iliiliiiii Mm M\mm iipiiiiliilHiliiim!; WM i mUv. t » -ci-"^' -*. v>i_cu.jr . ^v.uuji .!_iu.rtui» TTTTJITin. > I FORESTRY PAMPHLETS GUAM Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Vol. IZ. The Useful Plants of the Island of ^uam, with an Introductory Account of the Physical Features and Natur- al History of its People, and of Their Agriculture. By Wm. S. Safford. The Guam Agricultural Experiment Station and Its Work for the Fiscal Year 1910. By John B. Thompson. Annual Report of the Guam Agricultural Experi- ment Station for 1911. Annual Report of the Guam Agricultural Experi- ment Station for 1912. Annual Report of the Guam Agricultural Experi- ment Station for 1913. Report of the Guam Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion for 1915. S H<^o G-^-^ 1 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ADVERTISEMENT. The United States National Herbarium, which was founded by the Smithsonian Institution, was transferred in the jeRV 1868 to the Department of Agriculture, and continued to be maintained by that Department until July 1. 1896, when it was returned to the official custody of the Smithsonian Institution. The Department of Agricul- ture, however, continued to publish the series of botanical reports entitled "Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium,"" begun in the year 1890, until, on July 1, 1902, the National Museum, in pursuance of an act of Congress, assumed responsibilit}' for the pub- lication. The first seven volumes of the series were issued by the Department of Agriculture. S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonicui Institution. Contr. Nat. Herb, Vol. IX. Plate I. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE United States Nationae Herbarium Volume IX THE USEFUL PLANTS OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ACCOUNT OF THE PHYSICAL FEATURES AND NATURAL HISTORY OF THE ISLAND, OF THE CHARACTER AND HISTORY OF ITS PEOPLE, AND OF THEIR AGRICULTURE By WILLIAM EDWIN SAFFORD P£R\ Bt .u; o -, WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE I 905 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM: Issued April 8, 1905. A^-c. -Forestry. if^iB I.ibraiy ■> t t P II E F A C E Mr. W. E. Sali'ord, assistant ])otanist in the Department of Agri- culture, for several years availed himself of the opportunity afforded him as a lieutenant in the United States Navy to study and observe the useful plants of the Tropics. In addition to cruises in other parts of the world he visited, in 1886, 1887, 1894, and 1890, Upolu and Tutuila of the Samoan group, and Oahu of the Hawaiian group; and from August, 1899, to August, 190»», he acted as assistant governor of the island of Guam. This paper has been prepared by Mr. Safford through the recent elaboration of notes and observations made in those 3^ears. While presented under the title "The Useful Plants of Guam," it includes some reference, however brief, to every plant known to occur on that island, particular note being made of those which have been described from Guam by various writers as species new to sci- ence. It discusses the principal plants used for food, liber, oil, starch, sugar, and forage in the Pacific tropical islands recently acquired by the United States, and gives their common names not only in Guam but in the Philippine Islands, Samoa, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The method of cultivating and propagating the more important species is treated in considerable detail, as is the preparation of their derivative products, such as arrowroot, copra, and cacao. The publication will be useful to the rapidly increasing number of American travelers and officers who wish to have in language of as little technicality as possi- ble information about the economic plants of the world; and while the author does not lay claim to more than a report on the island of Guam, nuich of the information he gives is applicable throughout the Tropics, Besides consulting the original narratives of travelers, Mr. Safford took advantage of his exceptional opportunities to study the archives of Guam, and his account of the discovery, early history, and explo- rations of the island, together with its climate, ethnology, and eco- nomic conditions, will afford the most comprehensive and authentic picture of Guam thus far pul)lished. The technical names of the plants have been critically scrutinized by Mr. W. F. Wight, also assistant botanist in the Department of 364008 ' 4 l^REFAGE. A.uriculturo. Th;. t-i.sk has n?oii a lal)orious one, far more la))orious than the printed results suooest, hut in th(> progress of the work its necessity lias l)een amply demonstrated. The result is a substantial l)asis for the uniform designation of economic tropical plants in accord- ance witli the s3'stem now followed by American botanists. Mr. Satford is indebted to Dr. Barton W. Evcrmann, of the Bureau of Fisheries, for photographs Nos. 1, 20, 22, and 44, taken by Dr. Alfred G. IVIayer, of the Agassiz Expedition to the Tropical Pacific, while attached to the U. S. Fish Connnission steamer Alhatross; to j\Ir. "William Bengough for photographs Nos. 2, 7, 8, 23, and 60, taken b}' him on the island of Guam in 11)00; to Lieut. Conmiander J. H Craven, U. S. Nav}', for photograph No. 19; to Lieut. L. M. Nidton, U. S. Navy, for photographs on plate 21; to Dr. Harvey Whittaker, late of the U. S. Navy, for photograph No. 24; to Mr. B. J. Howard, of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agi-iculture, for photographs on plates 9, 10 (fig. 1), 11, 12, and 13; to Mr, F. L. Lew- ton, of the Bureau of Plant Industr}^, U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, for photograph No. 35, taken in Johore for the Government exhibit at Chicago; to Mr. Carl S. Scofield, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, for photographs Nos. 5, 50, and 57, taken from herba- riimi specimens from the island of Guam; to Mr. C. B. Doj^le for photographs Nos. 3, 4, 10 (fig. 2), 31, 32, 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, from herbarium specimens, for No. 15 from the seed collection, and No. 14 from cultivated specimens, taken under the supervision of the author, and No. 17 from specimens collected in Guam by Lieut. Franck Taylor Evans, U. 8. Nav}^; to Messrs. O. F. Cook and Guy N. Collins for Nos. 6, 25, 26, 29, 33, 34, 43, 44, 48, 55, 58, and 66, taken in Porto Rico, Nos. 27, 30, 36, 39, taken in Guatemala, and Nos. 28 and 67, taken in Mexico; and to Mr. Guy N. Collins for Nos. 16, 37, and 63, taken in the Hope Gardens, Kingston, rJamaica. He is also indebted to Mr. Charles M. Mansfield for photograph No. 69, taken from herbarium specimens sent to the author from Guam b}^ Rev. flose Palomo. Through the courtesy of Professor Willis \j. Moore, Chief of the Weather Bureau, an account of the climatology of Guam is also pre- sented, the detailed study of which is the work of Dr. Cleveland Abbe, jr. Fkederick V. COVII.LE, Curator of the U. S. National llerharluia. CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 9 Origin and purpose of tlie present work, and acknowledgments 9 Geographical information 11 Historical notices 12 Discovery of Guam and its early history 12 Magellan 12 Dutch navigators 13 Sailing routes in the Pacific 13 Jesuit missionaries 13 Conquest of the natives lii English pirates 16 Dampier's visit 17 Woodes Rogers 19 Anson 20 De Pages 21 Expulsion of the Jesuits 21 Crozet's visit 23 Scientific explorations of the island 25 JNlalaspina expedition 25 Romanzoff expedition 28 Freycinet expedition 29 DuuK )nt d' Urville's two visits 30 Extra(;ts from the archives of Guam relating to its economic history. 32 Francisco Ramon de Villalobos 33 Pablo Perez 36 Convict labor 38 FeUpe de la Corte 39 Sociedad Agricola 40 Summary 40 Physical conditions of Guam 41 Climate and rainfal 1 41 Hydrography 44 Physical geograpliy 46 Vegetation of the island 52 Plant covering according to habitat 52 Coral reefs 52 Mangrove swamps 52 Rivers 53 The strand 53 The inner beach 54 The cliffs 54 Forests 55 Marshes 57 Savannas 57 Abandoned clearings 58 Village environs 60 Plants of special interest 61 Unidentified trees and shrubs 61 Groups which are not well known 62 Guam types 63 5 6 CONTENTS. Jntrodiu'tioii — CNnitinucil. Page. Vegetation of the Island — Continued. Plants of si)ec'ial interest — Continued. Yams, bananas, and breadfruit 63 Screwpines 64 Banyans, mangroves, and epiphytes of the forest 65 Plants that sleep 65 Plants which seldom 1 )Ioom 66 Plants with extraflural necitaries 6(5 Plants with protective devices 68 Cycas c'ircinalis and its fecundation 71 Dispersal of plants by oceanic currents 72 Animals of the island 76 Mammals 76 P>irds 78 Reptiles 80 Fishes 81 General notes 81 Alphabetical list of principal tishes 83 Marine invertebrates 89 Insects 90 Scorpions, spiders, and centipedes 94 The people 95 Aboriginal inhabitants 95 Physical characteristics 95 Personal and domestic economy 96 Useful arts 100 Navigation 100 Mental and moral cluiracteristics 102 Social institutions and customs 104 Religion and superstitions 109 Language 113 Origin 116 The modern inhabitants 117 Origin and language 117 Physical characteristics 119 Personal and domestic economy 123 Useful arts 124 Mental and moral characteristics 127 Social institutions and customs 128 Industrial system 131 Statistics of population, commerce, etc 137 Standards of measure 138 Agriculture of the island , 139 Soils 139 Indigenous and spontaneous economic plants 142 Cultivated food and stimulant plants 143 Textile and thatch plants 148 Forage plants 150 Weeds 151 Animal pests 152 Plant names 152 Literature 154 Topical sketch 154 Alphabetical list of works consulted or cited 160 Descriptive catalogue of plants 170 Index 405 ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. Plate I. View of Agana, the capital of Guam, showing raised platform of coralliferous limestone forming north half of island Frontispiece. II. The forest, showing epiphj'tal vegetation 55 III. DaralUa solida, an epiphytal fern 56 IV. The great marsh fern, Aerosticlium aureuiii 57 V. Lycopodium cemuum, a characteristic plant of the savannas 57 VI. Agati gnmdifiora, a leguminous tree with edible flowers and pods. . 60 VII. The Agana River, showing textile screwpine, breadfruit, and coco- nut 64 VIII. View of the forest, showing Cycas circmalis, screwpine, and roots of giant banyan 65 IX. Rieinus coniinunis. Fig. 1. Marginal nectar glands. Fig 2. Cross section through petiole at base of leaf blade, showing extrafloral nectaries 66 X. Fig. 1.— Nectar gland on midrib of cotton leaf (Gossypium sp. ). Fio. 2. — Leaf of Pnrill tUlaceum, showing nectar gland 67 XL Raphides, or needle crystals of oxalate of lime, in taro leaf 69 XII. Needle cells of taro, their ends projecting into vacuoles 69 XIII. Cells of taro discharging their needles 70 XIV. Cycas circinaUs, leaf and carpophyll bearing half-developed fruit . . 71 XV. Sea beans, showing air spaces which give them buoyancy 73 XVI. Morlnda c'drifolkt, flowers and fruit 74 XVII. Stone adz and sling stones of alwrigines 107 XVIII. The government house at Agafia 117 XIX. House with thick walls of masonry and tiled roof 123 XX. Typical native dwelling, with sides of bamboo and woven reeds and roof of coconut thatch 124 XXI. Fig. 1. — A modern oven. Fig. 2. — Evaporating salt 127 XXII. Road from Agana to Piti: Carabaos drawing an American wagon. . 134 XXIII. Clearing the forest for planting 141 XXIV. A Pacific island taro patch, Ccdadium colocasia 144 XXV. Arrowroot, Maranta arimdinacea 145 XXVI. Root of the cassava plant, Manihot manihot 145 XXVII. Breadfruit tree, Ariocarpus commnnis, foliage and fruit 145 XXVIII. Mango tree, ilanyij'cra indica, in full fruit 146 XXIX. Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, half-grown fruit 147 XXX. Coffee in full bloom 148 XXXI. The coral bead vine, Ahnis abrus 171 XXXII. Anyiopteris erecta 183 XXXIII. The sour sop, Annona muricata, flowers and fruit 184 XXXIV. The sugar apple, Annona squamosa 185 XXXV. Betel-nut palms, Areca cathecu 187 XXXVI. Fertile breadfruit, Artocarpus communis, male and female inflores- cence, and young fruit 189 7 8 ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. Plate XX X VTT. A rerrhoa caramhola, inflorescence and foliage 193 XX X \' 1 1 1 . Fruit of Jinrriugtonia spcciosa, a fish intoxicant 196 XX XIX. The arnotto tree, Bixa ordUina, foUage and fruit — 199 XL. Briiguiera gymnorhiza, the many-petaled mangrove 202 Xl.l. Cnsuarinn ecjuii^ctifofia. Male inflorescence, female inflores- cence, and fruit 220 XLII. Cciba pcntandni, the kapok tree. Leaf and pod 221 XLIII. Cocos nucifera, the coconut tree, in bloom 232 XLIV. Cocos nucifera, male flowers and female flower 233 XLV. Coclococcus cunicarwn, the Caroline ivory-nut palm 244 XLVI. The ivory nut, Coelococcus arnicaruni 244 XLVII. Cyclophorus adnascens, an epiphytal fern 253 XLVIII. The wing-stemme 335 LX. Pandanus fragrans, a screwpine growing in jungle 344 LXI. Pariti tiliaceum, the only source of cordage on the island 346 LXII. Phymatodes phymatodes, the oak-leaf fern 352 LXIII. Piper hetle, the betel pepper 354 LXIV. AV<(20j)/(o?'a mncro»«/(/, the four-petaled mangrove 364 LXV. Stemmodontia canescens, a strand plant 377 LXVI. Tamarindus indica, the tamarind. Foliage and fruit 383 LXVII. r/jeo6ro?H« cacao, the chocolate plant. Inflorescence 387 LXVIII. Tourneforiia argentea, a characteristic strand shrub 390 LXIX. Xiphagrostis floridula, sword-grass. Spikelets and portion of leaf blade, magnified so as to show cutting teeth 399 LXX. Maj) of the island of Guam 404 THE USEFUL PLANTS OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM. By WilijIam Edwin Safford. INTRODUCTION. ORIGIN AND PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT WORK, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. During a serie.s of cruises in the Pacitic Ocean the routine of my official duties was pleasantl}- l^roken bj^ frequent excursions on shore for the purpose of collecting- material for the United States National Museum, as Avell as for recreation. While sitting in native huts and while wading upon coral reefs, traversing forests and climbing moun- tains, 1 interested m3'self in taking notes on tlie languages and customs of the natives, their arts, medicines, food materials and the manner of preparing them, and the origin of their dyes, paints, fibers for fishing nets and lines, materials for mat making and thatching, woods used in constructing their houses and canoes, and gums and resins used in calking. In attempting to identif}' many of the plants entering into their economy, 1 felt the need of some popular work containing the com- mon names of the more important species in various island groups, together with their descriptions and the uses to which they are applied in various parts of the world, the methods of their cultivation, and the processes of preparing the commercial staples which they yield. Some information of this nature may be derived from accounts of mis- sionaries, travelers, and explorers, but our ship's library was woefully lacking in such works, and nuich of the information contained in the books which were available was incomplete and untrustworth}". Works of a scientific nature, such as the Botany of the Challenger Expedition, though discussing the geographical distri])ution of strand plants and the means of their dissemination, I found to contain only lists of names which were useful in comparing island floras, but did not serve in any way to identify the plants in which I was interested. Others, like Seemann's Flora of Fiji, were too rare and expensive to be placed in the library of an ordinary man-of-war, and could be con- sulted only during visits to San Francisco or Honolulu. Moreover, 9 10 lTriP:FUL PLANTS OF GUAM. tliout^h l'i('(HUMit incntioii is iimdc of (he uses of })hiiits in this work, the (losciiplioiis ;ii(> ill Latin, and tiic hook is not avaihihlc to the avorao'c lay student. It oceurred to nie, therefore, that a popuhir work on the useful plants of Polynesia would he welcome, and 1 set out acc()rdint>-l>^ to gather together such information as 1 could for this purpose. Many of the i)lant8 with which I hecame familiar I encoun- tered on widely separated shores. Some of them 1 found hearing- the same name on islands whose inhabitants have had no intercommunica- tion within historic times. These and kindred facts opened up an alluring lield of ethnological iiKjuiry as to the origin and dispersal of the inhahitants of the myriads of islands which dot the Pacific, a sub- ject upon which 1 shall enter in an initial way during the course of this work." It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge the valuable assistance I have received in the preparation of this work from Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist of the United States Depai-tment of Agriculture; Mr. O. F. Cook, Mr. Guy N. Collins, and Mr. F. L. Lewton, of the office of tropical agriculture, and the late jVIi'. Henry K. Baum. I am indebted to Mr. Carl S. Scotield and Mr. Thomas H. Kearney for aid and suggestions during its progress, and to Messrs. Lyster H. Dewey, Rodney H. True, and V. K. Chesnut for references relating to the fiber plants, medicinal plants, and poisonous plants included in ni}"^ lists. Acknowledgments are also due to Dr. H. W. Wiley and Mr. B. J. Howard, of the Bureau of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, for investigations as to the cause of the acridity of the taro plant and for fine micro-photographs showing the raphides, or needles of oxalate of lime, found in its leaves; also for beautiful representations of extra- floral nectaries of Ricinus and Gossypium. For notes on the agriculture of the island I am indebted to Don Justo Dmigca and Don Antonio Martinez, citizens of Guam, and for botanical material forwarded to me since my departure from the island to Rev. Jose Palomo and Mr. Atanasio T. Perez. In the determination of flowering plants I have been assisted by Mr. E. S. Steele and Mr. Philip Dowell, and of cryptogams by Mr. William L. Maxon, of the National Herbarium. In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to Mr. E. S. Steele and Mr. F. L. Lewton for their great assistance in preparing this work for pu])lication and in helping me to correct the proof sheets. In submitting it 1 venture to express the hope that it may fill a want not only of travelers and students of botany, but also of settlers on tropical islands and in other warm regions of the globe; and I trust that it may be of some use to merchants and manufacturers seeking new sources of tropical staples and raw materials. a See p. 116. SLAND AND PEOPLE. 11 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION. Guam, the largest and most important of tlie oroup known as the Ladrones or Marianne Ishinds. is situated in the Pacilic Ocean about 1,200 miles east of the Philippines. The group forms a chain 120 miles long, extending from latitude 20^ 30' north, longitude llS"" KV east, to latitude 13° 11' north, longitude 142° 31' east. Beginning at the north, the names of the islands are Farallon de Pajaros, Las Urra- cas (Maug), Asuncion (Asomsom). Agrigan. Pagan. Alamagan, Guguan. Sariguan, Anatahan, Farallon de Medinilla, Saipan, Tinian, Aguigan. Rota (Luta), and Guam or Guahan." Guam is the only island belong- ing to the United States. The rest were sold by Spain to Germany at the close of the late war. The seat of the German Government is on the island of Saipan, where there is a colon}" of Caroline Islanders, besides a small population of Marianne natives. The islands are of volcanic origin and are fringed with coral reefs. In the southern meml)ers of the group there are no active volcanoes, but on several of the northern islands there are still a number of smok- ing craters. Guam and vSamoa lie in corresponding latitudes on oppo- site sides of the equator, and their climates are much alike. Their flora and fauna have many features in common, and man}- of the plants used in the economy of the natives are the same. The inhabitants of the two groups, however, though both of the Oceanic race (allied to the Malayan), belong to dift'erent grand divisions of it and have distinct languages and few traditions in common. Guam is consider- ably larger than Tutuila, the. most important of the Samoan Islands owned by the United States, though its chief port, San Luis de Api'u, can not be compared w^ith Pango-Pango, our naval station in the South Pacific, and perhaps the finest harbor in the world. The advantage of Guam as a station for repairs and supplies is evident, forming, as it does, a stopping place for vessels between Hawaii and the Philippines. Its strategic importance has been greatly enhanced since it has been made the landing place of the trans-Pacific cable, and the completion of the Panama Canal will make it still more valuable to our Government. The extreme length of the island from north -northeast to south- southwest is 29 statute miles. Its width is from 7 to 9 miles, narrow- ing at the middle to a neck only 1 miles across. On the northwest coast of this neck is situated Agaiia (Hagadna), the capital, a city of over 0,000 inhabitants. (PI. LXX.) The entire population of the island, according to the census of 1901, was 9,676.'^ «For the pronunciation of vernacular names, see p. 170. ^This indicates the nuniljer of actual residents on the island and does not include visitors nor the Government forces of the United States stationed there. 12 USEFFL PLANTS OF GUAM. HISTORICAL NOTICES. DISCOVERY OF GUAM AND ITS EARLY HISTORY. MAGELLAN. Tho island of Guam was discovered on March 6, 1521, by Magellan, after a passage of three months and twenty days from the strait which bears his name. An account of the privations and suflering- of his crew, many of whom died on the way across the hitherto unexplored ocean, is graphically given by Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan's historian. He describes how the expedition arrived at Guam with the crews suflering from scurvy and in a starving condition, having been com- pelled on the passage to eat rats and even the leather from off the standing rigging to keep soul and bod}- together. In comparison with Magellan's feat of crossing the vast Pacific the first voyage of Columbus, from the Canar}^ Islands to the West Indies, seems insig- nificant. The natives of Guam came out to meet the Spaniards in strange "flying praos" (canoes provided with outriggers and trian- gular sails of mats). The Spaniards had dropped anchor, furled their sails, and were about to land, when it was discovered that a small boat which rode astern of the flagship was missing. Suspecting the natives of having stolen it, Magellan himself went ashore at the head of a landing party of 40 armed men, burned 40 or 50 houses and many boats, and killed 7 or 8 natives, male and female. He then returned to his ship with the missing boat and immediately set sail, continuing his course to the westward. Before we went ashore [says Pigafetta] some of our people who were sick said to us that if we should kill any of the natives, whether man or woman, that we should bring on board their entrails, being persuaded that with the latter they would be cured. AVhen we wounded some of those islanders with arrows, which entered their bodies, they tried to draw forth the arrow now in one way and now in another, in the meantime regarding it with great astonishment, and thus did they who were wounded in the breast, and they died of it, which did not fail to cause us compassion. Seeing us take our departure then, they followed us with more than a hundred boats for more than a league. They approached our ships, showing us fish and feigning to wish to give them to us, but when we were near they cast stones at us and fled. We passed under full sail among their boats, which, with greatest dexterity, avoided us. AVe saw among them some women who were weeping and tearing their hair, surely for their husbands killed by us. The natives did not fare much better at the hands of later visitors. Some of the early navigators enticed them on board and made slaves of them, so that they might man the pumps and keep the ships free from water." They were spoken of as " infidels," to slay whom was no great sin; but if encounters took place between them and Europeans and a white man was killed, he was declared to have been murdered, « See Narrative of the Loaisa Expedition, 1526, Burney, Chron. Hist., vol. 1, p. 217. EARLY NAVIGATORS. 18 and his death was avenged by the burning- of villages, boats, and boat- houses, and by killing men, women, and children." They were branded by their discoverers with the name of ladrones (thieves) for stealing a boat and some bits of iron. The early navigators themselves did not hesitate to steal husbands from their wives and fathers from their children. DUTCH NAVIGATORS. Among the Dutch who visited the island was Oliver van Noort, who touched at Guam in KJOO on his way from the South American coast to Manila. About 200 canoes came off to meet him, bringing fish, fruit, rice, fowls, and fresh water to exchange for iron. He was followed in 1616 by the Dutch admiral, Joris Spilbergen, in command of a fleet fitted out by the Dutch Company, which was on its way to the Moluccas by the westward route; and in 1625 by the Nassau fleet, organized in Holland against Peru, and conunanded I)}' Jacol) THere- mite. One hundred and fifty canoes came off' to meet them, to traffic with coconuts and yams. The fleet watered at the island, and in exchange for iron procured rice, fowls, coconuts, yams, and bananas. Coconuts were observed in inexhaustible quantities; rice was culti- vated in man}^ places, and the natives sold it b}^ weight in bales of seventy to eighty pounds each. The Hollanders considered it unsafe for their men to ramble about the island singly or unarmed. SAILING ROUTES IN THE PACIFIC. Guam was reckoned seventy days from New Spain, as Mexico was then called. After the founding of Manila regular traffic was estab- lished between the coast of Mexico and the Philippines. The first port selected as a place of departure on the Mexican coast was Navidad, but Acapulco was sul)stituted later. The vessels would leave INlexico each year in February or IVIarch, shaping their course a little to the south- ward until the}' reached the latitude of Guam, when they would con- tinue due west until they reached that island. This season was chosen in order to avoid the westerly monsoon in the Philippines, which usually sets in about the middle of June, The vessels returned by a northerlj' route in order to avoid the trade winds and the adverse equatorial current. Both the Mariannes and the Philippines were made dependencies of New Spain and were ruled b}' the viceroy residing at the City of Mexico. JESUIT MISSIONARIES. On his way from New Spain to the Philippines in one of the regular vessels, Padre Diego Luis Sanvitores, a Jesuit priest, touched at Guam and was moved to pity at the sight of the natives living in spiritual « See narrative of the expedition under Miguel Lopez Legazpi, which visited Guam lu 1565, in Burney, Chron. Hist., vol. 1. 14 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. darkness in the midst of an earthly paradise. An account of his life and martyrdom is liiven in an old \ellum-covered book," in which much interesting;- information may he found concerning the natives of Guam. In it, in contrast with the barbarous (M-uelty with which the natives had been treated by visitinj^ Europeans, one may read of their kindness to shipwrecked sailors cast upon their shores, and of the cordial reception of Padre Sanvitores. The}" provided homes for him and his companions and built for them a church. All wished to be baptized forthwith, though the missionaries would at lirst l)aptize only the infants and dyi no- persons; adults in good health had to be instructed in the Chris- tian doctrine before they could enjoy the privilege. In this book many wonderful occurrences arc related — stories of supernatural apparitions, of miraculous cures of men possessed of the devil, of lances, cast by the natives, suddenly arrested in mid-air, and of stones hurled from their slings crumbling harmlessly to dust; but it must not be forgotten that this was an age of marvels. The devil's influence in the affairs of everj^day life was recognized throughout Christendom, and it is not surprising that it found its way to Guam. It was to the power of the evil one over the elements that the early missionaries attributed the adverse winds, which blew almost con- stantly to the westward and prevented ships from sailing directl}^ to Guam from the Philippines. Sanvitores, "the Apostle of the Mariannes," was born in the city of Burgos, in northern Spain, November 12, 1627. The history of his life tells of his early boyhood, his call to the Societ}' of Jesus and ordination, his work among the poor, his journe}^ to Mexico; his departure from Acapulco, April 5, 1662, for Manila; the impression made upon him by the natives of Guam, whom he saw on his passage across the Pacific; his eli'orts to be sent to them as a missionary, the refusal of his superiors at Manila to grant his request, the King's decree ordering the governor of the Philippines to furnish him with the means of reaching the Mariannes, the building of the ship /Sa/i Diego at Cavite and his sailing therein to Acapulco, his appeal for aid to the viceroy of Mexico, his arrival at Guam, March 3, 1668, his emotion on seeing the islanders coming out to meet him, the kindness Avith which the}' welcomed him to their island, the zeal with which he pursued his work, the hardships which he had to endure, and his final martyrdom. The first serious stumbling l)lock in the way of the missionaries was a Chinaman named Choco, living in the village of Paa, at the southern end of the island. This man had been shipwrecked about twenty years before their arrival, and had been kindly received by the natives. He pointed out to the islanders that many children and old people had died immediately after having been l)aptized. He spoke slightingly of the padres, saying that they were people despised and looked down « Garcia, Vida y martyrio de Sanvitores, 1683. See List of works. WAR OF EXTERMINATION. 1^ upon by the Spaniard.s themselves, who for that reason had sent them into exile on this island; and he said that surely' the water used in baptism was poisonous, though some of the more rol)Ust upon whom it was poured might resist its effects. As it was indeed true that many of those baptized had died shortly after the performance of the rite, and as the missionaries thought them happy in dying- thus secure of salvation, it seemed to the natives that there might l)e truth in the Chinaman's charges. Henceforward, instead of receiving the mission- aries joy f nil V in their villages and retaining them as guests almost against their will, the natives greeted them with scowding faces, and, caUing them nnirderers, threatened them with their spears. They no longer offered them breadfruit, as had been their custom, and mothers on their approach would catch up their infants and fly with them to the woods for safety; or if the little ones were sick or dying, they would conceal them in their houses as best the}^ could,'' In their zeal the missionaries would often baptize children in spite of the threats of the fathers and the tears and prayers of the mothers. Moreover, they awakened the enmity of the uml-ah )}((■'<, or wise men, whom they declared to ))e impostors; the}" assailed the liberty of the urritaos^ or bachelors, by their efforts to abolish the " great houses " of the villages, in which they lived with unmarried women; they tried to change the marriage customs, according to which the parents received presents fi"om the bridegrooms for their daughters; thev tried to put an end to the invo- cation of the aniti, or spirits, and taught that it was wrong to venerate the relics of ancestors. Less than two j^ears after the arrival of the missionaries in the islands, on Januar}" 29, 1670, a priest was killed on the island of Saipan for having baptized a child in spite of the pi'otests of its parents;^ and on April 2, 1672, in Guam, Padre Sanvitores met his death in the same waj". CONQUEST OF THE NATIVES. A war of extermination now began, which lasted twentv-three vears, suspended from time to time when the Spaniards found themselves too w^eak to continue it, but resumed at the arrival of each ship bring- ing reinforcements, no matter whether in the meantinie peace w ith the natives had been declared or not. Often whole villages w^ere punished for the act of a single man, and innocent natives who had committed no crime whatever were shot down wantonly.'' Much did the evangelical ministers regret these excesses of the fervors of the new soldiers [says Padre Garcia], which, with the lack of experience and too great desire to make themselves feared, placed in jeopardy all Christianity; for the Indians retired from their villages to others more distant from Agadfia, and it was feared with reason that the whole island would form a confederation against the Spaniards "Garcia, op. cit., p. 224. c Garcia, op. cit., pp. 446,447. & Garcia, op. cit., pp. 421-424. !<» usp:ful vlants of (hjam. ;uiii iKulrc'sasa^uiiist luimiciiles, who, tin- one.s witli liiipliKiii, as many nativen already said, ami tlie otliiTH with arms, came to take tlie lives of tliemsclveH and their chil- dren. Padre Solano, calling together the soldiers of the post, declared to them that though arms used in their ])roper time and season were the defense of that Chris- tianity, yet wielded intempestively they would be its destruction, since they would not only irritate with reason the Indians, but would become unworthy of the favor of the Tjord, without wiiich what could twenty or thirty men do against thirty thou- sand? For thus far only the l)arbanans' dread of firearms had jjrotected the mission, and if this were lost the multitude could not be withstood. That they would lose this dread with their constant use, even at the price of injuries to themselves, and if they once rushed upon the arms they might seize them, and with these in their pos- session our defense would be converted into our injury. He charged the soldiers very jjarticularly that in the southern part of the island, where the only villages were in which the missions were unhampered, they should abstain from all hostility, so as not to hinder the only harvest which at that season could be gleaned, and not to make enemies of those whom they now held as friends. The soldiers approved the discourse and promised to conline themselves within the limits of justice and prudence. « It is not the province of these notes to give a detailed account of the uprisings of the natives and the methods taken by the various gov- ernors and military commanders to quell them. The yearly reports of the missionaries tell of the flight of the natives from island to island, pursued b}^ their conquerors, whose arquebuses and arrows they resisted with their simple slings and spears as best they could, and of their reconcontration on the island of Guam, where they were stricken by an epidemic which almost exterminated them. Moreover [says one of these writers],^ this diminution was caused greatly liy the repugnance with which they Iwre a foreign yoke — lovers ever of all the latitude which their primitive freedom permitted them — and this burden weighed so heavily upon their haughtiness, laziness, and barbarity that some even sacrificed their lives in despair; and some women either jiurposely sterilized themselves or cast into the waters their new-born infants, believing them happy to die thus early, saved from the toils of a life gloomy, painful, and miserable. In all the dominions of Spain there is no nation more free from burdens, since they pay no tribute to the King — a common custom in all nations — nor do they give to the church the fees which are given throughout Christendom; but, as they see not what the rest suffer, they judge that subjection is the worst misery of the world. ENGLISH PIRATES. Two years after the publication of Padre Garcia's account of the island, on March 15, 1685, the English pirates, Eaton and Cowley, anchored at Guam. Thev found the governor, Don Damian Esplana, in a state of uneasiness owing to the hostile attitude of the natives, who, under a chief named Yura, had risen against the Spaniards less than a year ])efore, had wounded the governor and killed several mis- sionaries and a number of soldiers. Cowley describes in his narrative « Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 447. ''Murillo Velarde, Historia, Libro IV, 1749; Fray Juan de la Concepcion, Hist. Gen., Tomo VII, p. 348, 1788-92. DAMPIER. 17 how the ship was received by the natives, who brouj^ht them "pota- toes, mananocs, coconuts, and plantains, selling them to us for old nails and old iron. But they hc'mg treacherous, we trusted them not; for we had alwavs our small arms readv, and p-rcat g-uns loaden with round ball and cartridges. Sometimes we would have our deck full with these intidels; but we were always in arms, having our swords and pistols by our sides, with some Centinels standing al)aft before them." Some of the Englishmen having gone tishing with the natives, the latter surrounded the boat by a seine, as though to draw it ashore together with its crew. The bucaneers in the boats being provided with firearms — let go in amongst the thickest of them and killed a great many of their number, while the others, seeing their mates fall, ran away. Our other men which were on shoar meeting them, saluted them also 1)y making Holes in their Hides. We took our Boat immediately thereupon, and went on board, most of our well men being on shoar, and seeing many of these Infidels' boats lie along our ship's side, did not know what design they might have on board [against] our sick men; but as it fell out, they were Boats which came from the governor, with more presents for our refreshment. * * * We took four of these infidels Prisoners, and brought them on board, l:)inding their hands behind them; but they had not been long there, when three of them leaped over board into the sea, swimming away from the ship with their hands tied behind them. However, we sent the boat after them, and found a strong man at the first Blow could not penetrate their skins with a cutlace: One of them had received, in my judgment, 40 shots in his body before he died; and the last of the three that was killed, had swam a good English mile first, not only with his Hands behind him, as before, but also w'ith his Arms pinion'd. The governor gave carte blanche to the pirates to kill as many natives as they pleased and even rewarded them with presents of hogs, pumpkins, green stutf, "potatoes," and rice; after which they saluted him with three guns and sailed away.^' dampier's visit. The following year, on May 20, 1686, Captain 8wan arrived at Guam, accompanied by Dampier,^ who giv^es in the tirst volume of his voA'ages an excellent account of the island, its products, the inhabitants, and their wonderful canoes, which he "did believe to sail the best of any Boats in the World." Under the above date he writes as follows: At 4 a Clock, to our great Joy, we saw the Island Guam, at about 8 leagues dis- tance. It was well for Captain Sinm that we got sight of it before our Provision was spent, of which we had Ixit enough for 3 days more; for, as I was afterwards informed, tlie ^Nlen had contrived, first to kill Captain Swan and eat him when the Vituals was gone, and after him all of us who were accessary in promoting the undertaking this Voyage. This made Captain Swan say to me after our arrival at fruam, Ah! Dampier, you vould have made them hut a poor Meal; for I was as lean as the Captain was lusty and fleshy. « Cowley's voyage, in Dampier's Voyages, vol. 4, 1729. &A new Voyage Round the World, by Capt. William Dampier, vol. 1, p. 283, 1717. 9773—05 2 18 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Diinipior's accurate descriptions of tlie ])readfruit and the coconut are given further on, in the Alphabetical list of useful plants, under the hcudingH Artocarpus coimnunls and Cocas nucifera. Of the bread- fruit he saj^s:" I did never see of this Fruit any where but here. The Natives told us, that there is plenty of this Fruit growing on the rest of the Ladrone Islands; but 1 did never hear of it anywhere else. And of the coconuts he says:* These at Guam, grow in dry ground, are of a middle size, and I think the sweetest that I did ever taste. Dampier relates that when the natives were repulsed by the Span- iards in the recent uprising they destroyed the plantations and stock, and those implicated in the conspiracy then went to other islands. As for the remaining ones, if they were not actually concerned in that broil, yet their hearts were also bent against the Spaniards, for they offered to carry the Englishmen to the fort and assist them in the con- quest of the island; but Captain Swan was not for molesting the Span- iards here, as it was to his interest to use the island as a base for supplies. At this time there were at Guam only the governor, twenty or thirty Spanish soldiers, and two or three priests. Captain Swan detained a priest who came off' to visit his ship, and requested him to write a letter to the governor stating that the English had come to the island not in any hostile manner, but as friends to purchase with their money what they wanted. He sent a present to the governor of 4 yards of scarlet cloth and a piece of silver and gold lace. The governor replied to the letter at once, complimenting Cap- tain Swan for his present and promising as much provision as he could possibly spare. As a token of his gratitude he sent a present of 6 Hogs of a small sort, most excel- lent Meat, the best I think that ever I eat [says Dampier]. They are fed with Coco- nuts, and their flesh is hard as Brisket Beef. They were doubtless of that breed in America which came originally from Pjiain. He sent also 12 Muskmelons, larger than ours in England, and as many Water-melons, both sorts here being a very excellent Fruit; and sent an order to the Indians that lived in a Village not far from our Ship, to bake every day as much of the Bread-fruit as we did desire, and to assist us in getting as many dry Coco-nuts as we would have; which they accordingly did, and brought off the Bread-fruit every day hot, as much as we could eat. After this the Governour sent every day a Canoa or two with Hogs and Fruit, and desired for the same Powder, Shot, and Arms; which was sent according to his request. * * * The 30th day of May, the Governour sent his last Present, which was some Hogs, a Jar of pickled Mangoes, a Jar of excellent pickled Fish, and a Jar of fine Rusk, or Bread of fine Wheat Flower, baked like Bisket, but not so hard. He sent besides, 6 or 7 packs of Rice, desiring to be excused from sending any more Provision to us, saying he had no more on the Island that he could spare. He sent word also, that the West Monsoon was at hand, that therefore it behooved us to be jogging from «A new Voyage Round the World, p. 297, 1717. i'Op. cit., p. 296. ENGLISH PEIVATEERS. 19 hence, unless we were resolved to turn back to Aiaerica again. Captain Swan returned him thanks for his kindness and advice, and took his leave; and the same day sent the Frier ashoar that was seized on our first arrival, and gave him a large Brass Clock, an Astrolabe, and a large Telescope; for which Present the Frier sent us aboard six Hogs, and a roasting Pig, 3 or 4 Bushels of Potatoes, and 50 pounds of Manila Tobacco. Then we prepared to be gone, being pretty well furnished with Provision to carry us to Mindanao, where we designed next to touch. We took aboard as many Coco-nuts as we could well stow, and we had a good stock of Rice, and about 50 Hogs in salt.« WOODES ROGERS. On March 11, 1710, the celebrated English privateer Woodes Rogers arrived at Guam, accompanied by Alexander Selkirk, whom he had recently rescued from the island of Juan Fernandez, in the South Pacific. The English were in pretty bad condition. Their provisions were nearly exhausted, and many of them were sick and sutiering from wounds received in battle with the Spaniards on the American coast. Rogers had with him a prize, J^uestra Senora de ki Incarnacion^ the name of which he had changed to the Batchelor Frigate. He car- ried with him considerable booty in the form of money, jewels, and fabrics taken from the natives of Guayaquil and other Spanish-Ameri- can towns recently sacked by him, and among his prisoners were sev- eral officers of the recently captured prize. To the governor of Guam (Don Antonio Pimentel) Rogers and his associates wrote the following- letter: Sir: We being Servants of her ^lajesty of Great Britain, and stopping at these Islands on our Way to the F^ast Indies, will not molest the settlement; provided you deal fairly with us. We will pay for whatever Provisions and Refreshments you have to spare, in such manner as best agrees with your Conveniency, either in Money or any Necessaries you want. But if after this civil Request you deny us, and do not act like a Man of Honour, you may immediately expect such Military Treatment, as we are with ease able to give you. This we thought fit to confirm under our Hands, recommending to you our Friendship and kind Treatment, which we hope you'll esteem, and assure yourself we then shall be with the strictest Honour Your friends and humble Servants, W. Rogers. S. Courtney. E. Cooke. To the Honourable Governor of the Island of Guam. March 23, 1709 (1710). As the governor had no adequate means of resisting the English, he supplied them with provisions. Courtesies were interchanged, the Spaniards entertaining the English on shore and accepting their invi- tation to entertainments on board the ships. Rogers presented to the governor two negro boys ''dressed in liveries," 20 yards scarlet cloth- serge, and 6 pieces of cambric, "which he seemed wonderfully well plea.sed with.*' The ships were supplied with 60 hogs, 99 fowls, 2-1 «0p. cit., pp. 301-304. 20 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. bjiskets of Iiidiuii corn, 14 haos of rice, 44 ))a,skcts of yams, and 800 coconuts. Fourteen bullocks, described as ""small and lean," were dis- tributed iimong the ships, and each ship was given 2 cows and calves. 'I'h(> English took receipts from the Spanish for theii- presents, and gave to them certificates "to show to au}^ English that thcj had parted friendly." They sent ashore an old Spaniard whom they held as prisoner and got a receipt for him. In Woodcs l{ogers"'s Narrative he gives the pojjulation of the islands and various other data. Among the fruits were oranges, lemons, cit- rons, muskmelons, and watermelons, which were brought hither b}^ the Spaniards. The orange trees were thriving well. Cattle were plenty, but were small and poor. Much indigo was seen growing wild and not utilized. Money was scarce. The 200 soldiers were paid once a year in nionej brought from Manila, the ship bringing their pay carr3'ing also clothing, sugar, i"ice, and liquors. These articles being sold on the island, the ship usually returned to Manila with most of the mone}' she had brought. On this account the natives were plant- ing rice and making other improvements in their agriculture. The hogs were described as "the best pork in the world, because they are fed altogether on coconuts and breadfruit, which are plentiful here." The Spaniards were marrying with the natives. The Indians are described as tall, strong, and dark-colored, the men wearing no cloth- ing but a breech clout and the women wearing little petticoats. The natives were skillful in slinging stones, which they made of clay, of an oval form, burning them till as hard as marble. They were such good marksmen that the Spaniards said they seldom missed hitting any mark, throw^ing a projectile with such force as to kill a man at a considerable distance. They also had lances, made of coconut wood. One of the flying praos of the natives was presented by the governor to Woodes Rogers, who gives a detailed description of it in his Narrative.'^' The governor of Guam, Don Antonio Pimentel, was afterwards tried by the Spanish authorities for giving aid and comfort to the English. A copy of the proceedings now in the archives at Agana, dated 1720, is marked "Causa formada en virtud de Real provision a Don Juan Antonio Pimentel, Gobernador de estas islas Marianas, sobre la acogida y refresco que dio a los Piratas, que apresaron la Nao Almiranta Nuestra Senora de la Encarnacion de la carrera do Acapulco." ANSON. Among the other travelers to visit the Marianne Islands was Anson, the famous circunmavigator, who stopi)ed at Tinian for repairs in 1742, the same year that he captured the treasure- laden galleon from "See Woodes Rogers's Narrative, 1712. EXPULSION OF THE JESLTITS. 21 Acapiilco, on which was found the chart containing, as far as is known, the tirst indication of the existence of the Hawaiian Islands/' Anson had been sent from Eno'land in 1740 to annoy the Spaniards in the South Seas. After having lost most of his men from scurvy, he crossed the Pacitic in the only remaining ship out of his squadron of eio-ht vessels, the Centurion. He found the island of Tinian nearlv deserted and overrun with wild cattle and wild hogs. He gives a o-lowino- account of the beautv of the island, but this was declared by Byron, who afterwards visited the island, to be overdrawn. DE PAGES. In 1768 Guam was visited l)y the French traveler, De Pages, who was a passenger on the galleon that brought Don Enrique de Olavide y Michelena. Don Enrique was about to begin a second term as gov- ernor of the Mariannes, relieving Don Jose de Soroa. In De Pages's narrative'^ he gives a vivid account of his trip from Acapulco to Guam, describing the conditions on board the galleon, the character of the passengers and cargo, the courses steered, and the weather encountered. At Guam he saw the breadfruit for the lirst time, and he speaks of the habit of betel chewing, to which the natives were addicted, describing the areca nut and the betel pepper. As an illus- tration of the isolated state of Guam, he states that it had been eight years since a vessel from Manila had touched at the island. EXPULSIOX OF THE JESUITS. A year after the arrival of Olavide the Jesuit missionaries were expelled from the Mariannes by the edict of the King of Spain, Carlos III, dated February 27, 1767. It was this King who joined France in sending assistance to the American colonies during their struggle for independence. The Jesuits had been in the islands for a centur}', and whatever ma}' have been the harsh means b}' which they were established there, they had won the love and conhdence of the natives, and were kind and just in their dealings with them, protecting them when necessary against acts of cruelty, injustice, and oppression on the part of the military authorities,'^ and never exacting services from them without due compensation. A school for the education of native children had l)een established shortly after the death of Padre Sanvi- tores under the name of ''Colegio de San Juan de Letran,'' and had been endowed with a fund yielding 3,OU0 pesos a year b}' Maria Anna «See Lord Anson's Voyage Round the World, 1748. ''De Pages, Travels Round the World (English translation), 1791. <■ Among the official papers in the archives at Agana are the proceedings of several " residencias, " or courts of inquiry, held at Agana for the trial of governors and officers composing their staff. In these trials the padres represented the interests of natives who might have cause for complaint against the authorities. 22 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. of Austria, in whose honor the islands were named. The Jesuits tauyht not only the Christian (h)ctrine and the ehMninits of k^arnino', but many useful arts as well. The}' also instructed the native youths in uuisic, as is shown bj^ the inventory of their eti'ects and the testi- mony of travelers visiting the island shortly after their expulsion. They had several farms in flourishino- condition, the finest of which was that of Tachoo-fia, in the interior of (ruam, between Agana and Pao'o. On this farm, called '"San Ignacio de Tachogna," they had a tine herd of cattle, and elsewhere the}- had a stallion and a number of brood mares. They were in constant connnunication with missions of their order in other countries, receiving fabrics from New Spain as well as from China and Manila, spices from Ceylon, and tobacco from Mexico. Under their supervision the natives learned to cultivate maize, tobacco, cacao, sweet potatoes, and other plants brought from America, and in the inventories, besides a suppl}' of garden imple- ments called "fosinos" (thrust hoes), new machetes for clearing the forest, and other implements, were found steel, iron, and blacksmith's tools, tan bark and vats for tanning, carpenters' tools, saws, crow- bars, pickaxes, paints, stones for grinding pigments, "metates" and "manos," like those of the Mexicans for converting maize into tor- tillas, and material and instruments for making ornaments for their altars. The 3^oung lieutenant of the armada who brought the order for their expulsion had been instructed to take away in his schooner the Jesuits, together with all their belongings. Realizing that this would be impossible, he made an official statement in writing to the governor, saying that his little schooner, with a single deck, could not accomplish the task; that it would reciuire several two-decked vessels much larger than his own to take away all the belongings of the Fathers. Nevertheless, on November 2, 1T6!:<, the schooner Nuest^ra Senora de Guadalxqje., which had brought the decree of banishment, sailed awa}^ from Guam, carrying the Fathers, together witli as many of their personal effects as possible. Man}^ of their papers were burned. In the inventory of their effects in the archives at Agana is a list of letters, copies of memorials, manuscript sermons, and books. Even the lay brother in the kitchen, who acted as procurador, had a librar}^ of his own. On the arrival of the decree the senior of the missionaries, Padre Xavier Stengel, was absent, having gone to the neighboring island of llota to hear confessions and administer the annual communion to the natives. A canoe was sent to bring him. As one of the Fathers had died sometime before the arrival of the decree, it was necessary to carry back a certified statement of his death and burial to account for his not sailing with the others. After the Jesuits' departure the farms were neglected, the cattle, now the property of the Crown, ran wild, and many animals were killed by the natives, as may be seen in the records of trials in the ADMINISTRATION OF TOBIAS. 23 arcliives. The spiritual administration of the islands was handed ov^er to friars of the order of St. Augustine, who had come as passengers on the schooner bringing the decree. This religious order continued on the island until its seizure b}' the United States. crozet's visit. The next governor of the Mariannes, Don Mariano Tobias, has been immortalized by the A])be Raynal in his Histoire et politique desetab- lissements et du commerce des Europeens dans les deux Indes. Raj'nal hated the tyranu}^ and injustice with which primitive nations were so often treated, and believed that the rights of individuals should be considered even though their skins might ])e brown and their clothing scant. He called attention to glaring acts of crueltj' and oppression ])erpetrated by European nations upon the natives of newly colonized countries. In consequence of his bold accusations his book was condemned to be burned (May 29, 1781), and he was obliged to fly from France. An interesting account of the island during Tobias's administration is given b}^ Crozet, who visited Guam September 27, 1772." Crozet was an officer of the expedition of the French navigator Marion- Dufresne, which left Mauritius on a voyage of discovery in the South Seas. On June 8, 1772, Marion was killed and eaten by natives of New Zealand b}' whom he and his men had been invited ashore to a feast. The Chevalier du Clesmeur, who commanded one of the vessels, left seeds of a number of useful plants at Guam. Among them were those of Cajan cajan^ which has ever since been called "lenteja francesa" b}^ the natives. Crozet describes the breadfruit tree, the manner of its propagation b}' cuttings, and the preparation of its fruit for food. He noticed that cattle are very fond of its leaves. He speaks of the edible chestmit-like seeds of the ''dugdug," or fertile breadfruit, and mentions the principal fruits growing on the island. Guavas already formed thickets in open places. The indigenous capers growing near the sea attracted him by the beauty and fragrance of their flowers. They had already been transplanted to the Philippines. Provisions were so plentiful that it was not necessar}^ to fish, though the French sailors caught some fresh-water fishes, including eels, in the streams of the island. These were held in less esteem by the natives than salt-water fish. Crozet savs that Tobias had stimulated the natives to cultivate their fields, which they had neglected owing to the importation of breadstufl' for the missionaries and garrison by the galleons from Mexico. He attributes the introduction of the cultiva- tion of maize, rice, sugar cane, and other useful plants to Tobias, who also planted avenues of coconut palms and breadfruit trees four deep aNouveau Yovage. See List of works. 24 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. alono- the ])oa('h aiid around the town, niakinjjf A^ana an endianting ])hice. Crozet is uu(lou))tedly wron<^ in liis statement as to the intro- cUiction of niaiiy of these plants. It is ceilain tiuit maize was eulti- vated in (luani as early as 1()76, nearly a hundred years before Tobias's time; for Padre Garcia states that the natives in that year destroyed the maize plantation, which was the principal sustenance of the missionaries and the soldiers/' Rice and sugar cane were cultivated by the aborigines before the advent of the Spaniards. Many of the improvements attributed l)y Crozet to Tobias were due to the Jesuits, though it is undoubtedly true that he encouraged agriculture and other useful arts, and in all prol)ability introduced domestic animals, as well as the deer which now overrun the island. What the Jesuits did for the island is shown by the documentary evidence left behind them. Crozet speaks of the use of cattle for draft animals, and sa3^s that then, as now, they were ridden like horses and that each family of nati\'es had several riding beasts. La Perouse, who visited Manila in 1787, has given the following account of Tobias's subsequent misfortunes: I saw at Manila that virtuous and upright governor of the Ladrones, M. Tobias, who, unhappily for his repose, has been too much celebrated by AV)be Raynal. 1 saw him jiersecuted by the moilks, who, representing him as a wretch desti- tute of piety, have alienated the affections of his wife, who has even demanded to be separated from him, that she might not live with a reputed reprobate, and all the fanatics have applauded her resolution. M. Tobias is the lieutenant-colonel of the regiment wliich forms the garrison of Manila, and is known to betlie best ofhcer in the country, yet the governor has ordered that his appointments, which are con- sideral)le, should be paid to this pious wife, leaving him only $26 a month for his own subsistence and that of his son. This brave soldier, reduced to desperation, was waiting for a proper opportunity to quit the colony in order to obtain justice. ^ It is interesting to read Crozet's description of Agana as it was in 1872, six years before the rediscovery of the Hawaiian Islands by Cap- tain Cook. He gives the population as about 1,500 natives. There is a beautiful church, decorated according to the Spanish custom. The coinmandant's house is sjiacious and well built. The former residence of the Jesuits, now occuijied ))y the St. Augustinian Brotherhood, is spacious and conve- nient, but the fine Jesuits' college, built for the education of the Indians, is not inhabited, their successors, the Augustinians, having removed the college to a build- ing near the convent. There is a l)arracks capable of lodging a garrison of 500 men, and there is the King's fine, large magazine. All these iMiildings are of brick and tile. The island of Guam is the only island in the vast extent of the South Sea, sprinkled as it is with innumerable islands, which has a European-built town, a church, fortifications, ami a civilized population. On leaving Guam Crozet carried two plants of the l)rejidf ruit with him to the island of Mauritius. « (jarcia, Vida y martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 554, 1683. ^ La Perouse, Voyage Anjund the World, vol. 2, p. 285, 1807. THADDAEUS HAENKE. 25 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE ISLAND. MALASPINA EXPEDITION. In February, 1792, Guam was vi.sited ])y Alessandro Malaspina, in command of the corvettes Atrevida and Desciibierta, which had been sent by Carlos IV, King of Spain, on a yoyage of scientific inyestiga- tion. Attached to hi.s expedition as naturalists were Thaddaeus Haenke and Luis Nee, who were the tirst to make systematic botanical collec- tion.s on the island. They were also the lirst l)otanist.s to yisit Cali- fornia, haying the preceding year collected in the yicinity of San Diego and Monterey.'^ The story of Haenke's adyentures while attempting to join Mala- spina is told both in the official narrative of the expedition and in the preface to Presl's Reliquia' Haenkeana?. Haenke was a Bohemian by birth. He received his botanical education from Jacquin, who for a time was professor of chemistry and botany in Vienna, and upon his reconnnendation was appointed botanist of the expedition by the King of Spain. Although he set out for Cadiz immediately on receiving his appointment, he reached that port onh" to lind that the two cor- vettes had just set sail (July 30, 1789). Following them in the first vessel bound for Montevideo, he suffered shipwreck on one of the numerous shoals at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, losing nearly all his books, papers, and effects. He succeeded in reaching shore, how- ever, with his Linna?us and a collecting outfit, but he found that the expedition had alread}' sailed. Knowing that it was to stop on the coast of Chile, he set out at once on foot, crossing the Pampas of Argentina and the Chilean cordillera of the Andes, collecting and drying plants on the wa^^'^ On reaching Santiago, Chile, to his great joy he found there Malaspina and a number of his officers, who had left their ships at anchor in the harbor of Valparaiso to pay an official visit to the capital. He immediately reported foi- duty and was assigned to the Descuhiet'ta. The expedition skirted the coasts of South America, Mexico, and North America as far as Port Mulgravc, which is situated in Yakutat Bay, southern Alaska. Their exploration of the latter region is com- memorated 1)}' the name of the celeV)rated Malaspina Glacier. Return- ing to Mexico, Haenke went alone on a collecting tour from Acapulco to Mexico Cit}" and back. Leaving Acapulco on December 21, 1791, the expedition sailed for Guam, coming to anchoi- on Februaiy 12, « See Brewer, in Geological Survey of California, Botany, vol. 2, p. 553, 1880. ^ " Con un verdadero amor ;i las ciencias y particularmente :i la botanica, conside- raba resarcidos en mucha parte los sufriiuientos pasados, pues le habian deparado la ca.sualidad de atravesar las Pampns o Jlamiras de Buenos Aires y las eordilleras del Chile, logrando aeopiar liasta 1,400 i)huita!^, la mayor parte nuevas o no bien carac- terizadas." Official narrative, p. 86, 1885. 26 USEFFL PLANTS OF OF AM. 17!>i\ in the roadstead of Uniata. Mai\y of the crew were sufler- inj4- from an epidemic caught at Acapiilco. Haenke proceeded to Agafia and the northern part of the ishmd, Nee to the hills near Ihnata, each making collections of plants. Don Antonio Pineda, who shortly afterwards lost his life in the Philippines, occupied himself with the o-eoloofv and zoology of the island. The governor, Lieut. Col. Don Jose Arlegui, oti'ered them every facility foi" carrying on their work. Don Juan Ravenet made sketches of a couple of the natives and of a native of the Caroline Islands, between which group and Guam a regular traffic had existed since 17S8. The expedition set sail at daylight on the morning of Februar}^ 24. A few plants were collected on Tinian, one of the northern islands, but the bulk of the collection from the Mariannes was made on the island of Guam. From Guam the expedition sailed for Cape Espiritu Santo, island of Samar, in the Philippine group. From the Philippines it proceeded to Botany Bay, and thence to the Society Islands. Returning to the Peruvian coast, the expedition received news of the French Revolution and of the declaration of war with France. The botanists separated. Nee left the Atrevida on the coast of Chile and proceeded overland, stop- ping at Talcahuano, Concepcion, and Santiago, and thence by waj^ of the Cordillera del Valle to Mendoza and over the pampas to Buenos Ayres. He rejoined the expedition May 10. Haenke crossed the Peruvian Andes to Tarma and visited the region al)out Huanuco, at the headwaters of the Rio Huallaga, a tributary of the Maranon. With the approval of the viceroy of Peru, it was decided that he should proceed across the continent to Buenos Ayres b}' wa}' of Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Cuzco, and Potosi (situated in what is now Bolivian territory), occupying himself on the way with botany, zoology, and mineralogy; and a soldier named Geronimo Arcangel was detailed to accompany him. Letters were received from him from Cuzco and Arequipa reporting the progress of his explorations and stating that he expected to reach Montevideo the early part of the following year. The expedition, howev'er, was suddenly ordered home on account of the war, and Haenke remained in South America, collecting extensiveh^ in the interior of what is now Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. In 1790 he established himself at Cochabamba, a city beautifully situated on the fertile plateau watered by the tributaries of the Rio Grande, now the chief agricultural and industrial center of Bolivia. Here he estab- lished a botanical garden, gave medical assistance to his neighbors, and occupied himself with the study of natural science, making- repeated excursions throughout the territory of what is now Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. Alcide d'Orbigny, in his paper on the genus Vic- toria, tells of meeting in his travels in South America with a Spanish missionary, Padre Lacueva, who had accompanied Haenke on one of his expeditious. The padre related an incident which illustrates in a I COLLECTIONS OF HAENKE AND NEE. 27 most touching manner the enthusiasm which was characteristic of the collector and observer. While thev were navigating' the Rio Mamore in a canoe they discovered in a marsh bordering the river a plant so marvelousl}" beautiful that Haenkc fell upon his knees in worship, offering to the Author of so magnificent a creation a prayer of grateful homage. He insisted on sto])ping and camping at this place and left it with the greatest reluctance." This was about the 3'ear 1801. The plant was in all probabilit}" the magniticent water lily afterwards described as Victoi^ia amasonica. Haenke looked forward to returning some da^^ to Europe, l)ut he was accidentally poisoned and died at Cochabama in 181T. Only a small proportion of his herl)arium reached Europe, the greatest part having been sent by the authorities to Lima, where it was lost. About 9,000 plants collected on the Malaspina expedition were sent, according- to his wish, to the National ^Museum of Bohemia, at Prague. Others found their way to the Ko3'al Garden at Madrid, with those of Nee. Duplicates of these were sent to the University of Prague and the Musee Palatin at Vienna, and about 700 species to the Royal Herl^arium at Munich. It was upon the collections at Prague and the notes accom- panying them that the Reliquiie Haenkeana; of Presl was based.* Nee, who reached Cadiz in 1794, took back with him 10,000 plants, nearl}^ half of which were apparently new. His herbarium, together with descriptive notes and drawings, belong to the Roval Garden at ]\Iadrid. Many of his Guam plants were described in 1802 by Cava- nilles;"^' among them are a number of ferns as well as of flowering- plants that have not since been recognized, and no careful comparison has been made between the types in Madrid and material f ronj the Pacific in England. Notes of both Nee and Haenke are included in Malaspina's ofBcial narrative, h'ing in manuscript in the archives of the Madrid hjalro- graphic oflice. ]\Ialaspina shorth-^ after his return to Spain was thrown into prison, suspected of revolutionary designs. The Spanish Gov- ernment refused to publish his narrative, and when a map appeared embodying the results of his explorations his name was not allowed to appear upon it. Humboldt speaks of this great injustice with indig- nation. Malaspina was an Italian by Inrth. A sketch of his life is included in Amat di San Filipo's Biogratia dei viaggiatori italiani, Rome, 1881. For a long time his manuscript history disappeared from view and investigations concerning it were made by the Societa Geo- grafica Italiana, the president of which, in his address of 1868 (Bolle- tino, 1868, pp. 73-71), announces its discovery in the archives of the hydrographic oflice at Madrid, and states that it is written in a great « A. d'Orbigny, Anuales des Sciences Naturelles, vol. 13, p. 55, 1840. ^ See List of works. <' Cavanilles, Josef, Descripcion, etc. See List of works. 28 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. part l)v Mulaspi Mil's own hand. It is quito voluminous. A part of the narrative is said to have biMMi puhlisluMl in the Aiialcs Ilidroj^raticos in 1871, but no such publication can be found in the official list. The narrative, much abridged, finall}' appeared in 1885, seventy-six 3^ears after the death of the brave and unfortunate navigator." For the most part it consists of bare statements of facts, resembling a log book, and has few descriptions and little detailed information concern- ing the countries visited. A satisfactor}^ histor\^ of this imi)ortant expedition still remains to be 'written. ROMANZOFF EXPEDITION. On the evening of November 24, 1817, the brig Ruril\ fitted out at the expense of the chancellor of the Russian Empire, Count Roman- zolf, for the purpose of scientific exploration, and commanded b}^ Otto von Kotzebuc, a lieutenant in the Russian navy, came to anchor in the harbor of San Luis de Apra. Attached to her were the botanist Adelbert von (3hamisso; the naturalist Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, and the artist Ludwig Choris. Owing to the shortness of the BurlFs sta}^ at Guam it was not possible to make extensive collections. Chamisso, however, got much interesting and valuable information while on the island from the Sargento Mayor Don Luis de Torres. To botanists, Eschscholtz's name is chiefly associated with the beautiful "Californian poppy" (Eschscholtzia), named in his honor by Chamisso. The narrative of the expedition was published by Kotzebue, under the title of "A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Behring's Straits," etc.'' This narrative, which embodies Chamisso's observa- tions, is filled with errors and misstatements. It was miserabl}^ " done into English" h\ a translator who "joined to a style at once bald and incorrect a deplorable ignorance of his subject; hence the work abounds in errors of the grossest kind."'" Chamisso, wishing to cor- rect them, made out a list of errata, but no attention whatever was paid to him. He accordingly published his notes and journal inde- pendentl}^ under the titles of " Bemerkungen und Ansichten," and "Tagebuch," in the former of which he gives comparative vocabu- laries of the languages of Guam, Yap, Ulea, and Radak.'' In these two works a most charming personality is revealed. Cha- misso's love of nature was equaled by his love for his fellow-man. He recognized the humanity in the simple brown-skinned natives of the remote islands of the Pacific, and did not consider them legitimate « Novo y Colson, La vnelto al mundo, etc. See List of works. ^See list of works. c Quarterly Review, vol. 26, p. 364, 1822. t^Chainisso's gesammelte Werko. See List of works. CHAMISSO AND ESCHSCHOITZ, 29 victims of the selfish schemes of white adventurers. He was much moved b}' the sad havoc wrought by the Spaniards in the Marianne Ishmds, and repeated the story of persecution and cruelt}' accompany- ing the "reduction" of the natives as related by the Spaniards themselves. ** * From the statement published by Kotzebue that the natives of Guam had been exterminated by the Spaniards a wrong impression has gone abroad. The facts are presented under the head of "The modern inhal)itants," below\^ The plants collected b}^ the Romanzoff expedition were deposited in the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Duplicates were sent to the Hooker Herbarium, at Kew^, England, and to the Univer- sit}'^ of Kiel, Germany. A number of the plants were described by Chamisso and Schlechtendal in the journal Linna^a, the series beginning with the first paper of the first volume.'' In the introduction to this paper, Chamisso, in speaking of Eschscholtz, says, "Intimam insti- tuimus amicitiam nunquam obnubilandam. communiaque semper habuimus studia, lal)ores, fructus;" and in his Tagebuch he describes him as a 3'oung doctor from Dorpat, a naturalist and entomologist, shy and retiring by nature, but true and noble as gold. Such tributes reflect the character of their author. FREYCINET EXPEDITION. A little more than a year after Chamisso's visit, on March 17, 1819, the French corvette Uranie^ Louis de Fre} cinet conmianding, arrived at Guam. With him were the botanist, Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre, the zoologists Quoy and Gaimard. and an artist named Arago. A stay of several months allow ed tiie naturalists to make extensive col- lections and observations on the island of Guam, and the islands of Rota and Tinian were also visited by them. On the return voA^age the Uranie^ while at the Falkland Islands, struck a rock and foundered. Gaudichaud's collections were almost ruined. The hold, in which his herbarium was stowed, was flooded, and the plants saturated with sea water. Onl}^ a collector can appreciate the feelings of Gaudichaud when, several da3^s afterwards, he fished them up and spread them out to dry as best he could. The collections were taken to France in the Physlclenne, and deposited in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, at Paris. An interesting account of the vegetation of Guam was given a "Der froinme Missiouiir Don Diego Luis de 8an Yitores landete auf Guajaii iin Jahre 1667; er begehrte den ViJlkern das Heil zu bringen, aber es folgten ihin Sol- daten und Geschiitz. Xoch vor dein Schlusse des Jahrhunderts war das Werk voli- bracht, luid diese Nation war nicht niehr. Pacificar nennen'sdie Spanier." Cha'^isno, Benierkungen und Ansicliten, \k 90. &See p. 117. '' De Plantis in Expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana observatis, etc. Linniea, erster Band, Jahrgang, 1826, Berlin. 30 USEFUL PLANTS OB^ GUAM. by (7iiudicli;iud in the Boliuiy of the Frcycinet Expedition, " and the oTcater part of lii.s observations ui-e eni])odied in th(> narrative of the expedition pnl)Iished ])y Freycinet hiniwelf/' The zoology was pub- lished by Quoy and Gainiard. A narrative of the expedition was published independently ])y the artist Jaques Arago, which abounds in exago-erations. scandalous stoi'ies, and unkinil criticisms and ridi- cule of the people whose hospitalit}' he had enjoyed. Its publication naturally oti'ended the Spaniards, and the next expedition from France to visit the island met with a very different reception at the hands of the governor/ While waiting- for supplies from Manila a survej^ of the island was made by M. Duperre}^ under the direction of Freycinet. Existing maps were corrected and several charts of small harbors were drawn. DUMONT d'uRVILLE's TWO VISITS. Dumont d'Urville made two visits to the island of Guam. On his first visit, in Ma}", 1828, he came in command of the Astrolabe, which had been sent out on an exploring voyage with special instructions to look for traces of La Perouse. Attached to the Astrolahe were Lesson, as pharmacist and botanist, who assisted d'Urvdlle in collecting plants, and Quoy and Gaimard, as zoologists, who were the first to collect specimens of the Guam reed-warbler, AcrocephaluH lusclnia,, the only true song bird of the island, A most interesting narrative of this expedition was written by Dumont d'Urville himself, and the zoology was published by Quo}^ and Gaimard.'^ The Astrolabe anchored at Umata and was boarded by Jose Flores, alcalde of the village. He told the captain that he had seen the ships of Malaspina, who visited Guam in 1792, thirty-six years before. In the roadstead d'Urville saw two ships which had been captured by the Spaniards from the independents of Mexico and were now being taken to Manila. Three years before this there had been a mutiny on lioard some Spanish vessels \yir\g at anchor in the roadstead of Umata. The squadron was commanded by Don Andres Garcia Camba, Caballero de Santiago, afterwards governor of the Philippines. General Camba had served in South America against the revolutionists and had been captured at the battle of Ayacucho, December 9, 1824, in which the « Botanique du voyage autour du monde. See List of works. ''Freycinet, Louis de: Voyage autour du inonde. See List of Avorks. c Sanchez y Zayan, Islas INIarianas, p. 230. See List of -works. The author calls attention to the fact that INIedinilla, the governor of Guam at'the time of the Uranir's visit, entertained the captain and all the Frencli officers for eight months, giving them bed and board; but that his hospitality ''was very poorly repaid, according to ol a, carambola, island arrowroot, and turmeric. He also I'cports on the wild and domestic animals, and states that on the neighboring islands of Saipan and Tinian there are thousands of cattle and swine roaming in the woods/' Villalobos erected a kihi for making pottery and tiles, paying the cost of it partly from his own pocket. Ho also made charts of the ishind at his own expense, and superintended in person the construc- tion of bridges and the repairing of roads, stimulating the workmen by fees and small gratuities. In consequence of mutinies and acts of insubordination on the part of crews of ships in the harbor, England proposed to establish a consulate either at Guam or in the Bonin Islands. Villalobos objected to this, saying that if there were an English consul at Guam questions might arise leading to international complications, which might perhaps result in the loss of the island. On the other hand, if a consulate were estal)lished in the Bonin Islands, the whaling Heet would assemble there to the detriment of the natives of Guam, who derived much benetit from trading with the said vessels. He pro- j)osed that an arrangement 1)0 made whereby the British Government would authorize the governor of the Mariannes to act in settling cases of nuitiny and the like. He also recommended the establishment of a store of marine supplies by either one of the two governments, and called attention to the immense advantages of the presence of many ships at Guam with liberty to trade with the islanders, the governor being prohibited from engaging in trade of any kind. Orders having been issued to collect import duties from the ships coming to Guam, Vil- lalobos informed the captain-general that it would be practically impos- sible to carry out the provisions of the decree. He stated that if guards were placed on board the ships, the cost of maintaining them « Villalobos, manuscript report to the captain-general of the Philippines, dated November 16. 1831. 36 USEFUL PLANTR OF GUAM. would exceed the amount received for duties. If no fjuards were sta- tioned the duties would l»e oidy iniaj^inary, on account of the bad faith of tho.se who sold and their "lack of delicacy." Moreover, if it should come to lijrht that a sale had ])een secretly made and the corre- spondingly duties on the same be exacted from a foreign captain, his piide and insolence would be apt to compromise the dignity of the autiiorities be^'ond all Ijcarable limits or l)ring about disagreeable con- se([ucnces resembling pei'haps an unhappy ati'air between the ex-Gov- ernor Ganga-Herrero and an English captain, Mr. Stavers, who, in 1S24, died from injuries received while resisting arrest. In view of these difficulties Villalobos on his own authorit}^ ventured to grant free trade between the visiting ships and the islanders. PABLO PEREZ. Don Pablo Perez began his service as governor of the Mariannes on September 8, 1848. Among the lirst reports forwarded ])y him to the captain-general were statistical tables regarding the population of the islands, a list of ships anchoring at Guam, a report of recent hurri- canes, the destruction of crops, and the resulting dearth of food, and a list of the useful woods of the island. He calls attention to the lack of laborers in Guam, especially of men skilled in mechanical trades, and begs that convicts be sent to the island, including mechanics of various kinds and husbandmen or tillers of the soil. He speaks of the presence of a few such men on the island who remained there after the expiration of their terms of imprisonment, and states that these were the only individuals skilled in the use of the plow, carpenter's tools, etc. He comments upon the inadequacy of the method practiced by the natives of cultivating the soil by means of the "fosiiio," or thrust- hoe," in consequence of which "their harvests are small which might be large." Don Pablo found the roads and bridges in a deplorable state, owing to the eti'ects of recent Hoods and hurricanes, and he reported that there was a lack of suitable tools for carrying on public works and of iron for making such tools. Following the hurricanes and Hoods there was an epidemic, caused probalily by a dearth of nutri- tious food, and shortly after this the island was visited by a severe earth(juake. In response to the report of this, supplies of rice, maize, and other food were sent to Guam from Manila, together with a relief fund raised b}' the young ladies and gentlemen of that city by means of theatrical performances for the benefit of the sufferers. Don Pablo acknowledges the receipt of these contributions as follows:* The governor of the Mariana Islands in the name of the inhabitants, who do not cease giving thanks to the Almighty for not having snccnmhed to a desolating epi- demic and the most liorrible of earthquakes, which still continue, saw themselves «See p. 144. b Manuscript cojiy of letter in the archives of Guam, dated October 10, 1849. RELIEF RECEIVED FROM MANILA. 37 threatened anew bj- a devouring famine which threatened to put an end to their nuserable existence. But Providence, which incessantly watclics over those peojiles who implore its aid, wilk'tion may be produced at each harvest if its cultivation be fol- lowed on a great scale and leaving out accidents. There is in contrast with this the experience which they have that with their small resources the most careful can scarcely make their supply of this grain last from har- vest to harvest, so that there are repeatedly seasons during which a great portion of the population, being without maize or even the other articles of food used here, finds itself forced to fall back on federico [Cycas nuts] and other fruits and roots of the forest, which can not fail to do them injury either from their being essentially harmful or because the organic system of the native suffers from the repeated changes from one kind of diet to another. Anxious to root out an evil which I consider the greatest in these islands, and per- suaded that when this is once accomplished a new era will begin for their inhal)it- ants, I have availed myself of the teachings pertaining to my profession, and I have thought that without prejudice to anyone and by means of light work of all there could be put into practice the ancient system practiced l)y Spain and other countries of preserving cereals in subterranean granaries, and, combining this idea with the beneficent institution of the public granaries of Spain and some places in the Indies, I published an order which I hope will meet with the approval of your excellency, assuring you that in taking this step I have been prompted by a fervid wish to ben- efit these natives. Don Felipe de la Corte wrote a most interesting account of these islands, whicli was pul)Iished by the Spanish Government.'* He was relieved at his own request by Don Francisco Moscoso y Lara on Jan- uary 28, 1866, after having served eleven years. SOCIEDAD AGRICOLA. During the administration of Governor Moscoso a society was formed under the title "Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion." It was composed of the governor and several of the officials and leading citi- zens of the island. Laborers were introduced from Japan and efforts were made to develop the resources of the island. The project failed, however. Some of the Japanese died and the rest returned to Japan. SUMMARY. From the above extracts some idea may be gathered of the economic conditions on the island of Guam. The causes which have prevented the general prosperity of the natives have been (1) the frequent hur- « Memoria descriptiva. See List of works. SEASONS. 41 ricanes, which destro3^ed the results of their labor; (2) the unwise course of certain governors in discouraging individual enterprise; (3) the absence of any effort to accumulate capital either in the form of money or of supplies. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF GUAM. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL. Seasons. — Though Guam lies within the Tropics, its climate is tem- pered throughout the greater part of the year by a brisk trade wind, blowing from the northeast and east. Its mountains are not high enough to cause marked differences in the distribution of rain on the island, and the island is not of sufficient extent to cause the daily alter- nating currents of air known as land and sea breezes. Generally speaking, the seasons conform in a measure with those of Manila, the least rain falling in the colder months or the period called winter (invierno) l)y the natives, and the greatest rainfall occurring in the warm months, which are called summer (verano) by the natives. The year may be divided into a rain}^ and a dr}^ season, but this division does not correspond exacth^ to that based on temperature, for the period of maximum temperature precedes that of the greatest rainfall. During the winter months the wind blows briskly and steadily from the northeast and east. In June it becomes unstead}-, veering to the east and southeast, and by September what is generally known as the " southwest monsoon '' sets in. The climate is healthful in compari- son with other tropical countries, the only period when sickness ma}" be expected being that of July and August, when the absence of the trade wind and the presence of moisture in the atmosphere causes the heat to appear greater than it is. The mean annual temperature is about 80° F., and the mean monthly temperature ranges from 78"-" F. in December, the coldest month, to 82° F. in May and June, the hottest months. The highest absolute temperature recorded in 11)02, 90° F., occurred in June and Juh^ the lowest, (j&^ F. , in December. Though the mean monthly temperature varies onh' 2° on either side of the mean annual temperature, yet the "winters" of Guam are so definitely marked that certain wasps which during the summer make their nests in the open fields among the bushes invade the houses of the people at that season and hibernate there. Meteorological Tables. — The following tables, compiled from observations made at the naval station at Agaiia, the capital of Guam, show the temperature, rainfall, and prevailing winds for each month of the 3'ear 1002. The}" are tjiken from a report drawn up by Dr. Cleveland Abbe, jr., who, through the courtesy of Prof. Willis L. 42 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Moore, Chief of the Weather Bureau, was detailed to examine and inttMj)rct the records forwarded to the United States Hydrographic Office: Temjierature, 1902. [Degrees Fahrenheit and centigrade.] Month. January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual maximum Annual minimum Mean Mean. °F. 79 80 80 81 82 82 81 81 80 80 79 82 78 80 26.1 26.7 26.7 27.2 27.8 27.8 27.2 27.2 26.7 26.7 26.1 25.6 27.8 25.6 26.7 Absolute. Maximum. °F. 86 .H6 87 87 88 90 90 88 87 88 85 85 90 87 °C. 30.0 30.0 30.6 30.6 31.1 32.2 32. 2 31.1 30.6 31.1 29.4 29.4 32.2 30.6 Minimum. °F. °C. 70 71 72 73 72 73 75 74 73 70 69 66 66 72 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8 22.2 22.8 23.9 23.3 22.8 21.1 20.6 18.9 18.9 22.2 Mean daily range. 'F. 8 8 10 8 9 10 9 9 11 10 11 9 17 3 4.4 4.4 5.6 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.0 5.0 6.1 5.6 6.1 5.0 9.4 1.7 5.0 Rainfall, 1902. [In inches and millimeters.] Month. January . . February . March April May June July August . . . September October. . . November December Sum Maximimi Minimum Total. Inches. 3.58 7.30 3.21 3.87 4.56 7.14 16.06 19. 72 27. 01 9.63 11.86 2.53 116.46 27. 01 2.53 Millime- ters. 90.93 185.42 81.53 98.04 115. 57 181.36 407. 92 600. 89 686. 06 244. 60 301. 24 64. 26 2, 958. 12 686. 06 64. 26 Percent- age of annual rainfall. 3.1 6.3 2.8 3.3 3.9 6.1 13 8 16.9 23.2 8.3 10.2 2.2 100.0 23.2 2.2 Maximum in24 hours. Inches. 1.01 2. 24 .90 .71 .92 2.92 6. 26 4.72 5.31 2.81 2.62 .77 6.26 Millime- ters. 25.65 56.90 22. 86 18.03 23.37 74.17 159.00 119.89 134. 87 71.37 66.55 19.56 159. 00 Number of days with rain, and amounts, 1902. Month. More than a trace. More than 0.10 inch. More than 0.60 inch. More than 1 inch. Month. More than a trace. More than 0.10 inch. More than 0..50 inch. More than 1 inch. January 18 21 16 19 22 25 28 28 11 9 9 11 9 12 17 23 2 4 2 3 3 4 7 12 1 3 0 0 0 1 6 4 September October 27 21 25 15 26 12 17 9 15 7 6 1 8 February March 3 November December Sum Maximum Minimum 4 April 0 June 265 28 15 165 26 9 66 16 1 29 July 8 August 0 HURRICANES. 43 Directions of the wind, 1902. Month. Nortli days. North- east days. East days. South- east days. South days. South- west days. West days. North- west days. Variable days. 16.5 12.0 16.5 20.0 13.0 6.5 13.0 1.5 11.0 9.5 12.5 8.0 14.5 17.0 .5.5 2.5 2.5 6.5 .5 1.5 1.5 4.5 6.5 5.0 1.0 Kf»l»rnfirv IMiircll 0.5 .5 6.5 April Mav 2.0 1.0 4.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 3.0 1.0 lulv 1.0 3.0 16.5 1.0 1.0 August 1.5 3.5 5.0 1.0 .5 i.o 2.5 6.5 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 14.0 21.0 3.0 .5 6.0 November December 4.0 2.0 2.0 Sum (days). «.o 117.0 125.0 32.0 28.0 22.0 10.0 3.5 18.5 Storms. — Hurricanes may visit the island at almost any season. According to available records the}' appear to have been most frequent during the months of April and November. The first one recorded occurred on the Sth of September, 1071, in the midst of a war between the Spaniards and the natives. It is described as "a typhoon, called ' ))ag'uio ' by the natives, the most furious which had lieen seen on the island, veering in a short time all round the compass, and causing injuries which it would take years to remedy, ruining nearly all the houses of Agaiia and the other towns of the island, especially those of the chief conspirators, as they have since confessed; tearing up breadfruit trees, together with palms and other plants with which they nourish themselves, leaving them in a condition without farms, without houses, and without food." Not even the church of the missionaries was spared, and one of the wizards of the natives declared that he was more powerful than the god of the Spaniards, since the hurricane had swept away their church and had not been able to injure his house. A violent hurricane laid waste the island on the night of August 10, 1848. A description of the damages wrought by it may be found in a report of the Spanish governor, Don Pablo Perez, to the captain- general of the Philippines. Since the American occupation there have been several hard storms. The first occurred on May 26-27, 1900, the wind being accompanied by very heavy rainfall. Breadfruit, coco- nuts, coffee, and cacao were stripped from the trees and bushes; plan- tains and ])anana plants were torn to shreds, and many trees were snapped oft' or uprooted. In the southern part of the island fowls died from exposure. At the village of Sumai, on Orote Peninsula, the infirmary and wharf shed were demolished and several private houses were blown down. At Agat several dwellings were destroyed, together with the schoolhouse. At Merizo the rice fields were destroyed, and at Umata the corn was killed, the chapel unroofed, and several dwellings demolished. At Inalahan three bridges were car- ried away by swollen streams and the tribunal, rectory, and school- 44 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. house unroofed. In the harbor of San Luis de Apra the U. S. S. Brutus was torn from lier anchoraoc and blown upon the reef, with- out, liowcver, suft'erino- serious injury. On the 13th of November following occurred the hurricane which caused the loss of the U. S. S. Voseinite, which was lying at anchor in the harbor. This vessel was swept from her moorings and carried out to sea, where slie foundered. Five of her crew were lost. The sea overflowed the lowlands and Hooded the streets of Agana. Crops of all kinds were destro3'ed and most of the vegetation was stripped bare of foliage. Government ])uildings were injured and many native houses destro3'ed. Of the 255 deaths which occurred on the island during the year 1900, 34 were caused by the hurricane. This destruc- tion was followed, as is always the case, by a dearth of food. It caused our Government to expend nearly $10,000 for the relief of the natives, who received the proffered aid wdth expressions of deep grat- itude." Among the most serious results of hurricanes of this nature is the stripping of coconut trees of their leaves. The inflorescence is formed in the axils of the older leaves and if these are injured the flower buds shrivel up and the tree fails to produce. During the year which followed the hurricane not one ounce of copra, which is prac- tically the only export of the island, was produced in Guam. Coffee and other shrubs and trees soon recover from the effects of a storm, and maize, tobacco, and rice may be replanted. Cacao, however, is often killed outright, and several years are necessary for new plants to begin to bear. The records for 1902 show that hurricanes passed near the island of Guam in May, July, September, and October, In examining the Philippine weather records Doctor Abbe was able to identif}^ the stormy periods of Guam as days when typhoons must have passed close to the island. Many of the typhoons which sweep the Philip- pines apparently have their origin in the vicinity of- the Marianne Islands. Doctor Al)be has suggested in his report that a station be established on the island of (xuam for meteorological observations, to be connected by telegraph with Manila. This could not fail to be of great benefit to vessels about to put to sea, giving warning of approach- ing blows and indicating what kind of weather is to be expected. HYDROGRAPHY. Contour of the ocean's bottom. ^ — In taking soundings with a view to selecting a cable route across the Paciflc the U. S. S. Nero found the ocean bed between Midway Island and Guam to be a great plain from 3,100 to 3,200 fathoms deep, somewhat ))r()ken in places l)y submarine reefs and mountain ranges. The lirst thousand miles from Midway, "Annual Report of tlie Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1901, pp. 75-76. HYDROGRAPHY. 45 with the exception of a submarine mountain peak near Ocean Island, is entirely level. The remainder of the distance, thou^'h fairly level in jreneral, is interspersed by a luunber of reefs and mountain rang-es. On approaching the great submarine volcanic range running nearly north and south which forms the islands of the Marianne group, at a point a short distance east of Guam, this plain descends into an abyss, which is the deepest yet discovered in the world, lacking only 6(> feet of a depth of 6 statute miles. The temperature at this depth w^as found to be 36° F. It was necessary- to select for the cable a route around the northern limit of this depression, which has been christened the Nero Deep. Its southern limits are not yet known. Between Guam and the Philippines the bed of the ocean is less regu- lar than to the eastward. For the tirst 600 geographical miles the depth varies from 1,40() to 2,700 fathoms. The character of the bot- tom is described as undulating, but without definite ranges of hills or valleys. After this a low mountain range occurs which slopes to the westward down to a plain 3,000 to 3,500 fathoms deep, which reaches to the Philippines and has a bottom of soft mud and ooze. A route was also survej^ed between Guam and Yokohama, Japan, to the westward of the Mariannes and to the eastward of the Bonin Islands. For the first 500 geographical miles a level plain 2,100 fath- oms deep was found. Then the JTero encountered a submarine moun- tain range which apparently connects that of the Marianne Islands with the range extending from the Bonin Islands to Japan. While crossing this range a submarine conical peak was discovered resem- bling Fujiyama in forui.'^' Ocean currents. — The currents in the vicinity of the Marianne Islands are much aflected by the prevailing winds. During the greater part of the year there is a drift to the westward or south- westward of 1 to 2 knots per hour. On the sandy beaches of the east coast of the island of Guam driftwood of American origin is often found, including huge logs of Oregon fir. From July to September, when the ^asterh" winds are interrupted by the influence of the south- west monsoon, the drift is frequently to the northeast. Tides. — The rise of tides in the archipelago is generally less than 3 feet. In the harbor of San Luis de Apra the rise and fall is 3 to 4 feet. High water occurs there at the full and change of the moon at about seven hours after its meridian passage. The tides play an important role in the economy of vessels lying in the harbor, as the water on the reef is too shallow to permit boats of considerable size to land cargo at any time but that of high water, and it is not unusual "See "Trans-Pacific submarine telearraph cable survey," in the Report of the Sec- retary of the Navy for 1900, pp. 299-302, from which the above information is derived. 46 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. for ii boiit to stick upon the reef halfwii}' l)etween the ship and the shore. There is a crooked channc^I throiijih which boats of small size may ])ass, and extensive dredg'in>i' operations have been recommended in order to enlai\i>e the harbor and clear a channel from the harbor to the shore, but the recommendations of the board have not yet been carried out." PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Surface and contour. — From a distance the island appears flat and even, but on approaching it the northern portion is seen to })e a raised platform or plateau (PI, I), with several low peaks rising from it in the north, and to the southward a low, rounded hill, which has received the vernacular name of '•'■Ti3'an" (belly). The southern half of the island is mountainous. The island is irregular in shape. It may be compared roughly to the shape of a human footprint (the right foot), with the heel north-northeast and the toe south-southwest (see map, PI. LXX). The general plane of the northern half is not horizontal but shelving, with eastern and higher side bounded by steep clifl's. The east coast of the southern half is penetrated by a few small bays, none of which is capable of receiving a vessel. On the west coast of the northern part of the island there are a number of sandy bays fringed with coconut groves and separated from one another by as many rocky points. The east shore is constantly beaten by a heavy sea caused by the stiff trade winds which prevail during the greater part of the year. The adjacent sea is very deep, so that it is impossible for vessels to find anchorage there. The swell is even so great that it is dangerous at most times for boats to attempt to enter the small ports in the southern part, except at Hahahyan, at the extreme south, which is sheltered from easterly and northeasterly winds. On the west side of the island the sea is shallow enough in several places to permit A^essels to anchor within a safe distance of the shore, except during a certain part of the sunnuer, when winds from the southwest may be expected. The favorite anchorage of the early navigators was the roadstead of Umata (Humatag), where a good supply of fresh water was always to be secured without difficulty. Afterwards the bay of San Luis de Apra became used as a harbor, and is now the only port of the island in which large ships can find anchorage. The little harbor of Agana (Hagadna) can be entered only by vessels of the size of launches, and the anchorage in Agana Bay is not considered safe. In Alexander Agassiz's description of the island '' he gives a detailed account of its shore line and the physical features of the island. The '« See Report of the Guam Survey Board to the Secretary of the Navy, July 25, 190L ^ The Coral Reefs of the Tropical Pacific, p. 366 et seq. , 1903. I RAISED PLATFORMS OF CORAL. 47 Alhatross encountered the east coast of Guam near Point Haiiorn. He found distinct coralliferous limestone terraces in the faces of the cliffs from Paj>o Bay north, marking- the position of the former sea level, and incjicatino; the periods of rest durinj^- the elevation of the island; and when those are not distinct, lines of caverns along the vertical faces of the tlitl's indicate the former lines of sea level. The cliffs of the northern part of the island vary from 300 to 500 feet in height. The lower part of their faces is riddled with crevasses, and at a higher level, pro})ably on the face of the fourth or fifth terrace, there are mimerous caverns. North of Point Anao some of the coralliferous limestones are stratified, dip})ing toward the sea; others, nearer the northern extremity of the island, show evidence of great disturbance, probabh' caused l)y the volcanic outl)ursts of Mount Santa Rosa. Mr. Aerassiz found them to resemble those of similar limestone islands, such as Makatea, Nine, Eua, Vavau, and others of the Fiji group. Outside of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, Guam proved to be the largest island visited by the Alhatross, composed in part of volcanic rocks and of elevated coralliferous limestone. At the northern end of the island, thouoh there are five distinct terraces, these are concealed by the vegetation growing on the slopes. Talage ("Lookout") Bay," at the northern extremity of Guam, is an immense sandy fiat, flanked by a comparatively broad reef platform full of "horseheads" and of "• negrohcads " of coral, which extends from Taga Point around the north extremity of the island and down the east coast, past Achae and Nigo points, to Ipapao. From the latter point the coast consists of a vertical cliff", with here and there a small stretch of sandy beach along the sea between projecting points until it reaches Tumhun V>'A\. Here the coral forms a great reef flat, which, continues along the coast southward, past Hagadiia Bay, as far as Apapa, or Cabras, island. To the south of Orote Peninsula, w^hich projects 4 miles in a northwest- erly direction and forms the southern side of the bay of San Luis de Apra, a narrow reef flat juts out from the west coast at various promontories in the extension of spurs of volcanic slopes. At Maleso, or Merizo, Bay a broad reef flat projects, which forms the southwestern extremity of the island of Guam and extends eastward to Point Hahahyan, but not as far as Inalahan Bay, on the east coast. North of that bay the coast is edged b}' a narrow reef flat, which continues as far as Pago Ba}'. Along the east coast of the northern half of the island there is a narrow reef flat, bordering the precipitous shore from Hanom Point to Point Anao. The southern half of the island of Guam consists of what Mr. Agas- «The name of this bay is improperly written on most charts "Taragay," a word with no significance. "Talage," (pronounced talagay) the vernacular name, signi- fies "to look toward." It was the point from which the ancient Chamorros looked out for vessels coming from the northern islands. 48 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. siz do.scrihcs as "a volcanic massif which has hiu'st through the coral- liforous limestone," and which at Mount Tcnt^lio reaches to a heitrht of more than a thousand feet. The volcanic range to which it belongs has burst through the limestone near Agana and extends southward, ])araHcl to the west coast, at a distance of about 1 or 2 miles from the shore. Its highest peak, called llunuiyong-maiiglo ("Source-of-the- wind"), back of Umata, reaches a height of 39*) meters. Considerable dciuidation has already taken place on the volcanic slopes, forming in the interior of the island a number of peaks, ridges, and pinnacles. On the western and southern sides of the volcanic mountains the lime- stone masses which once covered their sides have in great measure dis- appeared through disintegration, and the soft material covering the slopes is constantl}^ being washed down their sides. Many of the val- le3\s form small canyons with very steep walls. The peninsula of Orote and Apapa Island are composed of elevated coralliferous limestone containing well-preserved fossils. These show no signs of metamorphism, as do those collected in the immediate vicinity of Mount Makahnag, where the limestone comes into contact with volcanic rock. The fossils are, however, highly calcilied, and their hardness and the crystallization of the rocks would seem to indi- cate considerable age. The harbor, — The bay of San Luis de Apra is the only harbor for vessels. It is protected on the southwest by the promontory of Orote, on the east by the island of Guam itself, on the north by Apapa island and the adjoining reef of Luminan, which is awash at high water. From this reef a bank (Kalalang) extends to the southwestward tow^ard Orote Point, terminating in two rocks which rise to within a few feet of the surface, leaving a narrow but deep channel, which serves as an entrance to the harbor, Apapa island consists entirely of elevated cor- alliferous limestone deeply pitted and honeycombed. The limestone mass is full of crevices, potholes, and funnels, covered with stalactites. The island does not rise more than 8 or 10 feet above high-water mark. The shore is undercut and the island furrowed by numerous gullies; it is full of caverns, crevices, and pits," As the harbor is much obstructed by coral reefs and is at a consid- erable distance from the seat of government of the island, a board of officers was sent to make a survey of it, with a view to its improve- ment, either by dredging or the construction of a breakwater along the reef, or both. It is intended to make it the site of a naval base and coaling depot of large capacity, as well as to serve as a commercial port. The board was directed to make recommendations as to the removal of reefs and other obstructions to navigation; to draw up plans for wharves, docks, storehouses, barracks, hospital, water sup- «See Agassiz, op. cit,, p. 370, SUGGESTED HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS. 49 ply, and sewerage system; port defenses, fortifications, and maga- zines; and to lay out a town site, having in view the prospective increase in commercial importance of the port. The following extract is taken from the report of the board: The bay of Sail Luis de Apra has a deep anchoring ground, extending about 1 mile north and south and about 2 miles east and west. It is broken, however, bj^ several outlying reefs. It is protected except to the westward. Luminan Reef gives sufficient protection, but Kalalang Bank, with a depth of some 30 feet, does not, the swell making round the end of Luminan Reef even with the prevailing northeasterly wind. It would therefore be necessary, in order to thoroughly close the harbor against the ocean swell and storms, to build a breakwater along these banks, extend- ing from Luminan Reef to Spanish Rocks, leaving a deep entrance between Spanish Rocks and Orote Island 2,000 feet wide. The board did not recommend that such a breakwater should be })uilt, on account, among other considerations, of its great cost and the uncertainty of the force of storms against a breakwater on this narrow bank with deep water so close to seaward. Even if such a breakwater were built, the proposal which had been made of utilizing some of the coral reefs in the harbor as sites for coal depots could not be followed out, as test borings made in these reefs showed that nearly all of them are formed, not of solid coral, but of coral sand interspersed with occasional coral heads, with growing coral of various kinds on the sur- face, so that they would make poor foundations for retaining walls. After duly considering various plans the board recommended that an opening 30 feet deep be dredged through the reef separating the deep water of the main harbor from an inner basin south of the old fort, Santa Cruz, and not far from the village of Sumai on Orote Peninsula; that this basin be enlarged by dredging, and the top of a small reef in the outer anchorage, near Cabras Island, be removed to a depth of 6 fathoms; that the naval base and coaling station be established on Orote Peninsula, near Sumai, and be supplied with water brought from Paulana, a branch of the Atangtano River; that batteries be located on Orote Peninsula and Cabras Island with good military roads leading to them from the posts and boat landings; that the town site be established on the high land of Orote Peninsula, back of the naval station, and that commercial docks be constructed in places indicated by the board; and that a light-house be constructed on Orote Point with a light of the fourth order. The report of the board was published^' and handed to the Naval and Conniierce Committees of Congress. An appropriation of $150,000 for the improvement of the harbor of San Luis de Apra passed the Senate, but the House failed to concur and the measure was lost. The sum of $40,000 asked for the acquisition of land was granted by Congress. The retention of Guam as an American possession after its capture, as provided for in the peace protocol at the close of the Span- a Report of the Guam Survey Board to the Secretary of the Navy, July 25, 1901. 9773—05 4 50 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. isli war, was for the express purpose of estiiblishiiiga naval coal depot. With completion of the Panama canal this will undoubtedly become an important mercantile port of call." (See map, PI. LXX.) Earthquakes. — Earthquakes are frequent, but not often violent. Among the most severe were those of April 1-1, 1S2.5, January 25, 1S41», and September 22, 1902. Not long after that of 1849, which destroyed the church and the government house of Umata. a number of Caroline Islanders arrived at Guam in two canoes, stating that their islands had been swept by enormous waves, and begging the governor to allow them to take up their residence in the Marianne Islands. In the letter book of Don Pablo Perez, in the archives at Agana, a detailed account of this earthquake is given. The first shock was felt at 2:49 p. m. It was followed by repeated shocks and trembling accompanied by a subterranean rumbling ''which made the natives fear that a vol- cano was about to burst forth and blow them all to atoms." The earth was cracked open in many places, some houses were thrown down and others were injured; but the only life lost was that of a woman who happened to be in her rancho near the beach. She was carried away by one of the great waves which swept in from the ocean. Great masses of rocks fell from the cliffs. The shocks continued for several da3'S in succession, and it was many days before the damages could be repaired. Sixteen whaling vessels h'ing at anchor in the harbor were uninjured. The captain of a wdialing frigate which arrived shortly afterwards stated that he had felt the earthquake 1,000 miles to the eastward of the Mariannes. Since the American occupation of the island there have been a number of earthquakes, but the only one of serious importance was that of September 22, 1902. Governor Schroeder's account of this is almost a repetition of Don Pablo's report to the captain-general of the Philippines. The earthquake which occurred at 11.24 a. m. [says Governor Schroeder] is the severest of which there is any record. From the government house terrace, during its continuance, there could be seen clouds of dust rising suddenly from the different quarters of Agana as the masonry houses would fall. The earth opened here and there in small places, from which water would spout and subside, leaving a few round, apparently hollow pits, and innumerable fine cracks were observable every- where. A dull grinding roar preceded and accompanied the shaking of the earth; sure-footed bulls were tripped up and fell to their knees, while buildings rocked and swayed, water tanks were tossed over, and bells rung by the vibration. In other parts of the island fissures 1 to 2 feet wide were made, those of Piti emitting strong sulphurous fumes. Masses were dislodged in the mountains and hills, plowing down the slopes and completely blocking the road from Agana to Piti at three points. In the harbor of San Luis de Apnt the collier Justin., anchored in 22 fathoms of water, was severely shaken. The disturb- ance of the white coral-mud bottom of the harbor was so great as to « Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1902, pp. 361-362. EXTINCT VOLCANOES. 51 give a milky appearance to the sea for some distance around. A number of the masonry houses of Agana were destroyed, and those loft standiuf^ were so batUy injured as to ))e unfit for habitation. The old bell tower of masonr}' near the church, built in 1(309, was seamed with large cracks. In the other towns of the island nearly all masonry houses, churches, and rectories were ruined. The collier Jnsfhi was sent the day after the disaster with an officer to the German island of l^aipan, 120 miles to the northward, to ascertain the damage done and offer aid. They found no casualties, though the earthquake had also violently shaken the island. Fortunately the disaster occurred in the daytime, as did the hurricane of 1890, and the casualties included but one child killed and a few of the townspeople of Agana hurt. The total cost of repairs to government buildings was estimated at 122,100 gold. A summary of the earthquake phenomena of 1902 is included in Doctor Abbe's report, published in Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmos- pheric Electricit}^, 190-1:, page 81. Extinct volcanoes. — All of the mountain peaks of Guam are undoubtedl}^ of volcanic origin. In some of them the outlines of the craters may still be traced and the lava presents the same appearance as in recent volcanoes." Surrounding the bases of the mountains are ancient coral reefs, the margins of which, in contact with the volcanic products, have in many places been converted into crystalline lime- stone, showing evidence of volcanic activity after the whole island had been raised from the sea. The heights of the principal mountains are approximately as follows: Santa Rosa 265 meters, Tiyan (Barri- gada) 205 meters, Makahnag 215 meters, Chachao 820 meters, Tengho 310 meters, Ilicho (Hunuiyong-manglo) 390 meters, Sasalaguan (Hell mountain), at the southern end of the island, 340 meters. Ancient coral reefs. — The entire northern portion of the island is a raised coral platform penetrated in several places by the low volcanic peaks alread}^ referred to. On the west side of the island between the mesa and the sea several distinct fiat terraces occur, showing succes- sive upheavals. During the recent earthquakes the general level of the whole island was raised. It would require only a very slight ele- vation to convert into dry land the very extensive reef Hats along the west coast which are covered at high tide by only a few feet of water. The bottom between the shore and the barrier reef is perfectly level and covered with very fine sand resembling flour in consistency. Minerals. — With the exception of thin la3^ers of iron-ore, no metal- yielding deposits occur on the island. An inferior lignite is found in one or two places. There is also a volcanic rock called homon, which is used for fire places, and a soft pale-green mineral called lauka which «This is especialty true of Santa Rosa, in the northern part of the island. 52 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. is easily worked. In certain localities nodules of flint are found simi- lar to those from European chalk formations. Rivers. — In the northern portion of the island the ground is so porous that the water disappears as it falls. There are, however, a number of sink holes called lupog, and in the rainy season several small streams near the bases of the hills of Santa Rosa and Mataguag. Near the middle of the island about a mile and a half from Agafia there is a fine large spring or lake (Matan-hanom) from which a copious supply of water issues all the year round. This, after slowly oozing through the great swamp called the " Cienaga," forms the Agafia River, the channel of which has been artificiall}^ length- ened and turned for about a mile parallel to the coast before it reaches the sea. This is for the purpose of aflording a laundry to the women of Agafia. In the southern portion of the island there are a number of small streams on both sides, some of which lose themselves beneath the surface for a time and reappear, issuing from caverns.*^ VEGETATION OF THE ISLAND. PLANT COVERING ACCORDING TO HABITAT. CORAL REEFS. Among the algaj growing on the reef the most conspicuous are the brown Fadinas with fan-like fronds expanded like the tail of a strut- ting peacock, jointed Halimedas, like miniature Opimtias, and the feathery Caulerpa pluinaris. Another Caulerpa {C. clavlferxi uvl- fera)^ green and succulent, looks as though it bore bunches of minia- ture grapes. Among the red alga3 are the more delicate Acanthophora orientalis^ Corallopsis sal'icornia^ with terete cartilaginous fronds, and Mastop>hora lamourouxli^ with dense foliaceous fronds, somewhat like Chondrus in form, and conspicuous fruit. From some of the gelati- nous species the natives make blancmange. Among the more delicate green forms are the woolly Rhlzoclonium, tortuosum and the beau- tiful little Bryopsis plumosa. Near the mouths of rivers grow Entefromorpha clathixda and E. co7rij)ressa^ with narrow, linear, grass- like fronds. (See Alga'., catalogue.) Among the marine flowering plants are Ilalodide utiinervis, a plant resembling a fine eelgrass (Zos- tera), and Ilalophila ovata^ belonging to the Vallisneriaceae, with a creeping rootstock and oval or linear-oblong petioled leaves. MANGROVE SWAMPS. At the mouths of many streams, where the water is brackish and the shores are muddy, are growths of mangroves and their allies, a The principal cavern of this nature is that in the valley of the Talofofo River, about a mile from its mouth. RIVER AND STRAND VEGETATION. 53 which form dense thickets and extend far out into the water at high tide. Among those which send down aerial roots into the mud are Mhizophora mucronata (PI. LXIV) and Bruguiei'a gymnorldza (PI. XL), both of which have large, opposite, entire, smooth leaves, and fruit which germinates before dropping from the tree. They are easil}^ distinguished, the former having a four-parted perianth and the latter having 10 to 14 calyx segments and petals. Associated with these are found I'ed-flowered Lumnitzeras, small trees belonging to the Combre- taceae; Xylocarjms granatuin {Carapa rnolt(ccenKii<)^ known in the East Indies as the "cannon-ball tree," on account of its hard, spherical fruits; and on adjacent firmer ground, Excoecaria agaUocha^ some- times called the "milky mangrove" or the "blinding tree," the acrid juice of which is called "tigers milk" in the East Indies. RIVERS. Near the mouths of most of the rivers, where the water is brackish, are thickets of Nyjxi fndicans^ a stemless palm with great pinnate leaves, which furnish the natives with excellent material for thatching their houses. Associated with it are large simply pinnate ferns, Aci'ostichiiin aureum (PI. IV), of wide distribution throughout the warmer regions of the globe, and growing submerged are species of Potamogeton and Ruppia maritima. There are also green, filamentous algae, including species of Conferva and Enteromorpha, and Cltara Jibrosa. Near the soui-ces of some of the streams a small red alga {Thorea giiudichmidil) is found growing to rocks. On the banks of the rivers near the sea beds of Pancrathmi Uttorale occur, together with a creeping aroid, Cocos micifera^ screw pines, and Parltl tlliaceum. Higher up the stream there are beds of reeds (Trichoon) and, on the open hillsides, the sword grass, Xipheagrostisfloridida. Where streams flow through shad}^ forests several cordate-leaved aroids occur, together with a tree fern {AJsophila haenkei) and the widely spread Anqiop- t&ris emcta (PI. XXXIII). THE STRAND. The principal beach plant is Ipomoea pes-cwprae^ often called "goats- foot convolvulus," from the shape of its leaves. Its long, prostrate stems form a carpet over the sand without twining or taking root, and bear large, rose-purple, funnel-shaped flowers. Associated with it is the leguminous Cundvali ohtuslfoliuiii^ with a similar habit of growth, and frequently Melmtoma markmum, Vigna luted, and Ilelio- tropimn curassavicum. Among the beach shrubs are Lohelia Tcoenigii^ with thick, glabrous leaves, and white, zygomorphous flowers; Tourne- foi'tia argentea (PI. LXVIII), a boraginaceous plant with fleshy leaves, covered with silky white hairs, and white, heliotrope-like flowers with dark anthers growing in scorpioid racemes; and Pemphis acidula^ a 54 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. shrub with a dense habit of growth, small sessile leaves, and axillary flowers with r»-parted perianths. On the windward side of the island, and near the southern en^grci^Zmt*jyeZi!j^^rt, which has white flowers. THE CLIFFS. On the promontory of Orote on the west coast, that of Kiroga on the east near Talofofo Bay, on the rocky island of Cabras, or Apapa, and on the edges of cliffs are usually found the following plants: Cor- migonii8 tnarlannensis^ a shrub or small tree belonging to the Rubi- aceae, with large, white, four-parted, trumpet-shaped flowers; Oycas Contr. Nat. Herh., Vol. IX. Plate II. UJ CO w u > o O m < QQ cc < O o < < cr < O o z o > z 3 u LlI > -J < > I Q, Q. LU O z $ o jI CO < o u. O a z < CO 1-" CO UJ cc o Ll Lil I H FOREST VEGETATION. 55 circinalis^ with glossy pinnate leaves resembling fronds of ferns; and Boehriieria tenacissi7na^ which jaelds the celebrated "rhea" liber, here growing in the form of a shrub or small tree. Besides these plants Intsia hijuga^ a handsome leguminous tree, which yields the excellent ijll wood (PI. LIV); Premna gaudichaudii, a verbenaceous tree called ahgau^ with elder-like flowers and durable hard wood used in con- struction; and the interesting ""nunu" {Fieus sp.), a banyan which sends down aerial roots like life-lines over the edge of the cliffs. Among the smaller plants growing on rocky slopes is Gynopogon torre- siamcs, with glossy, myrtle-like leaves and the aromatic fragrance of the "maile" {^Gynopogon olivaefoTinis) so dear to the Hawaiians. FORESTS. The forest vegetation of Guam (Fl. II) consists almost entirely of strand trees, epiphj'tal ferns, lianas, and a few undershrubs. The majority of the species are included in what Schimper has called the Barringtonia Formation." The principal trees are the wild, fertile breadfruit, Artocarpiis eormminis; the Indian almond, Tenninalia catap2)(^', jack-in-the-box, Hernandia peltata; the giant banyan (Fl. XII), called nunu by the natives (i^/c?/.ssp.); two other species of Ficus called "hodda" and "takete" or "taguete," the first with prop-like, aerial roots growing from the trunk near its base and with fruit resembling small, red crab apples and the second resembling the nunu, but with aerial roots from the trunk onl}^ and not from the limbs; Pan- danihs fvagrans ("kafo") (Fl. LX) and Pandanus duhius ("pahong"), two screw pines which differ from many of their congeners in not being found growing on the outer beach; CcdophyUum inophyllum^ a handsome tree known in the East Indies as Alexandrian laurel, which yields the tough crossgrained wood of which the natives make their cart wheels; Barringtonia racemosa^ which, unlike its congener, B. sjuciosa^ leaves the coast and follows along the banks of the streams into the interior; Ileritiera, littoral ii^ {Y*\. LII), called in India the look- ing-glass tree, which furnishes the natives of Guam with tough wood for their plows and wheel spokes; and, among recently introduced trees, Canangitmt odoratum, the fragrant flowers of which are the source of the perfume known as ilangilang, Annona reticulata^ the custard apple or bullock's heart, and Pithecolobium dulce^ a leguminous tree known in the East Indies as the Manila tamarind, but which was brought from Mexico for the sake of its tannin-yielding bark and its edible pods. No trul}' indigenous palms occur, liut Areca cathecu^ the betel-nut palm, grows spontaneously in damp places; a small, slender- stemmed species allied to Areca, called "palma brava'' by the natives, is gradually spreading over the island; and the Caroline Island "sago- palm," Coeloccoeus aniicarum^ has been introduced sparingh'. Those a See Schimper, Die iudo-malayische Strandflora, p. 68, 1891. 56 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. familiar with the forest vegetation of Eastern Polynesia will be struck by the absence from the forests of Guam of such genera as Freycinetia, Papyrius (Broussonetia), Urticastrum (Laportca), Myristica, Parinari, Bocoa (Inocarpus), D3\sox3'lum, Nyalelia (Aglaia), Macaranga, Bis- chofia, Aleurites, Omalanthus, Spondias, Rhus, Alphitonia, Melochia, Kleinhovia, Metrosideros, Maesa, and Diospyros. Among the climbing plants and ei)iphytes of the forest are Zt'?^s• 2)hcuseoloides^ the scimitar-pod sea bean (PI. LVl), whose enormous, scabbard-like legumes contain lenticular seeds (PI. XV) sometimes used for making snuti'boxes; Stisolohium giganteum^ often called "ox-eye" bean; a species of Calamus, with beautiful branching inflo- rescence of white flowers; Luisia teretifolia^ an inconspicuous orchid, and the minute leafless Taeniophyllum fa^ciola; DiscJiidiapuhei'ula^ an interesting asclepiad growing upon trees, with minute urceolate flowers and flesh}" leaves; bird\s-nest ferns {Neottopteris nidus), perched on the branches associated with broad rib})ons of Opldoderma pendula^ tufts of Nephrolepis acuta and N. hirsutula, grass-like Vittaria elon- gata, and pendent tassels of Lycoptodhim ^^/i/6'^;;?.«r/a (PI. LVII); climbing leather3"-fronded Phymatodes pjhymatodes, lobed like oak leaves; Cyclophorus adnascens, with linear-lanceolate fronds; graceful Davallia solida (PI. Ill), with gloss}' divided fronds, and the interest- ing Humata heterophylla (PI. LIII), which takes its generic name from the village of Humatag, or Umata, on the west coast of this island, where it was first collected. Beneath the shade of the forest trees several uudershrubs are usually found, including species of Icacorea, Piper, Peperomia, and the creeping rubiaceous Carinta herhacea, with small white flowers and scarlet berries. On the edges of the woods and b}' roadsides are thickets of the spiny Guilandina crista, bearing the well-known gra}^ stonj" "nicker-nuts," the sharp recurved thorns of its branches catch- ing or scratching every animal which brushes against them (PI. LI). Lemoncito thickets {Triphasia trifoliaia) are also common, the bushes sprouting from the roots and bearing fragrant, white, jasmine-like flowers and scarlet berries resembling miniature oranges. Among the succulent plants are wild ginger {Zinsiher semimhet), turmeric {Cur- cwna longa), Canna indica, the Pol^^nesian arrowroot {Tacca pinnati- Jida), and the introduced Taetsia terminalis, a liliaceous plant with graceful tufts of red leaves. Besides the climbing and epiph} tal ferns already mentionea there are manj^ others growing on the ground, including Belvisia spicata, Dryopte^'is dissecta, Dryopteris paralitica,, Aspleniuni laseipitiifoUwn, A. nitidum, Microsoriuni irioides, and sev- eral species of Pteris. No filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) have been found on the island. The only tree fern of Guam thus far known is Alsophila haenkei, growing in damp places and often associated with Angiopteris evecta. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate III. Davallia solida, an Epiphytal Fern Common in the Forests of Guam. Natural Size. Contr. Nat. Herb , Vol. IX. Plate IV. A Marsh Fern, Acrostichum aureum. Sterile Frond and a Terminal Pinna of Fertile Frond. Natural Size. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate V. Lycopodium cernuum, a Characteristic Plant of the Savannas. Natural Size. MARSH AND SAVANNA VEGETATION. 57 MARSHES. The fresh- water marshes are usually overo^rown with reeds {Trie hoon roxhmyhu), associated with the great marsh fern {Aerostichmn aureum) (PL IV), the climbino- Lygodluin scandens^ and several coarse grasses and sedges. The only trees are Parltl tiUaceum. and a euphorbiaceous tree called "alom," probably a species of Echinus. Growing a])out the margins of swamps are the small BaeojMi monniera^ a creeping scrophulariaceous plant with blue flowers and the habit of growth of purslane; Andndia indiea and ^1. fragravs^ with an aromatic, camphor- like odor; Centella asiliata)\ the ph>'sic nut {Jatroplia curcas); sibucao, or sappan wood {Biancaea sappaii); Leucaena glauca., called "" tangantangan " in Guam, and "lead tree "in the British West Indies; and the well-known opoponax, Acacia farne- siana., which bears yellow globular heads of fragrant flowers. Twining among these bushes are Ahrus ahrus (PI. XXXII), which bears the tiny red-and-black seeds called crab's eyes; the spiny yam {J)ioscorea sphiosa) (PI. XLIX), which often renders the thickets impenetrable; Cassythajiliformis., a leafless, wiry parasite, sometimes called laurel-dodder; and several Leguminosae, including the yam bean, or hikamas {Cacara erosa). Among the Convolvulaceae are sev- eral species of Ipomoea; Argyreia tiliaefolia, the flowers of which, called ahuho., are strung into garlands by the children; and the white- flowered Operculina peltata. On the sites of abandoned gardens are found trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, both indigenous to the island and introduced, which the natives usually plant near their houses. Among them are Calo- p)kyUwn inophyllum., breadfruit both seedless and sterile, coconuts, Terminalia catapp>a^ Erythrina indica, Ceiba picntandra.^ Tamarin- dus indica.^ Anacardium occideiitale, Cassia fistula., Crescentia alata., Pandanus tectorius., Pandanus didyius.^ Pandanus fragrans, Cycas circinaUs., Annona reticulata.^ Canangimn odoratmn.. Agave vivipara., Adenanthera pavonina, Pitliecolobhum, .dulce., Hibiscus 7'osa- sinensis, Pariti tiliaceum., Hetpetica alata, and bunches of Job's tears {Coix lachrymae-jobi) and of lemon grass (Andropogon nardus). Many of these are self -propagating. The introduced Canangium odoratuni (ilangilang tree), which the natives plant for the sake of its fragrant flowers, is gradually spreading over the island through the medium of fruit pigeons. These birds are also fond of the fruit of the ink berry PLANTS OF ABANDONED CLEARINGS. 59 {Oestrum pallidum)^ the lemoncito or orange berry {Trijyhasia trifo- liata)^ and the piod or beach pkim [Xlnicnla americana)^ which they spread in the same wa}'. Pineapples continue to grow for years where the}^ are phmted, and in old garden spots are found phmts of the intro- duced arrowroot {Maranta arundinacea) (PI. XXV), the native arrow- root {gahgah), Tacca pinnatijida^ turmeric, wild and cultivated ginger, and the cassava plant, or mandioca {Manihot mmiihot). Among the trees and shrubs which do not spread of their own accord in Guam are the tamarind, the cashew nut {Anaeardium occidentalt)^ the tree which in Honolulu is called the '"golden shower" {Cassia ft^tula)^ the pome- granate, the scarlet hibiscus, and the ornamental Phyllaureas, Aralias, and Acanthaceae of the gardens. It is interesting to note that of the three Annonas introduced into the island the custard apple or tnillock's- heart {A. reticulata) is the only species found wild, the soursop {A. 7imricata) (PI. XXXIV), and the sweet-sop or sugar apple {A. squamosa) (PI. XXXV), growing only where planted. Among the plants which on account of their sterility must be planted by man are the textile screw pine or aggag {Pandanus tectoi'iux)^ only one sex of which grows on the island; the seedless breadfruit or leiuae {Artocarjnis c<>iiimunis)\ turo {Caladinm colocasia) and 3^ams {Diosccyrea spp.), which are seldom known to produce seed; sweet potatoes, which are propagated b}- cuttings, and bananas and plan- tains, which are seedless and must be grown from root suckers. Young plants of Agave vivipara^ which the natives call " lirio de palo " or the "tree lily," are often found growing in circles, with the dead mother phmt at the center. Whole fields are overgrown with guava bushes, just as in the Hawaiian Islands and man}" other tropical countries; but the common lantana {Lantana camara) and the sensitive plant {Mimosa pudica), which are pests in so man}" parts of the world, have, fortunately, not yet found their way to Guam. Among the plants which have escaped from gardens are the pretty blue pea {CJitoria ternatea)\ the crimson-flowered cypress vine {Qua- trtoclit quamoclit)^ which the natives call "angers hair" (cabello del angel); Lochnera rosea, sometimes known as the Madagascar peri- Avinkle; the marvel of Peru, or four o'clock {3/irahi/ is j a/ apa), and the touch-me-not or garden balsam {Impatiens halsamina). Tomatoes bearing small fruit, either oval or globular, are also found growing near abandoned gardens, and occasionally gourd vines {Lagenaria lagenarici) are seen bearing bottle-shaped fruit. On the edges of clearings, growing in partial shade, are two bur- bearing plants called "dadangse" (stickers) by the natives: JJrena sinuata, a malvaceous shrub with five-lobed leaves and rose-purple flowers, and Triumfetta rhomhoidea, belonging to the Tiliaceae, with simple leaves and inconspicuous yellow flowers. The fruit of both is 60 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. arniod with hooked prickles aiul ciitches upon the clothing of men and the fur of animals, so that these plants are common along roadsides. Other \vaysi(l(> plants are the species of Sida, already mentioned, which the natives call '' escobilla""' (l)room) and gather fresh each day for swcej)ing out their houses. The commonest grasses are Andropogon acicidatus^ Capriola dac- tylon^ CerdotJieea IdpiMieea^ Chaetocldoa (jlauca aurm. Dactyl octenimn (wgyptiacam^ Kleusine i/id/'cd, Dimeria cJdoi'ldlfonnis^ Kchinocldoa coUma^ Eragvoxt'iH pilosa^ Eragrosth tenella^ hacJme mlniduhi^ Iscluie- muiii digitatain j)olystachyum ^ Ischnfiinum chordatmii^ Panicum di- stachyuiii, Pafogon tm'resianus of Guam should be compared with the allied species from other Pacific islands; a series of specimens of Melastoma m,arianuvi should be secured for compari- son with the closely allied Melastoma denticidatum and M. maJahath- ricum of Polynesia and the East Indies. The Guam Pipers and Peperomias need further study, and the Guam types of species of Ochrosia, Cormigonus, Phyllanthus, Glochidion, Euphorbia, and the hispid-leaved, yellow-flowered Stemmodontia canesceiu should also be secured. YAMS, BANANAS, AND BREADFRUIT. Man}^ distinct kinds of yams (Dioscorea), bananas (Musa), and breadfruit (Artocarpus) are recognized wherever these plants are cul- aSee Schumann, Flora deutschen ost-asiatischen Schutzgebietes, p. 201, 1888. 