GIFT OF

* «-• V— «*-^ - ,

FORESTRY PAMPHLETS

Canada

VOL. Ill

President Snowball's Address -^ «* .
What We Want. By Dr. B. E. Femow, University of Toronto.

The Practical Side of the Forestry Question. By A. T.

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Drummond.

Waste Land Planting in Ontario. By E. J. Zavitz, Forester

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/^Ontario Agricultural College.

F-C .

New Brunswick Forestry Convention, held at Frederic ton,
H. B. February 21st and 22nd, 1907. r

Ninth Annual Report, Canadian Forestry Association. 1908

K - i ' i i .

Canadian Forestry Association Special Meeting. The Dom-
inion Forest Reserves, by Abraham Knechtel. *<*

Tenth Annual Report of the Canadian Forestry Association.

1909.

Eleventh Annual Report. Canadian Forestry Association.
1910.

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PRESIDENT SNOWBALL'S ADDRESS.

Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen, —

This is the first opportunity I have had of thanking you for the honour
you have conferred upon the Province of New Brunswick and upon myself,
by electing me President of this Association.

I regret exceedingly that circumstances prevented me from being present
with you last year, as I was sorry to miss not only the educational advantages
of a meeting of this sort, but also the personal intercourse with other mem-
bers of the Association, for the exchange of ideas.

On behalf of the Canadian Forestry Association, I welcome all the dele-
gates and other friends, who have met with us on this occasion, and trust
that our meeting will be a most profitable one.

We are favoured by having the privilege of meeting in the Queen City
of Toronto ; famed alike for its commercial importance, its well known educa-
tional institutions and its natural beauty. Here we can get in touch with
the business men, who have large interests in our country, and students who
will be the men of the future ; and through this contact we should enlarge
the influence of our Association.

As an Association, we have every reason to feel that we have taken no
small part in the awakening of public sentiment regarding forest preserva-
tion, along advanced lines. Largely through the instrumentality of our
Association, the University of Toronto has organized a Faculty of Forestry,
with Dr. Fernow as Dean. In several of our forestry conventions we have
all learned to admire him, and I am satisfied that under his able leadership
this school will be of great value to Canada in supplying her with technically
trained foresters.

In my own Province, too, we have established a Department of Forestry
in the University of New Brunswick, with Professor R. B. Miller, M.A.
M.F., in charge. This step was the outcome of a resolution passed in the
preservation of our forest wealth, asking our Government to make a grant
towards the expense of establishing such a Department in our Prvincial Uai-
University.

Personally, I do not think that any Government should stop with the
establishment of Forestry Schools, but they should also appoint lecturers
to visit the forested portions of the different provinces and give practical
talks on forestry subjects, in language easily understood by those who cannot
attend college, but who are anxious to extend their present knowledge of the
subject. Talks on fire fighting and precautions aarainst fire; on economical
methods of cutting and logging; the building of roads, bridges and dams;
the value of forest cover in regulating stream flow; the advantage of trees
to the farm, methods of raising trees from seed and planting them at the
least cost; how to combat the diseases of trees; with some practical instruc-

[1]

-t jii:Fpregt.. Mensuration methods, how thinnings should be made, etc.,
c&:s*u^iy-1&e"'^-wtn*ged.for. A course of a month or six weeks in each sec-
tion would arouse in our people an intelligent interest in the management of
our forest and woodlands and enable them to realize the real value of this
national asset and the tremendous importance of conserving it for all time
to come.

I also think that each province should have the whole of its wooded area
gone over by persons properly qualified to run survey lines between each
block; to correctly map the lakes, rivers, creeks, ridges, roads and other
topographical features, to prepare plans showing the kind and quantity of
timber on each block ; to report upon the nature of the soil ; and to state what
lands are suitable for farming and what should be rrtained for timber growth.
They might also report what blocks will never produce large timber and
where the thinning out of the timber would be an advantage. For this
work I would suggest that our University forestry students and their pro-
fessors be employed during the holiday season and that they have associated
with them Crown Land Surveyors, practical lumbermen and, land cruisers.
I would also suggest that a geologist and mineralogist accompany each party,
as I am sure that they would gather information of inestimable value to
the several provinces.

All over this country we have minerals waiting to be discovered, as for
example, your 'Cobalt region in Ontario and a mountain of iron in New
Brunswick that might have been a source of wealth years ago and was finally
discovered only by the merest accident.

Both the Federal and Provincial Governments should be urged to enact
more strigent laws regarding the setting of forest fires and to appoint per-
manent fire guardians. In my opinion; a fire guardian should be kept on
every ten miles square (i.e., on every 100 square miles) and no person should
be allowed to go upon the public domain without a permit obtained from
the nearest head fire warden. In this way the wardens would be in touch
with every one who entered the woods.

At the head waters of all the principal streams there should be forest
reserves for the regulation of the water supply and fish weirs should be
maintained to enable the finny tribes to reach their spawning grounds and
perpetuate their species. Where possible, information should be obtained
regarding the water flow of the streams at different seasons and the probable
all year horse power that may be used for industrial purposes.

Last year our President referred to the export of Christmas trees and
suggested that it should be prohibited. In New Brunswick many of the
farmers export small spruce and balsam from their own land and I presume
it is the same in the Province of Quebec.

From one of our New Brunswick papers I quote the following : —

Hopewell Hill, Nov. 16.— "The parties who have been buying up Christ-
mas trees for the American market are loading their cars this week at River-
de, and will start the trees as soon as possible on the long run to Pennsyl-
vania, where on Christmas Eve they will be loaded with Santa's gifts to Uncle
bam s youngsters or to those of them at least who are able to afford the luxury
Lhnstmas tree. And the price is quite considerable, the trees sell-

ing in the American towns for as high as $10.00 apiece. A quite common
price is $5.00 and few bring less than $2.00. The price paid here is one cent
a bunch, standing, from one to five or more trees making a bunch. Fir trees
are selected and range from six to ten feet in height. It is expected to ship
ten carloads from here, each car carrying about 1,500 trees. The parties
expected to send away about 90 carloads in all, but they think it doubtful if
they can secure that many."

The question that arises in my mind, is why should we prohibit the
export of small trees and allow those of a larger size to go out of the country
instead of manufacturing them into pulp and paper here and thus leave
hundreds of thousands of dollars in the hands of our own people, and why
should we permit the cutting of small logs on the public domain if they
would grow larger?

In New Brunswick this is a live question, and our forest preservation
depends upon a proper solution of it. The seriousness of the situation is
indicated by the following extract from an editorial in the St. John's "Sun" :

"THE POLICY FOE NEW BRUNSWICK.— It is a pleasant custom of
people in heavily wooded countries, like New Brunswick, to think and speak
of their timber wealth as inexhaustible. As a matter of fact the accessible
timber lands of this Province are about seven million acres in extent. Allow-
ing a fair average of 2,000 feet per acre, this means that New Brunswick
owns to-day about fourteen billion feet of merchantable timber.

"In the United States, in 1906, the total cut of sizeable material was
about forty billion feet, so that the whole of our forest areas would only serve
the present demand of the United States for about four months."

This question has been discussed at Board of Trade meetings, Manufac-
turers' Association meetings, and by the Lumbermen, who met at the call
of the New Brunswick Government in February, 1907, and passed an almost
unanimous resolution, favouring the prohibition of the export of pulpwood
from Canada.

I do not intend discussing it now, nor do I think a resolution on the
subject would be advisable in our Association, unless it would be one asking
the Dominion Government to give this subject serious consideration.

The Americans want our pulpwood to save their own. We want their
mills, not only to increase our industrial employment, but so that they will
have a large investment depending on our forests and thus give them an
interest with us in conserving our forests.

Let me quote a few paragraphs from statements made by the International
Paper Company before the Ways and Means Committee in the Tariff hearing
in the Un,^ML States, which I think fully explains the situation and the
feeling oifl ^^merican Cousins towards our forest domain. After naming
their var^HHIlls and stating where they are situated they go on to say : —

"In each of these places the Company's mill is an important factor in
the maintenance of the community and in many of them it is the only pro-
ductive agency, besides indirectly furnishing a market for the outlying farm
districts. The company employs normally about 7,000 persons at its mills,
besides its operations in the woods. There are thus directly and wholly
dependent upon the wages paid by the company, estimating five persons to
a wage earner, 77,500 people, besides to a less extent farmers, store-keepers,
manufacturers of supplies and transportation companies. Except for its

wood operations in Canada, almost every dollar it receives is expended in the
United States."

"It is estimated that it furnishes annually 2,500,000 tons of freight to
the common carriers of the country."

"The company owns or controls about 900,000 acres of timber lands in
the United States, and 3,100,000 acres in Canada. It is operating upon these
lands in the United States in the most conservative manner possible, in all
cases leaving the small growth for the future and avoiding all the waste pos-
sible, felling trees with the saw instead of the axe, as formerly, and using
the tops of the trees to the fullest extent possible. At some points in New
England it has bought abandoned farms having a young growth of spruce
on them, and is holding them for its future needs. It is also making some
experiments in replanting. It is holding its lands in the United States, in
so far as it is practical and economical for future use. It may be added that
its operations in Canada are also as conservative as conditions will allow."

"In 1899, its first full year, the company made 380,000 tons of paper.
In 1907, it made 495,000 tons, an increase of 30 per cent. It makes all the
pulp required for this quantity of paper, and is thus not dependent upon any
other company or any other country for any if its requirements of pulp. It
does, however, get from Canada about 35 per cent, of the pulp wood
required, mostly from its own lands; this coming in free of duty. For the
handling and transportation of this wood a large amount of money has been
permanently invested, so that it may be laid down at the mills at the lowest
possible cost."

"It, (the present duty) is not adequate to prevent extensive importations
of news paper from Canada, as already shown, and any reduction would mean
an increase in importations and loss of business for us. It would check the
growth of our production and the removal of the duty would close a number
of our mills. We believe that under any conditions the free admission of
paper would compel us to abandon many of our plants, and either drive us
out of business or compel us to build mills in Canada."

'We know of no way by which this result can be avoided if we are
brought into competition with free paper, which is what Canada seeks. "We
believe that the movement in Canada in favour of putting an export duty
on pulpwood, or prohibiting its exportation is not likely to be successful,
because it is not founded on any sound or just principles, and we further
believe that if it should be successful, it would result in such great injury to
Canada that such a policy would be short lived.

"One of Canada's greatest assets is her forests, but they are only profit-
able to her in so far as they are productive. We sympathize with any bona-
fide desire on her part to perpetuate her forests and are willing to submit
to any reasonable restrictions in our operations in the Canadian woods,
which have that end in view,, but Canada has a very great area of timber

iii' aiid ^^ °an produce a lar^e ai^ual yield without impairing them-
all that her mills and ours will want for generations to come.

"Canada is exporting $33,500,000 worth of forest products a year and

s doubtless eager to increase her markets for lumber, etc., and her exports

thereof. Her exports of pulp wood in 1907 amounted to about $5,000,000.

; looks inconsistent to say the least, for her to seek to increase her exports

lumber generally, and to check the exports of one particular variety;

specially as pulp wood is very generally distributed throughout the Domin-

The consumption by the United States is comparatively insignificant

compared with Canada's extensive supply.

"We are therefore forced to the conclusion that the opposition to export-
g pulpwood is not based on any genuine apprehension on behalf of forest pre-

servation. On the contrary we have conclusive evidence in published state-
ments of the exponents of this policy that the real motive is to hamper the
industry in the United States in order to build it up in Canada. The move-
ment is supported by the Canadian paper and pulp manufacturers, who desire
to increase their output and to secure a market for it in the raw in the
United States. In other words, they wish to with-hold from us the raw
material which we desire, and force us to take the manufactured product.

"Although the Province of Ontario has actually prohibited the export
of pulpwood cut from the Crown Lands, and the Province of Quebec discrim-
inates against us by charging 25 cents more per cord for stumpage on pulp-
wood if it goes to the United States than if manufactured in the Dominion,
it seems improbable that either the Canadian people or the Government will
ever sanction so unfriendly and unusual an act as placing a general prohi-
bition or embargo upon the exporting of pulpwood.

"It would seem, however, to be only the part of prudence for this
country to prepare itself should hostile action be taken. We advocate,
therefore, that the countervailing duties provided for in section 393 and 396
should be remodelled so as to make their application more sweeping in case
Canada assumes an aggressive attitude. Should your committee desire our
views more in detail as to how this should be done, we shall be glad to sub-
mit them."

I would also quote from Dunn's Bulletin for December 10th, 1908:—

"FORESTS MUST BE PROTECTED.— Those Americans who are con-
tending for free trade in lumber between Canada and the United States,
says the "Monetary Times," do not attempt to hide the fact that they would
denude the Dominion of her forests if they got the chance, and this would
happen if they were given unrestricted entrance. Last week a deputation of
the Pacific Coast Lumbermen conferred with the Ways and Means Commit-
tee at Washington, and Gifford Pinchot, on the Lumber Tariff.

"In the course of a lengthy conference Champ Clark, representative in
Congress from Missouri, openly stated that free trade, would tend to pre-
vent devastation of American Forests, and it did not matter if Canada was
denuded of hers. The Tariff fight in the United States has developed into a
contest between the mill owners of the Pacific Coast and the owners of tim-
ber, who live south of the boundary, but whose limits lie north. These latter
see how they can cut for their own market if given an opportunity and go
through the forest as fast as fire; as they did in the vast areas of Michigan,
Wisconsin and Minnesota, which were once wooded. Present riches are all
that are sought and Canada should assist British Columbia to prevent the
ruthless cutting of timber."

I have made these quotations to bring forcibly before your minds the
value of our forest product and the necessity for conserving it, and also to
show that the Americans want our wood to save their own.

N I hope that our discussions will be as profitable as usual and will con-
duce largely to the advantage of Canada, in so far as her forest wealth is
concerned.

The agitation started by this Association in a small way has now grown
to great proportions, and if the Association has not done anything more than
awaken public opinion in regard to the preservation of our forest, it has per-
formed a great service to this country.

"GREAT OAKS FROM LITTLE ACORNS GROW."— Great credit
is due those who dropped the little acorn in 1900, as we already have a great
tree that is spreading its branches over the whole Dominion.

In closing I cannot do better than quote from an address made by the
Honourable James Wilson before the American Forest Congress held in
Washington in January, 1905.

"I look for excellent results from the deliberations of this Congress ,
for more light upon vexed questions and for the statement of new and use-
ful points of view. But above all, I hope from our meeting here there will
come a complete awakening to the vastness of our common interest in the
forest, a wider understanding of the great problem before us, and a still
more active and more earnest spirit of co-operation. Unless, you, who repre-
sent the business interests of the country take hold and help, forestry can
be nothing but an exotic, a purely Government enterprise, outside our indus-
trial life, and insignificant in its influence upon the life of the nation. With-
out forestry the permanent prosperity of the industries you represent is
impossible, because a permanent supply of wood and water can come only
from the wise use of the forest, and in no other way, and that supply you
must have."

WHAT WE WANT.

BY DR. B. E. FERNOW, DEAN OF THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY, UNIVERSITY OF

TORONTO.

More than half a century ago a few farseeing men warned the Canadian
people that their timber wealth was not inexhaustible. Among them was
James Little, a lumberman, a man who knew the woods and knew what he
was talking about.

More than a quarter century ago the first public meeting was held in
Canada for the distinct purpose of arousing the Canadian people to a realiza-
tion of this fact, and to stimulate a reform looking toward better treatment of
their forest resources. I refer to the meeting at Montreal of the American
Forestry Congress in 1882, when I had the honour for the first time of
addressing a Canadian audience. What with that meeting and with the
subsequent propaganda work the names of William Little, the son of the
venerable James, then still living, of A. T. Drummond, of Dr. Saunders and
many others, but above all, of our lately deceased beloved friend, Joly de
Lotbiniere', are intimately connected. For two decades these men worked
under the aegis of the Continental American Forestry Association.

Almost a decade ago the Canadian Forestry Association was formed, to
join together in a separate organization, in order to secure a more united
effort and action for their own country, all Canadians who had been educated
to consider the need of a conservative forest policy.

Two years ago a notable convention was called to the capital by the
Premier of the Dominion, to discuss ways and means of inaugurating such
a policy. Besides these specially organized agencies of propaganda, news-
papers and magazines have abounded in perorations on the necessity of forest
preservation, and lately a wave of enthusiasm in regard to the conservation
of all resources — on paper — seems to have taken hold of public attention over
the whole continent.

It would now be pertinent to ask, what results has all this long con-
tinued effort produced, and, should the answer fall out unsatisfactory, it
would be still more pertinent to ask why the sought-for reform has lagged,
and what means may be devised to advance it more effectively?

In making these inquiries I do not wish to appear as a critic, but merely
as a dispassionate analyst, and I hope you will believe me most appreciative,
not only of the achievements, but of the difficulties in the way of reform,
being well aware that in popular government, progress in such reforms must
always be slow. It took nearly a century and a bloody war in the end to
secure the abolishment of slavery in the United States. It took 30 years of
persistent propaganda to advance forestry interests in the United States so
far as to secure for them at least a respectful hearing, and if it had not been
for the accident of a wealthy, independent idealist, and a fearless, inde-
pendent, idealistic President coming together to Washington, the remark-
ably rapid progress made there during the last ten years in governmental
forest administration would very likely not have occurred.

Perhaps before discussing results, it may be desirable, first, once more
to formulate, what precisely it is, that forestry reformers in Canada want.

[1]

Since in Canada the governments of Dominion Provinces control, retain
ownership of the bulk of forest properties it is to the governments in the
first place, that they appeal to.

Jb'irst of all they want the governments of the Dominion and of the Prov-
inces to change, radically, their attitude towards this property.

"The devil take the hindmost" or "What has posterity done for us?"
this is the attitude which is characteristic of the majority of mankind in the
struggle, not only for present day existence, but for present day accumula-
tion of wealth. While this is to a large extent, if not the professed, yet the
actually practised attitude of private individuals, I am afraid it has also
been, and is still frequently, the attitude of governments : that is
to say the exigencies of the present are often an overwhelming superior argu-
ment as against the needs of the future. It takes, indeed, a high degree of
farseeing statesmanship to so manage the affairs of the present that the future
shall not suffer, and its needs be taken care of. Especially in a govern-
ment which is built on popularity, on direct support by the present day masses,
the politician, be he ever so farseeing is bound to let the present day consid-
erations weigh the most.

Hence it is but natural that Canadian government, like other govern-
ments which had to deal with newly developing countries, in the face of
plenty have allowed the present generation to use the resources of the country
wastefully and without regard to the future, overlooking the providential
function of government.

Hitherto the governments have looked upon the forest either as an inex-
haustible resource like air and water, or else as an exhaustible, but non-
restorable resource, like the mines. They have pulled the house to pieces
and sold the brick instead of keeping it in repair and securing the rents by
proper management.

During the last 40 years alone over 1,000 million dollars worth of these
"brick" have been torn out of the building and sent out of the country in
exports, mostly of raw material, and, in addition, the domestic requirements
of a population of say four million people in the average have been supplied,
which may be estimated, outside of fuel Wood, at not less than 1,000 million
dollars in value.* During the same period less than 100 million dollars
(probably not 80 million) have been collected by the governments in dues,
ground rents, leases, and otherwise for the use of their forest properties, by
so much reducing, to be sure, the need of other taxation, but also by the
manner of collecting these taxes the destruction of the resources from which
they are collected. For the Eastern Provinces at least the life of the golden
goose that has enriched the country and built its homes and industries, is
doomed in the near future.

The government undoubtedly acted in good faith and believed that they
were doing the best for the country by encouraging the opening up and the
utilization of the vast timber wealth; moreover, they acted in the belief
that this wealth was inexhaustible, and that, therefore, for a long future no
concern need be had as to a conservative management.

They did not realize that while the woodland was extensive, the saw
timber was quite limited ; they did not realize how rapid the growth of the
world and of the requirements of modern industrial development would be.
and how slow the growth of trees.

"Taking as a fair average for the period, the Census of 1891, we find the population
was 4.833,000, the consumption of all forest products totalled $80,000,000, or $16.00
and 296 cubic feet per head, of which seventy per cent, was accredited to home con-
sumption. Deducting the exports of that year with 25,000,000 from the total
value accredited to other than firewood, leaves $33,000,000 worth of sizeable material
for home consumption, or about $7.00 per capita, leading to above estimate.

It needs to be driven home to every Canadian that in spite of foolish
assertions to the contrary and exceptional cases observed on single indivi-
duals, the growth of trees in the forest in our northern climate in the East,
and on the thin or rocky soils, which are the eventual heritage of the forester
it takes in the average not less than 100 years to make a 12 inch tree, and
the majority of the trees of Nature's growing which the lumberman cuts
have required 150 years and more to make log sizes.*

This long time element is the strongest argument not only for the govern-
ments retaining and managing forests as crops, but for the need of timely
consideration of the future. Such considerations of the future, as we shall
see, would involve the breaking away from the license system hitherto in
vogue, and this, indeed, is involved in our desire to see the government
change its attitude.

We want, then, the governments to realize that there are other ways of
utilizing forest properties than merely exploiting them; that a rational,
properly directed,} technical management is capable of securing (all the
value without destroying the capacity for further production, in other words,
that forests can be managed as crops to be reproduced while the utilization
is going on. More than that : poor forests of Nature can be improved and
made to produce more valuable material than the untouched natural woods.
Nature is njot, as some bigoted nature worshippers would make us believe,
the best forester, for in Nature's production the economic thought is left
out. She produces weeds as readily as valuable kinds, she is lavish in space
and time, wasteful and without regard of human needs.

No such simple provision as setting a diameter limit in cutting the tim-
ber limits will suffice to secure the needed supplies for the future. While
such a diameter limit may under certain conditions save at least a part of
the value and make future recuperations easier in the end, only a real forest
management — the application of forestry — by educated foresters will satisfy
the situation. And let it be well understood that forestry is not tree-plant-
ing, but begins best when the first tree is cut.

Next we want the governments of the Provinces, especially the Eastern
ones, to realize that not less than two-thirds of their territory and most
likely more, is not fit for agriculture and only fit to grow timber. Hence,
there should be a more careful distinction made in the treatment of the
two situations. As long as rich agricultural soils in bulk were avail-
able, and the location of farms progressed by natural selection on the
glacial drift and alluvial soils, there was no need of any special con-
sideration, although here, too, it would have been better if the denudation
of absolute forest soils had been prevented, so that the laudable effort of the
Ontario government of buying up and reforesting waste lands would have
been unnecessary. But, as settlement progresses into the true forest region,
which is destined to the largest extent to remain in forest, a more definite
policy of disposal becomes necessary. It is true there are some restrictions
placed on settlement by the governments, at least in Ontario, by which a
township is excluded from farm settlement unless a certain percentage can

*The growth of trees is exceedingly variable, according to species and growths
conditions. The careful measurements of several thousand White Pines, the most rapid
growing conifer in our woods, show that it takes, in favourable sites, in the average not
less than sixty years to make a twelve-inch tree, and under the most most favourable
growth conditions, it would not be over twenty-four inches in the one hundredth year.
The Spruce, a much slower grower, makes under most favourable forest conditions one
inch in seven, more frequently one in nine years, which would bring a twelve-inch tree
in the average to one hundred years. But in the virgin forest where competition among
species and individuals retards the development, one inch in twelve to fifteen years and
more is the more usual rate of growth.

be shown to be farm soil. Aside from the somewhat doubtful method, by
which this percentage is determined, there is, from the standpoint of a
proper forest policy, an important point overlooked, namely, the propriety
of making a difference in the exploitation of the timber on these two parts.
It is evident that on those portions which are destined to eventually become
farms, the timber may be cut without any reference to the future, while on
those portions which are destined to remain in forest, the policy should be
to direct the cutting in such a way as to insure the persistence i.e., the
reproduction of the valuable forest growth, especially by keeping the fire
out.

And here we come to our third and most fundamental want, efficient
protection against forest fires without which all other propositions and the
practice of forestry are futile.

This requirement, to be sure, is generally recognized as self-evident
not less by the governments than by all citizens, except the ignorant, care-
less and criminally irresponsible ones.

But, although, governments have undertaken to check this greatest
evil, the extent of which may be properly made a measure of the civilization
of a community, we cannot but think that they have done so without ade-
quate conception of the difficulty or importance of the undertaking, nor
indeed in the attitude which we have outlined, of regard for the future.
This lack of proper attitude is most characteristically exhibited by the
report of wThat an official in charge is said to have remarked regarding the
forest fires of the past season, namely, that they had done no damage for they
had mainly run through slash. It is here that the future lies I The old
timber is mostly not damaged beyond usefulness by any single fire, but
the young growth, the promise of the future, is surely killed, and it is the
repeated fires running through the slash that makes the deserts.

To make fire protection effective in the Provinces, there is lacking
first, the proper attitude, next the organization, next the men and adequate
expenditure, and lastly, proper morality among the people at large.

Here we may find fault with ourselves for not more persistently and
assiduously employing all the educational means possible to instruct the
public, and to keep the matter stirred up by public prints and circulars,
public addresses from lecture platforms and in schools, and by private talks.
Especially those, who living in the endless woods are cut off from a
perspective and cannot realize that "a few acres more or less of this useless
slash burned" may have serious consequences, need to be educated. The
public conscience must be aroused more persistently.

The government really is helpless in the attempt to check the evil if
not supported by active co-operation of the whole people. As the apostle
St. John, at the end of his life had recognized and always preached the one
doctrine, that all Christian virtues may be expressed in one — brotherly
love, — so every forester must recognize and preach the one thing \vhich is
fundamental to all his endeavours, eradication of the fire fiend.

It is then simply these three things in one that we want ; a management
of the public forest property for continuity, which involve protection against
destruction of the young growth and cut over lands from fire ; segregation of
agricultural lands before cutting begins ; and a change of methods of disposal
which will give control to the government over the manner of cutting and
of leaving the timber limits.

How far have governments responded to these demands?

There is legislation regarding forest fires in each province and lately

also more and more efficient organization to carry it into effect, although

this is very variable from province to province, from British Columbia,

where less than a handful of incompetent fire rangers attempt to protect

a territory nearly as large as the whole of France and Germany combined,
to Ontario, which has lately spent 150 to 160 thousand dollars on its protec-
tive service.

It is not likely that a large, annually newly recruited army of incom-
petent, inexperienced men, appointed through political influence, even if
a sprinkling of competent woodsmen is added, will successfully cope with
the evil. Thorough organization of smaller groups of continuously
employed, experienced men, which may be assisted by some less experienced
during the dangerous season, and thorough continuous inspection while they
are at work is necessary. This nucleus of permanent foresters should be
directed by active superiors in charge of this special service and in sympathy
with the broader policies which are to follow the effective fire protection.

I believe the Dominion Government and the Province of Quebec have
the feeble beginnings of such an organization which only needs to be further
elaborated. These two governments have inaugurated what would appear
to be the first requirement, namely, separate government agencies to take
care of the forest interests, and only an extension of their means and func-
tions is necessary for further development.

What none of the governments have realized, not even the Dominion
Government is, that a supreme effort is necessary to break away from the
established usages, which a century of accumulated momentum carries over
any feeble attempts to interfere with them.

A mere tinkering with the problems with little detail descriptions will
not remedy anything, broad and farsight plans of action are needed.

There is no thorough realization of the seriousness of the situation, if
act still doubt as to whether it exists.

The certainty as to whether we are really as close to the end of this
resource as it appears, and that its condition is as dangerous as we claim,
might perhaps stimulate the governments to a change of attitude and to a
more decided advance towards positive improvement in their methods rf
management.

We* do not know positively what the amount of timber standing actually
is, but we can make a fair probability calculation.

The commercially valuable tiinberlands of the Eastern Provinces are
and were always confined to the portions south of the Height of Land with
an insignificant overflow along the headwaters of the northern river courses.
This area which circumscribes the limits of the White Pine does not quite
cover 200,000,000 acres. It is from this area that some 25 million acres
have been cleared for farms at the expense mainly of the most valuable
hardwoods, and that during the last 40 years the above stated values for
export and home consumption were derived, not to speak of the longer but
comparatively lighter drain of the period before confederation. If we were
to assume an original stand of sawtimber of all kinds averaging 2,500 feet
on all the acreage 0,600.000 feet per square mile), which any one acquainted
with this forest type would pronounce an extravagant allowance, there
never was more than 500 billion feet available. The above cited export and
home requirements indicate a consumption of not less than 300 billion feet,
leaving still available 200 billion feet, which by a reduction of standards
may be increased to 300 billion feet. What this amount signifies can only
be understood bv comparison with figures of consumption : it does not
represent more than seven years' supply of the annual requirements of our
neighbour !

The only other commercial timber area of Canada is found in southern
British Columbia. This area is by competent land lookers placed at only
30 million acres, but if the standards be lowered, we might find it extended

to 50 million acres. A liberal allowance will bring the stand to about the
same amount as is still found in the East, namely, 300 billion feet, another
seven years' supply for our neighbours which they have to a large extent
already ftju.nipl»d: ^vbfcA-~^/&*£$

The vast remaining territory no doubt contains timber, and sometimes
of good character, but this is all needed for the development of the coun-
try itself and does for the most part not occur in such quantities and loca-
tions as would invite commercial exploitation except for home use.

These figures we must admit are mere reasonable guesses, and the
absence of more reliable information is rather a reflection on the managers
of your national property, and suggests the first step of reform which every
provincial and the Dominion Government should take, namely, to secure a
descriptive forest survey, a taking of stock of the property of which hitherto
they have disposed without any adequate knowledge.

Such forest surveys (which are not surveyor's surveys) can be made
much less expensively than is usually believed, much of the information
being already in existence but not compiled for use.

It shouloj be collected, not as it has been hitherto, by timberworkers,
merely with a view as to where the commercial exploitable timber is to be
found, but with a view of furnishing the basis for plans of future manage-
ment of the forest area as a whole.

This work, to be sure, requires experts and these are as yet in existence
only in small numbers, yet there are enough to make at least a beginning,
and the Dominion Government has, I believe, made a laudable beginning.

The next thing to be done is the formulation of plans of future man-
agement and that involves a scrutiny of the existing timber limit licenses
with a view of their eventual termination and at least more specific regula-
tions as regards the cutting and taking care of the debris gradually bring-
ing them in line for conservative forest management.

It must be realized that no general rule as for instance a universal
diameter limit, or even of the burning of debris, will work satisfactorily in
all cases. Each case requires specific consideration and description. And
especially in working the untouched limits and forest reservations, in which
probably all the remaining unlicensed timber, or, at least, all non-agricul-
tural lands should be placed, proper working plans should be made and
followed, i.e., forestry practised from the start.

That these requirements can only be met by the employment of techni-
cally educated men is self-evident. Their absence may in part account for
the absence or slow progress in the movements indicated. I feel, therefore,
that the establishment of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of
Toronto, for the education of such technical men, was one of the most neces-
sary first steps, and I also welcome a similar step in the University of ISTew
Brunswick, although I am not an advocate of multiplication, but rather
of increase in quality of educational institution.

The reasons for the scanty results of the long continued propaganda on
behalf of conservative forest management, for the delay of a vigorous
reform would, then, appear to be.

1. Lack of realization on the part of governments that supplies are
rapidly waning and that, hence, necessity for conservation has arrived.

2. Lack of realization that the forest resource of Canada can and must
be made permanent, because of soil and climatic conditions, and because of
its influence upon waterpowers.

•3. Lack of personnel to inaugurate and carry on any forest policies
involving- technical knowledge.

4. Lack of popular knowledge and popular interest in a question, which
does not seem to concern the present.

5. Lack of definiteness in the propositions for reform, which must
naturally differ for different parts of the country.

6. The momentum of existing methods of disposal of the timber which
benefit an influential class of citizens, the timber limit holders, who will
naturally battle for their continuance, and the natural unwillingness of
governments to make radical changes.

We- have to recognize that especially this last reason is most potent. It
takes indeed a strong government to disturb long established usages, espe-
cially when the change means curtailment of revenue, increase of expendi-
ture, and possibly a strong opposition actuated by fear of material loss.
Political exigencies make it desirable to defer action and to leave another
administration to wrestle with problems that can be postponed. Yet,
I believe, the administration which will resolutely and fearlessly undertake
the reform is bound to. have the support of the large public, for, it seems to
me, the public is now astir on the subject.

To increase and utilize more fully this newly aroused public interest,
to strengthen and stimulate hesitating governments and to advise them,
and in general to forward more readily the progress of reform, it would
appear proper to increase the activities of the Forestry Association by the
creation of provincial legislative committees composed of the most influen-
tial members of the Association.

These committees, acting perhaps as sub-committees of the executive
committee, would represent the interests of the Association between meet-
ings. Their function should be to study local conditions, formulate and
secure a hearing for propositions to the government and push them to
realization, employ all local means for educating and arousing the public
and altogether be in charge of the work of the Association between meetings.
If funds were available the employment of a lecturer or lecturers by these
committees and the propagation of suitable literature through the news-
papers would do more than the publication of occasional reports and even of
a quarterly journal, which usually reach or are read only by these already
in the fold.

The final solution of the problem of conservative forest management
will be found only when the importance of the subject is fully realized by
the governments and the administration of the remaining timberlands is
entrusted to a technically educated staff of a bureau or perhaps better of a
forest commission after the precedent of the Civil Service, Railroad, Hydro-
electric Commissions. To secure the appointment of such agencies would be,
indeed, a worthy object of the Association Committees.

ivr-
THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF THE FORESTRY QUESTION.

Is fire still to play annual havoc and ruin in the forests of Canada and is
the lumberman's axe still to have unrestricted sway in cutting down the
pine and spruce timber that remains? Or will our Governments provide for
the future as well as the present revenues of the country, and for the future
as well as the present domestic consumption and exports of timber, by tak-
ing more radical steps to diminish these forest fires, by placing greater
responsibility on license holders, settlers, campers and railways, and by
making provisions for replacement wherever the forests are cut over or
burned? These are the practical questions facing us at this moment.

The British press, in reviewing the recently issued report of the Royal
Commission on Afforestation in Great Britain, emphasize the fact that with
the present continually increasing consumption of timber, the world's supply
may not last beyond thirty years unless immediate steps are taken to replant.
As that country's contribution to the future, the proposition is made in this
Report, and approved by the press, to spend $10,000,000 annually in acquir-
ing and planting 150,000 acres of vacant lands in Great Britain each year,
until 9,000,000 acres of forest have been created.

With its vast original forests, where nature has been so prodigal, what
is Canada doing? Until a few years ago, the object of each Province
appeared to be to derive the maximum revenue from the Crown Lands with
the least possible expenditure, and to leave the forests and the future to take
care of themselves. In 1883, an International Forestry Convention was held
at Montreal, and public attention drawn in forcible terms to the quickly
diminishing supplies of timber; and especially to the ravages of fire. The
meetings were effective in so far that the United States Government took the
matter up, and, through the efforts of Prof. Fernow and Mr. Gifford Pinchot,
an important subdepartment of the Government — the Bureau of Forestry —
has been created ; but Canada for years did nothing. The forests continued
to burn unheeded, and the lumbermen on their limits still operated without
check on what remained untouched by fire. No efforts at replacement were
made. It was considered the part of nature and not of Government to look
after that. During the last few years there has been some change for the
better, especially in Ontario and Quebec, whose revenue defend in no small
degree on the returns from timber In spite, however, of the fire rangers
employed, forest fires continue on a great scale, and no definite efforts have
been made at replacement, either in the burned or the cut over areas. We
are face to face with the fact that a large item in our provincial revenues,
and perhaps the most important natural product in our home consumption
and exports, have not so many years of a future ahead of them. What must
be done?

Whilst considerable advances have been made in educating the public
into better appreciation of the value of the forest heritage which Canada
possesses, the most important step thus far taken by the Provincial Govern-
ments has been the apponitment of fire rangers whose chief work is to warn
campers, settlers, and others of the Government regulations and to prevent
the spread of fires should they break out. That more than this is needed, the
havoc made by fire during the last year alone, is ample evidence. Regula-
tions, on their face, seem stringent, but the penalty is a trifling fine, proof
is difficult, no convictions take place, and the result is that the regulations
are practically ignored. What is wanted is not a fine, which, were it col-

[11

lected, would be a trumpery return to the province where carelessness
resulted in a million dollar fire, but imprisonment for two years. Proof
would still be difficult, but the moral effect of such a penalty would be very
marked around every camp fire, in every settler's clearing and with every
man who handled the lighted match in the dry woods of summer and
autumn. The damage done by these forest fires is not to be measured merely
by the millions of feet of merchantable timber which have "gone up in
smoke," but even more by the vast quantity consumed of growing seedlings,
saplings and young trees, not yet merchantable, but which will become so,
year by year, during the next fifty or sixty years.

The time has come when each of the larger provinces of Ontario and
Quebec should have a Bureau of Forestry formed in part on the lines of the
Bureau at Washington. The time has also come when the trained forester
or forest warden as, in the extensive districts of the Crown Lands, he might
be called, should be employed. The duties of these forest wardens should be
enlarged to include supervision of the methods of cutting by lumbermen,
with a view to preventing exhaustion of the timber limits ; a system of replant-
ing on the already burned and cut over areas ; and the protection of the fish
and game within the forest areas. They should be permanent employees,
whose duties would extend over the winter as well as the summer and be
entirely in the service of the Government under the Bureau of Forestry. The
vast extent of the Crown lands under forest in the Provinces of Ontario and
Quebec, and the great possibilities of development in future years if merely
measured by the rich returns of the past, are sufficient warrant for each of
these provinces undertaking the responsibility of this new Government
Department.

The licenses granted by the Government to cut timber on the Crown
Lands, should contain some new provisions to ensure continuity in the
returns ; both of revenue to the Government and of timber to the lumberman
from off these Crown Lands, and to prevent fires. For the purpose of natural
replanting by seed, a certain number of mature pine and spruce trees should
be left on each square mile. The selection of those could be made by the
forest warden. The license holder should also plant each year in suitable
localities, and for a time protect, several seedling pines and spruces for each
tree of these species which he cuts down. These two provisions would aid
in securing a continuous growth of these trees in the future. Further, the
licensee should, at the close of each winter, burn all the boughs, leaves
and other debris which have resulted from the cutting down and trimming
of coniferous trees on his limits. This debris Always furnishes a fuel like
kindling wood to the forest fire in the dry season of the late summer months.

There should not be any difficulty on the part of the railways and owners of
mills in the wooded districts, complying with regulations requiring them to
be directly responsible for the guarding against fire of certain defined areas
within reasonable distance on either side of their tracks and of their mills.
The mill owner, under any circumstances, should in his own interest have
watchmen by night as well as by day, whilst the railway company has its
three section men on each six miles of track, passing and repassing daily,
and whose duties could be readily enlarged by giving them the direct respon-
sibility of extinguishing fires within the prescribed distance.

Lightening is sometimes put forward as a frequent cause of forest fires,
but as atmospheric storms are almost invariably accompanied by rain, which
moistens the leaves, branches and trunks as well as the ground, the spread
of such fires, if they are so occasioned, is rendered difficult. The chief cause
is undoubtedly carelessness or thoughtlessness on the part of campers, hunt-
ers, settlers, mill owners and railway companies, and, so long as the Govern-

ment regulations are not very stringent, and not much attention is paid to
enforcing them, this carelessness and thoughtlessness will continue. When
experts at Washington assert that during the summer and fall months of
last year, apart from the loss of the merchantable timber, damage to the
extent of |90,000,000 was done to the future productive value of the forests
of the United States, it is time that an effectual stop should be put to such
enormous waste. Public opinion is a great force in our free Anglo Saxon
countries, and this public opinion should be brought to bear, through the
press, in strongly supporting the Governments and Parliaments of the
Dominion and the Provinces in making more stringent laws and regulations
and in strictly enforcing them.

The points of this paper may be summarized thus :

The Governments of Ontario and Quebec should each establish a Bureau
of Forestry.

Trained foresters should be permanently employed in the supervision of
the forests with a view to the protection, the methodical cutting and the con-
tinuity of these forests.

Holders of licenses should be compelled to cut their timber on some
approved forestry plan, to leave standing a certain number of pine and
spruce trees on every square mile for the purpose of natural seeding, and
should be required to plant annually and protect several pine and spruce
seedlings for every tree of these species which they cut down.

Holders of timber licenses should be required before the close of each
winter, to effectually dispose of all debris arising from the cutting down and
trimming of their trees.

Railway companies and mill owners operating within the forest areas
should during the summer and autumn months be under strict obligation to
protect by night as well as by day from fire, a defined area or strip on each
side of the railway or mill — with a large penalty for failure to do so.

A penalty of two years' imprisonment, without option of a fine, should
be imposed on all campers, hunters, settlers and others who during the sum-
mer months neglect to effectually guard their camp clearing and other fires
during the time they are burning, and to put them completely out when
they are done with them.

A. T. DHUMMOND.

.ni

E. J. ZAVITZ, FORESTER ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

The Department of Agriculture of Ontario is concerned with two fores-
try problems,, namely : It aims to assist farmers and other land owners in
properly handling their woodlands and reforesting waste portions of the
farm. It has also inaugurated a policy of segregating and placing under
forest management the large areas of waste lands throughout older Ontario.

The farmer's woodlot represents in the aggregate, about 8,500 square
miles of woodland. Waste land in the form of sand, gravel or rock forma-
tions and steep hillsides, would probably represent another 8,000 square
miles. It is safe to state that there is in old, agricultural Ontario, at least,
8,000,000 acres of private land which should be managed eventually for
forest crops.

The potential value of eight million acres of woodland to Ontario is
worthy of notice. Estimating an annual, acreage increment of a half cord
of wood, at a stumpage value of |2.00, this land would represent an annual
resource of |8,000,000.

History has proven that proper management of private woodlands is
not easily attained. Government assistance,, in a problem of this nature,
is necessary and advisable. To meet this need the Department of Agricul-
ture has undertaken, to furnish forest trees for waste land planting, and
also to assist owners in the better management of their woodlands. At pre-
sent, planting material is sent out free of charge with certain provisions
for care and protection. (The conditions of this distribution are given in
a Circular which may be had upon application to the "Forestry Depart-
ment," Guelph, or which may be found upon the table in this room, con-
taining literature). This last season's distribution amounted to about
400,000 trees composed of the following species : White Pine, Scotch Pine,
Jack Pine, Norway Spruce, White Ash, Black Locust and a small amount
of Catalpa, White Wood, Walnut, Butternut and Cedar. The larger pro-
portion of this material was planted on waste lands on the farm, although
a number of applicants used the material for planting in worn-out woodlots.
The Department especially urges farmers to plant Pine and Spruce about
the borders of woodlots in order to give more protection to the soil, this
lack of soil protection being one of the chief faults in the average woodland
of small acreage.

