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OF 1877.

BY

HENRY F. OSBORN,
WM. B. SCOTT,
FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr.

SEPTEMBER 4: AS7S:

New York:

ae S. W. GREEN, PRINTER, Nos. 16 AND 18 JACOB STREET.

1878.
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PALAONTOLOGICAL REPORT

The Princeton Scientific Expedition

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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF GEOLOGY AND ARCHAZOLOGY

From the kh. M. Museum of Geology

and Archwology of the College of
New Jersey.

A. GUYOT, Director.
Princeton, N. ¥.

OF

The Princeton Scientific Expedition

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HENRY F. OSBORN, HARVARD |
WM. B. SCOTT, ) UNIVERSITY
FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr. neat

SEPTEMBER 1, 1878.

New York:

S. W. GREEN, PRINTER, Nos. 16 AND 18 JACOB STREET.

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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF GEOLOGY AND ARCHAZOLOGY
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PALAZONTOLOGICAL REPORT

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The Princeton Scientific Expedition
OF 1877. [Wos. CoN

BY |
HENRY F. OSBORN, HARVARD =
WM. B. SCOTT, | RAVERSUT
FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr. 7

SEPTEMBER 1, 1878.

New York:
S. W. GREEN, PRINTER, Nos. 16 AND 18 JACOB STREET.

1878,

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PALAZONTOLOGICAL DIVISION.

PROF. JOSEPH KARGE,

ROLLIN H. LYNDE,
HENRY F. OSBORN,

JOTHAM’ POTTER,
WM. B: SCOTT,
FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr.

>,

To THE HONORABLE THE PRESIDENT AND BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF

THE COLLEGE OF NEW FERSEY:

Gentlemen:

I have the honor to transmit herewtth the Paleontological Report
of the College Sctentific Expedition of 1877.

The fossils collected by the Palaontological party, and deposited by the
chief of the expedition tn the Geological Museum, consisted of two sets, one
numbering some two thousand specimens of fossil plants and insects from
the tertiary beds of Central Colorado, the other of a considerable sertes of
fossil vertebrates, mostly mammals, from the tertiary beds of Wyoming
Territory, around Fort Bridger. Thts last collection has been studied and
worked out with unabated zeal and diligence by the three post-graduate
members of the Paleontological party, Messrs. H. Osborn, W. Scott, and
F. Spetr, who devoted most of the time of thetr course to this spectal work,
with what success thts Report wll show.

It will be a source of gratification to the generous friends of the Col-
lege, who furnished means for the Scientific Expedition of 1877, that tt not
only enriched our Museum to so great an extent, but did more still by
fostering in our College a thorough study of Paleontology, which could
not have been undertaken without such means as these thus placed at the
disposal of our students.

The fossil insects and plants have been tntrusted to the hands of the
best spectalists for determination. Dr. S. Scudder, of Cambridge, Mass.,
has kindly consented to revise the insects, Prof. G. L. Lequereux the plants.

Very Respectfully,

ZB (EXON AOT
Director of the E. M. Museum of Geology and Archeology.

PRINCETON, June I, 1878.

Sir: We transmit herewith our report upon the Paleontological collec-
tions made by the Princeton party in the summer of 1877.

The following persons constituted the Palzontological division: RoLun H.
LynpbE, Henry F. Ostorn, JOTHAM PoTTer, Wm. B. Scorr, FRANCIS SPEIR, ii:
The division remained in Colorado from the first of July until the first of
August, when, under the direction of Professor Kargé, it left the main party,
and passed the month of August in Wyoming, returning in the first part of
September. The Colorado collections were mostly made in the (probable)
Miocene beds near Florissant, and in the beds near the Garden of the Gods,
variously referred to the Dakota and Wealden groups. In Wyoming, with
Fort Bridger as a base of explorations, the division was wholly occupied in
the Bridger series, camping successively on Smith’s Fork, Henry’s Fork, and
Dry Creek, and exploring the beds adjacent.

It has been our endeavor, in confining our attention to the remains of
vertebrated animals collected during the trip, not merely to catalogue the direct
results, but, by the aid of fresh materials, to supplement the work of others.
For, of the descriptions and data of the Bridger Eocene Fauna published up
to the present time, we find that even those which have been most accurately
prepared are lacking in important details; and that, owing to imperfect mate-
rials, large gaps yet remain in our knowledge of genera and species named
and classed years ago. Although such supplementary work may appear, at first
sight, tedious and ill-directed, we are confident that in the end it will prove of
some value to science, and that it is therefore well worthy of our effort. While
our field work did not extend beyond a region previously well explored, we
obtained material by means of which we are able to add a number of new
ossils to the Eocene Fauna of the Bridger group.

In the preparation of this report we have experienced much difficulty in
assigning some of our specimens to their proper genera and species. For,
while we have desired to respect the classifications made by others, we have
in many cases found it impossible to do so, owing to uncharacteristic definition,
which, without doubt, has been unavoidable. In all cases of uncertainty, we
have adopted the classification which appeared to be the best established.
This, in short, has proved the only available course.

The drawings have been executed with much care as to accuracy of pro-

portion and outline. They are, with one exception, the work of a member of

the party ; and they are inserted simply to illustrate certain parts of the context,
which would be unsatisfactory without reference to figures of the kind.

Now that the present work is ready for the press, we are very sensible that
it must contain errors which, while they have escaped our notice, will be readily
detected by eyes more experienced. These, we trust, will be excused, when
it is remembered that we are just entering a field which others have explored
for years; and opening a work which Princeton, with her many other lines
of study, has never hitherto attempted.

We take this opportunity to return our most hearty thanks to General
Flint, to Judge and Dr. Carter, to Mr. Hamilton, and other officers and
residents at Fort Bridger, who, by their good will and liberal assistance, con-
tributed largely to our success. Our gratitude is also due to Professors Leidy
and Cope for their generous aid, both in the way of advice and of material
put in our hands for comparison.

The following pages do not embrace descriptions of the entire collections
made by the Princeton party last summer. The valuable specimens of fossil

plants and insects have passed into other hands.
Respectfully submitted,
HENRY F. OSBORN

WM. B. SCOTT,
FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr.

’

Dr. ARNOLD GuvyoT,
Director of the E. M. Museum.

INERODUCTORY NOTE

UPON THE

GEOLOGY OF THE BRIDGER BASIN.

Fort BRIDGER is a government military post, situated on the high southern
plateau of western Wyoming Territory, in the midst of one of the most interest-
ing geological regions of the world.

The country on all sides was once the bottom of a great eocene lake, the
water of which was probably slightly brackish. Whether this lake district had
direct communication with the ocean, is undetermined as yet, but there is a pos-
sibility that it had.*

The tributaries of the Green River, which drain this plateau, render the val-
leys along the edges of the streams green and wooded. Beyond this fertile
strip, wide, barren plains extend, covered by a dense growth of short ‘‘ sage
brush” (Artemisia tridentata).

From the fragmentary débris lying scattered over the surface of the ground,
it would seem as if the various streams formerly were of much greater size and
volume than they now are, and that long after the eocene lakes had been drained-
rivers of considerable size ploughed up the lake bottoms, excavating an immense
area. The formation known as ‘‘ Mauvaises Terres” rises abruptly from the
valleys, and extends ina series of plateaus, one above the other, on either side.

The high land shows the effect of violent erosion in two forms ; first, the ir-
regular and jagged cones that appear upon the sides of the high benches ; and,
second, the isolated butte structure, rising directly out of the plain.

The bad lands of Cottonwood Creek, Henry’s Fork, Dry Creek, etc., are ex-
amples of the first, and Bridger Butte the best known example of the second.

Bridger Butte, six miles to the south-west of Fort Bridger, rises to a height
of over a hundred feet, and is about two miles long ; its sides slope steeply up,
and its level top serves as a landmark that can be seen miles away.

The stratification throughout this whole formativn is nearly horizontal, and
across the valley can be distinctly noted, owing to the color and appearance of
the various layers.

No satisfactory explanation has been given of the causes which occasioned
the removal of the waters of these lakes, nor of the agencies necessary to ac-

* Ichthyic fauna of the Green River shales, Hayden’s Surveys, vol. iii., No.
4, p. 819.

ite)

complish the great excavations that now show the former bottoms of the ae
These and like points future investigation will undoubtedly solve.

It is certain that the level of the lakes varied at different times, and also
that great stretches of marshy land surrounded their borders.

The first fact is proved by the characters oft he different layers of strata ; the
second by the fossil remains entombed. A careful study of the formation of
the beds of Cottonwood Creek, at a point about. fourteen miles south of Fort
Bridger, yielded the following result, which will serve as an example illustra-
tive of the regular formation in this section.

Three distinct lines of bluffs are to be noticed, the first rising to a height of
one hundred and fifty feet ; from these extends a plain, gently sloping south-west
to the foot of the second line of cliffs; these seem high, owing to the downward
slope of the plain, but they really rise only fifty feet higher than the first.

On the top of the second, but less broad than the first, extends a level plain,
with a slight dip to the south-east ; at the end of this, the third line rises two
hundred feet above the top of the second line of bluffs, making a total height,
in the series, of four hundred feet above the level of Smith’s Fork.

The strata throughout are nearly horizontal, and are of different color and
composition.

Specimens of the rocks and clays from this section were gathered, and sub-
mitted for analysis to Professor Cornwall, of the Scientific School at Princeton,
who has kindly furnished us with the following notes :

No. 1, very friable, light greenish-gray sedimentary rocks, consisting chiefly
of crystalline grains of quartz, orthoclase, and hornblende (this often in slender
crystals), with a little dark mica, and irregular fragments of a light-greenish,
transparent, not dichroitic mineral. The above are not perceptibly affected by
hot hydrochloric acid. The whole is loosely cemented with a calcareous clay,
containing considerable phosphoric acid. These rocks might result from the
disintegration of a neighboring hornblendic granite.

The greatest mass of the strata is made up of this kind of rock, and it is
this which gives the peculiar color to the ‘‘ Mauvaises Terres.”

Above this in places is found a second kind, which is a light gray indurated
clay, with a slight greenish tint. It contains much fine crystalline quartz, with
considerable carbonate of lime, and a little phosphoric acid.

It appears to be of similar origin with the first, but was deposited in quieter
waters. This mineralogical evidence is strengthened by the fact that no re-
mains of mammals were found in strata of this kind, but only shells regularly
deposited in layers one above another.

The third kind is found in thin layers, overtopping the highest line of buttes ;
it consists of very fine-grained dark-brown sandstones, containing a consid-
erable proportion of carbonate and phosphate of lime. They are hard and
tough, and are mechanically deposited, and no fossils are found in them.

In No. 2 the indurated clay is often found above a coarser sandstone than
No. 1, but of the same general appearance ; with the exception that it contains
smooth, rounded pebbles, which were deposited either on a beach or in running
water. In this stratum the fossils found are separate bones, often showing
marks of having been broken before they were silicified. This would prove
that the lake level was changing continually.

II

Several skeletons of animals have been found in a standing position, with
their legs slightly stretched out. They were probably mired, and, being unable
to extricate themselves, died in an erect position. This fact affords evidence
that extensive swamps surrounded the borders of the lake.

The snow-water and the spring rains wear deep gulleys through the lines of
cliffs, and wash down fragments of bones into the dried-up water-courses.
These pieces can generally be traced up to the spot from which they came, and
the rest of the skeleton can so be secured.

The fossils found in the eocene of Wyoming are entirely petrified, presenting
a darker appearance than their matrix ; but loose bones washed out, and sub-
jected to the influence of the sun and rain, often become bleached so as to re-
semble in color modern bones.

The state of preservation of the fossils differs according to the matrix in
which they are found. Generally speaking, the remains found in the lower
lines of buttes have been considerably distorted by pressure ; while those from
the highest line have suffered very little from this cause.

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MAMMALIA.

PREM ATES.

TOMITHERIUM, Cope.

Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs. 1872, p. 546.

“ DENTAL formula of the inferior series: I. 2, C. 2, Pm. 4,
M. 3. The last molar has an expanded heel. The third pre-
molar consists of a cone with posterior heel. Fourth premo.-
lar exhibits, besides its principal cone, an interior lateral one
and a large heel. The true molars support two anterior
tubercles, of which the inner is represented by two distinct
cusps in one or more of them, and the external is crescentoid
in section. The posterior part of the crown is wide and con-
cave, and bordered at its posterior angles by an obsolete
tubercle on the inner, and an elevated angle on the outer
side.” (Palzontology, Wheeler’s Survey, Iv (pt. 2), p. 135.)

TOMITHERIUM ROSTRATUM, Cope.
Loe. cit., p. 548.

This species exhibits considerable variation, both in size
and proportion of the teeth. We have two specimens of it,
one of which agrees exactly with the measurements given
by Professor Cope, while the other is stouter, and probably
belonged to an old male.

The incisors are too much broken for description. The
canine has a long, stout fang, which is subcircular in section;

14

the crown is compressed, and shows a distinct cutting edge
posteriorly. It is short, and tapers rapidly; in this respect
differing from Wotharctus, Leidy, which has a long recurved
canine. The first and second premolars are inserted each by
a single fang; the third and fourth by two. The third pre-
molar consists of a simple conical crown with a small pos-
terior heel ; and the fourth has this heel enlarged, with a small
tubercle developed inside and slightly behind the principal
lobe. All the premolars have striated enamel, and very feebly
marked basal ridges.

The true molars are considerably larger than the pre-
molars ; the third is the longest of the series, and the second
is the widest. They all seem to be inserted by two fangs.
The posterior fang of the last molar is a flat quadrate, of the
same size throughout, having a great fore-and-aft diameter,
and apparently no nerve cavity. The mandible is strong but
shallow, has a curved alveolus and lower margin, and the
teeth form a curve with convexity outwards. The symphy-
sis is short and oblique.

This genus presents a close resemblance to the modern
Lemur, but at the same time shows several differences. We
may give these differences in systematic order: (1) Greater
number of premolars, in Yomztherium= 4,in Lemur =2. It
will be observed, however, that the first and second premolars
of Zomitherium are very small and single-rooted, and that
their disappearance is a comparatively slight change. (2) The
canines are subcircular in section, not nearly so much com-
pressed. (3) Greater breadth of the molars in proportion to
their length. (4) Two internal cusps on the molar. (5) Much
greater size of the last molar. (6) Greater depth and thick-
ness of the jaw. (7) Greater curvature of alveolus and
lower margin of ramus. (8) Longer and more oblique sym-
physis.

The third and fourth premolars of 7omzthertum correspond
almost exactly to the first and second of Lemur, but they are
not quite so high and sharp. The interior tubercle of the
second premolar is not so distinct in the latter genus.

In the second specimen the cusps are all low, and the
crests prominent, giving the molars something of the appear-
ance Of Opzsthotomus. This difference is probably séxual.

Measurements.
M. M. M.
T. No. 1. T. No. 2. Lemur.
| ————————
Wenpthiot entiresmolar Series... :.:.)./- «1. oi. -038 ry -032
Wencth of premolar Seri€s..(2 «J... 255,20 “O17 cows -O125
Menethyoistrue molar Senles.. 22... 6 2-94 -O2I ic -O195
Fore-and-aft diameter of canine............ -003 “005 -0065
Bikenp thot lastamOlar. 2220-22. a.s2 50 2 -008 en -005
Winctimeofetast MOlar. ... sept atraeussorais’ es, 5x0 -004 he -003
Benesthvot secondomolare..-|...1-/0l-- 1b!) sl-'-- -007 -007 -0072
Widtheot second moOlan. a... sae os 2c 5 ot “005 -006 “005
Menctarot last premolars sorte. o-.< « == “0055 | -007
Length of penultimate premolar........... Son Pr eae “005
Depth of jaw at second molar............. OLS) yore 0095
Thickness of jaw at second molar......... -0065 -e09 CO “004
|

Specimen No. 1 was found at Cottonwood Creek, and
specimen No. 2 at Henry’s Fork, Wyoming.

HYOPSODUS, Leidy:
Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 110.

Lower teeth: I. 3, C. 1, Pm. 4, M. 3, in uninterrupted suc-
cession. Last molar has cusps in opposing pairs; the antero-
internal cusp on all the molars is single; the last molar has a
heel, and the last premolar has an inner cusp. The true molar
cusps are all high and simple.

HYOPSODUS PAULUS, Leidy.
Loe, cits p. Iro.

This is one of the most common fossils found in the
Bridger Basin. We have numerous specimens, chiefly from
Henry’s Fork, exhibiting a large range of individual and
sexual variation. As Dr. Leidy has already pointed out, the
strength and depth of the lower jaw is extremely variable, in-
creasing with the age of the animal; so that the most worn
teeth are associated with the deepest jaws.

* In measurements of teeth we use the word /ezgth to mean antero-posterior
diameter, and wzdth to mean transverse diameter.

16

In addition to the jaws and teeth, (which have been very
accurately described), we have a portion of a pelvis and femur,
which are important as tending to confirm the reference of
this genus to the Lemurs.

The fe/vis is represented by the acetabulum and a small
portion of ilium and ischium. They resemble the corre-
sponding parts in the skeleton of Stenops gracilis. The aceta-
bulum is a long oval, not subcircular, deep, and quite narrow
from side to side. It appears to be directed nearly straight
outwards. The ilium is narrow, has a concave gluteal sur-
face, and a prominent acetabular border. The pubis evidently
projected forward, making a right angle with the ilium ; while
the ischium is slender and nearly in the same plane with the
ilium. The femur is thoroughly lemurine in shape. The shaft,
(as much of it as is preserved), is straight and subcylindrical ;
it is not flattened even distally, but becomes very thick and tri-
hedral in shape just above the trochlea. The trochlea is long,
and rises obliquely upon the shaft; the groove is deep, and the
two divisions are asymmetrical, the external somewhat the
larger. The condyles are large. They are but slightly con-
vex in either direction and project backwards, and are broad-
est posteriorly. The internal is the larger. They are sepa-
rated by a deep but not wide popliteal groove, which does
not extend into a popliteal fossa. The position and shape of
the condyles are such as show that the femur must have been
very oblique to the tibia, as in the other lemurs. The tube-
rosities, especially the internal, are very large and prominent.
The whole distal end has an asymmetrical appearance, owing
to the greater size of the internal condyle.

Measurements.

M.
Breadth of iliamiatacetabulum......6. oe oe oe eee eee 0065
Vertical diameteriofracetabulum)..0). .22. 2s de eee ee Eee 007
iransverse diameter ofvacetabulim/ii sci ce i Rieter aerate 009
Fore-and-aft diameter of shaft of femur above trochlea............... 0065
iransverse diameterof shatt above trochleae... seer eiee ts -0065
Wadith of trochil eas. .ic fais. eydis, «0 orecave evel ovals 51016! s'<ig eee -004
méengthofstrochlGa. siete cadets « cieict va este die hele 4 se enced tere che “0075
Breadth OVEricondyles.:. fe eis es Salers deseo), «erties “O10

Breadthofannericondyles-ys.is.:. eis erie ine Oe oe nee “005

17
OLIGOTOMUS, Cope.

Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 607.

‘““Molars constructed much as in /fyopsodus and Lophiothe-
rium, Viz., With two external subtrihedral cusps which wear
into crescents, the posterior connected by a low oblique ridge
with the basis of the anterior cone of the inner side; the
latter with two conic cusps. It differs from these genera and
from Orotherium in the possession of two premolars; the in-
ferior molars are probably six, leaving four true molars.”

OLIGOTOMUS CINCTUS, Cope.

Loc. cits

Represented in our collection by the penultimate lower
molar, and a caudal vertebra, which has a remarkably long,
slender, and simple centrum, with rudimentary metapophyses

OPISTHOTOMUS, Cope.

Wheeler’s Survey, Pal. v. iv., pt. 11, p. 152.

“The inferior lower molars do not display a bifid or double
anterior cusp; and the crowns exhibit two anterior cones, and
an inner cone and outer crescent posteriorly. The posterior
crescent is well defined, and is continued on a narrow crest
to the anterior inner tubercle. The posterior molar presents
the peculiarity of a series of three cusps in one ljne, the me-
dian having another or lateral cusp near it.”

This genus has hitherto been found only in the Wahsatch
formation ; but we have discovered it to be represented in the
Bridger series by the species O. astutus, Cope. Our specimen
consists of a part of the ramus mandibuli containing a single
molar tooth.

Crk N TV OAc

SINOPA, Leidy.

A genus of small carnivorous animals, which Dr. Leidy
regards as intermediate between the recent Cazzs and the ex-
tinct yenodon. Owing to the fragmentary condition of the
remains found, no satisfactory generic definition has been
given.

From the portion in our collection, we are able to throw
some further light upon the genus, summing up the generic
characteristics thus: Small carnivores, which have the last
upper premolar as sectorial (thus differing from /yenodon),
the other premolars simple and conical.

The sectorial is shorter, antero-posteriorly, than the pre-
ceding tooth; has a short blade of a single lobe, and a large
cusp developed from the posterior part; a cingulum sur-
rounds the entire crown. The /ower sectorial has the blade
of a single lobe, and with a short heel.

SINOPA RAPAX, Leidy.
Proceedings of Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. I15.

In addition to the molars of the lower jaw, described by
Dr. Leidy, we have what corresponds to the third and fourth
premolars of the fox, their dental formulae being probably the
same.

The third premolar is small and pointed; differing from the
corresponding tooth in the fox, (1) in its being less com-
pressed, (2) in its shorter antero-posterior diameter, (3) in
thes traighter and more nearly equal margins, and in (4) the
absence of a posterior heel.

The tooth is inserted by two fangs, as in Canis and Hyeno-
don. The posterior shows a rudiment of a third, which is

19

connate with its entire length above the alveolus. There is
an indistinct cingulum around the entire crown.

The fourth premolar has a very curious shape. The blade
of this tooth resembles the crown of the third, but is smaller.
It is inserted by three fangs, the disposition of which is oppo-
site to that in Canzs, the internal, being on the same transverse
line as the posterior external, instead of the anterior, as in
Canis. From the internal fang arises a sharp cusp, which is
nearly as large as the blade of the tooth, the two are connate
at base. The anterior face of the crown is much worn, and
there is a small anterior heel formed by the basal ridge. The
cingulum is complete all around.

The maxillary does not show the outward bulge at the
third premolar, which is so marked in the fox. The alveolus
is straighter, and the palatine plates are comparatively thicker
and flatter. The infraorbital foramen is oval, and not so
much compressed as in the fox, to which it corresponds very
nearly in position, though situated slightly forward as in Hye-
nodon.

Measurements.

Upper Faw M
mein Of tid premolac ss tenance eue wie at newer eee ee sec -007
Bceadthiol tard, premolar eepycaceteteten oat eee eee ee -004
Pedeta Of 1onrth, Premolar od.c ep pie eee ee ene Sie ree ec ete -007
Breadth of fourth, premolars «1 serie a ane ere ee eeate terse eae ee -007

Lower Molars, from Dr. Leidy.

Length of last premolar ..-............ MEctE oRenbs on coc ao DUST DOSAGE -0075
Menpinal Hrst- molar: :', T2500." yeecos facet eRe eens Stee oes 2 -009

These exhibit nearly the same proportionate size as in the
gray fox.

Genus Species ;

Sacrum (Plate 1X., Fig. 8)—This peculiar sz crum is com-
posed of only one true vertebra; there may have been one or
more pseudo-sacrals, but this is not certain.

The centrum is very long, strongly depressed, and straight
on the inner margin, not curved as in the sacrum of most
mammals. The anterior articular face is much depressed, and

Ma 20

is one third larger than the posterior. The neural canal is
low and subtriangular, resembling very much that of Canzs.
The pleuropophysial plates for articulation with the ilia are
large and stout. The laminz are heavy and concave on their
upper side, supporting a very long, stout spine, which is re-
troverted and decidedly tuberous at the end.

The pedicles are deeply notched behind; and on.the fore
part, just inside the metapophyses, there is a deep fossa.

The chief features of this sacrum are decidedly carnivo-
rous; but to what genus or family it should be referred we
are unable to say.

It has some of the characteristics of Canzs, but the length
and retroversion of the spine, as well as the size of the centrum,
prevent this classification. In the general form of the pleuro-
pophysial plates it approximates to the sea/s ; while in its angle
and curvature, it partakes of the character of the Urszde.

The chief point of interest in this fossil centres in the fact
that it was found only a few feet from the brain cast that is
described below.

Measurements of Sacrum.

em pth Oise e MITT eye epi “ae = -)-.¥ i= 220s ss = we babs ee eee kee See -031
one ditameterotmantenon articularface........ . oer ieee +024
Monsidiameter of postenor articular face. ..... - 2s aerate ieee ‘O17
Wacdthrotene ural Gamal. eryssciciestcccis< musi s.t-< = .s.01e sven cers terete obser eee “O19
erp tioteneralacanal.s..-7ijcive 2c ieyeie 8 2 aierese' s «ois ails s elevs epepe een ee lee eee ‘O11
Benethsofmennrales pune ais e-vsee s1oels Scie as, sa. syeps) sre uceatey theca ee een -036
Extremerwi@thvoriSacnumipac sath. sls -aes ses aise 4k ashe eve eet iene eet +052
MEGENCEPHALON.

MEGENCEPHALON PRIMAVUS. Gen. et spec. nov.

In close proximity to the pelvis of the Uzutatherium Letdt-
anum, in one of the upper beds we found an intracranial
cast, separate from the bone which had enclosed it, and in
such preservation as to warrant a partial determination, at
least, of the type to which it belonged. Wishing to obtain as
full information as the nature of the cast permitted, we put it
in the hands of Dr. Spitzka, of New York, who kindly under-
took an examination, and sent us the following as the result :

Pali

‘“S1r! The specimen submitted to me is the intracranial cast of some species
of Placental Mammals. The cranium had been subject to the influences of the
atmosphere, etc., for a considerable period preceding the formation of the cast,
and therefore the cast reflects the sutural dislocations which occurred in conse-
quence. The base of the brain cast it is not advisable to attempt to expose, on
account of the treacherous nature of the material. The convolutions corre-
sponding to the internal aspect of the Os tempora/e have not been clearly demar-
cated by the bone surface. The two narrow eminences on it are casts of the
grooves of the middle meningeal arteries. The convolutions of the occipital
surface had been well marked, but somewhat obliterated through denudation,
etc. The important region bordering on each side of the median fissure, and
corresponding to the fronto-parietal suture, is unfortunately as good as de-
stroyed ; and with this destruction the key to the interpretation of the specimen
islost. However, this much can be stated with absolute certainty, that the
frontal region is sufficiently well preserved to state that its convolutions do not
correspond to those of the brain of the tapir, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, tele-
phant, pig, horse, hyrax, manatus, or any ruminant or cetacean.

“They also differ in important particulars from those of the Canidz, differ less
from those of the /e/¢e, still less from the Urszdz, although corresponding to none
of them. The outline of the cerebral cast is found in two living animals—the
marine otter and the seal. But in the seal the gyri show the transverse inter-
rupting series of sulci, characteristic of extreme brachycephaly ; and it there-
fore cannot belong to any animal corresponding to the seal.

“ The sea otter’s convolutional details are unknown to me, and I believe have
not yet been studied. I therefore content myself with stating that the outline
of this cast corresponds to the outline of the sea otter’s cranium.

‘‘It would help us a great deal if we could decide the existence or non-exist-
ence of a bony tentorium. The sutures of this cranium, as far as I can recon-
struct them, ran as in the diagram.

“We may state definitely that this was not an ursine, feline, or canine brain,
nor the brain of any terrestrial viverrine. It is an open question between an
aquatic carnivore and an aguatic pachyderm ; and aithough not placing my con-
clusion on an exact basis, yet, in view of the general outline, the course of the
convolutions, and the course of the sutures, I incline to the former view.

“It certainly corresponds to no known brain of a living creature. In one
point I was inclined to suspect it to be a pachyderm, namely, the decided assym-
metry of some of the sulci, but this, by itself, is not decisive.”

‘“Dr. SpiTzKa.
“308 East 123d street.”

The interesting letter quoted in full above, contains as near
a determination of the character of the animal to which the
brain belonged, as the nature of the cast and the materials for
comparison would permit. In a later report, by means of
more complete comparative material, we hope to be able to
reach a more satisfactory conclusion. However, as Dr.
Spitzka writes, the general outline, the course of the convolutions,
and the /zxe of the sutures offer strong presumptive evidence

22

that the cast belongs to one of the Aquatic carnivores. Not
far from the brain was found a sacrum, which is described
above as belonging to some carnivore, though further de-
termination was impossible. Whether there was any con-
nection between the two is difficult to state. The presence
of an aquatic carnivore in the Bridger eocene is new to
science ; but, aside from this, the brain is of a much higher
order than previous discoveries would lead us to expect in
such an early formation.

Professor Marsh’s researches have led him to form the
opinion that the eocene mammals had brains of alow charac-
ter; but this specimen shows that this is not true of all, if it is
of most of them. The convolutions are not only numerous
and well marked, but they are complicated, showing the
transverse as well as the longitudinal folds. To such an extent
is this true that the brain will bear comparison with the
very highest modern carnivorous types.