04 USEFUL PLANTS OF (JUAM. tivatcd, but VGi\y little bus been done to fix tbc species and varieties and to compare tbose growiiif;' in ditl'erent parts of the world. Yams are dioecious, and the tlowers of man}' recoj^iiized varieties are imper- fectly known. In some (;ases the flowers of but a single sex have been described; in others the fruit has never been observed, and in others only the tul)ers are known. Sir Joseph Hooker," who has done much to straighten out the Indian species, writes as follows: The species of Dioscorea are in a state of indescribable confusion, and I can not hope to have escaped errors in the determination and delimitation of the Indian ones, to which I have devoted much labor. The Roxburghian food-yielding species arc for the most part indeterminable, and, except through a knowledge of them as cultivated in India, they can not be understood. No doubt some of the species described by me have other earlier names in the Malayan flora than I have given; but the Malayan species are even more loosely described than the Indian. The Wallichian collection is very complete, but the species are often mixed. What has been said of the Indian yams applies also to those of the Pacific islands, and is also true of the many varieties of Musa and Artocarpus. Nearly every collector gives a list of named varieties of Dioscorea, Musa, and Artocarpus in the vernacular of the various localities visited, but scarcely any attempt has been made to fix these varieties and to bring together the various kinds from different local- ities for comparison. These must be studied in the countries where they are found and should be represented in collections not only b}'^ series of botanical specimens of the flowers, fruit, leaves, and roots (in alcohol, when necessary), but by photographs of the fresh plants, including representations of the flowers, fruits, tubers, etc., of natural size or according to some definite scale of reduction or enlargement. In this way only will it be possible to bring together and compare species and varieties from India, Australia, the Malayan and Pacific islands, Africa, and America. SCREW PINES. The Pandanaceae are known no ]>ettcr than the yams. Some of them are propagated asexually for the sake of their textile leaves, and nmch confusion exists among the species. Very few have been described. Warburg has done much to delimit the species and varieties and clear up questions of synonymy, but there remains much more to be done. In his monograph of the Pandanaceae* Warburg mentions only one species, Pandanus duhius Spreng. {Ilomhronia edulls Gaudich.), as occurring in the Marianne Islands, and does not refer to the textile species with glaucous leaves (the aggak of the natives), which has been cultivated in Guam from prehistoric times (PI. VII), nor the fragrant- fruited species with bright green leaves {Jcafo)^ which is one of the most common plants of the island (PI. LX). As only one sex of the a Hooker, Flora British India, vol. 6, pp. 288-289, 1892. b Warburg, Pandanaceae, in Engler, Pfianzenreich, vol. 4, p. 9, 1900. Contr. Nat Herb., Vol. IX. Plate VII. Contf. Nat. Herb , Vol. IX. Plate Vlll. 2 < < 03 < < to I- O o cc HI I h- Q Z < uJ z 5 LiJ q: o o ir 05 < o > O o I 05 < co LU IE O LJ. UJ I PLANTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST. ()5 textile species occurs on the island no fruit of course is produced by it. The importance of collecting the flowers and preserving them carefully in alcohol or formalin is evident, as well as the necessity of making photographs of the growing tree to show its habit, the char- acter of its bark, its method of branching, its fascicles of leaves, and the emergences on its stem and aerial roots. BANYANS, MANGROVES, AND EPIPHYTES OF THE FOREST. Of special interest on account of their method of germination and growth are the giant banvans {Ficus spp.) of the forest, the mangroves of the brackish estuaries, and certain epiphj'tal cryptogams and other plants. The banyans usualh" begin their existence upon other trees, sending down aerial roots which interlace and grow together, clasping the trunk of their host and eventually strangling it. They then lead an independent existence, their great spreading limbs sending down more roots, which are like pendent threads at first, but soon thicken after gaining a foothold in the earth, and serve as columns to support the great dome of foliage overhead, as well as to supplv it with nourish- ment and moisture (PI. VIII). The chief interest in the mangroves (Rhizophora and Bruguiera) lies in the fact that their fruit germinates while still attached to the tree, the spindle-shaped radicle perforating the apex of the fruit, elongating and hanging vertically downward. When the fruit falls the radicle sticks into the soft mud below, retaining an upright position, like a stake thrust into the ground, and resisting the current of the tide as it ebbs and flows. The forest epiphytes are not well known, owing to the difliculty in collecting them. Care should be taken to visit clearings where forest land is being prepared for planting. In such places good material can undoubtedly be collected. The most interesting epiphyte thus far col lected in Guam is Dhchldla puherula^ which belongs to a genus hav- ing some of their flesh}' leaves modified into urn-like receptacles. These usualh' contain water, and the adventitious roots of the stem often creep into them, as if for nourishment or moisture. PLANTS THAT SLEEP. Among the Guam plants there are a number which exhibit in a marked degree the phenomenon known as " sleep movements," folding their leaves each night and opening them again at sunrise. Some of them {Acacia farnesiana finA Ahrm ah/'xs, PI. XXXII), are so sensi- tive to changes in the intensity of light that they go to sleep if the sky suddenly becomes overcast, and wake up when the sun reappears. Most of these plants are leguminous, but there is one remarkable 9773—05 5 66 ITSEFT'L PLANTS OF GUAM. exani]ilo ])eloiif,^incr to the Oxalidaceae. This is Averrhoa caranihola^ the *• hiliinbine.s" of the natives, a tree which 5'ields a pellucid oval- shajjod. tivG-auoJod fruit. (Pi. XXXVII.) It.s foliage is not only sensitive to light and darkness, sunshine and shade, but also to sudden mechanical shocks, the leaves bending and their leaflets folding very nnich as in the case of the sensitive plant {Miniosa pudica). Besides the above-mentioned plants are several species of Cassia, Caesalpinia, Kri/fhrina indlca and other Leguminosae; and, among the Euphor- biaceae, two or three species of Phyllanthus and Euphorbia. PLANTS WTTICII SELDOM BLOOM. Many plants grow spontaneouslj' on the island which in many other parts of the world are seen only in a state of cultivation. The plant which produces the celebrated ''rhea" fiber, Boehmeria tenacissima^ which in cultivation is herbaceous and seldom flowers, grows spontane- ouslv in Guam in the form of a shrub or small tree, called in the island vernacular "amahayan." Species of Colocasia and Alocasia, which seldom bloom in cultivation, and which are classified according to their inflorescence, here appear to grow in a state of nature. Their soft, flesh}' spathes should be collected and preserved in alcohol or formalin for comparison with species and varieties from other localities. Bam- boos also are among the plants which seldom flower. The species growing in Guam have not yet been identified with certainty owing to the lack of good specimens of inflorescence. In cultivation all the plants here mentioned are propagated asexually, and are divided into a number of varieties. PLANTS WITH EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES. There are perhaps few localities which ofier better facilities for the observation of extrafloral nectaries. Here within a small area, grow- ing not in conservatories, but in a state of nature, maj^ be observed a remarkaV)ly large number of plants having glands on the midribs, veins, petioles, or rachis of their leaves, or on the peduncles, pedicels, or sepais of their flowers. Among them are species of Cassia, Eryth- rina, and Acacia, with stalked disk or cup-like glands, and, belonging to the Euphorbiaceae, the candle-nut (Aleurites) and the well-known castor bean with well-marked nectaries at the junction of the blade and the petiole of the leaf. Ricinus communis is especially well provided with these nectar glands. Thev occur on the nodes of the stem, along the petioles of the leaves, and the serrations of the leaf blades (PI. IX, fig. 2), as well as at the base of the blade where it is joined b}' the petiole. At this point there are usually two nectaries, though there may be but one, or there may be three or four when the leaf has a greater number of lobes than usual. Many of the Euphorbiaceae are provided with extra- Contr. Nat. Herb , Vol. IX. Plate IX. ^'$^: v^>v Sf»>' .,-j^'-v Fig. 1 .—Marginal Nectar Glands of Ricinus Leaf. Enlarged 43 Diameters. Fig. 2.— Cross Section Through Large Nectar Glands at Base of Ricinus Leaf- blade. Enlarged 30 Diameters. Contr. Nat Herb., Vol. IX. Plate X. Fig. 1.— Nectar Gland in Lower Surface of Midrib of Cotton Leaf. Enlarged 50 Diameters. Fig. 2.— Vaginate Nectar Gland in Midrib of Pariti TiLiACEUM. Natural Size. PLANTS WITH EXTRA FLORAL NECTARIES. 67 floral nectar glands, which have been noticed by systematic as well as by physiological botanists (Baillon, Miiller Arg., Bentham and Hooker). They are found on the stipules of Jatroplia multijida, and on the petiole at the base of the leaf blade of Aleurites violuGcana. In a paper by Perc}'^ Groom on the extrafloral nectaries of the allied Aleurites cordata"- these petiolar nectaries are described as follows: Each nectary is a green-stalked shallow basin, the concavity of which is tinted red. The secreting cells which line tlie basin form a single layer of palisade-like cells. Tlie general cnticle is preserved over these, and the secretion emerges through splits in it. The main body of the basin is composed of an anastomosing system of con- ducting parenchyma and ground parenchyma. * * * The secreting cells contain prnteids, sugar, a red coloring matter (a compound of tannin?), tannin, but no starch. In the ground parenchyma starch, tannin, and crystals of calcic oxalate occur. The conducting parenchyma contains sugar, ])ut no starch or crystals. * * * Darkening the nectaries of leaves on the plant or of excised leaves, or darkening the whole leaves, caused a gradual disappearance of the starch, but the nectaries continued to excrete for a time. The above description applies very nearly to the stipulary nectaries of Ricinus, a photograph of a cross section of which, made by Mr. B. ,1. Howard, of the United States Department of Agriculture, is shown in Plate IX, fig. 1. Among the Malvaceae growing in Guam several are provided with nectar glands on the underside of the midrib. These are most con- spicuous in Urena slnuata, occurring not onl}^ on the midril), but some- times on the main lateral ribs of the palmate leaves. They also occur on all leaves of cotton {Gossyplurti sp.) and on the midrib of Pariti tiViaceum (PI. X, fig. 2), in the form of vaginate glands. A photo- graph of a cross section of the nectar gland of a cotton leaf, also made by Mr. Howard, is shown in Plate X, fig. 1. The sweet fluid secreted b}^ these glands is eagerly sought by sugar- loving insects, and a number of authors maintain that the power of secreting it has been specially gained by plants for the sake of attract- ing ants and wasps, which will serve as defenders against caterpillars, leaf -cutting insects, or other enemies; but Darwin,* after a series of observations, could not see any reason to believe this to be so with the species observed by him, although the. fact that these glands are visited by insects for the sake of their nectar can be verified at any time of the day when the sun is shining, and these insects must serve as a protection for them. It is interesting to note that these glands may occur in one species and be absent from another closely allied to it of the same genus. Indeed, there are species in which the glands are present on some leaves and absent from others, and of their vari- ability we have already spoken in connection with Ricinus and Urena. « Annals of Botany, vol. 8, p. 228, 1894. ''Cross and self fertilization, pp. 403, 404, 1877. <>8 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. On thi« account Delpino" arji-ucs that these trlands ouoht not to be reoardod as excretory, since if they were so, they would l)c more constant and would occur in every species. Their variabilit}' is especially noticeable in the oenus Cassia, where the tiny cup-shaped nectaries may be found on the petioles of some species and the rachis of others, but are absent from both in others. If they performed some necssar}^ function it is hard to l)elieve that they would not occur in all the species. One thin<^ is certain, they are more hiji^hly developed and more active in the youn<;' and tender leaves and about opening leaf buds than on the older and toug-her leaves, which are less tempting to herbivorous animals, and more able to resist their attacks; and whatever may be the truth regarding the presence of these glands in general. Belt has shown conclusively'' that the bulFs-horn acacia of Central America {Acacm spliaerocephahi) not only attracts stinging ants by its nectaries, but offers them as an additional attraction daintv food rich in oil and protoplasm in the form of small bodies at the end of the divisions of the compound leaflets, which the ants gather when ripe and carry to their homes in the stout hollow thorns of the plant itself. The fruit-like bodies do not ripen all at once, but successively, so that the ants are kept about the young leaf for some time after it unfolds, and Belt arrived at the conclusion that the ants are really kept by the acacia as a standing army, to protect its leaves from the attacks of herbivorous mammals and insects. In the same waj^ there is a succes- sion of active nectaries about the tender young leaf buds and flower clusters of Ricinus, which are constantly visited by wasps and ants; and the important part played b}^ the nectar glands in the petioles of the cotton leaf (PI. X) as an attraction to ants which serve to protect the plant from the boll weevil and other injurious insects has recently awakened great interest and has been turned to economic account.'^ PLANTS WITH PROTECTIVE DEVICES. Interesting examples of self-protection are ofi'ered by several plants growing in Guam, the most striking of which is that of the spiny .yam, Dioscorea sjnnosa. This plant grows spontaneously on the island and in places forms impenetrably thickets. It takes its name not from the small prickles on the stem but from a mass of spines surrounding the base of the stem and serving as a protection to the starchy tubers below from hogs and other enemies. This species has often been con- fused with Dioscm^ea aculeata, the cultivated prickly yam in Guam, called " nika," which it resembles in the form of its broad heart-shaped " Rajiporti tra insetti e tra nettarii estranuziali, p. 63, 1875. 6 Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 218, 1874. cSee Cook, An Enemy of the Cotton Boll Weevil, U. S. Dept. Agr., Kept. No. 78; also his Report on the habits of the kelep, or Guatemulau cotton-boll weevil ant, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent, Bull. No. 49, 1904. Cor.tr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XI. Fig. 1.— Raphides, or Needle-like Crystals of Oxalate of Lime in Leaf-blade of Taro Plant (Caladium colocasia). Enlarged 100 Diameters. ^^^^-m Fig. 2.— a Single Capsule Discharging its Needles. Enlarged 200 Diameters. Contr, Nat, Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XII. FiQ. 1.— Needle Cell in Petiole of Taro Leaf. Enlarged 300 Diameters. Fig. 2.— Needle Cell in Blade of Taro Leaf. Enlarged 300 Diameters. ACRIDITY OF TARO LEAVES, 69 leaves, with deep basal sinus, and in its prickl}^ stem. (PI. XLIX.) It is very distinct, however, in having about its base the mass of spines referred to. They are why and })ranehing-, and have very much the appearance of sharp compound tishhooks. In reality the}^ are lateral roots which differ from typical monocotvledonous roots in their hard woody structure and the absence of root caps. Mr. T. G. Hill and ]SIrs. W. G. Freeman, who made a study of the root structure of an allied species growing in Africa, found that "the lateral roots form the actual spines. They only exhibit normal root-structures at the extreme apex; elsewhere the phloem strands travel regularl}^ throuo-hout the whole area of the stele, while the xvlem is more or less restricted to the central region. The hardness both of the main roots and the spines is due to the thickening and lignitication of the con- junctive tissue of the stele."'* Whether or not these spines have been specialh^ developed for the purpose of protecting the edible tuber may be questioned, but that they do protect it is certain. Among the principal food staples of Guam is the taro, Caladium eo/ocasn(, a plant of the Arum familj'. Both the land and water varie- ties (Fl. XXIV) are found invariably to have their smooth, succulent, satiny leaves free from the ravages of snails, insects, or herbivorous animals. Cattle and chickens delight in nipping off' the young leaves of bananas and plantains; deer often inflict serious injury on a young coconut plantation in a single night; breadfruit trees suffer from the attacks of all herbivorous animals, and must be protected from them — fruit, leaves, and bark; and even tobacco will be devoured in the tield b}'^ insect larva? unless it is carefully watched and attended. On chew- ing a small portion of a taro leaf, the cause of its safety from attack is at once apparent. The tongue, roof of the mouth, and lining of the throat seem to be pierced by a thousand tin}^ needles. The allied Alocasiae, plants also belonging to the Araceae, called "piga" ))y the natives of Guam, are so ver}- acrid that the skin is sometimes stung b}^ mereh' rubljing against one of their leaves. Not only is the root of the taro edible, but the tender 3"oung leaves are eaten like spinach or asparagus. When not thoroughly cooked, however, the^- retain their acridity, and in Polynesia it is a common occurrence to expe- rience an intense inflammation or burning of the throat after a meal of savory taro tops cooked w^ith cocoanut custard. Through the courtesy of Dr. H. W, Wilev, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, a careful chem- ical and histological examination of fresh taro plants was made for me by i\lr, Lyman F. Kebler and Mr, B. J, Howard. The result of their examination and experiments tends to corroborate the theory that the burning sensation experienced on chewing the leaves is not caused l)y an acrid fluid, ])ut by minute needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate "Annals of Botany, vol. 17, p. 413, 1903. 70 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. (PI. XI) coiitiiiiK'd in their tissue. Main' plants in which these eiys- tals :ir<' found are not acrid to the taste, l)ut most of the Araceae, inchidinii- our own Indian tui-nip, or jack-in-the-pulpit, are intensely so. In some ])hints the crystals are dev(doped singly in a cell of the parenchyma; in other cases the}'^ are in the form of a radiating- clus- ter, while in otiiers, including several families of monocotyledons, they form compact ))undles, called raphides. These raphides are some- times found in a cell which can not be easily separated from the remaining tissue of the plant. In the genera Caladium and Alocasia the}^ are inclosed in what appears to be an elongated transparent cap- sule filled with nuicilage. These capsules, or cartridges, are situated in the partition wall l)etween two vacuoles, their ends projecting into the adjacent vacuoles. (PI. XII.) When the vacuoles become filled with water by being crushed in chewing or when artificially macerated, the mucilage absorbs water through the capsule walls, increasing in volume so that it exerts such a pressure that the needles are ejected with considerable force from the capsule at one or both ends, where the cell wall is thinner than at the sides. While Mr. Howard was examining a section containing some of these raphides, the capsules absorbed water and began to discharge themselves ])y what appeared to be a series of explosions." In PL XI, fig. 1, is shown a section of taro leaf multiplied by 100 diam- eters, with the raphides in place. The thirst}^ mucilage, as it has been called by one author,'^ has absorbed a certain (juantit}^ of w\ater and some of the needles have been forced out. In tig. 2 is shown a single capsule discharging- the needles at both ends, the distance to which they have been projected to the right showing that the force of the discharge was considerable. At every discharge the capsule recoiled like a gun which has been fired. , In PI. XII, fig. 1, is shown a cross section of the blade of a taro leaf magnified 800 diameters. This shows a capsule in place, with its ends projecting into adjacent empty vacuoles. Fig. 2 shows a similar cell in the tissue of the petiole. These capsules retain their power to absorb water and discharge their needles after the leaf has been thorough!}' dried. They must be subjected to great heat to lose their activity; and when this is lost, as in cooking, the plant is no longer acrid. Sufficient heat is not alwa3's developed in boiling to effect the change. PI. XIII shows single capsules, or "bombs," as Doctor Wiley has called them, in fig. 1 just beginning to discharge its needles and in tig. 2 in full action. Doctor Wile}^ in his description says: I immediately took Mr. Howard's place at the microscope and saw for a period of five or ten minutes a most remarkable display. Continnal discharges were made from this bomb, the ends of the arrt)ws spreading out as they emerged in groups of «See Doctor Wiley's account in Science, July 24, 1903. ^Turpin, Ann. des Sci. Nat. li'' scrie, vol. C, p. 18, 1836. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XIII. Fig. 1.— Capsule of Taro Beginning to Discharge Needles. Enlarged 300 Diameters. Fig. 2.— Capsule of Taro with the Needles Shooting Forth. Enlarged 300 Diameters. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XIV. Cycas circinalis. Leaf and Carpophyll Bearing Half-developed Fruit. Natural Size. CYCAS CIECINALIS. 71 from 4 to 10. Af^ tliese groups were finally separated from the bombs they were discharged with considerable velocity into the andnent liquid, the bomb itself suf- fering a corresponding recoil. * * * The field of vision in the vicinity of the bomb became partially covered witli these long crystals, but the supply within the boml) did not seem to diminish materially. There must have been hundreds of the arrows in one single spheroid. * * * If the plant is not thoroughly cooked its acrid qualities remain in some degree. If thoroughly cooked they are destroyed. It is interesting to note that in cases where the leaves are chewed, either fresh or dried, the stinging sensation is not perceived until a few moments afterward, and in many cases it is not until the taro has been eaten that the prickly sensation in the lining of the mouth and throat shows that it has not been thoroughly cooked. * * * Alocasia indica, a plant closely allied to the taro plant, is so acrid that the Pacific Islanders resort to it only in cases of great scarcity of food. The disagreeable effects caused by these jilants seem to be confined to the tem})orary prii'kling sensation of the mouth and throat. They are undoubtedly uutritioas and are held in high esteem by the natives. The role played In^ raphide.s in protecting plants from herbivorous animals has been discussed by Otto Kuntze, in the Heft zur Botanis- chen Zeitung-, 187T, and by Ernst Stahl in the Jenaische Zeitscrif t f iir Naturwissenshaft und Medicine, 1888. The phenomenon of the explo- sion or shooting forth of the needles was lirst noticed by Turpin in 1836. He called the capsules containing them ''biforines," errone- ously supposing them to be proyided with an opening at each end. CYCAS CIRCIXALIS AND ITS FECCXDATIOX. One of the most interesting plants growling in Guam is the "fadau,"' or "federiko'"' {Cycas circinalis)^ the nuts of which were a food staple of the aborigines before the discoyery of the island. Its cylin- drical, scarred trunk, and stiti*, pinnated, gloss}" leaves suggest ideal pictures of the forests of the Carboniferous age. (PI. VHI.) Its nuts, poisonous when crude, but abounding in starch, are converted into a nutritious arrowroot, or sago, in several tropical countries. But its chief interest is in the structure of its inflorescence and the manner of its fructification. The group of plants to which it belongs occupies a place intermediate between the flowering plants and the cr3q)togams. Like the former, it has fruit with a large starchy endo- carp, but, as in the latter, fecundation is accomplished by means of spermatozoids and archegonia, corresponding to the male and female elements in animals. The male inflorescence is in the form of an erect cone consisting of modified staminal leaves which bear on the under surface globose pollen sacs corresponding to microsporangia. The female inflorescence consists of a tuft of spreading carpellary leaves having their margins coarsel}' notched. (PI. XIV.) In the notches are situated the ovules, which are devoid of an}^ protective covering. The}^ correspond to macrosporangia. Pollination is effected l)y the wind. The pollen settles on the ovules and sends down a tube into the tissue of the nucellus. Archegonia are formed, Qgg cells develop, 72 USEFFL PLANTS OF GUAM. and in tho ])()llon tuho are produced sperniatozoids provided with iniiuiti^ niovahle cilia I)\ wliicli tliev are propelled. These are dis- charo;ed over the archeiionia and fecundate the eirir. The fecundation of the allied Ot/cas revoluta of Japan has been .studied by the Japanese ])otanist Ikeno-/' that of Zamia florldana and Z. j)ii)iiiJ(i of the southern Tnited States b}" Dr. H. J. Webber, of the United States Department of Ag'riculture. '' Doctor Webber found the mature spermatozoids of Zamia to be the largest known to occur in any plant or animal. The}' are even visible to the naked eye. He kept them alive in sugar solutions and found their motion to be due mainly to the action of cilia. In fecundation the entire spermatozoid enters the egg cell, swimming in between the rui)tured neck cells. Sometimes two or three spermatozoids enter the same egg, but only one is used in fecundation, the others perishing. On entering the upper part of the egg cytoplasm the nucleus escapes from the spermatozoid, being left slightly in rear of the active ciliferous band. The plasma membrane of the sper- matozoid entirely disappears, seeming to unite with the cytoplasm of the egg, and this allows the spermatozoid cytoplasm also to unite with the egg cytoplasm and leaves the nucleus free. The nucleus passes on to the egg nucleus, with which it unites. Fecundation thus consists of a fusion of two entire cells — cytoplasm with cytoplasm and nucleus with nucleus. <" With abundance of living material at hand, the study of Cycas circincdis along the lines followed by Ikeno and Webber could not fail to yield interesting and important results. DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY OCEAN CURRENTS. On the sand}' beaches which form a great part of the east coast of Guam there is always a line of drift, just above high-water mark, which is rich in seeds, fruits of various kinds, and driftwood brought by the great ocean current which sweeps across the Pacific from east to west. Sometimes the seeds and logs are riddled with teredo bor- ings or are covered with barnacles, but often they appear fresh and little worn by the erosion of the waves and sand. Many of the seeds are dead; some of them are alive and capable of germination. Not all the species which reach the island have gained foothold there. The fruits of plants growing in muddy estuaries or mangrove swainps, for instance, can not establish themselves on a clean sandy beach. Germinating fruits of Rhizophora and Bruguiera are frequently cast up only to die, and nuts of the nipa palm, though found in perfect condition, can establish themselves only near the mouths of streams where the water is brackish. Though coconuts are of frequent « S. Ikeno, Untersuchungen iiber die Entwickelung, etc. .Tahrbi'icher f iir wissensch. Botanik, 82, Heft 4, p. .557, 1898. See list of works. ^Weliber, Herbert J., Spermatogenesis and fecimdation of Zamia. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau of I'lant Industry, Bull. No. 2, KIOL See list of works. <^Ideni., J). 85. Contr. Nat. Herh., Vol. IX. Plate XV. Sea Beans, Showing Air Spaces which Give Them Buoyancy. Section of Pod AND Seeds of Lens phaseoloides Having Air Space Inclosed Between Coty- ledons. Seeds of Guilandina crista with Air Space Between the Kernel and the Shell. DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY OCEAN CURRENTS. 73 occurrence in the drift, it is interestino- to note that on the eastern, or weather, side of the island, where they are washed u}), there is not a single coconut grove near the water's edge, while on the western, or lee, side, where groves have been planted, the}- grow so near the sea that their roots are often bared by the waves. It seems probable that coconuts grow in Guam only where they have been planted, except in cases where nuts which have fallen from trees of established groves have taken root. The seeds which occur in the drift owe their buoyancy to various causes. Many of the "sea beans'' inclose an air space between their cotyledons; others have kernels which do not till the stony, water-tight shells, but leave a space for air to keep them afloat; others have a separate air chamber; others have fibrous envelopes or husks com- posed of light tissue, and still others have w^oody or cork-like shells of low specitic gravity. Sea beans adapted for floating. — Among the hard stony seeds of leguminous plants cast up on the shores of Guam are gray "nicker- nuts'' {Gu'dandlna crista)^ called "pakao" by the Guam natives; brown '•horse-e3"e sea beans'' {StlzoloHujii gHjanteum)^ with a con- spicuous black raphe encircling nearl}' three-quarters of the periphery of the seed, and the large fiat " snufibox beans'' {Latx plia^eoloidei^^ called ''baj'og" or ''badyog" in Guam and "cacoons" in the West Indies. These "sea beans," or their closely allied representatives srrowino- in the West Indies, were tigured as earlv as 1()1>3 in an account of the objects cast up by the sea on the Orkney Islands l)y James Wallace, who knew nothing of their origin." They were recognized at once by Hans Sloane as the seeds of plants he had seen growing in Jamaica and which he had included in his catalogue of Jamaica plants. Tiieir occurrence on the shores where they were collected, so far removed from the place of their origin, suggested to Sloane the existence of the current which was afterwards known as the Gulf Stream. Sloane pul)lished a paper on the subject in the Philosophical Transactions of London in 1696, in which he for the first time offered to the world the true explanation of the means by which the}' were transported.* « "Cast up on the Shoar there are very oft those pretty Nutts, of which they use to make Snuff-boxes. There are four sorts of them, the figures of which are set down." Description Orkney Islands, p. 1-t, 1693. ^" How these several Beans should come to the Scotch Isles, and one of them to Ireland, seems very hard to determine. It is easy to conceive, that growing in Jamaica in the Woods, they may either fall from the Trees into the Rivers or l)e any other way conveyed by them into the Sea: it is likewise easie to believe, that being got to Sea, and floating in it in the neighbourhood of that island, they may be car- ried from thence l)y the Wind and Current, which meeting with a stop on the main continent of Am. is forced through the < inlph of Florida, or Canal of P>aliama, going there constantly E. and into the N. American Sea; for the .... Sargasso grows on 74 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. (hi'iUiiidhin cr'ida bus oi;iv polished round seeds of stony liiird- noss, about the size of small niarhUvs. When shaken, these seeds, oi- ''nieker-nuts,'" j;i\-e forth a lattlino- sound, owing- to the fact that the kernel, consisting- of two elosely oppressed cot3dedons, fits loosely in (he shell, leaving a large air space, which gives buoyancy to the seeds. (IM. XV. tigs. 5, 6, 7.) 'I'he se(>ds of Lcnx phmeolotdcs (PI. XV, tigs. 2, 3, 4) do not rattle when shaken. Their kernels till the shell completely, but inclosed between the two large cotyledons composing the kernel there is a large air space when the seeds are quite mature and dry. The}" are verv liiiht and lioat like ])ubbles on the surface of the sea. The seeds of Stizolobium are easily distinguished from those of Lens by their prominent raphe. Those of Lens have no raphe and are inclosed in an enormous woody, saber-shaped pod (PI. LVl), consisting of many distinct joints, with a strong woody suture surrounding the whole legume. This suture is persistent and forms a sort of frame from which the inclosed joints may be removed separately. Each joint (PI. X\', tio-. 1) is in the form of a closed cell in which the bean tits looselv and rattles about when shaken. This plant owes its very wide distribu- tion to the buoyancy of its seed and its habit of growing near the sea. Great num))ers of the seeds are thrown up each year by the Gulf Stream on the Azores, but the plant has not succeeded in establishing itself on those islands. Seeds collected there ))y Darwin were sent by him to Sir Joseph Hooker. They were planted at Kew and many of them germinated and grew to be fine plants, "showing th:>t their immersion during a voyage of nearly 3.000 miles had not ati'ectetl their vitality."'^ MoRiNDA ciTRiFOLiA.— This plant (PI. XVI), called '"ladda,'' or " lada," by the natives of Guam, has seeds of unusual interest. Their buoyancy is insured by a distinct air cell. They are frequently found in the drift of tropical shores, and experiments have been made which demonstrate the great length of time the}- w ill float in salt water. *^ the rocks about Jamaica, and is carried by tfie Winds and Current (which for the most part go impetuously the same way) towards the coast of Florida, and thence into the Northern Am. Ocean, whereas I mention p. 4. of my Catal. it lyes very thick on the Surface of the Sea: But how they should come the rest of their Voyage I cannot tell, unless it be thought reasonable, that as Shijis when they go South expect a trade Easterly Wind, so when they come North, they expect and generally find a Westerly Wind for at least two parts of three of the Year, so that the Beans l>eing brought North ])y the Current from the Gulph of Florida, are put into these AVesterly AVinds way, and may be supposed by this means at last to arrive in Scot- land. Sloane, An Account of Four sorts of strange Beans, etc. ' ' Philosophical Trans- actions, vol. 19, pp. 299, 300, 1696. i*.!. D. Hooker, Insular Floras, Gardeners' Clironicle, 1867, pp. 27, 51. cSee Schimper, Die indo-malayische Straudtiora, p. 165, pi. vii, tig. 26, b and c, 1891; also Guppy, The Dispersal of Plants, etc., Trans. Victoria Institute, vol. 27, p. 267, 1890. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XVI. MORINDA CITRIFOLIA. FLOWERS AND FRUIT. NATURAL SiZE. DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY OCEAN CURRENTS. 75 Fruits with buoyant husks. — In addition to tlie coconut, which is provided with a fibrous envelope, and is l^nown to tloat for h)nji- periods of time in the sea witliout losing- its vitality, there are found in the drift of Guam the fruits of Barrlngtonia speciosa^ called ''put- ing" by the natives, and Ochrosia marimuiensis, called " fago.'' Both of these fruits have fibrous husks, but that of the Barringtonia has a hard glossy surface, somewhat as in the case of the coconut, while the surface of the Ochrosia is soft and easily eroded. The fruits of this Barringtonia (PI. XXXVIII) are four-cornered and miter-shaped; 'he natives crush them and use them as a fish intoxicant. Those of the Ochrosia are oval in shape, and, like the closely allied Cerbera fruits of Samoa and other tropical countries, are soon deprived of their pulpy parenchyma, and display the cushion of fiber inclosing the mesocarp. This owes its buoj^ancv to intercellular air spaces. It is elastic and serves to protect the seed from erosion and from the attacks of animals. Mangrove fruits. — Great numbers of these spindle-shaped young- plants are continually carried by the tide from the estuaries into which the}' drop after having- begun to germinate on the tree. The fruits of Rhlzopliora mucronata (PI. LXIV) are easily distinguished from those of Bruguiera gymnorhka (PI. XL) by the four-parted persistent calyx, the calyx of Bruguiera consisting of many segments. Associated with them are found the seeds of the "red-flowered mangrove" {Lumnltsera llttoreu)^ called "nana" in Guam; those of Excoecaria agalJoeha^ the "milky mangrove," or "blinding-tree," which grow in catkin-like spikes; and the keeled nuts of the "ufa" {llerititra IlttoraHs), the hard shell of which includes a very large air space (PI. LII). Littoral trees and shrubs. — Other seeds found in the drift are those of Pariti tiliacenin and TlieHpe^m popnlnea^ the "pago" and "kilulu" of the natives, both of which l)elong to the Malvaceae, and have cavities filled with air; the round nuts of CkdophyUuia hiophyl- lian^ called "daog;" the boat-shaped "almonds" of Teriainalta catappa, called "talisai," often much eroded; the angular woody seeds of the "lalanyug" {Xylocarpus granatum)^ and the ril)bed fruit of the nipa palm {Nypa fndicans). Among the plants which grow on the edge of the sea, whose fruit drops into the water continually, are the shrub])y Lohelid A'oenigli and Tournefortla argentea (PI. LXVIII), associated with the creeping "goats-foot convolvulus"' {Ipomoect, pes-cap'me), the seeds of which contain air cavities, and the "Polynesian ironwood" {Casuarhia equisetifolia), the cones of which (PI. XLI) are corky and buoyant and inclose seeds provided with wings which adapt them for transportation by the wind. The transparent wings of these seeds are stifi'ened ])y the persistent style. When a handful of them is thrown into the air the}- resemble a swarm of fl.ying insects. Hundieds of these seeds, together witli the queei-shaped Barringtonia fruits, are 76 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ulwaj^s to bo found g-enninatiiig on the stretches of sandy ])each along- the southern portion of the east coast of the island. \\'itli Schiniper as a guide, and the benelit ol" the ex])erinients of (xuppy and of Treul), a student on the island of (Juiiin would find abundance of material and a most favorable opportunity for studying the seeds of the drift in tile places where they have been deposited by the great trans- Pacilic curi'ent, and where they could be o})served in the process of germinating under absolutely natural conditions. ANIMALS OF THE ISLAND. MAMMALS. Bats. — There are no indigenous quadrupeds in Guam. The onl}^ mammals in prehistoric times were two species of bats, the large fruit- eating J*teropiis keraudreni Q. & G., or "flying fox," called "fanihi" by the natives, and a small insectivorous species, EmlxiUonura semicau- (Jata Peale, called "pa^^es^^es.''' The fanihi flies about in the daytime, flapping its wings slowly like a crow. It has a disagreeable nmsky odor, ))ut this leaves it when the skin is removed, and the natives some- times eat it. The flesh is tough, but not unsavory. The principal fruits eaten by it are guavas, fertile breadfruit, the drupes of the fragrant screw pine, called "kafo," and custard apples {Annona reticulata)^ which it has undoubtedly helped to spread over the island. This species occurs in Fiji, the Friendh^ Islands, New Hebrides, and Pelew Islands. It very closely resembles the flying foxes of Samoa, which the natives of those islands call "pe'a," or "manu-langi" (bird of heaven). Eiiihallonura i^emicaudata^ the insectivorous bat, is noc- turnal in its haljits, and flutters about very much like our own common species. It remains in caves during the day and ventures forth at twi- light. It is very similar to, if not identical with, the "apa'au-vai" of the Samoans, and has been collected in Fiji and the New Hebrides. Rats and mice. — The Norway or brown rat {Mus decumanvs Pallas), called "chaka" b}^ the natives, was probably introduced into the island through the agency of ships. It is ver}^ abundant and is a great pest, especially in plantations of maize and cacao. It also destroys young coconuts, ascending the trees and often making its nests there. The common mouse {Mus musculus L.) has also been introduced. It appar- ently causes little harm. Deer. — An introduced deer, Cervus mariannvs Desm., overruns the island and causes great damage to maize, young coconut palms, and other crops of the natives. It was brought to the island by Don Mariano Tobias, who was governor of the Mariannes from 1771 to 1774. Its flesh has a tine venison flavor, and it is a favorite food staple of the natives, who hunt the animal with dogs and guns, often burning DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 77 great stretches of sword grass {X:ijpTieagrostis jloridula) in whicl' it hides. These animals often make raids upon the garden patches of the natives, sometimes coming down into the palace garden at night and eating the melons and other succulent vegetables cultivated there. During the rutting season the honking cries of the fighting bucks are heard at night, especially when the moon is full. Domestic animals. — Buti'alo, cattle, horses, mules, pigs, goats, C9,ts, and dogs have been introduced. The butlalo {BnlKdu-s hufelus L.) are used for carrying burdens, drawing carts, and for plowing rice, just as in the Philippines. Their flesh is seldom eaten in Guam and their milk, which is of excellent quality and in some countries is an impor- tant food staple, is never used. The}^ are very strong animals, but awkward and more difficult to manage than oxen. It is a common sight in Guam to see a small boy riding a buti'alo })ull. As the huge, ungainly, great-horned animal goes galloping along the road it sug- gests some monster of prehistoric times. Buft'alo can not endure long- periods of drought. They love to wallow in swamps and, if hot and diw, will sometimes lie down with their riders when crossing a marsh. Many of the Guam cattle bear a general resemblance to Jerseys in size and color, though their udders are much smaller. Both bulls and cows are used as steeds and for drawing carts. A foreigner is espe- cialh' struck with the speed developed by some of these animals. It is a common sight to see a dainty smooth-skinned cow saddled and hal- tered trotting along as swiftly as a horse, with her calf galloping at her side. AVith the exception of a few herds of cattle and buffalo in the interior of the island, all animals in domestic use are kept tethered, to keep them away from the unfenced garden patches and cornfields of the natives. They are subject to the attacks of wood ticks (Acarina), so that the}^ must be frequently examined. The natives rub their skins and currv them like horses. Sometimes a neglected animal dies in consequence of the attacks of these pests. Horses do not nmltiply on the island. Colts are born but do not thrive. Goats are not plentiful. Wild hogs roam the forests in the northern part of the island. They live on fallen wild breadfruit and various roots. It is interesting to note that the}^ eat the exceedingly acrid rootstocks of the great Alocasia which grows wild in the forests (see p. 70). Hogs kept on ranches and fed on coconuts, breadfruit, and other vegetable substances are prized for food. The excellent flavor of the Guam pork was much praised by early navigators (see pp. 18 and 20). Dogs are pests in the villages. The}- are not well cared for, as a rule, and get their living by foraging. Cats have gone wild, and sometimes destroy the eggs of sitting hens and catch young chickens and turkeys. Dogs and cats are fed upon coconuts when other food is not available. 78 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. BIRDS. '^ Land birds. — The most beautiful bird on the i.sland i.s the rose- crowned fruit dove {Ptilopiis roseicaj^Ulus Less.), called "tot-tot" bv the natives, and closelv resemblingf the " nianu-tangi " of Samoa {P. fdftcldfas! Poalo). The g"enoral color of its plumage is green. Its head is capped with rosc-purplo and the lower surface is ^^ellow and orange, with some purple on the ])rcast. The sexes are similar. When it utters its mournful sobbing note it presses its bill against its breast and swells the back of its neck. Birds which were kept hj the author in captivity would freiiuentlv cry out in the middle of the night. Their favorite food was the fruit of the ilangilang {Ccuumgimn odora- tmn)^ Cestrum berries (called "• tintan China"), and orange berries {Trlphasia trifoliata). They also eat the plum-like fruit oi Xinienia americana^ called "pi'od" by the natives. Another fruit dove is Phlegoenas wanthonnra (Tenmi.), the female of which is smaller than the male and is of a uniform reddish-brown color, while the male has a white throat and olive-green reflections on its breast. Another dove, which was probably introduced from the Philippines, is TuHut dussumieri (Tennn.). It is quite common in the open stretches of the mesa and is called " paluman-halomtano,"' or "wild pigeon," by the natives. It is a graceful, dove-colored bird resembling the common turtle dove, to wdiich it is closelv allied. Another introduced bird is the beautiful little pigmy quail [Ercal- factoria shuns/.'i Gm.), called bengbeng" by the natives, from the peculiar whirring noise it makes in flying. This little bird, which is only 5 inches long, is remarkable for the large size of its eggs. They are of a brownish color, sprinkled with deeper brownish dots, broadly ovate in form, and 1 inch through in their greatest diameter. The most remarkable l)ird of the Mariannes is a megapode {Jfegapo- dius laperous'i Quoy & Gaimard), which is called " sasengat," or " polio del monte." It is closel}^ allied to if not identical with a megapode found in the Pelew Islands, and is of the same genus as the jungle- fowl or mound-builder of Australia {^Lgcqjodhis tnriudus). In the Marianne Islands the natives attract it by knocking stones together. These birds are remarkable for the thickness of their legs and the size of their feet. They hav^e a habit of heaping up mounds of earth, deca3'ed leaves, and rubbish in which they lay their eggs. They are of a brownish color wnth grayish head. On the head there is an area of naked skin of a reddish color. The bill and legs are 3^ellow. The birds are about 9 inches long. They fly heavily. They are not known to occur in Guam, but were collected b}' M. Alfred JNlarche in 1887, 1888, and 1889 on the islands of Rota, Saipan, Pagan, and Agrigan, belonging to this group. " I am indebted to Dr. Cliarles W. Richmond for revisiug the scientific names of the \Ari\ii in the following list. BIRDS. 79 The only bird of prey of the group is the short-eared owl {A,no accijrlt7'i'mis Pall.), called b}" the natives " momo,'" "' monguio," or "mongo.'" Hartert doubts its occurrence as a resident of the Mari- anne Islands " but it is a bird well known to the natives. They describe it as having big e3"es and a cat-like face, and say that it catches lizards. It has not been collected in Guam, but is said to be common on the island of Tinian. It was collected by the Freycinet expedition. Terrestrial kingfishers. — One of the conmionest birds in Guam is ILdeyon cinnamominus Swains., called '"'"sihig" by the natives. It is of a beautiful blue and tawn}^ color, the female ditl'ering from the male in having white on the bell}'. This bird is allied to the "tio- tala" of Samoa (//. pealel Finsch & Hartl.). It feeds upon insects and lizards and is said to eat young birds and to pick out the eyes of young chickens. It utters a strident rattling note which is often heard in the middle of the night. An allied species, Ilalcyou alhicUla (Dumont) occurs in the northern islands of the group. Other birds are the edible-nest swift, CoUocalia fnclphaga (Thunb.) called "'3'ayaguag" by the natives and "golondrina" by the Span- iards, which in Guam makes nests of leaves stuck together with a secre- tion from the mouth very ditferent from the typical nests used for food by the Chinese; the fan tailed fly-catcher, Rhlpidura iiranJae Oustalet, called ''chichirika,"" or "chichirita," by the natives, a prett}^ little bird which follows one along the road and spreads its tail as though wishing to attract attention. Another little fly-catcher fre- quenting shad}' woods, Myiagra freycineti Oustalet, called "chiguan- guan;" the starling-like sali, Aplonis hlttUtzi Finsch & Hartl., closeh' allied to the Samoan miti-uli (^1. hrevirost7'is)\ a crow, Corvus huharyi Reichenow, called "aga," which is fond of Terminalia nuts and does much damage to the maize crops of the natives; two honey eaters, the little red-and-black Ahjzomela ruhratra (Less.), called "egigi," which frequents the ])lossoms of bananas, coconuts, and scarlet hibiscus, and the olive-green and yellow Zostcrop)-^ conspic'dbita (Kitt- litz), called "nossak" by the natives. The only real song bird on the island is the ga-karriso, or ga-piao, a reed warbler which is well named Acrocephalus luscinia (Quoy & Gaim.). It nests among the reeds of the large swamp near Agaiia, known as " la Cienaga," and has a song of exquisite sweetness. Shore birds. — Among the shore birds are a peculiar bittern, Ar- detta sinensis {G\\\q{.)^ called ""ksikkag" by the natives; the common reef-heron of the Vaciiic, I)(nm//'etta sacra (Gm.), called '"''chuchuko," which is not rare but wary and hard to approach; two rails called "koko," Hypotaenidhi owstovl Rothschild, and PoUolhmias cinereus (Vieill.), both of which are caught by the natives by means of snares laid in paths; the widely distributed water hen or gallinule, GaUiimla « Novitates Zoologicse, Vol. V, p. 68, 1898. so USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. <-ld()i'<)j)iLx Lath., c-iilled "puhital" by tlic natives, excellent for food, and easily distinguished by a red shield on its forehead; three birds called '• kalalano," the Pacilic godwit, Liuiom Iaj>ponu:a />'«;/e;v*(Naiim.), the Australian curlew, Xiuiteniu^ eya nojmsWQiW. ^ often seen on newly tilled tields, and the oriental whimbrel Numeniim plmeopus variegatuH (Scop.), somewhat smaller, usually seen at periods of migration; and the wideh' spread snipe, GaUinago ntegala Swinh. Among the shore ])irds called by the general name "dulili'' are the gray and white Asiatic wandering tattler, Ileteractitls hrevljjes Vieill. ; the bullhead or l)lack-bellied plover, Sqaatarola aquatarola (L.); the well-known Asiatic golden plover, Clxiradrius (hnidnicvs fulvus (Gm.), very common on cultivated tields and along the shores of the island; the Mongolian sand dotterel, AegialUis )iiongola{y?i\\.)\ and the common turnstone, Arenaria Interpres (L.), which may be easily distinguished from the rest by its bright ^^ellow feet. A duck. Anas oustaleti Salv., called ugaanga by the natives, is peculiar to the Marianne islands. It is closely allied to species occurring in Hawaii and Samoa. Sea birds. — No gulls are found in the vicinity of the island. Nod- dies, Anous leucocapillun Gould and Ancnis stolidus (L. ), called " fjihan," by the natives, are common. The beautiful snow-white tern, Gygis nihil l-IttUtzl Hartert, called "chuiige" by the natives breeds on the island in great numbei'o, not making a nest but laying its single white Qgg on the bare branch of a tree. The common booby Sula sula (L.), is common in the vicinity of the island. Great numbers of them may alwa3^s be seen off the coast of Orote Peninsula, and the red-footed ])Ooby {Sula piscairix L.) with white plumage, also occurs. They pursue iiying fish, and dart into the water from great heights. The frigate bird, Fregata aquila (L.), called "payaava" by the natives, is not rare, but is seldom seen near the shore of Guam. The tropic bird, Pliaethon lepturus Daudin, nests on the northern islands of the group." REPTILES.* There are few reptiles in Guam. The most conspicuous is a large lizard {Yaranus sp.) about 4 feet long, of a black color speckled with lemon-yellow dots. The combination of these colors gives to the ani- mal a greenish appearance as it runs through the Inishes. As in the Guam kingfisher or "sihig'' we have a lizard-eating bird, so in this animal, called "hilitai" by the natives, we have a bird-eating lizard. " Students of ornithology are referred to the report of Quoy and Gaiuiard in the zoology of the Freycinet Expedition; Oustalet's "les raamniiferes et les oiseaux des lies Mariannes;" Hartert "on the birds of the Marianne Islands;" and Seale's " Report of a mission to Guam." See list ( *" works. '' I am indebted to Dr. Leonard Stejneger, of the U. S. National Museum, for the names of the rejjtiles. NATURAL HISTORY. 81 It is a great pest, frequently visiting tlie ranches of the natives, eat- ing the eggs of fowls and 30ung chickens, and robbing birds' nests. It is a common thing on walking through the woods of the island to hear an outer}- among the birds and to discover one of these creatures in the vicinity of a nest which he has just robbed. Several pigeons belonging to the author were caught and killed by hilitais, their wings having been clipped to prevent their flying awa}^ from a ranch to which they had l^een carried. These lizards are eaten by Filipinos living in Guam, but the natives look upon them with disgust. All houses of Guam are frequented b}- small lizards called "geckos.'' They are harmless creatures and are welcomed by the natives on account of their habit of catching insects. Their toes are so constructed as to enable them to run upside-down on the ceiling and rafters with great rapidity. At night they may be seen quite motionless h'ing in wait for moths and other insects which may be attracted into the houses by the light. Three or four often pursue the same insect, approaching it stealthily like cats after their prey. From time to time they utter a chattering noise, which has won for them the name of "island canary birds." In the woods is a prettj' blue-tailed skink {Emoia cyanura Lesson), a small lizard with a tail the color of turquoise and with longitudinal bronze lines along the back. The only snake on the island is Typhlops hraminus (Daudin), a small species, with microscopic ej^es and mouth and covered with minute scales. It is sometimes called " blind-worm," from its general resemblance to a large earthworm, and is found in damp places, under stones and logs. Turtles are common in the sea, but are seldom taken. FISHES.^' GENERAL NOTES. The fishes of Guam have been collected by Quoy and Gaimard and Mr. Alvin Seale, of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Hawaii.^ Although the natives do not devote themselves to fishing so exten- sively now as was formerly the case, yet many of them have cast nets with which they catch small fish swimming in schools near the beach, and a few have traps and seines. The ancient custom of trawling for bonitos and flying tish has nearly died out, but the natives still resort occasionally to the method pursued by their ancestors of stupefying tish with the crushed fruit of Barringtonia sjyeciosa^ a narcotic wideh" "I am indebted to Dr. Barton "W. Evermann, of the U. S. Fish Commission, for revising the scientific names of tlie fishes and for reading the proof of the following list. ^ See director's report for 1900, Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press, 1901, p. 61. 9773—05 6 82 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. used For Miis ])urposo in the islands of the Pacific. The fruit is pounded into a paste, inclosed in a bag, and kept over night. The time of an especially low tide is selected, and bags of the pounded fruit are taken out on the reef the next nioniing and sunk in certain deep holes in the reef. The fish soon appear at the surface, some of them lifeless, others att(Miipting to swim, or faintly struggling with their ventral side uppermost. The natives scoop them up in nets, spear them, or jump overboard and catch them in their hands, some- times even diving for them. Nothing more striking could be imagined than the picture presented by the conglomeration of strange shapes and bright colors— snake-like sea eels (Ophicthus, Muraena, and P^chidna); voracious lizard-fishes (Synodus); gar-like hound-fishes (Tylosurus). with their jaws prolonged into a sharp ])eak; half-beaks (Hemiramphus), with the lower jaw projecting like an awl and the U[)per one having the appearance of being broken ott'; long-snouted trumpet-fishes (Fistularia); HoundiM's {PI(it(>j>hri/-^jHw<>)\ porcupine-fish {Dlodon hystrh)^ bristling with spines; uudletsof se\'eral kinds (Mugil), highly esteemed as food-fishes; pike-like Sphyraenas; squirrel fishes (Holocentrus)of the brightest and most beautiful colors— scarlet, rose- color and silver, and yellow and blue; surnudlets ( Upeneus and Pseud- upeneus) of various shades of yellow, marked with ))Iuish lines from the eye to the snout; parrot-fishes (Scarus), with large scales, parrot-like beaks, and intense colors, some of them a deep greenish blue, others looking as though painted with l)lue and pink opaque colors; variega- ted Chaetodons, called ''sea butterflies'' by the natives; black-and- yellow banded ))anner-tish (Zanc/xs canescen,^; trunkfishes {(htraeUm), with horns and armor; gaily striped lancet fish {Teiithls Ihieatm) called hhjug; leopard-spotted groupers {Jtj)lnep/ielns hexagon at us), like the cahr'dlm of the Peruvian coast; cardinal-fishes {Apogou fascia- t>fs) striped from head to tail with bands of black and flesh color; hideous-looking, warty toadfishes, '^riufn,'^ armed with poisonous spines, nmch dreaded by the natives; and a black fish {Mo7ioceros mar- gmatiis), Avith a spur on its forehead. As many young fish unfit for food are destroyed by this process, the Spanish Government forbade this method of fishinp-; but since the American occupation of the island the practice has been revived. In the mangrove swamps when the tide is low hundreds of little fishes with protruding eyes may be seen hopping about in the mud and climbing among the roots of the Rhizophora and Bruguiera. These are the widely spread Perlophthahnm koelre uteri, belonging to a group of fishes interesting from the fact that their air-bladder has assumed in a measure the function of luno-s, enabling- the animal to l)reathe atmospheric air. Following I give a list of some of the Guam fishes arranged accord- ing to their vernacular names: FISHES. 83 ALPHABETICAL LIST Ol" rHIXCll'AL FISHES. Ababang ( ' ' Butterfly " ) . A name applied to several short, fiat fishes with conspicuous mark- ings, sitch as species of Chaetodon and Zancliis; also to the pretty little Tetradrachnmm so abundant in tide pools on the coral reefs. Among these are Chaetodon oruatissi/zn/s ('!^o]Rndcv), ornamented with black and yellow stripes. In Samoa allied species are called "tifititi" (''adorned"). Ababang g-upalau. ZanclK.t cane.sfcns L. A beautifid harlequin, or banner-fish, with an elongated dorsal fin and black, yellow, and white transverse (vertical) bands. In Hawaii this species is called '* kihikihi;" in Samoa '' tifitifi." Ababang' pintado. Tetrad rnchmnm anmnitni L. A beautiful and striking little fish, common in the tide pools of the reef, silvery and 3'ellow, with black spots and bands. Agnian, or Hagman. }[uraena tile Ham. A sea eel, brownish; common. In. Samoa allied species are called "pusi;" in Hawaii '"puhi." Agman, f»r Haginan atulong. Muraena nigra Day. A dark-colored sea eel which lurks in holes in the coral-reef. Bayag, or Badyag. Fistularia dej)ressa L. Trumpet-fish; trompetero (Spanish). Boca dulce. Polydactyliis sexfilis Cuv. A: Val. A fish with shark-like mouth and large eyes; steel-blue on back,"^ whitish on rest of body. Edible. Called "barbudo" in Spanish. In Hawaii called '' moi, or •' moi lii;" in Samoa allied species called " afa." Buha. Lutianus monostigma (Cuv. & Val.). Snapper; with a black spot on the lateral line under the anterior soft dorsal ray. Butele. Diodon hystrix L. Porcupine-fish. In Porto Rico called " guanabano," after the spiny- fruited sour >iO\) {Aniiona muricata). In Samoa it is called "tautu;" in Hawaii it is regarded as poisonous, but is eaten after having been prepared with certain precautions. Chalag, or Chalak. Holocentrus spp. and Flammeo sammara (Forskal). A general name for squirrel-fishes. Holocentrns hinolatuiit Q. & G. is of a beautiful rose-color with silver longitudinal stripes. Holocentrus y>/.sco-st/'iatus^eii\e is pinkish with longitudinal rows of black spots and a black spot on spinous part of dorsal fin; red on top of head. IIi>/o- centnix dladetna Lacep. is red with lighter longitudinal lines. These beautiful colors soon fade in alcohol. In Hawaii allied species are called '"alaihi;" in Samoa '" malau.'' 84 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Dafa. Sfdriis ri/pho Seale. A purrot-tish; lartj^e scales and parrot-like beak; cslor deep green- blue. Dang'lon, or Danglun. Ostradon punctatus IMoch. A trunk-lish; body without ribs, inclosed by a hard carapax com- posed of hexagonal plates; 2 horns in front and 2 in rear; bhick speckled with white. Fanihen-tasi ("sea-bat"). Sloasodon nar'mari (Euphr.). An eagle-ray, with pectoral tins developed like two broad wings, and a long flexible tail armed with a serrated spine. Color of upper surface blue spotted with white. Fdmho, or Fongho. A hud elduf spp. '•Coral-fishes." Small and flat, resembling a sun-fish, usually with a dark transverse f)and on after part of the body near the tail. Ahudtldvf diclil (Lienard) is livid pink with a black band on the posterior third of the body; caudal and pectoral tins yellowish white, dusky at the tip; remaining tins dusky. Ahudelduf amhoinensis (Bleeker) has the caudal fin deeph" forked with the lobes nnich produced; color brown- ish, lighter })elow; fins all washed with l)luish except pectorals, which are white; deep brown spot at base and in axils of pectorals. Gadao. Epinephelus hexagonatus (Bloch). A ''grouper" with leopard-like spots. Cabrilla (Spanish). Gadu. CheUmus trilobatus Lacepede. Greenish with red stripes and dots on the head, 3 oblique lines from eye down sides of snout; each scale with red vertical lines; vertical fins green with light margins; ventrals green; pectorals yellow. Allied to the "poou" of Hawaii {O. hexagonatus Giinth.). Gadudog. Amjihiprion spp. Amphlprlon hlGlnctus Riippell, has a cinnamon and black bod}^ with 2 transverse bluish bands, 1 on cheek, and 1 on abdomen; the first band of equal width with the eye and extending over the neck vertically down to the lower edge of the opercle; the other band extending down from the dorsal fin to the anal opening; caudal fin emarginate, upper lobe produced; color tawny. Amphlprion epliipiy'ium Bloch, is brown- ish black, lighter in front, with a blue band one and one-half times as wide as eye, extending from neck to eye, and down along the opercle and preopercle, ending in an acute angle on the subopercle; ventral and anal fins black; pectorals, caudal peduncle, and fin yellow. Gahga, or Gajga (Spanish orthog.)- Pore.roco«lunt; back straight; belly curved. Belongs to the Pempheridae. Sesiog. I loloeentrus unipundatus Giinther. A squiri*el-fish of a beautiful crimson color, with a number of lines of darker red. This color fades in spirits, the fish becoming a grayish white, except a small blotch of black between the first and second dor- sal spines near the base. Sesyan, Siyan, or Sidyan. Siganas marmorata (Q. & G.). Blackish purple; mackerel-shaped; head and })ack covered with ver- miculated lines, which ai-e wavy and longitudinal on sides. Belongs to the Teuthidae or lancet-fishes. Edible. The 3"oung are called "maniihao-. 1? Sihig-. Scolopsis Uneatus Q. & G. Greenish and pink; head curved; e3^es large; an indistinct line from snout to first dorsal spine; 2 distinct lines from above the orbit to sixth and seventh rays of soft dorsal; a third line wider anteriorly and more or less broken from upper third of eye to just abaft the after margin of the dorsal fin; a fourth line forms the boundary of the col- oring along the median line from eye to caudal; 0 to 7.50 inches long. The vernacular name taken from that of the Guam kingfisher, Halcyon cinnamonnnus Swainson, which is greenish blue and cinnamon-colored. Tampat. Plntnphrys pavo Q_. & G. A flounder; good food fish. In Samoa allied species called "ali." Tarakito. Carangus ascensionis (Forster. ). A pompano; silvery, with wash of yellow; pectorals yellow; dorsal and anal bluish (in spirits); a favorite food fish; caught by hook; usu- ally tiao used for bait. In Samoa and Hawaii allied species cat'ed "ulua." Tataga. Monoceros marginatus Cuv. & Val. A black fish with a spur on its forehead and two sharp bony plates on peduncle of tail; in younger specimens spur shorter; in 3'oungest spur and tail plates absent; in spirits of a dirt)" olive, slightly lighter below. Tatalun. Anampses coeruleopundatiis (Riippell). Brown, reddish on belly; bright blue spots and 8 to 10 blue lines marking the head; most of them radiating from the e^^e; pectorals yellow, their bases black; ventrals dusky, the first rays blue; caudal dusky, with numerous blue spots; dorsal and anal with 2 or 3 rows of FISHES, 89 spots or lines. In Sau^oa allied species called "sung-ale;" in Hawaii ^'opule^or "hilii." Tatanung. Curi)< uiollusks jiiv :i minibcr of hiindsomc olives, cones, and many small cow lics which evidently I'eed ui)on the coi'al. There are also naked molhisks that protect themselves by spurting forth clouds of purple ihiid. File-tishes, tctrodons, and other fishes are always seen nihhliny' at the coral. Sometimes a oroat sea porcupine makes for them, and oil they all swim as though afraid for their lives. The natives (>at many kinds of marine animals, hut they do not depend upon the reef to the extent that the Samoans and Caroline Islanders do. lia\ ing l)ecome essentially an agricultural people, and few of th(Mn liiul it to their advantage to neglect their fields for fish- ing. Ill t'oiiner times sineral governors found it profitable to collect and dry certain kinds of holothurians, called "trepang,"" or "beches de mer,"" and ship them to Manila or Canton-/' but these animals are no longer sought in (iuam, and are seldom eaten by the natives. Crabs of several kinds al)ound, most of them of wide distribution in the Pacific. Some of them (" alimasag'') have shells l)rightly decorated with orange-red spots {Zosinnts aeneiis (L.)), others are covered with spines, and others, when they fold in their claws, look like smooth, waterworn bowlders. Scrambling over rocks along the shore are Grapsiis grcqjsus tenuicrustatus (Herbst.), of a deep red color, speckled and striped with yellow. Spiny lobsters or crayfish (Pannlirus), with long antennae and carapax covered with spines, abound at certain points along the coast; and in the fresh-water streams on the islands are delicate semitransparent prawns (Bithynis), which move about the pools in a stealthy ghostlike manner, and are almost invisible to the casual observer. Both the spiny lobsters and the prawns are valued as food. Among the land crabs is Card! soma rotundum Q. & G., which bur- rows in the ground and does great damage to gardens. This is caught in traps made of bamboo by the natives. It visits the sea at regular intervals to deposit its eggs, going after nightfall in straight lines and climl)ing over all obstacles in its way. Among the hermit crabs are AnieulKS aniculust (Herbst.), with a red carapax ornamented with deep red spots, and Darddnns punctulatus (Olivier), prettily marked with blue ocelli with white centers. The most interesting of all the land crustaceans is the well-known Birgus latro (L.), or robber crab, called "ayuyu," which is kept in captivity by the natives and fattened on coconuts for the table. INSECTS. ^ The insects of Guam have never been systematically collected. Man}^ of those now occurring on the island have undoubtedl}^ been introduced "Chamisso, Tagebm-li, p. 243. ^I am in(le])ted to Dr. W. H. Ashmead, of the U. S. National Museum, for the names of the insects mentioned. INSECTS. 91 since the discoveiy. The butterflies are not especially strikini^- to tlio casual observer. Amon<^- them is the widely spread tawn^^ -colored milkweed butterfly, Anosia 2jlex!p2)iis Fabr., which has found its way to Guam, tog-ether with the introduced Asdepias curassavica, on which its larva feeds. Both the plant and the insect, although of American origin, now occur on many islands of the Pacific Ocean. Among the night-flying lepidoptera there is a larg-e sphinx moth {P roto puree ceieun Hbrt.), the larva of which feeds on the tobacco plant and resembles ver}^ closely the tobacco worms of America. It is possible that this insect may have lived on the island before the introduction of tobacco, feeding upon some solanaceous plant, but it is probable that it came to Guam with the tobacco. Possi])ly its eggs were brought on dried leaves of the plant. Among the other pests introduced b}' the foreigner are clothes moths {Tinea 2)elli liarl)()r of A})ra, and remained hibernating during the return voyage of the vessel. Another species found on board w^as a solitary Avasp, a species of Odj'nerus or an allied genus. The mother had made a series of mud-like cells in a pamphlet, which had remained rolled up, and in each cell she had deposited a small green caterpillar, the larva of one of the smaller moths of the island, hwing an egg and sealing up the cell and then making another cell on top of it and repeating the operation. In (J nam these cell-making wasps are ver}^ common. Everj^ hole in the wall of a house is plastered up by them; rolled-up magazines or newspapers lying on the table, bamboos, empty car- tridge cases, even gun barrels — everything which is tubular in shape is filled by their cells. Their sting stupefies the caterpillar, but does not kill it, and their larva3 in eating their animal food are much more active than those of pollen-feeding species, turning their heads from side to side and living for some time after having been taken from their cells. Among the ants ("otdot," or "utdut") there is one {Solenopsis sp. ?) of which the workers are very small and sting severely. The females are considerabl}" larger. These little creatures, when out on foraging expeditions, travel in lines and sting every animal that crosses their path. Sometimes young chickens are killed 1)}^ them. They are com- mon in houses, and it is not unusual on turning in at night to find a line of them crossing the ])ed. In another species l)elonging to the same family (Myrmicidae), probably of the genus Pheidole, there is a form with enormously developed cubical heads and strong jaws, called "soldiers." It is very interesting to watch these insects swarm. They come out of the ground in great numbers. Both the males and females are winged. The females are very nuich larger than the males and the workers are smaller. The soldiers, which are very conspicuous, are sometimes called "workers major," and the common small-headed form "workers minor." Soon after swarming the sexes mate. They then lose their wings and establish new colonies. Another stinging ant, much larger and of a black color, is called "hating." Leaf -cutting ants, the pests of many tropical countries, are happil}' absent from Guam. Consequentlj^ gardens do not need to be pro- tected from them, and the green turf and luxuriant herbage of the island offers a most pleasing contrast to the bare earth and canal- protected gardens of Central America and Brazil. The diptera are represented by several species of flies and at least two moscjuitoes. It has been asserted that tiie early natives blamed the Spaniards for having introduced both flies and mosquitoes to INSECTS. 93 Guam."' This is probably false, since the vernacular name^ of these insects in Guam are etvmolooicallv identical with the names of the same insects through the greater part of Melanesia, Polynesia, and New Zealand, and have evidently the same origin as the modern Malayan. English. Guam. Melanesian. Samoan. Kuw. Malayan. Maori. Fly. Mosquito. Louse. Maggot. Lalo. Namo. Huto. U16. larigo. namu. gutu. lango. namu. 'utu. ilo. nalo. uku. lariSrau. namok. kutu. ligaro. waeroa. kutu. The common Malay word for fly is ''lala,'' yet "langau" is also u.sed. In New Zealand either "'ngaro" or "rango" is used, and the first form is etvmolooicallv identical with the Hawaiian "nalo." Evi- dently the aborigines of Guam, in common with the inhabitants of most of the Pacific islands, were familiar with flies, mosquitoes, and lice before the arrival of the Spaniards. On the other hand, it is probable that fleas and bedbugs were introduced, as there are no Cha- morro words for these insects. In Samoa the flea is called "Fijian louse." In Codrington's comparative vocabular}^ of the Melanesian languages it is not given. It is interesting to note in this connection that in Hawaii, where the approximate date of the introduction of the mosquito is known, there is no Hawaiian name for it, and in New Zealand its name is of independent origin and is quite distinct from the common ^Malayan and Pol3niesian forms. Mosquitoes are very troublesome both day and night in Guam. The day-fl34ng species avoids the sunlight, but makes life a burden in the shade. All Europeans sleep under mosquito nets, and the natives habituallv make a smudge in their houses after dark to smoke out the night-flying species. This is eft'ective if the lights in the house are first extinguished and not relighteil. Fleas are not common; the climate is probabh' too damp for them to flourish. The author passed a year on the island without seeing either a flea or a bedbug. Neither do lice appear to be abundant. This may be owing to the habit of the natives of frequently washing the hair with soap oranges and bergamots. «Ces Europeans " veulent nous persuader qu'ils nous rendent heureux, et plusieurs d'entre nous sont assez aveiigles pour les en croire sur leur parole. Mais pourrions- nous avoir ces sentimens, si nous faisions reflexion que nous ne sommes acoablez de miseres et de maladies, que depuis que ces etrangers sont venus nous desoler et troubler notre repos. Avant leur arrivee dans ces isles, sgavions-nous ce que c'etoit que toutes ces insectes qui nous persecutent si cruellement? Connoissions-nous les rats, les souris, les niouches, les mosquites, et tons ces autres petits animaux, qui ne sont au nionde que pnur nous tourraenter? Voila les beaux presens (ju'ils nous ont faits, et que leurs machines flotantes nous ont ajiportezl" (Le Gobien, Charles. Histoire des isles Mariannes, nouvellement converties ii la religion Chretienne, p. 141, Paris, 1700.^ 94 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Among' the Hcmiptera besides lice there are plant lice of several kinds, hiroe water bugs (Belostoma) in stagnant pools, and swarms of l*loteres, which skip over the surface of the water. Several varieties of roses have been introduced into (luam, but happily the rose aphis (Siphonophora) has not reached the island. Among the Neuroptera arc several handsome dragon flies, one of which is bright red. Termites, or " white ants," called "anai" by the natives, are pests. They do great injury to books and furniture and to the woodwork of houses, often building covered galleries of nmd along the walls of a room. In construction wood must be chosen which will resist the attacks of these insects. It is not an uncommon occurrence for a chair or table to collapse, and to find that it has been horte^^combed by termites. Sometimes they form continuous galleries through a whole shelf of books or a pile of manuscript. These insects do not confine their attacks to dead wood; thej^ attack living trees and are among the insects injurious to the cacao." Among the Coleoptera may be mentioned the weevils, which destroy great quantities of corn, rice, and other farinaceous food. Grain nujst ])e thorough 1}" dried in the sun and then stowed in earthen jars for protection against these pests. The Orthoptera are represented by several species of grasshoppers, which furnish excellent food for chickens and turkeys, and which do not seem to pause much injury to the crops of the island. Mole crickets (Gryllotalpae) are very common. SCORPIONS, SPIDERS, AND CENTIPEDES. A small scorpion is common in Guam. Its sting is painful, but not dangerous. Among the spiders one of the most interesting is a large dark brown species, probably belonging to the Epeiridae, which car- ries about with it a white disk-shaped membranous case filled with eggs. There are no tarantulas nor other dangerous spiders. Wood ticks (Acarina) are great pests and sometimes infest cattle to such an extent as to cause them to sicken and die. Centipedes, called "saligao" by the natives, are common. They inflict a very, painful but not dangerous bite. The}' are usually found in damp places under stones or rotten wood, the mother often sur- rounded by a brood of brightly colored j^oung, similar to her in form. Like spiders and crustaceans they cast their skins in growing. The jaws are modifications of a pair of legs. They are sharp, prehensile, and fang-like, and are perforated at the tip so as to inject thc>r venom into the wound inflicted by them. Their bod}^ is flattened, so that they can force their wav into small cracks, under stones and beneath the «See Banks, Report of the Philippine Commission, ISOS^ Pt. 2, p. 605, figs. 166 to 169. ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS. 95 loose bark of trees, in search of their insect prey. They are carnivo- rous and seize their victims with their pincer-like jaws, injecting their venom. They are ver}^ quick in their movements and tenacious of life. When one is cut in two each part makes off in an independent direction at full speed, but the posterior part does not get very far. THE PEOPLE. ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS." PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. The aborigines of Guam were described by the early navigators and missionaries as fine-looking, tall, robust, well built, and of ))etter pro- portions than the Spaniards, though sometimes inclined to be corpulent, and as possessing ' ' great strength fitting to their statures. " They were of a l)rown color (un pardo bazo), lighter than the natives of the Philippine Islands and taller than they. Their hair was naturally jet black, but at the time of Legazpi's visit was bleached to a yellow color. At the time of the discovery the men wore it loose or coiled in a knot on the top of the head. Later they were described as shaving the head with the exception of a crest about a finger long, which they left on the crown. Some of the men were bearded. The women, too, were tall. Thoy were handsome and graceful and fairer and more delicate tliaii the men, and at the time of the discover}' wore their hair so long- that it touched the ground.'' No mention is made of tatooiug or of I)iercing the ears or nose. Both sexes anointed themselves with coco- nut oil. The natives were remarkably free from disease and physical defects, and many of them lived to an advanced age, '* for among those alone who were baptized the first year of the mission there were more than 120 who were past the age of a hundred years; owing perhaps to their rugged constitutions, inured from their infancy to distempers which afterwards do not affect them, or to the uniformity and natural- ness (naturalidad) of their food without the artifice which gluttonv has introduced to waste the life which it sustains, or to their occupations necessitating plenty of exercise without too great fatigue, or to the absence of vices and worries — which are roses and thorns whose prick- « The information regarding the aborigines of Guam is derived from the narratives of early navigators and from contemporary accounts of the Jesuit missionaries who first settled on the island. The most important of the former are Pigafetta's history of ^lagellan's voyage, the several narratives of Legazpi's expe USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. inj^- and picrcinj;' put an end to man — or perhaps all of these causes combined contribute to the prolix age of these islanders. As they know few infirmities so the}" know few medicines, and cure themselves with a few herbs which necessity and experience have taught them to be possessed of some virtue."" Both sexes were expert swinmiers and were as much at ease in the water as on land. As they threw themselves into the sea and came ])ounding from wave to wave the}' reminded Pigafetta of dolphins. The men were good divers. Legazpi states that they would catch tish in their hands. The children accompanied their parents while fishing, and were so expert in the water that Garcia declared they appeared rather fish than human beings. PERSONAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY. Clothing and ornaments. — The men went absolutely naked, not even wearing a breech clout. -^ The women wore fringes of grass or leaves hanging from a waistband and sometimes aprons called "tifi,"'' described by Pigafetta as narrow and of paper-like consistency, and said by him to be made from the inner bark of a palm.-' Pigafetta was certainly mistaken as to the origin of this bark. The natives of Guam were not tapa makers like the Polynesians. No description of bark cloth is now made by them, Ijut within the memory of some of the people still living aprons were made of the inner bark of the breadfruit during a long interval between the visits of European vessels, when the supply of foreign cloth became exhausted. In other islands the bark of banyans {Funis spp.) is also used for this purpose. In the narrative of Legazpi's expedition it is also stated that "palm-leaf" mats were used b}" the women for aprons, the rest of the body being left uncovered. The men wore hats or eye shades of pandanus leaves while fishing. On festive occasions the women adorned their heads with wreaths of flowers or beads and disks of tortoise shell pendant from a band of red spondylus shells, which "they prized as highly as Europeans prize pearls," also making belts with pendants of -mall coconuts, nicely fitted over skirts or fringes of roots of trees, thus completing their gala attire, "which resembled rather a cage than a dress." Their « Garcia vida y martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 197. & Relation of Legazpi. '' Padre Garcia's History. It is interesting to find this name for bark-clotli aprons in tlie dialects of Isabel and Florida islands, of the Solomon group, where it has been transferred by the natives to introduced foreign cloth, which is now called "tivi." (See Coddrington, The Melanesians, p. 321, 1891.) d " Vanno per esse ignude, se non che coprono le parti vergognose con una corteccia stretta e sottile quanto la carta, tratta dalla scorza interna che sta fra la corteccia il legno della palma." (Pigafetta, i^imo viaggio intomo al globo terracqueo, p. 51.) HOUSES OF THE ABORIGINES. 97 teeth were stained l)l{U'k for the suke of oruament and the}- bleached their hair 'Svith divers washes."" Houses. — Accordino- to the testimony of early writers their houses were liigh and neatly made and better constructed than those of any aborio-inal race hitherto discovered in the Indies. Thev were rectan- uular in shape, with walls and roofs of palm leaves curioush^ woven. They were made of coconut wood and palo maria {Calophyllnin in- njtJn/Uuiii) and were raised from the g-round on wooden posts or pillars of stone. In one of the narratives of the Legazpi expedition it is said that some of the houses supported on stone pillars served as sleeping- apartments; others built on tlui ground were used for cooking* and other work. Besides these there were large buildings that served as storehouses for all in common, wherein the large boats and covered canoes were kept. "These were very spacious, broad, and high, and worth seeing.''" As described by the missionaries some of the houses had four rooms or compartments with doors or curtains of mats, one serving as a sleeping room, another as a storeroom for fruits, a third for cooking, and a fourth as a workshop and boathouse.'' Gaspar and Grijalva described one boathouse near the watering place as being supported on strong stone pillars and sheltering four of the largest canoes of the natives. Man}" of these stone or masonry pillars are still standing' arranged in double rows. They are called *• latde'" or '' casas de los antiguos" ])v the natives, who regard them with super- stitious dread. Much has been made of the pillars on the island of Tinian, shaped like the rest in the form of a truncated pyramid and capped by hemispherical stones, but in all probability they are nothing- more than the remains of large houses which served the same purposes as the "'arsenals," described in the narrati^-es of the Legazpi expedi- tion. These large houses may be compared with the kiala of Florida and Isabel islands in the Solomon group, one of which is described as 100 feet long by 50 feet wide and 50 feet high. In these great houses "the large canoes are kept, men congregate and young men sleep, strangers are entertained/' and in some islands the skulls of the dead, called "mangiti" (in all probabilit}- corresponding to the word "aniti" of the Chamorros) were suspended.'' The dwelling houses of Guam also resembled those of Isabel and Florida islands, which differ from tj^pical Melanesian houses in being raised on piles, and in their neater construction. They are excellent dwellings, square in shape, with the side walls and the floor formed of split bamboos flattened and interlaced and the roof thatched with coconut leaves. The houses were grouped in villages located either on the beach in « Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, vol. 2, p. 113, 1903. b Garcia, Yida y ^lartyrio de Sanvitores, p. 197, 1685. c Codrington, The Meianesians, p. 299, 1891. 9773—05 7 98 USEFUL PLANTS OF (ilAM. proximity to u oood hurhov, on the l)anks of a river for the sake of a constant supply of fresh water, or on a high and inaccessil)le hill, as in the case of Cliuchug-o, for the sake of security from attack. Those on the l)each were composed of 50 to 150 houses, tliose in the intei'ior of from 20 down to a half dozen. The principal town was Agadna, on the west coast of the island, where a tine river, having its source in a great spring called '' Matan-hanom,'' emptied into the sea. In all the larger villages there was a ''great house "" frequented b}^ the " urritao," or bachelors, in which unmarried men and women lived together. The houses contained little tliat could l)e called furniture. There were common floor mats, diagonally braided, and sleeping mats, some of very tine texture, made from the leaves of the textile Pandanus. The water vessels were not coconut shells, as in many Polynesian islands, but sections of large hollow bamboos, about 5 or 6 feet long, which were inclined against the wall. There were coarse bags of Pan- danus matting holding dried breadfruit, and every native carried a finely woven bag of the same material containing betel nut. Coarse baskets were made of fresh coconut leaves, as required, to be thrown away when dry and useless. Baskets of Ijetter construction were woven from strips of bamboo (piao). In thQ kitchen there was a hole in the ground and a pile of stones for an oven. Food. — The}" subsisted principally on fruits, yams, taro, and fish. They ate coconuts prepared in various ways, sugar cane, ban:inas, plantains, and breadfruit. The last was in season only about four months of the year, but after it 3'ams became mature. In the times of famine following hurricanes they resorted to the woods for "" fadang," or nuts of Oycas circinalis^ the poisonous properties of which they removed by soaking and repeatedly changing the water, after which the macerated starch}- substance was ground in cavities of convenient stones and })aked. For relishes they ate certain seaweeds, Terminalia nuts, and the kernels of Pandanus seeds. Pandanus drupes, which are an important food staple on many islands, did not enter into their domestic economy, and the widely spread "Polynesian chestnut" {Bocoa ed}(,Us) was absent from the island. They had neither sweet potatoes nor maize until after the discovery;, nor did the yam bean (Cacara) occur on the island. Rice was cultivated by them and sold to visiting ships. They regarded it as a luxury and kept it for their feasts. They did not practice cannibalism. Indeed the early navigators said that they could not be induced to eat meat of any kind. Although they had pigs at a very early date it is probable that these were introduced after the discovery. They also had fowls and kept doves in captivity, but we have no evidence that they ate them. They could not be induced to eat eels, .and spoke disparagingly of some of the early missionaries for eating them. The creamy juice expressed from the grated meat of ripe cocoanuts entered into the composition FOOD OF THE ABORIGINES. 99 of several of their dishes. As w^s nearly the universal custom throughout the tropical Pacitic, they cooked in pits in the earth in which they built tires and heated stones, covering- their food with hot stones and leaves somewhat after the manner of a New England chimbake. Cooking in this manner the}' called "chahan."" To cook on the embers they called "peha.'" Few articles of their food could be eaten raw. Fish called '"'manahag"" were caught in great quanti- ties at certain periods, dried in the sun, and stored for future con- sumption. Breadfruit was cut into thin slices and dried. It could be kept for a long time and eaten during the season when the fresh fruit was lacking. The dried slices could be eaten without further prepara- tion, or the}' could be prepared in various ways for food. At their feasts a sort of broth or stew Avas made of rice. Taro was not made into poi, as in the Hawaiian Islands. •They did not eat to excess nor did they use wine or other intoxicat- ing li((uor. It was not until the Spaniards brought Filipinos to Guam that the natives learned to feiinent tuba from the sap of the coconut and to distill it into aguardiente. Water was their only beverage^ besides the milk of unripe coconuts. Narcotics. — The custom of betel chewing was universal, and has survived to the present day. Around a fragment of the nut of the betel palm {Areca catJiecu) is wrapped a fresh leaf of betel pepper {Piper hetle) and a pinch of lime burned from coral rock is added. This stains the saliva red and discolors the teeth. An aromatic fragrance is imparted to the breath, which is not disagreeable. Kava, an infu- sion of the root of Piper tnethysticum^ of wide use throughout the greater part of the Pacific islands was, unknown to them. Fire. — It was asserted bv the earlv missionaries that the al)origines of Guam were ignorant of tire before the advent of the Spaniards.^ « See list of fishes, p. 83. & "Their drink is water," says one of the early missionaries, "and consequently their most usual infirmity is hydropsy." Garcia, Vida y Marty rio de Sanvitores, p. 198, 1685. cThis statement was first made hy Garcia, who says: "It need not 1)e asked whether they had any knowledge of letters, science, or art I'oncerning those who were ignorant of one of the elements and knew not that there was fire in the world until they saw it kindled by the Spaniards in the shipwreck of the year 1638." (Garcia, note b, p. 198.) The assertion was probably made in consequence of the yarns of some of the shipwrecked sailors, who also recounted a number of miraculous hap])enings. Using Padre Garcia's statement as a theme, Pere Charles le Gobien, repeats it with elaborate variations, though he does not give his authority for his information. Having read Pigafetta's narrative of INIagellan's exjiedition, Le Gobien dates back their introduction to fire to the time of his discovery of the ishind, when he caused a number of liouses and boats to })e burned. " What is most astonishing," says Le Gobien, "and what one will tind liard to believe, is that they had never seen fire. This element so necessary was entirely unknown to them. They knew neither the use of it nor its qualities; and never were they more surprised than when 100 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. The statement has been frequently repeated" and Pig-afetta erro- neously cited as authority for it. 'I'hat it is not true is evident when one considers that their principal food sta[)les could not be eaten uncooked. Moreover, they had words pei-tiiininii- to tire in their \(Miiacular. many of which Avere of etyinoloi>ical identity with similar terms in other islands of the racitic. Among- these were guati (tire), apo (ashes), aso (smoke), tuno (roast), manila (flame), pinigan (live coal), songg-e (bvirn. v. t.), hanon (Imrn. v. intr.), sotne (l)oil), and other words. They must have possessed these words in prehistoric times. Not one of them is derived from the Spanish; all are allied to corresponding words in Malayan and Pacilic languages. USEFII- ARTS. The natives made excellent houses and were skillful canoe builders. They furnished themselves with spears and slings for lighting, stone adzes or gouges for working in wood (PL XVII), and lines, hooks, and nets for tishing-, and they planted and cultivated their gardens and rice fields. They were not wood carvers nor engravers, nor did they possess the art of weaving b}' looms, as did the Caroline Islanders, the natives of Santa Cruz, and some of the Philippine tribes. Their mats thev l)raided diagonalU' after the maimer of the Pohnesians and Melanesians. The men made the houses and boats, the women braided the mats for beds and for boat sails. Pottery was unknown. Fish were caught by hooks from the shore (etupog) or by trawling from canoes under sail. The}^ were also speared on the reef, attracted by torches (sulo) and caught with a net at night (gade). stupefied by sink- ing narcotics in holes in the reef, and trapped in pounds of bamljoo wickerwork (guigao). Fishhooks (hagiiet) were made of mother-of- pearl and tortoise shell. NAVIGATION. Their wonderful "flying praos" were the admiration of all the early navigators. Descriptions of them were given Ijv Pigafetta (1521), they saw it. for the first time when Magellan landed in one of their islands, where he burned about 50 houses in order to punish these islanders for the trouble they haus heyoiid any people in iiiakin.ii boats, or "i)roes," as they are ealled in the I-'.ast- Indies, and therein they take great deUght. These are built sharp at both ends. The bottom is of one piece, made like the ])ottom of a little canoa, very neatly dug and left of a good sul)stance. This bottom part is instead of a keel. It is about 26 or 28 foot long. The under part of this keel is made round, but inclining to a wedge and smooth, and the upper part is almost flat, hav- ing a very gentle hollow, and is about a foot broad. From hence botli sides of the 1)oat are carried uj) to about 5 foot high with narrow plank, not above 4 or 5 inches broad, and each end of the boat turns up round veiy prettily. But what is very singular, one side of the boat is made perj)endicular, like a wall, while the other side is rounding, made as other vessels are, with a pretty full belly. Just in the middle it is about 4 or 5 foot broad aloft, or more, according to tlie length of the boat. The mast stands exactly in tiie middle, witli a long yard tliat peejjs up and down like a mizzen-yard. One end of it reacheth down to the end or head of the boat, where it is placed in a notch that is made there purposely to receive it and keep it fast. The other end hangs over the stern. To this yard the sail is fastened. At the foot of the sail there is another small yard to keep the sail out square and to roll np the sail on when it blows hard; for it serves instead of a reef to take up the sail to what degree they please, accoixling to the strength of the wind. Along the Ijelly side of the boat, parallel with it, at about G or 7 foot distant, lies another small boat, or canoa, being a log of very light wood, almost as long as the great boat, but not so wide, being not above a foot and an half wide at the upper jiart and very sharp like a wedge at each end. And there are two bamboes of about 8 or 10 foot long and as big as ones leg placed over the great boat's side, one near each end of it, and reach- ing about 6 or 7 foot from the side of the boat, by the help of which the little boat is made firm and contiguous to the other. These are generally called by the Dutch and ))y the English from them "outlayers."^ The use of them is to keep the great boat upright from oversetting * * * and the vessel having a head at each end, so as to sail with either of them foremost (indifferently) they need not tack, or go about, as all our vessels do, but each end of the boat serves either for head or stern as they please. When they ply to the windward and are minded to go about he that steers bears away a little from the wind, by which means the stern comes to the wind, which is now become the head only by shifting the end of the yard. This boat is steered with a broad paddle instead of a rudder. I have been the more particular in describing these boats, because I do believe they sail the best of any boats in the world. I did here for my own satisfiaction try the swiftness of one of them. Sailing l)y our log, we had 12 knots on our reel, and she run it all out before the half-minute glass was half out; which, if it had been no more, is after the rate of 12 mile an hour; but I do l)elieve she would have run 24 mile an hour. It was very pleasant to see the little boat running along so swift by the other's side. The native Indians are no less dextrous in managing than in building these boats. By report they will go hence to another of the Ladrone Islands about 30 leagues off and there do their business and return again in less than 12 hours. I was told that one of these boats was sent express to ]\Ianila, which is about 400 leagues, and per- formed tlie voyage in 4 days time. There are of these proes, or boats, used in many places of the East-Indies, but with a belly [curve] and a little boat [outrigger] on each side. Only at Mindanao I ^saw one like these, with the belly and little boat only on one side and the other flat, but not so neatly built. «New voyage, pp. 298 to 300, 1717. ^Or "outriggers." 102 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Alison, "\('h6 in liis ndfr.'itivc gives ii tioure of a flying prao of Guam, dirt'ers from Dampioi* in corrct-tly stating that the flat .side is always kept to the loewanl and tho outrigger to the windwaid. He describes the outrigger as a log fashioned in the shape of a small boat and made hollow, the sail made of matting, and the mast, yard, and thwartship ])ieees connecting the outrigg(>r. of l)am])oo. In his flgure, however, the sail is shown incorrectly. It should be of lateen or triangular shape with the upper yardarm projecting well aft l)eyond the stern." Besides the large praos they hatl small canoes, which were ver}' swift, light, and prettv, "for they painted them with a coating made of red earth from the island of Guam, mixed with lime, with cocomit oil as a medium, which beautitied them greatly. " * Pigafetta, in speaking of their canoes, says that they were all painted; some black and others red. They had paddles of the form of bakers' shovels, which could be used either for steering or propelling- the canoes. MENTAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS. In counting the}' used a decimal system, the names of the numerals corresponding with those of Malayo- Polynesian languages. Difl'erent forms of numerals were used in counting living and dead objects, and in expressing measurements.'^ They were a happy, careless people, fond of festivities, dancing, singing, story telling, and contests of strength and skill, 3'et sufli- ciently industrious to cultivate their fields and garden patches, build excellent houses for their families, braid mats of fine texture, and con- struct canoes which were the admiration of all the earlv navigators. They were much given to bufl'oonery, mockery, placing tricks, jest- ing, mimicry, and ridicule, ofiering in this respect a striking contrast to the undemonstrative Malayans. Legazpi, who visited the island in 1565, speaks of the loud laughter of those who surrounded his ship.;. In selling rice to passing ships they would often increase the weight and bulk of the packages by stones and leaves. " For each nail,"" says Legazpi, " they gave measures of rice containing half a fanega,'' more or less.'' When straw and stones at the bottom of the packages were discovered by the Spaniards, the natives seemed to regard the decep- tion as a huge joke; they "clapped their hands in glee and laughed long and loud, going from that vessel to another and playing the same trick. Then again thev would take nails and flv without giving anv- thing- in return.'"' On the other hand, the Spaniards gave them in exchange for rice and fruits — the most valuable possessions of the «See Anson, Voyage Round the World, p. 340, 1748. 6 Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 198, 1683. "For numeral system and calendar of the aborigines, see Safford, W. E., Tho Chamorro language of Guam, Amer. Antlirop., n. s., vol. 6, pp. 95-104, 1904. <' A fanega is about 1.6 bushels. ABOEIGINAL INHABITANTS. 103 islanders— such worthless thing's as the face cards from old packs of playing cards, bits of cloth which the Spaniards pretended to value, putting them lirst about their own necks and laughing to see the gul- lible natives imitate them in doing the same. Legazpi says that these natives were well named ladrones (thieves). They would not board his ships, though he invited them to do so, "showing them much love and ali'ection and looking upon them as friends." This is easily accounted for by the treatment the natives had met with at the hands of the Loaisa expedition (1526), Avhich, when ready to depart from Guam, allured 11 of the islanders on board by deceitful means and carried them awa_v foi" the purpose of making them work the ship's pumps. That they were naturally kind and generous is shown l)y their treat- ment of shipwrecked sailors cast upon their shores and their reception of the early missionaries who founded the first colony on the island. These missionaries complained that they could not make the natives take life seriously, saying that what they promised one minute they forgot the next. On the other hand, the missionaries spoke of the remarkable intelligence shown by the children in learning the Christian doctrine, the moderation of the natives in eating, and the absence of intoxicants. Their sense of hospitality was very marked. Women were treated with considei'ation, and had greater authority than in almost any other land hitherto known. It is certain that the natives distinguished between right and wrong. An upright man was called "tunas,'" or ''straight,'" and the abstract (juality of right or rectitude was called "tininas,"'" or """straightness.'" A bad man was called "abale,"" which signifies evil oi" inmioral. in distinction from the word "tailaye," which has more the sense of ''worthless'" and is also applied to things. "As to their customs," says Padre Garcia, "I feel called upon to say that although they have been called ' ladrones,' on account of the pilfering of a few pieces of iron from our ships, they do not deserve the name, for though they leave open their houses it is very seldom that anything is missed." They were very courteous on meeting or in passing before one another, sa^dng "ati adingmo,"' which signified "let me kiss 3- our feet.'" A traveler in passing by their houses was always invited to stop and partake of food. One of the first mani- festations of ill will on the part of the natives toward the early missionaries was their discontinuance of this courtesy." It was also customary to ofier betel nut and leaves of betel pepper to visitors. It was considered a mark of politeness to take the hand of another and gently pass it across the breast. They held poetry in high esteem and regarded their poets as men of supernatural endowments.* They were « Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 224, 1683. &Idem., p. 198. 104 I'SKKl'L PLANTS <)K Ol'AM. inoi'tliiiiilrlv \aiii. coiisidciiiii;- tlKMiiselvcs to Ijc incii of the greatest j>*oiiiiis :iii(l wiscloin in tlie world, in coinpari.soii with whom Jill other nations wei'c contempt iblc I'lu y attached oreat importance to caste, and had sharply detined lines between families of hi<;h. low, and middle (extraction. This led the early fathers to imai>-ine that they nuist ])e descendants of some polite nation. "Thus it is seen,"" saA's Padre (larcia, ""how Pride, hanished from Heaven, dwells in all parts of the earth, j^oino- in some nations clothed and in others naked.'''' Under no consideration could a (yhamon'i. or noble, marry a girl of common caste, though she might be rich and he i)oor. In ancient times it was even customary foi- kinsmen to kill a noble who for love or for gain should disgrace his fanul\' l)y such a marriage. People of low caste were not permitted to eat or drink in the houses of nobles or even to come near them. If they wished to communicate with them, they must do so from a distance. This custom was especially marked among the nol)les living at Agansi, whei'e, on account of the excellence of the water and for other advantages of the site, lived the nobles of the highest rank. They were regarded by all the rest of the island with fear and respect. In this town there were 63 houses in which the nobility lived. The rest, about a hundred and lifty, belonging to the common people, occupied a position apart and were not considered as a ])art of the town or of the court. The prejudice of caste was one of the lirst difficulties encountered by the earl}" missionaries. The chiefs did not consider it seeml}" that people of low caste should share with them the benefits of baptism, saying that so noble an institution as the fathers taug'ht them to regard it should be enjoyed only by the nobilit}^ and not b}' plebeians; and, indeed, the fathers had great difficult}^ in over- coming the fear of the common people, so firmly rooted was their feeling of abasement in the presence of their betters.'^ SOl'IAL INSTITCTIOXS AM) (TsTO.MS. Marriage. — Thougli more than one wife was permitted, 3"et a man had, as a rule, only one. Marriage between relatives was strictly forbidden. The wife was essentially the head of the family. Adulter}' on the part of a man was punished in various manners. Sometimes the injured wife wovdd call together the other women of the village, and putting on their husbands' hats and arming themselves with spears, they would go to the house of the adulterer, destroy his growing crops, and. making a demonstration as though about to spear him, they would drive him from his house. At other times the injured wife would punish her husband by deserting him, whereupon her relations would assemble at his house and carry away all the property, leaving « Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 199, 1683. '^Idern., p. 219, MARRIAGE CUSTOMS OF ABORIGINES. 105 him without even a spear or a mat to sleep upon — nothing- but the mere shell of the house. Sometimes the.y would even demolish the house itself. If a woman was unfaithful the husband might kill the adulterer, but the wife would receive no punishment." Divorce was frequent and might take place for an}- cause of discon- tent on the part of either the husband or the wife. The most frequent cause was jealousy. In all cases the children accompanied the mother, and should she remarry they looked upon her new husband as a father. Concubinage. — It was customary for the urritaos, or bachelors, to live in a "great house,'' often in companionship with .voung women whom they purchased from their parents or hired for a cei'tai.i time. This did not injure the chances of either for marriage. As in other islands of the Pacific where a similar custom prevailed, it is ])robable that the o-irls obtained from their families in this wav came from other villages, and not from that in which they were to live. Certainly degrees of relationship were I'espected in such cases as scrupuloush' as in marriage. Sexual relations between kindred were considered infamous. After marriage, lidelity was expected and as a rule was observed on the part of both husl)and and wife. In cases of true marriage presents were also made bv the groom to the father of the bride. A disregard for the marriage customs of the natives on the part of the early missionaries was one of the causes of complaint of the natives and linally led to bloodshed and war.^ In ltJ76, the first regularly appointed governor, Don Francisco Irisari y Vivar, shortly after his arrival in Guam, wishing to punish the village of Talisai for the pride of its inhabitants, who had remained away from the hesta of Corpus Cristi, celebrated ])v the missionaries with processions, dances, and contests of the children in reciting the cate- chism, marched upon it during the night, and at daybreak tired upon the unsuspecting inhabitants; several of them were killed and others escaped to the woods l)adly wounded. The house of the urritaos Avas burued and three babies were carried to the mission and 1)aptized. Shortly afterwards several marriages were solenmized by'the padres between girls educated at the mission schools and Spanish soldiers. In the school at the village of Orote there was a ^^oung girl who wished to marry a Spaniard. Padre Sebastian de Monroy, the niis- sionar}^ stationed at that village, performed the ceremony secretlv, without the consent or knowledge of the girl's parents. While the party were still in the church the bride's father came in a great rage protesting against the marriage of his daughter with the Spaniard, and attacked both the bridegroom and the priest. The newly wedded couple were sent for safety to Agana, and the padre, to console the "Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, 1683, p. 202. ''Idem., p. 534. IOC) USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. (Mirao-od fiithcM-. told him to oalni liinisclt", that he would not be a loser in coiisiMiiKMut' of the marriaj^e as th(> padre would give him as much as he could have trotten for his daui>hter if he had sold her to an urri- tao. This oidv made matters worse and final! v led to the burnino- of the entire^ mission and the assassination of the padre and all of his com- ]):u)ions. I'uoi'KKTY. The nol)les owned entailed estates of coeonut o-rove>^. I)aiiana ])lantations, and othei- choice lands. These were not inherited l)y ;i man's son at his death, hut by his brother or nephew (proba])ly by the son of his sister, as in many other islands of the Pacific), who on coming- into possession of the propert}' changed his name and took that of the founder or most illustrious ancestor of the family. The children Ijelonged essentialh' to the mother. They inherited the i:)roperty of their mother's brothers. A man did not dare to dispose of any })roperty of his family, except, perhaps, a canoe, knife, spear, or fishing tackle made by himself or land reclaimed l)y him from the bush. Tortoise shell was used for money. Government. — They had no king nor defined code of laws, nor was there a ruler for the island in general nor for anv village. The nobles of each village formed a kind of council or assembh', which, however, had no real authorit}^ over the rest; but everybody' did pretty much what he pleased, unless prevented from doing so b}^ some one stronger than himself. The head of each family was the father or eldest rela- tive, but his authorit}^ was so limited as to call for little respect on the part of the sons, who obeyed it only when forced to do so. Children were seldom chastised by their parents. Ofi'enses were punished by war if they were against a conuuunity, or b}' private revenge if they were against an individual. Owing to this lack of organization no community felt itself responsible for the misconduct of one of its members. When hostages were taken by the Spaniards to insure good treatment of their people ashore, or to exact certain promises from the natives, the immediate family of the hostage alone seemed to feel responsil)ility or concern for him. The rest continued as before; nor could they understand the justice of the Spaniards' burn- ing whole villages and many boats for the act of a single individual, who might or might not belong to the village or be allied to the owners of the boats. Warfare. — Their weapons were slings and spears. Bows and arrows were unknown to them, nor had they swords, war clubs, or shields. They relied upon their quickness and agilit}' to protect them from the blows of their adversaries. Their spears were of wood with points either of wood hardened by fire, or made of the shin bones of men or of the bones of fishes. They had no throwing sticks. The bone spearheads were barbed and had three or four blades or points Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XVII. Stone Adz and Sling Stones of Aborigines of the Island of Guam. Natural Size. warfarp: of the aborigines. 107 which readily Vn-oke otf. The^- wore supposed l^y the Spaniards to lie deadly poisonous. The wounds inflictod l)y them often caused death; but, as. in the case of the weapons of natives of other Pacific islands reputed to be poisonous, it is pi-obable that their virtue was attributed by the natives to some supernatural inHuence of the dead man from whose body the bones were taken, and the frequent deaths were due to lockjaw or blood poisoning- from natural causes. The sling stones were of oval shape, fashioned out of stone or made of some sort of clay and baked. (PI. XVII.) These were thrown with remarkable force and precision, as far, states one observer, as an arquebus can shoot, and with such swiftness as to embed themselves in the trunks of trees. The natives practiced with these weapons from their earliest childhood and consequently became very skillful in their use. Thev carried on a primitive kind of warfare. "})eing- easily roused and easily quieted, slow to attack and ipiick to flee." A village would prepare for war with another village with great bustle l)ut without a leader oi' any sort of organization or discipline. After war had been declared the two parties would often be two or three dajs in the field without making- an attack, each watching the movements of the other. After engag'ing- they very soon made peace; for a part}^ considered itself vanquished if one or two or three of its men were killed, and ambassadors were sent to the other with offerings of tortoise shell, which was the sign of surrender. The victors would then celebrate their victory with satirical songs, vaunting their valor and scoffing at the vanquished. In their fights with the vSpaniards they sometimes resorted to fire, burning the vegetation adjacent to the fort of the enemy and hurling flaming darts upon the thatched roofs of their buildings. The}^ often selected inaccessible places for their villages for the sake of security, and in wars with the Spaniards constructed trenches in which they protected themselves, carrying with them the sacred skulls of their ancestors to counteract the power of the crucifixes of their opponents. They also strewed the roads and passes with sharp spines (puas) to serve as caltrops. The use of these and the manner of constructing intrenchments the}' may have learned from the Spaniards themselves. Sports. — One of their favorite sports was sailing in their wonder- ful canoes, wives accompanying their husbands and vying with them in swimming and diving. As already noted, they were fond of gayet}" and festivities and took great delight in jokes and bufi'oonery. The men united together to dance and had contests of spear throwing, run- ning, jumping, wrestling, and exercising their strength in various waj's. In the midst of their sports they would recount with great peals of laughter their myths and fables and refresh themselves and their guests with cakes made of rice, fish, fruits, and a kind of gruel 10!^ USEFUL PLANTS OF (UJAM. injulc of lici' and ii'iated cocoiiiit. 'Plic woinon had tluMr special ft'asts, div.ssiilii- lliciiisclvcis in uala attire and docoratint^ their porsons with Mowers and I >ris'-ht .shells and heads. They arranged themselves in a lini;' of twch c or thirteen, rciiiainin<>' statior.ary. sino-jno- in verse their stories and traditions in perfect time and in threo-part harmony — "trehl(\ contralto, and falsetto'' — accompanied at times by one of the chief men. who assist at these festivities, carrvin"' the tenor. 'Vho words were accompanied ))y movements of the hands, with which they sounded rattles or castanets made of shells, all in such perfect time and with mo\ cmcMits of the body and g-estures Httino- so well with the words as to call foith no littl(> a-s to which they :ipply themselves." Burial (^-eukisionies. — At funerals the demonstrations of orief were very extravaoant, accompanied by much weepino-, fasting", and sound- ing- on shell trumpets. The w^ailing- continued a week or longer, accoi'ding to the atlVction and esteem in which the deceased was held. The people assembled, dolefully chanting, around a mound which they raised over the grave, or near it, decorated with flowers, palms, shcdls, and other things esteemed by theuL'' The mother of the deceased usually cut otf some hair as a souvenir of her grief, recording the nights that had passed since his death })y knots in a cord worn around her neck. These demonstrations were greater on the occasion of a high chief's or Chamorri's death and at the death of a matron of distinction, for in addition to the ordinary manifestations of grief they would cover the streets with g-arlands of pahiis, erect arches and other devices expressive of mourning, destroys coconut trees, burn houses, break up boats, and raise before their houses the tattered sails as a sign of their grief and sorrow, and to their songs they added elegies no less eloquent than sorrowful, which grief would teach to the rudest and most l)arbarous among them, exclaiming with man}" tears, that thence- forth life would not be worth living, he being gone Avho was the life of all, the sun of their nobility, the moon which lighted them in the night of their ignorance, the star of all th(Mr deeds of prowess, the valor of their battles, the honor of their race, of their \illage, of their land; and thus they would continue far into the night, praising the deceased, whose tomb they crowned with paddles as a symbol of one celel)rated as a fisherman, or with spears as a device for the brave, or w ith Ijoth paddles and spears if he were both a brave warrior and an expert fisherman.^ « Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, pp. 200-201, 1683. ^ Chiefs were sometimes buried under buildings called " great houses" (debajo de Unas rasas que llanian grarides.) (Garcia, p. 220.) 'The recitation or chanting of elegies was called taitai, a word which is now used for the verbs "to read" and "to pray." The corresponding nouns "prayer" and "lecture" are called tinaitai. ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS. 109 RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONS. Animism. — Tho^^ believed in the immortality of the soul, which they called "ante.'' At the death of a person the}' put upon the head of the corpse a little basket, "as though inviting the spirit to make its home in that basket in place of the bodj' it leaves, or in order that it may have a nesting place when it shall come from the other life to pay them a visit from the place of its sojourn. •'« The souls of those who died a violent death were supposed to go to Sasalaguan, or the dwelling place of Chayfi, who heats them in a forge and beats them incessantly. Those d^nng a natural death were supposed to descend to a paradise in the underworld, where there are bananas, coconuts, sugar cane, and other fruits of the earth. In determining the future destin}' of the soul good and evil conduct apparently had no part. The souls of the dead, especially of ancestors, were looked upon as demons (aniti) and venerated. The spirits of the dead, like the lares of the Romans, were regarded as natural protectors. They were called aniti, and were thought to l)e powerful for evil if not duly respected and propitiated. In times of distress they were called upon and their aid was invoked to keep awav evil and to bring good luck to those for whom prayers were offered. The natives heki the aniti in dread, and the}' sometimes paid thoni homage for self -protection; "for," says Padre Garcia, "the devil, in order in some fashion to retain this respect and servile fear, is wont to appear to them in the form of their fathers and ancestors and to terrify them and maltreat them.'' They had no temples, sacri- fices, idols, nor defined creed.'' They had. however, certain supersti- tions, especially in connection with their fisheries, during which they kept profound silence and practiced great abstinence for fear or for fiatter}- of the aniti, lest they punish them bv driving away the fish or visit them in di'eams to frighten them, which the natives really believed they had the power to do. These aniti, it thus appears, were of an unkindly disposition rather than beneficent, and may be considered ratlier as demons than as divinities. To this dav there is amono- the natives a superstitious dread of the aniti, who are supposed to dwell in the forest. Sometimes benighted travelers going through the bush are seized by the throat or scratched with sharp claws; sometimes stones are hurled by unseen hands, and sometimes in solitary places by the shore a headless figure may be seen sitting motionless fishing in the sea. The aniti are supposed to lurk among the many trunks of the nunu or banyan tree {Ftcus sp.) and haunt the sites of ancient houses (casas de los antiguas).'' « Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 205, 1083. ''Idem., p. 204. c See p. 97. 110 USEFUL I'LANTS OF GUAM. A siiuiliir Ix'Tu^f is still tdiiiid jiinoti*^ rortaiii iiativo tri])cs of the Pliilippinos, who liaxc the stimc name for the s))irits of their ancestors. Seiii])er, in speaking" of the rclij^ious faith of the Iraya and Catahmgan tribes inha])itin<>- the western part of IsabeUi, northern Luzon, near the seventeenth parallel of latitude, says: Till' faith ui l)<)tli tril)es, howi'ver, lias, in spite nf manifold variations, so much of ainiilarity that we may feel safe in assuming in the few rec(ii,niizal)le traces, wiiieii are also common to all the remaining wild tribes of tlu' laiul, that we see the remains of a religious faith as it may have ])revailed in the purely Malayan period before the arrival of the ^lahonietans. ]^esi liyht from these tires they mijj;-ht see more (dearl}^ the truth of oui' holy faith." On his first visit to Guam he caused a «>-oodly [)ile of these little idols (idolillos) to he l)urned before the holy cross on tlu> day of its triumph, .July 1<>, IGOS, and for this victory which the cross oaiued over the devil he named the villa"e, which l)efore was called Pi<4i)uo- (Peg-poo-)- "The Triumph of the Cross." He made them bury the skulls of their ancestors in order that they might be considered people of God." I)V his zeal there were established on the island of Guam the customs and Christian ceremonies of solemn masses, sermons, processions, offices of hoh' week, and the other prin- cipal feasts of the year, according to the capacity of the villages. Thus he availed himself of all the means and attractions possible to win the love of the Marianos for the Christian faith. In order that thev might go the more willingly to mass and to school for instruction in the doc- trine, he gave them some slight presents, so that not only the people of the village of Agana but many others of outlying villages flocked to him. At Christmas he made an altar of the nativity, and people from nearly all the villages of the island came, attracted l)y curiosity, and he allowed th(Mu to see it on the condition that the}- should say the creed, the connnandments, the act of contrition, and other prayers; and the .same father testifies that he reaped much fruit from the Christmas ceremony. On the death of Kipuha, the chief who received them on the island, the father determined to give him a solemn funeral; he con- quered many difficulties in order to bury the dead chief in the church, going for him to his house with a trumpet and the banner of San Ignacio and San Francisco Xavier, and he said his vigil (wake) and chanted mass and caused to be performed for him the ceremonies which were wont to be performed for one of the Societ}^ of Jesus, which pleased the people of Agana, who at first were opposed to the new manner of burial, so that they now asked whether when the}?^ should die they would be buried in the same way.'^ Superstitions. — The natives took care to spit when no one was looking, and they would not spit near the house of another nor in the morning, which seemed to be connected with some superstitious fear.^ This superstition was probably of the same nature as that of other islands of the Pacific and of the East Indies, where it is feared that some evil charm can be worked upon a pei'son by one getting possession « See also Garcia, Vida y Martyrio de Sanvitores, p. 221, 1683. Some of the natives resented the desecration of the bones and images of their ancestors, threatening to kill the fathers and their assistants with their spears; but this did not deter them from burning the images amid the jeers of other natives, who did not share in their veneration. &Idem., p. 408,409. cidem., p. 198. ABORIGINAL INHABITA1!^TS. 113 of his spittle, a bit of his hair, nails, refuse of his food, or other thin^^ intimately connected with him." LA NT. r AGE. The lang-uagc spoken by the natives of Guam is called the Chamorro. It belong-s to the great Malayan family, Avhich includes the languages spoken b}" the aborigines of Mala3'sia, portions of Cambodia, the Pacific Islands from Formosa and Hawaii to New Zealand and Piaster Island, and the great island of Madagascar, situated in the Indian Ocean, on the coast of Africa. Some idea of the vast area over which this group of languages extends ma}^ be formed when it is borne in mind that Formosa and Hawaii are on the border of the North Temperate Zone, and New Zealand and Easter Island are wholly within the South Temper- ate Zone, and that the language extends in longitude from Madagascar across the great Indian and Pacific oceans to Easter Island, its eastern limit, the lonoitude of which is east of the meridian of Salt Lake Citv in the State of Utah. On examining the vocabularies of the various languages included in this widely spread family a wonderful correspondence will be found in the names of many couunon oljjects, such as fire and water, earth and sky, fish and fowl, many parts of the body, the personal pronouns, and the numerals. In addition to these are the names of a number of useful plants and trees. All of these languages have certain characteristic features in common, such as the absence of a copulative verb, two forms of the plural of the first personal pronoun, one including, the other excluding the person addressed. Thus the adjective '"sick" may be regarded as a verb '"to be sick," and the noiui '•father'' may be considered as a verb "to be a father,'' each of them requiring only a simple subject to declare a fact. The languages of the family naturally group themselves into two great divisions. The first, which is characterized bv simple verbal forms and separate possessive pronouns, together with attributive adjectives preceding or following their nouns without an intermediate ligation, or ligature, to coiui(M-t them, includes the languages of Poly- nesia proper, viz, the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan, Rarotongan, Tahitian, Easter Island, and the Maori of New Zealand. The second is character- ized by the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes to the A'erb, together with reduplication, to express the various tenses and numbers, and to distinguish transitive verbs with a definite object from intransitive verbs, so that the original root or primitive Avord is often difficult to detect at first sight. Possession is indicated by appending possessive <^'Iii tlie Hawaiian Islands the high chiefs made use of spittoons, wliicli were care- fully carried out to sea and emptied. 9773—05 8 114 USEB^UL PLANTS OF GUAM. piirticlos to the noun, w liicli Ixn-omo unitodcncliticiilly to it, as " tjita-lio,'' my futlior; •" tatii-nio." thy father; "tata-iia,'' his futhcM- " tata-ta." our father (inchidini;' the person addressed); 'tatan-nianie"' (exchidino- the l)erson addressed), etc. To this division l)elongs tiie Chaniorro lan- j^nai^e of (xuain. One feature of the Chaniorro hmguage, which has led to much con- fusion in the \:iri<)us vocabularies of that language appearing in the reports of scientific expeditions, is the modification of tonic vowels of nouns and adjectives when immediately following the definite article. Thus "a" (like ''a" in father) becomes "ii" (ver}' nnich like ''a*" in hat). ••()" tx'comes ""e." and "'u'" becomes "i,'' We have 'Mahc," man. but "i l;ili(\'"' the man; guma, house, but '" i gima," the house; '•loksi na guma." high house, but ''i leka na guma," or "i gima na loka," the high house. It also possesses the characteristic, common to the group to which it belongs, of uniting an attributive adjective to its noun by means of a ligature ("na") as shown in the preceding example." The plural of a few nouns is formed by reduplication of the tonic syllal)le, the plural of all adjectives and a certain class of nouns is formed by prefixing the particle "man" to the word; as "mauleg i lahe," good is the man; "manmauleg i liilahe," good are the men; "aniti," ghost, "mananiti," ghosts." The plural of most nouns, however, is indicated b}' placing after them the word "siha." which is the plural of the third personal pronoun, as "guma siha" houses. For a more complete account of the Chaniorro language of Guam the reader is referred to a series of papers b}^ the author in the Amer- ican Anthropologist, new series, volumes 5, 6, and 7, 1903-5. In the two following tallies a number of Guam words are compared with corresponding words in the Polynesian, Philippine, and Malaysian languages. In the column of Philippine names "T." indicates the Tagalog language; " V.," the Visa3'an; "I.," the Ilocano, and "P.," the Pampago. In the column of Polynesian names "S." stands for Samoa, "H." for Hawaii, and "N. Z." for New Zealand. The words given in these tables are selected from among a great number which do not show such close correspondence. It would be misleading to give the impression that the Chaniorro language bears a very close resemblance to the Poh^nesian dialects or that it ma^^ be considered a Philippine dialect. Certain words, it is true, are closely allied to lioth the Polynesian and Philippine names for the same thing, but on the other hand there are words much more nearly like the primitive ]VIala3'an than either the Philippine or Polynesian forms, and in no one language of the Philippine Archipelago is there a close corre- spondence either in the vocabulaiy or in the verbal forms with those of the Chr.morro. « This feature will be seen in many Philippine plant names. The ligation is in some cases shortened to an // or mj added to the noun; as rhotdan layo (foreign banana), and kamoting kahoi (tree sweet-potato), cassava plant. LANGUAGE OF ABOKIGITSIES. Tlon/.s' tritli Pohjnedan and Malayan affinitie>^." 115 English. Giiam. Malaysia. Pliilippines. Polynesia. Broast.s. siis6. susu. susu (T.). susu (S.). Cocoanut. niyog. nlor. niog(T.). niu (S.). Doad. matai. mati. patai (T.). mate (N. Z.). Drink. gin em. mi num. num (T.). inn. Ear. talanga. telinga. tainga (T.). talinga. Eve. mata. mata. mata. mata. Face. mata. muka. ropa. mata. Feather. puln. buhl. bulbul (P.). fulu (S.). Few. dididi. .sad i kit. didiot (V.). itiiti (S.). Fire. guafi. api. 5^P"i/'^"J- afl (S.). F'ish. guihan. ikan. hisdii (T.). i'a (S.). Flv. lalo. lalat. lango (P.). lango (S.). Fowl. manog. manok. manok. manu (S.). He. guiya. iya. siyft (T.). ia. Head. ulo! uUi. ulo (T.). uln (S.). Hear. hungog. dengar. dufifeos: (V.). longo (S.). I. guaho. aku. ak6. a'u (S.). Louse. hutu. kutu. kutu. 'ntu (S.). Mosquito. fiamo. niamok. vamuk (P.). namn (S.). Moss. lumut. lumut. limut (T.). limn. My. -ko, -ho. -ku. -ko. to-ku (N.Z.). Our (inclusive). -ta. kita. -ta (V.). lo ta-ton. Our (exclusive). -mami. kami. -amo (V.). lo ma-tou. Rain. uchan. hujan. nlan (T.). ua. Road. chalan. jalan. dalan (V.). ala. Sea. tasi. tasi. dagat. tai. Sky. laiigit. langit. langit. langi. Smoke. asu. a sap. asuk (P.). asu (S.). Star. pution. bituv. bituin. fetii (S.). Stone. achu. batu. batu. fatu (S.). Sugaroane. tupo. tebu. tubu. tolo (S.). Tooth. nifen. nifin. flgipin (T.). nifo (S.). We (inclusive). hita. kita. kita. ta-tou (S.). We (exclusive). hame. kami. kami. ma-ton (S.). Weep. tangis. tangis. tangis. tangi (S.). Wliat. hal'a. apa. ano. aha >N. Z.). Wind. mariglo. ahgin. hangin. matangi (S.). Wing. papa. kepak. pakpak (P.). pakan (N. Z.). Wood. hayu. kayu. kahoi. rakau (N.Z.). Guam words xmlike the Polynesian. English. Guam. Malaysia. Philippines. Polynesia. Ashes. apu. habu. dapo (T.). lefulefu (S.). Bad. chat. jahat. dautan (V.). kino (N.Z.). Bellv. tiyan. tiyan. tian (T.). manava (S. ). Big. dangkulo. bcsar. dakkil (I.). nui, tetere (N. Z.). Black. atulong. itam. matuling (P.). uliuli (S.). Bone. tolang. tulang. tolang (I.). ivi (S.). Bridge. tolai. titi. tulai (T.). ala-niu (S. ). Dav. haane. hari. aldao (L). la(S.). Earth. tano. tanah. lupd (T.). whenua (N. Z.). Fear. maafiao. takut. tatakut (T.). mata'u (S.). Foot. adeng. kaki. .saka (I.). vae (S.). Fruit. tinegcha. bua. bunga. fna (S.). Hair. gapun-ulo rambut. buh6k. lau-ulu (S.). Hand. kanai. tangan. kamAi (T.) . lima. Hot. maipe. pan as. mapali (P.). vevela (S.). House. guma. nmiMb. bale (P.). fale (S.). Kill. pnno. bniioh. patai (V.). whaka-mate (N.Z.). Lightning. lamia. kilat. kilat (V.). uila (S.). Male. lahi. laki-laki. lalakL tane. Man (person). taotao. orang. tao (T.). tangata. Moon. pulan. bulan. buan (T.). masina. Mouth. pachod mnlut. baba (V.). waha (N.Z.). Night. puenge. malam. bengi (P.). po (N.Z.). Not. ti. bukan. di (T.). e(S.). Nose. guiing. hidong. ilong (T.), isn (S.). Parent. saina. ibu-papa. matua (P.). matua (N.Z.). Pig. babue. babi. babui (T.). poaka (N.Z.). Rat. chaka. tikus. daga (T.). kiore (N.Z.). Rice (unhulled). fai. padi. palai. River. sadog. suiigci. ilog (T.). 'wai'(N'.Z.)'.""' Roof. atuf. bumbong. atop (V.). tapatu (S.Z.). Sail. layag. layar. layag (T.). la (S.). «For the rviles of proniniciation see p. 170. IK) ITSKFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Guam words iniUkr iJie Polynesian — Continned. Kiiplish. Guam. Malaysia. Philippines. PolxTiesia. Pkiii. lasas. kulit. balal (T.). kiri (N.Z.). Sleep. inaiRO. tidor. tol( u: (V.). inoe. Spenr. togeJha. tombak. land us. tar. (N.Z.). Spiltle. tola. tohula. lurfi kuha (H.). SlHl. atdao. mata-hari. aldao (I.). hi. Swecl. mam is. mnnis. • malamis (T.). OHO (fi.). S\\ ini. naiiRo. berenang. lafiKoi (T.). Im\. Ilia. blKa (T.). ape (S.). a )opo (N.Z.). 