A second forest problem confronting the Department of Agriculture
is the reclamation of the large, contiguous areas of non-agricultural soils
which exist in many parts of the Province. In the more settled parts of
Ontario the waste areas are sand formations. On these lands Pine was the
most valuable growth and it was cut off in the early days. In many cases
agricultural settlement followed, and where the land was cleared for farm-
ing purposes, it gave, at first, in many cases, good returns. As soon as the
vegetable mould or old, forest soil disappeared from the sand, it became a
difficult matter to keep up to fertility and gradually sand wastes developed.

Some of the more important sand formations are as follows : Norfolk,
10,000 acres; Lambton, 40,000; Bruce, 30,000; Simcoe, 60,000; Northumber-
land and Durham, 15,000.

It is generally admitted, that these waste lands can be made perma-
nently productive only by being managed for forest crops. The only solu-
tion of the problem is in a policy which has as its aim the gradual segrega-
tion of these lands, to be managed as Provincial forests.

Large portions, in the waste districts, were not entirely cleared but at
present are covered with a scrubby, second growth. In the Norfolk County
area Scrub Oak with scattering, second growth White Pine forms the soil
cover. In the Simcoe area a small amount of Scrub Oak, Poplar, etc.. with
scrubby Bed Pinp is th^ tvnp. Continual ground fires sween over and kill
out the youner Pine. With fire Protection, there is much of this so called
waste land, which would soon fill with Pine, through natural seeding.

On the land which has been cleared for farming, or where no seed
trees of valuable species exist, replanting will have to be done to obtain
new growth of desirable speciea.

In this discussion I wish to point out the possibility of reforesting, at
a profit, rather than to deal with the cultural methods of replanting. It
must be admitted, that it is quite possible to artificially reproduce forests,
this having long been done in many parts of the world. Nature acts much
the same in Canada as in other regions.

Our problem is to demonstrate the possibility of doing this work at
a direct, financial profit although there may be arguments advanced to
show that this reclamation work should be done even at an initial loss.

In considering reforesting as a financial investment, the subject can
be best discussed under the following topics : —

Rate of Interest.

Cost of Land.

Cost of Plant material.

Cost of Planting.

Cost of Management and Protection.

Taxation.

RATE OF INTEREST. All expenditures made in producing a crop of trees
must be charged against the crop. As a forest crop takes many vears to
mature, it is necessary to place the initial outlay at compound interest for
the period, and also to compound the recurring annual expenses.

In considering the investments as being under state management the
rate of interest will be that at which it is possible for the Province of
Ontario to obtain money. At present this rate may be placed at 3i per
cent.

COST OF LAND. The initial cost of the land must be placed at com-
pound interest for the period in which it takes to produce the crop. By the
initial cost is meant the soil value without buildings, and without inferior
growth or other values whch may encumber the land at the time of pur-
chase. At the end of the period the accumulated interest should be charged
against the crop, and not the initial cost of land as we still have the soil
value after the crop is harvested.

Lands referred to in previous pages can be purchased at prices rang-
ing from two to five dollars per acre for soil value.

COST OF PLANTS. Cost of plant material can be considered by taking
White Pine as an example.

Two year old White Pine seedlings, which are suitable for some con-
ditions, can at present be imported from Germany and laid down at points
in Ontario for about one dollar per thousand. Three year old White Pine
transplants, which are stronger and necessary for certain conditions, can
be imported for about three dollars per thousand.

It is quite possible to grow in our own nurseries two year old seedlings
for one dollar and fifty cents per thousand and three year old transplants
for three dollars and fifty cents per thousand.

It will be preferable to use native grown plants in future work, and
the cost can be brought below the above figures. It fwould be a conservative
estimate to place the cost of plant material for tie average conditions at
five dollars per acre.

COST OF PLANTING. Cost of planting depends upon quality of labour and
nature of soil to be planted. By specing the plaints about five feet apart
in lighty, sandy soil, it might be possible for two/men to plant an acre per
day. In rough conditions with uneven surf ace/ and considerable obstruc-
tion the labour ^might easily be trebled. For such soil as exists in the
waste areas previously described, five dollars per acre wuold be a safe figure
for labour in planting.

COST OF MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION. Cost of management and protec-
tion forms one of the large items to be charged against a forest crop.

It is quite possible for one man to patrol from 5,000 to 20,000 or even
more acres of forest land, depending upon topography and other local con-
ditions. The larger the area which can be patrolled by one man, the smaller
the acreage cost. If one man has to spend his time protecting 500 acres
of forest land it would make the acreage cost very high and would prob-
ably make the proposition a bad investment.

Owing to the problem of patrol it can be readily understood that the
state or other corporation could not deal with small, detached areas. This
question, of the difficulty of protecting small detached areas, usually makes
inadvisable for private persons to undertake forestry as a separate invest-
ment, especially where the tract is a long distance from the owner's resi-
dence.

The annual cost of forest administration and protection in Germany
varies from twenty-two cents to sixty five cents per acre. Owing to a more
scattered population and other factors our acreage cost will be much smaller.
Some estimates have placed this at fifteen cents per acre which is probably
conservative enough for the present consideration.

TAXATION. Provincial or "crown lands" in Ontario are exempt, at
present, from taxation so that in government management of forest lands
it is not entirely necessary to discuss this question. Waste lands, as
described in previous pages, are situated in organized communities and
certain existing roads will necessarily have to be maintained. These roads
will act as splendid fire lines and part of their maintenance should be
charged to protection.

For the present discussion a tax will be charged against the forest
crop. I will use the township or municipal rate which is imposed for all
purposes, including schools. In 1907 this rate was 17 mills on the dollar.
The average rate for the last decade was about 16 mills. It may be claimed
that this is a high tax rate to apply to forest land but it will be on the
safe side.

Taking one acre of White Pine as a unit, it will be of interest to sum
up what it will have cost at the end of sixty years :

Cost of land $5, at 3£ per cent, for 60 years $39 39

Cost of plants and planting $10, at 3£ per cent, for 60 years 78 78

Management and protection 15c. per year at 3J per cent, for 60 years. . . 29 48

Taxation (rate of 17 mills on the dollar would give an acreage charge
of 8.5 cents on five dollar land). 9c. per year at 3J per cent, for 60
years 17 69

Total $165 34

Less original cost of land 5 00

Total expense $160 34

From various growth studies made in the Lake States and elsewhere it
is quite reasonable to say that an acre of 60 years old White Pine, artifici-
ally planted will contain about two hundred trees varying from 12 inches
to 24 inches in diameter. Assume that there will be two hundred trees of
18 inches diameter which is a conservative estimate. This 18 inch tree
will cut at least 300 feet B.M. and the acre would yield 60,000 feet. At
a stumpage value of $10.00 per 1,000 the acre would be worth f 600. 00.

The above estimate does not take into account the thinnings which
would come during the period. It is interesting to note that 40 per cent,
of the net profits of German forests are derived from thinnings. The f 600.00
represents only saw material and there would" without doubt be a market
for the smaller dimensions.

Stumpage value for one acre of White Pine 60 years old $600 00

Total cost as shown above 160 34

Net profit $439 66

This $439.66 is the same as a yearly rental of $2.25 during the 60 years,
being capitalized at 3% per cent, in addition to the 3i per cent, compound
interest on all money invested.

The policy of reclaiming, through forestry methods, lands unfit for
agriculture, has been in vogue in older countries for a considerable time.

In Europe we find all of the leading nations reclaiming waste land by
forestry methods. In Prussia during the decade of 1891-1900, 170,000
acres of waste lands were added to the state forest lands at the average
cost of $10.00 per acre. In France, under the reboisement act of 1882, the
state has spent in purchases of worn-out lands, in works to check torrents
and in reforesting nearly $20,000,000.

Japan, which has a definite forest policy, has during the last 25 years
reforested 200,000 acres at an average cost of a little less than $9.00 per
acre.

In the United States activity in reforesting is worthy of notice. Several
states are buying back waste lands for forestry purposes.

The State of New York has for several years been buying b.ick waste
lands and replanting. In 1908, $30,000.00 was available for nursery work
and replanting. In this work the low cost of $6.00 per acre for plants and
planting is said to have been attained.

The State of Wisconsin has adopted a definite forest policy, and is
segregating its non-agricultural lands at the headwaters of the Wisconsin
River. During 1908, 33,880 acres of cut over forest lands were purchased
at a cost of $98,590.00.

As a testimony of a private corporation's faith in reforesting a good
example may be cited in the operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad. This
corporation jemploys trained foresters and has adopted a definite forest
policy 'in regard to its waste lands.

In 1907, the total number of trees set out was 315,000. In 1903 about
448,000 seedlings were planted. The latter plantations were made at a
cost of $12.00 per acre, using purchased plants. By the use of plants from
their own nurseries, which have been established, it is expected to lov\er
the cost to about $8.00 per acre.

This problem is not wholly in the experimental stage and we hava
abundant proof of the practicability of reforestation.

The policy of segregating and placing under forest management, the
large bodies of waste land, in the southern part of the Province, is safe from
a purely financial consideration. There are, however, other economic rea-
sons for adopting this policy.

The story of agricultural settlement, in these regions, with its struggles
to wrest a living from the soil, and the final abandonment of farms, would
call forth facts which alone would prove a strong argument in favour of
removing people from such conditions.

These districts under attempted agricultural management, cannot pro-
perly support social organizations such as schools and churches. The state
cannot afford to allow citizens to live and develop under the enforced con-
ditions existing in many of these waste areas.

It is very important that the private land owner be urged and educated
to feel the necessity of protecting existing woodlands, and replanting waste
areas. This branch of work can be greatly assisted by demonstrating for-
estry methods on these larger areas. The influence which this policy must
eventually exert may be realized by noticing the representative way in
which these proposed forest reserves are situated throughout southern
Ontario. Government forest nurseries situated at certain of these points
will be able to supply planting material to owners anxious to replant waste
land.

The policy of putting these lands under forest management has many
arguments in its favour. It will pay as a financial investment, assist in
insuring a wood sur>Dlv, protect the headwaters of streams, provide breed-
ing ground for wild <?ame, provide obiect lessons in forestry and prevent
citizens from developing Tinder conditions which can only end in failure.

FOREST CONDITIONS IN NOVA SCOTIA.

F. C. WHITMAN, PRESIDENT WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA LUMBERMEN'S

ASSOCIATION.

*^

Forestry is somewhat of a problem in any part of Canada, and in Nova
Scotia we have difficulties that are not easily solved. The maritime
provinces need encouragement at what seems to be the beginning' of an epoch
— a leader or several leaders to mark the way — and legislative action that
will command attention and respect is required; acts that will make for the
building up of a public sentiment in a sensible way and in accordance with
present conditions, if they are to lead to practical results.

Let me state as plainly as possible the conditions in Nova Scotia. The
cutting of timber and the output of lumber have reached the limit of reason-
able production, and the increasing value of lumber has a tendency to draw
altogether too heavily upon our diminishing timber reserves. The axe has
struck into trees that a few years ago were considered either inaccessible
or unmerchantable. In former years lumbering depended almost entirely
upon the rivers and streams, but the building of new railways and team
logging roads have widened the field of operations and added the menace of
fire, which is too well known to require comment.

How THE LAND is HELD.

In any forestry proposition the tenure of land has a most important
bearing upon the subject. In Nova Scotia the Province long ago lost control
of its best land. The ownership of the forest land by the Government was,
for a long time, regarded as an embarrassment to the early settlement of
the country and titles passed to individual holdings of any desired acreage,
with most erratic selections and surveys of such generous irregularity that
a grant of 600 acres has been known to cover half as much again. The
selection by purchasers was not in the order of good, better, best, but the
other way about. First the best was sold, then the poorer, and now the
Government is left with 1,500,000 acres of the poorest lots scattered from one
end of the Province to the other ; a really unknown quantity as to character
or value. For this land the Nova Scotia Government asks 80 cents per acre
for a twenty-year lease, subject to a renewal for another twenty years, but
they have absolutely no idea what is leased except the acreage of the land
itself. Besides the Crown Land acreage of 1,500,000 acres, there are approxi-
mately 1,900,000 acres owned by large lumber concerns, and 2,500,000 acres
held in lots of 500 acres or less. The difficulty of administering these lands
will be appreciated when it is remembered that in a single square mile .there
is often a bit of Crown Land, a timber lot, and a settler's holding. From
this it will be seen that a forest policy adapted to our present system of
tenure is badly ne-eded.

FIRE PROTECTION.

Nova Scotia has a goodly list of indigenous trees, and a spontaneity
of growth that the axe cannjot possibly keep under. It is only where repeated

[1]

fires have completely wiped out the soil that natural seeding and growth are
impossible. I want to say a few words about Nova Scotia's forest fire laws.
Six or seven years ago many prominent men in the Province were of the
opinion that nothing could be done to prevent or stop what had become an
annual conflagration. The Government felt helpless and pointed to the
"Act for the Protection of Woods against Fires," (a dead letter on the
statute books), and also deprecated the idea of going to any expense to
enforce the act. As there seemed no one else to do it. the leading lumber
firms of Western Nova Scotia got together, and after studying the situation
carefully and getting comprehensive data from outside sources, were able
to present to the Government a practical working plan for the prevention of
forest fires, and to show how the expenses of the system could be equitably
distributed. It is sufficient to say that as matters stand to-day the Govern-
ment and the people are well pleased with the working of the system, and
we claim to have in Nova Scotia a fire fighting force organized on preventive
principles, that is both effective and efficient.

Very much of the credit for all this, and the effectiveness of the Act
is due to the character of the people living in the great forest belt, law-abid-
ing and hard-working people, who recognize the property rights of others
and are willing to do their part for the public welfare. In the municipality
in which I live the chief ranger can, by telephone and messengers, call
together 50 to 100 men in a few hours; men who come at once and make a
"bee line" for the fire. There is a greater incentive than the wages paid,
for in some instances they know that they are protecting their homes. After
five years of systematic work they fully realize the benefit of organization,
and have seen results in their forest homes that have made them safer,
richer and more hopeful for the future.

FOREST SURVEYS NEEDED.

On the strength of what has been accomplished in the matter of sup-
pressing forest fires, the Nova Scotia Government is now preparing the way
for a descriptive survey of the provincial forest lands. I am not in a position
to give particulars regarding this important matter, but it shows the trend
of public opinion.

DIFFICULTIES TO BE ENCOUNTERED.

In any forest policy that may be advocated in Nova Scotia, the most
difficult matters to be dealt with will, of necessity, be the differences that
are sure to arise between private interests and what is deemed best for the
public welfare. In this connection, I believe that the provinces should
be encouraged to look to the Forestry Branch of the Dominion Govern-
ment for help and instruction.

IN CONCLUSION.

I have reviewed the situation in our Province as briefly as possible.
Probably much the same state of affairs obtains in other provinces. In each
of the provinces the forestry problem must be solved by a careful study of
all the interests involved. Much may be accomplished by appealing to the

intelligence of our people, as we did in working out our fire laws, and a
proper representation of facts. Where possible, practical demonstrations
should be given so that all may be convinced.

I sincerely trust that the magnificent Convention held in Ottawa in
1906, as well as this meeting to-day, held under the distinguished patronage
of His Excellency, Earl Grey, will be recorded by future historians as
epochs in the general movement for the conservatism of Canada's forest
resources.

Annapolis Royal, N.S., February, 1909.

NEW BRUNSWICK

Forestry Convention

HELD AT

February 2ist and 22nd

1907

FORESTRY CONVENTION

Held at Fredericton, N. B., February 2oth and 2ist, 1907

Under date 14th Jan., 1907, the Hon. L. J. Tweedie, Premier of
Brunswick, issued the following invitation : —

PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK

Forestry Convention, Fredericton, N. B., Wednesday, 20tk and Thursday ,

21st February, 1907

By virtue of the Provisions of an Act passed by the Legislative Assembly
of New Brunswick at its last Session, entitled "An Act for the better pre-
serving and protection of the Public Domain," the Lieutenant-Governor-in-
Council was authorized to summon a Forestry Convention during the present
year, to be held in the City of Fredericton, at which all persons interested
in the Protection of the Forests or science of Forestry should be publicly
invited to attend.

An Order in Council having been passed for the calling of such Con-
tention, I have much pleasure on behalf of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-
Council in extending to you a cordial invitation to be present at said
Convention, which will sit at Fredericton on Wednesday the twentieth and
Thursday the twenty-first of February next, and .trust you may find it
convenient to attend.

Special rates for transportation of those attending the Convention wilj
be arranged with the I. C. and C. P. Railways.

A programme of the procedure and names of the principal speakers will
.be furnished at the opening of convention.

The following subjects will be discussed ;

1. The general need of Forest Preservation.

2. Attitude of Educational Institutions towards Forestry.

3. Dependence of business interests on Forests.

4. The Lumbermen's interest in Preservation of Forests.

5. The development of water power as related to Forests.

6. The Forest policy of the United States and other Countries.

7. Addresses upon the subjects relating to Forestry protection'
embodied in the Public Domain Act.

If you have any suggestions to offer on any of the subjects above out-
lined, you will kindly communicate with the undersigned.

A copy of the Public Domain Act is herewith enclosed.

I have the honor to remain,

Your Obedient Servant

L. J. TWEEDIE,
Premier of New Brunswick
Fredericton, N B.,

14th January, 1907.

An early answer is requested to

W, P. FLEWELLING, Deputy Surveyor General,

Fredericton, N. B..

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ROOM,

Fredericton, N. B.,

20th Feb., 1907.
»

In response to the foregoing invitation a large number of persons
interested in Forestry attended at the Assembly Rooms.

MORNING SESSION, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 20TH.

At 11.10 o'clock a. m. His Honour the Hon. Jabez Bunting Snowball,
Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, called the meeting to order and
made a few well chosen remarks, closing by calling upon the Hon. L. J,
Tweedie, Premier of New Brunswick, who made the following

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

Your Honour, Ladies and Gentlemen : It affords me a great deal of
pleasure indeed to extend a most cordial and hearty welcome to all who have
come to visit us today and take part in the proceedings of the first Forestry
"Convention that has ever been held in the Province of New Brunswick. It is
never too late to learn, and it has been borne in for some time on the
Government that it is necessary in the interests of this Province that we
should amend our policy in regard to the great lumber industry of this
Province, which is one of the greatest industries we have, our chief one,
indeed, and therefore last winter we introduced legislation, whereby the
Government was authorized to adopt certain measures which we considered
would be in the interests of the Province. For many years the lumber
industry of this Province, and the Forests were allowed to look after them-
selves. No great care was given to their protection, and the consequence is
that the Province has been depleted of millions of dollars worth of valuable
lumber ; but, as I have said, it is never too late to learn, and we have at
length arrived at the conclusion that some new measures must be taken to
protect this great industry. Therefore, feeling that it would be wise on the
part of the Government to' have the opinion of experts on this important
question, not only from our own Province and from the Dominion, but from
all over the continent, we were authorized by law to hold a Forestry Con-
vention and to invite the public to attend. We have invited gentlemen
from the United States, from the Dominion of Canada and from other
Provinces of the Dominion, and I am pleased to extend to those gentlemen
who have found it convenient to attend at this season of the year, a most
cordial welcome on behalf of the Province of New Brunswick. I regret that
some of the gentlemen who were invited, principally from the United States,
.have been unable to attend. Among these is Mr. Pinchot, the Chief of the
Forestry Service of the United States at Washington, whose regrets will be
read. He expresses much sorrow at not being able to attend, but as Con-
gress is sitting, he is unable to be here, and we are obliged to do without
the benefit of his great knowledge on Forest protection.

I have prepared a short paper on the past history of the Lumber Industry
of the Province, which I will now read. I may say that in carrying on the
work of this Convention, it is our desire that the addresses should not be of
inordinate length, and after each address it is open to any gentleman present
to open up a discussion on the matters spoken of in the address. I think it
:has been found in other Forestry Conventions, notably the one at Ottawa,

6 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

that it would be advisable in the future not to have so many speeches, but-
more general discussion by the persons present as to the subjects upon*
which papers have been read, and therefore, I trust that no gentleman,
although his name does not appear upon the programme, will feel that he
has to be a silent listener. If a particular view strikes any gentleman*
present, he is at perfect liberty to enter upon a discussion and ask any
questions he may wish to ask.

Lumber always has been and for a long time must continue to be th&
principal source of our export trade. Indeed if the hopes of those who are
promoting the Forestry Convention are realized, lumber will never cease to
be a large source of revenue to New Brunswick. Nearly the whole of our
territory was at one time covered with magnificent forests and this attracted
the attention of the French Government which required large pine trees for
the masts of its navy More than two hundred years ago masts were being
sent from the St. John River to France for the use of the French navy, and
when the country came into the possession of the English the same business
was continued on a still larger scale and the ships that carried the Flag of
England all over the world and which fought at Camperdown, the Nile, and
Trafalgar, were supplied with masts and spars from the forests of New
Brunswick. For many years after the foundation of the Province large areas
of territory in this Province were held as Crown reserves for the supplying
of masts to the navy and many complaints arose in consequence from persons
engaged in the lumbering industry who maintained that many of these
reserves were improperly closed to the lumberman and the settler.

The lumber trade of this Province was at first confined to the export of
pine timber to Great Britain and this trade grew to large proportions a^'ter
the close of the Napoleonic Wars. As the Crown Lands of the Province
were under the control of the British Government until the year 1836, we
have no statistics available of the export or production of lumber during the
early part of the nineteenth century.

The Customs House was also under the control of the British Govern-
ment, but in 1821 during the Session of the Legislature a motion was carried
in the House of Assembly for an address to the Lieutenant Governor, pray-
ing that he would be pleased to order to be laid before the House, an account
of all goods, wares and merchandise, imported and exported &i the different
ports of this Province during the past year. At that time there was but
one port in New Brunswick, that of St. John (Miramichi, St. Andrew's and

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

the other ports being merely out-ports). The Government sent in the returns
for the years 1819 and 1820 and from this it appears that in 1819, 247,394
tons of Pine Timber were exported from the Province, 26,545,000 feet of
Pine Boards and Plank, 6,616,000 Shingles, 5,850,000 Staves, 6,323 Masts
and Spars, 6,099 cords of lath wood and 19,890 Hogshead shocks. In 1820,
207,899 tons of Pine Timber were exported, 20,970,000 feet of Boards and
Plank, 11,682,000 Shingles, 8,001 Masts and Spars, 5,039 cords of lath
wood and 6,387,000 Staves.

In the year before the great Miramichi fire the export of Pine Timber
from the Province was 321,211 tons. Of this 141, 334 tons went from
Miramichi, 114,116 tons from St. John, 25,975 from St. Andrew's and
24,269 from Richibucto. In the same year 5,992 Masts and Spars were
exported, of which 1,918 went from St. John and 1,559 from Miramichi.
The exports of Boards and Plank amounted to 21,383,000 feet, more than
half of which went from St. John, 6,471 cords of lath wood were exported,
of which 3,080 cords went from Miramichi and 1,435 from St. John. It will
be seen from these figures that at that period the exports of lumber from
Miramichi exceeded that from St. John.

In 1825, the year of the great Miramichi fire, exports of Pine Timber
from New Brunswick reached the very large total of 416,105 tons, of which
175,000 went from St. John and 158,000 from Miramichi. The
export from Miramichi would have been larger but for the fire which
took place in October and burned many of the vessels that were in the port
for the purpose of carrying away timber, as well as the timber itself. That
was a period of wild speculation in Great Britain and also in New Brunswick,
which was followed by a period of reaction, and a financial panic which
ruined many people on both sides of the Atlantic.

In 1826 the export of timber from the Province fell to 283,000 tons, a
result that probably was due as much to the commercial panic of that period
as to the destruction of the North Shore Forests by the great fire.

In 1830 the exports of Pine Timber from the port of St. John, which
then included Miramichi, but not St. Andrews, amounted to 190,000 tons
and in 1831 to 232,500 tons.

In 1832, the export of Pine Timber from St. John and out-ports was
187,000 and for 1833, 208,0,00 tons. It will be seen from these figures that
the Pine Timber trade was already beginning to decline.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

In 1840, the export of Pine Timber from St. John and the North Shore
ports amounted to 261,118 tons, of which St. John contributed 109,526
tons, Miramichi 68,242 and Dalhousie 45,639 tons. By this time the Deal
trade had begun to assume considerable proportions. The first Spruce Deal
ever made in' New Brunswick was got in the year 1819, and the first cargo
of deals, which consisted of only 100,000 superficial feet, was shipped to
England in the year 1822. In the year 1840, 79,383,000 feet of deals were
shipped from St. John and the North Shore ports, of which St. John con-
tributed 48,755,000 feet and Miramichi 19,078,000 feet.

Ten years later or in 1850, St. John and the North Shore ports, which
were then included in the same Customs District, exported 168,219 tons of
timber, which was a heavy decline from the figures of 1840. The Customs
House returns as published do not show how much each port contributed to
this total. In the meantime the deal trade had greatly increased, for the

o _ v

export of Spruce deals in 1850 reached a total of 127,129,000 feet, 21,091,000
feet of Boards were also exported from the port of St. John and out-ports.

In 1860 the export of Pine Timber from New Brunswick had fallen to
39,291 tons, but the export of Deals had risen to upwards of 240,000,000
superficial feet, and of Boards, Scantling and Plank to upwards of 25,000,000
feet.

In the fiscal year 1870-1 the export of Pine Timber from New Bruns-
wick had fallen to 4,210 tons while 14,231 tons of Birch Timber were
exported. The export of Deals amounted to 74,723 standards valued at
$1,882,553. The export of Planks and Boards was 61,307,000 feet valued
at $571,132. The total value of the Forest products of New Brunswick
exported that year was $3,048,828.

In the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1881, the Forest products of New
Brunswick exported were valued at $4,068,241 and in addition $671,255
worth were exported not the produce of Canada. In that year the export of
Pine Timber was only 2,919 tons. The export of Birch Timber was 11,764
tons. The export of Deals was 132,430 standards, valued at $3,343,780.
The export of Boards and Plank was 25,183,000 feet.

In the fiscal year 1891 the Forest exports of New Brunswick were
valued at $3,982,734 besides $1,314,327 worth of lumber not the produce of
Canada. This included of the produce of New Brunswick 2,574 tons of
Pine Timber, 4,906 tons of Birch Timber, 111,865 standards of Deals valued
at $2,866,679 and 31,432,000 feet of Boards.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

During the fiscal year 1899-1900 the forest exports of New Brunswick
were valued at $6,706,339, only 20 tons of Pine Timber were exported dur-
ing that year while the export of Birch Timber amounted to 7,105 tons.
The export of Spruce deals was 159,785 standards valued at $4,717,564.
The export of Boards was 70,822,000 feet valued at $718,971. This total
export of $6,706,339 worth of forest products probably included a million
and a quarter dollars worth of wood goods not produced in New Brunswick,
the Customs department having made a change in the classification of their
goods exported and counting as the produce of Canada lumber sawed in St.
John from loo-s cut in the State of Maine and floated down the St. John
River. Since then there is no way of distinguishing the exports of the
different Provinces because the tables of trade and navigation published by
the Dominion Government only give the value of the exports of each Prov-
ince without classifying the kind of goods exported. The following figures
furnished by Snowball and Company give the exports for the past year :

TOTAL SHIPMENT FROM THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK

SEASON, 1906

Sup. Ft. Deals, Ends, Scant-
ling, Boards

Miramichi, 110,539,984

St. John, 191,579,485

Campbellton, 39,889,527

Dalhousie, 19,000,000

Bathurst, 20,642,969

Richibucto including Buctouche, 3,876.418

Outports of Sackville, 8,618,794

Shediac, 1,259,100

Hopewell Cape, 23,173,149

Harvey, 2,501,023

Total, 421,080,449 Sup. Feet

These figures which I have quoted show how the lumber business of
ihis Province has changed during the past 80 years. The White Pine, which
was so abundant in New Brunswick formerly, has now practically disap-
peared, while the Spruce, which was so little regarded in the early days of
the Province, has now become our leading export, and promises to continue
HO for many years to come. Indeed with proper care there seems to be no
good reason why our Spruce forests should not continue to be a source of

10 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

wealth to the Province and of revenue to the Government for many cen-
turies, if not for all time. New Brunswick at the present time is the owner
of about 10,000 square miles of timber lands and derives from them a large
revenue.

Last year the revenue obtained from this source amounted to about
$250,000 in addition to the revenue obtained from Game Licenses, Fishing
Licenses and other sources. Not less than 108,635,000 superficial feet of
Spruce and Pine and 14,982,000 superficial feet of Fir were cut on Crown
Lands in the Province of New Brunswick. There were also large quantities
of hemlock, cedar, pulp wood, railway ties and other lumber, the stumpage
from all of which collected by the Government amounted to $172,529. The
lesson to be derived from a study of the past history of this Province and its
lumbering interests is that unless our forests are preserved, the greatest
resource we possess will be destroyed. The destruction of our Pine forests
by wasteful methods of lumbering and by fires should warn us against allow-
ing our forests to be dealt with in a similar fashion. There are many
millions of acres of land in this Province which are more valuable for the
purpose of producing wood than they would be for any other use to which
they could be applied. We have plenty of land both for the farmer and the
lumberman, but in locating settlers we ought to be careful not to place them
on land which could be more profitably used as a forest. The neglect of this
precaution in former years has been the means of placing many settlers on
land from which they could not make a living and the result has been that
these poor .thin soils which have become exhausted by croping are again
growing up as forests. It is a fortunate circumstance that the Spruce tree
is a weed in New Brunswick and that any pasture which is neglected for a
few years will speedily grow up with trees and return to a wilderness
condition.

By the census of 1901 the total value of our forest products is placec
at $2,998,038, whereas in that year we exported $6,706,339 worth of foresi
products of which not more than $1,500,000 worth was of foreign growth.

The census gives the value of the forest products of Nova Scotia at
$3,409,528.

Now, in view of the policy of the Government, as I have said, we had
an Act passed last winter, authorizing the holding of this Convention, and
in sending out invitations to the different gentlemen, especially those outside
of the Province — because we did not send invitations to every person inter-

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 11

ested in the business in the Province, as by law they were all invited to
attend — I felt it advisable to enclose with those invitations a copy of the
Public Domain Act, and to request that each gentleman receiving the invita-
tion should make any criticism upon the Act, or any suggestion he might
think proper. I may say that we have not received many criticisms upon
the Act, in fact, none, most people commending it very favorably, as one
containing good provisions which if carried out will be beneficial to the
Province.

I do not think that I need detain you any longer. I am certainly
pleased to find so many present today, and on behalf of the Province, I
extend a cordial welcome to the visitors who are to take part in this Con-
vention.

The Premier then took the chair and introduced J. D. Hazen, Esq.,
M. P. P., who addressed the Convention.

MR. J. D. HAZEN, M. P. P.

Leader of the Opposition

May it please Your Honour, and Mr. Premier, might I also be permitted
to say "Your Ex-Honour" (Ex-Governor McClelan), ladies and gentlemen, I
have very great pleasure in joining in the cordial and hearty words of greet-
ing with which the Premier of New Brunswick has welcomed here today the
representatives of the great lumber interests of this Province, and in doing
so, I may say that I feel that this is a welcome which is extended equally by
every Member of the Legislature, as well as by the Premier and myself. I
regard the Convention which is meeting today, the gathering here today as
one of the most important gatherings that has ever come together in the
Province of New Brunswick, and I hope, and I think we have reason to
believe, that the deliberations of this Convention will be fraught with great
benefit to the Province of New Brunswick, in the future, as well perhaps, as
at the present.

Conventions, Mr. Premier and Your Honour, seem to be the order of
the day at this stage of the world's history. There is scarcely a year that
passes that important industries or important interests in the country, or
those interested in them, do not meet together, for the purpose of taking
counsel with each other concerning the best means that may be adopted of
promoting the interests they enjoy in common. And, while in previous

12 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

years, the farmers, the dairymen, the fruit-growers and other great interests
have seen the great importance there is in the interchange of ideas, and in
meeting together to receive advice, riot only from those practically engaged
in the business, but from those who have made a study from theoretical and
scientific standpoints, up to the present time in this Province it has not been
the case in regard to the greatest industry of all,- the lumbering industry.
In panada, however, for a number of years past, we have had a Dominion
Forestry Association, an association which has met annually in some of the
Upper Provinces, and associated with which have been gentlemen from all
the Provinces of Canada ; and the publication of the proceedings of that
association, circulated throughout the country, has had a beneficial efi'ect in
stirring up the people of Canada to do all they can to preserve the forests
of the country, and has done much towards advancing the lumber industry
of Canada, and in this Province, as well, has had a beneficial effect. It is
perhaps natural that the lumbermen in this Province, and those interested
in this great industry have not taken steps earlier to form themselves into
an association. In the earlier history of this Province the forests were a
source of danger ; the settlers regarded the forests as their enemies. They
saw nothing poetical in ''the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the
hemlocks," because they had to get a living from the country, and to get
that, they had ruthlessly, with the axe and the tire, to destroy the forests
with which the country was covered. And they did not realize that the time
would ever come when they would feel the need of taking steps to preserve
the Forests which at that time they were doing their utmost to cause to dis-
appear from the face of the country. However, time went by, and, as
pointed out by the Premier, the Pine Forests which were the pride of this
country, have practically disappeared, and in going through the Province>
we find here and there some lofty old rampike lifting its stately head towards
the skies, standing a silent witness to the former grandeur of the Forest,
and of the fires that have spread over the country from time to time, and
which have caused more destruction to our lumber industry than has ever
been done by the axe of the woodsman. Today we have our Spruce Forests
as a source of wealth, and so valuable has that source become, and so great
is the demand for lumber, that even those trees of the forest wrhich only a
few years ago were regarded as of comparatively little value, such as the Fir,
are today becoming a source of profit to the country.

The early settlers did not think the necessity existed of preserving the
Forest, but as we go on from time to time, we find that today, in the minds
of thoughtful men everywhere, there is no problem regarded as of greater

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 13

importance in the industrial life and industrial progress of this country than
the problem of how our Forests are to be preserved, and what means are to
be taken, in order to preserve them for generations to come, to be a source
of profit, not only to the country itself, but to those living within the
country. The man who holds Forest limits has naturally a desire to make
profit, and immediate profit, out of the licenses he holds. On the other hand,,
the Province has at stake the problem of guarding the Forest lands, so that
they may be a profit to those coming after, and at the same time to so
manage them as to make them give a fair return to those who have the
courage and industry and enterprise to invest their money in developing the
country, by taking licenses and cutting lumber on those lands. That, it
seems to me, is the great problem in connection with Forestry today — how
to care for our forests, so as to give proper return to the men who are en-
gaged in the industry, and at the same time, to preserve those Forests, so
that they will be a benefit to future generations and a source of revenue to
the Province in years to come and practically forever. There can be no
doubt that the distribution of literature sent out by the Canadian Forestry
Association has called attention to many subjects in this regard. One, and
it seems to me, one of the greatest importance with which the State has to
deal, is that of passing proper laws for the protection of the country against
Forest fires, and seeing that those laws are properly enforced — because a
Legislature may pass laws until Doomsday, but if they are not enforced, the
laws are of no avail, no matter how perfect they may appear on the statute
book of the country. We find that in other provinces action has been
taken in this regard. In some provinces there are Forest rangers, paid
partially by the State, partially by those who hold licenses from the
State, whose duty it is to patrol the Forests of the Province, having
signal stations on the mountains, commanding an extensive area of Forest
lands, and having telephone communication, so that the moment a fire
breaks out they can signal for help, and in a short space of time have a
large number of men on the scene, with shovels and axes and other instru-
ments to save the forests from destruction, thus saving thousands, yes,
millions of dollars to the people of the country. In reading an address
delivered at the Forestry Convention last year, I was struck by a statement
made, that in the Province of Quebec, a settler making a clearing for a crop
of five bushels of potatoes had started a fire that destroyed over three hun-
dred million feet of Pine Timber, that at the present time would be worth
$3 500 000 to the country. This shows in a striking manner the great
necessity that exists for guarding the public domain against fire, and

14 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

State has no more right to allow its domain to go without proper protection
in this respect than an individual has to allow his house to go without
insurance against fire. In this Province we have laws on the statute book
for the prevention of Forest fires, and fairly good laws, but we must make
up our minds that we have got to spend a good deal of money to make
these laws effective. A good example has been set by the lumbermen of
Westmorland, who. of their own motion, had a Bill passed in this House for
the prevention of Forest fires in the County of Westmorland and assumed
the burden of carrying out this Act themselves.

In reading reports of the Canadian Forestry Association 1 was struck
with the statement dealing with the protection of the Forests, and how it
was possible, with the proper cutting of the timber, to keep the forests so
that they would always be a source of wealth, made by a gentleman in
Ottawa lost year, that in Saxony, where the State owned and managed
some 430,000 acres of lumber lands, in fifty years' time over 200 million dollars
worth had come out of that 430,000 acres — lumber to the value of over four
million dollars a year, and yet today there was a much larger quantity, some
twenty per cent, more, of lumber standing on that land than there had been
fifty years ago. If on 400,000 acres of land in Saxony 200 millions of
•dollars of wealth can be obtained in fifty years, it is a simple sum in arith-
metic to work out what the potentialities of our wealth are from the
6,400,000 acres of Crown Land under license in our Province, not to speak
of the land not under license, a portion of which is fit for the growing of
trees, and could be made a source of wealth for this country. A mere state-
ment of that shows what enormous wealth we have in our Crown Lands, in
the 6,400,000 acres under licence at the present time in this Province. And
white in this country we have not arrived perhaps at that stage when it is
necessary to take the extreme steps that are taken in Germany and Saxony
and in the Scandinavian Peninsulas, where every man who cuts down a tree
is forced to plant two or three more in its place, yet there is no doubt great
good must come of our understanding the conditions that exist in other
countries, and of our discussing the questions with regard to the preservation
of the Forests, affecting, as they do, that great interest which every man in
this country must regard as essential to the future growth and the pros-
perity of the country, the lumber interest of the Province of New Brunswick,
which has been so potent a factor in its growth and progress in the past.

Once more, Mr. Chairman, I join with you in extending a cordial
greeting to the gentlemen who have come here to attend this Convention.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 15

The Hon. A. R. McClelan, of Riverside, Albert Co., then read the
following paper :

HON. A. R. McCLELAN.

The growth and preservation of trees has become a subject of many
phases and of transcendant interest to exporters of wood as well as to
countries consuming it, as well as the people generally. Except in Germany,
however, and one or two other of the older nations, the study of Forestry
in its scientific relations is of comparatively recent date. The literature of
Great Britain, except in relation to India, contains little on the subject.
France has furnished a few works. Italy scarcely any. The United States
have published one way and another a vast amount of valuable information,
and President Roosevelt has given the weight of his great influence to its
promotion. Canadians, none too soon, are becoming aroused, and the Federal
as well as Provincial Governments seern alive to its importance. It has been
largely with governments as with the individuals who make them. The real
value of many of the country's resources are tardily recognized. It is a case
of foresight coming afterwards. If Forestry in its strictest form had been
considered fifty years ago, how much better off would we all be now. Even
if the right of eminent domain had then .been applied, and private ownership
controlled by law, millions would have been saved to this Province, and
everybody benefitted. At this time there is less need of interference with
private rights, for the high price of the product protects the trees from
needless destruction while the reports of these discussions must tend to the
same end.

New Brunswick still retains for controllable public advantage between
six and seven million acres of the "Forest Primeval," a larger proportion of
the whole area than is usually found in well settled districts. The Common-
wealth of Australia is said to have 110 million acres of woodland, and only
18 millions or about one-sixth reserved for Forestry purposes, while New
Brunswick retains over one-third of the whole Provincial area. Professor
Fernow, of Cornell University, published in 1902 a very exhaustive and
valuable work on the -Economics of Forestry," from which I have made
extracts. He points out the growing demand for wood^oods while civiliza-
tion advances and industrial activity increases, as shown by statistics of the
imports of woods to European countries. Great Britain is almost wholly
supplied by importation and the quantity used there has steadily increased
year bv year. France is a still more striking instance of an increasing

16 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

demand for wood goods ; and even Germany, so famous for its conservative
forest management and thrift (to use the words of Fernow), an exporter till
1863, now pays over $70,000,000 for wood in excess of exports. These
three leading nations, with all the last half century has developed, in new
discoveries and scientific progress, and notwithstanding the substitution of
iron, stone, brick, etc., for structural purposes and coal for fuel, are making
yearly demands for more wood in one form or another. Pulp for paper is
everywhere making enormous inroads on the forests, and especially the
Spruce, the wood chiefly employed in the manufacture of paper.

Our neighbors of the United States, with large forest resources and a
remarkably progressive development, fail, even with a protective policy, to
keep our wrood products out of their market.

There seems little need to show more conclusively the continuance of a
demand for export, or the value of the trees as a permanent asset. How
best to promote the growth and preservation of the trees is the question we
have met to consider, and the action of the Government in asking for an

• ' O

exchange of ideas from those having different points of view, is well directed
and cannot fail to be of considerable advantage. Looking to the future,
which is considered a statesman's duty, re-forestation becomes a matter of
paramount consideration.

Norway and Sweden, our chief competitors in the English market, have
for a century had strict laws protecting the forest, but only comparatively
at a recent period have given attention to planting. From a report of a
commission sent out by a University in 1894 Sweden will by protection and
reforestation continue, if not increase, the present yearly cut, Of the Spruce,
Pine and Oak, the chief productions, the Spruce is said to be gaining over
the Pine. It maybe of some interest to note that Japan has had a forest
policy earlier than any European nation, and has now excellent arrangements
for effective procedure. From the earliest period edicts were issued to
provide for and ensure the planting of water sheds to reduce dangerous
floods. A forest academy, after German models and supervised by German
foresters, was established in 1882, which in 1890 became incorporated with
the University of Tokio. .The State forests comprise 17,500,000 acres, or

about 30 per cent, of the total forest area.

•

To the student of Forestry, however, no nation offers greater interest
than Germany, where, for a lengthened period, the Government has struggled
to maintain, by planting and re-seeding, a large area of productive fores

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR SNOWBALL

PREMIER TWEEDIE

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

land. Large tracts, unfitted for successful cultivation, which have been
stripped of trees by private owners, have been re-purchased by the State and
re-stocked at great expense. Thus, as Fernow says, "public money paya
for public folly."

We noticed by the discussion on the recent opening of the Legislature,
that reforestation will have the attention of the Government and the b«at
method of proceeding thereon, becomes a question of much interest.

A gentleman of Ontario informed me that he had grown from seed a
considerable quantity of black walnut trees, valuable for wood and nut bearing,
but on inquiry, Mr. Robertson, of the Experimental Farm at Nappan, Nova
Scotia, says that on a fair trial he found much difficult}- in growing these
trees successfully in the climate of these Maritime Provinces. Perhaps
others may be able to report more favorably.

In rapidity of growth the German record shows that Spruce, for the
first ten years, has less percentage of increase than Fir or Pine, but after
that period, the accretion is yearly greater than shown by these other kinds.
The increase of wood yearly per acre, is of course largely dependent on soil
and other conditions, but it would not perhaps be an exaggeration to expect
in some locations an annual addition of from 600 to 100 superficial feet.