We hope to be able to give further notes upon this inter-
esting specimen at a later date.

BE RESS © DAC lA

ANCHITHERIUM.

Von Meyer, Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, 1844, p. 298.
ANCHITHERIUM— ?

A small calcaneum and astragalus of equine type are pro-
visionally referred to this genus until further material enables
us to determine them with certainty.

The astragalus has narrow and very oblique condyles,
which are more equal in size than in Orohippus ; the neck is
very short, the internal condyle reaching to the face for the
navicular; the posterior projection of this condyle is much
shorter than in that genus. The articular face for the navi-
cular is quadrate in shape and concave; the cuboid face is
very narrow. The articulation with the calcaneum is made
by a narrow, convex face. When the two are in position the
navicular face of the astragalus is in the same horizontal line
as the cuboid face of the calcaneum, thus resembling the
arrangement of the horse’s tarsus rather than that of Orohep-
pus.

The calcaneum is a short, slender bone, having the upper
and lower margins convergent toward the tuberosity, and
not parallel as in Orohippus. The tuberosity is especially
small. The face for the cuboid is very narrow.

From the articular facets of these two bones we can see
that the tarsus resembled very much that of the modern
horse, with a broad, short navicular, and a narrow cuboid.
The strata in which these remains were found were some-
what higher than those containing the bones of Orohippus.

24

Measurements.

Greatestlenp th oivastra gals ..ye ci ee altonnios © «2S: < «6S eRe aoe 0-021
Greatestibreadthoridittowemme ce meee cain. «Gs 25S ee eee -O18
Renethiomneckofditto. cheaper eck feiss Gace 3. =: SR Ae eee +005
Width petmeca the condvlessepmeterrec ts sc. s+ 10 ss «oo sapere te meee “O10
Vertical diameter of face for navicular..... Latte aber al s)'0 0-4, 3 MRR Tro eee “O12
Tranverse diameter of ditto..... OCR CE ne BECO COI OM OOO “O12
ene thtotical canewms Pretec chee ne e.t sd Ds. ds wine ac cls | JOS eae eee +046
Wacthrofmetace itor cub Orc pmerictcmh bay seteue cere oeis eleisiovs ete isle lolelolereietetens -006

From Henry’s Fork.

OROHIPPUS, Marsh.

Am. Jour. Sc. vol iv., p. 207, third series,

Generic Characteristics —‘The crowns of the upper true
molars are composed of a pair of external cusps similar to
those of anchitherium. There are two coresponding inner
tubercles, from which ridges extend obliquely to the anterior
inner margin of the outer cusps; but the anterior ridge is
divided so as to form an intermediate anterior tubercle. All
the teeth preserved have a distinct basal ridge.”

Species Known.—
OROHIPPUS PUMILUS, Marsh.
OROHIPPUS MAJOR, Marsh.
OROHIPPUS AGILIS, Marsh.
OROHIPPUS GRACILIS, Marsh.

OROHIPPUS PUMILUS? Marsh.

Specimen obtained. Penultimate and third superior mo-
lars, with part of zygoma.
From CottonwoodCreek.

OROHIPPUS MAJOR? Marsh.

Femur (Plate [X., Fig. 1)—The femur has a small, nearly
hemispherical head, developed on a long and slender neck;
the head is but slightly out of the axis of the shaft, and has a
large pit for ligamentous insertion. The shaft is long, simple,
and curved slightly forward. At the proximal end it is
broad and flattened axially ; below this it becomes expanded
fore and aft, but it thickens greatly at the distal end, just

25

above the condyles. The great trochanter is large and retro-
verted, rising above the head, with two prominences rising from
it, one on top, the other back. The digital fossa is wide and
deep, penetrating far into the great trochanter. The second
trochanter is a small rounded ridge; the third trochanter is
large and prominent, curving slightly forward. The condyles
are long and narrow, projecting very far back, and are separ-
ated by a wide and deep popliteal groove. From the ex-
ternal condyle a low ridge runs obliquely, forming the upper
border of the shallow popliteal space. The trochlez are long,
very convex, deeply grooved, and symmetrical.

Measurements of Femur.

Width between head and great trochanter....... aS Se ee tos poe -O19
Wiel RAMEE GOCHANTEES oe ws,0k 0 oc vere scene cicing 40 eas ce a nahaente see 034
RRR TCU MOONE 5 Acie ese fop cd os cjevcnen cis. a,a'= wieleiele & oe, viele Bete ee HOPE “O19
SMI rd NE EMEAEERTC CSP ts eae NR Va fos" fs 2 ointo! One aie e/aies ols eiaha a devas fee Shatoe gone +028
Serene MELCHE LOA merry © Slo Foe 3 ors ais! 6.0)-%6 aig/ais.e oie ete¥e tlelagb ears anda ate cere seine “O15
i aE IAMOREROCOANCCG. oa... 3 siu'e was dod sone «vise ic tet sioiale' ee euaide O15
Dimeteutore-and-att of Shaft at middle... 2.2... .cecs sv eeeace access -o18

The ¢zbza (Plate IX. Fig., 3) is very long and heavy, with
broad proximal articular face, the inner borders of which are
prolonged upward and separated by a groove.

The shaft at the tuberosity is subtriangular, with strongly
concave sides. The tuberosity is prominent, with a deep pit
on its upper surface for the insertion of the ligament of the
patella. The shaft below becomes sub-cylindrical, and de-
creases regularly in size downward. Its curvature is for-
ward. The distal articular face is divided by a smooth ridge
into two deep facets. The malleolus is long.

The fibula (Plate [X., Fig. 2) is distinct, straight, and very
slender. The distal end is but slightly expanded, and is
strongly marked by a vertical groove externally. The proxi-
mal end articulates with the overhanging portion of the

proximal face of the tibia.

Measurements of Trbia.

TIBIA.

26

Width of proximal surfaces (antero-posterior)..................00000- -O19
Transverse diameter. of Shafts sem cred siete ticles << 1 eee erent +022
Antero-posterior diameter of distal articulation...................... “O18
Transverse diameter of distal articulation.................... Caron. oD

The tarsus—The astragalus (Plate IX., Fig. 5) has the
condyles asymmetrical and divided by a deep groove; the
head is narrow, with the neck elongate. The face for the
cuboid is small, and confined to the externai border.

The calcaneum (Plate IX., Fig. 4) is long and compressed,
with its upper and lower margins straight and nearly parallel ;
its tuberosity is large. The face for the cuboid is small.

The navicular (Plate [X., Fig. 6) is proportionately longer
and narrower than it is in the modern horse. The internal
and middle cuneiforms were probably separate.

Metatarsals (Plate IX., Fig. 7)—Three in number. Are
very much shorter proportionately than in the modern
horse. In shape they are compressed and arched forward.
The distal ends are flattened vertically, arched forward, and
deeply grooved in the middle.

The phalanges (Plate IX., Fig. 7) are very short, rather
stout, and very smooth and convex above. —

The ungual phalanges are very thin and crescent shaped.

Measurements.

ASTRAGALUS.

M.
Greatest Widths circ. cs eis b semcteere cece late Wests men ala lela ce cieliaes eke [oleae tere ae 029
Greatest len eth... on <i oe osc oe ieee sine ei vit wiepeinlelonetehot efel-tekalel= ote fot=relana 022
Length of navicular facet. ....... 2.2... se eee ce pene ee eee ee eee e eee O17
Width of navicular facet.......- SEE OSM oe ec POLO OO SuDdOg>SocCRC O12
Length of tibial trochlez externally.............+++++- ae ate oe eiseieets “O16
CALCANEUM.
M.
TotalMlengths)).,-. leks cccjces semi ae wie cree» wr oo we o8d eleeetnenle eialen on inie mena -058
To talmeyi Gitlin eate ciske.c cc pnis gis sssseie eae Gielen «lo eishole volnhe (keleteMeteletefalnie Clyne enon o19g
Depth in front... he... ae see 2s ls sae’ ee s+: es bees aie ce ei 022
Length of heel... 2.20. 225s. cee eee eerie cece semen es cree scree eran s 035
Depth <Of Heel. 6 wae <ce)= vielepeie wie wom cite ie eins + ++ She ace eicre er ioe o18
Length of cuboid facet.......... 000. se se eeeee eres etre estes cee e ces cee O14
NAVICULAR.
M.
SURAT Ri daa cioideipe eee s Seas acs MRS Me = hkies, SacemmMSRnNaye) pteteie Sassi ael O19
O10

27

PHALANGES.

M.
See eee ata UK,..°. 3s, Masts gel eves 0s «Lhe Adee cds del eae +022
GS 8: 20 RR So eS a nie Sad “O12
ne a een ANK.. .-jcenstasies eae fe. aes oe veSus eee See O13
MP SREMUMENUAIANX,. Soe Ney es sos nlc vss oe dataed twnteeu! oF oIo
emON aL TDITALATIN, . «ata > ses cies 402 < 2's Zs nve,eigdisinan dy dea vetoes 005
SIRUOUSITHIEM AU HNIAIANX,.). . .cadte fas bcos 9 fa dijve dod cae dhe Sdean een OLO

PALAOSY OPS, Leidy.

Hayden’s Geological Survey of Montana, 1871.—Proceedings Academy Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, 1871, p. 118.—Zimnohyus.—Marsh, American Jour-
nal Science and Arts, 1872, p. 124.

Generic characters.—The dentition is full, I. 3, C. 1, Pm. 4,
M.3; the same in lower jaw. The internal cones of the supe-
rior molars isolated from the crescentoid crests. One inner
tubercle on the last three premolars. One internal cone on
the last superior molar. In lower jaw, true molars with four
acute tubercles alternating in pairs and connected by oblique
crests. The last molar adds a fifth posterior tubercle. The
last premolar lacks the posterior inner tubercle. The canines
are in continuity with the incisors.

A broad, triangular forehead. A wide zygoma. Long,
projecting nasals. Large temporal fosse. High sagittal
crest. Prominent and nearly vertical occiput.

PALAOSYOPS MAJOR, Leidy.

Survey of Wyoming, 1871, p. 359.—Limnohyus robustus.—Marsh, American
Journal Science and Arts, 1872, p. 124.

Specific characters —Sagittal crest short and thick. Tem-
poral fossz not very deep. Frontals diverge rapidly. Occi-
pital condyles wide and low; the same is true of the fora-
men magnum. Meatus auditorius high and deep. Glenoid
cavity shallow; no internal process. As compared with P.
Paludosus, post-glenoid process not so much compressed.
Occipital region comparatively higher and not so concave.
The occipital condyles are more prominent. The zygomas
are lighter. Head larger than Paludosus, perhaps not so large
as Vallidens.

Description from (1) a head, complete, but distorted, with
complete dentition, upper and lower. (2) A head somewhat

28

crushed, and lacking some portions, with full set of upper
molars and canines. (3) A great number of fragmentary spe-
cimens of different parts of the body.

Dentition.—In the upper jaw the zuczsors are arranged in a
semi-circle as in P. paludosus ; they have long fangsand short,
conical crowns, with a decided basal ridge, which is very
strong in the third. They increase from first to third, which
is very large and pointed.

The canines have very large and long fangs (longer than
the crowns). The crowns are very stout and pointed, consti-
tuting formidable weapons. In section they are nearly circu-
lar, with a distinct hinder margin and a slight recurve. A
rudimentary anterior margin is sometimes present, and of the
faces thus marked off, the inner is much smaller and flatter.
The general direction is forwards, downwards, and slightly
outwards. There is a diastema of about half an inch be-
tween the incisors and canines.

Premolars.—The first is very small, about half an inch
from the canine, simple and conical, with an obscurely marked
basal ridge, and two heavy fangs. ;

Further description of the upper dentition is unnecessary,
owing to the complete work of Dr. Leidy upon the subject.

The lower incisors are placed in a semi-circular row, and
are somewhat procumbent, though hardly as much so as in the
tapir. They are much as in P. pfaludosus, but are relatively
smaller, and have not such distinct basal ridges; features
which indicate a departure from the carnivorous type, and a
nearer approach to the herbivorous type. The lateral incisor,
though the largest of the series, is not so large nor so pointed
as in P. paludosus. There is no diastema.

The canines are about equal in size to those of the upper
jaw, growing from stout fangs and permanent pulps. The
margins of the crowns are more decided, and are smooth,
leaving a very narrow and flat inner face. <A feeble basal
ridge. When the jaw was closed, the lower canines passed
inside and in front of the upper.

The first premolar stands immediately behind the canine,
is longer than that of the upper jaw, consisting of a single
pointed lobe imp!anted by one fang, slightly recurved with a
flat inner and convex outer face. Passing in front of the

29

first upper premolar, it leaves a considerable diastema between
this and the second premolar.

The mandible approximates in form that of the tapir; the
lower border is less curved fore and aft, the alveolar border
is slightly concave antero-posteriorly. The molars converge
in front, presenting a very different arrangement from that in
Sus. The ramus is heavy, contracting in depth forward, and
very slightly in section. Below the alveolus, on the interior
side, the ramus is greatly swollen for two thirds of its depth,
to accommodate the very long and strong molar fangs.

The rami converge to the second premolar, where they
expand laterally to the canine alveolus. The symphysis is
shorter relatively than in P. paludosus, and the chin is regularly
rounded in front. The mental foramen is below the second
premolar. The dental foramen is small, very high up, and far
behind the molars. The alveolar border ascends rapidly be-
hind the last molar, expanding laterally into two ridges.

The coronoid is slender and recurved. The condyle is
broad, flat behind, inclines forward internally; there is
scarcely any depression between the condyle and the coro-
noid. The masseteric fossa is very. wide and deep. The
angle of the ramus is broken, but evidently has no such
posterior extension as in P. paludosus. It thins out rapidly
behind.

Measurements.

P. pal. P. major.
UPPER JAW. M. M.
Menpta Onentire: mOlar Series... a. seeps sees sel oes ora eterna LA 7ie al coal O
Mencrarotticee true molars... sis jie eho i iar tees 085 -102
Kenathrofsthiee premolars). .<)..4 eckson aca seer cite eens: "058 | +068
Diameter of last molar, tramsverse............ Seis see oc SIG OSOn Ln 207
Piametewmor last molar, antero-pOStenior. «1 s-..)42.-6 «eter -036 -036
Wiameterot second molar, transverse... 2. 22.5. 4.5e-e- | -036 “O40
Diameter of second molar, antero-posterior................. | +033 -036
MenethiofimclSOrn Series +. '. .\.\2 ran eeeeea os <tc en rete enon Heke ree -0O75
Hore-and-aft diameter of canine at base... ... 2.222.435.) 7016 | - O21
Mens theofecrowaa ofvcanine ...\ 2. seperate Seis reeetea iat el Se +033
Miastemaibetween canines and MGISOUS...5-'-edes & eeyeeiste items eee ns OLS,

Diastema between canines and molars....... be USER TOS Lh cE Reey Ct i a0 18 (6)

P. pal. | P. major.
LOWER JAW. M. M.
EMGISOT ISELIES ©2 Seve. «ate ole) orien cteie = Cte tye eel | 073
Median incisor fanes lengthier: settee «Sake oe lb eee ae -034
Median imciser crow; lenpthigsedsan. 4105-45 5-5) Ieee | ae -O12
Diameter of median incisor crown, transverse............-. bs Oe -009
Diameter of lateral incisor crown, transverse............... \ -OII
Diameter of lateral incisor crown, antero-posterior..........| .... | -o12
iengthioiianovoticanine semen sees sitters olay c)-1ee | +055 +052
Extreme) bread thyofitaneyoficanine ayer tit) eee -023. | -024
Crown of canine, lengthy... 2a. 0s4- sete ae eee eee Eee -034
Crown of canine, fore-and-aft diameter at base..... ...... .| -0Ig | .oer
Diameter of first premolar, antero-posterior................. “O15 -O10
Diameter of first premolar, (tranSVerse! er oa) ee ci) 1 nee 009 007
Diastema between first and second premolars...............| .... “O14
Weng th-ofsentine molarSerieSees- eee ete ee eee TOASTS
Length of molar series, omitting first premoar.............. “132° || 56g
Diameter of last molar, antero-posterior......-............. O17 | +050
Diameter of last-molar itranSvierses- <i. < clse eee ieee eee | 027
Depthiotiaw beloxyslas tml ater pectteiech te clei iil ee eee _ +068 | "075

Among other specimens obtained at the divide between
Henry’s Fork and Cottonwood Creek, was a nearly complete
but somewhat shattered skeleton of a Palgosyops major,
found contiguous to the head of the same, parts of which are
just described. Portions of these are figured on a one fourth
scale in Plate II]. The description is from a nearly perfect
atlas and axis, several cervical, dorsal, and lumbar verte-
bree, more or less complete, and a portion of the sacrum and
pelvis, in addition to several bones of the limbs.

The atlas has a broad inferior arch, contracted antero-
posteriorly, and deeply notched for the prominent odontoid
of the axis. The heavy superior arch, inclosing a large and
depressed neural canal, is capped by a low tuberosity. It
slopes into a flat, and very broad transverse process, which
thickens backwards, and is perforated by the vertebraterial
canal. Forwards the transverse process is notched for the
exit of the first spinal nerve. The anterior or condylar faces
are continuous, deeply concave from above downwards; and
slightly so from side to side; while the posterior faces are
oval, nearly flat, and directed backwards and inwards.

The axzs is proportionately small, with a long opisthocoe-

31

lous centrum, depressed, and produced forwards into a stout
conical odontoid process, and marked below by a strong
hypapophysial keel, which, developed on the latter half,
thickens backwards. The wide and thin pedicles inclose a
high neural canal, support the posterior zygapophyses and a
prominent and peculiar neural spine. The latter is flattened,
broad, and recurved posteriorly, thinning rapidly forwards
into a prow-shaped recurved edge. The transverse processes
arising from the latter half of the centrum are undersized
and widely perforated at base. The anterior faces are very
broad, directed outwards, and slightly rounded from above
downwards ; they expand as they diverge (see Fig. 2). The
post-zygapophyses are small convex faces, projecting at the
base of the neural spine.

The remaining cervicals, five in number, are short, all
carinate, except the seventh, and opisthoccelous; with the
faces expanding only slightly beyond the body of the cen-
trum. A peculiar feature is a small pit upon the convex
anterior face, indicating either a ligamentous attachment
with the antecedent vertebra, or a remnant of the notochord.
This is a feature we have not noticed elsewhere. A long
and heavy transverse process supports a large and widely-
perforated inferior lamella. The pedicles are quite wide at
base, inclosing a large neural canal. The entire upper part
of the arch is unfortunately wanting.

The dorsal centra are smaller than the cervical, slightly
opisthoccelous, and carinate. They are sub-cylindrical an-
teriorly, with decided costal surfaces before and _ behind ;
approaching the lumbar region they become sub-triangular.
A high neural arch supports a stout, but never very high
neural spine; this projects backwards, keeled in front, ex-
panding and deeply grooved behind. The zygapophyses are
small and nearly vertical. There is a short and thick trans-
verse process.

The /umbar vertebre are long, decidedly opisthoccelous,
becoming wider and more depressed as they approach the
sacrum. The first sacral vertebra presents the same charac-
teristics as the last lumbar, only the body of the centrum is
slightly shorter. It has a very broad pleuropophysial plate.
The remaining sacral vertebrz are broad, and very greatly

32

depressed, rapidly decreasing in size. The transverse pro-
cesses are slender. The very low neural spines anchylose
into a long ridge. The number cannot be ascertained, owing
to the fragmentary state of the sacrum. The caudals in-
dicate a tail of not very great length; as the nenral canal is
small and persists in only a few of the anterior vertebre.

Measurements of Vertebre. Pal. api

M.
Atlas; width, including transverse processes... =. “sme -\--)-- een -195
Atlas: length iofinterion arch... cm casein ci a-ha eis Bor le
Atlas, height, including superior and inferior arches.................. -078
Axis width anterior articular faceste nese sc aeeincios coe eeeer ee -I10
Axis; lenoth excluding odontoid’ processes ser leet eee -058
Axis, neishtot neural ss pines tact tice scion totel = 1 tern etNeeete et eae -096
Axismlensth ofodontoidvprocessins-i se) el eee a clerical -025
Seventhecervicaleslenrth ols centrum terri ee eee 037
Seventhicervical, widthvof posteriomlacese. 7-1 ci a eee +043
Porsals, anterior region, lens thee are eee sei eeee eric eee -038
Dorsals, anterior region, width) articular face.....-:- 2.22)... .5---e <2 | Sosa
Eumbar; width iofposteniortaces. ise tayo cisterna eis-ereiceeree -058
Eumbar, Jeng thofcentrum. 1+ cere eke ae ere ene aie era ee eens +056
Binsty sacral, wid thyotianteriorwlac ena cket-reneiet-e oie eee ree reeeene +059

The ribs, of which great quantities of fragments remain,
were slender and not of very great width.

The femur, which is figured in Plate I., has a small head,
supported by a short neck. The shaft, very broad below the
head, supports the third trochanter one third of the way
down; below which it takes a cylindrical form, and expands
slightly above the trochlea. The two condyles, separated by
a wide and deep popliteal groove, are nearly sub-equal in
size—the internal somewhat the larger, while the trochlea is
long, narrow, and symmetrical. The great trochanter rises
slightly above the head, and overhangs a long and quite
deep digital fossa. The second trochanter is small. The
popliteal space is slightly concave.

Tibia.—The proximal end of the tibia is very large, with
massive rugosities for muscular attachment. The two prox-
imal faces are sub-equal, slightly convex, and separated by a
prominent spine, which is grooved at the top. The shaft is
long, straight, and compressed antero-posteriorly ; the ante-
rior ridge on upper third is very high, and expands into the

a3

tuberosity, which is enormous; while on the posterior face is
a deep fossa just below the head. The distal end of the
shaft is remarkably small, with two concave faces—the inter-
nal the smallest—with a low oblique ridge dividing them.
There is a prominent malleolus.

The fibula (which is a distinct bone) has a small proximal
end, and expands slightly below, with a large external mal-
leolus.

Measurements of Limbs.

ETUC RGEAMCR LUD. . ose atedit ten oe Uae crete em Tale dene aha esate ee -420
Heng, transverse diameter at distal.end. {2///,2..4 5s 04 laces atone s -098
SSAA ACMI RID SS Ls 5a. 5:5, 5ST wih Melee eA ae ALN cd as See eee add PALES +310
Tibia, transverse diameter, proximal articular face.............0.2+000: elele)
Tibia, transverse diameter, distal articular face.............-.-.++--++0%-- -O77

The pelvis is described from the right and left ilia, which
are broken as they expand towards the crest; the acetabulum
is fragmentary, but all the parts remain. The ischium and
pubis are only represented by fragments. As figured in
Plate V., the acetabulum is restored from a somewhat smaller
specimen. The most striking feature of the z/zwm is the long
and somewhat constricted neck. The acetabular border is
long and curved forward, thinning gradually as it approaches
the crest; and marked on the iliac surface, near the acetabu-
lum, by a slight rugosity for the rectus muscle.

The ischial border, while less arched, is probably longer ;
and the sacral surface, distinctly defined, indicates that the
rounded upper border of the ilium rarely reached above the
sacral spines. There is a deep groove between the ischial
and pubic borders, the latter disappearing about half way up
the iliac surface. The gluteal surface near the acetabulum
is much depressed ; aboveit expands into a broad, flat, thin
plate.

The ¢schium has a stout neck and thick expansion below ;
the upper border is very heavy. From what remains of the
ischtum and pubis we can infer a large elliptical obturator
foramen, a short pubic symphysis, a narrow and rather
slight pubis, with a small nearly cylindrical neck. The
acetabulum is deep, with a thick well-raised border, and a
large, oblong, and very deep pit for the ligamentum teres.

34

Measurements of Pelvis.

M.
Ilium, transverse diameter above acetabulum. ....--- gucwscss++ +e see +, UnOO2
Him slonpadiameter (estimated) nerpmearisneecr eestor ieee +232
Acetabulumwereatest diametersrrart titers celetoet lel ela aeitenenetiae eek vee elee -050
Ischium, transverse diameter below acetabulum........ Hel eR ICRP RC ic -O41
Pubiswdiameter at obturator fonanie mney ae eielccketsis islet asian el roe +035

The ¢arsus is arranged in the usual Perissodactyle order.
The calcaneum is stout, of good length, tuberous, but not
expanding much at the extremity; presenting two faces for
the astragalus, of which the internal is the largest, and a
large distal face for the cuboid. The astragalus is wide, with
less asymmetry in the two articular facets than is common.
It articulates with both the cuboid and navicular.

Measurements of Tarsus.

M.
Astracalus total width} tibial @facetse ss. veers ees cite eee eerie -048
Astragalus\totalilength ricer. -ivereeretelsis eyelets ani eiecherers iste sitohetareee -056
AStragalusmength, mavicul amifacet-emjtrcissiicleniole aeesie hier ace rie ee -046
AStragaAlils mwlGthemaAvlGUlLAaitaAGe case ereier crisis ree ete Sieiec oii te tenets +035
Galcaneum;stotal Wem thre sek daic-stejslcier ote os sclera hire eel ict e eRe eene +120
Calcaneum total Ibreadthises mi. ie.. cere eh ole ache beens lei Pietro eee eee +057
Calcaneum,dleneth ofituber calcishereee eee eee see eee eee -050

All the above were found at Henry’s Fork Divide. In
another locality, in connection with a fine head of P. major,
was found the lower half of a humerus.

The shaft is cylindrical and twisted, expanding widely at
the distal end. Of the two condyles the external is the
largest ; and, to quote from Dr. Leidy, “a deep supracon-
dylar fossa occupies the front of the humerus, opposed by a
deeper and more capacious anconeal fossa.” The greatest
breadth between the supracondyloid eminences is -OgI m.

PALAOSYOPS PALUDOSUS, Leidy.

Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun, P. Jevidens Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs, 1872,
p- 591.

Specific characters—Second superior molar has but one
outer tubercle. The cones are low as compared with P. ma-

35
jor. he cingula are much less developed. The angle of the
lower ramus is much longer. The zygoma is massive and
wide. An internal process on the glenoid cavity. Temporal
fosse very deep. Crest of occiput nearly in same vertical
line as occipital condyles.

The full details of P. paludosus, which follow, may seem
somewhat unnecessary, to one familiar with the comprehen-
sive work of Dr. Leidy upon the subject. Care has been
taken not to retrace any of his steps; and the descriptions
given below are of those parts of the animal which he did
not possess at the time of writing. They include (1) a
cranium perfect posterior to the orbits; (2) a right ramus
mandibuli, with full dentition, except the first premolar; (3)
portions of the fore-limbs, scapula, and pelvis, pes and
manus, and many fragments of other parts.

Among the first discoveries on Cottonwood Creek, in a
stratum of fine green sand, was a head of P. paludosus, com-
plete posteriorly, and broken off just behind the orbit. A
rear view of this has been admirably figured in Plate I.

General appearance—The base of the cranium is of great
width ; the occiput is high, inclined very slightly backwards,
and deeply concave from side to side. The forehead is tri-
angular and narrow. The temporal fossa is of immense size
and depth, leaving a small intracranial cavity. The zygomas
are heavy, and arching widely outwards give this part of the
head a strong resemblance to the Fede.

Description im adetatl—The narrow but prominent éasz-
occipital segment is broadest posteriorly and tapers forwards;
divided by a median ridge, which expands anteriorly into a
large tuberosity ; a feature also characteristic of the tapir.
About half an inch in advance of the condyles are the con-
dylar foramina. The condyles are formed of the ex-occipitals,
which are low and of great lateral expansion. Their junction
with the mastoids is marked by a large foramen. The par-oc-
cipitals are short and styliform. The saupra-occipital region is
very large, high, and deeply concave from side to side, much
wider than in the tapir, with a marked interparietal suture.
The condyles are wide, but not very deep, approaching each
other very closely below. The daszsphenoids are long and nar-
row, tapering forwards. The alisphenoids are mutilated, but

36

indicate large vertical ridges joining the parietals, and heavy
pterygoid processes, perforated at the base by the alisphe-
noid canal. They are again perforated by the foramen ovale
three fourths of an inch behind this. This completes the
base of the skull.

The parietals are very large, they form nearly the whole
of the temporal fossee; which, deep and wide, enclosing a
small cranial cavity, contrast strongly with the long and
shallow temporal fossze of the tapir. The parietal crest is
very broad, and grooved at the top. This high crest and
deep adjacent temporal fossee we at first mistook as pointing
to an exclusively carnivorous type. The forehead has a tri-
angular appearance, from the divergence of the two side
ridges of the sagittal crest. The fostorbital processes are
very large, but do not reach the opposing processes of thé
malar. The orbit is thus left incomplete posteriorly, while in
form it greatly resembles that of the Sus. The sguamosal
encroaches considerably upon the temporal; and sends out-
wards and downwards a great zygomatic process, which
arches outwards from the skull as in the Fede, and is more
powerful than in any living carnivore (Leidy.) A strong
downward direction is especially characteristic, the whole
describing a sigmoid curve. The mastoids are of great size
vertically, and transversely they are confluent with the par-
occipitals. A low, thick process on the internal side of the
glenoid cavity prevents lateral motion.