'romorro'v. HKupa. esok. l)riluildino- was dedicated by the Reverend Father Jo.se l^domo." One of the principal causes of the stationary condition of the population, as shown by the census of the island, was the death of new-born infants and of women in childl)irth. A school for the instruction of midwives was accordingl}' established, and all women on the island employed in this capacity were oblio'ed to undergo a course of instruction before receiving license to continue their profession. The doctors reported typhoid fever to be endemic. Diseases of the eye were not very conunon, thoug-h several cases of conjunctivitis and iritis were treated. Malaria is apparent! 3' absent, though mosqui is abound. Among the parasitic diseases are tape\7orm and lumbncjid worms. In one year 17 deaths from the latter were reported, and in the preceding year 5 cases of the former were successfully treated. Tu])erculosis exists on the island, ))ut is not widely spread. It is not strange that the early inhabitants complained tha. che vSpaniards brought curses to their islands without bringing remedies for their cure. The last serious epidemic was that of smallpox t)rought from ^Manila in March, 1856, by the schooner J^. L. Frod^ and lasti/ig until the following November. More than two-lifths of the popula- tion perished, and in some cases whole villages were wiped out of existence. In the summer of 1899 the Spanish transport Elcano brought to t ^e island a disease thought at first to be cerebro-spinal meningitis, but afterwards l)elieved to be anterior poliomyelitis. In some respects it resembled beriberi, ))ut it was not attended with dropsical s_ymp- toms. The victims, all adults, were suddenly stricken when in appar- ently perfect health. Frequently death ensued in three or four days. If the victim survived, paralj'sis either in the arms or legs was sure to follow, and the muscles of the afflicted parts became atrophied.* The disease was chiefl}' confined to the village of Sumai, on the shore of the harbor of Apra. It would be interesting to know whether this epidemic could be traced to the importation of moldy or damaged rice, which in Japan and the Philippines is supposed to l)e the cause of beriberi. " Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1901, p. 82. '' Alfred (i. Grunwell, assii^tant surgeon, U. S. Navy, in Report of the Surgeon- Geueral of the Navy for 1900, pp. 224-227. ^ol rl: Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XIX. < >- m 05 O _i o _2 Z UJ O o: < C3 < cr z LLl I o Q UJ X O H < I if) LJJ o o cr. > a. z o CO < o CO o I I- UJ o X THE MODERN INHABITANTS. 123 PERSONAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY. Dress. ^ — The natives dress very much after the manner of the people of jNIanihi. The men wear cotton trousers, and shirts outside of the trousers, either white oi- of some striped material. Some of them wetir white jackets which tit closely about the neck, fastened with buttons or silver studs, riiey wear either imported hats of straw or felt, or hats of pandanus woven on the island. When Hshino- on the reef or when at work on their ranchos many of them content themselves with a l)reechcloth and a straw hat. They wear shoes, slippers, or sandals, or, if engaged in work which does not require the feet to be protected, go barefooted. As is the case in Japan and at Manila it is the custom wdiile sitting in the house to slip oti' the shoes. At church the women usually take them otf and kneel upon them. The ordinary dress of the women is an ample skirt of print or brioht-colored gingham with a short chemisette of thin white material, cut low in the neck and provided with wHde flowing sleeves. Stockings are worn by few except on feast days and Sundays. Women of the better class follow the Manila fashions and Avear garments of more costly materials. Some of them have begun to wear corsets. A few wear European liats; the remainder go l)areheaded or content them- selves with handkerchiefs tied over the head. Nearly all of them wear kerchiefs across the bosom and a rosary about the neck. vSome of the native costumes are ver}- prettily ornamented with lace or embroidery, and the handkerchiefs are often of tine texture, with a colored border. It is considered unseemly for the older women to wear bright colors or fancy laces. Flowers are scarcely at all worn by the natives, but that they have a love for beauty is shown ])y the decorated altars in their houses and the bright-colored foliage plants and flowers in their gardens. Dw^ELLiNGS. — With the exception of a few families living in ran- cherias, the natives live in villages and go to their fincas, or country places, for the purpose of feeding and watering their stock or for cul- tivating their flelds. The tow-n houses are well constructed. The}- are raised from the ground on substantial, durable posts (PI. XX), or ])uilt of masonry with a basement or "bodega''' which is used as a storeroom or cellar (PL XIX). Some of them are surrounded by bal- conies, inclosed by shutters or ])y windows with translucent Placuna shells for panes. The roofs are either of thatch or tile, the best thatch being that made of the leaflets of the nipa palm. Man}^ of the houses are provided with vegetable gardens in which dome-shaped ovens ma}^ be seen. Under the eaves, so as to catch the drippings from the roof, are rows of bright-colored Phyllaurea and variegated Acanthaceae. Ornamental Araliaceae are also planted, some with flnely divided leaves {Nothopanax fruticosum), others with leaves shaped like saucers (iV^. 1 LU rSKKUL I'LAN'I'S oF (if AM. cttchhtifiiiii). \\n(\ others prettily \ arie^ated with \vhit(> (vbv^//V/ (/ail- fniflri). I*esi(h's fiiiit trees, such as h'liioiis, limes, j)oinoi»Tjmatos, s()iirs()|)>. and siitiar apph's, there are shrubs, vines, and tr(>os pri/ed i'oi- the fi'airi'Jinec of their Mowers sueh as Lawsonia. Tcdosnia (Pergu- laria). ami ilanii"ihui*i'. Hanehos \ary in size i'l'oni .simple huts, intended for the temporary" shelter of one oi- two ])ersons attendinj^' to adjoininy- ])atches of culti- vation, to well-built permanent dwtdlinus lari^'e enough for a whole family. A (jlatof yi'ound after havine- b(>en cultivated for foui" or live years is often abandoned and allowed to lie fallow a few years. Tnder these conditions it woidd not pa}' to erect iM'rmanent habitations on the mesa. The usual form of a small rancho is that of a shed with walls of woven reeds, coconut leaves, or s|)lit band)oos and a coconut- thatched roof with eaves projecting- sufficiently to keep the rain from coming in through the cracks. Half tlu^ hut is taken up by a plat- form of split bamboo, raised about 2 feet froiu the ground. This is the family b(Ml. Beneath it are penned up each night the youngest broods of chickens with their luothei's, to protect them from rats, cats, and liztirds. The larger fowls fl\' to the spreading limbs of a neighboring- tree (the site for a rancho is alwavs selected neai' a suitable roosting tree), or upon the ridge of the roof, or perhaps on some convenient perch in the hut itself, where there are always four or five setting hens in baskets hung on the posts. Sometimes the whole family remains at the rancho during the week, returning to town on Saturday so that their owners may be ready for early mass the next morning. On Sat- urday evening a procession of ox carts a mile long may be .seen en route to the capital. The}^ have little furniture. In homes of the ])etter sort are usually found tables and benches of itil wood, cane-bottomed beds, a few chairs, and almost invariably an altar with the image of a saint enshrined above it, before which a light of cocoanut oil is kept burning, A feAV homes have handsome beds, tables, and chairs from the Philippines left behind b}- Spani.sh officials. Hon)es of the poorer kinds are desti- tute of bedsteads or tables, the natives sleeping and sometimes eating from mats on the floor. USEFUL ARTS. Though it ma}^ be said that all the natives of Guam are essential!}^ farmers, yet many of them show decided aptitude for various kinds of handiwork. In Agaiia there are excellent blacksmiths, silversmiths, carpenters, cabinetmaker!^, tanners, and shoemakers, and fairl}^ good masons. In other parts of the island there are men skilled in lime and charcoal burning. A number of the women are adepts at weaving- mats and hats of excellent ({uality from pandanus leaves; men twi.st string and make nets of pineapple fiber and ropes from hibiscus l)ark. Contr. Nat. Herb, Vol. IX. Plate XX. o > > < m D m I- > z o O c > D m CO O DO > C3 O o o < m z m o > 2 O 33 O C o o o o z c -I I > H O X •If THE MODERN INHABITANTS. 125 and ovorybody knows how to prepare coconut leaves for thatcliinu- and pandanus leaves for lashing" tog-ether the parts of a house or rancho. Some of the natives are remarkably versatile, being- called upon to practice various callings, as occasion may require. One of the Spanish governors, who elsewhere speaks somewhat disparagingly of the Chamorros, writes as follows: The late master armorer of tlie post, Don Vicente Pangelinan, worked with greater or less perfection as armorer, locksmith, blacksmith, wood carver, cabinetmaker, carpenter, silversmith, lathe tnrner. He was well fitted to perform clerical work, having been employed as clerk in the treasury, assisting with the local accounts as well as with the college fund in i-ases of urgency; speaks and writes Spanish fairly well and speaks English, and remaining after all these accomplishments a person of simide life and modest bearing. The successor and son-in-law of Don Vicente, the present armorer, also works as gunsmith, locksmith, l)lacksmith, silversmith, turner, carver, inlayer, clock repaii'cr, and tortoise-shell worker. He is also a thrift}^ rice grower, and attends personallv to his plantations. One of the most interesting sights is to see him take a condemned nutsket and convert a portion of its barrel into a knife blade, welding in the steel spring for the edge and fitting to it a handle of buffalo horn inlaid with mosaic designs of silver, mother-of-pearl, or tortoise shell. All of this he does with most primitive appliances. With equal skill and apparent pleasure in his work he converts an old piece of iron into a fosino or scuffle hoe or into a plowpoint. The husband of one of Don Vicente's granddaughters is the principal silversmith of the island. Ho makes spoons, forks, ladles, cups, or bowls well shaped and finel}' finished, and he imitates models furnished him remarkably well, melting up worn coin and silver pesos for his material. The principal cabinetmaker, a Filipino by birth, is also a rice planter. He makes beautiful wardrobes of itilwood, carving them in designs of his own invention and finishing them beautifully. Not. many chairs are made in Guam, as the natives prefer benches or settees. x c dinary tables, bencL and other furniture Ijear a close resemblance to the forms now popular in the United States known as " mission furniture." Canopies for beds and tops of ward- robes are often carved, and show Philippine influence, the forms resem})ling those used by the Malayan people. The beds are usually provided with woven bottoms of rattan, like our cane-bottom chairs. Thei-e are men in Guam who make these bottoms, but thc}^ get their "behuko," as they call the rattan, from the Philippines. Boards for the sides of houses and for floors are sawed by hand with large two-handled ripsaws, the logs being- inclined against a raised platform, so that one man maj^ stand on a stage above and the other on the ground. Serviceable carts are made with tough clastic 12() USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. shiifts mill with solid wooden wheels of Calophylhun wood, which arc iiu loscd ill iron tires usually tnade from old gun })arrels. Leather of excellent (juality is made from the hides of cattle and buf- falo and from deerskins. The })rincipal tan bark used is that of Plfli, - cololiidiii dulcc^ a le«>uminous tree of Mexican origin. Shoes are com- moidy made without heels, after the Philippine fashion, the uppers of yellow deerskin, ornamented with red leather, and the soles of cow skin or butlalo hide. Very jiood shoes ai'(> also made after Europi^an styles. Ordinarily while workino- on tlieir farms the people wear sandals, for makino- which a piece of sole leather is kept on band in each family'. Each individual cuts sandals to the shape of his foot, as he ma}' require them, securing them by thongs passing backward on each side of the foot from between the tirst and second toes. As a ride, the masonry work on the island, chiefly stone walls and the basements of houses, is substantial but crude. In s(juaring the stones and in laying them horizontal the mason frequently depends upon his eye, though he may haye both square and level at home. The result is, as may well be imagined, that frequently the corners of buildings supposed to be square are by no means right angles, and stone steps and terraces intended to be horizontal are far from it. On having his attention called to such defects the workman may excuse himself by saying, "Ay, senor, I am not a master mason. I didn't know 3^ou were so particular about haying it square. I'll go home and get my level and square; or will you send your boy to borrow Don Juan's? " The source of both the stone and the mortar used for ])uildin2' is chiefl}- coral rock. Coral fresh from the reef is not used, as it contains salt and remains moist for a long time, and the mortar it yields is also salt}', with a tendenc}^ to remain soft and stick}'. Coral hummocks for building are taken from the reef and allowed to weather for a long- time, and the best of lime is burnt from coral rock and limestone of the ancient reefs composing the greater portion of the island. Preparation of food. — The principal food staples of the natives are maize, rice, breadfruit, 3'ams, taro, sweet potatoes, leguminous pods and seeds, and several species of Cucurbitaceae. They often eat fish of various kinds, venison, pork, and chicken, and less frequently beef. Wild ducks {Anas oustaletl) are highh^ esteemed. The sport of trawling under sail for bonito and other game fish has died out, and fish are caught only in tide pools and with cast nets along the beach. Most of the cooking is done in kitchens adjacent to the dwellings, raised like the latter from the ground and connected by means of a bridge or a solid terrace of masonry filled in with earth. In the kitchen there is a raised shelf at the end opposite the direction of the prevailing wind covered with earth A\'hich is retained h\ raised slabs along the edge. Stones are arranged in pairs at certain dis- ConU. Nat. Herb , Vol. IX. Plate XXI, Fig. 1.— a Modern Oven, Island of Guam. Fig. 2.— Evaporating Salt from Sea Water. THE MODERN INHABITANTS. 127 tances apart to rest the cooking utensils upon, hio-h enouoh to admit of fa'trots under the pots, gridirons, and fr3ing pans. The cooking of the present day is very much after the manner of that in Mexico. The excavated ovens of the aborigines are little used exce])t on ranches, and baking is done in dome-shape ovens of masonry whirU were probably introduced from Mexico. (PI. XXL tig. 1.) Bread and breadfruit are baked. Yams and taro are baked or boiled or tirst boiled and then baked in ashes. Venison and beef are fried or broiled, and tish is cooked in various ways. Coconut oil. when fresh, is used in cooking and is a good sul)stitute for lard and butter. Coconut custard, expressed from the grated meat of ripe coconuts, is used in various coml)inations, giving a pleasant rich flavor to the dishes into which it enters. Arrowroot of Tacca pinnatifidri is used for certain sweetmeats, and preserves or dulces are made of soursops, citrons, and fruits of various kinds. Maize is made into a paste and baked in the form of tortillas, after the Mexican fashion. Tender leaves of taro and other greens are used in place of spinach and asparagus. Coffee and chocolate are ground upon the stone used for making tortillas. Bread of excellent qualit}' is made from imported wheat flour, fer- menting coconut sap being used to leaven it. This sap, when boiled fresh, is converted into sweet syrup and brown sugar. When the fer- mentation is allowed to continue it yields vinegar of excellent quality. Salt is evaporated from sea water in iron kettles, (PI. XXI. fig. 2.) Nearly every native is addicted to the use of tobacco and to the ha))it of betel chewing. Fermenting tuba (coconut sap) is a refreshing- drink like cider, and is the common beverage of laborers. Formerly a kind of rum called aguardiente, or '•" aguayeute." was distilled from it on the island. The distillation of this liquor is no longer permitted. The use of opium is unknown. MENTAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS. Though the natives of Guam are naturally intelligent and quick to learn, little has been done for their education, and manv of them are illiterate. The college of San Juan de Letran was founded by Queen Maria Anna of Austria, widow of Philip IV. who settled upon it an annual endowment of 3,()00 pesos. Through misappropriation and dishonesty the annual income of the college gradually dwindled to about 1,000 pesos. The greater part of this was absorbed by the rector, who was usually the priest stationed at Agana. and by the running expenses of the school, which were the subsistence and wages paid to janitor, porter, steward, doctor, and the lightingof the building. A head herdsman was employed with two assistants to look out for the cattle belonging to the school. All of these men were paid salaries, so that there remained for actual expenses of instruction only 192 pesos a year, 98 pesos of which were paid to the head master, 45 pesos 128 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. to liis assistant, and 4S pesos for the minor expenses attending tiae education of "poor children." 'I'he e(hication dispensed was of tlie most elementary nature. At times it consisted of a course in "music and prinuuy letters'" and in givini>- to a few })oys sutHcient instruction to serve as aeolytes for the priests. Man}^ of the governors disappioved of the higher education of the natives. Don Francisco Villalobos suggested to the captain- general that the college l)e abolished and that the funds be applied to "'general education, to repairs and ornaments of the churches, and to the improvement of government buildings and priests' residences on the island." lie also recommended that the schoolhouse be converted into an inn or guest house for the entertainment of strangei's, and that the fixed income therefrom ])e applied to government purposes. The inipils, it was asserted, were injured rather than benefited by their eci ^cation and r(!ndei'ed unlit for future usefulness. On entering hho college they soon forgot the misery and povert}- of their homes, and during their stay of five or six 3^ ears became accustomed to good food, clothing, and lodging, without learning any trade by which they might afterwards earn a living and without forming habits of industrVo The discipline was declared to be bad, and everything tended to make the students incompetent to earn their living, discontented with their lot, and, the more quick-witted among them, thorns in the side of the governor, who was often obliged to impose "correctional punish- ments" upon them.'^' Another governor, Don Felipe de la Corte, recommended that the education of the natives be limited to the merest rudiments, to avoid their acquiring a superficial knowledge of the more advanced branches of learning, which woidd lead to pretensions on their part to be men of education. Such persons, he declared, gave more trouble to the authorities than any other class and were a distur})ing element among the natives. In spite of Don Felipe's recommendation the captain- general at Manila did not see fit to divert the fund from its original object. From these and other extracts from the archives it is easily seen that the Spanish governors of the island of Guam discouraged the higher education of the natives not because they thought them inca- pal)le of receiving it, but because the}^ believed they would be more tractable if they remained ignorant. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND CUSTOMS. Marriage. ^ — The natives marry at a comparatively early age, and the 3' oung couple, though the3^ ma3^ continue to live with the family of the bride or of the groom in the town residence, usually enter into « Don Francisco Villalobos, letters to the captain-general of the Philippines, inedited, November 1(5, 1831, and February 9, 1833. THE MODERN INHABITANTS. 129 possession of property wliich the parents of both have been graduull}^ accumulating- for their benefit. A would-be purchaser of a plantation of young- coconuts or perhaps of some luml)cr observed lying under a house will probably meet with a refusal, the owner saying that he has cleared and planted the cocal for little Juan or Maria, or that he is accumulating a number of good posts so that Pedro may have a house of his own when he marries. Old bachelors and unmarried women are not common in Guam. Most families have several chil- dren, differing in this respect from the Samoans, where there are often only one or two. or where many of the women are barren. But before the American occupation the laws of the island did not per- mit divorce and remarriage, so that new alliances which might be formed by those who had separated could not be legalized. In con- sequence of this such unlegalized alliances have been held up as examples of the shocking immoralit}' of the island, whereas, in reality, in most cases observed by the writer the}" were to all intents and pur- poses marriages in which the husband and wife were mutually faith- ful and the children in all cases well cared for. At the time of the American occupation prostitution was almost unknown on the island, though there were many cases of couples living together without hav- ing been married by the church or civil authorities. These alliances were looked down upon by the more respectable element, but as a rule illegitimacy was not considered a serious misfortune, and an unmarried mother was treated with pitying kindness by her neighbors. Relations betw^een parents and children. — The carefulness of parents to provide for their children has already been referred to. There are perhaps few countries in the world where greater attention is paid to the establishing of a young couple in life, though of course in Guam their wants are comparatively few on account of the simplicity or their surroundings and their mode of living. One of the most striking features to a stranger is the conscientious way in which ille- gitimate children are provided for. While registrar of property on the island, the writer was struck in many cases by the earnest desire of fathers to secure legal titles for their illegitimate children to houses and plantations especially prepared for them, and the records show that some of the best estates on the island were the creation of unmar- ried parents for their children. On their part sons and daughters show the greatest respect and affection for their parents, recognizing their authority as long as they live. It is not unusual for a man or woman of 40 or 50 years to ask permission of his parents before engag- ing in a business transaction, and the spectacle of old women, aban- doned and forgotten by their children, acting as water carriers, etc., so common in Samoa and among our Indian tribes, is unknown in (xuam. Parents are tenderl}^ cared for in their old age, treated with deference even when in their dotage, and depart this life accompanied 9773—05 y \3() USKFl'L PLANTS OF GIJAM. hy tlu" pniNMM-s of all their family, all of whom leave their occupations aiul come from the most distant parts of the island to be with them durinj^ their last moments. One of the most touchin<>" examples of tilial i^iety witnessed by the writer was the case of a middle-aged mar- ried man who had been sued In* his sister for the possession of some property. He made a dear, manly, straiohtforward statement to the court, Init when his old mother testified against him he burst into tears, saying he could not contradict her because she was his mother, though it was found afterwards that the old lady had been influenced by her daughter to testify falsely. Respect for the laws. — In referring to the law-a})iding spirit of the natives Governor Schroeder writes as follows: I have had occasion at various times to note and to mention to the Department tliat many little actions on the part of the natives of the island indicate a friendly feeling for the American Government, its Hag, and its representatives here. This feeHng is quite unmistakable and will, I hope, become well founded. * * * It is hoped that in time one prime difficulty will be removed, viz, the dread by tliis peacealtle and law-abiding people of complaining and testifying against those who maltreat them. To jHvserve law and order among the people themselves is a matter of no difficulty; the little company of [native] insular artillery, which forms the constabulary, although inefficiently armed, is an excellent body of respectful and relial)le soldiers, with whose support alone there could be no hesitation in under- taking the government of the island. « FeAvSTS and cebemoxies.^ — On the e\ening before a wedding, fan- dangos, or dancing parties, are given at the homes of both the bride and groom. Refreshments are served and betel nuts and cigars are passed to the guests. The guests attend both entertainments, going in parties from one house to the other. The music for dancing is furnished either by a violin and guitar, an accordion, or a piano, if there be one. Waltzes and square dances are performed, and occasionall}^ a Spanish "fandango." The wedding is solemnized in the church the next morning at earh' mass, and there is always a Avedding breakfast, to which the family and special friends of the bride and groom are invited. The usual church feasts are celebrated, especiall}" those of Corpus Christi and of holy week. The ceremonies at funerals are very impressive. It is customary for all the relatives and friends of a d3'ing person to assemble at the house, which is often too small to hold them. The custom of offering refreshments, betel nuts, and cigars recalls the death-bed scenes of the olden time described in the history of England and other European countries, when it was not unusual for thrifty persons in making their wills to ask that there should be no expendi- ture for spirits at their funeral. Though there is usually great o Schroeder, Seaton, commander, U. R. Navy, Report of the Governor of Guam, .Inly 8, 1901, in Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1901, i>art 1, pp. 82-83. THE MODERN INHABITANTS. 131 demoustnition of ^nci for the dead, yet the faiiiHy *s soon coiuforted, tii'iiily believing- in the iniuiortality of the soul and of the ultimate happiness of the departed. The body is accompanied to the church and to the cemetery by the men, who go on foot, the women remaining at home. As a rule the coffin is carried b}^ four bearers, four others walking |)ehind them to relieve them. At the cemeterv the bodv is either placed in a boveda, or vault, the entrance to which is closed Ijy a stone and sealed with mortar, or it is buried in consecrated ground. Usually the niche in the })oveda is rented for a certain period of time, at the expiration of which the bones are removed and ))uried. Sports and pastimes. — Sunday is observed ])y all as a holiday. Nearly everybody attends mass in the morning. Before the arrival of the Americans it was customary to have cockfights in the after- noon, and the government received a regular income for its share of the receipts of the cockpit. Sunda}' cockfights were abolished b}^ a general order of the governor, and thus a check was given to the passion of gambling, which with some of the natives amounted to a vice. The natives have no other sports except hunting for deer with dogs and guns. The boys amuse themselves with various games of Philippine origin. Kiteflying is popular, especiall}" in the trade-wind season. In this sport some of them are experts, causing their kites to fight one another in the air, like fighting cocks. INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM. Manner of securing livelihood. — The people of Guam are essen- tialh" agricultural. There are few masters and few servants on the island. As a rule the farms are not too extensive to be cultivated by the family, all of whom, even the little children, lend a hand. Often the owners of neighboring farms work together in communal fashion, one day on A's corn, the next on B's, and so on, laughing, singing, and skylarking" at their work, and stopping whenever they feel so inclined to take a drink of tuba from a bamboo vessel hanging to a neighbor- ing coconut tree. Each does his share without constraint, nor will he indulge so freel}" in tuba as to incapacitate himself for work; for experience has taught the necessity of temperance, and eveiyone must do his share if the services ^re to be reciprocal. In the evening they separate, each going to his own rancho to feed his bullock, pigs, and chickens. After a good supper they lie down for the night on a pandanus mat spread over an elastic platform of split bamboo. None of the natives depends for his livelihood on his handiwork or on trade alone. There are men who can make shoes, tan leather, and cut stone for building purposes; but such a thing as a Chamorro shoemaker, tanner, stone mason, or merchant, who supports his family by his trade hi unknown. In the midst of building a stone wall the man who has consented to help do tiie work will probably sa}^: " Excuse me, Seiior, but I must go to my rancho for three or four days; the 132 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. weeds arc getting jilioad of my corn." And when lime is needed, the native to whom one is directed uniy say: "After I have iininhcd oathcrin^ my coconuts for copra 1 will <^ct my boys to cut wood and gather limestone to make a kiln. Never fear, Senor, you shall have 3-our lime within six weeks." On one oc^casion a blacksmith was delayed two weeks in making- a plow, owing to the fact that the man from whom he got his charcoal had been so l)usy suppl3"ing visiting- vessels with fruits and vegetaldes that he could not find time to burn it. Absence of poverty. — The result of this condition of society is that when a father dies the wife and children are not left destitute, as woidd be the case if they depended on the results of his handiwork alone. The crops continue to ripen and are gathered in due time by the family; the weeds and worms are kept out of the tobacco; the coti'ee bushes ])end each year under their weight of berries; the coco- nuts, as usual, yield their annual dividend. Indeed, in most cases the annual income in provisions is amply sufficient to keep the family supplied with its simple clothing, some flour and rice brought by the traders from Japan or America to exchange for copra, and perhaps a few delicacies, a ribbon or two, or a kerchief to go over the head, and a new saint to place in the little alcove of the side room, where the light is always kept burning. Absence of wealtil — Very few of the natives have accumulated money or property of value. Some of them own tine coconut groves, rice fields, and coffee plantations, and a few own small herds of cattle and buffalo. At first sight it seems an impossibility that poverty should exist where food can be produced in such abundance; and indeed were it not for the frequent hurricanes which sweep the islands there would be little necessity for accumulating capital. In spite of the dearth of food which invariabl}' follows hurricanes, the majority of natives are not inclined to cultivate larger crops than are absolutel}'^ necessary for the immediate subsistence of their families. Thej' say that corn and rice will become moldy and spoil, or will ])e infested by weevils if kept a long time, and that all their extra labor in planting and reaping will be lost. This demonstrates the necessit}^ for capital, and capital not in perishable rice and corn, but in the shape of good indestructible and divisible mone}^ having intrinsic value. In this way surplus food could be converted into money at the end of a good harvest and reconverted into food (imported rice or flour or tinned meats) in times of scarcity. As it is, when crops are ruined and the natives see starvation staring them in the face, the traders will not furnish them with supplies in return for the superfluous rosaries and trinkets they have accepted in exchange for their copra and other marketa])le products, and the}" have to go to the woods for cycas nuts and wild yams in order to keep themselves alive until succor comes from abroad. THE MODERN INHABITANTS. 138 Peonage. — Before the arrivul of the Americans in Guam it was the practice of certain enterprising- citizens of the island to encourage the natives to go into debt, advancing- them goods or mone}' for the use of their families or for the payment of funeral expenses and masses for the dead, in order to engage in advance as much copra as possible or to secure labor for their fields. As a rule very poor wages were paid; the employer by managing to make further advances from time to time increased rather than diminished the debt and kept the debtor in continuous servitude. A written contract was always drawn up before the first loan would be advanced, b}' means of which the debtor promised to work for his creditor until his indebtedness should be canceled." Shortly after the American occupation complaints were received by our officials that certain servants had "escaped,"' and atten- tion was called to the system by which improvident or unfortunate natives were virtually made slaves, having sold themselves into bond- age. B}' order of the governor all contracts binding natives to labor in consideration for mone}" advanced to them were declared void and the natives were permitted to work where they could get the best price for their labor, and to pay their creditors in mone3\ Barter, or exchange of produce for imported goods, was also forbidden; so that the natives were not obliged to accept articles of which they really had no need, but were paid in mone}^ and thus might l)egin to accumu- late capital to serve them in time of necessit}". Not only was this a benefit in itself, but it allowed tliem to spend their money where they could do so to the best advantage, whereas under the old order the}^ were obliged to accept what the traders, to whom they had mortgaged their crops, chose to give them. Labor. — The natives of Guam have often been accused of laziness because they will not voluntarily raise large crops nor work as day laborers for others. Don Felipe de la Corte, one of the wisest and best of the Spanish governors, sa3's, however, it does not follow because thej' did not cheerfully obej^ orders to plant excessively large crops for the benefit of others that they are naturally indolent. Not- withstanding the fact that thc}^ had at times produced more food than could possi))ly be consumed, there was no provision for storing it, and when hurricanes laid waste their fields they found themselves as before, without resources, and consequentl}^ they thought it was better for them ""to work little than to work in vain. Owing to this the}^ are accused of laziness, which the}^ are far from manifesting when they clearly see the good accomplished by their labor." Governor Schroeder, in his official report to the Navy Department, says: ' N. In the study of this question [exploitation of the unoccupied public land] account must be taken of a noticeable trait of the Chamorro character, viz, the pride and "See IMaiil \V.>rl.l, vol. 7, p. 2ti, 1904. 134 USEFTTL PLANTS OF GUAM. liitjipineps in (lio jtossesfion of land, wliicli roHults in tlie community being composed of a larjie miinlxT of small lainlDwiicrs. Tlic effect of this is, of course, to minimize the amount i>f lalxir that can he hired, with tin- diri'ct conseijuence tliat large liolders are rare and tiiat ajiplication of (•ai)ital wuuld Ije handicai)ped ])y tliedeartli of labor. While this seems to offer something of a barrier to material productiveness, it is a very wholesome trait, which it is to l)e hoped will hold its own against outside influences." Means of communication.— Transportation is eflfcctod b}" boats as well as b}^ means of oxen, cows, and ])iiti'al()es. (PI. XXII.) Owing to the difficulties met with in crossin*,^ the mountainous interior of the southern portion of the island, especially in the rain}' season, when the roads are slipper\' and dangerous, transportation from the vicinit}' of Inalahan, on the east coast, to Agaiia, on the west coast, is often car- ried on in boats, the small bay of Hahahyan, at the southern end of the island, ))eing' used as a landing place for that region. This ba}^ can be entered onl}' by boats of moderate size. The journe}' from Agana to Merizo is also much easier by sea than by land, and boats are used whenever articles of considerable bulk are to be transported between the two points. There are only three good roads on the island. The best is that leading from Punta Piti, the landing place of the port to Agana, the capital, which continues northward to Apurguan, the site of the late villasfc of Maria Cristina, inhabited bv Caroline Islanders. This fol- lows the west coast of the island throughout its entire extent and is almost level. Another road leads from the landing place at Apra, on the south shore of the harbor of San Luis, to the village of Agat, and from this road there is a third branching oti' to the village of Sumai, on the peninsula of Orote. There is a road across the island at its narrowest part, from Agana to Pago, which can be traversed only on foot or on the backs of ani- mals. During the administration of Don Pablo Perez, who made use of convict labor to carry on the public works of the island, this road was for the first time made passable for carts, which fact is duly recorded on a tablet in a small shed erected on the crest of a hill about halfway across the island. Now it is impossible for a cart to cross the island b}' means of this road, and in the rainy season parts of it are so boggy that it is almost impassable with pack animals. The road from Punta Piti to Agat, which passes around the margin of the har])or of San Luis, is so bad in places that it is frequently impassable on horseback. For crossing bogg}^ places and passing mudd}^ fords oxen and Imffaloes are found to be much more efficient steeds than horses on account of their natural propensity for wading. From Agat to Merizo, the village at the southern extremity of the island, the road is interrupted in several places by abrupt headlands, which must either be rounded by entering the sea or crossed by veiy steep " Governor Schroeder's report, in Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1901, pp. 82-83. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XXII. KOADS ON THE ISLAND. 135 paths. P^oiu Mcrizo to liuilaliiui, around the soutlicni cmkI of the island, several niarshj^ places intervene, so that cart traffic between these villag-es is impossible. Going- northward along- the east coast, from Inalahan to Pago, the road encounters the mouths of several rivers, two of which must be crossed on rafts or "l)alsas," composed of several layers of large l)amboos. There is a trail crossing the island from Inalahan to Apra, which in many places is precipitous and is slippery and dangerous where the soil is of heavy red clay devoid of vegetation. Where this trail descends to cross a river the path has become so deeply worn that its vertical sides are as high as a horse's head. The road leading from Agaiia to the fine agricultural districts of Yigo, Santa Rosa, Mataguag, Mogfog, and Finagutiyog may be traversed by carts, but it is far from good. As Governor Schroeder has said in his oflicial report" on the economic conditions in Guam, "Lack of good means of transportation is one of the chief drawl)acks to the develop- ment of the island.'' In speaking of the most important agricultural and grazing region, which lies to the eastward and northward of Agana, Governor Schroeder expresses the opinion that good cart roads, capable of withstanding the heavy and frequent rains, would probably lead to the acquisition of more public land by private persons. Individual efforts [he says] should l)e encouraged fully as nuudi as collective cooperation, affecting, as it does, the entire community, and to this end it is proposed to lay out one arterial route, tapping in general plan, the middle of the region, and build a good road there as soon as may be. The country being fiat, no ditficulties should exist Ijcyond having, in some parts, to carry the material for roadbed and surface some distance. With this thoroughfare created in place of the present mis- erable boggy trail, it is believed that the present and future owners of neighboring ranches will build small roads leading to it, and that agriculture will receive an impulse. This proposed road will be some 15 miles in length. The cost of an entirely neAV road there is estimated at a1)out 45,000 pesos, but a few short stretches of rock here and there will diminish the cost. The expenditure of 30,000 pesos, spread over two years, should ])roduce very useful results. Later on, in after years, per- haps, cart-road communication shonld be established between towns on the south- east and southwest coasts and the harbor of San Luis de Apra and Piti. This will best be done l)y a shore-line road around the south end and up the west coast. In many parts this will require causeways to be built in the water amund high project- ing points, which now have to be clind)ed; but as the water is very shallow this work sliould not be as expensive as would tirst appear, and as the shore is protected from the sea by a barrier reef it would not be liable to injury by the sea except during hurricanes of unusual violence. A limited amount of attention could be l)rotitably given to the present bull i)aths or trails across the mountainous interior of tlie island, but I am convinced that for the purpose of tralHc on any useful scale direct routes over the mountains would best be eschewed in favor of the shore-line route. Each able-bodied native is required to contril^ute ten days each year to work on the roads of the island, or in lieu of this to pay a personal tax of $8. A tax of 1 per cent was levied on all real estate, but during « In Keport of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1901, part 1, pp. 82, 83. 18() USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. tho ]iast year, in coiisccjiuMicc of the poor liiianciul condition of the nativos, half of tiiis has ))cen rcuiitted. The proceeds of this tax go for the benelit of the .schools and roads of the island, and the natives do not complain of the taxation. Phesknt ch)M)Itions. — From a letter recently received from one of the most intelli<^ent and enterprising" of the residents of the island the information in the following three paragraphs is taken: (xovernment employees receive salaries twenty times greater than under the administration of the Spaniards. Simple laborers receive more than a dollar a day (silver) and carpenters and masons $3 a day. Servants will not work for less wages than 20 pesos (silver) a month. Notwithstanding these high rates money is by no means plentiful in the island. Employees of the island government are paid from the island funds. In cases where work is performed for the naval author- ities they are paid from federal funds, but these cases are rare. The onl}' money coming to the people from the outside, in addition to that paid in wages to servants and laundresses, is what they receive from visiting ships and officers stationed on the island for fruit, eggs, and fowls. No other money is brought to the island; for copra, the only article of export, is paid for in clothing, sugar, flour, rice, candles, and kerosene. On the other hand, the Japanese and American trading companies collect all the mone}" of the island and send it home. In March, 1904, rice was $25 per sack; flour, $13 per barrel of 100 pounds; corn, 37i cents a ganta;" chickens, $1.25 apiece; eggs, 6i cents each; meat, 25 cents a pound. The result is that the natives are compelled to depend more and more upon the island products for their subsistence. In the civil hospital the sick are cared for b}^ medical officers of the Navy, and medicines are dispensed free of charge to all those need- ing them. A iuun])er of marriages have taken place between Ameri- cans emplo3'ed bj^ the government and native women. Most of these marriages have proved happy, but there are several cases in which American marines have abandoned their native wives and left the island at the expiration of the term of their enlistment. The natives are very anxious for the establishment of a civil government on the island, citizenship for themselves, and public schools for their chil- dren. A supply of pure drinking water is sorely needed in Agana, where all the wells are polluted, and a system of sewers is necessary for the health of natives and officials. STATISTICS OF COMMERCE, POPULATION, ETC. Foreign commerce. — From the report published by the United States Treasury Department for the 3'ear ending Jvme 30, 1903, the following information is taken: " See Measures, j). i;^9. STATISTICS. 187 The principal imports are lumber, cotton fabrics, flour, rice, sugar, kerosene, candles, and distilled spirits. The lumber comes principally from the United States; the cotton fabrics from Japan, the United States, the Caroline Islands (probal)lY of German manufacture), and the Philippines; the flour from the United States and Japan; the rice from Honokong and Japan; the sugar from the United States, Japan, and Hawaii; the kerosene from the United States and Japan; the majority of candles from Japan; and the distilled liquors from Hawaii, the United States, Japan, and the Philippines. The onl}^ export is copra, or dried coconut meat. Of this the greater part is shipped to Japan, the rest to the United States. Dur- ing the year 1903 mone}^ in the form of specie was sent from Guam to Japan amounting to ^18,550. The amount sent to the United States is not recorded. Population of Guam. — A census of the island of Guam was taken in August, 1901, in obedience to the orders of Governor Schroeder, with the following results: Table I. — Population according to villages. Villages. Agafia and its dependent villages Agat ( village proper) Agat ( distriet of Sumai ) Merizo ( village proper) Merizo (district of Umatag) Inalahan Total Males. Females. 3,216 3,616 397 446 331 365 237 279 123 126 262 278 4,566 5,110 Total. 6, 832 843 696 610 249 540 9,676 Note.— In this table are included only the residents of the island, not those here temporarily, nor the I'nited States forces and employees of the naval station. Table II. — Population according to nationality. Males. Females. Total. Subjects of the United States: Citizens of the island 4,539 6 5,091 8 9,630 Citizens of the United States 14 Total 4,545 5,099 9,644 Foreigners: Spaniards 6 0 12 3 8 2 1 0 14 Italians 2 Japanese 13 Chinese 3 Total 21 11 32 R^sum^: Subjects of the United States 4,645 21 5,099 11 9,644 Foreigners 32 Total 4, 566- 5,110 9,676 1M oast cou.st. wliicli is exposed almost eonstantly tostitl winds I'roni the eastward, no eoeonut <;roves oeeiir, and almost the only tree found growing near the waters edge is the Polynesian ii-oinvood, Cmuarina equiseti folia. At a short distance from the l>each, however, in places more sheltered from the wind, fine coconuts are produced. Bananas, plantains, eggplants, peanuts, garden vegeta- bles, and several kinds of fruit trees are grown by the natives along the beach, and great breadfruit trees and mangoes are also found growing in what appcvirs to be nearly pure sand. Near Agafia great stretches of sandy ])cach are covered with l)eds of seaside datlodils {Puneraiium. littoridr), and the outer strand is carpeted with the goats-foot convol- vulus {Ij)o//i(h'(( 2)('.s-eaprae) and several leguminous plants. These must all contribute humus to the soil and serve to increase its fertilit}'. Marshes. — Marshes of sufficient elevation to admit of drainagfe are planted in rice. Where the water is stagnant and the soil is sour rice can not be grown. Several attempts have been made to cultivate the large swamp, or "cienaga," near Agana, but they have not as yet proved successful. This swamp is but a foot or two aliove the level of high tide. It was once a lagoon and from its general level a few hillocks rise like islands, which are covered with coconuts and shrub- bery. Patches of the cienaga are cleared each year of the reeds which cover it (Trichoon) and are planted in taro, and in a number of places along the margin are groves of cocoanuts. Near Matan-hanom, at the upper end of the cienaga are small plantations of cacao and thrifty abaka, or "manila hemp" plants. The latter grow without care and are not utilized. S\vamp land is plowed with the aid of buft'aloes. It is divided b}' low mud banks into fields of moderate size. It contains considerable organic matter from the rice stalks, which are turned under after the crop has been harvested. In the southern portion of the island there are a number of low, damp tracts of land at the mouths of streams. The soil covering them is deep and black, and has evidently been deposited by slowly-flowing currents. Where this land has been allowed to lie idle it becomes solidified like adobe, and in the dry season is crossed in every direc- tion l)y deep cracks. Such an area ma}'^ be seen in a tract on the west side of the Maso River, near Tepungan, which was formerly the prop- erty of the Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion. With proper irriga- tion there is no reason wh}' it should not be made to3'ieldgood returns. Other low-lying tracts are planted in sugar cane, but this industr}' has nearly died out in Guam. Fine tillable tracts lie near the mouths of the Asan, Sasa, Laguas, Aguada, Guatali, and Atantano rivers, and on the east side of the island near Inalahan. Intekior valleys. — In low-lying interior valleys, sheltered from the winds which constantly sweep the island, are a number of fertile tracts. On the east side of the island the valley of the Talofofo River Contr. Nat. Herb.. Vol. IX. Plate XXlll. z I- z < _] Q- tr O u. < o CO UJ cc O z < O SOILS. 141 is especiall.y rich. During the rainy season it is for the most part flooded, but in December it becomes sufficient!}^ dry to admit of cul- tiyation, and yields a harvest of corn at a time when corn can not be orown on hieher and drier land. In the northern part of the island the regions Ivnown as Santa Rosa, Mataguag, and Yigo are famous for the excellence of their products. These regions have been less cultivated than those in the center and south of the island, owing to the fact that there are no sources of water supply for man or animals with the exception of one or two small streams in the immediate vicinity of Mataguag and Santa Rosa, where the platform of porous coralliferous limestone is pierced by volcanic outcrops. An analysis of the best soils of this part of the island shows that they consist largel}^ of heavy reddish clay, and are comparatively rich in nitrates. Where the land is uncultivated it is covered wdth forest growth. When the forest is cleared (PI. XXIII) it is first planted in land taro, bananas, and plantains, and when the stumps are burned and the land sufficiently clean coconuts, cacao, and cofl:'ee are planted. Oranges of excellent quality are produced in the Yigo and Santa Rosa districts, and in sheltered places fine cacao is successfully grown. The coffee of these districts is also of excellent quality. The determination of the water soluble plant food constituents in these soils, which was made by the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agricul- ture, shows that they compare very favorabh^ with tropical soils in general. All are relativeh^ high in lime, due to their coral origin. The amounts of potassium in the samples examined are large as com- pared with the soils of the United States, and the large amount of nitrates in the Yigo and Mataguag soils is especially noteworthy, characterizing them as very productive. The mesa. — The northern half of the island consists almost entirely of a raised platform of coralliferous limestone called the ''mesa" or "meseta," Its surface is covered with a laj^er of soil often onl}^ a few inches in depth, of a reddish color from the presence of oxide of iron in the decomposing coral of which it largely consists. Beneath the superficial la3'er the subsoil is of rotten coral, and beneath this is a solid mass of the hard coral composing the ancient reef, cemented together by carbonate of lime formed by the action of water upon the oxidized surface limestone. Where the meseta has been cultivated for a long time its productive power is small, and the natives declare it to be "eansada," or tired. Much of the mesa produces excellent tobacco, sweet potatoes, and maize, though no effort is apparently made to fer- tilize it artificially. Abandoned tracts on the mesa soon become over- grown with scrubb}' bushes, including cassia, indigo, sappan wood, and other leguminous plants. The natives understand the economy of allowing them to lie fallow for a period of time sufficient for the undergrowth to form a thicket, and in selecting a tract for planting 142 UvSKKUL PLANTS OK OFAM. tlicv arc nuitUMl by the liclincss of the growth of l»u«hcf^, which thev arc caicfiil to Iturii mxni the site. The leji'uminouis .shrubs undoiiht- edly act as nitrt)oeu i^torers. Peanuts could bo cultivated with advaii- ta<>c for this puipose, and would be useful as a crop to alternate with maize and tobacco. Savannas. — On the hio-her parts of the Island there arc stretches of land almost bare or covered with sword g-rass, called "ncti" {XipJm- (/rodisjhtrldula), a few weedy labiates, and a sprinkling of ironwood trees {Cmi(at'h)a ef/nisc'tlfolia). The ])()undary between the savannas and the wooded region is very shar})ly marked. All savannas are characterized b}- absence of drainage. The soil is a red clay, which becomes stick}^ and paint-like when wet, so that durino- the rainy season the roads across the savannas in the southern portion of the island ])ecome dangerously slippery and impassable. An anal3\sis of savanna soil showed it to be almost devoid of organic matter, free from gravel and coarse sand, and consisting almost entirely of clay and silt. Although it is rather low in nitrates it is possible that this deficiency might be remedied by cultivation and the a|)plication of manure. Though the amount of water-soluble phosphate contained by it is lower than in the soils examined from other parts of the island, yet, accord- ing to the report of the Bureau of Soils, it is as large as that in many productive soils of the United States, and it is quite possi))le that some savanna grass good for forage may be found to replace the coarse, sharp-leaved neti, which is of little economic value except for thatching. Cascajo, or gravel. — The subsoil of the mesa and the cliffs forming the sides of the plateau consist in many places almost entirel}' of coral gravel. This is excellent road material and the streets of Agana are formed of it. When first removed it is soft and crumbling, but it becomes hard and compact on exposure to the air. It consists largel}^ of calcium carbonate. Similar material is used in the Philippines for road building, but it does not stand heavy travel for a long time and must be renewed at intervals. According to the report of the Bureau of Soils, material of this kind gradually decomposes into a red clay exceedingly high in iron compounds, and when organic material is present frequently becomes converted into black waxy fertile soils resem])ling, in many respects, the adobe soils of the southwestern United States. INDIGENOUS AND SPONTANEOUS ECONOMIC PLANTS. Among the plants growing without cultivation on the island are Gycas circinalis^ the nuts or seeds of which furnish the natives with food in times of famine; the wild fertile breadfruit (Artoca?'j)us eohimnnis)^ having edible chestnut-like seeds; wild yams {Dtoi^eorra sj>nios((), which in places form imp«>netrable thickets; the ))etel-nut palm {A/'eca cathccti), which is abundant in .some of the rich valleys in AGRICULTURE. 143 the southern part of the ishiiul; and Pariti tilkiceuni, which furnishes the natives with cordage. Besides these a number of plants of minor importance have escaped from cultivation and arc spreading- over the island, such as the guava. the bullock's heart, the orange berry, PitJie- coloViiiiu (hdce, which 3'ields line tan bark, and Biancaea sapjxin, which is important as a dyewood. CrLTIVATED FOOD .VXD STIMULANT PLANTS. Garden plants. — In addition to their small farms nearh^ all the natives of Guam have a town house. Adjacent to many of these are gardens in which grow perennial eggplants, red peppers, bananas, plantains, various kinds of beans, squashes, gourds, watermelons, melons, peanuts, tomatoes of a small and inferior kind, balsam pears, mustard, and perhaps yams and a few vines of betel pepper. Among the fruit trees in gardens the most common are lemons, limes, the sugar apple, and the soursop. Pomegranates are grown more for orna- ment than for use, although a very refreshing di-ink is made from the acidulous pulp surrounding their seed. In some of the gardens giant taro (Alocasia) is grown for the sake of its leaves, which are used instead of paper for wrapping up meat and fish. Banana and plantain leaves deprived of their stitf midril) are used for tjie same purpose, and for cordage strings are stripped from their stem, or the leaves of the textile Pandanus are used, a plant of which is sometimes grown in the garden for convenience. Radishes, onions, garlic, and lettuce are sometimes planted, but they do not thrive. (See under Gardens in catalogue. Cereals. — The only cereals cultivated in Guam are rice and maize. The natives cultivated rice in considerable quantities before the dis- covery. It was among the supplies furnished to ^Magellan and Legazpi, The Dutch navigators, who came after them in l(!0o and 1621, complained that the Ijales were increased in weight by the addi- tion of sand and stones. These bales weighed on an average from 70 to 80 pounds. At present not sufficient rice is grown on the island for the use of the natives, though there are several localities well suited for its cul- ture. The methods followed are ver}- much like those of the Filipinos. Buffaloes are used for plowing. The plow is of wood with an iron point, usuallv fashioned V)v the blacksmith of Guam out of an old gun barrel. It has but one handle. ^NLun^ of the best rice growers on the island within recent years have been Filipinos. At present rice is imported from Japan, Manila, and the United States. This would not be necessary if a little greater effort were made on the part of the planters. As a rule, the}' plant only enough for their own use and do not lay by a surplus. The result is that when the crop is ruined b}- a hurricane or a drought, which not infrequentl}' happens, there is a 144 usp:KrL plants of guam. doiirth of lice on llio isluiid. One reason for the small size of tliccrops is the diriiciilt}' of ohtaiiinio- hihor. Nearly ever3'bod3' has a ranch of his own, and prefers to reap all the benefits of his own labor rather than to share them with an employer. Maize was introduced from Mexico at a ver}^ earlj' date/' and soon became the pi'incipal food staple of the early missionaries and the soldiers sent to assist them in the con((uestof the islands. With maize came tiie Mexican metate and mano, a low inclined stone slab supported oj\ three leo^s on which tortillas are prepared, and a stone rollino- pin, cylindrical in shape with the ends sliohtl}^ tapering*. Maize is now the most important crop. On the higher land it is planted at the bej^inning of the rainy season. In the lowland, as in the valley of the Talofofo Kiver, it is planted at the ])eginnin|»" of the dry season. As soon as it is harvested it is shelled and spread out on mats in the streets to dry in the sun. Then it is stored in earthen jars as a i)rotcction against dampness and against rats and weevils. In places where the soil is deep enough the land is prepared for maize by plowing. On the higher land the weeds and bushes are cleared, dried, spread over the tield, and ])urned. This process serves to kill many weeds and at the same time to fertilize the land. The only instrument of cultivation used in such places is the fosino, or scuffle hoe, which consists of a wide transverse blade, placed T-like on the end of a long slender handle, the stem of the T being a hollow socket into which the end of the handle fits tightly. This is thrust ahead of the laborer, and serves to clear away bushes and to cut the weeds. After the corn is once i)lanted, the surface is easil}' kept clear of weeds with the fosino, the natives usuall}' covering at one thrust a space of 6 feet in length and the width of the blade. The use of this implement is universal. Even the women are adepts, and tiny fosinos are made for the little children. Edible roots. — Among the edible roots of the island are taro {Caladmiii colocasia) and yams {Dloscorea spp.), ))oth of which are cultivated by the natives and are a resource for them during the periods of famine, which usually follow hurricanes. Taro is cultivated either in swamps (PI. XXIV) or in newly cleared ground. Certain varieties, the best of which has purplish stems and is called Visa^'an taro, " sunin visaya," are grown on hillsides and are of tine consistency and flavor. The closely allied Alocasi.a Indlca and A. macrorrhiza are not so commonly cultivated, but grow wild in many places. They are very acrid and are only eaten in cases of necessit3^ The cultivated yams are probably varieties of Dloscorea alata, D. sativa^ and D. aculeata. Closely allied to the last is the wild gado or nika cimarron {Dioscorea spino.m)^ which forms thickets in miuiy «.See p. 24, Contr Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XXIV. "0 > o > > XI O t) > H O I 6 > r > o c o o l- o o > CO > CO c 33 o C z D m a CP CD > > CD 33 m > o X c H 33 m m cp > z o O o o o ■D > en Contr Na* Herb , Vol. IX. Plate XXV. Arrowroot 'Maranta arundinacea >. Natural Size. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XXVI. Roots of the Cassava Plant iManihot manihot). Natural Size. Contr. Nat Htfb., Vol. IX. Plate XXVI Breadfruit Tree iArtocarpus communisi, Showing Foliage, Inflorescence, and Immature Fruit. FRUITS. 145 places on the island. Yams are more difficult to cultivate than taro, and are therefore not planted so commonly by the natives. Sweet potatoes are far superior to the best varieties of yams and of taro. The natives grow them principall}^ to suppl}" visiting ships. Several varieties occur in Guam. Unlike the yams and taro, which grew on the island l)efore the discovery, sweet potatoes were intro- duced ])y the Spaniards. One variety' was brought from the island of Agrigan, where it had been introduced by settlers from the Hawaiian Islands. Among other plants with starch-bearing roots are the indigenous Tacca jylniuiti^da, or Pol^'nesian arrowroot; the true arrowroot {Maranta arundlnacea^ PI. XXV); and the mandioc plant {Mcmlhot manlliot^ PI. XXVI), which vields cassava and tapioca. Starchy fruits. — The principal starchy fruits are those of the sterile breadfruit (^4r?^6'««y^?/.s' conununis^ PL XXVII), called " lemae" or "rima" by the natives, and the well-known plantain {Jfiisa para- dlslaca). Of the plantain there are several varieties. The fruit difiers from that of the banana in being starchy instead of sweet, and it must be cooked before eating. When baked it has somewhat the taste and consistenc}^ of a potato, but is inferior to it in flavor. As both the breadfruit and plantain are seedless the}^ must be prop- agated by suckers. This is readily done with both plants. They both grow with little care and produce abundantly in Guam. As the breadfruit is in season only during certain months of the year, some of the natives lay in a store of it for the rest of the year by slicing it and diT iiig or toasting it in ovens, making a kind of biscuit of it which they call " biscocho de lemae." If kept dry this will last indefinitely and may be eaten either without further preparation or cooked in various waj^s. It is fine food for taking on a journey, as it is light and convenientl}' carried. Squashes and pumpkins are grown, but they do not occupy a promi- nent place in the econoni}" of the natives. The nuts of the Cycas chcinalis, called "fadan" by the Chamorros and "federiko" by the Filipinos, yield a nutritious starch. As these nuts are poisonous in their crude condition, there has been considera]>le prejudice against them on the part of some of the Spanish governors of the island. In other countries, however, a fine sago, or arrowroot, is made from them, which is declared to be superior to that made from the pith of sago palms. It is remarkable that the "Polj'nesian chestnut" {Bocoa edulis), so widely spread over the Pacific, is not included in the Guam flora. Tree fruits. — The principal fruits are oranges, bananas, mangoes (PI. XXVIII), and sugar apples {Aimona squammosa), all of which are of tine quality. In the vicinity of Agat and the harbor of San Luis de 9773—05 10 140 USEFUL I'LANTS OK GUAM. April there arc inferior varieties of oranges, but in the districts of Santa Rosa and Yigo, in the northern part of the island, and in Yona, on the eastern coast, the oranges are excellent. Lemons and limes produce continuously in great quantities all the year round. Among the introduced Annonaceae the sour sop (A. iiiuri- cnta) is used for making jellies and preserves, and the bullock's heart {A., retlculdta) is eaten as a fruit, but it is inferior to the sugar apple above mentioned. Citrons, pomelos, shaddocks, and bcrgamots are abundant. Averrhoa caramhola, improperl}' called "bilim])ines" by the natives of Guam and the Filipinos, l)ears a translucent oblong fruit with the cross section of a five-pointed star, which has a pleasant acidulous flavor. Guavas grow spontaneously and produce abundantly. Little use is made of the fruit, however, owing to the scarcity of sugar on the island. Among introduced trees are the cashew {Ana- cardium occiihntale^ PI. XXIX) and the tamarind {TdiiKiruxhiH indlca^ PI. LXVI), neither of which have spread upon the island, but which are found onl}^ near villages or on the sites of ranches either in cultivation or abandoned. Coffee and cacao. — Coffee and cacao have l)een introduced and thrive well in Guam. Coffee receives little care. It will grow in various situations and in almost anv soil, and 3'ields abundant harvests. Often most of the houses of a village, as at Sinahaiia, are seen sur- rounded by coffee bushes, and the fresh seeds sprout spontaneously beneath the parent plant or if thrown upon the surface of the soil in a shady place. There are no large plantations in the island, each family planting enough onl}^ for its own consumption. The berries are gathered, pulped, and hulled by hand. The cultivation of cacao is more difficult. The plants are very tender. They have a long taproot wdiich is easil}" broken, and the plants do not bear transplanting well. They are very sensative to violent winds, and must be planted in sheltered valleys. Both coffee and cacao nuist be protected from the sun when very j^oung. The use of shade trees is not necessary in Guam, though, in starting a cacao or coffee plantation, the intervening space between the rows of plants is usually planted in bananas, which yield fruit and at the same time serve to protect the tender young plants from the sun. Narcotics. —The principal narcotics cultivated on the island are the betel palm and the betel pepper, which grew^ on the island before the discovery, and tobacco, which was introduced b}' the Spaniards from America. The betel palm, although frequently planted by the natives, also grows spontancousl^^ Thousands of young plants ma}' be seen in the rich valleys of the southern part of the island where seeds have fallen from the palms. The betel pepper is a vine with gloss}^ green leaves closely resembling the connnon ])lack pepper {P'tper nigrum). It occurs only in a state of cultivation, but requires little care, the ConT. Nat. Herb., Voi. IX. Plate XXVIII. Mango Tree tMANGiFERA indicai in Full Fruit. Contr. Nat Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XXIX. Cashew (Anacardium occidentalei. Foliage and Half-grown Fruit. Natural Size. OIL- YIELDING PLANTS. 147 natives propagating it very easily from cuttings and allowing it to creep upon stone walls and to climb over trees. (See Plates XXXV and LXIII.) Todd}', or tuba, is a fermented drink made from the sap of the coconut. Before the arrival of the Filipinos ))rought by the earl}^ Spaniards to assist in the conquest of the islands tlie use of tuba was unknown. Until the arrival of the Americans an inferior brand}' was distilled from fermented tuba, but its manufacture has been prohibited. Nearly every famil}' on the island has its tobacco patch, each raising barel}^ enough for its own consumption. The seeds are germinated in nurseries and transplanted to spots near the plantations, where they are kept shaded b}' canopies of muslin, and then are set out in fields, each plant shaded by the segment of a coconut leaf. All hands assist in its cultivation — parents, children, and grandparents — and it requires constant attention and no little efl'ort in fighting against weeds and tobacco worms to make the crop a success. Oil-yielding plants. — The coconut is the principal source from which the natives derive oil. Coconut oil is used for cooking, light- ing, and anointing. In taking the place of lard fresh coconut oil imparts an agreeable flavor to man}' articles of diet. Nearly every house on the island has its patron saint enshrined in a niche or side room, with a light of coconut oil l)urning before it. The oil is con- tained in a goblet half filled with water, which keeps the glass cool. The wick is supported on a float. Oil used for massaging the body (a custom which Guam shares with many Pacific islands) and for anointing the hair is often perfumed with flowers of various kinds (p. 210). Dried coconut meat, or "copra,"' is exported from the island. Most of it is used for oil which enters into the manufacture of candles and soaps, and is an ingredient of a number of medicines. Among other oil yielding plants are the castor bean {Ricinus com/munis)^ the physic nut {Jatropha curcm), and the the candle nut {Aleicrites moluc- cana), which has been sparingly introduced. These plants are all members of the Euphorbia family. Their nuts and oil are drastic purgatives if taken in quantity, and are poisonous if taken in too great doses. The candle nut, called "kukui" in Hawaii and "lama" in Samoa, derives its name from the custom of the ancient Polynesians of stringing the roasted kernels on the rib of a coconut leaflet, the tip of which is set on fire and l)urns like a candle, the flame consuming the oily kernels as it descends. At all luaus, or native feasts, in the Hawaiian Islands, chopped kukui kernels mixed with seaweed form an indispensable dish, which takes the place of a relish. In many tropical countries illuminating and lubricating oils are made from the castor bean and the physic nut, and both of these oils are important medicines. An oil like that deri\('(l from the almond may be obtaiiunl from the nuts of TeniiinaUa catajjpa. The seeds of Moringa moringa are the 148 rSEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. source ol' the Immi oil of coinmtM-cc, which is much ])rizod as a lu})ricant hy watch makers and is sometinics used in the AN' est Indies as a salad oil. Dilo oil is derived from the fruit of Cah)])hyIIuiii inoplnjUum^ ami peanuts and sesame are well known oil-yieldinj^ plants. An acrid, oily liquid called "cardol" has been derived from the shells of cashew nuts {Anacardium. occidentaie). It is used to varnish furni- ture and books as a protection against white ants and other pests. These oils are not prepared })y the natives of Guam. TEXTILE AND THATrn I'l.ANTS. Fiber plants. — Among the monocotyledons yielding iiber are the coconut {Oocos nticifcrd)^ from the husks of which is derived the coir which is twisted and braided into cords and sennit; the pineapple {Ananas anana>^)^ the leaves of which 3'ield a beautiful, fine, silky fiber, which the natives of Guam twist into thread for making the finer fish nets; the abak;i, or manila hemp {2£usa textilis), introduced from the Philippines, and growing without care on the part of the natives, but not utilized by them on account of the labor and skill necessary to extract its fiber; and a species of Agave, called "Mirio de palo," evidently introduced from jNIexico, the leaves of which 3 icld an excellent fiber, which in Guam is utilized only for wrapping cigars. In addition to these, a palm called " cabo negro" has been introduced from the Philippines. This species, which is known to commerce as the '' gomuto," is Saguerus jnnnatux. Its stem when young is entirely covered with sheaths of fallen leaves and black, horsehair-like fibers, which issue in great abundance from their margins. As the tree increases in age these drop off, leaving a columnar stem or trunk. In the Mala}' Archipelago the thickest fibers are used by the natives as styles for writing on leaves of other palms. The finest fibers are known in Eastern commerce as gomuto or ejoo fiber, and are much used for making strong cordage, particularly for cables and standing rigging of vessels, whence the name " cabo negro," or " black rope" is given it in the Philippines. The ropes made of this fiber are not pi iablo enough for running rigging or for fine cordage. The fibers need no preparation but spinning or twisting. Cabo negro ropes are said to be more durable than an}" other kind when subjected to repeated wet- ting. At the base of the leaves there is a woolly material suitable for calking the seams of vessels. The species grows well in Guam, but on account of the abundance of other fibers it is not utilized by the natives. Among the dicotyledons the principal fiber plants belong to the Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Urticaceae, and Moraceae. The chief of all is Pariti tiliaceum., a tree widely spread over the tropical regions of the world, from tlie inner bark of which ropes and twine are twisted. Its use for this purpose is so extensive in Guam that there is scarcely a Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XXX. Coffee in Full Bloom. FIBER PLANTS. 149 famil}' which does not possess a ropc-makino- apparatus similar to the simpler forms of those used ii» rope walks elsewhere. On the east coast of Guam, in traveling- from Pago to the southern extremity of the island, it is necessarj' to cross the mouths of several rivers. Balsas, composed of several layers of bamboo, are used for this purpose. The cables by means of which they are pulled across are made from the fiber of Fa fit l tiUaceum. Though this fiber is not easil}^ worn out in its natural condition, its strength and durability are increased by the application of tar, such as that used on board ship. Among other members of the mallow family are several species of Sida, called "escobilla'' by the natives. They grow without cultivation on the island, in waste places and along the roadsides. They yield a good, stronof fiber, but on account of the abundance of other material the natives do not use it. Allied to these in general appearance and use are several species of Tiliaceae, including Trlumfetta j'^'ocumhens^ which is called ""masigsig" by the natives, allied to the species which produce the jute of commerce, so extensively used in the manufacture of gunny sacks, matting, and carpets. They are not, however, utilized in Guam. The principal member of the Urticaceae, or Nettle family, is the celebrated rhea fiber plant {Boehmeria teyiacissima). In Guam it grows to the height of a shrub or small tree, though in many other parts of the world it is herbaceous. Though allied to the nettles in appearance and infiorescence, it is not armed w^ith stinging hairs. The closely related Boehmeria nvoea, which yields the China "grass cloth" fiber, is a plant of temperate regions, the lower surface of the leaves being covered with white down, like felt. The leaves of the Guam plant, though pale beneath, are not coated with felt. This plant, though of great importance in other parts of the world and growing in Guam rankly and w'ithout care, is in this island not utilized at all, except for medicine. The last species I shall mention is the principal member of the Moraceae, the breadfruit tree {Artocarpus commurns). In addition to its importance as yielding the principal staple of food, excellent wood, fodder for animals, and a gum suitable for pajang the seams of canoes and for use as a medium in mixing paints, it jnelds a tough leathery bark, which in the olden times was made by the natives into aprons or breechcloths. Tapa cloth, which is made from it in other islands of the Pacific, was ap])arently not made b}' the aboriginal inhabitants of Guam. The paper mi:l))err3'', Pajn/rhis {B/'oussonetut) papyriferuH^ the tapa plant so widely spread throughout Polynesia, does not occur in Guam. Mat and hat plants. — At least four species of pandanus occur in Guam, two of which, called "pahong" and ""kafo" by the natives, are widely spread in the forests, and furnish food to the fruit-eating bats inO USEFUL TLANTS OK (iTTAM. :iii(l w ild i"!i(s. 'riic lliiid species riiiiiislies loav(\s which, when 3'ounj^ ;iii(l Iciidcr. lire cooked with \eo-etahles :is a (laAoriiiu-. The fourth spe- cies is called " aj^'j^at"-."' Its leaves arc remarkahly strong and plia))le. They are used foi- iasiiiiii^- to<;'eth(>r the i)arts of a house or hut and for string-; and wlien divided into narrow ril)l)ons they are braided into hats, sleeping mats, mats upon which corn and other seed are dried, and hags for holding corn and rice. Only one sex of this plant occurs in Guam. It is propagated l)y cuttings, limbs when cut off taking root readily in almost any kind of soil. The leaves of the other spe- cies are inferior and are scarcely at all used. A coarse kind of mat is made b}^ weaving or wattling the stems of a reed which grows in marshy places {Trichoon roxbu7'gJii ^), called "kar- riso'' by the natives. These mats are often used to cover the walls of lio-htlv constructed houses and are sometimes coated with a kind of cla}'. Thatch plants. — The majority of houses in Guam are thatched with coconut leaves, but those of the better class with the leaves of Nypa fruticans^ an interesting trunkless palm introduced from the Philip- pines, which has established itself at the mouth of every stream of importance in the island. When there is a dearth of coconuts and nipa, sword-grass, or "neti" {Xiphagrostisjloridula)^ is used. Coconut leaves to be used for thatching are gathered, dried and split down the midrib, the two halves being placed together in reverse direction and the leaflets interwoven diagonally. Women are usually employed in this work. Leaves thus prepared are lashed to the f rame- w^ork of the roof with strips of pandanus leaves, beginning at the eaves and ending at the ridgepole, the leaves being placed so close together that they form a thick imbricating thatch. Coconut thatch is not very durable. As a rule it lasts only three or four years. In preparing the leaves of the nipa palm the leaflets are detached from the midrib or rachis, cured l)y drying, and attached to reeds in the form of a fringe. These are laid on the timbers of the roof frame in the same way as the coconut leaves, but closer together. Neti is prepared in the same way. The thatch thus formed is more homo- geneous, compact, waterproof, and durable than the former. FORAGE PLANTS. As garden patches are not inclosed, cattle, horses, buffalo, and pigs can not be allowed to run at large. They are kept tethered and conse- quently require to be cared for, fed, and watered. Often the avail- able pasturage in the vicinity of a town or village is exhausted and it is necessary to take the animals a considerable distance before a good grazing place can be found. Usuall}' forage is gathered and brought to the animals. Besides several species of grasses the best forage plant is the breadfruit {Artocarpus commimis), great quantities of the leaves FORAGE PLANTS. 151 of \\ liicli :ire gathered for this purpose. The brjiiiohes of several Icouminous shrubs atid of Jlarhiga morlnga are nuich relished by cattle, and the plants of the cultivated Phaseolus7mm and of peanuts form excellent forage. Attempts have .been made to cultivate alfalfa {Medlcugo sativa), but this plant evidentlv flourishes best in dr}- cli- mates where irrigation is practiced. It does not thrive in Guam. The nearest approach to clover on the island is the tiny Meilomia tri- fora, which grows closes to the ground and forms a thick sward in places where the grass does not crowd it out. Cattle and hogs are very fond of the fruit of Artocarpus communis. After hurricanes, when the ground becomes covered with breadfruit, hogs eat great quantities of it and become very fat. The sweet pods of P/thecolohium dulce are also eaten b}- animals. Prosojds jullflora, which is an important forage tree in the Hawaiian Islands, has not yet become established in Guam. Cattle and horses feed upon its foliage as well as upon its pods, and there is no reason why it should not thrive on the island. Among the grasses the most nutritious is Bermuda grass {Capriola dactylon), called "grama" by the natives. It grows luxuriantly in the sandy soil of the lowlands. Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum and Eleiisine indica are edible, but coarse and not much relished by horses. Stalks of green maize and the leaves of ripe maize are excellent for food. Many of the coarser grasses growing in damp places which horses and cattle will not eat are eaten by buffaloes. Reeds {^Trlchoon Toxburghu) are often collected for fodder, and are especially relished by buffaloes. They are rather coarse when old for cattle, but the 3'oung shoots are eaten by them. Among the plants elsewhere reputed to be injurious to animals is Leucaena glauca^ an introduced shrul), which is ver}" common in the Bahama Islands. Mr. L. H. Dewej^, of the United States Department of Agriculture, while on the island of New Providence was shown horses, without manes or tails, which had lost them, it was declared, as the effect of eating this plant. WEEDS. The number of tropical weeds which have found their way to Guam is remarkable. In waste places, along the roadsides, on the borders of rice fields, and among growing vegetables, nearly all the weeds are of species widely spread over the w^armer regions of the world. Some of them, like the malvaceous Urena and tiliaceous Triumfetta have prickly, bur-like fruits with hooked spines; others like the milk- weed {AKclepias curassav/ca) have silky pappus attached to the seed, which provides for their dispersal by the Avind. There are also com- posites (Glossog3^ne) with retrorsely scabrid bristles attached to their achenes, and marsh plants with seeds which readily adhere to the feet Ifjli USP:FrL I'l.ANTS <>K (il'AM. or t'eathors of l)ir(1s. Those pociiliiiritics undouhtcdly account for tho wide dis.seiiiiiiatioii of many of the weeds. Many of the marsh birds and shore l)irds visitin*;- (iuam are migratory, and it is very pro})ablc that they have Itrought with them seeds or fruits from other rej>-ions. It is pheasant to note the absence of the troublesome sensitive plant (Jf/'mosa pudic(t) and the Lantana caniara ivom the flora of Guam. Other shrub})y plants of wide distribution occur in Guam, however, especially the guava, the two conuuon species of indio'o, Leucaena (jlauca, and several American species of Cassia. Nearly all the com- posites on the island are introduced weeds, belonging to the genera Ver- nonia, Elephantopus, Adenostemma, Ageratum, Eclipta, Glossog^'ne, and Synedrella. ANIMAL PESTS. The most serious injury to growing crops is caused by the deer, which overrun thc^ island. They often destroy whole fields of corn, garden patches, and tender 3'oung coconut plants, approaching villages by night and eating Avatermelons, squashes, and other succu- lent fruits on the vines. Rats occur in great numbers and attack many vegetable products, especially corn and cacao, and ti3'ing foxes cause considerable damage to certain fruits. Weevils get into the gathered corn and rice, which luust be kept in earthen jars well closed as a protection against them; termites destro}^ living trees as well as dead wood; and tobacco patches are infested with the larvae of a sphinx moth. Few garden patches are inclosed by hedges or fences, so that serious injury is often caused by hogs and cattle running at large. Horses and cows are especially fond of the foliage of the breadfruit, and will injure young trees if unprotected. Among the staple food plants there are fewer diseases and insect pests than in most tropical countries. PLANT NAMES. Classes of names. — The conunon names of (Juam plants ma}' be classified under three heads: First, vernacular names applied to plants which grew in the island before the discover}^, such as "fai" (rice), ''' pugua" (betel nut); second. East Indian and American names of plants which have been introduced since the discovery, such as "mangga" (mango), "kamote" (sweet potato); and a tliird class including names applied by the natives to plants brought to the island either from other parts of the Pacific or from more remote regions, as "baston de San elose" (St. Joseph's staff), applied to T((rfsJa f^rmhiab's, the "ti," or "ki," of Polynesia, and "'cadena de amor'' (chain of love), applied to the Mexican Antigoiion leptojms on account of its racemes of rose- colored heart-like flowers. Origin of plants indicated uy tiieik vernacular names. — It is easy to trace the names of most of the plants introduced since the VERNACULAR NAMES OF PLANTS. 153 discovery. In most cases they are identical with the common name a|)i)lied to them in the regions from which the}' have been directly obtained, or have been somewhat nioditied to correspond with the genius of the language spoken b}- the nutives of their new environment. Of greater interest to the student of ethnology and of the origin of cultivated plants is a comparison of the comnion names of plants dis- seminated in prehistoric times throughout the entire range of their cultivation. From such a comparison it has been possible to determine the origin of a number of the more common food staples, such as sugar cane, the coconut, the winged 3'am {D/osco?'ea alata), the common names of which are etymologically identical from the eastern limits of Polynesia throughout the islands of the Pacitic, the Philippine Islands, and the Malay Archipelago. Some names extend even to the continent of Asia and to the island of Madagascar, on the edge of Africa. That most of these plants have been spread through human agency is evi- dent from the fact that thej do not grow spontaneoush", but need the help of man for their propagation. Some of them even, such as the banana, plantain, breadfruit, sugar cane, yams, and taro, seldom pro- duce seed and are propagated asexualh" by means of cuttings, otf- shoots, or tubers. In addition to garden products a number of trees bear the same or similar names in many groups of islands, such as Barr'tngtoiria speciosa, I/tfsi'a hijujja^ and Par'dl t'dlaceuin^ all of economic value to.the natives. This is especially striking when we consider that some of these plants have the same names on islands so remote that their inhabitants have had no intercommunication within historic times. We have some light upon the method by which the more important plants were spread in the traditions of the Hawaiians, which tell of voyages to distant island groups for the purpose of oljtaining breadfruit and other useful plants. Some of the widely spread species bear one name throughout the islands of eastern Polynesia, but are kno.vn by a diHerent name in the islands of the western Pacitic and of the Malay Archipelago. Among these are the breadfruit, screw pine, kava pepper, taro, and ironwood {Casiiarina eqidseti folia). In a few cases a name is applied, not to the same plant, but to a plant more or less similar. Thus the name " gabc " is applied in the Philippines to the taro plant {Caladium colocasia)\ in Samoa, Karotonga, Tahiti, Hawaii, and Easter Island to a species of Alocasia (kape, or *ape); and in the Caroline Islands to a yam (kap) — all plants having starchy, edible roots. The Philippine name for Alo- casia (biga), which ))ecomes "piga" in Guam, reappears in Fiji as " via." The etymological identity of these words is undoubted, for the changes which the consonants undergo follow the same law in man\^ other words. On the island of Guam several important plants were cultivated by the aborigines which were unknown in eastern Polynesia — such as rice, 154 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. I lie IxttI iJCppcr. :iik1 the arccii palm, Tho.sc aio undoubtedly of Malayan origin and bear Malayan name.s. They probabl}- found their way to the Malayan islands after the departure of the people who spread over the eastern Pacitie islands, but before the separation of the settlers of Guam from the parent stork. It is interesting to note that the (luam name for rice (fae, or fai) is more closely allied to the flava name (bai) than to the Philippine* (palai). Besides rice, the l)etel pepi)er, and the areca palm the natives of Guam took with them a textile screw pine {Pandanus fectornu^), which has to be propagated b}^ cuttings, as only one sex occurs on the island, and it consequenth' does not fruit. On the other hand, the eastern Polj'nesians took with them a number of plants unknown to the ancient Chamorros, such as the paper mulberr}^, the kava pepper, the candle nut, and the so-called chestnut of Polynesia {Bocoa edulis)^ all of which are of East Indian oi'igin. Endemic names. — One of the most striking facts connected with Guam plant names is the occurrence of some which are, as far as can be ascertained, quite different from those of any other region. Such are the names of the several forms of yam (nika and dago), bananas and plantains (chotda), C5'cas (fadang), bamboo (piao), and the various species of screw pine (aggag, pahong, ktifo). The name for breadfruit (lemae) bears no resemblance to that used by the Polynesians (ulu), and the name for the taro plant (siini), which I have been unalde to find elsewhere in the Pacific or the Philippines, 1 believe to be identi- tied with ''sunge," or "songe," its name in the islands of Madagascar and Keunion. LITERATURE. « BIBLIOGKAPHY. A list of books in the Library of Congress relating to Samoa and Guam, with references to periodicals, was compiled under the direction of Mr. A. P. C. Griffin and published in 1901. A second list, with important additions on the jNlarianne Islands, was published two years later under the same auspices, forming a part of the Bibliography of the Philippine Islands (pp. 138-111), Washington, 19U3. EARLY VOYAGES. Magellan. — Pigafetta's narrative of Magellan's voyage, containing an account of the dis(^overy of Guam, was published in Italian at Milan in 1800. The best English translation is that published in vol. U'l of the Hakluyt Societ}- publications. A critical account of the editions of this work is given in Winsor's Narrative and Critical His- tory of America, vol. 2, pp. 613-617. Herrera's Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas i tierra tirnie del mar ocean o " I am indebted to Dr. Ainsworth R. Spofford for reading the proof of the following notes and list of works consulted. LITER ATTTRE. ' 155 gives an account of the vo3^ag-e evidently drawn from contemporary information. Various documents relating- to the vo\^age are repro- duced in English in Blair and Robertson, vol. 1. LoAiSA. — Andres de Urdaneta's account of the expedition of Loaisa, which visited Guam in September, 152(3, is given in Navarrete's Coleccion de viages, vol. 5. An abridgment of it appears in Medina's Coleccion de documentos ineditos, vol. 3, and an English translation in Burney's Chronological History, vol. 1, p. 217. Legazpi, — Accounts of the expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, which visited Guam in January and February, 1565, are given in Gaspar de 8an Agustin's Conquista de las Fhilipinas, lib. 1, cap. 17, Madrid, 1698, and in Juan de Grijalva's Cronica de la Orden de n. p. s. Augustin en las provincias de Nueva Espana. Burney's Chronological History, vol. 1, contains a narrative in English, translated from Gas- par and Grijalva's accounts. Cavendish. — The narrative of the voyage of Thomas Cavendish, the English freebooter, who touched at Guam in January, 1588, is given in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. 3, 1837, and Burney's Chronological History, vol. 1, pp. 61-94. Van Noort. — An account of the visit of the Dutch navigator, Oliver van Noort, in September, 1600, is given in the Abbe Prevost's Histoire generale des voyages, vol. 10, taken from the narrative of the voyage published in French at Amsterdam in 1602. An account of the voyage in EngUsh is given in Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. 1, book 2, pp. 71-78. Spilberghen. — The narrative of the voyage of Joris van Spil- berghen, who touched at Guam January 23, 1616, is given in Miroir Cost et West Indical, published in French at Amsterdam in 1621. Nassau Fleet. — The account of the visit of this fleet in 1625 is given in the Journael van de Nassausche Vloot, Amsterdam, 1626. Cow^LEY. — The account of the pirates Cowley and Eaton's visit to Guam in March, 1685, is published in Dampier's Voyages, vol. 4. Dampier. — The account of Dampiers visit to Guam in 1686 is given in A New Voyage Round the World, by Capt. William Dampier, vol. 1. WooDES Rogers. — The account of the visit of this celebrated free- booter to Guam in 1710 is given in Woodes Rogers" Narrative. Anson.— No book ever met with more favorable reception than Lord Anson's Voyage Round the World, which, though printed under the name of his chaplain, Richard Walter, was composed b}^ Benjamin Robl)ins, under the inspection of Anson himself. During his visit to the group, in 1742, Anson gleaned much interesting information regarding the island of Guam, its inhabitants, and its products. His geographical, hj'drographic, and Ijotanical descriptions are remarkabl}^ accurate and exceedingh^ interesting, though his picture of the island of Tinian is perhaps a little too highly colored. l^T) USEFI^L PLANTS OF GFAM. Ok r.\(}KS. — For :iii acc-ouiil of tlu' visit of Ca])tiiiii Do Paovs to Guam ill 17(58, see his Travels Roiiiul Mh> World in the. Years 1707- ITTl. I'jiaii \'()vati'e autoiir (hi ]\Ionde, vol. 2, p. 47. Okozkt. — For an account of the visit in 1772 of the fleet which had been fitted out at Mauritius ])y Ca})tain Marion, sec Crozet's Noiiveau voya^-e a la Mer du Sud, commence sous les ordres de Marion. SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS. Malaspina. — For the narrative of Malaspina's expedition, which visited (luam in Februaiy, 1792, see the introduction to PresFs Reli- quiae Haenkeanae, Prague, 1825-1830; also Novo y Colson's La vuelta al nuuido por las corbetas Descubierta y Atrevida al mando del Capitan dc Navio Don Alejandro Malaspina, desde 1789 a 1794. KoTZEBUE.^ — The best account of Kotzebue's expedition, which vis- ited Guam in November, 1817, is that of Adelbert Chamisso, published in his Bemerkung-en und Ansichten and his Tagebach. See reprint in Chamisso's complete works, 4 vols. Kotzebue's own narrative is unreliable. Freycinet. — The narrative of voyage of the TJranie, which visited Guam in 1819, was written by Freycinet himself, the botany by Gau- dichaud, and the zoology by Quoy and Gaimard. See Voj^age autour du monde entrepris par ordre du Roi, execute sur les corvettes de S. M. rUranic et la Phj^sicienne. Dumont d'Urville. — The accounts of Dumont d'Urville's two vis- its to the island, in 1828 as commanding officer of the Astrolabe and in 1839 in command of the Astrolahe and Zelee^ are given in the narra- tives of the two expeditions, Voyage de decouvertes de TAstrolabe, Paris, 1830, and Voyage au Pole Sud et dans TOceanie sur les cor- vettes TAstrolabe et la Zelee, Paris, 1841-1854. description. Among the most important works describing the island of Guam may be mentioned Dampier's Voyages and Freycinet's Narrative, to which references have already been made, and the following works: Don Felipe de la Corte's Memoria descriptiva e historica de las Islas Mai'ianas, Madrid, 1875; Islas Marianas: Viaje de la corlietadeguerra Narvaez desde Manila a dichas islas, por Don Eugenio Sanchez v ZaVas, Teniente de Navio, in Anuario de la Dircccion de Hidrografia, 18G5; and Islas Marianas, por Francisco Olive y Garcia, Teniente Coronel, ex-Gobernador Politico Militar, Manila, 1887. A description of the island was also given in a paper by the author published in the Ameri- can Anthropologist, n. s., vol. 4, 1902, and afterwards republished in the Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for 1902. See also the description of Alexander Agassiz in his coral reefs of the Tropical Pacific, 1903. LITERATURE. . IT)? HISTORY. The most important historical work relating- to the island is Garcia's \'ida y mart^'iio de el venerable Padre Diego Luis de Sanvitores (see below). This work was dedicated by the author to the Excelentisima Seiiora Doiia Maria de Guadalupe, Duchess of Aveyro y Maqueda, Duchess of Arcos, since it was by her generosity that its publication was rendered possible. It is made up almost entirel}^ from the annual reports of the Jesuit missionaries living on the island of Guam and was pul)lished very shortlv after the events it records. It forms the basis of all subsequent histories. In the 3^ear 1700 there appeared at Paris a little book entitled ""His- toire des isles Marianes, nouvellement converties a la religion Chre- tienne; et de la mort glorieuse des premiers missionaires qui v ont preche la F03'," par le Pere Charles le Gobien, de la Compagnie de Jesus. The greater part of this work is almost a literal translation of the preceding, though in the introduction the name of Padre Garcia is not mentioned. Pore le Gobien continued the narrative from 1681 to 1691. In conformity with the decrees of Pope Urban VIII, and of other sovereign pontiii's, Pere le Gobien protests at the beginning of the work that he does not pretend to attribute the title of saint, apostle, or martyr to the apostolic men of whom he speaks in the his- tor}'. In his work he has used on several occasions simple statements of Padre Garcia as themes for elaborate variations, giving speeches of natives in the form of direct discourse and sometimes exaggerating in a most misleading manner, as in his account of the sensations of the natives of Guam when tirst beholding fire." In Burney's Chronological Histor}^ of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean, to which reference has already been made, there is a resume of the principal works referring to the Marianne Islands. Burney's work is most interesting and is characterized by a broad humanity and S3"mpathy for the simple natives of the islands of which he writes and hatred for injustice and oppression. Don Luis de Ibanez y Garcia, in his Historia de las Islas Marianas, 1886, repeats the historical information given by Pere le Gobien. His account of the social institutions, religion, and superstitions of the aboriginal inhabitants (chap. 10, p. 73). has nothing to do with the natives of Guam, who were ignorant of the gods, the bloody sacrifices, and disgusting practices of which he speaks. He tells of crocodiles, hogs, and other animals, which were unknown in Guam, and I'elates myths which he had evidenth' gleaned from some of the Philippine tribes. «See pp. 99, 100, above. 1J)8 USKl'UL PLANTS OF (jrAM. LANGUAGE. A ^raiuniiU' of the language of Guam, of which throe parts have ahcady appeared, is now in process of publication in the American vViithiopologist. kSec '■'"The Chamorro language of Guam,'' by William Edwin 8atiord, in vols. 5, 6, and 7 (1903-5) of that journal. See also the "Christian Doctrine" entitled "Devocion ii San Fran- cjsco de Borja, patron de Rota," etc., by Padre Anicoto Ibanez del Garmon. agustino recoleto v antiguo cura v vicario en Marianas. In this little work the creed, prayers, and instructions are printed in Span- ish and Chamorro in parallel columns. A small Spanish-Chamorro dictionary by the same author was pul)lished in Manila in 1S65, also a text ])ook for teaching Spanish granmiar to the children of the Mari- anne Islands. Tliis work is entitled '''' Gramdtlca Chamorra^'''' but it is simply a translation of a granmiar written by Luis Mata y Araujo, and is dedicated to the schools of the Mariannes for the purpose of teaching Spanish to the native children. It does not in the least treat of the grammar of the Chamorro language. As far as is known to the author, no grammar of the Chamorro language has hitherto been published. NATURAL HISTORY. In addition to the publications of the scientific expeditions already referred to, attention is called to the following works: Les mammiferes et les oiseaux des lies Mariannes, par M. E. Oustalot, })ublished in the Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, troisieme serie, tomes 6 et 7, 1895-96. On the Birds of the Marianne Islands, by Ernest Hartert, in Novita- tes Zoologicje, vol. 5, 1898. Report of a Mission to Guam, containing a list of Guam birds and fishes collected b}' Mr. Alvin Scale, together with descriptions of new species, published in the Report of the Director of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop ^Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History for 1900. Honolulu, 1901. BOTANY. Pacific island floras. — The principal works relating to the vege- tation of islands in the Pacific Ocean are Schumann und Lauterbach's Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Siidsee; Karl Schumann's Flora der deutschen ost-asiatischen Schutzgebiete (Engler's Jahrb., vol. 9, 1887); Thomas Powell, On Various Samoan Plants and Their Vernacular Names (Seemann's Journ. of Botany, vol. 6, 1868); F. Reinecke's Flora der Samoa-Inseln (Engler's Jahrb., vols. 23 and 25, 1897 and 1898); Luerssen's Fame der Samoa-Inseln and Filices Graetfeanae, in Mittheilungen aus der Botanik, I, 1874; Seemann's Flora Vitiensis; Hillebrand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands; Drake BOTANICAL LlTiKATUKK. 159 del Castillo's Flore de la Polynesie franyaisc; Doctor Guppy's Solomon Islands and their Natives; Warburg, Beitnigo zur Kenntniss der pa]uianischen Flora (P^ngler's flahrh., vol. 13, 1890). In addition to these may be mentioned the puldications of results of the scientiHc expeditions of Malaspina, Romanzotf, Fre\xinet, and Dumontd'Urville, already referred to, and the botany of the Challenger expedition. Other tropical floras. — Since many of the plants of (juam are of wide distribution in the Tropics, it is interesting to compare its llora with those of other tropical countries. The principal works used for comparison have ])ecn Padre Blanco's Flora de Filipinas; Hooker's Flora of British India; Trimen\s Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon; Miquel's Flora van Nederlandsch Indie; Grisebacirs Flora of the British West Indian Islands; Seemann's Flora of the Isthmus of Panama, in the Botany of tlie Voyage of the Herald; Urban's S3"m- bolae Antillanae; Pittier's Primitiae florae costaricensis; and the Flore phanerogam ique des Antilles franyaises (Guadeloupe et Martinique), par le P. P. Duss (in Annales de ITnstitut Colonial de Marseille). Man}' of the botanical descriptions included in the Descriptive catalogue of plants have been taken directl}^ from Padre Blanco, Hooker, and Trimen, and a few from Hillebrand, Grisebach, and Seemann. Geographical distribution and ecology. — The following are the more important works consulted: Grisebach's Geographische Ver- breitung and Vegetation der Erde; Schimper's Pllanzen-Geographie and Indomalayische Strandtiora; Treub's Notice sur la nouvelle flore de Krakatau; Haberlandt's Botanische Tropenreise; Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle; Warming's Okologische Pflanzengeographie (German edi- tion); De Candollc's Origin of Cultivated Plants; and Wallace's Island Life. The attention of those interested in the dispersal of plants by ocean currents is called to the works of Hemsley and Guppy, given in the list below, and the works of Treub and Schimper, already cited. Syste:\iatic and physiological botany. — Engler and Prantl's Natiirliche Pflanzenfamilien; Strasl)urger, Noll, Schenck, und Schim- per'sLehrbuchder Botanik; Haberlandt's Pflanzenanatomie; Coulter's plant structure; Delpino's Rapporti tra insetti e tra nettarii estranuziali; and Darwin's Power of Movement in Plants and Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization, are among the principal works consulted. tropical agriculture and economic products. Among the most important works on tropical agriculture consulted are Firminger's Mamial of Gardening foj- Bengal and Upper India; Simmonds's Tropical Agriculture; Nicholls's Text-book of Tropical Agriculture; Dybowski's Traite pratique de cultures tropicales; Sade- beck's Kulturgewachse der deutschen Kolonien und ihre Erzeugnisse; Sender's Tropische Agrikultur; Poulet's Livre du Colon. Of tiuse 1()() USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ]i(M-lmi)s the most useful to an Enolish-spcakinj^ colonist is the work of Nicliolis. A ti'auslation has been made of it into Spanish by Prof. H. Pittier and published at San Juan de Costa Rica in 1901. In addition to these arc Cook and Collinses Useful Plants of Porto Rico; Rcinccke's "Samoa;" Wohltmamrs PManzung- und Siedluuj^'auf Samoa; Perc Sebirc's Plantes utiles du Sone<»-al; Mueller's Select Extra- tropical Plants; Maiden's Useful Native Plants of Australia; and Major Drur3'\s Useful Plants of India. More comprehensive works are Watt's Dictionary of the Economic I'roducts of India; Spons' Encyclopicdia of the Industrial Arts, Man- ufactures, and Raw Commercial Products; and Wiesner's Rohstotfe des Pflanzenreiches. ALrilABETICAL LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED. The followino- is a list of the more important works, journals, reports, and other publications which have been consulted in the preparation of the Useful Plants of the Island of Guam. Abbe, Cleveland, Jr. Earthquake records from Agana, Island of Guam, 1892-1903. Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, June, 1904, p. 81. Agassiz, Alexaxdek. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Conunission steamer Albatross, from August, 1899, to March, 1900. IV. The coral reefs of the tropical Pacific. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard College. Vol. 28, Guam, p. 366; pis. 19-1-198, 232, 233, fig. 4. Cambridge, 1903. Agricultural and Botanical Bulletins, Journals, and Reviews. Agricultural Bulletin of the Straits and Federated Malay States. Singapore, 1891 to date. Annales de I'Institut colonial de M-arseille. Macon, France, 1893 to date. Bulletin agricole de la Martinique. St. Pierre, Martinique. Bulletin economique de I'lndo-Chine. Hanoi, French Indo-China. Bulletin de la Societe d' Etudes coloniales. Brussels, 1894 to date. Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica, 1887-1902. From Jan., 1903, title reads Bull, of the Dept. of Agr., Jamaica. Journal d'agriculture tropicale. Paris, 1901-date. Kew Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. London, 1887 to date. The Plant World. Washington, D. C, 1897 to date. Revue des cultures coloniales. Paris, 1897 to date. Per Tropenpflanzer. Berlin, 1897 to date. Tropical Agriculturist. Colombo, Ceylon, 1881 to date. \Vest Indian Bulletin. Barbados, West Indies, 1899 to date. Agricultural Society of Japan. Useful plants of Japan. Tokyo, 1895. Ahern, George P. Compilation of notes on the most important timber-tree species of the Philippine Islands. Forestry bureau, Manila, P. I., 1901. Ahern, George P. Special report of Capt. George P. Ahern, Ninth U. S. Infantry, in charge of forestry bureau, Philippine Islands, from April, 1900, to July 30, 1901. (iovernment Printing Ofl^ce, Washington, 1901. Amat 1)1 San Filipo, Pietro. Biografia dei viaggiatori italiani, p. 526. Alessandro Malaspina, 1754-1809. Roma, 1881, BIBLIOGRAPHY. 161 Andes, Louis E. Vegetable fats and oils. Translated by Charles Salter. London, 1897. Anson, George. A voyage round the world in the years 1740-1744. Compiled * * * by Richard Walter (pseud.). London, 1748. (Guam, pp. .337-339.) Ara(;o, Jacques. Narrative of a voyage round the world. Translated from the French. 2 v. in 1. London, 1823. Bailey, L. H. Cyclopedia of American horticulture. New York, 1900-1902. Baker, J. G. Flora of JNLiuritius and tlie Seychelles. London, 1877. Baltet, Charles. L'art de greffer. Paris, 1892. Banks, Charles S. A preliminary report on insects of the cacao. Report of the Philippine Commission, 1903. Part 2, p. 597. Washington, 1904. Baron, R. Notes on the economic plants of Madagascar. Kew Bull, of Misc. Inf., 1890, pp. 203 et seq. Baum, H. E. The breadfruit, by Henry E. Baum, together with a biographical sketch of the author by W. E. Safford. Reprinted from the Plant World, vols. 6 and 7, 1903-4. Washington, H. L. McQueen. 1904. 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Science, July 24, 1903. Williams, D. On the farina of Tacci pinnatifida. Pharm. Jour, and Trans., v. 6, p. 383, 1846-47. Winkler, E. Real Lexikon. 2 v. Leipzig, 1840, 1842. WiNTOX, A. L. The anatomy of the fruit of Cocos nucifera. Amer. Jour. Sci., IV, V. 12, p. 265, 1901. WoHLTMAXx, F. Pflauzung und Siedlung auf Samoa. Erkundungsljericht von Prof. Dr. F. Wohltmann, Kaiserlicher Geheimer Regierungsrat an das Kolonial- Wirtschaftliche Komitee zu Berlin. Beihefte zum Tropenpflanzer. Berlin, Jan., 1904. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. Ill llu^ followini;- ciitalotiue tlic (iuaiii ii:im(\saiul tlioso of the Hawaiian and Saiiioan Islands are taivcn chiolly from tiio niaiiuscript notes of the autlior. His list of the vernacular names of the plants growing in (luam is supplemented ]>y the lists of several Spanish governors of the island in ofiicial reports to the captain-general of the Philippines, copies of which were found in the archives of Agana, and also }}y the names cited by Chamisso and Gaudichaud in the repoils of the })otany of the expeditions to wliich thev were attaclied. The list of Hawaiian names is sup])lemented l)y a number taken from Hille])rand\s Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, and that of the Samoan names from Rev. Thomas PowelTs list of Samoan plants and their vernacular names published in Seemann's Journal of Botany, 1868, and Rev. George Pratt's Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, 1893. The Philip- pine names have been taken from Padre Blanco's Flora de Filipinas and Padre Mercado's Libro de Medicinas, supplemented by Mr. Merrill's Dictionar}' of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands, 1903; the Fijian names from Seemann's Flora Vitiensis; the Tahitian names from Drake del Castillo's Flore de la Polynesie Fran^aise; the Mexican names from Dr. Edward Palmer's manuscript notes and from Dr. Jose Ramirez's Sinonomia vulgar 3" cientitica de las Plantas INIexicanas, 1902; the Panama names from Seemann's Flora of the Isthnuis of Panama, published in the Botany of the Voyage of the Herald, 1852 to 1857; and the Porto Rico names from Cook and Collins's Economic l)Iants of Porto Rico, supplemented by the first part of Urban's Flora Portoricensis, in Symbolae Antillanae, 1903. The Guam names are pronounced in general according to the conti- nental method, the vowels having more or less resemblance to those of the German and Italian languages, and the consonants being like those of the English. It must be observed, however, that g is always hard, as in the English word "go," except in the combination ng; h is always aspirated, even at the end of a sjdlable, very much' like the German ch in "ach" ("ahgao," the name of a tree, is pronounced "ahh-gao"); n is like the Spanish letter in the word "caiion," or ni in the English word "cmion;" ng is like ng in the English word "song" (not like ng in "finger"); y is always a consonant, pro- nounced like the English letter j ("hayo" or "hayu" (wood), corre- sponding to the Mala3'an "kayu," is pronounced "hajyii"). The Chamorro vowels e and i are frequently confused by the natives, as in the name for taro, "sune'' or "suni;" and the same is true of u 170 Contr, Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XXXI. The Coral-bead Vine (Abrus abrusi. Foliage and Open Pods, Showing Seeds. Natural Size. PRONUNCIATION OF GUAM NAMES. 171 A and o, as may beseen in the name for sugar cane, written "tupu'"' by some authorities and " tupo " by others. The diphthong- ai pronounced like the English i is also frequently' confused with ae, the name for bread fruit being written either " lemae'' or " lemai." The circumflex accent placed over a vowel indicates that it is pronounced gutturally. For a more complete account of the language of the island the reader is referred to The Chamorro Language of Guam, b}' William Edwin Saflord. lieprinted from the American Anthropologist, new series, vols. 5, 6, and 7. 1903, 1901, and 1905. In Samoan names the apostrophe (') before a vowel or between vowels marks the position of an original Pol3"nesian k, and is indicated in speaking by a break in the continuity of the vowel sound. Thus the Tongan ''kava" (yPiper metJiysticum) and "muka,"an adjective applied to tender 3^oung leaves, become in Samoan "'ava'' and "nui'a;"' and the Tongan ''faki," signifying ''to break oil fruit from a bunch," becomes in Samoa ""fa'i,"' the name for '' banana." Except where otherwise indicated in the text, the matter given under "references," including the critical notes, is the work of Mr. W. F. Wight, and the authorship of the new names is therefore to be accredited to him. Aaban or Aabang (Guam). A species of Eugenia, the lianl, close-grained, durable wood of which i^^ nuich used in construction on the island of (Tuam. Abaca or Abaka (Philippines). See Musu text ills. Abas (Guam). Local name, derived from the Spanish "guayaba," for the guava {Psidium guajava). Abelmoschus esculentus. Okra. Ochka. Family 31alvaceae. Local names. — Gumbo (Louisiana); Guingambo (Porto Rico); Quingombo (Mexico); Quimbombo (Spanish;; Naju (Panama). An annual plant, indigenous to the West Indies, but introduced in cultivation into all tropical and subtropical countries. Stems hairy; leaves alternate, cordate, toothed, 3 to 5-lobed, scabrous on l)otli sides, on long petioles; pedicels axillary, shorter than the petiole; calyx surrounded })y an involucel of 9 to 12 linear decidu- ous leaves; petals yellow, with reddish claws; capsule oblong-lanceolate, hairy, 5-celled; cells many-seeded. The young green mucilaginous capsules are used for thickening soup and are pickled like capers. Like many other Malvaceae, the plant yields a strong, silky fiber, and this is used in certain parts of India in the manufacture of cordage, sacking, and paper. See 0/:ra, under Gardens. Referexces: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Meth. 617. 1794. Hibiscus esculentus L. Sp. PI. 2: 090. 1753. Abrus abrus. Coral-bead vixe. Plate xxxi. Family Fabaceae. Local names. — Kolales halom-tano (Guam); Sagasaga (Philippines) ; Matamata- moso (Samoa); Pepitio (Tahiti); Peronia (Porto Rico) ; Wild licorice (India); Indian licorice (Australia); Crabs-eye seeds (West Indies); Jequirity (Brazil). 172 TlSEFtJL PLANTS OF G^^M. A twiiiiiij; vine with alternate, al)ruptly pinnate leaves; leaflets small, linear-oval, obtuse at apex and hase, in H to 20 pairs; flowers pale purple to white, in axillary racemes; lejrnnies oblong, compressed, containing 4 to 6 hard, glossy, scarlet seeds marked with a black si)ot. Very common in thickets throughout the island. Like many other leguminous ]>lantx it is very sensitive to changes in the intensity of light, the leaflets hanging down vertically at night, as though asleep, and rising with the dawn. These move- ments are also caused in a measure by the overclouding and clearing of the sky. When ripe the pods burst open, displaying the pretty, bright-colored seeds, which are very conspicuous in the tangled undergrowth of (he forest. The plant is of wide tlistribution in the Trojjics. It has evidently been introduced into Guam, where the native name "kolales" (also applied to Adenanthcrapavonina) is the Chamorro pronun- ciation of the Si)anisli "corales," signifying strings of corals or beads. "Halom-tano" signifies " in-land "^ — that is to say, "growing in the forest" — an adjective specifying many i)lants to distinguish them from allied species growing in cultivation or on the seashore. In India the seeds are used by jewelers and druggists as weights, each seed weigh- ing almost exactly one grain. The plant derived its former specific name "preca- torius" from the fact that rosaries are made of the seeds. The Germans call them "Paternostererbse." In many tropical countries they are made into necklaces, bracelets, and other ornaments. The seeds, known in pharmacy as jequirity beans, contain two proteid poi.sons, which are almost identical in their physiological and toxic properties with those found in snakes' venom, though less powerful in their effects. « In India the seeds are ground to powder in a mortar, into which the natives dip the points of tl^eir daggers, and the wounds inflicted by daggers thus prepared cause death. When a small quantity of the powdered seeds is introduced beneath the skin fatal results follow; less than 2 grains of the powder administered in this way to cattle cause death within 48 hours. One of these poisons, called "abrin," is a tox-albumen. It is easilj- decomposed by heat, and in Egypt the seeds are sometimes cooked and eaten when food is scarce,- though they are very hard and indigestible. The root has been used as a substitute for licorice. References: Ahrus abrvs (L. ) Glycine abrus L. Sp. PI. 2: 753. 1753. Abrus precatorius L. Syst. ed. 12. 472. 1767. Abrus precatorius. Same as Abrus abrus. Abubo (Guam). See Argyreia tiliaefolia. Abutilon indicum. Indian mallow. Family Malvaceae. Local names. — Malbas, Matbas, Malva (Guam); Cuacuacohan, Tabing, Yam- pong (Philippines). A low shrub with soft velvety leaves and orange-colored flowers, introduced into Guam and now common in waste jjlaces. Leaves cordate, somewhat lobed, unequally toothed or entire; calyx 5-cle?t, without a leafy involucel; pedicels longer than ths petioles, jointed near the flower; capsules truncate, carpels 11 to 20, acute, truncate or shortly ])eaked. The plant is of wide tropical distribution. It yields a fairly good fiber, which might be used for cordage. Its leaves contain mucilage, and are used in India in the same manner as those of the marsh mallow in Europe. The seeds are laxative, and in India the root is used as a remedy in leprosy. References: Abutilon indicum (L. ) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 54. 1826. Sida indica L. Cent. PI. 2: 26. 1756; Amoen. Acad. 4: 324. 1759. «See Kunkel, A. J., Handbinh der Toxikologie, p. 993, 1901. DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 173 Acacia farnesiana. Sweet acacia. Family Mimosaceae. Local xajies. — Aromo (Guam, Philippines, and Spanish America); Black Thorn (British West Indies); Opoponax (southern United States); Huisache (Texas); Cassie (France). A shrub or small tree bearing yellow globular heads of fragrant flowers, and bipin- nate leaves. Pinnae 4 to 8 pairs; leaflets small, narrow-linear, 10 to 25 pairs; peduncles 2 or 3 in the older axils; pods almost cylindrical, indehiscent, at length turgid and pulpy. The leaves are peculiarly sensitive to changes of weather. When a cloud obscures the sun the opposite leaflets close together and so remain until the sky brightens. They also close at night, the plant api^earing to sleep until the sun rises. The petioles have stipulary tliorns, with a gland above the base and another usually between the uppermost pinnae. This species is widely distributed in the Tropics and in warm temperate regions. It has established itself in Egypt, India, Australia, Hawaii, the Philipjunes, and tropical Africa. It is common in the West Indies, and is spread from the Gulf region of the United States to the Pampas of Uruguay and Argentina. It yields a gum similar to that of the closely allied Acacia srurploidrs," which the natives of Guam sometimes use in the same way as the gum arable. In south- ern France it is grown for perfumery, its flowers being known in commerce as cassie flowers. In Hawaii and on the Central American coast its perfume is often borne by the land breeze to vessels more than a mile from the shore. In some parts of India the bark and the pods, called "babla," are used as dyestuffs and for tanning. Its hard, rose-colored wood is of considerable value. References: Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Sp. PI. 4^: 1083. 1805. }fln)osa farnesiana L,. Sp. PL 1:521. 1753. Acacia glauca. Same as Leucaena glauca. Acacia, liedge. See Leucaena glauca. Acacia leucocephala. Same as Leucaena ylauca. Acalypha indica. Indian mercury. Family Euphorliiaceae. LoQAL NAMES. — Bugos (Philippines); Mookto-joori (Bengal). A low, herbaceous, nettle-like weed growing in waste places and in crevices of stone walls, easily distinguished l)y the cup-shaped involucre which surrounds the small greenish flowers. Leaves ovate-cordate, 3-nerved, acuminate, serrated, on long petioles; spikes axillary, male flowers above, female below; stamens 8 to 16, styles 3, capsules of 3 carpels, each one-seeded. In India the root of this plant bruised in hot water is used as a cathartic and a decoction of its leaves as a laxative. The leaves mixed with salt are applied exter- nally in scabies. References: Acalypha indica L. Sp. PI. 2: 1003. 1753. Acanthaceae. Acanthus family. This family is represented in Guam by two ornamental shrubs, introduced from the Philippines— the well-known "caricature plant," GraptopJiylhnn jnctum, and an Eranthemum with dark-purple foliage. Both are common in gardens, and are often planted by the natives in a row under the eaves of their houses, so that they may he watered by the drippings from the roof. Acanthophora orientalis. See under Alr/.r. f' Acacia scorpioides (L.) \V. F. Wight; Mimosa scorpioides L. Sp. PI. 1:521. 1753; Mimosa arabica Lam. Encyc. 1: 19. 1783; Acacia arabica Wild. Sp. PL 4^: 1085. 1805.' 174 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM, Acapulco (Guam) . Vernacular name for Herjjetiai alaUi, a plant introduced uito the Philippines and Guam from Mexico. Achiote or Achote (Sj)anish). See Bixa oirUana. Achiotl (Mi'xico). See lii.rn oreUuna. Achras sapota. See Sapota zapotllla. Achuete (Philippines). See Bixa orellana. Achugan (Guaiii). Vernacular name for a coarse swamp graas. Only carabaos will eat it. Achyranthes aspera. Pkickly ciiaff-flower. Family ^Vmaranthaceae. Local NAMES. — Chichitun (Guam); Saromo (Philippines); Lautefe-ule (Samoa). A shrubby weed growing to the height of 3 feet, with slender elongated spikes of purplish-green flowers, which are at length reflexed and appre^sed to the axis; flowers cartilaginous; bracts at first soft, but soon becoming rigid and prickle- like; capsules 5-seeded, reddish; stems downy, inclined to be 4-angled; leaves opposite, ovate or rounded, abruptly attenuate at the base, pubescent. A species widely spread throughout the warmer regions of the globe. In Guam it is a troublesome weed; the vernacular name, signifying "tick," is given on account of the property the fruit has of sticking to the clothing. In Samoa it is thought by the natives to have healing properties, and is called "circumcision plant." In India the leaves taken fresh and rubbed to a pulp are applied externally to the stings of scorpions. A decoction of them is used as a diuretic, and the seeds are used as a remedy for hydrophobia and snake bites. Rekekexces : AHn/ravthfs (ispcra L. Sp. PL 1: 204. 1763. Acrostichum aureum. Marsh pern. Plate iv. Family Polypodiaceae. Local names. — Langayao (Guam); Lau sa'ato (Samoa); Lagolo (Philippines). A large, robust, pinnatisect fern growing in marshy jilaces, with smooth, leathery fronds, the upper segments of which bear the sori on the under surface and the lower of which are sterile; veins forming a network; midrib almost excurrent. This si:>ecies is of wide distribution in the Tropics. In Guam it is common in the large marsh near Agana called !a Cicnaga. In Fiji its fronds, together with the leaves of Parhiarl laurlnum, were formerly used for thatching the temj)les of the aborigines. It occurs in the West Indies and in southern Florida. References: Acrostichvm avrcum L. Sp. PI. 1068. 1753. Acrosticlium spicatum. Same as Belvisia sjnccUa. See Ferns. Adelfa (Spanish). See Nerium oleander. Adenanthera pavonina. Coral-bean tree. Family Mimosaceae. Local names. — Kolales, Kulalis (Guam); Bahay, Casay (Philippines); La'au lopd (Samoa); Redwood, Red sandalwood (India). A handsome deciduous tree with spreading branches and bipinnate leaves, bear- ing pods of glossy, scarlet, biconvex seeds. Pinnae 2 to 6 pairs; leaflets 6 to 12 pairs, oval, obtuse, glabrous; flowers in racemes, numerous, small, white and yellow mixed, fragrant; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; stamens 8 to ,10; pods linear, somewhat curved, bivalved, 10 to 12-seeded. The tree is a native of the East Indies, where the jewelers use the seeds for weights, each weighing almost exacth' 4 grains. The heartvvood of the larger trees is of a deep red color. It is hard and durable and in India is sometimes used as a substitute for red sandalwood. It yields a dye, which the Brahmins of India use for DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. l75 marking their foreheads. It has long been growing in Guam, and is pretty well distrilnited over the island. Its vernacular name is an imitation of the Spanish "corales" (coral beads), and is likewise applied to the smaller-seeded Abrus abrus. References: Adenanthera pavonina L. Sp. PI. 1: 384. 1753. Adenostemma viscosum. Family Asteraceae. Local names. — Bulak maniik (Philippines); Vaianu (Tahiti). A herbaceous pubescent composite resembling a white-flowered Ageratum, often viscous, with heads of flowers in panicles or corymbs. Leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, varying in shape from linear to broadly ovate, serrate; involucre cam- panulate, bracts many, narrow, herbaceous, receptacle flat; corollas all equal, tubu- lar, regular; tube short, limb campanulate, 5-toothed; anthers truncate with a glandular tip, base obtuse; style l)ranches elongate, dilated above; achenes obtuse, 5-ribbed, glandular. A cosmopolitan herbaceous weed. It was collected on the island of Guam by Chamisso. References: Adenostemma viscosum Forst. Char. Gen. 90. t. 45. 1776. Aeschynomene indica. Indian joint vetch. Family Faljaceae. A plant growing in marshy places, with papilionaceous flowers and pinnately com- pound leaves. Stems herbaceous, erect; leaves odd-pinnate; leaflets sensitive, small, linear, 15 to 20 pairs, smooth; stipules semisagittate; racemes axillary, the pedicels with 2 bracteoles below the calyx; peduncles few-flowered; pods smooth, linear, compressed, transversely jointed, one seed in each joint. This plant is closely allied to Indian " shola " {Aeschynomene aspera), the stems of which yield the i>ith used in making helmets. From it are also made artificial flowers, models of temples, and various toys. In Guam there are a number of small images of saints very cleverly carved from pith, evidently obtainetl from this or an allieil plant. References: Aeschynomene indica L. Sp. PI. 2: 713. 1753. Afzelia bijuga. Same as Intsia bijuga. Ag-a (Guam). The ripe fruit of plantains and bananas. Agaliya (Guam). See Ricintis communis. Agar-agar (Ceylon). See Algw: Gracilaria confervoides. Agatelang or Agatilon (Guam). See Eugenia spp. Agati grandifl.ora. Plate vi. Family Fal)aceae. Local names. — Katiirai (Guam); Caturai, Katudai, Gauay-gauay (Philippines). A small introduced tree, bearing large edible, white, papilionaceous flowers and long sickle-shaped pods. Leaves long, narrow, and abruptly pinnate, with very numerous, linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate leaflets; calyx shallowly 2-lipped; corolla 7.5 to 10 cm. in length; pod 30 cm. or more long, with thickened sutures. Frequently planted near the liouses of the natives and along the roadsides. The flowers and green pods are eaten as a salad or potherb. They are said to l)e laxative. The bark is astringent and is used in India as a remedy in smallpox. The leaves and young shoots are sometimes gathered as fodder for cattle. References : Agati grundiflora (L.) Desv. Journ. Bot. 1:120. ^^./.6M813. Robinia grandiflora L. Sp. PI. 2: 722. 1753. Aeschynomene granditiora L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2:1060. 1763. Sesban grandijiorus Poir. Encyc. 7; 127, 1806, 1 7() USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Agave vivipara. Maguey. Family Aniaryllitlareae. LocAi, NA.MKs. — JJrio de Talo (Ouaiii); Magiiay, Maguey (Philippines); Teo- uietl (Mexico). An Agave of Mexican origin, now spread in the Philippines and India, bearing bulbs which si)rout before falling to the ground. It has Vjeen introduced into Guam, where it is called by the natives the "tree lily." The leaves resemble those of Ar/ave (itiiericdiHi, but have few spines on the margin. The flower scape grows to the height of 4.5 meters. From the leaves the natives get a fiber with wliich tliey wrtij) their cigars. In the Philippines it is sometimes used for making violin strings," and in India it is used for cordage and twine. Refekences: Agave vivipara L. Sp. I'l. 1: 823. 1753. Agboy (Philipiiines). See ifussaenda frondosa. Ageratum eonyzoid.es. (tOATWeed. Family Asteraceae. A low, weedy, pubescent composite Avith terminal corymbs of blue or white liowers forming small discoid heads. Leaves ovate, on hispid petioles, obtuse, cre- nate, truncate or cordate at the base. It is of American origin, but is now widely spread throughout the Pacific and has found its way to many tropical countries. It yields a vegetable proximate principle known as "coumarin," which is also found in the allied genus Eupatorium. References: Ageratum conyzoides L. Sp. PI. 2: 839. 1753. Aggag, Aggak, or Akgak (Guam). See Pandanaceae and Pandanus tectorius. Agho (Philippines). See Leucaena glauca. Agoho (Philippines). See Casuarina equisetifolia. Agsom or Apson (Guam). Vernacular name, signifying "sour," applied to O.valis cornicidata, and (improperly) to Meibomia triflora. This confusion of two plants under one name may be compared with that in case of the name shamrockamong the Irish, which is sometimes applied to an Oxalis, sometimes to a Trifolium. The resemblance in both cases is chiefly in the trifoliolate leaves. Aguanak (Guam). The name of a tree not identified, mentioned by Governor Olive y Garcia in a report to the Captain-General of the Philippines as yielding strong wood used in the construction of houses. Aguardiente (Spanish). See Cocos nucifera. Ahgao or Ajgao (Guam). See Premna gaudichaudii. Ahgap (Guam). Same as Ahgao. Ahonholi ((iuam). See Sesamum orientale. Ahos (Guam). See Allium sativum. Aizoaceae. Carpet-weed family. The only representative of this family in Guam is the seaside purslane, Sesuvium portulacastrum. Aji (Spanish). See Capsicum anmium and C. frutescens. «Kew Bulletin, 1893, p. 80. DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 177 Ajo (Spanish). See Allium mtivioa. Ajonjoli (Spanish) . See Sesamum orientale. Akankan dangkulo ((Juani). See Stizolohiuin gigantevm. Akankan kalatun (Guam). See Stizololiiuni, prurlens. Akankan-tasi (Guam). See CanavaU obtusifolium. Alacran, flor del (Panama). See Ileliotropium indicum. Alaihai-tasi (Guam). See Ipomocd jies-caprae. Alalag ((tuam). See Argyrela tiUaefolia. Alalag-tasi (Guam). See Tpomoea 2>cii-caprae. Alambrillo (Spanish). Name in (Tuam ff)r a climbing fern, Lygodkim scandcns. Alangilang- (Philippines). See Canangium odoratuni; also called "ilangilang." Alang-itiigit (Philippines). See Ehretia microphyUa. Alapasotes ( Philippines) . See Chenopodium ambrosioides. Albahaca (Spanish). See Ocimum basUieum and 0. canum. Albahaca morada (Spanish). See Ocimum sanchun. Alcaparro (Spanish) . See Capparis viariana. Aleurites moluccana. Candlenut tree. Family Euphorbiaceae. Local names. — Lumbang, Raguar (Guam); Lumbang, Capili (Philippines); Kukui ( Hawaii ) ; Lama ( Samoa) ; Raguar ( Caroline Islands ) ; Akhrot ( Bengal ) . A handsome tree with spreading branches, alternate, lobed, pubescent leaves of a pale color, rounded or cordate at the base, with two glands at the top of the petiole. Flowers small, white, in terminal lax cymes; fruit fleshy, coriaceous, globose, with 4 shallow furrows; seeds one or two, rugose, gibbous. The candlenut tree is widely spread over Polynesia, a great part of Malaysia, and the Philippine Islands. It is remarkable that it has not established itself in Guam. Only a few specimens grow on the island, which are called either by the Philipjiine name "lumbang," or the Caroline Island name "raguar." The natives say the nuts were 1)rought here from the Caroline Islands. They have not come into use in Guam. Throughout Polynesia the nuts, strung on cocoanut-leaflet ribs, served the natives for candles to liglit their houses. In Hawaii they are roasted, chopped up, mixed with seaweed, and served at native feasts as a relish. They yield an oil which is very fluid, of an amber color, without smell, insoluble in alcohol, readily saponifiable, and quickly drying. This oil is a mild cathartic, acting in the same manner as c-astor oil, but causing no nausea nor griping, and having the further advantage of a nutty flavor and of being more promjit in its effects. (Journ. de Pharm. 3e ser., vol. 24, p. 228. 