Where lands have been denuded of trees and are unfit for profitable
cultivation, the question of the best means of securing a return of growth is
•important. The natural rotation of nature's demands, the adaptation of
varieties to the soil, the differing rapidity of growth, and the ultimate value
of various trees, all bear on this interesting subject of reforestation, and I
feel convinced that the opinions of gentlemen who are conversant with such,
matters, will not be the least interesting records of the session.

The ravages of fire and the axe have in the past contributed vastly to
the diminishing of our property value in forest lands, but with increasing
realization of these drawbacks, and the employment of better facilities for
their reduction in the future, encourage the hope of great improvement in
many ways. We will come to recognise and value the forests for the regu-
lation of water flow in streams, providing a more uniform supply of well
water, as wind brakes and a health restorer, as a covert for harmless fur
bearing animals, a shelter for the birds, a cool resort for tourist and hunts-
man and for the student of nature who likes to roam for pleasure "in the
pathless woods,"

18 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

Let us take an illustration bearing on this general question. Suppose
the Hon. Surveyor General, who could perhaps with more propriety be
named the Minister of Crown Lands and Forestry, owned for himself in fee
simple all of this 6,400,000 acres of land with ample means to care for it,
what would he as an intelligent and provident gentleman do with it ? He
would not impair it for the purpose of getting great immediate profits,
which might be wasted, but so protect it, that it would remain for his children
and their descendants for all time a valuable and increasing source of

o

revenue. It demands a higher style of honor, to deal with a trust which in
the case of public lands, not only conserves the best interests of the charge
in hand, but also indirectly promotes in many ways the wealth and the hap-
piness of the community in general.

It was only natural that our forefathers, the pioneers of the soil, when
the clearing off of the trees was a necessity, should impart to their children-
similar habits of destruction ; but the boys and girls of this epoch should
'leave school with feelings more in consonance with the country's require-
ments.

In the higher educational institutions increasing attention is afforded
to nature studies, which will surely help in the cultivation of a greater inter-
est, by the young of both sexes, in forestry. The educational department is,
I am convinced, always desirous of promoting in all the schools a knowledge
of tree culture. Shade trees about the homestead and alon^r the roadsides,

~ '

apart from their intrinsic value, add much to the aesthetic appearance of
rural districts, and are appreciated by tourists and other visitors.

In the order of creation, the characteristic of the grandest of all laws is
variety, and this Province in its topography, exemplifies this feature. The
mountains and streams, the forests and glades, all add to the wealth and
welfare of the people. Much is written about Canada's western heritage,
where people accustomed to a flat and treeless prairie, successfully grow
cereals for food, but here we have a heritage more enduring, affording to the
youth of their native land such an interesting diversity as is conducive to
high mental development and noble achievement. Other sections may have
greater special attraction but for the attainment of the largest average of
this life's happiness, there is probably no place superior to New Brunswick.

Hon. Mr. McClelan was followed by Elihu Stewart, Esq., President of
the Canadian Forestry Association.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 19

EL1HU STEWART, ESQ.
THE GENERAL NEED OF FOREST PRESERVATION

When I began to consider that I had undertaken to say something on
so comprehensive a subject as that suggested by the title of my paper,.
'•The General Need of Forest Preservation,'' one on which a whole book
could be written without exhausting the subject, I felt myself much in the
same position as the old German professor who after devoting his whole liiV
to the study of Greek nouns on his deathbed expressed regret that he had'
not confined himself to the dative case.

1 shall therefore only attempt on this occasion to deal with the question
as it effects our own country.

Canada has been blessed with many free gifts from the bounteous hand
of nature. We have the fish in the sea and in our inland lakes and rivers.
We have the wild animals of the chase, the fur bearing animals and wild
fowl in every part of the country. Minerals in untold and unknown abund-
ance. We have a vast area of fertile soil, the potentialities of which can
scarcely be imagined ; and last, but not least, we have the subject of my
text, the forests.

Of all these gifts the forest is the freest. In the products of the soil it
is necessary to prepare the land and sow the seed before reaping the harvest.
In those of the mine it is generally necessary to expend considerable labor
in development work in search of what may or may not prove profitable in
the end. At best the miner is seeking for hidden treasure. The fisherman
casts his net into the sea with no certainty whether the return will be large
or small.

How different with the lumberman ! The wealth of the forest lies open
before him. The crop is his without the sowing. He simply reaps where
nature has prepared the soil and cast the seed, and the centuries without his
aid or even care have nourished the plant and brought forth to his hand t
fully developed product. With him it is simply a matter of appropriate
which he usually has the Government as a partner.

It is worthy of notice too that as only about one per cent, of the
contributing to tree growth is derived from the soil, trees do not deteriora
the land on which they grow and no rotation of crops is nece*
same varieties can be grown on the same soil for ages.

2.0 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

Forest preservation and forest perpetuation are necessary for two main
reasons ; first, on account of the effect of forests on climate and water ; and
second, on account of the product that the forest yields in the wood it pro-
duces. Let us first consider their effect on climate and water.

Geology informs us that in a remote age in the history of this continent
the whole of north-eastern America was denuded by glacial action of all
vegetable growth : but when a milder climate succeeded, the forest, obeying
that principle of life which is so characteristic of it in both the animal and
vegetable kingdom, namely, its essential qualities of surviving wherever its
environments will permit and of propagating its kind, soon began to encroach
on the treeless land and at the time of the discovery of America there was an
almost unbroken forest from the Atlantic seaboard for over a thousand miles
inland. This the pioneer settler was compelled to destroy in order that the
land might be used for agricultural purposes. This action on his pait was
necessary, but it has unfortunately been in many cases carried to such an
extreme as even to prejudicially effect the well being of the husbandman
himself in interfering with the flow of streams and disturbing meteorological
conditions that are essential to his existence.

Let us notice for a moment this phase of the subject. We see the great
rivers pouring their waters into the ocean. They are fed by thousands of
tributary streams which receive their supply far inland at high elevations.
These feeders are only channels that serve a purpose in the great plan of
distribution.

The heat of the sun is the first great agency in this pian of distribution.
By this agency vast quantities of water both from the sea and land are con-
vsrted into vapor which rises in the air and is carried in all directions.
When this vapor reaches a lower temperature it condenses and falls to the
surface of the earth. All that falling on the land \vhich is not again
evaporated is ultimately carried by gravity to the lowest level, namely, the
sea.

The greatest amount of evaporation, other conditions being equal, will
be w7here there are the greatest areas of water, and precipitation will also be
greatest there, for those regions remote from the sea where the greatest
evaporation occurs wrill only receive that portion that has escaped condensa-
tion in the journey through which the vapour has been carried. A good
illustration of this is afforded by the large rainfall of the east and west
coast of this continent and in a lesser degree in the neighborhood of other

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 21;

great lakes and the very light annual precipitation in the plains of the interior
of the continent where summer droughts are constantly feared and where
irrigation is frequently necessary to plant growth.

The precipitation is greater on mountains than on the low lying land in
the vicinity. This land elevated high above the surrounding country inter-
cepts the air currents fully surcharged with vapor which at these cooler
heights is about at the point of condensation and the result is that a very
large amount of moisture is deposited there where gravity again resumes Jits
functions to convey the w?ater back again to its home in the sea.

In these operations so far, that is, in the evaporation, conveyance l^of
vapor and precipitation in liquid form, it is evident that man has, and can
have, no part whatever, but once the water starts on its downward course
from these elevations, then his actions may affect the rapidity of its course,
and it must be confessed that all too frequently his interference here has
been prejudicial rather than beneficial.

Purpose and design are characteristic of every operation of nature even
though we sometimes fail to comprehend them.

Consider, for a moment, the object in view in all these elaborate opera-
tions. Evidently one purpose at least was to supply the great valleys lying
between the mountains and the sea with an even and perpetual supply of
water without which both animal and vegetable life could not exist. But it
is evident that the elaborate operations we have noticed, the evaporation of
water into vapor, the transport of the latter to the inland regions, with the
condensation and precipitation at those high elevations, would fail to fulfil
the evident design if there were no barriers to prevent the rapid and
tumultuous escape of the water from those heights, and in order to accom-
plish this and thus prevent disastrous torrents at one time and drought at
another we have a network in the forests that in a natural state when not
destroyed always grow on the mountain sides, forming a natural reservoir,
of which the artificial reservoirs for the water supply in our towns and cities
are in a sense but poor imitations.

From what has been said it will be noticed that we have several distinct
divisions, so to speak, in this work. First, evaporation ; second, the trans-
port of vapour ; third, condensation ; fourth, precipitation ; and lastly,
dissipation. By the last term we mean the disposal of the water after
condensation, and there are two ways that this may iake place, namely,

22 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

either by evaporation into the air, or by the agency of gravitation which will
ultimately carry it back again to the sea ; and the forest assists in retarding
dissipation in both cases. The shade and consequent lower temperature and
absence of strong air currents retard evaporation which is therefore many
times less in the forest than in the open field. Again, the absorbing qualities
of the forest floor are very much greater than in the open. The soil is loose
and is covered with leaves, moss and decaying timber. The roots of the
trees serve as pipes to carry the water down deep into the soil. In this way
a great natural reservoir is formed whose outlets are the thousands of
perennial springs and brooklets that evenly and continuously go to feed the
.larger streams and these again the great rivers of the country. Now, con-
sider the effect produced if this timber is removed. There is perhaps not
much difference in the amount of water precipitated but instead of being
absorbed as before, the greater part of it being unobstructed in its course
rushes down the mountain side in torrents ; disastrous floods follow, often
carrying away bridges and inundating fertile low-lying valleys and carrying
away alluvial soil down to the mouths of the streams where it is deposited
in great bars, thus impeding navigation and annually entailing large sums of
money in removing it.

This is the result of interference with nature. We have seen the
elaborate means she employed in depositing this water at those elevations.
She has woven, as we have seen, a network for the conservation and even
run-off' of this supply, and all she asks is that wre do not prejudicially inter-
fere with her operations. She does not even go so far as to say. ''Woodman,
spare the trees," for all the valuable timber could be removed when it attained
a proper age without in the least injuring the forest floors for this purpose.
Again, she does not ask you to reserve the fertile valleys but only the rough
mountain side where the elevation is frequently too great for the growth of
cereals and where the land is better adapted for the production of timber
than for any other purpose.

The people of North America have been exceedingly profligate in this
regard and the penalty is being paid every spring, first in the disastrous
floods experienced in so many localities, and later on in the season by the
drying up of the once never failing springs and perennial streams, and it is
time a note of warning was sounded that would arouse our people to a sense
of the danger that threatens us in this regard. If anyone should question
our reasoning on this point, let him but look at what has actually occurred
in older countries where irrational forestry methods were pursued in the

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

past. Take a large portion of Europe bordering on the Mediterranean in
Spain, Italy and Greece, as well as large tracts in Northern Africa and in
Asia Minor, where in the middle ages were to be found fruitful valleys and
the homes of a prosperous rural population, but which today is almost a
desert, where the inhabitants are reduced to beggary by the drying up of
the country consequent on the denudation of the forest on the mountain
sides.

But we need not go so far afield, for we have examples in these older
provinces of the Dominion where inundations occur almost every spring from
streams which in former years, before the country was denuded of its timber,
no inconvenience in this respect was ever experienced.

There is not a province of this Dominion that is not interested in this
•question. Starting farthest west : What would be the condition of British
Columbia if the mountain sides Avere denuded of the timber that is now
growing there. What of Alberta and Saskatchewan, if that great reservoir
along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains were destroyed, as it would
be if the timber were destroyed along the eastern foot hills of that great
mountain range.

The husbandman of those plains fears the summer drought far more
than he does the summer frost. The precipitation is very light; in some
places insufficient for plant growth and large irrigation works are in progress
of erection, Avhich will be useless unless the reservoir is kept intact. Destroy
the forest covering along the upper Bow and those irrigation canals and
ditches will be raging torrents for a few weeks and without water when it is
required. A large section of Manitoba is also dependent on the forest
reserve in the Riding Mountains for an adequate water supply. Ontario and
Quebec and your own province all require to conserve their water supply,
not perhaps so much for agriculture, for they have a greater rainfall, but in
order to preserve an even flow in their rivers and streams, thereby retaining
their value for water power and other purposes.

Many of you will be able to recall to memory the forestry conditions in
these older provinces as they existed in your youth. Fields surrounding the
farm house and the outbuildings, with the woods hard by in the rear. You
will recall the paths through those woods and the perennial streams flowing
through them. You can almost hear across the interval of years the thi
of insect life and the bird songs of the forest. How changed today !
-country is now cleared up and is, in too many cases, as bare of trees as our

24 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

north western plains. The old creeks and booklets have disappeared and1
t?ater famines are not infrequent.

How different would be the appearance of our rural sections today if
our fathers had left here and there a few acres of their choicest woodland,
and also along the roadsides an avenue of forest trees, but they cut them all
down and are now planting email ones which it will take a century to equal
those destroyed.

How applicable to our case are the lines of the gifted poet of the-
Sierras when he says :

"God gave us mother earth full blest

With robes of green in healthful fold.
We tore tha green robes from her breast,

We sold our mother's robes for gold.
We sold her garments fair, and she

Lies shamed and bleeding at our feet.
In penitence we plant a tree,

We plant a tree and count it meet."

Captain Eads, the eminent American engineer, made a remark a fevr
years ago when he was engaged in building dykes along the lower Missis-
sippi and a jetty at its mouth, which has a world of meaning in it. He said
he was working at the wrong end of the stream ; and it was perhaps more
than sentiment that lead the Boston philosopher, Thoreau, to exclaim as he
witnessed the destruction of the forest on- his New England hills, "Thank
God, they cannot cut down the clouds. n

But it is useless to recall lost opportunities except as an incentive to
1'uture action to reclaim as far as possible what has been lost, and the ques-
tion is, to use a street expression, "What are we going to do about it ?

I am glad to observe that New Brunswick has recently taken very
decided action, as is shown in the Act of last Session, dealing with this
problem, and so far as I am able to Judge, the Act is one that if carried out
will be attended with excellent results and will be commended by future
generations if not by those now living. There is just one provision that I
would suggest which perhaps might be added, and it is this, that in any
future patents of timbered land a proviso should be inserted that at least

of the area conveyed should be left in forest ; that the timber growing

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 25

thereon should be the property of the owner of the land but to be cut only
under the direction and supervision of the Government and in such away as
not to impair the land as a forest reservation.

Let us now briefly notice the second phase of this subject, namely, the
need of forest perpetuation on account of the wood product.

It is only within recent years that uneasiness has begun to be felt for
the future supply of timber, and in America the public at large do not yet
realize the situation.

It was thought by some a faw years ago that the increased use of iron,
brick, stone and cement in structural works and the more general use of coal
for fuel would lessen the consumption of wood. This has, however, not been
the case. On the contrary, statistics show that not only the aggregate con-
sumption in civilized countries has greatly increased, but what is more to
the point, the per capita consumption is greater today than it has ever been
before.

This increase of wood consumption parallel with that of the other
materials I have mentioned, as Dr. Fernow says, simply accentuates the
influence of the great modern development and increase of civilization, which
means increase in the wants of the population.

The manufacture of pulp and cellulose alone is now consuming immense
quantities of our spruce and other woods. Taking the whole consumption
of wood the world over for the various uses to which it is applied, and then
taking into account the visible means of supply, and the outlook is by no
means reassuring. One thing is certain and that is that a time of great
scarcity is within the near future if the timber producing countries do not at
once commence to husband the forest wealth which they possess but of which
so many of them seem to be oblivious.

What must be the result of an ever increasing demand where the supply
the world over is diminishing ?

Our total exports of wood and manufactures thereof of home produce
amounted in 1903 to $40,742,641, being an increase of over five and a half
millions over that of the previous year, and of this the Tjnited States took
$18,823,878, which was also an increase over what she took from us the year
before of over $2,000,000.

2(j NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

Even German}*, which has taken the lead in conserving and managing
her forests, has been importing timber since 1863 and now pays annually
over $70,000,000 to foreign countries for that article.

M. Melard, Inspector of Forests in the service of the French Republic,
in his recent work on "The Insufficiency of the World's Supply of Timber,"

says : —

"There are but seven countries at present able to supply large quantities
of timber. Five are in Europe, namely, Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Norway,
Finland and Russia ; two are in North America, namely, Canada and the
United States. It has been shown that the availing surplus of Austria-
Hungary, of Russia and of the United States is seriously threatened by
increase of population and by industrial development and that of Norway by
the abuse of the axe. There remain only three sources of supply in which
confidence can be placed for yet a little time. These are Sweden, Finland
and Canada. They are absolutely and hopelessly insufficient. If Sweden,
Finland and Canada were to attempt to supply all the countries which reach
out their hands for timber, their normal production, and their forests too,
would be disposed of completely in a very short time, revenue and capital
alike. A timber famine is thus within sight."

But it may be'said that this is the view of an alarmist who has not
studied the past history of the world. It may be truthfully pointed out that
nature has always come to man's relief in his extremities ; that when wood
fuel became scarce in the older countries of the world, coal was found to
replace it, and that in recent years natural gas and petroleum have in many
Jocalities even it-placed the coal. While this is true we must remember that
these are both inert materials without the power of reproduction or the
ability to increase the quantity ; that every pound of coal and every foot of
natural gas used decreases the aggregate quantity by that amount ; and
without going into details it may be said that the increasing use of these
materials is becoming so great as to indicate a famine here also in the not
distant future. But the close observer will reply that even if these sources
of fuel supply were entirely exhausted we have at least in this country
another natural agent to fall back upon in electricity, which can be generated
in enormous quantities by the power now unutilized in the thousands upon
"thousands of water power to be found in almost every part of the Dominion.
This is undoubtedly true and leads me to an almost virgin tield. I am of the
^opinion that this country has advantages in this respect which few countries

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 27

can equal, but what would be the value of these water powers unless the
reservoir from which the water is derived is preserved by the forest in the
neighborhood of the source of supply, thus ensuring an even and continuous
flow.

We have already noticed how our export of timber to foreign countries
is increasing from year to year, not only to the old world but even in a
greater ratio to the United States. We have quoted the opinions from the
best authorities in the world, that their only hope for the future is in
•Cinada's supply, bui, there is .one quarter from which an ever increasing
demand will come that we have not so far noticed, and that is from our own
people.

We find the total value of forest products as given in the census returns
for 1901 to be $50,183,044, while the exports for the same year were only
$32,852,190, leaving $17,330,854 as the value of our home consumption.
What the increased future home consumption will be will depend on the
increase of our population, and when we witness the rapid increase of immi-
gration during the past few years into a country such as our North West
prairies where every stick of timber used has to be brought in, and when
we see the vast extent of that country to be supplied, it is evident that our
home market for lumber will continue to enormously increase. Taking this
along with the foreign demands we cannot but conclude that we will require
an immense supply to meet all these requirements.

Have we such a supply ?

This is a question very difficult to answer but this much may be said
that unless the people and the several governments of the country awaken
very soon to the importance of the question and adopt a more rational policy
in dealina with their forests than what has prevailed in the past they
find when the days of great scarcity arrive how unwise and improvident t
have been in failing to look a little into the future and to c
perpetuate their greatest natural resource.

The present is the time for action. In the case of agricultural products
a scarcity of supply can be quickly replenished by increasing the acre;
under cultivation. How different with the forest. Most of our timber tree
are from fifty to one hundred years old, some of them much old
crrowincr side by side with these are others in all stages of growth from
Joung seedling just starting on its course up to others which have waged

28 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

battle for existence for over two score years and which by that conflict have
nearly fitted themselves for the use of the lumberman. This is the woods-
man's growing crop and should be looked after by him with the same care
that the agriculturist bestows on his immature field crops.

There are several reasons why forestry claims very careful attention
from the State. First, on account of the communal interest in the forestry
of a country being so large as compared with the individual interest. The
popular idea of the value of the forests, as only for the actual commercial
value of the wood to the individual who owns the land, is as far from the
truth as it would be to assert that the only value of water in the great
economy of nature is restricted to the use made of it for drinking purposes,
entirely ignoring the fertilizing effect of rain, the power derived from the
waterfall, or the great benefits it affords as a means of transportation.

It is recognized as a principle in law that no individual has a right to
divert water from its natural course, and when we consider that by destroying
the forest, natural conditions are interfered with at the very source of supply
many times more injurious to the community than changing the course of a
stream, it is evident that an enlightened forest policy, by which the conditions
at these sources of supply are not prejudicially interfered with, is a legitimate
matter for the state, as representing the community, to deal with, but, as
before stated, in our case at the present day, with the land at most of the
great water-sheds still in the hands of the Government, it requires only a
proper land and forest policy rightly administered to ensure for this country
what older and more thickly settled countries can attain only by purchase
of the land from the individual owners.

Another reason why forestry belongs especially to the state is owing to-
the length of time required for trees to attain maturity. In order that an
ordinary forest may attain its greatest commercial value, as before stated, a
long period of from 50 to 100 years is required, so that there is little incentive
to the average individual looking only to his own immediate interest to
engage in an enterprise such as tree planting, as a commercial venture, when
he knows that his career in this world will have closed long before the return
for his labor can be realized. With the nation the case is very different. It
is impossible for the individual to realize his return owing to the brevity of
human life, but this standard of measurement does not apply to the nation
whose existence is calculated not by years but by centuries.

Every acre of land should be utilized for the production of that variety

1STEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 29

•of crop for which it is best suited. The system that has been too prevalent
in the past of allowing settlers, many of whom were ignorant of the capabilities
of the land on which they settled, to locate wherever their fancy directed
:them, should be stopped.

The once accepted idea that governments existed only for the protection
of life and property is too narrow for the present day. As society becomes
complex it is more and more observable that "no man liveth to himself,"
his life is but a part of the life of the community and his very existence is
•interdependent. More and more are communal interests encroaching on
'those of the individual. This necessitates trusteeship and in many cases the
jproper trustee is the Government. Especially is this the case with natural
resources still in the possession of the Crown. The Government as
representing the nation certainly is vested with the authority as well as
charged with the responsibility of their management, and in such manage-
ment it is not sufficient that the welfare of the present generation should be
kept in view but succeeding ones as well.

Let me in conclusion, even at the risk of repetition emphasize the fact
that the natural forests of the country belong not specially to one generation,
they are a heritage given us for frugal use and not for profligate waste.
How many of us labor to leave our families comfortable but fail to remember
that every Canadian boy is the common inheritor of a vast heritage that
nature has given to the Canadian people and which in many cases we have
allowed to be despoiled in our hands.

Let us see to it that henceforth we do our part to hand down to our
successors the portion of the forest inheritance that is their due. Fortunately
-we are dealing with that kingdom of nature where reproduction and growtt
are found. The life forces are working with us and there is no reason why
future generations for all time may not continue to reap an annual harvest
from our forests no less certain and no less profitable than that derived
the field.

The Premier then announced that any of the foregoing papers might be
discussed. No one present offering any remarks, the Convention a
until 2.30 o'clock in the afternoon.

AFTERNOON SESSION, WEETNESDAY, FEBRUARY 20ra

Convention was called to order by the Premier at 2.45 o'clock, when he
announced that any discussion would be in order.

30 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

The following persons then addressed the meeting :

The discussion was opened by Attorney General Paisley.

HON. WILLIAM PUGSLEY

Attorney General

I think we must all agree that the addresses delivered by His Honour,
the Ex-Governor of the Province and by Mr. Stewart, the President of the
Dominion Forestry Association and Chief of the Dominion Forestry Bureau,
were of the most admirable character. They gave us a great deal of infor-
mation and were calculated to arouse a great deal of interest in the minds
of all concerned for the welfare of our country. In listening to the addresses
with which we were favored, I have been impressed with the fact that the
idea has been brought out, that so far as the Crown lands of the Province
are concerned, it will be quite feasible to make such regulations and to take
such precautions for the future management of the Crown property as will-
preserve the forests to the people of the Province. While not unduly inter-
fering with the settlement of the country, it is calculated to preserve the
tlow of the streams through the forests owned by the Crown, and also to
preserve the water powers. But no reference has betn made to the laiul
which has been granted, to the streams and rivers which are flowing through
lands which have passed from the Crown into the hands of private persons.
I know that in a great portion of the Province, particularly the southern
portion of the Province, in my own county, the County of King's, the land
has nearly all been granted, and on the head waters of the streams the
forests have been cut away, and these great difficulties, to which reference
has been so eloquently made, are occurring, and will continue to occur to a
great extent in the future. In the beautiful valley where I was brought up,
the Sussex Valley, I can remember as a boy when the country was well
forested, with a beautiful stream running through that valley, having plenty
of water in it all the season, flowing between comparatively narrow banks-
Today, there is a broad expanse of gravel ; hundreds of acres of valuable
soil have been carried away by the great floods which come down in the
spring of the year, and then in the dry season of summer there is scarcely
any water at all in that creek. Now, what I would like to be informed upon,
is as to whether or not, in the opinion of Mr. Stewart — he has had occasion
to give great thought to the questicm — it would be consistent with a fair
regard of the rights of private individuals that there should be some legisla-
tion which would prevent this devastation going on in the future. Whether

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

the public interest is so paramount as that the Legislature could properly
regulate the extent to which the forest upon private lands at the head waters
of these rivers and streams could be cut away ? Or, if it were thought not
possible to legislate in that direction, whether the public interest would be
so paramount as that the Government would be justified in taking proceed-
ing to acquire, to buy back again, the land situate at the head waters of
those streams? This question, so far as concerns us who live in the south-
ern part of the Province, is one of great magnitude, and one which will be
of o-reat importance in the future. As Attorney General. I would be charged
with the drawing of a Bill, if any legislation should be proposed in the
future, and if anybody can give me the ideas, I think the Premier will say
that I can draw a Bill as well as anybody — but I want the ideas. If Mr.
Stewart thinks this subject of importance, I would like to hear from him
regarding it. Of course, you know, Mr. Chairman, that the Legislature carr
only be guided in these matters in so far as they are sustained by public
opinion. So I think it is desirable that every one of us, who have any diffi-
culty in regard to these matters, should gather information as far as we can
-upon the subject in our minds.

MR. STEWART— Well, Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, this, it
seems to me, is a question of degree, as to whether the Government would-
be warranted in going into this or not. As the honourable gentleman has
said if the public interests are paramount, if in certain of the streams it is
necessary in the public interests, in the interests of the parties owning the
land in the valleys, to do that, that is, to acquire this land, if it cannot 1
done any other way— if you cannot induce the owners of these land,
something themselves, to obtain the prevention of the devastation o
forests, then I suppose this is next in order. Of course, this is a question
which you will be better able to pronounce upon than I can, but, on tl
of the moment, it seems to me that perhaps there might be some legislation
which will hold out sufficient inducement to the owners of these land,
selves to take up this question, and to preserve these operations at the
waters of the streams in forests. There is no question at all that, it
ting away of the forest, the source of water supply, is going to mjur
Sent it will in many cases, the whole face of the valley below, hen the
Mature, I should" think, would be warranted in passing ^'«~
thi^ end, always respecting private rights as tar as possifc
States Government, in the Adirondacks, are purchasing b ack a,, act,

+v, » ^ in order to preserve the waters or the Mo
+V>^rA and rpservino" tnem, in oiut/i LU jjivu
She HudsZ iSuch are being affectea by the cutting away oi the torest*

32 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

in these mountains. I. scarcely feel like giving an opinion on a matter that
I am not personally acquainted with, but as far as occurs to me on the spur
of the moment, it seems it may be possible that you might pass legislation
making it profitable, even to the holders of land in the upper valleys to retain
the forests. In most cases, the land of the upper valleys is more valuable
for timber than it is for agriculture. I am very sorry that this question was
just sprung a few minutes ago, and that I have not had time to give it any
special consideration. I think it is probably one that many of you here,
kuowino- the local conditions, will be better able to discuss than I can.

ra '

I might say, Mr. Chairman, that a few years ago, I started to write a
work on "The Far ner's Wood Lot," and I gathered what information I
could, but I found .'Iiat I was getting into deep water, because it would
require a great deal of research, to find what powers the municipalities had
in the matter, and then there was the question of taxation, a very important
one indeed the question is, one that has not been dealt with in any Province,
I know, that is, the reservation from taxation of wood land. It is most un-
fair the way wood land is frequently taxed. I do not know whether it is so
in this Province or not, but it is so in many of the older parts, and the owner
of wood land has not the inducement he would have to keep his timber,
because he is taxed every year on a product that will only mature in a life-
time or more,, You can easily see how unfair it is to tax the wood lot every
year at its value, when it can only be reaped once in perhaps 75 or 100
years. There is a question that perhaps a little thought might be devoted
to, as to the release from taxation of certain wood lots. The Province of
Ontario has recently passed an Act in reference to that, the release of certain
lands from taxation of wood lots. There are many questions that a con-
sideration of this matter would give rise to and that would bear on the ques-
tion that the Attorney General has suggested.

PROF. G. U. HAY — A matter came up this morning in Ex-Governor
McClelan's paper about the growth of Black Walnut, and the fact that we
are rather too far north here for its successful growth. I am inclined to
think that in the good land of New Brunswick perhaps the Black Walnut
would flourish. I have a tree growing on my place at Westfield that is ten
years old now, and it has grown fully as well as other trees of native growth
that were planted about the same time. Of course, the black walnut is one
of the most valuable trees, and if anything could be done to promote its
growth here, it would be very well. Our White Walnut, or Butternut, is
almost exhausted now. I was talking with a dealer in woods a little while

SURVEYOR -GENERAL SWEENEY

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 33

ago, and he said that he had to import all the White Walnut, or Butternut,
,that he used now.

I think the Government is to be congratulated, Mr. Premier, on insti-
tuting this Forestry Convention at this time. I am a little surprised that
there are not more here ; such a valuable opportunity as this affords of
learning something about Forestry, I think should be taken advantage of.
I suppose in no country in the world have we better natural conditions for
the growth of trees than in New Brunswick ; certainly, there is no country
better watered, where there is such a net-work of streams and rivers as we
have in New Brunswick, and the intimate connection between these streams
and rivers and forest growth was very well pointed out, I think, this morn-
ing by President Stewart ; although perhaps he did not go far enough in
regard to one point, which I would like to emphasize, that is, that if we cut
•down the forests on our hillsides and the neighborhood of our sources of
rivers, we are cutting away one of the assets of our Province. We all know
ias he pointed out, the condition of such countries as Spain, where the growth
has long ago been cut down, and where there are now bare rocks upon the
mountain side — there was only a little soil and that has washed away. Well,
what does it do ? It brings down the dirt in summer, and renders our
:streams and rivers not navigable ; then again, when freshets come, they
carry away this valuable alluvial soil, and instead of depositing its loam, with
4i moderate freshet, this great freshet comes and sweeps it out to sea, where
perhaps it may be useful some thousand years from now, when these lands
rise and become part of our coast country, but that is a time that is rather
too remote to be of any use to us

I say then, in closing, that I congratulate the Province that this
Forestry Convention is in order, and is so well established as it is today, and
I hope, as you expressed this morning, Sir, that we may have something
permanent in this as an annual Forestry Convention.

Dr. C. C. Jones, of the University of New Brunswick, then addressed
jthe Convention as below : —

C. C. JONES, ESQ., M. A. PH. D.
Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick

THE ATTITUDE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS TOWARD FORESTRY

Mr. Premier, Gentlemen : The subject that has been assigned to me for
discussion is "the Attitude of Educational Institutions Towards Forestry."

34 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

We may say, in a word, that the attitude of educational institutions should
be one of extreme sympathy, and should present every element of helpfulness
and encouragement towards such a practical science as Forestry. So far a»
this Province is concerned, that sympathy should not be altogether of a
sentimental sort. When we consider how much of the revenue of our
Province is derived from the resources of the forest, a»d when we consider
also that our public schools are dependent upon the revenues of the Province,
I think our educational institutions have indeed good reason to give every
encouragement they can to such a movement as that being inaugurated in
the Province through this Convention. In general, then, and so far as the
public schools of the Province are concerned, in their attitude towards this
question, they should, so far as possible, reflect and stimulate public interest
in the subject of Forestry. I am not in favor of making our public school*
in any sense professional schools. Professional work has very little place in'
the curriculum of the public school. Nevertheless, anything that the public
schools can do to reflect public interest and stimulate public interest in this
question they should always do. So far as any work along the line of
practical lumbering or practical Forestry as a profession or business is con-
cerned, I think the public schools should have very little to do ; but there
are some things in connection with the Forestry work which are of extreme
public interest and which the public schools could very well consider to a
considerable extent. Among those things is, first of all, the subject of
revenue. I think that a very useful part of public school education might
be a consideration of the ways in which the revenue of our Province is made
up. It is as important that the students in the public schools should know
how the revenue of the Province is made UD and how distributed, as it is tokncw
the population of some town in Central Africa. College men are always,
supposed to be very conservative ; however, I am altogether, so far as I
myself am concerned, in sympathy with getting down to practical work in
educational lines, and one thing the public schools could teach to great
advantage is this question of the revenue. And in considering it, so far as--
a tax on forest products is concerned, it will stimulate the interest of the
children, and, in the future, the people of the Province, in its revenues and
matters connected with them, all of which will be very helpful.

Secondly, I think the public should be interested largely in the Forestry-
question, because of its economic value. Apart from the earth itself, the
forest covering of the earth is the most valuable asset that Providence has
endowed this country with, and the public schools should be. led to see this
fact. The value of the forests of the country, so far as regards its economic

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 35

vaJue, is of course evident to everyone. There is the product of wood, which
is used, and will be for all time to come, for building, for construction
of public works, such as bridges, for the construction of railways,
for the construction of ships and for many other practical utilities ;
and when the children have pointed out to them the great value of the
forest products of our country along these lines, tin y will be more interested
in the Forestry question and interested in all movements looking towards
forest preservation — the preservation of the forests of our country.

Then, there is the matter of forest protection — I think the matter wag
touched upon this morning — from my point of view, 1 think the children in
our schools might be very largely taught the various items in the subject of
forest protection. We all know the value of forests to regulate the flow of
water in our rivers. It is a matter of common observation to us, and might
be made a matter of common observation in any school, to see how, where
the forests have been cut away from any hill-side, the rush of water in the'
spring tears away the soil, and how its mad rush to the ocean causes a largO
amount of danger from floods. In the City of Montreal, of late years, where
very destructive floods have occurred, it has been shown to be largely due
to the cutting away of the forests at the head of the rivers. So, I think this
should be made a subject of observation in every public school of the
Province, an<! would be a very practical one along this line. I have in mind
a stream, where I used to spend many a day when I was a boy, dangling a
line, with a pin hook on the end, for trout. Later, the forest growth along
the stream was largely cut away for the purposes of fire- wood, and what was
left, after the cutter was through, was largely destroyed by fire, and the
stream dried up every summer, so that there was a lack of water supply
for the people along the stream. Recently, however, I have seen that a
considerable growth of wood, a very dense growth in some parts, has grown
up along the banks of that stream, and of late years the stream has not
gone dry in summer, but there is plenty of water there ; and I feel that that
is what is happening on a large scale in respect to all the feeders of the
streams of our Province, and although we may not see it so plainly with
regard to the River St. John, which is such a large stream, still in time we
will see its effect even on this magnificent river of ours.

Then there is the protection against wind afforded by the forest. We
all know the benefit of a sheltered locality, for building and for all purposes,
even in this country of mildest climate. There is also the protection against
snow and land-slides from the steeper hills of the Province, *hich is brought

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION'

about, of course, by the forest presenting a barrier to any such slides ; and
I have already spoken of the diminution in the water supply of the country,
brought about by the cutting away of the forests along the banks of the
streams. All these might be made a matter of common observation to the
children of our schools, and stimulate and create a great amount of interest
in the forests of our country.

Then, there is the result of Forestry on health. I think there is
nothing more healthful than to spend a few weeks iu the summer time on
the banks of some of the streams in the forest lands in New Brunswick ; and
I feel that it w.mld hi a v^ry sid day foV the Province of Naw Brunswick
it' the forests are allowed to be consumed, and this beautiful forest country
of ours devastated by the strenuous efforts of the wood-cutter and the
lumberman. I think, even on the ground of health and as a protection for
the wild animais and fur-bearing animals, there is a reason why our forests
should be protected ; arid that again is a matter that might be brought out
in the schools of our Province.

Then, I need not speak of the beauty of our forest growth ; that is a
matter of common knowledge with everyone now. How the schools might
be stimulated along the lines 1 have suggested I feel might be more properly
left to my friend, Dr. Inch, who will follow me with an address on that
subject, and I feel that he is more competent to speak intelligently upon the
methods in which the school might develop this idea than I can. Sa. all I
shall say in reference to the matter will be. more along the line of what the
institutions of higher learning might do for Forestry. I would like to quote
•a sentence from the speech of Earl Grey at the opening of the Forestry
Convention; he says. — "I cannot commend to you too strongly the importance
of studying now, before it is too late, those methods and principles of forest
management which-the experience and research of other nations may indicate
to be best."

And I have thought it worth while, Mr. Premier, to prepare a Syllabus
of a Course in Forestry, which might be established in connection with one
of our higher educational institutions — of course, naturally, our own Pro-
vincial University. I have made rather a systematic study of the Syllabi of
the Courses in Forestry in connection with such schools as the Yale Forest
School, and the Biltmore Forest School in North Carolina, and I have been
surprised to tind that a great many of the courses laid down in their schools
are already covered in our University ; and I think that in this Province,

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 37

with one instructor, we could carry on almost as good a School in Forestry
as can be found in any Province. Remember, the Yale School of Forestry
has only been in operation a few years ; the whole science of Forestry is
practically in its infancy, and I feel that in this Province we have just as
good a ground for the establishment of a School of Forestry as anywhere on
this continent. So I thought it worth while to outline this Syllabus in
connection with the courses established at the University.

Now, I feel that at any University, establishing a course in any pro-
fessional line, first of all there should be laid a very broad basis of general
educational value, so I have put in this course a great many subjects which
may be regarded as subjects of educational rather than Forestry value. In
connection with the Yale School of Forestry, they require a degree in either
Arts or Science, from a recognized University, then the course is completed
in two years. So it is generally recognized, so far as the University
Forestry courses are concerned, that there should be a general basis along
educational lines. Therefore, in the first year, I have included the general
subjects of English, Mathematics, Modern Languages, and in the first year
Botany, and in the second Physics, then I have added in the first two
years the subject of Drawing, which is at present, of course, taught in
connection with our engineering work at the University. Now, we all know
the value it would be to a lumberman to have considerable experience in the
drawing of plans and in the formation of working plans for working over a
wood lot, and it is important that any man going into the subject of Forestry
as an expert should have considerable knowledge of mechanical drawing.
Then, of course, the subject of Surveying is without doubt a very important
subject for a forestry course, so I have added Surveying to the first year of
this course, the same as in the Engineering Course, with surface surveying,'
field operations, etc. Then, in connection with the second year, I have put
in the work that is now being given in the Engineering Course— "The Uses
and adjustments of instruments (compasses, transits, levels, etc.,) trigono-
metric surveys, compass surveys and contour surveys." All of which would
be designed to give the forester a knowledge which would enable him to
survey a Lot of wood land, to make plans of it, and to perform his work in
a systematic way.

Now, in the third year, I have put in the following subjects :

First— Chemistry, as in the B. A. course. This will be valuable in the
matter of the chemical constitution of the forest woods.

38 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

Second — Economics. This is a subject of extreme value, to consider
the matter of trade movements, the effect of tariff rates, etc.

Third — The subjects of the Engineering course, such as the "theory of
earth pressure and application to retaining walls, sewers, tunnels, etc."
This matter of earth pressure, so far as the retaining walls are concerned, in
damning streams so as to have a uniform supply of water, would be a very
helpful subject of study.

Fourth — "Foundations," as in Engineering Course. With reference to
the bearing power of soils and drainage of foundations, etc.

Fifth — -"Road and Highway Construction." This is a subject I noticed
in the curriculum of all the forestry schools — the subject of road making and
of course that is a very practical one for the forester, in connection with
intelligent lumbering.

Six and Seven — Subjects of Drawing and Surveying, so far as they
relate to matters in connection with forestry.

Eight— Dendrology (the natural history of trees).

In the Ninth, I have added the subject of the Diseases of Trees, the
causes, nature and remedies. And it has just occurred to rue that I might
have added the subject of Insect Pests. And going back for a moment to
the attitude of the schools towards forestry, I feel that in this Province we
shall, in a very few years, be face to face with a very great difficulty in the
matter of the Gipsy Moth and the Brown Tailed Moth, which are causing a
great deal of destruction in the State of Maine, and are marching with a host
towards this province. Many trees have been entirely stripped of their
leaves by this pest, and I think the people of the Province should be
awakened to a knowledge of this pest, and be able to st-jmp it out in its
initial stages ; and the children of the schools could do a great deal to help
along this line ; if they had a description of the moth they would be able to
recognize it, and could help to kill it out, and in this way a great deal of ex-
penditure of public money might be saved in the future..

Then, taking up the subjects of the Third year of the proposed Course
again, we have in the Tenth subject, the " preservation of timber : lasting
powers of various species. Seasoning of wood. Methods of preserving
timber. " And in the Eleventh and last subject, we have " Forest tech-
nology : Normal and abnormal characteristics of wood, etc."

}sTEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 39

Then in the Fourth year, I have some subjects already taught at the
University, — Meteorology, Materials, Structures, Hydraulics, Geology and
Mineralogy. . The Sixth is Silviculture — Forest types, modifications under
adverse conditions, improvement by good treatment, reproducing forests by
;skilful cuttings, etc. If lumbering is going to be the removing of the ripe
trees from the forest, there is no reason why lumbering should not be a help
to the forest instead of its destruction.

Seventh, Forest Mensuration ; Eighth, Lumbering ; Ninth, Forest
Management ; Tenth, Provincial Forestry laws and regulations ; Eleventh,
Elementary law for foresters. Contracts, Damages, Real Estate, etc."

Now, you will notice, gentlemen, that so far as this proposed Course is
.concerned, all the subjects, except the subjects 8 to 11 of the Third year and
6 to 11 of the Fourth year, are at present taught at the University in con-
nection with the Arts and Engineering Courses there, so that the only sub-
jects needed to.be added are the subjects 8 to 11 of the Junior Year and 6 to
11 of the Senior Year. And in order to carry on this Course, I feel that one
competent man, such as we might get from one of the recognized Forestry
Schools, the Yale School for instance, could carry on, for a time at least, the
work of this Course. I think that at the present time, an expenditure of
$2500 to $3000 would be sufficient to carry forward the work of a Forestry
Course as I have outlined it, aiid I am sure that so far as the utility of the
Course is concerned, the expenditure would be insignificant compared with
the beneficial effect to the Province.