The zasals are long, broad, and thick, convex from side to
side, narrowing slightly anteriorly. They are straight, as in
Sus, which they resemble more than they do either tapir
or rhinoceros. The anterior borders are rounded, and do
not reach as far forward as the symphysis of the premaxil-
lary. The malar is broad and thick, probably forming but
little of the face, being directed downwards and backwards
to meet the zygoma. The postorbital process is short, and
rather larger than Dr. Leidy has indicated. The maxz/aries,
smaller proportionately than in Sws, form posteriorly the
floor of the orbit; while the infraorbital foramen is situated
over the last premolar. The premaxillaries fail to reach the
nasals,

37

Comparative Measurements of Head.

P. paludosus.| P. major. Tapir.
M M. M
Bei shiom@ccuyt +2). . eee belek, oc oe Sucre os +122 -148 +120
Breadth of occiput at post-tympanic proces-
SeScidb oss CGC COC MMOD Go55 doludkG wlactn Gee 160 - 166 110
Breadth of cranium at ends of post-glenoid
BEOGESSESiecterete at~) ool teieeis Peels ra terrae +172 +210 *126
Transverse diameter of occipital foramen.... “031 +049 +040
Vertical diameter of occipital foramen....... -027 -033 *027
Depthioijocemptal condyles. cos, 2.5 cece ans +033 039 +029
Breadth of occiptal condyles...............- -040 -049 “O41
Breadth at occipital condyles together....... -082 +100 -082
Width of basi-occipital at anterior condyloid
NOTANIAUMA oye cet eeata attach acters laler=t spe! at crt -038 +039 -028
Width of basi-occipital at junction with basi-
SPM EMO Ae reyes sous abr are) a aeanetaia sys) efeveters of sia +025 -032 *020
Width of crest dividing the temporal fossz
OCBiGmordaosbocmebaatcoow emcee oon don -OII -020 ‘OI
Breadth of cranium outside of zygomata. .... 262 -280 -180
-036

ID efi OiPA ONE APerageusoe sachosooanar : -046

Lower jaw of P. paludosus described from another speci-
men.

The peculiar feature of this jaw is its remarkable exten-
sion back of the molar series (a feature which has not been
noticed heretofore), the distance from the last tooth to the
angle being greater than the length of the entire molar
series. From beneath the last molar, the lower margin
curves gently up to the symphysis. The alveolar border is
but slightly curved. Behind the last molar the lower mar-
gin forms a sigmoid curve, much more decided than in P.
major (first upwards and then downwards), and the ramus
thins out rapidly to the angle, where it has a slightly raised
border; at the diastema the ramus curves outwards so as to
throw the canines out of the line of the molars. The sym-
physis is long.

Dentition—The incisors, three in number, from length
and shape indicate a semicircular arrangement, as in most
Perissodactyles. They increase from first to third. The
crown of the first resembles very much that of the ruminants,

38

but has a straight posterior basal ridge. Its forward edge is
worn so as to expose a small tract of dentine. The second is
larger, but very much like the first in conformation ; while the
third has an acute conical crown with a strong basal ridge.

Of the premolars the first is wanting in this specimen.
The second is bilobed, the anterior lobe much the larger. It
has a small accessory tubercle on its anterior slope. The
outer face is rounded, the inner nearly flat. The posterior
lobe is very small and obtuse, and with the inner face slightly
grooved. In third and fourth the valley between the lobes
and the groove on their faces enlarge ; while the anterior lobe
becomes relatively smaller,

Measurements of Lower Faw.

M.
Diastemaibetweenicanine and firstipremolar- ce eee enters +024
enpthiot centire molar S6nieS.....//./\.. > ae ee ee tee ee eee -143
Distance between last molar and extremity of Eee ASC AEs shone eevente eee -147
Depthiof jaw atlast molar... .. .jj.c.. 0... Game eum iste ap ae eee ee -O70

Among the first discoveries on Cottonwood Creek, in con-
nection with the lower jaw of P. paludosus just described,
were an ulna and radius, and part of the manus and scapula
of the same. These have been figured, together with other
fragments belonging to the same species, in Plate III., and
form an interesting complement to the nearly complete hind
limb of P. major previously described.

The scapula has a shallow oval glenoid cavity, which is
concave longitudinally. Separated from it by a narrow notch
is a strongly recurved coracoid, placed on the inner side of
the bone. Above the coracoid the border is thin, and arches
inwards and then forwards; while the glenoid border is much
straighter, rising from a slight tuberosity. The spine rises
gradually from the glenoid, and does not bear any indication
of an acromion.

The humerus is represented by proximal and distal ex-
tremities. The latter presents the same characters on a
smaller scale as in P. major. Upon the proximal end there
is a deep bicipital groove. The greater tuberosity has a
hooked anterior projection, and runs back into a ridge be-
hind. (See Fig 7, Plate III.)

-

39

The proximal end of the w/va (of median breadth anteri-
orly) narrows into a prominent ridge behind. This gives a
trihedral character to the shaft. This is persistent, but is
less marked as the fore-and-aft diameter decreases. The
remaining features of note are a high tuberous olecranon
expanding behind ; a shallow sigmoid, divided by a deep fossa
into two long divergent articular faces; a trihedral shaft
tapering slightly, but distinct from the radius; a narrow dis-
tal extremity, with a small irregular face for the cuneiform.

The radius has a rather short shaft, curved forwards, ex-
panding below, and placed immediately in front of the ulna.
A strong ridge runs from the external tuberosity up the pos-
terior face of the shaft, disappearing two inches from the .
top. The proximal end, fitting against the ulna by two small
faces, forms the greater part of the elbow-joint, a strong
median ridge dividing the proximal face into two subequal
surfaces with well-raised borders. The distal end of the
shaft is rugose, and more prominent than the proximal. It
has an oblong transverse face, which is slightly concave fore
and aft. The position of the radius, immediately in front of
the ulna, and its manner of articulation, remove any possibil-
ity of rotation, a feature in strong contrast with what we
should expect from the character of the head.

Measurements of Ulna and Radwus.

M.
Winay legoth excluding olecraAmOme dese. 22> tesa cere vies jh aes «Va ieeye a +224
Wiina lene thy OF:01 ECranOM, - «certs erate a teem wioisle ole wisi e'srain¥a ate Seis ee OO
Wilna, transverse diameter, proximal Surlaces. oe ve -\)sclene += clelelelelslsle «ete “O41
Ulna, diameter of shaft at median line........... LR ec ee cone ease eds -038
Winawtore-and-att diameter, distal, facess 115s sani oss rere) sclis <1.) sierster *025
Wilna-stransverse diameter, distal fageatleja0eloie f= 2-f-1 4 ) eters «i~ -l-etaiior =-l= “O17
Radius, proximal face, tramSVerse. ..... sere reece eee een tees eee eneeees -048
Radius, proximal face, fore and aft... 1... 2... ss secre reer eee ceneee +030
Radiase mediam diameter, Shafter yayeejte rc cerke eiece re yee yes oie) sh Velo! =fa ste) aso -o19
Radius, median diameter distal face, transverse .............+-4.. -+-- +043
Radius, median diameter distal face, fore and aft........ .-.+)- er OLO

The manus is described from the third and fourth metatar-
sals, with three phalanges. The metatarsals are short, with a
wide, stout shaft, flat in front and slightly arched forwards
behind. The proximal ends unite and form a continuous

40

articular face, concave from side to side; while upon the
exposed sides are smooth facets, indicating the presence of
two additional toes of less size. (See Plate III.) The con-
vex distal faces are marked behind by a slight groove.

The phalanges are very short and broad, the lower facets
marked by a shallow median groove. The ungual phalanx
is wide and short, with a crescentic outline.

Measurements.
M.
Third «metatarsalbstotalelengthincrytereieeie meee oe - eimai eee -090
Third metatarsal, transverse diameter, proximal face...................- “O17
Thirdimetatarsal, transverse diameter diStaleend®).~ 2. ce ere eee -O1g
Secondepiallaia x0 le my bier be rete tee terpe dee yeeros ote etek eet alee ee 024
Mhard’ phalanx. . iscsi nates etnies Manos eiaore i=, Ceara oe eet ee tote “O14
Total estimated length of manus (6 inghesht SODAGOR ASS dieses, Bl Ale Soh ae GRO "155

PALAZOSYOPS VALLIDENS, Cope.
Proceedings Am. Phil. Society, 1872, p. 487; Hayden’s Survey, 1872, p. 572.

Specific characters.—Founded on details of dental structure.
Superior size. In the upper molars two strong transverse
ridges connect the inner tubercle with the outer crescents,
inclosing a pit between them. In the premolars the outer
crescents fuse almost into a single ridge. These united cres-
cents are relatively narrower. The inner molars are also
narrower, and the posterior tubercle of the last is an elevated
cone.

Fragment of a lower jaw containing the two posterior
molars. The measurements of the teeth are identical with
those given by Professor Cope. The depth of the ramus
below the last molar is three and one third inches, and it is
slightly heavier below than in P. major.

Restoration of Pale@osyops—The elevation of Palgosyops
major, which is taken as a type, was approximately the same
as that of Paleotherium magnum as restored by Cuvier.

The nearly complete ilium, femur, tibia, and tarsus of P.
mayor in our possession, enable us to make the following esti-
mate of the elevation of the hind quarters.

4I

INCHES.
Percts, Heipnh Or alii: aboveraceranal um « vs-0-<\s's'-s clastic « vix's wl oa: 9
Femur and tibia by actual measurement, allowing for bend at the knee. 26
HMOSUS MrOnLAStraralus, andmcuwboldeey.+ est) oF ean eee oe ke 3
Metatarsus and phalanges (estimated from manus of P. paludosus..... 8
46

It is probable that the fore-shoulders were of the same
height. From the atlas, axis, and from other cervicals, sev-
eral dorso-lumbar vertebre, and part of the sacrum, a rude
estimate places the length of the animal at sixty-seven inches,
or nearly six feet, including the head, and excluding the tail.

In general features it strongly resembled the tapir, with
stout body, slender tail, and very short neck, compensated by
_a proboscis of considerable length. In comparing the heads
of the ancient and modern representatives of this class of
Perissodactyles, the points of contrast are the wide stout
zygomas, the deep temporal fossz, the protruding nasals, and
the narrow gaps in the dental series of the older type.

There are also strong points of resemblance in the struc-
ture of the Palgosyops and Paleothere. Some of the cranial
homologues have been detailed by Dr. Leidy. The femur of
the Palzothere is shorter, the tibia longer; they are both
much stouter. The tarsus of the Palgosyops is narrower,
while the remainder of the Pes is very similar. The pelvis,
and particularly the ilium and acetabulum of Pal@osyops, is
more palzotheroid than tapiroid. The similarity of the fore-
shoulder in the two types is also striking. The neck of the
Paleosyops was probably shorter.

In the descending series of Palgotheres terminating in
the diminutive P. mznus, and characteristic of the upper
eocene of France, we have an interesting counterpart in the
large family of Palgosyops, of equal diversity of size and
characteristic of our lower eocene, and it is hoped that future
discoveries will render a complete discussion of this interest-

ing coincidence possible.

LIM N'@OsEEY, Urs); pbeidy:

Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Phila., 1872, p. 242; Palzosyops ;
Marsh, American Journal Sci. and Arts, 1872, p. 122; Hayden’s Survey,

1872, p. 592, Cope.
Generic characters——Resembles Palgosyops in general fea-

42

tures. Distinction founded on the possession of two conic
tubercles, of the inner series, on the last superior molar in-
stead of one.

LIMNOHYUS LATICEPS, Marsh.

Paleosyops Laticeps. Am. Journ. of Sc. v. iv. p. 122.

Specific characters —* Cranium is broad. The zygomatic
arches much expanded. The nasals are narrow and elon-
gated,and more like the corresponding bones in Hyrax than
those in the larger pachyderms.”’

Fragments of the upper molar and premolar series. The
species 1s determined by measurements given by Dr. Leidy
of the second upper molar.

LEUROCEPHALUS, Gen. Nov.

Established on a specimen having a nearly complete den-
tition, and portions of the cranium.

Dental Formula + (1. 3,6. 4, Pm. 4, M.3,) X22

Upper incisors acute, with strong posterior ridges, lower
incisors compressed and laniariform , canines compressed, with
serrated cutting edges; first upper premolar with rudimentary
anterior lobe, last upper molar with rudimentary postero-
internal cusp. Molars constructed as in VPal@osyops, but
higher, with sharper cones and more erect external lobes.
Internal median valley very much deeper. Little or no
depression at the forehead; zygomatic arch round, compara-
tively straight and does not project outwards, and with ob-
scure postorbital process. Premaxillaries short and straight.
Mandible with nearly straight lower margin, and shallow
masseteric fossa; mental foramen single.

LEUROCEPHALUS CULTRIDENS, Sp. Nov.

This species was considerably larger than Paleosyops major,
with which it shows affinities, as also with TZztanothertum
Prout. wseePlate lV.

The Frontal is narrow and flat, or slightly arched. It
sends out a strong curved postorbital process, which projects
outwards, but not so much outwards as in Palgosyops. The
sagittal crest runs back from the postorbital in a low rounded
ridge, rising but little as it recedes. The superciliary ridge

43

is distinct, and is pierced by two small venous foramina. The
shape of the entire bone is much as we find it in the dog,
except that it does not arch so much. One of the most marked
differences between this genus and Palcosyops is here shown.
In the latter the forehead rises abruptly from behind the
orbit, while in the former there is only a slight rise for some
distance behind the orbit. As the bone is broken here, it is
impossible to state whether there is any rise at all. Prob-
ably not, however. Below the post-orbital process, on the
lateral aspect of the bone, there is a low ridge which separ-
ates the orbit from the temporal fossa. The under surface of
the frontal is smooth.

The Wasa/, of which but a small portion is preserved, is flat
on top, but bends downward at the angle.

The Maxillary is long and stout, over the last and penulti-
mate molars it broadens to form the floor of the orbit, which
is of unusual size. Between the canine and the malar the
maxillary arches inwards, forming a perceptible concavity, at
this point it reaches its greatest vertical height, as it rises to
join the nasal. The alveolar border is curved in two direc-
tions, one with the convexity outwards, and the other down-
wards. It exhibits no emargination in the diastema between
the canines and molars. The palatine plate is long, thick,
and narrow ; it is flat fore and aft, but concave transversely,
owing to the elevation of the alveolus; the suture also is
raised slightly. In thickness it varies; being thickest between
the canine and the second premolar, and beyond this becoming
thinner. Its forward termination seems to be obtuse, running
for a short distance along the premaxillaries. The infra-
orbital foramen is large, situated over the fourth premolar,
lower down, and nearer to the malar than in Pal@osyops.

The Premaxillary is rather short and stout; it is slightly
compressed, and ends ina sharp keel on top. Although not
so thick as in Palosyops, it is much larger vertically. The
inner surface is ridged; it has no palatine process, and no
spine, so that the incisive foramen is large and undivided.
There was no symphysis between the two premaxillaries, they
do not show even any articular faces for each other, so that
they may not have been in contact during life. The animal
was adult, but not old. The incisive alveolus is short and

44

straight, and is but little out of the line of the molars. There
is a very long diastema between the incisors and the canine,
and here the premaxillary is deeply notched to allow the pas-
sage of the lower canine.

The Malar is very different in shape and size from the same
bone in Palgosyops. Its facial extent is greater, as it articu-
lates with the maxillary as far forward as the frst molar.
It is not so broad from above downwards, but is considerably
thicker; the articulation with the squamosal is by flat sur-
faces. The postorbital process is small and indistinct. The
orbit is of great size; its breadth, shown by the maxillary
floor is unusual, but its fore-and-aft diameter is extreme,
being nearly twice as great as in a large Palgosyops major.

The Sguamosal is a short, slender, and trihedral bone; it is
not at all like the squamosal of Palgosyops. It is smaller
even than that of P. paludosus ; its outer margin is not turned
up, making the upper surface concave; it does not project
much outward, and scarcely at all downwards, as this is ren-
dered unnecessary by the flatness of the forehead. The chief
difference, in the size of this bone, between this genus and
Paleosyops is found in the much greater vertical and lateral
diameter of the latter; in length they are about equal. The
glenoid cavity is large, shallow, and transverse.

As a whole, the zygomatic arch is comparatively slender ;
it is rounded, and does not project much laterally from the
side of the head ; but its chief peculiarity consists in the fact
that it is nearly horizontal. It is thus altogether different
from the arch of Pal@osyops.

The Occzpital Condyles are different from those of that genus.
They are flatter, shorter from above downwards, and propor-
tionately much smaller; but are expanded laterally in much
the same manner. At the border of the foramen magnum
they are gently rounded instead of having a sharp angle.
These borders are segments of circles, but as the condyles are
broken from the rest of the occiput, we cannot infer from this
the shape of the foramen.

The Mandible is long, stout, but comparatively shallow.
It is of nearly uniform thickness throughout, and does not
exhibit the thickening of the alveolus and thinning, of the
‘ lower margin, which is shown in Pal@osyops, especially in P.

45

major ; and the downward and inward arching of the alveolar
border is not marked to the same extent as in that species.
The lower border is nearly straight, and has but one slight
emargination just behind the symphysis. The ascending
portion of the ramus rises near the last molar quite abruptly,
and makes an angle of nearly go° with the horizontal portion.
The masseteric fossa is shallow and obscure, and the anterior
bounding ridge is almost obsolete. This part of the jaw is
very different from any of the species of Palgosyops. The
symphysis is quite long, and extends back as far as the second
premolar ; the chin is probably rounded. The dental foramen
is situated high up in the ascending portion of the ramus;
the mental foramen is placed below the second premolar; it
is large and single.

Crantal Measurements.

M.
Breadth of frontal at postorbital process;-jea-e +) sr oe inerie ce cs clases +045
Ereadthyof frontal:in front of postarbital= -m ii. lee see aeicle) see +030
sneaatuuofmnasal.just in frontiOp Onbit.tssjerateiorie li sarrae cls sei iereieersteriae 032
Length from angle of nares to end of premaxillary................ ... +1235
Beneth of premaxillany. . u/s). ssc teases BS acvapoghete Wustartis aaa s Rochas -056
J PEON og ane bot El a ai ee perro en acd fo Sogou Gach > Moen. nacre +230
Peat of palatine process at Cani@er. ej eine mises ie eeide ss ae -026
Breadth of palatine process at second premolar..................+eeee- -029
Vertical height of maxillary at angle of nares...............s0022+.000 -064
Preadth of maxillary across floor of orbit. 7.5350. 62 tase 2 8 ete + -058
Gre anne ait diameter of OLDiltya. <eaomatdes ntti a ett el eee rel +054
Heneth of malar along maxillary......-6..- 5. +--0-000 sens essees- +s “094
Vertical diameter of malar behind maxillary........................-. -029
Transverse diameter of malar behind maxillary........ .............-. +033
Fore-and-aft diameter of glenoid cavity (about).................-..-05- -029
Vertical diameter of squamosal at end of malar articulation............ -032
Transverse diameter of squamosal at end of malar articulation......... -0325
Length of ramus mandibuli from symphysis to ascending portion....... 77
Depth of jaw at last molar... 1.2... -. eee eee cece eee ee cece e eens -068
Depth of jaw at second premolar........... 60. e sees eee eee cece ence ee “061

DENTITION.

Upper JAw.—The zucisors, three in number, are placed
close together in a nearly straight line, which does not make
so great an angle with the line of molars as in Paleosyops.
They increase regularly in size from the first to the third,
which is very large. They all have stout rounded fangs,

46

and sharp pyramidal crowns, with strong basal ridges sepa-
rated from the acute blades by deep clefts. Between the
incisors and the canine there is a long diastema.

The canine is of great size; it has a swollen fang, and a
long recurved crown which is much compressed, and has
sharp serrated cutting-edges. The external face is the more
convex, the internal has a well-marked basal ridge, and both
are longitudinally striated. The canine is separated from
the premolars by a short diastema.

Premolars.—The first premolar stands by itself, separated
by a short interval from the second. It is implanted by two
fangs, and has a compressed crown with sharp cutting-edges.
It is nearly twice the size of the corresponding tooth in
Faleosyops, which is simple and conical. In the specimen
under description there is, besides the principal lobe of the
tooth, a rudimentary anterior lobe which gives the crown an
elongate shape. The basal ridge is shown on the inner side
only. The second premolar has a crown which is oval in
section. The external part consists of two sharp-pointed
cusps, separated by a valley, but confluent at base; while the
internal division is a low ridge (not a pointed cone as in
Pale@osyops) with a tubercle developed behind it. The basal
ridge is marked all around, and sends up a buttress along the
antero-external lobe; as is also the case in the third and
fourth premolars. These are enlarged copies of the second;
but have the internal lobe elevated into a sharp cone, and
showing a much stronger basal ridge and deeper median val-
ley. These teeth differ in several respects from the premolars
of Paleosyops. The crowns are higher and the lobes sharper ;
the basal ridge is more distinct, and is not interrupted at the
internal cusp; the external ascending buttress is stronger;
and there is no fold between the external lobes of the fourth.

The molars are constructed in a manner which resembles
that of P. paludosus rather than of P. major, but its resem-
blance to the form shown in 77tanotherium is stronger than
to either. They have broad, square crowns, which increase
progressively in size from first to last. There is a convexity
running up the median line of the external lobes, and the two
posterior lobes are connected together at their bases. The
first molar does not exhibit such a decided increase in size

47

over the last premolar as is seen in Palgosyops ; the two ex-
ternal lobes are more erect and sharper than in any form of
that genus. The cingulum is complete even across the
internal cones, and the median valley is very deep, as in
Litanotherium. There is a conspicuous fold at the junction
of the external lobes, and a minute tubercle between the two
anterior lobes; this tubercle is present only in the first
molar, and not throughout the series, as in Pa/eosyops. The
second molar in general form is like the first; but is larger,
has a deeper median valley, more conspicuous external folds,
and a stronger basal ridge. There is also some change in
the proportions of the crown; the first measuring the same
in both directions, while the second is wider than it is long.
The last molar has but one internal cone; the second is
represented by a tubercle; which however is a true rudi-
mentary lobe and not a development of the basal ridge. In
this tooth, the external fold is very large and the median
valley very deep.

LOWER JAw.—The lower molars and premolars are very
much like those of Palgosyops, but are longer, narrower, and
higher. The zzczsors are not at all like Palgosyops, but are
compressed and laniariform, with acute crowns and sharp
cutting-edges. The canine is not present in our specimen,
but that it was large, is shown by the long diastema between
the upper canine and incisors.

Premolars.—The first is small, simple, and implanted by a
single fang close to the canine. The diastema between it
and the second premolar is about one half of that in P. mayor.
The second premolar is the most peculiar tooth in the lower
series ; as it carries the development of the anterior lobe at the
expense of the posterior lobe, to a still greater extent than in
Paleosyops, forming a crown like the blade of the carnivorous
sectorial. The third lobe of the last molar is no longer a
simple cone, but a functional lobe, with two crests running
from it, which bound a median valley.

Teeth Measurements.

UPPER JAW. M.
Length of entire dental series......... 055.205 seeee cere eee eeer sees 9508 275
Length of incisor SerieS....... 2.2202 e eee e sc cc cece eset ects etence ee 575

48

Length of diastema between canine and incisors........ o oie ays cis wieleeiaie
Fore-and-aft diameter of canine........... BOOHODC OC ondnoDagnebaceooes
Mransvierse diameter Of CaMINe yacloactls | -alsieicle osetia rate eter aot ttte teen
Length of diastema between canine and premolars.................0-
Wength of premolar SELiCS crept ceric a le cle wine ot. ol eens it et tel ee Howe
Lenethiof first premolar. =. -).-). |< «- + a's lelolennianwle! Sle Sane Re icsc che 1 Meee
Wiadithsofetinst: premio arranseveretelets sleseafele pets efoto) atetals (-1ottetetttete tai) titel ena
Length of second premolar.. Seer taeiigheeele Dake tet «Seapets Perse ee eae
Wadth offsecondspremiolaneyeecrerctsatevelio retirees (ol cteteneten steel sicisiaerettai ae
Length of third premio) aK srasmteerer yale thes eel l eval eee) elena telat 1a ae
Wadthrofi third prem Olatsrrepscrectietc tert tene vorenterets ole ietety tal tertet tte
Weneth of fourth premolar y.torce + crvetsekle ol 1sra nels ctelehepsiteicioral sisi eeaene
Widthyof founthipremolatacrrseeteret ciieehsiiocecie siete ole eietetenear eet ete einen
Length’ of true molar series .iya5.clocleeninc as. + “eee esl eneae
Ibfssavedd ad Orie: WOMENS 6 Cuno adoo bHibo oso DadscOddugoodoSUoben cas ooCOS-
Width offfirst molar. oon 82). sc Asis chleis cm sfcteo ole.tysiere elsbetenoteheioerone iaieneeae
eng throfssecond molars agers enon reer crit teeta cree
Wradth offsecond im olan. i. yejrcrecmcworsoraio ow ielei cle) sic) telcacietetel kei tekerei teenies
Wenethiof thindGnno lars tyler ate ctocleerenetel ate leielalerciele holt Neral ieleretayetenete tients
Width ofthc ollaigrrrer rare steuerecieryetetcreiole cteteteteesiel sth hoaunbacdoognec 36

LOWER JAW.

Length ofentiremolarsSenies.y-1e.teiite riers sais ofete|sheketetele) sicyele/sctefelafeteers
engthiof premolanisenles sy. rite. sites tae ereriaeiietorierie tere eysicle ele
Meng thiofitriesmolansentess-etaceye eo ee is eiae Gteraieraiinio a eral aetna
Weng throtisecondepre molaijereteeeieter reek miei keiene teres apOo UCI Coe ¢
Wacdthiofiseconds premolar pycrreeis aa ieitcrieieat tire) tee rier
Lengthvofithird premolar. 421% stats s oe eiiche ictus strove ekcrere orate ere 5
Waidthof third premolar... fannie san seis ck sectreiseldc ortssriseinagtercie eres
Wenothrotmourth) premolar. preryey tric ckeieb ceeieoietel seers ieee ratio ees
Widithvoffourthtpremolareery.pectesaeia acca a By sins is ieveus uc tetera cine tencteae
Mength of firstamiolar.'A5.2,. 5 saieratesteeiess ero etetsle ecto tete aie or olelotee eter vet renner
Wadthtoffirst)molar...4425 5. bciiici..lt. Wemiements an ahaa eee
Hengthofsecond molar... <ci)secineinlod &.. Pha ol ota sels eee So nee ee ee
Wadthofisecomd molar... .%.tts.¢% 2 nis. «-aepr oe Wee onus te ak ee escent eee
Wensthvomtnirdemnolareasyeer a seteeticioe cece ays Saya Customeve shee ote esenate eee
Wadthtorthircdemolar.|.c. stds cece s es + aueeree ears Supe sevetipe te visede ere) ovenetetele

Found at Henry’s Fork Divide.

This may eventually prove to bea species of Te/matherium,
(Marsh); but the description given by him of that genus is
so brief and uncharacteristic that it might apply to any of
the allied genera. Indeed, Dr. Leidy has regarded it as a

synonym of Paleosyops.

49
HYRACHYUS, Leidy.

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 229, ef sqq.

A ‘genus of tapiroid mammals, which is thus defined :
“ Lower Faw: Third molar with two crests; four premolars,
third and fourth with one transverse and one longitudinal
crest. Upper Faw: Seven molars, first without interior heel ;
premolars with two transverse crests.’ (Cope.)

Synopsis of Species.

I. Long diastema betweer lower canines and molars.
AysLower jaw with six molars=.e5 seciiiis as A. nanus.
B. Lower jaw with seven molars.

aa. Upper molars with complete cingulum. Enamel
wrinkled.
a. The last molar with two external lobes on nearly
the same. tlansverse limes... z FH. intermedius.
6. Last molar with the external lobes on the same
longitudinalimiesencg sn er.at! sn HI. modestus.
66. Upper molars with cingulum incomplete exter-
nally.
a. With anterior conical buttress larger than ante-
rior lobe.
a. Buttress separate, and no fold from
antenien lObece st. spre ce: Hl, princeps.
f. Buttress united, and quite large fold
from anterior lobe..... Hi. imperialis.
6. With anterior conical buttress smaller than an-
terior lobe.
av Tooth tracers. she 2248 3 Hl, eximius.
f. Voothismatlersiccc. 103.2% Hf. agrarwus.
cc. Cingulum only on outer side of first molar, but-
tress separated by a ridge from anterior lobe,
fold from this lobe very prominent.
FH. tmplicatus.