1853. ) REFKIiEXCES: Alcurltea moluccana (L.) Willd. Sp. I'l. 4':5UU. 1805. Jntropna moluccana L. Sp. PI. 2:100G. 1753. Aleurites triloba. Same as A. moluccana. Alfalfa. See Medicago saliva. Algse. Seaweeds. Local names. — Lumut (Guam, Malay Archipelago); Lumot (Philippines); Limn (Samoa, Hawaii); Rimu (Tahiti, Mangaia). Among the edible seaweeds growing on the shores of Guam are the gelatinous Gracilaria conferroides (L.) J. Ag. and the peppery Caiderpa clarifera (Turn.) Ag. The first, called in Guam by the Philippine name "gulaman," is gathered by the natives and bleached in the sun. It is used f(jr making jellies and blancmange in the 9773—05 12 178 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. saiiif way as the Irish moss <>r carrageen {('Jiondrun rrisimn). The natives conk it with milk or witli water, a(l(Hn<; to it tiic juice of fruits to jrive it an agreeable ihivor, and then cool it in molds. In Ceylon it is an article of commerce and is one of the seaweeds called " agar-agar." It is also known commercially as Ceylon moss. Cnulerpa ddvifcra is used as a contliment in the same way as the pepper (hilse of Si'i'tland {jMurenria pinnatifida) . It is sometimes eaten with vinegar as a salad, lioth of these seaweeds are of wide distribution. In Samoa also Canlerpa cUirifern, callcil " limn fnafua," is a common article of diet. It is also used by the natives of many other Pacific islands. It is said to be the favorite food of sea turtles. In India and Ceylon Gracilaria ronferroidex is one of the seaweeds used medicinally, especially for jiectoral affections. In Tasmania it is used for making jelly, and is ranked in nutritive value with Chundrutt crispiis." In Hawaii many seaweeds are used as articles of food. The favorite of the' Ilawaiians is the limu-lipoa {Dictyopteris plagiogramma Montague). This is even cclcbnit(>d in the songs of the natives, who describe the breath of their maidens as perfumed with the limu-lipoa, though to a novice the odor of this alga is anything but agreeable. Gracilaria confermides and Gracilaria lichenoides (L. ) J. Ag. are of wide distributiqn in the Pacific and Indian oceans. They belong to the Rhodophyceae, or red algaj, which include, among other species growing on the shores of Cuam, Acanthophora orientalis J. Ag., and Corallopsis salicornia Grev. {Sphaerococcus salicornia C. Ag. ). Among the Corallinaceae occurs MasiopJiora lamourouxii (Dene.) Harv. (described by Agardh as Zonaria rosea), the typical form of which was collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, and the variety mctcroearpd Montr, by Dumont d'Urville. Algse are also found on the surface and in the rivers of the island. In the rainy season (August and September) the ground is covered in places with dark-green jelly-like masses of Xostoc co)ii)nnne Ag. and Bracliylrichia quoyi Born. & Flah. In the Agana River Gaudichaud collected Chara Jihrom Ag. and Conferva funicular is Ag., and in the Pago River Tliarea guadichaudii Ag., a ilelicate plant belonging to the Rhodophyceae. In the Agana River, near its mouth, where the water becomes brackish, occur the green, ulva-like Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth.) Ag. and E. compressa (L. ) Grev. These also grow on the sea beach. Other green algse growing in the sea are Rhizoclininn tortuosum fustigialmn Ag., allied to Cladophora, L'anlerpa clavifera, already mentioned as a favorite condiment of the South Sea Islanders, Canlerpa jihunaris (Forsk. ) Ag. and Catderpa freycinetii Ag. The latter have creeping stems resembling those of flowering plants in general appearance, with colorless rhizoids and branched fronds abounding in chlorophyl. One of the most interesting and graceful species is the widely spread Bryopsis phuaosa Grev., the minute thallus of which, though branching like a feather, consists of a single cell. Its branches sub- divide into miniature leaf-like processes, and are finally separated from the original cell by transverse walls. The gametes, by means of which it is reproduceot. Freyc. Voy. 448. /. S7.f. 2. 1826. Ambulia indica. Local names. — Gege, Guegue (Guam); Inata (Philippines). A low, glabrous, aromatic plant growing in swamjis and on the edges of rice fields. The leaves may be either all whorled and pinnatifid, 6 to 19 mm. long, or in wetter places there may be a few emersed opposite entire ones at the top of the stem and numerous multifid ones at its base; flowers axillary, solitary, pedicelled, rarely sub- racemose, the pedicels longer than the calyx ; calyx 5-parted, hemispheric in fruit, the lobes equal, ovate, acuminate, not striate; corolla-tube cylindric, upper lip the outer in the bud, suberect; lower lip spreading, 3-fid; stamens 4, didynamous, included; style defiexed at the tip, stigma shortly 2-lamellate; fruit a capsule, seeds numerous, small, angular, truncate, reticulate. This plant is esteemed by the natives for its aromatic odor, which somewhat resem1)les turpentine. It was first collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. It is found in Inilia, the Malay Archipelago, China, Australia, and tropical Africa. References: Ambidia indica (L. ). Hottonia indica L. Syst. ed. 10. 919. 1759. Limnophila gratioloides R. Br. Prod. 442. 1810. Amiga de noclie (Guam). See PoUanthes tuberosa. Amigos (Philippines). See Lycopodium crmuum. Amiray (Philippines). See Boehmeria tenacissima. 182 TTSKKUL I'LANTS (iF GUAM. Ammannia coccinea. I''aiiiily LytliracciU'. All amiiial erect <,'lal)rons lierl) prrowing in damp places, with 4-an»le(l stem and iiarmwly linear, oppnsitc leaves, wliidi are (>l)tusely eordate-auriculate aiiiiiij hase, entire, 2 to 8 em. long, 2 to (> mm. wide, flowers small, nearly axillary, 1 to 5 in each axil, sessile; calyx campanulate, with 8 ribs or nerves; jietals 4, jmrple, decidnons, style elongated, very slender; stamens 4 to 8, inserted on tiie calyx-tiilK'; ovary nearly globnlar, bnrsting irri'gnlarly. Collected inrKs. — Nase, Fa'angase (Samoa). A fern-like {)lant with enormous fronds and a fleshy stem 1 to 2 meters high, growing in damp situations. It is distinguished by having the sporangia inclosed in capsules. 184 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. wliichopen liyaslitdown tlu'side. Liuives 2 to 5 meters lonfr, mostly bipinnate, witli swollen ractliises; leatlets 10 to 80 cm. long, 1.5 to 4 cm. wide, the margin entire or slightly toothed. 'Pills si)ecieH is common on many Polynesian islands. It grows in the Philip))ines, India, Japan, Madagascar, ami Qneensfand. Tt is easily ])ro]>agated by liu' liesliy scales at the base of each frond, each scale containing at least two dormant bny which the natives distingnish it is also a])i)lied 1o Mdrntl'in fraxhmi, an allied species with the same habit of grow th. References: Atujiujileris evecta (Forst. ) Hoffm. Com. Goett. 12:29. t. 5. (ex Lnerssen in Schenck & Luerssen, Mittheilnngen aus der Botanik 1 : 257. 1874. Pohjpodium evectum Forst. Prod. 81. 1786. Ango (Samoa). See Curcuma longa. Anilao (Guam). See Greivia imdtiflora. Anilis (Guam). See Indigofera cndl and /. tincturia. Anis hinojo (Philippines, Guam). See Foeniculumfoeniculum. Annatto. See Bixa orellana. Annona muricata. Soursop. Plate xxxiii. Family Annonaceae. Local names. — Laguand (Guam); Guanabano (Philippines, Mexico, Peru). A small tree bearing large oblong or conical, dark green fruit having a rough spiny skin and filled with soft white juicy acid pulp. The leaves are elliptical, pointed, glossy above and rusty beneath, becoming glabrous; young growth scurfy-pubescent; flower with six petals, the three outer ones acute, greenish, the three inner ones more conspicuous, obtuse, yellow or red; jjistils many, each with one erect ovule, uniting to form the fleshy fruit or syncarpium. In Guam this species is not so commonly cultivated as the sugar apple {A. squamosa). It has a pleasant acid flavor. The natives make jelly of it and preserve the fruit. In the East Indies it is used for flavoring ice cream and iiuddings. It is of American origin and was introduced into Guam at least a century ago. The vernacular name, htijwuM, is probably derived from La Guandbana, the Spanish-American name of the fruit. References: Annona muricata L. Sp. PI. 1: 536. 1753. Annona reticulata. Bullock's heart. Custard-apple. Local names. — Anonas (Guam, Philippines); Corazon (Porto Rico). A tree of American origin, 4 to 8 meters high, bearing a smooth, heart-shaped fruit with small depressions on the surface, yellowish before maturity and often becoming a deep red at length, which gives to it its appropriate English name. Leaves lanceolate or oblong and pointed, glabrous above and rough, at length becom- ing smooth beneath; flowers with the three exterior petals oblong-linear and keeled on the inside, acute, greenish^ with purple spots at the base; inner petals minute; pistils many, united into the fleshy syncarpium (multiple fruit). In Guam this species has established itself more fully than the others of the genus. It is found growing wild in the woods and along roadsides. The fruit is long in ripening, the plant yielding but one crop a year, while ripe fruit of the sour-sop and sugar-apple can be found during most months of the year. The flavor of the fruit of Annona reticulata growing in Guam is not nearly so good as that of the other species. It is sweet but insipid, and the pulp has a tallow-like consistency. The natives do not esteem it highly, but it is a favorite food of the "fanihi," or fruit- eating l)at of the island {Pteropus keraudreni). References: Annona reticulata L. Sp. PI. 1: 537. 1753. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XXXI The Soursop iAnnona muricatai. Flowers and Fruit. Slightly Reduced. Contf. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XXXIV. The Sugar Apple, or Sweetsop Annona squamosa. Foliage and Fruit. Natural Size. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 185 Annona squamosa. Sugar-apple. Sweetsop. Plate xxxiv. ]x)CAL NAMES. — Atis (Guam, Philippines); Annona blanca (Mexico); Ata (Hindu); Sweetsop (Britisli West Indies). A shrub or small tree of American origin, the fruit of wliu;h is tuberculate, each carpel forming a protuberance, egg-shaped or of the form of an artichoke or a short ])ine cone, 7.5 to 10 cm. in diameter; yellowish green, frequently covered with a whitish or glaucous bluish Itloom; pulp very sweet, creamy yellow and custard-like, inclosing smooth black or dark-l)rown seeds, and of an agreeable flavor; leaves thin, glaucous, oblong-ovate, very sparsely hairy on both sides, but often becoming smooth, flowers with the three outer petals oblong-linear and blunt, keeled on the inner side, greenish; pistils many, united to form the fleshy fruit. This is the favorite custard apple of the natives of Guam. It is found planted by nearly every house. It does not grow wild like A. reticulata. It loses its leaves in the dry season, putting forth flowers and leaves when the first rains fall, and bearing a succession of crops of fruit during most months of the year. The fruit becomes very soft when ripe, often bursting open on the tree, when it is greedily eaten by ants. These insects do not attack it as long as the surface remains unbi'oken. It is eaten uncooked, the soursop (A. muricata) being the only species utilized by the natives for jelly and preserves. The best of the Annonas, Annona cherimolia, a fruit very highly esteemed in South America, does not grow in Guam. Attempts to introduce it into Java and many other tropical countries have met with failure. Annonacsae. Custard-apple family. This family, which includes the "pawpaw" {Asirnina triloba) of the United States, is represented in Guam by the ilangilang tree {Canangium odoratum) and the above species of Annona. References: Annona squamosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 537. 1753. Anonas (Guam). %ee Annona reticulata. Antidote lily. See Crinum asiatlcum. Antig-onon leptopus. Mexican creeper. Family Polygonaceae. Local NAMES. — Cadena de amor (Guam); Coralillo (Cuba); Coamecate, Ilierba de Santa Rosa (Mexico). A creeper with clusters of rose-colored flowers. Stem slender, glalirous, or nearly so; leaves alternate, entire, cordate and acuminate or hastate-ovate; flowers in racemes, w^hich end in branching tendrils; sepals 5, rose-colored and petal-like, the two interior ones narrower; stamens 8; styles 3; ovary 5-angled. Cultivated in the gardens of Guam, l^it not common. It takes its pretty and appropriate local name ( "the chain of love" ) from the form of its flowers, which look like miniature hearts of coral. References: Anticjonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 308. t. G9. 1841. Antipole (Philippines). See Ariocarpus communis (seeded). Antrophyum. See Ferns. Aoa ( Samoa) . See Flcus sp. Apasotes (Philippines). The name used in Guam for "Mexican tea," Chenopodiumambrosioides, which is grown in many of the gardens of the natives. Also called " alapasotes. " Ape (Polynesia), ^ee Alocasia indica and A . macrorrhiza. Apiaceae. Carrot family. The only representative in Guam of this family is Ceniella asiatica. ISC) nSKFlTL PLANTS (>K GUAM. Apii ^ Hawaii). Soo AhirttKid vmrrnrrhiza . Apium petroselinum. Sain(> an Prlrottclliinm pctrnaeltmaiu Aphloghatin§: cir Aplokhating' ((Jiiaiu). See /'.Nv/r/to/z/a iixiridiKi. Aplog ((hiaiii. ) The local name for a small cocniiut in wliicli water has begun tn Idiin. Apocynaceae. Doghank family. .Vimiiiir the indigenous Apocynaceae growing in Onam arc Orlirdsin ^(//^(tiiiit'tisls, a tree with glossy knaves, milky saj). and yellow wood, and the (inam "nanago" ((j'!l)iopo(jon iorimidnns), aplantallicd to the " nuiile" of Hawaii, with fragrant glossy leaves and small white flowers. Among the cultivated ])huits arc the common ole- ander {Ncriioii . PI. 2:741.1758. Arak. Spirits distilled from the fermented sap of the coconut; in (tuam called "aguar- diente." See Cocosnucifera. Aralia guilfoylei. Guilfoyle's aralia. Family Araliaceae. A handsome ornamental shrub with variegated pinnate leaves. Leaflets 3 to 7, ovate or oblong, irregularly cut on the edges or obscurely lobed, margined with white, and sometimes splashed with gray; stem spotted, erect. A native of the New Heljrides, but now widely spread throughout the Tropics. In Honolulu beautiful hedges are made of it. In the Hope Gardens in the island of Jamaica it is used as a wind-break for the nursery. « In Guam it is planted near many of the natives' houses, associated with si)ecies of Panax, Graptophyllum, Phyllaurea, and a dark purple F>anthemum. References: Aralia guilfoylei Cogn. & March. PI. Ornem. 2: t. 5cS\ 1874 (ex Ind. Kew. ). Aralia tripinnata Blanco. Same as Panax fruticosum. Araliaceae. Aralia family. No indigenous Araliaceae occur in Guam. The family is represented on the island by several ornamental slirubs brought from the Philippines and commonly planted a See Bull. Botan. Dept. Jamaica, 1895, p. .47. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XXXV. Betel-nut Palms (Areca cathecu). DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 187 near the houses of the natives. Among them ai'e AriiHn tjiiilfoylei, Xothopnnax frnti- cosu)ii. and XotJiopanciM cocJilnttum. Ararao, Araro, Ararii (Pliilipjiines). See Maranta arundiiiarea. Arbol del fuego (Philippines, (inam). See Drlnnix rrgia. Ardisia. Same as Icacorea. Areca cathecu. Bhteiatt. Pi.atk xx.w. Family Phoenicaceae. Local names. — Pugua (Gnam); Pua (P>an(la); Puah, P>nah (.\mboina); Piiak, Poak (Ceylon); Boa (Duke of York Island, Solomon (iroup); Bue (New Britain); Boa(Bali); Bua(Pele\v Islands); Boiiga, Bunga, Luyos (Philippines); Gua, Gooa (Bengal); Pinang (Modern ^lalay). A palm introduced into Guam in preiiistoric times, but not inchgenous on the island, and planted by the natives for the sake of its aromatic seeds, which are gen- erally called "betel nuts." The trunk is tall and slender and ringed; leaves glabrous, pinnate, the segments narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, with margins recurved at the base, the upper ones confluent and bifid or truncate and many-parted; rachis 3-sided, the upper face acute, the back convex, the base and petiole concave; sheaths elongated; spadix with spreading branches at length pendent; spathes sev- eral, papery, the lowest complete, the upper ones bract-like; flowers white and very fragrant; fruit a one-seeded, orange-colored drupe or nut about the size of a small hen's egg, with outer ti])rous husk, astringent, pungent, and aromatic, with a flavor and consistency somewhat like that of a nutmeg. It hangs in long bunches below tlie dark -green leaves. In Guam this species is found in abundance growing in damp woods and along the margins of streams. The nut is held in great esteem by the natives, who chew it together with the leaf of thel)etel pepper (P/per betle),a plant having properties akin to those of Fijter meUii/stiaiin, the kara plant of Polynesia. The nut is divided and a piece of it is wrapped in the pepper leaf, together with a pinch of (juicklime. It imparts a red color to the saliva, so that the lips and teeth appear to be covered with blood and in time become blackened. It injures the teeth and sometimes almost destroys them. Children begin to chew it at an early age. Old men and women are frequently seen with their teeth reduced from its habitual use to mere blackened snags. The odor imparted by it to the breath is aromatic and not disagreeable unless tobacco be mixed with it, a custom practiced by some natives, ]:iut not a common one. The nut is called either " pugua," or by its Taga- log name "boiiga;" the leaf is called "pupulu," or by the Visayan name "buyo," and the packet made up for chewing is called "mamao." In Guam betel chewing is a matter of etiquette at all wedding assemblies, fandan- gos, and funerals. Nuts deprived of their fibrous envelopes, fresh pepper leaves, and quicklime, together with cigars, are passed around to the assembled guests. According to Jahns, arecaine, the active principle of the areca nut, is a powerful agent for destroying tapeworms, resembling in its action pelletierine, an aromatic, oily alkaloid obtained from the bark of the pomegranate. Like nicotine it is poison- ous, half a grain sufficing to kill a rabbit in a few moments. It influences the respi- ration as well as the heart, causes tetanic convulsions, and has an extraordinary influence in increasing intestinal i)eristalsis. Localh- applied or when given internally it contracts the pupils." In India the nut has long been used as a vermifuge, the dose being a teaspoonful of the freshly grated kernel. Throughout the Malay Archi- pelago the nut is of great commercial importance. References: Areca cathecu L. Sp. PI. 2: 1189. 1753. (Often written Areca catechu.) «See Alkaloide der Arekanuss, in Briihl's Pflauzen-Alkaloide, p. 33, 1900. 188 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Arecaceae. Pai.m family. Aiiioiij; llic palms growinj; in (Tiiain are Areca catlwcn, Saguerus ijUhkiIhk, (ocos uuclftrd, Xn/Ki frnlicdus, the recently introduced Coelococcus nmicnrum and Phoenix, (iiutiiliferit, and a small, sleuder-stemmed palm with pinnate leaves called " iialuia hrava." Arenga saccharifera. Same as Saguerusi phmatns. Argyreia tiliaefolia. Linden-lea vicn moknin(;-gloky. Family Convolvulaceae. Local names. — Alalag, Abubo (Guam) ; Buhilacao (Philippines) ; Pilikai (Hawaii). A stout, (.•limhing morning-glory with pale purple flowers, woody stem, and cor- date or reniform leaves. Corolla large, funnel-shaped; style single, bearing 2 globose stigmas; fruit a leathery capsule, not bursting open lilie that of an Ipomoea; sepals coriaceous, silky-pu])i'scent; young shoots canescent; leaves glabrate with age, (5 to 7.5 cm. long and as much or mure in breadtli. A common plant in the thickets of Guam. Unlike other members of its family it does not bloom continuously, but flowers in the month of November. The flowers do not wither like many morning-glories, but remain open all day. The natives call them "abubo," a different name from that applied to the plant itself. The children string them on strings and sticks, and are very fond of them as ornaments. The species is found in India and the Philippines. It has been introduced into the Hawaiian Islands, where it has escaped from cultivation and established itself. Refekences: Argyreia tiliaefolia (Desr.) Wight, Ic. 4"^: 12. 1. 1358. 1850. Comvlrulus tilidefoUus Desr. in Lam. Encyc. 3: 544. 1789. Rivea tiliaefoJin Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 6: 407. 1833, Arimay (Philippines). See Boehmeria tenacissima. Aristolochia elegans. Family Aristolochiaceae. A pretty flowering species cultivated in a few gardens of Guam. Slender and glabrous, the flowers borne on the pendulous young wood; leaves long-stalked, reni form-cordate, with wide sinus and rounded basal lobes, the rib obtuse; flowers solitary, long-stalked, the tube yellow-green, the flaring limb cordate-circular, purple and white 1)l()t('hcd, white on the exterior, the eye yellow. Introduced into Guam by the chief of staff of the last Spanish governor, Don Juan Marina. References: Aristolochia elegans Mast. Gard. Chron. II. 24: 301. 1885. Arnotto or Arnatto. See Bixa urellana. Aromo. See Acacia famesiana. Arongay (Philippines). See Moringa moringa. Aroru, Arurii (Guam). See Maranta arundhiacea. Arrowroot, East Indian. See Tacca pimial ifida. Arrowroot, Polynesian. See Tacca pinnatifida. Artemisia vulgaris. Mugwort. Wosmwood. Family Asterai-eae. Local names. — Hierba de Santa Maria, Yerba de Santa Maria (Guam,Philippines). A composite with aromatic, pinnatifid leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, dark green on upper surface, white beneath; flowers in small discoid greenish heads arranged in panicled spikes, involucre oblong, bell-shaped. Planted in gardens and pots by the natives, who use it medicinally. References: Artemisia vulgaris J^. Sp. PI. 2:848.1753. Contr. Nat. Herb , Vol IX. Plate XXXVl The Fertile Breadfruit ' Artocarpus communis', Showing Male and Female Inflorescences, Immature Fruit, and Leaf Bract. Slightly Reduced. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 189 Artocarpus communis. Breadfruit. Plates vii, xxvii, xxxvi. Family Moraceae. Local names. — Seedless variety: Lemae, Lemai, Lemay, Rima (Guam); Rima, Colo, Kolo (Philippines); 'Ulii (Samoa, Hawaii); Uto (Fiji). Arbol del pan (Spanish). Seeded variety: Dugdug, Dogdog (Guam); Breadnut (Burma); Tipolo, Antipolo (Philippines); 'Ulu-ma'a (Samoa); Uto-sore (Fiji); Bulla (Solomon Islands). A handsome tree, with viscid, milky juice, broad-lol)ed or digitate leaves, and gently curving limbs, bearing the celebrated breadl'iuit. This fruit is oval or spheroid in shape, about the size of a child's head or of a melon. It is formed by the female flowers, which are very numerous, and are grouped in a prickly head upon a spongy receptacle. In the fertile typical fonn the fruit is covered with short hard projec- tions, but in the cultivated breadfruit, which is seedless, it is much smoother and reticulated. The male flowers grow in dense, j^ellow, club-shaped catkins. The leaves are very large, leathery, ovate, wedge-shaped and entire at the base, the upju'r part 8 to 9-lobed or pinnatitid, dark green and glossy, and paler beneath. The fruit is at first green, becoming brownish when imperfectly ripe and yellow when fully so. It contains a somewhat fibrous pulp, pure white at first, but becoming yellow at maturity. It is attached to the small branches of the tree In' a short, thick stalk, and hangs either singly or in clusters of two or three together. It is eaten before it becomes ripe, while the pulp is still white and mealy, of a consistency intermediate between new bread and sweet potatoes. In Guam it was formerly cooked after the maimer of most Pacific island aborigines, ])y means of heated stones in a hole in the earth, layers of the stones, breadfruit, and green leaves alternating. II is still sometimes cooked in this waj* on ranches; but the usual way of cooking it is to boil it or to bake it in ovens; or it is cut in slices and fried like potatoes. The last method is the one iisually preferred by foreigners. The fruit baked or boiled is rather tasteless bj' itself, but with salt and butter or with gravy it is a palatable as well as a nutritious article of diet. Ovens were introduced into Guam by the Mexican soldiers who were brought by the Spaniards to assist in the " reduction " of the natives. They are of masonry and of the typical dome shape of the ovens so common in Mexico. A kind of biscuit is made by slicing the fruit into moderately thin sections after having cooked it, and drying the slices either in the sun or in ovens. Thus prepared it will last from one breadfruit season to another. The dried slices may be eaten either as they are or toasted, or ground up and cooked in various ways. The Caroline Islanders, a colony of whom lived until recently on the island of Guam, follow a custom widely spread in the Pacific of preservmg bread- fruit in pits, where it ferments and is converted into a mass resembling new cheese, in which state it gives forth a very disagreeable odor. The fermented paste is naade into cakes and baked, and is then palatable and nutritious. This method of pre- serving breadfruit is also followed by the Samoans, who call the cakes "masi," a name now applied by them to ship biscuit and crackers. In Rarotonga the fer- mented paste is called " mai." The tree yields other products of economic value, such as native cloth or tapa, from the filirous inner bark of young trees and branches, and a kind of glue and calking material obtained from the viscid milky juice, which exudes copiously from incisions made in the stem. Bark cloth is no longer made in Guam. It is recorded that dur- ing an interval of eleven years, when no ship visited the island and there was a scarcity of woven fabrics, a number of women made petticoats from the breadfruit bark. In Pigafetta's account of the discovery of the group by ^Magellan he says: "The women also go naked, except that they cover their nature with a thin bark, pliable like paper, which grows between the tree and the bark of the palm." Now the paper mullierry {Papi/riu-'t papyriferu-<) , the most common tapa-cloth plant of the Pacific islands, does not grow in Guam. There is no palm to which Pigafetta's description could apply, and it is quite probable that the "thin bark, pliable like VM) USEFUL PLANTS OF CJUAM. I'ajn'r, j»ro\vinp lu'twcMMi tlic tree and the bark" \va« tliat of the lireadfruit, though it may iH>ssihly liave heeii that of the minu, or banyan. I?t'si(lt'y using the latex in calking boats, tiie natives of (Juam find it, when fresh and viscid, an excellent medium for ndxing paint, and it is a good sizing for white- wasli. Tht' usual pigments were a red ferruginous earth and lampblack made by binning cocoanut shells. The ('arolinc Islanders .«till use it with various jugments for ]>ainting their canoes, and it resists the action of water ])retty well, though fortius purpose it is inferior to oil. The woo(l is of fine yellow color. It is not very hard, hut it has the virtue of resisting the white ant, and if kept dry it is durable. In Guam it is used for cuj)- l)oards, shelving, furniture, and for ])artitions between rooms. It is also used for canoes, but as these are not well cared for by the natives and moisture injures the wood, they do not last very long. In Samoa the framework of the roofs of all the l)est houses is made of the curved lind)s of the breadfruit, beautifully rounded and scarped together and wrapped at the joints with coconut sennit. JhigdiKj, the "breadnut," or seeded variety of the breadfruit, grows everywhere in Guam — in the woods, on rockj' cliffs, and in low, sandy soil. It is the chief source of tind)er and of gum, the seedless lemae being too valuable as a fruit tree to be used generally for these articles. The fruit of the dugdug is inferior to that of the lemae, than which it is softer and more sweetish. It is seldom eaten, but its seeds, called "nangka" (the name in the Philipj)ines lor Artocarpns integri folia, the "jack-fruit"), are rich in oil and are relished by the natives Tiiey are eaten roasted or boiled and are mucli like chestnuts. Lemae, being sterile, is propagated from the shoots which spring up around the base of the trunk. They readily take root. The dugdug is grown from the seed, though it occurs in such abundance on the island that it is not much planted. There are a number of varieties of breadfruit recognized by the natives. The species grows so readily that it might prove profitable to plant it for the manufacture of starch or "arrowroot" from the fruit. Horses and cattle are very fond of the leaves and bark, so that young trees nuist be protected from them. When pasture is scarce breadfruit leaves are gathered and fed to stock; and the fruit is so abundant that it is fed to cattle, horses, and pigs. The breailfruit season begins in June aiid lasts for about five months. This accounts for the fact that Pigafetta and several other early navigators who visited Guam during the time of the year when it was out of season fail to mention it among the fruits which they obtained from the islanders. Magellan visited the island in March, Legaspi in January, and the Nassau fleet also in January. In the narrative of the latter expedition the cultivation of rice is mentioned (see quotation under Onjza saliva), and a food staple so important as breadfruit would surely have been men- tioned had it come within the notice of the Dutch. The first to record the l)reailfruit as a food staple of the ^larianne Islands was Dampier, who has given the following accurate descrijjtion of it in his New Voyage Round the World : The Bread-fruit (as we call it) grows on a large Tree, as big and as high as our largest Ap{)le-Trees. It hath a spreading head full of branches, and dark leaves. The fruit grows on the boughs like Apples: It is as big as a Penny-loaf, when Wheat is at-five shillings the Bushel. It is of a round shape, and hath a thick tough rind. When the fruit is ripe, it is yellow and soft; and the taste is sweet and pleasant. The Natives of this Island use it for Bread: they gather it when full grown, while it is greeii and hard; then they bake it in an Oven, which scorcheth the rind and makes it black: but they scrape off the outside black crust, and there remains a ten- der thin crust, and the inside is soft, tender and white, like the crunil) of a Penny I.oaf. There is neither seed nor stone in the inside, but all is of a pure substance like Bread: it nuist be eaten new, for if it is kept above 24 hours, it becomes dry, and eats harsh and choaky; but 'tis very i)l(>asant before it is too stale. This fruit lasts in season 8 months in the year; during which time the Natives eat no other DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 191 sort of food of Bread kind. I did never see of this Fruit any wheie l)ut here. The Natives told us, that tliere is plenty of this Fruit growing on the rest of the Ladrone Islands; and J did never hear of any of it any where else." References: Artocarpus communis Forst. Char. Gen. 102. 177(5. Artocarpus incisa L. f. Suppl. 411. 1781. Artocarpus incisa. Same as Artocdrnns commvniK. Arum, Egyptian (Italy). See Caladium culocasid; in (Uiani called "suni." Arundo bambos. See under Bamhos. Arundo tecta. Same as Trichoon roxburgitli. Arungay (Philippines). See Moringa rnoringa. Arurii (Guam). See Marania arundinacea . Asaua (Samoa). See Gleichenia dichotoma. Asclepiadaceae. Milkweed family. This family is represented in Guam by Dischldia pvhervla, a clind)er peculiar to the island, the widely diffused Asdcjnas curasmriai, and the fragrant " mil leguas" {Telosma odoratisnma) , a garden climber of Chinese origin. Asclepias curassavica. Curacao milkweed. Family Asclepiadaceae. Local names.— Asuncion (Guam); Rosa de Francia (Philippines); Algodoncillo (Porto Rico); Wild ipecac (Hawaii) Blood Hower (Jamaica); Chocholloxin (Maya of Mexico). A handsome milkweed, with orange-scarlet flowers, growing erect in solitary, lateral umbels. Leaves ojiposite, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at both ends; stem somewhat downy, simple, sometimes a little branched, growing from 30 to 90 cm. high. The plant is of American origin, but has found its way to almost all tropical coun- tries. It is very common in Guam, growing in open fields which were formerly cultivated. Its root possesses emetic i)roperties, and the expressed juice of its leaves is used as a remedy for intestinal worms. References: Asclepias curasnavica L. Sp. PI. 1: 215. 1753. Ash Pumpkin (Ceylon). See Benincasa cerifera. Asisio (Philippines). See Physaiis angulata and P. ininima. Asngod (Guam). See Ziriziber zingiber. Asngod halom-tano (Guam) . See Zinziber zerumbet. Aspidium. See Ferns. Aspidium dissectum and A. parasiticum. Same as Dryoptcris dissecla and D. parasitica. See Fernx. Asplenium. See Ferns. Asplenium cultratum (4aud. Same as Asplenium falcatum. See Ferns. Asplenium nidus. Same as Xeottopteris nidus. See Ferns. Asteraceae. Aster family. Among the representatives of this family are Vernonia villosa and V. cinerea, Ele- phantopns sc(d)er and E. spicatus, Adcnoslcmma riscosnm, Ageralum conyzoides, Eclipta alba, Steminodonlia canescens, Siemmodontia biflora, Artemisia vulgaris ("hierba de Santa Maria"), Synedrella nodijiora, Glossogyne tenuifoUa, and Chrysanthemum indicum (" manzanilla"). «See also Baum, The Breadfruit, reprinted from The Pla^it World, vols. 6 and 7. Washington, 1904. 102 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Asthma herb. See Euphorhia pUulifera. Asuncion (Guam). See Asclepias curassavica. Ata (Hindu). See Annona squamosa. Atamosco rosea. Zephyr lily. Family Aiiuiryllidaceae. Local names. — Nardo (Guam); Fairy lily (United States). A bulbous plant of tropical American origin, with solitary 6-parted rose-colored fldwcrs. Bulb innate, with 4 or 5 pairs of leaflets; leaflets alternate, ovate-acuminate, entire, stalked; flowers fragrant, small, ribes-like, rose-purj)le or magenta, growing in crowded clusters, which give to the tree a showy appearance when in full bloom; racemes growing from the bark of young and old branches (caulifloral), or from the axils (if the leaves; petals 5; stamens usually 10, only 5 of them with anthers. The fruit has a thin, yellow, smooth skin. It is longitudinally ribbed or angled, so that a cross section has the shape of a three, four, or five-angled star. It contains a clear watery pulp, astringent when green and tasting like sorrel or green gooseberries, but pleasantly acid when ripe, or even sweet, with an agreeable fruity flavor, and a strong perfume like that of a quince. The leaves and younger branches are irrital)le, clos- ing and drooping somewhat like those of the sensitive mimosas and oxalids when the tree is shaken or suddenly shocked. The leaves are affected by light very much like those of many acacias, winch close and apparently go to sleep when the sun disappears and awake when it shines again. The tree is readily propagated from the seed. It is long-lived and a constant bearer. In Guam it produces several crops a year. It grows near dwellings, on the sites of abandoned ranches, and by roadsides, but it is not abundant. The natives make preserves of it, but these are somewhat Contr. Nat. Herb.. Vol. IX. Plate XXXVII AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA. INFLORESCENCE AND FOLIAGE. NATURAL SiZE. I DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 193 tough. AVhen strained the pulp j-ields a fine jelly. Foreigners are warned against eating the uncooked fruit, the natives declaring that it will cause hiccoughs. Tarts made of it have very much the flavor of rhubarb. The natives do not appear to value the fruit very highly, but this maj' be owing to the scarcity of sugar, a large proportion of which is necessary for making jelly and preserves, and to the abun- dance of other fruits equally good or l)etter. In India the unripe fruit is used in dyeing, the acid acting i)robably as a mordant. The juice removes iron rust from linen. The dried fruit is antiscorbutic and, together with the leaves and root, is used as a remedy in fevers. The tree was introduced into (iuam many years ago. Gaudichaud mentions it, together with the allied A rerrliixi hUhiihi L. , a species in which the clustered, cauliHorai, pendant fruit is smaller and not angled, and the leaves have smaller and more numerous leaflets. The latter species is no longer found on the island; it has probably died out since Gaudichaud's visit. References: Averrhoa caramhola L. 8p. PI. 1: 428. 1753. Awned beard grass. See Andropogon nciculatiis. Azafran (Spanish). See Curcuma longa. Azucena (Guam). See PoUanthes tuberosn. Baba (Guam). A plant Ijelonging to the Arum family, with heart-shaped leaves 2 to 2.5 meters long and reddish stems; probably a species of Alocasia. Bacao, Bacauan, or Bakawan (Philippines). See Rhizophora mucronata and Bra- guiera gymnorhiza. Bacopa monniera. Water hyssop. Family Scrophulariaceae. Local names. — Graciola (Cuba). A small, creeping, glabrous plant with rather thick, entire leaves and a pale biue or nearly white flower growing in moist situations. Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or crenate, without prominent veins; flowers few, on pedicels usually rather longer than the leaves, with 2 small bracteoles under the calyx; calyx divided to the base into 5 distinct sepals, the outer one oval, the others ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate; corolla-tube scarcely so long as the calyx, the 5 lobes spreading, broad, as long as the tube, the 2 upper ones rather smaller and less deeply separateF GUAM. Balanophora sp. Family l5alani)i)hf)racoao. A low , tlt'shy, IcaHoss i)arasitic plant of an orange-soarlet color devoid of chloro- pliyll growing; on the roots of oth«'r plants, antl shaped when younijlike an asparagus sprout. The whole plant is waxy and translucent. The flowers are unisexual and are closely crowded together. The male flowers have a regular perianth, hut the female flowers have none. The latter consist of a one-celled ovary having a single ovule and a long style. It resembles a species growing in the Fiji Islands, but the latter is pale yellow instead of reddish-orange. Balasbas (Philippines). Pee (IraptnphyUum pictum. Balatong ( l'liilip])ines). See I'ltcn^eolHs miuigo. Balatong aso (riiilippines). See Cassia occidenialis. Baliacag (Visayan). See Dioscorea acnleata and J), xndnt. Balibago (Philippines). See Pariti tilinceum; in the Guam vernacular called "pago." Balimbing: (Philippines). See Averrhoa caramhola. Baliskug- (Visayan). See Clcrodetidron inerme. Baliti ( Philii)pines) . See i^('c».s sp. Balloon vine. See Otrdiotipertinm halicacabum. Balokbalok (Philippines). See Lobelia koenigii. Balog-Q (Visayan). 8ee Leiis phaseoloides. Balones (Philippines). See Lens 2)haseoloidrs. Balong-g-ai (Visayan). See Moringa vioringa. Balsam, Garden. See Iinpaiiens halsamina. Balsam-pear. See Momordica charantia. Balsamina (Spanish). See Momordica charantln. Balubad (Philippines). See Anacardiam occidoilale. Balung-g-ai (Philippines). See Moringa moriuga. Bamboo. See Bamhos blumeana and Bambos sp. Bambos blumeana. Thorny bamboo. Family Poaceae. Local names. — Piao tituka, Piao lahe ((Tuam): Canayang tinic (Philippines); Cafia espinas, Cana macho (Spanish). A handsome bamboo armed with sharp recurved spines, forming impenetrable thickets in moist places, and often attaining the height of 50 feet. Stems growing in clumps; hard, smooth, glossy green when growing, walls thick, nodes not promi- nent; tiowera produced at long intervals, the plants dying after the seeds have matured. This plant wa.s introduced from the Philippines. It is much stronger and more durable than the common spineless piao, and is used by the natives in building houses (Plate XX), ranches, and inclosures. Fresh canes stuck in the ground often take root. Large canes cut into lengths of 6 to 8 feet with the septa removed are used as water vessels (see Plate II; young caraliao loaded with bamboo vessels filled with water), and single joints are used as flower pots and for collecting the sap of the coconut, as described under Cocoa nucifera. The stem split into slats about an inch wide is used for making platforms in farmhouses, upon which the natives sleep, and also for inclosures under these platforms for the protection of youn^ chickens from rats, cats, and lizards. References: Bambos blumeana Schult. f. Syst. 7'': 1343. 1830, as Bambusa blumeana. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 195 Bambos sp.? Smooth bamboo. Local names. — Piao, Piao palaoan (Guam); Cana hembra (Spanish). A larTrimen, Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, vol. 3, p. 390, 1895. L>()2 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ki'ol iiuich iiiciirvcfl, Imt not beaked; staniena monadelphoii.«, the upper free below; stvU' limfj;, iniicli recnrvcd, flatt«'iH'd latei-ally, densely bearded mund tlie terminal stij^iiia; pud 15 to 22.5 cm. lonj:, scpiare, with a ilii^tiiict longitudinal \vin<; at each anrobably brought from Mexico. It is how common in the woods, climbing among the bushes and trees and twining about everything with which it comes in contact. The young root is much like a turnip in shape and consistency, and is easily peeled like a turnip. It is usually eaten raw, and may be prepared with oil and vinegar in the form of a salad. According to Dr. Edward Palmer it is extensively cultivated DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, 205 in Mexico, where the natives pinch off the blossoms and seed pods, giving as a reason that if the seeds are allowed to mature the roots are not good. In Mexico the roots are much eaten raw, but are also pickled, boiled in soup, and cooked as a vegetable. As they come from the ground they are crisp, sweet, juicy, and of a nutty flavor. They are nourishing and at tiie same time quench the thirst, so that they are much liked by travelers. One way of preparing the raw roots is to cut them in thin slices and sprinkle sugar over them. They may also be boiled and prepared with batter in the form of fritters, and in Mexico they are often minced or grated, and with the addition of sugar, milk, and eggs, and a few fig leaves for flavoring, made into puddings. The identity of the Mexican, Guam, and Philippine plants seems certain. Other forms of Cacara, which, like the present species, have been referred by authors to ('. ewsa, differ very much in the shape and size of the root. The Fijian species, iden- tified by Seeniann as Parhjirkiztis trilohw< DC.,« has roots 6 to 8 feet in length and the thickness of a man's thigh. Roots of Cacara bought in the Chinese market of San Francisco, and referred to < '. enmt, were analyzed by IVIr. Walter C. Klasdale and were found to contain an abundance of nutritive materials. Besides a large percent- age of starch, considerable cane sugar was found, as well as protein. Long-continued boiling of these roots failed to render them tender. Their principal use by the Chi- nese of San Francisco is for the preparation of starch, which is said to be of a superior (juality. As far as could be learned, the Chinese obtain their comparatively large snpply of roots entirely from Canton, b From this description it is evident that the roots imported into San Francisco by the Chinese have very different properties from the crisp, succulent tubers of Mexico and Guam. References : Cacara erom (L. ) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 165. 1891. Dolichos erosiis L. Sp. PI. 2 : 726. 1753. Dolichos bulbosus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1021. 1763. Pachyrhizus angulatus Rich.; DC. Prod. 2: 402. 1825. Pachyrhizus bulbosus Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 45'^: 246. 1876. Cactus. There is no indigenous plant on the island belonging to the cactus family. The only introduced species which has established itself is a prickly pear, for which see Opuntia sp. Cadena de amor (Guam). "Chain of love," the name applied to Antigonon leptopus, probably on account of the rose-colored heart-shaped flowers. Cadillo pata-de-perro (Porto Rico). See Urena sinuata. Cadios, Cadius (Philippines). See Cajan cajan. Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming. Same as Guilandina crista. Caesalpinia crista L. Same as Guilandina crista. Caesalpinia pulcherrima. See Poniciana pulcherrima. Caesalpinia sappan. See Biancaea sappan. Caesalpiniaceae. Caesalpinia family. Representatives of this family growing in Guam are Intsia bijuga, Cassia occidentalis, C. sophera, C. tora, Herpetica alata, Guilandina crista, Poindana pulcherrima, Delonix regia, and Biancaea sappan. Cafo, Cafu (Guam). See Pandanus fragrans. «Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 63, 1865. ^Blasdale, Some Chinese vegetable food materials, U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exp. Sta., Bull. No. 68, 1899. 1>0('> USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Cag-uios ( riiilippiiu'x). See ('iijati cajun. Cahel (Mexico, I'liilippiiK's). See Citrus (tnrantinm and C. nurmithim aincvm. Cdhet, Kahet ((liiaiii)- ^^I'e Citrus auranliiun ninensix. Cahuas ( Mrxico). i^ee Capsicum anntium. Cajan cajan. Pigeon pea. Family Fabaceae. Lot'Ai, NAMKs. — Lentelia fransesa (Guam); Cadios, Kad-yos, Cadius, Caguios (Philippines); Dhal, Dhol (India); (iandul (Porto Rico). An erect shrub with 3-foliolate leaves on slender gray silky branchlets; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, subcoriaceous, thinly silky above, densely so beneath; stip- ules iiiinute, lanceolate; flowers yellow, or the standard veined with red, growing in sp.irsely flowered racemes, often forming a terminal j>anicle; pod 5 to 7.5 cm. long, flnely downy, tipped with the lower half of the style. This ])lant grows spontaneously in the Sudan, and is cultivated in India, Mada- gascar, New South Wales, Jamaica, Malabar, Brazil, and other warm countries. The seeds are nutritious and are eaten either green or dry, like peas. The plant will live several years, and in good soil begins bearing the first year. It was introduced into (Jnam in 1771' by the French ship Castrief!, whence its local name, which signi- fies " French lentil." It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. Rekekences: Cajan cajan (L.) Millsp. Field Col. Mus. Bot. Ser. 2: 53. 1900. Cijihus cajan L. Sp. PI. 2: 7:^9. 1753. CajnniiK i)](iiriis Spreng. Syst. 3: 248. 1826. Cajanus indicus Spreng. See Cajan cajan. Cajel, Kahel (Philippines) or Kahet (Guam). See Citrus aurantium and C. auran- tiinn sinensis. Calabash tree. See Crescentia alata. Calabaza amarilla (Spanish). See Cucurbita maxima. Calabaza blanca (Spanish). Hee Benincasa cerifrra. Calabaza vinatera (Spanish). See Lafjenaria lar/enaria. Caladium colocasia. T.viio. Pl.\te xxvi. Family Araceae. Local names. — Suni, Sune (Guam); Songe ( Madagascar, Reunion); Gabi, Gave, Dagmai (Philippines); Talas, Taloes (Sunda) ; Talo, Taro, Kalo (Polynesia); Tao (Marquesas); Chaua (Carolines); Yautia (Porto Rico); Quequeste (Mex- ico); Oto (Panama); Eddo, Tania, Coco (British West Indies); Tadala, Gahala (Singapore); Kachu (India, Bengal); Culcas, Kolkus, Qolkas (Egypt); Egyp- tian Arum (Italy); To-no-imo, Aka-imo, Midsu-imo (Japan). A suci'ulent plant with edilile, starchy, tuberous rootstock, cultivated in nearly all tropical countries of the world. Leaves large, very stoutly peltately petioled, ovate- cordate or hastate, with a triangular basal sinus; spathe stoutly pedinicled, persistent, mouth constricted, lind) long, narrow, lanceolate; spadix shorter than the spathe, stipitate, terminal ai)pendage variable, cylindric or subulate, or lacking; male and female inflorescences distant, male above the female with interposed flat neuters, male of densely packed cubical anthers or groups of anthers, with immersed cells opening by terminal slits; female of crowded, globose, 1-celled ovaries; stigma pulvinate; ovules many, orthotropous; berries obconic or oblong; seeds oblong, furrowed, endo- sperm copious, embryo axile. Several varieties of taro are cultivated in Guam, some of which were grow'ing on the island before its discovery. The petioles are stout, 90 to 120 cm. long, green or violet; peduncles solitary or clustered and connate, much shorter than the petioles; spathe 20 to 45 cm. long, caudate-acuminate, erect, pale yellow; female inflorescence DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 207 as long as that of the neutral staminodes, male inflorescence longer. Like the sweet potato, ginger, and many other plants pro^iagated by cuttings or suckers for the sake of their roots, the taro seldom flowers. In one variety growing in wet places many suckers are sent out from the base of the stem, and the leaves and petioles are more or less purple; in another variety, growing in the cienaga, or swamps, the petioles are green; in a third they are red- dish. The favorite variety, planted in newly cleared land and on hillsides, has a pur]>lish area at the junction of the petiole with the blade. It is called "suni Visaya." The natives recognize at least eight varieties of suni. The large-leafed, coarser, cau- lescent plants called "piga" are varieties of Alocasia, a genus which is distinguished from Caladium in having the terminal appendage of the spadix marked with reticulate furrows, and having few and basal ovules, while those of Caladium are many and parietal. Suni was one of the principal food staples of the aboriginal inhabitants of Guam. Not only are the farinaceous tuberous rootstocks eaten, but also the young, tender leaves, which, when cooked, taste somewhat like asparagus. All parts, but especially the leaves, are extremely acrid, owing to the presence of sharp needle-like crystals of oxalate of calcium, called raphides (see Pis. XI, XII, and XIII), and to destroy this ipiality both leaves and rootstock must be thoroughly cooked." When the crop of taro is gathered the tops of the rootstocks are cut off and rejilanted at once. They quickly take root and mature in about a year. Taro is cooked in various ways in (4uam, but is never made into poi (fermented paste) as in Hawaii. Land taro, together with bananas and plantains, is the first thing to be })lanted in newly cleared ground. The climate of Guam seems to be admirably suited to its cultivation. Taro is a food staple in all island groups in the Pacific and in manj^ other parts of the troi)ical world. In Samoa many savory dishes are pre- l)ared with both the rootstock anil the young leaves of taro coml)ined with the rich, creamy juice expressed from grated kernels of ripe coconuts, as well as with other ingredients. The roots are characterized by a high percentage of carbohydrates, of which starch is the most important, and by a low percentage of fat, protein, and cniile filier. They have the consistency of a sweet potato, and a microscopical examination shows that the starch of which they are principally composed is in the form of very small grains. The crude protein of an albuminoid nature is in somewhat greater propor- tion than that found in the potato. Though offering no especial advantage over other farinaceous roots, taro is a very good substitute for them, and Europeans living in the Tropics soon acquire a taste for it', though at first it strikes them as insipid. In Hawaii taro prepared in the form of poi is very popular with the white residents. Taro is imported into the United States from Canton and the Hawaiian Islands, and is sold in large quantities in the Chinese markets of San Francisco. It is successfully grown in southern California, but it there requires an abundant artificial supply of water. The Florida Experiment Station has also succeeded in grov/ing it, and reports satisfactory results. ^ In tropical countries where potatoes can not be grown and where the cultivation of yams is attended with care and labor, taro in its various forms is a great blessing to the inhabitants. It grows almost spontaneously both in swamps and on dry land, and it yields an abundance of wholesome, nutritious food, which, with the occasional addition of meat, legumes, or other nitrogenous foods to supply protein, is quite sufficient to sustain life. It is interesting to note that the Guam name of this plant reappears in Madagascar « For full account see p. 69, above. '--See Blasdale, Chinese vegetable food materials, P>ul]. Xo. 68, U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exper. Stations, pp. 13 to 15, 1899. Also, Florida Exper. Station Report, 1896, p. 9. 208 itsp:ful plants of guam. in tilt' form <>f "snn;,M>," while itw IMiilippinc name is applifd in Fiji, Samoa, and ll;ii()t<>n>j;a to tlie allied genus Alocasia. Rki'ekknces: Caladinm colocasia ( L. ) . A nun eohcnsin I/. Sp. PI. 2: 9(i5. 175;?. ('(i/nciixia (vitif/iioni))i Scliott in Sclidtt it End!. Melotom. 1: 18. 1882. The {renus Caladinm estahliHlu'dl)j'V('ii1(i Kit, DeHcriptioniicsplantesnouvellesetpeu cnnnnos, cultiviVs d;uis Ic jardin de J. M . (."els. /. JO. 1800, and Koemer, Archiv fiir die Hcitnnik, 2:847. 1799-1801, is adopteil from the Caladiniii of Humph, Herbarium .\mlioinense, 5:818-318. 1747. The only species mentioned in common by the two authors is Caladium esculentum, which should therefore be considered as the type of the jrenus; ami since this s|u'cies is con^'eiieric with, or, indeed, is sometimes considered merely a variety of CnhuUum colora.sia, Caladium is restored as the (correct name of the genus. The combination Caladimn colDca-sIti, cited in tlie Index Kewensis as having l)een published in Robert Wight's Icoues for a different species, 1 iind not to have been pulilished tliere, and it is therefore a valid name in its present use. The name Colocasia, on the other hand, even though Caladium was not to be applied to this genus, would be an untenable name, for it was proposed by Necker in 1790 for a genus the identity of which does not appear to have been definitely established, and again by Link in 1795 for still a different group. P^itlier of these projiosed uses would invalidate the application of the name as i)ublished by Schott in 1882.— W. F. W. Caladium esculentum. See Caladium colocasia. Calamasa (Guam). Same as Kalamasa. Calambit (Philippines). See Guilandina crista. Calamismis (Philippines). See Bator teiragonoloba. Calamus sp. Rattan. Family Phoenicaceae. Local names. — Behuko halom-tano (Guam); Bejuco cimarron (Spanish). An indigenous climbing palm growing in Guam, of little economic value. An attempt was made to introduce the chair rattans, but it was unsuccessful. Calophyllum inophyllum. Palo Maria. Family Clusiaceae. Local names. — Daog or Daok (Guam); Dangkalan, Dinkalin, Bitaog, Bitanhol, Tamauian (Philippines); Palo Maria, Palo de Santa ^Nlaria (Spanish); Tamaim ( Rarotonga, Tahiti ) ; Fetau ( Samoa ) ; Dilo ( Fiji ) ; Kamanu or Kamani ( Hawaii ) ; Foraha (Madagascar); Domba (Ceylon); Alexandrian Laurel (India). A tree usually growing near the shore. Leaves opposite, shining, coriaceous, with innumerable parallel veins at right angles to the midrib, oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate; flowers polygamous, in axillary or terminal racemes, pure white, fragrant; sepals 4; petals 4, rarely 6 to 8, like the inner sepals; stamens numer- ous, filaments in 4 bundles; ovary globose, stipitate; style much exceeding the stamens; stigma peltate, lobed; fruit 2.5 cm. in diameter, globose, smooth, yellow, pulpy. This tree is widely spread throughout Polynesia and occurs on the tropical shores of Asia, Africa, and Australia. It is often planted near habitations and is valued for its wood, for an aromatic gum which exudes from incisions made in its trunk and limljs, and for a medicinal oil obtained from its nuts. Seeds of this species were among those collected by Doctor Guppy in the Solomon Islands in the drift of the beach, having probably been carried there by ocean currents. "When the leaves are i)ut in water an oil rises to the surface. This is used in some parts of India as a remedy for sore eyes. In southern Polynesia and India the dark green fragrant oil expressed from the nuts, called dilo oil or domba oil, is used as a lamp oil and is an external remedy for bruises and rheumatic pains. The resin DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 209 yielded by the trunk is one of the tacamahac gums of commerce; it is agreeably aro- matic, and is used as a scent by the Tahitians. It is of a yellowish-green color and is soluble in alcohol. Its wood is hard, strong, and cross-graineil, and very hard to split. In Guam it is used for tlie solid wheels of the carts drawn by bullocks and carabao. It is durable in water, but is so rigid that it can not be bent. In Samoa it is much used for build- ing large canoes. Its strong crooked branches furnish excellent knees for boats, and are used also for stem and stern posts. Refkrexce-s: Calophyllum inophyllum L. >Sp. PI. 1 : olo. 1753. Caltrops. See Tribulus cistoides. Calysaccion obovale. See Ochrocarpus ohovalis. Camachile or Kamacliiles (Guam). See Pithecolohium dulce. Camaluson (Philippines). See Botor tetragonoloba. Camantigui (Philippines). See Inipatiens balsamina. Camatis (Philippines). See Lycopersicon hjcopersicuvi. Cambustera (Cuba). See Quamodit qHamocUi. Camomile, false. See Chrysanthemum indicuni. Camote (Spanish) or Kamute (Guam). See Ipomoea batatas. Camoting- cahoi (Tagalog). See Manihot manihot. Camphire. See Lavisonia inermis. Cana (^ Spanish). See Bambos and Tnchoon roxbiirghu. Cafia espinas, Cana macho. See Bambos blumeana. Cana de aziicar. See SaccJiarum oflicinariDit. Cafia dulce. See Saccharum officinarum. Canafistula (Spanish). See Cassia fi.ftii la. Cana hembra (Spanish). See Bambos sp. Cana-pistola (Philippines). See Cassia fistida. Cananga odorata. See Canangium odoratum. Canangium odoratum. Ilangilang. Yl.\ngylang. Family Anonaceae. Local names. — Alangiiang (Guam, Philippines); Moso'oi (Samoa); Moto-oi (Raro tonga). A tree bearing a profusion of greenish yellow fragrant flowers, with long, fringe- like petals, from which the perfume "ilangilang" is made. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, ovate-oblong, finely acuminate, puberulous beneath; sepals 3; petals 6, in two series, narrowly linear; stamens many, linear, borne at the base of the ovary, the connective produced into a lanceolate, acute process; ovaries many; style oblong; ripe carpels about 12, ovoid or obovoid, black, 6 to 12-seeded. Bark of tree smooth, ashy; trunk straight normally, but in Guam often twisted out of shape by hurricanes. Its wood is soft and white, and not very durable, but in Samoa the nativas make small canoes of it, and the Malayans hollow out the trunks into drums or tomtoms. In Guam straight trunks of sufficient size for canoes are never found. This tree is found in Java, the Philippines, and in many islands of the Pacific. It is M'idely cultivated in the Tropics. Its introdut-tion into Guam is comparatively recent; but the fruit-eating pigeons are spreading it gradually over the island. The natives sometimes use its flowers to perfume coconut oil. In Samoa it is very highly esteemed. Its fringe-like flowers are there strung into wreaths and garlands by the natives, together with the drupes of Pandanus and the scarlet fruit of Capsicum. 9773—05 14 210 USEFUL I'LANTS (>K GUAM. llaiiyiiliiiifi trcc'M may lie rt-atlily proiia^atcd t-itlicr liy cuttings or seeds. These should l)e planted in orcliards or proves 8 meters apart. They thrive well on most tropical islands and countries witli warm, moist climates. Aliout the third year the tlowers appear. They bloom contiiMiously, so that flowers and fruit may l)e always louiid on the same tree. From the flowers a pleasantly scented volatile oil is derived, known in commerce as the oil of ilan. — Doiii (<;iiani); Cliilc ancho (Mexico); Chile fie Castilla (Pliili]i- pines). This plant has long been cultivated in Guam. Its flesh is not pungeut, and the natives frecpiently prepare it for the tal)le by. stuffing it witli minced meat and then cooking it. It grows here almost like a shnil) to the height of 90 cm., and bears prohticall) . I'luit oMong or truncate, about 10 cm. long by -1 cm. in diameter, often jobed and usually w itli a basal depression. Cultivated in every garden on the island. IvKKKKK.NTES: Cupsicutn (innunm grossum (L. ) Sendt. IMarf. Fl. I)ras. 10: 147. 1S46. Caiisinivi (jroxftrmi L. Mant. 1:47. 1767. Capsicum baccatum. Same as Capsicum frutescens haccatum; see under Capsicum frutescens. Capsicum frutescens. Sprn pepper. Cavexxe pepper. Local na.mks. — Doni (Ciuam); .\ji (Spanish). A shnibl)y })erennial, 90 to 180 cm. high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled stem ami branches; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate; peduncles slender, often in pairs, iisually longer than the fruit; calyx cup-shaped, embracing the base of the fruit; fruit red, obtuse or oblong-acuminate, verj' acrid. It is possible that the original form from which this plant has developed through cultivation is that known as Capsicum minimum Roxb., to which, according to Engler, the allied varieties revert when left to themselves. The bird pepper {Capxicnm frutescens haccatum) has round or ovate fruit about 6 mm. in diameter. In the Philippines it is called " ch'ileng bundok." References: f'lipxicuin frutescens L. Sp. PI. 1: 189. 1753. Capsicum grossum. Same as Capsicum an)iuuin grossum. Capulao ( Philippines). See Herpetica ulata. Carambola. See Averrhoa carambola. Carapa moluccensis. Same as Xylocarpus granatum. Cardiospermum halicacabum. Balloon vine. Family Sapindaceae. Local names. — Farolitos, Bombillas (Spanish). A climbing herb, with wiry stem and branches, and alternate biternate leaves; leaf- lets coarsely dentate; flowers irregular, polygamo-dioecious, in axillary racemes, white, very small; lowest pair of pedicels developed into spiral tendrils; sepals 4, concave, the two outer ones small; i)etals4, in pairs, the 2 greater lateral ones usually adhering to the sepals; stamens 8, excentric; ovary 3-celled; style short, trifid; ovules solitary ; fruit an inflated, broadly pear-shaped capsule. This j)lant is widely distributed throughout the Tropics. Its root given in decoc- tion is said to be aperient. On the Malabar coast the leaves are administered in pulmonary complaints. In the Moluccas the leaves are cooked as a vegetable. It was collected by Gaudichaud on the island of Rota. Rekekexces: Cdrdiosjirrmum halicacabum L. Sp. PI. 1: 366. 1753. Carex densiflora. Sedge. Family Cyperaceae. A sedge with numerous dense, lanceolate spikelets, arranged in a branching, bracted spike; spikelets androgynous, staminate above, i)istillate below; scales tipped with a bristle, the female nearly round, the male ovate-lanceolate, bristles rough; ovary inclosed in an oblong, compressed, striate perigynium, contracted at the top, with a small bidentate opening through which protrudes the 2-cleft style; perigyn- DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. '215 iuni rough-edged, longer than the scaly bract; culm (stem) 3-sided, the sides chan- neled (triquetrous), smooth, shorter than the rough-edged broad leaves. This species was described by Presl from specimens collected by Haenke in Guam. References: Carex demiflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 3: 204. 1828. Carex fuirenoides. Sedge. A setlge with androgynous spikelets; male flowers with 8 stamens, female flow- ers' with 3 styles; panicles spike-like, axillary and terminal, solitary, with long peduncles, clusters numerous; spikelets oblong-cylindrical, pistillate below, stami- nate above; scales many-nerved, male ovate-oblong, mucronate-subaristate, dark- hyaline, female scales ovate-subrotund, with rounded apex, aristulate, veined, smooth, dark-hyaline; perigynia obovate-oblong, with attenuated beaks, slightly curved, ribbed, dark-brown, smooth, twice the length of the scale; beak rough on the upper margin, bidentate at the orifice. Immature achene obovate-oblong, tri- gonal, terminated by the persistent thickish base of the style. This species was described by Gaudichaud from specimens collected in Guam. References : Carex fuirenoides Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 412. 1826. Carica papaya. Papaw. Fanuly Caricaceae. Local NAMES. — Papaya (Spanish); Lechoso (Mexico); Papai, Maneo, Mamerio (Brazil); Mamon (Paraguay); Papaya, Kapayo, Capayo (Philippines); Esi tane (male), Esi faflne (female) (Samoa). A tree suggesting a palm in its habit of growth, bearing a crown of large palmately- lobed, long-stalked leaves on a slender, straight, fleshy trunk, which is normally unbranched. It is usually dioecious, the staminate (male) and the pistillate (female) flowers l)eing borne on separate trees, the former funnel-shaped having 10 anthers inserted on the throat of the corolla; the latter larger, 5-petaled, with one pistil bearing a 5-rayed stigma. Occasionally trees are found with hermaphrodite flow- ers. All parts of the plant abound in milky juice, or latex, which has remarkable pepsin-like digestive properties. The melon-shaped fruit grows from the axils of the lower leaves, the normal fruit from the female flowers being sessile, while that from the hermaphrodite flowers is borne on long pedicels. The milky juice from the unripe fruit when rubbed on meat has the property of making it tender. By exi)eriment it has been found that this juice is more efficacious than pepsin in dissolving albumen and muscular fll)re. From the half-ripe fruits a proteolytic ferment has been derived which differs from pepsin in that its action on proteids goes on in neutral or alkaline solutions as well as in acid solutions. From the seeds of the papaw a glucoside called caricin has been obtained; from the leaves an alkaloid called carpaine, the physiological action of which is similar to that of digitalis, a heart depressant. In commerce there are a number of prepara- tions claiming to be the ferment of the papaw, sold under the name of papain, papayotin, caroid, papoid, etc. On examination of several of these substances they were found by Mr. F. B. Kilmer to be merely the dried and powdered latex of the papaw, bearing the same relation to the true separated ferment as the dried mucous membrane of the stomach might bear to purified pepsin. A series of experiments was carried on by Mr. Kilmer demonstrating beyond a doubt the digestive properties of the true papaw ferments." Papaws are very easily grown. They spring up spontaneously in open places and clearings in the forest, especially where the undergrowth has l)een burneil, from seeds dropped by birds. The tree grows rapidly, the leaves falling off as the trunk shoots "See Kilmer, The Storv of the Papaw, American Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 73, pp. 272, 336, and 383, 1901. 216 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. upward U-aviii^' the trunk markefl regularly with scars. The k'af-t\tems arc liol- low, and in (iuani are often used as trumpets by tlu' natives, sdine of whom are skillful in sounding' military bugle calls upon them. The root is tnrnii)-shapcd, the lower })art cxtentling deep into the earth seeking moisture and giving stability to the tree. The wood is soft, white, and, spongy, and decays rapitlly. It is useless. The trunk of a tree can be cut through by a single stroke of a machete. Before ri|ieniiig the fruits are green. On reaching maturity they become yellow and squash- like. They may be eaten either with salt or sugar. To a novice they are inferior in tlavor to a musk melon. They vary in size and shape. Those growing in Guam are small and inferior to the varieties cultivated in countries where they are used as a food-stajile. They contain a great nmril^er of dark-brown seeds, which turn l)la(;k in drying and have a nuistard-like i)ungent flavor. The fruit developes so rapidly that buds of flowers and ripe fruits are often seen on a tree at the same time. The pa paw is a native of tropical America, but it has become established through- out the entire tropical worlil. In Guam it appears spontaneously in waste places. Little attention is given to it by the natives. Though they eat it if other kinds of fruit be scarce, they do not appear to esteem it as an article of food. References: Ca rim papaya L. Sp. PI. 2: 1086. 175.8. Caricature plant. See QraptophyUum pictum. Carinta herbacea. Groundberry. Family Rubiaceae. Local names. — Bejuco guai-a (Cuba); Naunau, Matamata-Aitu (Samoa); Kapu- kapu (Rarotonga); Karinta kali (Malay Ai-chipelago). A small, slender, creeping, perennial herb, bearing red, fleshy berries, somewhat like those of the partridge berry {MitcheUa repens). Leaves long-petioled, more or less pubescent, orbicular, deeply cordate, stipules interpetiolar, ovate, obtuse; flowers small, white, growing in 1 to 6-flowered peduncled umbels; bracts linear, lanceolate; calyx tube obovoid, segments 5 to 7, slender, herbaceous, persistent; corolla salver-shaped, glabrous, throat hairy, lobes 4 to 7, valvate in bud; stamens 4 to 7, inserted on the corolla tube, included; stigma 2-fld; ovary 2-celled, the cells 1-ovuled; ovules erect; berry a fleshy drupe, with 2 plano-convex pyrenes; seeds plano-convex, not grooved ventral ly. This plant is widely distributed in the Tropics. It is common in the woods of Samoa, Fiji, and other islands of the Pacific, in the Andaman Islands, Malay Archi- pelago, Ceylon, South China, and in tropical America. It is said to possess medicinal properties similar to those of the allied Erea ipecacuanha^ of New Granada and Brazil, but of inferior quality. '^ References: Carinta herbacea (Jacq.). Psychotria herbacea Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 16. 1760. (leophila renifonnis Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 186. 1825. Geophila was first proposed in 1803 for a genus of Liliaceae and is therefore not available for the rubiaceous genus so named by Don. Carinta is an adaptation of the Malayan name of this plant, Karinta kali. Carmona heterophylla Cav. Same as Ehretia microphylla. Carrizo (Spanish). See Trichoon roxburghii. (I Erea ipecacuanha (Brot. ) CaUicocca ipecacuanha Brot. Trans. Linn. Soc. 6: 137. t. 11. 1802. Vragoga ipecamanha (Brot.) Baill. Hist. PI. 7: 281. 1880. ^ Watt, Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, vol. 3, p. 488, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 217 Caryophyllus malaccensis. Malay apple. Family Myrtaceae. Local names. — Macupa, Makupa (Philippines and Guam); Kavika (Fiji); Nonu-fi'afi'a (Samoa); Ahia (Tahiti); Ohia (Hawaii). A tree of medium size, bearing a profusion of white, purjtle, or red flowers, with tufts of stamens of the same color as the corolla. These are followed by an al)un- dance of fruit ha%'ing a fragrant, apple-like odor and a delicate flavor. Leaves large, glossy, ovate, ellii)tic or o1)ovate-ob]ong, attenuate at each end; inflorescence cen- tripetal with solitary axillary flowers, or in short racemes (leafless branches), or centrifugal in dense terminal cymes; calyx globose or more or less elongate, pro- duced beyond the ovary, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes; petals 4, rarely 5; stamens many; ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell; style filiform, stigma small; fruit nearly round, crowned by the scar of the calyx lobes; seed usu- ally 1. This tree occurs on nearly all the larger islands of the tropical Pacific and in the Malay Archipelago. It has been introduced into Guam comparatively recently and is by no means common. In Hawaii, Samoa, and Fiji it is very higldy esteemed by the natives, more for its beauty than for its fruit. The ancient Hawaiians made their idols of its wood, and the tree tigures in the myths of the Fijians. The etymologii'al identity of the Fijian, Samoan, Tahitian, and Hawaiian names of this tree is interest- ing, indicating, as it does, an acquaintance with it before the separation of the various divisions of the Polynesians or its introduction from one group of islands to the others, together with its name. References: C'aryop}u/lIus malaccensis ( L. ) . Eugenia malaccensis L. Sp. PI. 1 : 470. 1753. Jamhosa malaccensis DC. Prod. 3: 286. 1828. The genus Caryophyllus was published by Linnaeus in 1753 with a single species, C. aromaticus, which has since been referred to Jambos Adanson, or Jambosa, as written by many authors. Adanson's name, however, is of later date, and must therefore be displaced by the Linnsean name of the genus. Casay (Philippines). See Adeiuintliera pavonina. Cascabeles (Spanish). See Crotalaria quinquefolia. Cashe"w. See Anacardium occidentale. Casey (Philippines). See Anacardium occidentale. Cassava. See Manihot manihot. Cassia alata. Same as Herpetica nlata. Cassia angustissima Lam. Same as Cassia mimosnides. Cassia esculenta Roxb. Same as Cassia sophera. Cassia fistula. PrnniNo-piPE tree. Family Caesalpiniaceae. Local names. — Cafiafistula (Guam, Philippines, Mexico); Canapistola (Philip- pines); Golden shower (Hawaii). A tree with smooth, ashy-gray bark, bearing long, pendent, lax racemes of golden- yellow flowers, followed by very long, woody, cylindrical pods. Leaves large, even- pinnate, the leaflets in 4 to 8 pairs, ovate-acuminate, 5 to 15 cm. long; calyx tube very short; sepals 5, obtuse; petals 5, veined, imbricated, obovate, shortly clawed, nearly equal; stamens 10; pod black or dark brown, 30 to 60 cm. long, containing one-seeded compartments, marked with three longitudinal shining furrows, two of them close together and the third opposite them, marking the sutures; seed reddish brown, glossy, fiattish, ovate, embedded in a blackish-brown sweet pulp; odor 218 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. rcsfinliliii^' tliat <>f i>nim'>^. When tlic wiinl Mows the ])('ndnlons pods strike toj^t'tluT ami make a rattlinines) ; Frijo- lillo (Panama); Hierba hedionda (Cuba); Hedionda (Porto Rico); Bantamare (Senegal); Herbe puante (French). A glabrous, ill-smelling weed, 60 to 90 cm. high, with abruptly pinnate leaves, hav- ing a single large ovate gland just above the base of the petiole. Leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, without glands between them, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, rounded at the base, acute, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, glabrous on both sides, or finely pubescent; flowers yellow, pedicelled; racemes short, closely crowded, axillary; stamens 10, the upper 3 imper- fect; calyx lobes oblong, ol)tuse, glabrous; pod'linear, glabrous. 10 to 12.5 cm. long by 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad, somewhat curvey the perianth and erowned by ita lobes; ovary free, style short, stigma depressed. Kkkkkknces: Casxi/thafiliformis L. Sp. PI. 1: 35. 1753. Casta ( I'hilii)pine8). See Jatrnpha cnrcas. Castor-bean. See Ricinus communis. Casuarina equisetifolia. Polynesian ironwood. Plate xli. Family Casuarinaeeae. Local names. — Gago (Guam); Agoho (Philippines); Toa (Samoa, Rarotonga); Aito (Tahiti); Swamp oak, She-oak, Beef-wood (Australia). A leafless tree w'ith drooping branches, somewhat like a pine in general a]>i>ear- ance. Branches (i to 8-angled or terete, jointed like the stems of an Equisetuni, with 6 to H sheath teeth at the joints. The genus to which the plant belongs, though foniierlv classed with the conifers, is now recognized as the only known genus of a distiui't family. The flowers are unisexual, the staminate in cylindrical terminal spikes and the pistillate in dense heads borne in the axils and ripening into a cone, which is corky and buoyant and incloses winged seeds (see p. 75). The wood is heavy, strong, and very hard, of a red color when fresh, but turning a dark l)rown with age. It is excellent for fuel. In Samoa the natives make spears and war clubs of it. In Guam it is scarcely at all utilized, as it is hard to work. In the Hawaiian Islands it has been planted along the sea beach and grows rapidly and readily. It loves sandy soil, and will grow in brackish localities. The natives of Samoa prize it so highly that they often plant it near their dwellings. There a large tree is seldom seen, and the young trees are straight and spindling. At Waikiki, near Honolulu, there is a beautiful avenue of it, planted within comparatively recent time. There the trees grow straight. In Guam it is abundant along sandy beaches, especially on the east shore of the island. It also grows on the high "sabanas," where it is usually the only tree, but it never grows within the forest. All the Guam trees have twisted and gnarled trunks, from the effect of hurricanes. The species is of wide tropical distribution. It is indigenous in Australia, on the Malayan Islands, and on the east side of the Bay of Bengal, and occurs on many islands of the Pacific, extending eastward to the Marquesas and northward to the Mariannes. It is cultivated in many warm countries, including the Hawaiian Islands, southern Florida, California, and Uruguay. References: Casiuirina equisetifolia Stickman, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 143. 1759. Casue ((inam). See Anacardium occidentale. Cathartocarpus fistula Pers. Same as Cassia fistula. Cator (Philippines). See Jatropha cnrcas. Caturai ((luam, Philippines). See Agati grandifiora. Cauayang: tinic (Philippines). See Bambos bluineana Caudolejeunia. See under Ifepaticx. Caulerpa. See under Algn'. Cayam (Cebu). See Bocoa edulis. Cayenne pepper. See Capsicum, annuum cerasiforme and C. frutescens. Ceanotlius asiaticus. Same as Colubrina asiatica. Cebolla (Spanish). See Allium cepa. Cebolla halom-tano (Guam). An orchid, Luisia teretifolia. Contr, Nat. Herb,, Vol, IX, Plate XLI. Casuarina equisetifolia. Male Inflorescence, Female Inflorescence, and Fruit. Slightly Reduced. Contr. Nat. Herb . Vol. IX. Plate XLll. Ceiba pentandra, the Kapok Tree. Leaf and Opened Pod, Showing Cotton-like Floss. Natural Size. DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 221 Ceboya (Philippines). See Allium cepa and Gardens. Ceiba casearia. Same as Ceiba pentandra. Ceiba pentandra. Kapok. Plate xlii. Family Bombacaceae. Local names. — Algodon de Manila (Spanish); Atgodon de Manila (Guam); Doldol, Capoc, Kapok, Bubui (Philippines); Kapok (Java); Imbul, Pulun- imbul (Ceylon); Ceiba (Cuba, Central America); Silk-cotton tree (Brit. W. Indies). ■ A tall tree with a straight trunk, prickly when young, with whorls of horizontal branches, palmately compound, deciduous leaves, and mallow-like flowers appearing before the leaves, followed by pods containing silky floss. Leaflets 5 to 8, lanceolate, cuspidate, entire or serrulate toward the point, glaucous beneath; petioles as long as or longer than the leaflets; stipules small, deciduous; petals 5, united at the base; stamens in 5 bundles; filaments joined at the base, each bearing 2 versatile anfrac- tuose anthers; style crowned with a 5 or 6-cleft stigma; capsule cucumber-shaped, woody when mature, 5-celled, 5-valved; cells many-seeded; seeds embedded in the flossy down. The color of the flowers of this species varies. In Guam they are white, yellowish within; in the West Indies there is a variety with rose-colored flowers. There is some difference between trees growing in the East Indies and in the West Indies, and some botanists have regarded them as distinct species. The trunks of the young trees of l^oth are armed with stout, sharp protuberances; but in the West Indian tree they are often swollen or ventricose in shape, while those of the East Indies are straight and tapering. No difference, however, can be discovered in herbarium specimens great enough to warrant their being separated." A common tree in Guam, growing near ranches and along the roadside, sometimes used iov marking the boundary between adjacent farms. In Java the trees are grown along the roadsides for telephone poles. The wood is soft and white and is not utilized on the island. The silky floss can not be spun. In Guam it is used for stuffing cushions and pillows. It is brittle, elastic, and very inflammable. In India it is used in the manufacture of fireworks. In commerce it is known as "kapok," and was first brought to notice by the Dutch, who drew their supply from Java. It is now used in upholstery, and has the virtue of not becoming matted. References: Ceiba pent andra (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. 2: 244. t. 133. f. L 1791. Bombax pentandrum L. Sp. PI. 1: 511. 1753. Eriodendron anfraduosum DC. Prod. 1: 479. 1824. Cenchrus lappaceus. Same as CentotJieca lappacea. Cenizo (Spanisli). See Chenopodhim album. Centella asiatica. Indian pennywort. Family Apiaceae. Local names. — Yahon-yahon (Philippines); Tono (Samoa); Yerba de clavo (Porto Rico); Ovate-leaved marsh pennywort (United States). A perennial herb closely allied to Hydrocotyle, with prostrate stems, rooting and sending up tufts of long-petioled leaves at the nodes, together with 1 to 3 long-rayed umbellets of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Leaves not peltate, ovate, rather thick, rounded at apex, ))roadly cordate at l)ase, repand-dentate; pedicels much shorter than the leaves; undiellets cajjitate, 2 to 4-flowered, subtended by 2 ovate bracts; flowers pink, nearly sessile; fruit prominently ribbed and reticulated. A plant growing in wet shady places, widely spread in warm countries. In India «For the synonymy of this species see Notes on Ceiba, by James Britten and Edmund G. Baker, Journal of Botany, April, 1896. 2'2'2 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. the Iciivcs, wliicli arc hitU-r, aro toasted and given in infusion to children in bowel (■(iiiii)laiiits and fevers, ami tlie\- are ai)i)iied as a remedy for })ruises to check inllammation. On the .Malahar coast tlie plant is one of the remedies for leprosy, for which it is said to be an excellent specific." In southern Africa and in India it is used as an alterative to purify the y)lood. It is said to be of value in syphilitic and scrofulous affections. Kkkkhe.vces: Centella asiatim (L.) Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras. 11': 287. 1.S79. 1 1 ijdrocoliile (idatica Ij. Sp. PI. 1: 2.")4. 1753. Centotheca lappacea. Burgrass. Family I'oaceae. A tall perennial grass, with broadly lanceolate tessellately nerved leaves and a branched woody rootstock. Spikelets 1 or 2-flo\vered, secund on the long branches of a lax subsimple panicle, not jointed on the very short pedicels; rachilla jointed at the base of and Ijctween the flowering glumes; glumes 5, the emjjty pair oblong- ovate, keeled, 3 to 5-nerved, persistent; flowering glumes oblong, acute, dorsally rounded, 7-nerved, naked or the upper bearing above the middle soft, erect, -at length deflexed, tuberculate-based spines; palea shorter than the glume, its keels ciliolate; lodii'ules none; stamens 2 or 3, anthers short; styles free; grain ovoid, acute, terete, free. The leaves of this grass are 10 to 25 cm. long by about 3 cm. broad, many- nerved, glabrous or sparsely hairy, midrib oblique, sheath glabrous or hairy, ligule short, lacerate; panicle 20 to 25 cm. long and broad, branches smooth; spikelets 3.5 to H mm. long, green; rachilla scaberulous; palete often decurrent on the rachilla below the glume. The upper palea is rather firm, very sharply 2-keeled, and even at the time of flowering bow-shaped and bent outward. The species is of wide tropical distril)ution. It grows near the beach and in damp upland regions. It is an excellent fodder grass. It is common in central India and southward to Malacca, in the Andaman Islands and Ceylon, China, tropical Africa, and tbe Philippines. In the Pacific it has been collected in Samoa, Admiralty Islands, and the Caroline group. References: Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2:189. 1810. Cenchrm lapparem L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1488. 1763. Ceratopteris gaudichaudii. Same as Ceratopteris thalictroides. Ceratopteris thalictroides. Water fern. Local names. — Umug sensonyan (Guam); Midsu warabi (Japan). An aquatic fern with divided fronds, eaten in Guam as a salad and in Japan as a pot herb. The divisions of the fertile fronds are linear and much narrower than those of the sterile ones. References: Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brogn. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1821:186, pi [1]. 1821. Acrosticlivm thalictroides L. Sp. PI. 2: 1070. 1753. Cestrum nocturnum. Night-blooming oestrum. Family Solanaceae. Local names. — Dama de noche (Guam and Philippines); Galan de noche (Cuba). A glabrous shrub with greenish yellow tubular flowers which are very fragrant at night. Leaves alternate, entire, ovate or ovate-oblong, with a rather blunt point; racemes cymose, peduncled, exceeding the petiole; inferior pedicels often as long as the calyx; calyx 5-dentate, about one-third as long as the corolla-tube; teeth ovate, roundish, or deltoid; corolla-tube clavate, gradually tapering, glabrous; lobes ovate. «Drury, Useful Plants, India, p. 257. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 223 blunt; stamens 5, included, inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube; filaments longer than the anthers, puberulous Ijelow, entire, orljearing a tooth above the base; berry ovoid-oblong. The odor of the flowers is very penetrating. At a distance it resembles that of valerian, Ijut at close range it is rank antl overpowering, whence the name Vestruin, fofiidi.ssinuiii) applied to this species by Jacquin. This plant is of West Indian origin; it is widely cultivated in the Tropics. It was introduced into (juam many years ago from the Philippines. A large bush of it grows on each side of the door of the church at Agana, the odor from which at night is diffused over the greater part of the city. References: Oestrum nodurnum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 191. 1753. Oestrum pallidum. Inkberry. Local names. — Tintan-China, i. e., "Chinese-ink berry" (Guam). A glabrous shrub 1.5 to 2.5 meters high. Branches terete; leaves alternate, ellip- tical-oblong or oblong-ovate, blunt-pointed, petiolate, green above, paler beneath, glabrous, 5 to 10 cm. long by 3.5 cm. broad; racemes cymose, with rather long peduncles, axillary and terminal; flowers nearly sessile, small, about 12 mm. long; corolla tul)ular, clavate, the lobes very short, rounded, recurved; stamens 5 or 6, included, alternating with the corolla lobes, inserted near the tliroat, filaments usually about as long as the anthers; pistil 1, style long and slender, slightly exserted, stigma capitate; Iterry ovoid, fleshy, about the size of a poke berry, filled with purple juice, few-seeded; calyx camiianulate, 5-toothed, the teeth short and rounded, ciliolate. I am not (juite certain as to the identity of this plant. It corresponds very closely with the description given by Grisebach of CeMrwn pallidum Lam." In Guam the flowers are white. They are day-l)looming and have a slight fragrance of C. nodur- num. In DeCandolle's Prodromus it is stated that the berries are poisonous, but this is probal)ly a mistake, since they are an important article of food for the pigeons and other fruit-eating birds of Guam, by means of whicii the plant has been spread all over the island. It is of comparatively recent introduction. None of the early collectors mention it. The berries of the allied Cestrum lanatum of Mexico yield a black dye. References: Cestrum pallidum Lam. Encj^c. 1 : 688. 1783. Ceylon moss. See Gracilaria confervoides under Algse. Cha. The name in Guam for tea. Cha Cimarron (Philippines). See Ehretia microphylla. Chaca ((Tuam), Xeplirolepis acuta. See under Ferns. Chaetochloa glauca aurea. Golden foxtail. Family Poaceae. A pale-green, erect, annual grass, having a simple, dense, cylindrical, spike-like panicle. Spikelets articulated on very short pedicels, 1 or 2 flowered, ovate; glumes awnless; first empty glume short; flowering glume and palea obtuse, finally hard and shining or tranverselj' wrinkled; numerous involucral bristles under each spikelet. A cosmopolitan grass with flat leaves scabrous on the edges and often ciliate with a few long hairs, common in waste places and in the borders of cultivation; good for fodder. Collected in Guam by Lesson. References: Chaetochloa glauca aurea (Hochst. ). Setaria aurea Hochst. A. Br. Flora. 24: 276. 1841. Setaria glavca aurea K. Sch. in K. Sch. & Laut., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. in der Siidsee 180. 1901. o Grisebach, Flora of the British AVest Indies, p. 443, 1864. ' 224 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Chagua (Ciiiam). (u'luial name for "plant" in the vernacular of the island. Chaguan humatag ((niani). A sedge, Cypcr us rotund us. Chaguan lemae ((niani). A sedge, KylUngn vionocephala; so called from the fancied resemblance of its heads to miniature breadfruits (lemae). Chaguan-tais. See Halodide uninervis. Chara ((iiiain)- Sea jnirslane, Sesuvium portidncastruin. Chara fibrosa. See Aigx. Charcoal. The principal trees which furnish wood for making charcoal are the lemoncito ( Triphaitin Irifolinta) , the mangrove {Hhizophora mucronata), the adbau {Eugenia sp.), and an unidentified tree abundant on Orote Peninsula called "laldhag." Chavica betle. Same as Piper hetle. Chenopodiaceae. Goosefoot family. Tills family is represented in Guam by the two following species: Chenopodium album. Lambs-quarters. Family Chenopodiaceae. Local names. — Cenizo (Spanish); Quelites (Mexico); Kiletes (Guam). An erect herbaceous weed, with rhombic-ovate or lanceolate, dentate, sinuate, or lobed leaves; flowers small, green, sessile; spikes terminal or axillary, often panicled; calyx segments usually inclosing the utricle, strongly keeled in fruit; seed horizontal, black, shining, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a complete ring. Spread over the world in temperate and tropical regions, in Guam growing in waste places. The young shoots are cooked like spinach. References: Chenopodium album \j. Sp. PI. 1: 219. 1753. Chenopodium ambrosioides. Mexican tea. Family Chenopodiaceae. Local names.— Apasotes, Alapasotes, Pasotes (Guam, Philippines); Basote (Porto Rico); Epazote, Yepazotl (Mexico); Ambrosine, The du Mexique (France). An erect puberulous, aromatic plant. Stem angled; leaves alternate, short- petioled, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, sinuately toothed, the upper ones entire; flowers minute, in slender axillary clusters and terminal simple or panicled spikes; sepals inclosing the utricle; seed horizontal, smooth, shining, the margin obtuse. A species probably of Mexican origin, now widely spread over the warmer regions of the world. In Mexico a kind of tea is made of it. In France it is cultivated and is known as " the du Mexique." In Guam it is found in many gardens together with manzanilla ( Chri/santhemum indicum), hierlm de Santa Maria {Artemisia vulgaris) , anis {Foeniculum foenieulum), and hierba buena {Mentlia arvensis). References: Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PL 1 : 219. 1753. Cherry pepper. See Capsicum annuum cerasiforme. Chestnut, Polynesian. See Bocoa edulis. Chichitun ((iuam). Local name for Achyranlhes aspera. Chico (Guam, Philippines). Local name for the sapodilla {Sapota zapotilla)^ Chile or Sile (Philippines). See Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens. China dulce (Porto Rico). See Citrus aurantium sinensis. DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 225 China-berry tree. See Melia nzedarach. Chinese-ink berry. See Q'stnim jxtllidnm. Chocolate, chocolate bean or nut, chocolate tree. See Tlieobroma cacao. Chopag (Guam). One of the principal timber trees of the island, Ochrocarpus ohovalis. Chosgo iir Chosg-u (Guam). A small-sized euphorbiaceous tree, GlocMd'wn marianvm, yielding very strong wood which is used by the natives of Guam for making cart shafts. Chotda ( Guam) . Vernacular name for banana plant or green banana; the ripe fruit is called " aga." Chrysanthemum indicum. Indian Chrysanthemum. False camomile. Family Asteraceae. Local names.— Manzanilla (Guam, Philippines); Rosa de Japon (Philippines); Giil-daoonde, Giil daudi (Hindustan). This well-known cultivated plant is used medicinally by the natives of Guam, who, like the Filipinos, erroneously apply to it the Spanish name for camomile. It is a perennial composite with alternate, divided leaves and blooms during the cold season. Involucre hemispherical, composed of imbricated scales which are membranous at the edges; receptacle naked; pappus none. It was described by Padre Blanco in the first edition of his Flora de Filipinas (p. 631) under the name of matricaria choiiioiiiilht. The flowers in the form of an infusion are used as a remedy for intermittent fevers, and are valued by women as a remedy for hysteria and monthly irregularities. References: Chn/santhemum indicum L. Sp. PI. 2: 889. 1753. Chrysodium aureum. Same as Acrosfichum aureum. See under Ferns. Chrysopog-on aciculatus Trin. Same as Andropogon aciciUatus. Chupa (Guam). The vernacular name for tobacco. Chuti or Chiute (Guam). A shrub or small tree, having white gamopetalous flowers, referred by Gaudichaud to the Apocynaceae. Not identified. Cidra (Spanish). The Citron. See Citrus medica. The name is also sometimes incorrectly applied to large^ thick-skinned, citron-like shaddocks {Citrus decumana). Cinamomo (Guam, Philippines). The henna bush, Lawsonia inermis. Citron. See Citrus medica. Citronella oil. See Andropogon nardus. Citrullus citruUus. See Gardens. Citrus. Oranges. Citrons. Lemons. Limes. The existing classification of the fruits belonging to the genus Citrus is far from satisfactory. So many intergrading varieties of oranges, citrons, lemons, limes, pome- los, shaddocks, and their allies occur that it is difficult to delimit them and impossible to determine their origin. Thus the lemon, lime, and citron are by some authors con- sidered distinct species and by others subspecies or varieties of the same species [Citrus medica L. ). They are very different from one another and grow perfectly true to seed; so that, if they are simply varieties of the same species, they have probably developed under widely different conditions and in regions remote from one another. The cultivated forms of the true citron closely resemble the shaddock in their thick rind, while the acid lime, which is spherical in shape and smooth- skinned more nearly approaches the orange, differing radically from the lemon which resembles the typical citron in its oblong shape and in having a nipple at the 9773—05 15 226 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. apex of tho fruit. Tlie acid liiiu- (a fruit very distinct from the sweet lime, C. liiiieltd W. tt A.) lias been referred by lOnglerto CitruH hyKtrix DC, while Roxburgh « elafifities it together with the sour lemons of India under the general name Citrm acldd. Whattn'er may be tiie correct botanical names of the forms of this genus, it is cer- tain that the following fruits grow on the island of (xuam: 1. The wild orange, with saponaceous leaves and fruit, identical with the indig- enous " moli " of Samoa and Fiji. See Citrus (nirdutiitm xnpimdcea. 2. The cultivated sweet orange. See Citrua (mntntiitm .s/nez/.s-w. 3. The fragrant bergamot, which grows spontaneously on the island. See Citrus hergamid. 4. The tangerine orange, sparingly cultivated. See Citrits iiohilis. 5. The citron, the thick rind of which is preserved by the natives. See Citrus medira. 6. The lemon, of oval shape, and terminating in a nipple, called "limon real" by the natives of Guam. See Citni.t medim limon. 7. The acid lime, small, spliericiil, with a thin, smooth skin, called "limon " by the natives of Guam. See Citrixs hystrix acida. 8. The shaddock, which often grows to a great size. See Citrus decumana. For the citrus-like shrub called "lemoncito" see Triphada trifoliata. Citrus aurantium saponacea Safford, subsp. nov. Soap orange. Family Rutaceae. Local names. — Kahei, Kahet (Guam); Kah^l, Cah^l, Cajel (Philippines); Naranjo agrio, Naranjo cimarron (Spanish); Moli, Moli-vao (Samoa); Moli, Moli-kurukuru (Fiji). The wild orange of Guam is identical with the " moli " of Fiji and Samoa, and, as in those island groups, it is apparently indigenous or of prehistoric introduction. It is not edible. The saponaceous fruit is used by the natives of Guam not only for washing the hair, as in several other Pacific islands, but also as a substitute for soap in washing clothing. The macerated leaves also form a lather with water. They are fragrant, and may be used, as in Fiji, for washing the hair. Seemann ^ desig- nates this orange as Citrus ndgnris Risso, and says that it is called the "bitter or Seville orange " by the white settlers. It can not, however, be identical with the cultivated variety known under this name, which is identified with Citrus bigaradia Duhaniel, and called by Engler '' the subspecies amara of Citrus aurantium L. That recognized form, the pomeranze of the Germans, is the source of orange marma- lade and of the fragrant Neroli oil, so extensively used in perfumery. In noting the distribution of the subspecies amara Engler does not mention the islands of the Pacific Ocean; and in Schumann and Lauterbach '^ the species is not mentioned, though the authors are careful to note other plants occurring in the Marianne Islands, and they could not fail to know of the occurrence of an indigenous orange identical with that recorded by Seemann from Fiji and by Reinecke from Samoa. « The petioles of this wild orange are usually broadly winged and the leaves are aromatic. The fruit has very much the appearance of the cultivated sweet orange. « Flora Indica, vol. 3, p. 391 , 1832. & Flora Vitiensis, p. 32, 1865 to 1873, cNat. Pfianzenfamilien Teil 3, abt. 4, p. 198, 1896. (f Flora der deutschen Schntzgebiete in der Siidsee, 1901. « Citrus vulgaris Risso. Miichtige Biiume im Busch der Berge, Friichte mit fester, gelber Stihale, die nach ottom of wliirh is lovi-rotl witli sharj) projections aneraeeae. A leafy sedge with compressed two-edged culms; leaves (equitant) straddling, in two vertical ranks, linear, sword-shaped, rigid; peduncles bearing many sjiikelets, growing from the axils of the upper leaves in threes or more; jjanicle much branched; spikelets solitary, one-Howered; glumes few, disposed nearly in two vertical ranks, keeled, boat-shaped; hypogynous bristles or scales wanting; stamens 3, exserted; style 3-cleft, conically thickened at the base, silky-hirsute; achene sessile, bony, obovate-elliptical, obscurely 8-angled, beaked with the persistent silky-hirsute base of the style. This species was described by Gaudichaud from a specimen collected Ky liim in in the Marianne Islands in 1819. He says that it closely resembles in habit " F/h- ceittia ari(/nxtifoliit,'' oi Hawaii, and the structure of the spike scarcely differs from that of (iahnia. References: Cladium gaudicliaudii. Banmea mariscoides Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 417. 1826. Cladium mariscoides Villar in Blanco, Fl. Philipp. ed. 3. 4: Nov. App. 309. 1880. The genus Baumea has been merged by Hooker into that of Cladium on account of the affinities of certain Australian species with that genus. Hillebrand, writing on the Hawaiian species, thinks that Baumea and Vineentia might well be joined, but that both ought to stand apart from Cladium. The treatment here followed, however, is that of Hooker and other recent authors, but the transfer of Baumea mariscoides to Cladium necessitates a change in the specific name in order not to con- flict with the name of another plant, Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Cladium mariscoides F. Villar. Same as Cladium gaudichaudii. Claoxylon marianum. Claoxylon. Faiuily Euphorbiaceae. Local names. — Panao (Guam). A handsome tree having loose axillary racemes of small dioecious flowers, followed by 3-coccous capsules. Branches rather stout, terete, smooth, densely leafy; leaves alternate, petioles firm, glabrous, 2 to 3 times shorter than the blade (3 to 5.5 cm. ); blade membranous, opaque, olivaceous, scaberrulous, when young sparingly ap- pressed-pubescent and dark violet, oblong-elliptical, shortly cuspidate-acuminate or somewhat obtuse, with the base acute or subobtuse (8 to 16 cm. long, 42 to 9 cm. broad), margin distantly and obtusely denticulate, secondary nerves 7 to 10 on each side of the midrib, transverse veins broadly reticulate, the smaller ones not conspicu- ous; inflorescence sparingly appressed-pubescent, of a waxy texture, bluish-green; racemes of moderate length, with fascicles growing from axils of bracts; male flowers with about 25 stamens, filaments distinct, anthers rather broad, 2-celled, erect, adnate to the top of the filament; pistillode absent; perianth divisions normally 3, valvate in bud; female flowers with perianth divisions petal-like; ovary 3-celled, styles 3, free at the base, not bifid, lacerately stigmatose. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 231 This tree was first described from specimens collected by Gaudichaud in Guam. It closely resembles the manono, or anei, of Tahiti (Claoxi/loii imteAine). References: Claoxylon marianwm Muell. Arg. in DC. Prod. 15^: 783. 1866. Clavellina (Porto Rico). See Foinciana puMierriina. Cleome viscosa. Spider-flowek. Family Capi^aridaceae. Local names. — Mongos imloma (Guam). A common weet, for want of the knowledge of the benefit which it may produce. And 'tis partly for the sake of my Country-men, in our A)))erican Planta- tions, that I have spoken so largely of it. For the hot Climates there are a very proper soil for it; and indeed it is so hardy, both in raising it, and when grown, that it will thrive as well in dry sandy ground as in rich land. I have found them grow- ing very well in low sandy Islands (on the West of Sumatra) that are over-flowed with the Sea every Spring-tide; and though the Nuts there are not very big, yet this is no loss, for the Kernel is thick and sweet; and the Milk, or Water, in the inside is more pleasant and sweet than of the Nuts that grow in rich ground, which are commonly large indeed, but not very sweet. These at Guam grow in dry ground, are of middle size, and I think the sweetest that I did ever taste, b «See Lyon, The cocoanut, etc.. Bureau of Agr. [Philippines], Bull. No. 8, 1903. 6 Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World, ed. 6, pp. 291-296, 1717. COCOS NUCIFEKA. 285 In the vernacular of the island a different name is applied to the coconut for every stage of its development: Niyog, etymologically identical with its name throughout Polynesia, is its general designation. Dadig, a young coconut the size of a betel nut. Aplog, a young coconut in which water has begun to form. Manha, a" coconut full of water fit for drinking, called by the Spaniards "coco- nuulo." Mason, a coconut not quite ripe. Gafo, a coconut perfectly ripe. Pontan, a coconut which has fallen to the ground. Nag-ao, a coconut in which the water has become entirely al^sorbed. Jaig-iie, or Haigue, a coconut which has sprouted (pronounced very much like "highway"). Cancidn, a variety of which the young nut has a sweet edible rind. From experiments conducted by Kirkwood and Gies « it was found that the fresh meat contains 35 to 40 per cent of oil, 10 per cent of carbohydrate, only 3 per cent of proteid, 1 per cent of inorganic matter, and nearly 50 per cent of water. The chief constituent of the "milk" of the central cavity, aside froiu w^ter (of which there is 95 per cent), is sugar. The meat of the ripe coconut, though agreeable to the taste, is seldom eaten by the Pacific islanders. It is fed to domestic animals of all kinds, even to cats and dogs, and is very fattening. In Guam it is rasped or grated and fed to chickens, but they do not lay so well when living upon a coconut diet as when fed with corn. From the grated meat a rich custard, or "cream," is expressed, which is extensively used throughout Polynesia as an ingredient for native dishes. One of the most savory of these, in which it is cooked with tender young leaves of Caladium colocasia, is in Samoa called "palu-sami." This cream contains much oil, as well as carbohydrate and proteid, and is consequently very nourishing as well as pleasant to the taste. In Guam the natives combine it with rice in various forms, and sometimes prepare it like a simple custard. It makes an excellent broth when boiled with a fowl or with other meat, and in the early days of long voyages nuts were carried to sea and used by the sailors for making rice-milk, a dish which they had learned from the natives to prepare. '^ The water contained in the central cavity, though " sweetest and briskest" when the nut is almost ripe, as described by Dampier, is at that stage unwholesome, and can be drunk only sparingly, as it is strongly diuretic and is apt to produce an irrita- tion of the t>ladder and urethra. The milk of young nuts, on the contrary, is harm- less. On some islands it is the only beverage of the natives. From personal experience the writer can testify to its refreshing, grateful properties, and to a continued use of it throughout his stay in the island without disagreeable consequences of any kind. On tlie other hand, a number of cases came under his observation of the evil effects of drinking the milk of ripe coconuts. Immoderate use of the fruit is said to cause rheumatic and other diseases. <' This applies, in all probability, to the ripe nut, which the writer has never seen used as a food staple. The soft pulp of the young nuts, which furnish the natives with drink, is very delicate and is eaten like blanc- mange, with sugar and cream. The i)rincipal way of preparing the meat of the ripe nut for food is to grate it and combine it with sugar for sweetmeats and with custard for making cakes and otliei- kinds of pastry. Another use to which the natives of Guam apply the meat of the coconut is the fattening of the "robber crab" {Birgus latro), which they keep in captivity «until fit for the table. It has often been asserted that this singular animal climbs trees in quest of coconuts, detaches them with his claws, « Chemical Studies of theCocoanut, Bull. TorreyBot. Club, vol. 29, pp. 321 ff., 1902. f' Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World, p. 294. c Gies, Nutritive value and uses of the cocoanut, Journ. N. Y. Bot.Gard., vol. 3, p. 169, 1892. 230 USEFUL PLANT8 OF GUAM. letting tlu'iii drop to the ground, and 'then proceeds to tear off the husk and open them. Oil making inquiries among the natives, I was unable to find anyone who had seen an "ayuyu" cHmb a tree, but was told that the animal feeds ui)on nuts which have already fallen. It can not open a nut unassisted, but if an opening has been started it will succeed in getting at the kernel. Crab hunters carry coconuts to the sites frequented by the "ayuyu," and, after having made an incijuent opening in each nut, leave it as bait. A crab soon discovers it, and is caught while engaged in opening it. The primitive way of making coconut oil is to rasp the fresh or dry kernel into a pulp, macerate it in a little water, place it in ))ags, and subject it to pressure. The expressed juice is cooked and the clear oil which collects on the surface is skimmed off. The kernel may be boiled before it is rasped or grated. In Guam the rasp used consists of a flat iron blade set in a wooden footstool. The best oil is prepared from fresh kernels and is used in cooking. It is at first odorless, and with a slight flavor which is agreeable to the taste. It soon turns rancid, however, and in this condition is unfit for food. Coconut oil is perfumed by macerating in it the blossoms of the ilangilang {Canangium odoratiun) or other fragrant flowers or substances. In the South Seas the natives, though preferring fresh and perfumed oil for anointing the head and body, do not hesitate to make use of rancid oil for these purposes. In Samoa certain kinds of tapa, or bark cloth, are always treated with oil before they are suitable for wearing as clothing, so that to those who have cruised among the islands of the Pacific the smell of rancid coconut oil always brings to the mind visions of brown-skinned natives and thatch-roofed huts nestling beneath groves of coconut palms. The natives of Guam still use coconut oil for anointing the hair; but with the custom of wearing clothes that of anointing the body has died out, and the oil is used only for massaging the body in case of sickness. Though the use of petroleum is now general on the island, coconut oil is still sometimes used for illuminating. Until recently certain people paid their taxes partly in oil, which was used for light- ing the tribunal. Nearly every house on the island has its little shrine, where before the patron saint a lamp of coconut oil is always kept burning. This lamp consists of an ordinary drinking glass half filled with water, upon which the oil is poured. A wick projecting from a float is fed by the oil, and the water keeps the glass cool. In many of the Pacific islands the shell and the fiber of the husk play an impor- tant part in the dailj' economy of the inhabitants. In Samoa coconut shells are the only water vessels of the natives, and are used as vessels for oil. The open eye serves as an orifice, and a small grommet is passed through the other two eyes bj^ which the nut is suspended. To remove the kernel, the natives, after having poured out the water through the open eye, immerse the nut in the sea, where the kernel soon putrefies and is eaten up by marine animals. It is then thoroughly cleansed and the outside is frequently polished. Both in Samoa and Hawaii the shells are made into cups, in which kava is served." These are often highly polished and become lined with a beautiful pearly enamel from the deposit gradually made by the kava. In many islands the natives also make spoons, dishes, beads, and finger rings of coco- nut shell, and use broken shells for keeping up the fires in their houses by night. In Guam the shells are not much used, joints of bamboo taking their place as water vessels. No use is made of the fiber in Guam, while in Samoa it is used universally to lash together the framework of native houses and the parts of canoes. At every council in Samoa the chiefs may be seen sitting in a large circle, each one engaged in braiding sinnet of coconut fiber; and it is only necessary to refer to a dictionary of the Samoan language to realize how important a part is played by "afa," as the sin- net is called, in the economy of the natives. Thus we have the word used to signify « An infusion of the roots of the kava pepper {Piper methysticum) . COCOS NUCIFERA. 237 "to be fit only for plaitingr pinnet," as applied to a rainy day; "to be neither too old nor too young," as applied to coconuts tit for making sinnet; "afa-afai," a verb signifying " to wind sinnet around the handle of a weapon to prevent it from slipping; " "afa-pala," "sinnet stained black by steeping it in the black mud of a swamp;" ' ' afata ai, " " a large roll of sinnet. " « In every native house of Samoa there are large rolls of sinnet, and these are used in part as currency in paying a housebuilder, a canoe maker, or a tatooer for his work. Together with their fine mats they may be said to constitute the capital of the Samoans. In Guam in place of coconut sinnet the natives use the leaves of the "aggag" {Pandanus tectorius) for lashing together the framework of their houses, fences, and the like. TODDY. The custom of making a fermented drink from the sap of the coconut palm, of which the Polynesians are ignorant, was introduced into Guam by the Filipinos brought by the Spaniards to assist in reducing the natives. Before the arrival of the Spaniards the aborigines had no intoxicating drink. The spathe of the young inflorescence is wrapped with strips of the green leaf to prevent its bursting and allowing the branches of the spadix to spread. The tip of the flower cluster is then sliced off with a sharp knife and gently curved, so that the sap may bleed into till' joint of bamboo hung to receive it. This sap is collected at regular intervals, usually every morning and evening, and i)Oured into a large bamboo, all of the septa but the lowest of which have been removed. The sap flows most freely at night. When the flow of sap becomes reduced owing to the healing of the wound, another thin slice is cut off the tip, and the flow of the sap begins afresh. Toddy, or "tuba," as this liquid is called in Guam, is very much like cider in taste and con- sistency. At first it is sweet and maj' be converted into sirup or sugar by boiling, but it soon begins to ferment and acquires a sharp taste, somewhat like hard cider, which is verj' agreeable if the receptacle has been kept thoroughly clean and free from insects. The natives, however, are apt to be careless and do not cleanse the bamboos each time they are emptied, so that the tuba is apt to have an offensive odor and flavor from putrefying organic matter. Care is taken in gathering the tuba not to spill it on the leaves and flower clusters of the tree, as this invites the attacks of insects. In some countries it is customary to coat the inner surface of the receptacles with whitewash of lime to prevent fermentation if the tuba is intended for sugar making. If tuba is desired for drinking purposes, the bamboo receptacles should be scalded out daily. The natives of Guam use fermenting tuba for yeast in making bread. This is made from imported wheat flour, and is snowy white and light. If the fermentation goes on unchecked the tuba is converted into vinegar, which is of an excellent quality. Under the usual conditions after having fermented four hours, tuba contains sufficient alcohol to be intoxicating. AGUARDIENTE. From the fermented liquid a kind of rum is distilled, called "aguayente" (aguar- diente) by the natives of (Tuani and "arak" in the East Indies. The distilling of aguayente was the only industry in Guam up to the time of the American occupation. It has been prohibited by an oflicial order on account of its evil effects upon our men. By double distillation almost pure alcohol was obtained. Good aguayente compares very favorably with 3Iexican mescal, and tuba is far more agreeable to the taste of the uninitiated than pulque, the fermented saj) of Agave. Aguayente was seldom drunk to excess by the natives of Guam, but according to Padre Blanco its immoder- ate use by the Filipinos caused great hai-m, resulting in sleeplessness, loss of appetite, premature old age, extraordinary obesity, and diseases resembling dropsy and scurvy a Pratt, Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, ed. 3, p. 65, 1893. 238 USEFUL PLANTS (>F GUAM. Some of those who are addicted to it lose their intellectual faculties, are seized with treiuhliu);, or become stupid, absent-minded, or even insane." SiiiAH. — In making sujrur tiie fresh tuba is poured into kettles, beneath which afire is kept burninfT, dried fronds, husks, and shells of coconuts being useci for fuel, as well as mangrove and other hard woods. The sap soon turns brown and becomes thicker anil thicker, until it assumes a semiviscid consistency, forming what is in the East Indies known as "jaggery"— a kind of coar.se, moist, brown sugar. If the jag- gery is allowed to drain in baskets the more fluid part will drain into pans placed to receive it, in the form of sirup or molasses. The remaining sugar is dried and the lumps broken up. In this form, combined with grated coconut meat, it i-in be made into sweetmeats. Coconut sugar is not made so extensively in Guam at the present time as formerly, liefore copra was in such great demand; but there are natives who still make it rather than buy imported sugar from the stores, and many families use the sirup ("almibar de tuba dulce'') in their daily economy. LEAVES. The roofs in the majority of houses in Guam (PI. xx) are thatched with coconut leaves (higae). These are split down the midrib, the two halves placed together end for end, and the leaflets liraided diagonally. Long mats are woven (pupung) to cover the ridge of the roof, and secured in place by wooden pins passing through them below the ridgepole and projecting on each side. The higae are thoroughly dried before being lashed to the roof timbers. The pupung are put on green. Coconut thatch is not so durable as that of the nipa palm; a roof of coconut leaves lasting but four years, while one of nipa will last from ten to twelve. Neti thatch lasts even longer, b In Samoa the sides of the houses are inclosed by coarse Venetian blinds made of coconut-leaf mats, which may l)e triced up or lowered at will. In Guam the walls of the houses are stationary and are sometimes composed of woven reeds (saguale) of Trichoon roxburghii (PI. XX), which are also used for ceilings and partitions. Coconut leaves are not sufficiently durable for this purpose. Baskets made of them are only serviceable when fresh, becoming dry and brittle in a few days. The whole leaves are used to keep the thatch from blowing in windy weather, by tying the tips together and allowing the heavy petioles to hang suspended over the ridge. In Samoa, though the houses of the natives are thatched with wild sugar cane, coconut leaves are always used for the side mats. The ribs of the leaflets are slender, strong, and somewhat elastic. They are fre- quently tied in bunches and used as brooms for sweeping about the fireplaces and ovens, and in Samoa are used as forks in eating. Indeed, in those islands the word "tua-niu" (coconut leaflet rib) is applied to forks in general, and is also used for wire and as the name of certain pinnate ferns which have a slender stiff midrib. Skewers, knitting needles, and toothpicks are also made of tua-niu, and in the early days the oily kernels of the nuts of Aleurites moluccana were strung on them, like pieces of meat on a brochette, and served the Samoans and other Polynesians as can- dles. On many of the Pacific islands tua-niu, neatly smoothed and pointed, were made into combs both for use and for ornament. Throughout Polynesia dry coconut leaves are used as torches. It is a common occurrence when a boat is attempting a landing by night for the natives on shore to indicate the passage through the reef by holding up a burning coconut leaf; and on making a trip over a stony or difl&cult path after dark the traveler is preceded by a guide with a supply of these leaves, one after another of which he lights, as may be necessary. The natives of Guam often use these improvised torches for burning wasps' nests, with which the thickets of the island are infested. « Blanco, Flora de Filipinas. Gran Edicion, vol. 3, p. 122, 1879. ^See Nypafruticans and Xipheagrostis floridula. COCOS NUCIFERA. 239 ROOT, CABBAGE, ETC. In some countries the root is occasionally used instead of Areca nut by betel chewers, but in Guam, where the betel-palm grows spontaneously, there is never a dearth of nuts. The terminal bud, or "cabbage," like that of many other palms, is edible; but as the removal of the bud kills the tree, the natives of Guam indulge themselves in eating it only on occasions of festivity, when they prepare it as a kind of cabbage or raw salad. They either select for this purpose a tree which is comparatively sterile or one which too closely crowds a neighbor. The flowers of the coconut are frequented by several insectivorous birds, especially by "egige" {Mijzomela ruhratra), a pretty little red and black honey eater, with a slender, curved beak and a cleft, brush-tipped tongue. When the tree dies its crown is a favorite nesting place for the Guam starling, Aplonis httlitzi, a bird with glossy black plumage, called "sali" by the natives. This bird also frequents the flowering spathes in quest of insects. WOOD. In many islands of Polynesia the strong elastic trunks of old coconut palms are used to bridge streams. For tliis purpose usually sterile trees are used. In com- merce the wood is known under the name of "porcupine wood." It is hard, hand- some, and durable, and is used for many purposes, for furniture, cabinetwork, walking sticks, and esiiecially for veneering. « In Guam the wood is used only for burning in limekilns. COPRA. From a commercial point of view the coconut is the most important product of Polynesia. Its dried meat, called "copra" or " coprac," is the only articleof export from Guam. From this island the greater part goes to Japan. A hundred trees may be expected under favoral)le conditions to yield from 25 to 30 quintals per year. For every ounce of it there is a ready market, and traders vie with one another to secure their crops from the natives by advancing them goods or money l^eforehand. The current price is 4 pesos per quintal (102 English pounds). The nuts when fully ripe are split open and allowed to dry for a short while. Then the kernel is cut out and dried in the sun either on mats or on raised platforms. It is easily transported on the backs of animals or in carts and shipped in bulk by the traders. There are two regular harvests of copra per year, the principal one of which is in April, May, or June. If cocoanut oil Avere manufactured by the natives, great difficulty would attend its transportation, as the only receptacles on the island are bamboo joints and "tinajas," or earthenware jars, from Japan and China. There is not a cooper on the island, and the leakiness of barrels containing oil is proverbial. Another reason for transporting the product of the nut in the form of copra is the economic value of the refuse remaining after the oil is extracted. For a description of the methods followed in Samoa in cultivating the coconut on an extensive scale and of preparing copra by means of drying apparatus, so that it remains perfectly white, assumes a hard, brittle consistency, and is free from ran- cidity, the reader is referred to Doctor Reinecke's work on Samoa, ^ extracts from which have been published in the Journal d' Agriculture Tropicale in 1903 and 1904. PRODUCTS. Copra is used extensively in France, Germany, Spain, and England, chiefly in soap making, but also in the manufacture of certain food products resembling butter. This "cocoa butter," or "cocoaline," should not be confounded with the "cocoa «See Shortt, Monograph on the Cocoanut Palm, 1888. ^See list of works. 240 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. hiittt-r" niatlo from racan (Throhromd rarno), the source of chocolate, Avhich is also an iiiii>orlaiit coniiiiercial i-nxhict." The process of inanufactiin^ of coconut l)utter has been kept secret. The main diiliculties to overcome were the tendency to ran- cidity of tlie fat and its liquid consistency. The credit for carrying on experiments which iinally led to success is due to the firm of Rocca, Tassy & de Ilf)ux, of Mar- seille, who have also erected a plant in Hand)urg. Magnan Freres have more recently succeeded in making a satisfactory butter by independent experiments, and some German houses are now doing the samc^ thing. "The effort to extract an edible grease fnjm an oil produced upon so vast a scale and formerly available only for the manufacture of soap gave promise of valuable returns if successful; and that this promise was not delusive may be judged from the circnnistance that the factory of Rocca, Tassy 40 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. stninjr into rosaries and, accordinfj to Padre Blanco/' yield a nutritions flour, which is fed U^ convalescents. In Japan they are pounded in a mortar and cleaned and used as meal and mochi. An infusion of the parched and ground grains, called "kosen" by the Japanese, is used instead of tea. ^ References: Ciii.r huTi/ma-jobi L. Sp. PI. 2: 972. 1753. Colales or Kulalis (Guam). See Adenanlhera paronina. Colales (Kulalis) halom-tano (Guam). See Abrus abrus. Cold or Sold (Piiilippines). See Artocarpiis communis. Colocasia antiquorum. See Caladium colocasia. Colubrina asiatica. Family Kliamnaceae. Local names. — Gasoso (Guam); Kabatiti, Uatitik (Philippines); Fisoa (Samoa); Vuso levu (Fiji: " nuich-foam " ) ; Tutu (Tahiti). A glal)rous shrub with alternate leaves and axillary clnstersof small greenish flow- ers having a fleshy disk in the calyx tube, suggesting the genus Euonymus or Cean- othus. Leaves 5 cm. long })y 2.5 cm. Avide, ovate, subacuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, membranous, 3-nerved at the base, the midrib pinnately branched; flowers growing in very short axillary cymes; calyx 5-parted, tul)e hemispherical; petals 5, clawed, springing from the margin of the disk, hooded; stamens 5; disk fleshy, filling the calyx tube; ovary sunk in the disk and confluent with it, 3-celled, the cells 1-seeded, tardily dehiscent. This plant is widely spread in Poh'nesia and is found in India, Ceylon, Java, Bor- neo, New Guinea, Australia, and southwest Africa. InSamoaandinFiji the leaves are used for washing. They form a lather in water like soap. The vernacular name in Fiji signifies "much lather" or "big foam." The special use to which it is devoted in Samoa is the cleansing and bleaching of the white shaggy mats which the natives make of the fiber of an urticaceous plant, Ci/pholophus macrocepJtalus. The natives of Guam do not make use of it except for medicine, nor is it included by Watt in his list of the useful plants of India. References: Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. Ann. Sc. Nat. I. 10: 369. 1827. Ceanothus asiaticus L. Sp. PI. 1: 196. 1753. Combretaceae. Myrobalax family. This family is represented in Guam 1)y the Malabar almond (Terminalia catuppa) ami the red-flowered mangrove {Lumnitzera littorea). Commelinaceae. To this family belong Commelina bengJialensis and Commelina nudiflora, creeping plants with small 3-petaled blue flowers from spathe-like bracts, and Zygomenes cris- Idtd, with scorpioid cymes of blue flowers inclosed in large falcate, imbricating bracts. Commelina beng-halensis. Dewflower. Dayflower. Family Commelinaceae. Local names. — Anagtilide azul (Spanish); Aligbafigon (Philippines). A pubescent plant with stems 60 to 90 cm. long, dichotomously branched from the base upward, creeping and rooting below; leaves short-jietioled, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. by 1 to 3.5 cm., ovate or oblong, obtuse, pubescent or villous on both surfaces, unequal at base, cordate, rounded, or cuneate, the veins subparallel, 7 to 11 pairs; inflores- cence inclosed in a spathe; spathes 1 to 3 together, short-peduncled, funnel-shaped or top-shaped, auricled on one side, pubescent or hirsute; upper cyme branched, 2 or 3-flowered, lower 1 or 2-flowered or without flowers; sepals 3, small, oblong, « Flora de Filipinas, 689. 1837. 6 Agriculture Society of Japan, Useful Plants of Japan, p. 5. 1895. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 247 pubescent; petals 3, two large, orbicular or transversely oblong, clawed, the third smaller, subsessile; stamens 3, hypogynous, filaments slender, naked; anthers oblong, one larger than the others; staminodes 2 or 3, like the stamens, but with deformed cruciform anthers; ovary 3-celled, 2 cells 2-ovuled, one 1-ovuled; capsule 6 mm. long, hidden in the spathe by the decurving of the pedicel after flowering, pyriform, membranous, 5-seeded; seeds oblong, closely pitted. Common, growing among grass; flowers bright blue, emerging from the spathe one by one. Widely spread in trojiical Asia and Africa. Called in the PhiUppines by the Spanish name "anagdlide azul." Referenxes: Commelina benglialeDsis L. Sp. PI. 1:41. 1753. Commelina nudiflora. Dewflower. Dayflower. Local names. — Anagalide azul (Spanish); Aligbafigon (Philippines). Similar to the preceding, but with the flower spathes ovate or ovate-lanceolate and acute; branches prostrate or subscandent, rooting at the rather distant nodes, tips ascending; leaves 3.5 to 7.5 by 1 to 1.5 cm.; sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous or puberulous, ciliate, sheath 1 to 2.5 cm. long, loose, glabrous; spathes glabrous or pubescent, base cordate, lobes rounded; cymes 1 to few-flowered, shortly pedicelled; flowers 1 to 1.5 cm. broad; two larger petals orbicular or cordate, third petal smaller subsessile; ovary 3-celled; capsule 6 mm. long, broadly oblong, acuminate, coriaceous, 5-seeded; seeds oblong-cylindric, tubercled and reticulate brown. A low weed growing in damp places among the grass; good forage; flowers of a bright cobalt blue. References: Commelina nudiflora L. Sp. PI. 1: 41. 1753. Compositae. See Asteraceae. Condol or Condor (Guam). Local name for the wax gourd, Benincasa cerifera. Condol (Philippines). Name applied to several kinds of squash (Cucurbita). Conferva. See under Algss. Convolvulaceae. Morning-glory family. Among the Convolvulaceae growing on the island of Guam are the indigenous " alalag" {Argyreia. tiliaefoUa) , the lavender-colored flowers of which, called " abubo," are strung into necklaces by children; Ipomoea choisiana, a trailing plant with deeply cordate, denticulate leaves and purple flowers, growing on the strand and reappearing in the upper sabanas; Ipomoea pes-caprae, the "goat's-foot convolvulus," a plant with purple flowers and fleshy leaves notched at the apex growing on sandy beaches; Ipomoea mariannensis, with purple flowers; the "fofgu," with blue flowers, which turn purple in drying {Ipomoea congesta and Pliarhitis hederacea), and the white- flowered OpercuUna peltata. Among the introduced species are several varieties of the sweet potato {Ipomoea batatas) from Hawaii and from tropical America, and the common cypress vine {Quamoclit quamodit), called by the natives "angel's hair'- (cal>eIlo del angel), which has escaped from cultivation and grows in open places. Convolvulus batatas L. Same as Ipomoea batatas. Convolvulus coeruleus Spreng. Same as Pharbitis hederacea. Convolvulus congestus Spreng. Same as Ipomoea congesta. Convolvulus denticulatus Desr. Same as Ipomoea choisiana. Convolvulus hederaceus L. Same as Pharbitis hederacea. Convolvulus mariannensis Gaud. Same as Ipomoea mariannensis. 248 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Convolvulus nil L. >^-Mno rs Pharhili.s liederacea. Convolvulus maritinius Desr. Same as Ipomoea pes-caprae. Convolvulus peltatus L. Same as Operculina peltata. Convolvulus pes-caprae L. Same as Ipomoea pes-caprae. Convolvulus tiliaefolius Desr. Same as Argyreia tiliaefolia. Convolvulus trilobatus Gaud. Same as Ipomoea congesfa and Ipomoea mariannensis. Coquillo (Panama). See Jatropha curcas. Coraceae. See under Lichenes. Coral plant. See Jatropha muUifida. Coral tree, East Indian. See Erythrina indica. Coral-bead vine. See Abrus abrus. Coral-bean tree. See Adenanthera pavonina. Coralillo (Cuba). See Antigonon leptopus. Corallopsis. See under Alga'.. Corazon (Porto Rico). See Annona reticulata. Corchorus. Broomweed. Family Tiliaceae. Local names. — Masigsig lahe ( Guam) . Corchorus iomentosus, a plant of Japanese origin, was included in Gaudichaud's list of Guam plants, but the name probably refers to Trhimfetta tomentosa, or some allied species of that genus. Corchorus differs from Triumfetta in having its fruit in the form of a 2 to 5-celled capsule, the fruit of Triumfetta being indehiscent and spiny. Flowers 1 to 3 together, small, yellow, opposite the leaves; sepals 5, distinct; petals 5, distinct; stamens numerous, distinct; ovary 2 to 5-celled, with numerous ovules; capsule loculicidal, 2 to 5-valved, with numerous seeds. C. acutangulus, having the capsule elongated, glabrous, strongly 3-winged and 6-angled, leaves ovate, rounded at base, acute, serrate, the 2 lowest teeth often prolonged into filiform tails, is a wide- spread tropical weed, found in the Solomon Islands and, possibly, in Guam. C. tor- resiarms, collected by Gaudichaud on Rota, the island next to Guam, is not further known, and may prove to be identical with some other species. Cordia subcordata. Kou. Family Boraginaceae. Local names. — Banalo (Philippines); Kou (Hawaiian Islands); Tou (Tahiti, Rarotonga, Marquesas); Nawanawa (Fiji); Tauanave (Samoa); Ikoik (Carolines). A tree growing near the coast with large ovate leaves and orange or reddish funnel-shai>ed flowers. Leaves alternate, petioled, 7.5 to 15 cm. long, obscurely 3-nerved, base rounded or subcordate, glabrous; flowers in short terminal and lateral few-flowered corymbs, nearh' glabrous, polygamous; hermaphrodite corymbs fewer- flowered than the male; calyx 12.5 mm. long, 3 to 6-parted, the teeth short, triangu- lar, villous within; corolla tube 1.5 cm. long, 5 to 7-lobed, one lobe external, the lobes 15 nun. long, rounded; stamens usually 6; anthers shortly exserted; ovary 4-celled, glal)rous; style terminal, long, 2-parted, its branches again 2-parted, linear- spathulate; cells 1-ovuled; fruit an ellipsoid, acute, usually 1-seeded drupe, 2.5 cm. long; seed coarsely nuiricate, subspinose. Not common in ( !nam, several trees growing near the village of Agat. In Hawaii it is called "kou," etyniolofrically the same as "tou" of Tahiti. Tlie wood is rather soft, but durable. It is iiuicli prized l)y the natives of Hawaii, who make of it cups and poi calabashes, showing wavy bands of light and dark color when polished. The DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 249 species ranges from the East Indies, Zanzibar, and Madagascar across the Pacific to Hawaii. Doctor Hillebrand thinks that its distribution throughout Polynesia has been due to human agency. « References: Cordia subrordata Lam. Illustr. 1:421. no. 1899. 1791. Cordyline hyacinthoides. Bow-string hemp. Family Liliaceae. Local names. — Tigre (Guam, Philippines) A stemless plant with succulent, thick, fibrous, sword-shaped leaves, having a sheathing base and a straight spine at the apex. It takes its local name from the variegated coloration of the leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish-white, disposed in the form of a raceme rising from the center. The leaves yield an excellent, soft, silky, elastic fiber, from which in ancient times the Hindus made their bowstrings. In Guam the plant is cultivated for ornament, many of the natives having it growing in their gardens and in pots, but not other- wise utilized. In 3Ianila a double line of it borders the walk approaching the palace. References: Cordyline hyacinthoides ( L. ) Aloe hyacinthoides L. Sp. PI. 1: 321. 1753. Aloe hyaciidlioides zpylanica L. Sp. PI. 1: 321. 1753. Aletris hyacinthoides zeylanica L. Sp. PL ed. 2. 1: 456. 1762. Sanseviera zeylanica Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 159. 1799. The earliest post-Linnjean use of the name Cordyline was by Adanson, Fam. PL 2: 54, 543. 1763, who gives Royen as the authority for the name, l)ut apparently does not use it in the same sense in which it was employed by that author. Royen included in his genus Cordyline two species of the Linntean genus Yucca and a third cited by Linnaeus under the latter' s Asparagus draco, while the specific references given by Adanson, "Katukapel, H. M. 11: t. 42, Aloe Comm. H. 2. t. 20, 26, Pluk. t. 256. f. 5., and Lin. Sp. 321. No. 4.," are associable by citation with the species named by Linufeus Aloe hyacinthoides, or with one of its subspecies. The modern use of the name, however, appears to be in the sense in which it was mentioned by Jussieu, Gen. PL 41. 1789, and does not include any of the species included in it by either Royen or Adanson. "Cordyline" is accordingly here used as the name of the genus for which it was first properly published after 1753. — W. F. Wight. Cordyline terminalis Kunth. See Taetsia terminalis. Corkwood. See Pariti tiliaceum. Cormig-onus mariannensis. Torchwood. Family Rubiaceae. Local names. — Gdusali (Guam). A small tree growing in rocky places, and especially abundant on the Peninsula of Orote and the island of Apapa, bearing a profusion of white trumpet-shaped flowers, appearing from a distance somewhat like morning-glories, but 4-parted. The wood ignites easily and is used for torches. References: Cormigoniis mariannense (Brongn.) Bikkia mariannensiti Brongn. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 13: 42. 1866. The name Cormigonus Raf. 1820 is several years earlier than Bikkia. Coromandel gooseberry. See Averrhoa caramhola. Cotorrera (Porto Rico). See Heliotropum indicum. Cotorrera de la playa (Porto Rico). See Heliotropum curassavicum. Cotton. See Gossypium arboreum and G. barbadense. « Flora, Hawaiian Islands, p. 321, 1888. 250 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Cotton-tree, silk. See C'eiba pentandra. Cowhage nr Cowitch plant. See Slizolohium pruriens. Cowpea, twining (United States). See Vignu sinensis. Crab's-eye seeds (West Indies). See Abrus abrus. Cracca mariana. Goat's-rue. Family Fabareae. All iiiHler.sliriil). Stem erect, terete, villous; leaves pinnate, with 4 pairs of leaflets, sessile; leaflets oblong, smooth above, silky-silvery beneath; stipules lanceolate, elongate, hairy; axillary flowers close together, subsessile, the terminal ones sub- racemose; jxxls narrow, upright, velvety-hairy, 10 to 12-.seeded. Type specimen from Marianne Islands, its leaflets nearly 5 cm. long by 8 to 12 mm. wide. Flowers not observed. References: Cracca mariana (DC.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 175. 1891. Tcphrosia mariana DC. Prod. 2: 253. 1825. Crape myrtle. See Lagerstroemia indica. Crescentia alata. Crossleaf. Calabash tree. Family Bignoniaceae. Local na.mes. — Hikara (Guam); Jicara (Spanish, Mexico); Hojacruz (Manila); Xicali (Aztec). A small tree with many wide-spreading branches and trifoliolate leaves with winged i)etiole, bearing gourd-like fruit upon the trunk and larger limbs. Branches angled, without thorns; leaves growing in threes from the axil, the middle one peti- olate, 3-foliate, the lateral ones simple, smaller, sessile; petiole of the 3-foliolate leaf broadly winged, forming together with the 3 leaflets a cross-shaped leaf; leaflets linear-lanceolate or cuneate with crenate apex, membranous, sometimes 4 or 5 from end of petiole, but these probably abnormal; bark thin, greenish; flowers develop- ing from buds on the trunk and the older limbs and branches, the tree therefore " cauliflorous,"" as in the case of Theohroma cacao and Arerrhoa caramhola. Flowers large, fleshy, purplish, usually solitarj', with a very short pedicel; calyx 2-parted, deciduous; corolla campanulate, open-mouthed, tube curved, with a fold in the throat; limb unequally 5-parted; stamens 4, didymous; ovary 1-celled, stigma 2- lamellate; fruit globose, hard, indehiscent, many-seeded, in Guam about 10 cm. in diameter. This species, first described from Acapulco, Mexico, has been introduced into the Philippines and Guam. It was described by Padre Blanco as Crescentia trifolia.