In connection with the completion of this Course, I think some recog-
nition should be given, such as the degree of Bachelor of Forestry, and
Master of Forestry, as is given in the Yale School. It might, if this Course
were to be inaugurated very soon, be practicable indeed, to have a body c
students ready to -begin on the work at once. The students, having cc
pleted the second year of the Arts course, or the second year of the
-eering course, might by a very little extra work, be in condition to go
with this course in the third and fourth years, and graduate with the
of Bachelor of Forestry.

Now, in regard, to the benefit of such trained men to the Province I
think it need not be gone into in detail. However, ,f .t .8 proposed that -
O er lent sha,l do" anything of va.ue in the way of looking after the
.forest grounds, it wou.d be well to divide the forest "*£*
appoint a competent man in charge of each d.stnct to look after ,

40 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

these men ought to be trained and must be trained, I believe, if you are
going to have such men, in connection with our own Province. If you get
men outside the Province, they are not interested in the conditions of this;
Province, and have very little knowledge of the local conditions — our con-
ditions here are largely local, after all, and have little to do with the condi-
tions in other countries. So I think they should be trained by our local in-
stitutions, and would then be sympathetic with and competent to deal with
our local conditions in the Province. Then, too, it is not to be expected that
our young men will go outside for training in thi& respect. Experience has
shown that our young men will not go outside the Province for this work.
In order to induce young men to take up Engineering or other practical
work, we must encourage them to gain their knowledge within the Province..
The local school has an attraction which no schoot outside the Province can
have.

I feel that I have perhaps taken more time already in explanation of
this proposed Course in Forestry than I should. I hope that rny motive in
bringing this matter before the Association will not be misunderstood,
because I feel that it is a very practical one for the Province, that such a
Course would be of great practical utility in furnishing trained men in the
Province who can deal with the matter of the preservation of our forests in-
an intelligent way.

Syllabus of Course in Forestry Outlined ii» Connection with Courses
Already Established at the Provincial University

First Year.

1. English : As in present B. A. and Engineering Courses.

2. Mathematics : As in present B. A. and Engineering Courses.

3. French or German : As in present B. A. and Engineering Courses.

4. Botany : As in B. A. Course.

5 Drawing : As in Engineering Course —
.(a) Rour d writing.

(b) Freehand Drawing.

(c) Elements, use of instruments and operations.

(d) Lettering.

(e) Plane problems, with examples in plane Geometry and Conie

Sections.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 41'

(f) Topographical plans and colored topography.

(g) Elementary projections,
(h) Tracing.

6. Surveying : As in Engineering Course.

Chain surveying (theory). Methods of chaining and overcoming,
obstacles ; also practice in field operations.

Second Year.

1. English : As in B. A. and Engineering Courses.

2. Mathematics : As in Engineering Course.

3. French or German : As in B. A. and Engineering Courses.

o o

4. Physics : As in Engineering Course —

Elementary Dynamics, Statics, Hydrostatics, The Metric System;.
Velocity, Acceleration, Laws of Motion, Force, Energy, Momen-
tum, Work, Power Composition and Resolution of Forces,
Moments, Couples, Machines, Properties of Fluids, Archimedes'
Principle, Specific Gravity, Density, Fluid Pressure, Pascal's
Law, Bramah Press, Barometer, Boyle ' s Law, Pumps.,
Siphons, etc.

5. Drawing : As in Engineering Course' —

(a) Descriptive Geometry.

(b) Shades and Shadows.

(c) Isometric Projection.

(d) Maps of chain and compass surveys.

(e) Drawings of tools, machines, and details.

(f) Tracing.

6. Surveying : As in Engineering Course —

Uses and adjustments of instruments (compasses, transits, levels,.

etc.)

Trigonometric surveys.
Compass surveys.
Contour surveys.

Third Year.

1. Chemistry : As in B. A. Course.

2. Economics : As in B. A. Course.

3. Theory of earth pressure and application to retaining walls, sewers,..

tunnels, etc. : As in Engineering Course.

4. Foundations ; As in Engineering Course—

42 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

(a) Bearing power of soils and drainage of foundations.

(b) Pile foundations.

(c) Foundations under water.

5. Road and highway construction : As in Engineering Course —

(a) Stone, wood, asphalt, brick and broken stone pavements.

(b) Foundations for roads.

(c) Country roads.

{). Drawing : Engineering Course (in part) —

Maps of contours and hydrographic surveys.

7. Surveying : Engineering Course (in part) —

Hydrographic surveying.

8. Dendrology (the natural history of trees) :

A general biological study of forest trees, especially those of econ-
omic importance. The morphological and silvical characteristics
of trees. The recognition of trees iu the field. Practice in
identifying trees and shrubs.

9. Diseases of trees :

Causes, nature and remedies. Fungous diseases. Pruning.

10. Preservation of timber :

Lasting powers of various species. Seasoning of wood. Methods
of preserving timber.

11. Forest technology :

Normal and abnormal characteristics of wood. Abnormal character-
istics 'of special value such as burls, bird's eye, and curly grain.
Importance of color, gloss, grain, texture, odor and resonance.
M ;isture, density, shrinking, warping, swelling, etc., and their
erfect upon the use cf timber. The chemical constitution of
woods (see 1 above). Mechanical properties, elasticity, flexi-
bility, cross bending, shearing, strength, etc.

Fourth Year.

1. Meteorology :

Climatic conditions and Forestry.

2. Materials : As in Engineering Course —

Materials used in steel and timber structures — their elasticity and
resistance, tests and inspection of these materials. Laboratory
work in making actual tests.

3. Structures : As in Engineerinor Course —

o o

Steel and timber structures, calculation of stresses in and details of

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 43

truss bridges, plate girders, cantilever bridges, draw - bridges,
suspension bridges, and roof trusses.
4. Hydraulics : As in Engineering Course —

Flow of water in pipes, mains, ditches, canals, sewers, streams and
rivers. Estimates of water power, water works, reservoirs,
sewage system, etc.

Geology and Mineralogy : As in B. A. Course.
Silviculture :

Forest types, modifications under adverse conditions, improvement by
good treatment. Reproducing forests by skilful cuttings. Prac-
tical silvicultural problems in this country. Successive cuttings.
Selection in cutting. Improving forests by thinning. Seeding
and planting. Nursery work.

7. Forest Mensuration :

Methods of determining contents of logs and felled trees. Contents
of standing trees. Valuation. Cruising. Age of trees.

•S. Lumbering :

Detailed plan for lumbering a wood-lot. Estimate of various products
on the lot. Milling. Local markets. History of lumber indus-
try. Exporting and imparting lumber. Prices. Grading
lumber. Protection from fire.

9. Forest management :

The general principles of the administration of forest property.

10. Provincial Forestry laws and regulations.

11. Elementary law for foresters. Contracts. Damages. Real estate, etc.

All of the subjects of this syllabus with the exception of 8-11 of the third
year and 6-11 of the fourth year are now being taught at the University
These exceptions could be fairly covered by one competent man, a graduate
of one of the leading American schools, such as the Yale Forest School,
procure the services of such a man and to suitably house the school at th
University would require an annual expenditure of about $2,50(
amount is insignificant in comparison with the immense benefit to the Proym
io be derived from a proper knowledge of the scientific principles underlying
the forest problem. No Province or State of North America should
more alive to the importance of this question than the Province
Brunswick.

The Premier invites discussion.

44 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

Discussion then took place participated in by Mr. Robert Connolly, Mr.
J. Eraser Gregory, and others.

MR. ROBERT CONNOLLY— I have heard a great many papers read,
and very good articles they were ; but I have cut the log, and have sawed it,
and have seen it go to England ; but when you get down to Forestry
business I say this : That the Government has at the present time got the very
best system that can be placed before this country. You cut the log 10 inches
18 feet — and nothing smaller, and put men in charge to look after that,
and look after the fires and you have got the Forestry. And if a man will
go along and trim his trees right up to 5 inches, there will be in many cases
three logs cut out of a tree. You should not charge a man anything for this
because that is the best protection the forest can have. I stand here to tell
you, straight and distinctly, that you need to appoint forest rangers to look
after the fires. Give us one man on the Bay Shore to go and report every
fortnight where he is, and what he is doing, and in case a fire starts up to
notify the men who hold the licenses, such as The Bay Shore Lumber Co.,
and White & Prescott's, and I say those people who hold the licenses should
pay one-half the man's salary. Now you are getting down to business and
the Government is protecting the licensees and protecting themselves. I
think that is practical work as regards looking after the forests. You can
go along and educate the people as you like, but there is the whole thing
right in a nut-shell, to my mind. What I say is that we ought to have fire
rangers. They should be appointed by the Government and the licensees
should pay their share, and let them look after the district, and let them
report what they are doing, and I do not think you will have very much
trouble after that.

MR. J. FRASER GREGORY— I would like to say something that I
have on my mind. I am very sorry indeed to see so few St. John lumber-
men here today. I might also say that our firm — the firm I represent —
does not own nor control one square mile of timber limits in the Province of
New Brunswick. Our holdings are all in the Province of Quebec, and
while I am a member of the Limit Holders Association, and a member of the
Canadian Forestry Association and have personal interests in Quebec, in
Fredericton here, and in the Province of New Brunswick, my interests would
be rather that of a private citizen than that of a lumberman ; yet at some
time it might be that I would be interested in timber limits in the Province
of New Brunswick. I have looked through this programme and there are
two or three things I think have been omitted in it, and I want to call

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 45

attention to them, and suggest some ways that to my mind would be the
best means to get at the practical side of the question ; because, although
we are hearing a number of addresses connected with Forestry that are all
proper and right and of inestimable value, still they are generalities in a
•way. We all know what is being said, that there is a necessity for Forestry
protection, that the depleting of the forests is ruining our water power, and
ruining our resources, but the question is how to get clown to the commercial
part of the question, and how to get the dollars and cents out of it. In this
programme there is no question of forming an association for that purpose.
I think it would be a very good plan to form a Provincial Forestry Associa-
tion, subservient to, and to work along something of the same lines as the
Canadian Forestry Association, whose scope is much broader. In order to
do so, I think it would be a very good idea to have a committee appointed
to report back to the Convention. In the whole matter there is no mention
made of the pulp industry, and it is that pulp wood industry that is doing
more harm to the Province than anything else. I claim that the pulp industry
should be made subservient to the lumber industry. You cannot prevent a
man who owns a farm from selling his wood-lot in the rear to owners of a
pulp mill, but from the Crown Land this cutting of pulp wood can be
hindered ; and with the improved methods there are now of making pulp
there is no reason why the pulp mill and the manufacture of pulp should
not be a by-product of the saw mills. The wood that comes from the saw
mills can be used, and even the saw-dust can be used in the making of pulp.
A saw mill might have a pulp mill in connection with it and thus use the
refuse wood from it.

Another thing I think needs revising and amending, is the matter of
the surveying of lumber. The Act on the Statute Books with reference to
the surveying of lumber is as antiquated as log driving itself is in New
Brunswick. It deals largely with square timber, of which the Premier told
us there was more than forty tons shipped last year. The quantity of feet
allowed in logs eleven inches in diameter, is quite ample ; but when you
come into the smaller size of logs, the table as given is more than any man
can saw out of a log. I am manager and represent a milling firm in £
John that lias the most modern mill, the newest mill, in St. John, if not i
the Province, where we use the finest gauge saws possible. After we have
taken the deals out of it, the proportion of slabs and deal ends is smalle
than that in any other mill, but we use modern appliances,
quantity out of the log that the New Brunswick table gives, is all
can do and the man who has the old fashioned tools cannot do it at all. So

46 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

I think the matter of the surveying of lumber is a matter that should be
taken up by this Convention, and really I think by some sort of small com-
mission, a number of men appointed to look into the scale of logs in New
Brunswick as compared with other provinces and make it so that practical
mill men can saw out of the logs the money they pay for in them.

I would move, Mr. Chairman, that three committees be appointed to
meet when they are able, and to frame resolutions and to make a report to
this body later on, say at the last session to-morrow afternoon, so that quiet!}'
and of themselves, a limited number of gentlemen can get together and think
out and reduce to writing their ideas and the gist of what they are learning;
from the different addresses and papers that are being given here. A com-
mittee might be appointed to advise as to whether it would be wise or not to-
form a Forestry Association. Another committee might be made on resolu-
tions alone, or there might be a sub-division, a committee of mill owners, a
committee of lumbermen or a committee of different men to move a resolution
as to how the Forestry question affects their particular line. The lumbermen,
have some particular ideas, and the manufacturer of lumber may have some
other ideas or the simple merchant or the provision man may have some
ideas, but if the three committees are appointed, one to consider the idea
of forming an association, another as to resolutions along the line of Forestry
legislation from the general public standpoint, and the third a committee of
lumbermen to suggest some resolutions from their point of view, you might
from the report of these different committees arrive at some result.

MR. W. B. SNOWBALL — In rising to second the resolution just made
by my friend, Mr. Gregory, 1 think that the suggestion made in reference to
a resolution committee is a very practical one. At the Forestry meeting at
Ottawa there were committees there appointed who brought in resolutions
the last day, which were discussed and considered. We may meet here now
and consider questions arising from the different papers read and arrive at-
no definite conclusion, or not ascertain the feelings of the lumbermen and
other gentlemen associated here, so as to come to any conclusion. I think
it therefore is advisable to have a resolution committee, to be named by the
chairman and then we might arrive at something definite.

I would like to say that J was fully in accord with what the Chancellor
of the University said in reference to education. We have not in our prov-
ince today gentlemen thoroughly conversant with the Forestry question.
They are not trained along the lines set out in this paper presented by the

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 47

Chancellor, and therefore, if we do want men, we have to go outside the
Province and bring men from the United States or from Western Canada,
who are not conversant with the needs of our Province. What we want is
men who know our Province and the forests about here, who know the ship-
ping, are conversant with the trade and the necessities and what is wrapped
up in the lumbering trade. We do not want to import strangers who are
not in sympathy with the needs of the country, but rather should take our
own young men, who will be thoroughly in sympathy with what we require
in this Province.

While we are dealing with this matter I would state that I would like
to see joined with that University course, a short course, of say two or three
months of the year, where the sons of lumbermen could get some of this
training in a short time. We are a hard working class of people and I think
if a young man is going into the lumbering business he should get into it when
he is 17 or 18 years of age, as up to that time they would probably be un-
able to take the full technical course which is laid down and which to some
extent they do not fully require. They, however, need something of the
course which is mapped out and if in the summer, say two or three months,
they could take advantage of this particular course, it would be of great
benefit to them in maintaining the lumber interest and looking after their
business successfully. I know it would have been of great beueh't to me if I
could have obtained something of the course which Chancellor Jones has
mapped out. I therefore would like, if such a course is started at the Uni-
versity, that in connection with that, a short course should also be arranged,
where a young man could go in and not perhaps take the degree, but get the
information and the necessary practical and theoretical knowledge that is
laid out in this very extensive course. I hope that such a course will be
adopted by the University and assisted by the Government, through the
Department of the Surveyor General, as I think it is a most necessary thing
to have young men trained who can take positions in the lumbering business
and made thoroughly capable to carry on the lumbering business of the
Province.

The Premier announced the following committees as appointed unde
Mr. Gregory's motion No. 1 : —

Committee on Forestry Association—
Hon. F. J. Sweeney,
Hon. C. N. Skinner,

r

4-8 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

Hon. J. P. Bui-chill,
Mr. C. E. Lund, D. L. S.,
Mr. David' Richards,
Mr. James Beveridcre.

o

Lumbermen's Committee —

Mr. J. F. Gregory,
Hon. E. Hutchison,
Mr. Henry Hilyard,
Mr. W. B. Snowball,
Mr. A. H. F. Randolph,
Mr. F. E. Sayre,
Mr. Fred Anderson,
Mr. D. J. Buckley.

Non-Lumbermen's Committee —

Hon. A. R. McClelan,
Mr. J. D. Hazen, M. P. P.
Mr. C. M. Legere, M. P. P.
Hon. Geo. F. Hill,
Dr. Geo. U. Hay.

Dr. Inch, Chief Superintendent of Education, N. B., then read the fol-
lowing address : —

ADDRESS OF DR. J. R. INCH,

Chief Superintendent of Education.

Mr. Chairman,

It is characteristic of the spirit of the age in which we live to
look to the schools for the promotion of every movement intended to benefit
the human race. There are some who still think that the teaching of the
three R's should be the limit of public school instruction. And yet the
farmer, the lumberman, the merchant, the mechanic, the professional man,
the social reformer, the religious teacher — and even the military leader — all
in turn demand that the special interest which each has most at heart shall
b3 impressed on the minds of the rising generation by the teachers in the
public schools. This universal call made upon the schools is a splendid trib-
ute to the power of Education. And yet what a herculean task is thus

MR. W. B. SNOWBALL

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 49

/

placed on the teasher, and what Protean forms his teaching must assume.
This demand is reasonable within limits ; for it must be admitted that the
training of the child at home and school determines the direction of the man's
energies in later years. The oft-quoted lines of Pope may be appropriately
recalled at a Forestry Convention :

'Tis education forms the common mind ;
Just as the twig is bent, the tree's inclined.

What can the public schools do to promote the interests which this con-
vention has been called to consider ? — that is, to conserve and increase the
forest wealth of the country ? The Chancellor of the University has already
answered this question. The speaker who is to follow me is to deal with
that department of the public school work which is most closely connected
with forest life and products. Coming between the two I find scarcely suf-
ficient matter for even a brief address.

Before attempting an answer to the question, what can the schools do ?
—I will briefly explain what they have been doing, and what they are now
doing, with greater or Jess success :

In every grade of the common schools, through a course extending over
eight years, several hours a week are devoted to Nature lessons. The obser-
vation and study of plant life constitutes the largest part of these studies.
The children are brought into the closest possible relation with Nature, and
are encouraged to observe and examine for themselves her wonderful pro-
cesses, to note the growth and development of plants,, shrubs and trees, and
to keep a record of the phenomena which come under their notice. The re-
sult of these Nature Studies will be more or less effective and valuable in
proportion to the ability and enthusiasm of the teacher.

The other effort made by the Board of Education in direct line with the
work of the Forestry movement, was the establishing of what is known as
Arbor Day. For twenty years past one day has been set apart in the Spring
of the year for the purpose of beautifying the school grounds by the plant-
ing of trees, shrubs, and flower beds. In a few cases the results have been

O ' . '

satisfactory. Perhaps in all cases some good influence has been exerted
upon the minds of the young who shared in these efforts. But in the great
majority of cases the trees and shrubs planted have afterwards been neglec-
ted, so that before the next Arbor Day they were dead and the work had to
be begun anew. The failure has arisen principally from indifference and lack,

50 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

of co-operation on the part of parents and ratepayers, from neglect to en-
close the grounds and to assist the teacher by labor or team-work when
necessary.

Having thus sketched what the schools have been aiming to do, permit
me to indicate briefly what more I think it possible to accomplish- and the-
proper method to pursue.

1. In the first place let us keep in mind the age of the children attend-
ing our common schools — from 6 to 14 or 15. Economic considerations do-
not at that age appeal to the young with permanent force : but the school
years are the years in which curiosity and imagination are the keenest. In-
awakening and cultivating an abidino- interest in our Forest Trees the

o 0^5

wonderful and the aesthetic rather than the Economic are the emotions to be
excited. The boy or girl is brought into the presence of a noble tree whose
spreading branches and towering height excite his admiration. Begin to-
speak of how many feet of lumber might be cut from its stately stem, and
how many dollars the lumber would bring in the market, and he shows in-
difference, if not dissatisfaction. He has not yet reached the age when the
Almighty Dollar is the strongest incentive to action. But when you lead him
to follow out the wonderful processes of vegetation which have produced
from a little seed this gigantic growth — of the forces locked up in the soil
and atmosphere which operating silently and unobserved, without haste and
•without rest, for scores a'nd hundreds of years, have by slow degrees covered
the earth with magnificent forests, you have awakened in the boy's mind and
heart ideas and emotions which will give direction to his studies for the re-
mainder of life. As he grows to manhood and enters upon the activities of
life the utilitarian and economic aspects of the study will be developed.

Nature Study in the schools is yet in its incipient stages, but as our
teachers become better prepared for this work through special training,
richer results will follow their efforts. We are working in the right direc-
tion. With encouragement from parents and school officials much more will
b3 accomplished than we have been able to accomplish up to the present.

One means of aiding in this work is to provide the teachers with accu-
rate information in regard to the forest resources of the Province, in regard
to the best methods of preventing destruction of our forests by tire, and the
most effective way of fighting the enemies of the trees in the form of paras-
ites. Books containing such information should be supplied free of expense

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

to the teachers. Bulletins from the Agricultural a^d Forestry Bureaus
should be freely distributed among the schools.

More should be made of Arbor Day. The whole responsibility should
not fall upon the teacher. Trustees and ratepayers should be willing to give
time and effort, not only on Arbor Day, but throughout the year. The school
grounds should be enlarged. A part of the ground should be a real arbor-
eum which would furnish object lessons not only to teachers and pupils, but
to the community at large. The school - house and grounds should be the
most attractive place in the district, and they might soon become so it' the
people really desired it.

My brief answer, then, t > the question, What can 'the schools do td
promote the objects for which this Convention is assembled here is this :

1. From the earliest school age aim to cultivate in the children an
abiding interest in the vegetable life, and especially in the trees surrounding
their homes.

2. The means of awakening and cultivating the interest is by appealing
not only to the intellect but to the imagination of the child.

3. Train the child to have a proper regard for vegetable as well as
animal life, and especially to guard against injury to or destruction of trees
through mere wantonness or carelessness. Special instructions upon the
danger of setting tires near groves or forests should be constantly in-
culcated.

4. Place at the disposal of the teacher the reports and bulletins of
government bureaus and such other publications as will supply full and accu-
rate information in regard to the forest wealth of the country, and the
measures taken in other countries to promote similar interests.

With such aids to instruction the teacher will not find it a difficult task
to inculcate valuable lessons, and to awaken in the child's mind an abiding
interest in trees. Indeed the love of groves and trees seems to be intuitive.
Some of our ancestors were tree worshippers. From the description of the
Garden of Edea in the Book of Genesis to the latest 'publications of the
poet, the novelist, and the historian, literature is full of references to trees.

It is true that in New Brunswick, as in other countries, there has been
blind and wanton destruction of forest wealth. In pioneer days a man was

52 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

famous as he lifted up an axe against the grtat trees. Let us hope that
under a wiser policy^nature will be given an opportunity to repair, as far as
possible, the ravages caused by the improvidence of the past, and to repro-
duce trees at least as fast as the necessities and interests of men require the
removal of those which now flourish in our forests.

- Mr. T. B. Kidner of the Provincial Normal School, Fredericton, then
addressed the Convention :

T. B. KIDNER
Director of Manual Training, N. B.

The part played by the Manual Training Schools of New Brunswick in
this important matter now before the Convention is not, perhaps, a very
large one, but I venture to think it is of sufficient importance to bring before
your attention this afternoon, and that, for two reasons. The first reason is
that as I understand it. one of the chief objects of this Convention is to
arouse an interest in these matters and that is one of the things we are

W

attempting to do with the children. Secondly, in the Manual Training
schools wo are dealing with the pupils at a very plastic time, when very
lasting impressions will be made upon them and we must remember that they
will have to deal with this question of Forestry when it becomes a much more
acute one a few years hence.

We have some twenty Manual Training schools in the Province of New
Brunswick. They are not, I may say, Manual Training schools of the type
now so familiar in the United States — the Manual Training high schools of
the cities. We have not yet any Manual Training high schools. We have,
however, departments of Manual Training in connection with the common
schools and they are attended chiefly by the boys of grades VI., VII. and
VIII., the highest grades in the common schools, that is to say by boys from
eleven or twelve to fourteen jor fifteen years of age, a most important age
from an educational standpoint. In some few instances the high school
pupils attend the Manual Training schools, but the high school manual
training is merely incidental and we have no recognized manual training in

our high school course at present.

•

The boys, from these upper grade,s I have mentioned, spend half a day
each week in the Manual Training room and there they make articles out of

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 53

wood from working drawings previously prepared by the boys themselves,-
not with a view of making them tradesmen, not from any vocational aim'
which we rnay have in other schools of somewhat similar type, but merely
from an educational standpoint, a standpoint recognized by educationalists
and men of affairs alike today. That is to say that an education which con-
sists entirely of the study of books does not fit one for the work of this world
and the demands that will be made upon the men and women of the future.
Therefore we carry on this work, not with any idea of preparing the children
for particular trades, but to develop them in the broadest way and to give
them an all-round trainincr so as to reach that side of their nature not

O

reached by books.

Side by side with this instruction in drawing and tool work there is'
given at every session a brief lesson dealing with the properties of the
materials they are using. The lesson takes the form of what educationists
know as an object lesson, that is to say, a lesson illustrated with specimens
and by experiments. As many as possible of these are given in the course,
which is carried on for about three years.

I prefer the term which we give in our training course to our object
lessons, viz., "General Intelligence Talks," for that is their aim to arouse
the intelligent interest of the children in the materials they are using and to
enable them to understand the principles involved in construction. To this
end we have arranged a series of lessons, a brief schedule of which I shall
present to you in a moment and these are carried out, as I have said, at every
session of practical work. The boys spend one-half day per week in this
practical work, during which they are excused from the ordinary studies.
They make their working drawings and then construct some article of wood
and are given this object lesson, this scientific demonstration of the properties
and the characteristics of the materials they are using, side by side with the
bench work. The schedule of lessons is as follows, but I am leaving out of
this the lessons dealing with materials other than wood— the metals and the
glue and the other materials that are dealt with necessarily in the shop work.

SCHEDULE OF LESSONS ON THE TREE, ETC.

The Timber Tree—

1. How it grows.

2. The three broad divisions : bark, sapwood and heartwood.

3. The annual rings : their divisions and their formation.

54 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

4. The pith rays and their uses :'

(a) In the growing tree.

(b) In the wood (quarter figure, etc.)

5. The leaves and their functions.

6. The effect of trees on climate and on the health of a community.

7. Fibres and cells (microscope).

8. Felling.

(a) Good and bad methods.

(b) Time of felling (proper season and age of tree).

9. Conversion (methods).

10. Seasoning. The necessity for it and the several methods adopted.

11. Warping and shrinking.

12. Quarter cutting.

13. The faults and defects of lumber. Sapwood, large or dead knots,

shakes, worm holes, rot, etc,

14. The classification of woods.

(a) By the trees (broad-leaved and needle-leaved).

(b) By the nature of the wood.

15. Our chief native woods.

16. Our wasted woods.

17. The properties, characteristics and therefore the uses to which the

various woods are put. "Uses follow properties/' Various
properties, such as stiffness, toughness, pliability, hardness,
durability, beauty of grain, evenness of texture, etc., etc.

18. The strength of wood (by experiments and in the design of joints

in construction).

19. The preservation of wood. Paint, oil, varnishes, etc.

20. Field walks : visits to mills, cabinet and furniture factories, timber

yards, etc.

21. The collection of specimens of leaves, fruit, wood, etc., of our

native and other trees.

The foregoing numbers do not refer to single lessons. Obviously such
a lesson as No. 17 would be too much for several lessons and is, in point of
fact, spread over the workshop practice of two or three years.

I said a moment ago that we did not believe in mere talks and therefore,
with your permission, I should like to illustrate for a few moments just the
sort of lessons we give and the way in which I venture to submit, that we
may arouse and do arouse an interest in the minds of the coming generation

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 55

in this important question of the trees. We commence with a few lessons
on the growth of the timber tree and I have here a number of specimens
taken from those in daily use at our training courses in the Normal School.
On this board are shown several sections of timber trees of various types,
dealing with the softest and hardest wood. The specimens on that board
are intended to show that the timber tree grows outwardly by adding a layer
of wood each year in temperate climates. That leads us to the rings and
the study of the way in which the rings of growth are formed and their effect
on the grain of woods. With a cheap microscope very much interesting
work can be done just in the study of the growth or formation of the annual
ring. We go on then to the study of the pith, or medullary rays, taking,
perhaps, 8 piece of oak or maple, or some other wood which has the medul-
lary rays well defined, dealing with the effect of the rays in the growing tree
and also their effect upon the wood, chiefly from the point of view of the
beautifying of the wood when it is quarter cut and exhibits the rays in their
full beauty. Later on we have to consider the effect of the medullary rays
upon the shrinking of the wood, and that is very important, as they have a
great effect in the changes of form occurring during seasoning.

Then we take up the leaves and their functions, about wrhich I need not
say much, but of course the effects of trees on the health of a community are
taken up in lessons on the functions of the leaves. We deal, of course, chiefly
with that beautiful function of the leaves to take in certain things from the
atmosphere and give out pure air in their place. Then we go on to the con-
sideration of the fibres and cells that make up the wood, and that gives us
an opportunity for microscopic work, and very many beautiful sections can
be made and are made by the boys for use under the microscope in studying
this important part of the subject.

Then we get very many interesting lessons on the felling of trees, and in
those lessons we are assisted very materially by the excellent publications
of our own Forestry department and the Forestry department at Washington,
all of which are placed at our disposal by getting on their mailing lists.

We next take up seasoning ; not only the method of seasoning, but the
reasons why lumber should be seasoned. That is, of course, full of interest
.and practical importance. We next deal with warping and shrinking, and
we get some very interesting lessons by obtaining from some of the lumber-
men55 the butts of green logs, putting them in well heated rooms and watching
what croes on in the course of a year. The warping and shrinking of a

n

56 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

board, and the reasons for quartering valuable logs before they are allowed,
to dry, can be taught very easily by demonstrations of that sort ; not by
mere telling, but from actual observations of what goes on under the noses
and eyes of the children right in the room.

We then go into the faults and defects of lumber ; not from the book
point of view, but from the point of view of the wood pile in the corner of
the school room ; because the boy makes his working drawing, calculates the
amount of lumber that he will have to cut out from which to make his article,
and then goes to the rack and selects it himself. Therefore our first lessons
are devoted to the commonest defects we find ; for instance, the defect of
sapwood, which is one of the commonest we meet with in several of the
woods. Then there are other defects shewn by the specimens here, such as
rot, sapwood attacked by insects, while the sound heartwood is left ; large
knots, loose knots, dead knots, the various forms of shakes, worm-holes, etc.
Then comes the classification of the trees, first, by the trees, and second, by
the nature of the wood. Most of our boys know the names of the trees and
can identify them, although even here in New Brunswick, surrounded as we
are by forests, the boys are growing up in many of our towns without any
knowledge of that sort of thing and cannot identify our commonest trees.
Then the study of our chief native woods gives us an interesting set of
lessons, as does also the study of our wasted woods, which I consider very
important. Only last week I was speaking to our students of an advertise-
ment which has been running for some time in an American paper, asking
for offers of beech logs. The advertisers cannot get them in their locality,
while we are burning many tons every year. Then the properties, character-
istics and, therefore, the uses to which the various woods are put, open up a
very interesting field. We can take a boy's work bench at school and find
that a dozen different kinds of wood have been used in the Construction of
that bench and the different tools he has upon it. These different kinds-- d!"
wood are not used hap-hazard, but every object is made of some wood that
is suitable for it because of the characteristics it possesses.

Next we deal with the strength of wood ; but it will, of course, be
obvious that in a ten or twenty minutes' lesson we cannot go very far into-
that subject. We must leave that to the University and higher institutions
dealing with it from an engineering point of view ; but we can and do per-
fcrm some very interesting experiments dealing with the strength of a piece
of wood.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 57

The preservation of wood. That we do not go into very deeply, beyond
teaching the boys a little varnishing, shellacing and polishing, and a little
about painting.

The field walks form a very important part of the work in many of our
manual training schools, especially in the consolidated schools, where the
field work is followed out in connection with all their studies. I have here
some leaves collected by the boys, and all these folios I have on the table
were sent down by the Woodstock Manual Training School, which is typical
of the rest of our schools. These leaves are collected by the pupils, and
that means an interest in the trees and an interest in the walks also. Visits
to mills, cabinet factories, glue factories and places of that description are
also made and serve to lend additional interest to this side of the work.
Where we are fortunately situated near a lumber yard we often get a great
deal of help. In some towns the merchants have gone out of their way to
assist us ; regular classes are arranged for, and the instructor is allowed to
take the pupils through the mills and someone is told off' to guide them
through, and thus a very profitable half day is spent in that way.

Then the collection of specimens for the schools is another important
part of the work. You would be surprised at the number of different
woods the boys will collect. I was called on the other day to judge of
collections made by the boys, and one boy had over one hundred different
varieties of wood in his collection. Of course he was situated near the coast,
and he had a whole lot of Southern woods in addition to the commoner
native woods. As I say, he had over one hundred varieties, and as far as
possible he had named them and had looked them up in whatever books
were accessible to him, and in a general way had acquired a good deal of
information by the mere collecting of these specimens.

As I remarked, our chief aim is an educative aim, and these lessons are
carried on side by side with the lessons in drawing and bench work, chiefly
with the view of making the boy's bench and tool work more intelligible to
him. That is their main aim ; but in a secondary sense I believe they have
an important bearing upon this very much larger question now before us,
and I present, therefore, as our contribution to this large question the 1
that we are able to do in a secondary way in our public Manual Training
Schools towards arousing some interest in this most important, this vital,
question to us in Canada of the conservation and preservation o
wealth.

58 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

NOTE. — Mr. Kidner's address was illustrated by numerous interesting
specimens from the museum of the Manual Training department at the
Normal School, Fredericton, and other Provincial schools. One case shewed
the growth of a timber tree and served to illustrate the earl}' part of the
schedule of lessons. Another case included examples of the ccmmoner
defects of lumber, others shewed many beautiful specimens of our native
woods and of many other woods of commerce. Specimens of the largest
pine needles known, (pinus coulteri) from the Himalayas, cones of the Nor-
way spruce, etc., etc., were also exhibited. Mr. Kidner explained that they
were useful for comparing with our own pine needles and spruce cones, and
said there was no limit to the interest which could be aroused in this way
amongst the pupils. A fine piece of California redwood was shewn mounted
on a panel and surrounded by photographs of famous redwood trees, logging
-operations, etc. A collection of Hough's sections also evoked much interest.

Lt. Col. Loggie, of the Crown Land Department, Fredericton, read the
following paper : —

T. G. LOGGIE.
NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTS.

From its earliest history the products of the Forests of New Brunswick
have held a first place in its trade exports. Although a large section of the
Province is admirably suited for Agriculture, particularly the magnificent
intervales t)f the River Saint John, stretching almost from its Mouth upwards
to the limits of the Province, a distance of 300 miles of the Miramichi,
Kennebecasis, and other valleys ; the broad, salt marshes of the Upper Bay
of Fundy, still Lumber has remained King.

New Brunswick contains an area of 17 4-10 millions of acres. Of this
acreage 9 millions are granted lands, and 8 4-- 10 millions, as nearly as can
be ascertained, are Crown Lands, and the Province is everywhere drained by
large rivers with innumerable branches, almost locking each other at their
.sources.

It will thus be seen that lumbering can be carried on advantageously,
.as one has yet to find a section of the Province where logs cannot be cut and
<lriven down these waterways to market. Of these rivers, the St. John is

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 53

the largest and drains nearly one half of the Province. Next in importance
is the Miramichi, its watershed embracing about 5,000 square miles.

The settled portions of the Province are principally along the river
valleys and coast line ; the interior forming one vast timber preserve, and
embracing a territory 80 miles wide and 100 miles long without a habitation
of any kind save the lumberman or trapper's shanty, and no sound except
the ring of the woodsman's axe or the call of the hunter. Here is a domain
fairly free from the ravages of fire and timbered with all kinds of valuable
lumber. The greater part of this territory is unfit for cultivation, lying on
the granite and boulder formation, although the northern section in its
approach to the Restigouche River, runs into the Upper Silurian belt, and
consequently has good deep soils. Everywhere over this belt b^th black and
white spruce abounds, some pine, and vast quantities of the hardwoods that
have scarcely been touched, also large quantities of the finest and largest
cedar in Eastern Canada.

Leaving this section of the Province and turning our attention to the
country lying southerly and south-westerly of the S. W. Miramichi, and ex-
tending to the Bay of Fundy, we find a territory heavily cut, and, in places,
badly burned. The Nashwaak River is an exception, where Alexander
Oibson, our lumber king, still reigns supreme.

FOREST FIRES.

In reading reports from time to time of the timber domain of Canada
as well as of the United States, the same story is read and re-read of the de-
vastation by forest fires. New Brunswick has not escaped. The great
Miramichi fire that swept through this Province in the year 1825 is a matter
of history. Scarcely a year elapses without more or less fires, although, of
late, we have suffered less perhaps than our neighbors.

Our Legislature and lumbermen have grappled for years with this great
question, and the Government has still under consideration more effectual
methods in checking the ravages of forest fires. In the year 1885 the
Legislature passed the Act now in force. It contains provisions .prohibiting
tire's from being set between 1st May and the 1st December, except in
clearing land, obtaining warmth, or necessary industrial purposes, and then
precautionary measures to be taken. It is the opinion of many that no fires
should be set at all, except under a written permit from the Fire Warden of
the District. No fire to be set in the forest without first clearing away a

60 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

spot five feet around where the fire is to be set. The Act provides that
lumbermen shall call their crews together, read the Act, and warn them as
to setting of fires.

The Railway Companies are required to provide their smoke stacks
with a bonnet screen interwoven at the draught with wires ( three times as

O . %

many wires for wood as for coal ), and section men to pass over their sec-
tions once a day. The right of way to be cleared of all combustible
material. A further Act provides that $2,000 can be expended in any one
year in carrying out the provisions as enacted. It is the opinion of
many that while the provisions are to a large extent admirable, this Act can
only be carried out by a well -selected Corps of Foresters, or Fire Wardens,
permanently employed by the Province, and along the same lines as regula-
tions of the Province of Ontario. These wardens could act as sealers of
lumber, Fishery and Game Wardens, Labor Act Commissioners, and in other
capacities of a public nature. The outlay for such a service would no doubt
be large, but the results would be far-reaching, and in the best interests of
the Province. There is no question in New Brunswick today of more im-
portance than the preservation of the forests in respect to the setting of
fires.

The total area remaining in the possession of the Crown, as stated at
the outset, is in the vicinity of the 8 4-10 millions of acres, of which quan-
tity 6 1-2 millions are under timber license ; the remaining 1 1-2 million
acres or more being to a large extent burnt and barren lands.

Licenses from the Crown are issued annually, but there is an under-
standing they will run to 1st August, 1918. The stumpage on spruce, pine,
fir and cedar is SI. 25 per M. S. Ft., and the yearly rental is $8 per sq.
mile.

The average annual cut for the last five years has been 120 millions of
S. Ft., classified as follows : —

Spruce and Pine 95 Millions S. Ft.

Cedar .' 15

Hardwood 4

Hemlock 3

Fir 3

Total , 120

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 61

Twenty-six sealers are employed to survey this lumber. There is a
•c'hief sealer in addition, whose duty it is to oversee the sealers under him,
•and report to the Department the various operations being carried on and
the probable cut of each operator.

There are restrictions in the licenses as to the cutting of undersized
lumber, and no tree is supposed to be cut down that will not make a log 18
feet long and 10 inches at the small end. The Government have at various
times been strongly pressed to allow undersized logs to be cut for pulpwood,
but so far these requests have been met with refusal.

In some sections where spruce has been found to be of a stunted or
slender growth, and would never mature to saw logs, the Government have
allowed the lumber to be removed, but the quantity so cut 'has been
small.

In administering the Forests of the Crown, one of the greatest diffi-
culties met with is to guard the Department against fraudulent applications
for land under the guise of settlement. The tendency in applying for set-
tling lands is to secure a lot sufficiently timbered so as to allow the settler
something at the start he can turn into money, either by cutting the logs
himself or selling his chance to someone else, which is directly contrary to
the provisions of the Labor or Settlement Act. The greater number of those
applying have no other motive than to cut off the lumber and then allow
their applications to lapse.

The Department is continually holding up applications where reports
have shewn the lands are unfit for settlement. The licensees naturally pro-
test against such incursion into their limits, and the Surveyor - General is
left to adjudicate the matter, often to the displeasure of the settler or the
licensee.

•

A common practice is to squat upon Crown Lands, without application,
clear a small portion, and erect a hut. In time the Department is
forced by some settling conditions to approve his application, although, in
many cases, the location is made among good timber.

One can easily see the result. The cleared portion must be burned,
and the surrounding forest is at once placed in jeopardy.

The separation of the purely agricultural lands from the lands only fife

62 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

for timber growth is, to my mind, one of the greatest needs in our forests
today. I have reference to lands at present only in the vicinity of settle-
ments. Such an undertaking would, no doubt, involve a large expenditure.
Only persons should be employed for this work whose judgment could be re-
lied upon, as thoroughly competent in judging the soils. Following this up
with a corps of competent forest rangers, for keeping down fires and super-
vising the catting is the first essential to the preservation of our forests.

PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF LANDS.

Of the lands that have passed from the Crown I will only deal with
three of the largest tracts. The Grant to the New Brunswick Railway, for
building a narrow guage railway from Fredericton to Edmundston, a dis-
tance of 167 miles, was 1,647,772 acres, and embraces lands principally ori
waters tributary to the River St. John, and including parts of the Counties
of York, Carleton, Victoria and Madawaska.

Mr. W. T. Whitehead. the Company's agent, has given me the following
estimate of the quantity of lumber on these lands : —

Spruce 3.014 Millions S. Ft.

Fir 3,014

Hardwood 4,743 "

Cedar 406

Total 11,177

Of this large tract, the Company has sold only 600 acres. Fully one-
third is situate on the Upper Silurian formation, representing some of the
best settling lauds in the Province, but the policy of the Company is not to
sell any for farming purposes, and the progress of that section of the Province
is consequently retarded.

It has been proposed that the Government should buy back the
settling portion of these lands, which, if accomplished at a reasonable price,
would, in the opinion of those who have studied the question, be productive
of great results.

The next largest ownership is that of the Alexander Gibson Company,
who holds the fee simple of upwards of 225,000 acres, located principally on
the Nashwaak River, and absolutely controlling the lumber lands on that

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 63

river. Mr. Gibson purchased the greater part of these lands in the early
sixties, and he has been cutting them ever since without a break.

The growth is nearly altogether black spruce, which rotates about every
ten years, in cutting down to merchantable logs.

In a conversation I had with Mr. Gibson some ten years ago he esti-
mated these lands as worth to him twenty dollars per acre. It must be
understood, however, that any such high valuation can only be explained by
the peculiar advantages possessed by the owner. 1,200 millions of spruce
have been cut on this property since Mr. Gibson's purchase, and judging
from reports the lands today are fairly abundant in spruce.

It may be mentioned here that as much as 20,000 sup. ft. per acre of
spruce has been cut on choice bits of this property.

In this connection I may mention the cut of a block of 3,000 acres I
purchased on the Keswick River in the year 1887 — a tract not particularly
well timbered at the time, but fast growing black spruce. In that year I let
the stumpage on one million ft. ; again in 1892 it produced two million ft.,
and again ia 1900 the operator paid me stumpage on two million ft. more.
In 1903 I am looking for a further crop of two millions. It is a well-known
fact that where light and air are allowed in by cutting out the larger logs,
the growth is much quicker. So much then for the old Scotch proverb :

" .Be aye stickin' in a tree,

It'll be growin' when ye're sleepin'."