II. Short diastema between lower canines and molars.

A. Descending ridge from antero-external point of lower
molar extends entirely across the crown of the
footh-anterioglyers*.,: 4. teas phere HT. crassidens.

50
HYRACHYUS IMPERIALIS, Sp. nov.

Established on the second and third molars of each upper
jaw, and three premolars, and one lower molar, portions of
the skull and vertebra.

This species is, with the exception of HZ. princeps, (Marsh),
the largest species of the genusas yet known. It differs from
H.. princeps in the greater proportionate length of the molars,
in their larger size, compared with the bulk of the animal, and
in the less separation of the anterior external conical buttress.
The third molar is the largest; the fold extending from the
antero-external lobe into the valley is very conspicuous. The
basal ridge (which is very strongly marked on the posterior
edge), is very feebly indicated on the exterior. The trans-
verse crests are more oblique in the second than in the third;
but in the latter the valley is deeper and the crests shghtly
longer. The anterior conical buttress is of great size, being
larger than the anterior lobe. The premolars have, as usual,
one internal cone; the anterior and posterior external lobes
approach close together, while the accessory fold from the
anterior lobe becomes very prominent, reaching the internal
cone and enclosing a valley between itself and the transverse
crest, The basal ridge does not extend around the inner
part of the crown as in //. agrarius.

The only lower molar we have, seems to be a penultimate
molar of the right side. The basal ridge is large anteriorly,
very short posteriorly, but does not appear at all upon the
sides, as in 1. agrarius.

The remaining bones of the skeleton indicate a rather
small animal, the teeth are therefore proportionately very
large.

The occipital condyles are small and sessile; they are
much extended laterally, and the external angles are pointed.
In other respects they resemble the condyles of Palgosyops.
The zygomatic arch is slender and does not curve outward
strongly. We cannot tell how far the malar encroaches upon
the face. After leaving the maxillary it becomes much com-
pressed ; it has no post-orbital process. The maxillary is of
unusual breadth, extends far backwards, and it forms the

51

floor of the large orbit. The mandible is slender and com-
pressed, with a large dental canal.

The atlas is small, and has narrow transverse processes,
which are perforated by a large vertebraterial canal. The
dorsals have considerably depressed centra, and the ribs are
slender.

Measurements.

M.
Ren UW OltAastANGlar,..... Mamas y oo,ctitaxeysomed cl eo cau xe wea Ouuteede 025
RPrpactimaie last imolar: .. ite caceeees jess wee. occ ae ake. waa dee -030
Bene tiem second Molar: meres nets oy as tel ane te heed ae Suite eee 024
NVA Ol CecOnd NIdlar emcee eee s eae ee Bee e eth Bee he 0305
Penethonwast ((). premolarecne ets os aetna Se ce enon ee Ree o18
WWitcltanoimlastupremOlanc me. set, 0c pore ae eee toa en +0245
ene iO msecondlowemmolan ame teeter © meter oe ee +025
Midi Of second, lower molar. toe statetoth ho noes ates cece ck deci ‘O18

From Henry’s Fork Divide.
HYRACHYUS INTERMEDIUS, sp. nov..

Established on the upper true molar series of the righ®
side.

This species is intermediate in size between H. agrariu:
and /7. modestus. As in the latter species, the basal ridge ex:
tends around the entire crown of the tooth, with a small in.
terruption on the antero-external lobe. It ismore pronounced)
in front and less behind than in H. zmperialis. The anterior
conical buttress is not nearly so well developed as in A. zmpe-
rialis ; the valleys are wide, and the descending fold from
the antero-external lobe is obscure, scarcely marked at all in
the first. The transverse crests are strongly arched forwards,
and the anterior is very much the longer. The peculiar fea.
ture of the species is the position of the postero-externa,
lobe, which is pushed to the posterior aspect of the tooth ;
this is carried so far in the last molar that the two externa\
lobes stand on nearly the same transverse line. The antero.
external lobe is much the highest point in the tooth, and 1
the first molar is remarkably sharp. The enamel is consider.
ably wrinkled, but not nearly so much as in 7. modestus.

52

Measurements. M.
Weneth Or Hirst mOlarenieerreytv entre rene tna eisai: ele emenee eae tarot rete *O12
Breadthyof-dirst “molars sacaclyers sie ct telnls.s Saeko Renate ere be as sOLR5
Length of second smolar’.” cae sree eons teees ch clot rn rer er gee *O15
Breadthvor Second molain amen atlas site cients Oe eaeaere keaee ee eee rer “O17
Icenethvot third nolaie a Seeeeer i e eke eil eeerec emer err ek erent -O145
Breadth of third imolaticgsaccch ce cores Ook oe Oe TIER Oo ote teeter te *O17

From Cottonwood Creek.

HYRACHYUS NANUS, Leidy.
Pra Ace Nate SG. 1 o72.820;
Henrys, Bork.
HYRACHYUS AGRARIUS, Leidy.
Prev Acy Naty SC4 Loy. 220;
Henry’s Fork.

HYRACHYUS EXIMIUS, Leidy.
Pr; Acs Nat. Sc.5-1871, 220;

Cottonwood Creek.
HYRACHYUS CRASSIDENS, sf. 2ov.

Established on the left and a portion of the right ramus
mandibuli, containing the first molar.

The jaw presents some differences from the form common
in Hyrachyus. The alveolus is more curved, especially near
the ascending portion of the ramus; the jaw is narrower, and
is especially contracted near the incisive alveolus. The lower
margin of the ramus is but slightly curved. The ramus itself
thickens regularly from before backwards, and is thickest at
the last molar; beyond which it becomes thinner again. The
depth of the jaw is comparatively small, and the teeth have a
forward inclination; the mental foramina are not so large as
in other species of yrachyus, and are four in number.

The incisors are small, arranged in a semicircle, and have
very much compressed fangs, with somewhat procumbent
crowns; the canines are small, and form a continuous series
with the incisors. There is a diastema between the canine
and first premolar; but one which is shorter than in known
species of the genus, and which does not indicate the usual
curve of the upper border of the ramus.

The molar series, (so far as can be judged from their broken
condition), are much the same as in other species; except, per-

53

haps, in the greater relative size of the posterior lobes, and
in the more complete closing of the median valley by the
junction of the two lobes externally. The ridge which curves
downwards and inwards from the external point of the an-
terior lobe is unusually well developed, and curves across the
entire crown. The cingulum is feebly shown; it appears on
the anterior and posterior ends of the tooth (first molar) and
for a very short distance on the outside of the tooth opposite
the median valley ; there is no trace of it on the inner side.

Measurements.

M.
iengthiag entire molar senesi (about) asm mee rent eteeis ad aeitet-te sito +080
Meno thiotpremolar Seriesmerse, a se tyes tay oe ee oer ere ceteris irae = -033
Benothron true mOlat, Series (abOUt acc om «seein ie aise erie sien -O47
Pore-and-ait diameter of fame of canine... s.cc2s5.5 se eeraes csi ehe oe -008
Distance between canine alveolis jaa a tae es reer rsie ieee +009
enethofecd iss tema. <1 craterererciceteue oye cess emeccuslcveus os cverauctersictay cla)ctessteuel cms etcse “115
Mencthon the first m Olax. ayers tas ats ratte soe states macteia’s «/elcheliss 81 “O15
Breadthtorsth es irs timo lan. risa sa ctaysxsee) ceo siete excakel Poe catale eke cis cueis s. 21 6ts -O10
Bepthromranitrs; below: lasteul Olate rn spete cer or ae ae years Ara ee ererel tavsye oes -0245
Mepth ofaramus below, last) premolar setters een ell sieyee chet «rele ates «1 selelete “0215
Greatest (ickn ESS: Of Talis settee irecerere ra eerie escheat ae te ieee Perse ‘O17
LETS AO SAV IS (NCW yao cesononaosoucs 32 bure Sc od Goo SonbecoK “030

Found at Henry’s Fork.
hvEpAcH Gs ————=4-r

There are three premolars of the upper jaw which we
cannot refer to any known species ; but they are too imperfect
to justify the formation of a new species for their reception.

What appears to be a first premolar is inserted by a single
broad fang; it is too much worn to show the characteristic
enamel folding, and is peculiarly broad and short. The second
premolar shows the usual foldings of Hyrachyus ; save that
a distinct valley enters the tooth from the posterior edge,
running forward to the transverse crest, and inclosed by the
curving backwards of the internal cone. The crown is nearly
square ; the basal ridge is scarcely marked at all.

Measurements.
M.
Length of first premolar...... Bee) SRD OR ARO PP Oren Sie eee OI
Breadth of first premolar.............s020 sss ece eee e tee e et encseneees “O16
Length of second premolar.... -..--.e.eee ee cece cere cece eee ee eees O12

Breadth of second premolar..........-+--+ eee renee tenet cee e eens ‘O14

54

HELALETES, Marsh.
Am. Journ. Sc. and Arts, 1872, p. 218.

Additional material enables us to give further character-
istics of this genus, which may be thus defined: Mammals,
allied to Lophiodon, having a third lobe to the last lower molar,
short symphysis, and with the teeth of the lower jaw form-
ing a continuous series. Astragalus has narrow, oblique
condyles. Dental formula : Le, C. =, Pm., i, M. a3.

Synopsis of Spectes.

A. Teeth small; a small tubercle on the outer margin, be-

tween the cusps ol last upper molar weeen ee F1. boops.
B. Teeth much larger and proportionately broader; no
tubercle onlast uppermolar 4. pea ceee Hl. latidense

HELALETES LATIDENS, sp. nov.

Lower Faw.—The ramus is stout, and resembles in gen-
eral form that of Ayrachyus, but the alveolar border is
straighter than in that genus; the ascending portion forms
a right angle with the horizontal portion, and the masseteric
fossa is deep. The symphysis is comparatively short, and
there is complete bony union between the rami, which do not
diverge so much as in //yrachyus. As in that genus, there
are several small mental foramina beneath the premolar
series. The dental series forms a nearly continuous line, the
only diastema being a very short one between the first and
second premolars. The zxzczsors have compressed fangs, and
are arranged ina slight curve. The canine is small and sub-
circular at base. The premolars also are small; they some-
what resemble those of //yrachyus in shape, but are smaller,
and have the posterior lobe not so well developed. The
first is implanted by a single fang, the others by two. The
molars (except the last) consist of two pyramidal lobes,
which form transverse cutting-crests, as in Zapirus and
Flyrachyus. The basal ridge is shown on the anterior and
internal sides only. Externally the lobes meet at their bases,
inclosing the valley on that side. The last molar is by far
the longest of the series, and consists of three lobes, of which
the anterior is the largest, and the posterior the smallest.

55

The basal ridge at the anterior part of the tooth is very
strongly marked.

Upper Faw.—The molars increase in size from first to last
with considerable regularity. The premolars are small, and,
as in AHyrachyus, have one single internal cone, which is
joined by transverse ridges from the two outer cusps; the
anterior accessory tubercle is well developed. The first
molar is considerably larger than the last premolar; it is
much worn, and does not show anything more than that
there are two internal cones. The anterior conical buttress
is very largely developed throughout the true molar series.
The second and third molars resemble almost precisely the
corresponding teeth of Hyrachyus. Their shape, however,
is more nearly square than is usual in that genus.

Measurements.

UPPER JAW.

M.
Peneii an trie MIOlAL, SELES. ciel ve vice stale aero =!a getaa bees Oa aisles melas 2 = == -036
ILSaailec Oy Metal ed oer: ceceed 5 coccoous oo Ae tomouD cen oo oueRoare +0135
Wir the ot lastemOl ares. cic sash ae net nie a toleisacr etc subcnersmrenctoiaie eo mearcnaysss “O15
enothtotsecond malate. = veer eleenet tees = -letenetatal ice ig) Peal <)- at = ‘O12
readthtol secon: molars <oceteaateesetere rate an ofet tetete sale) ast ohodelose ae “O15
enwethuot ArstmnOlal . <<. carom a amie, cena o ueiel haere aw icim «ape ates hs c -O105
Breadthrotirstsm Olan nals ccrcsite oie tee Inert eate rea a sive SS) alae stereieers -O12
Menptu oflast/premolar... <.. sijso.0.fe05 ss gaan fe a clpetaeiele Steno ese ee eo g2O09
Breadtnok last premlolaties., onycr-see ete stenete tere pete dere asant ara rel slel=| 42-1 -ta1>) <1 -OII
Weneth of third® premolar yettery-tck= weed heya te etal 9 eae) tae) hale ne= es -008
Breadthiof third) premolan. state aie aceite’ eter hes .. 009
LOWER JAW.
Eeneth of true molar series... ov) -)-- ee - a c ose seine se Fabroee -942
Meneth of last molars... 5-11) ciis t-te ine hott eerie Moe ae ale ok: -Oo18
ipreadtht of last molata se/sa-actee ds ote aren era seer isles ta ato she © enter +009
Length of second molar..........----ees eee e cree es cece eee c eee eeee “013
Brendthrof Second. molars «se rcs sear eee cicero eh oners aeserets -008
Length of first molar. .... 2... - 22. cece cece eee e eee ee eect eee ee aes “O12
Breadthvol first molars: |.) ..: ck tsa veka cela rh charsteratensrererta otomet: haaeh spiel -008
Length of third premolar.......- +222. - ee. e es ence teen ence ee eee ee -008
Breadth of third premolar........ .- .-2eee cere ee cece eee e cece ene -005
Diameter of canine at base. ....- 06. 2s acess ern ee se ces ce ee seere 006
Length of symphysis (about)... ...- +--+ esse eee reece cere erence stra O27)

Found at Henry’s Fork.

ARTIODACTYLA.

GENERA INCERT SEDIS.

ITHYGRAMMODON, gen. nov.

Our fragments of this fossil show an animal about the size
of the llama, and approximating more closely to the 7ylopoda
than to any living forms.

The genus is established upon the two premaxillary bones,
containing the incisors, parts of the maxillaries, the canine
and the first premolar; besides fragmentary portions of the

palatine plates. As the peculiar features of these remains
render them unique, we are warranted in establishing the
genus /ihygrammodon.

Generic characteristics.

The premaxillaries are long, narrow, and very straight,
bent slightly in on their own axis as in Camelide, but ex-
panded laterally at the end of symphysis as in Pecora. The
upward processes are sharply defined, with a wide, rounded
upper border.

The upper incisors are six in number, and are placed nearly
in a straight line fore and aft, separated from each other and
from the canine by small and subequal diastemas.

The zuxczsors are nearly equal in size, cylindrical in shape,
are placed vertically in their alveoli, and are slightly re-
curved.

The spine .of the premaxillaries is long and thin, giving
very long anterior palatine foramina, as in Raminantia. The

a7

premaxillaries, in position, are close together, showing a very
narrow muzzle.

The maxillaries have two well-developed canines, with
long, laterally compressed fangs, recurved and becoming cir-
cular in section at the crowns. The diastema between the
canine and the first premolar is proportionate to that in Pro-
camelus.

ITHYGRAMMODON CAMELOIDES, Sp. nov.
Specific characteristics.

The premaxillaries (See Plate X., Figs. 1-4) are long, with
a wide, strongly upward curving process; from the premaxil-
lary symphysis to the third incisor, they increase in thick-
ness; then narrow slightly to the maxillary symphysis. The
upper margin of the process is smooth and narrow, curving
very gradually upwards; while the lower margin runs more
abruptly up, giving to it a strongly pointed curvature.

The outer surfaces are smooth and slightly convex; the
inner are marked by a wide deep canal running from Just
behind the premaxillary symphysis into the maxilla.

The great size of this groove may perhaps be a generic
characteristic ; as it is much larger than in Protolabis (Plate
X., Fig. 6), the modern camels, or any of the other ungulates,
recent or fossil, that have come under our notice.

The premaxillaries do not co-ossify, as the spines are
smooth on their inner side. Just outside the spines, and in
front of the deep groove, the bones are marked by numerous
small pits for the attachment of the muscles of the upper lip.

The portion of the maxilla in which the first premolar is
situated, shows that the maxillaries swell considerably on
their alveolar border; for the canine then narrow gradually
for the first premolar diastema; then swell for its reception,
and become very thin in the diastema between the first and
second premolars.

The Teeth—1 2, C, 3, Pm. =, M. i.
The zuczsors have quite deep fangs, are cylindrical in shape,

vertical in position, and have no basal ridge.
The crown of the first is worn perfectly smooth, flat across

s

the top, unlike the wearing exhibited in any modern form
that has come under our notice. The others have their
crowns broken, but indicate a nearly subequal series, with the
last shghtly the largest.

The canines have long, recurved compressed fangs, with
rather short crowns, which are circular in section. They
are much larger than in Procamelus or Protolabis of Pliocene,
or the modern camels. (Sse X., Figs. 3,5):6, 7:)

The first premolar is the only one of the molar series pre-
served; its crown is chipped considerably, but nevertheless
shows that it had one fang and no basal ridge. It resembles
the incisors in form, but is shghtly narrower and lcnger.

The genus /thygrammodon has been placed for the present
under the genera incerte sedis; but its chief features point to
an unmistakable affinity with the ruminants. It is probable
that /¢hygrammodon was the representative and the ancestor,
in the eocene-age, of that type of ungulates of which the
camel and llama are the modern forms.

The line of descent of the camels was -first indicated in
the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1875, p. 262;
then in the Bulletin No. 1, 1874, p. 25, of the U.S. Geologi-
cal Surveys of the Territories, (Government Report of Ex-
plorations of 1873, pp. 498-500); and lastly in U. S. Geogra-
phical Surveys of Territories, vol. iv., pp. 341-44.

In the above writings, Professor Cope traces the develop-
ment of the modern camels from the miocene genus Poébro-
thertum, Leidy, showing the modifications found in Proca-
melus, Leidy, and Protolabis, Cope, of the succeeding age.

From the last work (Wheeler’s Survey, vol. iv., p. 342),
we will quote at length:

“ The evolution of the existing types of Camelide is a good
illustration of the operation of the laws of acceleration and
retardation. In evidence of this we may follow the growth
of the foot and dentition of the most specialized, and there-
fore the terminal genus of the series, the American Auchenia
——. It is well known since the time of Goodsir, that the
embryos of ruminants exhibit a series of superior incisor
teeth which disappear early. It is probable, but not certain,
that in the miocene genus Poébrotherium, as in various

59

contemporary selenodont artiodactyla, the superior incisors
persisted. I have, however, discovered that these teeth per-
sisted in the Loup-Fork genus Profo/abis during adult life.
I have found that one (the second) of these teeth in Procamelus
occidentalis persisted, without being protruded from the
alveolus, until nearly adult age.

“In genera (¢.g.,the bunodont artiodactyla) where the inci-
sors are normally developed, they appear at about the same
time with the other teeth, and continue to develop to func-
tional completeness. This development is retarded in Pyo-
tolabis, since they are not so matured as to remain fixed
throughout life in their alveoli.

“In Procamelus, the retardation is still greater, since the
first incisor reaches very small dimensions, and is, with its
alveolus, early removed; while the second incisor only grows
large enough, and for a sufficient time, to occupy a shallow
alveolus, without extending beyond it. In the first incisor
the process of retardation has reached its necessary termin-
ation, z.¢., atrophy or extinction; while in the existing Came-
fide the second incisor also has disappeared the same way.
In ruminants other than Camelide, the third or external in-
cisor has undergone the same process, while in the Sovide the
canines also have been retarded in development, down to
atrophy.”

Professor Cope continuing the discussion of the teeth ot
these types, generalizes: ‘From these and many analogous
cases, the general law may be deduced that :dentical modif-
cations of structure, constituting evolution of types, have supervenea
on distinct lines of descent ?”

This summary of Professor Cope’s conclusions has been
necessary to show clearly in this series the probable place of
the eocene genus.

From the shape of tae premaxillaries and maxillaries, and
the form and position of the teeth the camelline affinities have
been indicated. Future research must be relied on to throw
light upon the structure of the limbs and the axial skele-
ton; as it is from these that the conclusive proof must be
deduced that /thygrammodon is the ancestor of the camels,
and that Poébrotherium is the second link in the chain, instead
of the progenitor.

60

Measurements of Ithygrammodon cameloides with Protolabis.

Length of alveolar border of as a ae ye ste
Greatest height of premaxillaries.. :
Greatest width of premaxillaries at inet incisor.
Thickness of premaxillary process. .........--.
Length of diastema between first and second in-

Length of diastema between second and third
NICO c 5 6 dogouS Gad oot odacbbouaoooEdooD OT 5
Length of diastema between third incisors and
CANINES. ciogptinabed hae COC Ae DOUG OpOr oon Oou

Teeth.

Fore-and-aft diameter of first incisor.........
Fore-and-aft diameter of second incisor........
Fore-and-aft diameter of third incisor...........
Fore-and-aft diameter of canine............
Fore-and-aft diameter of first premolar..........
Transverse diameter of first incisor.............
Transverse diameter of second incisor..........
Transverse diameter of third incisor.,.,. ......
Transverse diameter of Canine: ../5 4+ s.0.50-66 >
Transverse diameter of first premolar...........

Ithygrammodon c.

*0035

+003

Protolabis.

-049
“022
-O1T5
“O17

OIr
O12
-OIT

“009
.007

AMBLYPODA.

(Cope. Wheeler’s Survey. vol. iv., pp. 178 e¢ ss.)

“Mammalia, with small cerebral hemispheres which leave
the olfactory lobes and cerebellum exposed. The feet short
and plantigrade, with numerous (in the known genera, five)
digits, terminating in flat, hoof-bearing, ungual phalanges.
The seven bones of the carpus distinct, the unciform articu-
lating with both lunar and cuneiform. The astragalus flat,
without trochlear surface, and attached to the tibia with very
little freedom of movement ; its distal extremity divided into
two facets, one for the navicular, and the other more or less
for the cuboid. Molars inserted with enamel, with wide
crowns and transverse crests. A postglenoid process.”

This order falls naturally into two sub-orders :

“J. A third trochanter on the femur, and a fossa for the
round ligament: no alisphenoid canal; superior in-
ISM ES NOME SEMC tie seri me emdats ws BI: 4 ae) 4he) eases Pantodonta.

“TJ. No third trochanter, nor fossa for the round ligament ;
an alisphenoid canal; no superior incisors. Dznocerata.”

This sub-order, Dinocerata, inciudes at present three dis-
tinct genera, Uzntatherium, Leidy, Dinoceras, Marsh, and
Loxolophodon, Cope (also probably Wegacerops, Leidy). These
three genera, in addition to the characters above given, are
marked by the possession of two or more osseous projections
from the upper surface of the head ; and of these the posterior
pair, developed from the parietals, are the largest.

Synopsis of genera of

62

DayN O'C.E KR A Tee

A. Cervical vertebrae: long ; median horn-like processes an-
terior to the orbit ; nasal tuberosities do not overhang
the nasal tips.

(2) Last molar, with or without a tubercle, occupying
the entrance of the valley between the lobes,
and but one on posterior basal ridge. Tem-
poral fossze not continued beyond the base of
the parietal processes. Occipital condyles pro-
CLIN Reece oe os ee Uintatherium.

(4) Last molar never has a tubercle at entrance of
valley, and has two on posterior basal ridge.
Temporal fossz continued very far back; con
Gives sSeESSIlle’ joes coat cs {phen ne eae Dinoceras.

B. Cervical vertebrz short; median horn-like processes di-
rectly over the orbit ; nasal tuberosities overhang the
EMbITE IPSs 722. . F2 Y Loess oe ae Mee ele

Synopsis of species of

UINTATHERIUM.

A. With a tubercle occupying the entrante of the valley
between the lobes of the last upper molar..U. robustum.
B. No tubercle at the entrance of the valley.

(a) Nasals divided by a deep groove ; slender zygo-

matic arch ; dorsal vertebrae compressed.
U. Lewdianum.
(0) No nasal groove; stout zygomatic arch; dorsal
ventebrc, Subcylindneale aaee ee U. princeps.

UINTATHERTUME

Leidy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 169.—Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun. of Western
Territories, p. 93.—Cope, Hayden’s Survey, 1872, p. 580, etc.

Skull broader proportionaily than in the other genera
of the order, ridged and possessing several concavities on
the upper surface ; zygomas slender and but little curved:
temporal fosse comparatively short and have well-defined

63

superciliary margins. The cervical vertebrz are rather
long; the sacrum has four vertebrz; and the tail is quite
long, very flat and broad. The tibia has its proximal face
divided by a prominent ridge into two parts. The dental
formula for the upper jaw is: I. 0, C. 1, M.6. The molars
are small, and increase from first to sixth. The last is much
the largest ; in it the anterior lobe considerably exceeds the
posterior in size, and there may or may not be a tubercle at
the entrance of the valley between the lobes; but there is
always one developed from the cingulum at the posterior
part of the tooth.

UINTATHERIUM LEIDIANUM, sf, nov.*

Established upon a head and nearly perfect skeleton of
one individual, and parts of two more.

In this species, as in most others of the sub-order, the
nasals are of immense length and thickness; they overhang
the anterior nares, and project considerably beyond the pre-
maxillaries ; they form more than half of the entire length of
the skull, articulating with the frontals somewhat behind
the orbits; the median suture is distinct throughout.
Instead of having an expanding shovel-shaped forward pro-
jection, as in Loxolophodon, they narrow from the median
osseous projections (horn cores ?) anteriorly. Above the
muzzle they are strongly curved from side to side, on their
upper surface forming a continuous arch; on the under sur-
face of each bone is a deep concavity, separated from its
fellow by the sutural ridge, which disappears forwards, near
the extremity. On the upper surface of each nasal, near the
forward end, is a large osseous tuberosity which is directed
forwards and outwards; these processes are much smaller
than the corresponding ones in the Lovrolophodon, while
they are larger, of different shape and direction from those
in Dinoceras. \n this species they are divided throughout
by a deep median groove, which anteriorly becomes a fissure,
and separates the extremities of the nasals completely. In
front of these tuberosities, the nasals taper very rapidly, and

* This species is respectfully dedicated to Dr. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia,
The specimens upon which it is established were found on Dry Creek plateau.

064

end in sharp points which project downwards and forwards;
this portion of the bones is shorter, sharper, and projects
more decidedly downwards than in Dznoceras. Above and
slightly behind the sockets of the cranium, the nasals and
maxillaries give rise to the median pair of osseous projec-
tions. These are very large, subtrihedral at the base, and
project upwards, outwards, and strongly forwards. They
differ from the corresponding processes in Dznoceras, in their
forward projection, in being longer and more everted, and in
their approach to each other at the base. They taper quite
regularly from base to tip, but do not come to a point; a
section here would be subcircular. They are not so long
and are not knobbed at the ends as in Loxolophodon. Their
inner curve is convex, the outer concave; converging below
at an angle of go°, they are united by a strong ridge, which
is raised decidedly above the surface of the nasals. At their
posterior insertion they touch the frontals, lachrymals, and
malars. It is probable that the nasals send up processes on
the internal and posterior side of these median projections ;
the sutures between these and the maxillary portions are
marked by slight ridges.

Frontals. In our specimen it is very difficult to determine
the exact relations of these bones. The nasals narrow at
their posterior end, and articulate with the frontals by a
V-shaped suture which thus encloses them on each side. It
is probable that the frontals run to some point between the
posterior or parietal projections. If we have discovered the
suture, they overlap the parietals, sending up V-shaped
processes, which join the sides of the posterior cranial pro-
jections, and form a deep concavity with them. They con-
stitute a large part of the interior wall of the orbit, but have
no post-orbital processes; the superciliary ridge is very
strong, and gradually rises into a large rounded crest, which
joins the posterior projection. The frontal eminences are
large, and situated immediately over the lachrymals. The
upper surface of the frontals is marked by two high ridges,
which probably represent the divided parts of the sagittal
crest; they rise from the anterior margin of the bones, and
are strongest above the frontal eminences. They converge,
and then diverging, together forming an X-like curve (with-

—

65

out crossing, however), gradually disappear posteriorly.
These various ridges form four deep concavities on the
upper surface of the skull: (1) The largest already men-
tioned, between the parietals and the posterior part of the
frontals ; (2) that marked by the suture between the nasals
and frontal, not so large; (3 and 4) two much _ smaller
lateral ridges between the sagittal and superciliary ridges.
This great irregularity of the upper surface of the head is, so

far as is yet known, peculiar to Ucntatherium.