^ "They call it 'cross-leaf (hoja de cruz)," he .says, "because the three leaflets with the winged petiole form a cross." Its spreading branches form good perches for fowls, and in building a rancho a site is often selected near one of these trees, so that it may serve for this purpose. The fruit is too small to serve as calabashes, and it is not used in Guam. References: Crescentia alata H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 158. 1818. Crescentia trifolia Blanco. Same as Crescentia alata. « Cauliflorie, d. h. Bliithenbildung am alten Holze in den immerfeuchten trop- ischen Wiildern nicht selten. Sie kommt dadurch zu Stande, dass ruhende axilliire Knospen sich nach mehreren bis vielen Jahren welter entwickeln und die Rinde durchbrechend, ihre Bliithen frei entfalten. (Schimper, Pflanzen-geographie auf phvsiologischer Grundlage, p. 360, 1898.) ''Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, 489-490, 1837. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 251 Crinum asiaticum. Antidote lily. Family Ainaryllidaceae. Local names. — Piga-palayi (Guam); Bakong (Philippines); Lautalatalo, Lau- tamatama (Samoa). A lily-like plant with large white flowers and linear-lanceolate leaves, growing in sandy places near the sea. Bulb large, narrowed into a neck which is clothed with old leaf sheaths; leaves 90 to 150 cm. long and 12.5 to 20 cm. wide, shortly acumi- nate, flat, narrowed into the sheathing base; flower scapes rising from the axils of the old leaves, 45 to 90 cm. long, compressed; bracts 2, spathiform, ])apery; bract e- oles filiform; flowers growing in umbels of 10 to 50, fragrant at night; pedicels short; perianth tube 7.5 to 10 cm. long, cylindric, slender, the segments linear, recurved; filaments slender; anthers reddish; fruit subglobose, beaked by fieshy base of perianth, usually 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. A widely spread stranon the natives. As far as my personal experience goes it is palatable and not mjurious if eaten occasionally and in small quantities, although it is inferior to maize in every respect. Starch is sometimes made of the seed, but this is not very white and has a disagreeable odor. It is good for paste, however, and is avoided by insects. These seeds are used as food in the southern islands of the Philippine group, and the bracts and fruit are an excellent vulnerary. Cycas circinalis is abundant in the woods of Guam, especially in rocky places. On the shores of Orote Peninsula, at the entrance to the bay of San Luis de Apra, the beautiful fern-like crests of this plant are distinctly visible to those on board ships entering the harbor and lend a pe(^uliar charm to the landscape. Though usually only 1.2 to 1.5 meters high, the trunks reach the height of three meters in certain localities. On the promontory of As Kiroga, near Talofofo, the growth of Cycas trees, with their cylindrical scarred trunks and luxuriant fronds, strongly recall ideal pictures of the vegetation of the Carboniferous age, in which the Cycadaceae formed so important a part. References: Cyras circinalis L. Sp. PI. 2: 1188. 1753. Cyclophorus adnascens. Creeping fern. Plate xlvii. Family Polypodiaceae. A creeping fern, with small, simple fronds, usually found growing on the trunks of trees. Rhizome firm, but slender, the scales linear, deciduous; fronds dimorphous, « Page 71. 254 rSKFUL PLANTS OB^ GUAM. the sterile ones elliptical or spathulate, blunt, the fertile ones longer and narrower; texture coriaoeous; upper surface naked, lower thinly coated with whitish tornentum in the sterile hut more densely in the fertile j)art beneath; veins hidden; suri small, bright reddish brown, immersed, occupying the whole of the contracted upper part of the frontl. This species is spread throughout the islands of the Pacific Ocean. It is also found in India, Ceylon, and the Mascaren Isles. References: Q/clophorus adnascens (Sw. ) Desv. Berl. Mag. v. 300 (ex Luerssen). P(,hjp(,(U>nn (Khiasrms Sw. Syn. Fil. 25, 222. tah. 2. j. 2. 1806. Cymbidium triste W illd. Same as Luma teretifolia. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Same as Capriola dactylon. Cyperaceae. Sedges. The following members of this family are known from Guam: Carex demifora, Carex fuirenoides, Cladium gaudichaudii, Ci/perns difformiK, Cifperu,s pennaiua, Cf/perus rotitndus, Eleorharis cnpitnta, FJeocharh pla)itagiiioi<, Ci/cIopJtorus adnascens, and XepJirolcpis spp. Rhizome stout, densely clothed with fibers; stipe slender, strong, erect; fronds deltoid, tripinnatifid; apex with a moderately broad undivided center; segments ovate-rhomboidal, deeply toothed, narrow and sharper in fertile frond; veins uniform; texture coriaceous; sori nearly or quite marginal; indusium semicylindrical. This species is widely spread throughout Polynesia, the Philippines, and the Malay Peninsula. It has also been collected in Java. References: Davallia solida Sw. Syn. Fil. 132, 375. 1806. Trichomanes solidum Forst. f. Prod. n. 475. 1786. Dayflower. See Commelina. Delonix regia. Flame tree. Family Caesalpiniaceae. Local names. — Arbol del fuego (Philippines, Guam); Flamboyant; Peacock flower. A rapid-growing tree with broad top and wide-spreading branches. Leaves grace- fully bipinnate, 30 to 60 cm. long with 10 to 20 pairs of pinna>, each pinna with numerous small oval leaflets; flowers large, in large racemes, bright scarlet, the upper petal striped with yellow; calyx-segments valvate; petals 5, clawed, obovate; stamens 10, free, exserted; pod flat, strap-like, 15 to 60 cm. long. This handsome ornamental tree is a native of Madagascar. It has become widely spread, and is now found in all tropical countries. It yields a yellowish or reddish brown mucilaginous gum containing oxalate of lime. It is not yet well established in Guam. References: Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Fl. Tellur. 2: 92. 1836. Poinciana regia Boj. in Hook. Bot. Mag. 56: t. 2884- 1829. Desmodium australe. Same as Meibomia umbellata. Desmodium gang'eticuin. Same as Meibomia gangetica. Desmodium triflorum. Same as Meibomia triflora. Desmodium umbellatum. Same as Meibomia umbellata. Detergents, or plants used for cleaning. Citrus aurantium saponacea (fruit used for washing clothes and for the hair). Citrus bergamia (fruit used for washing the hair). Colubrina asiatica (leaves used in Samoa and Fiji). Lens phaseoloides (crushed stems saponaceous, used for washing). Devil's guts. See Cassytha filiformis. Dewflower. See Commelina. Dianella ensifolia. Family Liliaceae. A plant with leafy stem and cymose panicles of small flowers. Leaves rigid, distichous, linear-lanceolate, the bases equitant or overlapping, the sheaths acutely DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 257 angled; flowers nodding; pedicels short, slender, rigid, jointed at the top, panicle 1 to 2 feet long, cuneiform; bracts spathaceous; flowers odorless; perianth white, greenish, or bluish, the segments 6 to 8 nun. long, the 3 inner reflexed;. anthers linear, 2-porous; filaments much thickened at the top; anthers basifixed between the lobes, reflexed; ovary 3-celled; style filiform, stigma minute; berry blue; seeds few, testa black, shining. A plant widely spread in tropical Asia, Madagascar, Australia, and Polynesia. Collected in Guam by Haenke. Keferences: Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. in Red. Lil. /. I. 1802. Dracaena ensifolia L. Mant. 1: 63. 1767. Dianella nemorosa Lam. Encyc. 2: 276. 1786. Dianella nemorosa. Same as Dianella ensifolia. Dictyonema. See under Lichenes. Dilang- usa (Philippines). See Elephanfopus s/jicatus. Dilao (Philippines). See Curcuma longa. Dimeria chloridiformis. Family Poaceae. A grass growing in damp places. Spikelets 1-flowered, almost sessile, inserted singly in the alternate notches of slender unilateral spikes, which are either solitary or more frequently 2 or 3 together on a terminal peduncle; rachis not articulate; fre- quently a tuft of short hairs under each spikelet; glumes 4, 2 outer empty ones keeled, linear, rigid, not awned; the third empty, smaller, thin, hyaline, terminal glume with a slender awn twisted at the base and l)ent back at or below the middle; styles distinct; grain free, narrow, inclosed in the outer glumes. A slender branch- ing annual with narrow ciliate leaves. Collected in Guam by Haenke. « References: Dimeria chloridiformis (Gaudich. ) K. Sch. & Laut. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. in der Sudsee 165. 1901. Andropogon chloridiformis Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 412. 1826. Dimeria piloftissi ma Trin. Mem. Acad. Petersb. VI. 2: 336. 1833. Dimeria pilosissima. Same as Dimeria chloridiformis. Dioscorea. Yams. Local names. — Nika, Dago, Gado (Guam); Torigo, Ubi, Tugui (Philippines); Alu (Hindustan); Kelengu (Malayan). Yams formed one of the principal staples of food of the al)origines of Guam. They were among the provisions supplied to the early navigators visiting the group, many of whom designated them as "batatas," which has led some writers to the supposi- tion that sweet potatoes were growing on the island before the discovery. Sweet potatoes, however, have no vernacular name in Guam. They are called "kamutes," a corruption of "camote," the name under which they are known to the Mexicans and the Spanish Americans of the Pacific coast of America. The natives divide the yams into two classes, which they call "nika" and "dago," respectively, the former having orbicular,, acuminate, deeply cordate leaves, and the latter sagittate leaves. The leaves are sometimes quite variable, however, on the same plant, and much con- fusion exists in the classification of the various species and varieties,^ so that it is impossible to determine the species with any degree of accuracy. Gaudichaud, the botanist of Freycinet's expedition, counted seven kinds of "dago" and four of "nika." He referred the dago to Dioscorea alata, for the varieties of which the native names are such aa "manila yam, bat yam, lizard yam, devil yam (not edible)," etc. The varieties of nika bear a general resemblance to D. aculeata L. aPresl, Reliquiae Haenkeana, fasc. 4, p. 235, t. 38, 1830. ft See Hooker, Flora Brit. Ind., vol. 6, pp. 288, 296, 1894. 9773—05 17 258 USEFUL PLANTS OK (JUAM. ( tiictliiiif: is ci'i-taiii, tlio spiny wilil yam calk-d "fj;a(lo" or "nikaciinarroii," wliiih forms (li'iisc tliicki'ts in tlio forests of (iuam and f\irnishes the natives with food in the periods nf famine wiiieh fcjllow imrricanes, is not tiie Dioscorea acaleata ot Lin- naeus, as was supposed l)y Gaudiehaud. />. (u-nlidhi L. is very probal)iy tlie species deserilied under tiiat name hy Seemann, a plant cultivated by the Fijians, in the description of which Seemann does not mention l)ranching sharp spiny jjrocesses about the base of the stem, such as characterize the spiny yam of this island and which are features of the Dioscorea aculeata ol Roxburgh/' According to Hooker, Roxburgh's Dioxrorm (tculmUi is identical with /). xp'mosa Roxb.,^ the description of which ct)rresponds to our yado. The typical nika of Guam resembles I), aniledln L., and corresponds very closely witii />. /a«'/cu/rt/o Zit^escerjs, as described by Padre Blanco, c Some of the varieties seem identical with D. ixtpnana Warb. In the list of yams given by Schumann and Lauterbach as occurring in the Bismark Archipelago and Kaiser Wilhelmsland, on the coast of New Guinea, are Dioscorea glabra Roxb. ; />. papuana Warb., perhaps the most extensively cultivated species; D. pi'iifaphyUa L., growing on the edge of the forests; D. mtiva L., w^hich "produces great tul)ers," growing in the woods, occurring also, according to Finsch, in Ponape, Kuschai, and Ualan, of the Caroline Group; and D. alata, which is cultivated.'^ According to Hooker, a part of Linnaeus' description of Dioscorea saliva ^ applies to D. spinosa Roxb., to which should also be referred D. aculeata Roxb., D. tiliaefolia Kunth, and D. lanata Balf. Linn;ieus' true D. saliva is a glabrous plant, the stem terete, bulbiferous, the leaves broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, cuspidate; and to it should be referred D. hulhifera R. Br..^' D. glabra is quite glabrous, with very variable, long-petioled, opposite, caudate-acuminate leaves, the youngest acute at the base, the older truncate or deeply cordate, the lobes sometimes 2.5 cm. long, incurved and overlapping, orbicular, ovate-oblong, or hastate, strongly 7 to 9-nerved, and reticulate, subglaucous beneath. In the face of so many conflicting authorities it is hard to decide as to the species or recognized varieties cultivated in Guam. A thorough study of the yams of this island is especially desirable, since most of the varieties were cultivated by the natives before the discovery.? The species of Dioscorea can not be understood from herbarium specimens alone. The food-yielding varieties must be studied in the localities where they are cultivated, and should be represented in herbaria by photographs of the growing plants, together with their tubers, and, if possible, by typical tubers of each variety preserved in formalin or some other liquid. It is only in this way that specimens from Polynesia, India, the Malay Archipelago, Africa, Australia, and America can be compared. Plants belonging to the genus Dioscorea are herbaceous perennials with fleshy tuberous roots and twining stems, which, as a rule, die down each year, allowing the plant to rest through the dry season. Leaves having several longitudinal veins, either entire, lobed, or digitately 3 to. 5 foliolate, the petiole often angular and twisted at the base. Flowers small or minute, panicled, racemose, or spicate, rarely bisexual, the perianth superior, 6-cleft. Male flowers with the perianth tubular or urn-shaped, its lobes shortly spreading. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth or on its lobes, 3 or 6, or 3 perfect stamens and 3 staminodes, the filaments incurved or recurved, the anthers small, globose, oblong or didymous, or with the cells on « Flora Indica, vol. 3, p. 800, 1832. 6 Ex Wallich, Catalogue, No. 5703, A, B, C, D, E, F. f Flora de Filii)inas, ed. gran, vol. 4, p. 260, 1880. rf Schumann und Lauterbach, Flora deutschen Schutzgebiete, pp. 223-224, 190J. « Species Plantarum, ed. 1, vol. 2, p. 1033, 1753. /Prodromus Flora Novfe HoUandijc, p. 294, 1810. f/One of the first Jesuit missionaries to visit the island was killed by a native in coiisequence of a misunderstanding over some "nika" roots which the native failed to Warburg further remarks that the species D. aculeata is so insufficiently and badly described, that perhaps a series of species is included within it. <^ References: Dioscorea aculeata L. Sp. PI. 2: 1033. 1753. Dioscorea aculeata Roxl). (not L. ). Same as Dioscorea spinosa Roxb. Dioscorea alata. White yam. Square-stemmed yam. Plate xlviii. Local names. — Dago (Guam); Ubi, Ube (Philippines, Java, Malay Archipelago); Uvi (Fiji, New Zealand); Ovi, Oviala (Madagascar); Ufi (Samoa); Uhi (Tahiti); Ui-parai (Rarotonga); Heei-prataen (Java); Hoei-lie lien (Sunda); Kap (Caroline Islands); Name (Panama). A cultivated yam having a 4-angled or 4-winged climbing stem without prickles. Roots very large; stem stout, often tuberiferous; leaves mostly opposite, varying from orbicular and deeply cordate to hastately ovate, 5 to 7-nerved; male flowers in slender fascicled spikes, very much as in D. saliva; female flowers in much stiffer spikes; sepals narrowly oblong or lanceolate, subvalvate; capsule broader than long, 25 to 37 mm. in diameter, very broadly obcordate, coriaceous; carpels rounded; seeds orbicular, broadly winged all round. The natives of Guam distinguish a number of varieties all of which are known as "dago," with roots of different sizes and shapes, varying in color from white to pur- ple and differing in time of maturity. Yams are left in the ground for a short while after the vine has turned yellow and died down. The tops of the tubers are then cut off with the vines attached and buried in the ground, piling the earth up around the base of the vine. After several weeks another yam is produced which contains a number of eyes or buds. This is cut up into pieces each having an eye from which the new plant grows. Yams are usually planted in small hillocks arranged in a large cir- cle, sometimes with a tree or high pole at the center. In each hill a slender pole is thrust and inclined toward the center of the circle, the poles forming the shape of an Indian tent, or all are inclined against the central tree. The ground is kept free «FloraVitiensis, p. 308, 1865-73. •''0. Warburg, Beitriige zur kenntniss der papuanischen Flora, Engler's Botanische Jahrbiicher, Ed. 13. pp. 273-274. 1891. '-See Dioscorea papuana below. 2A0 USKKUL PLANTS OF GUAM. from weeds ami is liilleil \i\> fmiii tiiiu- to time around the base of the plant?. In about eijrlit or nine months the yams are ready for digging. They are dug and stored by the natives, wiio pick them over from time to time, taking out any tliat show signs of decay, so that the ri'.st may not be affected by them. In the meantime tlie licads are forming new eyes and the ground is prepared for the new crop. As the cultivation of yams requires more labor and attention on the part of the natives than that of taro, they are not so extensively planted as the latter. They are very nutritious; more so, it is claimed, than the common potato." They are eaten either baked or boiled, and in many of the Pacific islands are combined with the rich creamy juice expressed from the meat of the coconut to form dumplings of various kinds. In the days when whaling vessels visited Guam in great numl)ers great quantities of yams and sweet potatoes were supplied to them in exchange for codfish, salt meat, sugar, flour, and textile fabrics. References: Diosrorrn aintn L. Sp. PL 2: 1033. 1753. Dioscorea bulbifera P. Br. ( not L. ) . Same as Dioscorea saliva. Dioscorea fasciculata. Kidney yam. Local names. — Nika? (Guam); Soosni-aloo ( Beng. ) ; Bolot, Borot, Togui, Tugui, Daliriga or Daliiigag (Philippines). Tubers pendulous; stems annual, twining, round; prickles stipulary; leaves alter- nate, round, cordate, 5-nerved. Cultivated to a considerable extent in the vicinity of Calcutta, not only for food, but to make starch from the roots. Root consisting of many tubers, about the size and shape of a pullet's egg, connected by slender filaments to the base of the stems, covered with a pretty smooth, light- colored, thin integument; internally they are white; stems several, about as thick as a pack thread, twining, round, smooth, except here and there a small prickle, and always two at the insertion of each leaf; these I call the stipules. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, round-cordate, entire, pointed, from 3 to 7-nerved, venose, slightly villous. I have not met with the flowers of either sex. ^ To this species is assigned, in the last edition of the Flora de Filipinas, Padre Blan- co's earlier D. tugui, called "togui" by the Filipinos, which in the first edition he describes as follows: c Male. Root with many tubers; stem climbing, somewhat angled, hairy and prickly; leaves alternate, broadly cordate, abruptly acuminate, concave, somewhat hairy beneath, and with 7 prominent nerves; petioles very long, minutely and sparsely prickly; flowers in axillary spikes; 2-bracteolate, unisexual; perianth 6-cleft, in 2 series, the 3 inner divisions narrower; the 3 outer ones fleshy and hairy without; corolla al)sent; stamens 6, of equal length; pistillode prominently 3-lobed. In some plants 3 bifid styles are seen; fruit not observed. These plants, which are cultivated, are climbers, on which account the Indians place stakes so that they may climb upon them. Their root, which is the part most valued in them, forms many tubers, some of which reach 5 in. or more in thickness. This root is not poisonous, nor needs any anterior preparation to be eaten boiled or fried in olive oil or lard. The flavor is very good, and on that account it is more esteemed than the sweet potato. Blooms in May and June. References: Dioscorea fasciculata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 801. 1832. Dioscorea fasciculata lutescens. Yellow yam. Local names. — Nika (Guam); Toguing polo (Philippines). This variety has the root as in the preceding species, only it differs in the color, which inclines to yellow. Stem with a greater number of prickles; leaves mostly heart-shaped, the new ones approaching the shape of a kidney, full of wool, espe- cially beneath; petioles very long and with 2 prickles at the base. Used like the preceding, but the root not so savory; found everywhere.'' « NichoUs, Tropical Agriculture, p. 284, 1897. ft Roxburgh, Flora Indica, vol. 3, p. 801, 1832. c Flora de Filipinas, p. 800, 1837. " <* Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, ed. 1, p. 801, 1837. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 201 One variety of nika cultivated in Guam very closely corresponds with this descrip- tion. The species is very close to D. papuana of Warburg. Hooker* was unable to identify any of the Indian yams examined by him with D. fasciculata Roxb. References: DIoscorea fasciculata lutescens Fernandez- Villar, Bhinco Fl. Philipp. 4: Nov. App. 280. 1880. Dioscorea glabra. Chinese yam. Local names. — Dago (Guam). Quite glabrous. Stems stout, somewhat flattened; leaves oppo.'^ite, long-petinled, extremely varial^le, 7.5 to 20 cm. long by 2.5 to 11 cm. broatl, cuudate-ucuminate, orbicular, ovate-oblong, or hastate, strongly 7 to 9-nervedand reticulate, the youngest acute at tlie base, the older truncate or deeply cordate, the lobes sometimes 2.5 cm. louir, incurved and overlapping, suljglaucous beneath; margins not thickened or carti- laginous; petiole 2.5 to 8 cm. long; male spikes 2.5 cm. long, rarely longer, spreading; dowers scattered, rather large, globosely 8-lobed, often coarsely dotted; sepals ovate- oblong, petals cuneately obovate; pistillode minute; capsule 3.7 cm. in diameter, very variable in shape, subquadrate, broadly obcuneate or obcordate, refuse at the tip and base, valves very thin; seeds irregularly orbicular. A plant occurring in the Bismarck Archipelago and Kaiser Wilhelmsland, near the coast of New Guinea, the Philippine Islands, and the Malay Peninsula. It is probable that some of the varieties of the dago of Guam should be referred to tliis species. References: Dioscorea glabra Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 804. 1832. Dioscorea papuana. Papuan yam. Local names. — Nika ? (Guam). The following is a translation of Warburg's description and discussion of this species: Stems climbing, terete, finely ferruginous-villous, sparsely prickly, the prickles commonly erect, small; leaves long-petioled (the petiole angled, pubescent), broadly cordate, with the sinus at the base deep and very broad, the apex shortly acuminate, above smooth, below lighter-colored, sparsely whitish-hairy, 7 to 11-costate, with the basal costae commonly bifid or trifid; male racemes simple, axillary, many-flowered, as long as the leaf or longer, the peduncle pubescent, the bracts small, acutely ovate, hairy; flowers solitary, subsessile, campanulate, hairy without, tlie lobes 6, subequal, obtusely ovate, longer than tube; stamens 6, glabrous, shorter than the divisions of the perianth, the filaments attached to the base of the divisions, the anthers all fertile, introrse; rudiment of the style (pistillode) smooth, short, irregularly sub- j)yrami(ial. The petioles are 5 to »> cm. long, the leaves themselves 7 to 8 cm. long and 9 to 10 cm. broad. The {>rickies differ very much in length. They are sometimes trian- gular and sometimes slender; at the base of the leaf there are prickles almost twice as long, somewhat curved. The male inflorescences vary between 10 and 40 cm., but are never branched; the bracts are 1.5 mm., the perianth nearly 3 nun. long, the style scarcely perceptible. This hitherto overlooked species stands very near to I), nculeata L., but differs above all in the simple male inflorescences and the sessile blossoms; also, the broad, relatively not deep sinus of the base of the leaf is noteworthy. The plant grows wild on Little Key. I also found sterile branches evidently of the same species in Ceram-Laut and Hatzfeldhafen. This is probahly the species of yam which is chiefly cultivated there by the natives, ans); Hoi (Tahiti, Hawaii); Oi (Rarotonga); Pua-hoi (Marquesas); Hoei-oepas (Snnda); Kaile (Fiji). Closely allied to I). nhtUt, but witii rmind instead of 4-winged stems. Quite gla- brous; stem sometimes prickly below, bull)iferous, slender, green or purple; tul)ers large, variable in form, white or yellowish within, soon decaying ndien taken from the ground; leaves opposite or alternate, very variable in size, sometimes attaining 35 cm. in length and breadth, membranous, dark green, usually very deeply cordate, but sometimes with only a shallow, broad sinus, acuminate, cuspidate, or caudate, 7 to 9-costate; male si)ikes slender, panicled, almost capillary, 2.5 to 10 cm. long; Howers crowded or scattered, very varial^le in size, green or purplish; sepals narrow, linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5 to 6 mm. long, fleshy; petals rather narrower; fila- ments nuichshorf(>r than the perianth; anthers minute, didymous; pistillode3-lobed; female spikes axillary, solitary, or fascicled, 10 to 25 cm. long, pendulous; flowers 3 toGmm. long; sepals as in the male; (iapsuleijuadrately oblong, 16 to 25 mm. by 8 to 13 mm. long, membranous; seeds with a broad basal wing. This species is regarded by Hooker and by Bentham as the true I), f^allni of Linnaeus. The capsule is rather broader upward, the top truncate or abruptly acute, the base truncate or subcordate. References: Dioscorea sativa L. Sp. PI. 2: 1033. 1753. Dioscorea spinosa. Spiny yam. Wild y'am. Plate xlix. Local na.mes. — Gado, Nika ciraarron (Guam); Tuiigo Toiigo (Philippines); Mou-aloo (Calcutta). Tubers very large; base of stem beset with long woody, rigid fibers, bearing lateral spines 12 mm. long;'' glabrous or tomentose; stem round, very spinous at the base; leaves orbicular-cordate or reniform-cordate, 20 cm. long and broad; acuminate or cuspidate, 5 to 7-nerved, rather membranous, basal lobes rounded; male flowers in simple or nearly simple axillary spikes, 15 to 45 cm. long, distant or in distant clusters; flowers 3 mm. in diameter, often in very dense cymules, sessile or shortly pediceled; bracteoles very broad; perianth lobes remote from the large oblong pistillode; sepals broadly oblong or orbicular; stamens 6, all having anthers; anthers large; female raceme rather short; capsule broader than long, 2.5 cm. in diameter, broadly obcordate. To this species should be referred D. acnleata of Roxburgh (not L. ). Linnseus's species of that name is Rheede's "kdttu kelangu," which has panicled male spikes. In Fiji a thorny yam, called "tivoli" by the natives, grows in the woods, which Seemann considers to be D. nummuJaria Lam."" This ])]ant differs from D. andeata, according to Seemann, in having opposite insteatl of alternate leaves. The base of its stem is spiny; leaves ovate or oval, scarious-mucronate, with the base subcordate or rather rotundate, 5-nerved, glaucescent below; spikes axillary; wings of the cap- sule hemispherical. Hooker does not recognize D. nummularia among the Indian yams. The gado, or spiny yam, is very abundant in Guam. Its vernacular name is iden- tical with the Malayan ' ' gadong ' ' , applied to D. hirsuta. It is the only species growing "Warburg, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der papuanischen Flora, Engler's Botanische Jahrbiicher, Bd. 13, pp. 273,274, 1891. f> See p. 08. f-Encyc, vol 3, j.. 2;n, 17S9. Conn. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate XLIX. The Spiny Yam ^ Dioscorea spinosai. Leaves and Flower Spike. Natural Size. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 263 wild, forming dense matted thickets, under vvliich the deer often make paths impas- sable to man. Likethe Bengal wild yam described by Roxburgh (mou-aloo), its roots are white, and are dug up in the woods during the cool season, for it is not cultivated; and as the wild yam of Bengal resembles in habit the cultivated species, IHuscorea fasciculaia Uoxb., so does the gado, or nika cimarron of Guam resemble the culti- vated nika. In December the leaves turn yellow, then brown, and then fall off, at which time the tubers are ready for digging. These weigh about 2 pounds, and are in shape like a sweet potato, but have little fibers growing from them. They are more solid and sweeter than cultivated yams. As considerable work is necessary to dig the wild yam, the Guam people do not eat it when there is enough of other food. The Caroline Islanders, however, who until recently have been living on the island of Guam, and who are in no sense an agricultural people, re.sorted to the forest habitually for it, and often brought it to the houses of the Chamorros to exchange for other things. After the severe hurri- canes, which sweep the island from time to time, the natives are obliged to resort to the woods for food, and are fortunate to find a good reserve of gado, fadang nuts (Ci/cas circinaUs), Caladium, and Alocasia. Yams form an important food staple in November, after the breadfruit has gone and before the sweet potatoes are ready for digging. References: Dioscorea spinosa Roxb. ; Wall. Cat. n. 5103. 1828 (ex Index Kew. ), without description. This name appears to be untenable for the above species, but in the present state of our knowledge of the genus it is impossible to give the correct name. Dioscoreaceae. Yam family. This family is represented only by the genus Dioscorea (which see). Diplazium nitidum. Same as Asplenimn nitidum. See Ferns. Dischidia bengalensis. Same as Dischidia puberula. Dischidia puberula. Family Asclepiadaceae. A herbaceous plant climbing over the trees of the forest. Leaves ovate, acute, short-petioled, opposite, thick, fleshy, glaucous; flowers very small, growing in axillary umbels; calyx 5-parted; corolla urceolate, 5-parted, the divisions obtuse, pilose; stamens 5, connate, anthers with a membranous tip, pollen masses 1 in each cell, compressed, pendulous coronal processes adnate to stamens, erect, bifid above; flowers on a short peduncle in twos or threes; divisions of staminal crown subreni- form at apex. This species was described from specimens collected in Guam by Gaudichaud in 1819. References: Dii^chidki puberula Decne. in DC. Prod. 8: 631. 1844. Distreptus spicatus. Same as Elephantopus spicatus. Dodder laurel. See Cassythu Jili/ormis. Dodonaea viscosa. Switch-sorrel. Family Sapindaceae. Local NAMES. — Lampuaye (Guam); Alipata (Philippines); Lala-vao, Torigo-vao (Samoa); Apiri (Tahiti); Aalii (Hawaii); Ake (Rarotunga). A shrub or small tree, with numerous erect, twiggy branches, the bark longitudi- nally cracked and striate, young parts scurfy-puberulous. Leaves simple, nearly ses- sile, 5 to 9 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, very tapering at base, subacute or obtuse, entire, the margin often slightly revolute, glabrous, more or less viscid, with a shining resinous exudation; flowers small, polygamous or dioecious, on long, slender pedicels. 21)4 USEFUL I'LANTS oF OUAM. noddin;:, in lux axillary paniiK's f^hort'jr tliaii tlu' loaves; sepals 5, distinct, ovate, ai'iite. glabrous; petals larkintr; stamens gcnrraliy S, Hlanients very short, inserted ont.sidedisk; anthers oblong-linear, very large; disk very small; ovary pilose, 8-f'elled, with '2 ovules in each cell; style very long, conspicuous; fruit a trigonous winged ia|)sule over 12 mm. long, the angles with a broad, membranous, veined, rounded wing, glabrous, viscid with resin, orange-brown; seed black. A seacoast plant of wide tropical distribution, growing in rocky places and in open waste ground in patches. Flowers yellowish. The leaves have a sour-bitter taste and are .said to have fel)rifugal i>roperties. The plant is good for hedges. The wood ignites readily and is used for fuel. Rkkehencks: Dndoimea riscosa Jacq. Enum. 1*1. ('a rib. Ut. ITW). Dogbane family. See Apocynaceae. Dog-dog ((4uam). See Artocarpus communis. Dog' s-f cot bur-weed. See Urena ttinaatn. Dolichos bulbosus. Same as Cacara erosa. Dolichos catjang. Same as Vigna sinensis. Dolichos ensiformis. Same as Canavali ensiforme. Dolichos giganteus. See Stizolobium giganteum. Dolichos lablab. Hyacinth bea.v. Family Fabaceae. Local names. — Batao (Philippines); Frijoles caballeros (Porto Rico); Sim (India); Pien-tau (China). A twining plant cultivated in Guam for the sake of its pods, which are eaten green. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate; leaflets broadly ovate, as broad as long, entire, acute; stipules lanceolate; flow^ers in axillary racemes; calyx tube campanulate, teeth short, deltoid; bracteoles oblong, sometimes as long as the calyx; corolla commonly purple, but in some varieties white or red, with a narrow, beaked keel, which is not spirally twisted; pedicels short; stamens diadelphous; ovary nearly sessile, many-ovuled; legume flat, broad, curved, tipped with the hooked persistent base of the style; seeds longitudinally oval, usually dark brown or white with a conspicuous white hilum, not usually eaten when ripe. The green pods are dressed and cooked after the manner of French string beans. The red-flowered variety is much esteemed by the natives of India. The stems and ripe seeds are eaten with relish l^y cattle. In Guam, where so much forage is gathered for cattle, this plant would be useful to alternate with corn and would at the same time be valuable as a nitrogen storer. It grows commonly by the native houses, running along the garden fences in company with Botor tetragonoloba. References: Dolirhm labial, L. Sp. PI. 2: 725. 1753. Dolichos sinensis. Same as Vigna sinensis. Dolichos tetragonolobus. See Botor tetragonoloba. Doni ( Guam ) . General name for red pepper. See Capsicum annuum and C. frute^ceus. Dracaena terminalis. See Taetsia terminalis. Dugdug (Guam). See Artocarpus communis. Dranu(Fiji). See Alocasia indica. Dryopteris. See under Ferns. Dye plants. Acacia farnesiana. — A decoction of the pods with salts of iron yields a black dye, used in .Mexico for ink. Averrhoa carambola. — Unripe fruits astringent, used as an acid in dyeing, prob- ably as a mordant. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 265 Dye plants — Continued. Bixa orellana.— Pulp surrounding seeds reddish orange; prepared for market it is called arnatto or annatto; used for coloring cheese and butter, and sometimes for dyeing silk, but it is not permanent. In Guam the natives put it in soup and with rice. Biancaea sappan.— Bark, wood, and roots yield yellow and red dye; red inten- sified bv alkalies; pods with protosulphate of iron yield a l^lack dye. Sometimes used 1)V natives of (luam for dveing, but supplanted by introducetl aniline dyes. Casuariiia equisetifolia.— Bark yields a dye, reddish alone, blue-black with salts of in in; in some countries used to ilye fishing nets. Curcuma longa.— Uld rhizomes may be used for dyeing yellow without mordants; color deepened to reddish orange by alkalies, with carbonate of soda bright yel- low, with indiso green; color not lasting. Indigofera anil and Indigofera tinctoria. — Abundant on island in abandoned fields, l)ut not utilized. Intsia bijuga. — Fresh wood yields a brown dye; not utilized. Lawsonia alba.— The "heniia" of the Egyptians. Leaves yield a red stain for nails and hair. Not used in Guam. Morinda citrifolia. — Wood, small roots, and root bark. Ochrocarpus obovalis. — Heart wood of tree yields a red dye. Pithecolobium dulce. — Bark yields a yellow dye. Rhizophora mucronata. — Bark yields a brown dye. Tamarindus indica.— Leaves yield a red dye; flowers and fruit acid, acting as a mordant. Terminalia catappa. — Bark and leaves yield a black dye with salts of iron; in some parts of India used to blacken teeth and make ink. Thespesia populnea.— Bark and wood yield a red coloring matter; capsules and flowers a yellow dye; little used. Dyeweed. See Eclipta alba. Earthnut. See Arachis hypogaea. Echinocliloa colona. Jungle rice. Family Poaceae. An annual grass, often growing as a weed in cultivated places, closely allied to the common barnyard or cockspur grass { Echinoddoa crus-galli) . Stem erect or decum- bent, rather slender, leaves fiat, narrowly linear, smooth or scaberulous; spikelets in 3 rows, globose or ovoid, acute, crowded on the under surface of the racemed spikes; raceme contracted; spikes 6 to 12, distant, suberect or appressed, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, usually distant, rachis pilose; glumes and lower palea hispid on the nerves, pointed; fertile flower barely pointed. The typical form of this grass differs from E. crus-gaUi, but there is a gradual tran- sition from one to the other. It is widely distributed throughout the warmer regions of the world. It is found in the United States in Virginia, Florida, Texas, and southern California. It was first collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. The type locality is East Indian. The cultivated form yields a grain which forms a food staple in many parts of northern India. A paste, or mush, is made of it, called "Ix'it" or "phat," and eaten with milk. This preparation constitutes the chief food of the natives of some districts." It is an excellent fodder grass, both before and after it has flowered, the abundant grain adding to its nutritive value. References: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2; 209. 1833. Panicum colonum L. Syst. ed. 10. 870. 1759. Echinus sp. Family Euphorbiaceae. Local names. — A15m, Alum (Guam). A tree growing in marshy or damp places, with linden-like leaves. Flowers small, monoecious, apetalous, greenish, the males clustered, the female solitary in the bracts; male flower with globose or ovoid calyx, 3 to 5-parted; stamens 20 or more, a Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 6, pt. 1, pp. 7, 8, 1892. 26C USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. rni\V(U'(l ou a central receptacle; anther cells globose, attached by a connective; pistillode minute or wanting; female flowers with 2 to 4-celled ovary; styles free or growing together below; ovules 1 in each cell; fruit a capsule. Leaves lobed like those of a Vitis or of an Acer. The wood of this tree is soft and ia used in Guam for making shoe lasts. The vernacular name is applied in the Philippines to another species of Mallotus. The present species is possibly E. tUiaefoUns ( MaUotns tiliaefolius ( Lam. ) Muell. Arg. ), which extends from southern Asia to the Fiji Islands. In Guam it is used medicinally. Eclipta alba. Dyeweed. Family Asteraceae. I^CAL NAMES. — Tiuta-tinta (Philippines). A branching annual composite with inconspicuous white flowers, usually pros- trate or creeping, sometimes ascending or erect, 1 foot long or more, sprinkled with closely appressed short, stiff hairs; leaves shortly petiolate, from nearly ovate to oblong-lanceolate or almost linear, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, coarsely toothed or nearly entire; jteduncles in the upper axils solitary or two together, very variable in length, Ijearing a single flower head about t) nun. in diameter; involucre of about 2 rows of ovate, obtuse, herbaceous bracts; scales of chaffy receptacle narrowly linear; ray florets female, small, shortly ligulate, narrow, white; disk florets hermaphro- dite, usually fertile, tubular, 4-toothed; achenes of the disk with thick, almost corky margins, the pappus either quite abortive or reduced to a border of 4 minute obtuse teeth, conspicuous chiefly at the time of flowering. This plant is widely spread in the Tropics. In India a bluish-black dye is obtained from the juice of its leaves, and in some places it is used for tattooing. In Ceylon it is employed as an alterative medicine by the natives. It was first col- lected in Guam by Chamisso (1817) and afterwards by Lesson, the botanist accom- panying Dumont D' Urville in the Astrolabe. It is found growing in wet places. References: Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 528. 1848. Verbesina alba L. Sp. PL 2: 902. 1753. Eclipta erecta L. Mant. 2: 286. 1771. Eclipta erecta. See Eclipta alba. Eclipta prostrata. Same as Eclipta alba. Eddoes. See Caladium colocasia. Edible senna. See Cassia sophera. Eg'g'plant. See Solanum melongena. Eg'yptian privet. See Lawsonia inermis. Ehretia buxifolia. Same as Ehretia microphylla. Ehretia microphylla. Bastard currant. Family Boraginaceae. Local names. — Cha cimarron, Alangitngit (Philippines). A bush 90 to 120 cm. high, branches very numerous, slender, divaricate, the bark reddish brown, cracked; leaves small, 6 to 25 mm. long, very numerous, sessile, fas- ciculate on suppressed branchlets, obovate-cuneate, acute at base, truncate with a few obtuse crenatures at apex, otherwise entire, slightly rough above with short bristly hairs (with a white spot round each when dry), shining and polished, paler beneath with conspicuous venation; flowers solitary or two together, on very short putescent pedicels, axillary; calyx hairy, 5-parted, segments oblong-spathulate, acute, leafy; corolla campanulate-rotate, 6 to 9 mm. in diameter, lobes 5, ovate, subacute, spreading or recurved; stamens 5, erect, exserted, inserted on corolla tube; ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell; styles 2, longer than stamens, undivided; drupe small, 6 nun. long, globose, apiculate, shining, scarlet, pyrene 4-celled. Flowers white. Collected in Guam by Luis Nee, 1792. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 267 In India the root is used as a remedy for syphilis. The Mohammedans regard it as an antidote to vegetable poisons. In Leyte and other Visayan Provinces of the Philippines the natives drink an infusion of the leaves and call the plant "wild tea" (cha cimarron). References: Ehretia microphylla Lam. Tabl. Encyc. 1 : 425. 1791. Cordia retusa Vahl, Syml). 2: 42. 1791. Ehirlin hnxifolvt Roxb. PI. Corom. 1 : 42. /. 57. 1795. Elatostema pedunculatum. Strawberry-nettle. Family Urtieaceae. An herbaceous plant or undershrub growing on rocks or trunks of dead trees. Leaves of two forms differing givatiy in size, alternate, arranged in two rows, a large leaf on one side with a small leaf on the opposite side; the large leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, oblique, feather-veined, acuminate, acute at the base, entire or obscurely sinuate-serrate at the tij); the small leaves bract-like, subsessile, lanceo- late; stipules axillary; male flowers in cymes, with peduncles 1 to 2 cm. long; female flowers sessile, crowded in heads; heads white at first, growing to the size of a small strawberry, and turning red on ripening. « First collected on the island of Guam by Gaudichaud. References: Elatostema pedunculatum Forst. Char. Gen. 105. (. 53. 1776. Procris pedunculata (Forst.) Wedd. in DC. Prod. 16': 191. 1869. This is Forster's first species and the one he figured, and should therefore be taken as the type of the genus. Procris was proposed as a name for this genus in 1789. Elder, wild. See Premna gaudichaudii. Elemi, Manila. See Canarmm indicum. Eleocharis atropurpurea Presl. Same as Eleocharis capitata. Elocharis capitata. Spike-rush. Family Cyperaceae. An annual sedge with fibrous roots, growing in moist places. Culms densely tufted, nearly terete, almost filiform; leaves reduced to sheaths; upper sheath trun- cate, 1 toothed; spikelet solitary, ovoid, much thicker than the culm, many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre; scales concave, spirally imbricated all around, broadly ovate, obtuse, firm, brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly scarious- margined, persistent; stamens mostly 2; style 2-cleft; bristles 5 to 8, slender, down- wardly hispid, as long as the achene; achene obovate, jet black, smooth, shining, nearly.l nun. long; base of style persistent on summit of achene, forming a tubercle; tubercle depressed, apiculate, constri(!ted at the base, very much shorter than the achene. Collected by Haenke in Guam. References: Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. Prod. 225.1810. Scirpus capitatus L. Sp. PI. 1 : 48. 1753. Eleocliaris plantaginoidea. Spike-rush. Local names.— Uchagalahe( Guam); Boru-pun( Ceylon); Harefo( Madagascar). A glabrous, leafless sedge. Stems simple, erect, without nodes; sheaths few, cylin- drical, truncate or with a small unilateral subapical tooth, barren leaf-like stems often present; inflorescence a single terminal spikelet; glumes imbricated on all sides, obtuse; lowest "bract" (not always empty) not longer than the spikelet; lowest flower nut-bearing, perfect; many succeeding glumes, usually nut-bearing, «Engler, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien, Teil 3, Abt. 1, p. 109, fig. 79, 1894. 'J(')S USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. u\<\l)l()ng, not crested; style linear, as long as nut, 2 or 3-(id; t;tyle base . 1.15. f.2. 1773. Scirinis j)l(iiit(«jiii(un Retz. 01)S. 5: 14. 17S9. Eli'nrjKin^ pliinbujhmi K. Br. Prod. 224. 1810. Elephantopus scaber. Blue elephant's-foot. Family Asteraceae. Lot AL NAMES. — Lcugua de vaca (Porto Rico); Erva da Collegio (Brazil). A stiff hairy herb, 30 to 90 cm. high, with wrinkled, crenate, cuneate radical leaves. Stem dichotomously branching; cauline leaves lanceolate, floral ones broadly cordate, acuminate, canescent; heads very numerous, sessile, closely packed, form- ing a large flat-topped terminal inflorescence nearly 2.5 cm. wide, and surrounded at the base with 3 large, stiff, broadly ovate, conduplicate, leafy bracts; involucral bracts 8, in two rows, linear, acuminate, the outer ones half as long as the inner and scarious, flowers exserted; corolla tube long, very slender, lobes widely spread- ing; style very much exserted, tapering, pubescent, its branches recurved; achene truncate, nearly glabrous. Widely distributed in the Tropics. Introduced into Guam. Flowers bright pale violet; a small amplexicaul acute leaf at each bifurcation of the scabrous flowering stem. Used as a remedy for asthenic fever. References: Elephantopus scaber L. Sp. PI. 2: 814. 1753. Elephantopus spicatus. White elephant's-foot. Local names. — Dilang usa, Habal (Philippines). A branched, rigid, i)erennial herb of American origin, but now widely spread in the Tropics. Glomerules 2 or 3-bracteate, in interrupted, spreading, compound spikes; flowers white; heads few-flowered, discoid, 1 to 3 in a glomerule; pappus 1 -serial, uneijnal, with several of the stouter bristles l)ent ujiward and downward below the summit. The inferior leaves are spathulate-oblong, variable in breadth, subentire or crenate; superior leaves lanceolate; heads long-linear, 3 or 4-flowered. A conunon, troublesome weed, growing usually by roadsides and in waste places. Collected in (Juam by Chamisso. References: Elephantopus spicatus Aubl. PI. Gui. 2: 808. 1775. Eleusine aeg-yptiaca. Same as Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum. Eleusine indica. Yard grass. Family Pocaeae. Local names. — Umog (Guam); Pata de gallina (Cuba). A tufted grass with flat leaves and digitate spikes at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of tho a Baron, Economic plants of Madagascar, Kew Bull., vol. 45, p. 211, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 269 rachis, which is not extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper staniinate; scales compressed, minutely keeled, scabrous on the keel, the 2 lower empty, the others subtendinF OT'AM, staiiilani iiiucli cxpertod and cxcot'dint: flif keel and \viii represented in (iuani by Opiiioderma pcndula (L.) Presl, an epiphytal species which hangs from the limbs of forest trees like broad green rib])ons, by the natives called "leston." The only representative of the Marattiales recorded from the island is Amjioptrrix evecta Iloffm. (PI. XXXIII), which grows in the woods in ilamp ])laces, usually on the margins of streams. The Lycopofliales are represented by the epiphytal Lycopodium phlegmaria and the terrestrial L. cemuum. No Selaginella has been collected nor have any Equisetales or Salviniales been found on the island. Fetau (Samoa). See Calophyllum inopJiyllum. Fever-nut. See Guilandina crista. Fiafiatuli (Samoa). See Portulaca quadrifida. Fianiti ((Tuam). A climbing plant with slender, jiliable stems, used for lashing together the frame- work of houses; not identified. Fiber plants. Among the fiber-yielding plants growing in Guam ai-e the following; those marked with an asterisk (*) are the most important: Abutilon indicum. — Stem yields a tiber suitable for cordage; not utilized in Guam. Agave vivipara?. — Called by the natives "lirio de palo" or "tree-lily;" leaf fiber used to wrap cigars and for thread. *Ananas ananas. — The pineapple; leaf fiber, twisted by hand, used for fine fish- ing nets. Annona spp. — Custard-apples; bark of young twigs tough, resembling that of the allied "papaw" of North America (Asimi)ia triloba); fiber utilized in the West Indies, but not in Guam. The strii)S of l)ark of Annona reticulata, which grows wild on the island, are useil for temporary lashings. *Artocarpus communis. — The breadfruit; bark tough and leathery; inner bark utilized in several islands of Polynesia, and probabl}' by the aborigines of Guam, for making bark cloth. Areca cathecu. — Betel-nut palm; in some countries the flower sheath used for caps and dishes and the leaf sheath for cups and bags; in Ceylon strong and durable water vessels made of it; not utilized for these purposes in Guam. Bambusa spp. — The shoots yield a fiber of which the Chinese make paper; in .sev- eral countries matting is made of the split stems; not utilized in Guam for fiber. *Boelinieria tenacissima. — The rhea plant, called "amahadyan" by the natives of (iuam; grows wild in rocky places; not utilized by the natives for fiber. Ceiba pentandra. — Kapok tree; the flossy down surrounding the seeds used for stuliing jiillows and cusliions. *Cocos nucifera. — The liber of the husk, called "coir" in commerce, so much used for sennit and cordage by the Samoans and other Pacific Islanders, is little used in Guam, enormous quantities which could be utilized going to waste each year. Erythrina indica. —Called "gabgab" by the natives; bark yields a fiber suitable for cordage: not utilized in Guaiu. Gossypium spp. — Cotton was introduced about 1866 by the Sociedad Agricola de la Coiicepcion, and laborers were brought from Japan to cultivate it, but the proj- ect proved a failure. It is now found in places by the wayside growing as a weed. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 275 Fiber plants — Continued. Lygodiumscandens.— Called "alambrillo" (Spanish for "wire") by the natives; in some cnuntrics the glossy, wiry stipe is split and woven into hats, mats, etc.; not utilized in (Tuani. Musa paradisiaca and Musa sapientum. — Bananas and plantains yield a fiber which has been used in making cordage and textiles. In Guam the natives when in need of a string frequently peel off a strip from the stalk or petiole of the leaf of a ])anana plant, wliich is very strong and pliable. The Caroline Islanders weave fine strips from the petiole into the nmts which the women wear f( ir aprons. *Musa textilis.— Abaca, or "manila hemp;" introduced into Guam about 1866 by the tSociedad Agrit:ola de la Concepcion; clumps of it still growing at the upper end of the Ci^nega, but the natives have never learned how to extract the fiber. *Nypa fruticans. — A stemless palm with giant pimiate leaves growing on the edge of brackish water; introduced into Guam as thatching material. In .some countries excellent mats are made of the leaves. *Pandanus tectorius. — The "aggag " of the natives; hats, bags, and mats of very fine quality are made of its leaves, out of which the aborigines also made the triangular "sails for their wonderful "flying praos." Only one sex of this plant grows on the island. The leaves are glaui-ous and are very tough. Branches readily take root wherever they may happen to be placed. The leaves stripjjed of the sjjiny median keel are used for lashing together the framework of houses, taking the place of the coconut sennit so much used by the Polynesians. *Pariti tiliaceum. — The chief source of cordage in the island. Saguerus pinnatus. — Cabo-negro palm; yields a strong black fiber; not utilized in Guam, where it is of recent introduction. Sida rhombifolia. — Called "escobilla" by the natives; yields a fiber suitable for cordage, but utilized by the natives of Guam only for brooms for sweeping their houses. Taetsia terminalis. — Leaves yield a fiber; stripped into shreds they are used as fringe-like skirts by the Samoans; in Guam, where the plant was introduced about a century ago, the plant is not utilized. The natives call it " Baston de San Jose," or St. Joseph's wand. Thespesia populnea. — Called " kilulu" by the natives; yields a bast-fiber. Trichoon roxburghii. — A marsh reed called "karriso" by the natives, growing in the Cienega and in other wet places; woven into mats by the natives for ceilings, partitions, and sides of houses, and often covered with a coat of lime or mud. Ficus sp. Banyan. Plate viii. Family Moraceae. Local names. — Nunu(Guam); Nonok,Lonok,Baliti( Philippines); Aoa(Samoa; Rarotonga; Tahiti); Aio (Caroline Islands). Among the species of Ficus indigenous to Guam is a giant banyan, belonging to the section Urostigma and allied to Ficus indica, Ficus hengJuiUnisis, and Ficus religiosa. Like its allies, the Guam species usually begins its life as an epiphyte from seeds dropped by birds on the limbs of other trees. It sends down snake-like, aerial roots, which embrace the host and ultimately strangle it. After entering the ground the roots enlarge into what looks like a compound trunk. The branches also send down roots, at first thread-like and swinging, but at last entering the ground and becoming, thick supporting props, so that a single tree often resendales a dense grove. These trees were considered by the ancient Chamorros sacred to the aniti, or spir- its of the departed, and they are still regarded with superstitious dread by the natives. It is interesting to note that the Tahitians and Samoana have the same superstitious awe of the allied aoa trees of their islands, which in ancient times were sacred to the aitu, or wood spirits. Even at the present time few natives of Guam will linger near a nunu tree after dark. The latex of the nunu is astringent, and is used for stopping the flow of blood. The wood is useless. Ficus spp. Wild figs. Two other species of Ficus are called "hoda," or "hodda," and "tagete," or "takete. ' ' The hodda has prop-like branching aerial roots, growing from near the base 2T() USKFVL PLANTS OF GUAM. of tlK' tniiik into tlic {.'loumi, and berries, like small red crab apples in appearance, but fibrous witliin, like the tiiiit of a rose. These berries are much relished by the sturling-iiki' sali. Tlu' ta^'ete, or tafjuete, as it is written by the Spaniards, is some- what Mkc the numi, l)ut its large aerial roots grow exclusively from the trunk. The wood of l)oth is used for fuel. Ficus carica. Fig. L(KAi, NAMES. — Higo (Spanish). The edible (ig grows in (iuani, l)ut for some reason it does not thrive well and is not al)undant. It slieds its leaves in the cold st'ason. It is interesting to note that in Bengal, where the climate resembles that of Guam, its culture has not met with success. Refekknces: Ficus carica L. Sp. PI. 2: 1059. 1753. "Fig. See Ficus carica. Filices. See Ferns. Fimbristylis. A genus of Cyperaceae, usually known as "club-rushes." Leaves all toward the base of the stem, narrowly linear or filiform, rarely reduced to sheaths; inflorescence terminal, umbelled or capitate, bracteate, the bracts long or short; spikelets terete, angular, or compressed, many-flowered; glumes imbricated all around the rachilla, or the lower distichous, very rarely all distichous, glabrous, very rarely pubescent, deciduous, lower 1 to 8, and sometimes the upper empty; flowers l)isexual without bristles; stamens 1 to 3; filaments flat; anthers linear, obtuse, acute or tipped with a subulate process; nut obovoid, biconvex or trigonous, very rarely cylindric; style long, flattened or slender, deciduous with its dilated base, leaving no soar on the nut; stigmas 2 in the biconvex nuts, 3 in the trigonous, usually filiform and elon- gate. This genus embraces many tropical species. The following have been collected on the island of Guam. Fimbristylis affinis. Same as Fimbristylis diphylla. Fimbristylis complanata. A sedge growing in low moist places to a height of 2 or 3 feet, with a leafy stem and a decompound effuse umbel of compressed spikelets. Rootstock small, hard, creeping, leafy, wiry; stem flattened, 2-edged, deejily furrowed and ribbed, quite smooth; leaves very many, crowded round the base of the stem, and shorter than it, erect, flat, linear, coriaceous, tip obliquely narrowed, obtuse or subacute, margins scaberulous, sheath coriaceous; branches of umbel bearing many small, shortly pedi- celled, brown spikelets; bracts one-half as long as the umbel, one leaf-like, erect, the rest subulate; spikelets oblong or ovoid-oblong, few-flowered, lower glumes more or less distichous, lowest narrower, subulate or cuspidate, empty, rachilla short, wings deciduous; glumes oblong, obtuse, mucronate, sides appressed together; stamens 3, anthers very long, obtuse; nut stipitate, 3-gonous, minutely warted, pale; style twice as long as nut, slender, glabrous, base conical, stigmas usually 3, long. A plant widely distributed throughout the warmer regions of the globe. References: Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 292. 1827. Scirpus complanalus Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789. Isolepis complanata Roem. & Schult. Syst. 2: 119. 1817. Fimbristylis diphylla. Collected by llaenke, Gaudichaud, and Lesson. Stigmas 2; spikelets umbelled or capitate, glabrous; glumes mucronate; leaves many. References: Fimbristylvi dijihylla (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 289. 1806. Scirpus diphyllus Retz. Obs. 5: 15. 1789. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 277 Fimbristylis globulosa. A perennial liaving 3 ir^tigmas, the spikelets terete or polygonal (not 2-sided), the leaves either lacking or very minute. References: Fi)iihrisU/Ils gloJndosa (Retz. ) Kunth, Enum. PI. 2: 231. 1837. Scirpus glolntlosits Retz. 6:19.1791. Fimbristylis glomerata. Same as Fimbristylis spathacea. Fimbristylis littoralis. Same as Fimbristylis miliacea. Fimbristylis marianna. Same as Fimbristylis diphylla. Fimbristylis miliacea. An annual with 3 stigmas, the spikelets terete or polygonal (not 2-sided), the style glabrous. References: Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Yahl, Enum. 2: 287. 1806. Srirjyus miliacrus L. Syst. ed. 10. 808. 1759. Fimbristylis puberula. Collected by Gaudichaud. References: Fimbristylis pnbenda (Michx.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 289. 1806. Scirpits pubenihis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 31. 1803. Fimbristylis spathacea. Collected by Haenke. Stigmas 2; similar to F. diphylla, but the glumes with a rounded hyaline tip. References: Fiwt>ristylis spathacea Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 24. 1821. Fimbristylis torresiana. Same as Fimbristylis globulosa. Fimbristylis wightiana. Same as Fimbristylis spathacea. Fish poison. See Barringtonia speciosa. Fiso (Samoa). See Xiphagrostis floridulus. Fisoa ( Samoa) . See Colubrina asiatica. Flamboyant. See Delonix regin. Flame tree. See Delonix regia. Fleurya interrupta. Same as Scltyrlioirskya interrupta. Fleurya ruderalis. See Schychotrskya ruderalis. Flor de Mariposa (Guam.) Same as Bauhinia. Flower-fence. See Poinciana pulcherrima. Foeniculum foeniculum. Fennel. Family Apiaceae. Local names. — Anis hinoho (Guam); Anis hinojo. Haras (Philippines). An aromatic herb often planted in gardens of the natives. Leaves 3 or 4-pinnate, finely dissected; leaflets divided into linear segments. Bracts wanting; petals yellow, emarginate; fruit oblong or ellipsoid, not laterally compressed; carpels half-terete, ridges prominent, subequal; carpophore 2-parted. Seed somewhat dorsally com- pressed, inner face slightly concave. A widely distributed plant, cultivated in India, the Philippines, and many other tropical and temperate countries. The anise-like seeds have a sweet taste. They yield l)y distillation an aromatic volatile oil resembling oil of anise. References: Foenindum foenicidum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 837. 1880-83. Anethum foenicuhnn h. Sp. PI. 1: 263. 1753. Foeniculum vulgure Gaertn. Fruct. 1 : 105. t. 23. /. 5. 1788. 278 USEFUL PLANTS UF GUAM. Foeniculum vulg-are. Same as Fueiiiculum foeniculum. Fofg'u ( ( iuain ). Sec I'lidrliiliK licdrntriii, l/mmoi a iiiiiriiiiiiit'n.'Iaiiteatches. Hedges are the most economical inclosures. They may be made of lemoncitci, lime, lemon, physic nut, or lead tree. The lemon, lime, and lemoncito grow densely, sending up sprouts from their roots. They have the advantage of yielding frui , but they need to be trimmed and held in check. The physic nut and Leucaem take root readily when freshly cut stakes are thrust into the ground. Both ae poisonous and are immune from attacks of animals. Henna is also recommendec. It grows readily from cuttings; but the odor of its flowers, though delightful fromi distance, is too rank at close range to be agreeable. For surrounding large gardei patches remote from dwellings sappan wood and lemoncito are recommended. Among the animal pests which infest gardens are white ants, mole crickets, and ii some localities land cra])S, which are herbivorous. The field adjacent to the palaci at Agaiia is riddled with their burrows. Insects are held in check by the use tf scalding water. Crabs are often caught l)y the natives in traps of bamboo placed it the entrance to their burrows. In the climate of Guam seeds are apt to die if left unprotected for any length of time Ordinary garden seeds should be thoroughlj^ dried before storing and should be kep in glass jars or tin cans sealed with paraffin or soldered. The same precaution should be taken in the transportation of seeds. Corn, onion seed, and seed of lettuc sent from the United States to Manila in paper wrappers were found to be quite dea( after having been kept for a few months; and the failure of the seed of lettuce onions, and of several other vegetables brought by us to Guam may have been owin^ to carelessness in packing. On the other hand, certain seeds must be kei)t fresh, ai they lose their vitality in drying. This is true of the mango, avocado, mangosteen, and many other tropical fruits, the seeds of which are usually packed for transjiorta- tion in moist charcoal, to prevent drying and the attacks of fungus. « The vegetables available for cultivation in Guam and their proper treatment are | shown in the following list: Artichokes. — Not successfully grown in Guam. When planted they grow coarse and weedy. «SeeDuvel, The Vitality and germination of seeds, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau Plant Industry Bull. No. 58. 1904, GARDENS. 281 Asparagus. — Can not be cultivated in Guam. As a substitute the young shoots of Chenopodiiun alhum and of Amnrnnthvs viridis are eaten. Beans. — Lima beans will grow, but they do not thrive well. Introduced varieties should be planted at the Ijeginning of the dry season. The purple- flowered Dolichos lahlab grows in nearly every garden, together with an interest- ing bean called "seguidillas" ( Bolnr fefmr/onoloba), the pods of which are winged with four longitudinal frills and are eaten when green. Tliey are tender and succulent and are free from stringiness. Another bean, VIgna sinensis, which furnishes long, succulent pods, is found growing in nearly every garden. The pods are quite tender when young and are cooked like string beans. The mature seeds are edit)le, but are inferior to those of the common phaseolus, or French bean, which is also sometimes cultivated on the island. The yam-l)ean, Qtcara erosa, a plant of Mexican origin, is cultivated chiefly for the sake of its sweetish, turnip-like roots, whicli may be eaten either raw, made into salad, cooked as a vegetable, or grated and made into puddings. For list of bean sj^ecies see Beans. Beets. — -Tlie climate of (luam is too moist and warm to ))e favorable to beet culture. They can, however, be grown. Itisrecommended to plant the seed in pans and transplant them into beds when the plants have four leaves. They should be planted at the beginning of the cold season. There are several distinct types. One, with the root of a whitish color and cjdindrical form, is called "acelga." Another, of a deep red color and turnip-shaped, or fusiform, is called " remo- lacha." The tops may be eaten as a pot herl). Cabbage. — Can not be cultivated. As a substitute several kinds of mustard are now grown from seed from Japan brought to Guam by the little schooners of the Japanese commercial company which has established a store at Agafia. All attempts to grow cauliflower have proven failures. Georgia collards are recom- mended. Tender seedlings of crucifers are subject to the attacks of termites and other insects. Attempts should be made to grow them in pans supported on Ijenches with their legs standing in water.' When they have four or six leaves they can be transplanted. Carrots. — Attempts to cultivate carrots have failed. Celery. — Will not grow. Chick peas. — Grow well. Cress. — There is a species of Nasturtium or Cardamine which grows spontane- ously. It has the taste of the common watercress and makes an excellent salad. Peppergrass [Lepidium sativum) may lie cultivated. The seed should be sown at the end of the rainy season in shallow pans filled with good light soil. Cucumbers. — A variety of Cncninis sativns grows spontaneously in waste places. The natives usually eat it cooked. Attempts to grow plants from American seed have proved failures. They germinate, but soon sicken and die. Introduced seed should be planteil at the beginning of the dry season. Eggplant. — This is one of the most important garden vegetables of Guam. The fruit is large, of a dark purple color, and of excellent quality. The plants grow vigorously and with little care, almost like the common Datura. It is usually prepared for the table by stuffing it with chopped meat and roasting it. It is called by its Spanish name "berenhena." Garlic. — Grown with difficulty and only in small quantities. Grams or " Monggos." — Grow well. They form the principal pulse-crop of the natives. Grapes. — Only a few vines grow on the island. It would be well to introduce varieties from the low regions of Peru and Mexico. Ground Cherry. — Physalis angulata grows spontaneously; the fruit is eaten uncooked as a salad or in the form of sweet preserves. Horse-radish. — Will not grow. Lentils. Do not thrive. Lettuce. — Grown with great difficulty. Seed subject to the attacks of insects. Should be sown in pans and transplanted when four leaves have developed. See Larlura. satira. Melons. — A melon of quality inferior to our own grows spontaneously on the island. Seeds of canteloupes or muskmelons brought from the United States germinated, but the fruit did not reach maturity. To insure the best results they should be planted late in the dry season and watered. Mustard. — Brassica junrea, or Imlian mustard, is cultivated in Guam and has escaped in many places. The young leaves are used for "golae," or greens, and take the place of spinach and cabbage. They are also good for salad. Large- leaved varieties from Japanese seehaiimloides. Gege (Guam). See Ambtdia indica and A. fragrans. Geophila reniformis. See Carinta hcrhacea. Gingelly, Gingelly oil. See Sesamum orientale; in Guam called "ajonjoli" or "ahonholi." Ging-er. See Zinziber zingiber. . Ginger, wild. Zinziber zemrnbet. Gingili. See Sesamum orientale. Gleichenia dichotoma. Savanna fern. Plate l. Local names. — Mana (Guam); Asaua (Samoa). A fern growing on the sabanas, or upland, grassy regions. In some islands of Malanesia the wiry stipes are split and braided into baskets and into armbin('a or other ornaments. In places where the sabanas have been burned over the stiff, erect stipes project a few inches above the surface, and often cause wounds in the feet of the natives, even when the latter are protected by leather sandals. References: Gleichenia dichotoma Viook. Sp. Fil. 1: 12. 1846. Globe amaranth. See Goiitphrena globosa. Glochidion marianum. Chosgo. Family Euphorl)iaceae. Local names. — Chosgo, Chosgu (Guam). A smooth evergreen shrubby plant with alternate, oblong-elliptic, entire, shortly petioled leaves arranged in two rows, closely veined beneath and shortly pointed at each end. Flowers small in axillary clusters, shortly {)edicelled, aj)etalous, without disk scales or glands; calyx of both sexes of 2 large and 3 minute sepals, that of the female flower larger than that of the male; male flower without pistillode; anthers 3, growing together in an ol)long sessile column; female flower with 5-celled, globose, smooth ovary; styles growing together in an elongated, subcylindrical column, grad- ually narrowing from the base to the apex, 3 or 4 times as long as the ovary, the apex shortly 5-toothed; capsule depressed globular, finally 5-lobed. This species has also been collected in Samoa and in the Aru Islands. « Its wood is fine-grained and very strong, and is used by the natives for cart shafts. The type specimen of this species is from the island of Guam, where it was col- lected in 1819 by Gaudichaud. It was described by Miiller of Aargau, first in Lin- « Warburg, Beitriige sur Kenntniss der Papuanische Flora, Engler',?- Bot.Jahrb., vol. 13, p. 355, 1890-91. t2S4 USKFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. iiaca " ai'.il afU'rwards in Flora,'' where he placed the genus under Phyllanthus and (•lian;rt'il tlu' iianu' of tlic \)\iint to Plnjllanthus gaudichaudii, so as not to confuse it with /'. uiaridiniK,'' 11 valid species. I follow Hooker in recofjrnizinfi the validity of the genus ( Jlochidion.'' Kkkkukncks: (Uochidion mariminm Muell. Arg. Linnaea 32: 65. 1863 Glossog-yne tenuifolia. Spanish needles. l'"aiuily Astcraccai'. A perennial, glai>roiis coniiiositf closely resembling Bidens, l)ut having i)istillute ray flowers instead of sterile ones. Stock tufted, sometimes almost woody, with erect dichotomous stems, lo to 30 cm. high and often almost leafless, or sometimes elongated decumbent, and leafy at the base; leaves alternate, chiefly radical, or nearly so, the lowest sometimes cnneati' and 3-lol)ed, all the others pinnately dividetl into 5 or 7 stiff linear segments, either entire or L' or :>-lobed; flower heads small, on long slen- der terminal jiednncles; involucre campannlati', not 2 lines long, the bracts few, in about 2 rows, narrow and nearly ecjual; receptacle chaffy; ray florets pistillate, small, yellow, spreading, ligulate, fertile, or sometimes wanting; disk florets tubular, her- maphrodite, 4 or 5 toothed; anthers obtuse at the base; style branches ending in subulate points; achenes linear, flattened, striate, with 3 or more ribs on each face, crownetl by 2 erect or slightly diverging awns. This plant is common along the roadsides. A preparation made from the root of the very closely allied Glossogyne pinnatifida is used in India as an application for scorpion stings. References: GloHsogyne tenuifolia (Labill.) Cass. Diet. Sc. Nat. 51:475. 1827. Bidens tenuifolia Labill. Sert. Austr. Caled. 44. t. 45. 1824. Glueweed. See Boerhaavia diffusa. Goat's-foot convolvulus. See Jpomoea pes-caprae. Goatweed. See Ageratum conyzoides. Goat's-rue. See Cracca mariana. Gogo ( Guam) . See Lens phaseoloides. Gog-ong- bakai (Visaya). See Lens phaseoloides. Golae (Uuam) . The vernacular name for greens or leafy esculents (Spanish "verdura"). See J'lit herbs. Golden shower (Hawaii). See Cassia fistula. Golondrina (Guam). See Euphorbia hirta. Gomphrena globosa. Globe amaranth. Family Amaranthaceae. Local names. — Amor seco (Spanish). In general cultivation; occasionally found in waste places, escaped from cultivation. References: Gomphrena globosa L. Sp. PI. 1: 224. 1753. Gomuto palm. See Saguerus pinnatu^. Goodeniaceae. Goodenia family. 1 he only representative of this family in Guam is Lobelia koenigii. Goosefoot, white. See Chenopodium album. Goose grass. See Dactylocteniuin aegyptiacum. «Vol. 32, p. 65, 1863. cLinna;a, vol. 32, p. 17, 1863. ^ Vol. 48, p. 379, 1865. d Flora of British India, vol. 5, p. 306, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 285 Gossypium arboreum. Tree cotton. Family Malvaceae. Local names. — Atgodon (Guam); Algodonero (Spanish); Bulak liga Visaya (Philippines). A shrub or low tree with purple pilose branches and palmately lobed leaves. Leaves with a nectar gland near the base of the midrib on the lower surface; lobes 5 to 7, linear-oblong, mucronate, contracted at the base; stipules sword-shaped; flowers pui-ple, rarely white; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, jointed; bracteoles cordate, ovate, acute; sepals 5, leafy; petals 5, spreading; staminal tube as in Hibis- cus, anther-bearing throughout its whole length; ovary 5-celled; style clavate, 5-grooved at the apex, with 5 stigmas; ovules many in each cell; capsule about 2.5 cm. long, oblong-pointed; seeds free, covered with white wool overlying a dense green down. An introduced plant sometimes planted near houses, but never cultivated for its cotton. References: Gossypium arboreum L. Sp. PL 2: 693. 1753. Gossypium barbadense. Sea-island cotton. Local na.mes. — Atgodon (Guam); Algodon (Spanish); Bulak Pernambuco or Fernambuco (Philippines); Vavai (Tahiti). A shrul) or tall herb, the herbaceous portions of which are nearly smooth and are sprinkled with black dots, the branches purplish; leaves usually 1-glandular (see illustration of gland, PI. X), cordate, deeply 3 to 5-lobed; lobes oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; bracteoles very large, deeply gashed; petals spreading, convolute, yellow, with a crimson spot; capsule oval, acuminate; seeds black, covered with easily sep- arable white or brownish wool. This introduced plant is the species which furnishes the American varieties known as Bourbon, New Orleans, and Sea-island cotton. The natives of Guam are ignorant of spinning and weaving. They utilize cotton only for stuffing pillows and cushions. In 1866 an agricultural company called "La Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion" « attempted the c-ultivation of cotton, together with that of abaka {Musa textilis), sugar, and rice. Though these products grew well, the company failed for lack of laV)or. References : Gossypium barbadense L. Sp. PI. 2: 693. 1753. Gourd, bottle. See Lagenaria lagenaria. Gourd, wax. See Benincasa cerifera. Gourd-tree. See Crescentia alata. Gracilaria. See Algx. Graciola. See Bacopa monniera. Gram, green. See Phaseoliis mungo. Grama. See Capriola dactylon. Gramineae. See Grasses. Granada. See Punica granatum. Granatum littoreum. Same as Xylocarpus granatum. Grape. See Gardens. Graptophyllum hortense. Same as Graptophyllum pictum. Graptophyllum pictum. Caricature plant. Family Acanthaceae. Local names. — San Francisco (Guam); Balasbas, Sariisa, Lovas (Philippines). « See p. 40. 2S() rSEFUL PLANTS OV OF AM. A varicpatod-leavi'il shriil) quite common in jjardens and often planted in rows near tlii' liouseB, eo as to receive the drippinfjs from thi- thatchetl roofs. Leaves nlal)r(ins, lu-tioled, opposite, ovate-lanceolate or broadly elliptic, narrowed at both ends, entire, usually varief^ated with while irre^'ular patches, which frecjuently resemble a profile of tlie human face; flowers crimson, pedicelled, clustered in terminal thyrses, with very small, narrow, curved bracts and bracteoles, calyx small, Hub-5-partite; sejiments e(|ual, linear-lanceolate, corolla tube curved; liml) 2-lij)ped, u[)i)er lip shortly 2-lid, lower 3-lobed; stamens 2, with 2 minute staminodes; anthers oblong, 2-celled; cells parallel, without points; ovary witli 4 ovules; style iiliform, scarcely bifid; capsule oblong, hard, contracted into a long stalk; seeds usually 2, orbicular or sulKjuadrate, flat, lacunose-rugose. This {ilant is probably a native of Java, but has been spread widely and is found in gardens in nearly all tropical countries. Tliere are varieties having the leaves of a dark-clan't color and other with green leaves. In some parts of India the natives use the leaves as soap. Kkferencks: (irajnuphyllum pictum (L.) Griff. Notul. 4: L39. 1854. Jiistieio picid L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1: 21. 1702. (ivapluphjllum hurlense Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. 3: 102. 1882. Grasses. Andropogon aciculatus. — ^Awned beardgrass. A species widely spread in the Tropii's; good pasture, but disagreeable on account of its adherent spikelets and awns. Andropogon nardus. — Ijcmon grass. A fragrant, lemon-sc^enteil grass, planted by the nativi's near their houses; said to have been introduced into the island fiiom thi' Carolines. Bambos blumeana. — ^Thorny liamboo. A handsome species, with hard, duralile stalks, which resist the attacks of insects; used by the natives for making inclos- ures, and in the construction of their houses and ranches; also as water vessels and receptacles for cocoanut sap. Bambos sp. — An unarmed bamboo, called by Gaudichaud B. ariotdinacfa, possi- bly a sj)ecies of Schizostachyum; inferior to the preceding in strength and dura- bility; subject to the attacks of insects. Capriola dactylon. — The well-known Bermuda grass, common in the lawns about the houses of the natives; grows well and without care in sandy soil. Centotheca lappacea. — A broad-leaved robust grass, known as Inir grass, grow- ing near the sea and in damp upland regions; good fodder for cattle; found also in Samoa, the Caroline Islands, Philippines, Andaman Islands, and the East Indies. Chaetochloa glauca aurea. — Golden foxtail. A grass with its inflorescence in spike-lik(> clusters. Coix lachryma-jobi. — Job's tears. Seeds hard, stony; sometimes strung into necklai'es or rosaries. Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum. — Goose grass. Growing in yards and waste ])laces; a coarse grass with creeping habit of growth; naturalized in the LTnited States. Dimeria chloridiformis. — A grass with ciliate leaves growing in damp places. Echinochloa colona. — Jungle rice. A grass allied to our barnyard grass {E. crus- (/iil/i), but with awnless scales. Eleusine indica. — Yard grass; a tufted grass with fiat leaves and digitate spikes at the sununit of the culm; common in yards; naturalized in the United States. In (iuam called "umog." Eragrostis pilosa. — A grass with erect, tufted, slender-] )ranched culms; common in yards and damp places; naturalized from Europe in the United States; eaten by buffaloes and cattle. Eragrostis plumosa. — A slender annual grass common in sandy soils and often found in yards of natives; eaten by l)uffaloes and cattle. Eragrostis tenella. — An annual grass with stiff, rather brittle, flowering stems, and capillary branches })earing minute spikelets, which are often tinged, when mature, with red; often found in cultivated fields; eaten by cattle; possibly identical with the preceding. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 287 Grasses — Continued. Isachne minutula. — A small grass allied to the Panicums, with its inflorescence an open iiyraniidal panicle with slender branches; spikelets small, obtuse, con- tiimous witli the pedicel, articulate above the 2 sterile glumes, 2-flowered. Ischaemum digitatum polystachyum. — A grass growing in damp places with inflorescence of 3 to several digitate spikes; branches and pedicels shortly and riuidly ciliate on the external angle. Ischaemum chordatum. — A grass with spreading culms 60 to 120 cm. high, with sessile lanceolate leaves and with 3 to 6 suVidigitate spikes. Oryza sativa. — Eice. Introduced before the discovery of this island by Euro- peans. Panicum gaudichaudii. — An erect grass growing in tufts with undivided (>ulms, flat leaves, and a fascicle of spikes. Panicum distachyum. — A decumbent or creeping grass with the stems rooting at lower noiles; eaten by cattle. Paspalum scrobiculatum. — Kodo millet. An erect or ascending annual grass, bearing a grain which, after special treatment, is eaten by the poor in India. Trichoon roxburghii. — The common reed. Abundant in the swamps. Saccharum officinarumi. — Sugar cane. Introduced into the island and cultivated before the discovery. Stenotaphrum subulatum. — Shore grass. A creeping strand grass valuable for lawns and for forage. Xiphagrostis floridula. — Sword grass, "nete" or "neti." A stiff, erect, peren- nial reed-like grass, covering large areas called "sabanas." The leaves have cutting edges, owing to the presence of minute sharp teeth along their margins. For uses, etc., see Xiphagrostis floridula. Zea m.ays. — Maize or Indian corn. Introduced from Mexico; now the principal food staple of the island. Greens. See Pot herbs. Grewia guazumaefolia. . Same as Grewia multiflora. Gre-wia multiflora. Family Tiliaceae. Local names. — Arigilao, Anilao (Guam). A shrub or small tree with slender, sparingly hairy branches, and distichous leaves variable in shape and size. Leaves shortly petioled, glabrescent, usually lanceolate, glandular-serrate, the apex sometimes acuminate, the base 3-nerved; petiole pilose; stipules linear-subulate; peduncles half the length of the leaves, pilose; pedicles dilated upward; peduncles axillary, o-fiowered; flower-buds oblong-clavate, petals 5, entire, half the length of the sepals; stamens many on a raised torus; ovary 2 to 4-celled; drupe fleshy, the size of a small pea, didymous, purplish, glabrescent; stones 1-seeded. In the Philippines the name Aiigilao is applied to the allied Columbia anilao Blanco. The fruit of Columbia is in the form of 3 to 5- winged nutlets. The flowers resemble those of Grewia as to the stamens, 5 distinct sepals, and petals glandular at the base. References: Grema multiflora Juss. Ann. I\Ius. Par. 4: 89. t. 47. f. 1, 1804. Groundberry. See Carinta herbacea. Ground-clierry. See Physalis angulata and P. minima. Groundnut. See Arachis hypogaea. Guaguaot (Guam). A tree, not identifled, the wood of which is used in the construction of houses and is said to be proof against the attacks of insects. Gumacbil, or Guamachi (Mex.). See Pithecolobium dulce. Guanabano (Si)anish America and Philipiiines). See Annona muricata. 288 USEFUL PLANTS (»F OUAM. Guava. Sec I'sidiiim i;ii(ijl)tuse or cordate, petiole 3.5 cm. long; cymes usually from the axils of fallen leaves, long-peduncled, with spreading dichotomous few-flowered branches; calyx velvety, truncate limb deciduous; corolla imbricate, 3.5 cm. long, softly i)uhescent; limb 2.5 cm. in diameter, segments 4 to 9, obovate; stamens 4 to 9, inserted in the mouth of the corolla, subsessile; drupe woody, globose or depressed; endocarp 4 to 9-celled, with as many grooves and angles, perforated at the top opposite the cells; cells curved, 1-seeded. A plant of wide distribution in the Pacific and on the tropical shores of Australia, India, and Eastern Africa. In Samoa and Fiji the natives string the fragrant flowers into necklaces. In India a perfume is extracted from them. They bloom in the evening and drop to the ground 1)efore morning. It is interesting to note that the seeds of this species are among those collected by Doctor Guppy in the drift on the beach of islands in the Solomon group. Its wide distribution on tropical shores is evidently the result of the fact that the seeds are carried by ocean currents. References: Guettarda speciosa L. Sp. PI. 2: 991. 1753. Guilandina bonducella. Same as Gmlandina crista. Guilandina crista. Molucca bean. Nickernut. Plate li. Family Fabaceae. Local names. — Pacao, Pakao (Guam); Uiiasdegato (Spanish); Guacalote prieto (Cuba); Anaoso (Samoa); Tataramoa (Rarotonga"); Kakalaioa (Hawaii); Bayag cambing, Calambit (Philippines). A shrul) with climbing or loosely spreading branches, armed with numerous scat- tered sharp, recurved prickles, especially on the petiole and rachis of the leaves, pubescent or villous in all its parts. Leaves abruptly bipinnate; common petiole 30 to 45 cm. long, pinnae in 4 to 6 distant pairs, spreading nearly at right angles, each 10 to 15 cm. long; leaflets 5 to 8 pairs to each pinna, oblong, often mucronate, 2 to 2.5 cm. long; stipules deciduous; racemes 10 to 15 cm. long, simple or branched in the upper axils; flowers shortly pedicellate and crowded in the upper part; bracts with a long recurved point, deciduous; calyx about 4 lines long; sepals united at the base into a short tube lined by the disk, bearing at its margin the petals and stamens; petals 5, oblanceolate, yellow, little exserted; stamens 10, free; ovary sessile, with 2 ovules; pods in crowded clusters, short-stalked, broadly ovate-oblong, 5 to 7.5 cm. long, coriaceous, covered with very sharp prickles; seeds, mostly 2, large, of a bluish- gray or lead color, smooth, glossy, nearly round and very hard. The cotyledons are closely appressed and do not fill the shell, but leave an air space which gives buoy- ancy to the seed. (See PI. XV. ) «The Rarotongan name signifies "cockspur;" the Hawaiian name "thorny." Contr. Nat. Herb., Vul. IX. Plate LI. GUILANDINA CRISTA, THE NiCKER NUT. PODS AND SEEDS. NATURAL SiZE. DESCKIl'TIVE CATALOGUE. 289 The bitter kernels of the seeds are used as a remedy for malarial fevers; from which fact the seeds are sometimes called " fever nuts." Keferences: Guilandinn rristn (L. ) Small, Fl. Southeastern U. S. 591. 1904. Caesalpinia crista L. Sp. PI. 1 : 380. 1753. Guilandina bonduc L. Sp. PI. 1: 381. 1753. Guilandinn honducella L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1 : 545. 1762. Guingambo (Porto Rico). See Abelmoschus esculentus. Gum and resin plants. Acacia farnesiana. — Aromo; yields a gum like that of gum arabic, used by the natives as a nuu'ilage Anacardium occidentale. — Kasue; yields "cashew gum," used as a varnish to guard against attacks of insects. Artocarpus communis. — Breadfruit; yields a milky latex, used as a sizing for whitewash and a medium for mixing paint; becomes stiff on exposure to air, and is used for paying seams of canoes and troughs. Calophyllum inophyllum. — Palo maria; the source of a resin, sometimes called tacamahac, soluble in spirits. Ochrocarpus obovalis. — Chopag; yields a resin somewhat like that of the palo maria, to which it is closely related. Ochrosia mariannensis. — Yellow-wood; yields a latex like rubber; not utilized in Guam. Gulaman (Guam, Philippines). See Gracilaria confervoides, under Algas. Gulos (Guam). An unidentified tree. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the leaflets in two pairs, the ter- minal pair much the larger; fruit eaten by bats {Pteropus kerandreni); seeds edible, said to be somewhat like almonds. Tree common on the east coast near Pago. Gumbo (Louisiana). See Ahelmoschiis esculentus. Gumamela (Guam). See Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Guttiferae. See Clusiaceae. Gynopogon torresianus. Maile. Family Apocynaceae. Local name. — Nanago (Guam). A low glabrous evergreen shrub with aromatic, glossy leaves arranged in whorls of three or four. Leaves elliptical or narrowly obovate, obtuse, subemarginate, cori- aceous, tapering to the base, short-pet ioled or nearly sessile; flowers small, salver- shaped, white, in axillary clusters with the peduncle exceeding the short petiole; peduncle usually 2- flowered; calyx 5-parted; corolla tube cylindrical, slightly swollen around the anthers and the throat usually somewhat dilated; lobes 5, spreading, contorted in the bud, the throat without scales; stamens 5, inserted in the tube, alternating with the corolla lobes; anthers erect, turned inwards, 2-celled, inclosed in the tube; ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by a single style; ovules few in each carpel, in 2 rows; fruit an elliptical or nearly round drupe or berry. This species was collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, who obtained only imperfect specimens of it. Leaves 24 to .36 mm. long, 10 to 20 mm. wide; lateral veins close togethei, rather distinct; petioles 2 to 4 nnn. long. In specimens collected by the writei many of the leaves were sessile. Common on rocky cliffs, especially on the promontory between Asan and Tepungan, at the base of which the road passes along the edge of the sea. The plant has the coumarin-like fragrance of the allied species in Hawaii and Samoa, which are called maile or lau-maile by the natives of those islands. In Hawaii Gynopogon ohvaeforme is highly esteemed. It is made into garlands by the natives and its fragrance is celebrated in their songs. Its spe- 9773—05 19 2')0 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ciCu' name wan pveii it 1)y Gaudichand in lionor of Don Luis de Torres, sarjento- niayor at the time of De Freycinet's visit to the island. Rekekexces: Gyiiopogon torresianns (Gaudicli.) K. Sch. & Laut. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgebiete. inderSudseo504. U)01. Ali/.iia lonrxiand Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 451. 1826. Habal (PhiHppines). See Elephantopns spicatus. Habas (Spanish, from faba, Latin). See Phnseolus lunatus inamoenus. Haigue (Guam). A coconut which has sprouted. Hala ( Hawaii). See Pandanus tectorius. Halimedia. See under Algse. Halodule uninervis. Fan 1 i ly I'otuniogetonaceae. Local names. — Chaguan-tasi. A plant somewhat resembling eelgrass (Zostera) in miniature, growing in salt water. It is diwcious; the flowers, arranged in pairs, have no perianth; the pistil- late ones reduced to an ovary with a short style and a long, thread-like stigma; the staminate consisting of two anthers growing together aiong their backs, with two parallel cells opening outwards by longitudinal slits. This genus is closely allied to Cymodocea, but differs in having the male flowers at slightly different heights on the flower stem and in having one instead of two stigmas. The fruits are roundish-oval and scarcely appressed; leaves narrowly linear, with distinct midrib and two marginal veins and without definite finer vena- tion, the margins each prolonged into a tooth at the apex, between which the apex of the leaf projects. References: Halodule uninervis (Forsk. ) Boiss. Fl. Orient. 5: 24.1884. Zostera uninervn Forsk. Fl. Aegypt. Arab. 157. 1775. Diplanthera tridentata Steinheil, Annal. Sc. Nat. II. 9: 98. t. 4- /• B. 1838. Halom (Philippines). See Amaranthus oleraceus. Halophila ovata. Same as Halophila' ovalis. Halophila ovalis. Family Vallisneriaceae. A plant growing in the sea, often near low-water mark or deeper, and at the mouths of streams. Stems creeping and rooting under water, having at each node a pair of ovai or oblong-elliptical, thin, feather-veined leaves with entire margins and long petioles; at the base of the petioles 2 broad, thin, colorless, hyaline scales, within which are the ovate sessile involucres or double spathes inclosing the flowers; male flowers on pedicels emerging from the involucre; perianth of 3 segments; anthers 3, sessile, alternating with the segments, erect, 2-celled, the cells opening outward; pollen confervoid; female flowers without perianth, sessile within the involucre; ovary single, tapering into a filiform style with a short stigma, either entire or divided into 3 to 5 filiform segments; ovules several, erect, attached to the sides of the cavity; fruit membranous, opening irregularly; seeds nearly globular; with a thin testa. This species was first collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. It is often washed up on the beach with algae. « References: Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook. Fl. Tasm. 2: 45. 1860. Caulinia ovalis R. Br. Prod. 339. 1810. Halophila ovata Gaudich. Bot. P'reyc. Voy. 430. t. 40. f. 1. 1826. « Bot. Freycinet Exp. 430, 1826. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 291 Handaramai (Guam). See PIpfurus nrgenleus. Haplachne pilosissima Presl. Same as Dimcrin diloridiformis. Haras (Philippines). See Focniculum foeniculum. Hasmm (Guam). See Jasminum grand iflorum. Hasniin dikike (Guam). See Jasmimun officinale. Hayo or Hayu (Guam). Veriuutilar word for tree or wood (Malayan "Kayu"). Hayun-Iago (Guam). The name' of an introduced tree, mentioned by Freycinet, signifying "foreign wood;" not identified, but evidently belonging to the Fabaceae. Hayun-mananas (Guam). A tree given in the list of woods forwarded by Governor Olive y Garcia to the captain-general of the Philippines; not identified. Hayun-palaoan (Guam). Name of a tree in Olive's list, signifying "female tree" or "shewood;" used in house building; not identified. H^dge acacia. See Leucaena glauca. Hedge plants. See Fence and hedge plants. Hedionda (Porto Rico). See Cassia occidental is. Hediondilla (Porto Rico) . See Leucaena glauca. Hedysarum diphyllum L. Same as Zornia diphylla. Hedysarum gangeticum L. Same as Meibomia gangetica. Hedysarum triflorum L. Same as Meibomia triflora. Hedysarum umbellatum L. Same as Meibomia umbellata. Heleocharis. A modified spelling of EleochaiHs. Heliotrope, cultivated. See Heliotrojnum peruvianuni. Heliotrope, Indian. See Heliotropium indicum. Heliotrope, beach. See Heliotropium curassavicum. Heliotropium curassavicum. Beach heliotrope. Family Boraginaceae. Local names.— Hunig-tasi (Guam); Cotorrerade la Playa (Porto Rico); Alacran- cillo de Playa (Cuba). A much-branched, prostrate, glabrous, and glaucous perennial, often somewhat succulent, spreading sometimes to 60 or 90 cm. Leaves linear-oblanceolate or oblong, usually obtuse and narrowed into a short petiole, or the upper sessile, rarely obovate, rather thick, inconspicuously veined; scorpioid spikes dense, bractless, mostly in pairs; flowers sessile, calyx segments acute; corolla white with a yellow eye, or changing to blue; stigma umbrella-shaped; anthers acuminate; fruit globose. A common weed on sandy seashores. References: Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 130. 1753. Heliotropium indicum. Scorpion weed. Local names. — Berbena (Guam); Cotorrera (Porto Rico); Trompa de elefante (Manila); Alacrancillo (Cuba, Mexico); Flor del alacran (Panama). An annual, hirsute, herljaceous weed with dense, elongate, scorpioid spikes of small blue flowers. Stems 15 to 45 cm. long; leaves alternate or subopposite, 2.5 to 10 cm. long; petioled, ovate, subserrate, more or less woolly; spikes2.5 to 20 cm. long; sepals linear; corolla tnl)e narrow-cylindric; lobes small, round, crenate; stigma conoid- iinear; fruit 3.5 mm. long, ovoid, ril)l)ed, soon separating into 2 miter-like nutlets, each nutlet with 2 cavities in addition to the seed-bearing cells. 2'>2 USEFUL PLANTS OF OUAM. C"<>ll('cl«'id-ol>long. elli|)tic, or round-ellii»tic, u.sually ending in a small jxtint; calyx teetii linear, al)ont tJ nnn. long, rarely half as long as the corolla tube; (H)rolla star-shaped, lobes sometimes attaining 12 mm. Common in (iuaiii gardens. The flowers of this plant are the source of a very higldy esteemed extract which enters into many manufactured perfumes. In India a medicinal scented oil is pre- pared from them, which is applied externally, and is said to be "cooling." Tlie leaves are chew'ed as a remedy for ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth. Kekekknces: Jdsmiinnii (jmridiflonim L. Sp. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 9. 1762. Jasminum marianum. Marianne .jasmine. Local names. — Panago, Bandgo (Guam); Silisili, Laioklaiok (Philippines). A shrub or small tree with terete branches. Leaves unifoliolate, opposite, feather- veined, elliptical, acuminate at the apex, petiole articulate below the middle with the base persistent; flowers in terminal trichotomous corymbs; calyx teeth 5 or 6, awl-shaped, as long as the tube; corolla with the tube 4 times as long as the calyx, lobes linear-lanceolate. First collected in Guam by Gaudichaud, who applies to it the vernacular name "bamlgo;" probably identical with "paiuigo" of Governor Olive's list, the wood of which, he says, is used for making plows and outriggers of canoes. The tube of the corolla is 8 to 10 mm. long, lobes 6 to 8 mm. long. Eeferences: Ja.vidnnm )narianum DC. Prod. 8: 307. 1844. Jasminum officinale. Common .jasmine. Local names.— Hasmi'n dikike (Guam); Jasmin bianco (Spanish). A slender shrub requiring support, bearing small white fragrant flowers. Glal)rous or nearly so; leaves opposite, odd-pinnate; leaflet 2 or 3 pairs, rhomboid-oblong, acute, the terminal leaflet the longest; flowers 2 to 10, in terminal more or less leafy clusters; calyx teeth linear, long; corolla lobes 8 by 6 nmi. Common in the gardens of the natives, and highly esteemed for the fragrance of the flowers. These yield a fragrant oil similar to that of the preceding species and usetl for the same purposes. The root is a remedy for ringworm. References: Jasininwn officinale L. Sp. PI. 1: 7. 1753. Jasminum sambac. Arabian jasmine. Local names. — Sampagita (Guam); Sampagas (Philippines); Gran duque (Mexico). A climbing shrub with angular pubescent branches and very fragrant white flowers. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, with a single shining leaflet, the petiole short and abruptly curved upward, elliptic or broadly ovate, entire, either rounded at the apex or prominently acute; flowers in clu.sters of 3 to 12, white, often turning pur- plish on drying; calyx lobes linear and prominent, usually hirsute on edges; lobes of corolla oblong or orliicular, tube 12 mm. long, corolla often double. A fragrant oil is oljtained from the flowers of this plant by the enfleurage process, i. e., by forming alternate layers of fat and flowers. The fat absorbes the odor and after standing for some time is melted at as low a temperature as possible and strained. Coconut oil may be scented in the same way by steeping cotton cloths in tlie oil and al.ernating them witli layers of tlie flowers. In India crushed Sesamum aeeils are used instead of fat or oil. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate LV. N if) _l < or I- < Z 05 < o IT O < I Q. O cr < I- o CO >- I I h- descriptivp: catalogue. 301 roultices made of the flowers applied over the mammae suppress the secretion of milk. References: Jasminum sambac (L.) [Soland. in] Ait. Hort. Kevv. 1: 8. 1789. Ni/danthes sambac L. 8p. PI. 1 : 6. 1753. Jatropha curcas. Physic nut. Plate lv. Family Enphorbiaceae. Local names.— Tubatuba (Guam); Tuba, Casta, Tavatava, Cator, Kator (Philip- pines); Tartago (Porto Rico); Pinon botija (Cuba); Puavai (Samoa); Avellanes purgantes, Sangregado (Mexico); Coquillo (Panama). An introduced evergreen shrub or small tree, very much used in Guam, the Philip- pines, Samoa, and other tropical countries for hedges or fences. Leaves smooth, broad-cordate, entire or 5-angled, long-petioled ; panicles terminal or from the axils of the leaves, cymose, many-flowered, the male flowers at the extremities of the ramifications on short articulated pedicels, the female flowers in the forks with pedicels not articulated, flowers yellow or greenish; calyx with 5 sepals, which are often petaloid; petals 5, cohering as far as the middle; corolla tube of male flower hairy within; stamens many; perianth of female flower similar to that of male; ovary2to4-celled; styles cohering below, 2-fid; ovules 1 in each cell; capsule divided into 2-valved cocci; seeds very oily. The branches of this shrub take root very quickly when stuck in the ground. For this reason and from the fact that cattle will not eat the leaves it is a favorite hedge plant in many tropical countries. The seeds, though agreeable to the taste, are purgative, and, if eaten in considerable quantities, poisonous. The taste is very much like that of beechnuts. They are more drastic than the seeds of the allied castor-oil plant and milder than croton-oil seeds. The oil is used in the Philippines and in India for illuminating. Padre Blanco says it lasts longer than cocoanut oil used for this purpose. The viscid juice of the plant, when beaten, foams like soapsuds. Children often blow bubbles of it with a joint of bamboo. On evaporation it yields a reddish-brown resin. The juice is applied to wounds and ulcers. It prevents bleeding by forming a film like that of collodion. A decoction of the leaves is used as a wash in eczema and for ulcers. In the Philippines the plant is sometimes used for stupefying fish; hence, according to Padre Blanco, its vernacular name "tuba," signifying liquor which intoxicates; but for this purpose it is inferior to Barringtonia speciosa. The oil has been used in England for soap making, as a lubricant, and as a medium for mixing paint. The Chinese boil the oil with oxide of iron and use the prepara- tion for varnishing boxes. « References: Jatropha nirras L. Sp. PL 2: 1006. 1753. Jatropha manihot. Same as Manihol manihot. Jatropha moluccana. Same as Aleurites moluccana. Jatropha multifida. Coral plant. Local names.— Mana (Philippines). An introduced ornamental plant with umbel-like clusters of scarlet flowers and paliiiately divided orbicular leaves. Leaves long-petioled, the divisions pinnatifld; stipules many-parted, the divisions bristly. Cultivated in many gardens of the natives. References: Jatropha multifida L. Sp. PI. 2: 1006. 1753. « Drury, Useful Plants of India, p. 277, 1858. See also Kirtikar, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, vol. 15, p. 56, 1903. 302 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Java almond tree. See (' rind. Kape (Easter Island, Rarotonga). See Alocasia macrorrhiza. Kapok (l'hili]iiiines, Java). See Ceiha pentandra. Karampalit (Philii)pines). See Sesuviuni porlulacastrum. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 303 Karriso fGuam). See Trichoon roxbiu-ghii. Kasdi (Philippines). See Anncardivm occidentale. Kasoy, Kasue (Guam). See Anacurdhun occidentale. Katang-katang (Philippines). See Ipomoea pes-caprae- Katjang (Malayan). General name in the Malay Archipelago for beans and other leguminous plants, tiie origin of the name " eajaii" and "'catjang." Katjang-tana (Java). "Ground-bean," a name applied to the peanut, Arachis hypogam. Kator (Philippines). See Jatropha curcas. Katudai (Philippines). See Agatl grandiflora. Katurai (Guam, Philippines). See Agati grandiflom. Kau ni alewa (Fiji. ) See Sophora tomentosa. Kauai (Philippines). See Sophora tomentosa. ■ Kelites, Kiletes, or Kuletes (Mexico, Guam). A general name for pigweeds and other pot herbs growing spontaneously, applied especially to plants of the genera Amaranthus and Chenopodium. See under Pot herbs. Ki (Hawaii). See Taetsia terminalis. Kilulu (Guam). See Thespesia popidnea. Kodo millet. See Pai^j^alum scrobicrdalum. Kolales or Kulalis (Guam). The coral-bean tree, Adenanthera pavonina. Kolales halom-tano (Guam). " Wild or inland coral." The coral-bead vine {Abrus abrua). Kolo (Philippines). See Artocarpiis communis. Kolongkolong (Philippines). See Hemandia peltata. Kondol (Philippines). See Benincasa cerifera. Kondor or Kondot (Guam). The local name for Benincasa cerifera, the wax gourd. - Kou (Hawaii). See Cordia snbcordata. Kukui (Hawaii). See Aleuntes moluccana. Kulasi (Philippines). The red-flowered mangrove, Lumnitzera littorea. Kyllinga monocephala. Bittton sedgb. Family Cyperaceae. Local names. — Chaguan lemae, Botoncillo (Guam); Bolobotones, Barubatones (Philippines); Kaluja (Hawaii). A sedge with a single globose, compact head, creeping rhizome, and aromatic roots; involucre 3-leaved. Common in low grassy places in Guam. Its native name comes from the resemblance of its head to a miniature breadfruit (lemae). The natives say it is used for medicine. It is widely spread throughout the Tropics of the world. Referexces: Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. Desc. et Ic. 13. t. 4. f. 4- 1773. La'au-lopa (Samoa). See Adenanthera pavonina. Lablab cultratus DC. Same as Dolichos lablab. Lablab vulgaris Savi. See Dolichos lablab. Labnis (Philippines). See Boehmeria tenacissima. 304 USEFUL PLANTS of" (iUAM. Laburnum, seacoast. So(» Snpliora lomcntosn. Lactuca sativa. Lettuce. Family Ciclioriaceae. Local names. — Lechuga (Spanish); Chisa, Cliisliana (Japan;. Tliis plant is ditficnlt to ^row in (Juani. Sccil lir()u<;lit from tiit" United States was repeatedly planted, l)ut without smress. In Bengal, where the elimatie eonditions are very similar to those of Guam, the seed is sown at the beginning of October. It sometimes remains in the ground a month or two l)efore all of it germinates. As it is liable to Ije destroyed ]\v insects it should be sown in large shallow seed pans, supported on flower pots standing in vessels of water. The soil is kept moist and shaded by muslin or by an inverted pan of the same size as that containing the earth. Firminger recommends that tiie plants be pricked out when four leaves have formed and planted in l)eds at aV>out eight or ten inches apart. "If two or three jilants be reserved and allowed to run to seed, the seed thus saved may be sown almost immediately and a supply of plants secured which, if grown in a spot tolerably sheltered from the sun and excessive wet, will come into use during the hot and rain seasons."" In (Juam the best plants grown thus far have been Japanese varie- ties. These are upright in shape and are sometimes cooked as pot herbs. They grow to the height of 3 feet, b References: Lachica sofira L. Sp. PI. 2: 795. 1753. Lada, Ladda (Guam). See Mor'mda citrifolin. Lagairai (Philippines). See Ipomoea pes-caprae. Lagenaria lagenaria. Bottle Gornn. Family Cucurbitaceae. Local names. — Tagoa (Guam); Calabaza vinatera (Spanish); Vango (Fiji); Opo, Upo, Opu, Sicoi, Tahayag, Kalubai (Philippines); Fangu (Samoa; Futuna);<^ Ipu (Hawaii); Hue (Tahiti); Ue (Rarotonga); Kapop kapoj), Kabo Kabole (German New Guinea); Kaddu (India); Laoki-kudu (Bengal); Labo (Macassar); Diya labu (Ceylon); Hu-lu (China); Acocote, Alacate (Mexico); Marimbo (Porto Rico). This well-known and widely spread plant has been cultivated in Guam from time immemorial. It is easily distinguishable from other gourds by its white flowers. The hard mature shell is used as a dipper or bottle, the green fruit cut into strips as a vegetable, and the seeds as medicine. The plant is annual and is planted in June. It often springs up spontaneously and may be seen climbing over walls and the roofs of native dwellings. Unless seasoned well the fruit is insipid. It acts as a laxative and is likely to purge if eaten in any (piantity. References: Lagenaria lagenaria (L.) Cockerell, Bnll. Torr. Bot. Club 19: 95. 1892. Cucurbita lagenaria L. Sp. PI. 2: 1010. 1753. Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Mem. Soc. Phys. Genev. 3^ : 16. 1825. Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. Same as Lagenaria lagenaria. « Firminger, Manual of Gardening for Bengal, etc., ed. 4, p. 172, 1890. ''Usefnl Plants of Japan, p. 13, 1895. t'The Samoan name "fangu," identical with the Fijian "vango," is applieil to gourds used to hold oil and also to all bottles and jugs. The same word is thus used in the island of Fntuna. In Samoa "fue," identical with the Tahitian "hue" and the Rarotongan "ue," is used generally to designate all creeping plants, whether Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, or Convolvulaceae. In Samoa "ipu," identical with the Hawaiian "ipu," is the word for "cup," which may be made of a gourd, of coconut shell, or of tin or porcelain. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 305 Lagerstroemia indica. Crape myrtle. Family Lythraceae. Local NAMES. — Melindres (Guam; Philippines); Astronomica (Mexico). This shrub is cultivated in many gardens of Guam for the sake of its beautiful rose- colored flowers. It is widely spread throughout the Tropics and the warmer temperate regions of the globe. References: Lagerstroemia indica L. Syst. ed. 10. 1076. 1759. Lagngayao (Guam). See Aerostichum aureum. Lagrimas de San Pedro (Spanish). See Covv lacryma-jobi. Laguana (Guam). The vernacular name for the sonr-sop, Annona muricata, called in Central and South America la guandvana. Lagrun (Guam). See Operculina peltata, Laguncularia coccinea Gaud. Same as Lumnitzera littorea. Laguncularia haenkei Endl. Same aa Lumnitzera pedicellata. Laguncularia purpurea Gaud. Same as Lumnitzera littorea. Lagundi (Guam, Philippines). See Vitex negundo and V. trijolia. Laiok laiok (Philippines). See Jasminum marianum. Lala ( Samoa) . See Meihomia umbellata. Lalahag or Lalahi, ( Guam) . The name of a small tree not identified, especially abundant on Orote Peninsula, and used by the natives for making charcoal. Wood white, brittle, and course- grained. Lalangha or Lalanha (Guam). The shaddock, Citrus decumana. Lalanyug or Lalanyog (Guam). See Xylocarpus granatum. Lala-vao (Samoa). See Dodonaea viscosa. Lama (Samoa). See Aleurites moluccana. Lama-papalangi (Samoa). See Ricinus communis. Lambayong (Philippines). See Lpomoea pes-caprae. Lamb's-quarters. See Chenopodium album. Lampuage (Guam). See Dodonaea viscosa Lana (Guam). An unidentified tree with fine-grained, yellow wood, which is sometimes used for making handles of tools. * Langaasag, Langasat, or Langat (Guam). V^ernacular names for Bnrringtonia racemosa. Langis (Philippines). See Sesamum indiciun. Laiigiti (Guam). An unidentified tree, the wood of which is used in the construction of houses and for making furniture. Referred by Gaudichaud to the genus Rauwoltia. ProVjably Orhrosia manavnensis. Langngayao ((iuam). See Aerostichum aureum under Ferns. Lansina (Philippines). See Ricinus communis. Las-aga (Guam). See Stenotaphrum stitndatum. Lasona (Philipijines). See Allium cepa and Gardens. Lau-fala (Samoa). See Pandanus tectorius. 9773—05 20 306 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Lau-hala (Hawaii). See Pandanus tectoriiis. Laumapapa (Samoa). The bird' 8-nest iern, XeoUopter is nidus. See under Ferns. Lauraceae. Laukel family. This family is repreeented in Guam by Cassi/tha filiforrnis. Laurend (Panama). See Herpetica alata. Lausa'ato (Samoa). Acrostichum aureum. See under Ferm. Lautalatalo (Samoa). See Crinnm asinticum. Lau tefe-ule (Samoa). See Achyranihes aspera. Lawns and. lawn making. In Guam the best grass for lawns is the introduced Bermuda grass {Capriola dac- ti/lon). Another grass, Stenotaphrum subulatum, which is indigenous and grows either on the sandy seashore, on the edge of the forest, and even in the shade, is also good. It has creeping rootstocks and a prostrate creej^ing habit of growth, and never becomes coarse or hard. Both of these grasses are excellent for fodder and are especially useful for covering bare land and binding drift sand and river banks. They also successfully compete with most of the tropical weeds. They are easily propagated by cutting into small pieces the creeping rooting stems. The most expeditious method of preparing a lawn of Bermuda grass is to clear and level the plot of ground selected for the purpose, plow it up, or spade it, and prepare it as for a garden. Then spread over it a layer of wet earth, of the consistency of mortar, with which the chopped-up grass has been mixed. Each little joint will take root, and in a short time a lawn will be established. Throughout the greater part of the year there is sufficient rain to water the plot, but it is best to prepare it at the beginning of the rainy season. In drier climates the plot must be watered from time to time until the grass has established itself. Only a few tufts of Bermuda grass are necessary to cover a large area. It will grow either on low, moist, sandy soil near the sea or on the upland regions of the island. Once established it is hard to eradicate, and it is apt to become a pest in cultivated fields. In establishing a pas- ture the grass should be planted at intervals of 50 cm. in rows 1 meter apart. It spreads rapidly and in a short time will cover the entire surface. In Guam it is cut and fed to cattle as green forage. It can, however, be dried, if necessary, and made into excellent hay. Lawsonia alba. Same as Lawsonia inermis. Lawsonia inermis. Hexxa. Family Lythraceae. Local names. — Cinamomo (Guam, Philippines); Chi-kiah-wah (China); Reseda (Central America); Jamaica mignonette (West Indies); Broad Egyptian privet (England); Henna (Persia); Khenna (Egypt); Al khanna (Arabic). A shrub bearing very fragrant flowers, with round branches, sometimes armed with spines, and opposite entire lanceolate leaves. Flowers rather small, white, rose- colored, or greenish; calyx-tube very short, limb with 4 ovate Ljbes; petals 4, obo- vate, wrinkled, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube; stamens usually 8, inserted in pairs between the petals, sometimes 4 only or 8 not paired; ovary free, 4-celled; style very long, stigma capitate; ovules many; capsule leathery, globose, breaking up irregularly, ultimately 1-celled; seeds many, angular, pyramidal, smooth, packed on a central placenta. Introduced into Guam on account of the fragrance of its flowers. It is readily propagated from cuttings, grows in the form of a bush sending up shoots, and is suitable for hedges. When kept clipped it is not unlike privet. Its odor at short range is rank and overpowering, but from a distance it is like that of mignonette. On tiie shores of Central America the land lireezes frequently waft the odor out to sea. This species is the "sweet- smelling camphire" of Solomon. It is a native of western Asia, Egypt, and the African coasts of the Mediterranean, and now grows DESCEIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 307 wild in some parts of India. It is also cultivated in many countries. It has been a favorite garden plant in the East from the time of the ancient Egyptians to the present day. The Egyptians used the flowers for perfuming the oils and ointments with which they anointed the body and for embalming the bodies of their dead. The Jews also derived a perfume from the flowers, which they employed in their baths, and in religious ceremonies, and they sprinkled the flowers on the garments of the newly married. From the most ancient times the leaves have been used in the East for staining the fingers, nails, hands, and feet, and for dyeing the hair. Egyptian mummies have been found with their nails stained by it. In India its use is still universal among Mohammedan women and has spread among the Hindoos. In southern China, where it is common, it is also used for the same purpose. To dye the nails, the freshly gathered leaves and young twigs are pounded with lime or catechu, mixed with hot water, and applied to the fingers over night. For dyeing the hair a paste of the powdered leaves is applied to it and it is bound up with leaves, wax cloth, or oilskin. After a half hour or more the preparation is washed off and the hair is found to be of a bright red color. A second application is then made of the powder of the indigo plant made into a paste with water and allowed to remain three hours. This turns the hair a jet black. Ointments are used to make it glossy. The j^rocess must be repeated frequently, as with other dyes, on account of the growth of the hair. By certain classes of Mohammedans the process is stopped at the first stage, leaving the hair and beard red; and in Persia, Arabia, and northern India the manes and tails of horses are sometimes colored red ))y the same process.^ References: Lawsonia inermis L. Sp. PI. 1: 349. 1753. Layal (Philippines). See Zinziber zingiber. Lead tree (West Indies) . See Leucaena glauca. Lechuga (Spanish). See Lactuca sativa. Lecideaceae. See under Lichenes. Lecythidaceae. Brazil-nut family. This family is represented in Guam by Barringtonia spedosa, and B. racemosa. Leguminosae. See Mimosaceae, Fabaceae, and Caesalpiniaceae. Lemae, Lemay, or Lemai (Guam). Names of the sterile breadfruit {Artocarpus communis); modified to "rima." Lemon. See Citrus nicdica limon. Lemon-grass. See Andropogon nardus. Lemoncito. See Triphasia trifoliata. Lengnga (Pliilippines). See Sesamum orientale. Lengua de Vaca (Guam) . Local name for a species of introduced prickly-pear {Opuntia sp.). Lens phaseoloides. Snuff-box sea-bean. Plate lvi. Family Fabaceae. Local names. — Gaye, Gadye, Gayi, Lodnsong, Bayog (Guam); Gogo, Gogong bakai, Bayogo, Balones (Philippines); Cacoon (West Indies); Boja (Cuba); Tupe (Samoa); Kaka (Rarotonga); Match-box bean (Queensland). A giant climber with snake-like branches, bipinnate leaves, minute flowers grow- ing in long slender spikes, and an enormous flattened woody, jointed pod like a sword-scabbard, the margins of which consist of a strong woody suture, which persists f'Drury, Useful Plants of India, p. 285; Smith, Diet. Economic Plants, ]). 81; Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 4, jip. .559, 601; Treasury of Botany, vol. 2, p. 665. 308 USEFUL PLANTS OF OUAM. after the sepments nf tlu' pod liave been detached. Ix'aves with two or three pairs of pinn.T, sometimes with a single pair, racliis ending in a l)ifid, spiral tendril, t)y which the plant climhs; ])inn;c with ;{ or 4 pairs of leaflets; leaflets ol)ovate-oblong, acute at base, rounded, often emarginate at apex, glabrous, paler beneath, with the lateral veins conspicuous; flowers sessile, very small, with 5 petals and 10 stamens, polygamous (male and bisexual), crowded in long, narrow, pedunculate axillary spikes; pod (50 to 00 cm. long, often curved, sometimes twisted, compressed, hard, indented on both sutures between the seeds, joints (PI. XV) 6 to 12, turgid, 1-seeded, indehiscent, brown, readily detached from the surrounding tough, woody suture and from one another, so that each forms a water-tight cell inclosing the large, smooth, shining ])rown, orbicular, compressed seed, which does not completely fill it, but leaves a large air space. Testa of the seed hard, thick, and woody. Cotyledons inclosing an air space between them, which gives buoyancy to the seed and enables it to be transported by ocean currents. (See PI. XV. ) In Guam the seeds are called "bayog" or "badyog." The stems often grow to the thickness of a man's arm and to a length of a hundred feet. When green it is tough, but on drying it loses its strength. Fish traps are often made of the green stems. The stems are saponaceous and when crushed are used for washing clothes. In India the seeds are used for washing the hair, and as a remedy for fever. In Java they are used as an emetic. In Samoa the seeds, called " tupe " by the natives, are used in playing certain games. This name has now been applied to money. References : Lens phaseoloide.^ Stickman Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 128. 1759. Mimom scandens L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1501. 1763. EiUada scandens Benth. Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 332. 1842. The name Lens was published for this genus in 1754, while Entada was not pub- lished until 1763. Lenteha fransesa (Guam), The local name for Cajan cajan, so called because it was introduced by the French ship Castries (1772). Leston (Guam). Vernacular name for Ophioglossum pendulum, signifying " belt," or " ribbon." See under Ferns. Lettuce. See Lactuca saliva. Leucaena glauca. Hedge acacia. Family Mimosaceae. Local names. — Taiigantarigan (Guam); Agho (Philippines); Santa Helena (Spanish); Hediondilla (Porto Rico); Aroma blanca (Cuba); Lead tree (West Indies) . An unarmed Acacia-like shrub, or small tree, with globular heads of flowers, much used in Guam for fences or hedges. Leaves bipinnate, with glands on the petioles; pinnae 4 to 6 pairs bearing 10 to 20 pairs of leaflets; leaflets oblong-linear, acute, very oblique, slightly curved, pale or glaucous underneath; peduncles solitary or two or three together in the upper axils, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long, the upper ones forming a terminal raceme; heads about 2.5 cm. in diameter, flowers whitish, turning brown on dying, not fragrant; calyx cylindrical-cam panulate, shortly toothed; petals val- vate, free; stamens 10, free, much exserted; ovary stalked, many ovuled; style fili- form, stigma minute terminal; pod flat, coriaceous, straight, strap-shaped, dehiscent, 15 to 20-seedease into a short petiole, the nerves liidden; cymes axillary, shorter than the leaf; bracts small; corolla white, often with purple streaks, slit to the base on the upper side, its lobes margined, spreading somewhat like a miniature fan; calyx tomentose, 5-fid, the lobes linear-lanceolate, enlarging in fruit; stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla, alternate with its lol)es; anthers free; style simple, with a cup-shaped ciliate indusium including the stigma; fruit a round, succulent drupe, with a bony endocarp. Connnon near the shore, and like several other shore plants reappearing on the treeless sabanas of the island. In India the young leaves are eaten as a pot herl). The soft, snow-white pith, an inch in diameter or more, is sometimes cut into thin ])aper-like flakes, by the Siamese, Malayans, and Chinese and made into artiflcial flowers, butterflies, and other objects. The wood is coarse, flbrous, and useless. References: Lobelia koenigii (Vahl). Scaevola koenigii Vald, Sym. Bot. 3: 36. 1794. Lobelia sericea koenigii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 377. 1891. The genus Lobelia as established by Linnteus in the Species Plantarum 2: 929. 1753 and Genera Plantarum ed. 5. 401. 1754, contained 25 species, only one of which belonged to the Lobelia of Plumier from whom Linn?eus adopted the name. This species. Lobelia plunderii, was the flrst to be referred to a new genus, Scaevola, under the name Scaevola lobelia, proposed by Linnaeus in 1771, and thus became its type species. This treatment has been followed by most modern authors, but in the aj)i)licati()n of the names in accordance with the principle of generic types the course of several well-known authoi-s who wrote soon after the appearance of the species Plantarum seems to indicate a more careful regard for the correct application of generic names. Notable among these was Miller, who, in the seventh edition of the Gardener's Dictionary, wisely restricted the name Lobelia to the original of Plumier and the type species of the genus as established by Linna?us, and adopted the Tournefortian name Rapuntium for the species which modern authors (Otto Kuntze, I think, alone excepted) have allowed to remain under the name Lobelia. Loclinera rosea. Old maid. Family Apocynaceae. Local names. — Vicaria, Dominica (Cuba); Madagascar periwinkle. A plant growing in cultivation and in waste places with pretty salver-shaped rose- colored flowers (sometimes white with a crimson eye). Leaves spoon-shaped, oblong; flowers subsessile in pairs from the same node of the stem; calyx 5-parted, seg- ments lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the slender corolla tube; corolla callous at the pubescent, narrow throat; stamens inserted upon the upper part of the tube; ovaries 2, slightly cohering, alternating with 2 oblong disk glands, whicli exceed the ovaries. This genus differs from Vinca in having the filaments thin and the anttiers and stigma ut)t hairy. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 311 The plant is probably of West Indian origin, bnt is now widely spread throughout the wanner regions of the world. It is used medicinally in some parts of India, and is often planted about pagodas. Referkxces: Lochnera rosea (L. ) Reichenb. Consp. 134.1828. Vinca rosea L. Syst. ed. 10. 944. 1759. Lodugao ( Guam ) . See Clerodendron inernie. Loduson or Lddusong' (Guam). See Lens phaseoloides. Lomaria spicata. Same as Belrisia spicata. See Ferns. Longa (Philippines). See Sesamum indicum. Lonok (Philippines). See Ficus sp. Looking-glass tree. See Heritiera littoralis. Lq-w senna. See Cassia tora. Luluh.ut or lulujut (Guam). The name of a small tree, not identified, sometimes used for stakes for inclosures and for fuel. It is referred by Gaudichaud to the Rhamnaceae. Common on the shore of Rota. Luisia teretifolia. Family Orchidaceae. Local names. — Cebollo halom-tano (Guam). A tufted epiphytal orchid with cylindrical leaves 10 to 15 cm. long; flowers drooping, small, growing in a spike; petals not much longer than the lateral sepals, linear-oblong, obtuse; lateral sepals subacute, keel winged; the basal portion of the labellum almost square, sack-like, the upper portion broadly cordate. Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. An accurate drawing of the living plant is desirable, as there is much confusion in the various descriptions of the coloration of the flowers. References: Luisia teretifolia Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Yoy. 427. t.37. 1826. Ijumbang (Guam). The Philippine name for the candle-nut {Aleurites moluccana). liUmnitzera coccinea W. & A. Same as Lumnitzera littorea. Lumnitzera littorea. • Red-flowered mangrove. Family Combretaceae. Local names. — S^aiia (Guam); Culasi, Kulasi, Sagdsa (Philippines). A small tree growing in salt-water swamps, associated with mangroves. Leaves clustered toward the ends of the branches, alternate, thickly leathery, subsessile, narrow-obovate, 2 to 9 cm. long; flowers growing in racemes; racemes dense, termi- nal, sometimes 2 or 3 forming a small corymb; calyx tube with 2 adnate bracteoles near the base, oblong, narrowed at both ends, produced above the ovary, lobes 5, persistent; petals 5, oblong, scarlet, 6 mm. long; stamens 5 to 10, usually 7; twice as long as the petals, filaments crimson; ovary inferior, 1-celled; style awl-shaped, simple; ovules 2 to 5, pendulous from the top of the cell; fruit woody, elliptic-oblong, 12 to 24 mm. long including the calyx limb, longitudinally striate or nearly smooth; seed 1, cotyledons convolute. The following species should possibly be referred to this one, which was described and figured under the name of Luyuncidaria purpurea by Gaudichaud in 1826 (Voy. Uranie 481, t. 104), from specimens collected" by him in Guam in 1819. The good, heavy, yellowish-brown, fine-grained wood is used in boat building by the nati\es of Kaiser Wilhelmsland. On the Malay Peninsula it is used for axles of carts. It 312 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. is sprea Padre Ignacio de Mercado; Declaracion de los Arboles y Plantas que estdn en esta Tierra, p. 50, in Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 315 Mallotus. See Echinus sp. Malunggai (Pliilippines). See Moringa moringa. Malva (Guam). See Abutilon indicum. Malva blanca (Cuba). See Wnllheria americana. Malvabisco ( Porto Rico ) . See Waltheria americana. Malvaceae. Mallow family. Thif^ family is represented in Guam bj' the following genera: Abelmo.si'hus, Abu- tilon, Gossypium, Hi))iscus, Pariti, Sida, Thespesia, and Urena. Mamaka (Guam). See Polygonum sp. Mamaon (Guam). See under Piper belle. Mampalam (Mindanao). See 3fangifera indica. Mana (Guam). See Gleichenia dicliotoma. < Mana (Philippines). See Jatropha multiiida. Mandioka or Mandiuka (Guam). See Manihot manihot. Manga (Tagalog). See Mangifera indica. Maiigeso (Samoa). See Schychoivskya interrupta. Mang'ga (Guam). See Mangifera indica. Mangifera indica. Mango. Plate xxvrii. Family Anacardiaceae. Local names. — Maiigga (Guam); Manga (Tagalog); Mampalam (Mindanao). The mango tree is not well established in Guam. There are few trees on the island, but these produce fruit of the finest quality. Guam mangoes are large, sweet, fleshy, juicy, and almost entirely free from the fiber and the flavor which so often characterize the fruit. The trees grow to great size and appear to be thrifty; but nearly all on the island have been blown down by baguios, or hurricanes, and con- tinue to grow, as it were, resting on their elbows. The cause for this, I think, is the shallowness of the soil, the hard coral rock not allowing the roots to penetrate to any great depth. Those which remain standing are in low, protected places, where the soil is comparatively deep. The natives value the fruit more highly than any other food product of the island. Indeed, the presence of a mango tree on a rancho enhances its value. During some seasons no fruit is produced. The natives fre- quently cut gashes in the trunk and build fires beneath the limbs, thinking that the tree will be induced thereby to produce a good crop. Frequently one portion of the tree will ])loom or send out fresh foliage, which is reddish and tender when new, while the rest of the tree remains dormant, and it often happens that the fruit is perfectly ripe on certain limbs, while on others it is still green. The trees are prop- agated by seed, and the fruit of the seedlings appears, in Guam, to be identical with that of the parent tree. The seeds must be planted when quite fresh. The young plants are tender, and are killed in transplanting if the root be injured. Grafting and inarching is not practiced, though it could be done with good advantage from limbs of mature trees producing especially fine fruit,«and it could be carried on with espe- cial facility with the prostrated trees, which still continue to grow vigorously and bear fine fruit. The tree is in Guam entirely free from disease or injurious parasites. In view of the excellent quality of its fruit and the danger of bringing diseases and parasitic insects with specimens from abroad, importation of living mango plants should be forbidden. The failure to produce crops each year is probably owing to the fact that the dry season in Guam is not sufiiciently marked to cause the trees to « Grafting should not be performe Tracy, Cassava, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Farmers' Bull. No. 167, p. 31, 1903. cTracy, Idem., p. 24. 318 USKFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. with poultry. Ilen.s tVd on ciii^sava roots are said to l)ecoiiie fat and not to lay well. It is not advi.'-able to feed it to growing chickens or laying hens, but it is an excellent and inexpensive food for fattening chickens for the table." The roots are so succulent and tender that they can be eaten readily without furtlicr ])re[>aration than chopping them uj), and they are apparently relished as much by ])oultry as by cattle and hogs. '' References: Mnnihot mamhot (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 588. 1880-83. Jatrophfi mnnihot L. Sp. PI. 2: 1007. 1753. Mmulint nfilisslma Pohl, PI. Bras. Ic. 1: 32. t. U- 1827. Manila hemp. See Musa iexlilis. Manila tamarind (India). See Pithecolobmm duke. Maniuniu (Samoa). See Coix lachryma-jobi. Mankit (Philippines). See Meibomia gangetica. Mantofa (Samoa). See Urena sinuata. Manzanas (Guam). Spanish name for apple, applied in Guam to the introduced jujube tree, Zizi/phtis jiijiiha. Manzanilla. A name applied in Guam and the Philippines to Chrysanthemum indicum, the flowers of which are used medicinally like those of Camomile. Manzanitas (Philippines). See Ziz>jp}ius jnjuba. Mapola (Guam). The local name for Hibiscus mutabilis. Mapuiiao (Guam). A small tree used for fuel and for fence stakes. Maranon (Panama). See Anacardium ocddentale. Maranta arundinacea. Arrowroot. Plate xxv. Family Marantaceae. Local names. — Aroru, Aruru, Sagn (Guam); Araro, AranCo, Araru (Philip- pines); Sagu cimarron (Mexico). An introduced plant of American origin, the tuberous rhizomes of which (Plate XXV, p. 145) are the source of the well-known arrowroot of commerce. Herbace- ous, liranched; leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, pointed, puberulous, with a cylin- drical knob between the blade and the sheathing petiole; inflorescence loose, spread- ing; bracts in two vertical ranks; flowers small; calyx of 3 sepals; corolla white, tube obliquely tubular, equaling the calyx, club-shaped, about twice as long as the lobes; petal-like staminodes arranged so that the two exterior form an upper lip and the two interior form a lower lip, those of the upper lip exserted, exceeding the lateral staminodes, another free from the petaloid filament; ovary 1-ovuled by abortion; style incurved; stigma 3-angular; capsule membranaceous; seed ovoid-oblong, tubercled; embryo curved. This plant is propagated from the tubers, very much after the manner of potatoes. They are planted just before the rainy season sets in, and the rhizomes are dug in the dry season. The smaller ones and the pointed tips of the larger ones, at the extremities of which the eyes are situated, are reserved for planting, f To prepare the fecula or arrowroot from the rhizomes they are washed clean, put into a wooden mortar and pounded to a pulp. The pulp is then put into a large vessel of water, which will become turbid and milky, a portion of the pulp remain- ing suspended as a fibrous mass. This fibrous portion is rinsed and put once more « Tracy, Cassava, U. S. Dei)t. Agr., Farmers' Bull. No. 58, p. 29, 1903. ^See also Morong, Mandioca, Bull. Pharmacy, vol. 5, p. 260, 1891. c Firminger, Manual of gardening for Bengal, p. 125, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 319 into the mortar and pounded, after which it is put back into the vat or tub as before, left awhile, lifted out, rinsed, and thrown away. The milky liquid is then strained through a coarse cloth, to remove the finer soHd particles of the root, and the strained liquid allowed to stand until the starch has settled. The water is then poured off gently without disturl)ing the sediment, and clean water is poured upon it. It is then well stirred up and strained through a fine cloth, allowed to stand until the starch is deposited and then the water is gently drained off as before. The sediment, which is the pure arrowroot of commerce, is then spread out on sheets of clean paper, or on banana leaves and dried in the sun. « References: Maranta arundinacea L. Sp. PI. 1: 2. 1753. Marattiales. See Fern-allies. Maravilla (Guam). See Mirabilis jalapa. Maravilla (Porto Rico). See Hibiscus miitabilis. Marianne Betel pepper. De Candolle calls the Guam betel pepper. Piper betle variety marianum. See Piper belle. Marianne Caper. See Cappnris mariana. Marianne jasmine. See Jasminum marianum. Marianne maile. See Gijnopogon torresianus. Marianne morning-glory. See Ipomoea mariannerms. Marianne tree-fern. See Alsophila haenkei, under Ferns. Marianne yellow-wood. See Ochroda mariannensis. Marimbo (Porto Rico). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Mariposa, flor de (Guam). See Bauhinia sp. Mariscus albescens (Gaud). See Cypenis pennatiis. Marunggai (Guam). See Moringa moringa. Marrubio-boton (Porto Rico). See Mesosphaerum capitatum. Marvel-of-Peru. See Mirabilis jakqxi. Masi (Samoa). Fermented bread fruit. See Artocarpus communis. Masigsig (Guam). See Slemmodontia biflora. Masigsig hembra (Guam). See Triumfetta procumbens. Masigsig lahe (Guam). See Triumfetta procumbens, and T. tomentosa. Masoa (Samoa). See Tacca pinnatifida. Mason (Guam). A coconut not quite ripe. Mastophora. See under Algx. Mata de la Playa (Porto Rico). See Canavali obtusifoUum. Mata-pavo (Spanish). See Boerhaavia diffusa. Matamata-aitu (Samoa). See Carinta herbacea. Matamata-Moso (Samoa). See Abrus abrus. Matbas (Guam). Local name for Abtitilon indicum; derived from "malva." Matricaria chamomilla Blanco. Same as Chrysanthemum indicum. Mautofu (Samoa). See Ureiui sinuata and Sida rhombifolia. Applied also to other similar species of Sida. Mautofu-tai (Samoa). See Triumfetta procumbens. « See Firminger, op. cit. , p. 126. 320 USEB'UL PLANTS OF GUAM. Mayagas ((Tiiaiii)- See Cassylha filiformis. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa. Attempts have been made to introduce alfalfa into of the atlas of the Botany. Tlie species is recorded hy llookei- in his Flora of British India as occurring in Malacca, and is recognized by Naudin in his monograi>li of the Melastomaceae. '^ References: Mediiiilla romi GaudU-h. Fxit. Freyc. Voy. 484. /. 