These logs were all chopped down with the axe, but in future operations the
saw only will be used, as it is estimated tliat trees sawn down turn off from
5 to 10 per cent, more scale.

The lands of Mr. Gibson have not been subject to much forest fire,
partially owing to the distance from railway lines, but more particularly to
the vigilance which the owner displays in dry times.

Another larcre tract is that located on the upper waters of the South
West Miramichi, embracing an area of 160,000 acres, which I understand has
lately passed into the hands of an American syndicate, at a price of upwards
of $600,000. The timber growth is much the same as on Mr.
property The owners of the land are displaying'great judgment in insii
on the removal of tops, which are limbed off up to four or five inches

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

diameter at the small end and the top log used for pulp wood. It is becoming
more apparent that more conservative methods are being insisted upon in
removing the whole of the tree from the forest, and thus reducing the risk
of fires.

SURVEYS OF TIMBER LINES

No timber lands can be properly managed without a system of carefully
prepared surveys and block timber lines, as well as accurate maps.

Generally speaking the Crown Lands are blocked off into areas of six
square miles, the lines running astronomical north and south and east and
west two and one-half miles each way.

On some rivers blocks are laid off five miles each way and in the Resti-
gouche County the blocks are as small as 1000 acres. The practice is to
run the base lines five miles apart and large expenditures have, in this way,
been made by the Government. The sub-divisions of the licenses are sur-
veyed after first getting an order from the Crown Land Office, accompanied
.by a plan showing in detail previous lines run, while the order contains a
description of the lines to be surveyed. All these surveys have been made
by blazing lines through the forests, with the ordinary compass.

The system is open to considerable objection, but it is found practically
to satisfy those whose interests are involved.

A recommendation has been made to erect iron monuments at the corners
of blocks, it being found that corner posts soon decay or are swept away by
forest fires.

VALUES OF TIMBER LANDS

My experience would warrant the statement that timber lands have
doubled in Value within the last ten years.

For the right to cut on Crown Lands, stumpage, in addition fairly good
imber lands would be worth $200 per square mile and first class lands $500
and over a square mile, according to location. The price of soil right lands
has probably increased in the same proportion, prices ranging from two to
five dollars per acre, although some properties have lately been sold much
above these figures and running as high as ten dollars per acre for prime
black spruce lands, easy of access and comparatively free from fire danger.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 65

In summing up this paper I would recommend : —

1st. More effectual means for the protection from forest fires.
2nd. The separation of timber lands from agricultural lands.
3rd. A carefully selected corps of permanently employed foresters.
4th. Restrictions as to the cutting of undersized lumber and the
removal of top logs.

Perhaps I may be expected to add reafforestation, and while much can
be said about tree planting I am of the opinion our efforts at present will be
better met by a more efficient preservation of our forests and more careful
cutting of the standing timber.

~ CJ

New Brunswick has yet a noble heritage in her forests. Let us then
work together to preserve this heritage, so that we ourselves and future
generations may reap the benefits which nature has so lavishly bestowed.

In conclusion, again, let us not forget the old Scotch saying : — •

"Be aye stickin' in a tree, it'll
Be growin' when ye're sleepin'."

Mr. H. B. McMillan, of the Yale School of Forestry, read a paper.

H. B. MCMILLAN, B. s. A.,

Yale Forest School
FIRST METHODS OF FORESTRY

So much more has been written concerning the why than the how of
Forestry and so many reasons have been advanced for the protection of
forests without an accompanying explanation of this protection that a short
general discussion of the first steps taken in the establishment of a forest
policy in a country previously without one seems to be in order.

For our examples it is better to go to the United States than to Europe
since their problems are more nearly like ours and since oar solutions, owing
to similarity in lumbering methods, labour conditions and market facilities,
must closely resemble those of cur Southern neighbor.

Our Canadian forests because of their widespread extent are exposed to

66 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

very many ravages and to much mismanagement, and there is such a dearth
of exact scientific information concerning them that the fundamental opera-
tions upon which a Forestry policy may be founded, elaborated and executedi
may be separated into three main divisions, all necessary and inter-depend-
ent— Legislation, Investigation and Management.

The first and most important, legislation, need only be mentioned here.
It comprises the constitution of an executive officer or commissioner having
full control of the Provincial forest lands, their government, use, and admin-
istration, with the power to employ'technically qualified men as administrators
and advisors, as well as with the framing of such laws as will guard against
trespass and tire, and will furnish the necessary machinery for enforcement.

The States, which have grappled with the problem have found the
following plan most practicable. The Governor appoints a Forest Reserve
Commission, which might in New Brunswick be represented by the Surveyor
General, Attorney General, Chancellor of University, an active and practical;
lumberman and a citizen interested in Forestry. These men have the power
to govern, use and protect the forest lands. They appoint a technically
trained forester who also is chief fire warden, and who is responsible for the
efficiency of local tire wardens, the administration of public lands, as will be
explained in this paper, the delivery of public lectures, and the conducting
of a course in the State College. Such a policy is now adopted by the most
progressive states of the Union.

This legislation is all Forestry and is one of the most essential parts of
a forester's business, and upon it has depended the success of forest policies
in different American states.

The question of investigation, however, is one less generally understoods
though it is the basis of Forestry. Investigation may be of two kinds, that
of an exploratory nature, chiefly concerned with exploitation ; and that"
carried on in connection with mechanical and chemical laboratories, manu-
facturing plants and railroads.

Of the exploratory studies one of the first must be to differentiate the-
agricultural from the non- agricultural lands and the protective from the
non-protective forests. Those which are not agricultural because of their
poor soil, broken character, or rocky nature, and those which are pro-
tective because of their influence on water sheds and situation at the head-
waters of streams important to agriculture or commerce should be retained

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 67

in the possession of the state as forest reserves to be managed conservatively
by the state so as to produce a yield of timber which will support a perman-
ent timber industry, not one of mushroom growth and short duration as was
that of the lake states.

In order to do this intelligently the land and timber must be studied
carefully. This work is usually done by a small party under the direction
of a forester. The method of procedure in a mixed forest is to run survey
strips through the forest at regular intervals which constitute in area about
2 to- 5^ of the stand, and on these strips all mature and immature trees are
counted and measured, and where ties, poles or logs are the customary local
product they also are counted and entered upon the tally sheets. After a
little experience the work can be done quite quickly, speed varying with
the amount of detail required. At the same time the topography is carefully
mapped, drainage, slopes, swamps, ridges, and all features which can effect
lumbering are noted so that when the survey is complete a relief map may
be presented according to which local operations can be planned, camps and
trails located.

If the timber varies but little in composition as does the spruce of the
north woods here, and may be differentiated into three or four types, opera-
.tions are simplified. The chief of the party, who must have had sufficient
woods experience to have matured a critical judgment, selects a large num-
ber of sample acres scattered over the tract, characteristic of the stand of
each type and on these sample acres all trees are carefully counted and
measured as before.

Whether the . survey is conducted on the strip or sample acre method
average trees of the different merchantable species are cut down and their
rate of growth ascertained by counting the ages at different cross sections.
In other words a stem analysis is made of a sufficiently large number of
carefully selected trees to furnish accurate evidence as to the rate of growth
and development of different species under different conditions and in difter-
ent situations.

At the same time existing roads and trails are surveyed aid mapped,
studies are made of reproduction, danger from fire, grazing, and insect attack,
and of the best means of preventing these injuries. Market and transporta-
tion facilities are carefully investigated and often at the suggestion of mill

68 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

men attention is paid to waste in logging and at the mill with suggestions
as to the means of reducing it.

CT

The result of these investigations is embodied in a working plan which
is accompanied by a map shewing the distribution and stand of timber,
roads and physical features affecting logging. In some instances, notably in
Maine, lumbermen have had these maps prepared as relief models of town-
ships, vividly protraying the character of their operations. The working
plan itself shews the amount, character and accessibility of the timber in
each natural division of the operation, determines the lumber product obtain-
able if cut to different diameter limits, contains tables shewing the rate of
growth in volume and area, and yield tables shewing how much may be cut
off each year without endangering future supply, as well as telling how soon
the lumbermen may come back and what he may expect to count in getting
at that time if he were to cut to a certain diameter limit now. There are
also outlined in the working plan precautions to be observed in cutting such
as are necessary to procure a reproduction of certain valuable species to
prevent waste or windfall or other dangerous influences.

That these working plans are meeting with favor is testified by the
number of lumber companies all over the United States who are asking to
have them made. An example which may be quoted is that of a well known
firm, The Great Northern Paper Company, who had a working plan made
for 275,000 acres in North Maine. One-hal1' of this was done in three and
a half months by a force of thirty-two men. The main object was to provide
for a supply of spruce reproduction after cutting, and to decrease the amount
of balsam. Detailed instructions for lumbering were given and so far as
spruce reproduction was concerned they were a success. I worked three
weeks last Christmas on land lumbered according to these instructions and
found nearly enough spruce reproduction already.

Another investigation of importance to lumbermen particularly is that
known as commercial tree studies. These constitute investigations of
adaptability of important trees to management for commercial purposes and
include determination of the lumber product in different diameters, the rate
of growth in different districts, present supply, and management necessary
to procure future reproduction, uses of timber at present, its possible uses,
and its markets. In many cases the foresters reach the same conclusion as
the lumbermen, in a few cases they do not, and then the lumbermen are
never slow to adopt the new ideas, if they mean money.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION G9

/The study of the last, the uses of the timber, has been one which is
interesting the trade generally. In connection with various mechanical and
chemical laboratories, mills, i'actories and railroads experiments are being
carried on to test the strength, durability and other important qualities of
wood not usually considered merchantable and to find what preservatives
can be used advantageously and economically. So much remains to be done
in connection with the many different industries using and depending upon
lumber that only a small proportion of the possible results have been
obtained. Other species just as fit have been substituted where more
valuable ones> had been previously used.

Railroad and telephone companies have taken up the question of
timber preservatives extensively and as a result of the study of by-products
there are a great number of distilleries established and being established in
the different states in the hardwood belt.

In Boston a wood pulp laboratory has been established which is now
making paper from almost everything, and doubtless as prices continue to
soar many other schemes to utilize hitherto unvalued species will be
developed, and the lumberman will be enabled to cut more timber off his
land and thus reach larger profits and make use of waste materials from his
mill.

It is in the organization and management of forest lands that forestry
most intimately touches national life in general and lumbering in particular.
To insure that forests will be maintained where necessary as a protection
and that a sufficient supply of timber will always be present to support home
builders and a flourishing lumber industry it is necessary to protect it from
fire and rationally dispose of it as soon as it is mature or as soon as it can
be spared.

Up to the present date fire protection has been the chief idea of the
United States, and as fire protection must be one of the first steps for
forestry preservation in New Brunswick, it may be interesting to note their
methods.

Each reserve is managed as a separate unit from the central office at
Washington, and the forestry officials, supervisors, rangers, and guards,
though given wide authority, with corresponding responsibility, are
appointed by and directed by a code of instructions formulated by the head
office. All officials, excepting the forest guards, are civil service employees,

70 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

and arc protected from discharge upon any cause except gross neglect or in-
efficiency by the provisions of the Civil Service Act. They are paid from
$720 per year, to $2500 in the case of the supervisors.

The supervisor is responsible for the patrol and protection of his
reserve, and he is expected to devise means best adapted to protect it.
Wherever circumstances demand it he is authorized to hire additional forces,
purchase materials and supplies, and to provide for the transportation of
such, incurring expenditure up to £300 for the extinction of fire. If a
greater sum is needed the supervisor telegraphs to the head office for
authority.

The rangers are generally employed permanently, though the force
may be decreased during the non-dangerous season. They are required to be
men of woods experience, to live on the reserves, to furnish their own horses,
or in country where necessary their own boats, and supply a camp equipment.
The rangers report monthly to supervisors concerning all tires occurringintheir
districts. These reports cover the location of the fire, damage done, probable
cause, and all particulars of discovery and methods, time, and means of ex-
tinction. At the end of the year the supervisors present an annual fire re-
port for each district to the head office.

Since this system of fire protection has been adopted, the area of land
under protection has .been doubled, yet the area annually burned over has
been reduced by one-half. Only 16 acres in each 10,000 were burned over in
1905, and the total cost of extra labor and supplies for fighting fires on
92,000.000 acres was only $12,500.

The total amount of timber destroyed by fire on an area of 92,000,000
acres under such system of protection was only 152,000,000 board feet, while
on a total area of 12.000,000 acres of forest land New Brunswick in 1903
lost 184,000,000 board feet ; or on the United States reserve lands 165 board
feet were burned for each 100 acres. On New Brunswick forest lands 1525
board feet were burned for each 100 acres. This extra 1300 feet would
have paid for quite a bit of fire protection.

The system followed is that of watching for fire, instead of waiting for
it. A constant lookout is kept during the dangerous season from command-
ing points, and the reserves are patrolled as effectively as possible. Roads,
trails and fire lines are built on ridges, or wherever they will be most effec-
tive in checking fire, and also serve as a quick means of communication

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 71

Telephone lines are constructed to facilitate the summoning of assistance. In
the Maine spruce woods look-out stations have been established on high hills
where they command a view over a township or more, and during thedryseason
men are kept constantly on the watch in each tower. All are connected by tele-
phone and each is equipped with a range finder so that when fire is discovered,
by communicating with one another they are able to locate it definitely and
direct as well as summon help. The equipment is supplied by the lumbermen
and the wages of the watchmen are paid by the State. During the first year
of their service they proved so satisfactory that they are being increased this
year.

The same force on the reserve which constitutes fire protection is also
responsible for safety from trespass.

The vital point of the whole scheme and the one about which the
lumbermen were the most sceptical was the successful and business-like dis-
posal of the timber by the Government. Here was where irrational methods
and failure were prophesied. But, possibly spurred on by these prophesies,
an organization was developed which is simple, satisfactory for the con-
sumers, and efficient for the nation.

The supervisor acts as business manager of the reserve and has at pres-
ent as his adviser a technical assistant, who is a trained forester, and also is
responsible for the study of reserve conditions and the preparing of working
plans.

All timber or forest reserves which can be cut safely and for which there
is actual need are for sale, and always open to applications for purchase. All
dead timber is for sale and sometimes given away. Green timber is for sale
except where its removal reduces the timber supply below a point of safety, or
seriously affects streams.

The rules governing the purchase of timber are simple and effective.
They are framed so as to"give the resident consumer, struggling mill-owner,
and wealthy would-be monopolist, all equal chances, except that small appli-
cations are considered first. Applications are made to the local officer in
> charge, who has power to execute on the ground sales up to a stumpage value
of $20.00. If the sale is larger the application is immediately forwarded to
the head office which advertises the sale. All bids are made by sealed tender
direct to the forest service, and the price absolutely fixed by the highest bid.
If the original applicant should wish to begin cutting immediately, he may

72 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

do so upon paying in advance a price fixed by the forest service, and engaging
to pay the amount set by the highest bid. In this way delay is avoided,
and a company may begin to cut in a few days after making the application.
Speculation is prevented by a provision requiring that timber be removed
within a certain time, and when a contract extends over a number of years a
proportionate amount of timber roust be removed each year. No contract is
made for a longer period than five years.

All timber is cut according to regulations laid down by the forest ser-
vice after study made on the spot by technical assistants, and in no case are
these regulations so onerous as to cause any hesitation en the part of the
lumbermen. Since this system of timber sales has been introduced the
number of licenses granted and quantity of timber cut has been greatly in-
creased, and the forest has been left in much better condition by its re-
moval.

A well-known case is that of the Minnesota reserve, where five percent,
of the pine were left standing for seed trees, and the brush was all burned.
This measure was introduced in the face of much opposition, but has since
proved feasible, and has exploded the fallacy that pine will not grow on the
same ground twice. In this instance, as in all others, the object has been to
remove the mature timber and to accomplish reforestation by natural
means. The brush from 125,000,000 feet of red and white pine was burned
at a cost running from 15 cents to 25 cents per thousand feet. This
expense approximates that incurred by the employment of an extra swamper
for each cutting crew, and the piling facilitates operations by permitting the
teams to move around more easily. The ground covered by the fire in burn-
ing the brush in no case exceeded 2 to 7 per cent, of the total area. It is ex-
pected from the results of this experiment thab as soon as the habits of dif-
ferent species are fully known and understood such scheme may be introduced
in lumbering so that a new stand of any desired species may be secured by
natural reproduction, and that actual tree planting will play a very small part
in the business of forestry. Where necessary, however, on reserves which
either have not enough timber or which are covered with undesirable species
. nurseries are being established under the care of the local rangers and plant-
ing is being gradually done under the direction of the supervisors.

The relation of the lumbermen to the reserve then, is this — they buy it
at prices practically set by themselves, they cut it as usual, except that all
•trees to be cut are marked for cutting, and that they leave a few trees for

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 7$

seed-trees which they do not pay for, and that they are assisted in their
scaling, and in that supervision of cutting crews which is necessary to pre-
vent waste. On the other hand, they are furnished with maps showing the
lay of the land and the situation. Also they know that they may depend'
upon a fixed supply of timber in any locality, and that fire protection is-
assured. In this way forestry is a guarantee of continued lumbering.

That such a sensible and business-like management of the reserves is a;
good investment is proven by the fact that though the staff of the adminis-
tration is increasing and expenses are increasing the forest service is asking
for a smaller appropriation this year than last, and has made a definite
promise that in five years, in spite of many new projects requiring increased
expenditure, it will be self-supporting, and will have ambitions to become
revenue-producing. .

I have only given a skeleton of the methods at present practised on this-
continent under the name of forestry, with a very faint conception of the re-
sults to be obtained, and with the hope, that upon her magnificent, unalien-
ated forest areas New Brunswick, profiting by the example which she has so-
near at hand, will build up a forestry policy which will be so statesman-like
and so successful as to excite the emulation of the other Canadian Provinces
and of the Government of the Dominion itself.

The meeting was then declared open for discussion, in which the
following took part : —

Mr. Hazen, M. P. P., Dr. Jones, Mr. Stewart, Mr. McMillan, Hon. Mr.
Tweedie.

MR. HAZEN— The Chancellor of the University gave us a very inter-
esting address this afternoon on Education and Forestry and we were all
very much obliged to him for the great trouble he went to in preparing and
submitting in such detail the courses of study necessary in a course of study
of that sort. I would like to ask him if he pursued his inquiry far enough
to know whether in a university like Yale they are taken advantage of by
many students, and if among the lumbermen of the country there is much
demand for the services of those students after they graduate from the
institution, having taken the course which he has suggested.

CHANCELLOR JONES— I did not count up the number of students

74 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

on the Yale catalogue, but I think there must be 65 or 70, and judging
from the announcement contained in the catalogue there is an exceedingly
great demand for trained men along this line, and I think the same is true
in connection with the Bilkmore Forestry School, which is largely a practi-
cal one. Of course they will not guarantee positions ; but they say there is
no trouble whatever for any young man who has taken their course of study
to obtain an exceedingly lucrative situation.

J. FRASER GREGORY— K the Ottawa Valley the lumbermen are
seeking these students continuously. Mr. Edwards told me he had several
of them in his employ. They are in great demand, and they cannot get
enough of them.

MR. ELIHU STEWART -With reference to that I wouH say that
in the Forestry service which I have charge of I have had to go out of the
country in order to get trained foresters. I do not mean that I have been
•engaging other than British subjects ; but they have been trained outside of
Canada. My first assistant was a graduate of Bilkmore, but a British sub-
ject and very anxious to get into our service. Since that I have had one
from Cornell aad two from Yale, and Mr. McMillan, who has just read a
paper to you, has been with us in the Northwest for three years, when he
has not been at College.

As for the lumbermen employing trained students I am not aware that
:any of the Otta\va lumbermen have in their employ graduates of these insti-
tutions ; but I know the interest Mr. Edwards and other lumbermen have
taken in the matter, and I have no doubt that men familiar with the lumber
industry in this country, and with a technical knowledge, can get employ-
ment. The difficulty is to get men who are familiar with our woods. In
getting tire guardians in the West I have found it better to get men familiar
with the district, even without a technical training, than to take a technical
man from outside who was not familiar with it. That means we will have
to train men who are familiar with our own districts in order to be success-
ful in that line.

In connection with the remarks made by the Chancellor I was very
much struck with the practical manner that he is going about it, in connec-
tion with the lectures that are already delivered at the university and which
take up much of the course adopted by the schools of Forestry. There was
thing I was going to speak of, and it was remarked by someone here,

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

and that is a short course for lumbermen ; a short course to give the men
in the woods — sealers and others — some knowledge of the tree itself. I

~

think it would be a capital idea. Not necessarily that the person going
there should pursue the full course, but should have means of acquiring a
certain amount of technical knowledge of the tree, its diseases, etc.

The last speaker has referred to the work done by the Forestry service
at Washington, and I have no disposition to criticise it at all ; but that ser-
vice is crippled. They have not the chance to do the work we have in
Canada, as they are confined to the forest reserves, and they have had tires
in the State of Washington which have destroyed billions upon billions of
timber outside of the reserves. In British Columbia we have a railway belt
owned by the Dominion Government, extending about twenty miles each side
of the C. P. R. for a distance of 500 miles. This was a contribution from
the British Columbia Government to the Dominion Government towards the
building of the C. P. R. We have divided this belt into tracts or belts and
appointed a head fire ranger, with eight or ten rangers under him, and for
the live or six years this has been guarded we have lost scarcely any timber.
I just mention this to show the advantage of fire guardian service. Outside
of this railway belt is Provincial territory, where they have not had this
service and they have lost an immense amount of timber, so much so that
the people of British Columbia are now agitating for a similar service to
that within the railvyay belt.

MR. H. R. MCMILLAN— In reply to the question asked about the
Yale Forestry School I might say there are at present 69 students there,
and the lumbermen have become so much interested in it and so much
impressed with what it can do for the lumber industry that they have seen
fit to endow a chair in lumbering, and every year are demanding more of
the graduates ; but they do not place a man directly in a high position who
comes from some other part of the country and doesn't know anything cf
the local conditions. They usually require him to go into the camps and
work as chopper or swamper, or in some such capacity, until he is as able
to take charge of the camp as any lumber boss, and then he gets a better
position and becomes a valuable man.

MR. TWEEDIE I may say that within a short time several large

employers of labor throughout the Province, principally lumbermen, have
spoken and written to me with regard to the scarcity of labor, and asked of
the policy of the Government in regard to immigration, and a delegation

76 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

waited upon me the other day with regard to obtaining a number of
immigrants, as men were very scarce. I informed them that I would com-
municate with the Brigadier of the Salvation Army at Toronto and ask him
to send one of his officers down here during the Convention, so that any-
person might have an opportunity of discussing the question with him.
Adjutant Jennings has been sent down, and is with us, and perhaps he
might now give us some information as to the class of people they bring and
how many they will likely bring to this Province this year.

Adjutant Jennings of the Salvation Army Immigration Department
was then called upon and addressed the Convention as follows : —

ADJUTANT JENNINGS

It gives me much pleasure to be here this afternoon on behalf of the-
Salvation Army Immigration Department, and I shall be pleased to give all
the information in my power. The men we bring from the old country
would not be accustomed to the lumbering business at all, and could only be
employed in that business as unskilled labor.

During the last two years our immigration department has brought to
this country something over 20,000 people ; and they have been selected,
not, as many people seem to think, from the waistrels or the unemployed of
the Old Country, but from the honest, able - bodied, industrious working
class. As an example of this I might say that last year, when the first
chartered ship of the Salvation Army Immigration Department landed at
Halifax the authorities there in charge of the exchange of money said they
exchanged more money from that boat than they had from any other boat
of immigrants that ever came to the country. This goes to show that the
class of people we bring is a little above the average run of immigrants. We
do our best in the selection of these immigrants, and so successful have we
been in that selection, that people on the other side are complaining that we
are bringing the cream of the working class, the bone and muscle of the
nation.

, We expect during the summer season of this year to bring to this country
some twenty-five or thirty thousand people, according to the demand. We
have chartered eight steamships to bring these people over. The first chart-
ered ship will leave Liverpool the 28th of this month, and will land in Hali-

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 77

iax about the 10th of March, and we will have a chartered ship every two
weeks after that. Besides that, we have made reservations on the C. P. R.
lines running into St. John and the Allan Line from Glasgow to Halifax, and
also the Dominion line running to Halifax. We have reserved space on the
boats coming to St. John and Halifax during the season for something over
10,000 people. These will pass through the Maritime Provinces and will be
in my hands to place, so far as the distribution of them is concerned, and as
many will be placed in the Maritime Provinces as are required. We endeavor
in dealing with these people to consider the highest good of the individual
we are dealing with, as well as the country they are coming from and the
country they are going to. Our policy is careful selection on the other side,
wise handling of the people while they are in our hands, and the suitable
placing of them in this country.

HON. MR. TWEEDIE — You don't deal with the criminal classes

at all ?

ADJUTANT JENNINGS — No ; we do not bring the criminal or
worthless classes. There is a class of people that is really worse than the
criminal class, and that is the worthless class, the people who are not fond
of work, and we endeavor to sift these out and bring only the class of
people suitable to this country. And although there are a large number of
people deported every year, yet out of the 20,000 already brought to this
country by the Salvation Army, less than twenty of that number have been
deported as unsuitable.

One of the difficulties we have to deal with in the Maritime Provinces is
that the season is so short here, because as soon as navigation opens in the
St. Lawrence the vessels all go to Montreal, and we find it very difficult to
get these people to come back here. They seem to think it is a going back,
and they prefer to go on to Ontario and the West. Last year we did succeed
in getting a few to come down from Quebec ; but they were influenced
against their will and did not give very good satisfaction. They did not
Jttle down, and a number of them, after all, went to Ontario and some of
ihem to the West.

1 might say we do not handle boys and girls. There are institutions
which do handle boys and girls ; but so far the Army has not done so. We
do handle domestics ; but we can only supply about one for every ten appli-
cations we receive. We bring a good class of domestics— above the ordinary

78 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

— but I am given to understand by our people on the other side that it is a
very difficult matter to get girls of the class we have been in the habit of
bringing, for the reason that they can get almost as much wages there as
they can in this country ; and I find that the wages in Ontario, especially in
the larger cities, are very much higher than in the Maritime Provinces.

HON. MR. TWEEDIE— What would the wages be in Toronto ?

ADJUTANT JENNINGS— The girls that we bring from the old
country can get in Toronto from $12 to $15 and $18 a month, and this is a
larger wage than a great many in the Maritime Provinces care to pay.

If there are any questions anyone would like to ask in regard to our
immigration work I will be pleased to answer them.

MR. JAMES BEVERIDGE — I may say, as one of the employers of
labor in the Province, that I have emploj^ed Salvation Army immigrants, and
I want more of them. They are well behaved, and although they are not
what we would call skilled laborers, yet they are very excellent men. I am
told, however, that it is very difficult to get them to come down East herer
and I would like to ask Mr. Jennings if it is simply a question of wages.

ADJUTANT JENNINGS— No, I think not. It is pretty hard to tell
just what their reasons are. They cannot give a definite reason themselves,
only the fact that they have gone up to Quebec, and they say it is going
back towards home again. They said they do not care to go back, they
want to go ahead. That is about all we can get from them.

HON. MR. TWEEDIE— Of course, the West is more advertised, and
naturally they hear more of it.

ADJUTANT JENNINGS— That may have something to do with it ;
but their chief excuse is that they don't want to go back. I have been in
the Maritime Provinces since last July, and previous to that I had been in
Ontario in connection with immigration for about a year, and for twenty
years previous to that I lived in the Maritime Provinces, and from my
knowledge I am of the opinion that the wages are just as good in ihe Mari-
time Provinces, comparatively speaking, for unskilled labor as in any other
part of the Dominion.

A DELEGATE — WThat wages would an experienced farmer command ?

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

ADJUTANT JENNINGS — What we call an experienced man is one
who has worked at farming in the old country all his life, and of course
some are better than others. They work for from $18 to $25 a month and
board.

MR. JAMES BEVERIDGE — Have you any figures showing the rate
of wages for ordinary unskilled labor in the factories in the West as compared
with the East ?

ADJUTANT JENNINGS— No, I haven't any figures ; but last year I
handled* some hundreds of applications in the Eastern part of Ontario, be-
tween Toronto and Montreal, and judging from that I would say the wages
are just as good in the Maritime Provinces, and as far as my knowledge
goes there are just as good opportunities for immigrants iu the Maritime
Province as in Ontario. The only difference is that the season is later here
and the agricultural labor is not needed qui<-e so early, so that before the
farmers get thoroughly awakened to the fact that they need a number of
men they have gone West. If the farmers would apply earlier we could
supply any number while they are passing through our hands, and we
would be only too glad to give Maritime Province people the preference ; in
fact I have the permission of Brigadier Howell to take the people as they
pass through and pick out those most suitable for the Maritime Provinces.

A DELEGATE— What is the nature of the contract between the Sal-
vation Army and the parties who come out here ? Have you any definite
contract with them ?

ADJUTANT JENNINGS — No, we have no definite contract with them.
We guarantee them work in Canada, but we only guarantee them work on
the land. As to loans, there are about sixty per cent, of the people who
come who pay their own way and only come through the Army Agency to
get the advantage of our counsel and advice and be sure of getting work
when they land here. About forty per cent, are not in a position to pay
the whole of their passage. They pay perhaps a half or two-thirds, and we
make them a loan of the balance, and in that case they sign an agreement
showing the total amount they have received, to be paid back in small
monthly instalments after they have been a certain number of months work-
ing in the country. The payments do not begin as soon as they land, but
about three months later they are supposed to begin to pay the money back.
That is the only contract we have with them.

80 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

MR. JAMES BEVERIDGE— If we required say twenty-five men
would we have to make the contract with you or arrange with them when
they arrived ?

ADJUTANT JENNINGS— You would make the contract with them
.through us. We have a proper application form, and if you ask us to
supply you with say 25 men, for a certain purpose, and agree to pay them a
certain wage, we act as your agents at the port of landing, and we say to
them : Here is a man willing to employ you and pay you so much if you
-come up to the standard on that application. It is then for the imnngrants
•'to say whether they will accept your offer. If they do we send them to you
with a card of introduction.

MR. CONNOLLY — If they do not wish to take any of the positions
you have for them are they free to go where they please ?

ADJUTANT JENNINGS— Yes, if they don't want to accept our situa-
tions they can go where they please.

MR. JAMES BEVERIDGE— Do you think the average laborer coming
out from England would consider Si. 25 to $1.75 per day of ten hours
attractive here in the East ?

ADJUTANT JENNINGS— Yes, I should think so. We always advise
employers of labor to take married men, if they have proper arrangements
for housing them, tf or the reason that married men are more likely to stay in
a place when they once get settled, and in a great many cases they have
families growing up, who will in a few years furnish the labor needed in the
Province.

HON. MR. BURCHILL — Did I understand you correctly to say that
the importations of the Salvation Army were made almost entirely from men
accustomed to working the soil, or do they include men working at other
occupations ?

ADJUTANT JENNINGS— The class of people we get from the other
side perform all kinds of labor ; but we do not guarantee any but workers
of the soil. For instance, we have a number of mechanics coming ; but we
<io not advertise on the other side that we can find employment for all
skilled labor.

HON. MR. BURCHILL— I do not mean skilled labor. I mean

SCOTT'S MILLS, FREDERICTON, N. B.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 81

•ordinary workmen such as Mr. Beveridge would employ cutting wood and
Numbering and that sort of thing.

ADJUTANT JENNINGS— I do not think the average immigrant is
much used to cutting wood or lumbering ; but a great many of them are
used to handling lumber as it is transferred from the steamer, and such like.
Last year sixty per cent, came from the towns and villages. The larger
portion of them had been used to ordinary laboring work. About forty per
cent, came from the agricultural districts ; but about twenty-five per cent.
of the sixty per cent, were born and brought up in the country, but had
•drifted to the city and worked there a number of years — anywhere from two
to ten years in the city. The majority of the people we bring are used to
-heavy hard labor.

HON. A. R. McCLELAN — What is the proportion of married men as
•compared with single men, that you have brought ?

ADJUTANT JENNINGS — I am not quite sure, of the number we
have brought ; but year before last the applications we got from married
men was only two per cent., while last year they had risen to twenty-five
per cent. ; so it is evident we brought at least twenty- five per cent,
of married men last year. There are a great many married men who
-are not in a position to bring their families with them ; but they send for
them when they are able and we bring them out.

The Convention then adjourned until evening.

THURSDAY EVENING SESSIOX

The Convention was called to order by the Premier, at 8.20 p. in. when
Dr. Bailey of the University of New Brunswick read a paper by Prof. Pen-
hallow, of McGill University on the Pulp Industry of Canada, which paper
was illustrated by lantern pictures.

D. P. PENHALLOW.
THE WOOD PULP INDUSTRY OF CANADA.

LIST OF SLIDES.
1 Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus).

82 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

2 Cyperus alternjt'olius.

3 Pith of Aralia papyrifera (Chinese rice paper).

4 Chinese rice paper (magnified).

5 Tappa cloth from the New Hebrides (Brousonnetia papyrifera),

6 Fibre from Japanese paper (Broussonnetia papyrifera).

7 Wasp's nest. Exterior view.

8 Wasp's nest. Interior view.

9 Paper from nest of wasp (Vespa maculata) magnified.

10 Paper from nest of wasp. Magnified and separated fibres.

11 Pulp-wood Statistics.

12 Chicoutimi Mills.

13 Sault Ste. Marie Mills.

14 General View of the Mills at Grand Mere.

15 The Profile, Grand Mere.

16 Map showing the distribution of Spruce Forests in Canada,

17 Spruce Forest.

18 Spruce Forest.

19 Interior of Spruce Forest.

20 Logging.

21 A log drive ready for the Spring freshets.

22 A log boom.

23 Pulp-wood logs piled at the Mill.

24 The Barking Room.

25 Picea nigra. Longitudinal section.

26 Picea nigra. Transverse section showing resin canals.

27 Picea nigra. Transverse section without resin canals.

28 Picea nigra. Transverse section showing the three layers of the

cell-wall.

29 The Grinding Room.

30 Press Room for Mechanical Pulp.

31 Mechanical Pulp Fibre, magnified.

32 Mechanical Pulp Fibre, magnified.

33 Chips for Sulphite.

34 Chips for Sulphite after reduction.

35 The Digesters.

36 The Sulphite Tower.

37 The Sulphite Retorts.

38 Sulphite Fibre, magnified.

39 Manila paper, magnified.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 83

40 The Beaters.

41 The Paper Press. Wet end.

42 The Paper Press. Front view.

43 A High Stump.

44 Wasted Tree-tops.

45 Tree cut but left standing.

46 Skidways left in the woods.

47 Road-bed made of spruce trees.

48 Trees cut for the brush.

49 Table of Rate of Growth.

50 Yield Table.

51 Reading Room, Booth & Gordon's Camp..

52 Wallace & McCormack's Reading Camp..

53 Hale & Bell's Camp.

54 Ontario Lumber Co.'s Reading ROOHK

55 Portable Reading Camp.

56 The Laurentide Mills.

THE WOOD PULP INDUSTRY OF CANADA

The history of paper - making carries us back about six thousand years
( 3966 B. c. ) to the time of the ancient Egyptians, whose use of a material
which required no special fabrication may be held to constitute the primitive
form of an industry which has now come to rank among the foremost in the
world, and the products of which not only represent a great diversity of raw
materials and finished fabrics, but which also call for great skill, the utiliza-
tion of large capital, and the employment of costly and intricate machinery
for their development. The contrast between the primitive papyrus paper
obtained by the expenditure of Comparatively little labor, and the highly-
finished product of today as resulting from a series of laborious processes;
probably affords one of the most conspicuous examples of industrial develop-
ment which the world can show.

PAPYRUS (CYPERUS PAPYRUS)

Papyrus was widely employed throughout India and Egypt as a paper
until about 190 B. c., when its use was displaced by parchment. Since then the

84 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

special cultivation of the plant has been discontinued, and its range has
gradually become more restricted until it ia now found only within narrow
areas. The plant is a native, of Egypt and other portions of the Mediterra-
nean region, to which it is now almost wholly confined. It nevertheless has
numerous representatives in other parts of the world, and the general reed-
like habit, with the large terminal, umbrella-like expanse of branches, is well
represented in its familiar relative from Florida, the Cyperus alterni-
folius, a plant now somewhat extensively used for table decorations and
commonly spoken of as the " Umbrella Plant."

In the manufacture of paper from the papyrus, the most primitive
methods were employed. The triangular stem was first of all divested of its
hard, outer rind, when the pith so obtained was cut into long and narrow
strips. These were laid side by side and carefully cemented together under
moist pressure by the application of .a second series of strips crossing the first
^t right angles. An extension of this method permitted the formation of
sheets of any desirable size, but it may be observed, that inasmuch as the
product was obtained by a simple process of slicing, it could not be regarded
as paper in the modern acceptation of that term, i. e., a fabricated material the
component elements of which have been separated from their former relations
in the original material and recombined by a process of felting. It was, in fact,
a product which represented the original material transformed only with res-
pect to its external features by the aid of the most simple of mechanical
processes.

For an unknown period of time, the Chinese have employed a
primitive paper, which is closely similar to papyrus. Though dif-
fering with respect to the plant from which it is derived, it is substantially
the same with respect to the part of the plant from which it is taken, with
respect to its detailed structure, and also with respect to its mode of prepa-
ration. We are all more or less familiar with the so-called rice paper of the
Chinese. It is employed as a favorite material upon which to draw
brilliantly-colored flowers and costumed figures because of the peculiarly
velvet-like surface which it develops when so employed.

PITH OF AUALIA PAPYRIFERA

This so-called paper is derived from the very large pith of a kind of
aralia ( Aralia papyrifera ) indigenous to the Island of Formosa and now ex-
tensively cultivated in China. The voluminous pith is first removed from

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 85

the surrounding wood and cut into convenient lengths of a few inches, and
then, with a sharp and thin-bladed knife, it is opened out into sheets a few
inches square. Under moist pressure these then retain a permanent form
but a careful examination will always disclose the unequal thicknesses due
to the action of the knife. From the account thus presented, the parallelism
between papyrus and rice paper becomes very manifest.

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF RICE PAPER *

Sir Joseph Hooker was the first to dispel the illusion that this
material is derived from rice, when he showed that it exhibits all the
characteristic features of the unaltered structure of the original pith from
which it was taken. A photograph of this paper, as seen under the micros-
cope, will not only enable us to appreciate the extent to which it differs
from ordinary paper, but it will at the same time show what is substantially
the interior structure of papyrus.

TAPPA CLOTH

Among the islands of the Pacific, interesting forms of primitive paper
or cloth may also be found, as illustrated in the tappa cloth of the Sandwich
Islanders, which they use for the manufacture of clothing. The material
employed is the very fibrous bark of the paper mulberry (Broussonnetia
papyrifera), which we shall presently find to acquire additional interest
from its use elsewhere. In the process of manufacture, the bark is simply
beaten out until the original fibres are brought into new relations and
to form a rough felt.

Among the Japanese, as among the Chinese, various materials
have been employed for centuries in the manufacture of paper after
methods which are identical in principle with those so well known among
ourselves, and thus cotton and other easily -obtained fibres haw playe,
important part in their paper industry. Certain kinds of Japanese pape,
have lon/enjoyed a special reputation, both at home and abroad, for the,
fine texture/exceeding lightness and great strength, as_well as for th

v=s =r -*"-

r

which is macerated until the individual elements readriy separate under

86 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

mechanical action of a wooden hammer or maul. After suitable washings
and bleachings, the cleansed fibre is gathered by a series of dippings, into a
hand tray of the dimensions of the sheet required. The tray is rocked
gently, and as the water finds its way through the meshes of the bamboo
sieve at the bottom, the fibre is deposited in an evenly-felted layer, which
dries into a sheet of paper without special pressure.

f

FIBRE OF JAPANESE PAPER

A microscopic analysis of such paper shows it to be composed of fibres,
the original 'length of which is preserved, and in the interlacing of such
enormously long filaments, we obtain the explanation of the peculiar tough-
EL3SS for which these papers are remarkable.

Among Europeans, numerous miterials are employed in the manufacture
of paper with a corresponding diversity in the character and quality of the
product, which may be taken to represent adaptations to particular require-
ments of cost and the purposes to be served. It is stated that more than
400 different kinds of material are employed in the manufacture of paper,
and the final product finds its way into an almost infinite variety of indust-
ries, from the manufacture of lumber and car wheels, to the production of
bank notes and its employment by the skilful artist as a suitable base for the
highly-finished products of his brush. One of the most modern phases in the
development of the paper industrj^ is to be found in the extensive utilization
of the fibres of wood, as exhibited in the pulp industry of today.

The application of the fibres of wood to the manufacture of paper is
commonly attributed to Reauiner in 1719, who observed wasps constructing
their nests of fibres gathered from wood, which they wove into a paper, and
inasmuch as man has found it profitable to follow the general methods
adopted by these humble forms of life, we may well digress for a few
moments to study their ways.

The most familiar paper making wasp is the common black-
and - white wasp ( Vespa maculata ), ordinarily known as " hornet. "
Any day in summer, when the insect is at work, one may observe it gather-
ing material from the weathered surfaces of posts and fence rails. Alighting
upon a cedar - post with its head upward, the insect immediately commences
to gather up the partially-separated fibres in its jaws, all the time working-
downward. In the space of about one minute it will have worked over a

NEW BEUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

distance of about one inch, stripping the fibres clean for a width of about
one-eighth of an inch, thus leaving a well-defined mark which may be
•traced on the surface of the post for several weeks.

EXTERIOR VIEW OF NEST

Flying to the nest with the material thus gathered, the insect then pro-
ceeds to incorporate it in the general fabric in such a way as to produce a
strong felt which is capable of withstanding the stress of storm, and of
affording an ample protection to the brood within. The general result is

INTERIOR OF WASP'S NEST

»

ihe construction of the nest upwards of a foot or more in diameter, with the
apex pointing downward, the walls of which are multi - seriate, and thereby
present a succession of air cushions which secure the necessary protection
against changes of temperature.

WASP PAPER. NATURAL

Under the microscope the paper is seen to be made up of loosely-felted
fibres, which, in the majority of cases, are completely separated from one
another, though, in a few cases, they may be found united in small groups.
In all about six such fibres make up the total thickness of the paper, which
varies somewhat, but on the average amounts to the 1-25 of a millimetre.

WASP'S PA-PER. SEPARATED FIBRES

If a portion of such paper is now macerated and teased out in water,
the individual fibres may be readily separated. It will then become apparent
that, in the majority of cases, they represent the completely-separated fibres
of the original wood, while here and there may be seen a few cells still
united. Such an analysis also discloses the interesting fact that while the
color of the paper is fundamently due to weathering of the fibre, it is also
due, in large part, to the presence of numerous filaments and spores of dark
brown fungi, which give rise to blackish spots and streaks.