FPartetals—The peculiar feature of these bones is the huge
pair of projections (the so-called “ posterior horn cores”’) to
which they give rise. The outer margin of these processes
is nearly straight ; the inner margin for its upper two thirds
is also straight, the lower third curving in a high strong ridge
to meet its fellow. The anterior face is rounded and _ pro-
duced into the long crest of the frontals, while the posterior
face is flattened and produced into a similar but shorter and
higher crest which joins the supra-occipital. At the base of
these processes their greatest diameter is fore and aft, while
at the top it is transverse. They project upwards and out-
wards, but are not curved as in YDnoceras, nor are their
upper borders so much arched. Their greatest diameter at
top is at right angles to the corresponding measurement in
this last-named genus. Behind the ridge which connects
these projections, the parietals curve sharply upward to a
high occipital crest; between which and the projections they
form a deep basin whose floor is raised above that formed by
the frontals immediately anterior to it. This arrangement
differs from that of both Loxolophodon and Dinoceras, espe-
cially from the latter. “The temporal fosse are of great
length, deeply concave, but rather low from above down-
wards, formed almost entirely by the parietals, and bounded
posteriorly by a sharp outward curve of these bones. They
are of about the same proportionate length, but higher and
very much deeper tian in Loxolophodon ; and are not nearly
so long as in Dénoceras, in which genus the parietals expand
far behind the horn-like processes. In our specimen the pos-
terior part of the fossa is pierced by numerous small venous
foramina, and corresponds precisely in every way, save that

66

of size, to the specimen figured by Dr. Leidy. (Cont. to Ex-
tinct Vert. Fauna, Plate XXVI., Fig. 1.)

The Sguamosats are large and heavy, but encroach little
upon the temporal fossa; they are situated directly below
the large parietal projections. The glenoid cavity is trans-
verse and straight in this direction, broad and shallow, with
no internal process; and the post-glenoid process is long and
massive. The zygomatic process is short, stout, high, and
trihedral, with a strongly arched upper margin. The articu-
lation with the malar is by a straight, flat face, and anchylosis
of the two never takes place. The anterior termination is
pointed, and the outer margin is rounded.

The Malars form none of the face. They are long,
slender, curved downwards and backwards, and but little
outwards. They are longer, straighter, and less curved out-
wards than in either Loxolophodon or Dinoceras ; they do not
present the sharp angle in the lower margin shown in the
latter genus, nor are they so extensively overlapped by the
zygomatic processes of the squamosal. Posterior to the
molar series, the malars are greatly compressed and very
slender, but at the junction with the maxillaries they become
much wider and thicker. There is no trace of a postorbital
process; and the projections from the under surface of the
bone at their junction with the squamosals, so prominent in
Dinoceras, are here rudimentary or absent. As a whole, the
zygomatic arch is very long, slender, simple, curved upwards
and very slightly outwards, so slightly that it is completely
overhung by the superciliary ridge and frontal crest.

The Lachrymals are unusually large, and form the anterior
part of the orbit; they encroach considerably upon the face,
and articulate with the superciliary ridges above. The
lachrymal foramen is very large.

The Maxillaries are of great length, being nearly as long
as thenasals. They extend somewhat beyond the last molar ;
but the suture between them and the pterygoids is very
obscure. There is a very long diastema between the canine
and molar series, and the lower margin is arched upwards ;
above this, between the orbit and the socket of the canine,
there is a large, deep fossa, but we can discover no infra-
orbital foramina. The sockets of the canines are very large

67

and prominent, they curve upwards and backwards to the
base of the median cranial projections, but these are not exca-
vated to receive them, as is the case in Dinoceras. The most
peculiar feature of the maxillary bones is the pair of large
horn-like projections, to which, in conjunction with the nasals,
they give rise. These have already been described, and it
only remains to add that they correspond in position to those
of Dinoceras, and are therefore much further forward than
those of Loxolophodon.

The palatine plates of the maxillaries are long and very
narrow; they are concave transversely, and are separated
from each other by a high median ridge. The posterior
palatine foramina are small.

The Palatines are very short, narrow, and concave, and are
separated by a ridge. They are considerably excavated on
the posterior border, in this respect differing from Loxolo-
phodon.

The Pterygoids and the pterygoid plates of the alisphenoid
are compressed; the former join the alveolar borders of
the maxillary, which are produced somewhat beyond the last
molars. The alisphenoid canal is very large, but rather
short.

The Premaxillaries are of very peculiar shape, somewhat
like a w, with one side—the lower—the longer. The upper
portion articulates with the nasals, running along the narial
opening to about three inches from the angle ; the free por-
tion is short, slender, and tapering; it is curved downwards
and slightly inwards; the premaxillaries do not meet, leaving
the incisive foramen unenclosed, and are edentulous. At the
end of the upper portion there are prominent processes for
the attachment of the muscles of the proboscis, which prob-
ably resembled that of the tapir.

The anterior narial opening is very large, but is consider-
ably concealed by the overhanging of the nasals. There is no
osseous septum between the nostrils. The posterior nares
are much smaller, being especially contracted in width; it is
divided above by the Vomer, which is very short, and does
not reach the palatines. The nasal cavity thus formed is
long, straight, and gradually narrows backwards.

Of the Mandible we have but a small portion of the right

68

ramus, comprising the part opposed to the upper canine, from
the dental canal downwards. The jaw at this place has a large
downward-projecting process, very similar to that figured by
Marsh in his plate of Dznoceras laticeps. This process curves
slightly outward, and has its external side convex in both
directions, and its internal side convex fore and aft, concave
from above downwards. The posterior mental foramen,
which is the only one preserved in our specimen, corresponds
in size and position with Denoceras laticeps. The only dif-
ference between the two is a very slight one: in D. the curve
of the posterior margin of the process is convex; in Uznta-
therium it is concave; the angle which the process makes
with the jaw is also greater.

Cranial Measurements.

M.
Length oMbony palate re. 5... 6.0. eee sc oe enc t eee ne oa eee -227
enethrof head along ithestope epee ng, wince Toc IS aljets, seed ce ee a
Wength® ofunasalls: 2.10. San tte he eerie eee ee eee 398
Breadthatmasal tuberositiesesn ei tlsel- Racy Oe Ae eoN Coty ae cod poe oi: -123
Distanc eibetweenkmecdiany PLO eCUOnSmersr (fermi r ister eerie teria renee +385
Breadthyof, head posterior to median projectiomSe ncaa re Be citste)
Breadth) of head before posterior projeGtlOmsei a, sacri ls eles
Breadth of head behind sposterior proyectionsss))--1)- ite eee 312
Distance between extremities of posterior projections................ - 462
Length of nasals to ridge between median projections................ 234
Length from ridge between median to ridge between posterior
PEOJECHOMNS! 27. 5 My, as Bea waters Ses Oe anes oe + DEAS oe foleiele ater Pee sip)

Lengthof zygomatic arch: (Straight)*2.)4.- < (alc mses hs oie ree ee -285
Wengthifrompangletotnaresmorendsotemasal Sie ciety letersi enter eee -162
Length from angle of nares to end of premaxillaries............. jeusiece, SEU
Wadthibetween tipsofspremaxiliianiessy. ery: cit cesta enone eee +053
Circumference ofimedian projectiog at, topy. tro eterno ition +203
Circumference of posterior projectioniatitOps --eriiepatiee erie ie 329
Height of median projections from ridge between them............... -174
Height of posterior projections from ridge between them............. -239
Wensthiof nasalsiantenor to nasal tub eLOsitles aya aeeeie meine -O415

Teeth—TVhese are peculiar for their small size compared
with the bulk of the animal; for their slender fangs, and for
the distance through which these are exposed.

Upper Jaw.—Formula: I. $, C. 4, Pm. 3, M. $.

Canines.—The sockets of these teeth have been already
described: the fangs are very long, somewhat longer than the

crown, and the teeth apparently grew from permanent pulps.

69

The crown is long, compressed and recurved; the posterior
margin is sharp, and exhibits some indications of a slight ser-
ration.

Premolars—The first premolar is not preserved in our
specimen. The second and third are subequal, and of about
the same conformation. They are implanted by three fangs,
one internal and two external. The crown is subcircular at
the base. The basal ridge is large, and completely surrounds
the crown; above this the crown becomes somewhat trihedral ;
and is composed of two pyramidal lobes, which meet inter-
nally and externally, and are divided by a valley. The
summits of the lobes form transverse grinding ridges; the
anterior one is the lower, and is crescent-shaped, while the
posterior is straight; the anterior ridges throughout the
series are much the most worn. The basal ridge is not
indented on the outer side at the opening of the valley as in
Dinoceras.

Molars.—The true molars increase in size regularly back-
wards. The first molar is larger than the last premolar;
it is worn down nearly to the basal ridge, but shows a small
internal accessory tubercle on the back part of the posterior
lobe. The extremities of the lobes rise into points, and their
summits are transversely concave. The number and arrange-
ment of the fangs in the first and second molars is the same
as that of the premolars; in the last molar there are but two,
which are long and wide, and extend the whole breadth
of the crown. This tooth is by far the largest of the molar
series ; it is ovoidal in shape, with the apex at the outer point
of the forward lobe; it is proportionally broader than in Uzn-
tatherius robustum. The basal ridge is strong, and extends
around the entire tooth, with some irregularities of outline at
the sides. This tooth, like the others, consists of two pyra-
midal lobes separated by a valley, which in this case is wide
and deep. The summit of the anterior lobe is the longer, and
extends obliquely across the crown, while the posterior is
nearly straight. The free ends and junction of the lobes are
prolonged into points, which give a tripodal character to the
crown. The outer point of the anterior lobe is the longest
of the three, but the difference is not nearly so marked as in
U. robustum ; the other two are of about the same height ;

7O

but the external is spinous in character, while the internal is
stout and obtuse. The anterior slope of each lobe is steep,
while the posterior is long and gentle. As in U. robustum,
there is a small rounded tubercle on the inner side of the pos-
terior basal ridge; but there is no tubercle occupying the
entrance of the triangular valley between the lobes. The
enamel of all the molars is smooth.

Teeth Measurements.

M.
eng thiof mmolariSentesm hac on se reinelcieneto ce taee etcetera ares -148
Mens thyofipremolarmsentestry-ire icici ccm teeter ole ete ene eae -062
ILenyetilny OR WALES WON SSIES; wocanon deaeoonsgnagagpisen cobcbotucasor -089
Hore-and-attadiametersoissecondgpremolans.eemeens cic) elem eerie +022
ransverseidiametemorsecondspremolane-s seein eerie eee -023 .
Hore-and-atidiameterrof thirds premolars q.-eececticie ceil erie erate +022
Mransversemiameterion third premolars py s-eriee eet ieee 023
Hore-andeattdiametenotnnst 1m Olaimeete eee einen eae eee +023
ransversediametenmotsnnstem Olaemer neta ines ae aetna eee -026
Hore-and-attidiametemomsecondunolarmac eae eee ctr caer -028
ransversediametemotseconamolatee arene tee eoeiiee tte eerie -031
Fiore-and-attdiameters of third! aioli -1fleee ee a oVe}eisransions ete! st ha OOO,
iiransversemdiameterofithindsumolarseeeancecae seer eee "044
Distancetbetweentlastumolanrssea cies secs he ene see ae oe eee oe -058
Distancebetween dirs tapreml Olas series cena ere ele e a eee -049
Distanceibetweensirstymolarsacecn. he sees ce ceicccd hee tona a ee eee -074
Horesandeattidiametemornroototicamines- mesma iether eee -060
iransverse diameter of root of canine ser anee ees tee eae eee ee -039
eng thiof diastemacc.cstsc).> see nile Comes es he oe Ae ee ieee eerie -072
Distance betweenicanineyaleolin iss secre ela eis eters -080

Lower Faw.—Dr. Leidy has very kindly sent us some of
the lower molars of an undescribed Uinutatherium, which may
belong to this species. They consist of the anterior lobe of
the last molar, and second and third premolars entire. They
all have nearly the same conformation, consisting of three
acute pyramidal lobes, of which the anterior is very much
the highest and broadest ; the median lobe is partly separated
from the anterior by a valley which opens outwards, while
the valley between the posterior and median lobes passes
completely across the tooth. The highest point of the crown
is the inner end of the anterior lobe; but the difference be-
tween this and the outer end, very great in the molars, be-
comes slight in the premolars. The inner end has an acces.

,

ya

sory tubercle just at the lip of the anterior lobe, and there is
another on the anterior basal ridge. This latter feature
would seem to distinguish it from U. robustum.

The basal ridge is distinct in front and behind, indistinct
on the external side, and entirely absent from the internal.

Measurements.

(TEETH, LOWER JAW.)

rinemetar daimeter of last MOlar sp o03/) c's ean de ose saat gs aas's week ¢ 026
Height of highest point above cingulum of last molar................ -023
Hore-and-ait diameter of SEcOnd MOlar. 26 een c ce ws cae ts cence gne -0285
Miiusverseiaiameter Of SECONG Molar... .<.-2s, 2 sc nse sce ccet ees 023
Reto MMCIMSeCOUGMOlals faeewte dy <2 siamicieici ote ein alee se isis okt «| 24 ere w hietel "0215
Length of fourth premolar ............. Trees pie Tales i aeela tet. * “O21
EIGN TERN, TIFCHOQNAT oj tla a x'shao's laa sien < wie elaine tia's iale a 68 hed w/e lato ain’ O15
RrcreneOftount hy PEEM Olar enter. «.<.cce sates ome aces dain telaems 2 once sesie -020
ERP OMCM CITC e LOM Ol ATs relay oo == (sfc levcin ce cea en gd own cc oto Peles ade cues -020
MVidth of third premolar.............. Pata as Ae a Ra fanthie een eae “O15
eeARSATE ESOMIANIEED PCEDIONAL frctui ain dw a viurcistw w tiwlciecs nisisl ele d's ied eee vmx ss aie es -OI4
Vertebre.

Cervical region (Plate VI., Fig. 1)—(Only one preserved,
probably fifth or sixth.)

The centrum is short, compared with the dorsals, but is
much longer than the cervical centra of the Prodoscidea ; it is
broad and depressed, oval in form, and slightly opisthoccelous.
The zygapophyses are developed upon tuberous projections
of the pedicles; they are large, flat, and in the same plane with
each other. The diapophyses are very slender and short, and
but slightly heavier than the parapophyses, with which they
unite, enclosing a large vertebraterial canal. At the anterior
margin of the parapophysis, a small pointed process projects
downward.

The pedicles are low and very heavy, bounding a narrow
neural canal.

The epiphyses are not so completely ossified as they are
in the dorsal region.

Dorso-lumbar region (Plate VI., Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5).—(Descrip-
tion based upon nine dorsals and two lumbar vertebrz.)

The centra are large, subtriangular, and slightly com-

is (le }
Hf

pressed ; they are opisthoccelous, but less so than in the Pro-
boscidea. They increase in size slowly but regularly from
before backwards. In the middle dorsal region they are ex-
cessively expanded laterally for the posterior-costal attach-
ments ; but become less broad and higher as they recede in the
series. In the middle of the series the centra are marked by
a prominent hypophysial keel.

In the anterior dorsals the costal surfaces are developed
almost entirely upon the pedicles, and are two in number.
These are very large in about the sixth and seventh, and meet.
They decrease in size as they recede. In the middle region
the posterior costal surfaces are small, lozenge-shaped facets,
and are developed upon thin lateral projections of the centra.

The centrum of the last dorsal is heavy, resembling the
centra of the lumbar, from which it is distinguished by a
single pair of small costal surfaces, developed, half on the
pedicles and half on the centrum.

The neural spines are markedly smaller than those of the
Proboscidea and Rhinoceros; in the anterior part of the dor-
sal region the spines have the same angle as the correspond-
ing ones in Mastodon. The spines of the twelfth and thir-
teenth (approximately) are much expanded at the ends and
bifid; in the last dorsals they are wide, straight, and very
thin; in the lumbar region they are short, stout, tuberous, and
stand almost at right angles to the axis of the vertebra. The
laminz in the anterior part of the series are long and thin,
decreasing in length but increasing in thickness from before
backwards. The zygapophyses in the fore part of the dorsals
are mere flat facets on the lamina; they increase in size and
become characteristic in the posterior part of the dorsal
region. The pre-zygapophyses of the last lumbar vertebra
are very large, deeply concave, and parallel with the axis of
the column. The metapophyses appear in the middle of the
series, and regularly increase in size to the last lumbar. From
their appearance the pre-zygapophyses are developed upon
them.

The transverse processes present the most unique feature
of the vertebral column. In the anterior region they are
long, wide, and rugose, and in the same plane with the laminze ;
they send directly out wide, downward-curving projections.

73

In the middle dorsal region the transverse processes lose these
thin projections, and become heavy and subtrihedral, with a
smooth facet on their lower face for articulation with the
tubercle of the rib; their upper face is here a little twisted
from the plane of the lamine. In the posterior dorsal region
the transverse processes lose the facet for the articulation with
the tubercle of the rib, and become short and very thin, point-
ing slightly backwards.

The lumbar transverse differ from those of the last dorsal
in having a median transverse ridge on their posterior face,
and are directed more vertically out.

The pedicles throughout most of the dorsal series are
short, heavy, and deeply notched behind. In the posterior
dorsal region they become longer and more slender, resem-
bling almost exactly the pedicles of the lumbar region.

Sacral region The sacrum is composed of four vertebrz,
three true and one pseudo-sacral. The centra are extremely
depressed, and rapidly decrease in width and thickness from
before backwards. The first is shorter than the last lumbar,
but much longer than the other sacrals, which are subequal.

The face of the first is elliptical, and is nearly three times
the diameter of the fourth, longitudinally. The metapophy-
ses are exceedingly large and tuberous on the first; with
wide, deeply concave pre-zygapophyses developed upon
them; in the other three the metapophyses are rudimen-
tary.

The transverse processes are long and wide in the first
three; widest in the first but thickest in the second ; long and
thin in the fourth. The pleuropophysial segments of the true
sacrals are very heavy.

The foramina enclosed by the transverse processes are
large; and have, on the internal side, their long diameter
obliquely transverse to the axis of the sacrum.

The inferior faces of the centra are slightly concave in the
first three. The first and fourth have slight hypophysial
keels.

The neural canal is very wide and depressed in the first,
but decreases rapidly backwards, becoming extremely small
in the last. |

74

Caudal region (Plate VI., Fig. 6).—(Description based upon
the first four.)

The centra of the caudal vertebrz are rather long, narrow,
and greatly depressed in the middle; they decrease in size
gradually backward. The pedicles and laminz are short and
thin, enclosing a small neural canal. The neural spines point
directly back, being almost parallel with the axis of the cen-
trum. They are slender and tuberous at the extremity. The
transverse processes are very long, wide, and thin, thickened
somewhat at the ends, and project directly out ; they decrease
in size backwards. From the persistence of the neural canal,
and from its comparative size, it would seem as if the tail
was considerably larger than that of the elephant.

Measurements of Vertebre.

Cervical region (Plate VI., Fig. 11).

M.
Diameter of cervical (vertical)............. ei Hel eves se istece ists wire Oe eee +079
Diameter, of cervical (transverse) t-ase oe. oko secs eek ee aaa -III
Diameterof cervical (fore and att) eer seer ciel Sete, ~ Oxi
Extreme length of prolongation of pedicles for zygapophyses......... -089
Long diameter of -vertebraterial ‘canal: <2 4.2 -h 2 «erie as ae “040
Widthvot: pedicles: 55.4 ie afer. banc ween ye =m Dy cicra elk aerate tee aceeener ereeee 035

Dorsal region (Plate VI., Figs. 2 and 3).
In anterior region : Diameter of centrum (fore and aft)............... ae
Diameter of centrum (venticall) her s-tsyrt= hi eienete ape ier eee eee -062
Diameter of centrumia(tramSvierse)-. -rieiste e-)-sebst ie iene ant rceeene +142
In posterior region (Plate VI., Fig. 3). : Diameter of last dorsal (vertical) -087
Diameter of last dorsalu(iransverse) yas i elie Lakes See -I10
Average width throughout the series of neural canal................-. +097
Width of transverse process (anterior dorsal) (Fig. 2, Plate VI.)....... +075
Length of lamina from prezygs. to post-prezygs. (Fig. 2, Plate VI.).... +12
Length of transverse process (middle dorsal), (Fig. 3, Plate VI.)....... -055
Vertical length of anterior dorsal from tip of spine to hypapophysial keel -183
Width between inner margins of metapophyses (last dorsal).......... +172
Lumbar vegion—Last lumbar (Plate VI., Figs. 4 and 5).

M.
Diameter of centrum (fore ana ahtl) sorscts ete ie ne teers © oscars +095
Diameter of posterior face (transverse).....-. .--.----+-----++-2--+-- -III
Diameter of posterior face (vertical)............. -22.e sees eee ee eres -078
Extreme width between transverse PproceSS€S......--.--+++-++es-seeees -214
Width between pre-zygapophyses......--... 0 esses reenter eter e tenes -IIO
Length of neural spine from lamina....... 1... +++ sees ee eee eee eer ees -060

Vertical length from tip of spine to lower side of centrum.........- + eiO4

75

Sacral region.

Length of sacral series. ME ay ete CENA R TAs tae SA ae, Sth - 264
Transverse extent of 2a Svs, Aettian 6 case aiaite Gets Sto Sache aiceLy Oe +298
Diameter of first vertebra at free end (tramsverse)......... 1.......... - 109
Diameter ofsfirst.vertebra.at free end (vertical). :. 2... 2c... cscs. cp ane coe -O72
Drametenomrirst vertebra at freevend: (fore! and aft)... 2... - «255+ see--- -O70
Diameter of last vertebra at free end (transverse)................0..0. -053
Diameter of last vertebra at free end (vertical)....... .............-+5 -O3I
Diameter of neural canal at first vertebra (transverse)..........-... .. - 100
Diameter of neuralcanal at last vertebra (vertical)... 5... . 26. ses os -o18
Long diameter of first transverse foramen (internal side).............. -076

Caudal region (Fig. 6, Plate VI.).

M.
METI ROMS CLO LAN st,» capac ates axa ravaiale!Wots, Sim sisiace ein, 5 tobe chaileyae/aieows oa) ser +252
MaMetewomcentriim, first (tore'and aft)....... 22-2 ncn ede eeisea soe ee « -061
Migineten Of melral Canal Of Mist ({YANSVETSC),..2.fcc oc a- oe cs ceases wee +035
BIMtentOlLtLATISVELSEIPLOCESSHIM) fITStrs <5 oe vie < 0c0d vie are we apse e ees cee s « -085
PPM MaO fantasy ELSe pLOGCESS Il fOULtMs y aisie< ciate evan < ccs nse «0 efele”=/6)- -046
Fore-and-aft width of transverse process of first in the middle........ -048

Aibs.—Description based upon two perfect ones, and parts
of four more.

The ribs, as in Dznoceras, “ resemble very much those of
the Mastodon.” The capitulum has two convex facets, sepa-
rated by a narrow groove. The sternal end in one is very
much expanded, but less so in the other. The tubercle is
small, and is situated upon the prolongation of the lamelli-
form process for the intercostal muscles. The angle is much
sharper than in the corresponding ribs of Mastodon.

Measurements of Ribs.
M.

Denothvor TD without CUGVAtULE. << it js.> seis oe elsise.c 02 ¢ Seiler see os -571
Wenothoie nb withiGurvatiner y=. c'y4 44 «slob jain cls ciodm 4.<is. a. a/siecshs sha:sva's « -739
ReeieOareanihy sfUst below ead coq wae sae aaaies a 2b sien, sin ane era's eee 5 2 -049
Wadthtatenarscularattachments..12craceietae. closes cc SLE Poche -063
Wertical diameter of larger facet of capitulum...........25-6$:- 4066 -039

Scapula (Plate VIII., Fig. 1).—The scapula is sub-triangular,
with the pre-scapular border as base, and the apex half way
up the post-scapular.

On the external side the pre-scapular fossa is concave an-
tero-posteriorly, and plane in the direction of its length ; it is
very thin in the middle, but becomes heavier at the lateral

76

border. The postscapular fossa is larger and less concave
both fossz, as they approach the upper border, gain greatly
in thickness.

The spine rises from the supra-scapular border, and ex-
tends to within an inch from the glenoid cavity. It is decid-
edly antroverted ; thickest and highest near glenoid cavity ;
thinnest and lowest in the middle, expanding again at its
upper extremity; its acromio-scapular notch is long and
shallow. *The acromion is rudimentary.

The coracoid process is a low, rugose tuberosity ; the
coraco-scapular notch is short and low.

The internal surface of the scapula has a large, smooth
median ridge, extending the whole length of the bone, sepa-
rating it into slightly concave fossz. About two thirds up,
the median ridge sends obliquely up two branches, forming a
V, superimposed upon the main ridge; but these disappear
before they reach the upper extremity. The whole inner
surface is curved outward, presenting a concave appearance
throughout.

The glenoid cavity is deep, ovoid in an with its great-
est diameter fore and aft, and its smaller end behind.

The resemblance between the scapula of Usntatherium
and that of the Proboscidca is more closely marked than in
any other corresponding bones. The chief points of similar-
ity are: first, the subtriangular shape; second, the same
relative proportions between the fossa; third, the antro-
version of the spine; fourth, the glenoid cavity looking di-
rectly down. The marked points of difference may be summed
up as, first, in the dissimilar proportion of the glenoid
cavity ; second, the great thickening of the spine at its
upper and lower extremities; third, in the high, shallow
acromio-scapular notch ; fourth, in the longitudinal concay-
ity of the internal surface.

Measurements.

M.
Extreme length of scapula v.06 cc ee ak eee “42
Extreme lensth Of Spine. Jc c4 woe Halen ote ot EE ek ae ee -31
Extreme thickness of Spine\at upper margin... onesie oe sns peas +098
Extreme height of spine........... DERg oe og ere aubrateneuat Sates aera oe eee - 109

Basal’ width of proxitnal end of ‘spine. .s ihe c.ee ceo es ee see eee +032

Basalswidthjof distaliend of spine. ....:.-..6-5.:6..:- BoP ec RO IG +030
Basa WIcimrOmmltdles part Of SPINE. si. saa.casecdeec cess <ceicis ssie a eee, S-OLL
see UEOUM OMEN OCEGAVLUYY. -\ PaMM Mays cre c.e <2 Pe Suctere)'c Ugegeivn tx) ckchare. -149
Eoin ImMOMPe RO MENCUCAVICY. cc... saat cas ce savcewe nce ec caswesgedes Bice EOGG

The Humerus (Plate VII., Fig. 1)—The humerus is
short, but excessively stout, twisted slightly on its axis; it
decreases gradually in size downward, with the smallest
diameter about two inches below the end of the deltoid
ridge. The head is large, hemispherical, and sessile, pro-
jecting very slightly out of the axis of its shaft. The great
tuberosity is heavy, but not high, and is. separated from the
low lesser tuberosity by a shallow bicipital groove.

The trochlez are very nearly equal in size, directed ob-
liquely to the axis of the shaft,and are separated by a narrow
groove, which runs from the supra-trochlear fossa down and
in, then back and up to the anconeal fossa. The condylar tu-
berosities are large and rugose ; the external is the greater, and
is directed antero-posteriorly. The deltoid ridge is long and
heavy, and extends nearly two thirds down the shaft, branch-
ing out into two forks near its end. The supinator ridge is
short and rudimentary, differing in this respect entirely from.
the great development found on the humerus of the Prodos-
crdea.

The supra-condylar fossa is small, sub-circular in form, and
very deep, it has the peculiarity of being placed above the
external condyle alone. The anconeal fossa is median in
position and quite deep.

Measurements of Humerus.

M.
LLISMEUN 5.68 Selden QOCe SRISOO. OD CAIEs caidie a: cheb ry: a SR Oens 2 Bienen eae aoe -63
Smallest circumference of shaft just below deltoid ridge................ -288
Greatest proximal circumference below greater tuberosities............. “45
WircdieoiktroGal ea ion anteniOn SIGG atte. erteseiets = 2 wiepstae wet = alas pe view ons -154
Length of anconeal fossa......... NE ee are aS Nee sas cto cil) ORT
WVildtaromanconealOssays...2\ciss \c terete eet oie ck 2's) Letele o oyerstsgicie se cases -062
Width of distal end at condylar tuberosities..........-......-50-----4- 23
ene theoted ltords Gee jr. s «Ser P eRe oi = ich fre, ¢ <:a)sl0eim creyelk os aieiso ee 22
Length of groove running from supra-trochlear to anconeal fossa........ +272

The Ulna (Plate VII., Fig. 2).—The ulna is long, heavy
at both ends, with a slender trihedral shaft that curves for-
ward, and decreases in size as it approaches the distal end.

78

The proximal end has its articular face for the humerus
divided into three facets, the vertical being long and extreme-
ly convex; the horizontal has the pre-axial face the longer.
The olecranon is very massive and rugose, sending up on its
external side a high, pointed projection ; while on the internal
side, the olecranon becomes compressed and projects inward ;
these tuberosities are separated by a wide, shallow groove
for the tendon. The distal articular face is large, single, and
is concave antero-posteriorly, and convex laterally. The sty-
loid process is very heavy.

Measurements of Ulna.