106. 1S2(;. Melaslomn mcdhiUlana is ni(>rely mentioned by Gaudichaud in tlie lext and not properly pnhlisiicd. The specilic part of the name is therefore; not recognized as having place priority. Meibomia g-angetica. Tick-tkefoh,. Family Fabaceae. Local names. — Atis-aniti ((inam); Mankit (Philippines); Salpani (l>engal). A suberect weed, 90 to 120 cni. high; stems woody, slightly angular, upwardly clothed with short gray down; leaves 1-foliolate, the leaflet oblong, entire, glabres- cent on the njjper surface, thinly clothed beneath with appressed hairs, membranous or snbcoriaceous, 7.5 to 15 cm. long and one-third to one-half as broad, rounded at the base, narrowed graduallj' upward to an acute point; stipules distinct; petiole 12 to 24 mm. long; flowers small, in long ascending, lateral and terminal racemes, purple or yellowish white; calyx less than 2.5 mm. long, campanulate, finely downy, the teeth lanceolate; corolla 3 to 3.5 mm. long; standard broad, wings adhering to the keel; upper stamen free, the other 9 stamens united; pod subsessile, compressed, 6 to 8-jointed, 12 to IS mm. long, glabrescent or clothed with minute hooked hairs. Common on the island of Guam ; probably introduced. The vernacular name, sig- nifying "devil's sweet-sop," is probably given it on account of the similarity of its leaves to those of the"atis" {Annnna sqiunnosa). This shrub is one of the most highly prized of the medicinal plants of India. It is one of the ten roots {(hiftlia inula) of the Hindu Materia Medica. It is regarded as a febrifuge and anticatarrhal. It is of very wide tropical distribution. References: MeJhomid (jiingctiat (L. ) Kuntze, \\v\. (ien. 1: 196. 1891. Hedijsaruiii gangdlcum L. Sp. J 'I. 2: 74(j. 1753. Desmodiuiii gangeiicumDC. ]*rod. 2:327. 1825. Meibomia triflora. Ckekpini; tick-trefoil. Local names. — Agsom, Anson (Guam); Pakpak lahgao (Philippines). A small, much-branched, slender creeping or trailing plant, often not more than 5 cuL long, with trifoliolate leaves and small pink flowers arranged 2 or 3 together opposite the leaves. Stems clothed with fine spreading hairs; leaves small, with lanceolate stipules; petiole 3 to 6 mm. long; leaflets obovate, 3 to 12 mm. long, trun- cate or emarginate, with a few appressed hairs below; calyx jiubescent, teeth very long, inclosing the corolla; pod sessile, 8 to 12 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, 3 to 6-jointed, the upper suture straight, the lower slightly indented. A plant widely distributed in the Tropics. It is good for forage, taking the place of clover and alfalfa, and will grow in all kinds of soil and situations. The leaves are sometimes made into i)oultice:;! and applied to abscesses and wounds. In (inam it grows in waste places and in abandoned fields, often forming a fint; thick turf. Sometimes iinjiroperly called "agsom," which see. References: Meibomia triflora (L. ) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: l*t7. 1891. Hedyitarniii triflorum L. Sp. PI. 2: 749. 1753. Desmodiuin triflorum DC. Prod. 2: 334. 1825. " "Hommage de reconnoissance A D. Jose de Medinilla y Pineda, gouverneur des lies INhiriannes, qui nous a prodiguc les soins et les secours lea plus emx)resses." ((iaudichaud, Freyc. Vov. Bot., pp. 484-485, 1826.) ''Ami. Sci. Nat. ser. 3,"vol. 15, p. 286, 1849. 9773—05 21 322 TTs?:FrL I'Lants ok ouam. Meibomia umbellata. Bush tkk-tkkfoii,. LoiAi. XAMtis. — Palajra hilitai (Guam); LftlJl (Samoa). A slirnl) 1 to 2 metiTS hijrli K-'owing on the seal)each, with (U>n.«ely downy yomiji l)ranfhes, .S-foliolate leaves, and axillary umbels of whitish papilionaceous liowers. Branches terete; i)etioles 2.5 cm. or less long, slightly furrowed; leaflets subcoria- ceous with raised costate veins, green ani- lanceolate; corolla hairy without ami within, suhecjually 4-ioheil; stamens 4; sti^nna bifid, style branches short. Cultivated in 'S. Menthaceae. Mint family. This family is represented in (luam by the genera ('olens, Mentha, Mesos])haerum, and Ocinunn. Tlu^ author of the name IMenthaceae, which is here published for the lirst time, is I'rof. licster F. Ward, who has presented the ft in the matter of priority, than Lamiaceae (Lindley, 1836), Nepetaceae (Horaninow, 1843), orSalviaceae (Drude, 1879)." Mesosphaerum capitatum. Family Menthaceae. Local NAMES. — Batunes (Guam) ; Marrubio-ljoton (Porto Rico); San Diego cim- arron (Cuba). A stout glabrescent weed growing to a height of 1.5 to 2 meters; leaves petioled, ovate-oblong, jiointed, une(jually and coarsely serrate; floral leaves oblong-linear, at length reflexed, shorter than the head; flowers sessile, capitate; heads globose, axil- lary, shorter than their peduncles; calyx equally 5-toothed, teeth awl-shaped, bristle-tipped, ei'ect at length one-third as long as the tube; corolla 2-lipped, inferior lobe defiexed; stamens 4, deflexed; leaves 5 to 13 cm. long, peduncles 2.5 to 5 cm. long; heads in fruit 20 to 25 mm. in diameter; nutlets devoid of a concave margin. A weed of American origin, widely spread through the Tropics. References: Mesosj>hacruiii capitnluiii (Jaccj.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 525. 1891. Hyptis capitata Jacq. Coll. 1: 102. 1786. Mesosphaerum pectinatuni. Local names. — Alhucema (Cuba). Slender, wand-like, puberulous or glal)rescent; leaves petioled, ovate, unequally crenate-serrate (or serrate), hoary-pubescent beneath or glabrescent; floral leaves bristle-like; flowers in one-sided, contracted, short, arched, recurved cymes; cymes racemose or paniculate; calyx shortly pedicellate, 10-striate, subequal; tub" shortly campanulate, densely villous at the truncate throat; teeth bristle-like, shorter than the tube, suberect. A tropical weed; collected in Guam by Lesson and Gaudichaud. References : Mesosphaerum pectinatian (L. ) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 525. 1891. Nepeta pectinata L. Syst. ed. 10. 1099. 1759. Hyptis pectinata Poit. Ann. Mus. Par. 7: 474. t. oO. 1806. Mexican creeper. See Anligonon leptopus. Mexican tea. See Clienopodinm ambrosioides. Mignonette tree (British West Indies). See Lawsonin inermh. Mil-leguas ((Juam, Philippines). See Telosiiut odoratissimu. Milkweed, Curasao. See Asclepias curassavica. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 325 Milkweed family. See Asdepiadaceae. Milky mangrove (Australia). See Excoecarui agallocJia. Millet, Kodo. See Paspaluvi serobiculatum. Milo (Samoa, Hawaii). See Tlu'xpexiti jtopitlnea. Mimosa scandens L. Same as Leii.t jjlum-dln'Kh'i^. Mimosaceae. Mimosa family. This famih' is represented in (tiiam l)y Ai-acia furnesiami, Adi-niiiillii rn /inniiiiiKi, Leiix i>hiihs, Leitcnerid (jldiicn, ami I'illiccolnhinnt iluln-. Mint, Chinese. See Meiitlia (irn!iisi.-<. Mirabilis jalapa. Fouk-o'cloi k. .Marvel-of-Peri'. Family ^yctaginaceae. Local names. — Maravilla (Guam); Trompetilla, Don Diego de Noche (Mexico); Buenas tardes (Panama); Wundeiblume (derman); Belle de Nuit (French). A glabrescent herbaceous plant bearing showy trumpet-shaped tiowers of various colors. Leaves ovate or subcordate; flowers apetalous, the perianth consisting of a 5-lobed corolla-like calyx encircled by a 5-lobed involucre; stamens 5; ovary 1 -celled, ovule solitary, style simple. The tiowers expand in the afternoon and wither the following morning. In Guam they are often seen in the gardens of the natives; crimson, scarlet, wliite, yellow, and variegated. Some of them are very fragrant, and some are odorless. In Japan the powdered seeds are used as a cosmetic. References: Mirabilis jalapa L. Sp. PI. 1: 177. 1753. Miscanthus floridulus. Same as Xipltagrostia floridula. Miscanthus japonicus Andere. See under Xiphagrostis floridula.. Mitracarpum hirtum. Family Rubiaceae. A herbaceous annual introduced from tropical America. Stem simple or few- branched, hairy at the summit; leaves oblong or lanceolate, subsessile or shortly petioled, opposite, connected Ijy stipules divided into bristles; flower whorls and heads many-flowered; calyx limb 4-parted, ])ersistent, 2 of its segments rigid, subulate-lanceolate, longer than the capsule, the other 2 shorter; flowers small; corolla funnel-shaped, with 4 lobes; stamens 4, inserted on the margin of the tube; ovary 2-celled, adherent to the calyx tube, capsule membranaceous or leathery, circumcissile.« To this species should be referred Mltracarpion torresianum Cham. & Schlecht., nillected in Guam by Chamisso in 1818.'' References: Mitracarpum hirtum (L.) DC. Prod. 4: 572. 1830. Spermacoce hirta L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1: 148. 1762. Mitracarpum torresianum ChauL & Schlecht. Same as Mitriirarpnni hirtum. Moli (Samoa). See Citrus aurantium tiapomtcea. Moli-tai (Samoa). See Ximenia americaua. Momordica charantia. Balsam-pear. Family Cucurbitaceae. Local names. — Balsamina, Amargosa (Spanish); Ampalia ( l^hilippines) ; Cunde- amar (Cuba,, Porto Rico). A clindiing gourd-like vine with palmately 5-lobed leaves and warty, yellow, "Schumann, in Engler und Prantl. Die Natiirlichcn Pflanzenfamilifii, Tcil 4, Abt. 4, pp. 142, 14(j, lig. 46 U., 1891. '' "Legimus in insula Guajan en insulis Marianis." Limi.ta, vol. 3, p. 360. 1828. 32(> USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. ohioiii: I'niit coiitaiiiing seeds ^iiirrounilcil liy a red aril. Stems more or less hairy; IoIk'soI" U-aves sinuate-toothed, more or less liuiry on the iiiider side when young; pedunclfs siemlcr with a ki(hiey-shai)ed l)racteole, vvhieh in the male ones is above the niicUlle and in tlie female near the biise; flowers of medium size, pale yellow; fruits bui-sting open w lu'n ripe, showing the red aril. Cultivated in (iuani. running along fences, etc. The fruit is hitter, but not unwholesome. In India it is i^ateu in carries. Before cooking it must be steeped in salt water. The plant is used as an external remedy in leprosy and malignant ulcers. RKKKHENeES: Momordira rhnifi>i T.. Sp. PI. 2: 100<). 175:5. Monggo (Philippines). See FliciseoluK luuiKjit. Mongg-os ((iuam). See Phaseolus mungo. Monggos paloma (Guam). Local name for (Inum' r'lKnmi. Monkey-pod (Honolulu). See PMiecolnliiinii sdintoi. Monkey-pod, sweet. See PithecolohUun dulce. Moraceae. Mulberry family. This family is represented in Chiam l)y the genera Artocarpus and Ficus. Morinda citrifolia. Indian Mulberry. '^' Plate xvi. Famih' Kubiaceae. Local names. — Ladda, Lada (Guam); Nino (Philippines); Nona (Malay Archi- pelago); Nona (Southern India); Nono (Karotonga, Tahiti); Nonu (Samoa); Noni (Hawaii); Urati (Solomon Islands); Kura (Fiji). A small tree widely spread over the Pacific, the Malay Archipelago, southern India, and the w'est coast of Africa; in India yielding the al dye of commerce, for whicli purpose it is there cultivated. Branchlets 4-angled; leaves large, glossy, ovate, attenuate at each end, short-i)etioled, with broad, membranous stipules, con- nate below into a loose sheath inclosing the peduncle; peduncles solitary, opposite tlie leaves, rarely binate, or ternate at the ends of the branches; flowers 5-raerous, growing in globose heads, white, the calyx tube short; corolla tube 12 mm. or less long, lol)es glabrous, fusiform in Imd, throat pubescent; fruit of many drupes coales- cent into a fleshy globose or ovoid bead, inclosing many cartilaginous or bony 1-seeded pyrenes. The seeds of this species are especially interesting, owing to their iiossession of a distinct air chamber or vesicle, which renders them buoyant and capable of being transported to great distances by ocean currents. ^ Not oidy have they been found in the debris east up at the high-water mark along tropical shores, but experiments have been made which demonstrate the great length of time they will float in salt water. '' In (iuam the tree is used for dyeing, though, owing to the trouble of preparing it, the dye is not now so extensively used as before the introduction of coal-tar dyes into tlie island. P>oth a red and a yellow color are obtainable, the bark of the root being the source of the best red dye, the root itself yielding a yellow dye. The fruit is eaten in many of the Pacific islands, but it is insipid and very full of seeds. In India it is gathered green and forms an ingredient in the curries of the native's. Ukkerknces: Morinda rllrifoliu L. Sp. PI. 1: 176. 1753. «Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 5, p. 261, 1891. *See Schimper, Die indo-malayische Strandflora, p. 165, pi. vii, llg. 26, band c, 1891. cGuppy, The clispersal of plants, etc., Trans, of the Victoria Institute, 1890. fed Contr. Nat. Heib., Vol. IX Plate LVIII. MORINGA MORINQA, THE HORSE-RADISH TREE. NATURAL SiZE. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 327 Moringa moringa. Horse-kadisii tkkk. I'latk i.viii. Family Moringaceae. Local names. — Marunggai ((hiain); Maluilggai, Balunggai, l>ul()nggai, Arongay, Arungay (Philippines); Mnruugai, Muruiiga (Tamil); Muriuna (Malayan); Palo jermga (Cuba). A small tree with corky bark, soft wood, and pungent root having the taste of horse-radish. Leaves pinnately (•omi)Ound, usually tripinnate; petiole slender, slieatliing at the base; pinnae 4 to G pairs; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, opposite, pale beneatli, (•aduc'(jus as well as the pinnules, glandular at tlie base; petiolules slender; glands linear, hairy; panieles axillary, sjireading; bracts linear; flowers white, honey- scented, irregular, bisexual, pediceled, 2.5 cm. in diameter; calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft; segments unequal, i>etaloid, linear-lanceolate, reflexed; petals 5, unequal, narrowly spathulate, upper smaller, lateral ascending, anterior larger; stamens inserted on the edge of the disk, declinate, 5 perfect opposite tlie petals, alternating with 5 which are reduced to antherless filaments; ovary stipitate, 1-celled; style slen- der, tubular; stigma perforated; ovules numerous, in 2 series on 3 parietal placentas; l>od long, slender, pendulous, 9-ribbed; seeds 3-angled, winged at the angles. The seeds of this tree yield the " ben" oil of commerce, which is highly valued as a lubricant by watchmakers. The young leaves, young jjods, and flowers are used as food in West Bengal; they are antiscorl)utic; the root is used in place of horse-radish, and medicinally as a rubefacient and counterirritant, like a mustard plaster. The leaves and young branches are much relished by cattle and horses. In Nicaragua they are (;ut for forage. Plants are easily raised from seed and are of rapid growth. Tlie unripe seed-pods are used in India for curries. When cut into pieces and cooked like asjiaragus or string-beans they form a savory dish, but they are too fibrous to be a popular vegeta- ble. In Bengal and upper India the seeds are planted in June and July, at the beginning of the rainy season." References: Moringa morlnga (L.) Millsp. Field. Col. Mus. Bot. 8er. 1: 490. 1902. Gnilandina moringa L. Sp. PL 1: 381. 1753. Moring-a pterygosperma ( laert. Same as Moringa moringa. Morning'-glory. See Iponwea, Argyreiu, Pliarhitis, and Operculina. Moso'oi (Samoa). See Canangiani. odoratmn. Mosses. The following mosses are recorded from the island of Guam, all of them collected by Gaudichaud and determined by Schwaegrichen and Walker-Arnott. They W'ere first sent by Gaudichaud to Schwaegrichen, but many of the specimens were incom- plete or without fruit, so that they could not be identified with absolute certainty. Afterwards they were carefully examined by Walker-Arnott, wdio jniblished a paper on the "Disposition methodique des especes de Mousses," '' in which were included with a few changes the mosses of Schwaegrichen's list. Bartramia uncinata Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 227. Hypnum cupressiforine Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 229. Hypnum delicatulum Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 229. Hypnum recurvans Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 229. Hypnum scaturiginum Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 228. Macromitrion urceolatum Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 224. Neckera undulata Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 228. Octoblepharum albidum Schwaeg. ex Walker-Arnott, p. 14. Freyc. Voj'. Bot. 226. Syrrhopodon rigescens Schwaeg. Freyc. Voy. Bot. 226. «Firminger, ]\Ianual of (Jardening for P>engal, ed. 4, ]>. 140, 1890. ^Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat. de I'aris, 1825, p. 249. .S2H USEFUL PLANTS OK GUAM. Mostaza. See liriisaii-n jmifCfi. Mucuna gigantea. Same as Slizolohiinii (/l(/iiiilnivi. Mucuna pruriens. Sainc as Sllio/iihiinn jinirlcns. Mudu-murunga (('cyloii). See Sujilim-d lniiii'iitdKn. Mugwort. Sec ArlnniKin riil(/<(r!s. Mulberry, Indian. Sec MmliKhi (■ilrifnliii. Miiniutun ((iiiaiii). A i cailcil iiiuiiiiidiii |>alaiiHii ( iViiialc wci'd ) nr uiniiiiitiiii atlan.clon. Tliciiaiiic iiiiiiinitiiii cliiva (jioat weed) is applied t() a inw, .^inail-Hnwcri'd (•(iiii]>ositc; iiiuimitun lalic (male weed) to an ill-smeiiiiig hispid, hlue-llowered labiatt', with cordate leaves; and niunmtun sable (sword weed) to CasHia occidental ix. Mung- ( India). See J'fuiseolus nnnifjo. Munggo (Philii)pines). See J'haseolus nnnif/d. Musa jDaradisiaca. I^i.axtaix. Banana. Pi.atk xxii. Family ]\Iusaceae. Local na.mks. — ("liotda ((iuam, for the j)lant and givt-n I'rnitj; Aga ((Jnam, for tiie ripe frnit) ; Platano (Spanish); Sagning, Pisang (Philippines); Fa'i (Samoa). Bananas were growing in (inam l)efore the discovery of the island by JNIagellan. I'igafetta des(!ribes them in his narrative as " figs a ])alm long."" Usnally the nimier- ons varieties are grouped under two heads. Tliose of smaller size, which are sweet and which may be eaten raw, are called bananas and have often been considered a distinct si)ecies, Mt(S(i Hapindnm; the larger ones, which are less sweet and nujre starchy, and which must be cooked before they are fit to eat, are called i)lantains, and are considered by some to constitute the species Musa2Mradisi(ii-a. At least eleven varieties are recognized in (inam, some of which were undoubtedly introduced after the discovery. Schumann, in his monograph, regards M. .y'^y«c/*/«Hi as a subspecies of M. 2Mradivar(i. '' Among the varieties noticed by (iaudichaud were chotdan ' patgon, a small banana of fine flavor; chotdan lago ("foreign banana"); chotdan tonduke, a giant plantain, probalily introduced from the Philippines, where it bears the name of "tondtjk," having few fruits on a raceme, but these of great size, and having also a strong fiber which is ust'd for cordage and for weaving into fabrics; and three forms of aga, as the ripe fruit is called: Aga Sumay (a variety cultivated lirst in the village of that name), agfi mahalang, and aga langiii. In the last edition of Blanco's Flora F'ilipina the large jjlantain called tondok is called Mnsa curiiicnliiln iiKigiid. Its fruit is often more than a foot long and when cooked has a fine apple-like flavor. llananas are easily jiropagated l)y suckers, which spring up from the base of the old plant when the fruit begins to ripen. When two or three bananas at the top of the liuncli turn yellow the bunidi should be cut off and hung uj) by a string in the house, when the rest will gradually rijjen. Only one bunch is borne by a plant; but as suckers spring up from the underground rootstalk, the life of the banana may be said to be continuous. In (Tuam bananas grow almost spontaneously. Jn Plate XXII is sliiiwn a iilantation of them along the road leading from Agana to the i)ort. The fruit may be jjrepan^d for exj)ortation either by cutting it into strips or slici's and dryiuLi it. iir l)y making it into Hour. In the lirst < ase ripe bananas are used. " Primo Viaggio intorno, ISIH). '^Mono-iap.'i'.Musaccae, p. 20, IS.OO. <'Tli<' letter // appeixU'd Id the ueui-ric term chotda, takes the place ol" the ligature ' in the langua'je of ( iunni. In the fame way the termination ikj is used in i'liili])- pine dialei-ts in jilacc cf liie ligature u.^n. Sc e ]i. I H. IK DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 329 They are peeled ami sliced either longitudinally or transversely and dried first in the oven and then in the nun. They are then packed in l)oxes or wrapped in dry leaves for exportation. In this form they are quite Hweet and suijary and have a delightful flavor. In Tahiti and the neighboring islands belonging to France l)ananas preserved in this way are called "pi^re." Banana flour. — This is made from unripe bananas, which are first ])ut into scalding water so as to facilitate peeling, sliced, dried in vacuum or in the sun, powdered and sifti'd. In British (iuiana it is called by the natives " con(|uintay." It has a fra- grant odor, acquired in drying, somewhat resembling fresh hay or tea. The fruit is gathered green, before its starch is convertetl into sugar. The flavor of the meal is enhanced by quick drying. Steel knives must not be used in shcing the fruit, since they discolor the meal. Knives witli sdver or nickel blades are preferable. The flour may be used in a measure as a substitute for arrowroot. Samples flt for expor- tation contain about 1") per cent of water. The flour is packed in boxes or barrels lined with paper. It is of a yellow color and has an agreeable sweetish taste. It combines readily with water, milk, or broth. It can not be made into bread, but is a fine ingredient for biscuits or cakes." In a country like Guam, where hurricanes, followed by scarcity of food, are liable to occur at any time, it would be of the greatest advantage to the natives to keeji on hand a supply of banana flour, as well as of dried breadfruit and fadang meal.'' References: Mnsa paradisiacd L. Sp. PL 2: 1043. 1758. Musa sapientum L. See under Mu.m panidi^ktra. Musa textilis. Ab.\c.\. Local names. — Abaka (Guam, Philippines). This jjlant has been introduced into Guam, and attempts were made to cultivate it on the island by several governors and by the Sociedad Agricola de la Concepcion, in 1SG7, during the administration of Don Francisco Moscoso y Lara. It grows well; a fine patch of it may still be seen on the border of the "Cienaga," near Matan-hanom, the source of the Agafia River; but the preparation of its fiber required too much work on the part of the natives. They have other plants suitable for cordage, which require little trouble to prepare them for their uses; and the cultivation of this species, though quite possible in Guam, has never been an industry of the island. Unlike the allied banana and plantain, the fruits of Musa textilis are fertile. The plant may l)e propagated from the seed, but it is usually i)ropagated from suckers, as in the case of the Itanana and plantain. When the j>lants are cut down at maturity they are replaced by suckers which spring up from the root, so that the plantation is constantly renewing itself. When the flower bud makes its appearance tlie plant is ready for the harvest. The stalk is cut close to the ground. The fiber is contained in the long leaf sheaths which surround the stem. These are split into strips two or three inches wide. The inner portion of the middle parts, which are thicker than the marginal, is pulpy and comparatively useless, so that only the outer i)ortion is used. The fiber should be extracted while the strips are still fresh, since they become quickly discolored if left in the sun, and the quality of the fiber is injured if they are allowed to ferment. In the Philippines the fiber is extracted by drawing the prepared strips of the leaf-sheath between the edge of a large knife or machete and a lilock of hard wood. This is usually done under a tree or a thatch-covered shed. Two posts are set upright in the ground, to which a horizontal pole is lashed with rattans (in Guam Pandanus leaves or cords of Hibiscus bark would answer). «Neish, Leuscher's method of preparing banana flour, Journ. Jamaica Agr. Soc, Nov., U)03, p. 440. See also species and principal varieties of Musa, Kew Bull. Misc. Inf., 1894, p. 1'28 to 314. '' See Artocarpus co)nmunis and Cycas clrcinalis. ;}3U USEFI'L PLANTS OF GUAM. On theiippor face of this jjole ii stnmj,' knife with a wooden handle is firmly attacluMl hv means of a pivot. The handle is attached hy a sprinj^ to thu roof above or the hraiifh of a tree, and hy a line or rattan to a treadle below, which can be worked b\ tile foot of the (>|>erat()r. Tiie .Mprin<; above holds the edge of the knife against the pole or a block with a nniform i)ressin-e, while the strip is drawn between it and the i)ole or block. By means of the treadle the pressure is released. The fineness and whiteness of the fiber is enhanced by drawing the strips several times. This is accoiiipaiiied liy considerable wasti', wiiich is in part compi'nsati'd for b}- an increase in vahie of the lil)er." Ukkkkk.nces: Mnmte.dilisW'e, Anal. Cienc. Nat. 4: 12:]. LSOl. Mussaenda frondosa. I'^amily linbiaceae. Local N.\.\iEs.—Agboy (Philippines); 'Uto'uto, Aloalo-sina, Fau-uta (Samoa); J)ovu (Fiji). A hand.some shrub, with yellow flowers, having one of the divisions of the calyx expanded into a white, leaf-like, petioled appendage. Leaves oblong or ovate- acuminate, opposite or in whorls of three; stipules solitary or in pairs between the petioles; flowers in terminal cymes; bracts and ])racteoles deciduous; calyx-tube obhing or turljinate; calyx-teeth 5, deciduous almost immediately after flowering, one modified into a large, white, petioled leaf; corolla tuluilar, funnel-shaped above, tube silky, throat hairy; lobes 5, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate; stamens 5 on the throat of tlie corolla, filaments short, anthers linear; ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigmas 2, linear; ovules numerous on peltate fleshy placentas; berry obovoid, glab- rous, fleshy, with a broad areole on the top; seeds minute, testa pitted. ' This plant is of wide tropical distribution, being found in Polynesia, Melanesia, the Malay Archipelago, and India. In Bombay the white leaf-like segment of the calyx is eaten as a vegetable. The white leaves are given in milk as a remedy for jaundice in India, and the root is used as a remedy for leprosy. References: Mussaenda frondosa Li, S'p. PL 1: 177. 1753. Mustard (Indian). See Brassica juncea. Mutha (India). See Cyperus rotundus. Myrobalan family. See Comhretaceae. Nagao {(luam ). The vernacular name for a ripe coconut in which the water has become absorbed. Naju (Panama). See AbelmoscJius esculentua. Name (Panama). See Dioscorea alala. Namuleng-a (Samoa). SeeVilex frifolia. Nana (Guam). See Lumnitzera Uttorea and L. pedicellala. Nana ((iuam). See Tjumnitzera pedicellata. Nanag-o ((^uam) . See (^ri/nopogon torresianus. Nanaso ((Juam). See Lobelia Jxocnigil. Nangka (Guam). The Phillipine name for the Jak-fruit {Artocarpus integrifoUa) ; in Guam applied to the edible seed of the fertile breaii/t>//li'ris dixsccld. See Ferns. Nephrodium parasiticum. Same as l>ri/i>j)ti'rls jmrdsiticd. See Frriis. Nephrolepis. See Ferns. Nerium oleander. The well-known oleantler, an introduced plant cultivated by the natives lor the sake of its flowers and called in Guam "adeli'a" or "rosa laurel." References: Xerium oleander !.. Sp. PI. 1: '_'()!l. 175.']. Nervilia aragoana. Water-root Family Orchidaceae. Local names. — Seyaihagon or Sedyaihagon, Maisaulu, "single head," (Guam). An orchid closely allied to Pogonia, collected by (iaudichaud in Guam and named by him for Arago, the draftsman of Freycinet's expedition. Leave.s suljrotund- cordate, repand, of uniform color, many-nerved, smooth, plicate when young, with deep basal sinus and acute apex, usually solitary, sometimes in pairs, rising from a sph;eroid tuber about 12 mm. or more in diameter; flowers arranged in form of a raceme on an erect leafless scape 17 to 30 cm. high, greenish, shortly i)edicelled, at first erect, afterwards nodding; perigonium half-open, persistent, divisions lanceolate- linear, acuminate, subequal; median lobe of the three-lobed lip broader than the lateral, obtusely crenulate, slightly villous within: stigma broader and lower than in Pogonia, column elongated. The natives of Guam frequently chew the firm, fleshy, juicy tuber as they walk through the woods, to quench their thirst, especially in the northern part of the island, where there are no springs nor streams. This species is figured in the Botany of the Uranie. A detailed description is given by Blume in Flora Juvie, Orchidaceae, p. 130, tal). 56, under the name of Pogonia nervilia. Nervilia ovata Gaudich. is a species collected by Gaudichaud on the adjacent island of Rota, or Luta. References: Nerrilia aragoana Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 422. t. So. 1826 Nervilia ovata. See under NereiUa aragoami. Nete or Neti (Guam). See J^y3/wi^ro.siam reiiuirc little watering. The beds are carefully weeded and the seedlings are ready for transplanting in a few weeks, geu- i-rally in October and November. They are then i)lanted in nurseries, in parallel rows, near their ultimate destination, and are usually shaded with canopies of nmslin or interlacing branches or cocoaiuit leaves. This gives the roots a chance to grow without too great crowding, as would be the ca.«eif they were left to develop in the seed beds. Finally, in the months of December, Jamiary, or February, they are planted in the field, the time selected for this purpose being after a good rain. Care is taken not to injure the roots of the young i)lants in transplanting. They nuist be watered at intervals, if the rain is not sutti(;ient and must be protected from the sun by segments of cocoanut leaves set in the ground at an angle and the ends of the leaflets tied together so as to form a sort of cone. The natives take great care to keep their fields free from weeds and go over the plants daily to destroy the larva of a sphinx moth which feeds upon them. About one month after planting in the field the flower buds make their appearance and are immediately pinched off, leaving only a few of the finest plants to tlower in order to secure seed for the next season. Tobacco is so prolific that the seed from one plant is sufficient to plant a field of consideral)le size. Suckers or side branches are removed as fast as they appear, as the nourishment must go to developing large leaves. When the leave?! are sufficiently mature the whole plant is cut off near the 1)ase, anil the leaves are allowed to dry on the stem. The plants are tied in bundles and taken under cover. For cutting a dry day is selected, and the plants are allowed to wither before being taken under cover. In drying two or three plants are hung together, the bunches being far enough apart so as to leave space for free circulation of the air. When the midribs are perfectly dry the process is finished. After undergoing a slight fermentation the tobacco is made up either in the form of loosely rolled cigars wrapped with pineapple or agave fiber, or in bundles (" palillos") of ten leaves each. The use of tobacco is general among the natives, both male and female, of the low'er classes, but very few ladies of the better class make use of it, and these appear ashamed if seen smoking. So necessary is it to most of the people that they appear to suffer as much from its lack as from a dearth of food. As a rule they prefer their own tol)acco to imported kinds; but when their supply gives out they will use what they can obtain from the storekeepers. On such occasions they will bring eggs or chickens to give in exchange, when they refuse to sell these for moiiey. Rkfekences: Nicotiana tabacum L. Sp. PI. 1: 180. 1753. Nigas (Guam), ^ee Pempliis acldula. Night-blooming' cestrum. See Cestrwn riortnnnmi. Nika ((tuani). See Dioxcorca, D. anilcutu, D. /(i^rictilola, D. fasciculatalutescens, and D. j>(t])Hana. Nika Cimarron (CJuam) . See DIoscorea sp'mosa. Nimo (Guam). Local name of a tree mentioned in a list compiled by (iovernor Olive y (iarcia. Not identified. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 333 Ninayag ((iuani). Local name of a tree mentioned in a list sent by Governor Pablo Perez to tlie cap- tain-general of the Philippines. He described it as having soft wood and growing, near the beach. It is sometimes nsed for furniture. Not identitied. Nino (IMiilippines). See Morhida ritrij'iiines). See Cocoti imcifera . Nipa (Guam, Philippines). See Ni/jxi frnliran.'^. Nipay ( Pliihpiiines). See Stizolohimii giijdiilcinii and N. jimrinin. Niphobolus adnascens Kaulf. Same as Ci/dopltorut^ adnascem. Nito (Philippines). See Li/f/odiinn xcnndens. Niu (Samoa, Hawaii). See Coco!< nmifera. Niyog: (Guam). See Ojco.s nndfcra. Nolon (Guam). Name of a tree not identifieil, included by Governor Olive in a list sent by him to the captain-general of the Philippines. Nona (Malay Archipelago). See Movhuhi citrlfoHa. Nonag or Nonak (Guam). See Hcrnnndia peltatu. Noni (Hawaii). See Morinda citrifolld. None ( Rarotonga, Tahiti) . See Morhida citrij'oUa. Nonok (Philippines). See -F(cit.s sp. Nonu (Samoa). See Morhida cAtnfoUa. Nonu-fi'afi'a (Samoa). See Caryojihyllus malaccensis. Nostoc. See Algse. Nuna (Southern India) . See Morinda dtrifoUa. Nunu ((luam). A large banyan tree. See Ficus sp. Nothopanax cochleatum. Saucek-leaf. Shell-leaf. Family Araliaceae. Local names. — Platitos (Guam, Philippines); Rauparoro (Ternate); Daunpapeda (Java). An introduced ornamental shrub, growing in many of the gardens of Guam, with saucer-like or shell-like concave leaves, which are petioled, simple, round-cordate, and spinulose-ciliate and dentate. Flowers small, growing in dense paniculate umbels; calyx-tube obconical, with adherent ovary, the limb minutely 5-toothed, persistent; petals 5, valvate; stamens 5, alternating with the petals; ovary 2-celled; styles 2; fruit 2-seeded. This plant is a native of the Malay Archipelago. In Java it is much planted about dwellings and in the villages. It has been introduced into South America. The leaves serve as dishes, also as greens. Together with the root, according to Rumphius, they are mixed with parsley and act as a diuretic." References: Nothopanax cochleatum (Lam.) Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1' : 78H. 1855. Aralia cochleata Lam. Encyc. 1: 224. 1783. Panax cochleatum DC. Prod. 4: 253. 1830. Nothopanax fruticosum. Cut-leaved i'anax. Local names. — Papua (Guam, Philippines); Daun papedapapoea (Java); Tane- tane (Samoa); Danidani (Fiji). An introduced ornamental shrub with tripiimate leaves. Leaflets lanceolate, bristly- « Miquel, Flora Indiaj Batavise, vol. 1, p, 766, 1855. 884 USEFUL PLANTS OK (U'AM. HciTalcnr iiiciscil. ul'lcii irregular in sliapt'; llowefK small, in iianiciid lunlu'ls; pedicfls jointed close under the (lowers; ])anie]os 7.5 to 15 cm.; Itraets minute, deciduous; styles 2 liarcly .".), persistent on the lateially ((Hiipressed fruit, re(nive(l. Widely spread in India, the .Malay .\rchi)ielaar houses. In Java it is used in the plai'e of celery and parsley an of the sap of the nipa, obtained as in the cocoanut from the Howi-ring spadix. This is not done in ( Juam, where coconuts are much more abundant. Padre Blanco mentions nijia as a remedy for the bites of centipedes and a cure for ulcers. The kernel is edible, but very hard and oidy eaten occasionally in Guam as an experiment. References: Ni/pafruticans Vi'nvin\>, N'erli. Batav. (ten. 1: 350.1779. Ochra. See Abelmoschus esculentus. Ochrocarpos obovalis. CnoPAi;. Pj,ate lix. Family Clusiaceae. Local names. — Chojiag (Guam). A medium-sized tree with leaves resend)ling those of Calophylluni and Clusia. Branches rigid, warty, with light-colored bark; leaves opposite, short-petioled, nar- rowed to the bafee, obovate or oblong-obovate, broadly rounded at apex, entire, smooth, coriaceous, 10 to IS cm. long by 6 to 8 cm. wide, finely pinnate-veined and delicately reticulate, with l)road, prominent midrib; petioles stout, grooved, scarcely 13 mm. long; flowers fragrant, polygamous, lateral, single or clustered; peduncles single-flowered with a few short bracts at the l)ase; calyx closed in the bud, splitting into two persistent sepals, which are 12 nun. long, broadly ovate and pointed; petals (i, wlute, oblong, about 13 mm. long; stamens numerous, filaments slender, united at liase; anthers elongateil, fertile only in male flowers; female flowers with sterile stamens, a single pistil, and peltate, subsessile stigma; fruit large, hard, and of an oljlong shape. The wood is hard, heavy, fine-grained, and durable. It is very highly prized })y the natives of Guam, who use it for posts and beams in the construction of their houses. Sometimes the trunks yield logs 5 meters long and 30 cm. in diameter. As the tree grows old red heart-wood is developed which at length takes up a great part of the trunk. From this a dye somewhat like that obtained from sappan-wood is ol)tained, but at the present time, when imported dyes are easily obtainable, the natives do not go to the trouble to prepare it for use. The tree usually grows in rocky places near the shore. It is especially abundant on the Peninsula of Orote and also on A papa Island. Vast quantities have been cut down for the use of vessels touching at the island, but as it multiplies rapidly from the seed it has not become rare. In the Index Kewensis Calysuccion ohovale of Miquel is given as a synonym for Orhroairpos oralifidius (Chois. ) T. Anders. The Guam species corresponds accurately with Miquel's description, but not with that of 0. omUfolivs, the leaves of which are "oval, obtuse at each end, or subcordate at the base," while those of our species narrow gradually to the base. This tree was mentioned under its vernacular name by C4audichaud in the botany of the Freycinet expedition, l)ut he did not know to what genus to refer it, calling it in one place a species of Rauwolfia and in another Plumiera. He described the wood correctly, but evidently did not see the flowers nor leaves. He probably confused it with Ocliromi mariannensix, a tree with glossy coriaceous leaves belonging to the Apocynaceae. Refekences: Ochrocarpos obovalis (Miq.) Safford. Calysaccion ohomle Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Sui)i>i. 1: oOO. 1860. 88() USEFUL l>LANTS OF (JUAM. Ochrosia mariannensis. Makiannk vkli-; Cerbcra. Leavi's in wliorls of three, ol)l<>nj,', narrowing,' t<> the l)ase, obtuse at tlu' apex, very siiiDoth, venose beneatli; calyx 5-partee, iii(lnrht, with ]ilane cotyleilons aniii;itt'-iis ur lu'inisplu'ric, tt'ri-tc or 4-ril)lt('(l, iiu'inbra- noii8; cruwii usually i-xci't'dini; tlu' calyx teeth, Icjcnlicidal at tin,' top, inaiiy-iseeiU'il; seeds subjilobosi', testii\viny .huwiinum marianum and the cultivated Jiismluinn nfficirudi' and ./. m^nlxic Oleander. See Xcriunt oleander. Olena (Hawaii). See Curcuma lour/a. Onion. See Allium cepa and Gardenn. Operculina peltata. Shield-leavkd morning-gloky. Family Convolvulaceae. Local names. — Lagun (Guam); Wa bula (Fiji). A dindnng plant with long, tough, woody stem, large dark-green leaves, and milky juice. Glabrous or the veins of the leaves hairy beneath; leaves broadly ovate, shortly acuminute, more or less peltate, or the upper ones cordate with a nar- row sinus, lo to 25 cm. long; flowers large, usually white (they have also been described as purplish and sulphur-colored), in loose cymes on a common peduncle usually shorter than the petiole; sepals broad, obtuse, coriaceous, nearly equal, about 18 mm. long when in flowei', larger when in fruit; corolla broadly campanu- late, at least 5 cm. long; anthers large. Common in Guam in rocky places along the coast, especially on Orote peninsula, and Apapa Island in the harbor of San Luis de Apia, spreadijig over bushes and covering the rocks with its dark-green foliage. The species is foinid in Tahiti, Fiji, Java, Amboina, and the islands on the east coast of tropical Africa. Eeferexces: Operculirui peltata (L.) Hallier f. Engler's Bot. Jahrl). 16: 549. 1892. Cnurolndui^pi'ltnlnxL. Sp. PI. 2:1194.1753. Tpdinota jtcltala Choisy, Meui. Soc. Phys. Genev. 6: 452. 1833. Ophioglossales. See Fern-allies. Ophiog-lossum. pendulum. Same as Ophioderma pendula. See Fern-allies. Opo, opu (Philippines). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Opoponax (Southern United States). See Acacia famesiana. Opuntia sp. Prickly tear. Familv Cactaceae. Local names. — Lengua de vaca (Spanish, meaning "cow's tongue"). A plant pro) )ably introduced from Mexico. Flowers yellow; fruit sweetish; not common on the island. The natives do not care for the fruit. Oramai (Ponape). See Boehnieria tenacissima. Orange. See <'itrus aurantium. Orange-berry. See Triphasia tri/n/lnla. Orchidaceae. Orchid family. The following species of orchids have thus far been collected in Guam: Nerrilia aragodiia (iandich. { Pogimin jUdielUforinis Lindl.) ; Lnisln fi'retifoli<( in straipiit rown about a font apart. Uicc is never sown broailcafst in (juain. Al>nut two kahanes of seed are re(|nirod for eaeh hectare of land. Tlie weedini; is done l)y liainl. The weeds are 1)nried in tlie mud. They soon decav and serve to enrich the .«oil. In (inani the fields arc kei)t flooded until the grain is completely developed and well filled out. The water is then drawn off the fields. As there is no ])rovision in Guam for storing water in reservoirs for irrigation or ]»uniping it from wells, the season for rice growing depends upon the water sui>ply from tlie streams. As a rule there is l)ut one rice harvest piT year. Tlu' plants are not pulled up, hut are cut with a sickle at a convenient height, leaving the stalks, which sometimes produce a second crop. The gathered crop is exposed to the sun only while the reajiing is going on. It is carried to sheds the evening of the same day and ]ilaced under cover. Rice is thrashed either by treading it under foot or l>y lieating the stalks over a pole or band)oo grating. The grain is separated from the straw very easily by the latter jiroccss, which, in Guam, is jjreferred to the former. It is then winnowecl. It is kept in store in its unhulled condition, small cjuantities l)eing hulleil as reipiired in a large wooden mortar (pilon) made of a log with a cavity at the upper end holding from a half ganta to a ganta of grain. The pestle is also of wood, having an oblong thickening at each end and slender in the middle, so as to be easily grasped by the hand. As a rule rice grown in Guam is inferior to that imported from other coun- tries. The best rice brought to the island comes from Japan, selling at 10 pesos ($5) a i)icul. American rice sells for 10 cents a pound. Eice was formi'rly brought to Guam from the Philippines and from Saigon, Cochin China, but importation from these sources has stopped. "When the rice harvest of the island has been fairly good the unhulled paddy is sold at 6 pesos a kaban. In the time of Don Felipe de la Corte its usual price was 3 pesos a kaban. (See value of picul and kaban under " Pleas- ures," p. 189.) In time of scarcity Japanese and American rice is sold as high as 20 pesos a sack ($10) containing 1 picul. Unsuccessful attempts have been made to cultivate rice in the large marsh near Agana, called "laCienaga," and Don Felipe de la Corte tried to cultivate upland rii-e on the island, l)ut failed. « The labor recpiired to keep the rice fields free from weeds is so great and so exacting, and failures of the crop are so frequent, that rice culture is gradually being abandoned in Guam, except in sites especially favored. The natives are directing their attention moi-e and more to maize, their principal food staple, and to cocoanut planting, the onlj' commercial industry of the island. According to Don Antonio Martinez, the yield of rice per hectare of land is, in good years, as much as 100 kabanes. Laborers in rice fields are su])ject to sick- ness which they call "jiasmoii maneiigheiig, " especially those working in drained fields. This is probably of a malarial nature ("maneiigheiig" signifies cold). Land varies greatly in fertility. In some places the same field is cultivated for a number of years in succession; in others the soil soon becomes exhausted. In the latter case it is allowed to lie fallow for one or two years. Weeds grow uji, and their leaves falling and decaying serve to enrich the fields anew. When the rice is ripe the fields are visited by doves and wild ducks, which cause considerable loss to the farmer. Rekkkknces: Oryza mtini L. Sp. I'l. 1: ;«3. 1753. Otaheite apple. See Cari/o]>li!ilius mahicroifih. Ot(5 (Panama). See Caladium colocasia. Otud or Otot (Guam). See Icacorca sp. Oxalidaceae. Oxalis family. This family is represented in uij;a) ; N'iiia- gera(Cul)a); Vinagvillo (Porto Rico). A procumlient, herbaceous plant, usually pubescent with appressed hairs, freely branching from the l)ase, often creeping. Leaves trifoliolate, leatiets ol)conlate, minutely reticulated; stipules united to base of petals; flowers yellow, growing in umbel-like cymes; peduncles 1 to 5-flowered but mcstly 2-flowered, pedicels pubes- cent, retlexed; sepals 5, pubescent; petals 5, emarginate; stamens 10, monadelphous at base, 5 longer and 5 shorter; ovary a-eelled; ovules several in ea(;li cavity; styles 5, separate, persistent, stigmas terminal; capsule oblong, appressed-pubescent; seeds compressed, transversely ridged. Common in waste places and fields on the island. The plant is.antis(!orbutic and is used in India as a remedy in dysentery. The Chamorro name signifies "sour" and is also applied to Meihomia trijiora (see agsom). It was first colk'cted in Guam by Freycinet, who recorded it as OraUx repeiis. Widely distributed in the warmer regions of the earth. References: Oxalis corniculata L. Sp. PI. 1: 435. 1753. Ox-eye bean. See Stizolobiuin giyantemii. Pacao (jr Pakao (Guam). See Gailandina criMa. Pachyrhizus bulbosus. Same as Cacara erom. Pachyrhizus jicamas. Same as Cacara erosa. Pacpac or Pakpak (Guam). A small tree mentioned by Governor Olive in his list, from which pikes and handles of garden implements are made; not identified. Paddy (British East Indies). See Oryza saliva. Padi (Malayan). See Oryza sativa. Pago (Guam). See Pariti tiUacewii. Pahong or Pahon (Guam). See Pandanus and P. duhius. Paingot (Guam). See Pandanus si). Paipay (Guam). A tree included in the list of Don Felipe de la Corte, yielding timbers 4 meters long and 15 cm. in diameter, used for the framework of roofs of houses and handles for fusinos or thrust hoes. It is subject to the attacks of termites, and therefore not so extensively used in Guam as other woods which are immune; not identified. Pajon (Spanish). See Pandanus dubius. Pajuil (I'orto Rico). See Anacardium occidentcdc Pakpak langao (Philippines). See Meihomia triflora. Palaga-hilitai nv Q,uelitai (Guam). See Meihomia umhellata. Palai (ir' Palay. The Philippine name for uncooked rice. See Oryza sativa. Palang-palang (Philippines). See C'anavali oisiforme, and (\ (ihlnsifoliutn. Palilalia (Guam). See Schychmvskya interrupta. Pal-lam or Pallang (Philippines) . See Botor tetragonoloba. Palm, betel-nut. See Areca caihecu. Palm, black-fiber. See Saguenis pinnatns. Palm, coconut. See Cocus mucifera. Palm, date. See Phoenix dactylifera. Palra, gomutu. See Sagun-ns j)iiiii;ro\vin linear segments; stamens 6, the tilameuts free above, but webbed and united into a funnel- shaped cup below; anthers narrow, versatile; ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, bearing a long slender style and capitate stigma; leaves star-shaped. This ])lant is of comparatively recent introduction into (tuam. It has spread rapiilly and covers acres of coast near Agana. The flowers burst into ])loom at about half past 4 o'clock in the afternoon. References: Pancratium littorale Jacq. Select. Stirp. Amer. 99. 17()3. Hymenocallifi liftoralix Salisb. Trans. Ilort. Soc. 1:338. 1812. The genus Pancratium as established by Linn;eus in Species Plantarura 1: 290. 1753, and Genera Plantarum (•. 141. 17r)4, was adopted from the Pancratium of DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 348 Dilleniiis, whose only species is included in the Linnrean ^enus under the binomial name /'. mcxlcanimi. This species, although since referred to Hymenocallis, should be considered as the type of Pancratium and the latter name retained for the group to which its type species belongs. Pandan (Philippines). See Pandarms tectorius. Pandanaceae. Screwpixe family. Local names (generic). — Palma (Spanish); Fala (Samoa); Ilala, Lauhala (Hawaii); Ara, Rau-ara (Rarotonga); Pandan (Java); Vakoilna, Hofa (Mada- gascar); Piihong, Kafo Aggak (Guam); Pangdang (Philippines). Much confusion exists in the nomenclature of the Pandanaceae, owing to insuffi- cient material in herbaria. In this genus the male and the female flowers are borne on separate plants. The leaves are long and narrow, tough and leathei-y, and are armed along the keel of the midrib and on the edges with sharp recurved prickles. They are arranged in triple sjjiral series toward the ends of the branches, forming dense tufts or crowns; it is from their resemblance to the leaves of the pine- apple that the name of the screw pine is derived. The trees are remarkable for their prop-like aerial roots, with large, cup-like spongioles on their tips. The male inflor- escence consists of a compound spadix, made up of a number of short catkin-like s^iikes, each of which bears an immense number of little naked flowers with indefi- nite stamens. The female inflorescence is a globular or oblong head consisting of very numerous, closely jjacked ovaries, each containing a single ovule. The fruit consists of a number of wedge-shaped clusters of drupes, congregated into oval or cone-like heads. « At least three species of Pandanus occur in Guam, the most important of which, the "aggak," is represented by only one sex, and must be propagated by cuttings. It is prol)al)ly I'dndanus tectoritis Parkinson {P. littoralis Jungh.); but it can not be identified with certainty, as there are many closely allied species. Pandanus dubius. Knob-fruited screwpixe. Local NAMES. — ^Pahong, Pahon (Guam); Pajon (Spanish); Bangcoang bondok (Philippines); Uom (New Lauenburg group). A tree growing to the height of 3 to 7 meters, with very liroad, stiff, long, coarse leaves, which are crowded at the ends of the branches. The drupes composing the large head each terminate in a point at the apex, giving to the fruit the appearance f>f the head of an enormous Fijian war club, studded with many blunt projections. The leaves are not strong. They are normally stiff, but may be made more flexible by heat, and may be woven into coarse mats, but they are inferior in every way to those of the aggak. The kernels of the seeds are sometimes eaten by the natives as a relish, but they are not a food staple. Collected in Guam by Chamisso and by Gaudichaud, by the latter of whom it was named Hombronia edulis. This species occurs only east of the ^Moluccas. It has been collected on Mioko and Kerawara, of the New Lauenburg group, Bismarck Archipelago.^ References: Pandarms dubius Spreng. Syst. 3: S97. 1826. Pandanus fragrans. Fragrant-fruited screwpine. Plate lx. Local names. — Kafo,.Kafu, Kafok, Cafo, Cafii (Guam). A small tree, 3 to 7 meters high, with glossy, green leaves having no textile value. In open places the truzik is short and soon begins to branch dichotomously; in the forest it sometimes grows vertically 4 meters before branching. (PI. VIII. ) Numer- ous straight aerial roots grow from the trunk up to a distance of 90 to 120 cm. from tlie base, extending obliquely downward to the ground, serving as sustaining props. ( I'l. XXIII. ) These roots as well as the trunk and limbs are whitish or ash-colored, rt Lindlev & Moore, Treasury of Botany, vol. 2, p. 840, 1899. ^Warburg, Beitriige, Engler's Bot. Jahrb., vol. 13, p. 257, 1890. 344 TTSP^KFL I'LANTS OK (il'AM, and wlifii old aro covorod willi short, hIkii]) i)rotn)u'raiR'('s, like stont spincn; leaves rrowik'd at tin- ends of the Itraiiches, j^reeii, not j)le abont the sizi' of a man's iieatl, numer- ons, toj)-shaj)ed, hlnnt at the ai)ex, angular, '•'>.'•> to 7.o cm. lonji and 2.5 to M cm. hroad at the end, eacii composed of several carpels, of which one is central and tlie others groni)ed around it; tiie top divided liy shallow grooves into as many parts as there are carpels; fruit fragrant wiien rii)e, often burstmg open wlieii falling to the ground; siiles of drui)es yellow or orange. The ripe fruit is muidi eaten by flying foxes {Pleropus keraudreni) and rats {Mn: (lecumanus), which abound on the island, Itut it is not a food staple of the natives. Tlie kernel of the seed is almond-like in shape, of tlie consisteney of 1)eechnnts, and the flavor of otto of roses. It is occasionally eaten liy the natives as a relish, but is too small to repay one for the trouble of picking it out. The trunks are often used for building temporary ranches or farm dwellings; they are not very durable. Advantage! is taken of the dichotoinous branching of the limbs to make suj-iports for platforms. Water troughs are made of straiglit trunks of si)ecimens from the forest, l)ut they soon decay. Along the roadsides and near dwellings trees of kafo are seen witii their trmiks notched in such a manner as to make a reservoir for the rain water which is caught by the leaves and drains down the trunk. Often the presence of a good tree of this kind determines the place where a ranch shall be built. The limbs are also fine chicken roosts, not an unimportant matter in the domestic economy of the natives. In the forests the trunk sometimes rises to a height of 7 meters, straight and smooth, before branching. The heartwood of the old trees is hard and palm-like. It is made into walking sticks. References : Pandaniifi fragrans Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. YI. 1: 274. t. 15. f. 10. 1875. Pandanus tectorius. Textile screwpine. Plate vii. Local names. — Aggag, Aggak, Akgak (cluam); Pandan, Sabotan (Philippines); Fala, Lau-fala (Samoa); Ilala, Lan-hala (Hawaii). A small tree with a trunk, which usually begins to branch very low, the branches often bending downward nearly to the ground; leaves long, sword-shaped, armed witli spines on the margin and keel, differing in color and texture from those of the other species on the island, being glaucous and of great textile strength. Only one. sex occurs on the island, so that it must be propagated by cuttings. These take root readily; indeed, a branch lying on the surface will often send out roots which pene- trate the ground. The natives frecpiently plant tills sj>ecies in hedges, which serve the double purpose of defining their boundaries and of furnishing material for cord- age and for mats, hats, and bags. Dried leaves stripped of the rigid, spiny keel, are used either in their simple form or twisted together as lashings for tlie framework of buildings and for securing thatch to the rf)of. For making mats, liats, and l)ags tlie leaves are steeped in hot water, st:raped and split into strips of various widths according to the fineness of the fabric desired, dried in the sun, and thoroughly cleaned. Mats are braided with the strips crossing diagonally, as in the mats of the eastern Polynesians, not woven with warp and woof as are the mats of many of the Micronesians. Some of the hats and small bags are very fine. In the early days tlie natives of Guam made their sails of aggak lt!aves. The plant was undoubtedly introduced into tlie island in pre- historic times. In India, where Pandanus tectorius is cultivated, male trees are very common, but female tret's are of very rare occurrence.^' « Solms-Laubach, Monographia Pandanacearum, Linuica, vol. 42, p. 38, 1878. Contr. Nat Herb., Vol. IX. Plate LX. .»N ."-f^/ g^'?^ > z a > z c w -r\ > > cn CO o 33 m z m O 33 o z o H I m c_ c z o I- m en" > z D O -n O c > S DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 345 T am not sure of the identity of the Guam plant. Itss glaucous leaves exceed in strength the Samoan and Hawaiian ^crewpines referred to tiiis species. There is also (■onsideraI>le difference between the Samoan "fala" and the Hawaiian "hala," both in the texture of the leaves and the color of the drupes. References: Panddnats tectorius Parkinson, Journ. Voy. to the South Sea in U. M. S. Endeavor, 46. 1773. Keura odorifer-a Forsk. Fl. ^Egypt. Arab. 172. 1775. Pandanus odoratmimus L. f. Suppl. 424. 17S1. Pdndanus fascicularis ham. Encyc. 1: o72. 178:5. Pandanus sp. Local names. — Pairigot (Guam). A species of Pandanus grows in (iuam in cultivation, the tender young leaves of which are used by the natives as a pot herb, and us a llavoriiig for various dishes. They taste very much like artichokes. Pangas (Philipijines). See Zinziher zingiber. Pangdang (Philippines). 8ee Pandmiiis. Pan'g'i (Philippines). See Pam/imn fdule. Pangium edule. Family Flacourtiaceae. Local names. — Raual, Rauwel (Guam, Yap); Paiigi (^lalayan, l'hilip]iines); Boenger (Sumatra); Ani (Amboina). A large tree, introduced into Guam from the island of Yap, bearing large, round, pulpy, edible fruit with numerous large seeds. Leaves large, alternate, entire or inclining to be 3-lobed, long-petioled, cordate or round-ovate, acuminate, smooth above, hairy below along the veins; flowers of different sexes; calyx roundish, dividing into 2 or 3 unequal segments; petals 5 or 6, each bearing a scale on the inner surface at the base; male flowers with an indefinite number of stamens, having leaf- like filaments and oval anthers; female flowers with 5 or 6 staminodes alternating witli the petals; ovary elongate-ovoid, 1-celled, with 2 to 4 {)lacentas, each bearing an indefinite number of seeds; stigma sessile; fruit a large, rounded or oval capsule, which does not split open, with a moderately hard, brown rind; seeds numerous, large, embedded in a mass of pulp, transverse, egg-shaped or 3-cornered, with a hard shell, covered with consijicuous branching veins, and a long and large hilum. They grow readily when planted fresh; cotyledons very large, leaf-like. The sweetish yellow pulp has an onion-like flavor. The seeds contain prussic acid and are jioisonous if eaten fresh. They are edible after the poisonous principle has been removed by continued steejjing in water. In the IVIalay Archipelago the>' form an important food staple of the natives. The crushed seeds are antisei)tic and are used to preserve fish; the bark is usetl for stupefying fish. The wood is hard." References: Panr/iiim ednle Reinw. Syll. Ratisb. 2: 12. lS2cS (ex Tnd. Kew.). Panicuni colonum. Same as KcliiiKxhhin co/oiki. Panicum distachyum. Family Poaccae. A grass with branched straggling stems, creeping below, slender, quite glabrous or panicle sparsely hairy. Leaves linear or lanceolate, with rounded base, flat; margins of sheath sometimes t'iliate, mouth hairy; spikes rarely more than 4, erect, at length si)reading; racliis slender, smooth; spikelets solitary, subsessile in 1 or 2 rows, ellip- soid, glabrous, variable in size, pale green. — _™ 1 "Warburg, Flacourtiaceae, in Engler und Pranti Nat. Pflanzen familien, Teil 3, Abt. Ga, p. 23, 1895. .'U() USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Tliis jrrass is (mIcn hy r;iiilr. It was lirst collcclfii in (iuaiii hy Cliainisso. Rkkkuk.ncks: I'lmifiiiii (lisldcliiiinii ].. Mant. 1; is:!. 17()7. Panicum gaudichaudii. l''aiiiily I'naccaf. l.(K\i. NA.MKs. — Umog, Uuma (Guam). A grass witli (lij^itatc spikes. Sinoolli; <'ulnis firowintr in tufts, u]iriirlit, undivided; leaves Mat; spikes iL'to KJ, fasciculate, crowded, ascend inj:; spikelcts solitai y, Mseri- ate, hi.spidulo-scabrous. This species was described from a plant collected on the island of Guam by Gaudichaud. References: I'diiicinn fjaudicJiatiilii Kunth, Rev. (iiani. 2: ^IS."). /. Wl. 1S.'>0. Digitana xlnda (iand\r]\. Hot. Freyc. Voy. 4()!i. 1,sl'(), not Roth, 182], Panoche ( Guam), 'r^ve nmhn- Sacdiaruin officinariim. Papau or Papao ((iuani). ("aulescent aroids {Alocasia -s;;;). ) with cordate leave? growing: along the borders of streams on the island of Guam. The natives distinguish two varieties, papau :ipaka or " white i)apau," and papau jiinto. Their stems, which are very acrid, grow to a height of 1 to 2 meters. In early times they were eaten by the natives during the l)eriods of famine which followed hunicanes. Papaw. See Carica papayd. Papaya (Spanish, Philiiipincs). See Carica p((j)tn/ii. Papiia (Guam, Philippines). See NotJiopana.r fntlifusiun. Paraiso (Spanish, Guam). Bee Melia azeddi-'uli. Parasites. Among the parasitic ])lantp are Ot.^sijf ha filiform 1», a leafless, wiry plant growing in thickets, and adhering to the branches by root-like tubercles by which they derive their nourishment; and a species of Balanophora, a low, fleshy, leafless, red plant growing on the roots of other plants, common in thickets, especially on the hill above San Ramon. Pariti tiliaceum. " Corkwood. Plate lxi. Local names. — Pago (Guam); Balibago (Philippines); Baro, Yiiro (Madagascar); Fan (Samoa, Tahiti, Fiji); An (Rarotonga); Hau (Hawaii); Mahagua, Mahoe ( W. Indies); Emajagua (Porto'Rico); Mahagua, Masagua, Masahua (Mexico); Majagua (Panama); Kalau, Kala-hau (Ponape); Gili-fau (Mortlocks); Kal (Yap). A common seacoast tree with spreading branches, yellow flowers with dark centers, and })ark which yields a fiber valuable for cordage. Leaves on long petioles, orbic- ular-c:ordate, shortly acuminate, entire or crenulate, white or hoary underneath with a close, short tomentum, nearly glal)rous above, 7 to 13 cm. in diameter; midrib with an elongated vaginate nectar gland near its base on the lower surface; stipules large, broadly oblong, deciduous; flowers on short jieduncles in the upjier axils or at the ends of the branches; involucre campanulate, divided to about the middle into 10 to 12 lobes, about half the length of the calyx; calyx 5-lobed, nearly 2.5 cm. long, with lanceolate 1-nerved lobes; staminal column bearing numerous filaments on the outside below the summit; ovary 5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell; style branches 5, spreading, with terminal capitate stigmas; capsule membranous or coriaceous; seeds nearly globular, with granular surface. In Guam this species is abundant. The natives make cordage of its inner bark, nearly every family being provided with rope-making appliances. The ropes are used for halters and lines for tethering cattle and carabaos, for harness, and for cables for ferrying the bamboo balsas, or rafts, across the mouths of the rivers on the Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate LXI. Pariti tiliaceum, the Only Source of Cordage on the Island. Natural Size. DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 347 east coast of the island. The strength ami durability of the i-alnm scrobiculatum L. Mant. 1: 29. 1767. • Pasotes (Guam, Philippines). Name of Mexican origin for Chenopodium (imliro- sioides. Patani (Philippines). See Phaxeolus Innatus. Pau-dedo ((iuam). A shrub with opposite leaves and with flowers having a disgusting fetid odor, growing in terminal and axillary umbels. Not identified. Pea, pigeon. See Cqjan cajan. Peacock-flower (India, Ceylon). See Poinciaud pidcherrima and Delonix regia. Peanut. See Arachi.H liypogaea. Pega-pollo (Spanish). See Boerhaaria diffusa. « Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. (5, pt. 1, \). 113, 1892. 348 I'SKFITL PLANTS OK (JUAM. Pellionia divaricata. Family rrticjuvsu'. A plant i-olltH'tocl l)y OaiKlirliaud in tlie Marianne Islands but never described adequately, ixissibly iraced t)y the sepals, compressed, tubercled, endosperm very scanty, cotyledons rounded, radicle conic. Refkkencks: Pi'Uionkt divaricata Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 494. 1826. Tolychroa Lour., 1790, is sometimes eited as a synonym of Pellionia, Init there appears to be too much doubt of its identity to warrant its substitution for a well- established name. Pemphis acidula. Family Lythraceae. Local names. — Nigas (Guam), Bantigui (Philippines). A shrub or small tree growing on che strand, with numerous ascending branches densely clothed with gray pubescen-: , small, crowded, sessile leaves, and small pink or white flowers. Leaves opposite, oblong, entire, thick, fleshy; flowers axillary, solitary, peduncles with two bracts at their base; calyx tube campanulate, with 12 or more ribs; teeth 6, short, with 6 shorter accessory teeth; petals 6, inserted at the top of the calyx tube, nearly as long as it, .vrinkled, white or rose; stamens 12, inserted in two series toward the middle of the calyx tube; ovary free, at the bottom of the calyx tube, 3-celled at the base; style long; stigma capitate; ovules many, ascending, placentas 3, subbasal; capsule coriaceous, obovoid or nearly globose, included in the calyx tube or exserted nearly half its length, circumscissile somewhat irregularly, ultimately 1-celIed; seeds very many, long cuneate-obovoid, angular, smooth, stand- ing out in all directions from what appears to be a free central placenta. Branchlets, young leaves, and inflorescence with short gray hairs.'' In Guam the wood is used for fuel, for fence stakes, and sometimes for walking sticks. Referexces: PemiMs acidula Forst. Char. Gen. 68. t. 34. 1776. Pengua (Guam). A tree with many branches, given in the list of Don Felipe de la Corte. The wood is durable in salt water and yields planks for building purposes. A resin-like reddish gum exudes from the tree, which may be used for gluing together parts of furniture. Not identified. Pennyvrort, Indian or Marsh. See Centella asiatica. Peperomia mariannensis. Peperomi a. Family I'iperaceae. A smooth, erect, succulent, aromatic herb with minute flo Wei's growing in slender, catkin-like spikes. Leaves petioled, elliptical-ovate, membranous, glabrous on both sides or ciliolate toward the apex, subpelucid, with pelucid dots, 5-nerved, the mid- dle nerve reaching to the apex, the lateral ones to the middle, the nervules con- verging toward the margin of the apex; petiole smooth; flowers hermaphrodite; spikes dense-flowered, slender, terminal, equaling the leaf, peduncle smooth, equal- " Beitrage, F:ngler's Bot. Jahrb., vol. 13, p. 291, 1890-91. ^Clarke, in Hooker's Flora British India, vol. 2, p. 573, 1879. DESCKIPTIVK CATALOGUE. H4y iiii: tlic petiole; lirart8 round, peltate, subsessile at the center, perianth lacking; stamens 1', short; ovary compressed-ovate, stigma o])li(iuely insert(>d, brnsh-like; ovule 1, erect; fruit minute, indehisceut; seed with membranous testa. Type species in the Berlin herbarium, collected by Gaudichaud^n Guam. Grows on the l)anks of streams. Kefekences: reperomia iii<(ri(iiiitciisin G. DC in DC. Prod. 16'; 442. 1869. Pepitio (Tahiti). Hee Alrrim (ihnix. Pepper, (ienerai name lor the species of Piper. Pepper, bail. See Capsicum ((iniKiiin (jrossam. Pepper, betel. Pijicr belle. Pepper, black. See Piper nicr gualutmense. Pepper, Indian wild. See Vitex trifolin. Pepper, red. See Capsicum aimimm and other species. Pepper, spur. See Capsicum frutescens. Peppermint, Chinese. See Mentha arrensis. Perg-ularia odoratissima. Same as Telosma odoratissima. Periwinkle, Madagascar, See Lochnera rosea. Peronia (Porto Kico). See Alirm^ ahrus. Petroselinum petroselinum. Paksley. Family Ai)iaceae. Parsley is cultivated by the natives. It does not grow very well. The natives often have one or two plants growing in a i>ot, taking off a leaf or two when required for seasoning certain dishes. Referenx'es: Petroselinum petroselinu I II (L. ) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 831. 1880-83. Ajyium petroselinum L. Sp. PI. 1: 2H4. 1753. Pharbitis congesta. Same as T/iuinoea cungesla. Pharbitis hederacea. Ivy-leaved .MoRXiNCi-GLORY. Local names. — Fofgu (Guam). X twining plant with azure blue or pink flowers. Stems twining, slender hirsute with deflexed hairs; leaves 5 to 12.5 cm. long, usually broader than long, cordate at the base, palmately 3-lobed, the lobes deep, acute, middle one the largest, slightly hairy on both sides, especially on the veins beneath, petiole a little shorter than the hlade; flowers large, on short stout peduncles, either solitary or in threes; bracts linear, ])ersistent; peduncle usually shorter than the petiole; sepals ecpial in length, 18 mm. long, lineai-, dilated below, acute, hairy; corolla tul)ular, funnel-shaped, limb 5 cm. in diameter; ovary 3-celled; capsule 12 mm. long, surroundeF (H'AM. Pharbitis insularis Clioisy. Same as Ipunwea cimgnda. Pharbitis nil. Same as I'lmrliilis hrderacea. Phaseolus lunatijs inamoenus. Lima ukan. Family Fabait-a*'. LocAi, NAMics. — Habas (Spanish): T'atani (Philippines). Lima beans will ^rowiii (Jnam, but our common varieties do not api)ear to flourish here. They shoulil lie |ilantetl tow ani t lie ent Moeiuh, Meth. 1: 155.1794. Phaseolus mung-o. (trken ckam. Local names. — Moii^jjos (Ciuam) ; iluiiggo, Moiiggo, IJalatong (Philippines); Mung (India). The most extensively cultivateil leguminous plant in (Tuani. A low suberect annual, more or less d(>nsely clothed with loose deflexed hairs, leaves o-foliolate, stii)ellate; leaflets niend)ranous, entire, rarely faintly lobed; stijiules ovate; flowers in axillary cai)itate racemes at the end of the peduncles; bracteoles ovate or lanceo- late; calyx campanulate; corolla yellow, much exserted; keel prolonged into a com- plete sjiiral; pedicels very short; pod 3.5 to 6 cm. long by 4 to 5 mm. in diameter, clothed with deciduous silky liairs, subcylindrical, slightly recurved; seeds small, green. In tile agricultural statistics of one year I find that in the district of Agaiia there were planted 131 chupas of monggos (102 pints), and 1,149 gantas (455.3 pecks) were gathered, making the yield more than seventyfohl." This plant is widely distributed in the Tropics. It is extensively cultivated in many warm countries, especially in the Philippines and on the plains of India. The seeds are largely imported into San Francisco, Cal., by the Chinese. In Guam it is grown as a rotation crop after maize. It thrives best apparently on the highland during the rainy season. Cattle are very fond of the seeds, stems, and leaves. In India and in the Philijipines the seeds are ground into flour and used as a substitute for soap for washing delicate fa])rics. They are wholesome and nutritious and have a pleasant taste. They may l)e eaten as a porridge or parched. The green pods are sometimes eaten as a vegetable. An analysis of the seed has been made by W. C: Blasdale. '' References: PJiaseohiK mvnf/o L. Mant. 1: U)l. 1767. Phoenix dactylifera. Date. Family Phoenicaceae. I know of only one tree of this species in Guam. It grows in the garden of the rectory back of the church of Agafia. As the species is dicecious, of course the tree bears no fruit. It is probable that the climate is too moist for the culture of dates, though the trees could be propagated without trouble. Rekekences: J'lioenix dactylifera L. Sj.. I'l. 2: 1188. 1753. Phoenix sylvestris. Wild date. Several specimens of this ]>alm obtained by me from Mr. David Haughs, of the « Olive y Garcia, Islas Marianas, App. no. 4, 1887. '' Blasdale, Some Chinese vegetable food materials, etc., U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exp. Sta., Bull. No. 68, p. 37, 1899. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 351 Honolulu Botanical Gardens!:, were planted in Guam, and were thriving at the time of my dejiarture from the iHland. References: Phoenix sylvestris (L. ) Roxb. Hort. Beug. 73. 181-1 (ex IntL. Kew.); Fl. Ind. 3:787.1832. Elate sylvestris I.. Sp. PI. 2: 1189. 1753. Phragmites communis. Same as Trichooii ph rag mites. See under Trichoon ro.rliiirgltii. Phragmites karka Trin. Same as Trichoon roxburghii. Phragmites phragmites. Srr under Trichoon roxburghii. Phragmites roxburghii. Same as TricJtoon roxburghii. Phyllanthus gaudichaudii. Same as Glochidion marianum. Phyllanthus marianus. Puvllantiius. Family Euphorbiaceae. A shrub with leaves arranged in two vertical rows; branches compressed, wrinkled; leaves subsessile, ovate, unequal at the base, acute at the apex, membranous, promi- nentl}- net- veined; flowers in axillary clusters, shortly pedicelled, very minute, numerous; glands of male flowers free; stamens 3, filaments united in a column; staminal column entire, anthers erect with vertical slits, free from one another; female flowers with three bifid styles; capsule of three crustaceous 2-valved cocci; seeds on the back coarsely, transversely undulate-ribbed. The type specimen of this species was collected on the island of Guam in 1819 by Gaudichaud and placed in tlie herljarium of De Candolle. The plant is used medici- nally l)y the natives of Guam. References : PhijUanthus marianus Muell. Ai'g. Linnjiea 32: 17. 1863. Not to l)e confused with Fhi/llanihas {(Uochidion) marianus Miill. Arg. Flora 48: 379, 1865, also from Guam, which was first described l^y Miiller in Einniea, 32: 65, as dhichidion mariainmt, a genus vvhi(;h is now recognized as distinct from Phyllanthus. f« Phyllanthus niruri. Fly-roost. Local names. — Maigo-lalo, Maigu-lalo (Guam). An annual, herbaceous, glal)rous weed of wide tropical distribution; stem angular, glal)rous, 15 to 45 cm. high, often l)ranched from the base, with slender leafy angu- lar branchlets above. Leaves varial)le, pale gretn, 6 to 18 mm. long, often imbri- cated in two rows, glaucous beneath, elliptic-bbovate, oblong, or linear, the tip rounded, obtuse, or acute; petiole minute; stipules subulate; flowers very numerous, males solitary and in pairs, almost sessile; female twice as large; sepals of male orbic- ular, of female narrowly obovate-oblong with broad white margins, spreading; disk of male of minute glands; anthers 3, sessile on a short column; disk of female annu- lar, lobed; styles minute, very short, free, 2-lobed; capsule minute, depressed- globose, smooth; seeds with equal parallel slender ribs and faint cross strife. This plant is very common in Guam, growing everywhere in waste places. The native name, signifying "sleeping flies," or "fly-roost," is probably applied to it from the appearance of the plant when the leaves closing together have the appear- ance of a nundjer of two-winged insects I'iinging to the stem. The milky juice of this plant is a good remedy for offensive sores. The In-uised bitter leaves are applied externally as a cure for the itch and for scabby sores of the scalp, and the fresh root is an excellent remedy for jaundice. ^ References: Phyllanthus niruri L. Sp. Pi. 2: 98 L 1758. « Hooker, Flora British India, vol. 5, p. 306, 1890. &Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 222, 1892. to liT)!' IISP:FUL I'LANTS Ol GUAM. Phyllanthus nivosus. Rohy-leaved imiyi>lantitus. A slinilt used cxtcMsivcly in tlio tropics as an ornamental hedjrc-plant, in its cnlti- vat«'(l form (xnv'n'iy roscopiclus) having variepiti'd Ki''-'t''i, wliite, and pink leaves. Leavi'H arraiifjed iiv 2 lateral rows on small hrancldets which have the appearance of j)innately o(Mni)oun(l leaves; flowers small, greenish, apetalous, discoid, hanging by their pedicels from the leaf-axils. A nun.iber of i)lants obtained from Mr. David I laughs, ol tlie llonuluki Botanical (hardens, were introduced into Guam by the writer. They grew well and were left in a flourishing condition. In Honolulu beautiful hedges are made of this Phyllan- thus. They are easily kept in a good compact condition by clipping, and the light pinkish foliage offers a pleasing contrast with darker-leaved shrubs. Rekkkencks: riii/llrmtluin nivosus Bull. Cat. i». lS7o; W. (i. Smitli, Flor. Mag. N. 8. t. IJO. 1874. Phyllanthus urinaria. Pnvi,i,ANTniTs. A diffusely branched erect or decuml)ent herb (sometimes perennial), glabrous or nearly so, the stem and branches angled. Leaves varial)le in size, 4 to 16 mm. long, sessile, distichously imbricate (in 2 rows), lanceolate, oblong or linear-oblong, tip rouTided or apiculate, stipules i)eltate; flowers very minute, male smaller than female, axillary, substsssile; sepals ciliolate; filaments very short, free; ovary densely granu- late; styles short, free, 2-fid; fruit etrhinate; seeds transversely furrowed. Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud. Its medicinal properties are the same as those of P. niruri. References: PfniUanthus urinaria L. 8p. I'l. 2: i)er hrlle iiiari(ninnmJ> In the Guam variety the leaves have longer petioles than in the typical form; are smooth on both sides, mem- ])ranous, rather stiff, with fine pelucid dots, 5-nerved, the central nerve sending forth on each side one nerve from above the base and another from the base, oppo- site to each other. In Guam it is very extensively cultivated. Cuttings take root readily. An old lady, who made a business of selling betel leaves, brought the writer several cuttings and i)lanted them in his garden. She removed all the leaves Imt two or three, twinei^l the lower part of the cutting into a hooiJ-like loop, and covered it with a few inches of soil upon which she laid a flat stone to retain the moisture, leaving the tip of the cutting projecting from beneath the stone. Following her directions I watered my cuttings daily for about a week. New leaves soon began to pusli forth, aud in a short time I had fine vigorous jjlants climbing up my lemon and lime trees and running over my garden wall. The fresh green leaves (mamaon) are chewed by the natives wrapped about a fragment of Areca nut together with a pinch of quicklime. They are agreeably pungent and aromatic, the nut and leaves together tasting somewhat like nutmeg, and giving a spicy odor to the breath. In .Guam the betel takes the place of Piper mrthi/sficnm, the roots of which, after having been chewed or grated, are made by the Polynesians into the infusion called "kava" or "ava." The kava pepper does not grow in Guam. In islands where it does occur its leaves are occasionally used in place of those of the betel pepper for chewing. For the effects of betel chewing and the ceremony attending it see notes under Areca cathecu. It is interesting to observe the resemblance of ''pupnlu," the Guam name of the betel pepper, to "pipulV and "pipulmul,^' the names applied in India and Bengal to Piper longum. References: Piper hetlc L. S]). PI. 1 : 28. 1753. Piper guahamense. Guam pepper. A plant resembling the kava pepper {Piper methysticum) of Polynesia. Ditecious; stems erect; leaves long-petioled, round or round-ovate, with the apex shortly protracted-acuminate, the point rather sharp, deeply cordate at the base, smooth above, yellowish-puberulous along the veins on the under surface, membranous, rather stiff, subopaque, finely pelucid-dotted, 9 to 11 -nerved; nerves rather promi- nent below, the middle one reaching to the apex, the two next nearly to the apex, the remaining ones finer; petiole sheathing for one-fourth of its length with linear wings attenuated toward the ai)ex into the petiole; spikes of the female plant axil- lary, solitary, densely flowered, nearly equaling the leaves, the peduncle a little shorter than the petioles, sparsely puberulous, the rachis puberulous; bracts round- peltate, petiolate at the center; ovary ovate, glabrous; stigmas 3, rather fleshy, ses- "Presl, Kcli<|uiae Ilaenkeanae,- vol. 1, p. 159, 1825. ''De CandoUe, Prodromus, vol. 16, pt. 1, p. 360, 1869. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX, Plate LXIIl Piper betle, the Betel Pepper. DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 355 sile; male plants with smooth petioles, leaves more membranous; spike (solitary?) dense-fldWH'red, rachis puberulous; stamens 3. A common plant in Guam, growing in shady woods in moist situations and near the banks of streams. Its leaves have an aromatic taste much like those of the closely allied kava pepper. This species was described by C. De Candolle from a female plant collected in Guam by Chamisso, the type now in the herl)arium of Berlin, and from a male plant, perhaps a distinct species, collected by Haenke in Mexico, also in the same her- barium. It was referred by Micjuel to Macropiper metkyslicam and Afacropiper latifolhuii." References: Piper guahameme C. DC. Prod. 16': 336. 1869. Piper marianum. See Piper betle. Piper nigrum. Black pepper. A few plants of black pepper given me by Mr. Davii lines. The fil)er is of fine texture and great strength, hut difiifiilt to prepare. In Australia it is known as the (Queensland grass-ell )| 1 1 ] plant, nr niitivc Mini berry. It was first colk'cted on (uiam l)y (iandiehaud. Till' lilier is nut utilized on this island. I'Voni the allied mamake tlie Hawaiians made bark-cloth or "tapa." Tlie Itark yields a brown dye. Kki'Ekences: ripturus nrgentcm (Forst.) Weetals broadly spreading, on long claws; pod thin, flat, smooth, H to S-seeded. rniversally cultivated in the Tropics; it,« native country not clearly known. In Guam it is common in ganlens and growing along fences. It remains in bloom all the year. The leaves are .«aid to be purgative and have Ijeeii u.sed as a sulistitute for senna. In the West Indies a decoction of tiie leaves and flowers is used as a remedy in fevers. The wood makes excellent charcoal. In India ink is made from tlie charrcii wood. Kekkkkncks: I'oiiicimui pnlrlirnijiHt L. S|>. I'l. 1: MSO. IT");}. Caesuipiiiid ]mlcherrima Hwart/., 0])ii. 16G. 17!U. Poisonous plants. .\ iiiong the jilants containing poisonous principles may be mentioned the following: Abrus abrus. — KolaU's halom-tano; seeds. Annona muricata. — Lagnana; root a flsh poi.son, leaves anthelmintic. Annona reticulata. — Anoiias; leaves anthelmintic. Annona squamosa. — Atis; seeds, leaves, and unripe fruit kill insects. Areca cathecu. — I>etel nut; active })rincii)le of nut anthelmintic. Asclepias curassavica. — Asuncion; juice anthelmintic. Barring-tonia racemosa. — Laiigiisat; seeds a fish intoxicant. Cacara erosa. — Hikania; seeds stupefy flsh. Crinum asiaticum. — l'iga-i)alayi; juiie used in the East Indies as antidote for snake ami arrow poisons, and after eating poisonous fishes. Cycas circinalis. — Fadan; fresh seeds poisonous. Erythrina indica. — Gabgab; juice of leaves anthelmintic. Herpetica alata. — Acapulco; leaves and flowers used as a remedy for ringworm. Jatropha curcas. — Tubatuba; seeds poisonous. Lens phaseoloides. — Gogo; in Ceylon crushed leaves used for stupefying fish. Leucaena glauca. — Tangantangan; when eaten by animals causes hair to fall out. Manihot manihot. — Mandiuka; fresh root contains prussic acid. Melia azedarach. — Paraiso; anthelmintic and insecticide. Pancratium littorals. — Lirio; juice of bulb poisonous. Pangium edule. — Kauel; seeds poisonous when fresh. Polanisia icosandra. Same as Clcome viscosa. Polanisia viscosa. Same as Cleome viscosa. Polianthes tuberosa. Tuberose. Family Amaryllidaceae. Local names. — Azucena, Amiga de noche (Guam); Nardo, Amiga de noche (Mexico). Cultivated in pots and in the gardens of many of the natives. References: Polianthes tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 1 : 816. 1753. Polygonaceae. Buckwhe.vt family. This family is represented in Guam by the following species and by Antigonon leptopus. Polygonum sp. A species of Polygonum called "mamaka" by the natives grows along the banks of streams and in luarsliy iilaces. It is possibly P. barbatum L. Polypodium adnascens. Same as Cydophorus adnascen.'^. Polypodium irioides. Same as Microsorium irioides. See Ferns. Polypodium punctatum. Same as Microsorium irioides. See Ferns. Polyporus. See Fungi. Pomegranate. See Punica granatum DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 859 Pomelo. See Citrus decumnnn. Pondweed. General name for the species of Potamogeton. Pontan (Guam). Vernacular name for a coconut which has fallen to the ground. Portlandia tetrandra. Same as Cormigonm iiutriannensis. Portulaca oleracea. Purslane. Family Portulacaceae. Local names. — Verdolaga (Spanish); Osuberi-hiyu (Japan). This common weed is spread all over the world. It is sometimes eaten as a pot herb and is used medicinal 1}'. It is said to be antiscorbutic. Flowers inconspicuous, several together in terminal heads; sepals 2, fleshy. In Japan there is a variety (sativa) cultivated by the natives, which attains the height of 30 cm. In tlie spring and summer months the leaves and stalks are eaten either raw or scalded. References: Portii/ncd (ileraeea L. Sp. PI. 1: 445. 1753. Portulaca quadrifida. Four-leaved purslane. Local names. — Hierl)a de polio (Spanish) ; Fiafiatuli (Samoa). A small, delicate, prostrate, much-branched annual, creeping and rooting at the nodes, with numerous slender, glabrous stems; leaves numerous, opposite, 6 mm. long or smaller, very nearly sessile, oval, subobtuse, fleshy; stipular appendages a ring of long white hairs; flower solitary, terminal, sessile, surrounded with long white hairs and an involucre of 4 leaves; sepals oblong-oval, obtuse, thin; jietals 4, lemon- yellow, oval, ol)tuse; stamens 8; style filiform, 4-cleft at apex; capsule acute; seeds twice the size of those of P. oleracea, rough, witli small firm excrescences. A delicate creeping plant, often minute, in dry situations, growing in cultivated ground; flowers open in the middle of the day only. Common on the sabanas of Guam. Sometimes used as a pot herb, either for food or as an antiscorbutic. References: Portulaca quadrifida L. Mant. 1 : 73. 1767. Portulacaceae. Purslane family. The only lepresentatives of this family in Guam are the two preceding species of Portulaca. Pot herbs. Among the plants used in Guam for golae ( greens or pot herbs, Spanish ' ' verdura) , ' ' are severel species of Amaranthus called "kelites," "kuletes," or "bledos;" Clieno- podlum albuiit, also called " kelites" or "cenizo;" Indian nmstard {Brassicajuiicea) ; purslane or "verdolaga" {Portulaca oleracea), and "chara" (Sesuviuia portulacas- truni ) . The value of pot herbs or "greens" as a preventive and cure for scurvy has long been recognized, and there can be no question that such food is necessary from time to time to keep the human body in good condition. The value of this element in diet has been discussed in a paper by Mr. Frederick V. Coville." In addition to the plants above mentioned the natives of nearly all the islands of the Pacific eat the young leaves of the taro {Caladium colocasla), which must be thoroughly cooked to remove the acridity of their natural state. '' These leaves are either boiled like spinach or they are prepared with the expressed creamy juice of the coconut and baked in native ovens. In Samoa this dish is called "palusami." Among the trees which furnish edible pods, leaves, and flowers are the maruiiggai, or horseradish tree {Moringa moringa), and the leguminous katiirai {Agati grandl- «Coville, Some Additions to our Vegetable Dietary, Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1S95, p. 206. ''See p. 69. (I t3GU USEl'lL I'LANTS OK GUAM. Jlnrn), the U'livcP and pods of wliicli must be mitluTed when young and tender, and, like otlier frrei'ii foods, must not l)e indulj:;ed in too freely, owinjij to tlieir etitliartic jiroperties. The chemical comi)osition of several jjreen vegetables, including species of HrajJsica and Amarautlius, has been published by Mr. Walter C. lilasdale, who shows that the species of Amaranthus analyzed by him contains a much higher jiercentage of protein than the crucifers." Several varieties of Amaranthus are cuUivated in Bengal, the tender succulent tops f the young stems and branches of which are served as a substitute for asparagus.'' Potamogetonaceae. Pondweed family. This family is rei>rcscnted in (!uam by Potamogeton natans mariannensiH, P. zizii, Ji'ii/i/iid ninritiinx, and Udludiili' uiiiiicrris. Potamog-eton fluitans ( Jaudich. , not Roth. Same as Potamogeton natans mariannensis. Potamog'eton gaudichaudii Cham. A Schlecht. Same as Potamogeton zizii. Potamog'eton mariannensis. See Potamogeton natans mariannensis. Potainogeton natans mariannensis. Floating pondweed. bumily I'otamogetonaceae. A submerged water plant with creeping rootstock; upper leaves floating, elliptit'al, somewhat pointed at each end, 5 cm. long, one-half as broad, many-nerved, long- petioled; petiole flat; nerves conspicuous on both sides, but neither prominent nor sunken; peduncle terete, slender; flower spike cylindrical, slender, with flowers of the size of those of I', ubiungits. In rivulo aquae dulcis urbem Agana insulae Guajan e Marianis irrigante a cele- berrimo (iaudichaud lectus, ad P. natantis tribum pertinet. (Chamisso & Schlech- tendal, IJnua-a, vol. 2, p. 228.) Keferences: I^otamoyeton natans mariannensis (Cham. & Schlecht. ) Nolte; K. Schu. & Laut. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgebiet. in der Siidsee 162. 1901. Potamogeton marlannensk Cham. & Schlecht. Linna^a 2: 228. 1827. Potamogeton zizii. Shining pondweed. A species closely allied to P. lucens and P. mucronatus. Stems slender, branching; floating leaves elliptic, many-nerved; petioles mostly short; sul)merged leaves mostly lanceolate or ol)lauceolate, thin, acute or cusp'date; stipules obtuse, 2-keeled; pedun- cles thicker than the stem; fruit obliquely obovoid, the face dorsally 3-keeled; style short, blunt, facial. This plant was collected by (iaudichaud in the Agana River. The growth of Potamogeton and other water plants is here so vigorous as to check the flow of the river, and it must be cleaned out periodically. In rivulo dulcis aquae urbem Agafia in insula Guajan percurrente legit amicissimus Gaudichaud. (Chamisso and Schlechtendal, Linnaea, vol. 2, j). 200, 1827.) References: Potamogeton zizii Koch; Roth, Enum. PI. Germ. 2: 531. 1827. Potat (Philipj)ines). See Barringtonia racemosa. Potato, s'weet. See Ipomoea batatas. Potato, white oi- Irish. See Solanum tuberosum. Premna gaudichaudii. False elder. Family \'erbeuaceae. Local names. — Ahgao, Ahgap, Ajgao (Guam); Sauco (Spanish). A shrub or small tree with puberulent young branches and flower panicles. Leaves «Sonie Chinese vegetable food materials, U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 68, IS.fl. ^ Firminger, Manual of Gardening for Bengal, ed. 4, p. 151, 1890. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 301 long-petioled, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, quite entire, smooth on both sides; veins of young leaves puberulent at their axils on upper face, woolly on lower sur- face; terminal panicles corymbose, many-flowered; calyx short, cupuliform, sub- bilabiate, upper lip obscurely bidentate or entire, the lower distinctly acutely biilentate; corolla suliequally 4-fid, equaling the calyx tube; leaf 11^.5 cm. long, petiole 3.5 cm. long; flowers small, calyx 2 nun. long, stamen.s 4, didynamous; limb of corolla reflexed, stamens and pistil slightly exserted; drupe small, surrounded below liy the calyx. Type specimen collected by Gaudichaud in Cxuam. Leaves imperfect. The wood of the ahgao is hard and durable, but knotty and often crcjoked. It is nuicli used in constructinn l)y the natives of Guam. Jt is very nmch like the molave, or molavin, of the Philippines ( VHex geniculata) , a large forest tree belong- ing to the same family. Like many other Verbenaceae the ahgao has medicinal l)roperties. In (Tuam its bark steeped in water is used as a remedy for neuralgia. The tree grows in rocky places, and sometimes yields logs 4 meters long by 45 cm. in (Hameter. its inflorescence somewhat resembles that of the elder. References: Premnn gaudichcmcUi Schau. in DC. Prod. 11: 63L 1847. Premna mariannarum. False elder. A shrub or small tree. Leaves short-petioled, oval and subrotund, obtuse and very shortly acuminate or quite obtuse, rounded at base or somewhat cordate, entire, smooth on both sides, axils of the veins woolly on the lower surface, 5 cm. long; petioles 12 mm. long; flowers in small terminal, corymbose, panicles; calyx cupuli- form, bilabiate, the upper lip very shortly truncate, the lower rounded, entire; corolla subequally 5-cleft, bearded, equaling the calyx tube; stamens exserted; calyx 2 mm. long; branchlets, panicles, petioles of leaves, and veins on both sides sub- cane.scent. References: Premna mariannarum Schau. in DC. Prod. 11: 632. 1847. Prickly pear. See Opuntia sp. Pride of India. See Melia azedarach. Procris candoUeana. Family Urticaceae. Collected by Gaudichaud in (iuam. Not further known; it is possibly Pipturus argenteus. « Procris divaricata. Same as PelUonia divaricata. Procris paniculata. Same as ScJtycJtoirshja rnderalis. Procris pedunculata. Same as Elalostona pedunculatum. Procris torresiana Endl. Same as Elatostema pedunculatum. Psidium guajava. Guava. Family Myrtaceae. Local names. — Abas (Guam); Bayabas (Philippines); Guayava, Guayal)a (Spanish). An introduced shrub or small tree, bearing the fruit from which the well-known guava jelly is made. Young branches pubescent; leaves short-petioled, opposite, entire, ovate or oblong, usually acuminate, glabrous or nearly so above, softly pubes- cent beneath, and with the principal nerves prominent; flowers large, white, 1 to several on a common peduncle, wiiich grows from the axils of the leaves; calyx undivided at first, separating into 4 or 5 lobes when in flower; petals 4 or 5, free; stamens many, forming a brush-like tuft; ovary 2 or more-celled with many ovules in each cell; fruit globose or pear-shaped, many seeded, seeds with hard testa. «See Voyage of the Uranie, p. 500, 1826. 'M\)l USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Imlipenous to Mexico ami dtlici- parts of trojiical America, now spread throughout tilt' waniuT n'<:ioiis of tin- ulohc. In (iiuiiu, as in tlii' Hawaiian Islands, it forms extensive thirkcts or patches of scrul)by growth on abandoned licids and open phices. It will not grow in the shade of the woods. The fruit is of good quality, but owing to scarcity of sugar on the island the natives do not utilize it nmch for making dulces. The wood is sometimes used for making tool handles and for fuel. Kkkkkknchs: Psidntm guajava L. Sp. PI. 1: 470. 1753. Psophocarpus tetrag-onolobus. Same as Botor tetragonoloba. Psychotria herbacea. Same as C'arinta Jierbacea. Psychotria mariana. Aploghating. Family Rubiaceae. Local na.mes. — Aploghating, Aplokhating (Guam). A glabrous shrub or small tree with compressed branchlets and peduncles; leaves ovate-oblong or oluivate, rather obtuse, attenuate at the base, subcoriaceous, turning purplish on drying; stipules caducous; terminal cymes peduncled, shorter than the leaves, twice 3-divided; flowers sessile on the divisions of the inflorescence and ter- minating the branches; calyx with limb campanulate, truncate or obtusely dentate, or sometimes irregularly s]>lit; corolla short-campanulate, the bud obovate; I^erries red. Collected on the island of Guam by Ilaenke and described from type specimen in Haenke's collection. The wood is durable and is used in the construction of houses. It is included in the list sent by Governor Olive y Garcia to the captain- general of the Philippines. Refekences: Psychotria mariana Bartl.; DC. Prod. 4: 522. 1830. Pteris. See Ferns. Pua (Banda). See Areca r.athecu. Pu'a (Samoa). See Hernandia peltaia. Puah (Amboina). See Areca adhecu. Puapua (Samoa). See Gueltarda speciosa. Puavai (Samoa), ^ee Jatropha curcas^. Pudding-pipe tree. See Cassia fistula. Pug-a (Guam). See under Oryza sativa. Pugua (Guam). See Areca cathecu. Pugua machena (Guam). A climbing fern, DavaUia solida. Pummelo. See Citrus decumana. Punica granatum. Pomegranate. Family Punicaceae. Local NAMES. — Granada (Spanish); Dalima (Philippines). A shrub or small tree with oblong, obovate, or lanceolate entire leaves; cultivated in all warm countries for the sake of the refreshing pulp of its fruit. Flowers usually bright scarlet, with a leathery top-shaped calyx divided at the top into 5 or 7 valvate lobes; petals as many as the divisions of the calyx and alternating with them, or in double-flowered varieties numerous; stamens many, inserted around the mouth of the calyx; style long, bent, stigma ca])itate; fruit usually the size of an apple, globose, bearing the persistent calyx, many-celled, containing very many angular seeds, with coriaceous testa and watery outer coat containing a pelucid red juice of a pleasant acid flavor. A cooling sherbet is made from the juice which is greatly appreciated by those li\nng in warm countries. The hard rind of the fruit is astringent and in some countries is used in tanning and in dyeing. The bark is used as a tan and dye for leather, and the astringent DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 363 root-bark as a specific for intestinal worms. The powdered rind is an excellent remedy in chronic diarrhea and dysentery. Cultivated in many of the gardens of the natives. References: Punica granatum L. Sp. PI. 1 : 472. 1753. Pupulo, Pupulu (Guam). See Piper betle. Pursaetha scandens. Same as Lem^ pliaseoloifles. Purslane. See J'urtiilaat oleracea and /'. qumlrifida. Purslane, sea or seaside. See Semvium jwrtulacastrum. Putat ( Malay). See Barringlonia racemosa and B. speciosa. Puting (Guam). See Barringionia speciosa. Pyrethrum indicum and P. sinense. Same as Chrysanthemum indicum. Pyrrhanthus littoreus. Same as Luinnilzera littorea. auamoclit quamoclit. Cypress vine. Fami 1 y C< :)n vol \' u laceae. Loc.\L NAMES.— Cabello del angel (Guam); Cambustera (Cuba). This pretty scarlet-flowered twining plant has escaped from cultivation and grows in many places on the island far from human habitations. It is also planted by the natives in their gardens and allowed to run along the fences of their inclosures. References: Quamoclit quamoclit (L.) Britton in Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. 3 : 22. 1898. Tponioea quamoclit L. Sp. PI. 1: 159. 1753. Q,uelites, Quiletes (^Mexico, Guam). Same as kelites, kiletes, kuletes. Quilulu (Guam). ^a.me as, k'didu; see Thespesia populnea. Rag'uar (Guam, Caroline Islands). Hee Aleurites moluccana. Rain tree. See Pithecolobimn saman. Ranialina. See LicJienes. Ramie. See under Boehmeria tenadssima. Rattan. See Calamus sp. Rattlebox or Rattlepod. See Crotalaria. Raual (ir Rauwel (Yap, Caroline Islands). See Pangium edule. Rauwolfia. See Orhrnsla mariannensis. Red-flowered Mangrove. See Lumnitzera litlorea and L. pedicellata. Red pepper. See Capsicum, annuum. Redwood, Red sandalwood (India). See Adenanthera pavonina. Reed. See Trichoon roxburghii. Reseda (Central America). See Latvsonia inermis. Resin. The principal resin-yielding tree on the island is the daog, or tacmahac tree [CalophyUum inophyllum). See last name. Rhamnaceae. Buckthorn family. This family is represented in Guam by the indigenous gasoso {Colubrina asiatica) and tlu' introduced jujube tree or manzanas {Zizyphus jujuba) . Rhizoclonium. See under Algie. Rhizophora mucronata. Four-petaled mangrove. Plate lxiv. Family Rhizophoraceae. Local names. — Mangle hembra (Guam); Tongo (Samoa); Dongo (Fiji); Bakao, Bakauan, Bakawan (Philippines). .'i(')4 IISEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM, A hiiyo shrill) or moderate-sized tree prntwing nn tidal muddy shores and salt- water t'stuarit'N, wilh a ^^ll^•adiIl^; head and aerial roots descending into the nuul from tiie stem and l)ranelies. iiranclilets marked witii close scars of fallen leaves and stipules; leaves opposite, entire, tiiick, witli large interpetiolar, deciduous stipides inclosing the buds, oval, acute at both ends, usually with a strong brown jioint at tiie aju-x, glabrous, bright green, pale l)eneath and dotted with miiuite red spots, ll.o to 12.r) cm. long; petiole 12 t() 75 mm. long, stout; stipides 5 cm. long, glabrous, soon falling; Mowers moderate-sized on short, very thick ]iedniicles, usually 2 jiairs together at the end of stout pedinicles from axils of leaves of the same year, each flower supporti'd by two hard, thick connate bracts; calyx segments 4, persistent, enlarged in fruit, pale yellow; ])etals 4, white, narrow, obtuse, curved, thick, indn- plicate, hairy within; stamens 8 (or 12), anthers nearly sessile, with numerous cells: ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with two ovules in v.ar]\ cell; fruit ovate-conical, jiendu- lous, slightly rough, dark brown, crowned by the retlc^xetl limb of the calyx, 1-seeded by abortion; seeds germinating on the tree, the radicle elongating and l)erforating the apex of llu' fruit, attaining a length of 45 cm. or more before falling into the nmd. The fruit of this species is not eaten in (J uam. In some countries it is prepared by boiling, and ashes are applied to neutralize the bitter taste, after which it is baked and eaten. The bark is used for tanning, and yields a chocolate-colored dye. The sap is used for preserving fish nets. The wood is excellent for fuel, especially for baking. On the Malay peninsula mangrove swamps are sometimes leased to woodcutters, who supply fuel to steamers and factories. The heartwood is of a dark red color, with dark rings of growth, and is durable, very hard, and heavy. It is, however, very brittle, and warps and cracks so easily as to unfit it for cabinet use. The sapwood is of a bright yellow color. The wood is durable in water and under- ground, and would be suitable for foundations of bridges and wharves. Mangrove swamps occur in Guam at the months of many streams, especially on the shores of the harbor of San Luis de Apra. The native name as given by Gaudi- chaud, "tonbog" or "tounboug," is obsolete and only the Spanish name as given above is applied to it. It is interesting to note that the Visayan name of an allied species given by Padre Blanco, "tf)ntog," is jiractically identical with the vernacular name for this sjjecies, "tongo," on theremote islands of Samoa, where in like man- ner we have "niu" for "niyog" (coconut), and "ifilele" for "ifil" {Tntsia bijmja). This species is easily distinguished from Bniguiera gi/iiniorhiza by its 4-parted flowers. References: Rhizophora mucronata'LsLm.; Poir. Encyc. 6: 189. 1804. Rhizophoraceae. Mangrove family. The true mangroves are represented by Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Rhizophora ri>)irfO)i(itit. Ribbon fern. See VUtaria elongata. Rice. See Oryza saliva. Ricinus communis. Castor-bean. Family Euphorbiaceae. Local names. — Agaliya (Guam); Tafigantafigan, Lansina (Philippines); Lama- papfdangi (Samoa). This well-known i)lant was introduced in early times. It has spread over the island and is now well established. The oil obtained from its seeds is used medici- nally as a ])urgative and is nuich milder in its action than the allied tubatubu {Jatro- pha cnraiH), which is very drastic. The best oil is expressed from decorticated seeds without the assistance of heat. In India a lamp oil is made from a large-seeded variety by boiling or slightly roa.sting the seed, drying in the sun, removing the Cor.tr. Nat. Herb,, Vol. IX. Plate LXIV. Rhizophora mucronata, the Four-petaled Mangrove. Natural Size. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 865 husks, pounding it in a mortar, and removing the oil by absorbing it \\ ith a cloth placed in the pulp and then squeezed into a pot, or by boiling the pulp in water and skinuning off the oil. Oil prepared in this way is also used as a lubricant." The seeds of commerce are sometimes confused with those of the physic nut, Jatropha curcas References: lilciiiiin comminiis L. Sp. PI. 2: 1007. 175;^ Rima ((iuam, Philippines). See Artocnrpus communis. Ring'worm bush. See Herpelica alnta. Rosa de Francia (Philipi>ines). See Asclepias curassavica. Rosa de Japon (Spanish). See Chrysanthemum indicum. Rosa laurel ( Spanish) . See Nerium oleander. Rosaceae. Rose family. With the exception of two introduced roses, Rom. dnmascemt and B. itidica, culti- vated in the gardens of the natives, this family is without representatives in Guam. It is interesting to note that the rose-aphis and the rose-beetle, which infest roses in so many countries, are thus far absent from Guam. The small Rosa Indiai, is a con- stant bloomer. Plants raised by me from cuttings and kei)t in pots were seldom out of bloom. They were, however, scarcely at all fragrant. The other species, which grows to a height of 120 or 150 cm., having stout, rigid stems, is delightfully fragrant and belongs to the same division as our magnificent "American Beauty." Rose. See under Rosnrcne. Rose-mallow, changeable. See Hibiscus mutahilis. Rose-mallow, scarlet. See Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Rosewood, Polynesian. A name sometimes applied to Thespesia populnea, a common strand tree in Guam. Rubber. Among the plants producing milky juice of the nature of rubber may be mentioned the breadfruit, AHocat-piis rotnmiuiis, the fertile variety of which, called "dugdug," grows to an enormous size in the forests of Guam, and thefago (Ochrosiamariannensis), a medium-sized tree Ijelonging to the Apocynaceae, growing near the strand. The latex of the breadfruit soon hardens on coming in contact with the air. From pre- historic times it has l)een used by the natives for paying the seams of their canoes and for stopping leaks in water troughs. For other uses see under Artocarpus com- munis. Rubiaceae. Madder family. Among the indigenous Rubiaceae are Morinda citrifolia, which yields an imi)ortant dj'^estuff, Cormigonus mariannensis, a small tree with large white flowers, Psychotria mariana, and ('arinta herbacea, a low, creeping forest plant, having white flowers and red berries. Coffee has been introduced and grows in perfection. Ruellia fragrans. Same as AnibuUa fragrans. Ruppia maritima. Sea-grass. Family Potamogetonaceae. A plant growing in brackish water, like fine, fibrous grass. The stem is filiform, branched, sul)merged; leaves capillary, sheathing at the base; flowers 2 or several, near the tip of the axillary peduncles; minute, naked, bisexual; stamens 2, of 2 anther-cells, distinct; varies 4 (3 to 6) at length stalked on a large carpophore; embryo ovoid. References : Ruppia maritima L. Sp. PI. 1 : 127. 1753. «See Hicks, Oil-producing seeds, Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr. 1895, p. 190. Bfifi USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Rutaceae. Rue family. There are no iiKlifienous Rutaceae. Tn aF GUAM. c'xtromitit's of llu> l)ranclies, t'lliptif-iilil<>ii star-apple of tlie West Indies (Chri/sophylhun cainito). It was intn^ihiced into (Juani about thirty years ago. The few trees now growing on the island appear to thrive, but they seldom bear fruit. A line tree grows in San Ramon, near the southern boundary of Agana, opposite the house of Don Jos6 Herrero. In the markets of ^Manila tlie fruit is common. In the United States the cultivation of this tree is limited to southern Florida. The tree yields a latex, which is boiled ilown until it a.-^sumes the consistency of gutta-percha, to which it is allied. It is called chicle in Mexico, and is the l>asis of the chewing gum so widely used in the United States. T^EFEREXCES: Sapota zapotiUa ( Jacq.) Coville. Achras sapota L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1: 470. 1762. Not Achras zapota L. Sp. PI. 2: 1190. 1753. Adiras zapota zapotilla Jacq. Select. Stirp>. Am. Hist. 57. 1763. The geiuis Achras (L. Sp. PI. 2: 1190. 1753; L. Gen. PI. ed. 5. 497. 1754) was based by Linnjeus on Plumier's genus Sapota, but only one of Plumier's two species was enumerated by Linnfeus in 1753. This species, AcJtrus zapota, being the only Achras in the first edition of Linnaeus' Species Plantarum, is the type of that genus. An unfortunate confusion of names was introduced by Linn?eus in the second edition of his Species Plantarum, in 176:2, when he changed the name of his Achras zapota oi 1753 to Achras mnnmom, transferring the former name, Adiras zapota, to another species under a modified sjielling Achras sapota. The nomenclatorial misunderstand- ings thus originated are easily and definitely dispelled by an application of the rule of priority and the principle of generic types. The name Achras zapota is restored to its original use, and since the second species, called Achras sapota, does not ])elongto the same genus as the first, a new generic name must be found. This nomenclatorial vacancy is filled by Sapota, published by Miller, Gard. Diet. ed. 7. 1759, who includes both species, but his first and the type of the genus is the one described above. The sjjccific name, sapota, is not tenable on account of the earlier Achras zapota of 1753, and as ^Miller did not propose a binomial name for the species, the subspecific name zapotilla, proposed by Jacquin in 1763, is adopted. — Frederick Y. Coville. Sapotilla plum. See Sapota zapotilla. In Guam and the Philippines it is called "chico." Sappan-wood. See Biancaea sappan. Sarasa (Philippines). See Gra2)tophylluin pictiim. Saromo (Philippines). See Achyranthes aspera. Saucer leaf. See Nothopanax cochleatum. Sauce ( Spanish ) . See Premna gaudichaudii. Savanna plants. The upland regions devoid of forest growth are known in Guam as "sabanas" or " savannas." The highest mountains of the island scarcely exceed 1,000 feet in height, and there is no distinctive vegetation on the high land. The soil consists chiefly of red day, whicli is impervious to water and is incapable of drainage. Among the plants growing there are a inimber of strand plants and marsh plants which love the sun and will not grow in shaded localities. Most of the savannas are covered with a growth of sword-grass or "neti" {Xipheagroslis floridula), with a I DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 371 sparse sprinkling of ironwood ( Cafnmnna equiselifolia ) . Among the ferns are Gleiche- iiia didiotoma, Blechnum orieniale, Odontosoria retusa, Pter'is biaurita, Pteris marginata, and Liigodium scandens. The coarse labiate Mesosphaevum capitatum ("batunes"); (ilo^mgyne tcnuifolia, a composite like Bidens; and the yellow-flowered Stemniodontia hijiora and S. canescens occur, the last with thickly canescent leaves. Among the ,: .^-lii/clioird-i/a niiUrdlis (Forst.) End!. Ann. Wicii. .Mus. 1:187. I. iJ. 1836. Urtica rudcralis Forst. f. Prod. 66. 1786. Fleurya ruderaUs (Jaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 497. 1826. Scimitar pod. See Lais plmseoloides. Sciophila torresiana. Same as Elotostema peduncidatum. Scorpion weed. See I leHotroiniim indicum. Screw^pine or screw^palm. General name for the species of I'andanus. Scrophulariaceae. Foxglove family. This family is represented in Guam by three low, herbaceous, water-loving plants, the fragrant Ainhulm r/ralioloides and A. fragrant, called "guegue" or "gege" (pro- nounced "gaygay"), and the fleshy creeping, blue-flowered water-hyssop, Bacupa 7nonniera (H(r})estis vionniera). Sea-beans. " Those found in Guan are: Lens phaseoloides, the scimetar-pod bean called "gaye," "l(3dason," or "bayog;" Stizolobinm gigantenm, the ox-eye bean of the Pacific; Canavali ohtusifolium, a succulent, glabrous creeper growing on the strand; and Guilandina crista, the gray uicker-nut, or " pakao " of the natives. See the scientific names. Sea-coast laburnum. See Sophora tomentosa. Sea daffodil. See Pancratium littorale. Sea-grass. See Ruppia maritima. Sea-island cotton. See Gossijphtm barbadense. Sea purslane. See Sesuvium jwrtulacastrum. Seaside bean. See Canavali obiusifoUum. Seaside plum. See Xinicnia americana. Seaweeds. See Algx and Halophila ovalis, the latter a flowering plant collected in Guam and figured by Gaudichaud. Seboyas (Guam). See Allium cepa and Gardens. Sedges. See Ciiperaceae. Sedyiafi, Seyafi, or Sedyafo. Improper spelling of the name of an urticaceous plant, "Saj^afi," or "Sayiafl." Sedyaihagon or Seyaihagon (Guam). See Nervilia aragoana. Seguidillas (Spanish). See Botor tetragonoloba. Senna. See Cassia. Sensitive joint vetch, Indian. See Aeschynomene indica. Sensitive plants. The only plant remarkable for its irritability is Averrhoa carambola, a tree belong- ing to the Oxalidaceae, called "bilimbines" by the natives. Sesame. See Sesamum orientale. Sesamum indicum. Same as Sesamum orientale. Sesamum orientale. Sesame. Bexne. Family Petlaliaceae. Local names. — Ajonjoli (Spanish); Ahonholi (Guam); Liriga, Lorigii, Laiigis, Leiigiiga (Philippines); Gingili, {lingelly (E. Indies); Til (Bengal). An annual plant which has been introduced into Guam, and is cultivated in some DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 378 of the gardens of the natives for the sake of its oily seeds. The axillary tubular flowers have a 5-cleft calyx and a 5-parted corolla, the lowest lobe of which is pro- longed; stamens 4 (2 pairs of unequal length), with the rudiment of a fifth; capsule oblong, quadrangular, 2-valvetl, many-seeded. In Guam this plant is not of much economic importance. The seeds yield an abundance of fixed oil, which is clear and nearly tasteless, and may be used like olive oil. The best oil for food purposes is expressed from the cold seed." The parched seeds are used in many countries to give a flavor to cakes, sweetmeats, and salads, and when parched and pounded they are made into a savory soup. One of the chief advantages of this plant consists in its quick return of produce. It does not thrive so well in moist tropical countries where the rainfall is continu- ous as in regions where the rainfall i.s regular and not excessive, or wliere the crop can be irrigated. It will not grow in localities incapable of drainage, but thrives in alluvial sandy soil. The seed is sown at the beginning of the rainy season. The plant blooms in two months and at the end of three or four months the seed is ripe. The plants are then cut or pulled up and piled in heaps until the leaves have shriveled and fallen off. They are then hung up to dry in the sun. The pods burst ojien and the seeds are allowed to fall on mats or cloths placed to catch them. The bunches are also beaten so as to cause the remaining seed to fall. The seeds may l)e hulled by gently pounding them in a wooden mortar with a wooden pestle. The hulls contain a yellow coloring matter. The kernels are white and tasteless. "When parched they have a nutty flavor. A very good candy is made by melting sugar, as for peanut brittle, pouring it in shallow pans, and sprinkling over it sesame seed. The heat of the melted sugar is suflicient to parch the seeds and to give them a rich aromatic flavor. In South Carolina, where sesame is cultivated by the negroes as a catch crop in cotton fields, candy of this kind is made by the confectioners. Three varieties are recognized, distinguished 1>y the color of the seeds. Yellow and white sesame seeds are used in Japan for oil-making, while the black seeds are used for cooking, either whole or ground into a coarse powder. '' References: Sesamum orientale L. Sp. PL 1 : 634. 1753. Sesban or Sesbania grandiflora. See Agati grandiflora. Sesuvium portulacastrum. Seaside purslane. Family Aizoaceae. Local names. — Chara (Guam); Tarampulit, Karampalit, Dampalit, Bilangbi- lang (Philippines) ; Verdolaga de Costa (Cuba). A succulent, branching, prostrate, strand plant of wide tropical distribution, some- times forming mounds on the sandy beach. Leaves opposite, entire, nearly veinless; flowers axillary, without petals; calyx 5-parted, green outside, purplish or rose- colored within; stamens many; styles 3 to 5; capsule 3 to 5-celled, circumscissile through the middle, the ujiper part like a lid, falling away when ripe, and leaving the lower part attached to the plant; seeds black, shining, sni(>)th. The entire plant is eaten cooked like spinach. It is rather salty. In some parts of India it is cultivated as a pot herb. References: Semrinm portulacastrum Stickmau, Herb. Amb. 1754; Amoen. Acad. 4: 136. 1759. Setaria aurea Hochst. Same as Chaetochloa glauca aurea. Setaria glauca aurea K. Sch. Same as Chaetochloa glauca aurea. «See Hicks, Oil-producing seeds, Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1895, p. 197. *See Descriptive Cat. Agr. Prods. Japan, World's Columbian Exposition, p. 52, 1893. 374 USKFl'L PLANTS OF dUAM. Setlas (Guam). See CUnis medica. Seyaihagon (Guam). See Nen'ilia arragoana. Shaddock. See Citrus decumana. Shell-leaf. See Xothopanax cochleatum. She-oak, Australian. See Ccuiuarina equisetifolia. Shore grass. See Stenotaphnim nahuhilinii. Siak ( \'i.lant varies greatly with its environment, and it may be that forms described as distinct species may be nothing more than varieties caused by differences of light, moisture, soil, etc. It yields a good fiber, which in Australia is known as Queensland hemp. This is fine, strong, white, and lustrous, and is easily extracted. It is softer and finer than jute, l)ut shorter. Experiments made with this fiber show that a cord 12.5 mm. in circumference will sustain a weight of 400 pounds. In Guam fresh plants are gath- ered each morning and made into bundles which serve as brooms. References : Sida rhombifolia L. Sp. PI. 2: 684. 1753. Siempre-viva (Spanish). Local name for Bryuphylltimpinnatum, which grows in Guam as a common roadside weed. Silhigon (Philippines). See Sida rhumblfolia. Silisili (Philippines). See Jasminum viariammi. Silk-cotton tree. See Criba pentandra. Silk leaf. See lournefortia argentra. Sincamas (Philippines). See Cacara erosa. Single head. See Nervilia arragouna. Sisio ( Philippines). See Physalis angidata and P. minima. Sitae (Philipiiines). See Vigaa sinensis. Soap orange. See Citrus aurantium saponacea. Solanaceae. Nightshade family. This family is represented in Guam by the following species: Capsicum annuum. — Doiii, Cayenne pepper. Capsicum frutescens. — Doni, spur pepper. Cestrum nocturnum. — Duma de noche, night-blooming Cestrum. Cestrum pallidum.— Tintan China, "Chinese inkberry." Datura fastuosa, Pui pie-flowered thornaj^ple. Lycopersicon lycopersicum. — Tomato. Nicotiana tabacum. — Chupa, tobacco. Physalis angulata. — Tomates de brihuega, ground-cherry. Physalis minima. — Tomates de brihuega, ground-cherry." Solanum melongena. — Berengenas, eggplant. Solanum melongena. • Eggplant. Family Sulanaceae. Local names. — Berenghenas (Guam); Berengena (Spanish); Tillong (Philip- pines). The eggplant is one of the principal vegetables cultivated in Guam gardens. It thrives best in sandy soil. The fruit is large, oval in shajjc, and 2)urple. A favorite method of cooking it is to stuff it with minced meat and bake it. Keferences: Sokuutra melon gnia L. Sj*. Pi. 1:1S(1. 175:1 'Mi\ USEBTIL PLANTS OF GUAM. Solanum tuberosum. Potato. Irlsh potato. TIk- iMitato caw imt l)i' .siu'ceesfully cultivated in (luam. Refere.ncks: Solamtm tuberosum L. Sp. IM. 1: 184. 1753. Sophora tomentosa. Seacoast laburni'm. Fainiiy Fahaceae. ' Lo( Ai, NA.MK.S. — Hafigil, Tambalisa, Kabaikilbai, Kiiuai, Ya bag (Philippines); Kail III aU'wa, "Woman's Tree" (Fiji); Mudu-murunga (Ceylon). A shrub or .small tree growing on the strand with gray velvety branches, yellow Howers, and necklace-like jioils with joints separated ))y narrow necks. Leaves odd- pinnate with 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, which are shortly stalked and often alternate, 4 cm. long, broadly oval, obtuse and rounded atljoth ends, pubescent; flowers rather large, pedicels as long as the calyx, jointed near the top, rather closely arranged in stout, erect, stalked racemes about 15 cm. long; needle-like bracts deciduous; calyx somewhat inflated, velvety, segments very small; pod covered with velvety down, 5 to 15 cm. long, long-stalked; seeds nearly globular, pale brown, 9.5 mm. in diameter. This jilant is not common in Guam. It grows sparingly on the windward side of the island on the sandy beach between Pago and Talofofo. It is widely spread on tropical shores. The natives had no vernacular name for it and said that it had recently appeared on the island. All ])arts of the i)lant, ])nt especially the ])ark of the root and the seeds, are bitter and yield a poisonous alkaloid called sophorine. In the Malay Archipelago the pul- verized seeds are used as a specific for dysentery and cholera and as an antidote after having eaten poisonous marine animals. Padre Blanco says that the seeds are purg- ing." Two of them are almost too drastic for a dose in tertian fever. They are a common remedy among tlie natives of the Philippines for disorders of the stomacli and were at one time a popular remedy for cholera morbus. References: Sophora tomentosa L. Sp. PI. 1: 373. 1753. Sorrel. See Oxalis corniculaia. Soursop. See Annona muricata. Spanish needles. See Glossogyne tenuifolia. Spider-fl.ower. See Cleome viscosa. Spider lily. See Pancratium lUtorale. Spiderwort. See Commelina nudtfforhous, the upper one free, the rest united; anthers dimorphous; pod broadly winged down both sutures, l)ut not plaited on the faces, 8 to lo cm. by 5 cm., flat on the faces, copiously clothed with al)un(laiit Fijians the starch was frequently of a grayish color, owing to the fact that the tul^ers were not first peeled and the starch was not sufficiently washed. When it became an article of export from the Fiji Islands the natives were taught to prepare it more carefully. For their own use they did not dry it 1iut buried it in the ground, wrapped in leaves, so that it might ferment after the manner of breadfruit.'' In Samoa the fresli starch is always used for past- ing together the thin layers of beaten bark of the paper mulberry { Broussonetia papyrifera) in making tapa, or "siapo," as bark cloth is there called. In Guam it is used for starching clothes and for making sweetmeats called "bunuelos." The root itself is not used as a vegetal )le. As a food for invalids the arrowroot made from Tacca is said to be superior to all others. " It is invaluable when taken in cases of dysentery and diarrhea." ^ From the petioles and flower scapes the natives of Tahiti get an excellent straw for braiding hats, which they prepare by splitting into narrow strips, curing, and drying. Hats made from this straw were purchased by the officers of the U. S. S. Mohican in 1886. They were white and glossy and < )f light weight. It is said that the late Queen Victoria had a bonnet made of this material.'' The plant is found growing wild in Guam and is also cultivated. It is widely spread in Polynesia, and is found in Australia, the German colonies in the Solomon Islands and Bismarck Archipelago, and in the East Indies. The natives of the island of Cheduba, on the coast of Burma, make arrowroot from it; l)ut on the neigh- boring mainland it is not utilized. '■ In the State of Travancore, near the southern point of India, the plant is cultivated and forms an important article of trade. The root here grows to a large size, and is much eaten by the natives, who mix with it agreeal)le acids to overcome its pungency. f' References: Tacca pinnaiijida Forst. Char. Gen. 70. t. 35. 1776. Taeniophyllum fasciola. Orchid. Family Orchiclaceae. Local names. — Kamuke nanofe (Guam); Uramaore (Tahiti). A small stemless, epiphytal orchid, with the habit of Polyrrhiza, apparently leafless after the first growth; roots flattened, fasciculate, mterlaced; leaves 2 or 3 or absent, linear, fleshy, veinless; peduncle radical, filiform; flowers very minute, spicate; sepals and petals nearly alike, together with lip connate in a 6-toothed perianth; lip boat- shaped, the margins free, fleshy, the base produced into a saccate spur; dorsal side of spur continuing the base of the column; column very short, broad, foot lacking; anther 2-celled, jioUinia 4, in superposed pairs, pyriform, waxy, sessile on the gland; adventitious roots spreading, flexuose, elongate, and lying flat on the bark of the tree on which the plant grows, 20 cm. long and 2 to 3 mm. wide. Flowers green, soft, minute, not conspicuous. Collected in Guam by Gaudichaud and ]>y him called Vanilla fasciola. This plant occurs also in the Society Islands and in Fiji. « In Endlicher's Flora der Siidseeinseln it is called Limodorum fasciola./ References: Taeni ojihy Hum fasciola (Forst. f. ) Reichenl). f. in Seem. Fl. Vit. 296. 1868. Epidendrum fasciola F'orst. f. Prod. 60. 1786. Vanilla fasciola Gaudich. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 427. 1826. « Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, p. 262, 1837. ''Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 101, 1865-1873. '' Williams, On the Farina of the Tacca pinnatifida, Pharmaceutical Journ. and Trans., vol. 6, p. 383, 1846-1847. d Drury, Useful Plants of India, p. 423, 1858. ^Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 296, 1865-1873. /Ann. des Wiener Museums, vol. 1, p. 163, 1836. 3S2 T's?:fi'l plants of or am. Taetsia tertninalis. Palm-mi.y. Family Liliact'ao. Local XAMKs. — Hastnii do San .Tns(' (Guam); Sajinilala (Pliili"ppines); TI (Samoa, Raratonut it did not find its way to Guam until after the discovery, and at present has no Chamorro name. Its Spanish name, signifying "St. Joseph's staff," has been applied to it evidently on account of its slend(^r, straight stem and its graceful terminal tuft of leaves. It is now al)undant on the sides of the road leading from Agafia to Pago. In Hawaii it is held in high esteem by the natives, who plant it around the tombs of their dead. The aboriginal Hawaiians ma'de a fermented drink out of the fleshy, sweet roots. The modern Hawaiians distill from them a highly intoxicating liquor, somewhat like rum. In Samoa the natives make fringed skirts (titi) of the leaves, which they wear in fishing on the reef and in rainy weather. The leaves are also much used by the Polynesians for wrapping fish and other food before putting it into the native ovens to bake. The leaves are free from any pronounced taste. They are excellent for fodder for animals, and are often used in native feasts, together with leaves of bananas and plantains, as plates or trays upon which food is spread. In (iuam the natives use it only as an ornamental plant. References: Taelsia teryninnlis (L. ) Asparagus (erminahs L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1: 450. 1762. Dracaena terminalls L. Syst. ed. 12. 246. 1767. CordyUne termmalis Kunth, Abh. Acad. Berl. 30. 1820. The name Cordyline, as shown in the discussion under that name on an earlier page in this work, is an untenable name for this genus, and Taetsia, proposed by Medicus in 1786 and based on the species /errm, is accordingly reinstated. Tagete or Taguete (Guam). Vernacular name for a species of Ficus allied to the banyan, but without aerial roots from the branches, common in the forests and growing to great size. Wood used only for fuel. Tagoa (Guam). See Lagenaria lagenaria. Tagum (Philippines). See Lidigofera anil and I. tinctoria. Takan (IMiiiippines). See Pisonia excelsa. Takete (Guam). See Ficus spp. Talamtala (Porto Rico). See Herpetica alata. Talie (Samoa). See Terminalia catappa. Talisai (Guam, Philippines). See Terminalia catappa. Talong (Philippines). See Solanum melongena. Tamanu (Polynesia). See Calophyllum inophyllum. Tamarind. See Tamarindus indica. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate LXVI. Tamarindus indica, the Tamarind. Foliage and Fruit. Natural Size. DESCRIJfTIVE CATALOGUE. 383 Tamarind, Manila. ^Taim- in India for Pithecolobium dxlce. Tamarindo (Philippines). See Tumarindus indica. Tamarindus indica. Tamakind. Plate lxvi. Family Caesalpiniaceae. Local names. — Kamalindo (Guam); Sampalok, Sambalagui, Sambag, Sam- bagui, Tamarindo (Philippines). An introduced tree with spreading branches and beautiful foliage, bearing pods containing seeds surrounded by an acid pulp of j)leasant flavor. I^eaves abruptly ])iimate, with 20 to 40 glabrescent, close, obtuse, opposite, ol)long leaflets; flowers few together, in copious lax racemes at the end of the branchlets; pedicels articulated at the base of the calyx; bracts boat-shaped, inclosing the buds, caducous; calyx tube top-shaped, the disk produced some distance above its base; teeth lanceolate, much imbricated, the lowest 2 connate; only the 3 upper petals developed, the 2 lateral ovate, the upper hooded, 12 mm. long, yellow striped with red, the 2 lower petals reduced to scales; stamens monadelphous. only 3 developed,, the others reduced to bristles at the top of the sheath; ovary many-ovuled, with a stalk adnate to the calyx tube; style filiform, stigma capitate; pod 5 to 15 cm. by 2.5 cm. or more, 3 to 10-seeded, with a thin crustaceous epicarp and a thick pulpy mesocarp. The acid pulp makes a very pleasant, cooling drink when mixed with water and sweetened. In India it is a favorite ingredient of curries and chutneys, and the seeds are eaten by the natives, the outer skin being first removed by roasting or soaking, and the seed then boiled or fried. They are also made into a flour after being dried and ground. The tender seedlings are eaten as a vegetable, and the leaves and flowers are also eaten. Nearly every part of this tree is utilized in India, and it plays an important part in the economy of the natives. The wood is highly prized, but is hard to work. It is used for mallets, rice pounders, wheels, etc. The leaves, flowers, and fruit are used as mordants in dyeing; and the fruit is a valuable laxative and antiscorbutic." In Guam the trees grow well, but as they do not spread spontaneously they are found only near villages and houses where they have been planted, and on the sites of abandoned ranchos. References : Tamarindus indica L. Sp. PI. 1 : 34. 1753. Tamauian (Philippines). See Calophylhim inophyllum. Tambalisa (Philippines). See Sophora tomentosa. Tambo (Philippines). See Trichoon roxburghii. Tamo (Philippines). See Zinziber zerumbet. Tanetane (Samoa). See Nothopanax fruticosum. Tanga-mimi (Samoa). See Ipomoea congesta. Tangantangan (Guam). See Leucaena glauca. Tarigantangan (Philippines). See Ricinus communis. Tangerine orange. See Citrus nobilis. Tanglad (Philippines). See Andropogon nardus. Tanning. Among the plants yielding tan stuffs are the following: Anacardium. occidentale. — Kasoe, the cashew tree. Bruguiera gymnorhiza. — Mangle macho, the many-petaled mangrove. Ficus sp. — Nunu, the banyan; bark astringent. Heritiera littoralis. — Ufa; free from coloring matter. « Watt, Economic Products of India, vol. 6, pt. 3, pp. 405-409, 1893. 384 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Tanning' — rontiniicfl. Lens phaseoloides. — (iayo or hayog; a forest liana. Pithecolobiiini dulce. Kainacliik's; most extensively used of all. Psidium guajava. — Ahas, the jiiiava; leaves and hark. Punica granatuni. — (iranada; rind of fruit excellent. Rhizophora naucronata. — Mangle luMuhra, fonr-petaled mangrove; aerial roots iTiisliecl and soaketl in water, good for curing lisli nets. Terminalia catappa. — Talisai; bark and leaves. Tapioca. See Manihot manihol. Tapuranga (Philippines). See Hibiscus rosa-sineTisis. Tare. See Caladium colocasia. Tare, acrid. See Alocasia mdica and ,1. mncrorrhiza. Tare, giant. See Alocasia indicn and A. macrorrhiza. Tartago (Porto Rico). See Jatroplia curcas. Tarumpalit (Philippines). See Sesuvium jMrtulacastrum. Tauanave (Samoa). See Cordia subcordaia. Tausunu (Samoa). See Toumefortia argentea. Tavatava (Philippines). See JcUropha curcas. Tea. An attempt was made to cultivate tea in Guam, but it w'as unsuccessful, the plants growing too high and rank. Tea, Mexican. See Chenopodium atnbrosioides. Tea senna. See Cassia mimosoides. Telosma odoratissima. Thousand leagues. Family Asclepiadaceae. Local NAMES. — Mil-leguas (Guam, Philippines); Liane Tonquin (Mauritius); Malati tunkat (Java); Ye-lan-hiang (China). A twining shru]> of East Indian origin, with very fragrant, aromatic, greenish flowers growing in umbel-like cymes. Leaves opi)osite, ovate-cordate, membranous; calyx 5-parted; corolla salver-shaped, tube pubescent within, swollen at the base; lobes oblong, overlapping at the right; stamens growing together so as to form a short fleshy column bearing a ring of scales called the staniinal corona, scales mem- branous, growing to the back of the anthers, erect, double, the inner with a long point; pollen masses one in each cell; stigma capitate; fruit a pod having one suture, lanceolate, about 7.5 cm. long; pericarp thick, glabrous; seeds 8 mm. long, broadly ovate. This plant is a great favorite with the natives. They plant it in their gardens, propagating it by cuttings, which readily take root. I have never seen it form fruit on the island. It takes its local name from the great distance to which the aromatic odor of its flowers is carried. On going home I could always tell at a distance of two blocks whether or not there was a boquet of mil-leguas in my house. References: TeloHinn odoratissima (Lour.) Coville. Cynanchum odoratissimuin Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 1: 166. 1790. Pergularia odoratissima Sm. Ic. Pict. t. 16. 1790-93. None of the species currently referred to the genus Pergularia was contained in the original Pergularia of Linnaeus. That author described two species in the genus, one of wliich was subsequently made by Burmann the type of the Apocynaceous genus Vallaris, while the other also was removed from Pergularia by Robert Brown and, with Cynanchum extensum of Jacquin, erected into the genus Daemia. Pergu- laria can not therefore properly be used as the genus name for those plants to which f DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 385 it has currently been applied, and the name Ti'losma {rffXe, far, and dduy), odor) is here i^roposed, the type species being T. udarutimnia as above cited. — Frederick V. Coville. Tephrosia mariana. Same as Cracca mariana. Terminalia catappa. Indian almond. Malabar almond. Family Combretaceae. Local name-s. — Talisai (Guam); Talisai, Dali.sai (Philippines); Talie (Samoa); Kaorika, Kauarika (Karotonga); Tavola (Fiji); Kamani (Hawaii); Almendro (Spanish America); Badamier (French); Saori (Solomon Islands); Tipop, Ti]iapop (Ponape, Caroline Islands). A handsome deciduous tree with branches in horizontal whorls, large leaves, which usually turn scarlet before falling, and an edible almond-like fruit. Leaves alternate, clustered toward the ends of the branches, short-petioled, obovate from a cordate but very narrow base, 15 to 20 cm. long, usually softly hairy when young, glabrous or hairy when adult, with 2 glandular depressions near the base of the midrib on the under side which are often obscure or wanting; petiole 6 to 19 mm. long; flowers small, spicate; spikes solitary, axillary, simple, gray or rusty tomen- tose, the upper flowers male, the lower hermaphrodite, the bracts minute at the base of each flower, soon deciduous; calyx tube produced above the ovary with a campanulate mouth, limb of 5 short valvate triangular lobes, deciduous; petals none; stamens 10 inserted on the calyx tube; epigynous disk within them densely hairy; ovary 1-celled, inferior; style long, simple; fruit 2.5 to 3.8 cm. long, ellipsoid, slightly compressed so as to show two ridges, finally glabrous. A very common tree in Guam, often growing near the shore, but also found inland. The kernels of the fruit are of a fine almond-like consistency and flavor. The crows {Corvus kubaryi) are very fond of them, and the natives eat them as delicacies either fresh or candied. The bark and leaves are astringent and contain tannin. In India they are mixed with iron salts to form a black pigment, with which the natives in certain localities color their teeth and make ink. This species is an excellent shade tree. It is of wide troj^ical distribution and is often planted for ornament and for the sake of its nuts. It has been introduced into Hawaii and the natives have applied to it the Polynesian name for Calophyllum inophyllum (kamanu, or kamani) owing to the appearance of its foliage, which from a distance looks somewhat like that of the latter species. It is easily propagated from the seed. The wood is hard and of a reddish color, the sapwood lighter colored than the heartwood. In Guam it is used for troughs, carts, and posts, and if "daog" wood (C(ilo})Inilliun l}i()])hyUum) can not be obtained it is used for making cart wheels, though it is inferior to that species in toughness and durability. The Fijians and Samoans make drums of the hollowed trunks. References: Terminalia catappa L. Mant. 1: 128. 1767. Thatch, plants. The principal materials used for thatching are the leaves of Cocos nucifera and fringes of sword grass or neti {Xipheagrostis floridula) and of the leaflets of the nipa jtalm ( Xypa friUicans). See p. 148. Theobroma cacao. Cacao. Chocolate tree. Plate lxvii. Family Sterculiaceae. Local names. — Cacao (Spanish); Kdkao (Guam). The seeds of this plant are the "chocolate beans" or "chocolate nuts" of com- merce. It is a small tree with a bare stem which generally rises to a height of about 2 meters before branching, and reaches a height of 5 or 6 meters. Sometimes, however, under good conditions of moisture, soil, and situation it grows higher. The tree is cauliflorous; that is, the flowers spring forth from the trunk and older branches. 