Here then, we find a paper constructed upon the identical principles
which underlie our modern processes, but produced by the most primitive of
aft paper makers whose origin antedates that of even the ancient Egyptians,
.and it thus becomes evideat *hat the use of wood pulp in the manufacture of

I

88 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

paper is a fact of great antiquity, though but recently discovered and
utilized by man.

It is but a comparatively short time since all paper was made by the
laborious hand process yet to be seen in full operation in Japan where the
low price of labor and the comparatively small demand for such produce has,
until recently, made this method sufficient for all requirements. Under
rapidly changing conditions, however, the hand method has become inade-
quate, and the recent introduction of machinery has wrought a revolution-
affording a modern example of rapid development in an industry which, in
our own history, has been brought about only through the lapse of long
periods of time and through great experience. With us hand made papers
have beconie largely a matter of history, though they are yet produced in
special cases where fine quality is demanded. The growth of the modern*
newspaper, the extensive and increasing demand for good literature which'
shall be within the reach of those of limited means, and the numerous
directions in which paper may be profitably employed in the manufacture of
articles of great utility but low cost, have combined to force the costly hand
made paper into a minor position, and to create a demand for an article
which may be easily, quickly and cheaply produced. In the first instance,
the introduction of machinery was the earliest attempt to meet these
requirements ; but the constantly increasing demand soon led to attention-
being directed to our forests as the possible source of a material which would
be at once cheap and permit the production of a paper of ample quality to
meet all the requirements of temporary use. At the same time it would be
possible in this way, to turn to account in a profitable manner,,
vast quantities of timber which would be of little or no value for other pur-
poses. There has thus arisen one of the greatest industries of the world. In«
1897 the total value of wood pulp exported from European countries
amounted to $16,468,089, while in 1900 it had risen to $18,000,000 or an,
increase of 8.7 °/o.

In the United States the manufacture of wood pulp was first introduced
in 1854, but the process upon which the present industry is based was not in-
troduced until 1867. It was not until 1870, however, that the manufacture
first appeared in the Census returns, at which time only eight factories were
enumerated. In 1880 there were fifty mills in operation with a capitalization
of $2,256,946. By 1890 there were 82 mills in operation, representing a
capital value of $4,627.796, while the census of 1900 has shown 763 miHs
with a total value of $167,507,713. The total value of the products of these

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 89"

mills is stated at $127,286,162. To the student of economics it will doubt-
less prove of interest to ascertain the movements of the enormous capital
thus employed, and from information kindly supplied by the United States
Census Bureau, it appears that the disbursements were as follows :

Salaries of office staff, etc., $ 4,500,911 00

Wages, 20,746,42600

Miscellaneous expenses, _. 10,184,106 00

Materials, supplies, etc., ... 70,530,236 00

$105,961,679 00

The growth of the pulp industry in Canada has been of much more
recent origin, but its development has followed on parallel lines and the
economic aspects are essentially the same, whence a study of the more exten-
sive developments in the United States affords an accurate indication of
what must follow here on a more limited scale.

TABLE OF STATISTICS

From information kindly supplied by the Dominion Statistician, w&
learn that there were in operation in Canada in 1900 40 pulp mills, while 19
others were projected. The total capital represented was about $20,000,000,
with an output of 470,700 tons of pulp, of which 300,900 tons were mechan-
ical and( 169,800 tons were chemical pulp. For the year 1895 the total ex-
port value of Canadian pulp was $598,874, while in 1900 it had risen
to $1,274,376, or an increase of 113 per cent. In 1900 the total value of
pulp and pulp products exported was $2,718,788, and in 1901 this value had
risen to $3,335,265. It will thus be seen that the industry has been
advancing at a rapid rate within the last few years, and the perfection of
other large mills such as that suggested for Chicoutimi and also on the Mon-
treal River, as well as the very large mill now in successful operation at
Shawinigao Falls, seems to point to a much larger future. On the other
hand, the fact that a large number of mills have been idle for several years,
and that some of the larger enterprises have failed within the last year or
two, has led to an expression of the belief that the industry has reached the
limit of development, and that any further extension must result in disast-
rous consequences. It may, nevertheless, be borne in mind that much of the
arrested development thus indicated, is doubtless due to the employment of
antiquated machinery and methods which render it impossible for such mills-

90 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

to compete with the more progressive and modern plants, which are likely tc
gain a rapid and permanent hold upon the market. In this connection it mighl

CHICOUTIMI PULP MILLS

be well to note that the developments of the last year seem to indicate thai
thereis every evidence of progression. In the United States there is now in pro
cess of development what promises to be the most extensive wood pulp mil] or
this continent, with a reputed capital of $6,000,000, while as a result of th(
great industrial development at Sault Ste. Marie, under the direction of Mr
'Clergue, it has been stated in authoritative publications that no large con
tract for wood pulp paper is made in any part of the world without firs
ascertaining how prices rule at the " Soo."

The characteristic features of the region in which pulp mills an
commonly located, are well shown with respect to the Chicoutimi mills, whict
also offer an excellent example of those of i,he smaller type. The enormous
water power here available, has now stimulated the projection of a mill or
an enlarged scale with a daily capacity of 600 tons of wet pulp.

SAULT STE. MARIE PULP MILLS

The extensive industrial plant now in course of development at th<
Sault Ste. Marie includes a pulp mill with a daily capacity of 140 tons
Since this was written the mills at the " Soo " have come to dominate th<
market for wood pulp paper as already shown.

LAURENTIDE MILLS, GRAND MERE

The mills at Grand Mere, with a daily capacity of 180 tons of pulp, were
established in 1897 ; they have twice passed through the ordeal of fire, anc
today, with an equipment which is hardly more than just completed, the}
may be said to represent the largest, and one of the best exponents of th(
industry in Canada. Here also may be observed some of the latest develop
ments in the application of modern methods with respect to the use of laboi
saving machinery and economy in administrative details. By the selectior
of this mill as a type, and a description of the various processes there carriec
out. it will be possible to present a concise and connected summary of the
essential operations of pulp making, with its collateral industries.

The Laurentide Mills are located at Grand Mere on the St. Maurice

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 91

River, about twenty- six miles from Three Rivers, just where the former
emerges from the Laurentian Hills, and makes a bold plunge of 45 feet to
the upper level of the valley of the St. Lawrence. No more picturesque
location could well have been chosen, and the poetry of the surroundings is

THE PROFILE

greatly enhanced by the profile which appears sharply cut upon one of the
rocks at the Falls, and gives name to the town. The various buildings of
the mill are scattered along the face of the bold bluff, upon which the town
rests, and thus advantage is taken of every opportunity offered by difference
of level and the natural operation of gravitation. Seven miles up the river
at Piles is to be found the outpost of the mill. There is located a large
general store from which are drawn the various supplies required in the
equipment of the lumber camps beyond, the first of which is only about six
miles distant.

The first step in the production of pulp as in the manufacture of lumber
is taken in the forest where the wood is cut and later hauled or floated to
the mill. The special advantage which Canada enjoys in the pulp industry
as compared ^i:h the United States, is to be found in her extensive and, under
prjper conditions, practically exhaustless supply of material adapted to the
production of the finest pulp. This fact appears prominently in the United
States census returns for 1900, which show that Canada exported to that
country, spruce wood for the manufacture of pulp to the extent of 349,084
cords valued at $2,272,495 ; an amount which represents 28% of their entire
consumption. With this important fact before us, we may profitably inquire
into the nature and distribution of this great source of national wealth.

A great variety of woods may be turned to account in the manufacture
of pulp, but those which yield the best results are soft woods like poplar,
basswoxl, pine, balsam and spruce. In Europe the gradual exhaustion of
the supply has brought many countries face to face with a serious problem.
In the United States the great value of most of these woods for other pur-
poses and the limited supply available, has forced attention to be directed
toward the utilization of woods of relatively little value for construitive pur-
poses, which may be obtained in abundance and which at the same time are
capable of yielding a high grade fibre. These considerations have brought
spruce into prominence as the one wood most completely fulfilling the
necessary conditions. At the same time it has been found that on the

92 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

whole, the northern grown wood produces a better fibre than that of more
southern latitudes, and these factors, joined to the immense supply of spruce
to be found all through Canada, have drawn attention to this country as the
future centre of the industry.

The spruce employed in the manufacture of pulp is of two kinds, the
black and the white, which are known to botanists as distinct species under
the names of Picea nigra and Picea alba respectively.

MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF TREES

A glance at the map of Canada upon which have been traced the north-
erly limits of tree distribution, will at once disclose the enormous area?
covered by our spruce forests. Commencing at the eastern extremity of
Labrador, the line which defines the northern limits of the spruce forests
passes westward to Ungava Bay and thence southwestward to Hudson's Bay
on the western side of which it continues from Cape Churchill northwesterly
to near the mouth of the Coppermine River, and finds its greatest northern
extension at the mouth of the Mackenzie in latitude 68 deg. N. Dr. Robert
Bell, of the Geological Survey, states that the approximate area of our
northern forests amounts to 2.590,000 square miles in which the black and
white spruces are the prevailing trees. This area he estimates to be capable
of producing 16,500,000,000 cords of spruce. A more conservative estimate
by the Dominion Statistician based upon data collected in 1894, places the
area of our northern forests at 1,400,000 square miles. If one-half of this
area is occupied by spruce, it will give approximately about 450,000,000
acres of spruce, which, on the basis of ten tons of ground wood pulp per
acre, would give a total of 4,500,000,000 tons of available pulp wood. At
the present rate of cutting for home consumption, this means that continuous
and complete cutting could not exhaust the supply, especially when it is
remembered that the ground cut over during the first fifty or seventy-five
years would again yield a similar cut at the end of that period. There is
therefore no special danger to apprehend in the destruction of our forests by
the pulp industry, more especially when the more intelligent manufacturers,
in their own best interests, pursue a wisely conservative policy in lumbering.

SIDE-HILL SPRUCE FOREST
The spruce forest whether upon the side-hill or upon the plain presents

SPRUCE FOREST ON THE PLAIN
a very characteristic appearance which at once distinguishes it from all other

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 93

growths. The tall spire-like trees with their sombre foliage, carry with them
a suggestion of the solitude and grandeur which seem inseparable from
forest growths in high latitudes and at high elevation.

INTERIOR OF A SPRUCE FOREST

The first process in the manufacture of pulp is that which depends upon
the operations of the lumbermen in the depths of the forest, often remote
from the confines of civilization. For the purposes of the Laurentide Com-
pany, fifteen lumber camps are maintained in addition to those supported
by individual contractors. Here the life involves rugged hardships which,
while presenting a certain element of novelty to the uninitiated, are quickly
divested of their poetry when brought within the range of actual experience.

The timber limits operated by the Laurentide Company extend over an
area of 1800 square miles, embracing the upper reaches of both the St.
Maurice and Matawan Rivers. From this great area are taken cedar, pine,
and spruce, as they are met with, since it is found to be a matter of economy
in lumbering to make a clean cut of all kinds of wood as met with, above
certain dimensions, rather than to make a way round a growth of pine for
the sake of the spruce which may lie behind. But none of the material
thus gathered is wasted, since each kind finds its own separate use. Thus
the cedar is converted into shingles and the pine into lumber, while the spruce
ultimately emerges as the chief product in the form of pulp. Some conception
of the magnitude of the operations involved in cutting over so great an area
may be gathered from the statement that in 1900 75.000 cords of wood were
removed for pulp, representing an equivalent of 45,000,000 feet of board
measure.

HAULING LOGS

As soon as cut, the logs are hauled out on sleds to the
LOGS READY FOR THE SPRING FRESHET

places 'whence they may be delivered to the various streams which float
them to their destinations, or they may even be piled on the surface of the
frozen river in readiness for the spring freshet. As soon as this comes and
the rivers are flooded to their highest levels, the drive commences, and down

LOG BOOM
these natural highways the logs' are driven and coaxed along by the thous-

94 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

ands, now being tossed high in the air by the swirling waters — the touse of
the waves, or again held fast in the unyielding embrace of a narrow defile
until released by the daring lumbermen who follow closely on, and, too often
at the imminent risk of limb and life, seem to vie with each other in their
defiance of the forces which they bend to their will. And thus eventually,
the logs are gathered icto great booms wl ich stretch their corrugated areas
for great distances about the region of the mill.

LOG PILE AT THE MILL

Those logs which are not destined for immediate use, but are to be held
in reserve for future emergencies, are now hauled out and gathered into an
immense pile on the shore of the river, and from this store they eventually
find their way into the mill as required. From whatever source they may be
taken, the logs are drawn into the mill by an endless chain and imme-
diately cut into lengths of twenty - four inches. Thence by a similar

BARKING MACHINES

process they are transferred to the barking room, where every vestige of
bark is carefully removed. This is accomplished by firmly pressing the
rotating log against a rapidly-revolving plate which carries three blades in
its face. As a result the bark is quickly and completely removed. The now
decorticated logs are transferred to splitting knives, where they are halved
and quartered by the action of a vertical knife, and it is also at this stage of
the process that the first selection is made. All logs which show decay,
knots, or an undue amount of resin, are carefully culled and sent to the boiler
room, where they are used in firing. Not infrequently the splitting process
permits a portion of an otherwise useless log to be saved for pulp, and in this
way the material is not only carefully economised, but the high quality neces-
sary for the production of high grade pulp is fully maintained. Many of the de-
corticated logs are now store d for use in an emergency, as when from fire or
other cause, a portion of the machinery in the barking room has to be
stopped. Provision is thus made for the continuous operation of the mill
notwithstanding the disability of a given portion. The logs which are to be
immediately converted into pulp, now travel in two. directions by endless
chain, according to the particular kind of pulp to be produced.

Speaking generally, two kinds of pulp are made, the mechanical and
the chemical. The former is the product of grinding processes intended to

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 95

separate the individual fibres of the wood by tearing them apart. The basis
of the chemical fibre is to be found in the well-known action of certain chemi-
cal re-agents which disintegrate the original structure by a process of chemi-
cal solution, to such an extent as to permit complete separation of the fibres
without destroying them. The action must, therefore, be carefully controlled.
Of the chemical pulp, two varieties are recognised according to the particular
method employed. In many of the mills of the United States, and in some
of the Canadian mills also, soda pulp is manufactured. This depends upon
the action of sodium hydrate, which requires to be recovered from the liquor
after action upon the wood, in order that it may be used again. With this
process we shall not particularly concern ourselves at the present moment.
Other mills produce what is known as sulphite pulp. This results from the
action of sulphurous acid upon the wood structure, and the low cost of the
re-agent does not necessitate its recovery, hence the waste acids imply passes
off in the wash, the entire process is greatly simplified, and the cost reduced.
At the mill which has been selected as our type, only mechanical and
sulphite pulps are made.

In order to fully comprehend the reasons for the two methods of manu-
facture thus briefly indicated, it will be necessary to digress slightly and
make a brief study of the wood from which pulp is made. It has already
been pointed out that pulp may be made from quite a number of kinds of
wood, but in Canada practically only one kind is employed. If we watch
the logs as they pass from the yard to the saw mill, it will be seen that the
bulk of them represent spruce, while occasionally a balsam log appears, and
accidentally also, hemlock may find its way into the mill. The latter is
never introduced by design, and its presence is at once detected in the vari-
ous processes through which it must pass. On economic grounds, balsam is
used to a certain extent in the manufacture of pulp designed for local con-
sumption at the mill, but the presence of a large amount of resin makes it an
undesirable material for pulp, snd it is carefully excluded from all pulp de-
signed for the market. It thus appears that spruce is the only wood used
for merchantable pulp. Two species of spruce flourish in Canada, and serve
as the source of pulp wood. They are known as the white spruce (Picea
alba) and the black spruce (Picea nigra). Structurally they differ but little
from one another, but speaking generally the cells of the black spruce have
thicker walls than the white, and this is probably the basis of the preference
which is given to the former as we shall see more particularly, presently.
It is probably for a similar reason that the compact and tough wood from
the northern districts of the Saguenay is preferred to that which comes from

96 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

more southern regions. By an extension of this analysis, we also reach an
explanation of why the more southern forms of spruce are less desirable
than the northern, and thus we gain an explanation of one of the factors
which contribute to the great and recognized superiority of Canadian spruce
over that of more southern latitudes.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF SPRUCE

If a thin slice of spruce be cut off lengthwise and placed under the micro-
scope, it will be seen to consist of a series of very long and narrow cells with
tapering ends. Whatever process may be employed in reducing this wood
to pulp, the object to be achieved is to separate these various cells from one
another as completely as possible, but without involving destruction. If we
now take a slice cut at right angles to the first, or

TRANSVERSE SECTION SHOWING RESIN CANALS

what is commonly designated as a transverse section, the various cells will
appear as approximately rounded openings, and the cell walls seem to form
a network of tissue. Here and there prominent openings may be seen.
These represent the special canals in which the resin is deposited. While
they are always

TRANSVERSE SECTION WITHOUT RESIN CANALS

prominent in the spruces, they are by no means uniformly distributed, and
many sections will show no such structures. From these examples we are
able to gather that the cells of the wood are in the form of very long, tubu-
lar fibres with tapering ends joined together by a substance which holds
them in the form of a tissue. The difference in density exhibited by, the
structure of the last two photographs, represent variations in growth at
different portions of the growing season. The more dense structure is
formed at the close of growth for the year ; it is therefore always on the out-
side of the growth ring and is known as the summer wood. The more open
structure forming the bulk cf the season's growth, is always produced dur-
ing the spring and early summer when growth is most active ; it is thus
always on the inner face of the layer and is termed the spring wood. We

TRANSVERSE SECTION HIGHLY MAGNIFIED
may now select a limited area of one of the transverse sections and magnify

LUMBER SCENES ON THE MIRAMICHI

BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 97

it much more highly — about ten times more. We are now enabled to see
that each wall separating adjacent cavities, is in reality composed of three
parts — one of which belongs to each of the cavaties, \\hile the third lie,
between and seems to cement th^m together. Whatever process is employ ed
^he great object to be attained is to so break up this middle layer as to com-
pletely separate the layers on either side. In the mechanical process this is*
accomplished by simply tearing the cells apart. In the chemical process thet
chemical agent employed is designed to attack the middle layer and bring
about its solution to such an extent that the adjacent walls may be separated
with the minimum of injury. The general nature of these processes and
their results will appear shortly, but for the present we may return to a
study of the further changes which our logs undergo after leaving the bark-
ing room. The logs destined

GRINDING ROOM

for the manufacture of mechanical pulp are now conveyed to the grinding
room where there are twenty-seven grinders, each of which is provided with
three or four hoppers. The grindstones are of very fine quality and are im-
ported from Newcastle, the necessary supply for an entire year being pro-
cured at one time. Each stone presents a grinding face of twenty-six
inches of which only twenty-four are actually utilized. In the process of
grinding the blocks of wood are fed into the sides of the hoppers and held
firmly against the face of the stone by hydraulic pressure. As the pulp
issues from the base of the grinders, it is carried to a screening trough
where the finer parts are separated from the chips. Thence it passes to the
screening room where it is carried over a series of very line screens which
finally determine the fineness of the fibre. The

PRESS ROOM FOR WET PULP

now thoroughly washed and screened material passes into the room where it
is carried through a series of roller presses from which it emerges in the .
form of wet sheets about 4-25 of an inch thick. These are then folded and
baled and in that form constitute the wet pulp of commerce. No attempt is
made to dry the pulp beyond the point at which it emerges from the presses,
and it therefore goes into the market with 60% of water.

GROUND WOOD FIBRE

An examination of this wet pulp will enable us to understand the
specific action produced by the grinding. The photograph before us shows

98 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

the microscopic appearance of the fibre under such conditions, and it will be
seen that, as might be expected, the violent action of the grinding process
has broken the cells of the wood to such an extent as to produce a short
fibre, although the process as a whole has been carried out so well that the
individual cells are well separated. It nevertheless

GROUND WOOD FIBRE

liappens that the cells ate not so completely separated in all C&S&8, for
nearly every specimen selected will show more or less numerous fibres com-
posed of two or more cells. With these facts before us, it is not difficult to
understand why ground wood fails to meet the requirements of a first class
paper in which toughness and strength are considerations of the first im-
portance.

CHIPS FOR SULPHITE
'Returning once more to the barking room, we follow the second stream

o o

of blocks as they are carried to the chipping room, There each block is
pressed endwise against a revolving knife which removes coarse chips of the
character shown in the photograph. These are next carried by an air blast
through a

REDUCING CHIPS

fan, by which they are reduced to small dimensions and freed from all dust.
Thence by carrier they pass to the upper story of the Digester House
where they are sto~ad and from which they

THE DIGESTERS

are dropped into great iron tanks or digesters. Throe of these are employed,
and each has a capacity of ten tons. The digesters are great cylindrical
tanks supported on end, and made of heavy iron lined with sheet lead with
an interior lining of fire bricks — this double lining being essential to prevent
the very rapid corrosion which would otherwise take place under the condi-
tions of high pressure and high temperature employed in the digesting pro-
cess. In order to understand the nature of the changes effected here, it will
be necessary to retrace our

THE SULPHITE TOWEI;

steps and visit the Sulphite Tower. This construction is a 'lofty mass of
pipes rising to a height of 160 feet, and as it towers above the hill upon

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

which it stands, it forms a most imposing landmark which may be seen from
a long distance on the surrounding plain. Primarily the structure consists
of a series of great wooden pipes bound together and braced by iron bands
.and rods to withstand wind pressure. The wooden • pipes are filled with
lime stone, and the entire arrangement is such as to present the greatest
surface contact between the gas and water on the one hand, and on the other
hand between the disolved acid and the limestone, with which the pipes are
^tilled. A series of pipes provide for the admission of the sulphur fumes into
the wooden pipes both at the top and bottom, while water pipes provide for
:the introduction of water at the top.

SULPHUR RETORTS

In a small room at the base of the tower is a double series of retorts
where the sulphur is burned. The sulphur is of a very fine grade and is ob-
tained from Sicily. It is placed in large hoppers, whence it is slowly fed
into the retorts at the base. As the fumes are generated, they ascend
through metal pipes and find their way into the Hme both at the top and
bottom of the stack. As the water introduced above descends it dissolves
ihe gaseous acid in large quantities, often to the extent of ten per cent. As
this solution in turn passes down over the surface of the limestone, it is ab-
sorbed by and combines with the latter with the formation of a soluble bi-
sulphite of lime which in turn passes into solution in the descending water,
-and it is thus eventually brought down to a large storage tank, where it is
accumulated for future use. From this tank it is introduced into the digester,
which has been charged with the chips already described. When the wood
and the acid have thus been brought together, steam is introduced from be-
low and the pressure is raised to 70 pounds. The digestion is carried on
dor several hours until, as determined by the experience of the operator and
ithe indications of the liquor, certain changes have been effected. The nature
•of these changes is of great interest from a chemical point of view, but they
.hardly lie within the scope of our present discussion. Upon their com-
pletion, however, the bottom valves are opened, the steam pressure is re-
versed, and the' contents are driven off into the « blow off" tank, after which
.a fresh charge is introduced and the process is repeated. In this way each
digester receives two " cooks " each day, and 60 tons of chips become con-
verted into pulp. The " blow oft " tanks are immense wooden constructions
about thirty feet deep, and of corresponding diameter. They are provided
with sieve-like bottoms, through which the washed pulp is forced into tubes,
which in turn convey it to the scraen room. There it is passed over screens

100 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

and thoroughly washed, being at the same time drawn through the very fine
meshes of the screens, which determine its fineness or quality. From the
screen room the pulp now finds its way to the press room, from which it
emerges in sheets of dry pulp about 3-64 of an inch thick, and in. this form
it is baled for export.

SULPHITE FIBRE

If we now take a portion of the finished pulp and examine it under the
microscope, it will be possible to compare it with the mechanical pulp and
determine the particular result of the chemical process, as also to ascertain
the relative value of the two methods. The photograph before us shows the
fibre in its original form, and it is quite obvious that each cell of the original
wood has been completely separated from its neighborsi in such a way as to
involve the least injury. Each cell is, in fact, seen to be complete, and it
therefore appears as a relatively long fibre with a correspondingly greater
value than mechanical pulp. The separation of the cells has been effected
by a series of well - known chemical changes whereby the sulphurous
acid has dissolved the substance forming the middle layer of the cell-
wall.

MANILLA PAPER

Sulphite pulp is employed in connection with the various other fibres in
the manufacture of paper, or it may be brought into combination with me-
chanical pulp alone. As an example of this use, tbe- fibre obtained from a
sample of heavy Manilla wrapping paper is shown in the photograph. It is
seen to consist of sulphite pulp, which may be very readily distinguished,
together with a certain proportion of mechanical pulp and fibres of other-
kinds.

In the production of these two kinds of pulp, about 75,000 cords of
spruce are consumed annually, and the product amounts fo 120 tons of
mechanical, and 60 tons of sulphite pulp daily. Not all of this product is.
sent directly into the market, however. A certain proportion is utilized in
the manufacture of material required on the premises, while a far larger por-
tion is directly converted into cardboard for the manufacture of boxes to th&
extent of 30 tons per day, and into newspaper to the extent of 70 tons per
day. For the production of the latter a mixed pulp is used, and this requires

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 101

to be combined in the beaters, which incorporate the fibres in the most com-
plete manner. From the beaters the pu]p then passes to the Fourdrinier

PAPER MACHINE, FROM THE WET END

^machine, which distributes the fibres evenly upon a carrier. This latter is in
PAPER MACHINE, FROM THE FRONT

the form of a broad sheet, which conveys the pulp between a series of
great rolls, from the last of which it emerges in the well-known form. Here,
however, it is made up into great rolls of paper, which are at once weighed,
wrapped, marked, and shipped to their destination.

In addition to what may be termed the normal products of the mill
•there are certain important by-products which are enveloped as a feature of,
the economical working of the material constantly coming to hand from the
forest. Thus there is a very considerable output of cedar shingles, while all
the pine logs are converted into lumber to the extent of 25,000.000 feet per
year.

Apart from these last terms, it is of interest to note the disposition of
the products. Of the 70 tons of newspaper produced daily, 1-3 goes to
trie Canadian market, while the balance goes to Great Britain — a portion
eventually finding its way to Australia. The output of cardboard finds
essentially the same distribution, \vhile the pulps 1 - 2 to the United States,
1-4 to Canada and 1-4 to Great Britain.

It is impossible to discuss so important and extensive an industry as
this, without having reference to the possible effect which it must have upon
the forests, and its tendency to final exhaustion of the supply of raw mate-
rial. We are all familiar with the frequently-recurring statements that the
forests of Europe are in great danger of extinction, and that certain kinds of
lumber, among which we may reckon the woods used in the manufacture of
pulp, are becoming continually more scarce ; and that if the present methods
of lumbering are continued, there will shortly be an actual dearth of the
necessary raw material, which must be obtained either by the use of substi-
tutes, or by turning to those countries where the conditions are more favor-
able. In the United States the same warning note is raised with respect to
'the conservation of the forest supplies, and already there is a well - defined

102 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

movement in progress there to check the present evil and provide for the
preservation of existing forests and a continuous supply of their products,
in accordance with well-recognised principles which have long been in opera-
tion in such countries as France, and Germany, and Japan. Nevertheless,,
extensive as the wood pulp industry is, it must not be held responsible for
the rapid exhaustion of our forest resources now in progress, since it appears
according to the estimates of the Editor of The Forester that the percentage
of wood annually used for the manufacture of wood pulp amounts to only
1.9 % of all uses to which forest products are put.

In Canada, where forestry problems are attracting much attention, Mr.
Langelier estimates that pulp- wood constitutes only 2.53 °/o of the forest
products devoted to all purposes of manufacture, and when this is joined to
the enormous supply of available pulp-wood which our forests contain, it is
easy to understand why other countries instinctively turn to Canada as the
source of future supply- and that we are not likely to be troubled with pre-
cisely the same problems which are now causing so much anxiety elsewhere, at
least for some time to come. We are also able to appreciate the fact that, leav-
ing out of account the uses of timber for other purposes, the depletion of our
forests does not lie with the pulp industry, but rather with the development
of forest fires, destructive methods in lumbering and other causes, which are
now in continual operation and are not completely, if at all, under the con-
trol of man. The wind, by uprooting trees where they grow in shallow soil
and have poor anchorage, or by twisting them and developing open seams,
which offer favorable opportunity for the introduction of decay, is oftentimes
a source of great loss. Fires, which originate in a great variety of causes
often unknown, are among the most serious of all the dangers which
threaten forest growth, and the annual destruction from this cause alone ia
enormous. To these agencies must be added those which proceed from the
ravages of insects and the action of water and ice, and the sum total of the
destruction is one which may well dispose a thoughtful mind to serious re-
flections. These agencies, however, are all to be included in what may be
termed natural causes, and were the balance of nature not disturbed by the
artificial conditions which are introduced at the hand of man, our forests
would be likely to suffer no diminution, but, on the other hand, they would
probably increase more or less continually. While it is not my present pur-
pose to enter into a lengthy discussion of these natural causes of forest des-
truction, it may be worth our while to glance briefly at some of the influences
operating to the same end as introduced through the agency of man, because
they fall within the category of preventable causes, and any discussion which

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 103

will tend to direct public attention to existing abuses in forestry manage-
ment, and thereby arouse a healthy sentiment of protest, should be encour-
aged on every available opportunity.

The general method of lumbering as carried out at the present day, in-
volves a waste of valuable material which often amounts to a high percent-
age of the entire cut. What this waste is may sometimes be ascertained,
but in the majority of cases it is impossible to form any adequate measure of
the destruction wrought. At the present time there is a fortunate and in-
creasing tendency to avoid loss and useless waste, but in the majority of
cases, there is yet room for improvement in this respect. In the United
States where attention is being directed to a careful scientific investigation
of all the facts which lie at the foundation of forest depletion, important
data have been collected with reference to special forest areas, and these
will serve an important purpose in guiding the formulation of a general
policy of protection and control. In the Adirondacks, favorable opportuni-
ties have been offered for the prosecution of such studies with markedly ad-
vantageous results, and in considering some of the forms of waste which
may readily be corrected, as well as in dealing with the general question of
reforestation, I shall avail myself of the valuable data collected by Mr. Henry
S. Graves as embodied in a bulletin issued by the United States Department \
of Agriculture.

HIGH STUMPS

One of the most common forms of waste is to be found in cutting the
tree too high, whereby a stump of unnecessary height is left. A story hav-
ing reference to the early days of Maine, when the great forests extended
much further south than at the present time, may serve to emphasize the
point at issue. In those days the practice of felling trees during the time of
very deep snows, resulted in leaving stumps of varying height, reputed to
be upwards of twenty feet. A certain merchant of a Massachusetts city not
more than one hundred miles from Boston, having occasion to visit the State
in search of land, sought to take advantage of these high stumps for pur-
poses of observation. Selecting one which commanded an extended view, he
laboriously climbed to the top, but having taken no precaution against pos-
sible catastrophe, he was suddenly precipitated to the bottom of the hollow
trunk where he had abundant time to reflect upon ways of release. After
many fruitless efforts to escape, he was resigning himself to despair, when
the light above was suddenly blotted out and he heard a bear shuffling down.

104 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

The thoughts of release were now turned to anxiety as to his relations with
the unwelcome visitor, but as bruin came near an inspiration seized him — he
caught the animal by the tail and both speedily arrived at the summit of the
stump where they quickly parted company. It is altogether unlikely that
our story could find a modern illustration among the present timber limits of
this continent, nevertheless, much reckless waste still arises in this way.
Ordinarily the tree is cut at that point at which the axe naturally falls in
chopping, and this is usually three feet from the ground, a height which
may readily be increased where there is much snow on the ground. This
has been proved to be entirely unnecessary, as experience in careful methods
of felling shows that a height of from 17 to 20 inches is all that is required.
The loss arising from leaving high stumps amounts to 27, which means that
for a tract of 100.000 acres yielding 15 standards per acre, there would be
an actual loss of 30,000 standards, and this at a stumpage value of 40 cents
would represent a money value of $12,000.

THEE TOP CONTAINING A GOOD LOG

Carelessness or indifference on the part of lumbermen is accountable for
a very large measure of waste. This often arises from the rejection of all
t material under a certain size, and this finds an illustration in the photo-
graph before us, where we may see a tree top which has been left behind
although it contains a good log.

SOUND SPRUCE CONTAINING Two LOGS LEFT STANDING

It may happen that in felling a tree it becomes lodged in those about it,
and rather than take the trouble to bring it down, it is left standing, even
though it may contain two or more good logs. The loss arising in this way
and the rejection of good tops, amounts to 6.3 °/o of the material actually
used. But, inasmuch as such material often represents that which is of in-
ferior value, the money loss is much less than in the case of high stumps,
and, reckoning it at 0.95, standards per acre at a stumpage value of ten cents,
the actual loss would be $95.00 per thousand acres.

SKIDS LEFT IN THE WOODS

Skidways are in most cases built of spruce, which is especially adapted
to the purpose because of its clean, straight trunk and rough bark, and also
because of the ease with which it may be handled. After use the skids are

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 105

generally left in place and the loss thus arising amounts to one tree per
acre, or 250 standards to the 1,000 acres, which, at 40 cents per standard,
would amount to $100.00.

ROAD BUILT OF SPRUCE

Where a road has to be cut through the forest, the necessary levelling
is accomplished by cutting spruce trees and laying them to form a corduroy
road. The loss resulting from this practice is considerable and variable, and
cannot well be estimated, but in many places, as in certain regions of New
Hampshire, compulsion has been brought to bear upon the contractor to make
Jiimuse hard wood instead of the more valuable spruce, and these efforts have
met with entire success.

>
SPRUCE CUT FOR BRUSH TO CHECK SLEDS ox DECLINES

Wherever it becomes necessary, on steep inclines, to check the speed of
the descending sleds heavily loaded with timber, it is not uncommon to fell
spruce for the exclusive purpose of securing the brush which the top affords.
This is spread over the roadway along which the sled must pass. In the
vicinity of such places the spruce is commonly all cut away, but the trunks
are always left where felled, to the operation of decay.

In approaching the important question of reforestation, as applic-
able to lands from which the growth has been more or less com-
pletely removed, there are three primary factors to be taken into con-
sideration : —

1. The possible acceleration of growth as the result of thin-

ning.

2. The average rate of growth of a tree in diameter.

3. The possible yield of a forest in stated periods after the first

cut has been made.

Upon a satisfactory answer to these questions, the entire subject of refor-
estation as a process justified upon economic grounds, to be executed by the
individual, or the corporation, may be said to depend, and I shall therefore
endeavor, briefly, to indicate the results which have been obtained in this
direction, and point out the inferences which they seem to justify. And
here again, I shall avail myself of the very important data obtained

106 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

by Mr. H. S. Graves, in connection with his studies, prosecuted inv
the Adirondack region, under conditions which give them exceptional
value.

In regions of dense forest and cool Climate, a deep layer of humus, de-
rived from the decaying foliage, accumulates upon the forest floor and serves
to retain enormous volumes of water, which is liberated slowly, and finds its
way to the adjacent streams. If now such a forest be thinned, and freer
circulation of air and the greater access of the sun's rays serve to bring
about a more rapid disintegration of the humus, with the result that an in-
creased amount of plant food becomes available, while the drainage of the
stored water will permit the roots to be influenced by a somewhat higher
temperature. These conditions serve to explain the immediate increase of
growth which is consequent *upon them, but it must also be evident that
as the humus is gradually exhausted, the effect will be a diminishing
one, and it must finally cease altogether. How long a time will
intervene before this takes place is not altogether certain, but Prof. Hartigr
of Germany, estimates it, under favorable conditions, at a limit of ten years.
In addition to these influences, it is also true that the thinning of a forest
tends to the development of a larger and more efficient root system for
the absorption of food supplies, and, similarly, to the development of
a more perfectly - organised system for the digestion of such food materials
as may be furnished by the roots and leaves. There are, in other worda,
more perfect conditions for the individual development, and this is expressed
in an increased growth, both in diameter and height.

AVERAGE RATE OF GROWTH IN DIAMETER

From a critical study of 1,593 trees, Mr. Graves has been able to reach
the conclusion that the effect of thinning produces accelerated growth to the
extent of 18 per cent., and that while, in the original growth, it re-
quired nine years for an increase in the diameter of one inch, the thinned
timber required only five years to attain the same increment.

From these and similar studies, it has been possible to determine
the periods of time within which a forest may recover from the effects
of the first cutting, according to the dimensions of the trees left, and these
data are reduced to tabular form, in what are designated as Yield
Tables.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 10T

YIELD TABLE B

From these tables it is possible to determine by simple inspection, what
period of time is required before a forest may be cut a second time with
equal profit. From such data as these it appears that the most immediate
results are to be obtained by cutting the forest down to a dimension of five
inches in diameter. But such an operation would be eminently unwise,
as it would require from 50 to 75 years for the trees to regain their original'
dimensions, while the extreme diminution of the seed-bearing trees would*

* W

add another element tending to delay in re -stocking. During the long pe-
riod thus required for recuperation, the accumulation of interest charges and'
taxes would not justify holding the land, for the relatively meagre crop
to be obtained. From such facts as these, it becomes evident that
where forests have been cut clean, or even in cases where the growth has-
been reduced below a certain limit of size, it will be impracticable for any-
individual or business corporation to undertake the reforestation with a view
to ultimate profit, and, under such circumstances, it becomes an operation,
which can be carried out successfully, only when under Government super-
vision and control.

It is, however, quite possible to cut over forest lands in such a way as to
ensure continuous and profitable returns within reasonably short periods.
Thus, if the inferior cutting limit be ten inches in diameter, the same yield'
may be obtained at the end of thirty-six years. If, on the other hand, the
inferior limit be raised to twelve inches diameter, the same quan-
tity of lumber may be cut in twenty - four years ; and yet again, if
the inferior limit be raised to fourteen inches, an equal amount
may be cut at the end of nineteen years. It by no means follows,
however, that the best results are to be ybtained by following
this course of reasoning to a strictly logical conclusion, since
other factors must be considered. Thus, 30,000 acres, yielding an
average of 3,000 feet of lumbsr per acre, when cut to a limit
of ten inches, will yield 2,500,000 feet per workable area of
833 acres. If cut to a limit of twelve inches, the yield will
be 3,125,000 feet from a workable area of 1,250 acres ; and if
the limit be fourteen inches, the yield will be 2,125,000 feet
from a workable area of 1,579 acres ; whence it appears,
that it is altogether most profitable to cut to an inferior limit
of twelve inches, making the equal cuts in periods of twenty - four-
years.

108 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

These facts then, seem to justify the view that the proper remedy to be
-applied to our forests, is to be found in such legislation or in such conserva-
tive methods on the part of the lumbermen themselves, as dictated by their
own best interests, as shall prevent all cutting below a limit of twelve
inches, and thus guarantee permanency in the for*est growth. Such
measures are obviously available only in the case of original forest
growths, or where the forest has not been severely cut. Beyond
this, the remedy must lie with the Government, in systematic
efforts for reforestation, which, as already seen, lie altogether beyond the
ability of the individual or the corporation to deal with.

In discussing so important an industry as that now repre-
sented, not only by the large mills in actual operation, but also by those
which are projected for construction in the immediate future, it is impossible
••to avoid a consideration of the conditions which exist in the lumber camps,
and the relations in which the mills stand to the community in which they
are placed, and, from many points of view, these are some of the most inter-
esting phases of our subject.

Anyone who has visited a lumber camp in the depths of a forest, far re-
moved from the restraining and elevating influences of even a small com-
munity, will readily appreciate the demoralizing forces which constitute an
invariable accompaniment of such conditions.

In 1900 a movement was inaugurated looking to an improvement in the
•condition of the men gathered in the various lumbering, mining and railway
construction camps throughout Ontario. This movement seeks for the
operation of a travelling library commission similar to that wrhieh has been
in successful operation in the United States, and to secure to the various
camps suitable sanitary inspection and medical attendance ; reading and
writino- accommodations and instructions. It has received the cordial en-

O

dorsation of those who are directly interested in employing labor of this
class, and many employers are now taking active measures for the better-
ment of their men. Under the intelligent and enterprising guidance of Mr.
Alfred Fitzpatrick, who acts as secretary and agent, the Reading Camp
.Movement has become an established force wherever a camp is to be found.

READING ROOM, BOOTH & GORDON'S CAMP
Various lumber companies have erected special buildings for the accom-

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 109

inodation of reading rooms, and excellent examples of these, in the form of
comfortable log houses, are to be found.

WALLACE, McCoRMACK & SHEPPARD'S READING CAMP

HALE & BELL'S CAMP
ONTARIO LUMBER Co.'s READING ROOM

In addition to the newspapers which find their way into these reading
rooms, travelling libraries are received from the Department of Education
for Ontario, and from the library of McGill University, and the special stim-
ulus which is thus given will be greatly enhanced in the near future under
arrangements now in process of completion, whereby the series of illus-
trated lectures delivered before this audience, will find their way into every
camp.

PORTABLE READING CAMP

The Lake Superior Power Company, and the Algoma Commercial
Company, are now providing a more comfortable and portable
type of reading room of the character shown in the plans, and
these will, no doubt, replace the old style of log house in many in-
stances.

THE LAURENTIDE MILLS

The Laurentide Mills were established in 1897. At that time
the town of Grand Mere was a mere village of only 400 people ; but
it has now attained to the dignity of a City, with a population of
5,500, all of whom are either directly or indirectly supported by the pulp
industry. In and around the mills, about 850 men are constantly employed,
and at times this number reaches a total of 1,000 ; while the lumber camps
represent a total of 2,000 men constantly engaged in the various operations
of the forest. There are, therefore, about 3,000 men dependent upon this
one establishment.

The town, which at present has all the appearances of one which has but
recently been brought into existence, is a progressive one, and works now in
process of completion indicate that, at no distant date, it will present in its
broad and well-graded streets, in its substantial buildings, and in various
other ways, evidence of a prosperity which will. make it compare favorably

110 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

'with other towns of sirr.ilar size. At the present time an efficient electric
light system is maintained by the town, while an adequate water service is
supplied through the Mill.

To the casual observer, the influence of the Mill, both directly and in-
•directiy, in promoting the general advancement of the community interests,
is very marked, but this influence is found to extend beyond the town itself
far into the more remote regions of the surrounding country. Here there
has been created a new market centre, to which the farmers may
bring their various products, especially of hay and grain, and from which
in return they may gain many advantages previously unknown.

The religious life of the community is cared for by three churches — oae
'Roman Catholic, one Church of England, and one Presbyterian. On the
other hand, the intellectual life is not as adequately provided for as it should
^e, and as, no doubt, it will be in a few years, and this is owing to the com-
plete absence of public schools. With respect to the Protestant section this
-deficiency is partially offset by private schools, the most noteworthy of
which is maintained by the Rector of the Church of England, with an
attendance of about 35 pupils.