M.
Beng thofisipmoidimotchiy.y.. erect ete ements re cee eee .. +089
Wadthrofisicmoid netch:(horzontaliface) i. -- eer eriel-eicie ie eee -049
Diameter of proximal end below articular face (fore and aft)............ -076
Diameter of proximal end below articular face (transverse).............. “059
Diameter of distal articulan face (foretandiatt)as asec. eis setae eee ree “O61
Diameter of distal articulan face (transverse)... ..2-- «1. 2s «oe sn ee
Length of olecranon yg se sc ele che tenatika lee Dee ene ee ‘112

Pelvis —The tha are greatly expanded laterally, with

the iliac surface concave and the gluteal surface nearly
flat; thin in the middle, they increase in thickness near
the borders. The crests curve regularly, and project
above and beyond the sacrum, but do not bend over the
acetabula. The acetabular borders are only slightly con-
cave; the prominence for the attachment of the rectus
muscle (extensor) is low and V-shaped. The direct internal
surfaces of the ilia, comprised between the pubic and ischiatic
borders, become deeply concave below the ischiatic portion
of the acetabulum. The sacral surfaces are wide and tri-
angular in shape; above they project beyond the sacral
spines. ,
The ilio-lumbar angle is about 110°. The ischium is,short;
a section of it, as it leaves the acetabulum, is subtriangular ;
but immediately it becomes flattened fore and aft throughout
its plane of go° to the axis of ilium; then verging toward the
pubic symphysis it becomes small. The tuberosity of the
ischium is small and directed up.

The pubis, as it leaves the acetabulum, is sub-cylindrical,
after this it is flattened in the same plane with the ischium

79

The bone as a whole is short, thin, and slightly curved on its
own axis; its smallest part makes up the pubic symphysis,
which is short. The thyroid foramen is a large oval, with its
long diameter parallel to the axis of the ischium.

The acetabulum is large, sub-circular, and deep, with
prominent borders; especially the iliac, which is produced
on its external extremity into a point; the ischiatic is deeply
notched. From the wide ligamentous pit in the centre
there runs a deep groove part way down the antero-external
side of the ischium.

The anterior opening of the pelvis is a wide oval, with its
longest diameter transverse.

Measurements of Pelvis.

M.

iiransverse diameter of pelvis, including Sacrum).........2......+-+.-s- I-17!
Long diameter of ilium (from lower margin of the crest to sacral surface). +440
Short diameter of ilium (from acetabulum to upper margin of crest)..... 393
Men nnEcpAGetab Gilat DOLCE he cre sa... nee aie, slaciay cei snie's aol) vas vice «gie'ew © -125
raise EUMUNDI ee ot renee te) coh sind aap seers Sian 'si cen © iw che, des e(z store Wide rae lays. ¢ +220
MRC TUROMISENUID At tUDELOSILY.. csc sco case ect cece ce csjev sas o's voles ate “124
LEC Ci TODS 38 Otho OBEN DUI OS AAIE BAe nears, tei a Sea ee 196
SORE SIM CS CULO LOIS. a/ashcia's steers ates sysie ¥ oan eels cieless Ka ie Mele) a geo eeets ‘O61
RAIAI AN eS RUD NET CEC CEU LSS) acayisi- tayo + atc lari mvers eel ccoce neice ails clams biotite laeies -027
PEO ACMA Le OM ACETAL UII 079 aie mye se acura =a) e sieve oe) ofe Sitio als eames -139
Shoei Chain@ ver CH Aves 1o 70 Tc ee eas eee ae ae eee ‘118
Won CEC AMetcmOimtnyLOrd tOraimeM).). 106 as» 4 oho) sitclelvie oie Sieie «eo «/6/a ie -094

The Femur (Plate VIII., Fig. 4)—The femur is short,
with a small oval head, strongly compressed fore and aft. It
is less out of the axis of shaft than in Prodosctdea, and has
no pit for the ligamentum teres. The shaft is straight and
simple, much compressed transversely at the proximal ex-
tremity, becoming sub-cylindrical below.

The great trochanter is heavy, rugose, and strongly re-
curved; it is separated from the shaft by a wide and deep
digital fossa. The second trochanter is a mere rudimental
tuberosity. The condyles are nearly of an equal size, very
convex, and are divided by a deep popliteal groove.

The condylar tuberosities are low, the internal sends ob-
liquely a ridge three inches long, up and across the axis of
the shaft at anangle of 45°, that forms the upper boundary of
the popliteal space.

°

80
.

The front part of the trochlear faces for the patella are
gone in our specimen.

Measurements of Femur.

M.
Greatest distal diameter across condyles «ssn cis eae i-toiel--cente einen +178
enethyotecondy less -riaccs mia ras ies eee ricer eee -079
Transverse diameter of shaft six inches above distal end................ +121

The Tibia (Plate VIII., Fig. 2)—The tibia is short, straight,
and simple, slender in the middle, but much expanded at the
extremities. The proximal end is especially massive, with
deeply concave articular faces; the internal cotylus is the
larger, and has its greatest diameter fore and aft, directly at
right angles to the greatest diameter of the external.

The cotyli are separated by a smooth ridge, that is highest
at its posterior termination. The tuberosity is high and mas-
sive, with a wide depression on its top for the reception of
the ligament of the patella; the sides are deeply pitted by
venous foramina. A section of the shaft at the lower part of
the tuberosity would be subtriangular; while below it be-
comes more cylindrical, as it becomes smaller, reaching its
shortest diameter about three fifths down the shaft. Below
this it expands and forms the large subcircular distal end.
The articular face is concave, with a shght, smooth ridge run-
ing fore and aft on its internal side. The malleolus is broad
and low.

The jdu/a is distinct, but very slender; its proximal end
has a small circular face, which articulates with the tibia on a
facet developed on the bottom of a projection of the tuber-
osity ; the distal end is much flattened, but enters into the
ankle-joint.

Measvrements of the Tibta.

M@ransverse diameter offproximal articulationieseerseise cei nee eee . +158
Longitudinal diameter of proximal articulation... .................. oe a]
SHMMUGS Chiesa Eran Ot Gein sas secccucusacccou Ledecoueodacccos -16

Greatest distal circumference above the articular face................. 308
Diameter or distal santiculationel ongutudiinallllivaapeserte nee sce oe “O82
Diameter of distal articulation transversely.......... PRES Sasi VCS,

Width of tuberosity below pit for ligament af the Gatella. wa oS erento 075

SI
UINTATHERIUM PRINCEPS, sf. nov.

Established on several portions of the head, vertebral col-
umn, and the limbs.

This species may readily be distinguished from the last
by its larger size, the broad nasals with small tuberosities,
the stronger zygomatic arches, and the sub-cylindrical centra
of the dorsal vertebrez.

The nasa/s are broad and flat for some distance behind the
tuberosities. Although the animal was not adult, the nasal
suture is almost obliterated, and is visible only on the in-
ferior surface ; in this respect it is very different from the U.
lerdianum, in which the suture persists throughout life; as is
shown by the type specimen, which was past maturity. The
tuberosities of U. princeps are lower, broader, and more everted
than in the preceding species; are not divided by a groove,
but united together by a low rounded ridge, to which the sur-
face of the nasals gradually rises from behind. The portion
of the bones anterior is short, stout, and projects horizont-
ally.

The medtan, or maxillary, projections are apparently short
and everted ; they are-somewhat compressed antero-poste-
riorly, and enlarge rapidly downwards. They are transversely
oval in section.

The fosterior, or parietal, projections are different from any
that we have yet seen. They are sub-trihedral at base and
flattened antero-posteriorly above. The upper margin is
regularly arched, and is the thinnest portion of the process.
The posterior face is perfectly flat, and the parietal crest
makes a sharp angle with it, rising lower down than in U.
letdianum ,; the frontal crest is also lower down than in that
species, and the anterior face is strongly convex. The inter-
nal margin is rounded and straight, and does not show the
longitudinal groove marked in the last species.

The frontal has the eminences and depressions common to
the members of the genus; but the superciliary ridge is unus-
ually sharp and sinuous in outline.

The sguamosal is short, stout, and high; is but slightly
curved outwards, but apparently projects somewhat down-
wards. The malar articulation is broad and flat, indicating

82

the heaviness of that bone. As a whole.the zygomatic arch
is stronger, and probably shorter, than in UV. lezdzanum.

The occipital condyles are proportionately rather small ;
they are placed on a long neck and project downwards.
They are strongly convex from above downwards, but
scarcely at all so from side to side. The internal border is
shghtly emarginate.

The dorsal vertebre are of about the same proportionate
length as in U. dezdianum, but are higher and wider; and the
centra are sub-circular in section, slightly contracted in the
middle. The costal surfaces are wide and deep, and verti-
cally oval in shape; they are placed partly on the centra and
partly on the neurapophyses. The transverse processes are
short, stout, and tuberous, and raised high above the -cen-
trum. There is a deep notch at the posterior edge of this
process, at its junction with the neurapophysis. The neura-
pophyses are trihedral, somewhat low, and very stout, form-
ing a wide neural canal.

The w/a (Plate VII. Fig. 2) is thick, with a long and rugose
olecranon. The shaft is long and stout; it shows a distinct
medullary cavity. The distal end is small, and shows a low,
heavy, styloid process.

A metacarpal resembles the corresponding bone in Dznoce-
vas, but is rounder and less rugose. There are two faces for
carpal articulations, which meet at an open angle.

Measurements, ‘
M.
Breadth over nasal tuberosities (2.0.6 Jc toa Seen oe. eee eee +132
Wengthiofmasal-tip (antenonto cubenosities) Maerker mee ren one ke eeeeeee +033
Circumference of maxillary projection near the tip...............+-... -208
Vertical diameter of squamosal x2 Ss,<ces pete ee eae ee ee ee -058
Gransyerse diameter of ditto-at malar, articulation=.-ee= sae eee -O45
Wengthiof centrumiofidorsall ventebrasaaeeeeeeer ceeee en eee eerie +070
eightiof dittohs- S.i2teraget te ee 5S So svat dC Ge chs Stee eee +083
Breadthiof dittoibelow,costalsuntacesteen eae ence eee eerie eee -097
Breadth of jpediclevs yc ;sc stew etches Byer 5 syuere fe ele eee renee eis aceenee -058
Wenoth of transverse process. so aee es oe ee eee ee -056
Extreme: breadth ‘of transverse process... 4 2.1o. s046 seam: cerns we ee -O61

Found at Henry’s Fork.

UINTATHERIUM ROBUSTUM. Leidy.
Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 96.

A fragmentary skeleton from Henry’s Fork.

RODENTIA.

PARAMYS, Leidy.

‘Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories,’
veys, Pp. 109 ef seq.

vol. i. Hayden’s Sur-

THIS genus of the gnawers is very closely allied to the
squirrels and marmots. Dr. Leidy sums up the generic char-
acteristics of the teeth thus:

“The four lower molars are proportionately narrower than
in squirrels and marmots, the fore and aft exceeding the
transverse. The crowns are short, square, tuberculate, and
enamelled.

“The lower jaw is proportionately shorter and deeper than
in most known rodents; the reduction in length being mainly
due to a less development of that part of the bone in advance
of the molars. To compensate for the difference in length,
and to make room to accommodate the incisors, these teeth
reach further back than usual.

‘The acute edge of the hiatus between the molars and in-
cisors 1s almost on a level with the alveoli, of the teeth, instead
of forming a deep concave notch, so conspicuous a feature in
the jaws of the gnawers generally.”

Species known.—
| PARAMYS DELICATUS, Leidy.
Loc. cit. « PARAMYS DELICATIOR, Leidy.
| PARAMYS DELICATISSIMUS, Leidy.
PARAMYS ROBUSTUS, Marsh.

Am. Journ. Sc. v. iv., p. 218.

84

PARAMYS SUPERBUS, SP. 7ov.

Established on a single lower incisor.

The species indicated by this specimen is the largest of
the genus as yet known. The tooth is subtrihedral in sec-
tion, is stout, and shows but little curvature. The anterior
and lateral faces are broad, and the under margin to which
the sides converge, is narrow. The enamel is thick and is
inflected so as to cover a small portion of the sides as well
as the front.

Measurements.

Found at Cottonwood Creek.

NG Bites:

THE expedition collected parts of four species of birds; a
feather from Florissant Col. the distal ends of a humerus,
and a femur and a portion of the shaft of an ulna (?) from
the Bridger beds, but they are all too uncharacteristic for
classification or description,

rs Sa oa

eroconp ts Li A.

CROCODILUS.

CROCODILUS APTUS, Leidy.

Contributions to Extinct vertebrate fauna of the Western Territories, p. 126.

Henry’s Fork.
CROCODILUS GRINELLI, Marsh.

American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. i., p. 465.

From Cottonwood Creek.

CROCODILUS ELLIOTII, Leidy.

Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p. 126.

Represented by a perfect skull, and several vertebre.

This fossil exhibits a form of skull which shows characters
of both crocodile and alligator; the latter to a less marked
degree. That it properly belongs to the former genus is
shown by the notch in the upper jaw which receives the
canine of the lower.

The entire skull is remarkably flat on its upper surface,
the face and cranium being nearly in the same plane without
the descent at the frontals usual in these reptiles. The jaw
is deeply notched at the sutures between the maxillaries and
pre-maxillaries, and the second maxillary notch is well marked.
All the bones of the upper surface of the head are deeply
pitted.

The borders of the cranium are rounded as they approach
the orbits; the superior temporal orifices are almost perfectly
circular, the fore-and-aft diameter exceeding the transverse by

86

only one millimetre. This effect may, in some degree, be due
to distortion.

To give a more detailed account of the several elements
of the skull, we take up first the daszoccipital. This bone is
remarkably long and straight, tapers gradually downwards,
and becomes quite narrow at the distal end. It is smooth
throughout, and exhibits no rugose muscular attachments,
such as are sometimes seen in other members of the order.
The condyle is large and nearly spherical, but with median
groove distinctly marked. In size and shape it is more like
that of the alligator than of the ordinary crocodile, but it is
somewhat different from either. It differs from the former, in
not having so long a neck distinctly marked by a constriction ;
and from the latter, in not having additional articular faces on
each side of the condyle proper. As far as can be judged, no
portion of it is formed by the exoccipitals. Below the con-
dyle, the basioccipital is perforated by two small vascular
foramina; the spheno occipital canal occupies the usual place,
and is very large.

The exoccipitals are large, of very great width, but rather
low from above downwards. The position of the foramina
which perforate these bones is peculiar; it resembles more
the arrangement seen in the skull of the alligator than in that
of the crocodile, but it has an additional foramen. There are,
then, two small venous foramina near the condyle; while
along the lateral margin of the occiput, are placed in a verti-
cal line the foramina for the hypoglossal and pneumogastric
nerves, and the internal carotid artery. The foramen for the
facial nerve, etc., is situated in the usual place, and is of the
usual size. The foramen magnum is heart-shaped, low, wide
above, contracting below. The paroccipital processes are
long and slender, and project strongly backwards.

The supraoccipital is very small. It shows to some extent
on the upper surface of the skull, wedged in between the pa-
rietals. Asa whole, the occiput is of remarkable shape: it is
perfectly vertical, as in all other crocodilians ; is remarkably
high from above downwards, and is very broad at top, becom-
ing extremely narrow distally. This latter feature is owing
to the peculiar shape of the pterygoids; which, when viewed
from behind, do not appear to reach the basioccipital.

87

The dasisphenoid is so destroyed by crushing, that nothing
can be said of its shape or of its foramina. It was, however,
evidently very stout. The alisphenoid is large and smooth
and is not ridged; the foramen ovale is small, and is not pro-
duced into an anterior notch. The suture between the alis-
phenoid and the pro-otic are quite distinct, but the latter is so
firmly anchylosed to the quadrate that its limits are indeter-
minable. None of the other periotic bones are visible.

The guadrate is very long and broad. In shape it resembles
the corresponding bone of the alligator, but is somewhat
broader. The lower suriace is divided into two unequal
parts by a conspicuous ridge, which runs to within an inch of
the articular surface. This surface has a more decidedly
grooved or trochlear appearance than in the common croco-
dile; but not to the same degree as in the specimen described
by Dr. Leidy. It is more like the Mississippi alligator in this
respect than any living species of which we have specimens.

The pterygoids are of peculiar shape; they are long,
slender, and pointed, and meeting the basioccipital on the
median line in front, they project downwards and backwards.
Their posterior border is very deeply emarginate, so that they
seem to have no connection with each other, or with the basi-
occipital ; instead of having the broad, plate-like appearance
of these bones in recent species. The suture between these
on the palatal surface is long; and the processes of the ptery-
goids, which bound the posterior nares, are long and stout.
The posterior nares have the position which they take in the
recent species ; they are visible in the occipital surface, and
are directed backwards as well as downwards. They are
rather small, and appear to have no septum between them,
but this cannot be said with any certainty.

The ¢ranspalatine is also somewhat peculiar in shape; the
process which joins the pterygoid is of great length, being
nearly as long as that bone. The other limbs are more normal
in length. The three processes are connected at the usual
angle.

The falatals are long and narrow, becoming wider ante-
rior to the foramina. The suture with the maxillaries is
rounded, and there are no forward processes as in the true
crocodiles; but at the same time, these bones are not of the

; 88

shape exhibited in the alligators. The palatal foramina are of
immense length; they are more than one third as long as the
entire bony palate. Their width is also considerable.

The maxillaries are long and very broad; the alveolar
border is of about the same shape as in the crocodile, but less
decidedly sinuous; and the posterior part passes in below the
alveolus of the lower jaw. The convexity of the upper sur-
face of the maxillaries is not so well marked as in the true
crocodiles. It is nearly as flat as in the alligator. ‘The pala-
tine plates of the maxillaries are short, broad, and nearly flat,
arching slightly to form the alveolus, and perforated along
this border by rows of foramina. .

The premaxillaries are very short; they curve strongly
outwards from the notch and enclose the large anterior narial
opening, whichis distinctively crocodilian (as distinguished from
other genera) in shape. The muzzle ends quite sharply. The
palatine processes are short and convex in both directions, and
the incisive foramen is heart-shaped. The alveolus is quite
regular in outline ; it is pitted in front for the first mandibular
teeth, but there is no perforation for them.

The teeth are short, stout, compressed so as to form cut-
ting-edges, and are somewhat obtuse. They are finely striated
from base to tip. The premaxillary held four teeth; these
are all broken off, but from their fangs it appears that they
formed an uninterrupted row, and were subequal in size. The
maxillary accommodated fifteen teeth, of which the fifth is
the largest, and formsa very prominent canine. The posterior
maxillary teeth are proportionately larger, and more equal
than in either crocodile or alligator.

The zasals are rather broad; they send processes into the
anterior narial opening, which tend to divide it, but this divi-
sion was probably not complete. The limits of the prefron-
tals and lachrymals are so obscure as to preclude description.

The frontals are long and very narrow, though wider than
in the alligator. They are smooth and flat, exhibiting no con-
cavity on top. They expand considerably at the posterior
part of the orbit, at the sutures with the post-frontals. These
bones are long, stout, and curved very strongly outwards.

The mastoids are of remarkable size; they project far
backward along the tympanic, and encroach largely upon the

: a9

occipital region. It is partly owing to this that the occiput
is so high.

The farietals are short,and very narrow between the tem-
poral orifices, behind these they expand considerably. The
orbits are large and of irregular shape.

The madar is long and rather slender.

Measurements.

M.
Hength from occipital border to end of muzzle... 2.6.01... occ ce ek ee *455
Breadth of cranium at postorbital angles ...........0..-cesecenswenes -0935
Breadth of cranium between temporal orifices.........-..+.-.e.eeeee- “O19
Breadth of forehead between TRIES Mer aescde area corse move a siete e7e-creee Sette ohh -036
Breadth of temporal orifices........ Perel ote ee ine e cay ete See cher ators we ea -037
Hote-and-att diameter of the Same’. °..\Joec sa ce clecslls des wlecd oe \cslleae -038
one-act diameter Of the OLDItS.c+ «ace acc. one o es or cea ccs ac deusicn -073
MoupnarGimtace, Im advance, Of The VOFDItGia-% «1 se\esae c= ssn eee sesnein es -3055
Breadth of face outside of the fifth maxillary tooth................... -176
Breadth of muzzle as formed by premaxillaries (about).. ............. -I14
MmneaniMmOLunuzzle at notch for CaniMe > -<j2hcsic5. 5 enisisi cee 2 0b 6 vee oe baie +093
(Length of premaxillaries to notch.............- © El Oe eis HOC ee | Peele:
Espumated length of entire alveolar border, <..............0.200.0000 -283
Pecauinior articular suriace Of quadrate . . 5.5.00. 55.02. 808 sateen genne -059
ete eee GR LAE CEU INE is a ota'n) a's ww. fd alee eed aida didn eicle sieiwejme mace ee 5 -124
Menicalsdiameten ofsforamen) MACMUM:. cae. <0 << oe 5 nei ol eicle alein wie ei “O16
‘Gransverse diameter of foramen magnum... .. 2... 2 desc. se ewes oe). -02
Wieter caliciainctetsOmGONGylG es... a2 te soa sitles =) e2s «/) held aris te/elele yokes 023
Transverse diameter of condyle.......... Meee sacereeeee ao, eee O26
Length from palatine foramen to ona of nite ry apd. Pore be ton agate s ic iw a chal -120
ILagilh Gi PAIS oo vot boob Hen eLntC Ode RODDACTEE MADD EEE Too acre - 1295
WenPtnnatenal atiiie LOLAMICM se creni.tc sci ra cua iats eialeid aisle a> foes a sheen asin +142
Greatestioreadth ot palatine fOramenecy. «2dr io. sts pies =m loa ass == a hei “O51
Length of bony palate from incisive foramen to posterior nares...... . +350

The mandible is long, rather shallow, but very thick. The
symphysis is very long, extending as far as the seventh tooth.
The chin is quite sharp, but becomes broad, as the rami diverge
quite rapidly. The alveolar border is rounded and compara-
tively straight, the median enlargement of the dentary is in
thickness rather than in height. The two rami diverge at an
angle which is more open than in the true crocodiles, and less
so than in the alligator. The mandibular foramen is smaller
than in the latter genus, but corresponds with it in position ;
it has its long diameter parallel with, and not oblique
to, the alveolus. The mandibular fossa is extremely large

gO

and deep. The splenial is long and stout, ends obtusely, and
does not reach the symphysis. The articular cavity is broad
from side to side, but rather shallow ; it is not divided into
two distinct facets as in the alligator. The post-glenoid
process is very stout; it projects but shghtly upwards, less so
than in either crocodile or alligator. It has no median ridge
as in the former genus, and is tuberous at the end.

The teeth are much like those of the upper jaw, but are’
somewhat sharper and more conical; they are not recurved,
and have no distinct constriction, as is found in most of the
recent species. There are about eighteen teeth to each
ramus; the first is large and sharp, and 1s followed by two small
ones and then by the canine. The remaining teeth do not
exhibit any great differences of size.

Measurements.

M.
Length of-tami (straight) VN.c bie <itae acter) actos cles tele Sete -618
Whdth oflower jaw outside) of slenoid cavities...) eae ei 316
Mensth ofrsymipMy sists. cc commer © ee ce hilar ici sya bees Siete ened erie -I10
Widthiof jaweattsecond enlargement... :\2-.4) see -4> es cic eee 057
Depth atvovaliforamen’.. -(q.ct age cree eseeoe sister ola ekisioie erika ae ee eens +073
GreatestiwidtheatisymplySiSraeen se eect ae clots se sr stetee eta teen eee “110
Space occupied by teeth. <6 wien in-ear ‘ots leks SRE OEE -340
Breadthrotsclenoiducavitye: tiiertiieler eerie et sc [o: 0/0 Disiiets jebeie eke mamOM
Wengthwofspost-clenold smn1 = etree ele erst eielen cist eit: eae eee 065

Vertebre.

Cervicals—The centra are long and nearly cylindrical, ex-
panding slightly near the anterior face. The hypapophyses
are short and broad; they project forwards, and are some-
what compressed. The vascular foramina correspond in size
and position to those of the alligator. The neural canal is
small and subcircular, having comparatively short but very
stout neurapophyses, which are perforated behind the dia-
pophyses. These are short and stout, and are developed
from the neurapophyses alone. The zygapophyses are long
and flat; the anterior ones project almost vertically. The
neural spines are stout, and of greater antero-posterior ex-
tent than in the alligator.

Dorsals.—A few of the anterior dorsals have strong hypa-
pophyses. The centra of all are long and stout. The neu-

gi

ral canal is smaller than in the cervical region; it has strong
neurapophyses, which develop long and depressed diapophy-
ses. The neural spines.are low and broad. The zygapophy-
ses are developed on the laminz, and do not project upwards ~
as in the cervical region.

The Zuwmbars are much like the dorsals, except that they
are longer, and have very large and depressed diapophyses,
which project somewhat upwards.

Measurements.
M.
Mencthon centrum! of a posterior cervical, ......0..sec-ceccuccsacene +049
flere oteme vralcamal’y. ts 55 ;chatae sta stake «coc 0 ioe ia.silaibale ea: pov aieis'e w ricla ‘else ats “O15
HoKeana-ait diameter Of MeUuralySpINe. .< o.saties ocr ssn ce evineses ccc -02
SE aR CUE CID OPV SSI act oc epee eeya at -.cisimja aye = ciel i<(sienm ls © seisicieiec sees + +02
Dorsal.
M.
RRC IGEL ot isl no's! cis n te saith vod wo wie) oles wich Wg win! davies @ le hastersi +0555
ee CAMO ADOPUUSSs 6 a5 cise, saidele aia pvic's nvidaja is wlewecawismeime ones -o18
Honerdneratt diameter Of, N6ULal SPINE .. cc... 0. ene eee cens ces rcaces -030
Lumbar.
M.
Perret MHL MEGENI EYL irateleleta,averne chore wisiclershe cistecia <4 oo a) whelae ein «,c/a:ecaihel sen Spe Be) O57
Hoceeano-aitiaimeten Ol NEUral SPINE. s. 622 Gens astele alecia 4 oc /n}sieele sloianys “0285
Ware CTEM TAO LY SIStoe a cir ters hate) visa tete iss oe iota! ais cfeiaitic ms eileselafare © Salas -029

The dermal scutes are long ellipses, deeply pitted on one
side, but without a trace of a keel. Their edges show no
signs of sutural union.

The bones described indicate a reptile about fifteen feet
long. They were found near Smith’s Fork, Wyoming.

CROCODILUS PARVUS, SP. nov.

A small reptile represented by sixteen vertebrz and a
portion of the pelvis.

The cervicals have short centra, with very deep articular
cups and hemispherical heads; the latter have a prominent
rim around the base. The hypapophyses are short, stout,
and very nearly vertical in direction; the sides of the centra
are channelled by a deep vertebraterial canal; the parapo-
physes are developed very low down, and are very prominent.
The diapophyses are developed partly from the centra and
partly from the neurapophyses; they are stout and very

92

short. The facets for the ribs are developed in the usual
place. The neural arch is rather high, and forms a small,
narrow canal; the proportions of the neurapophyses and
neural spines are about as in Alligator mississippiensis, but the
zygapophyses are not so prominent.

The dorsals show a considerable increase in size over the
cervicals; the centra become elongate, and the articular
cups shallower and transversely oval. Several of the anterior
vertebrz retain large hypapophyses. In the dorsal region
the diapophyses are developed from the neurapophyses alone,
and at a considerable height above the neuro-central suture ;
they are long and depressed. The zygapophyses and neural
spines present no peculiarities of structure.

In the Zumbar region the vertebra regain their cylindri-
cal form, and become still more elongate; but the cups are
comparatively shallow and the heads low; there is no’ dis-
tinct shoulder. The neural canal is small, with low, broad
neurapophyses, from which are developed very broad and
depressed diapophyses, which project outwards in a horizon-
tal plane. The neural spines are thick, and broad antero-pos-
teriorly, but are so broken that their height cannot be de-
termined.

In both dorsal and lumbar region the neurapophyses are
deeply notched on their posterior edges, and close to the
neuro-central sutures, for the passsage of the spinal nerves.

The zum is very high compared with most crocodiles ;
its vertical diameter is considerably more than half of the
antero-posterior diameter. The construction of the bone is
very much like that in the modern Crocodilia ; but the suprailiac
berder is more regular, and the anterior tuberosity is not so
thick or so much everted as in these forms. The acetabu-
lum is small, shallow, directed downwards and outwards, and
situated considerably forward of the median line. The iliac
surface is smooth, but very irregular, being very deeply con-
cave above the acetabulum, and convex behind it. The sacral
surface is rugose, rises above the sacrum, and shows attach-
ments for two sacral vertebrz. Thus the construction of the
entire pelvis shows but very little variation from the modern
type.