9773—05 25 386 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Lt-avi's lar^r, iiiulividol, siiiiMitli, liroad, jxiinted, and of a tliin texture; of a reddish eol(^r and liaii^'iii;; limp from the l)raiu-hefi when young, but .soon turning green and bwoniing firm; flowers produced from adventitious buds under the bark, usually at the "eyes," or points marked by the scars of fallen leaves, small, growing in clusters or solitary, usually only one of a chister develojiing into fruit; calyx 5-parted, often of a pinkish color; petals 5, yellowish, concave at the base and having a strap-like ai)pendage at the tip; stamens 10, united at the base into a cup, 5 without anthers and the other 5 alternating with them bearing 2 double-celled anthers each; style thread-like, terminating in a 5-cleft stigma; fruit somewhat like a cucumber in shape, 15 to 2") cm. long, yellow or reddish, longitudinally ribbed, the rind thick and warty, leathery and tough, not splitting when ripe, 5-celled, and containing many seeds in a soft butter-like i>ulp of a i)leasant sweetish-acid flavor; seeds conii)ressed, some- what almond-shai)ed, with a thin, pale, reddish-brown, fragile skin or shell, cover- ing an oily, aromatic, bitter kernel, which consists mostly of the crumpled cotyledons. If taken fmni the pod the seed soon loses its vitality. It is consequently difficult to transport it to distant countries unless in a germinating condition or in ripe pods, which, if kejjt cool, will last ten days or j^erhaps two weeks. Cacao must be grown in sheltered situations. The best soil is that of valleys made by the decomposition of volcanic rocks and containing organic matter, as at Santa Rosa, Yigo, and ]\Iatiiguag in the northern part of the island of Guam, and alluvial deposits along the banks of streams, as in the valleys of Ilig and Tarotofu, on the east coast. Considerable depth is necessary, as the tree has a long taproot. The trees will not bear exposure to the brisk trade winds, which are almost constantly blowing in (Tuani. Whole plantations are sometimes blasted by the bagnios, or hurricanes, which visit the island. The seeds are planted fresh from the pods in sementeras, or nurseries. They are taken from the best and largest pods, which are picked from the best-bearing trees perfectly ripe and kept for a week or ten days. On openmg the pod it is not unusual to find that the seeds have already begun to germinate. The best pods are those growing on the trunk, and from them the largest seed should be selected. They are i)laced in the ground about 1 inch Vjelow the surface, so that the point where each seed Avas attached to the placenta is lowermost, thus avoiding a crooked stem and taproot, which are very delicate and easily injured in transplanting. The rows are about 25 cm. apart, with the seed set at intervals of about 10 cm. They sprout in a few days and in a few weeks' time they are ready for transplanting. The best time for transplanting is the beginning of the rainy season. Great care must then be taken, as a slight injury to the taproot will kill the plant. The plants given to the writer by ~Slr. David Haughs in Honolulu were grown from seed planted in pots. A very good way to jiropagate them is to plant them in bamboo joints, which may be filled with good fine earth and sunk in the ground. When ready for transplanting the bamboo is split and the ball of earth surrounding the tender roots left intact. Sometimes the seeds are planted on the site chosen for the plantation, so that trans- ]>lanting will not be necessary. In this case the ground is cleared and straight rows 4 to 5 meters ai)art marked out by lines. The rows may be a little closer together than this in places where the cacao does not send out very long branches, and 6 meters apart where the soil is deep and rich, taking care to plant the seeds in one row opposite the middle of the interval of the row next to it. The position of each hill is indicateil by a stake, around which 3 or 4 seeds are planted about 20 cm. ai)art. All the seeds may grow, yet only the most thrifty one is allowed to remain, the rest being either pulled up and thrown away or carefully removed with a ball of earth attached to the roots and planted in the places where seeds have failed to sprout or set out in another field, as in the case of plants grown in sementeras. In clearing land for planting cacao a few trees are sometimes left fdr shade, except in moist valleys, where they are not necessary. 888 rSKKl'I. PLANTS OF GUAM. Thu cacao plantations of Gnani snfftT jttreatly from the ravages of the brown, or Norway, rat {Mas ilx-iiiininns), whicli overruns tlie.islanil and is a jrreat pest. These animals are innuoderately fonaUidum. Tinta-tinta (Philippines). See Eclipta alba. Tipolo (Philii^pines). See Artocarpus coynmunis. Tipolo (Samoa). See Citrus hystrix acida. Toa (Samoa). See Casuarina equisetifolia. Tobacco. See Nicotiana tabacum. Toddy. Thefermentedsapof the coconut, in Guam called "tuba." SeeCocosnucifera. Toguing polo (Philippines). See Dioscorea fasciculata lutescens. To'ito'iave'a (Samoa). See Lobelia koenigii. Tolo (Samoa). See Saccharum officinarum. Tomate (Spanish) . See Lycopersicon ly coper sicum. Toniate chaka (Guam). See Physalis minima. Tomato. See Lycopersicon lycopersicum. Tongo (Philippines). A prickly yam. See Dioscorea spinosd. Tongo (Sainoa). See Rhizophora mucronata. ToiTgo (Philijipines). See Dioscorea and D. tiliaefolia. Tofgo-vao (Samoa). See Dodonaea. liscosa. Tono (Samoa). See Centella asiatica. Torchwood. See Cormigonus mariannensis. Totopo. Name of a grass eaten by cattle, with long, narrow leaves and creeping rootstock. Tournefortia argentea. Velvetleaf. Plate lxvii. Family Boraginaceae. Local names.— Junig (Spanish); Hunig, Hunik (Guam); Tahenu (Tahiti); Tauhinu(Rarotonga); Tausunu (Samoa); Diave (Bougainville Straits); Karan (Ceylon). A small tree, 3 to 4 meters high, growing on the strand, with large silky-pubescent leaves and scorpioid branched cymes of small white flowers with black anthers. :\\n) ITSKFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. 'rniiik slii.rt. liark .Iccply I'urrowi'd, i-alr; hiaiiclili'ts thick, marked with scars of fallen leaves; t\vip< densely silky-indteseent; leaves closely jiiaced at the end of liranches, 10 to 20 em. lon^', oval or olxivate-oval, much-tai>eriiile stout, short and obscure; flowers numerous, sessile, cymes ])eduncled, spread- ing, with Iciiii: liranches, silky; buds f^lobose; se])als ovate-rotund, imbricate, densely silkv-hairv; cornlia rotate, over 0 mm. in diameter, lobes rotundatcs spreading:; anthers se.«sile, lar>re, at throat of corolla; ovary glabrous; sti;j:ma sulisessile, oliscnrely 2-lobed; fruit the size of a small pea, depressed-globose, inimitciy apiculate, smooth, brown; nutlets corky. The tree is of little economic value. Shoe lasts are sometimes made of the wood. It is widely distributed in the Malay archipelajro, the Imlian ami Pacific oceans. The I'olynesian names, signifying "scorched leaf," are applied to it on a(!count of the shriveled appearance of the dead leaves. Rkkekk.nci-x: TonnirforCKi aryentea L. f. Suppl. 1 ;>.'>. 17.S1. Tree-cotton. See Goasypium nrhoreum. Tree ferns. The only tree fern thus far known in ( Jnam is AhophUn haeiikri Presl, a species growing on the banks of streams, first collected by Haenke in 1792, and afterwards by (iaudichaud, who called it Ct/atlifa mariana." Tree mignonette. See Lawsonio (illxi. Trefoil, tick. General name for the' species of Meibomia. Tribulus cistoides. Caltrops. I'amily Zygophyllaceae A trailing strand jilant with yellow flowers resembling those of Cistus. Branches procumbent or ascending; leaves silky, stipulate, abruptly pinnate; leaflets about 8 pairs, oblong, subequal; stipules falcate, acuminate; flowers solitary; sepals 5, caducous, acuminate, silky; petals 5, obovate; disk annular, 10-lol)ed; stamens 10, inserted on the base of the disk, 5 longer opposite the petals, 5 shorter with a little gland outside; filaments filiform, naked; ovary sessile, hirsute; style short, stigmas 5; cocci almost woody, tul)ercied and hairy, usually 2-horned, partitioned internally into several 1-seeded compartments. A widely spread strand ])lant, easily identified by its conspicuous yellow flowers and horned woody cocci. Not common in Guam, where, according to the natives, it is of recent introduction. A few i)lauts o])served on the sandy beach on the east shore of the island between Pago and Talof6fo. Refkkences: Tribulus cisloides L. Sp. PI. 1: 387. 1'"'3. Trichoon roxburg'hii. Reed. Marsit reed. Family Poaceae. Local xamks. — Karriso (Guam): Cafia, Carrizo (Spanish); Tambo, Tabunak (Philippines); Yoshigo, Yoshi-dsuno (Japan); Nal, Nar, Karka (India); Nalagas (Ceylon); Lu, Tih, Wei (China). A tall perennial grass with stems 2 to 4 meters high, common in marshes and along the banks of streams. The inflorescence forms large spreading lax panicles, with the flowers enveloped with long silky hairs. The plant is gregarious, having creeping, stoloniferous rootstocks: stems stout, hollow, smooth, covered with the leaf sheaths; leaves close togethei', growing in 2 vertical ranks, sword-shaped, with- out ligule, but with a ridge of short hairs instead; panicle decompound, erect, more <' Presl, Reliquiae Haenkeanae, vol. 1 , p. 68, 1825. Gaudichaud, Fre5'cinet's Voyage, Botany, p. 365, 1826. J Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate LXVIII. TOURNEKORTIA ARGENTEA, VELVETLEAF, A CHARACTERISTIC STRAND SHRUB. Natural Size. DESCRlPTtVE CATALOGUE. 391 spreading tlian in the typical Tridiooii jjIimgiitiUs the common reed; branches of panicle HHform, pedicels capillary, quite smooth; spikelets when fully ex[)anded about 12 mm. broad across the glumes, 3 or more flowered, fan-shaped, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect; rachilla articulated between the flowering glumes, long-pilose, the two lower glumes empty; the third glume empty or sub- tending a staminate flower; flowering glumes glabrous, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets; stamens 3; styles 2, distinct, short; stigmas plumose; glumes spreading in fruit, exposing the long silky hairs of the rachilla; grain free, loosely inclosed in the glume and palet. This jilant is quite variable, and it is ]tossible that it is only a variety of Trichoon phragmites. Hooker could find no important differences between herbarium specimens of the two. In both forms dwarf or slender states occur, with slender leaves and greatly reduced panicles." The species is spread from Japan and India through Malaysia and the Philippines, and occurs in the Caroline Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, New Caledonia, and other islands of the Pacific, but not in Fiji, Samoa, nor Hawaii. In Guam the stems are split and woven into coarse matting for covering the sides of houses (PI. XX), for partitions, and for ceilings, often covered with whitewash or mud, and serving as laths for plastering. It is from this species that the cUirmamats of P>engal are made. Padre Blanco first described it in the Philijipines under the name Arnitdo leda. In Japan the young shoots are eaten cooked like asjiaragus or bamboo s})routs. In China they are taken out of their sheaths and preserved by drying with a coating of salt on them, to be stored for cooking purposes. ^ This reed is said to liave proved poisonous to cattle in India, but in Guam the young shoots are used as fodder and are not considered harmful. In China the banks, marshes, and shoals of the Yangtze River are covered with great beds of it, the people cutting down the reeds on the subsidence of the fioods. They form the fuel for a large por- tion of the people in certain districts, who also use them for building hovels and making mats and hurdles, and eat the young shoots as food, c Referenx'es: Trichoon roxhurghii (Kunth). Arundo roxburghUKunth, Rev. Gram. 1:79.1829.- Phragmites roxhurghii (Kunth) Steud. Nom. ed. 2. 2:324.1841. The earliest post-Linnsean use of the name Phragmites appears to be by Adanson in 1763, but for a different genus from that to which it has been aj^plied Ijy modern authors. Trinius proposed the name for the present genus in 1820, but it is ante- dated by Trichoon, published by Roth in 1798. The common reed, Trichoon phrag- mites {Ariindo phragmites of Linnajus), is widely known under the name Phragmites coinmunis Trin. Triphasia aurantiola Lour. Same as Triphasin trifoliata. Triphasia trifoliata. Orange-berry. Family Rutaceae. Local names. — Lemoncito, Limon de China (Guam); Limoncitos (Philippines; Lime myrtle (West Indies) ; Limeberry (East Indies). A glabrous, spiny shrub, with evergreen branches and leaves, small fragrant white flowers, "and orange-red berries about the size of a cherry. Leaves alternate, sessile, 3-foliate; leaflets obtuse, thick and soft, crenulate, cori^aceous, almost nerveless, the terminal one shortly petioled, 2 to 4 cm. long, ovate, with a cuneate base and rounded notched ti^); lateral ones smaller, more rounded, oblique; flowers very shortly peduncled, axillary, solitary or in 3-flowered cymes; calyx 3-lobed; petals 3, free, imbricate, linear-oblong; stamens 6, inserted around a fleshy disk; ovary ovoid, « Hooker, Flora British India, vol. 7, pp. 304, 305, 1897. ''See Useful Plants of Japan, Agric-ultural Society of Japan, p. 29, 1895. ''Smith, Materia medica, etc., of China, p. 171, 1871. ^\)2 USEFtTL PLANTS OF GUAM. 3-rellt'(l, narrowt'il into :i Hlcmlcr (Icciduoiis style; stigma obtuse or oa))itate and S-lolx'd; ovules solitary in eaeh cell; berry ovoid, 1 to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded, gland- dotted; seeds ol)long, ininierseil in niueilage, testa coriaceous. This plant sliould not \>v ciinfuscd with ('itrnn trifoliala oi .lairdu. The fragrance of the flowers suggests that of tl:c hyacinth. The fruit is bittersweet and has the flavor of Curacao li(osror«f ami I>. faaciculata. Tug-tii-tugviian ( l'liili|i|iiiies). See Ipcnnora vinriannenmf:. Tulip tree, Indian. See Theupcsia populnca. Tung-o (l'liilii)]iine.s). The spiny yam. See Dio.trnrrn .yiivosa. Tupe (Samoa). See Lena phascoloiilfs. Tupo, Tupu (Guam). Sugarcane, ^t'e Sm-cldinnti (/jJiciiKirtdii. Tupun ayuyu (Guam). " li()l)l)er-cral)'s sugar cane," a pucculent ]ilant witli leaves having 'A longitudinal nervey, not identified; said to be eaten Ly the ayuyu. Tupun-neti (Guam). See XipJiagmstis tli>rilique, upper lip with 2 obtuse lobes, lower 3-lobed, the middle one much the longest; sta- mens 4, didymous, much exserted; ovary 2 or 4-celled; ovules 4; stigma bifid; drupe globose, about 6 mm. in diameter, the lower half or more closely invested by the enlarged calyx, slightly scurfy, purplish black, stone usually 1-celled by abortion. A shrub usually growing in swampy places near the coast, differing from the pre- ceding species iu having obtuse leaflets. The leaves are pleasantly aromatic when 31KS USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. (■riislif(L Tlu' spi'cicH is of wide (iistrihiition, nwurriiiut tiiey are of inferior (juality and thus far have not jiroved successful. Vittaria elongata. Ribbon fern. Family Poly pod iaceae. An epiphytal fern with grass-like fronds, having its sori in a continuous line in a furrow along tiie margin. References: Vittaria elongata Sw. Syn. Fil. 106. 1806. Vittaria ensiformis Llanos. Same as Vittaria elongata. Volkameria inermis L. Same as Clerodendron inernie. Waltheria americana. Matico. Family Sterculiaceae. Local names. — Hialoa (Hawaii); Malva blanca (Cuba); Malvabisco, Basora prieta (Porto Rico); Matico, Hierlia del Soldado (Trop. America). A perennial weed with a woody base, 30 to 60 cm. high, densely tomentose or softly hairy in every j^art. Leaves ovate-oblong, 1.5 cm. by 2 to 3 cm., on petioles 12 mm. long, obtuse, dentate, feather- veined; down stellate mixed with simple hairs; stipules narrow, deciduous; flowers small, sessile in close clusters along axillary peduncles 4 cm. long; ))racts linear; calyx 5-lobed, downy, lobes acute; petals little longer, unguiculate or clawed, orange-colored; stamens 5, opposite the petals, united at the base, with 2 parallel anther cells; ovary downy, sessile, of a single carpel with 2 erect ovules, style excentrical, with fringed stigma; capsule opening at the back into 2 valves; seeds usually solitary. A common weed of wide distribution in the Tropica and occuring on many Pacific islands. References: Waltheria americana L. Sp. PI. 2: 673. 1753. Waltheria indica L. Sp. PI. 2: 673. 1753. Waltherin elllptica Cav. Diss. 6: 316. t. 171. f. 2. 1788. Waltheria elliptica Cav. Same as Waltheria americana. Waltheria indica L. Same as Waltheria americana. Walwalisan (Philippines). See Sida carpinifolia. Water fern. See Ceratopteris thalictroides. Water hyssop. See Bacopa monniera. Watermelon. See Gardens. Water-root. See Nervilia arragoana. Wax-gourd. See Benincasa ccrifera. Weather plant. See Abrus abrus. Wedelia biflora. Same as Stemmodontia hiflora. Wedelia canescens. Same as Stemmodontia canescens. Wedelia chamissonis Less. Same as Stemmodontia canescem. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. IX. Plate LXIX. XlPHAGROSTIS FLORIDULA i SwORD GRASS). SpIKELETS AND PORTION OF LEAF BLADE Magnified, Showing Cutting Teeth. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 399 Weeds. See page 151. Weissia. See Mosses. Wild elder. See Prernna gaudichnudii. Wild ginger. See Zbiziber zcnunbet. Wild ipecac (Hawaii). See Asdepias curassavica. Wild niangosteen. See Sandoricuin indicum. Wild olive (Jamaica). See Xbnenia ainericana. Wild orange. See Citrus aurantium. Wild yam (Guam). See Dioscorea spinosa. Wire fern. See Lygudium scandens, under Ferns. Wire vine. See Cassi/Uia filiformis. Witchleaf. See BrijophijUum j)hinatum. Wollastonia biflora DC. Same as Stemmodontia biftora. WoUastonia canescens DC. Same as Stemmodontia canescens. Wollastonia scabriuscula DC. Same as Stemmodontia bifiora. Woodsorrel. See Oxalis comiculata. Wormwood. See Artemisia vulgaris. Ximenia americana. False sandalwood. Family Olacineae. Local names. — Pi^od, Piut (Guam); Moli-tai (Samoa); Somisomi, Tomi-tomi (Fiji); Ji'a manzanilla, Ciruelo cimarron (Cuba); Wild olive (Jamaica); Hog plum, Seaside plum (West Indies). A shrub or small tree l)eariiig an edible, spherical, orange-colored drupe, flavored like a bitter almond and tasting somewhat like a crab ajjple. Branches thorny, spread- ing, glabrous, covered with a red astringent bark, often ending in a spine; young shoots angular; leaves shortly petioled, alternate, simple, 2.5 cm. wide by 3 cm. long and upward, coriaceous, glabrous, ovate-oblong or roundish, emarginate, base rounded; flowers 2.5 to 7.6 cm. long, usually hermaphrodite, sometimes polygamous, white, fragrant, in short racemes, which are axillary or on the ends of thickened contracted shoots; rachis terete, 4 to 6-flowered; bracts minute; buds oblong, acute; calyx minute, 4 or 5-toothed; petals 4 or 5, oblong, hairy within, equal to the stamens in length; stamens twice the number of the petals, borne at the base of the ovary; anthers linear, 2-celled; ovary sessile, superior, ovoid-oblong, glabrous, surrounded at the base by the persistent, ultimately reflexed calyx; style as long as the stamens. Of wide distriljution throughout the Tropics. In Guam the fruit is nmch relished by the fruit pigeons. The w^ood is hard and is sometimes used as a substitute for sandalwood. References: Ximenia americana L. Sp. PI. 2: 1193. 1753. Ximenia elliptica Forst. Same as Ximenia americana. Xiphagrostis floridula. Sword grass. Plate lxix. Family Poaceae. Local names. — Xete, Xeti, Tupun-neti (Guam); Xgasau, Vitavita (Fiji); Kakao (Rarotonga); Fiso (Samoa); Non kai (Kaiser Wilhelmsland). A tall perennial grass with terminal feathery panicles, growing in damp places and also covering large tracts on the hills, called "sabanas." Leaves long and flat, the edges armed with minute sharp teeth; spikelets in paii'S on the joints of the rachis, one pedicelled, the other nearly sessile, awned, with a cluster of silky hairs rising from the base of both, giving to the panicle its feathery appearance; glumes 4. This grass resembles the "cogon" {Imperata arundinacea) of the Philippines, which cov- 4(H) USFFUL PLANTS OF (JUAM. ITS aliaiiiloiUMl clcaiiiij^'s on many islands; but it is mucli taller and its 1 -flowered spikelets arc awned and are borne in a spreading panicle, while those of Iniperata are not awncd and are in a silvery cylindrical thyrsus w ith dark anthers and stigmas. Thesi>ecies is widely spread throiiM sinensis Anders.). — Frederick V. Coville. Xylocarpus granatum. Cannon-ball tree. ^ Family Meliaceae. Local names. — Lahlnyog, Laldnyog (Guam); Kaliunpag-sa-lati, Libato-pula (Philippines); Dal)i (Fiji). A glabrous, evergreen, littoral tree, with a large, liard, brown, irregularly globose fruit witli a thin rind, containing 6 to 12 large, angular, hard, (;orky seeds. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 2 to 6-foliate; leaflets stiff, opposite, entire, ovate or obovate, usually obtuse, very shortly petiolulate; panicles lax, axillary; flowers small, sweet- scented, yelUnvish or white, hermaphrodite, sometimes in simple racemes; calyx 4-fid, short; i)etals 4, reflexed, contorted sinistrosely; stamens united into an urceolate- globose tube which is 8-toothed at apex, the teeth bipartite; anthers 8, 2-celled, just included, sessile at top of tube, alternating with the teeth; style short; stigma dis- coid; ovary 4-celled, 4-sulcate; cells 2 to 8-ovuled; pericarp fleshy, dehiscing by 4 valves opposite the obliterated dissepiments. A tree widely spread on tropical shores, common in India and Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, North Australia, and on many islands of the Pacific. The astringent « See Schumann und Lauterbach, Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Sudsee, pp. 166, 167, 1901. '>MS. notes furnished me by Don Justo Dungca, late justice of the peace of the island of (iuam, and one of the principal coconut planters of the island. c Trimen, Handbook Flora of Ceylon, vol. 1, p. 251, 1893. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 401 bark is red and flakes off. It is used as a remedy in dysentery. In Guam the wood is used for making sjiokes of wheels and for floors of small houses. It is fine-grained, heavy, hard, durable in water, and of a red or brown color. - Logs 4.5 meters long and 30 cm. in diameter may be obtained. The tree yields a resin and from the seeds a whitish semi-solid oil is expressed which becomes fluid at a high temperature. This is used in India for burning, and in some places as a hair oil. References: Xylocarpus granatnm Koen. Naturf. 20: 2. 1784. Carapa moluccensis 'Lam.. Encyc. 1:621. 1783. Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) Roem. Syn. Hesper. 124.1846. Yabag (Philippines). See Sophoni lumentosa. Yahon-yahon (Philippines). See Centella asiatiea. Yam, Chinese. See Dioscorea glabra. Yam, common. See Dioscorea saliva. Yam, Guinea. See Dioscorea aculeata. Yam, kawai. See Dioscorea aculeata. Yam, kidney-potato. See Dioscorea fasciculata. Yam, negro. See Dioscorea saliva. Yam, Papuan. See Dioscorea papuana. Yam, prickly. See Dioscorea aculeata. Yam, round-stemmed. See Dioscorea saliva. Yam, spiny. See Dioscorea spinosa. Yam, square-stemmed. See Dioscorea alata. Yam, ubi or uvi. See Dioscorea alata. Yam, wild. See Dioscorea spinosa. Yam, wing-stemmed. See Dioscorea alata. Yam, white. See Dioscorea alata. Yam-bean. See Cacara erosa. Yampong (Philippines). See Abutilon indicum. Yard grass. See Eleusine indica. Yard-long bean, Asiatic. See Vigna sinensis. Yellow- wood, Marianne. See Ochrosia mariannensis. Yerba-buena (Guam). See Mentha arvensis. Yerba de Clavo (Porto Rico). See Centella asiatiea. Yerba de Santa Maria (Guam, Philippines). See Artemisia vulgaris. Ylang-ylang. See C'anangiiun odoratwn. Yoga (Guam). A large forest tree with buttressed trunk, bearing a bluish fruit like a large grape in appearance, dry and insipid, but-eaten by birds. Wood not very durable; some- times used for oars. Also written " joga," the Guam Y being pronounced like the English J. According to Governor Perez it yields logs 12 to 14 meters long. Yovas (Philippines). See Graptophyllum pictum. Yuka ( Guam ) . See Manihot manihot. Yuquillo (Porto Rico). See Curcuma longa. Zacate. A name applied in Guam, Mexico, and the Philippines to grass, hay, or forage for animals. 9773—05 26 4()'J IKSKKUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Zacate limon (CTiiain). See Andropogon nardus. Zapote chico, Zapotillo chico (Pliilippines). See Sapota zapotilla. Zea mays. Maize. Indian corn. Fiiinily Poaceae. I^ocAL NAMKs. — Maeis, (Guam); Maiz (Spanish); Borona (Philippines). Indian corn is now the principal food staple of the natives of Guam. It was ])ronght by the Jesuit missionaries from IMexico nearly two centuries ago. It imme- diately became the principal source of food for the mission and the soldiers/' and in a few years was adt)pted by the natives. It is now planted by every family on the island. Two crops a year are produced upon the island. The first, called "las primeras," planted after the first showers of April, or in May or June, is harvested in August, September, or October. The second, called the "aventurero," planted in September, October, or November, is harvested four months after planting. Low and moist situations nnist l)e selected for the aventurero, as well as for all other ])lantings e.xcept the primeras; for as a rule crops planted on high land in the dry season suffer from drought and are fit for nothing but forage. In certain low valleys which are flooded during the rainy season and become dry in December maize is planted in January, February, or March and harvested four months later. luHuediately after having been gathered it must be shelled and dried in the sun, to prevent molding. At times the streets of Agafia are so thickly covered with mats of drying corn that it is difficult to make ones way through them without step- ping on the corn. After liaving been thoroughly dried the grain is stored in earthen jars (tinajas) having a capacity of about 16 gantas (48 liters). This is necessary on account of weevils which infest the island. Under good condition 60 tinajas of shelled corn are obtained from one hectare of land, ** which is ai^proximately equiva- lent to 38 bushels to the acre. Only one variety of maize is successfully grown on the island. It is soft-grained and wliite, resembling that which is most common in Mexico. Attempts have been made to introduce sweet corn, pop corn, and several varieties of field corn from the United States, but they have been failures. Maize is usually prepared for food in the form of tortillas, after the Mexican manner. The grain is put to soak overnight with a certain quantity of lime, which softens it and loosens th,e husk. It is then washed in cold water and rolled on an inclined stone slab called "metate" to a paste, by means of a stone rolling-pin called a "mano." Both the metate and mano are Mexican intrusions, having found their way to Guam with the maize itself, and are also used for grinding cacao beans and nuts of Cycas circinalis, in making choco- late and tortillas or fadan. The tortillas are like very thin flat cakes. They are baked on a griddle or iron plate and are browned on both sides. When fresh they are very palatable, having a flavor of parched corn and a crisp consistency. When cold, however, they become tough and leathery, and are only fit to feed to animals. References: Zen mays L. Sp. PI. 2: 971. 1753. Zebrawood (Madagascar). See Guettarda speciosa. Zephyr lily. See Ataniosco rosea. Zephyranth.es rosea. Same as Atamosco rosea. « In the annals of the mission it is related that on the night of October 15, 1676, the natives "destroyed a field of maize, which was the i)rincipal sustenance of the missionaries and soldiers;" and in 1678 that the natives had "learned to eat pork, and were becoming fond of maize, although they did not make bread of it, not hav- ing instruments for its preparation. They were also planting many watermelons and tolmcco, but thej' diil not know how to )>repare it or cure it." (Padre Francisco (ian-ia, Vip. 5.')4 and 572.) ''MS. notes of Don Justo Dungca, one of the principal planters of the island. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 4:03 Zinziberaceae. Gingeu family. This family is represented in Gaaiii by Curcuma loiiga, Zinziber zerumbet, and the cnhivated Z. zingiber. Zinziber zingiber. Ginger. Family Zinziberaceae. Local NAMES. — Asfigod (Gnam); Luya, Basenroader, whitish, lip sulphur-yellow, unspotted, with a midlobe 7.5 to 10 cm. broad; stamen pale, as long as the lip; capsule oblong, above 2.5 cm. long. A plant widely distributed in the Tropics of the Old World, common on nearly all the islands of the Pacific. References: Zinziber zerumbet (L. ) Rose; Smith, Exotic Bot. 2: 105. /. 11£. 1805. Anwmum zertimbet L. Sp. PI. 1: 1. 1753. Zizyphus jujuba. • Jujube. Family Rhamnaceae. Local names. — Manzanas (Guam); Manzanitas (Philippines). A small tree bearing an edil)le spherical drupe, which is yellow when ripe. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved, elliptic-ovate, ovate, or suborbicular, dark green and glabrous above, covered beneath with a dense woolly tomentum; branches usually armed with stipulary prickles, which are either solitary and straight, or geminate and then one shorter and recurved; flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, small, greenish, fascicled, or in cymes; cymes 7.5 to 10 cm. long; calyx 5-tid, glabrous within; petals 5, subspathulate, very convex, reflexed; calyx tube filled by disk; styles 2, united to the middle; drupe smooth, sweet, and mealy; nut rough, 2-celled. Cultivated in many tropical countries. Introduced into Guam about fifty years ago, but not generally cultivated. References: Zizyphus jujuba (L. ) Lam. Encycl. 3: 318. 1789. Ehamnus jitjuba L. Sp. PI. 1: 194. 1753. Zornia diphylla. Zornia. Family Fabaceae. A leguminous plant with many wiry branches, compound leaves with a single pair of small leaflets, large stipules, and small, sessile, papilionaceous flowers, which are borne in long lax spikes, inclosed each in a pair of large flat bracts. Stij^ules lance- 404 USEFUL PLANTS <)K GUAM. olate, acuminate, i)ro(lufe4 Aveyro, Duchess of, patroness of Padre Garcia 1.57 Avocado (fruit) absent fromGuam (1 Ayuyu, the robber-crab 9 i Bachelors (urritaos) 15, <)8, i i.'i 405 4UG USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Page. BiiRuios (hurricanes) 43 Halsas (rafts) of litiinboo 149 Hmuljoo wiUtT vessi'ls 98,194 Bam boDS 63, 194 Banana Uour 329 Bananas 63 Banner-fish (Ziinclus) 83 Banyans 55,63,65,275 gerniiimtion 65 liaunted l^y spirits 109 Baptism of aborigines 14 Bart)n(lo fish ( Polydactylus) 83 Bark cloth 189 BarriKuda hill (Tiyan) 51 Barringtonia fruit, a fish intoxicant 75,81 Barringtonia formation 54 Barrington ia s^irciosa, dispersal 75 Barter of early Inhabitants 13, 17, 102 Barter of modern inhabitants 33 Baskets 98 holding skulls 109,111 Bats 76 Beach, inner, vegetation 54 Beads, seeds used 172, 174, 212 Beans 197,272,281 Bechesde mer 89 Beliefs of aborigines 109, 113 Beliefs of modern inhabitants 131 Belostoma, an aquatic insect 94 Belt, nectar glands of bulls-horn acacia. . . . 68 Ben oil 148 Bengough, William 4 Bermuda grass 151, 212 Betel chewing 21, 99, 127, 187 nuts offered to visitors 103 nut palm spontaneous in Guam 146 pepper 99, 146, 154, 353 Beverages of aborigines 99 Beverages of modern inhabitants 127 Bibliography 154 Birds eaten by lizards 81 Birds of Guam : "8 Birgus latro, the robber crab 90, 235 Bithynis, fresh-water crustaceans 90 Bittern, called ki'ikkag 79 Black-fiber palm 368 Blinding tree 271 Blind worm (Tj-phlops) 81 Boathouses 97 Boats of aborigines 100 Boatswain, or tropic bird 80 Bvcna cilulis (Polynesian chestnut) absent. 98 Bones, hiniian, used for spear-points 106 Boobies (sea-birds) 80 Botanical names, authority 171 Botany of (Juam, work needed 63 Bows and arrows not used 106 Brandy distillation forbidden 147 Bread made with fermenting toddy 127 Breadfruit 63, 145, 189 Dampier's description 18 described by Crozet 23 leaves used as forage 150, 190 preparation 99 preservation 1S9 use of bark 96 Page. Breadfruit wood used in construction 190 Breakwater on reef proposed 49 Bruguiera, dispersal 72 Buffalo used as a beast of burden 77 Buoyancy of certain seeds and fruits 73 Burial customs of aborigines 108 Btirney's Chronological History 157 Butterllies 91 Butteril y-fishes 83 Buttons made of ivory nuts 244 Caban, or Kaban, a measure 139 Cabbage, coconut palm 239 Cabinet woods 204 Cable route, survey 44, 45 (tables of bark rope for ferries 149 Cabo-negro palm 148, 368 Cabras, or Apapfi Island 48, 49 Cabrilla, a spotted fi.sh 84 Cacao 146,385 Caladhmi colocasia, the taro plant 69, 206 Caltrops used in early wars 107 Camba, Don Andres Garcia 30 Cambodian tribes allied to Malayo-Poly- ncsians ' 117 Camphire 306 Candle nut (Alnn-itcs moluccana) 67, 117 Candies imported from Japan 137 Cannibalism, absence 98 Canoes 12, 102 Capers indigenous to Guam 212 Capital, lack and need 40,132 Carangus ascrnsionis, a p6mpano, called tarakito 88 Carcharius vielanoptenis, a shark, called haluo 85 Cardisoma rot nudum, a crab 90 Cardol, a resinous oil 148 Carlos III, King of Spain 21 Carlos IV, King of Spain , 25 Caroline Islanders living in Guaj 11, 119 Carts 125 Cart-wheels, wood used 209 Carving, natives ignorant of thj art 116 Cascajo (gravel ) for road-makng 142 Cashew-nut, oil from 148 Cassava, preparation of ., 316 Castanets lOS Caste distinctions of aborigii^g 104 Catalangan tribes of Philippiies, beliefs . . . 110 Cattle u.sed for steeds 77 Cavan, a measure 139 Cavendish, English navigator. 1,55 Cavern in the Talofofo Valley. 52 Caverns in cliffs 44 Centipedes (saligao), habits 94 Cereals cultivated in Guam 143 Ceremonial customs of aborigines 107, 108 Ceremonies and feasts of modern inhabit- ants 130 Cervus mariannus, an introduced deer 76 ChAchao Mountain, height of 51 Chaetodons, called ababang (sea-butterflies) 83 Cliamisso, Adelbertvon 28,29 Cliamorri, or nobles, regarded with dread. 104 Chamorro, language, ancient 113 grammar of 158 INDEX. 407 Page. Chamorro language, modern, modified bj' Spanish 118 Chamorros, name applied to Marianne Is- landers 117 Chanting for the dead 108 Charadrivs/ulvus, a shore-bird 79 CheiliHus trilobatits, a fish, called gadu 84 Chesnnt, V. K 10 Chestnut, Polynesian, absent from Guam.. 154 Chiefs or nobles called chamorri 104 Children and parents IOC, 129, 130 Choco. a Chinaman, shipwrecked on the island 14 Chocolate 127 Choris, Ludwig 28 Christian rites, establishment 112 Chrysarobin (Goa powder) 121 Cienaga (marsh ) prepared for rice culture . 34 Cigars wrapped with fiber 176, 183 Citizenship desired by natives 136 Citrons 146, 229 Citrus fruits plentiful 146 Clearings, abandoned 58 Clesmeur, Chevalier du, visit 23 Cliffs, caverns 47 vegetation 54 Climate 41 Climbing plants 231 Clothing of aborigines 96 of modern inhabitants 123 Coal (lignite) 51 Coal depot at Guam 50 Cockfights 131 Coconut, described by Dampier 18, 234 butter 240 fiber (coir) 75, 241 groves owned by nobles 106 oil 95,127,147,236 products 239 sap made into toddy (tuba) 99 sugar 127 thatch 125, 150 vernacular names 115, 153 Coconut-eating crabs 236 Coffee 127,143,244 culture suggested as a commercial enter- prise 35 substitutes 211, 218 Coin sent from island 137 Coir 241 Coleoptera 94 College endowed by Maria Anna of Austria. 21, 127 Collins, Guy N 4,10 CoUocalin fuciphaga, the edible-nest swift . . 79 Communal methods in labor 131 Communication, means 57 Concubinage among aborigines 105 Conquest by Spaniards 15 Convict labor, experiments 36 Convicts, uprising 38 Cook, O. F 4,10 Cof)k, O. F.. on collecting botanical speci- mens of tropical trees 61 Cooking of aborigines 99 modem methods 126 Copra 137, 239 Page. Corals >v9 Coral-eating animals 90 Coral-fishes 84 Coral reefs 11, 47 structure 49 vegetation 52 Coralliferous limestone 47, 48, .51 Cordage made of bark 148, 346 Coris aygiila, a fish called tAtanung 89 Corn (maize) 144, 402 introduction 24 Corte, Felipe de la. See La Corte. Corius kubaryi, a crow 79 Cosmogony of the aboriginal inhabitants.. 110 Cotton 285 Cotton fabrics, importation 137 Cotton leaves, nectar glands 67 Counting, method 102 Courtesy shown to visitors 103 Coville, Frederick V 10, 359, 370, 3a5, 400 Cowley, an English pirate 16, 155 Cows and oxen u.sed for steeds 77 Crabs 90 Craven, Lieutenant Commander J. E 4 Crayfish (Panulirus) 90 Creation myth 110 Crow 79 Crozet's visit 23 Cruel treatment of natives 12, 15, 105 Crystals, needle, in taro leaves 70 Cultivated plants 143 Curlews, called KaWlang 80 Currents, ocean 13, 45 Customs of aborigines 104, 109 Customs of modern inhabitant.s 128 Cycas cireinalis 71, 2.52 Cycas nuts used for food 98, 145 Dampier, English navigator 17, 101, 190, 234 Dances of aborigines 107 Dances of modern inhabitants 130 Dardanus punctulatus, a hermit crab 90 Darwin on nectar glands 67 sea beans collected by 74 Date palm introduced 61 Dead, spirits invoked 109 Deer, destruction caused by 152 introduction 76 Delpino on nectar glands 68 Demigretta sacra, a heron 79 Demons, or aniti 109 Denudation of mountain slopes 48 De Pages, a French traveler 21, 156 Descriptions of Guam 1.56 Detergents, or plants used for cleansing . . . 256 Devil called Chayfl 109 Devils, or aniti 109 Dewey, Lyster H 10, 151 Dhobieitch 121 Diodon hystrix, a porcupine-fish 83 Dioscorea, confusion of species 64 alata, vernacular names 116, 153 spinosa, a yam with spines protecting roots 68 Diptera 92 Discovery of Guam 12 Diseases, freedom of aboriginal inhabitant.s. 95 4U8 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Diseases of modern inhabitants 119 Dispersiil of pliints liy ocean currents 72 Distillation of aguaniicntc forbidden 147 Divorce among aborigines 105 Dogs 77 Domestic animals 77 Doves 78 Doyle, C. B 4 Dragon flies 94 Dress of modern inliabitants •123 Drift, seeds and fruits 72 Drinking water of Agana polluted 13G Ducks, wild 80,126 Dngdug, or fertile l)readfniit 190 Dumont d'l'rville, two visits of 30,32,156 Duiigca, Don Justo 10 Durian (fruit) absent from Guam 61 Dutcb navigators 13 Dwellings of aborigines 97 modern 123 Dyes 1 98, 1 99, 203, 264 Earthquakes in Guam 36, 50, 51 Easter Island, language 113 Eaton, English pirate 16 Economic conditions in Guam 32, 33, 34, 136 Economic plants, indigenous and sponta- neous 142 Economy, personal and domestic, of abo- rigines 96 Modern inhabitants 123 Edible-nest swift 79 Edible roots 144 Education of natives discouraged 128 Educational statistics 138 Eels, fresh- water 85 not eaten by aborigines 98 salt-water 83 Elegies of aborigines 108 Elemi, Manila 210 Emballonura semicaudata, a bat 76 Emoia cyanura, a lizard 81 English pirates 16 Epidemics 36, 39, 122 Epinephelus hexagonalux, a spotted ti.^h 84 Epiphytes 55, 56, 65, 269 Equatorial current in Pacific 13 Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich 28,29 Esplana, Spanish governor 16, 18 Etiquette observed by aborigines 103, 104 Evans, Lieut. Franck T 4 Evermann, Dr. Barton W 4, 81 Excalfavtoria sinensis, an introduced quail. 78 Exports at present time 137 Extrafloral nectaries 66 Family organization of aborigines 106 Famine foods 98 Famine of 1849 36 Famines caused by hurricanes 132 Fandangos 130 Fanihi, a fruit-eating bat 76, 184 Fan-tailed fly-catcher 79 Farms, cultivation of 131 Fasting as a manifestation of grief 108 Feasts of aborigines 107 Feasts of modern inhabitants 130 Fecundation of cycads 71 Page. Fences 273 Ferns 273 Ferries across the mouths of rivers i49 Filjer, coconut 236, 241 Fiber jilant-s 148, 274 Ficus, Guam species not identified i:3 Fighting 106 Fijian islands resembling Guam 47 Fijian plant names 170 File-fish, long-beaked 85 Filial piety 130 Filipino rice planters in (luam 143 Fire known to the aborigines 99 vernacular words pertaining to UK) Fischer, Louis A 139 Fish called man.lhag preserved by-'abo- rigines 99 Fish intoxicants 81, 196, 301 Fishes, alphabetical list 83 Fishing, decline 126 Fishing, methods 81, 100 Fi-shing nets of pineapple fiber 183 Fistularia depressa, a trumpet fish 83 Flammeo sanimara, a squirrel fish 83 Fleas 93 Flies 92 Floras of Pacific island groups 158 Floras, tropical 158, 1,59 Flores, Jose, Alcalde of Umata 30 Florida Island, houses 97 Flounders 82,88 Flour, importation 137 Flycatchers 79 Flying fish called gahga 84 Flying fox, a fruit-eating bat 76 Flying prao 100, 101, 102 Food staples 126 Food staples of aborigines 98 Forage plants 150, 190, 317 Foreign commerce 137 Foreigners a source of trouble in Guam ... 36 settling in Guam 119 Forest vegetation 55 Fossils 1 48 Free trade and protection 32, 33 with ships granted by Villalobos 36 Frerjata aquila, the frigate bird 80 Fresh- water duck 80, 126 Fresh-water fish called pulan 87 Fresh water, source 46, 49 Freycinet expedition 29 Frigate, or man-of-war, bird 80 Fruit doves 78 Fruit-eating bat 76 Fruits of Guam 145 Funeral ceremonies, aboriginal 108 modern 130 Fungi 63,278 Furniture and utensils of aborigines 98 Furniture, modern 124. 125 Fuuiia, sacred rock Ill Gaimard, zoologist 29, 30 GaUinago viegala, a snipe 80 Oallinula chloropus, a water-hen 79 Ganga-Herrero, Spanish governor 31 Gannets, or boobies 80 INDEX. 409 Page. Ganta, a measure 139 Garcia, Francisco, life of the missionary Sanvitores 95_ 157 Garden plants I43, 279 Garden seed, preservation 280 Gardens 279 abandoned 58 destruction 104 Garfish 87 Garrett, Albin, on coconut products 240 Gaudichaud-Beaupri?, botanist 29 Gaudichaud, trees mentioned 62 Geckos ( house-lizards) 81 Generosity of natives 103 Geographical description 11, 46 Geology of Guam 47 German islands of Marianne group ... 11, 119, 138 Ghosts haunting banyans and ruins 109, 110 Glands, nectar, of plants 66, 67, 68 Goatfishes (Mullidae) called salmonete 88 Goats 77 Gobien's history of the Mariannes 99, 157 Gods of the aborigines like lares of the Romans 109,110 Godwit, Pacific, a shore bird 80 Golden plover 80 Gomphosus (parrot fishes) 85 Gomuto palm 148, 368 Gossypium, nectaries 67 Government employees, pay 136 Government of early inhabitants 106 Grams, green 360 Grapes 61 Grapsus, a crab 90 Grasses 60,151,286 Grasshoppers 94 Graves of aborigines 108 Great houses of aborigines 15, 98, 105 Greeting ceremonial 103 Grief for the dead 108 Griffin, A. P. C. Bibliography of Guam and Samoa 154 Groom, Percy, on extrafloral nectaries 67 Groupers, leopard spotted fishes 84 Grunwell, Dr. Alfred G 122 Gryllotalpse (mole-crickets) 94 Guam language, works on 158 Guam plant names, pronunciation 170 origin 152 Guam, population 11, 137 Guam the first European settlement in the Pacific Ocean 24 Guava 146 Quilandlna crista, dissemination 73, 74 Guillemard's erroneous statement regard- ing inhabitants II7 Gulf stream indicated by sea beans 73 Gulls absent from Guam 80 Gums 289 Guppy, Doctor 76,164 Gygh alba kittlitzi, a snowy tern 80 Hades, belief in 109 Haenke, Thaddeus, botanist 25 Haenke's collections 27 Hahahyan port 46 Hair, bleaching 95,97 Page. Hair of animals lost by feeding on Leu- caena 152 Halcyon (kingfishers) 79 Half-beaks, fishes called hankiit 85 Halimeda (seaweeds) 52 Halom-tano, etymology of 172 Hanom point 47 Harbor of Apr:*i, proposed improvement of. 48 Harlequin fish (Zanclus) 83 Harpe axillaris, a flsh 85 Hartert, Ernst, zoologist 79, 158 Hats, or sunshades, of aborigines 109 Hat-making materials 1,%^ 183 Hawaiian language 113 Hawaiian plant-names 170 seaweeds used for food 178 Heaven, idea 109 Hedges 273,280 Helmet pith 175 Hemiptera 94 Hemp, Manila 57, 148, 329 Henna 306 Hepatics of the island 63, 292 Herbarium of Chamisso 29 of Gaudichaud 29 of Haenke 27 of Hombron 32 of N(5e 27 Hereditary succession among aborigines. . . 106 Hermit crabs 90 Herons, called chiiehuk6 79 Heteractttis hrevipes, a shore-bird 80 Hibiscus bark for ropes 124 Hill, T. G., on the spines of a yam 69 Historical works 157 HLstory of Guam 12 Hogs 18,19 wild 77 Holacanthus cyanotis, a fish 89 Holocentrus, squirrel-fishes 83 Holocentrus unipunctatus, a fish 88 Holothurians 89 Hombron and Jacquinot, naturalists 32 Hom6n rock 51 Honesty of aborigines 103 Honey-eating birds 79 Hooker, Sir Joseph, on confusion of Dios- coreae 64 Horse-eye sea-beans 73 Horses 34 Horticulture, tropical 279 Hospital established for the natives 122, 136 for sailors 121 Hospitality of aborigines 14, 103 Hound-fishes (Tylosurus) 82 Hou.se-gods (lares) 109 House-lizards (geckos) 81 Houses of aborigines 97 Houses, modern 123 Howard, B. J., micro-photographs by. 4,10,67,69 Humboldt, on treatment of Malaspina 27 Humuyong-maiiglo mountain 61 Hurricanes 36, 40, 43, 132 Husbands punLshed by wives 1 04 Hydrographic Office, United States, meteor- ological reports 41 Hydrography 44 410 USEFUL PLANTS OF GUAM. Puge. nynu'tn>|(liyllaceae, absenoo of &ii Ilyinciioptcrii 'Jl Ibafloi! y Garcia, niisstateuieiits regarding imtivi'.s 157 Ichtliyology 81 Iclit hy( >sia 121 Idols, absence 109 Ifil wood (Intsia) IJ 1, 125 Iguanas {see Varaniis) 80 Ikuno, .Japanese botanist. 72 Ilangilangoil, preparation 210 lliclio mountain 51 Illegitimate childnii cared for 129 Illiteracy 138 Illuminating oils 29G Images, destruction 112 Immortality, belief in 109, 131 Implements of agriculture 144 Importation of rice 143 Imports 137 Iiiiiliihiiu village, population of 137 Jnilc|niidence of Spanish American col- onies 30 India Refining Company of l'hiladeli)liia.. 240 Incest not tolerated 104, 105 Indnst rial system 131 Industries suggested by Villalobos 34 Ini>i Nipa leavi's used for thateh 150,334 N'ipii imliii, )ial>itnt 72 Nobles, position 104 Noddies (sea-birds) 80 Nucstra Seiiora de Giiadelupe ^vessfl) 22 Nnestra Sefiora de In Incarnacion (vessel). 22 Nulton. Lieut. L. N 4 Nunienius, migratory shore birds 80 Numeral system, adopted from the Spanish. 118 Numeral system of the aborigines 102, 113 Ocean bottom near Guam 44 currents as a means of dispersing plants. 72 Orhrosia imuidiinrnsis, buoyant fruits 75 Oil, coconut 240 Oil plants 147,337 Ophicthns, snake-fish, or sea-eel 82 Oratory of aliorigines 110 Origin of natives of Guam IIC of modern inhabitants 117, 13.S Orkney Islands, West Indian seeds cast upon 73 Ornaments of aborigines 96 Orote Peninsula 47 geological structure of 48 Orthoptera 94 Ostracion, trunk fish 84, 89 Oustalet, ornithologist 158 Ovens, ancient 99 modern 189 Owls 79 Oxymnnacanthus longirosiris, a flle-fish 85 Paa, an ancient village of Guam 14 Pacific, early navigation 12, 13 Agaiia, the first European settlement in. . 24 contour of bottom 45 currents 46 Pacific islands, botany 158 Padina (seaweeds) 52 Pagan Island, population 138 Pago Bay 47 Paint made of turmeric 252 mixed with breadfnnt latex 190 Palmer, Edward, Mexican plant names col- lected 170 Palo Maria wood 97 Palomo, Rev. Jose 4,10,122 Panama Canal, importance to Guam 50 Panama plant names 170 Pandanns fruit not a food staple 98 Pandanus leaves, use 124, 150 Pandanns seeds sometimes eaten 98 Pandanus, species confused 64, 343 Panulirus, a spiny lobster 90 Pa paw ferments 215 Paper mulberry absent from Guam 117, 189 origin 154 Papuans compared with Chamorros IIG Paradi.se, aborigines' idea 109 Parasites, animal. 122 Parasitic plants 194, 219 Parental authority recognized by adults... 129 Parents and cliildren, relations 106, 129, 130 Parexocoetus (flying fishes) 84 Pariti Uliaceum, extratloral nectaries 67 Page. Parrot-fishes (Gomphosus and Scartis) 86 Paulaua River 49 Peanuts 143, 151, 186 Peiiiphrris otdilrnsix, a fish 88 Peonage abolished by Americans 133 Perez, Atanasio T lO Perez, Don Pablo, Spanish governor 36 Pern's ceplialnpumtntuK, a fish 87 Perfume, ilangilaug 210 jasmine 200 Periophthnlmus kodreuteri, an air-brealluiig fish 82 Pests, animal 152 Pests in gardens 280 Phacthon k'pturus, the boatswain bird 80 Phaseohis momjo, the green gram 151 , 3.50 Philippine languages compared with the Chamorro 115,116 Philippine plant names 170 Phlcgoenas xanthonura, a fruit dove 78 Physic nut oil 147 Phy.sical characteristics of aborigines 95 Physical conditions of the island 41 Physical geography 46, 52 Picul, a measure of weight 139 Pigafetta 12 Pigafetta's description of canoes 100 Pigeons 78 Pigments 190 Pigs 77 Pillars, ancient stone 97 Pimentel, Spanish governor, trial of 19, 20 Pineapple fiber 124, 183 Piper betel leaves used as a narcotic 99 Piper methystinim absent from Guam 99 Pirates, English 16 Pith plants 175, 310 Pithecolobium dulce for forage 151 for tan bark 126 Piti, landing place of harbor 50 Pittier, Profes.sor H 159,160 Placuna shells for window panes 123 Plantains and bananas 63, 145 Plant names 152, 154 Plant World, articles on Guam 167 Plants absent from Guam 56 introduced by the Jesuits "22 not well known 62 of special interest 61 origin indicated by vernacular names... 152 unidentified 61 Platophrys pavo, a flounder 88 Ploteres (aquatic insects) 94 Plovers called dulili 80 Plow points made of musket barrels 143 Poetrj', natives' regard for 103 Poisoned weapons 107 Poisons, fish 103 Poisonous nuts used for food 98, 253 plants 358 PolioUmnas cinercus, a rail 79 Polistes, a wasp 91 Polydactylus srxfllas, a thread-fin fish 83 Polygamy unusual 104 Polynesia 113 botanical works 158 INDEX. 413 Page. Polynesian languages and Chamorro — 116, 116 Pompano (Carangus) 88 Population, diminution 16 of Guam 137, 138 of the German Mariannes 138 Porcupine-fish 83 Porcupine wood 239 Porto Rico plant names 170 Potatoes, sweet 98, 145, 297 Pot-herbs 359 Pottery unknown to early inhabitants 100 Poverty, absence 132 Praos, fiying 12,20,100 Prawns, fresh-water 90 Prayers and invocations Ill Prehistoric remains 97 Premiums for agriculture suggested by Vil- lalobos 3-1 Present conditions on the island 136 Prices of food staples in 1904 136 Products of the island, early 13 described by Crozet 23 Progress of Guam, how hindered 31, 39 Pronunciation of vernacular names 170 Propagation of plants by suckers 145 Property, laws governing 106 destruction as punishment 104 destruction as sign of grief 108 Prostitution rare 129 Protective devices of Guam plants 68, 71 Protoparce celeus, a sphynx moth 91 Provisions supplied to early navigators 13, 17 Ptcropus kcraudmii, a fruit-eating bat 76 Itilojius roseicapillus, a fruit dove 78 Public houses of the aborigines 15 Punishment of offenses 106 Quail, pigmy, an Introduced bird 78 tiuintnl, a measure of weight 139 Quoy and Gaimard 29, 30, 81 Races, amalgamation 119 Rails (birds) 79 Rain invoked by sorcerers Ill Rainbow, myth regarding 110 Rainfall in 1902 42 Raphides, or needle-crystals 70 Rarotongan, a Polynesian language 113 Rathbun, Miss Mary J 89 Rats 76,152 Rattles used in dancing 108 Raynal, Abbe 23 Reed-warbler {Acroccphahis luscinia) 79 Reeds used for mat-making 150, 391 Reef animals 89 Reef-flats . . . .' 47 Reef-heron 79 Reef plants 52 Relics, veneration 15,107,111 destruction by missionaries Ill , 112 Religion of aborigines 109,111,113 misstatements of Ibanez y Garcia 157 Religion of Philippine tribes 110 Reptiles of Guam 80 Resins 289 Respect for the dead 108 Respect for women 103 Respijct shown to parents 129 Jihipidura araniae, a fan-tailed flycatcher. . 79 Pagp. Rhizophora, dispersal by currents 72 Rice 339 cultivated by aborigines 13, 19, 100, 198 importation 137 origin 153 price in time of famine 37 vernacular names 115, 153 Richmond, Charles \V., ornithologist 78 Ricinus communis, extrafloral nectaries... 66 Ringworm bush 293 River vegetation 53 Rivers 52 Roads 134 Road-taxes 135 Robber-crab (Birrius latro) 90, 235 Rogers, Woodes, English privateer 19, 101 Romanzoff expedition 28 Roots, edible 144 Rope made of bast fiber 149, 346 Rota Island, population 138 Rotation of crops, peanuts suggested 186 Rubber 365 Sacred rock called Fuuiia Ill Sacrifices, erroneous statement of Ibanez y Garcia regarding 157 Sailing routes, early 13 Saipan Island 11,51,138 Salt evaporated from sea- water 127 Salutations of aborigines 103 Samoa compared with Guam 11 Samoan language 113 Samoan plant names 170, 171 San Luis de Apra, harbor 46 Sand dotterel, Mongolian 80 Santa Rosa Mountain 47, 51 Santol (fruit) introduced 61 Sanvitores, Jesuit missionary 1, 13, 15 Sarigan Island, population 138 Sasalaguan Mountain 51 Savannas 57, 142, 370 Scarus (parrot-fishes) 84,86,87 Schools 128,136 Schroeder, American governor 120, 122, 130, 133, 135 Scientific expeditions 25, 156 Scofield, Carl S 4, 10 Scolopsis lineatus, a fish, called Sihig 88 Scorpions 94 Screwpine, textile, origin 164 Screwpines (Pandaiius) 64, 343 Scuffle hoe (fosino) 114 Seabeach cultivation 139 Sea-beans 73,288,307,378 Sea birds 80 Sea-eels 82, 83 Sea-urchins 89 Seaweeds {see algse) 52, 177 Seaweeds, edible 178 Sedges 60,254 Seedless varieties of Artocarpus and Musa . . 145 Seeds, dispersal by ocean currents 73 of fertile breadfruit eaten 190 used for weights 172, 174 Selkirk, Alexander, visit to Guam 19 Semper on the religion of certain Philip- l>ine tribes 110 Serpents absent 81 414 USP:FUL I'LANTS OF GUAM. I'age. Sewers iiec'iU'd ut AKiifiii UiO Shark 85 8l)clls usetl for raltU's iiii<) trumpets 108 Sliipwreeked sailors, kind treatniuiit 14 Shoes, modern 123,126 Shore l)ir Lancet-fishes. Surgeon-General of the Navy, report 121 Surmullets called Salmonete 87 Survey board appointed by Secretary of the Navy 48 Survey of island by Duperrey 30 Swami> called la Ciena'j:a 34,52 Swamp plants 379 Swan, Captain, a privateer 17 Sweet potatoes 145, 297 iniknown to the aboriginal inhabitants. .. 98 Swift, edible nest 79 Sword grass for thatching 57, 150 .Si/nanccia tliersitrs. a poisonous fish 87 Synapta, a holothurian 89 Synodus (lizard-fishes) 82 Syphilis, inherited, among natives 121 Tacamahac resin 208, 289 Tachogna farm 22 Tahitian language 113 plant names 170 Talage Bay 47 Talisai village, night attack 105 Talofofo River 52 Valley, fertility 140,144 cavern 52 Tamarind 146 Tanning materials 126, 203, 357, 383 Tapa (bark cloth) ' 96,189 Tapioca 317 Taro 69, 207 acridity destroyed by heat 69, 70 cultivation 144, 207 Guam name similar to that of the Mala- gassy 151 giant, eaten only in case of necessity 144 needle crystals (raphides) 69 Tattler, Asiatic wandering 80 Telegraphic cable 44, 45 Temperance of aboriginies 99, 103 Temperature statistics for 1902 42 Temples, absence -. 109 Tengho Mountain 48, 51 Terminalia nuts eaten by aborigines 98 Termites (white ants) 94 Tern, snowy, a sea-bird 80 Terraces caused by successive upheavals.. 47,51 Tdradraclimiim arumuim, a fish 83 TetUhis linmfus, a boautiful lancet fl'^h J-2, 85 Textile pauduuus, uses 150 INDEX. 415 I'age. Textile plants 64, 1-18 Telephone poles, trees planted for 221 Thanksgiving celebration in 1849 37 Thatch 150, 23» Thieves (ladrones), islanders called 13,103 Thrnst hoc (fosino) 144, 280 Ticks infesting cattle 77, 94 Tides 45 Timber. See cabinet woods 207 Tinaha, a measure 139 Tinea circinata, a skin disease 121 Tim (I pdliondla, an insect 91 Tinian Island 20,21,131 Tiyan Hill 51 Toad-fish, poisonous 87 Tobacco 147, 331 Tobacco worms 91, 152 T( )bias, a victim of the inquisition 24 Tobias, Spanish governor 23, 76 Toddy (tuba) 99, 147, 237 Tonga, language 113 Tools, garden 280 Torches of dry coconut leaves 238 Torres, Don Luis de, Sargento Mayor 28 Tortillas of Cycas nuts 253 Tortillas of maize 127 Tortoise shell valued by aborigines ... 9(i, 106, 107 Trade conditions 31, 136 Trade winds 13, 41 Trades 131, 132 Traditions of natives 110, 111 Tratiic with ships 13 Transportation facilities in Guam 134 Trees and shrubs, littoral 75 Trees, forest 54,55 introduced 58, 61 Polynesian, absent from Guam 56 unidentified 61 Trei)ang ( edible holothurians) 90 Treub, Doctor 76 Tribal organization, lack 106, 107 Trickery of early natives 102 Triton shells used as trumpets 108 Tropic bird, or boatswain 80 Tropical agriculture, w'orks relating to 159 Tropical floras 159 True, Rodney H 10 Trumpet-fishes 83 Trumpets made of shells 108 made of papaw leaf petioles 216 Trunk-fishes (ostracion) 84,89 Tuba, fermenting, a beverage 127 Tuba, or toddy, made from coconut sap 99, 147, 237 Tuljerculosis 122 Tumhun Bay 47, 120 Turmeric 252 Turnstone, a migratory shore-bird 80 Turpin, P. J. F., on raphides 71 Turtles 81 Turtur dussumicri, an introduced dove 78 Tylosurus gii/antcus, a gar-fish 82, 87 Type plants from Guam 63 Typldops branUnus, a blind Vvorm 81 Typhoid fever 122 Typhoons 43 Page. Umata fern (Humata) 295 Umata, or Umatag village, population 137 Umata roadstead 46 Unidentified trees and shrubs 61 Upcncus saffordi, a surmullet 87 Uranie, French corvette 29 Urcna sinuata, nectaries on leaves 67 Urritaos (bachelors) 15, 98, 105 Useful arts of aborigines 100 of modern inhabitants 124 taught by Jesuit missionaries 22 Utensils, garden 280 household 98 Vaccination of natives in 1830 34 Vanity of aboriginal inhabitants 104 Van Noort, Dutch navigator 13 Vara, a measure of length 139 Varanus, a large lizard 80 Varnish for protecting books 182 Vegetables, garden 280 Vegetation of Guam 52 described by Gaudichaud 29 Veneration of relics 15,111 Venison a food staple 127 Vernacular names of plants 115, 153 Village sites 97 Village environs, vegetation 60 Villages of aborigines 98 Villalobos, Spanish governor 34 discourages education of natives 128 Vinegar made from coconut sap 127 Violin strings made of agave fiber 176 Visitors, treatment 103 Volcanic origin of Marianne Islands 11 outcrops 48 range, submarine 45 Volcanoes 11, 51 Voyages, early, narratives 154 Wages paid to laborers 136 Wailing for the dead 108 Wallace, James, on sea-beans 73 War for independence of Spanish-Ameri- can colonies 30 War of extermination in Guam 16 Warburg on Pandanaceae 64 Warfare of aborigines 106, 107 Wasps attracted by nectar 67 Wasps, habits 41,91 Water hen, or gallinule 79 Water supply needed 136 Water vessels of bamboo 98, 194 Wattling of reeds coated with clay 150 Wealth, absence in Guam 132 Weapons of aborigines 106 Weather plants 172, 173 Weaving, looms not used 100 Weaving of mats and hats 124 Webber, H. J., on fecundation of cycads ... 72 Wedding feasts 130 Weeds 151 Weevils 94 Weights used in Guam 139 Wells of Agaua i)olluted 136 Whaling vessels at Guam 38 Whimbrel, oriental, a migratory shore-bird . 80 Whitewash sized with bread-fruit latex ... 190 4i(; USEFIL PLANTS OV UUAM. rage. Whiliuy, Milton ^. 139 Whittakcr, Dr. Harvey '^ — 4 Witchcraft, or mapic ,■■. :... Ill Wiglit, W. F., author of new botanical names and critical notes 3, 171 Wiley, Dr. H. W 10 Wiley on raphides of the tnro plant 69, 71 Wind, prevailing directions of 41,43 Window panes of placuna shells 123 Wizards (makahna) 15 Women of al)origineB, feasts 108 of Guam, deseription 95 position 103 Woodes Rogers 155 Woods. .Ser Cabinet woods 204 Works consulted in preparing this work . . . 160 Worship of spirits of the dead Ill Aimcnia aincricaiia, fruit eaten by doves... 78 Page. Xiphagrostis floridula, sword grass 57, 150 Xylocarpus graHOtum, a littoral tree 53, 75 Yam, spiny, thorns about base 68 Yam, wing-stemmed, origin 153 Yam-beans 204 Yams 6:5, 1 4.5, 257 Yigo, agricultural district 141 Ylang-ylang 209 Yosemite, U. S. ship, loss 44 Yura, a native chief, revolt of 16 Zamia, fecundation 72 Zanclus cancscois, a fish 83 Zebrasoma guttatus, a fish 85 Zel6e, French corvette, visit 32 Zoology, Freycinet expedition 30 Zoology of Guam 76 Zdsimus ae»r».<, a crab 90 Zosterops conspicUkUa, a honey-eater 79 o pnopcurr ow^^oiviStQti or FORESTRY eOLl^lQt OF A AGRICULTURE (INIVCRflriTV OFCAUFORNIA 1395 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, A. C. TRUK, DiKECTOR. THE GUAM AGRTCULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AND ITS WORK FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1910. By JOHN B. THOMPSON, Special Agent in Charge. [Reprint from Annual RejKjrt of the Office of Experiment Stations for the year ended June 30, 1910.] 44c>6 ii. WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : ISO CO NTH NTS. T'MRt'. The station 5u;i Iiiiproveiiients 503 Forage crops. . 505 A'ogetable experi im-nts 506 Graiu-storing experinu'iits 507 Hedge-plant studies 509 Plant introductions 509 Implements 510 Imports and exports of the island of Guam 510 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. • Page. Plate XXVII. Views of the Guam Experiment Station. Fig. 1. — General view. Fig. 2. — Entrance to experimental grounds. Fig. 3. — Squashes 504 XXVI 11. Crops grown at the Giiam Experiment Station. Fig. 1. — Pigeon pea. Fig. 2. — Jerusalem corn. Fig. 3. — Nursery, showing plants in bamboo pots 504 XXIX. Fig. 1. Caral)ao and native plow, Guam station. Fig. 2. — Carabao and disk harrow, (iuam station 510 TEXT FIGURE. Fig. 8. Grain-storage tank, Guam Experiment Station 505^ II I FORESTRY COLLCSe Of A A6R»CUtTUf?C UNIVEKSlTY OF CAUFORNIA THE GUAM AGRICULTURAL ILXPERIMENT STATION AND ITS WORK EOR THE EISCAL YEAR 1910. By John B. Thompson, Special Agent in Charge. THE STATION. Tlio tract of land upon which the experiment station was estab- lished in the 3'ear 190D has been purchased during the year just ended. The tract is located on the principal road of the island between Piti, the landing from the Harbor of Apra, and Agana, the capital and largest city. The selection is a desirable one, for a more public loca- tion could not have been obtained upon which "to conduct work which must necessarily be largely of a demonstrational nature. The land is evenly divided into level-lying and hill land, giving scope for experi- mentation on soil types that represent a large portion of the soil of the island. A survey of the tract has just been completed which shows its area to be almost 32 acres. Its elevation ranges from 5 to 6 feet at the lowest to about 150 feet at the highest point. The soil has for the greater part a light surface layer deficient in organic matter and a heavy cla}^ retentive subsoil. (PI. XXVII.) IMPROVEMENTS. At the beginning of the year about 9 acres had been cleared of brush and plowed, while other land still remained in a wild state, the low-lying flat land being sodded to a number of native grasses, dotted here and there with clumps of guava {Psidium guajava) and other species, while the hill land was in most part covered with an impene- trable thicket of limoncito {Trlphasla. ti'ifoliata) and other jungle brush. The work of clearing and plowing this land was a difficult task which occupied most of the time during the period of heavy rains when little could be done to advance other farm operations. About 15 acres, comprising most of the tillable land not previously cleared, was brought under the plow before the end of the wet season and seeding time arrived. Traffic for four months of wet weather reduced the roads, which were earth trails, to an almost impassable condition ; and in order to prevent the necessity of driving over plowed fields and growing crops the construction of better roads was deemed a necessity. Accordingly, cluring the dry season the construction of nearly 3,500 linear feet of 503 504 ISEPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. road fioiii cascajo, a sort ol HiiK'stoiie gravel and the common road mati'rial of (he ishind, was ct)ni])U>ted. A cascajo hill on the station grounds has furnished an abuiuhmt supply of this material close at hand, faeilitating the work greatly. The roads have been built only 10 feet wide, but are good, permanent, and adequate to the needs of the station. Along the east line of the station grounds, stretching from the north line to the hill, a distance of about 900 feet, lies a strip of very low land, forming a basin in which water collects and is retained. This covers an area of about 2 acres in extent, all of which during periods of heavy rainfall has been entirely submerged for many weeks. During the year this swamp has been reclaimed by a system of drains. The ground is quite flat and receives the surface flow from an extensive watershed, so that even now during heavy rains it is under water ; but as the rains subside this is carried away quickly through the drains, leaving crops which are now growing upon the land undamaged. Lumber has been received from the United States for the erection of an office building which is now Hearing completion. The building measures 20 feet in width and 40 feet in length, and has a veranda extending along the front and on both ends. It will have two office rooms, a library room, a room for laboratory and records, a dark room for photographic work, and a toilet. This much-needed im- provement will insure greater protection to equipment, allow a more thorough system of records, and will render possible the enlargement of the library, which has not been feasible under the coconut roof of the old building rented as a temporary stopping place. A bodega or storehouse is also planned which will have ample ca- pacity for housing all the implements and farm tools. This building Avill be 18 feet wide and 45 feet long, and is to be constructed from native lumber. The logs have been purchased and are waiting at the naval station sawmill for sawing. An irrigation and water-supply plant Avas secured from the United States. Water will be pumped from a well at the base of the hill into a reservoir constructed on the hill at an elevation of about 85 feet, from which it will be conducted to all parts of the land below through a system of 2-inch pipe. The reservoir, the excavation for which has been completed, will have a capacity of about 25,000 gallons. Water will be lifted to the reservoir by a centrifugal pump operated by a 12-horsepower kerosene engine. The engine will be placed in the implement building now under way, to furnish power for oper- ating rice hullers, feed mills, or other machinery that may be found necessary in the future. An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910 Plate XXVII. < a: O I in < o CO I 03 Q Z o q: _i < I- X LU o I- uj o z < q: I- z U l_ oj CD An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stat'ons, 1910. Plate XXVIII. ^^tt ^'-''■^•^Xi^-:i^'^j' ■' if *v^-' ■■"■ ' 1^ ■ ' ^b-' ^" . ■ < •" ■■!■ ^ . ■"■■■ - ' :. .-V ' y iliiliiiitr:.!:^-.:.. < < 4.', "■-^ Fig. 1.— Pigeon Pea. .,^..^t^A^ 4 r?''^) having a width of about I'i inches, and the outer (E) having a width of about 1| inches. The diameter of the inner collar is about (> inches, while that of the outer one is Fig. 8. — Grnln-storage tank, Guam Experiment Station. approximatel}' 8 inches, thus forming a receptacle for holding the oil. When it is desired to close the tank, a cap {€'), with the flange (F), made to fit closely over the inner collar is placed in position and the receptacle filled with coconut oil. The greater width of the inner collar prevents all possibility of oil entering the tank. All that is necessary in preparing corn for storing is to place it in the sun during a hot, dry day until a Avell-dried condition of the grain is secured, when it may be placed in the tank. Tanks thus sealed are proof THE GUAM STATION AND ITS WOEK. 509 against the entrance of moisture-laden air and, if properly con- structed, against weevils, which can not live in them. Corn placed in one of these tanks on December 16 was apparently in as good condi- tion at the close of the fiscal year, after more than six months' storage, as it was when first stored. HEDGE-PLANT STUDIES. One of the most serious drawbacks to agriculture in Guam is the fact that cattle are allowed to run at large or are carelessly tied and commonly find their way into cultivated fields. The loss occasioned by the depredations of loose animals is a great discouragement to planters. Galvanized barbed wire is selling on the island at $90 United States currency per ton, and under the climatic conditions of high atmospheric humidity, with the moisture of the air carrying a considerable amount of salt, the tendency is toward rapid deteriora- tion of the wire. The high jirice and short life of wire practically prohibit the average farmer from using this style of fence. The cheapness and permanency of a good hedge fence should recommend it at least to all farmers who are tilling their own land. Hedge fences are sometimes grown by the native farmer of Guam, but these are ususally of tangantangan {Leuco'ivt glauca) or tubatuba {Jatro- fha curcas), both spineless, soft-wooded, brittle plants that are of little or no value for fencing. Several plants have been under obser- vation at the station during the year, the most promising being the common camachile {PithecQlohhim dulce)^ of which a fence over 700 feet in length has been started. This species is a hardy, deep-rooted, spine-bearing tree, which when cut back has a tendency to spread, and by j^roper pruning it is believed that it can be made both service- able and ornamental. PLANT INTRODUCTIONS. Among the plants introduced during the year are the following: Five varieties of bananas, Marogogype hybrid and Amburayan cof- fees, sisal, Ceara rubber and cacao from Manila, five varieties of sweet potatoes, two of taro, roselle, papaya, and mammea apple from Hawaii, papaya from Java, sweet potato from China, and Eureka lemon, Mediterranean sweet orange, Trimnph pomelo, and white Adriatic and California black figs from the United States. Besides a larjre number of shade trees and ornamental shrubs not mentioned above, a large quantity of camphor seed was obtained from Japan, but failed to grow. 510 KEPOilT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. IMPLEMENTS. Eight five-tooth cuhivalors were brouuht in fi'om the United States and sohl to ])hinters. and the fact that all these were sold withir four da^'s after their ai-rival indicates an interest in more moderr methods of cultivatinij- (he soil. (1*1. XXIX.) IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE ISLAND OF GUAM. The imports and exports for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, were as follows : Imports (iiid c.riKirl.s of tliv island of (liuuii, l'.)l(). IMPORTS.! Articles. Quantity. Value. Ham and bacon: Japan Kilograms. 51 45 52.0 Dollars. 14 9 Hawaii United Stales 9.9 13 7( Total 148.0 38 fi' Lard: United States 155 15 245 4'> 7 Extract of meat: Philippines. . . .• 1 1( Sausage: I'hilippines 130 4( Beef, mutton, and pork: United States 11,1.51 577 144 2,073.3 9 i'\i 9 Saipan 13' 6( Hawaii OO Jj( Japan 506 8 Total 13, 945. 3 3,116.5i Milk: United States 1,009 640 2'>7 5< Japan 197 8' Total 1.649 425 4 Butter and substitutes: I'hilippines 50 42 17 5( United States 50 9{ Total 92 G8 4( Choose, all kinds: Japan 12 78.7 23 11 9; United States 39. 6J Saipan 7 "H Total 113.7 5S .sc Salmon, dried, and smoked: 925 1, 762 119.06 United States 2'4. a Total 2,687 343. C6 Salmon, salted: * 20, 930. 5 8,730 2,127 2,540.92 Hawaii 487. 9.^ Japan 178. 70 31,793.5 3 207.60 Fish, preserved: Saipan 124.6 341.6 30 7, 377. 7 12 13.23 95. 38 Philippines 20. 8f Japan 2,033. 9f 5.20 Hawaii Total 7,885.9 102 2, 108. 63 4.80 ' This list does not take into consideration the provisions received by the department of supplies and accounts of the naval station for Government use. An. Rpt. Office of Experiment Stations, 1910. Plate XXIX. Fig. 1.— Carabao and Native Plow, Guam Station. Fig. 2.— Carabao and Disk Harrow, Guam Station. THE GUAM STATION AND ITS WOEK. 511 Impurt.s and cxporis of ilic ialaiid of Guam, I'JIO — CouliiiiKsl. IMPORTS— Continued. Articles. Quantity. Value. Vegetables, preserved: United States Kilograms. 4,462.7 3,999.5 196 261 339 Dollars. 014. 54 Japan 335 07 Philippines 50. 30 Hawaii .. .... 4S 96 Saipan 30. 61 Total 9,258.2 1,092.08 Onions: United States 1,141 1,410.5 52 99 Japan 86.57 Total 2,551.5 139 56 Potatoes: United States 963.8 1,398 44 15 Japan 38 89 Total 2, 361. 8 S3 04 Fruit, preserved: United States 1,099.7 408 26 314 34 Hawaii 93 12 Japan 8 50 Total 2, 193. 7 415 96 Pickles: United States 436 92 30 109 65 13.20 Hawaii ^ 10 50 Total 558 133 35 Olive oil: 19 33.3 22 90 United States do 19 10 Total do 52.3 42 06 Flour, wheat: Japan 0,717. 5 34,087.5 234 471 10 United States 2 ^l 38 Hawaii 25 60 Total 41,039 2,758.08 Wheat and grain, other than rice: United States 739. 5 283 , 250 39 22 7 00 Japan 8 30 Total : 1,272.5 54 52 Rice: Hawaii 350 0,000 540 22,727 315,540- 18 30 Saipan 23' 00 United States 20 50 Philippines 1 456 '^5 Japan 12,064.75 345, 157 13,798.40 Japan 5 718 8 50 United States 193 71 Total 723 202 21 Coffee: United States 50.5 45 26 05 Hawaii 13 25 Total 95.5 39.30 Tea: Japan 138 37 18 65 26 28 00 Hawaii 17 00 Total 193 110 26 512 REPORT OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. liiipoit.s and crixjils of the i.'n of FORESTRY COU^GC OF A AGRtCyLTUf?E «HIVCItSlTY OFCAUFORNSA ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION FOR 191L SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATIONS. By J. B. Thompson, Special Agent in Charge. INTRODUCTION, From an agricultural viewpoint the past year has been one of com- parative prosperity in Guam. The output of coconuts was much greater than that for the year 1910. The customhouse returns show an increase in copra exports of 64 per cent over those of the preceding year. This increase comes in great part from young plantations which are just coming into bearing. Prices of copra have remained uniform throughout the year, with a slight advance over those paid in 1910. Japanese traders, who own or control their own line of sail- ing schooners plying between Yokohama and the islands of the Mariana group, continue to control the copra market ; and they have handled the bulk of the year's output of copra. A small consignment was shipped to Manila by H. Y. Costenoble, a local merchant, with the hope of opening a more favorable market. One of the most keenly felt wants of the producers here is trans- portation facilities that can be relied upon to carry the island prod- ucts regularly and directly to a good market. The United States Army transports call at Guam once per month on their outward run from San Francisco to Manila, but these vessels do not touch here on their return trip. The present transport regulations admit of a lim- ited amount of provisions and other necessities being carried from San Francisco and Honolulu to Guam, but the shiiDment of copra from Guam to Manila is not allowed. In the absence of other ship- ping means, provision by which the island's products could be shipped to Manila by United States Army transports would place them upon a market where keen competition would insure better prices, and better prices could not fail to encourage the development of the copra and other agi'icultural industries. The monthly cargo of supplies discharged at Guam by the transports during the past year have ranged from about 150 to about 450 tons, and the space thus made vacant between Guam and Manila Avould be sufficient to carry, at a very conservative estimate, three times the amount of copra now exported from the island. 8 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. PERSONNEL. Mr. p. Nelson was appointed agent, effective May 1, 1911, his duties being tliat of a general assistant to the special agent. The station is fortunate in securing in ]\Ir. Nelson a man who is well qualified to perform work on various lines. Much of his time has been occupied in clerical work and in supervising the construction of buildings and the installation of the water system and other machinery. By direction of the Secretary of Agriculture, Mr. David T. Fulla- way, ejitomologist of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station was detailed late in the year for duty at this station. Between the date of his arrival (May 27) and the close of the fiscal year he was employed in making general investigations of an entomological nature, including the collection for identification of the insects of the island. This work when completed will be of special interest and value, constituting, as it will, the most thorough account of the insects in the Guam fauna. A partial report of his investigations is ap- pended. IMPROVEMENTS. The new office building which at the end of the last fiscal year was in course of construction and was mentioned in the last annual report has been completed and occupied since October 1, 1010, when rental on the quarters previously occupied was discontinued. (PI. I, fig. 1.) A storehouse for the shelter of farm tools was completed early in the year and since then has supplied a much needed improvement. Here in a tropical climate where wet periods covering several months regularly obtain, and with an ever-high atmospheric humidity, de- terioration of agricultural implements rapidly results. A constant salt-laden sea breeze also plays an important part in accelerating the usual process of oxidation of steel and iron tools. These conditions existing in Guam tend to make necessar}^ complete shelter for all farm tools and machinery. The building erected during the year includes, in addition to a large closed shed for housing the more bulky equip- ment, a power room and workshop, in which the pump and kerosene engine are installed. A frame barn was erected durin[>; the months of April and May to provide shelter for the live stock which at that time was expected to arrive from the United States in June. The building is 30 by 40 feet in dimensions, with stall room for 12 head of stock, a feed and harness room, and a large storage floor for hay and grain above. The material used in the structure is largely Oregon pine and Cali- fornia redwood, with Japanese corrugated zinc for roofing. In its construction, convenience, utility, economy, comfort to animals, and neatness of appearance have all been considered ; and it is believed that considering the material and labor involved, the final cost, which will not exceed $800, is unusually low. (PL I, fig. 2.) An. Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 191 i Plate I. Fig. 1.— Office Building. Fig. 2.— New Stock and Implement Barn. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9 The road system of the station has been extended by the construc- tion of about 1,000 feet, leaving about an equal amount of the system as) originally planned to be constructed as time and funds are avail- able. Walks have been laid about the new ofiice building and a lawn covering an area of about 1 acre has been made. This improvement, while comparatively inexpensive, has added much to the appearance of the station, lending to the surroundings an air in keeping with that of the new building and evoking much favorable comment. Bermuda grass, Capriola dactylon^ one of the most common grasses of the island, has been utilized for sodding. Economic and orna- mental trees and shrubs have been planted, and hedges growling about the grounds have been kept neatly trimmed in order to set before the people an example of neatness and cleanliness which is so generally lacking about the native home. OFFICE WORK. The completion of our new office building placed the work on a more substantial basis, and modified methods of keeping records and handling correspondence made necessary by the lack of suitable office facilities have been elaborated and improved upon, resulting in greater satisfaction in. the work and in greatly increasing the use- fidness of all records and reference files. A marked increase in the amount of necessary office work has developed during the past year, due to an increase in all lines of field operations and .to a nnich wider range of correspondence than had previously been maintained. The new building furnishes accommodations for furniture and labnratorv equipment, and much of these office supplies have l)een provided during the year. A large number of bulletins and other publications and a reasonable number of volumes on agricultural and allied sub- jects have been collected, forming a nucleus of what it is hoped to make a good working library. The appointment on INIay 1, 1911, of Mr. P. IS'elson, mentioned elsewhere in this report, insures greater per- manency in the system, of records, since it is through his knowledge of record and account keeping that the system has bee«i developed. FIELD OPERATIONS. Both field and garden crops have generally given better success during the past year than during any previous period in the history of the station. This is largely due to improved soil conditions which follow continued cultivation of a soil long uncultivated and packed through the trampling of animals and heavy tropical rains. Light applications of stable manure upon certain portions of the station grounds, where the lack of fertility was most noticenl^le, have re- sulted in a distinct improvement, as shown by greatly increased yields. 5.500.5°— 12 2 10 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The past dry season was rather more definite and more prolonged than that of the foregoing j'ear, but with Avater avaihible for irriga- tion the lack of moisture was not seriously felt. Irrigation was em- ployed to a very limited extent only, and upon properly tilled soil was found necessary only for forcing ratoon growth on newly cut areas and in the case of certain surface-feeding vegetables which require light waterings i»,ither than thorough irrigation. CORN. On July 1, 1010, a field of corn, a portion of which was of the Large Mexican June variety obtained from the Bureau of Agricul- ture in Manila, and the remaining part of the common native variety, was in a growing condition, having been planted during the pre- ceding year. Damages ca-used by cattle and carabao which gained entrance to the field, and from unusual heavy rains immediately pre- ceding harvest, rendered an authentio yield comparison of the two varieties impossible; but the results of the test were clearly favor- able to the introduced variety. The yield of the Large Mexican June corn was decidedly heavier than that of the native variety, while the ears of the former were larger and more perfectly filled, the cob smaller, and the grain deeper and less flinty than in case of the latter. Unexpected results following the storage of seed from this planting are interesting and point to a possible distinct differ- ence in the power shown by acclimatized and nonacclimatized varie- ties to retain vitality. Selected ears of. each of the varieties were shelled and dried on September 9 and 10 ; and on the latter date this seed was bottled and sealed mider exactly similar conditions. The bottled seed was placed upon a shelf in a cool room and remained there for nine months. On June 10, 1911, the seals of all these bot- tles were broken and the seed from_ all, including two bottles of the Large Mexican June variety and five of the native variety, was planted in the same manner and under apparently similar condi- tions. The seed of the native corn, germinated almost perfectly, while that of the introduced sort failed to produce a single stalk from 3^ pounds of seed. The cause of this variation can not, how- ever, be referred with absolute certainty to a varietial difference as a result of a single trial, as the difference might possibly be due to some other unobserved factor. At the close of the period covered by this report 2^ acres of com, a portion of which is of specially selected seed, was growing on the station grounds, and at that time the crop was in good condition and gave greater promise of a good yield than any field in the vicinity of the station, though growing on soil which utterly failed to produce corn during the preceding year. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 11 Communiciitious lui\e been .iclclressed to more than 50 foreign agricultural experiment stations and American consuls in tropical sections with the object of obtaining a large number of varieties from climatically similar regions for trial at the station during the coming year. Corn is a staple food article in Guam, and an increase in its production will tend to lower the quantity of rice annually imported for food purposes. Rice land here is limited to a comparatively small acreage. Corn land, on the other hand, is found in areas sufficient to feed more thaji the island's population if properly handled. PARA GRASS. This gi-ass, Panicwm molle^ was introduced near the close of the previous tiscal year, and during the past 12 months it has proved one of our best forage crops where the soiling system of feeding is practiced. The fii*st introduction of this grass was made in May, 1910, when 25 root clumps were received from the Hawaii Agricul- tural Experiment Station. So rapid has been the propagation that several large wagon loads of roots have been distributed in addition to material required for planting a plat of 1 acre on the station grounds. At the close of the year the station had available plants sufficient to plant another plat of 2 acres, and this ground was in a state of preparation awaiting only the advent of favorable weather when the planting could be safely made. Para grass grows rapidly, sending out long runners in every direction, and these runners coming in contact with the soil send out roots at the nodes, form- ing new plants. Owing to this habit of growth, plants may be set from 5 to 10 feet or even at greater distances apart, and under favorable conditions a thick sward will be grown in a comparatively short time. A^Hien planted at wide intervals early growth is of low, trailing decumbent nature; but when the surface is once covered, an upright habit of growth is assumed rendering the crop easily cut and well adapted for soiling purposes. Many native owners of live stock have commented upon the success of this grass at the station, and a few have obtained and planted roots to supply feed for their own animals. A supply of Para grass is kept constantly available to meet, as nearly as possible, all demand arising for roots for plant- ing. (PI. IT, fig. 1.) PASPALUM DILATATl'M. A tract comprising a little more tlian 1 acre was planted to this grass early in the dry season, and it has fulfilled in complete measure the success indicated in previous work. It with.stood the drought of the past season without irrigation and furnished a good supply of nutritious feed. Since this planting was made Para grass has de- 12 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. veloped so favorably that it is now believed tiiis latter species will prove better suited to general conditions in Guam. Faapalum dilatatu7n has proved successful in every way, but it has simply been excelled by what is now found to be a more suitable species. (PL II, fig. 2.) OTHER FORAGE CROPS. Guinea grass, Panicum maximum^ has been groAvn again during the past year and, due largely to improved soil conditions, much more satisfactory results have been obtained. Further improvement will undoubtedly increase the yield; and upon suitable soil, where a large number of stock is to be fed from a relativelj^ small area of land, this will be found a valuable crop for soiling purposes. In Guam, Guinea grass requires a fertile, well-drained, friable soil, and it will not give best results where these conditions are not furnished. Land adapted to its growth here is limited to a comparatively small acreage, and hence it is not probable that it will ever figure promi- nently in its forage problems. (PI. II, fig. 3.) Work with the sorghums has been conducted upon a considerably reduced scale during the past annual period. Sufficient data have been collected from previous work to establish the value of fodder crops of this class and to indicate how far they may be depended upon to furnish a continuous supply of green feed for live stock. Extensive plantings have, accordingly, been discontinued until work on animal problems is started, when planting will be resumed to furnish a portion of the required feed. Results from small plant- ings during the year have simply confirmed conclusions indicated from previous plantings. MISCELLANEOUS FIELD CROPS. Among other successful field crops grown at the station the pigeon pea, Cajanus indicus; the jack bean. Canavalia ensiformis; and the common peanut are worthy of special note. The pigeon pea fur- nishes a good substitute for garden peas, Avhich do not succeed well here, and the dried peas, if they can be economically produced, might supply a staple food. Scattered plants of the pigeon pea are seen cx'casionally, but the crop has never been introduced into general cultivation. VEGETABLE GARDENING. At the close of the Avet ^eason a garden plat was specially pre- pared by a liberal application of stable manure and by deep and thorough stirring of the soil. Garden beds of uniform size were laid out systematically in this prepared section and marked with permanent numbered label stakes. (PI. Ill, fig. 1.) As was men- An. Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1911. Plate II. Fig. 1.— Para Grass. Fig. 2.— Paspalum dilatatum. Fig. 3.— Guinea Grass. FORAGE GRASSES SUCCESSFULLY INTRODUCED BY THE GUAM STATION. A'- Rp* Guair, Agr. Expt, Station, 1911. Plate III. *. ^ Fig. 1.— Vegetable Plats. Fig. 2.— White Chinese Radishes, No. 117. ^^^^^Br* ^!!^?, ."^#P(PP^H ■■PWCPP^ ' ^ Fig. 3.— Vegetables Grown by Guam Station. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIIMENT STATION. 13 tioned in a preceding jjage of this report, greater success has attended this work during the past year than during any similar period in the short history of the station. Vegetables have almost without ex- ception produced better yields and the product has generally shown an improvement in quality. These results were, however, to be ex- pected, as the station soil was previously in very poor condition, and due allowance was given in case of numerous failures attributed to this cause. In the last annual report of this i^tation reference was made to a defoliating caterpillar which attacked and destroyed the leaves of garden beets, causing almost a. complete failure of this vegetable. During the past j^ear successive plantings were made with the hope of discovering some season for the development of the beet during Avhich no brood of this lepidopterous larva is present. The work has not resulted in complete success, though a planting made on March 29 has been less seriously affected than any crop previously grown at the station. Many of the beets grown from this drilling had at the close of the fiscal year attained the dimensions of from 1| to 3 inches in diameter, and were suitable for table use, being as sweet and tender as could be desired. This crop js the only one that has not been entirely destroyed b}^ the ravages of the caterpillar, and this one sustained considerable injury from the same insect. Beets have generalh' made rapid and vigorous growth while clean of pests. and it is believed that with these enemies controlled it would prove an entirely successful crop. The entomologist has reared the moth from this caterpillar and found it to be the beet webworm, Hymenia fasciali&} PATOLA. This edible dishcloth gourd, Luff a a^gyptiaca^ has been introduced and grown at the station with the most satisfactory results during the past year. The species was more or less common during the Spanish regim.e; but it had become almost if not entirely extinct on the island. It is prized by the natives of Guam, and is cooked and served with meats, soups, and stews. The seed employed in our work was obtained from Manila, and the quantity received was sufficient to allow a limited amount for distribution. ONIONS. Much difficulty has been met in our attempts to gi-ow onions from the seed, owing to the seeming impossibility of storing the seed and preserving its vitality in the humid atmosphere of Guam. A lot of seed obtained and planted under otherwise favorable conditions 13 1 This species is discussed somewhat in detail by H. O. Marsh, with full consideration of remedies, in U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 109, pt. 1. 14 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. days after its arrival from California failed to grow. Six different varieties were represented in this lot, and the germination results ranged from less than 1 per cent to a total failure. The same diffi- culty has been experienced before in each attempt to grow onions, and in order to obtain a stand we have recently received and planted a quantity of onion sets. These were received in good condition near the close of the year and give fair promise of success. RADISHES. Work has been in progress to determine the possibility of growing radishes throughout the drv season. The results of these successive plantings have been very successful, i)ractically no difference in yield or in quality of roots being shown from plantings made at various times from earl}' in December to the latter part of March. A com- parative test of seven different varieties showed a large, stump- rooted, white variety (No. 117) to have distinctly superior qualities over all others represented when grown under Guam conditions. This variety was grown from Chinese-produced seed, introduced from Manila b}' the station, and is quite distinct from Chinese AVliite Winter, which is widely advertised by Pacific coast seed dealers, and which was one of the varieties grown in the experiment to which allusion has just been made. Top growth of Xo. 117 is unusually vigorous, and it has been observed that a caterpillar, which damaged other varieties by weaving webs in and feeding upon the leaves, did little or no damage to this one. This variety matures here two or three days later than hOme of the other varieties, but it develops more uniformly and remains crisp and tender for a longer period. As a means of comparing the results of radishes grown in Guam and the well-known yields obtained elsewhere, a note from our past year's records may be of interest. A garden bed containing an area of 400 square feet was planted to No. 117 on December 31, and the first radishes were pulled January 27, just four weeks after planting. The last of the crop, which amounted to 83 dozen good marketable radishes, was harvested on February 18, seven wrecks from planting. The seed was sown in drills 15 inches apart, and a considerably greater yield would no doubt have resulted from closer planting. The radishes were large and uniform in size, crisp and tender in quality, and remained free from pith to the very last. (PI. Ill, fig. 2.) OTHER VEGETABLES. Cucumbei*s have produced exceptionally heavy yields throughout the dry season, and the quality has been beyond criticism. The vines have at certain times been somewhat damaged from the attack of GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15 aphidids but generally the plants make remarkably rapid and vigorous growth and consequently are not seriously injured unless the infestation is unusually grave. (PL III, fig. 3.) Carrots have been grown at the station during the past year for the first time and results with them have been entirely satisfactory. (PL III, fig. 3.) Lettuce, eggplants, peppers, and watermelons (PL IV, fig. 1) have all given favorable results from a viewpoint of production and quality. Muskmelons have yielded well and the melons liave been large and well formed, but during the past year they have not ripened normally and in consequence have been lacking in flavor. Cabbage failed, due it is believed to too late planting. Tomatoes have given but little promise and while it is still believed that some success may be had during a short period in the coolest months of the dry season the cultivation of this vegetable is considered as very uncertain. There is a demand here for fresh tomatoes not only from the American residents, but also among the native inhabitants, and work will be continued with the hope of discovering new methods or new varieties which may make its production possible. An indication of growing interest in garden work is the increased number of requests for seed for planting, and among these applica- tions a desire is shown for varieties that apparently failed to attract interest during the jjreceding year. All requests for both garden and field seeds have been granted as far as seeds have been available, and instructions as to methods of planting have been given and ever}^ encouragement ofl'ered to promote interest and bring success to the planter. ORCHARD NOTES. PINEAPPLES. The Smooth Cayenne pineapples introduced and planted during the fiscal year 1909 fruited for the first time during the current sea- son. These fruits show a striking improvement in size over those of the variety commonly grown on the island and the flavor of the new sort has generally been pronounced the better. Single fruits of the Smooth Cayenne have weighed as much as 10 pounds while none of the common variety of half that weight have been brought to our attention (PL IV, fig. 3). The flavor of the introduced variety as grown at this station compares favorably with that of the same variety produced in Hawaii. Much interest has been manifested in the new fruit and numerous requests for plants have been received. All available plants haA^e been distributed and in order to furnish more to responsible parties and to get the improved variety dis- seminated as soon as possible over the island, an order for 1,000 suckers has been placed with a Honolulu firm, and a further distri- Ifi GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. biition will 1)0 made upon the arrival of those plants. (PI. IV, fig. ±) Plants of several other standard varieties have l)een obtained durinea. Pigeon peas were badly infested with an armored scale, but the scale is very much parasitized by Tomocera. Peanut. An armored scale and a mealy-bug, Psevdococcus virgatus, are commonly found on the peanut. The stored nuts are damaged by the caterpillar of a phycitid moth (probably Ephestia). Cassie. The pods are badly eaten by a tortrix, Cryptophlebia illepida. Crotalaria. The pods are eaten by the slug-like caterpillar of Lycmm h(Btica. The plant is also attacked by a stem borer, but the adult was not secured in breedinof. FRUITS. Mango. There are two varieties of mango in Guam ; the more fre- quent one has a very superior fruit. The trees are -angularly free from insect pests. A small geometrid was reared from a caterpillar taken on mango foliage; a mealy bug, Psendococcus sp., was taken on the roots ; and the larva of a phycitid moth working between fruits was bred; but no serious pests were found on this handsome and valuable tree. Citrus. Citrus trees are badly infested with a mealy bug, Pseudo- coccus citri, and Aonidiella aurantii. The fluted scale is also bad at times and occasionally plant lice resembling Myzus citricidus are found on the trees. Breadfrait. The breadfruit is not very much attacked by insects. An infestation of plant lice, believed to be Aphis gossyp^i, was once observed. Banana. The banana also is rather free of insect pests. Plant lice resembling Pentalonia nigronervosa are found beneath the sheaths on the lower stem. Avocado. No pests were found on the avocado, which has been introduced from Hawaii within recent years. Soursop. Two mealy bugs were commonly found on the soursop. Pseiulococcus virgatus and an undetermined species of the same genus. Pineapple. A mealy bug, Pseudococeus hroynelice, is very injuri- ous to pineapples, occuri'ing in clusters at the base of the fi^uit. blighting it to some extent and producing rot. Strawberries. Xo pests were noticed on strawberries. Peaches. None were noticed on peaches. Watermelons. Plant lice, probably Aphis gossypii, commonly in- fest watermelon plants. This species is heavily parasitized. GUAM AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 31 Papayas. No pests were noticed on papayas. Roselle. The larva of a tortricine moth does considerable damage to this plant. VEGETABLES. Sweet potato (PI. V. fig. 1). Sweet potato plants are badly blighted b}^ a fimgus disease. Tavo common sweet potato weevils, Cylas fomfiicarius^ and Euscepes {Cryptorhynehis) hatatm are abundant and do considerable damage to the crop. A Pulvinaria on the leaves resembles P. tyleri in the Philippines. Eggplant. The foliage is badly infested with plant lice, probably Aphis gossypil and mealy bugs, Pseudococcus virgatus. Beet. Beet plants are subject to the frequent attacks of a defoli- ator, the beet web worm, Tlymenia fascialis. An Apanteles com- monly parasitizes the larva and a carabid beetle {Chlmnius higut- tatus) preys upon it to some extent. Plant lice. Aphis sp., commonly infest the foliage. Spraying with arsenate of lead at frequent inter- vals would do much to reduce the webworm injuries. Cucumber. The foliage is commonly infested with plant lice that resemble Aphis gossypii. Radish. The plants are commonly attacked by plant lice thought to be Aphis gossypii and the imported cabbage worm, Helhda un- dalis. The roots are often very badly damaged. Repeated sprayings at intervals of 15 days with arsenate of lead is recommended. Cabbage. Cabbages fail to head in Guam, and for that reason are little grown. They are commonly attacked by the caterpillar of a pryalid moth. Horseradish. Horseradish is attacked by the same pyralid and by the imported webworm, Hellula undalis. OTHER ECONOMIC PLANTS. Cacao. There are a few old cacao plantations on the island which have practically been abandoned since a typhoon of some years ago. An examination was made of one of these plantations. The general condition of the trees showed neglect. Some were putting out a small new growth, but practically all appeared to be in slow decay from the roots up. The bark was loose and riddled; beneath it the work of ants, termites, and scolytid beetles could be noticed. A damaged specimen of a longicom was rescued with proctotrypid cocoons adhering. These bred a new genus near La^lius, but the grub was beyond identification. The foliage showed fungus attack. A caterpillar common on dead wood was also found, but the moth was not bred. Captain Duarte, an old resident, vouchsafes the in- formation that a large borer seasonally attacks cacao; it is a lepi- :SI1HH«»«TI«0!' 32 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. doDterous larva, bores in the stems, and .produces serious injury to the plants. Cotton. Cotton is not extensively grown. Nevertheless some at- tention was given to the insects. The plants are often badly infested wiih mealy bugs Pseiidoeoccuti virgatus, plant lice, Aphis gossypil^ and Aphis sp., and armored scale, Saissetia nigra. Aphis gossypii is heavily parasitized by a minute chalcid, Aphelimis sp., and is also kept in check by the common ladybird beetles and predaceous larvae of a syrphid fly Xanthogramma grandicomis. The most injurious pest is a stem borer, probably Farias fahias, which weakens the branches and causes frequent breaking. Ceara rubber. A mealy bug, Pseudocoocus virgatus, and a soft scale, Saissetia nigra^ are found on Ceara rubber trees. Cassava. No pests w^re observed on cassava. Kapok. An armored scale, Saissetia nigra, is found on the leaves of the kapok. It is parasitized by Tomocera sp. Bamboo. Asterolecanium hambusce is \Qvy common on bamboo stems. It also is parasitized, HEDGE, SHADE, AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, Camachile Pithecolohium dulce (PL V, fig. 3). This leguminous plant is being used for hedges. The foliage is destroyed by a leaf folder, the larva of a microlepidopterous insect. An armored scale is found on the bark. Ironwood {Gasuarina sp.). This tree is often badly infested with fluted scale, Icerya purchasi, although Scymnus sp. is very active in reducing the infestation. Cassie. The stems are bored by the larva of the tortricids, Crypto- phlehia illepida, and of a tineid. PESTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Fortunately none of the serious animal diseases so common in the Philippines and other tropical regions are prevalent among the Gu&m herds and domestic animals. The Australian cattle tick, Margaropus anmdatus austmlis, and the common carabao louse, nematopinus tuhercidatus, how^ever, are commonly found on carabao and oxen. As the tick is also said to be an intermediate host for the Piroplasma of Texas fever, its presence in Guam is more or less of a menace, especially in view of the introduction of animals from other regions. Both, moreover, are great annoyances to the cattle and when numerous affect the condition of the animals. Some relief may be secured by spraying with Zenoleum. Chickens also aid in the reduction. An ant, said to be the common fire ant (Sole- nopsis geminata subsp. rufa) is a great menace to cattle and sheep An. Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1911. Plate V. Fig. 1.— Hono_ulu Red Sweet Potatoes. Fig. 2.— Newly Planted Citrus Orchard. r^ ^!i^ Fig. 3.— Camachile Hedge and Kapok Live Fence Posts. nrr GUAM AGRICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 33 raising, as it attacks newly born and defenceless animals in the nuicosse, producing lesions which often lead to serious maiming or death. Wounds on the backs of hogs frequently become blown by a large bluebottle, Calliphora sp. HOUSEHOLD INSECTS. A large number of common insects are included under this head- ing— insects which have in a way become domesticated and by the movements of men from one place to another or by commercial oper- ations have become almost cosmopolitan. Most of these are annoy- ing pests and are much more prevalent and annoying in Guam than els(>where. The common house fly, Musca domcstica, and another muscid breed in animal droppings wdth very little check and become ex- cessively annoying insects, not only in dwellings but throughout the island along the traveled roads. There are two species of mos- quitoes.'a culicine {Culex sp. near vishfiui) and StegoTnyia scutel- larls. The latter is very abundant in the forests and makes progress through the brush very unpleasant. It is impossible to remain in the country overnight with any degree of comfort. The Blattida' are represented by eight species. The common house-infesting cockroaches, however, are Perijylaneta aTnericcma^ Steleopyga deeorata^ and Polyzosteria soror. P, amencana^ usualh' referred to as the " Guam eagle," is very annoying in houses at night. Its egg capsules are parasitized by Evania afpendig aster ^ which is in turn parasitized by Tctrasticlius hagenowi. Book lice, Troctes divinatoina^ and silver fish, probably Lepisma saccharina. as well as cockroaches, get into library shelves and do considerable dam- age to books. The Formicidse are represented by about 15 or 16 species. Several of these are common about houses, especially the fire ant, which is granivorous. The camponotine ants of the forests are parasitized by a Pseudochalcura, and there is also a common myrmelleonid, the larva of which preys upon ants. It is common both in the woods and around habitations. A termite does consider- able damage to woodwork, books, records, etc. The bedbug, Cimex lecfrdarius, is common in houses, and the bodies of the natives are often infested with lice, both Phthirius inguinalis and P. capitata. BENEFICIAL INSECTS. The island is fairly well provided with predaceous and parasitic forms, which check the excessive multiplication of injurious species. There are three connnon coccinellids {TTanvonia (tiruata, C off > nella repanda^ and Davlis midsnidi) preying on plant lice and leafhoppers, and another, a Scymnus, inimical to mealy bugs. The larva of a 34 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. fiyrj)hi(l fly, Xanthogramma grand icor-nis, and of a hemerobiid feed oil i)l:uit lice. Xanthogramma. however, is parasitized and so its utility is greatly reduced. There is also a common chrysopid the larva of which preys on plant lice and other small-bodied insects. A forficulid, Ch-elisoches fnorio, has similar habits. A carabid, Chlfpnini^ hi(/i/.ffatus, is very active about vegetable patches as a caterpillar predator. A eumenid wasp, RhyncJi'mm sp., gathers caterpillars as food for its young and in this way must be considered a very bene- ficial insect. Three common vespids, one a Polistes, also destroy many caterpillars, and there are one or two tachinid flies parasitic on caterpillars, but specimens were not secured in breeding. There are numerous species of dragonflies, which hawk the air in search of small-bodied flies and play a very efficient role in the reduction of mosquitoes. The honey bee, introduced some years ago from Hawaii, is a very common insect in Guam. Many hives are maintained, but they as a rule are poorly cared for. Species of Gonatopus, leaf hopper parasites, Parasierola, and Trichogramma were also secured without learning the host relation. Some very common insects in Guam not mentioned above are the milkweed butterfly, Anosia plexippus; the mole cricket, Gryllotaljja africana^ which often becomes a pest, since it feeds on the roots of various plants; and the vinegar fly, DrosopMla ampelophila. In comparison with some other tropical regions where the insects have been studied, the island can be said in a general way to have few injurious insects, although its undeveloped state leaves one rather in doubt. This statement, however, is made merely to emphasize the importance of a strict quarantine of plant introductions. A large number of the present injurious insects are insects which have been introduced on plants or plant commodities and many more will in- evitably come if plant introduction is not discouraged or whatever is brought in is not thoroughly examined, cleaned, and fumigated. While the writer was in Guam, Japanese beetles {Adoretus tenuima- culati/s) and other pests in a consignment of plants from Japan were intercepted in quarantine. This matter has been brought to the atten- tion of the Government and a regulation issued covering it. The con- tinuation of the present happy condition of a meager fauna depends largely on the thoroughness with which this regulation is enforced. The introduction of insect predatoi-s and parasites of local injurious insects is an important line of work. A^Hiile the writer was on the island an attempt was made to introduce a coccinellid beetle, Crypfo- Icemus montrovzieri, a very efficient mealy-bug feeder in Hawaii. Out of a lot of several hundred sent, about 40 or 50 were liberated near the office building and a new generation had appeared before the writer left. Hymenopterous parasites of dungflies from Hawaii, GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35 Spalangia and Eucoila, are also being introduced. One lot was lib- erated in September, but the result of its introduction is not known. It is also proposed to send Novius cardinalis to Guam to control the fluted scale, although Scymnus sp. now keeps it fairly well checked. Other introductions may follow later. Improved hives for the honey bee have been secured b}' the station from Hawaii and demonstrations of their superiority to the ordinary box hive will be made. o Issued November 13, 1913. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, J. B. THOMPSON, Special Agent in Charge. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION FOR 1912. FORESTRY COLLEGE OfiS. A5?itC.UlT:,7c UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1913. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ISLAND OF GUAM. [Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture.] Walter H. Evans, Chief of Division of Insular Stations, Office of Experiment Stations. STATION STAFF. John B. Thompson, Special Agent in Charge. Peter Nelson, Assistant. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Guam Agricultural Experiment Station, Island of Guam, April 5, 1913. Sir: I have the honor to transmit here^\dth the annual report of the Guam Agricultural Experiment Station for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1912. ^ Respectfully, J. B. Thompson, Special Agent in Charge. Dr. A. C. True, Director Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Publication recommended. A. C. True, Director. Publication authorized. p. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS Page. Introduction 7 Improvements 7 Acquisition of additional land 8 Notes on native live stock 8 Native cattle 8 Native carabao 12 Native ponies 13 Native hogs 13 Native chickens 14 Introduction of American live stock 15 Progress of breeding experiment ^ 16 Cattle 17 Horses 20 Hogs 21 Chickens 21 Notes on corn growing in Guam 22 Corn experiments 23 Orchard notes 24 Mango propagation 24 The peach 25 The kumquat 25 The amatungula 25 The banana 25 Seed and plant distribution 26 New quarantine regulations 26 Work with the honeyl^ee 27 Temperature records 28 5 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Page. Plate I. Fig. 1. — Native calf two days old. Fig. 2. — Native-Jersey cow- owned by station 12 II. Fig. 1. — Carabao cow and calf. Fig. 2. — Typical native pony 12 III. Fig. 1. — Native pig "ras-n-lansa." Fig. 2. — Native pig "ras-n- chabot." Fig. 3. — Figs showing Native-Berkshire cross, bred and raised by the station 12 IV. Fig. 1.— Native fowl, "frizzled." Fig. 2.— Native fowl, "Saigon." Fig. 3.— Native fowl, "mixed " 12 V. Fig. 1. — Ayrshire bull, John Gray. Fig. 2. — Morgan stallion, Cassius. 24 VI. Fig. 1. — Inarched mango, Guam X Saipan. Fig. 2. — Fniits of Carissa arduina 24 TEXT FIGURES. Fio. 1. Map of agricultural experiment station, island of Guam 9 2. Temperature chart of Netherhall King B 18 3. Temperature chart of John Gray 19 4. Temperature chart of Willowmoor Queen Bess 19 5. Temperature chart of Willowmoor Red Rose 20 6. Temperatures at Guam Station, July to December, 1911 28 7. Temperatures at Guam Station, January to June, 1912 29 6 ffiofeirrr of^B division of FORESTRY C0LVC6E OF«. AGRICULTU!?E <»NIVCR3»Ty OF CAUFORNJA ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION FOR 1912. By J. B. Thompson, Special Agent in Charge. INTRODUCTION. The progress made during the year along the various lines of station work has been generally satisfactory. The increasing public interest shown by a steady growth in the number of inquiries concernmg agri- cultural problems and by the rapidly multiplying number of applica- tions made for seeds and plants not procurable elsewhere on the island is especially gratifymg; and these mdications point to a growing confi- dence in the value of the station work. The past year marks the begiiming of the station's efforts toward live-stock improvement, and the interest taken in this phase of the work may be gathered from the service records of our breeding stock, which appear further on in this report. Much, however, in the direction of arousmg interest is yet to be desii-ed. Our experience in dealmg with the native planter indi- cates that whUe he may become mterested in the production of a new fruit or vegetable to the extent of obtainmg seeds or plants, it generally requii-es true enthusiasm to lead him to plant and give proper and timely cultivation. This is equally true m all Imes of agricultural work and farm practices ; yet, making due allowance on this account, the results actually obtamed are encouragmg. One of the most ap- parent and readUy recognized examples of results obtamed is the quantity of vegetables and other crops grown from seeds and plants obtained at the station. Benefits very much more lasting, though not so quickly manifest, will undoubtedly result from the distribution of fruit trees of a perennial nature, the breeding of animals to the superior breeding stock maintained at the station, and it is hoped from the ultimate adoption in general of the better farm practices demonstrated in the station work. IMPROVEMENTS. A small but conveniently constructed new residence building has been erected on the station grounds during the latter part of the fiscal year 1912, and was available for occupation at the close of the year. This improvement not only furnishes respectable quarters for the employees at the station, but also provides a home close at hand, 7 8 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. insuring the presence of some of the workers at the station at all times. This latter object has grown more and more pressing with the growth of the station, and since the acquisition of live stock the constant presence of some one has become almost imperative. A small jKitting house and propagating shed has also been added to the station improvements withm the year. The need of a building of this nature has been seriously felt, and this one adds much to the facilities for handling work in plant propagation. An open shed suitable for housing wagons and other vehicles and implements in daily use has also been constructed. ACQUISITION OF ADDITIONAL LAND. Through the kindness of ex-Gov. G. R. Salisbury, a tract of land consisting of 130 acres was transferred from the island government for use of the station during the past year. This land, which adjoins the origmal station tract (fig. 1), is mostly rough grazing land; but with the present increasing number of live stock to feed the station is in serious need of more land and can use this additional tract to good advantage. NOTES ON NATIVE LIVE STOCK. NATIVE CATTLE. The history of the cattle industry of Guam is known to date back more than two centuries, and it is probable that the earliest importa- tions were made from Mexico. The present stock is inferior, small and lean, and of an unfixed type. The mdividuals of this class are variable in color, conformation, and size. Weights of mature cows generally range between 500 and 750 pounds, and those of mature males usually vary between 600 and 1,000 pounds, the latter weight seldom being attained. The weight of the calf at birth is from 25 to 40 pounds. The small spotted calf illustrated in this report (PL I, fig. 1) was 2 days old at the time the photograph was taken, and weighed 28 pounds. The present unimproved condition of the native strain undoubtedly results from a combination of causes, chief among which are a general lack of care and an indifference toward the selection of breeding animals, and this latter cause involving a long period of indiscriminate inbreeding. In this connection a practice that works in direct opposi- tion to improvement of the type arises naturally from the uses to which these animals are put. There is a demand for heavy draft ani- mals of great strength for hauling heavy timbers from the forest and for drawing copra to market, and bulls showing the greatest devel- opment in size and strength are selected for these purposes. These animals are employed exclusively in performing heavy draft work, and to render them more docile and more easily managed they are GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9 almost invariably castrated. The result of this system is the reten- tion in general of the more poorly developed bulls for breeding purposes. The Guam type is of the straight-backed, humplesstowrws species; but individuals showing distinct indications of the presence of zebu blood are occasionally observed, pointmg to the probable introduction 8473°— 13 2 lU GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. at somo earlicn- date of animals of the Indian species. Cattle are em- ployed in Guam for draft, carriage, saddle, beef, and dairy purposes, but breeding toward the development of more desirable types for any of these jiurposes is never practiced. The milk-producuig qualities of the native cow are very inferior as compared with the average cow of the United States mainland, regard- less of her breeding. This is due partly to an insufficient supply of nitrogenous food, but more largely to the fact that no systematic efforts have been made toward the development of better dairy strains. Cows kept solely for their milk are comparatively scarce and their management is not conducive to good milk yields. The milk cow of Guam is almost invariably tied to a stake and neglected, often being allowed to remain unchanged for an entire day upon closely cropped pasture, to depend for feed upon such grass or leaves as may be reached within a radius of 25 or 30 feet. Milking is usually performed once daily at irregular morning hours, and the native farmer is wholly unskilled in the method of milking. The calf is never hand fed. It is made fast at night and released after the milk has been drawn from the cow on the following morning. A cow handled in this way naturally holds her milk for the unweaned calf, and the practice of allowing the calf to suck and manipulate the udder for a time until a milk flow is indicated by the distention of the teats is commonly followed. The calf may thus be allowed to suck several times during the milking process, each time sufficient only to encourage the cow to give down her milk. Milking stools are never used. The milker assumes a stooping or squattmg position, holding the pail or cup in one hand, and performs the operation by stripping with the thumb and forefinger of the other hand. The milk yield of the native cow seldom exceeds 3 quarts, and the lactation period is of short dura- tion, usually ending by the time the calf is old enough to wean. The native cattle have good active grazing habits, and when given free run of the range are inclined to fatten easily, even under adverse conditions of pasturage. From the viewpoint of hardiness, although otherwise inferior, these cattle are well adapted to the climatic and other conditions to which they are subjected. Many favorable conditions obtain in Guam, giving important advantages over most other cattle-growing sections, which would seem to render the cattle industry both attractive and remunerative under an int.elligent system of management. Beef is alwaj's in ready demand at prices that are good and steadily advancing. A relatively large area of grazing land is available which is of little or no value for other agricultural purposes. The tropical climate renders unneces- sary any provision for the shelter of acclimatized stock, and makes the production of green feed possible during all seasons of the year. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 11 Unlike conditions in the Pliilijipine Islands and many other tropical sections, neither foot-and-mouth disease, surra, nor rinderpest exists in Guam. In fact, no contagious or infectious diseases of any nature have been observed among cattle in Guam, and it is certam that none of a seriously virulent nature prevails. In this connection it might be said that both the Texas cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus) and the Australian cattle tick {M. annulatus australis), the former the carrier of the Texas fever protozoan on the mainland of the United States and the latter reported to be a transmitter of the disease to susceptible cattle in the Philippines, are found in Guam; but it is believed that the native cattle are immune to Texas fever. The prospects of success in the attempt to improve the class of cattle through crossing the native cows with sires of the improved breeds from the United States seem specially promising. Several years ago the naval government imported d number of American milk cows in order to furnish a supply of fresh milk for officers and their families, and while this introduction did not succeed, a few of the offspring mixed with the blood of native cattle are still found, and their superiority over the pure nativ'e animal is readily recog- nized. These cows were of the Jersey breed, and their mixed progeny rank considerably above the native animal in the develop- ment of their milking qualities. An example of the improvement brought about by this cross is well shown in a cow belonging to the station, which carries three-fourths native blood and one-fourth blood of the Jersey stock mentioned above. She is remarkably hardy, fully as easily kept as the pure native animal, and weighs 900 pounds when in good condition. She is larger than any native cow on the island. (PI. I, fig. 2.) A few cows were also introduced a few years ago by American missionaries, and the offsprmg of these animals show similar improvement. It is believed that the work of improvement will soon gain favor with the native stock owner, who is quick to recognize quality in a superior animal. The prices of cattle intended for slaughter are based upon the amount of beef they will dress. The draft animal of unusual strength or the cow yielding an uncommonly large quan- tity of milk is quickly noted, and stories of its performances are told with much enthusiasm. With the object of giving a more definite idea of the size of the native animals than could be gained from the above statements, weights and measurements taken indiscriminately of a few animals as they happened to be available for the purpose are recorded in the tables following. 12 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Weights and measurements of Guam cattle. No. Age. Sex. Weight. Height. Girth. Yearx. , Pounds. Inches. IncheA, 1 9 Steer. 615 47 61 2 11 Cow. 555 47 60 3 12 Cow. 6.30 47 60 4 1-1 Steer. 715 48 65 5 3 Cow. 535 44 58 6 12 Cow. 495 41 54 7 12 Cow. 445 46 57 8 3 Cow. 480 43 58 9 8 Cow. 590 43 57 10 4 Cow. 410 41 53 11 12 Cow. 525 45 58 12 0 Cow. 490 43 56 Weights and measurements of Guam carabao. No. Age. Sex. Weight. Height. Girth. Years. Pounds. Inches. Inches. 1 6 Bull. 855 51 61 2 15 Steer. 1.235 56 81 3 10 Bull. 1,195 56 80 4 12 Cow. 780 51 76 5 9 Bull. 940 51 74 6 4 Bull. 740 51 li. 7 20 Steer. 1,435 57 ^ 8 6 Cow. 1.005 51 78 9 9 BuU. 930 52 72 10 15 Steer. 1,110 54 77 NATIVE CARABAO. The Indian buffalo or carabao of Guam is identical with the domes- ticated carabao common throughout the Philippine Archipelago. (PI. II, fig. 1 .) It is a slow, powerful animal, indispensable in the prepara- tion of the muddy rice fields, and well adapted to general farm work requiring great strength rather than speed and especiall}^ in wet, cloudy weather or during the cool hours of the day. Carabao, however, do not withstand high temperatures as well as do cattle. This is probably due in part at least to a less delicate anatomical apparatus in the former for regulating the body temperature. The carabao has a thick, tough skin, and does not sweat freely, even when at hard work and on the warmest days of the year. The normal body temperature of the carabao is probably somewhat lower than that of cattle. The writer, while connected with the Philippine bureau of agricuhure, had opportunity during the early summer of 1907 to take and record the temperatures of 373 carabao in central Luzon. These animals were apparently in normal health, and were of various ages and of both sexes. Their temperatures, taken at all hours of the day, averaged 100.7° F. The body temperature of the small calf is generally considerably higher than that of older animals, often stand- ing at 102° or higher. Exertion on a warm day seems to cause a marked rise in the temperature of these animals. Temperatures of An Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1912- PLATE I. Fig. 1.— Native Calf Two Days Old. Fig. 2.— Native-Jersey Cow Owned by Station. An. Rpt, Guam Agr Expt. Station, 191: Plate II. Fig. 1.— Carabao Cow and Calf. Fig. 2.— Typical Native Pony. An. Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1912. Plate III. Fig. 1.— Native Pig, " Ras-n-Lansa. Fig. 2.— Native Pig, " Ras-n-Chabot." Fig. 3.— Pigs Showing Native-Berkshire Cross, Bred and Raised by the Station. An. Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1912. Plate IV. Fig. 1.— Native Fowl, "Frizzled.'- Fig. 2.— Native Fowl, "Saigon." Fig. 3.— Native Fowl, "Mixed." GUAM AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 13 26 healthy carabao, not mcluded m the number noted above, were taken during the midday hours on June 15, 1907, in the municipality of Mabalacat, Pampanga Province. These animals were all in normal health, and the only exertion to which they had been sub- jected was a walk to the most central point of the barrio, which in many cases did not exceed a quarter of a mUe. The day was mtensely hot, and no shelter of any kind was provided the animals, and their temperatures averaged 104.7° F. This mability of carabao to with- stand heat renders them less satisfactory work animals than cattle when employed at labor which the latter has sufficient strength to perform. For heavy draft work in the mud the carabao has no equal. In Guam the carabao is used as a draft anunal, for its milk, and for beef. Some of the best millv-producmg mdividuals yield as much milk as the best native cows, and the mUk of the carabao is consider- ably richer in butter fat than that of the cow. Weights and measure- ments of a few of these animals have been taken at the station, and these appear ia the table on opposite page. NATIVE PONIES. Aside from animals belonging to the naval government and the shipment of Morgan horses recently imported from the mainland of the United States by this station for breedmg })urposes, the horses of the island consist ahnost entirely of small, inferior ponies of Phihppine introduction or their offspring. The average pony of Guam is considerably below the average Philippine pony in quality. This is due to the purchase of cheap grades of animals in the Phihji- pines by those who have made im})ortations and to the general lack of knowledge on the part of the Chamorro horse owner concerning the management of this class of animals. The average weight of these ponies is less than 600 pounds. Horses are scarce and in great demand. Excluding Government stock, the number of horses on the island does not exceed 50, and the demand for them is indicated by the fact that these lean, worthless-looking specimens (PL II, fig. 2) find a ready sale at prices ranging from SI 50 to $200, United States currency, each. A great deal of pride is taken by the native in the ownership of a horse. These ponies are used almost exclusively for carriage purposes. NATIVE HOGS. The hog was one of the earhest domestic animals on the island. Magellan is said to have found wild hogs on the island at the time of the discoveryin 1521 and they are stiU found in the forest-covered area of the northern portion of the island. The domesticated hogs are of two distinct types. One of these types includes animals of a long- 14 GUAM AGIUCULTURAL EXPEKIMENT STATION. Icjrgod, lon<];-n()so(l, lean, and slow-maturing class, and is known as "nis-n-lansa," moaning the lance race (PI. Ill, fig. 1), and no one lun-ing once seen the long, tapering snout of a ty])ical animal of tliis class will cjuestion the fitness of the name. Individuals of the "ras-n-lansa" ty])e are similar to the hogs raised in the vicinity of Manila. The sows are unusually prolific and mother their Utters well. Animals of the second class are referred to as belonging to the "ras- n-chabot," or the fat race (PL III, fig. 2), and differ distinctly from those of the type described above. They are short in body and leg, fine boned, and comparatively easily fattened. The sows usually have small litters and nurse them poorly. The type has probably descended from animals imported from China or Japan. NATIVE CHICKENS. A large percentage of the chickens raised in Guam are of mixed breeds. (PL IV, fig. 3. ) The type most closely approaching a distinct breed is a class known as ''Saigon" fowls (PL IV, fig. 2), which re- semble in some respects the Malay game. These w^ere probably first introduced from French Indo China, and are especially prized for their gameness and good fighting qualities. Other importations have also been made from the PhiMppines of a similar fowl known in the latter place as a " Jolo," and these, with game chickens having some- what similar characteristics and coming from various sources, are now known collectively as "Saigons." There are also a few chickens with ruffled or standing feathers, and these are probably descendants of frizzled fowls introduced from Japan. (PL IV, fig. 1.) Cliick- ens of both these types are, however, comparatively scarce, and the common native mixed class largely predominates. The ordinary native hen is a poor egg layer. In size she is generally somewhat larger than hens of the Leghorn breeds, but lays a much smaller egg. In the number of eggs produced she is also much inferior to any of the standard breeds raised in the United States. As a class, the chickens of this native mixed type are game, and cocks are often trained for the cock])it, though this custom is practiced to a much less extent in Guam than in the Phihppines, where a similar class of chickens exists. In Guam chickens are poorly fed and poorly cared for, and they yield correspondingly poor results. There is always a demand for both eggs and table fowls, and prices seldom fall below 3 cents each for eggs or 50 cents for a mature hen. A number of serious infectious diseases of poultry are prevalent in Guam, the most troublesome of these being chicken pox, which causes much loss among young growing stock. This disease seems to be most common during the dry season. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15 INTRODUCTION OF AMERICAN LIVE STOCK. During the fiscal year 1911 the selection and purchase of an experi- mental shipment of pure-bred stock was made in the United States by Dr. Walter H. Evans, chief of insular stations, for this station. This lot of animals consisted of 2 young Ayrshire bulls and 2 heifers of the same breed and 4 registered Morgan fillies. Simultaneously arrangements were perfected for the transfer from the Bureau of Animal Industry to this station of 2 young Morgan stallions. These colts, combining good breeding and good individuality, were furnished from the department's Morgan horse-breeding farm at Middlebury, Vt. As the only possible means of effecting the shipment of these animals from the Umted States to Guam w^as by the U. S. army transi)ort Dix, and the saiHng date of that vessel was postponed until September of the past fiscal year, the importation was unavoid- ably delayed until that time. During this period pending shipment it was found possible to effect the further purchase of 4 good Berk- shire hogs, of wliich 2 were sows and 2 were boars; and a pen each of Barred Plymouth Rock and Single-comb Brow^n Leghorn chickens were also obtained. On June 29, 1911, the Ayrshire lieifer, Willow- moor Red Rose, while being held near Seattle, Wash., for shipment, gave birth to a bull caK. This calf has been registered in Volume XXIV of the Ayrshire Record under the name of Netherhall King B 14591. All these animals finally arrived in Guam on October 12, 1911; and considering the long sea voyage of more than 5,000 miles, requiring in transit a period of 26 days, they reached their destina- tion in remarkably good condition. The object of this iiatroductiop was of a dual nature. First, it was desired to determine the possibihties of estabhshing these improved breeds in their present purity of blood. It was beheved tliat while imported stock, and especially the cattle, might not thrive well, their progeny bred and raised on the island might prove better adapted to the environment and that increased hardiness might be developed in succeeding generations. It was hoped by this means to develop a strain of animals which, in addition to their many other superior quaUties, would also be able to withstand climatic influences and thrive under ordinary treatment. It w^as also desired to cross these animals with the common native stock with the view to bringing about the general and rapid improvement of the present inferior island types. To this end breeds have been selected which are beUevcd to be best adapted to the general demands of the work, breeds wliicli will probably be as httle affected by the change of environment as would any of the better breeds obtainable, and which at the same time are most likely to cross easily and satisfactorily with the native stock. IG GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Descri])tive notes which indicate the breeding of the Morgans obtained for use in this work follow: Cassius 5869 (Vol. IV, A. M. R.). Black stalLion, weight at 3 years, 950 pounds. Foaled May 24, 1909; bred by the United States Department of Agriculture, Middle- burj', Vt. Sire Red Oak 5249, son of General Gates 666, by Denidng Allen 74, son of Honest Allen 73, by Ethan Allen 50. Dam Lady Gates (Vol. Ill, A. M. R.) by General Gates 666, and out of Twilight, a granddaughter of Darnel Lambert 62. Donald 6483 (Vol. IV, A. M. R.). Brown stallion, weight at 2 years, 785 pounds. Foaled March 19, 1910; bred by the United States Department of Agriculture, Middleljury, Vt. Sire General Gates 666. Demi Harrison Belle, got by Harrison Chief 1606 (American Saddle Horse Register) and out of Coleman's Eureka 451. Princess Angeline (Vol. Ill, A. M. R.). Brown mare, weight at 3 years, 800 pounds. Foaled May 9, 1909; bred by J. W. Clise, Redmond, Wash. Sire Troubadour 5125, son of Jubilee de Jarnette 3857, by Jubilee Lambert 1476, son of Daniel Laml)ert 62. Dam Miss Giffin (Vol. Ill, A. M. R.), got by Gov. Fisk 397, son of Flying Morrill 3970, by Vermont Ranger 257. Second dam got by Sisco Horse, son of General Putnam 304. Kit or Willowmoor (Vol. Ill, A. M. R.). Light bay mare, weight at 3 years, 800 pounds. Foaled May 6, 1909; bred by J. W. Clise, Redmond, Wash. Sire Troubadour 5125. Dam Lady Pearl (Vol. Ill, A. M. R.), got by Billy Roberts 4550, son of Chase's Moun- taineer 676. Second dam got by Green Mountain 493, son of Green Mountain Morgan 476. Third dam got by Streeter Horse 674, son of Billy Root 9. Evangeline (Vol. Ill, A. M. R.). Black mare, weight at 2 years, 775 pounds. Foaled April 24, 1910; bred by J. W. Clise, Redmond, Wash. A full sister to Princess Angeline. Mayport (Vol. Ill, A. M. R.). I ^o'- Bay mare, weight at 2 years, 750 pounds. Foaled May 0, 1910; bred by J. W. CUse, Redmond, Wash. A full sister to Kit of Willowmoor. PROGRESS OF BREEDING EXPERIMENT. At the close of the fiscal year covered by this report the imported stock had been on the island a period of a little less than eight months, during most of which time a season of unusual dry weather prevailed. The following is a report of progress during this period: GUAM AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 17 CATTLE. On December 19, 1911, sometliing over two months after the arrival of the stock, the older Ayrshhe bull, Willowmoor Moonstone 13466, died from what was believed to be Texas or tick fever.