Situated as it is at a height of about 400 feet above tidewater, and just
on the confines of one of the most beautiful of all hill countries. Grand Mere
not only possesses exceptional sanitary advantages from a local point of
•view, but from the broader standpoint of a resort for those who are in search
of conditions which will serve to invigorate both mind and body, few places
'Could be more attractive than this. It has been suggested that the constant
spresence in the atmosphere of small quantities of sulphur gas from the sul-
•jp'hite tower would prove to be beneficial to those suffering from pulmonary
^troubles. However true this may be, it is certainly true that the clear,
^bracing and absolutely wholesome atmosphere of this region would prove a
anost important factor in such cases.

The possibilities of the location for industrial purposes have by no metns
been fully developed — indeed, we may say that but a small beginning has
been made in this direction. The Laurentide Mills at present utilize only
about 18,000 horse power, which represents but a small fraction of that
which may be developed under conditions such as obtain here with an enor-
mous volume of water and a working head of 45 feet, and we may look for-
ward to the future industrial development of the town with a feeling of con-
iidence that it will become of far greater consequence than at present.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 111

LITERATURE.

Montreal Daily Star, April 6th, 1901.

Canadian Forests, Forest Trees, Timber and Forest Products.

H. B. Small, Montreal, 1884, p. 60.
Treasury of Botany.
Smith's Dictionary of Economic Plants.
Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks.

H. S. Graves, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1889, Bull. 26.
Paper and Pulp. The World's Export Trade.

Phil. Commercial Museum, 1900.

Twelfth Census of the United States, Bull. 99, Sept., 1901.
The Pulp Wood of Canada.

Pan- American Exposition, Buffalo, 1901.

Rapport du Comrnissaire des Terres, Forets et Pecheries de la Province de
Quebec, pour les douze mois expires le 30 Juin, 1898. Quebec, 1899.
The Montreal Herald, April 8th, 1899.

Report of the Canadian Forestry Association, March 7th, 1901.
The Forester, Vol. VI., 126—130, 135, 136.
Practical Forestry in the Adirondacks.
Forest Extension in the Middle West. W. L. Hall.

Year-book of the U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1900, pp. 145—146.
Timber Trees and Forests of North Carolina.

Gifford Pinchot and W. W. Ashe. N. C. Geol. Surv., 1897, Bull. 6.
The Lumber Trade of the United States.

U. S. Treas. Dept., Bureau of Statistics, 1901.
Government Maps for the various Provinces of Canada.
The Chemistry of Paper Making. Griffin and Little.
Library Extension in Ontario.

2nd Ann. Rep. Can. Reading Camp Movement, 1901—1902.

Hon. C. N. Skinner, K. C., of St. John, was then introduced.

HON. C. N. SKINNER, K. C,, D. C. L.
" FORESTRY WITH ITS RELATION TO AGRICULTURE. "

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, - If I should go on with my ad-
dress, I do not know quite what would become of Mr. Emmerson, although

112 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

he has hitherto proved able to take care of himself ; but I notice Mr. Emmer-
son's Address is to be on " Opportunity and Outlook." I am certain he may
have the " outlook/' but he will not have the " opportunity."

I had intended to take a little time to prove my right to be here, that is
to say, to speak on behalf of Agriculture. I met a gentlemen this morning,
who took a very prominent and a very creditable part in the programme to-
day, and he told me that he would like the opportunity to hear me very
much, but that he wished he had brought with him another gentleman,
naming the other gentleman, because, he said, the two of us could say more
on anything we did not know, than anyone he knew. It is under those eir-
•cumstances that I come before you at this late hour, and under this difficulty
to speak. But I shall not trespass at any great length — most prosy people
say these things as I am saying them now, so you need not take too much
stock in them, you know.

At first it seems singular that in a great Convention like this, which is
primarily called for considering the question of lumbering, the farmer could
be in any way interested in the matter at all. He is a good deal removed
from the business, but if you go back to the farmer's calling, trace the nat-
ural history of it, you would find it very easy to make out his case, and to
show to an audience like this, that it requires grave consideration in settling
what is to be done after this Convention adjourns, as to the effect of the
whole matter upon the agriculture of the country.

The Creation of the world, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I thought, having
so much time, I would commence away back — so far as I have any recollec-
tion of it, had only one purpose in view, — that was, to produce a Man, and
in that, of course, was included Woman also. W^ell then, when the world
was finished and ready for man, Nature gave up the work of
creation, and said, in effect, to man : • ' Now, you go on with
the work that has been brought thus far forward. ' Nature
does not finish anything ; Nature ends with producing the ma-
terial, and the earth, and man, and leaves it for man to carry on the
work. Nature builds no railways, no mighty steamships, none of these
great works that manifest the modern labor of mankind ; all that is a
delegated operation, given to man to carry forward, after the
main part of the work had been finished. But man has not
proved true to his trust ; man, instead of becoming the builder,
as he should, became at once a destroyer. He has destroyed almost

LUMBER SCENES ON THE MIRAMICHI

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 113

everything upon which his hand has rested ; and the first thing that he
sought to destroy was himself. When the gift of reason was given to man,
there was a great responsibility resting upon him, and he was required, if he
wished to become a success, to go along the lines of reason, and so carry on
the work, but he thought he knew better than that with which Nature had
provided him, and he managed the whole thing himself — and you know
what a mess he made of it. And when the lumbermen go into the woods
and take out more lumber than they want, and hack the trees three feet up
when they should cut them down close, and do all the other things that all
my lifetime I had heard the lumbermen charged with doing, we find they
have only carried on the work of their forefathers, and done the work as
badly as they could. Now, this Convention is called for the purpose of
setting those gentlemen right, and to say to them, " The work has got to go
on a little differently from what it has been in the past." This is not said in
an offensive sense, but said only because this is one of the reasons that this-
Convention was called, because the lumber business has been too engrossing"
upon the materials which they operate, and the Legislature and the people
have to step in, to ask a consideration, which I know the lumbermen will
give, in order that we may do better in the future.

Now, when the work was taken up by man — and as I say, he sought to
destroy himself — the world did not advance very much, and all persons who
operated, not only the lumbermen, but every person else, seemed not to have
done as wisely as they might have done. Ladies and gentlemen, the world
would not have been finished, it would not have been fit for man to have
inhabited, nor for man to operate upon its face, if the trees had not been
produced; it was not a finished creation anyway, until the trees were there.
A world without trees would be uninhabitable — men could not have lived
without trees, it would have been a bare, barren waste. It is the trees of
the country that stand between the world and desolation, and therefore if
man destroys the trees, he is doing away with the great inheritance that was
given to him. Nature bequeathed to him everything, all the raw material
of the world ; all the natural resources of the world were given to man, and
the trees were required to do their part in carrying on the work. Well, we
know he did not carry it on properly, because, as I said before, he first
destroyed himself as far as he could. Let me say this, I believe, as many of
you do, that if man had not by improper courses of conduct shortened the
days of his life, we here tonight would have the glorious heritage of proba-
bly 300 years to live upon this green earth upon which we now stand.
These natural resources of creation that were given to man to operate, you

114 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY

know what was done with them and what has been done with them and how
they have been managed. Well, now, remember this, the farmer is the
grand inheritor of the earth. The earth was not prepared for pulp mills,
the earth was not prepared for railroads, but it was prepared for the agri-
culturist, and so, I stand here tonight, on behalf, so to speak, of the primitive
man, on behalf of the man as be has become educated and elevated and
enlarged in his intellect and prepared to do the best he could I stand here
for that class of people, who are the aborigines and the finishers of this great
work. The world was made for men to- lire o-n and they could not live with-
out the farmer ; the farmer was the great thing that was worked out and
studied out in the creation of all we befeol'df and all we remember. Well,,
thai being the case, the farmer too has not done his work very well ; the
farmer, as he has operated along all the lines of M» bnsiDe&sr has destroyed
the trees almost wherever he could destroy them, stwl even today,, one reason
why the great immigration into this country is going to tfoe West, is because
there are no trees here. But the great West wowiM not e-xist if it had not
S>een for the crops of trees that for numbers of e^mturies in the past grew
and fell and was moulded into that great alluvial plain, which is the body
-and grandeur of the West. But here in our counteyr when tfoe farmer under-
took to settle it, he took an axe and destroyed all the trees he could see,
that *he came in contact with. I remember goin«»;up the Tobique some years
ao-o and was astonished at the beautiful land. I thought I never saw inore

O

beautiful land and you could hardly catch sight of a tree over all that beauti-
ful country. When the farmer began to settle t'Ms country he went into th%
wilderness and cut down the trees and now the Jsnsdbermaji recfirires the inter-
vention of tho law in order that he may be successful in bis operations and
Iris work.

Kow *'*ou say "how ia the agriculturist interested in the trees?" In
the first place, take the head waters of all oar rivers and our streams. If
you destroy the trees around these head waters, you destroy all the farms
finally that are on the banks of the streams Sowing down through the land.
I am told, and I believe it, that in mid-summer now, on the River St. John,
the River gets about two feet lower in the dry time of summer than it did,
a r half a century ago. That is because the trees have been cut from the.
head waters and the banks of the streams and if that goes on, it is going to
brino- desolation — it may be a century hence, but it is bound to come ; there-
fore it is that the lumbering business should be carried on, so that the head
waters of the streams will be protected, and that is a part of the business of
trees whether at the head waters or other places, trees operate in keeping

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 115

the water there, they hold the humidity within and under their branches,
keeping it in such a way that it does not go down quickly, but is held there,
so that it may be sent forward during the dryer times of summer, in order
that the farms may be fructuated and cultivated. In India, which was one
of the finest wooded countries the world has ever seen, and has had some of
the finest trees the world has ever interfered with, one of the peculiar things
is with regard to the palm tree, which is so luxuriant and abundant in all
these hot countries, I remember to have read years ago, one writer said,
"The palm tree loved the heat," and so it is in vegetation, if you choose to
trace it out, there is almost an intelligence within vegetation itself, and I
know, within my own knowledge, where a luxuriant vine grows up, and
where there is a tree five or six feet from it, that vine will reach out, en-
deavoring to catch a branch of the tree for support. How does the vine
know the tree is there ? It has a sentience in itself that causes it to move
forward. And so it is in reference to the trees destroyed in our own coun-
try. There is only one principle of life. The same principle of life that is
in man is in the insects, in the trees and in all we see around us that has life ;
and therefore it is that when the lumberman and the farmer cut too closely
into the forests, they are severing lives that ought to be allowed to live, on
the same principle that their own lives are preserved.

Speaking of India, it has been found that where the mountain sides have
foeen denuded of trees, and the waters cast forth unduly, so that the country
•cannot be kept in its proper state with reference to growth, it has been the
-cause of many of the famines in India and the same thing has taken place in
China. Therefore it is that we are called upon to look to the future and to
guard against these things. A man will go after the lish in a stream and
even follow them up to the spawning beds and so obliterate the fa'sh from the
-country. One of the reasons for this is that man only cares for the present.
There is not a man here tonight but what, if his country called for him jto go
forward and die on the field of battle for his country, would go — then he
would be fighting for posterity— but he would hardly sacrifice fifty cents for
the good of those who will come after us, when we are passed away. We
are defending our country in this Convention as truly as men defend it on
,fche battle field, although we are doing it at less risk and very much less cost.
•Therefore it is without going any further into this matter, and I am not
speaking to you tonight as I had intended to speak, but am only making
these few remarks to show you what is required even for the protection of
.agriculture— if the trees are not kept for the farmer, the farm must become
4esolate— and if the farmer strips his own farm of trees, he will make it still

116 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

more desolate, and we ought, if necessary, take such steps as will make the-
farmer keep all the waste places on his farm covered with trees. We have
a right to that. We who are not fanners are interested in the success of
farmers. \Ve who are not lumbermen are interested in the success of the
lumbermen. Therefore, I want to impress upon you that the necessity exists
that a Convention like this should be called and that this Convention should
not only be in earnest in what it does, but keeping its eyes to the future, it
should see that no body of men, no matter how wealthy, no matter how long
existing, should not, while not injuring themselves, injure the community in
which they live and who have the same rights they have.

There is no time to finish these ideas, I leave the question entirely with
you. I am pleased indeed to have had this opportunity to see and hear what
has been done and said here. I think this day will leave a bright spot in
the history of 'our country. I have seen these things going on and wondered
about them for a long time. The only country we love is our own and that
is the principle we go on. We want to see our country flourish and to do
that, everyone must do his duty, as we have been doing here today. And I
trust the time will come and speedily too, when all these interests we have
been talking about today will join with us in recognizing that he who loves
his country will do something for it ; and when that is the case, we may turn
our eyes to the future and although we may not see the good results our
efforts will have made, we will have this sweet and glorious thought in our
own minds, that we have made our country what we desire it to be and
under our flag, with the protection of our Constitution, beside the great
Institutions which make this Canada of ours and the great possessions of our
Empire — to say nothing of the central forces of the Empire that rnak e them
the glory of our. Institutions, and with the memory of our fathers, we are
marching forward, with our eyes to the future, hoping for our country, acting
for our country and determined to do our duty in whatever position we are.

Hon. H. R. Emmerson, Minister of Railways and Canals, then made an
address.

Mr. Tweedie, Ladies and Gentlemen,

I can assure you it gives me very great pleasure to be in this
Chamber once again. There have been occasions when I was here
and, I have heard, more than once, a plea put forth on behalf of the

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 117

farmer as my friend, and my sympathy for him has continued. That used
to be a very common way of padding out a subject, by saying a word on
behalf of the farmer.

It is not my purpose at this hour or this time to champion anyone's
cause. I did come with two messages. I will content myself with delivering
one, and I will leave you to imagine as to how I might have delivered the
other.

You will have observed in your program that it had been stated therein
that I was to speak on " Opportunity and Outlook, " and as I sat here and
saw the opportunity receding — and I was not very sorry — I began to
realise that the outlook was a much brighter one for me than it might other-
wise have been.

In the first place, Mr. Premier, I want to say that I have an especial
pleasure in being here with a message from Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who, as
everyone knows, has taken a very deep interest in forestry. He it was who
first called together a convention in this Dominion to discuss this subject, a
convention which was a very great success and which had attendants from
every province in the Dominion, and a convention which I am bound to be-
lieve was fraught with very much good to the whole Dominion.

I think 'that it might fairly be said that the very fact that there has
been since a Provincial Convention is due to the fact that Sir Wilfrid
Laurier, taking the deep interest he did, took the initiative and convened
those who were interested in the matter at the centre of Canada, at Ottawa.

I am glad that New Brunswick is taking a deep interest in this matter,
and that those of every political faith, without regard to party discussions,
have become interested in a matter so vital to the best interests of the
Province of New Brunswick.

When invited to come here I was not certain that it would be possible
for me to come, owing to the fact of your Convention being held at a time
when, as you can understand, I would have other engagements elsewhere,
but when I went to my leader and spoke of the Convention and of my de
.sire to attend it he gave his consent at once, and said that if it could be
possibly arranged I should come, and as I came away yesterday afternoon
he wished me to convey to this Convention his greetings, and
-warmest wishes that it might prove a very great success and prove

118 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

a boon to the people of New Brunswick, which is so deeply interested in
the subject. (Cheers). I therefore have very much pleasure in conveying
to you those greetings. He regretted very much that he could not be pres-
ent, and I am sure we would all have been delighted to have him, but you
can very well understand why it was not possible for him to attend.

I have said that is one of my reasons. Another, or rather one other
reason which actuated me in the desire to come was this, that in the Depart-
ment over which I have the honor to preside we are not a little interested in
the matter of forestry preservation. I know I have a Deputy Minister, a
very able man, who is very keenly alive to this subject, and I believe that at
the instance of the Convention which met at Ottawa, and of the Executive
connected with that Convention, that he is paying particular attention to the
preservation of forests from destruction by fires caused by locomotives, and
is making a special study of an improved scheme with regard to locomotive
smoke screens. Therefore, by reason of my association with him, I have
been called upon to take a much deeper interest in the subject than I other-
wise might have had.

I would not for a moment detain you to talk on the relationship between
the transportation problem and your forest wealth in New Brunswick. I
know that, all over Canada, not merely here but throughout Canada, people
are interested in the extension of railways. I know that the problem in re-
lation to transportation is of interest to all, and that every man in his own
way is endeavoring to solve it. Every man knows in a measure how to solve
it ; and this leads me to my own idea, to which I might make reference.

They say everything depends on the title which you give a book, and that
in writing a magazine article that very much indeed depends upon the cap-
tion of that article, and I suppose it follows, as a natural consequence, that
whenever you are going to say anything, especially if you have not very much
to say, a good deal depends upon the subject that you announce you are
going to speak upon.

Now I might just as well have chosen some other subject. I realise that
now ; because the opportunity is gone, and I want the outlook, as I said be-
fore, to be bright for you ; but there are two little words often used that
might just as well have been chosen. These words are, " I see."

Have you ever observed, in the ordinary conversations which take place
between men and women that these words are more frequently used perhaps

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 119

than any other words in the English language — " I see," and very often they
don't see. That began, I fancy, in the days spoken of by my friend, Mr,
Skinner. I fancy that Adam used those words, " I see " ; but Mr. Skinner
has proved that Adam didn't see, and didn't know very much about it any-
way, and there have been very many who have followed in the footsteps of
Adam with regard to a feeling of assurance on their part that did see when
they didn't see. And as I think of the past history of New Brunswick — and
I need not go cutside of the County of York for illustration — when I think
of what has occurred, and the waste that has resulted, by the destruction of
very valuable property, I begin to realise, and you too will realise it if you
think of it, that there have been a great many men who have not seen, and
if they only had seen what a difference there might have been !

Mr. Skinner has spoken of the results as to the destruction of the
forests. Did you ever, canoeing along your river banks, or going up and
down the beautiful St. John, view from the decks of a steamer the waste to
be seen on the shores and banks of that river ? Did you ever walk through
a wide road in any section of the country without observing the waste and
the result of ,destructiveness ? Did you ever, in going across the farm lands,
look at the fences ? Those of you who are as familiar with the northern sec-
tion as I am will recall this fact, that there is not' a county along the shores
of the Northumberland Straits but has suffered from waste in the very
matter of cedar fences to such an extent that the cedar in them would more
than pay — and I would say it is not an extravagant statement — would more
than pay your public debt for the province of New Brunswick if you had all
that waste at one spot today, having regard to the market valae of that
cedar.

You can travel through the County of Gloucester from one end to the
other and today see the remnants of magnificent cedar fences, and the same
is true with respect to the Counties of Northumberland and Restigouche,
and you will see in those cedar fences great, immense logs. Look at the
value. I am not going to talk shop to you, but I have -realised in the three
short years in which I have presided at the head of the Department of Rail-
ways and Canals — I have realised, because it has been brought under my
notice month after month, and week after week, and day after day, that the
values of cedar, in fact, of all classes of lumber that are required for material
in connection with the Intercolonial Railway, have, in many instances,
doubled, and in others certainly there has been a fifty per cent, increase ;
and this is not, as. a good many imagine, by the purchase of material withoi

120 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

tender and contract. This is, as is the case with respect to all that material,
after an appeal has been made by poster and public print from one end of the
railway to the other, and owners have been invited to furnish this material
at prices at which they were disposed to offer it ; and, in the face of that
petition, that all lumber material has increased certainly in very few instances
less than 25 per cent., and in some instances 50 per cent., and even in
others, with respect to pine and certain other classes of lumber, there has
been nearly a hundred per cent, increase.

Now put those valuations gathered together, if you will, in your mind's
eye, by the visits you have made to the outlying sections of the province and
in the different counties ; realise the amount of waste there has been ; real-
ise the amount of wraste going on day after daj~, and then apply your mathe-
matical ability and multiply that waste by the value of this lumber today ;
and it is not merely its value, it is because of its scarcity and because of the
necessity.

I do not think there are many men in the Province of New Brunswick
who can stand up and say that there is to be found within our boundaries
any very great quantity of what even twenty or twenty-five years ago would
have been called first-class pine. If there is any very great quantity it cer-
tainly is not seeking a market. If there is any great quantity of that par-
ticular class of lumber there is not much evidence of it anyway. Need that
have been if people had seen ?

I feel that there is a time now7 for people to see, and I fancy, Mr.
Premier, that in your gathering here that you who have had the opportunity
of listening to and partaking of this feast of good things, that even of the
crumbs that have fallen from the table of today's feast there would be
gathered much that would be of value, and there would be, if it could be re-
tained in the memory and could be disseminated, the knowledge which has
fallen from the lips of the eminent gentlemen who have addressed this Con-
vention today. If the truths which have been imparted could be dissemin-
ated throughout the province, among the young men, the growing hope of
this country, it might make many of them see where they have not seen, and
if they only could, wre are not past redemption as a province.

A great many people are looking away beyond to tjie West, and a great
many young men, as I know, are looking to the distant pastures ; but are
we prepared to say there are no opportunities in New Brunswick today in

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 121

connection with our lumbering possibilities ? Is there no hope for the
young ? I know we have our lumber kings today, and we have many score,
hundreds I might almost say, who have met very eminent success in the land
of their lumbering operations. But is all hope gone ? Can you not pierce
the veil and see any hope beyond for those who are to follow in their foot-
steps ? And if there is that hope, and if it has reason to exist, should not
this province for itself see to it ? Is it not the duty of everybody, not merely
of governments, but of opposition as well ? It is the duty of every represen-
tative of the people, every man who has the honor of sitting here in this
Chamber as the representative of the people, it is their duty to see as to the
future ; and I am proud to know, and I certainly do congratulate the pres-
ent Surveyor-General upon the steps which have already been taken within
the last two or three years, with respect to the preservation of your forest
wealth. I know that gradually, year -by year, going back many years in the
history of the province, there have been attempts made to legislate along
those lines ; but I have realised this, and I have realised after an experience
of public life'of some years, that the mere exacting of legislation does not hit
the mark always. It is declaratory, and very often laws are passed upon the
theory, li Oh well, it is a declaration of principle anyhow. " There is too
much of this declaration of principle, and too little of the execution of prin-
ciple.

It reminds me of a little story that perhaps might be apropos, as it re-
lates back to a few ye&rs ago when I was responsible for legislation in the
Province of New Brunswick, that is, measurably responsible. I was invited
to amend the License Act in one particular, and that was to this effect, that
no man, be he guest or otherwise, should be permitted to drink a glass of
wine at a hotel in the counties where the License Act was in operation. As
to what they did in Scott Act counties, that did not count ; but this was
with respect to the License Act, and the delegation on that occasion was
very earnest. I am sure they were very sincere, and thought that perhaps
very much good might be accomplished ; but after listening to them I asked
them this one question— a pointed one— I said : " Why do you want that ? "
And the man stopped and thought. I said : " Will it prevent them, would
it prevent the guest in his room or at the table ? " " No, it would not, " he
admitted. "Then," I said: "is there .any way whereby it could be en-
forced ? " " Oh no, " he replied, " we don't expect it to be enforced, but we
want it as a declaration of principle."

Now that is my idea of legislating. That is an illustration ; and in the

122 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

direction which you are legislating with respect to the protection of your
forests and in the matter of the renewal of your forests, you should not con-
tent yourselves merely with a declaration of principle, but have it in the di-
rection of an execution of a principle.

I feel that perhaps it is just as well I missed my opportunity, and I can
only hope that the outlook for the Province of New Brunswick will be a»
bright and as successful as the faith I have in that province.

A vote of thanks was passed and extended to Sir Wilfrid Laurier for
his good wishes for the success of the Convention.

MR. STEWART — In Quebec they expressed a particular desire to put
an export duty on pulp. The president stated a cord of pulpwood in Quebec
was worth $6.00, in pulp $13.00, and in paper $36.00, showing the great
advantage of having the article manufactured in the country.

HON. C. W. ROBINSON,

Speaker of the House of Assembly, N. B.

I see I arn down on the programme for an address on " Lumber-
ing Methods " ; but, as there are a great many to address you, my
remarks will be brief. I know a little about practical lumbering, but
perhaps I do not know everything about lumbering methods. This
question might be divided in different ways. There might be the superficial
methods, and, according to some people, the underground methods, or wre
might make other divisions. I think, however, the Surveyor - General
intended the discussion to be with regard more particularly to one or two
things, as to how lumbermen should conduct their operations so as not to-
injure the growth of the 37oung trees any more than can be helped. The old
operators used to go in and cut everything in sight and destroy the woods ;
but I think the lumbermen in New Brunswick at the present time under-
stand too well the value of the forest to do anything like that, and it is not
necessary to discuss a matter of this kind, because I believe it is well
understood.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 123

I think Mr. Loggie stated that timber land is worth $10 an acre. Now
I have done some mental calculation along that line, and have asked some
questions of lumbermen. I know of iny own personal experience in the
County of Albert, that timber lands sold at a great deal higher rate than
that. Those of you who are from that County, wrill know that, in one case,
somewhere about seventy acres 'of land sold for $7,000, and within the past
year the A. L. Wright Lumber Co. purchased in that County something over
175 acres of land for the sum of $25,000. That seems a pretty high figure,
and it is the highest I know of. It figures about $150 per acre, and
it was understood at the time that there was about four million feet of
lumber on that property, of which about one million feet was pine, which
only goes to show that the stumpage in that district was worth about $6.00
a thousand, and I have heard of other sales in the County of Albert as high
as $7.00 a thousand.

I am not here bound by any particular rules or regulations. In my
position as Speaker of the House of Assembly I am not supposed to be
supporting any Government or party, but am a sort of a free lance, and I
would like to stir up some discussion on these matters. We have heard a
great many valuable papers, but we want more animated discussion on the
part of the practical lumbermen and others, and if I could say something to
stir them up, I would gladly do so, even at the risk of offending some of

them.

•

The statement has been made' that at the present time the Government
is receiving stumpage on about 120,000,000 feet of lumber. One of the
prominent lumbermen on the North Shore has said that the annual growth
in black spruce in this Province is 30,000 feet per square mile, which would
mean an annual growth of 300 , 000 , 000 feet in this Province. I think we
might say the annual growth is 100 feet per acre, which would make it much
larger than the estimate I have given ; but if it is only 300,000,00
goes to show we are not collecting stumpage on one - half the growth of the
Crown Lands of the Province. I do not know whether what is collect*
covers all the stumpage actually cut on the Crown Lands of the Provmce
The lumbermen say it does. I have been asking lumbermen from d
sections of the Province, and those who do not come from the County c
Northumberland state that that County is the chief offender in this regai
-that the stumpage is not all collected there. If there is anybody
from that County who can contradict this statement and prove it is not .
hope they will do so, because I think, in view of the needs of this Provmce

124 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

for educational purposes and roads and bridges, it is very important that the
Government should have all the stumpage they can get out of their Crown
Lands.

The statement has also been made by Mr. Gregory that the present
scale for surveying lumber in this Province is not a satisfactory and suitable
one ; that it is all right down to 11 or 12 in., but below that it is not at all
satisfactory. He is right in one way and wrong in another. The scale in the
Province of New Brunswick does not go below 11 inches, and whatever scale
Mr. Gregory has below that I suppose is some St. John scale which they have
adopted by custom and which the Government has nothing to do with what-
ever ; but probably it would be a good idea to have the matter arranged and
the Government scale adjusted down as low as six inches at least.

I haven't much to say with regard to the methods of lumbering ; but I
think it would be a good thing if we could have the lumber operations so
conducted and looked after by the Government that the operators would
take out from the woods not only the butt logs, but also the top log. It
would be a great protection against fire and save what at the present time is
being wasted to a very large extent. I am informed that about the only
operators in the Province who are doing this and taking good care of the
woods are the Bay Shore Lumber Co. That is one thing I think important
and along the line of which I think there might be much improvement made.
There seems to be a desire and inclination among the lumbermen and
people generally to let well enough alone. They seem to think that we have
conditions in this province about as good as we can have them, that we have
this black spruce, which is very valuable, and that if wre allow nature to do
the re-seeding and re -planting, that is all that is necessary. L do not think
that is the view to take. There are large tracts which have been burned
over by fire and denuded of lumber, and it seems to me that the Government
and foresters generally might take into consideration whether or not there
might not be some system adopted by which this burnt land could be
re-seeded, and be a benefit to the country. Mr. Lewis Miller, a lumber
operator in Nova Scotia, has different methods of lumbering from any man
in the Maritime Provinces. He has a mill which takes care of all the products
of the wood, and makes it into somethino- useful. He divides his area into

/ o

tracts, and cuts down all the lumber in a certain tract and utilizes it all.
Then at the present time he is bringing in seed and re-afforesting, and he is
planting the Norway spruce, which he claims will grow much faster and give
better results than our black spruce. There -is room for thought about

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 125

questions of this kind. It is all very well to say that we have black spruce
that will re-afforest itself, but improvements can be made, and I am strongly
of the opinion that it would be well for this Province to look into the matter
of re-afforestation.

MR. W. H. McMILLAN — You speak of taking out the top log down
to five or six inches, and you say there is no scale below 11 inches. How
are we going to survey those small trees ?

MR. ROBINSON — There is a conventional scale in use at the present
time ; or perhaps a man could make up his own scale. At the time the Act
was passed it was not contemplated to cut anything smaller than 11 inches;
but conditions have changed, and the conventional scale has been in use not
only in St. John, but in other parts of the Province.

PREMIER TWEEDIE — I may say the Government have this matter
under consideration. We have recognised for some time that the Act would
have to be amended. It is a little difficult to do ; but the Surveyor-Gener-
al's attention was directed to it a year ago, and among other improvements
we will have a new scale prepared that will meet the requirements.

HON. J. P. BURCHILL — I would like to ask if land once burned
over will reproduce spruce — if spruce trees are planted on it, will they

grow ?

MR. JAMES BEVERIDGE^l might say that Mr. Miller, of Nova
Scotia, to whom Mr. Robinson referred, has actually planted three thousand
acres of this Norway spruce.

MR. JAMES HARRIGAN— As a general thing 'land that has been
burned over produces a different growth. We will say that where spruce
and hemlock has first grown the second growth is white birch and poplar.
That is my experience in travelling over the country, and in the section
where I live. It might be possible that spruce could be grown by planting,
but leavino- it to itself it grows lumber that is not of much value at the pres-

o

ent time.

MR. CHARLES E. FISH— My observation in that regard is that when
the green forest is burned and very heavy ash left on the ground the potash
is so strong that the seeds are destroyed, and do not grow. As the potash
dilutes and fertilizes the grounds the first seeds that come in, which are the

126 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

lightest seeds, such as poplar and birch, take root and grow. I have seen
where green trees have been burned and the ground re-seeded, and the green
trees are again growing.

MR. ELIHU STEWART — Referring to the question of reproduction,
I think any person who has looked over burnt tracts will notice that, as a
rule, the next growth is poplar and birch, and the reason is that these seeds
are light and will fly over half a county. I have noticed everywhere in the
country the first growth after a fire is poplar and birch ; but if there are any
seeds of the spruce or pine left, after a while they will come up and with the
shade will after a time overtop the others and kill them. In the case of the
pine and spruce, if there are no seed trees left planting would be necessary,
and in no other way could they be reproduced. But in many cases, in the
West, we see that reproduction going on. I have myself seen pine growing
again where it had been swept by fires.

In Germany, even in the Black Forest, they practise two ways of re-
producing — one the natural regeneration, and the other by planting. It is
not all done by planting even there, although planting is advocated as being
quicker and better.

THE SURVEYOR-GENERAL — I would like some .suggestions with
regard to the scale or log rule used, outside of the scale in use in our Prov-
ince, which only provides for a scale down to 11 inches.

MR. H. M. PRICE — When the Province of Quebec took up the question
of a new system of log measurement I was then interested in the Montmor-
ency Mills, and they asked us to carry out some experiments as to the differ-
ence between logs sawed into deals and logs sawed into boards, and after
the experiments were carried out they took a compromise between the two
measurements as a fair rule by which the lumbermen were to pay stumpage.

Mr. H. M. Price, of Quebec, Vice-President of the Canadian Forestry
Association, then made the following address :

Until I arrived here I did not know I would be called upon to make any
address, and, therefore, I am unprepared, but I am going to make a few re-
marks based on the subject now under discussion, and also on the question of
pulp-wood, in which I am interested, because I have had the honor of being
the president of the Pulp Wood Association of the Province of Quebec.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 127

First of all, I would like to correct a mis-statement in the Forestry
Journal, credited to the Hon. Mr. Sweeney, Surveyor - General of New
Brunswick, at the Convention in Vancouver, as follows : " Hon. F. J.
Sweeney, Surveyor- General of the Province of New Brunswick, said that
they provided for re-afforestation on Government preserves, in his Province,
by allowing the lumbermen to cut no trees less than 10 in. in diameter, three
feet above the ground." I was present at the Convention, and Mr. Sweeney
made no such statement. Anyone who knows Mr. Sweeney will recognise at
once that that is an error, but I thought it only fair for me, having been
present at the Convention, to correct this mis-statement.

I see I am down on the programme to address you on the subject of
•" The Lumberman's Interest in the Preservation of the Forests. " In one
word, the lumberman's interest in the preservation of the forest is to preserve
his own interests. When he preserves the forest he simply preserves his own
interests, especially it' the forest is going up in value.

First of all, I am going over the Public Domain Act, passed at the last
session of your Legislature. I see by the opening sentence that the Crown
Lands of this Province amount to about 10,000 square miles. While it is a
very large area, and is your chief asset, it does not compare with the Prov-
ince of Quebec, which has 67,000 square miles of timber lands under li-
cense, and besides that we have 100,000 square miles of timber lands belong-
ino- to the Crown Lands Department not under license, so that we have in
the Province of Quebec a total area of about 167,000 square miles of timber
lands.

I am glad to see by this Act that you are taking steps to classify your
lands, and, in fact, to make an inventory of your resources. If a man wants
to know how much he is worth, he should make an inventory of what he
owns and put a valuation on it ; and I am glad to see yon are acting on those
lines.

I see you are also taking steps to get a report as to the various streams
of the Province, and the necessity of, and the facilities for, the storage and
impounding of water, &c. I think our friends in the United States have
given us a "very strong lesson on that subject. It is only of late years they
have found it necessary to construct reservoirs, especially as regards their
water power. We in Canada up to the present time have never known
what it was to have to create dams for our water powers. In the United

128 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

States many plants are run entirely by storage water, and many Americans
have told me it is only a matter of time when we will have to follow their
example in this respect.

I see you have also provided for a report on the location and character
of lands fit for agricultural purposes. That has been a subject of very great
debate in the Province of Quebec. In fact, it has been a cause of constant
friction between the settler and the Government, and the lumberman is
wedged in between the two, and he suffers. I think the Province of Quebec
sees the necessity of separating the lands unfit for cultivation, and giving
the lumberman the benefit of cutting on them.

You also mention here the size of the timber to be cut. In the Province
of Quebec some few years ago, they recognised the necessity, in consequence
of the pulp-wood industry having assumed such large proportions, of allow-
ing the lumbermen to cut black spruce down to seven inches at the stump.

You have also, I see, taken measures to have proper plans and maps
prepared of the Crown Lands of the Province. I might say that when ia
Victoria, B. C., last year, I went into the Crown Land Department there to
get some information with reference to their province. They asked my name
and put it down on a sheet and gave me every map and every book that
they publish about British Columbia — about its mining resources, its timber
resources, its agricultural lands, its water powers, and everything. And they
will do that for anyone who sends his name. I think it would be a very good
scheme for this Province to advertise itself in that way. It seems generous
to give a man a great bundle of plans and books, but it is a good and cheap
way of advertising, and we in Quebec are pretty liberal in that respect. I
do not know your custom ; but I must say I admire the manner in which
British Columbia meets inquiries on these subjects.

I cannot tell you very much as to forest fires, but after I have finished
speaking I would like very much to have somebody inform me what has been
the result of the re - afforesting of the land swept by the fire of 1825 —
whether the spruce has come up again, or whether it has been practically
left without a new crop of spruce.

I think the lumbermen in the Province of Quebec have in the past been
too much inclined to lean on the Government, but now the Province has got
a sufficient revenue not to be dependent on the Government, and it means to
\

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 129

my mind that all the license holders of the Province will benefit by the in-
creased revenue, and every man will ba able to look out for himself and
stand on his own feet. Lumber lands have increased in value so much that
you can now go to the Bank and get money on them, and we should cease
to lean on the Government. In the past we have expected the Government
to look after the protection of pur limits against fire ; but last year the Gov-
ernment said : You look after fire protection yourselves. We will charge
you no fees. You nominate certain wardens, and we \vill have a supervision
over it. You are able to look after this yourselves, and you must do it. I
am glad the Province of Quebec did this, because it put a responsibility upon
the lumbermen, and showed them they could not look to the Provincial
Government for everything.

HON. MR. TWEEDIE — In Quebec are the lumbermen required to
protect their lands from fire, without any assistance from the Government ? \

MR. PRICE— Yes.

MR. HAZEN — Previous to that arrangement, had the Government
made some charge against the lumbermen ?

9

MR. PRICE — Yes ; they made a smaii charge against the licensee.
MR. HAZEN — And now they remit that charge ?

MR. PRICE — Yes ; and they say : " You do it yourselves and we wi]l
have a supervision over it." The lease is an annual lease, renewable as long
as the ground rent is paid and the provisions of the law carried out.

MR. F. W. SUMNER — You spoke about leaning on the Government.
If you would state the difference, between the terms of the Quebec leases
and the New Brunswick leases we would understand it better.

MR. PRICE — Our leases are always put up to auction. Of late years
it has been an annual sale ; but in consequence of the subsidies to be re-
ceived from the Federal Government they have given up the idea of any sale
in the immediate f ature. In fact, they have stated there will be no sale
this year, and I think it very possible there may not be a sale for some'time-
We pay a ground rent of $3.00 per square mile per annum, and a stumpage
of sixty-five cents per thousand feet on spruce.

130 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

A DELEGATE — Here in New Brunswick we are at the mercy of the
Government. It is not to our interest to protect the land and make it more
valuable for the Government, who are apt to take it from us any year by
-raising the mileage and stumpage, if this Act comes in force that they are
.talking about. We have no guarantee at all.

HON. MR, TWEEDIE— But you can, throw it up any time you like.

DELEGATE— Yes ; but all the work we put on it will be of no value if
they put up the price so high we cannot carry it.

MR. PRICE — My experience in Fredericton has taught me that the
Government of this Province has tempered justice with mercy in dealing:
with the lumbermen. In our Province we get justice alone ; we get no
mercy.

On the subject of pulp- wood, and tfie export duty thereon, I wish to gay
that I am strongly against any export dwty from Canada. Perhaps my re-
marks will not carry the same interest here as they would op in Quebec, be-
cause up there so many of our farmers are dependent on the exportation of
pulp-wood in order to pay their way. In fact, I may say that ten years-
ago a great many of the- farmers and habitants of the Province of Quebec
wrere always indebted to the- store-keeper ; but since pulp-wood has become
;s.i£ch an article of commerce Shey have paid off what they owed the store-
;l«w|>er, and the store-keeper foas also got into a good position, and there are
fewer failures in that Province in consequence. Every tree that tbe farmer
has 'On his land is valuable, if not as a saw log, then as pulp- wood. When
yon speak of ten thousand miles under license, it seems small compared with
<our 167 ,000 miles ; but when you consider what that area means, and that
•jit reproduces itself so rapidly, I a'fti perfectly satisfied there is- m>o immediate
Clanger <od' -a famine in wood. Now what would an export duty cm pulp- wood
$u&a& f fft would mean that every man who had lands or limits would have
theni depreciated in value, because he cannot sell his pulp-wood except to
the paper mills, and they could not buy it because the duty would be so
heavy it would be prohibitory. Supposing we export one million cords of
pulp-wood per annum to the United States, it is a drop in the bucket com-
pared with the amount of wood we ean> afford to have cast yearly from our
167 000 miles in the Province of Quebec ; and, therefore, I say it is not in
the interest of the licensee or the farmer that we should have this export
duty put on. They say that if we adopted this policy,, that in, the course of

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 131

four or five years the Americans would be forced to come over to this side
and build their mills ; but in four or five years a great many of the people
would be starved out, as it would mean in a great many cases going four or
five years without eating. It is not as if our resources were small ; but when
we consider the large amount of wood we have we need have no fear. From
what I hear from Ottawa I understand that the Government there are not
in favor of an export duty, but that the interests of the majority in Canada
will prevail in this question, and not the interests of the minority.

I was very much interested in the talk given by Mr. Kidner yesterday,
and I think the true way to get people to take an interest in forestry is by
educating the younger generation along that line, and I am very glad to
come down to New Brunswick and see you have commenced at the right
end ; that is, with the boys in the school.

I congratulate the Premier, and his Cabinet, and my friend, the Hon.
Mr. Sweeney, on the great success attending this Convention. I can assure
you Mr. Sweeney has taken a deep interest in the different Forestry
Conventions which have been held throughout the Dominion, and has done
your Province much good. In the Convention held at Vancouver he brought
your Province well to the front by his remarks, not only from a forestry
point of view, but from many other points of view. It is a good thing for
representatives from the different Provinces to meet at these Conventions.
We are all one and our interests are the same. In this respect I would like
to say that in going over the Pacific Mills, in British Columbia, the President
said to me that they were the largest owners of timber limits in that Prov-
ince ; that they were very glad to have us corne out to the Coast, and give
them' our ideas, and that, as a result of the Convention, their Company was
goino- through their books, and was going to put a new value on all their
timber possession in the Province of British Columbia, and he further stated
that the Convention had opened their eyes and the eyes of the Government,
and that it was the first time they had been able to get the Government to
take any interest in the matter. It was shown at the Convention that the
Government only spent $5,000 a year for the protection of the forests, when
there were hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of property at stake ; but
this gentleman said he felt sure the Government would take up the question
at once and spend a considerable sum of money to protect the vast assets
they own in their timber limits, and I hope this Forestry Convention mNew
Brunswick will have the same effect, and that this Convention i£
first of many similar ones.

132 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

Mr. Power, M. P., of Quebec (West), made the following address :

It is certainly a pleasure to me today to have the honor of sitting at
this important meeting ; but, Mr. Premier, you take the pleasure from me
when you call me to my feet, because I really came here to study. I
feel somewhat in the position of the gentleman who was walking down a
fashionable thoroughfare, and was attracted by a small boy attempting to
ring a doorbell about the height of the boy. The gentleman kindly offered
to assist the boy, and rang the bell for him, when the boy turned around,
and in his own sweet tone said : " Run, you son of a gun."

That is how I feel, aud: the only thing that deters me from running is
that I am a native-born Canadian and Canadians never run, but endeavor to»
do their duty to the best of their ability.

Mr. Price has touched on everything that appertains to forestry, so far
as the Province of Quebec is concerned. I am here to do a certain amount
of duty and to give you a certain amount of information, which I shall be
most happy to do.