93

Measurements.
M.
PMLerO-postemomatameter of ime ee: 34 4- see sore oe ee vee eee oe cee “095
Seviica EGnamereMOnlliUiMn. > .csaseree waece stn - ssc 'ek sce cde eM coe OOK
AMmtero-posterior, diameter of acetabulum: .... 2.5... 0.0 u.s 00.20. eee -029
Length of centrum of third (?) cervical vertebra (from edge of cup to tip
1D JORUUD). on cea y BoE a aes BRON cit Oe OTe ORE eR ee ee eee Eyre -032
nent otoienral canal, third (?) cervical...2...........2.4-04--5+- 4: “0095
meneiie or bypapophysis of third cervical....:.....,...2-...escne2 esse -0085
meneth of centrum of a posterior dorsal...............-.0.0..: Asati 040
Perineal ciapophysis (about) i.e. 20.2 Foc. ee ak wos od wera de dete elms 032
meurtaoor centrum of 4 lumbar 4)... «2.2 08s aes cnc nesses Be octet ONG
ret ecicaineter. Of atl Mi Daten tice 6a st-g ta tole Sela cin oe vt ce ees oe se als -029
Baeanin of neurapophysis of a lumbar... 0.2.5. - 26. . 0. eee ee ty ees 4027

CROCODILUS HETERODON, Cope.

Alligator heterodon, Proc. American Philosophical Society, 1872, p. 544.

Represented by a single tooth from the posterior part of
the mandibular series. It agrees very closely with the cor-
responding tooth of Ad/igator musstssippiensis, but presents
some differences. The crown is very low, obtuse, and finely
striate ; it is compressed and showsa cutting-edge. Its longest
diameter is fore and aft; both this and the transverse diame-
ter are proportionately greater than in the modern species.
The constriction of the neck is very decided; the fang is
large, and especially thick.

Measurements.

M.
GEC ANG-Atb GlamMetets Of; GLOW M6 snc: anos clnp belles Meise wereld ss s« vas “O10
Transverse diameter of crown......... Ree ne er ene ae eae OOF

Wertical heisht of Grown. .......---.-.-

CROCODILUS CLAVIS, Cope.
U. S. Geol.-Survey of Terrs. 1872, p. 612.

This species is indicated by the remains of a crocodilian
larger than Crocodilus Elliotit, but very different from it. The
pitting of the dermal scutes, and of all the cranial bones, is
deeper than in any other of the Bridger crocodilians in our
possession, and very strongly resembles that in <dA//gator
MiSSISSipplensis.

The mandible has a long symphysis, and the alveolar
border shows the sudden deep depression just behind it,

94

which is so marked in the ordinary alligator. The rami,
however, do not diverge at such an open angle. The jaw
is very stout, and is deeper and thinner than in Crocodilus
Elliotii ; and is of about the same proportionate thickness, but
deeper than in the alligator. The splenial ends obtusely, and
approaches the symphysis somewhat more closely than in
the alligator, but does not enter into its formation. The
teeth are stout and obtusely conical, not striate, and im-
planted very close together; they exhibit about the same
alternation of size as do those of the alligator. What appears
to be the canine is small; it is preceded by a much smaller,
and succeeded by a slightly smaller tooth. The dermal scutes
are quadrate in shape; they are deeplyand irregularly pitted,
and have a low but distinct longitudinal keel; they are
suturally united by their lateral borders,

Ger BE AZO UN Te Ac.

The Bridger beds have yielded a great abundarce and
variety of land, marsh, and fresh-water chelomians. They
present much variation of form and size; and, owing to the
great pressure in the strata, scarcely any two specimens of the
same species are alike ; occasionally, however, an undistorted
specimen is obtained.

The most abundant remains of turtles are those of a spe-
cies of the recent genus Amys, which are found in all the
beds, and are, perhaps, the commonest fossils of the basin.
The genera 7rionyx and Hadrianus (Testudo, Leidy) follow
next in order.

HADRIANUS, Cope.

Resembles Zestudo in form, but has two analscuta, as have
most Emydide.

HADRIANUS ALLABIATUS, Cope.
U. S. Geol. Survey of Territories, 1872, p. 630.
Represented by two ungual phalanges which resemble
the claws of Zestudo, but are proportionately shorter, broader,
and not so pointed at the ends. They are oval in section, both

95

longitudinally and transversely ; the articular faces are deep
and subinferior.
From Henry’s Fork.

HADRIANUS OCTONARIUS, Cope.
Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872. p 630.

Represented by the right humerus of a large individual.

This bone is intermediate in character between the corre-
sponding bones of 7estudo and Emys. The head is longer and
narrower than in the former genus; it is implanted on a short,
distinct neck, and 1s strongly convex in both directions. The
articular surface extends to the base of the internal tuberosity.
The tuberosities, especially the external one, are very large
and thick. The external rises above the head, and resembles
that of Emysin shape. The fossa separating the tuberosities
is comparatively narrow. The shaft is much like that of
Emys, but is somewhat more strongly curved; not so much,
however, as in Zestudo, and the distal end is not so much flat-
tened. The anconeal fossa is wider and deeper than in either
genus. The trochlea is broad, and divided by an obscure
groove into a small and convex radial face, and a _ nearly
plane (transversely) ulnar face. The condyles are prominent
and rugose.

Found near Dry Creek.

EMYS.

EMYS WYOMINGENSIS, Leidy.
Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p. 1I4o.

Represented by six perfect shells from Cottonwood and
Dry Creeks, and Henry’s Fork, and a shoulder girdle from
Cottonwood Creek, which is provisionally referred to this
species.

This species, when adult, was upward of a foot in length,
and in the composition of the shell, number of scutes, etc.,
resembled the living species of the genus.

The Shoulder Girdle has the form characteristic of the
Emydide, but presents some peculiarities. The scapula is
short, not being aslong as the coracoid, and is not so straight or
cylindrical as is usual in Emys ; but is compressed, and some-

96

what recurved, and tapers towards the upper extremity, which
is marked by a smooth rounded facet for the cartilaginous
supra-scapula. The pre-coracoid is long, sub-cylindrical at its
origin, but becomes broad and flat distally ; at the extremity it
is longitudinally striated. The proximal end is flexed forward
at an obtuse angle, and is expanded to form the long suture
with the scapula and coracoid. It contributes considerably
to the glenoid cavity. The coracoid is remarkably long, and
after leaving the sutures with the other elements of the girdle,
becomes very broad and thin. This is most marked distally.
The anterior border is thickened, and the bone is slightly
concave on both surfaces.

The three parts of the shoulder girdle are united by dis-
tinct bony symphyses; they differ from some of the modern
species, in which there is only a ligamentous union between
the coracoid and the other parts. It presents a further differ-
ence in the long and slender neck which is formed by the
flexing of the pre-coracoid, and in the shallow and sub-circular
glenoid cavity. The short scapula and long coracoid would
indicate a species with a low, broad carapace, as was probably
the case in E. wyomingensis, though much difficulty has been
experienced in determining this point, owing to the distortion
of the specimens.

Measurements.

M.
Length of neck to point between coracoid and precoracoid........... -0345
Length of coracoid (about)......... PPL He ome taco | CSE
Wenethvofiprecoracoidens- 01: se eee eer ee ere eee eee “114
Lengthvofiscapullax(@bout)\raps sexes cites eioh-tel stoi eeieieie aiere ree ee nae -126

BAENA, Leidy.

BAENA UNDATA, Leidy.
Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p. 160.
Three nearly perfect shells of different ages, from Dry and
Cottonwood Creeks.

TRIONYX, Geoffr.
TRIONYX UINTAENSIS, Leidy.

Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p 176.

Cottonwood Creek.

alisha hey

PELEOGST ED.

Tent mpi ALS.
CYPRINODONTIDA.

“Head and body covered with scales; barbels, none.
Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only.
Teeth in both jaws; upper and lower pharyngeals, with car-
diform teeth. Dorsal fin situated on the hinder half of the
body.” (GUNTHER.)

TRICOPHANES, Cope.

U. S. Geolog. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 641.

Having secured a very perfect specimen of this genus, we
are enabled to complete the definition of its generic charac-
ters. We give, then, Professor Cope’s definition, with some
emendations and additions: Dorsal and anal fins short;
ventral fin sometimes beneath and sometimes in advance of
the dorsal. The premaxillary forms all of the superior ar-
cade of the mouth, which has a wide gape, opening back be-
hind the orbit. This bone has a row of long, slender, re-
curved, and subequal teeth implanted in it. The dentary is
stout, and has a few small teeth. The branchiostegal rays
are six in number, and are rather wide. The preoperculum
is serrate. The operculum is ridged ontop. The anterior
vertebrz are unmodified, and the centra are not elongate. A
strong acute spine supports the dorsal, and a similar one the
anal fin. There is a long post-clavicle, which may or may not
extend to the base of the ventral parallel with the femur.
The femur is long and furcate ; the external part straight and

98

reaching to the clavicle; the internal curves to meet the cor-
responding portion of its fellow. The ventral radii are eight
in number, and the caudal fin is furcéate. The scales are pe-
culiar,and characteristic of the genus. They are very thin,
and have borders fringed with long, close-set, bristle-like
processes. This genus includes as yet only three species:
T. hians, from Osivio, Nev.; and 7. folarum and T. Copez, from
Florissant, Col.

TRICOPHANES COPEI, sf. nov.

Vertebre D. 12, C: 18, Radu« DD. 14, A. 8, V: 8,.CG7aieeee
5 only visible, not all preserved. The dorsal fin is long, and
projects beyond the beginning of the anal fin; the mouth is
terminal, and the muzzle rather sharp. All the bones of the
skeleton are very slender; and this is especially true of the
ribs, which are not as thick as the interneurals. The neural
and hemal spines are short and slender. The origin of the
dorsal is nearer to the muzzle than to the caudal; though, as
a whole, the fin is on the hinder half of the body. There are
no interneural spines in front of the dorsal fin; those sup-
porting the fin are short, slender, and without the laminar
expansions found in 7. foliarum. The caudal fin consists of
numerous jointed rays, which are supported by the neural
and hzemal spines of the last three vertebrae. The scales are
small, and exhibit the peculiarities of the genus, but the rows
are too imperfect to be counted.

Measurements.
M.
Motal lengthi(Straveht) hee «stele <tseciae she crete singe) slits eteners choline erage see -0935
ength iofshead cr nis ctr.s,<10e esse wre, oiaies tes aioefer= Treen gentler tee -O18
Ikength' of vertebralicolumine..- ca. a seaee ee eee oak eee eee eee eee +055
Lengthiof icawdall sfin 2.00. tier. oe cis ofp olsen te ele eee eie thei ohape lel siete tees eee +024
Hength of dorsal spine) A.es ce \sie.cis terse sles ete -rsiel ois ete erst oie yeis 1s oye eine ‘OIL
Lenethsofeanalgspiners. tots vas oe Noe or isi cae ieee oie teenie ton eee -009
Depth of dkead posteriorly ..coc..d 1s ~enerstanec sty emer re <inte Vk eee -O16
Rength ofsmancifomlarramny's secrete tte ota ceed tele steleterweie ele eyes teielnie elete tito
Lengthito.dorsalsime trom mize) iets cle tetele ends teie ts tele rte ree -033
lyenpthyof<dorsal fim tee ose ttecierserstes ode spe ee epee leurs es scien ertetice +0135
Depth of body ataniddile of dorsal Min). 72. -/06 <jriee trl acl-rck = cl ere O17

Found in the insect beds at Florissant, Col.

2)
CA TOSTOMIDAZ:.

Body covered with scales; head naked ; margin of upper
jaw formed by the premaxillaries; mouth toothless. Pharyn-
geal teeth in a single series, and exceedingly numerous and
closely set. Dorsal fin elongate and opposite the ventrals.
Anal short, or of moderate length.

AMYZON, Cope.
U. S. Geolog. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 642.

Allied to Bubalichthys. Dorsal fin elongate, with a few
fulcral spines in front. There are three broad branchioste-
gals. The vertebre are short, and the hamal spines of the
caudal fin are distinct and rather narrow. The teeth are ar-
ranged comb-like, are truncate, and number from thirty to
forty. The dentary bone is slender and toothless, and the
angular is distinct.

AMYZON COMMUNE, Cope.
U. S. Geolog. Survey of Terrs., 1873, p.

_ Represented by several fine specimens from near Castel-
lo’s Ranch, Col.

SA URODONTIDA..

For a very complete definition of this family, see Cope’s
©retac. Vert., p. 183.

PORTHEUS, Cope.
Cretac. Vert., p. 189 e¢ seg.

“Teeth subcylindric, without serrate or cutting edges,
occupying the maxillary, premaxillary, and dentary bones ;
size, irregular; premaxillary, median maxillary, and dentary
much reduced. No foramina on inner face of jaws. Teeth
on the premaxillary reduced in number. Opercularand pre-
opercular bones very thin. Cranial bones not sculptured.”

PORTHEUS THAUMAS (?), Cope.
Loc. cit. p. 196.
Maxillary large, teeth three; third mandibular small,
without cross groove in front of it.
A single tooth from the cretaceous sandstone of Cement
Gulch, Col., is provisionally referred to this species; the

100

reference cannot be certain, as the specimens described
and figured by Professor Cope have the crowns of the teeth
broken. The tooth is not so long as the largest tooth of P.
molossus, but is of proportionately greater diameter and not
so straight. It is conical and recurved, and shows two very
obscure cutting-edges, which divide the crown into two un-
equal faces. It has faint longitudinal striations on all sides,
and the apex is sharp.

Measurements.
M.
Bore-and-attidiametermat thesbase re iac-e 14 <etestel-tetaatatee raters iciactetet terete 0-013
HEICHtiok: CROWDS ote: cei. n't altelerwss sorter melts niel+ 49-7 st io eineiel inte eee 0-020

NEMATOGNAT EHD:

SMEG ele

“Skin naked, or with osseous scutes, but without scales.
Barbels always present; maxillary bone rudimentary, margin
of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only. Subo-
perculum absent; adipose fin present or absent.” (Ginther.)

RHINEASTES, Cope.
U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 638.

A genus allied to the recent /chthelurus but differing in
the inferior grooving of the vertebra and in the rough exos-
toses of the cranial bones. It differs from Pareodon in having
the usual band of bristle-like teeth on the dentary.

RAINEASTES ———-

Represented by a portion of the dentary and hyomandi-
bular bones of a large cat-fish from Bridger Butte.

The dentary is broad and shallow, grooved below, and
deeply striated on the external face. As much of it as is pre-
served is straight. The teeth are small, subequal through-
out, and very numerous. The hyomandibular is broad and
thick, and has a striated surface. The condyle is peculiar in
having two separate articular faces above and below, one
convex andthe other flat.

1ol

GADO?D EI,
CY Clee AN, OT DD: Bok
AMIIDA.

“Scales cycloid; a long, soft dorsal fin. Abdominal and
caudal parts of the vertebral column subequal in extent.”
(Giinther.)

AMIA.

Body elongate subcylindrical, compressed behind ; snout
short and rounded. Jaws with an outer series of closely-set
pointed teeth, and with a band of small teeth, similar teeth on
the vomer, palatine, and pterygoid bones. Long dorsal, short
anal, and rounded nonfurcate caudal fin. Ventrals well de-
veloped. A single large gular plate; branchiostegal rays ten
to twelve.

AMIA (Protamia) UINTAENSIS, Leidy.
Cont. to Ext. Vert. Fauna, p. 185.

A species of large mud-fishes related to the modern Amza
calva. The vertebre are all much wider than they are high.
The articular cones have their bottoms considerably above
the centre, and are minutely perforate forthe notochord. The
centrum 1s transversely curved from side to side, and has the
convexity directed forwards ; it is truncate below, making the
infero-lateral angles quite prominent in the anterior dorsal
region; in the posterior there are two fossz. The diapophy-
ses are large, but almost sessile, and take their origin above
the centre, on the same line as the bottom of the articular
cone. The facets for the neurapophyses are in the form of
the figure 8; their internal borders are prominent. The atlas
has a broad oval centrum, which is not truncate below, and
has no markings of any kind on the under surface. The
articular faces for the neurapophyses are prominent, and
approach near together. The depression for the occipital
condyle is small, circular, and situated above the centre.

From Henry’s Fork.

AMIA DEPRESSA (?), Marsh.
Pr, Ac: Nat. ‘Se71871, p. 103
In this species the dorsal centra are wide, low, and short,

102

and of a regular oval outline. The articular cones are shallow,
and have their bottoms but slightly above the centre. The
neurapophysial facets are deep, with prominent borders, and
the diapophyses are sessile. The chief peculiarity is that the
under surface of the centrum has no markings of any kind.

Measurements.
M.
Rengthtof Centrum sync. -o-c oee aoc gee cise poe ei tee re ieee icine “O10
Breadth oftcentrum*=t..c6 > oso sees aC EEE re Sot oe Cer ere “040
Depthiof centrum <r. cis. te eects Bere Mie oe leis ole eo Cela aie re ates eae ee -027

As Professor Marsh has given no measurements, the ref-
erence to A. depressa cannot be certain.
The specimen was found at Henry’s Fork.

AMIA SCUTATA, Cope.
Bull. of U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 1 of Series II, p

A species of about the size of A. ca/va, but with a propor-
tionately larger head. It is represented in our collection by
a specimen which lacks only a portion of the caudal and _ pec-
toral fins. The premaxillary is short and stout, articulates
closely with the maxillary, and bears a single row of pointed
recurved teeth. These are shorter and straighter than in A.
calva. The maxillary is much as in the modern species, but is
rounder. The cranio-facial axis is straight and broad; the
bastocciptal is the largest of the bones; the daszsphenoid and
presphenoid are of the usual shape and size, but there is a
constriction at their junction which is not marked in the
modern species. The vomer is long and double, and at the
extremity is armed with rows of small teeth. The two por-
tions diverge more perceptibly than in A. calva, and are
stouter, though this appearance may, to some extent, be due
to flattening.

The frontal is long, broad, and thick; the upper surface is
delicately sculptured in a somewhat different pattern from
that seen in the modern species. The parietal is short and
broad, while the efzo¢zc is unusually narrow. The mandible is
long and slender; the rami are incurved anteriorly, but ap-
parently not to the same extent as in A. calva. The articular

103

has the shape of a long and narrow wedge; it does not form
a very close articulation with the dentary. The dentary is
long and comparatively slender, has a rounded outline, and is
occupied by an external row of large, and an internal band of
small teeth. The mandibular teeth, like those of the upper
jaw, are somewhat different from the teeth of A. calva; they
are shorter, stouter, and are not so much incurved or recurved.
They are very sharp, and show aconstriction below the apex.
The small teeth are of the usual size and shape. The jugular
plate is well developed, and is long and narrow. The hyoid
arch is very much the same as that shown in the recent
species; the characteristic flat branchiostegals are well
marked ; they appear to be thirteenin number.

The scapular arch is long and stout. The See is
strongly bent, the swpra-clavicle is short, and the fost-clavicle
is long. The pectoral fin is too indistinct for description.

The vertebre are of considerable depth in the anterior
dorsal region, and decrease steadily in size as they go back-
wards. The neural spines are long and slender, and project
strongly backwards. The relation of the centra to the
arches seems to be about that seen in 4. calva, but the neura-
pophyses are more slender. The diapophyses are long and
slender, in this respect differing from the Bridger species and
approaching the modern one. The dorsals are thirty-five in
number. The caudals number about forty-seven. They
have smaller centra, but longer and stronger neurapophyses
than the dorsals. The hzmal arch is long, and the hzma-
pophyses articulate movably with the centra. The spines
supporting the caudal fin rays are very stout. The dorsal fin
is long and soft, and has long interneurals supporting short
rays; these are fifty-three in number. The anal fin, on the
other hand, is very short, having but nine rays, which are long
and jointed, and articulate with short interhemals. The cau-
dal fin appears to be of the usual form. The femur is of the
general shape characteristic of Amza, but is not just like that
of A. calva. It is shorter, broader at the proximal end, while
the distal end is narrower, and has a deeper constriction just
above it. The ventral finsare placed under the middle of the
dorsal region, and have each ten rays. The scales are of the
usual cycloidal shape, and minutely striate.

104

Measurements.

M.
‘Total length (estimated ain part) eo.) 2-15 «errcstelele oeiniele ei eta te ee +404
Wenig thy of he aid sg eiivs) siccess steer oye evnelcrers io. shtc stones cre ater ate cee eae ee ee +093
Benathrofivertebralicolwummeryerperere erties aration tee +253
Length of caudal ‘fin (estimated)! 425° 22.202. 20) 0 aes 2 ciel eee -058
Wenethvof mandibles -pjarcrv- 2 «eter tbs eicle eteteleredsl etree en cette ene +059
Mengthot qugilar plate. = sieve 1 0 aisle sini eiele'e ele wire tee 032
Length of dorsal repion vis 6 vee cats 0 = oie 2 es ene cla fe ie -I41
iene thvof caudal sresvOms cere sett) tol eet ele ieee terres Cie ie eee “112
Depth! of body at origin tofsdiorsall Mint lroger re terereye ester leet erate eee
Length afifdlors all Shine vere chet ie ieee aie nelnn eres eee eet ara etalon eee 117
benpthiof femurs, 2. ec) <epec es sloale 2's 0s arora aieycletee eas olen feel -027

From the insect beds near Florissant, Col.

PAPPICHMEH ¥st (Cope:
U.S. Geol. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 634.

Vertebre short, dorsal with projecting diapophyses.
Maxillary and dentary bones support but one series of teeth.

PAPPICHTHYS PLICATUS, Cope.
WWOG: cits; p- 635.
From Henry’s Fork.

PAPPICHTHYS LAVIS, Cope.
WOH Clty, sp 300:

Represented by three vertebrze from the posterior part of
the dorsal region. The centra are subcircular and have deep
articular cones, with their bottoms above the centre, and
minutely perforate for the notochord. The centra are com-
paratively quite long, and have prominent projecting rims,
and are truncate beneath. The facets for the neurapophyses
are long, and are separated into two parts for the contiguous
arches. The diapophyses are short and stout.

Measurements.

M.
Mength of Cemtruin ss BE «on Soeur aye sc cues si ep cee ole ene ee rosetta eee -O15
Bread thioMcentrum: ss, «2.c,5,s0 wieue.s). score abe orem keels ore lento cic het hk eee -O315
Depthiolieemt ru ma... ss) 52) aecce eee alee cers Ge -eesay eee Papeete ita Skee ie eee -027

Found at Henry’s Fork.

PAPPICHTHYS SYMPHYSIS, Cope.
Loc. cits p. 636.
Found at Cottonwood Creek.

108

ELAS ROE ZEN Ore) Fb:
PLAGIOSTOMATA.

CARCHARIDAE.

“Eye with a nictitating membrane. An anal fin; two
dorsals.”

GALEOCERDO.

Caudal fin with a double notch; mouth crescent shaped ;
teeth subequal in both jaws, oblique, serrate on both margins.

GALEOCERDO FALCATUS, Ag.

Corax falcatus, Poiss. Foss., t. iii., p. 226.

This species is represented by a single tooth from the
cretaceous sandstone near the Garden of the Gods, Col. It
does not agree exactly with any descriptions or plates which
we have seen; but the differences are probably owing to
the position or age of the specimen. The crown is low,
broad, and not very acute, the edge is finely serrate, and
there is no sensible difference between the serrations of the
two borders. The anterior border is undulating in outline,
but for the most part is convex; the posterior is short and
straight, and sends out quite a long heel. One face of the
crown is flat and the other is strongly convex. The root is
stout and divided into two fangs, which are longer and more
distinct than is common in this species. There are no den-
ticles; cementum smooth.

Measurements.
M.
Mengih Of CLOW... 2... cece ecto scare eee eet en se cstnceeecens “O17
Brevi Oa laliin we owe sues oie aha se lee qs RUDD DEUCE OIC Oe +009
Reich Ob CLOWM a. =. Di)... ose sien com be hoes mane eins ce He ene es eee O11

GALEOCARDO HARTWELLII, Cope.
Cret. Vert, p.. 244.

This species belongs to the group G. Zgertonii, Ag., having

the two edges subequal and symmetrical. A single tooth from
Cement Gulch, Col.

100

CESTRACIONTIDA..

“ Two dorsal fins, an anal; nasal and buccal cavities con-
fluent. Teeth obtuse, several series being in function.”
(Giinther.)

PTYCHODUS, Ag.

Poissons Fossiles, t. iii., p. 56.

PTYCHODUS WHIPPLEYI, Marcou.
Geology of North America, 1858, p. 33.

Represented by a tooth from the cretaceous of Cement
Gulch, almost identical with the specimen described by Dr.
Leidy from the cretaceous of Texas. (Cont. to Ext. Vert.
Fauna, p. 300.)

SUMMARY.

MAMMALIA.

CES ye a ear ce ra 5p ys AO NE Besa dene 4
ONRINT VO WCA eo te ie jot Mek erat ck vic Obie Soe BE Se ORE art Sc) ah e eaitie 2

PE ETILAR (2 cheers hearst as oe se, o/s ae See Su cayes ea inlets e es Cans Salk hh woe woes FE
Se UNIEE Net Core Tree NAST Pete ie a eee maid ic Wie bu Ge Re Cow ea mis alin Gases wee ke:
ESDEEI FUNG IUAY natal steoteteonistavelcveiel gate! aces ae, :cie, o LMerate ailerstte cere niente wie cce? wie ee ere ce eek

AVES.

eRe ee MTOR ea 1G artis mnt we do Cotkias rd hee cacgueg Ca Oke e a daaepe dace us a Mh
== 4

REPTILIA.

ENCOTILET AT reais et elars ier Mea ciaits & leece aioe eee aw nia elen hore idee 2 bidibios eardiels
IE TAICDON TAM aie stile te ci stet net fete tc oe Sis c ecto a do ae Mintnn s wic ti Oe eh nlee eee San 855

PISCES.

BIER OOEPEUAT. letseterclaice tie vale olka wielc wiaustes © stacwulale vate tele aid alerdat,s o,c1e is" esterels
INIEAMAUNOGHUAGE EX [et tert, os enero enc late's crolahuccls a vie alacs exciedlohorctersiGc o) cen we.ote el Uiernne

3
I
I VEHOGANOMDE It tasceracs. soft c Sere: cate stele yelcele stan welWereldeystevese dister ames en O
PLAGIOSTOMATA. «200+ see ee eee cece cere cere eer eee ee eens stonc ssonacea

I

NGM eE SED IGM SAPNA oe © SSSR S Cais mip incias Mistaraciera Binaiels susie toe cermaion eet

Rta rected ae 2 tet nie on a aes oiee slate et) 1 5G

Figure about one fourth natural size

UINTATHERIUM LEIDIANUM.

ok a cer

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Figure three fourths natural size.

PALAZOSYOPS PALUDOSUS.

Posterior view of cranium.

“| aL

EXPLANATION, OF SPEATE TE
Figures one fourth natural size.
PAL0SYOPS MAJOR.
Fig. 1.—Axis, view of right side.
Fig. 2.—Axis, anterior view.

Fig. 3.—Atlas, posterior view.
Fig. 4.—Atias, anterior view.

Figs. 5 and 6.—Seventh cervical anterior and posterior views
Figs. 7 and 8.—Anterior and posterior views of right tibia.
Figs. 9 and 10.—Proximal and distal faces of same.

Fig. 11.—Proximal end of fibula.

Fig. 12.—Right femur, posterior view.

Fig. 13.—Trochlea of the same.

°.

Prats Il

rm del.

Osbo

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

figures one half natural size.
PALAOSYOPS PALUDOSUS.
Figs. 1 and 2.—UlIna, anterior view, and distal articular face of same.
Figs. 3, 4, and 5.—Radius, anterior view; and distal and proximal faces of
same.
Fig. 6.—Left scapula.
Fig. 7—Right humerus, proximal end, anterior view.

Fig. 9.—Left manus, anterior view.

PALAOSYOPS MAJOR.

Fig. 8.—Left humerus, anterior view.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Figure one half natural size.
LEUROCEPHALUS CULTRIDENS.
Upper and lower jaws. View of right side. Dotted outlines indicate prob-

able position of lower incisor and canine series.

Oshorn, del,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Figure one half natural size.
PALAZOSYOPS MAJOR.

Right innominate bone. The iliac crest and position of pubis estimated in

outline.

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\ £

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HXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Figures one third natural size.

UINTATHERIUM LEIDIANUM.
Fig. 1.—Cervical vertebra, fifth or sixth, anterior view.
Fig.

Fig. 3.—Dorsal vertebra, middle region, posterior view.

t=)

.—Dorsal vertebra, anterior region, view of left side.

to

Fig. 4.—Last lumbar vertebra, view of right side.

Fiy. 5.—Last lumbar vertebra, posterior view.

S

Fig. 6.—Caudal series, first four vertebrae.

SS

Osborn del. Ssax <i SS

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL.

Figures one third natural size. *

UINTATHERIUM LEIDIANUM.
Fig. 1.—Anterior view of right humerus.

Fig. 2,—Ulna, side view, length estimated.

EXPLANATION Ob PICA Er Vili:

Figures one third natural size.

UINTATHERIUM LEIDIANUM.

Fig. 1.—Right scapula. The dotted outline gives an attempted restoration
of the original shape.

Fig. 2.—Tibia of left side, anterior view.

Fig. 3.—View of the proximal articular faces of same.

Fig. 4.—Right femur, posterior view.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
Figures four fifths natural size.
OROHIPPUS MAJOR.