^ The diseased condition of the bull was fii-st noted six days prior to the date of his death and the symptoms, mcluding a distinctly blood- stained condition of the urine, were characteristic of the disease just mentioned. The remaining animals were immediately clij)2)ed with a horse-clipping machine and all were found to be infested with minute ticks so small as to escape detection under an ordinary heavy coat of hair. Native cattle had occasionally gained access to the grounds and it was discovered that not only the pastures but also the grass plats which furnished soiling grass for the stock were badly infested with ticks. A careful daily examination of each individual animal was thereafter made, and when ticks were present these were removed by hand picking. In view of the loss of the bull Willowmoor Moonstone the general infestation of the premises with ticks caused considerable anxiety and it was planned to attempt the immunization of the remaining animals with blood from the native stock. Unless, however, these animals could be kept in a state of absolute cleanliness from ticks for a period of 10 or 12 days prior to inoculation, this course was considered too dangerous, and as we were compelled to depend upon station-grown grass for forage this was found impossible. The plan of inoculation was therefore aban- doned and hand picking the ticks was continued. After about four months of these precautionaiy measures it was believed that the stock had acquired natural immunity and less care was exercised toward keepmg them clean of ticks. Daily temperatures of the cattle were also taken dating from the death of the bull, to which attention has already been called, m order to detect the first indications of disease should it develop in any of them. From December 22, 1911, to the close of the fiscal year these temperatures have been recorded and these records furnish inter- esting data for study. Periods of abnormally high temperatures have been observed in each of the various animals. Some of these high temperatures at least can not be attributed to reactions caused by tick infestation. The writer has had opportunity to note the ill 1 Mention should be made here that before the introduction of these animals was undertaken, island conditions, and especially in so far as they applied to the presence or absence of contagious or infectious diseases, were carefully considered. The presence of both Texas cattle tick ( Margaropus annulatus) and the Australian cattle tick ( ^f. australh) was previously determined by collections made by this station and identified by Dr. Charles S. Banks, entomologist of the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I. \\'hether the protozoan which is the direct cause of the disease was present or not could not be definitely determined, and work conducted by the United States naval hospital to that end failed to disclose its presence. In the light of these uncertainties, it was considered inadvisable to risk the introduction of the Texas-fever organism by the purchase of immime cattle, and thus imperil the present cattle-raising industry of the Lsland. 18 GUAM AiiUICULTUHAL EXPKEIMENT STATION. oRccts which often follow the importation of American cattle into the Pliilippines. To the extent of Ids knowledge, extensive tempera- ture recortls following these introductions have never been kept, and it seems possible that such fever periods may be common in cattle elsewhere undergoing similar processes of acchmatization. It is regretted that the station was not prepared to make blood counts during these periods of high temperatures. The follo\\dng chnical charts (figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5) give the data obtained from the tempera- ture observations. At the tmie of sliipment of these animals from Seattle to Guam the heifer Willowmoor Queen Bess 25344 was in an advanced stage of pregnancy, and on Januaiy 22, 1912, she dropped a dead calf. This calf, a bull weighing 70 pounds, was fully mature and whether I DECUAN LJAR V 1 FEBRUARY | — 'fli'i: MARCH lillH'i'; APRI L JUNE lOS 104 103 iiiiiiii I II mil iiiiiii I nil III iH Ijjij"" "I'ljlli""! 'I"'j!' 102 101 T ! r ! II in I III I III 1 I iiii iiiiiiiii iiiiiiiii III I IIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii III I ill nil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii III mil nil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 181 lll!!!ilili!!!!'li!!l III I 1 1 I II I III mil Fig. 2. — Temperature chart of Netherhall King B, bull calf 6 montlis old at begimiing of record. its death before birth was due to the same cause wliich produced a fevered condition of the cow during the week prior to bhth (see fig. 4) can not be proved. Aside from this misfortune and the loss of the bull the cattle have collectively made a very satisfactory show- ing. The two cows have held up faudy well in milk production and at the same time have maintained a fair condition of flesh. At the close of the fiscal year both cows were pregnant. The anunals have attracted considerable interest among owners of hve stock and as much breeding work as was advisable with the one young bull has been accomphshed. The bull Willowmoor John Gray 13478 (PI. V, fig. 1) has a breeding record of 23 services to his credit for the eight months ending June 30 of the fiscal year herein reported, and in that time he mcreased in weight from 630 pounds to 835 pounds. The photograph was taken at the close of the fiscal year. GUAM AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL (VIZIW JUNE 102 ■ii'iiirns-rir I llllnml m lODD Fig. 3.— Temperature chart of John Gray, bull 16 months old at beginning of record. IJE 1G5 DECTUANL K/l .^ 'Y niiiiiuiiiiiiiiHiiiiiuiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiniu 11 ii iiiiiii iiiihiiiiii i ii iiiiii iiiiiiiimiiiiiiiu iiiiiiiii iiiiiim 8 8 !!!!!il!!!l ' !!!il!!liiil!!!!l!iliiii!!i:S"l!ll!ii!! iiiiiii; lOZH IDl ii l!!-i! I iiii! II! Ill III.! I! '!!!■! ! ill illl III ill! !l III I! ill Hi! iiill! I! I I !!' Ill ^1 ■ I III I II I I • JUNE I .1 I IIIIII II iiiii ;:i ! iillliilill 11 ! S'li I II 11! illll!ti!lllillllllr!!!ii!iii !!!!!!! I i!!ll!!l!|l!i!l!i ili ! I! !! I' ! i| ' !|! * 'i i r ! lOQtl Fig. 4.— Temperature chart of Willowmoor Queen Bess, heifer 38 months old at beginning of record. Gave birth to dead calf January 22. In milk from January 22 to end of record. 20 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. HORSES. The oomlit ion of the Morgan horses has continued from the time of their arrival to the end of the fiscal year to be fully as good as was expected. With the exception of a few minor injuries which have caused more or less difficulty of treatment the animals have remained in a good state of health and vigor. There is a strong tendency in tliis cimiate for any small scratch or other trifling wound of the skin to become infected and in consequence to be slow in healing. For this reason the horses have demanded much more attention than would have been required in caring for the same number of ani- mals under conditions existing in most parts of the United States. The work so far indicates that horses, at least, while not at heavy lOS 102 101 IDO Fig. 5. -Temperature chart of Willowmoor Red Rose, cow .33 months old at beginning; in milk throughout period of record. Decided loss of appetite last of May. work may be maintained with no further roughage than such as may be produced on the island at a comparatively small expense. The production of a satisfactory grain feed is a problem which will require further investigation and will probably entail greater difficulties. A limited number of mares have been bred to the young stallion Cassius. AU the station mares have been bred, but only one of these has proved to be pregnant. Several native mares belonging to outside parties have also been bred, and most of these are said to be in foal. The illustration of Cassius shown on another page of this report (PI. V, fig. 2) is from a photograph taken after the close of the fiscal year and is mtended to show his condition after more than a year in Guam. GUAM AGKICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21 The station has recognized the fact that under ordinary conditions the Uve-stock farmer wiU. not find the use of imported feeds prac- ticable, and from the beginning we have adopted the policy of depending as largely as possible upon island-grown feed. Practi- cally all the roughage as well as a considerable portion of the gi^ain fed to both horses and cattle durmg the past year has been pro- duced on the station grounds. HOGS. The Berkshire hogs have remained in good health during the course of the year. All have made satisfactory gains, but both of the sows have failed to breed. Twenty-two sows were bred to the two boars during the season beginning with the time of their arrival and ending with the close of the fiscal year. A number of these sows had far- rowed prior to the end of the year and the pigs generally showed a marked improvement over the ordinary native pig. (PI. Ill, fig. 3.) CHICKENS. So far the results with the Barred Plymouth Rock and Brown Leghorn breeds are favorable. Hens of both breeds have proved much better laj-ers than the native hens, and the eggs of the former breeds are also much larger than those of the latter. Chicken pox has caused considerable loss at the station, but the native chickens seem to be fuUy as susceptible to the disease, and, due probably to less careful management, the mortality among native chickens in the neighborhood of the station was considerably' higher than among the newly introduced breeds at the station. A small incubator has been in operation at the station during the last half of the year. Although the machine is simple of adjustment and the temperature is easily controlled, satisfactory hatches have not been obtained, and it seems probable that climatic conditions in Guam exert an influence over incubation which will necessitate special manipulation of the machine. The intrinsic utility of these breeds in Guam will depend largely upon the manner in which they thrive under the ordinary conditions to which chickens are subjected here, and with a view to reaching a practical determination of this point such eggs as were not required at the station for hatching purposes were given out in general dis- tribution to those desiring to set them. A total of 438 eggs were thus distributed during the course of the year. The results of this work should give early indications of the practical value of these breeds as compared vnih the native strains when raised under similar environments and given the same care and attention. The complete egg record of each pen of pullets from the time they began to lay until the close of the year is given m the following table. It should be explained that at the time of theh arrival these were 22 GUAAI AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. y(>nn<; ^n'owiui^ ])ullcls aiul tiiat thoy did not begin to lay until several weeks after their arrival. Egg record for the fiscal year 1912. Months. 6 Brown Leshom pullets. 5 Plymouth Rock pullets. November 2 26 97 125 132 106 76 49 0 0 12 53 127 92 49 38 December January Feljruary March April May June Total 613 371 NOTES ON CORN GROWING IN GUAM. Corn, now the most important food crop of Guam, has been grown and utilized for food purposes for a period of more than 200 years. The original introduction of corn into Guam is said to have been made from Mexico,^ w^here it had been grown under climatic condi- tions not \\ddely different from those which obtain in Guam. Now at least this old stram shows much greater adaptation to local envi- ronments than the highly improved varieties grown on the mainland of the United States, which do not succeed in Guam. Prior to intro- ductions recently made by this station there was but a single variety grown on the island, a hard, flinty, white corn with broad, shallow grains and a large white cob. There are two general corn-planting seasons. The principal crop is planted in April or May, dependent upon favorable weather condi- tions, and the crop develops in the season of comparatively light rainfall preceding the excessively wet period. It reaches maturity in about four months from planting. A second important crop is planted in November or December, following the period of heavy rains, and matures during the period of diminishing rainfall. In addition to these two principal crops a limited quantity of corn is planted at various times throughout the year, these plantings being largely con- trolled by special conditions which in the dry season furnish a water supply from underground seepage or unusually good drainage in the season of heavy rains. The cultural methods employed in growing the corn crop in Guam are of the most primitive nature. The fosino ^ is almost the only 1 A number of practices common in the cultivation and use of corn in Guam are evidently adopted from Mexican customs. The system of doubling corn in the field as described on page 23 is also practiced in parts of Mexico. In Guam com is soaked overnight in limewater to remove the tough outer hull from the grain, when it is ground to a paste between two stones, the metate and the mano, and made into tortillas in much the same manner as is practiced in some sections of Mexico. = The fosino is a small hand tool which is constructed and used as a shuffle hoe. Weeds are removed with this tool by a series of thrusts, the blade of the fosino passing just beneath the surface of the soil. GUAM AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 23 tool used. It is employed to remove vegetation from the land in preparation for planting and in cultivating the crop by the occasional removal of weeds with a simultaneous stirring of the surface soil. An interesting feature in the cultivation of corn in Guam is the custom of breaking or doubUng the stalk just below the ear when the latter has reached a condition of maturity by a partial hardening of the gram. This operation leaves the ear with the point hanging down- ward and has the effect of hastening the maturity of the crop and prevents the collection of water under the husk, where in the natural position it would be retained, causing germination or decay of the grain. In a climate characterized by high temperatures and heavy rauif all such as obtain in Guam some protective measures are neces- sary to prevent general loss to the crop, and this practice of doubling the stalk is both simple and effective. Observations on the amount of labor required to perform this operation have been recorded at this station, and these indicate that a man working in corn of average stand and growth will double an acre in four hours. Corn is not allowed to dry in the field, but is gathered and shelled before drying. This practice renders machine shelling impossible, and the enthe product of the island is shelled by hand. As an evi- dence of the uncured state in which corn is gathered a shrmkage equal to 31 per cent of the original newly husked corn has been noted at this station during the process of dryuig. An acre of corn grown at the station produced 27.75 bushels of corn; and this yield is con- siderably better than the average crop grown in Guam. Corn is bought and sold m terms of "tinajas," a measure ec[uivalent to about 98 pounds, or less frequently in "kabans," each of which is equal to about 154 pounds. Prices demanded generally range from SI to $2 United States currency j^er tinaja. CORN EXPERIMENTS. An interesting test of more than 40 different varieties of corn obtained from a wide range of distantly located tropical sections has been m progress during the past fiscal year and it is hoped that through this work varieties of superior merit and adapted to Guam conditions may be found. The corn gi'own in this test represented a vn.de variety of t^^ies, gradmg from the small-grained, flinty, varie- gated sorts from India, Ce^^lon, Burma, and Formosa, to the large- gramed, soft, floury, mummy corns from Ecuador and Colombia, These two groups, representmg the extremes with regard to hardness of gi'am, are also most widely variant in size of kernels, the group from southern Asia requirmg from 200 to 220 grains to weigh an ounce, wliile a variet}^ from Ecuador requked 55 grains to constitute an equal weight. Among the varieties under trial No. 576, a hard, smooth-grained, yellow corn from the island of St. Vincent, and No. 589, a similar 24 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. vnrictv obtniiu'd from St. liucia, are promising. Numl)or 576 has ]>n)dw('0(l fully as heavy yields as the common native variety, and the com of the foi-mcr was matured in a season 30 daj'-s shorter than the ]>eriod required to ripen a crop of the ordinary native corn. If, as it is hoped, the habit of earl}" maturity remains unchanged in this variety under its new environment, it should meet with ilnmediate popularity. A variety of corn having desirable characteristics in general and which offers in addition the advantages of an unusually short season is of special importance in Guam. Plantings are often retarded by the lack of sufficient moisture at the proper season for ])lanting, and the four months required to produce a crop of the native variety pushes the harvest well forward into the season of heavy rains, and the yield is, consequently, materially reduced. Severe ^^'inds or tj^hoons frequently occur, causing considerable damage to growmg corn, and the dangers of loss from this cause are in proportion to the length of time required to mature the crop. Tliis new variety of corn also possesses the advantage of hardness of kernel and seems to be more easily stored in the ear and more resist- ant to the ordmary grain or rice weevil (Calandra orijzx) than is the common native variety. Much interest has been shown in this new corn, and a limited amount of seed has been distributed. A com- paratively large quantity of seed will be available for furtlior distri- bution during the coming year. ORCHARD NOTES. MANGO PROPAGATION. Work on the propagation of the mango was taken up during the past year. The supply of this favorite fruit is always made([uate to the demand; and there is a ready market for all available fruit at prices of from 5 to 10 cents each. The conditions in Guam are favorable for the production of this fruit, and there seems no reason why all local demand could not easily be fully supplied. Two polyembryonic races of this fruit are grown in Guam. The one most widely grown and the older from a viewpoint of its in- troduction into Guam is similar and probably identical with the "caraboa" mango of the Philippines. The fruit of this type is of excellent flavor, and its only serious faults are its light-fruiting habits and the long period required to grow fruiting trees from seed. The latter of the two faults can easily be rectified by graftage, and it is believed that its light-bearing properties may also be partially cor- rected by working it upon the stock of the other type, locally known as the "Saipan" mango. The Saipan mango tree yielf^s a small fruit which contains a considerable quantity of fiber and is decidedly lacking in flavor. As compared with the former type, trees of this race An Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1912. Plate V. Fig. 1.— Ayrshire Bull, John Gray. lglj ^ K ^ji « ~ * ' '^B Wijj **^ ^HBtt^^^Bi^B& 1'-' . i»Kk Fig. 2.— Morgan Stallion, Cassius. An. Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1912. Plate VI. Fig. 1.— Inarched Mango, Guam X Saipan. Fig. 2.— Fruits of Carissa arduina. GUAM AGKICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 25 are less vigorous growers and should prove valuable stock upon which plants of the superior type might be worked. The tree of the Saipan mango fruits at an early age and is a prolific bearer. Our work has so far been limited to propagation by inarching, as this is the silnplest operation in general use, and our object is the produc- tion of desirable trees for distribution rather than to determine the comparative values of the various methods of propagation. Several hundred seedlings of the Saipan mango are available for a continua- tion of this work during the ensuing year. (PI. YI, fig. 1.) THE PEACH. During the early half of the year the peach trees referred to in the report for the precedmg year suffered some damage from severe wmds which occurred on July 20 and October 19, 20, and 31. A few trees were killed outright by these storms, while others sent out new growth from the seedling stock below the bud. These new sprouts made remarkably rapid gi'owth, and the trees soon developed their former size. Near the close of the year some of these trees bloomed, but failed to set fruit. THE KTJMQUAT. The kumquats {Citrus japonica) introduced from Japan at the close of the precedmg year give every promise of success. They have flowered and fruited constantly durmg the last few months of the year, and small fruits have been removed m large numbers in order to encour- age the development of good strong trees. This fruit shows indication of being a most prolific bearer hi Guam. THE AMATUNGULA. The seedlmgs of this species {Carissa arduina) bore their first crop of fruits at two and one-half years of age. (PL VI, fig. 2.) They have been rather shy bearers during their first fruiting season, car- rying constantly a light crop of flowers and fruits in all stages of maturity durmg the last six months of the fiscal year. These plants are growmg on a heavy black clay soil and will probably show better results when removed to grounds less retentive of moisture. Con- siderable mterest m the new fruit has been made manifest by appli- cations for plants. A limited number of plants have already been distributed, and several hundred seedlings are being grown at the station. These will be available for distribution within the next few months. THE BANANA. Both the Bungulan and Lacatan varieties of the banana previously introduced from the Philippines have fruited, and the flavor of both has generally been declared superior to that of the varieties com- 2G GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. luoiilv "TDWii in Guam. All available plants of these varieties have hccMi i^ivcii out in j^oneral distribution, and the supply has been kept constantly reduced. The Brazilian and Jamaica or Bluefields varieties have been in- troduced from Hawaii \^^thin the past year. SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION. During the past year there has been a greater demand for seeds and plants than during any similar ])eriod in the history of the station, and a comparatively large quantity of seeds has been furnished ])lanters who applied for them. Due to cUmatic causes, special difficulties are met with in the preservation" of seeds from season to season; and these conditions in conjunction with the absence of seed firms on the island from whom seeds might be obtained when desired render the distribution of seeds a decidedly important branch of the work of encouraging more general and more diversified plantings. In addition to the distribution of seeds, about 2,500 seedlings, rooted cuttings, and inarched plants have been distributed from the station during the past year. The bulk of these distributions consisted of plants jjropagated at the station from seeds or cuttings of valuable })lants which have been reported among previous introductions. NEW QUARANTINE REGULATIONS. Early in the fiscal year two important executive general orders having the effect of law were issued by the governor of Guam with the object of avoiding the introduction of plant diseases and insect pests into Guam. A general quarantine law restricting the importa- tion of plants and providing for the fumigation of such plants as were allowed to enter was deemed by Gov. Sahsbury imperative to the agricultural welfare of the island ; and accordingly Executive General Order No. 167 was issued on July 21, 1911, to provide this needed protection. Soon after this the ravages on the island of Oahu of the introduced Mediterranean fruit fly indicated a special danger from that source, and Executive General Order No. 168 was issued on August 24, 1911, prohibiting the shipment into .Guam of all Hawaiian fruits. As these orders are of special importance they are both reproduced, as follows: Executive General^ Government House, Order No. 167. J Island of Guam, July 21, 1911. It is hereby ordered and decreed that: In order to prevent the introduction of insect pests into Guam the importation of all live ])lants, bulbs, tubers, cuttings, and of all other live parts of plants other than seeds is prohibited, except such as may be imported for food purposes, and except further that a limited number of useful plants may be introduced by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture for use at the Government experimental farm. Plants for the experimental farm shall be imported only on a permit signed by the governor; and 1 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION". 27 the request for such permit shall show the number and kind of plants desired. All plants thus introduced must be accompanied by certificate showing that they have been inspected and fumigated immediately prior to shipment. Upon arrival at Guam such plants must be fumigated and inspected. Executive General Order No. 125 is hereby revoked. G. R. Salisbury, Governor of Guam. Executive General"! . Government House, Order No. 168. J Island of Guam, August 24, 1911. It is hereby ordered and decreed that: (1) For the purpose of preventing the introduction into Guam of insect pests, par- ticularly the Mediterranean fly, the importation of all fruit from the Hawaiian Islands is absolutely prohibited. (2) Any passenger or member of crew of any Army transport or other vessel arriving from the Hawaiian Islands who introduces into Guam fruits from the above islands is guilty of a misdemeanor and is liable therefor. (3) Any resident of Guam who introduces or receives fruit from the Hawaiian Islands shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars ($100) . G. II . Salisbury, Governor of Guam. WORK WITH THE HONEYBEE. Considerable attention has been devoted to the study of methods of handling the honeybee. A number of modern Langstroth hives, the only ones on the island, have been introduced by the station and a number of hives have been kept at the station for the pur- pose of demonstrating to visitors the proper methods of handling bees and producing honey. No Httle interest has been mani- fested in the work and a number of modern hives and other bee- keeper's supplies have been obtained for interested parties by the special agent. A few years ago a colony of bees was introduced into Guam from Honolulu by the naval government and the large number of colonies now kept in cracker boxes, soap boxes, and similar con- tainers, as well as the many colonies which have escaped and taken possession of hollow trees, etc., throughout the island, are all descend- ants of this one original colony. In addition to a continuation of our demonstration work the introduction of queen bees of new strains is projected for the coming year. Wliile the periods affording the greatest possibihties in the collection of honey are distinctly seasonal in Guam, the tropical climate allows the production of a hmited amount of honey during all seasons of the year. Honey is held in high esteem by the people and an increased supply will result in the substitution of a greater quantity of these home-produced sweets for the expensive imported sugar, which is used in comparatively large quantities. There is also a possibility of developing a profitable wax industry on a small scale. An important factor in favor of bee- keeping in Guam is the total absence of foul brood and all other serious hive pests. 28 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TEMPERATURE RECORDS. Records of maximum and minimum tem])eraturps at the Guam Station tliroughout the year ending June 30, 1912, are shown in the following charts (figs. 6 and 7): r / Z 3 ■•^ S e 7 B 9 /O // /2 /.?/^ ys / 22^3^^2SZ€27Sa2S303/ 70 ^ ^ ^ ■ ' ■ 1^ ^ P< 7S eo 8S 90 9S /OO • 70 75 eo as 90 95 /OO *70 75 eo 35 90 95 70 75 eo 65 90 95 /OO 70 75 eo 65 90 95 /OO ' 70 75 ^^{es 90 95 ^OO ^ ^ / V / w ^ — J ^ k '/*/l A /t^^Ar/^6//<^ 1 1 1 1 r \ ^ ^ - ^• y S f^ — / -7// bs _ .^ ^mm ^_ X ^ V ^ ^ \ i / \ -^ I J ^ ^ / N V V / *s / "V •*. 1 \ /^ V X -^ \ r V s / \ X' — /^aa: ^ ^ V M k^ / s > ^/ v^ y ^* "^ -v y ^^ H ■^ •^ V. / X r / L / \ s / -- X ^ r \ > y \ M r \ y ^ — — •x, X X y' -v/ 'iX. \ r- ^^ / \. - - - ^ ^ V - /V \ '^ ^■™ "^ \ y 4 ^ i k / s y *«. /^ V ^ ^ s s ^ — / \ ^ — ^ \ y ^ r /^x IX. X, ^ r " / --. S /»// M X — -' ^«. "* *" ^■" >^ s. y X X / / -> X — y r \ ^ ^^ ^ — MAX. \ - - _^ — i ^ /»// X — — = — •^ X ~ ■ / \ y s^ J / Xi _^ ^^ _ /*// 4*: "X " r^" X ^ y X r ^^ Fig. 6.— Temperatures at Guam Station, July to December, IQU. GUAM AGKICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 29 / 2 3 ^ S 6 7 S 9 /O // /2 /3 /^ /5- /e /7 /S /9 SO 2/ Z^Z3^4^^5^^6 27^a e3303f \< \IOO r -70 ao as 90 9S J 00 ^ _^ __ ^ ^^ / N y s ^ ,; _ -_* N, y s, M, ^A< A ^ ^" X > — / >» ^ V ^ ^ y ^ X / '-' ^ 'V// ^X ?5^ 1^ 75" 80 as 90 95 too ^ 70 7S 80 as 90 95\ too ^ 4 / s. y - ^ !5s - ;d l^< ^ "^ ^ / V r "^ V, V /^ *^ - — — / -^ — ^ s y ^ 's ^ > \ ^ X" M/iX y* V ->! —. 5s /*// fc — ■^ X s _i -^ ■^ — X ■v. ^ y **" V ^ f v ^ J \ ^ v_ y ■s, / s __ MAX 1 r— ^ r- •V ^ "*■ "* " S ^ / S y Fig. 7,— Temperatures at Guam Station, January to June, 1912. o ' t i I Issued June 5, 1914. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, J. B. THOMPSON, Special Agent in Charge. ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION FOR 1913. FORESTRY COLLEGE OF A A6rt»CUlTi.'-r ilNIVEflSlTY Of CAUFO*<.-*m UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, V. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1914. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ISLAND OF GUAM. [Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture.] Walter H. Evans, Chief of Division of Insular Stations, Office of Experiment Stations. STATION STAFF. John B. Thompson, Special Agent in Charge. L. B. Barber, Veterinarian and Animal Husbandman. Peter Nelson, Assistant. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Guam Agricultural Experiment Station, Island of Guam, December 8, 1913. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the Guam Agricultural Experiment Station for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913. Ver}^ respectfully, J. B. Thompson, Special Agent in Charge. Dr. A. C. True, Director Office of Experiment Stations, TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. PubHcation recommended. A. C. True, Director. PubHcation authorized. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS. Page. Tntroduclion ^ Weather conditions affecting crop yields 6 Horse breeding 6 Cattle breeding 7 Hog breeding H Poultry raif^ing 12 Forage crops 14 Studies of Guam range plants 15 Grasses 15 Sedges 16 Miscellaneous plants 17 Orchard notes 1" The mango 17 Aberia gardnerii ■ 18 Citrus fruits 18 Annonas 19 Miscellaneous introductions 19 Botanical collection 20 Work with the honeybee 20 Some honey plants of Guam 21 Temperature records 22 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Page. Plate I. Fig. 1. — Hog house. Fig. 2. — Poultry plant 8 II. Fig. 1. — Ayrshire heifer calf. Fig. 2. — Ayrshire bull calf 8 III. Fig. 1. — Native sow No. 1. Fig. 2. — Grade sow No. 22, daughter of native sow No. 1. Fig. 3. — Boar pig No. 37, native ancestor two generations removed 16 IV. Fig. 1. — Inarched mango in flower. Fig. 2. — Fruit oiAberm gardnerii. 16 TEXT FIGURES. Figure 1. Temperature chart of Netherhall King B 8 2. Temperature chart of John Gray 8 3. Temperature chart of Queen Bess 9 4. Temperature chart of Red Rose 10 5. Temperatures at Guam Station, July to December, 1912 23 6. Temperatures at Guam Station, January to June, 1913 24 4 Pao^eifTr oF^^ft division of FOR^TRY COLLEGE OfJL AGRJCULTUi^r OnIVERSiTV OFCAUPOSNtA • ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION FOR 19ia. By J. B. Thompson, Special Agent in Charge INTRODUCTION. The work of the past year was, in a large measure, a contmuation of operations previously begun. The usual routine work connected with farm, field, and office now demands considerable attention, the extent of these duties having constantly increased since the station was established. Some improvements by way of grading and filling around station buildings, and through alterations and extensions to the lawns and walks have been effected during the course of the past annual period. A very convenient hog shed measuring 24 by 40 feet has been erected for the shelter and convenience of handling the station breeding hogs. (PI. I, fig. 1.) Tliis building is provided with a corrugated galvanized iron roof and a concrete floor and is intended to furnish a retreat from the heavy chilhng rains of the wet sea- son and a protection from the intense heat of the hot, dry period. In its construction four farrowing pens, of which the station has been in constant need, are provided. The new building facilitates the maintenance of cleanliness and renders sanitary conditions more easily controlled. Five double colony poultry houses (PL I, fig. 2) have also been erected within the past year to provide for the in- creased number of poultry and the work that is projected for the coming year. Each of these houses is 12 feet in width and 24 feet in length and is provided with suitable runs inclosed with galvanized wire poultry netting. These houses and runs may be utihzed for housing 400 or 500 hens during the breeding season. The work in animal breeding, which will be considered in more detail under another heading (p. 7), has been continued throughout the year and the general results have been quite satisfactory. Experimental opera- tions with field crops have been conducted on a less extensive scale than ever during the past year. The reduction in this line of the station work has been made necessary by the increased area of the station land bemg devoted to the production of forage for stock feeding, leaving less acreage available for expeiimental purposes. The area of cultivated land has been increased, however, through the 5 6 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. clearing and breaking of about 3 acres from the tract of land trans- ferred to the station by Gov. G. R. Salisbury in 1912 and mentioned in the last annual report of the station. Practically all the forage required for feeding the stock has been grown on the station grounds. To produce tliis feed necessitates the use of a very large proportion of the arable land in the ])Ossession of the station, and as the herds increase in numbers a still greater acreage will be required. The acquisition of an additional tract of land capable of being brought under the ])low is most desirable. WEATHER CONDITIONS AFFECTING CROP YIELDS. In 1912 a season of extreme drought prevailed in which there was practically no precipitation at the station during the period between the first week in December and the 10th day of June, and tliis drought was followed by an equally dry season during the past summer. In addition to the unusually dry seasons of two successive summers several severe windstorms visited the island within the same period, and these combined forces have seriously affected the copra crop of the past fiscal year. The extent of the damage caused by these unfavor- able agencies may be partially appreciated from the fact that the copra exports for the fiscal year 1912 amounted to 1,047 tons, valued at $59,924.10, United States currency, while the exports for the past year only reached 565 tons and brought a return of $37,057.89 to the growers. These figures are not intended to indicate the full extent of damage resulting from unfavorable weather conditions, as there are young plantations coming into bearing which should have increased the production of the past year considerabl}^ over that of the preced- ing fiscal year had ideal weather conditions prevailed. On the other hand, it might be said that probably a somewhat larger amount of copra was stored and ready for shipment at the close of the fiscal year 1913 than at the end of the preceding year. HORSE BREEDING. The progress made in the work of horse breeding has been fairly satisfactory. On December 13, 1912, the registered Morgan filly EvangeUne met with an accident in which the right fore leg was badly fractured. Blood poisoning set in soon following the accident and on December 20, 1912, one week after the injury was sustamed, the animal, then in a hopeless condition, was killed to prevent useless suffering. Aside from this misfortune the horses have continued to thrive and were in better condition at the close of the past fiscal year than at the end of the preceding annual period. The increase for the year consisted of the filly foal Mariana Bell out of the Morgan mare Princess Angehne and sired by the black GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. 7 Morgan stallion Cassius 5869. This filly, foaled February 25, 1913, is of good conformation and has a natural pacing gait. In both conformation and style this filly shows greater resemblance to the dam than to the sire. Another foal, a colt sired by Cassius and out of a native mare privately o^\^led by ^h\ P. Nelson, of this station, shows a distinct improvement in type over the ordinary native colt. The three mares belonging to the station have all been bred to Cassius, and several other mares, some of American- blood and others of purely native stock, belonging to outside parties have also been bred to the same stalhon. Four mares belonging to private owners have also been bred to the young staUion Donald 6483 during the past season. Both stallions have shown a tendency toward impo- tency, but it is hoped that this tendency may be rectified through a modification in the methods of feeding and handhng them. CATTLE BREEDING. The work inaugurated during the preceding fiscal year to secure a better class of cattle through the use of introduced American A^Tshire cattle has gone on ^dthout reverses of any nature during the year just ended. The imported cattle have, without exception, continued to tln-ive, and aside from a few cases of an apparently temporary diseased condition manifested by the presence of an abnor- mally high temperature, the causes of which are not fully understood, each has maintained a good condition of health. The interest shown by the native cattle owner in tliis fine of work during the fu-st year has been continued and a number of calves of the native-A^Tshire cross are now to be found scattered over the island. Twenty-seven cows have been bred to the bull WillowTuoor John Gray during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, giving this buU a total service record of 50 cows for the 20 months since his importation. In addition to this number eight cows have been bred to the young buU Netherhall King B 14987 during the same period. This buU was an unweened caK at the time the animals arrived in Guam in October, 1911, and was just 2 years old at the close of the year herein reported. On October 16, 1912, the registered A^Tshire cow, Willowmoor Red Rose, gave birth to a heifer calf (PI. II, fig. 1) by Willowmoor John Gray. Tliis heifer has been raised on the pail and has made steady and consistent gains. Another caH (PI. II, fig. 2). a bull by the same sire and out of WiUowmoor Queen Bess, was calved on January 23, 1913. At the time of birth this calf was small and lean, weighing only 50 pounds, but he has made fair gains and at the close of the year, when 5 months old, his weight was recorded at 318 pounds. It should be understood that in the management of tliis calf, as with the other voimg stock, no effort was made toward forced growth 8 GUAM A(!RICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. \Nnth tlio o])j(H-t of ])lacing tho animal in tomporary show condition or with tho ch'siro to make a record. His management has been directed toward the maintenance of steady growth and the promotion of permanent liardiness. As these two calves are the first, and so S n >3 ^ ^ S M IS iO .IS s f /£ ^ ^S S /O IS 20 ^S S a IS ^o^ I? s/^/^u^fir /9fS s 10 IS so :k s 10 IS so ss S 10 IS so ss S 10 IS so ss s 10 IS so ss rfiiiinniiniiMiiiiiuiini iiiiiii!iiiiniiiniiiiiiii llllllllllllilllllllllllllllll nilllilillllHIIIIIIIIIIIIII llllllllllllilllllllllllllllll \ 1 A 1/1 \A W v/\ ^ i vT^/iV WW^ Ayw' /\/1#^ vv wj fjW^^ yW Y V Fig. 1.— Temperature chart of Netherhall King B. far the only, pure-bred Ayrshires calved on the island, their growth and development under Guam conditions is considered of much significance, and their initial progress, at least, seems to presage successful results from the introduction of this new breed of cattle .jULy /9/s ^causr s£fT£r/^e£^ oc7-ob£/p fvioi^sMB^/? oece'Mse/f 5 10 IS so ss S 10 is so ss S 10 IS so ss S 10 IS so ss 5 10 IS so ss s 10 IS so ss \ ij /OS* iiiiiiiiiniiiiniiMiiinni vy^ iiiiMiiiiiiiiijMiniiiiiii illiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiini \/A^.I{f^ /03' % /OS' /OS' /O/' S /O /S ^0 .PS i^*^/PCi^ G 10 IS so SS S 10 IS so ss S X> IS so ss s /o /s ^0 ^s iiUMnii IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINI iiiiiiniiMiiiiiiiii.iiiciii \ ,\knK 1 n A An n i . K\\ m ^^i^v^ ^r\^/p\ rVV I V^^\/W" M \\kJw v'YV Vn/' Fig. 2.— Temperature chart of John Gray. into Guam. As a whole, the year's work with the pure-bred stock has been entirely satisfactory. The bulls have had all the services permissible, indicating the extent of interest manifest by the native cattle owners in tlio work; there has been no loss among the cattle Ar. Rpt. G'jaT-i Agr. Exp* S'at'on, 1?' Plate 1. 1 : .X- ■■ » ^ i^^i^'^ Fig. 1 .—Hog House. Fig. 2.— Poultry Plant. Af- Rp!. Guam Agr. Exot. Static-,, 1913. Plate II Fig. 1.— Ayrshire Heifer Calf. Fig. 2.— Ayrshire Bull Calf. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 9 during the year, and both cows have brought forth good healthy calves. The grade calves resulting from the breeding of native cows to the Ayrshire bulls have generally proved greatly superior to the ordinary native scrub animal. Two very good individuals of this breeding are now owned by the station. One of these is a heifer su-ed by the bull Willowmoor John Gray and recently acquired as a promising addition to the station herd, and the other, a bull calf which has been raised by the station. Both of these animals show marked improvement over the native type in both size and general conformation. f5 /OS' ^Ui.^' /3/£' S X) IS .^O £S TT-T7Ti;ri[|iiiii|ii:iii,ii| \ \ ll \ AM^ K rtA ft ^ U\fw -k M Vh i/|yui/w XrH^ Wl\| V ^VVai ^ T ^ ''- \ Fig. 3.— Temperature chart of Queen Bess. Observations in the daily body temperature of the imported cattle, which were begun soon after the introduction of these anmials in October, 1911, have been recorded during the past year. Periods of high temperatures similar to those observed during the preceding year and discussed in the report for 1912 have been noted, and each of the four animals have shown at least one such period during the year covered by this report (figs. 1-4), In some instances these fever periods have not been marked by excessively high tempera- tures and have been of comparatively short duration. In such cases the detection of disease would have been difficult without the use of the cUnical thermometer. On the other hand, however, cases have been dealt with in which the temperatures have risen above 107° F. 39348°— 14 2 10 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. and tho ])CMiod ])rolonged for more than a week. The most severe attac-k (huinj:: the year was that of Willowmoor John Gray, occurrmg botwo(>n March 19 and 28, mclusive. The daily temperatures of this I Fig. 4.— Teiiii)erature chart of Red Rose. animal for the period mentioned are recorded in temperature (fig. 2), but in order to reduce the results to a form that will be more easily seen, these data are tabulated, as follows: Temperature record of Willowmoor John Gray, covering a period of fever from March 18 to 29, incliisive Atmos- Anunal- Atmos- Animal- Date. pheric tem- body tem- Date. pheric tem- body tem- perature. perature, perature. perature, 3 p. m. 3 p.m. 3 p.m. 3 p. m. 'F. "F. "F. "F. Mar. 18 86 102.2 Mar. 24 86 106. 2 19 83 104.6 25 82 106.8 20 85 105.0 26 86 106.2 21 88 107.2 27 85 105.4 22 87 107.0 28 84 103.4 23 88 106.0 29 84 101.4 Duruig the course of this fever the first indication of disease, other than an abnormally high temperature, was observed about 4 o'clock p. m. on March 22, when weakness was indicated by the animal con- stantly shifting the weight of the hind quarters from one foot to the other. At the same time a trembling of the muscles of the hind legs and flank was noted, and the animal flinched with paui under the least pressure of the kidneys. During the latter stages of the attack the GUAM AGEICTJLTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 11 bull showed but little desire for food or water, stood but little, and fell away rapidly in flesh. As the temperature dropped to normal the animal gradually recovered his usual appetite and soon regained his former condition of flesh. In each of the series of high temperatures observed in the various imported animals, since their introduction 20 months ago, symptoms similar to those just described have been noted. At the close of the fiscal year encUng June 30, 1913, the cattle in the station herd numbered 21, which are divided into pure-bred Ayr- shires, Ayrshire-native cross-bred animals, and native stock, as follows : Pure-bred stock: Ayrshire cows 2 Ayrshire bulls 2 Ayrshire calves 2 Total number of Ayrshires 6 Grade stock: Ayrshire X native bull I Ayrshire X native heifer 1 Total number of grades 2 Native stock : Cows 6 Heifers, weaned and under two years 4 Young bull, weaned calf 1 Unweaned calves (bulls) 2 Total number of native scrubs 13 HOG BREEDING. The progress shown in this Une of the breeding work during the first half of the fiscal year was specially gratifying, no other Une of the work having attracted as much attention. In April disease broke out among the breeding stock, resulting in the loss of both pure-bred Berkshire boars and one of the pure-bred sows of the same breed. The two sows from the original importation having failed to breed prior to the loss of the boars, our pure-bred stock was thus reduced to a single sow, and the perpetuation of the pure strain without further importations was rendered impossible. The death of the two boars was specially regretted, as the cross by them upon the native sows had proved a remarkable improvement in size, quick development, and general conformation over the inferior native scrub hog. The advantages derived from the use of a superior sire being more quickly demonstrated in hog breeding than in the breeding of animals of larger size, this work has met with greater manifestations of interest than has been shown in any of the other Hnes of animal breeding. Between the dates of their introduction and death, covering a period 12 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. of about IS months, Gl sows were bred to the two boars, and the pigs farrowed as a result of these breedings seem to possess the hardiness of the ordinary ishind type, wliile their distinct superiority may be recognized at sight. Prior to the time of death of the "boars the station was fortunate in having bred and raised a number of lialf- ]-)loo(l ])igs by one of these boars and out of a native sow and in having selected live of the sows, two of which were bred to the unrelated Berkshire boar before liis death, for breeding purposes. As a result of this latter cross we now have one very good young boar pig and two good young sow pigs, all carr3dng three-quarters of the Berkshire blood. The illustrations here^\"ith show the almost phenomenal improvernent of the type by the use of the Berksliire boar. Plate III, figure 1 shows native sow No. 1, the native parent of all the half- blood Berkshire hogs now owned by the station; Plate III, figure 2, illustrates the half Berkshire sow No. 22, a daughter of sow No. 1 ; and Plate III, figure 3, represents a three-quarter Berkshire boar, No. 37, a second generation descendant of native sow No. 1. POULTRY RAISING. The work of the past year in poultry raising has been specially interesting. Chicken pox has been less prevalent than it was during the preceding year. Artificial incubation has been practiced, with increased success. In handling the incubator it has been found that better hatches and stronger chicks are obtained by maintaining a temperature of from 100° to 101° F. in the egg chamber during the hatch than by running at a higher temperature. Two incubators, both of which are provided with hanging thermometers, have been employed in the work. Chicks hatched from the incubator in which the usual incubating temperature of 103° F. has been maintained begin to hatch on the nineteenth day, indicating the subjection of the eggs to undue heat during the hatch. The chicks, too, hatched under an incubating temperature of 103° F. often show less vitality than is the case wdth chicks hatched under a temperature of from 100° to 101° F. The results of two years' experimentation also indi- cate that chicks hatched during the cool dry season from November to March have much greater vitahty than those hatched at a later date in the dry season. The conclusion indicated in previous work that eggs intended for hatcliing should not be held under the usual conditions for more than a week prior to their being placed in the incubator have been further substantiated in experiments conducted during the past season. Tlie station has raised during the season just ended more than 550 chickens of the Brow^l Leghorn and Barred Plymouth Rock breeds, more than four-fifths of that number being of the former breed. I GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 13 Whether or not the introduced breeds are to prove well adapted to island conditions has not yet been determined. In the work con- ducted at the station the pure-blood fowls have given fidl promise of hardiness and have requhed no unusual amount of care, but in the hands of the native they have not given the same good account of themselves. Since the arrival of the first dozen hens and four cocker- els in October, 1911, over 100 dozen eggs have been distributed to private poultry owners free of charge, in order to test the breeds out thoroughly under prevaihng conditions in competition uTth the native fowl, and it is doubtful if more than 75 chickens were grown to maturity fi'om the entire distribution. Assuming that no unfore- seen misfortune overtakes us in the work prior to another favorable breeding season, the station should have a comparatively large number of young cockerels available, which it is hoped we vatII be able to sell or dispose of in such a manner as v\'ill best place them with fowls intended for breeding purposes and where they will not be associated \\-ith the native fighting cock, which would soon subdue them. A dissemination of male breeding birds, such as it is hoped will be possible, should prove of much value in improving the present strain. Tlie cross between the Brown Leghorn and the native fowl should prove hardy, and at the same time it should possess egg- laying qualities superior to those of the native hen, and the cross between the Plymouth Rock and the native strain should show the same advantage, in addition to increased size. A native strain of fowls, for which the native poultr3Tnen claim immmiity to chicken pox, exists on the island; and so much faith is shown by Chamorro farmers in the resistance of the strain to this disease that many are even fixed in the superstition that the presence of a cliicken of tliis type in a flock aids materially in preventing the loss of associated fowls. Very little credence is placed in these claims of an immune type, however, since so many of the beliefs of the average native planter are based wholly upon common superstition. Nevertheless, it is beheved that the crossing of our improved breeds upon the various hardy strains of native fowls is a particularly promising fine of work, as such a cross should result in a hardy type, better able to thi'ive under local environments than the pure-bred fowls now appear to be, and their egg-lapng tendencies should be more highly developed than are those of the ordinary native hen. The cross between the native chicken and the Plymouth Rock should show the same improvement with the additional advantage of greater size. Upon the arrival of the coming breeding season it is planned to inaugurate, in addition to the work with the pure breeds, a series of cross-breeding experiments using individuals of 14 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. the strain of native hens for which immunity is claimed as the native founthition to secure hardiness and a Plymouth Rock cock to give size and imjiroved egg-lanng quahties. A pen of hens of this native strain wll also be kept with a cock of the same strain with the ol)ject of obtaining a larger stock of this type for further cross-breeding work, and this test should disclose some facts relative to the disease- resistant powers of the strain. Individuals of this type have dark, slate-colored legs, a very dark skin, and are particularly distinguished by an unusually black flesh. There is a wide range of variation in the ])lumage of different birds, some having a sohd wliite, others a sohd black color, and still others being Idack with either silver or golden colored lacings on the neck feathers. The comb is poorly developed and of a very dark or a distinctly black color. As a whole the strain is mixed with few fixed characteristics, but some characters are generally j)resent which point to the Black PoUsh as its probable origin. Hens of an apparently related type but having a distinctly blue ])lumage resembling to some extent the Blue Andalusians are also common among native fowls. FORAGE CROPS. The need of nitrogenous feeding stuffs which can be successfully produced on the island is keenly felt. Paspalum dilatatum furnishes splendid pasturage and Para grass (Panicum raolle) yields an abmi- dance of green feed for soilmg purposes. Both of these grasses are signally adapted to conditions in Guam, being remarkably vigorous gi'owers duruig the wet season, and, on the other hand, possessing special drought-resistant qualities, rendering them valuable during periods of extremely dry weather. The first acre planted to Para grass after its introduction into Guam by this station has now been cropped constantly for two years and is still yielding good crops. The Paspalum has also been cropped for almost two years. This grass was originally transplanted from the seed bed to the field in rows 24 inches apart at intervals of 15 inches, and for two yeare it has been overstocked during all seasons of the year. Trampling when the soil is wet and muddy appears to have a tendency to spread it, and a good growth now occupies the entire field, the original rows being but indistinctly recognized among an almost solid growth of this grass. Grass is not, however, wholly satisfactory as an entire forage ration, and especially is this true in the management of milch cows and young growing stock. Much more successful results than are possible under the present system woidd be possible could the ration of grass be supplemented with some nitrogenous forage. To fill this want the peanut is the most promising crop that has been under trial at this station. This legume not only produces good GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15 yields of top growth which would supply the required forage high in protein but also yields good returns of nuts which could bo advan- tageously utilized as a hog feed. Field pumpkins have been grown successfully at the station durmg the past fiscal year and the crop produced was turned to good account as a stock feed. STUDIES OF GUAM KANGE PLANTS. GRASSES. The island of Guam with relation to its pasture conditions is natu- rally separated into two divisions — the northern section, which is covered with forests, and the southern section, consisting of an undu- lating plain covered with uncultivated grasses. Many of the clear- ings of the northern section are overgi'own with grasses and other species constituting excellent pasturage, whUe in the forests are found various shrubs and trees which also supply good, nutritious feed. This section is, however, poorly watered during the dry sea- son, and consequently all the largest cattle ranches are established on the savannas of the south, where an abundant supply of water is always available. One of the principal grasses of the savannas is Miscanthus Jioridulus , a coarse woody swordgrass known by the na- tive name of ''neti," which while young and tender furnishes good pasturage, especially for carabao, but becomes coarse and fibrous in the later stages of its growth. Along the river valleys and on the lowlands fringing the coast Andropogon aciculatus is the most im- portant species on the uncultivated range. This grass is called ^'ini- fooc," or "inifuk," and is a splendid pasture grass, but has the dis- advantage of being provided with adherent awns, which collect on the clothing of those coming in contact with them. These awns also pierce the legs of horses, causing, in the case of animals constantly on pasture, sores which quickly mend when the animals are removed to land free from this species. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) is also a good pasture grass where it grows on lowlands in more or less close proximity to river courses and other sources of abundant mois- ture. As a lawn grass, Bermuda has no equal in Guam, but it is sometimes crowded out by Centella asiatica, a creeping weed of the parsley family. Among the species which grow in the forests and other locations rendered unsuitable for many grasses by a partial shading of the soil are Centotheca latifolia, OplisTuenus compositus, and Pollinia glahrata. The following alphabetically arranged list includes all the species of the grass famUy included in the collection made by this station in cooperation with the Philippine bureau of science. (See also p. 20.) The list is known to be incomplete, and it is proba- ble that a comparatively large number of grasses of the Guam flora are unrepresented in our collection. 16 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Andropogon acirulatus. A. contort us. A. haUpcnsis (not widely distributed). A. sorghum. Bambiisn blumeana. B. nana. B. I' u I gar is. Cenchrus echinatus. Cenlotheca latifolia. Coix lachrrjma-johi. Cynodon dactijlon. Dactyloclenium aegyptiacum. Digitaria ciliaris. D. mariannensis n. sp., Merrill. D. sanguiiialis. Dimcria chloridi/ormis. D. omithopoda. Eleusine indica. Eragrostis tenella. Isachjemum longisetum n. sp., Merrill. /. rugosum. Isachne miliacea. Miscanthus fioridulus. Monerma repens. Oryza saliva. Oplismenus compositiis. Panicum ambiguum. P. colonum. P. distachyum. P. isachne. P. luzoniense. P. maximum. P. molle. Paspalum conjugatum. P. dilatatum. P. scrobiculatum. Phragmites karka. Pollinia glabrata. Saccharum officinarum. Setariaflava. Sporobolus indicus. S. virginicus. Zea mays. SEDGES. On the lowlands, and especially on wet, boggy soil, sedges of many species are found, sometimes in mixture with grasses and occasionally on excessively wetland, constituting a large percentage of the vegeta- tion. As a class the sedges are of much less importance than are the grasses, yet some species of this family are worthy of note as useful pasture plants, while others should be mentioned as weeds which crowd out and suppress more useful species. In the wet season, when the sedges are specially abundant, they furnish a very considerable amount of the lowland pasturage. They are of greater importance on ranges where carabao are pastured than on land where cattle are grazed, since animals of the former class naturally feed upon the coarser types of vegetation. The follownng is a list of the species of the sedge family now in the station collection : Carex fuirenoides . Cladium aromaticum n. sp., Merrill. C. gaudichaudii. Cyperus compressus. C. difformis. C. fiabelliformis . C. rolundus. Diplacrum caricinum. Eleocharis capitata. E. plantaginoides . Fimbrislylis complanata. F. diphylla. F. maxima. F. miliacea. F. spathacea. Fuirena umbellata. Kyllinga brevifolia. K. monocephala. Marisats cyperinus. M. stuppeus. Rynchospora corymbosa. R. wallichii. Stir pus erectus. ' Scleria la.ca. S. margaritifera. Toruliniumferax. An. Rpt. Guarr. Agr. Expt. Station, 1913. Plate III. Fig. 1.— Native Sow No. 1. Fig. 2.— Grade Sow No. 22, Daughter of Native Sow No. 1. ■ ij L 1 ^ ■^'jM P \ff:::^ nn^^y^ , 4' ., I _ .^^.j^^ 1 E mMM..:^si&^ muKv&iK'j'i m^^^^^^H ^a^ • -■ #'■« r j K . WW \ bM k sSI ^ JH^jj^l^!^ ^ p^"-* '■'ja '^■^''^ " ^^U|^w«£^^^^^|^ ^, ^ ■ r~ . ., 4 Pt ""' - - fa-- ■■ - -■*■■-"( --:.a•-«^^ S ~.- i . -. .-^ •"■' . ''-,■.■ ' -■'' ■ "^ ~--^" - ■ '""iSv- ^ •^. ,#.'-,';■/ **. ■^V-,^.-" ^... •■ -.. Fig. 3.— Boar Pig No. 37, Native Ancestor Two Generations Removed. An, Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1913. Plate IV. Fig. 1.— Inarched Mango in Flower. Fig. 2.— Fruit of Aberia gardnerii. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. l7 MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS. There is a large number of widely different plants in Guam which furnish feed for animals. Among these the breadfruit tree (Arto- carpus communis) is probably the most important. The succulent young growth bearing an abundance of leaves is cut and given to cattle, which eat the leaves with great relish. The practice of feeding the leaves of this tree is most commonly followed during the dry season when other forage is scarce. The false stems of bananas and plantains and the vmes of the sweet potato are also utilized for feed. On lowland sod Desmodium trijiora and D. Jieterophyllum are fomid associated with mixed grasses and often add much to the value of the pasture. In similar locations, though less common, Alysicarpus nuTYimularifolium is found. A twinmg plant of the morning-glory family (Merremia hederacea) for which cattle, hogs, and chickens show remarkable relish, makes luxuriant growth on newly cleared areas, as well as on cultivated lands. A somewhat similar vine {Ipomcea congesta) is also relished by stock. Cattle and carabao also feed upon the succulent stems and leaves of Commelina nudiflora, a weed that springs up m cultivated fields during the wet season. This plant is called "siempre viva" by the natives, and when it once becomes established on a tract of land it is very difficult to eradicate. ORCHARD NOTES. THE MANGO. The propagation of the ordinary Guam mango ( Mangifera indica) on the stock of the "Saipan" mango (M. odoratd), as outlined in our last report, has been continued. The method practiced in this propa- gation work was that of inarching by the system described by Oli- ver,^ and this method has proved both simple and practical. The system has special advantages over the usual cumbersome method of constructing supports for heavy potted plants not only in Guam but elsewhere within territory subject to severe windstorms. Seed- ling plants prepared by the Oliver system and firmly bound to the parent tree have been found to withstand the force of a severe typhoon during the process of uniting without injury when plants supported on a platform would have been destroyed. As has been mentioned in a previous report of this station, the time intervening between the planting of a seedling of the local variety of Mangifera indica and the fruiting of the tree varies from 12 to 20 years. In the work at the station inarched plants have flowered within four months from the time of inarching (PI. IV, fig. 1). Trees of that age are too young and lack suflicient development to support or ma- 1 Oliver, G. W. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 202. Ig GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. turo fruit without causing permanent injury to the tree, but the results indicate a tendency of this variety when inarched to early bearing, and it is believed that trees thus propagated will fruit as soon as they have size and strength suITicient to support a crop. A num- ber of native laborers have been instructed in the methods of inarch- int' and their training has enabled them to perform the operation successfully. Several new varieties have been introduced within the past year. These consist of the varieties Piri and Alphonse from Hawaii, and Bennett Best, Red Number Eleven, Singapur, and Totafari from Florida. ABERIA GARDNERII. Six plants of this jelly plant were introduced from Florida and planted at the station in 1911, and all but one plant, which w^as lost through transplanting to a new location on the station grounds some months later, have made rapid growth. Durmg the past year all these plants have flowered profusely, but only one has set fruit (PL IV, fig. 2). This one shrub has been remarkably prohfic, how- ever, and two good crops, with another nearing maturity at the close of the })eriod covered by this report, have been gathered from it duruig the year. The first crop was harvested during the first w^eek m January and the second crop of 417 fruits was gathered about the middle of April. It is beheved that had not the fruit been tampered •with by visitors the number would have exceeded 500 at pickmg time. A limited supply of seedlings of this new fruit have been started and will soon be available for distribution, though it is probable that plants propagated from the fruiting specmien at the station by some asexual method would return the best results. The above ])lants and those of A. caffra were planted at the same time. Plants of the latter species have not yet shown indications of fruiting. CITRUS FRUITS. The imported trees of the Mediterranean Sweet orange. Triumph pomelo, and Eureka lemon have not given entire satisfaction, due, it is believed, to unfavorable soil conditions of the tract upon which they were grown. These trees were mtroduced from California durmg the fiscal year 1910, and smce that time many of the trees have been lost from a disease, probably ''gum disease," which is prevalent among citrus trees throughout the island. The soil of the station is a very heavy clay and has not adequate drainage for carrymg off the excessive waters of the wet season. This condition is thought to have rendered the disease more fatal than it would have been under more favorable environments. The disease has attacked all species, bemg GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 19 most pronounced in the case of the lemon and least mjurious in case of the orange. Such orange trees as have not been seriously affected by this disease have made satisfactory growth and were carrjang their first fruits at the close of the fiscal year. A further introduction consisting of a few trees each of Valencia Late, Ruby Blood, and Navel oranges, Marsh Seedless pomelo, and Villa Franca lemon, have been obtamed during the past fiscal year, and these were planted on a different location, which it is hoped will prove better suited to their gi'owth. ANNONAS. A few seedUngs of the cherimoya (Annona cJierimoJa) were obtained through the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction of this department near the close of the pre^dous fiscal year. The growth of these plants during the first few months led to the behef that the possibilities of success could be increased by working these seedhngs upon the stocks of some of the various species of Annona that are common on the island, and experiments leading to that end were begun. Seedlings of A. chenmola were found to unite readily with those of both the bullock's heart {A. reticulata) and the sour-sop (.4. muricata), and several inarched plants of the new species on these two stocks are now available for planting. It has been observed at this station that there is a general tendency for nursery plants to grow tall and leggy wdth insufficient strength to support their weight, especially in the event of strong winds, and in order to grow good, stocky plants severe top pruning or heading in should be practiced regularly. MISCELLANEOUS INTRODUCTIONS. Among a number of new fruit introductions that have been sue- cessfully made during the past year, passing notice should be given the star apple {ChrysophyTlum cainito) , the akee tree (Cupania sapida) , the Surinam cherry (Eugenia unijlora), the Barbados cherry {Mal- ■pigli la glabra) , the Spanish lime ( Melicocca bijuga) , the ceriman ( Mon- stera deliciosa), the strawberry guava (Psidium cattle yanum) , and the Otaheite apple (Spondias dulcis) . Various other economic plants, of which the algaroba tree {Prosopis jullfiora), the Panama-hat plant {Carludovica palmata), the cocaine plant (Erythroxylon coca), Euca- lyptus alba, vanilla {Vanilla planifolia) , and Xanthosoma sagittifolium are a portion, have been introduced successfully %\dthin the year. A white flowered variety of "cadena de amor" (Antigonoii leptopus), a yellow flowered variety of Csesalpinia pulcherrima new to the island, Honolulu holly (Schinus sp.), and the oak-leaved papaya (Carica quercifolia) have also been received. 20 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BOTANICAL COLLECTION. Aftor considerable correspondence during the preceding fiscal year between Mr. E. D. Merrill, botanist of the Bureau of Science of the Philipjnne government, and the special agent in charge of this sta- tion in an effort to secure a native collector from the Phihppines, it was found impossible to obtain the services of a satisfactory man from that place, consequently !Mr. R, C. McGregor, of the above- mentioned bureau, came to Guam and with a native laborer from this station as helper collected specimens of the flora of Guam during a month of his vacation period. The material collected during that period amounted to 283 numbers. At the end of this time the native laborer had received sufficient training to enable him to continue the work, and material amounting to 480 numbers was subsequently collected and this was forwarded to Mr. Merrill for identification. In this work each number taken included sufficient material for several sheets, and Mr. IMerrill very liberally agreed to return to this station one identified specimen of each number mounted on a standard herbarium sheet. This arrangement has given the station possession of an incomplete but valuable herbarium collection of the plants of Guam at a very nominal expense. The work has been very inter- esting in that not only has a large number of species not previously known to exist in Guam been found, but that one new genus of the myrtle family and some forty odd species of different famiUes pre- viously unknown to science have been described from the collection. WORK WITH THE HONEYBEE. During the fiscal year to which this report apphes considerable prominence has been given the work of encouraging the adoption of modern and improved methods of handling the honeybee. As was mentioned in the report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1912, all the honeybees on the island of Guam have descended from a single queen bee introduced by the naval government from Honolulu in the 3-ear 1907. In order to infuse new blood into the stock the sta- tion has introduced several queens during the course of the past fiscal year. An equipment of modern supplies suitable for the man- agement of a small apiary has been obtained by the station and the use of these suppfies is being demonstrated for the benefit of those interested in the work. A simple method of transferring bees from the crude box hive in common use to the modern movable frame hive has been devised by the modification and adaptation of a method ^ in use by some apia- rists for hiving colonies from hollow trees. The preparation for trans- ' Root, A.I. and E. R. A B C and X Y Z of Bee Culture. Medina, Ohio. I GUAM AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21 ferring by this method requires the construction of a bee-tight box pro^aded A\ath a door, or removable end, sufficiently large to permit the introduction of the box hive from which the colony is to be trans- ferred. In one end of this box a Porter bee escape is arranged, and after the box hive has been introduced, a Langstroth hive M^th a nucleus and a fertile laying queen is placed Avdth its entrance not farther distant than a few inches from the bee escape. The bees from the box hive pass out through the bee escape, but being imable to return through it they find their way into the decoy hive near by. The box hives in use in Guam are of widely different sizes and styles, as almost any available empty box that may be conveniently ob- tained when needed is used as a hive. Many of these boxes are so loosely constructed that cracks large enough to serve as beeways are found between the boards on all sides, and the cover is generally nailed fast to the box. The transfer of a colony of bees from a box hive of this class is very unsatisfactory unless some method of induc- ing or forcing the bees to abandon the old hive and take possession of the new one is practiced. The method employed at this station is necessarily slow, requiring a month or more in which to transfer a colony, but there are conditions under which the loss of a little time is no great disadvantage, and under such conditions the above method renders possible the transfer and utilization of specially strong and valuable colonies which would be of little value in their original box hive. The colonies in the station apiary have shown unusually rapid increase. On December 1, 1912, the station had but 2 good, strong colonies, and at the close of the fiscal year, just 7 months later, this number had increased to 15 good colonies. SOME HONEY PLANTS OF GUAM. Since the first colony of honeybees was obtained by this station in October, 1911, observations were made of some of the flowers from which honey was being collected. The coconut palm is one of the principal honey-producing plants of the island. Under favorable conditions this palm flowers almost continuously, and during the dry season when few other honey-producing plants are in bloom it fur- nishes practically all the honey gathered by the bees. Bees also fre- quent open bamboo joints in which tuba, the sap of the coconut palm, is being collected, and are able to extract a certain amount of saccharin matter from this liquid wliich is used in comparatively large quan- tities as a beverage and in the preparation of various products such as su'up, sugar, vinegar, and alcohol. The "cadena de amor" or chain of love vine (Antigonon leptopus), a beautiful flowering vine, is a splendid honey plant, but in Guam its occurrence is not sufiicieutiy 22 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. cxtcjisive to render it of any great importance to the beekeeper. Corn is sometimes visited by bees in large numbers, but it is probable that they are attracted largely for the pollen which this plant provides. The Ceara rubber tree (Manihot glaziovii) would seem to be a heavy yiclder of honey from observations taken on a single specimen tree at this station. The tree flowers for a period covering several months in the year and during clear weather while the flowers are open great numbers of bees swarm about the tree collecting honey. This tree has flowered at the station in 15 months from the time the seeds were planted. The "camachili " {PitJiecolohium dulce) is also visited by bees under certain conditions. This tree is common on the island and jflowers during the dry season when the honey flow is light. During the past year trees at the station have borne a mass of flowers throughout a long season. These trees have been constantly under observation Ax-ith relation to their attraction for the honeybee, and the latter has been found working on them only a few times during the entire season and only in the early morning hours. The kapok tree {Ceiba pentandra) is also a good honey-yielding plant. It flowers during the early part of the dry season. This tree does not bear a profusion of bloom. "Siempre viva" is the native name for a small decumbent plant (CommeliTia nudijlora) bearing a light-blue flower wliich is visited by bees in large numbei-s dm-ing the early morjiing hours. In Guam this plant springs up during the wet season and blooms during the months of September, October, and November. TEMPERATURE RECORDS. Records of maximum and minimum temperatures at the Guam station throughout the year ending June 30, 1913, are shown in the following charts (figs. 5 and 6) : GUAM AGKICULTUKAL EXPEKIMENT STATION. 23 X ^ 9S 90 <«5 SO 7S 70 SS 90 35 eo 70 /o /s £0 £S 30 f . ■ N / «. / *» S N s J V i \/ ^ ^- ^ ryt ?u r/ <^ 'O f/' r \ J / f \ - - r \ 1 > \ - ^ S - y s s / - s / > - •> \ ^ _ ^ / \ h M M I 1 \ / > ^ li % %< 95 90 &S eo 7S 70 90 95 \ \lao V 7S 70 90 65 eo 7S \ 70 ■N, ^ - »* ^ s / s s i \ ^ - ^ s i ^ / / ^. -^ ^ \ f S \ \ / / \ / f s S / V ^ \ d \ } N s^ / s \ 4 S / *> \ / »« V / f I /. . ■ — V s ^ ^ s 95 "S s^ / ««, s /V r. \, {\ / "■n \, r \/ ^ \, 1 "'\ \/^ s/ \ / j?/n \/ \ \ > V 7S 70 ^ \ u i f\ 4 \ ^\ s/ -■! k 4 r ^ "■ 1 1 //v 1 ■ ^_. '" ^ / \ f N ^ ' V' 11.., ">^- "^/^ /v /'^^\ /\ V 1 '^ ^-' \/ '^'"^iv'^V 1 1 1 1 /-.^-s^ ^S ^^ . /J aJAa-. ^' T(T\ ^ ^ / «« i K \ / V r =7. Jf \ ^ s - -^ \ / s /" N ^ \ ^ »» V \ L ^ y ' ^ <* V / ^ \4 1 r L L s /■ ^ s / »^ s y »' V Fig. 5.— Temperatures at Guam Station, July to December, 1912. 24 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1 l< 1^ r 9o as so 7S ro 90 es so 7£r TO /O /S £0 PS ^O A /^^JC/Z^CJ/^ ~ ~^- ~ \ /''' >S_ - -j-^ ^ \ i k > _ s / f - ^ 4. r. / \ / s V A f > s« / N ^ *l" •* - / s \ J \ / L i < ^ <* ~ > ^ ™ ^ / \ ^ s r ■// 'A /. f > / \ J so ao 7S 70 9S 90 7S yo 9S 90 SS eo -"--;------- ";^s:p ::::::_::!::-::::. /<^^^. \j IS ^' s^s A ^ """ \/^ ^^-""^^^rWsf ^^ ^ -e y^^,/: A^^X. 'Wt^ yy\t\,^ ,,/-S_-^y^-^S^ s^^-^Ls ^ /v^>r. S/ ^'^^^'^S, ^s^^- s^-s«^V^-!^""^ m'^m 75^ Fig. 6.— Temperatures at Guam Station, January to June, 1913. O ii Issued July 8, 1916. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, A. C. HARTENBOWER, Agronomist in Charge. REPORT OF THE GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1915. UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF STATES RELATIONS SERVICE, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1916. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ISLAND OF GUAM. [Under the supervision of A. C. True^ Director of the States Relations Service, United States Department of Agriculture.] E. W. AxLEN, Chief of Office of Experiment Stations. Walter H. Evans, Chief of Division of Insular Stations, Office of Experiment Stations. STATION STAFF. A. C. Haktenboweb, Agronomist in Charge. L. B. Barber, Veterinarian and Animal Husbandman. Peter Nelson, Assistant. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Guam Agrictjltural Experiment Station, Island of Guam^ July 21^^ 1915. Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of the Guam Agricultural Experiment Station, 1915, Very respectfully, A. C. Hartenbower, Agronomist in Charge. Dr. A. C.-True, Director States Relations Service., U. S. Department of Agriculture^ Washington.^ D. C. Publication recommended. A. C. True, Director. Publication authorized. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. I CONTENTS Page. Report of the agronomist in charge 7 Introduction 7 New experiments undertaken 7 Proposed experiments 8 Improvements and repairs 8 The Cotot stock farm 11 Horticultural work 12 Seed and plant introduction 13 Seed and plant distribution 14 Livo-stock work 15 Farm-crops work 16 Corn experiments 16 Cotton experiments 18 Forage-crop studies 19 Para grass (Panicum moUe) 19 Feterita and kafir - 20 Cowpeas and soy beans - -,- - - 20 Soil tests with Paspalum dilatatum 21 Pasture crops for hogs 22 Acknowledgment 23 Report of the animal husbandman and veterinarian 23 Breeding experiments 23 Pig-feeding experiment 24 Live stock disease investigations 25 Cattle diseases 25 Tick fever 25 Liver flukes (Fasciola hepa(ica) 30 Stomach worms of cattle 33 Diseases of swine 33 The common lard worm 33 Lungworms 33 Diseases of poultry 34 White diarrhea 34 Chicken pox or sorehead 35 Cholera 36 Diphtheritic roup 36 Internal parasites of poultry 38 Tapeworms, common roundworms, and ceca worms 38 Stomach worms 39 The eye worm 40 External parasites of poultry 41 Apicultural notes 41 5 ILLUSTRATIONS, PLATES. Page. Plate I. Fig. 1. — Station residence. Fig. 2. — Enlarged poultry plant 8 II. Fig. 1. — Para grass at Inarajan. Fig. 2. — Hedge and ornamental plants at Inarajan 8 III. Fig. 1. — Type of Guam corn used in improvement experiments. Fig. 2. — Egyptian Yuma cotton 16 IV. Fig. 1. — Hogs pasturing on cowpeas. Fig. 2. — Paspalum dilatatum during drought 16 V. Fig. 1. — Pigs fed on native feeds. Fig. 2. — Pigs fed on imported feeds 24 VI. Fig. 1.— Effect of tick infestation, Fannie. Fig. 2.— Effect of tick infestation, Harry Gray 24 VII. Poultry diseases in Guam 36 TEXT FIGURES. Fig. 1. Temperature chart of Willowmoor Red Rose 27 2. Temperature chart of John Gray 28 3. Temperature chart of Harry Gray 28 4. Wormandeggsfromchicken'sstomach (probably Tetrameresfissispinus). 40 6 COLLEGE OFilAGR^CULTU^T REPORT OF THE GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERT ' MENT STATION, 1915. REPORT OF THE AGRONOMIST IN CHARGE. By A. C. Hartenboweb. INTRODUCTION. During the past fiscal year the equipment in small buildings, water system, live stock, pastures, feeds, machinery, plants, seeds, etc., was extended so as to enable the station to undertake more detailed ex- perimental work and to be of consequently broader usefulness to the native ranchers of Guam. It was realized at the beginning of the year that the equipment was not sufficient in amount to permit the carrying out of such experi- mental work in agronomy, animal husbandry, horticulture, and veterinary medicine as seemed desirable. Necessarily, therefore, the greater portion of the time of those connected with the station has been occupied not only in carrying on the experimental work already in progress, but also in arranging details for starting the new experi- ments planned. Until near the end of the fiscal year, no new experi- ments were started, except with corn, cotton, hog feeding, and disease investigations. NEW EXPERIMENTS UNDERTAKEN. The following projects were approved and experiments were started on them during the year, or the equipment arranged for start- ing them about July 1, 1915 : AgroThomy. — Cotton : Variety tests, cultural methods, and improve- ment. Corn : Variety tests and improvement. Rice : Variety and fer- tilizer tests. Alfalfa : Soil and inoculation tests. Cowpeas and soy beans: Variety and inoculation tests; value for hog pastures. Para grass : Studies of production and fertilizer tests. Horticulture. — Vegetables: Variety and fertilizer tests; loss of vitality of seeds under Guam conditions; effect of Guam conditions in the degeneration of vegetables. Lemons and oranges: Improve- ment by asexual methods. Coconuts: Variety and fertilizer tests; cultivation ; gi"owth in combination with different pasture grasses. 34609°— 16 2 7 8 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Animal hush amir y.—Qoconwis as feed for young chicks; effects of tick infestation on the temperature and growth of native Guam cattle : effects of tick infestation on imported cattle, together with a study of methods of tick eradication; normal temperatures of horses, cattle, and carabao in Guam; coconuts and breadfruit v. corn and shorts in hog feeding; native rations v. imported rations for egg pro- duction ; cowpeas, soy beans, peanuts, and Para grass as pastures for hogs. Veterinaiy medicine. — A study of the live-stock diseases of Guam. PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS. The following experiments have been outlined and will be started during the first six months of the next fiscal year: Tobacco: Variety, fertilizer, and insect enemy studies. Horse feeding: Para grass v. alfalfa hay. Silos: Value; keeping qualities of silage under Guam conditions. IMPROVEMENTS AND REPAIRS. The improvements made during the year were such as to enable the station to take up further investigational work, provide protec- tion for live stock, machinery, tools, medicines, etc., and permit orderly care, as well as improve the station's appearance in general. The different buildings were repainted, it being recognized that their durability was increased thereby. A 12 by 18 foot addition was built to the carriage and wagon shed. This addition was divided into two parts, one part serving for a tool room and the other for a medicine and veterinary instrument room. The tool room with its shelves and holders permits a sys- tematic arrangement, and as it is under the care of but one man w^ho uses a check system with the other laborers, the loss and misplacing of tools seems to have ended. The medicine room is equipped with shelves and a table, and as soon as possible a sink will be put in. Until recently, there has been no provision for brooding chicks after taking them from the incubator. In order to relieve that situ- ation a brooder house 30 by 6^ feet was constructed. It is divided into three sections of equal size, 10 by 6^ feet, and each section has a run 10 by 10 feet made of 1-inch mesh galvanized w^ire, with 3 by 4 inch posts and 1 by 6 inch baseboards set in concrete for support- ing the wire. Gasoline heaters with homemade galvanized-iron hovers are ready to be installed for providing artificial heat when needed. To go with the brooder house, three growing coops, 4| by 6 feet, were built in accordance with the plan adopted by the department for its poultry farm at Beltsville, Md. The only variation from the above plan consisted in making one door open downward and the Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1915. Plate I, Fig. 1.— Station Residence. Fig. 2.— Enlarged Poultry Plant. Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1915. Plate II. Fig. 1.— Para Grass at Inarajan. Fig. 2.— Hedge and Ornamental Plants at Inarajan. GUAM AGRICULTUKAL ?:XPEEIMENT STATION. 9 other upward, thereby providing for the entrance of more sunshine and for the elimination of drafts when the door is open. Runs of an average size of 35 by 75 feet have been built around each of the coops. An addition was also made to the equipment for the breeding and laying flocks. This gives the station 13 hen runs. These w^ill be utilized as follows : Six for breeding flocks of pure breds, cross breds, and natives; 4 for experimental work in feeding for egg production; 2 for laying flocks of Brown Leghorns; and 1 for a laying flock of the No. 11 cross-bred chickens, the most promising laying strain of chickens containing native Guam blood. Trap nests which the station had on hand were installed in April, and, after being slightly changed, they are now giving satisfaction. The accompanying illustration shows the enlarged poultry plant of the station. (PL I, fig. 2.) Two portable goat houses, each 6 feet wide by 8 feet long by 6| feet high at the front and 5^ feet at the back, with corrugated galvanized- iron roofs, were built near the end of the fiscal year. A 6-by-8-foot portable hog house was also built, and material was purchased for another. Four farrowing pens, with board floors made in two sec- tions and with railings around the sides, were constructed in the station's concrete hog house. A shed 30 by 8^ feet with a galvanized- iron roof was erected in the new mare pasture to protect the mares from the hot sun of the dry seasons and from the heavy rains in the wet seasons. A new shingle roof was placed upon the station residence. (PI. I, fig. 1.) Shingle roofs have not been used in Guam, and the experi- ment at this station should prove of value. The shingles used were of California redwood, and before being laid they w^ere given treat- ments of coal tar or linseed oil, or both, and all Avere then painted Avith coal tar after being laid 3| inches to the weather. The cost of • the shingle roof was considerably less than if galvanized roofing had been again used. Considerable attention was given to improving the hill on which the station residence is located. The hill was cleared of weeds and brush, grass was planted, and concrete steps built. Soil from one side of the hill was spread about 2 feet thick on top of the cascajo (gravel) and Bermuda grass was planted as a lawn before the house. Walks were put in and a hedge of Barleria cristata was planted around the house. Flowering shrubs were later added to the lawn. The water supply of the station during the dry seasons had become entirely inadequate. Not only was the flow of less than 400 gallons of water per day in the old, open, unwalled well insufficient foi- the 10 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. bare needs of the station's live stock, but also the water obtained was badly contaminated. Irripiting directly from the well had become impossible, and almost all of the water used on the garden and trees durino- the dry seasons was hauled some distance. A reliable water siij^ply was, therefore, of the greatest importance. About March 15 work was started on a new well in the bed of the Masso River, where in normal seasons during about five months of the year there is no flowing water. The digging was continued to a depth of about 21 feet below the surface of the ground, or 11 feet below the bed of the river. A recent test show^ed that the well would supply at least 0,000 gallons of water each 24 hours. To prevent contamination and caving in, the well was inclosed with a 6-inch concrete wall, with a concrete slab on top. The new well has an almost inestimable value to the station. The live stock is assured of pure water, and during dry seasons light irrigations can be given to the orchards and gar- dens, and possibly to the hog pastures. Since the well has given such large supplies of water at the end of a dry season of exceptional intensity, there would seem to be no doubt but that the water problem is solved for the present. In order to pump the water into the station's concrete reservoir, of about 20,000 gallons capacity, situated on a hill about 85 feet above the well, a 2-horsepower engine, directly connected to a pump, was installed and a 2-inch direct pipe laid from the pump to the reservoir. Almost all of the fences on the station farm were rebuilt during the past fiscal year. The posts, of native timbers, were badly rotted and the woven-wire fencing was being tw^isted and ruined. New^ fence posts were obtained from forests near the station and from the Cotot stock farm. Past experience has served to show, however, that the native-timber posts, commonly used, last only about 2 years. To overcome the necessity of replacing fence posts, the station com- menced to use reinforced concrete posts during the past year. Con- crete posts cost about 40 cents each, and this low cost, combined with their proved durability, makes them especially desirable. About 100 posts were made, and as the w^ooden posts in the permanent lines of fence rot out they will be replaced gradually by concrete ones. During the year 3 new pasture lots were provided. A hog pasture, embracing 2 lots and containing about 3 acres of productive, w^ell- drained soil, was fenced with galvanized woven-wire fencing on posts set 8 feet apart. The lots will be planted to Para grass and annual pasture crops. A goat pasture of 2 lots was inclosed on high, well- drained timberland, which has proved satisfactory from every stand- point. The third pasture was fenced for the station mares. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 11 THE COTOT STOCK FARM. As was briefly noted in the last annual report of the station, near the end of the fiscal year 1914 a stock farm was purchased in the district of Cotot. This farm is located about 10 miles, by wagon and trail, south and east of this station. The long distance, com- bined with the generally poor condition of the road to Cotot, made the transportation of material for needed improvements difficult. The first improvement undertaken was the inclosing of a pasture of about 150 acres of native grasses and timber. Woven-wire fence, 42 inches in height, with two strands of barbed wire on top, was fastened to native timber posts deeply set in the soil. About half of the fenced area is lowland, covered with timber and underbrush, and the other half is medium lowland, growing excellent native grass. The water supply is excellent, there being two ever-flowing streams running through the pasture. It is generally considered in Guam that the lowland pastures are most valuable in the dry season in normal years, while for the wet season the higher lands are prefer- able. But though the pasture at Cotot compares favorably with the best native pastures of Guam, yet it has proved far from satisfactory during the past season, which was characterized by a drought of exceptional duration and severity. Fifteen native cows and one of the station's pure-bred bulls, Harry Gray, were sent to Cotot December 29, 1914. Some of the cows, especially those with young calves, are in poor condition at this time, and the others have done only fairly well. The young bull, as the report of the animal husbandman and veterinarian shows in detail (see p. 28), did very poorly, and it became necessary to bring him back to the station on February 13, 1915. By the end of the fiscal year the bull had regained about a third of the 145 pounds lost and he was returned to Cotot on June 30. It was doubtless true that the principal cause of the bull's loss in weight came from tick infesta- tion and not necessarily from the native pasturage alone. The bull is now being kept relatively free from ticks, and grain, in addition to the native pasturage, is provided for him. The experience of the past season with the native grasses and underbrush for pasturing live stock at Cotot has clearly shown the necessity of substituting for them the proved introduced pasture grasses, such as PaspaluTn dilatatum and Para {PanicuTYi molle). With this end in view, sufficient land has been cleared for planting about one-half acre of each grass during the coming wet season to provide grass roots for use in planting larger areas in the wet season of 1916. Near the end of the fiscal year a three-room house was constructed for the foreman. 12 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The station is fortunate in obtaining Mr. Barbour for foreman of the Cotot farm. His training at the station for some three years served to give him a good idea of the methods of handling live stock, and he should obtain satisfactory results from experimental work at Cotot during the coming year. The major portion of the station's study of the effect of ticks upon native cattle, as well as orchard and vegetable experiments, will be carried on there. It is planned to use Cotot not only as a place for the surplus live stock of this station but also as a situation for testing, under such conditions as any native may have, methods of handling live stock and growing crops. This will be in addition to the experimental work conducted. From the standpoint of soil, the new farm offers advantages over the home station, where the heavy soils and poor drainage make the production of citrus fruits extremely difficult. At Cotot there are lighter soils, and it seems a fair conclusion that citrus fruits will do well. Cotot will also furnish soil types for testing trees, field crops, etc. , HORTICULTURAL WORK. In the horticultural experiments, work on methods of mango propa- gation and vegetable growing has been continued without any further important data being noted. As has been stated in former reports of this station, these two experiments have been conducted more as demonstrations to the natives than for the experimental data obtained. However, this work will be placed more upon an experimental basis in the hope of establishing several points that need investigation. In the shading experiment conducted for the purpose of reducing, if possible, the pungency of peppers during the dry season, the results of the past season's work go to show that the shading has little, if any, effect upon the pungency. This experiment, however, gave ^aluable information as to the effect of shading in increasing the yield and improving the quality of peppers. For this reason, during the next dry season not only will the work with peppers be continued, but the effect of shading on other vegetable crops will also be studied. The past wet season brought out strongly the fact that the heavy soil and consequent poor drainage of the regular garden plats made it possible to grow but few vegetables during the months of August, September, October, and a part of November. Therefore, about June 1 of this vear, a new wet-weather garden was cleared and pre- pared for planting. The past dry season held so long that the new garden had not been planted at the end of the fiscal year. The comparative yields of the sidehill garden and the present lowland garden should give valuable data for Guam vegetable growers. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 13 SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION. The plant introduction work has received considerable attention because it is fully realized that Guam produces neither the kinds nor the amounts of the different tropical fruits and vegetables that it should. An orchard has been laid out on the site of a former orchard at the station. The situation selected is considered desir- able, and with good care given to the trees this station should be able successfully to add many tropical fruits and vegetables to the list now grown in Guam. Most of the seeds and trees introduced were received near the end of the fiscal year, and few of them had been planted in their permanent situations at the end of the year. Through the cooperation of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, the following plants were introduced : Plants imported. Name of plant. Aleuritessp Amygdalus davidiana. A raiia cordata Bambvsa sp Baryiylum inerme Campomancsia sp Carissa grandiflora Citrus spp. (6 species) Citrus hystrix Clauseria lansium Diospyros kaki Number of plants. 6 5 5 5 5 1 6 26 3 6 1 Name of plant. Diospyros montana Elephantorrhiza elephantiiM Feijoa sellowiana Grdgia sp Afyrciaria edulis Myrciaria cauliflora Pdssi flora ligularis Passi/lora maliformis Pecan, Van Deman PhyUostachys sp Ziziphusjujuba Number of plants. 4 25 6 3 4 5 5 6 6 5 6 In addition to the plants mentioned above, the following varieties of seeds were introduced during the year : Seeds imported. Name of plant. Quan- tity. Source. Alfalfa, common pounds. . Beans, soy bags.. Beans, velvet pounds.. Botor tetragonoloba packets.. Chickpeas, 9 varieties and strains bags. . Cotton: Caravonica "wool" bagj. Cleveland do.. Columbia do.. Cook do. Covington-Toole do. . Egyptian Gila do.. Egyptian Pima do Egyptian Yuma do Do do.. Hartsville do Improved Blue Ribbon do Lone Star do.. Mebane Triumph do.. Roundnose do . . Seabrook, 3 selections '^ags. . 5 2 2 3 16 Germain Seed Co., Los Angeles, Cal. J. B. Thompson, Nagasaki, Japan. Morse & Co., San Francisco, Cal. Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry. Do. Hawaii Experiment Station. Alabama Experiment Station. Hawaii Experiment Station. Alabama Experiment Station. Do. Saeaton, Ariz.' Do.i Do.i Hawaii Experiment Station. Alabama Experiment Station. South Carolina Experiment Station. A. M. Ferguson, Sherman, Tex. Alabama Experiment Station. A. M. Ferguson, Sherman, Tex. Florida Experiment Station. 'Through the cooperation of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. 14 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Seeds imported — Continued. Name of plant. Cowpeas, Whippoorwill pounds . Feterita packages. Grasses: Hrome pounds . Orchard do... Kedtop do. . . Sheep fescue do. . . Muskmelon, 27 varieties packets. Rice: Ceylon No. 19 package . Chinese, 2 varieties packages. Japanese, 3 varieties do . . . Hawaiian package . Watermelon, 8 varieties packets. Watermelon, 2 varieties do... Quan- tity. 2 4 2 2 80 1 2 3 1 24 Source. Morse & Co., San Francisco, Cal. Office of Cereal Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. Morse & Co., San Francisco, Cal. Do. Do. Do. Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry. Hawaii Experiment Station. Do. Do. Do. Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry. Germain Seed Co., Los Angeles, Cal. SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION. The demand upon the station for fruit and ornamental trees, garden and farm crop seeds, and grass roots has shown a marked increase, and, except in the case of the grass roots, has greatly ex- ceeded the supplies available. A few illustrations will serve to emphasize the increase in this phase of the station's activities: Some important seed and plant distributions. Name of plant. Lima bean, seed packets. String bean, seed do. . . Carrot, seed do. . . Watermelon, seed do. . . Para ^ass, roots sacks. Barleriacristata plants. Mango trees . Quantity dis- tributed. 1915 610 1,375 477 573 115 990 202 1914 25 220 107 210 10 160 160 The increase in all other material distributed has been propor- tionately large where it has been at all possible to meet the demand. In addition to the seeds and plants noted in the above list, the following kinds have been distributed during the year : Garden seeds: Cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, muskmelon, okra, pepper, pumpkin, radish, and squash. Field-crop seeds: Chickpea, cowpea, feterita, kafir, sorghum, and soy bean. Grass roots : Paspalwm diiatatwm. Fruits: Aheria gardnerii, avocado seedlings, bananas, Carissa ardu- ina (grandifiora), and papayas. GUAM AGRICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15 Ornamentals: Bauhinia sp., Ccxsalpmia sp., Cestrum nocturnum^ crepe myrtle. Gardenia jasmmoldes, different varieties of hibiscus, Prosopis iidifora, and Taherncemontana grandifiora. Xear the end of the fiscal year, with the advent of plentiful water supplies at the station for irrigating purposes, about 5,000 cuttings and several hundred seeds of ornamental plants were started, and several hundred seeds of mangoes, avocados, and cacao were planted. The station's pineapple and banana fields were extended during the year to provide a larger number of plants for distribution. An area of more than one-half acre has been set aside as a tree nursery in order to provide satisfactory conditions for growing cuttings and plants from the time they are well started until they are sufficiently large to distribute. The increase in seed and plant distribution comes largely because of the cooperation between the station and the police department of the naval government of the island. It was evident near the beginning of the past fiscal year that the station could distribute considerable quantities of seeds and plants in the different portions of the island, but there was no assurance that the material put out would be planted and cared for properly. The police department has patrolmen in the different localities, and these men take strong interest in improving conditions under their charge. Furthermore, the head of the department, Capt. E. H. Ellis, United States Marine Corps, fully recognizes the need of improving agricultural conditions and of beautifying the island, and the cooperation has largely resulted through his offers of assistance. To Corpl. H. G. Horn- bostel. United States Marine Corps, chief forester of Guam, has fallen the immediate supervision of the planting and attention to much of the material from this station, and Mr. Hornbostel deserves much credit for his efforts in this work. The cooperation has re- sulted in assuring not only the careful planting of the material obtained, but also proper care on the part of the natives of the material planted. As heretofore, a record is kept in the station files of the names of the persons to whom material is distributed, and notes and photographs obtained from time to time are also filed. Plate II shows flowering plants. Para grass, and hedge plants {Bar- leria cristata) that were distributed during the dry season at Inaraj an, Guam. LIVE-STOCK WORK. The breeding experiments with horses, cattle, hogs, goats, and chickens have been continued along the same lines as heretofore. It has been uniformly noted that the station's pure-bred sires bring about a marked improvement in the native live stock even in the first generation, although from the standpoint of hardiness a certain per- 34609'— 16 3 16 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. centage of native blood, yet to be determined in the case of each kind of live stock, appears to be desirable. It is hoped that at the end of one more year's Avork some definite conclusions can be deduced from the breeding experiments. The effect of inbreeding has become strongly noticeable in the sta- tion's hogs and chickens. It is therefore pleasing to note that near the end of this fiscal year arrangements were made for the shipment of hogs, goats, and chickens from the United States to the station early in the coming year. An effort is being made to increase the usefulness of the station sires in improving the live stock on the island. In this particular it seems necessary to take the sires directly to the different sections of the island rather than to expect the natives to bring their animals to the station for breeding. Relatively few live-stock owners in Guam appreciate the value of live-stock improvement or care greatly Avhether they breed their stock to " scrub " or pure-bred animals. The station's half-breed Ayrshire bull, John Ehodes, was kept in Agana. Guam, for several months, and about June 20 he was moved from Agana to Merizo, Guam, the maximum number of cows, four per week, as set by this station, having been bred thus far. During the next fiscal year more breeding sires will be available, and they will be sent to different sections of the island. During the past year the station sold few young animals, and it now has a sufficient number for some experimental investigations. In the case of the hogs, most of the brood sows were getting old. and there were no young sows to replace them. During the next fiscal 3^ear almost all of the station's live stock will be serving some experi- mental end, aside from the breeding investigations. Furthermore, the increase in the number of breeding animals kept will result in a marked increase in the number of young animals the station will have available for distribution to interested ranchers. There have been many requests for improved live stock, and it is doubtful whether the station will be able to meet the demand even with the increased number of breeding animals available. rARM-CROPS WORK. CORX- EXPERIMENTS. The prevailing market price for native-grown, dry, shelled corn in Guam during the past year has been about 2^ cents a pound, or $1.-10 per bushel. At that price few growers were unable to market their crop as soon as their corn was sufficiently dry. Guam natives are corn eaters, and ground corn made into tortillas may truly be said to be their " staff of life." Still, corn production per acre is low, 20 Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1915. Plate III. Fig. 1.— Type of Guam Corn Used in Improvement Experiments. Fig. 2.— Egyptian Yuma Cotton. Rn», Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1915. Plate IV. I FiQ. 1.— Hogs Pasturing on Cowpeas. Fig. 2.— Paspalum dilatatum During Drought. GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 17 bushels being a large yield, and the quality of the corn produced in most cases is decidedly inferior. There are several reasons why the native corn crop would not compare with that produced in the Middle AVestern States of the United States. Climatic conditions, including especially either an overabundance or a scarcity of mois- ture at critical periods, inferior seed-bed preparation and cultivation, general prevalence of corn insect enemies, and lack of improvement of any description are the chief factors in the production of poor corn in Guam. The problem of profitably growing corn in Guam is believed to be not impossible of solution, for every modern practice seems to be attended with success. The undesirable moisture distribution may be largely overcome, as has been shown at the station during the past season, by using deeper and better seed-bed preparation, having the plants farther apart in the rows, and practicing more frequent culti- vation. The native corn grower makes no attempt to cultivate his soil, his only effort being to keep down weeds. It has been demon- strated at the station that a good 8-inch plow can be drawn by two carabaos, and even though the soil turns up hard and cloddy, a small pulverizer breaks it down in good shape after a shower. Further- more, the 5-tooth cultivator is effectively used for maintaining a fairly open field and a good dirt mulch. These methods are within the reach of the average grower. In considering corn improvement in Guam, attention should first be gi^en to the corn now grown. Xormally the stalks are relatively low growing, about 5 or 6 feet in height, and most stalks bear two small ears. The shanks are large, and, as with most other crops grown in the Tropics, there is a large amount of foliage. There is no uniformity in size or shape of ear, an outcome of a lack of selec- tion or other improvement. In size the ears would be classed as de- cidedly small, perhaps averaging 5 inches in length, while in shape there is little taper from butt to tip. Both grain and cob are nor- mally white, showing little variation in color. The space between the kernels on the cob is large, and this, with shallow kernels and large cobs, makes a low percentage of grain to cob. This station during the past fiscal year started an experiment to improve the native corn, with the idea of distributing improved seed if marked success were attained. In this experiment the principal improvements undertaken are earlier maturity, production of one ear per stalk, and uniformity of crop. The present corn crop ma- tures in about 120 days, and thus both the first crop, planted normally about June 1, and the second crop, planted about November 15, are reduced in yield, the former maturing in too rainy a season, the latter in too dry a period. Also it has been fully demonstrated here that 18 GUAM AfJRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. two ears per stalk give inferior corn. It is believed that the yield per acre will be greatly inci-eased by improved cidtnral methods, but aside from this no special efforts toward increasing yields will be made at present, as it is desired to first ol)tain a uniform, one-ear-to- the-stalk, early maturing corn. From the second crop of the past year good ears were selected from plants meeting the reqvurements, and these were planted June 15 by the ear-to-row method. (PL III, fig. 1.) COTTON EXPERIMENTS. It is not uncommon to see cotton plants growing wild around the houses of Guam natives. This type is not valued for cotton produc- tion, but for ornamental purposes. An examination of the plant indi- cates that it is probably the so-called tree cotton {Gossyplum arho- renm). In the southern portion of the island in particular Sea Island cotton {(lofisj/pium harhadcnse) is found growing on different ranches in an apparently wild state. It appears that this plant was introduced into Guam years ago and that an attempt was made to grow cotton extensively, but the labor problem forced those inter- ested in the project to abandon it. Observations as to the production and the quality of fiber of the few plants growing in the above sec- tion would indicate the adaptability of Sea Island cotton to Guam, but the data obtained at the station go far to show the inferiority of that type to the Egyptian type under the soil and climatic conditions of the island. During the past dry season the station tested several cotton varie- ties, and Avhile most of the cottons did fairly well, it should be men- tioned that the seed, except in the case of the Egyptian and the (Co- lumbia, a long-staple American Upland, both of which came from Hawaii, was not received from the United States sufficiently early to plant the crop at the most favorable time, about December 1. The following table gives the yields per acre of seed cotton produced by the different varieties: Yields of tijpcs and varieties tested. Type. Variety. Source of seed. Yield per acre. EtrvDtian . . Yuma nawaii Pounds. 1,W1 )o Oila Arizona 1,024 Do Pima . do 512 Do Yuma . . ...do 524 Sea Island Seabrook . ^ Florida 326 Do Soabrook, Centerville sel"etion do 246 Do Seabrook, Kivers selection do 307 American Upland Columbia . Hawaii 588 Do Improved Blue Ribi)on South Carolina 329 Do (■ovini;ton-Toole . Alabama 1,170 GUAM AGRICULTUBAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 19 The Egyptian and Columbia cotton seed obtained from Hawaii was planted on December 10. 1914, while the seed of the remaining varieties was planted January 8, 1915. Thus, except for the Ha- waiian seed, the late planting in a measure, it is believed, accounts for the low yields obtained per acre. It is also well to note that Caravonica cotton, obtained from Hawaii and planted December 8, 1914, had produced very few bolls up to June 30, 1915. The dry season in Guam is about ideal for the maturing and har- vesting of cotton. ^Miere the crop is planted about December 1 the rains of the latter part of the wet season produce the crop, and the maturing season comes at a time when there is little rain or wind. This insures cotton of high market grade, because, except for a small amount of leaf obtained in harvesting, no penalties, unless perhaps on luster and color, can be given. Furthermore, there seems to be little danger of price reductions on any grade because of tinges and stains. In this connection Lieut. Eobert Henderson, of the United States Navy, commanding the U. S. S. Supply, sent a sample of Guam Sea Island cotton to Shanghai, China, and the cotton was reported to be of excellent quality, commanding a high market price. The firm to which the sample was sent wrote expressing a desire to handle the cotton produced in Guam. There are many acres of land in Guam that can be converted into cotton fields, and if the yield of the Egyptian Yuma during the past season is dui:)licated upon further trial the possibility of growing that cotton profitably here would be assured. (PI. Ill, fig. 2.) On June 22 and 23, 1915. new plantings of the different varieties were made in order to study the effects of the wet season on growth and production. Furthermore, on June 8, 1915, old plants of the Egyptian and other cotton types on small areas were cut down to the ground in order to observe the gi'owth and production of crops obtained from ratooning. FORAGE-CROP STUDIES. PAEA GRASS (Patiiciim moUe). The past dry season has again emphasized the value of Para grass as a soiling crop for Guam. Practically all of the station pastures failed during the latter part of April and the month of May, while all were useless through June, 2^ acres of Para grass alone holding out through the season. Under the exceptionally dry conditions the grass grew about 3 feet high and was fairly thick, although it was cut about once every 5 weeks during that period. It has been noted, however, in examining the fields that the stand is gradually becom- ing thinner and that the native inferior grasses are occuxjying the 20 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. vacant places. Consequently clming the coming wet season a study will he made of the effects of fertilizing and plowing upon increasing both the stand and the production per acre. fetf:rita and kafik. Feterita and kafir were grown on about 1 acre of low-lying clay soil. These crops were planted on November 12, 1914, in rows 8 feet apart with 30 inches between the hills in the rows. Cultivation about every two weeks was given with a 5-tooth cultivator. The feterita was ripe and ready for harvesting February 4, 1915, while the kafir heads were not matured until eight days later. After the crops had been harvested, a second crop (ratoon) came on and matured small heads. Heads were selected from the most desirable plants of the first crop for furnishing seed for station use and for distribution. Both crops of fodder were fed to cattle and horses without detri- mental results. A further test was undertaken with these crops to determine the effect of planting in the dry season. Both crops were planted Jan- uary 8, 1915. Feterita reached maturity on March 23, 1915, and the kafir on March 28, 1915. The heads in this case were well filled, but the forage production was considerably less than from the crop planted on Xovembor 13, 1914. It is interesting to note that the time of planting had a marked effect upon the time required for maturity, the first crop of feterita requiring 84 days to mature and the second crop only 74. The qualities of feterita generally considered undesirable, as ob- served in the southwestern portion of the United States, namely, side branching, suckering, and shattering, were especially strong in the first crop grown at the Guam station. In the later crop, shattering was pronounced, but there was little side branching, or suckering. The kafir did not prove as promising for the dry season here as did feterita. This was especially true as regards attack b,y the principal insect enemies of these crops, caterpillars of two common moths, probably Cryptohhides sp. and Batrachedra sp. Few heads of feterita were attacked, while most of the heads of the kafir were affected. The grain sorghum crops make excellent chicken feed, which is badly needed in Guam. COWPEAS AND SOY BEANS. As will be noted under the heading, " Pasture crops for hogs "' (p. 22), cowpeas and soy beans grow well in Guam. They are valuable additions to the list of crops that can be successfully grown. Cowpeas would seem best suited for pasture purposes. Soy beans, however, will doubtless become an important food crop of the natives. GUAM AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21 Much of the soy-bean seed distributed went to persons who intended to grow the crop for eating purposes. The increased interest of the natives in forage crops augurs welL The coming wet season will find many acres of low, unused land pro- ducing Para and Paspalum grasses and annual forage crops of diit'erent kinds. SOIL TESTS WITH PASPALUM DILATATUM. The experiment for determining the adaptability to different soils of the valuable introduced pasture grass, Paspalum dilatatum, was greatly extended during the year (PL IV, fig. 2.) Some of the grass was planted on poorly drained, exceptionally heavy clays, some on medium high clay soils, and still other on hillsides where outcrop- ping rock and cascajo formed the principal part of the surface. Although the past dry season lasted at least a month longer than usual and much of the grass to all outward appearances was dead, jet the few light showers that came near the end of the year caused the grass tufts to again become green on all soil types. While the grass planting of the past fiscal year was not finished until about October 1, some deductions may safely be drawn from the experiment. Paspalum has a wide range of usefulness and gives much more pasture, even on the poorer, rocky soils, than the native grasses give. It is true that during about three months of an ex- tremely dry season Paspalum did not give much pasture, but at that time the native pastures were so dried that they could be burned. The principal good coming from Paspalum on any soil is the large amount of pasture that it gives during nine months of the year. On the better soils it will support from two to three times as many cattle as the native grasses. There is little doubt that a good stand can be obtained on the poorest soils or on the undrained soils if the roots are planted close together. In this particular it should be noted that on the undrained soils Para grass appears to give the largest yields both for pasture and for soiling purposes. All evidence goes to show that on the poorer soils extreme care is necessary, since too heavy pasturing will destroy the stand. Some interesting data were obtained on the cost of planting Pas- palum. Considering all expenses, including plowing and otherwise preparing the soil, hauling and setting the roots, the cost of planting per acre was about $16. This cost covers plowing at $7.50 per acre (the lowest price that the station has ever paid), disking the fields twice at $1, and digging out, hauling, and planting the roots at $7.50 per acre. A^liile the amount seems large, the increased amount of pasture now furnished by the station's Paspalum fields is strong evidence that it is a paying proposition. 22 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. PASTUKE CROPS FOR HOGS. The experimental data obtained by the station have clearly shown that i)rotitable hog production in Guam depends especially upon the use of jia^tures for giowing and maturing hogs. The cost of im- ported feeds Avould prohibit their use for anything except finishing hogs. Experience has also shown that the land used for pastures must be well drained, else parasitic diseases, especially during the wet seasons, become disastrous. "With the object of testing in a preliminary way different pasture crops for hogs, small acreages of cowpeas and soy beans were planted last December. The cowpeas had reached sufficient maturity, namely, the pods were well formed but not ripe, at the end of 78 days to per- mit the hogs being turned into the field of 0.34 acre. The soy beans required only G2 days to have pods well formed, with foliage still green and succulent, when the hogs were turned into the field of 0.20 acre. The hogs ate the cowpea Aines and pods greedily, but, though the leaves of the soy beans were eaten at once, the pods were not touched for several days, and they were never completely utilized. These preliminar}^ tests showed conclusively the superiority of the cowpea over the soy bean for hog pasture under Guam conditions. (PI. IV, fig. 1.) While the hogs ate the cowpea vines well down to the ground, the stalks commenced to grow again and would have provided a good second crop of pasture had the dry season not been of such great intensity. Everj^thing points to the fact that during the wet seasons at least two crops of pasturage can be obtained from one seeding of cowpeas. Half an acre of Para grass was also given a preliminary test as a hog pasture. Six sows and one boar were turned into the field, and they kept in good flesh throughout most of the extreme dry season. The Para grass proved excellent, although the preliminary test showed that this grass should not be pastured too heavily, and fur- thermore, that it should be given rest periods of at least two out of every five weeks in which to recuperate. The new hog pasture is now composed of four lots, two of which will be planted to Para grass during the coming rainy season, leav- ing the other lots for cowpeas, soy beans, and other annual pasture crops. Near the end of the fiscal year a project was undertaken to deter- mine definitely the value for hog maintenance and production under Guam conditions of cowpeas, soy l:)eans, peanuts. Para grass, and other valuable hog-pasture crops that may be introduced. The pea- nuts have already been planted, and the cowpeas, soy beans, and Para grass will be put in just as soon as sufficient moisture comes. GUAM AGKICULTUEAL EXPEEIMENT STATION. 23 ACKNOWLEDGMENT. During the past fiscal year the cooperation between this station and the naval government of Guam has been gratifj^ing. The governor of Guam, Capt. AV. J. Maxwell, of the United States Xavj^, is espe- cialh^ interested in improving agricultural conditions on the island and has encouraged every effort of the station. Mr. R. C. Gibson, in charge of the Government stables, has aided this station in eA'ery possible wa}' in its work of live-stock improvement. REPORT OF THE ANIMAL HUSBANDMAN AND VETERINARIAN. . By L. B. Barber. BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. The breeding work during the past fiscal year has proceeded along the same lines as in former years. With but one exception, that of the old Berkshire sow, the station has suffered no losses among the pure-bred stock. The horse-breeding work showed an increase through the birth of two ^Morgan fillies. Guam Island Rose gave birth to a heifer calf January 28, 1915, the first calf of the second generation of Ayrshires on the island. The Ayrshire-native heifer, Maria Gray, gave birth to a bull calf May 18, 1915, the first three-quarter blood Ayrshire calf born in Guam. Harry Gra3\ the pure-bred Ayrshire bull born at the station, is kept for breeding at Cotot. John Gray, the imported Ayrshire bull, is at the present time in excellent condition and is being retained at the station for breeding work. John Rhodes, the Ayrshire-native bull, has been sent to IMerizo, a village located on the southern end of the island, for breeding purposes. Although Willowmoor Red Rose, the imported Ayrshire cow, has done poorly throughout the year, on June 30, 1915, her general condition was much improved. The goat-breeding work has been especially gratifying. The Japanese native buck standing at the head of the herd is a large, vigorous animal with a splendid conformation and has proved to be an excellent sire. Sixteen kids have been born to nine does, an in- crease representing but one breeding. Most of these does are again showing signs of advanced pregnancy. The old imported Japanese doe and a young Japanese native doe are due to kid in July of the coming year. These goats have occupied a pasture about 3 acres in size consisting of rough hill land, part of which is densely covered with brush, the remaining part growing coarse native gi'asses. No extra feed or attention has been given the goats at any time. The 24 GUAM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. freiKMal nature of the country and the cheapness of production, to- gethci' with the apparent health and hardiness of the goats, speak Avell fur the future of this industry. PIG-FEEDING EXPERIMENT. On April 28, 1915, a pig-feeding experiment was commenced with the object of determining the comparative feeding value of a ration composed of native feed and that of a ration consisting of imported feed. The eight pigs used in the experiment were of the Berkshire native cross, six months of age, but somewhat undersized although in a healthy condition. Six sows and 2 barrows were used, 3 sows and 1 barrow being contained in each lot. (See PL V.) The ex- periment was run for 64 days and each lot received 10 pounds of Para grass dailj^ The kinds of feed, cost of feed and labor, gains, and cost per pound of gain are shown in the following summary : Feed consumed, cost, and labor, lot No. 1 : Breadfruit (at one-half cent per pound), 18 pounds daily pounds__ 1, 152 Coconut, grated (at 1 cent per pound), 3 pounds daily pounds__ 192 Labor, 6 cents per day $3.84 Feed consumed, cost, and labor, lot No. 2 : Corn chop (at 2| cents per pound), 4 pounds daily pounds__ 256 Wheat shorts (at li cents per pound), 4 pounds daily pounds__ 256 Labor, 4 cents per day $2. 56 Weights and gains, lot No. 1 : Weight on Apr. 28, 1915 pounds__ 117 Weight on June 30, 1915 do 230 Gain in 64 days do 113 Average gain per pig do 28. 25 Average daily gain per pig do .44 Cost to produce 113 pounds of gain $11. 52 Cost per pound of gain . 101 Weights and gains, lot No. 2 : Weight on Api*. 28, 1915 pounds__ 108. 1 Weight on June 30, 1915 do 242. 5 Gain in 64 days do 134.4 Average gain per pig do 33. 6 Average daily gain per pig do . 52 Cost to pi-oduce 134.4 pounds of gain $12. 80 Cost per pound of gain . 095 The weekly gains of the individual pigs in the experiment are shown in the table following. Rpt. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1915. Plate V. ?^';--^5^^"^^ ■■:-.; ■ .,•!>-- Fig. 1.— Pigs Fed on Native Feeds. FiQ. 2.— Pigs Fed on Imported Feeds. Rp<. Guam Agr. Expt. Station, 1915. Plate VI. Fig. 1— Effect of Tick Infestation; Fannie Lost 167 Pounds in Weight in 6 Months. Fig. 2.— Effect of Tick Infestation; Harry Gray Lost 145 Pounds in Weight in 45 Days. GUAM AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 25 Table shoicing weekly weights of pigi Apr. 28. May 5. May 12. May 19. May 26. June 2. June 9. June 16. June 23. June 30. Lot No. 1: Pig No. 75 Lbs. 22 30 34 31 Lbs. 25 32 37 35 Lbs. 29 36 41 37 Lbs. 31) 38 41.5 37 Lbs. 31 39.2 43.6 43.2 Lbs. 34 Ai. 5 47 49 Lbs. 36. 5 45. 5 49. 5 51.5 Lbs. 40 49 51.5 53.5 Lbs. 43 53 56 00 Lbs. 47 Pig No. 67 60 Pig No. 6S 58 PigNo. G9 65 weight. . . Average weekly 29.25 32. 25 35. 75 36. 62 39. 25 43. 37 45. 75 4S.5 53 57.5 Lot No. 2: PigNo. 76 23 26. 5 27.2 31.4 25 28 29.5 32 29.5 32 36. 5 37 33 36 40 42 ■36 40.2 45 47.2 40 43 50.5 52.5 42 45 55 57.5 44.5 49 58.5 60.5 47.5 51 61 66 52 Pig No. 72 Pif No. 73 54.5 67 PigNo. 74 69 weight... Averageweekly 27.02 28.62 33.75 37.75 42.1 46.5 49.88 53. 12 56.37 60.62 "With the exception of one week, during which the pigs in lot Xo. 1 were being feci immature breadfruit, the pigs in l)oth lots consumed their feed well. Heretofore no market price has ever been placed on breadfruit in Guam. The cost to a native in producing the 113 pounds of gain would be materially lessened. The price paid for the imported feeds is almost prohibitive to anyone in Guam. The pigs in lot Xo. 1 were virtually on full feed while the pigs in lot Xo. 2 were on little better than a maintenance ration. Conclusions will be reserved until the close of the experiment. LIVE STOCK DISEASE INVESTIGATIO»NS. CATTLE DISEASES. TICK FEV'ER. In identifying the tick which infests the cattle of Guam, Dr. B. H. Ransom, Chief of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Indus- try, United States Department of Agriculture, stated: "The ticks from cattle are not distinguishable from Margaropus caudatus, some- times regarded as a variety of the common cattle tick under the name Margarapm annulafus caudatus, and probably are this species. 31. caudatus was described from horses in Japan, but its occurrence on cattle in Guam would not be at all unlikely." The station has been unable to determine any difference between the ticks infesting cattle and those infesting horses, carabaos, goats, and deer. The effect of these ticks on the cattle of Guam constitutes by far the most serious obstacle in thc^way of the cattle industry. The ticks may be found on the cattle throughout the year. It seems, however, that they are more abundant during the dry season. The serious infestation takes place during the dry season. This may be explained, at least in part, by the fact that the 26 GUAAI AGKICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION. cattle nt that time of the year are usually in poor condition, due to the absence of proper food and in many cases a shortage of fresh Mater. A movement is now on foot to convert some of the old rice fields into fields of Para grass to relieve this situation. Studies for determining the length of time required for the engorged female tick to lay, for the eggs to hatch, and for the seed tick to develop into a mature female after being attached to its host do not show that the Guam tick differs essentially in its life history from that of Margaropus annulatus. The effect of tick infestation on native cattle is in itself worthy of consideration. An occasional excellent cart animal, which is fairly well cared for and kept comparatively free of ticks, only demon- strates what can be expected in cattle raising in Guam. Ticks are, however, so widely spread on the island that few calves succeed in avoiding serious infestations. This causes a decided check in the growth and normal development of the calf and results in an under- sized and undesirable animal. Native cattle badly infested with ticks show the following gen- eral conditions: Body greatly emaciated, visible mucous membranes anemic, and superficial lymph glands enlarged. The afflicted animal will tremble violently when exposed to heavy rains. A disease which is spoken of by the people of Guam as the " trembling disease " probably is a result of tick infestation, judging from the description of the symptoms and general conditions. The loss to cattle owners due to these ticks would be difficult to estimate. The presence of thousands of ticks on an animal and the irritation w^hich they set up result in weak, undersized cattle, influ- ence the regularit}^ of their breeding, and materially affect them as milk producers. A rancher in the vicinity of Merizo has for years practiced selec- tion in making up his herd of breeding cattle, and has, through native methods, endeavored to keep down tick infestation. The result is that he now maintains a herd of cattle superior to any other herd which has been observed in Guam. A great percentage of the cattle live in the interior of the island and never receive any special care or attention of any kind. This has produced an undersized, degen- erate breed, not averaging in weight over -100 pounds after maturity. Tick infestation and inbreeding are probably largely responsible for this condition. The effect of tick infestation on imported cattle is much more striking. Certain conclusions may be drawn from a general survey of the temperature chart of Willowmoor Red Rose during the past fiscal year (fig. 1). The temperature chart fluctuates almost from day to day, the limits of fluctuation throughout the year being be- tween 99° and 108° F. This cow is infested with ticks about half GUAM AGEICULTUEAL EXPEEIMEKT STATION, 27 the time, the degree of infestation varying from a few ticks to many hundreds. It has been necessary to pasture this cow in various places on the station lands, and although hand picking of ticks has. been practiced and repeated applications of cottonseed oil and kerosene have been made ^he frequently becomes reinfested. The presence of ticks in large numbers on the cow always causes a rise in tempera- ture. It appears that establishment of immunity would be difficult and unreliable. Instead of an immunity being established the disease seems to assume a chronic form. Death may occur at any time, or the animal may continue to live in an emaciated condition, with anemic mucous membrane, somewhat impaired appetite, a jugular pulse, and almost constant diarrhea. It is believed that imported cattle, if allowed to become reinfested with ticks from time to time, will die either of an acute or chronic form of the disease, or continue to live indefinitely, displaying the above symptoms. /07 /06 1 A f \-r