Fig. 1.—Right femur, anterior view, length estimated.
Fig. 2.—Right fibula.
Fig. 3.—Right tibia, anterior view.
Fig. 4.—Calcaneum.
Figs. 5 and 6.—Astragalus and navicular.
Fig. 7.—Metatarsals and phalanges.
Last Fig.—A carnivorous sacrum, probably belonging to the brain, de-

scribed on pp. 20-22.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, natural size.

ITHYGRAMMODON CAMELOIDES.

Fig. 1.—Left premaxillary, inner view.

Fig. 2.—Left premaxillary, outer view.

Fig. 3.—Right maxillary and premaxillary, outer view, premolar, with dotted
outline indicating its probable position.

Fig. 4.—The premaxillaries in position (probable), view from above, show-
ing size and position of the incisors. Dotted lines indicate the premaxillary

spine (estimated).

PROCAMELUS OCCIDENTALIS, Cope. (See Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., Plate
LXXVII.)

Fig. 5.—Part of right maxillary and premaxillary, showing single incisor

with rudimentary alveolus for a second.

PROTOLABIS

? Cope. (See Wheeler’s Survey, vol iv., p. 343.) :

Fig. 6.—Right maxillary and premaxillary. (This has never been drawn
before, and was kindly lent to us for this purpose by Prof. Cope.)

CAMELUS BACTRIANUS. Modern camel.

Fig. 7.—Right maxillaries, one half natural size.

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fy Wate i Gr, ‘ f co Re i ra (Las iy vine ' :
i but WP eer) | wk Kp tip ot Preere vine) ys ry

SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE

OF THE

ALTHOUGH we have endeavored to make this catalogue as complete and
accurate as possible, we feel that errors and omissions are, from the nature of
the case, unavoidable. The material is so vast and heterogeneous, and is so
much scattered throughout numberless reports, bulletins, journals, and the
like, that its correct compilation is attended with great difficulties. However,
a beginning is here made which will render subsequent work easier. Owing
to the great number of discoveries which have since been made, Dr. Leidy’s
excellent catalogue of 1871 covers now but a very small portion of the ground.

In this list we have made no attempt to decide disputed questions of
priority and synonymy. Doubtless, many of the genera and species here given
will be found to be synonyms of American or European forms ; but at present
these questions cannot be settled. Where synonyms are given, they are the

determinations of the original describer indicated in subsequent publications

MAMMALIA.

———_—$§

PRIMATES.

Noruarctus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 114 } Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun.,
p. 86; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 364.

N. tenebrosus, Leidy, loc. cit.

132

Hyopsopus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 110; U.S. Survey of Terrs.,
1870, p. 354; do. 1871, p. 362; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 75.

H, paulus, Leidy, loc. cit.

HT. minusculus, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 81.

H. gracilis, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., vol. ii., p. 42.

Hi. vicarius, Cope. Described in U. S. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 609, as
Microsyops vicarius. Wheeler’s Survey, vol. iv., pt. ii., p. 150.

Microsyops, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 20; U. S. Survey of Terrs., 1871,
Pp. 303), Cont. to Ext. Viera Haun pn se:

M. gracilis, Leidy, loc. cit. In the ‘‘ Contributions,” Dr. Leidy, considering
Limnotherium, Marsh, as a synonym of JZicrosyops, has called this species
M. elegans.

Hipposyus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p! 37; Cont. to Ext. Vertalaumer
p- 90.
HT. formosus, Leidy, loc. cit.
fH. robustior, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 93 ; WMotharctus robustior.
U.S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 364.

ANTIACODON, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 210.

A. venustus, Marsh, loc. cit.
BATHRODON, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 211.

B. typus, Marsh, loc. cit.

LEemMuRAVUS, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. ix., p. 239.
L. distans, Marsh, loc. cit.

LIMNOTHERIUM, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 43.

L. tyrannus, Marsh, loc. cit.
L. elegans, Marsh, loc. cit.
L. affine, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 207.

Mesacopon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 212.
M. speciosus, Marsh, loc. cit.
PaL@acopon, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872; p. 21 U. S. Geol. Survey of
Terrs., 1871, p. 356; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 122:
RP verus Weidy, loc. cit.
P. vagus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 224.
TELMATOLESTES, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 206.
T. crassus, Marsh, loc. cit.
TOMITHERIUM, Cope. Pr. Am, Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 470; U.S. Geol. Survey of
Terrs., 1872, p. 546; Wheeler’s Survey, vol. iv., p. 135, pt. ii.
T. rostratum, Cope, loc. cit.; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 548.
ANAPTOMORPHUS, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 554; U. S. Geol. Survey
of Terrs., 1872, p. 549.

A. emulus, Cope, loc. cit.

133

OicoTomus, Cope. On some Eocene mammals, p. 2; U. S. Geol. Survey of
Terrs., 1872, p. 607.
O. cinctus, Cope, loc. cit.

OpiIsTHOTOMUS, Cope. Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., p. 151, pt. ii.

O. astutus, loc. cit., p. 152.

PANTOLESTES, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 467; Wheeler’s Survey,
Vv. iv., pt. ii., p. 145.
P. longicaudus. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 467; Motharctus longicaudus,
U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 549.

SARCOLEMUR, Cope. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1875, p. 256; Wheeler’s Survey, v. iv.,
Ptrellsen Pala.

S. pygmaeus, Cope. Lophiotherium pygmaeus, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, extras
July 20; Antiacodon pygmaeus, U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 607;
Hyopsodus pygmaeus, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 461.

S. furcatus, Cope. Antiacodon furcatus, On some Eocene mammals, p. i. ;
U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 608.

THINOLESTES, Marsh. Am, Journ, Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 205,
7. anceps, Marsh, loc. cit.

CARNIVORA.

Uintacyon, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 277; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun.,
p. 118.
U. edax, Leidy, loc. cit.
U. vorax, Leidy, loc. cit. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 120.
Sinopa, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 115; U.S. Geol. Survey of Terrs.,
1871, p. 355; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 116.
S. rapax, Leidy, loc. cit.
S. eximia, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 118.
CANIS.
C. montanus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 123.
Dromocyon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. xii., p. 403.
D. vorax, Marsh, loc. cit.
HARPALODON, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 216.
fH. sylvestris, Marsh, loc. cit.
Hf. vulpinus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 217.
Limnocyon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 126.
L. verus, Marsh, loc. cit.
L. riparius, Marsh, loc. cit, p. 203.
L. agilis, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 204.
LimNoFELIs, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 202.

L. ferox, Marsh, loc. cit.
L. latidens, Marsh, loc. cit., p» 203.

134

Oreocyon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 406
O. latidens, Marsh, loc. cit.

Turnocyon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 204.
T. velox, Marsh, loc. cit.

VivERRAvVus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., De kz

V. gracilis, Marsh, loc. cit.
V. (?) nitidus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 205.

ZIPHACODON, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 216.
Z. rugatus, Marsh, loc. cit.

VuLpavus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 124.
V. palustris, Marsh, loc. cit.

MiAcis, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 470.
M. parvivorus, loc. cit.; Viveravus parvivorus, U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs.,
1872, p. 560.

MEsonyx, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872. p. 460; U.S. Geol. Survey of
dierrs.. 1872) p.550: ;
MM, obtusidens, Cope, loc. cit. U.S. Survey, p. 552.

SYNOPLOTHERIUM, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 483; U. S. Geol. Survey
of Perrs.,, 1872; p. 554:

S. lanius, Cope, loc. cit. U.S. Survey, p. 557.

STYPOLOPHUus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 466 ;-U. S. Geol. Survey of
Terrs., 1872, p. 559; Wheeler’s Survey, vol. iv., p. 109. f
S. insectivorus, Cope. Pr. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 469; U.S. Survey, 1872, p. 557.
S. pungens, Cope, loc. cit., pp. 466, 559.
S. brevicalcavatus, Cope, loc. cit., pp. 469, 560.

MEGENCEPHALON, gen. nov. This report, p. 20.

M. primevus, sp.nov. This report, p. 20.

UPNiG UIE FASTAAG:

PERISSODACTYLA.
ANCHITHERIUM.
A. (2). This report, p. 23.

OrouHIppPus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., vol. iv., p. 207 ; vol. vii., p. 247.

O. pumilus, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 207.

O. agilis, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. v., p. 407.

O. major, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. 3d Ser. vii., p. 248.

O. gracilis, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. vii., p. 249; Anchitherium sracile,
3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 38.

O. procyoninus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 466; U.S. Survey, 1872,
p. 606.

—

135

PaLosyoprs, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 113; 1871, pp. 114, 118, 197,
229; 1872, pp. 168, 241; U.S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 355; 1871, p, 358;
Cont- to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 27; Cope, U. S. Gel, Survey of Terrs.,
1872, p. 591.

P. paludosus, Leidy, loc. cit. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p- 28.
P. major, Leidy. U. S. Geol. Survey of Montana, 1871, p. 359; Pr. Ac.

Nat. Sc.,1872, pp. 168, 241; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 45.

P. humilis, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 168, 277; Cont. to Ext. Vert.

Faun,, p. 58:

P, gunius, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 277; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun.,

Pp. 57.

P. levidens, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1873; U.S. Survey, 1872, p. 591.
P. vallidens, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 487; loc. cit., p. 592.
P. minor, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., vol. ii., p. 36.

Limnonuyus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 242; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun.,
p. 58; Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 1872, 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 124.

L. laticeps, Marsh. Padleosyops laticeps, Am. Journ. Sc. 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 122.
L. robustus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 124, is same as P. major, Leidy.

L. diaconus, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 593.

L. fontinalis, Cope, loc. cit., 594.

TELMATHERIUM, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 123.

T. validum, Marsh, loc. cit.

LEUROCEPHALUS, gen. nov. This report, p. 42.

L. cultridens, sp. nov. This report, p. 42.

PivRcciuuse leidy., br. Ac, Nat. Sc., 1871, p.-229- 1872, pp. 19, 163: U.S:
Geol. Survey, 1871, p. 360; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 60.

Hf. agrarius, Leidy, loc. cit.; A. agrestis, U. S. Survey, 1871, p. 357.

Pi mexi ais Moeldye br AC. Nats $6. 1970. p.220) 1872;1p. 163i U. S.aGeol.
Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 361; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 66; Cope, U.S.
Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 595.

HT, modestus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 20; U. S. Geol. Survey of
Terrs., 1871, p. 361; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 67; Lophiodon modestus, Pr.
Acs Nat. S¢:, 1870, p: LO9:

Hanunus, weidy. Pr. Ac. Nat: Se. 3d\Ser. 1872, p.20; U.S, Survey, 1871,
peson-= Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 67.

H. princeps, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 125.

H. implicatus, Cope. On Some Eocene Mammals, p.5; U.S. Survey, 1872,
p 604.

HT, crassidens, sp. nov. This report, p. 52.

fH. imperialis, sp. nov. This report, p. 50.

H. intermedius, sp. nov. This report, p. 51.

/T. paradoxus, sp. nov. This report, p. 53.

HELALETEs, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 218.

7. boéps, Marsh, loc. cit.
H. latidens, sp. nov. This report, p. 54.

136

LopHIODON.

L. bairdianus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 36.

L. affinis, loc. cit., p. 37.

L. nanus, loc. cit.

L. pumilus, loc. cit., p. 38.
LOPHIOTHERIUM.

L. sylvaticum, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 126; Cont. to Ext.Vert., Fann,
p. 69.

L. Ballardi, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 39.
OrorHeERiIuM, Marsh. Am: Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 217.

O. uintanum, Marsh, loc. cit.

Hetouyus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 207.
HI, plicodon, Marsh, loc. cit.

THINOTHERIUM, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 208.
T. validum, Marsh, loc. cit.

ARTIODACTYLA.
All the forms described under this head are of uncertain reference.
ELOTHERIUM.
E. lentum, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 39.
PLATYGONUS.
P. Liegleri, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 40.
ParAHyYus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. xii., 402.

P. vagus, Marsh, loc. cit.

Homacopon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 126.

H. vagans, Marsh, loc. cit.

ITHYGRAMMODON, gen. nov. This report, p. 56.
I, cameloides, sp. nov. This report, p. 57.

AMBLYPODA.
Cope. Wheeler’s Survey, vol., iv., pt. ii., p. 179.

DINOCERATA.

Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 344; Ibid. vol. v.; pp. 117-122,
293 ,eUbideyvOlervasspsnsoon lbidsivalencs soeros

UINTATHERIUM, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 169; Am. Joun of Se. 3d
Ser. vol. iv., p. 239; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 96.
U. robustum, Leidy, loc. cit.; Uintamastix atrox, loc. cit.
U. Letdianum, sp. nov. This report, p. 3.
U. princeps, sp. nov. This report, p. 81.

137

TINOcERAS, Marsh. 7vtanotherium (?), Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 35;
Mastodon, \oc. cit., vol. iv., p. 123, footnote; Zinoceras, loc. cit., vol. iv.,
Pp. 322 and 323.

T. anceps, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 322.
T. grandis, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 323.

DinocerAs, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 344; Ibid. vol. v., pp.
117-122; Ibid. vol. v., p. 408.
D. mirabilis, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 344.
D, lucaris, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. v., p. 408.
D, lacustre, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 344.

LoxoLoPHopon, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, pp. 580, 488; U.S. Survey,
1872, p. 565.
L, cornutus, Cope, loc. cit.; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 568.
EopasiLeus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 485 ; U.S. Survey, 1872, p. 575.
E. pressicornis, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 580; loc. cit.
£. furcatus, Cope. U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 580; Loxolophodon furcatus, Pr.
Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 580.
CoRYPHODON.
C. hamatus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. xi., p. 425.
BATHMODON, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 417; U. S. Geol. Survey,
1871, p. 350; 1872, p. 586.
B. radians, Cope, loc. cit.
B. semicinctus, Cope, loc. cit.
B. latipes, Cope, loc. cit.

METALOPHODON, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 542; U. S. Geol. Survey,
1872, p. 589.
MM. armatus, Cope, loc. cit.

TILLODONTIA.
Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ix., p. 221; vol. xi., p. 249.

ANCHIPPODUS, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Soc., 1868, p. 232; Ext. Mam. N. Am., p. 403.

Mocs se Pie NGG Jy D2 LUS); ont. tonexts Wert. Haun., p. 7k.

A. viparius, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Soc., 1868, p. 232; Cont. to Ext. Vert.
Faun., p. 71 (as 7vogosus castoridens).

A. vetulus, Leidy; Trogosus vetulus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 229; Cont.
to. Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 75.

TILLOTHERIUM. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. v., p. 485 ; Ibid. vol. xi., p. 249,
T. hydracoides, Marsh, loc. cit.
T. latidens, Marsh, toc. cit., vol. vii., p. 533.
T. fodiens, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. ix., p. 241.

STYLINODON, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. vii., p. 532.

S. mirus, loc. cit.

138

RODENTIA.

PARAMYS, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc:, 1871, p. 231; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1873,)p:
357; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. I10.

. delicatus, Leidy, loc. cit.

. delicatior, Leidy, loc. cit.

. delicatissimus, Leidy, loc. cit.; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 111.

. robustus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 218,

. superbus, sp. nov. This report, p. 84.

P. leptodus, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 609.

ash asians) as) as)

Mvysors, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc, 1872, p. 232); U. 3S) Geol. Surveys negaeape:
3571 Con-tito) xt.) Vert. Halines ps Tlie

M, minimus, Leidy, loc. cit.
M. fraternus, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 112.

PsEuDoToMus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 467; U. S. Geol. Survey,
1872, p. 610.

P. hians, Cope, loc. cit.

Arctomys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 121.

A. vetus, Marsh, loc. cit.

Gromys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 121.

G. bisulcatus, Marsh, loc. cit.

Scturavus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 122.
S. nitidus, Marsh, loc. cit.
S. wnudans, Marsh, loc. cit.
S. parvidens, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 220.
TiLtLomys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 2109.

T. senex, Marsh, loc. cit.
T. parvus, Marsh, loc. cit.

TaAcHuyMys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 219.

T. lucaris, Marsh, loc. cit.

Cotonymys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 220.
C. celer, Marsh, loc. cit. :

INSECTIVORA.

Omomys, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1869, p. 63; Ext. Mam. of N. Am., p. 408 ;
Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 120.

O. Carteri, Leidy, loc. cit.

WASHAKIUS, Leidy. Cont. to. Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 123.

W. insignis, Leidy, loc. cit.

PAssALAcopon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. iv. p. 208.
P. litoralis, Marsh, loc. cit.

139

ANIsAcopon,* Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 209.
A, elegans, Marsh, loc. cit.

CENTETODON, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 209.

C. pulcher, Marsh, loc. cit.
C. altidens, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 214.

Hemiacopon, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 212.
15k gracilis, Marsh, loc. cit.
HT, nanus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 113.
H, pucillus, Marsh, loc. cit.

-ENToMoDoN, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 214.
£. comptus, Marsh, loc. cit.

ENToMACODON, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 214.
EE. minutus, Marsh, loc. cit.
£. angustidens, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 222.

ApaTEmys, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 221.

A. bellus, Marsh, loc. cit.
A. bellulus, Marsh, loc. cit.

TA.pavus, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 128.
T. nitidus, Marsh, loc. cit.

CHIROPTERA.

NyctTirHeriuMm, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 127.
NV. velox, Marsh, loc. cit. ,
LV. priscum, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 128.

Nycrivestes, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 215.

NV. serotinus, Marsh, loc. cit.

MARSUPIALIA.

Triacopon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 123.
T. fallax, Marsh, loc. cit.
T. grandis, Marsh, loc. cit. 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 222.
T. nanus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 223.
T. aculeatus, Cope. Pr. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 460; U.S. Geol. of Terrs.,
1872, p. 611.
Genera incerta sedis.

STENACODON, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 2I0.

S. varus, Marsh, loc. cit.

* Professor Marsh has subsequently used this name to designate a genus of
the Brontotheridez. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. ix., p. 246.

140

AVES.

RAPTORES.
BuBo.

B. leptosteus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii, p. 126.

GRALLATORES.
ALETORNIS, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 256.

A. nobilis, Marsh, loc. cit.

A. pernix, Marsh, loc. cit.

A. venustus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 257.
A. gracilis, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 258.
A. bellus, Marsh, loc. cit.

SCANSORES.

UinTornis, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 259.
U. lucarvis, Marsh, loc. cit.

REPTILIA.

CROCODILIA.
CROCODILUS.

C. liodon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 454.

C. affinis, Marsh, loc. cit.

C. Grinnellii, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 455.

C. brevicollis, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 456.

C. parvus, sp.nov. This report, p. I.

C. clavis, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 485 ; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872,
1s, (One.

C. sulciferus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 555 ; U. S. Survey, loc. cit.

C. hetorodon, Cope. Alligator heterodon, Pr Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 544;
U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 614.

C. aptus, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 126.

C. Eltiotiz, Leidy, loc. cit.

DIPLOCYNODUS.

D, subulatus, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 613; Crocodilus subulatus,
Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 554.

D. polyodon, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 614. (In his report to
Lt. Wheeler, Prof. Cope says that ‘‘a single species, the D. swbulatus, occurs”
in the Bridger Basin, (p. 60). It is therefore probable that he has changed the
D. polyodon, but we cannot find its synonym.)

IAI
LACERTILIA.

SanivA, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 124; U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 368; do.,
1871, p- 370; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 181.

S. ensidens, Leidy, loc. cit.
S. major, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 182.

CHAMELEO.

C. pristinus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 277; Cont. to Ext. Vert.
Faun., p. 184.

NAocEPHALUS, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 465; U. S. Geol. Survey,
TS72.5p: ‘OZr.
NV. porrectus, Cope, loc. cit.; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 632.

GLyPTosAuRuS, Marsh. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 105 ; Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d
Ser. vol. i., p. 456.

. sylvestris, Marsh, loc. cit.

. nodosus, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., vol. i., p. 458.

. ocellatus, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 458, and vol. iv., p. 306.
anceps, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 458.

princeps, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 302.

. brevidens, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 305.

. rugosus, Marsh, loc. cit.

. sphenodon, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 306.

AARAARARAHA

TuHInosAurus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3 Ser. vol. iv., p. 299.

T. paucidens, Marsh, loc. cit.

T. leptodus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 300.
T. crassus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 301.
T. grandis, Marsh, loc. cit.

T. agilis, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 302.

OreEosAuRuS, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 303.
O. vagans, Marsh, loc. cit.
O. lentus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 307.
O. gracilis, Marsh, loc. cit.
O. microdus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 308.
O. minutus, Marsh, loc. cit.
Tanosaurus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 304.
T. stenodon, Marsh, loc. cit.
T. lepidus, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 308.
IGuANAVuUS, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 309.

I. exilis, Marsh, loc. cit.

LimnosAurus, Marsh. Am. Journ..of Sc., 3d Ser.vol. iv., p. 309.

L. ziphodon, Marsh, loc. cit. ; Crocodilus ziphodon, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 453.

142
/OPHIDIA.

Boavus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol.i., p. 323.
B. occidentalis, Marsh, loc. cit.
B. agilis, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 324.
B. brevis, Marsh, loc. cit.

LiTHopHIs, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 325.

L. Sargenti, Marsh, loc. cit.

LimnopuHis, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc, 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 326.

L. crassus, Marsh, loc. cit.

PROTAGRAS, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 471: U.S. Geol.Survey, 1872,
p. 632.

P. lacustris, Cope, loc. cit.

CHELONIA.

TESTUDO.

T: Corsont, Leidy: Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc, 1871, p: 154; 1872) p. 268). Urea Geale
Survey, 1871, p. 366 ; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 132; Amys Carteri,Pr. Ac.
Nat. Sc}, 1871, p. 228; U.S. Geol. Survey, 1871, p. 367. (Grofessom@ope
refers this species to his Hadrianiuts.)

HapRIANuS, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 468; U. S. Geol. Survey
of Terrs.,1872, p. 630.

H, allabiatus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 471 ; U.S. Survey, loc. cit.
HT, octonarius, Cope, loc, cit. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 468.

EMYS.

E. wyomingensis, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1869, p. 66; U.S. Geol. Survey,
1871, p. 367; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 140. “2: Fearszz, Pr Nee Natasce
1870, p. 123; LZ. stevensoniansis, loc. cit.,p.5. £. Haydenz, loc. cit., p. 123.

£. septarius, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 625.

E. latilabiatus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 471; loc. cit., p. 626:

E. gravis, Cope. Notomorpha gravis and NV. Garmanii, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.,
1872, pp. 476-77; Z. gravis, U.S. Survey, 1872, p. 626.

E. testudineus, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 627; Motomorpha testudt-
neus, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 475.

E. euthnetus, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 628.

£, megaulax, Cope, loc. cit.

E. pachylomus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 629.

E. terrestris, Cope, loc. cit. ; Palgotheca terrestris, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872,
p. 464.

E. polycyphus, Cope, loc. cit., 630; 2. polycyphus, loc. cit., p. 463.

Hysemys, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871; p. 103; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun.,

p- 174.
HT. arenarius, Leidy, loc. cit.

143

BapTemys, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 4; U.S. Survey, 1870, p. 367;
do., 1872, p. 367; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., 157. (Professor Cope refers
this genus to Dermatemys Gray).

B. wyomingensis, Leidy, loc. cit.

CHISTERNON, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 162.

C. undatum, Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 341 ; Baena undata, Pr. Ac. Nat.
Sc., 1871, p. 228; U. S. Survey, 1871, p. 369; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 161.

BAENA, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 228; U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 367; do.,
1871, p. 368; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 161.
B. arenosa, Leidy, loc. cit. ; Baena affinis, U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 367.
B. hebraica, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 463 ; U. S. Survey, 1872, p.
621.
B. ponderosa, Cope. U.S. Survey, 1872, p. 624.

ANOSTEIRA, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc.,1871, p. 102, 114; U.S. Survey, 1871, p.
370); Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 174.
A. ornata, Leidy, loc. cit.
A. radulina, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 555; U.S. Survey, 1872, p.
650.

TRIONYX.

T. guttatus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1869, p. 66; 1870, p. 5; 1871, p. 2283
U.S Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 367 ; do., 1871. p. 370; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun.,
p. 176.

T. uintaensis, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 267; Cont. to Ext. Vert.
Faun., p. 178.

T. heteroglyptus, Cope. U.S. Geol, Survey, 1872, p. 616.

T. scutumantiquum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 617.

T. concentricus, Cope, loc. cit.; Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 469.

AxeEsTus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Sc., 1872, p. 462; U.S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p.
615.

A. byssinus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 616.

PLASTOMENUS, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs. 1872, p. 617.

P. Thomasii, Cope, loc. cit., p. 618 ; Trionyx Thomasii, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.,
1872, p. 462.

P. trionychoides, Cope, loc. cit., 619; Anostira trionychoides, Pr. Am. Phil.
Soc., 1872, p. 461.

P. multi foveatus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 619.

P. edemius, Cope, loc. cit.; Anostira edemius, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p.
461.

P. molopinus, Cope, loc. cit. p. 620; Anostira molopinus, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.,
1872, p. 461.

" AMPHIBIA.

Incertz sedis, 1, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 633.

144

PLSCG HS:

TELEOCEPHALI.

CLUPEA.

C. humilis, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1856, p. 266; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870,
DP» 3609); do:, 187 p-.39725) Cont, to) PH xt. Viert-.bauntap los.

C. alta, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 196. (Cope refers these two
species to Diplomystus.)

C. pusilla, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil: Soc.) 1870; p: 382); Ul. (S; SuLveyasts7Omp:
4209.

DirLomystus, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bulletin, vol. iii., No. 4, p. 808.

D. dentatus, Cope, loc. cit.
D. analis, Cope, loc. cit., p. 809.
D. pectorosus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 810.

OSTEOGLOSSUM.
O. encaustum, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 430.

DAPEDOGLOssuS, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey; Bulletin, vol. iii., No. 4, p. 807.

D, testis, Cope, loc. cit.
D. equipinnis, Cope, loc. cit., vol. iv., No. 1, p. 77.

ERISMATOPTERUS, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 427.

L. Rickseckeri, Cope, loc. cit.

£. levatus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 428 ; Cyprinodon levatus, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.,
1870, p. 382.

LE. Endlichi, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey Bulletin, vol. iii., No. 4, p. 811.

AMPHIPLAGA, Cope. U.S. Geol Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 812.
A. brachyptera, Cope, loc. cit.

ASINEOPS, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 380; U.S. Geol. Survey, 1870,
Pp. 425.
. sguamifrons, Cope. Pr. Phil. Soc., p. 381; U.S. Survey, 1870, p. 426.
A. vividensis, Cope. U.S. Survey, 1870, p. 426.
A, paucivadiatus, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 813.

MiopLosus, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 813.
M. abbreviatus, Cope, loc. cit.
M. labracoides, Cope, loc. cit., p. 814.
M. longus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 815.
M. Beanii, Cope, loc. cit., p. 816.

PRISCACARA, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 816.

P. serrata, Cope, loc. cit,
P. cypha, Cope, loc. cit., p. 817.

145

P. liops, Cope, loc. cit., p. 818.
P. oxyprion, Cope, loc. cit., vol. iv., No. 1, p. 74.
P. Pealeit, Cope, loc. cit., p. 75.
P. clivosa, Cope, loc. cit., p. 76.

NEMATOGNATHI.

PIMELODUS,
P. antiquus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 99 ; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun.,
p. 193.
PHAREODON, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 99; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun.,
p. 193-
P. acutus, Leidy, loc. cit.
P. sericeus, Cope, U. S. Geol. Bivay: 1872, p. 638.

RHINEASTES, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 486; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872,
p. 638.
R. peltatus, Cope, loc. cit.
R. Smithii, Cope, loc. cit.
R. radulus, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 639.
'R. calvus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 640.
R. arcuatus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 641.

CYCLOGANOIDEI.

AmiA. A. (Protamia) uintaensis, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 98; Cont.,
p- 185.
A. (Protamia) media, Leidy, loc. cit.; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 108.
A (Protamia) gracilis, Leidy, loc. cit.
A. depressa, Marsh. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 105.
A. Newberriana, Marsh, loc. cit. —

Hypamia, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 98 ; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p.
189.
fH, elegans, Leidy, loc. cit.

PAPPICHTHYs, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 634.
P. sclerops, Cope, loc. cit., p. 635.
P. plicatus, Cope, loc. cit.
P. levis, Cope, loc. cit., p. 636.
P. symphysis, Cope, loc. cit.
P. Corsonti, Cope, loc. cit.

RHOMBOGANOIDEI.

_ Lepiposteus. JZ. atrox, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 97; Cont. to Ext.

Vert. Faun., p. 189.
L. simplex, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 98 ; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun.,

p- Tol.
L. notabtlis, Leidy, loc. cit.

4

146

L. glaber, Marsh. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 103.
L. Whitneyt, Marsh, loc. cit. (These species are all referred to Clastes by
Cope.)

CLASTEs, Cope. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 633.

C. anax, Cope, loc. cit.
C. cyliferus, Cope, loc. cit., p. 634.