It has been my lot to have practically spent a half - a - century in the
lumber business, and to have travelled from one end of the Dominion to the
other, and outside of this Dominion, and I have seen a great deal of what is
going on, and especially one feature, to which I will refer, and it has im-
portant bearings on the commerce which we have today, and that is the
destruction of the most valuable forests which are tor the benefit of
mankind.

It was my lot when but a boy, in 1866, to have left my native province
and to have crossed the American territory into that great Pine State of
Michigan, when it was practically a forest, from the City of Saginaw to the
Straits of Mackinac, and where is it today ? In later years I crossed the
Straits of Mackinac and on to the bounds of Michigan, and here there was
nothing but the tracks of the Indians and the lumberman's trade, and there

~ *

I had looked upon forests which it appeared a century's work would not cut
away, but today it is done.

In later years I crossed into the pine regions of Wisconsin and Minne-
sota. Today there is nothing left in that section cf the country but hack
pine and Norway. To come back to my own country, and to the
destruction of the pine in our own province. Many a time have I

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 133

looked back to the books of reports and have seen the records of the thous-
ands and thousands of feet of valuable pine which have been shipped out of
the district wherein we now stand. Following on from my own native dis-
trict along the valleys of the Saguenay, and up through the St. Maurice, to-
day it is practically gone, and there is nothing left in this valuable section
for the benefit of mankind but a small portion. And is there not food for re-
flection in this ?

Statisticians come before us and tell us of the inexhaustible forests of
the Dominion of Canada. As a politician, which I am slightly, I have some-
times faith in statistics when they suit a particular purpose, but as a practi-
cal lumberman I have but little faith in them ; and it is your duty, and I am
proud to see the interest your Government and legislators are taking in this
important business, that is, in the preservation of the next most valuable —
for the benefit of mankind in general — your valuable trees, of which you in
the Province of New Brunswick and we in the Province of Quebec hold the
largest portion today. Resources such as these are the only means to pro-
tect you and protect this Canada of ours.

First, we must look for a means to protect ourselves from that terrible
<enemy of fire. How this is to be done is left in your hands. It is solely in
the hands of the lumberman, as far as the Province of Quebec is concerned,
as Mr. Price has said. I may be a little ahead of my time when I would
suggest to the lumberman, not only in the Province of Quebec, that some
system may be devised whereby we can escape from the ravages of fire
which cause such heavy destruction to the forests, and I will put my idea
before you today ; that is, if it were possible to have protection by a system
of Marconi signals on the mountain ranges at the main points of the country.
These forest fires are certainly something that deserve the attention of every
lumberman.

Secondly comes the question of our great waterways, for this is very
important, and we in the Province of Quebec have seen important changes
in the different waterways of our country. Not only in the interests of
lumbermen and farmers, but in the interests of trade and commerce, it is our
duty to protect the great water powers given to this country of Canada. A
great writer, of Boston, not long ago said that the water powers of Canada
would make even the great industrial powers of Carnegie at Pittsburg shake
with fear, and we certainly should do all in our power to protect those water
powers.

134 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

I thank you and I wish this association you have formed every success,
for it is one that is beneficial, not only to the province, but beneficial to the
country in general.

Mr. J. D. Hazen submitted a report of his Committee :

Your Committee appointed at the meeting of the Forestry Convention
held yesterday to report certain recommendations to the Convention beg
leave to submit the following report :

That in the short time at their disposal they have given such consider-
ation as they could to the important matters submitted to them, and beg
leave to make the following recommendations :

1. That in order to make as attractive as possible and to beautify the
cities, towns and villages throughout the Province, the Civic and Municipal
authorities in New Brunswick be strongly urged to adopt a systematic policy
of planting ornamental trees.

2. That in order to render attractive the different roads throughout
the Province legislation be passed for the encouragement of persons in set-
ting out ornamental shade trees along the highway roads throughout New
Brunswick, and in this connection your Committee call attention to the laws
in farce in the Province of Ontario, whereby they understand that a bonus
of a small amount is given for each tree set out along the highway road in
the Province according to the directions given by the Public Works Depart-
ment, or by some other plan.

3. That the movement of planting trees on schooV grounds, which has
been in force for many years, but has produced but few results, be strongly
sanctioned by this Forestry Convention as a means calculated to secure the
interest of the people.

4. . That your Committee, realizing the enormous in-jury that in the
past has been caused by forest fires resulting from the construction and
operation of railways in the Province, strongly recommend that effective
laws be passed for the purpose of preventing in the future a repetition of
such losses and that such legislation should include adequate protection
against carelessness during the work of the construction of railways, and
that there should be a provision that when roads are in operation during
the dry season between the first of May and the first of November in each

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 135

year section men on all railways should be required to patrol the read at
least twice a day and that railway companies be compelled to issue special
instructions to all section men and employees to do all they 'can to guard
against grass or forest fires and to promptly report any which may occur.
And they further recommend that the Department of Railways and Canals
of Canada and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company be stion^ly urged by
this convention to take necessary and effective means to prevent forest and
grass fires being caused by the operation of their respective railway.
•

5. That one or more officials be appointed with the title of "Inspector
of Sealers," whose duty it shall be during the lumbering season to visit the
different camps and lumber operations throughout the Province for the pur-
pose of seeing that the sealers are faithfully carrying out their duties and
are taking proper account of the amount of lumber that is cut and that
undersized lumber is not being cut and that the laws with regard to the cut-
ting on Crown Lands are being strictly lenforced, and it shall be the further
duty of such inspectors to carefully observe the methods of cutting carried
on by different lumbermen and to report to the Crown Land Office if, in their
opinion, wasteful methods in cutting are being used by any of the operators.

6. Your Committee further recommend in this connection that the
inspectors discharge their duties, so far as the times of visiting the operations
are concerned, along the lilies adopted by inspectors of banks, so that sealers
and the persons whose lumbering operations they are to inspect will have
no means of knowing beforehand the date or dates at which the Inspectors
will make their inspection.

7. Your Committee further urge upon the Lieutenaut-Governor-in-
Council the desirability of carrying out the law already upon the Statute
Book authorizing the setting apart of a portion of the public domain for a
forest reservation.

(Signed) A. R. McCLELAN,

Chairman.

THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL — While this makes proper mention cf
the protectioa of lands along the railroad * it does not appear to go far
enough, because it would not be effective if simply passed ii its present
form.

136 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

The report recommends that the Provincial Legislature of New Bruns-
wick enforce regulations against setting fires along the railways. In this
province the greater extent of railway lines belongs to the Intercolonial
Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway, but the Intercolonial Efailway
being a Government work, with regard to the operation of it, neither this
Government nor legislature could interfere ; and the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way is also a company incorporated by the Canadian Parliament, and neither
this legislature nor the Government could have any power to pass a law, or
enforce regulations which would in any way interfere with the operation of
that line of railway. Taking out those two great lines, all that are left*are
the two branch roads, including the Grand Southern, occupying a compara-
tively small mileage in the Province of New Brunswick. I would respect- '
fully submit whether it would not be .better to add some words to the report
which would contain a recommendation from this large and representative
gathering to the Dominion Government and Parliament, that they also, in
connection with the roads under their control, should take effective
measures along the lines suggested in the report, in regard to the means to
be taken to keep fires from starting and spreading along the lines of those
railways. We know that enormous and incalculable damage has been
done in the past by the operations of those lines, and it seems to me now is
the time to make a recommendation which might be embodied in the
report.

THE SURVEYOR-GENERAL — I would like to say that fcr the last
year or two at least the Manager of the Intercolonial Railway has afforded
every facility to those interested in our forest fires, not only giving permits
to ride on their trains where necessary to put out fires, but every spring,
during the commencement of the dry season, instructing the section men
and bosses of the sections, as well as drivers and conductors on the road, to
be on the look-out for forest fires. I think in that respect the matter was
taken up between the Manager of the Intercolonial Railway and myself within
two years, and, since that time, I think the practice has prevailed. This is
also true in regard to the Canadian Pacific Railway, and in that respect the
resolution has been anticipated somewhat. The Canadian Pacific Railway
has been also somewhat careful, and afforded every facility. Mr. Berry, a
sealer in the southern side of the province, could testify that Mr. Downie has
afforded every assistance in arresting, and putting out, forest fires in exist-
ence, besides instructing the employees to be on the look-out for them.

MR. GEORGE F. HILL — I am somewhat responsible for that

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 137

section ; and would say, in answer to the statement made by the
Surveyor-General, that the Intercolonial Railway look after the fires in
good shape, and also the Canadian Pacific Railway. Then if these roads are
not guilty of negligence, they will not come under the operation of the
section, supposing it was put into law. My experience of the Shore Line is
this — the Canadian Pacific Railway and the N. B. Southern run through a
farm of mine — the N. B. Southern through three - quarters of a mile of
wooded land. The Canadian Pacific has only burned us twice, once burning
our fields, and another time burning our farm over, and another time farm

* O '

fences ; but those were grass fires, in both cases : but the N. B. Southern
road, in addition to the danger from sparks, the engines are old, their ash-
pans are all out of order, and Mr. McLean acknowledges himself that they do
not keep the ashes, but distribute them along the road. Well, they get on a
partially decayed sleeper, which is not unknown on that line, and the sparks
go to the side of the road ; they never cut last year's or any other year's
grass, do not cut out any refuse they make from replacing sleepers, and so
everything is ignitable, and year after year I have to engage men to fight
the fires of that road.

I notice the C. P. R., and, as far as I know, the I. C. R., do things
better. They keep cleared up and cut out the distance required, 400 rods or
whatever it is. You have this difficulty, that you cannot prove that the
railways caused the fire, and that they were not caused by someone with a
cigarette. I feel that something ought to be done to prevent these fires.
Last year was a favorable one to the owners of property. We only had to
put out one small fire, when usually we have to fight quite a few during the
season.

Now we go down and cut and burn for ourselves, but I do not think we
ought to be put to that expense, and when our fences are burned it is pretty
difficult to get the N. B. Southern to rebuild a fence.

I think there is nothing in that report that will do any harm to the In-
tercolonial and Canadian Pacific Railways, but it will only reach the branch
roads. The N. B. Southern is not the only branch road, but a few others are
operating in the same way that it is.

A STRANGER — I came here to listen, but I might just say that I live
in a spot where we frequently have fires, and although it is generally said
that the Intercolonial Railway looks after their share of the fires, yet two
years ago my sons and I put out two fires which would have been danger-

138 ' NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

ous if we had not been near to see and prevent them from spreading. It
would seem to me that the Government ought to appoint about two fire-
wardens in each parish for two or three months of the year, whose duty it'
would be to look sharply after those fires and thus probably save much valu-
able forest to the province.

x
MR. J. D. HAZEN — I am sorry the Chairman of the Committee is not

here today, but I think Mr. Hill has explained the purpose which the com-
mittee had in view. They wanted, if possible to guard against two things; first,,
the danger of the forest catching fire while the railway construction was.
going on.

I pointed out to the committee that action along that line had been*
taken by this legislature in regard to the construction of the Grand Trunk
Pacific Railway, and an agreement reached with the builders in the construc-
tion of that road by the Government of this province regarding providing
ample protection to the country during the construction.

Then there is another large line of railway to be constructed across the
northern end of this province. First we should have in mind that laws
should be enacted and means taken to protect the forests from destruction
from fires while the railroads are being constructed, and in the second place-
prevent the destruction of the forests by the operation of the railroad after-
constructed and running.

I certainly think it would add very much to the force of the resolution
if the idea of the Attorney General was added to it, that is, that this conven-
tion should make a strong recommendation both to the Dominion Govern-
ment and to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in favor of their taking*
all necessary steps to protect the country through which they run from tire
caused by the operation of the railroads ; and while I have not time to con-
sult with the other members of the committee, I think I would take it upon
myself to say I would accept the suggestion made, and if the report is
adopted that an addition is made to it in that respect.

MR. KILBURN — I would say that I know the fires are doing the great-
est damage in connection with the Intercolonial Railway and are hardest to
fight. They take great precaution to fight them but it gets beyond their
control and then they do not fight it with any force.

MR. F. W. SUMNER— I think the root of the trouble in regard to the

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 139.

railway is in the smokestack screen. In the heavy grades that obtain on-
the Intercolonial Railway, and I believe on the Canadian Pacific Railway as.
well, long trains heavily loaded, the engines naturally send out large cinders,.
^ and as I understand it — although my information is secured secondhand,
/but I think authentic, from the Speaker of the House, that he read an article
not long ago saying that no railway in Canada today had the correct smoke-
stack lire screen, except the Lake St. John Railway. They had made a study
of it and today had practically a screen that would keep the sparks in.

These fires along the line of the railway are usually caused by the-
sparks that come through the screen. In a great many cases the locomo-
tives go out of the machine shops, or roundhouse, with the screen broken ;
they get broken and in the rush and hurry they often send a locomotive out
with a tear or break, and of course that engine making the trip that day
through a wooded country starts a great many tires. In fact I took the
trouble myself when I had some lumber burned one year and went to Camp-
bellton and found out that the screen in the smokestack was out of order
and had been out of order for a fortnight ; but still I could not prove it, al-
t'lough I got it from the engineer himself. When I went to the roundhouse
foreman and all hands made a statement it was in order and in themean-
ime they put it in order. I believe that is the main cause of the fires.

Again, in reference to the report, there is a subject which may be deli-
cate for me to touch upon, as I am interested in lumber. It seems to me
that the committee — I do not wish to criticize them, but they have consid-
erable courage to bring a report of that kind before a convention of lumber-
men and ask them to vote and adopt it. They reflect first, I think, on the
Government, on the sealers second, and on the lumbermen third, and in very
concise and specific manner. Of course I am willing to be with ths crowd
and if they want to make it unanimous I will be glad to do so, but I think
the lumbermen ought to get a report on the committee and see if they will
pass ours.

MR. STEWART— With reference to the fire screen referred to by the
last speaker : Within the last month or two the drawings of a certain fire
ncreen have been sent to me and the device has been used on the St. John
iJailway during the past season and is endorsed by the engineers, and I
notice also by one of the officers of the County of Quebec who strongly re-
commends it, and from the appearance of the drawings I think it is the best
-it certainly has the best showing on the face of it— the best device I have
seen brought out.

140 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

I sent it over to Mr. Butler, Chief Engineer of the Intercolonial Rail-
way, and his opinion was in accordance with mine. The difficulty heretofore
has been that the fire screens interfere with the draughts. This one has a
•device that seems to overcome that and I have very great hopes it will be
found successful. I just mention this as something that has lately come
-under notice and I think is worthy of being tried. It has been already tried
on some railways.

Resolution passed unanimously by the Convention.

MR. CHARLES E. FISH, Newcastle, N. B.— I have listened with great
pleasure and profit to the proceedings thus far and very much ground has
been covered and there is little left that I can say that will be new and of
interest to you, so that I think I would be resourceful indeed if I could say
anything that has not already been better said.

However, as I am somewhat attached to this industry and very much
interested in it I will express to you in as few words as possible matters
that have come to my attention in my daily work.

What I am about to say is purely from a home standpoint of conditions
as I have observed them in my daily rounds, and perhaps observations in
tfhe beautiful forests are as good a teacher as one could have. No doubt it

c5

lias occurred to most of you here, as it has to myself, that the time has now
-come when all that we understand as the backwoods and the bush is to be
elevated to a science as Forestry. It is not a danger or in any way antagon-
istic to the best interests of lumbermen. Its theories are old and have been
in practice for hundreds of years in the old countries, giving satisfactory
and continuous yearly results. It is so closely allied to the great industry
of our country that the wonder is we have not given it more attention here-
tofore.

A great deal has been said here of the wealth of our forests and our
attention has been drawn to it very clearly, to such aa extent that it is un-
necessary for me to speak of it at any great length It is said we annually
receive about twenty-tive per cent, of our provincial revenue from our Crown
lands, and if we add to this what the people receive from the same source it
makes a pretty good proposition from the business standpoint and shows
pretty clearly any effort we can put forth towards the preservation of our
forests is indeed a duty which we owe to the present and to the future wel-
fare of our country.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 141

Apart from the wealth it is to our country there is the great value of
the trees in bringing the rains to the dry streams. Then from the aesthetic
standpoint, the beauties of the forests and the beauties of nature as we read
them ; all these and many other considerations which might be gone into
show clearly how necessary it is for us to begin now and in earnest the sub-
ject of Forestry, of which I hope this convention is the initiative.

Our forest areas are gradually growing stronger and it would appear
we are not getting a proportionate increase in population or acreage under
cultivation. The value of the lumber we are getting from our forests is
increasing and has increased rapidly during the past few years. This is no
doubt due to increased demand and also largely to forest areas elsewhere
being rapidly depleted. Countries once our greatest competitors are today
among our best customers. We have in our forests a great heritage and
when we reflect on what nature unaided has done for us and how profligate
we have been of her bounty it becomes clear the time for prompt action is
now upon us.

The subject which I wish to speak of particularly today is entitled :
"The prevention of Forest Fires." The circle of our forest area is rapidly
becoming smaller, and as I stated a few moments ago, any effort we can put
forth should be put forth now. The cause of forest fires, or the source from
which they arise, is chiefly attributable to the carelessness of hundreds of
sportsmen and cruisers, lumbermen and settlers in clearing land, beny
pickers, fires from locomotives and sometimes they are attributable to light-
ning.

Those which aVe caused through human agency as well as by locomo-
tives we should be 'able to control. I do not think that we are very liable to
fires from lightning in our section of the country. It is generally accom-
panied by very heavy rain, and though we very frequently see deciduous
trees in the forests, which have been struck by lightning, yet we do not con-
sider there is half as much danger from that as they do in the west.

To fio-ht a forest fire is indeed a task and those who have engaged in it

B

will tell you how little can be done. We have seen a large force of men
armed with everything with which to fight a fire, armed with buckets, shovels
and picks, with axe and pickaxe, and aided by horses and plows, unable to
check its progress. So long as there is any dry moss, leaves, undergrowth
or resinous foliage to burn or feed it, it will run, blaze, roar and burn until

142 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

it burns itself out or through the intervention of a favorable wind or pro-
tracted rain it is extinguished.

Such being the case, it is quite clear that our action lies in taking steps
beforehand. While we may not be able to prevent every fire, we can at least
prevent the repetition of the cause of many past fires.

It might be that an efficient fire force could be formed — an efficient
force of fire rangers for service in the dry season. This force should be
mounted and along the lines of railway supplied with velocipedes. They
should keep posted in conspicuous places copies of our Forest Laws ; they
should issue passports to parties going into the woods in the dry months ;
they should report frequently to their chiefs, hold a rigid investigation into
the cause of all fires and report them to the Government. They should be
active, alert and constantly on duty to detect any outbreak and check it at
the start. They should be familiar with their district, knowing all the roads
leading from their settlements, the trails and streams, and be able to keep
in touch with all parties going to and returning from the forests.

There might be lookout towers erected on elevations commanding an
extensive view of the surrounding timber areas. They could be so placed
as to keep the whole timber area under the eyes of the lookouts during the
most dangerous months in the season. They could be cheaply erected, and
our country is especially adapted to it, affording suitable sites for the erec-
tion of these, towers.

The clearing away of old works and removal of tops of trees and boughs
is another important matter, but it might be expensive and probably difficult
to enforce. However, as we grow and go on I predict that in time we will
see that even this will be done in our forests. The Expense of this might
very reasonably be borne, or divided between the government and the lum-
bermen and the railways.

I have just briefly referred to the wealth of our country in forests and
to the cause of the very great destruction therein, and also suggested some-
thing that might be the means of preventing their destruction through fire.
A great deal more might be said, but it would be only recalling to your minds
what you have already heard. There are many questions I might touch up-
on that are more local in character and some in dispute between different
parties interested in the industry, but all these no doubt when our conven-
tion meets and talks the matter over again will be settled and adjusted, so

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 143

that in future we will be able to go on and discuss the matter more intelli-
gently and deal with it more successfully than has been done, and leave be-
hind a legacy to posterity which will be to them not a burden or debt, but
flourishing, beautiful forests abounding in wealth.

.Mr. James Beveridge of Chatham, then read the following paper :

v.

THE DEPENDENCE OF BUSINESS INTERESTS ON THE FOREST.

New Brunswick consists so largely of non-agricultural land, that the
business interests of the Province shall always be more or less, bound up
with, and dependent upon, the products of the forests. Although agricul-
ture flourishes in certain districts where it can take advantage of the rich

O

alluvial deposits chiefly found in the valleys and low lying lands, yet, taken
as a whole, it cannot be compared in this respect with the prairie lands of the
West, and one might with perfect truth say that, what wheat growing is to
the West, so may tree growing become to us here in the East. We possess
a climate admirably adapted for the cultivation of trees, and our natural
position together with natural advantages which the province itself .offers
for the pursuit of those industries that yield manufactured products for which
the forest supplies ithe raw materials, must be manifest to the most casual
observer. We possess three large rivers, namely, the Restigouche, Mira-
michi and St. John, which, with their tributaries, form a perfect labyrinth
of water ways intersecting the whole country and enabling the lumber of the
forests to be easily transported to seaboard, near which lie most of the im-
portant busihess centres.

The industries that depend on the forest for their existence may be
divided into two great classes, namely. : P'irst, those employing the mechanical
arts; and second, those that may more strictly be described as chemical
industries for the successful conduct of which, applied chemistry as well as
engineering, is necessary. Under the first class 1 include simple log sawing
and all its accessories, and those other manufactures using machinery alone
to produce their finished products, such as ground wood pulp, furniture, either
wholly or in part, window frame, door, shingle and such like manufactures ;
whilst under the second class, I would name, all products obtained from the
dry distillation of wood, such as wood tar, acetic acid, charcoal, the produc-

144 &EW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

tion of wood alcohol, oxalic acid, various extracts from bark, and so called
chemical wood fibre for paper making, all of which as above said, involve a
knowledge of applied chemistry for their successful pursuit.

Of these two classes of manufactures the simple sawing of deals, boards,
shingles and laths in our different saw mills, and the manufacture of chemical
fibre in our pulp factories, easily rank as the first or most important. We
possess indeed important tanning extract factories but I do not think there
is yet established in our midst any factory for the production of wood alcohol
and other of the chemical products above mentioned. And it seems strange
that this is so, for the so-called waste of our saw mills might be utilised in a
great variety of ways for the production of such like products, or indeed. for
the manufacture of paper pulp or of paper itself forming a valuable asset of
the State. So far as I am aware there is only one manufacturer in this
province who has successfully attempted the utilisation of saw mill waste by
converting it into a variety of paper or paper board which I understand finds
a ready sale as a sheathing and for other purposes. Kindred methods of
utilising such waste have been in vogue for many years in Europe, the pro-
ducts of whose factories rank high in quality and yield excellent profits to-
the manufacturer.

To give an idea of the enormous \vaste going on in our mills I have
computed the following : For every thousand superficial feet cut it has been
stated in evidence that the edgings obtained measure when piled from
9/10ths to one cord of 128 cubic feet. I am however disposed to consider
the actual amount obtained in ordinary practice, after deducting laths,
pickets, barrel heads and staves, etc., cut from the slabs to be more nearly
2/3rds of a cord. The estimated cut of deals in New Brunswick alone I set
down as 350 millions so that 2/3rds of 350,000 or 233,333 cords of waste
edgings are produced annually. As two cords of such waste when properly
treated will yield by any of the well known chemical processes, one ton of
chemical wrood fibre, and one ton of such fibre will yield one ton of paper,
this waste wood if converted into paper would therefore yield 116,666 tons
whose value taken at 75 dollars per ton would be equivalent to a total value
of over 8| millions of dollars. I am well aware that a portion of this waste
wood is sold locally for fuel and probably the whole 2/3rds of a cord per
thousand cut is not available for conversion into useful trade products. But
the above is a measure of the possibilities for utilising this waste wood and
it is a significant fact that the trade value of the product produced from such
waste, is far in excess of the actual value of the deals and other accessory

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONTENTION. 145

products in the manufacture of which the waste is obtained. I have touched
somewhat lightly on this subject to point out the obvious opportunities there
are for our manufacturers to turn their attention to the utilisation of their
waste, a scheme for which, would not only enrich themselves but the state
as well.

In order to make a comparison of the relative values of the saw mills
and chemical pulp factories and their products I have made the following
estimates which I offer as being only substantially true. Of saw mills I in-
clude those of an established or permanent character and exclude these mills
called '-portables." The total lumber including deals and other products cut
in 1906 in such mills in New Brunswick, nearly approached 450 millions,
board measure, the mills having an estimated aggregate capital in plant and
machinery of $2,250,000. The total estimated value of their products may
be set down at $6, 750,000, whilst they paid to the State in wages a sum
nearly equal to $3, 150,000.

On the other hand the total invested capital in plant and machinery of
the four sulphite mills in the Province aggregates $1,850,000, they produce
43,000 tons of fibre per year of the value of §1,400,000 at the factory ; con-
sume 47 million feet of logs ; 6', 000 tons of coal, which they draw from the
neighbouring Province of Nova Scotia, and pay $516,000 nearly in wages
annually to the State. On comparing these figures it will readily be seen
that in point of importance to the community or State, the production of
chemical fibre easily takes a first place. This indeed, can be more readily
demonstrated if the camparison be made on a stricter basi^. Taking 1,000
superficial feet of logs board measure brought out of the forest, as the basis
of comparison, we get the following :

Relative value, etc., of sawmills and pulp factories. Basis of comparison
1,000 superficial feet lumber used.

Saw Mill Sulphite Fibre Factory

Wages, >. **.00 *™<>

Value 'of product at factory, 15.00

Capital invested in plant, machinery, etc., 5.00

That is to say, pulp mills pay 5/12ths more wages to the State, produce
a product twice the value, and have an invested capital 8 times greater than
saw mills, for every 1,000 superficial feet of Idgs which they respectively use.

146 NEW BRJJNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

No one will deny that where capital is invested in expensive plant and ma-
chinery it adds stability to the community or neighbourhood in which it is
placed ; and also that the importance of an industry to a State or common-
wealth depends upon the amount of money which that industry pays for
wages or to the wage earning class.

These comparisons are not made for any invidious purpose but simply
to point out the importance of the sulphite fibre industry to this Province,
and as plea to the Government to support and foster that industry by grant-
ing the pulp companies every facility, not only to conduct their business
without reasonable let or hindrance, but also to grant to them certain
privileges in respect to forest lands which will enable them to consolidate
themselves and become established factors in the country. Pulp factories
are so costly that no one can embark in the business nowadays without
havino1 behind him some guarantee that the supply of raw material in the
form of pulpwood will be forthcoming for a long period of years, in uniform
quantity and uniform in price, outside the ordinary fluctuations of the labor
market.

The same holds true of the lumber sawing industry, for, notwithstand-
ing their vested interest in plant and machinery is less than that of pulp and
paper mills per thousand superficial feet of lumber they consume, they
manufacture a much needed product and one in constant demand, and if in
so doino- they have hitherto neglected to utilise to the full their waste
material the future lies open to them to amend their ways and so become
more useful citizens of the State.

For many years there has been an outcry against pulp mills wherever
thev have been established in countries possessing large forests, chiefly on
the score of cutting small trees. No doubt this outcry was justifiable in
certain cases but in the vast majority it was unwarranted. The illegal cut-
ting of small wood by any one should be stopped, be they owners of pulp
mills saw mills or portable rotaries. The portable rotary is a great sinner.
It usually leaves behind it, wherever operated, evidences of flagrant waste.
If the same sized lumber usually handled by these mills were passed over to
the pulp or paper maker every particle of the log would be utilised with all
the aforenamed advantages to the State, viz., more wages paid per thousand
feet cut and higher value of product produced.

' As a matter of fact my experience which extends over the greater part
of Northern Europe (Russia, Finland, Norway and Sweden) as well as Canada

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 147

and Newfoundland, has confirmed a belief long held, that it does not pay
pulp mills. to use too small lumber but only that of medium size. The average
diameter I would set down at 9 inches in the middle as the* most suitable to
which no exception should be taken on the ground that the whole tree is
used down to five or six inches at the small end. In Norway and Sweden
where the forest laws are stricter and better maintained than in this country,
the establishment of pulp and paper mills of every class has been fostered
and encouraged, for their operation has proved of great benefit to the State.

Industries, such as pulp and paper making and lumber sawing, cannot
become permanent in a country unless due regard is paid to the source of
raw material upon which their existence depends, namely, the forest. It is
well knowa that forest lands near our saw mills do not now yield as large
sized logs as formerly, or in other words, they have been depleted and a
second growth has arisen consisting of smaller trees and what I will call for
want of a better term "weeds." By weeds I mean the broad-leafed trees in
contradistinction to the conifers or the pine family. This so called "second
growth" is said not to yield such good lumber as the growth immediately
preceding it, and I believe this to be true, for the simple reason that no
attempt is made by the owner of these lands to give a chance for the best
trees to grow by freeing the forest from weeds. Again, the growth is fre-
quently so thick, that unless thinning is resorted to, it is impossible to obtain
saw logs under a very long period of years. Until in fact the stronger sur-
vive their weaker brethern. To allow nature to go on unaided in this
fashion in demonstrating that well known law — "the survival of the fittest"-
is, to say the least, impolitic, and the only remedy is to allow the process of
thinning to take place judiciously, under, if found necessary or expedient,
•Government supervision, so that the forests may ultimately become "a boon
and a blessing to mankind." Now the depletion of such lauds of saw logs
and subsequent permission for the growth of weeds hns not been the work
of the pulp or paper maker, and as what is obtained in the process of thin-
king is unsuitable in point of size for sawing on account of the waste which
this" operation entails, is it unreasonable to request that that lumber be
handed over to the pulp and paper maker for conversion into useful pro-
• clucts ? Mr. E. Hutchinson of the Miramichi, than whom there is no abler
lumberman or closer observer of all departments of his business in the Prov-
ince, informs me that from a Jong series of observations he has concluded
that it takes about 130 years to grow a saw log of the 18 by 10 limit and
that 70 years is the period of growth of a medium sized spruce tree, under,
I presume, the conditions of growth which at present prevail m the Mira-

148 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

michi district. These conditions, varying somewhat in different districts^
according to soil, and climatic influences, are generally not favorable to the
rapid growth of lumber, mainly because of the too close proximity of neigh-
bouring trees, and thus the yield of good sized merchantable lumber from
such forest lands is low. Under proper cultivation and given average quality
land in respect to soil, etc., I believe that our native black spruce can be
grown of equal size to that referred to by Mr. Hutchiuson in a much less
period, say for 18x10 logs, 80 to 90 years, and for medium sized logs for
pulp manufacture, in from 40 to 45 years, and I base this belief on results
obtained elsewhere, particularly in Germany and Scandinavia. As you all
know in Germany the cultivation of trees has become a science. No one can;
pass through the Baltic provinces of that country without making that
observation for himself. He will there find the forests, if one might so use
the term towards comparatively small areas of woodland, regularly planted
and carefully tended. But the mode of culture in that part of the world
would not be suitable, or is not necessary for us here. We already own vast
tracts of forest lands which only require a fair amount of attention and the
application of a little common sens,e in their treatment to convert them in
course of time into very valuable assets of the State. The ordinary New"
Brunswick farmer who owns a wood lot of say 100 acres or more, if, instead
of devoting part of his time to outside pursuits, paid proper heed to his
forest trees, might in a short time become possessed of considerable wealth,
for it is quite possible to grow at least 100 cords of spruce pulp wood on one-
acre of such land within a generation, provided the weeds are kept under
and only the valuable timber allowed to grow.

v O m

In Germany under cultivation over 3,000 trees regularly spaced can be
grown per acre up to 25 years of age, the forest is then gradually thinned
the thinnings being suitable for pulp and paper making or other purposes
where small timber is needed. Usually 10 per cent, or 300 trees are left
standing for growth into large size, which growth covers a period of from
80 to 90 years.

Perhaps I am the only one at this convention who has had experience
in Scandinavia as well as in our own province in the treatment of forests
and a description of the practice of forestry as carried out in that part of
Sweden where I had control of 40 square miles connected with a large pulp
factory, may be interesting and perhaps instructive. There was no attempt
at growing either from seed or young sapling, but each tree intended to be
cut, was carefully selected, measured and marked (by blazing). The marked

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 149

-trees were then counted and the felling and trimming let out by contract at
-so much per tree. The outer bark was then taken off with the axe, also by
contract, and the peeled logs hauled direct from the stump to the stream,
where the process of driving (or floating as it is called there) was carried
out much in the same way as here. The average size of lumber used in that
particular mill would be when peeled 8 inches. In the case of lumber for
saw mills the logs were of larger size and were not peeled. The work of
getting these saw logs was carried out by contract at so much per stick.

The forest was kept clean by felling all weeds, gathering up all wind
falls and tree tops unsuitable for pulp, and hauling and floating these to the
factory for fuel wood, such timber remaining uubarked. In one season alone
I took delivery of 25,000 cords (nearly) of fuel wood thus obtained and
20,000 cords of pulp wood. Of course such practice can only be carried out
in association with a factory using large quantities of fuel and where labor
is cheap to enable the fuel wood to compete with coal. There is no reason
why such a system of clearing the forests for the better growth of trees
should not be carried on here under similar conditions.

It seems to me that the treatment of our forests should be carried out
on a broad common sense basis. A system of keeping the weeds under,
removal of debris, and thinning out to let the stronger and healthier trees
grow should be adopted and that such a system should be carried out on
well defined and comparatively small areas, either by the Government or
private ownership (license holders). Assuming that spruce (or any other
timber) in accordance with the prevailing conditions, were required, the num-
ber of trees per acre might be regulated by law within certain ascertained
limits. In this way the growth of trees of large size would be promoted and
the sawing industry preserved in those districts where today it is difficult to
find the necessary supply of logs of proper size. Meanwhile, there is ample
outlet for the smaller timber in our pulp mills, and the whole system might
be under efficient government control. Mr. Tweedie's bill of last year is cer-
tainly a step in the right direction and is marked by a broad common sense
vi 3 w of the whole question, treated on business lines. Personally, I hope
that thafc bill will be realized in practice although obviously it involves the
expenditure of large sums of money in its operation. It is a comparatively
easy matter to legislate but quite another matter to carry that legislation
into effect in a small community. The bill itself does not perhaps go far
enough. Still, it is a great step in advance towards a better state of things.
The question of longer leases I must leave to abler members of this conven-

150 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

tion than myself. Perhaps the Government, in its wisdom, may ere long see
the advantage of granting some further concessions along tJiis line, in order
to increase the present license-holders' interest in preserving by judiciously-
nursing the forests under their control.

Finally, in this brief and very imperfect paper, I have tried to rapidly
distinguish the two great industries depending upon the forests for their
existence ; have given an idea of their magnitude ; have drawn a comparisoa.
between their respective values to the community on a strictly comparable
basis ; and have pointed out the direction in which the products of the forest
might be further utilized for the benefit of the individual manufacturer as
well as the State itself. Moreover I have in a fragmentary way touched
upon the forests themselves, of which I understand we possess under license-
nearly 10,000 square miles, giving hints for their better management, increase
of growth and preservation. The subject is indeed a large one and may well'
baffle our legislators. Perhaps much could be done by individual license
holders themselves and it is to be hoped some effort will be made on their
part, as also the farmers who own granted wood lands, to assist in preserv-
ing the national inheritance.

Mr. W. B. Snowball, of Chatham, read the following paper :
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, —

I have been asked by the Government to prepare a paper on "Value
and Importance of Lumber Business to New Brunswick." The subject is a
large one and of great importance at this time. If business interests
generally do not depend on the lumber trade in our country, why the
necessity of the Government calling such a Convention as now convened,
and go to the expense they have in this matter? Why are we meeting to
talk over and discuss the best means of preserving and perpetuating our
Forests ? As the heart is to the human being, pulsation and driving life
through the whole frame, transmitting energy and power, so the lumber
trade is to business life of our Province vitalizing and energising it or de-
pressing and weakening as its condition may be at the time. All other indus-
tries centre and cluster around our forest manufactures, and are strong or
weak, prosper or decline according to the conditions of the lumber markets.
To maintain, therefore, in our Province a healthy business life the preserva-
tion and maintenance of our forests must command our attention.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 151

President Roosevelt has said — "Wood is an indespensable part of the
material structure upon which civilization rests. If forests are destroyed it
is only a short time before business interests suffer in consequence."

What does our forest industry mean to our Province? It brings into
our Province about ten million dollars annually and of this amount I esti-
mate that about one third is paid out in wages. Such an industry must be
of great importance to any country.

Our Government is dependent on the forest for a large portion of its
revenue, $251,883.25 coming from this source last year, and the loss of the
revenue from this direction would mean direct taxation and every man in
our Province would be directly affected.

The lumber business, whether for deals or plup affects more people and
interests, more callings and professions than the fisheries or the mines, in
fact both the^e industries are themselves dependent on the lumber. It has
been said that abundance of wood is one of the prime necessities for success-
ful mining.

Take the banking business of our province. If the lumber business
were to stop, would it not suffer ? Some one may say, where would h
lumber business be to-day if it had not been for the faith banks had in the
industry ? Banking and lumbering interests are closely interwoven. Lum-
bermen must of necessity be borrowers, when you consider that logging
operations commence in August, and the result of this work rarely reaches
the market until the following June, especially is this so in Northern New
Brunswick, where we have not open ports all the year round.

The sale of lumber products to foreign countries also places exchange
on the market, for which all banks are eagerly looking. But not only in
this connection are banks benefited but general trade is assisted, payments
are good or bad depending on the lumber business, a good lumber year
means more money on deposit and, therefore, more for the banks to use.
.Railways are also benefited, more people are travelling, more goods moving,
if forests operations are profitable. They also need the forest and are de-
pendent on them for ties and for material for construction work arid for cars.

The manufactures are dependent on the success of the lumber industry.
More clothincr is needed, more Humphrey's Tweeds, more blanketing, more

152 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

stoves, etc., more material required for packing cases and crates as the
quickened thr<5b of the lumber pulse announces increasing life.

The Merchants, wholesale and retail, keep a watchful eye on the lumber
business, they follow with interest the rise and fall of the markets, and
gauge their baying and the credit given "by the prospects of good or bad
year in the sale of forest products.

But the Farmer — how his interest is bound up with the success of the
lumber industry. This farming industry that is second to none, and the
back bone of the country.

The lumberman needs his hay, oats, beef, pork, they require his horses,
in fact everything the farmer raises. A ready market right at his door and
governed by the condition of the demand for lumber. Thjs country should
abound in farmers and wealthy farmers, as they have such a handy market.

We are glad to find the Government encouraging the farmers by grants
to butter and cheese factories, importing cattle, sheep and horses, aiding
agricultural societies, etc., and we hope the farmers will soon be able to
supply the lumber industry with all the hay, oats, beef, etc., needed and thus
keep the money in our Province. Heavy draught horses and large cattle are
much needed in our country to supply the lumber demands.

One large concern recently purchased horses for New Brunswick in
Montreal and paid $4,200.00 for 18 animals and then did not get as suitable
ones as were required. There is a good opportunity in this direction and we
are glad to see that the Government intends importing some heavy draught
mares for sale in the Province. For successful farming it is said at least 25^
of the country should be wooded. Farmers also depend on the maintenance
of forests to preserve stream for irrigation, for the gathering of moisture and
to protect from cold winds.

The laboring classes — whether in mill, factory, forest or wrherever em-
ployed, look on the lumber industry as the great barometer that tells what
kind of days are coming and by it they gauge the prosperity or otherwise
of the year. The success of this trade and the increased demand for lumber
makes more men necessary and governs the wages and provides the perma-
nent daily employment. When we consider that a few years since labor
about mills and yards received $1.10 to $1.25 per day while today they get
$1.50 to $1.75 and in the woods three or four years ago $18.00 to $22.00

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 153

per month was the usual wage for good men, while today $28.00 to $35.00
is paid, you can readily see how the laboring man has benefited by the im-
proved state of the lumber business. No class lives better and spends money
more freely than they do when earning good wages and every trade benefits
by their prosperity. The government a few years . since passed a lien law
protecting them for wages earned in connection with logs, the principles of
Tvhich are both equitable and just and recently has passed more legislation
to protect the laboring man.

I might here refer to the Government's arrangement with the Salvation
Army and others for the importation of labor. With the increased work in
the manufacture and shipping and the improvement in all industries in New
Brunswick and the stricter attention paid by the farmer to agriculture, not
going out to work in the mill as formerly, the call of the west which was
responded to by so many of our young men, it has become necessary for
more labor to be brought into our country. All industries were more or less
hampered for the want of labor last season. I would like, however, to im-
press on the Government and through them on the parties bringing out the
men, that from what I have seen ofi the Salvation Army and other importa-
tion that the right class of men are not being picked. We do not want men
who have not been used to labor or who have been looking for work, and
not wanting to find it, nor men who have been brought up to easy employ-
ments, but we need rugged, sober men, active, industrious; men of medium
stature, good physique, married men preferred, who know what labor is and
are prepared to do it without complaining. We have in our Province a
working class intelligent, industrious, active and we want men imported who
can take places alongside of them and be of assistance and not a hindrance.

With so many interests dependent on the maintenance and preservation
of our forest areas, is it any wonder that a Government that has done so
much for the benefit of our Province and assisted agriculture and other in-
dustries, passed equitable laws to protect the working men, should now
turn its attention to this important subject and try to find out what can be
done to perpetuate our forest wealth and at the same time deal fairly with
the vested rights.

The question, therefore, arises, how can we best maintain permanently
the revenue from the timber limits and in connection with this, how can we
. protect this valuable revenue producer from fire ?

The Government made a wise move at the land sales of 1893, when they

154 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

extended the leases from ten to 25 years. It made the mill owning land
holder jointly interested with the Government for the maintenance and
preservation of the forest as the success of their vested interests in mills,
wharves, tug boats, booms, logging plants, stream improvements and damsr
was wrapped up in the continuance of the forests and today I am satisfied
that every large holder can report their lands are practically as good, except
where fires have occurred, as they were ten years ago. Now let us enlarge
on this system so ably instituted by an astute Government, and we find per-
petual leases the outcome, as outlined in the present Government's timber
limits policy. Link together the vested rights and the Government making-

a mutual interest and to my mind you have the surest and safest method of

j ^

perpetuating the continuance of the revenue and the preservation of our
forest areas and also the continuance of an industry so beneficial to our
Province. I do not think that the Government should delay taking definite
action on this policy or put oft' to some date five or six years hence, the time it
will take to prepare plans, etc , the putting of same into practice, but they
should let the limit holders know at once what the policy will be for con-
tinuence.

With reference to fire protection I think some uniform policy should be
adopted, appointing fire rangers to definite districts, who will spend their
entire time, from May till October, on their territory, and arranging for the
payment of them.

Special attention should be paid to districts through which public roads
and railways run and along wood trails, fishing streams and on areas hunted
for moose and caribou.

If the conclusions drawn in this paper are correct then every industry
should assist in advancing the forest interests and we hope that whether
looking at it from the standpoint of a limit holder or that of an interested
outsider, who might wish to hold limits, that we will approach it with good
judgment, so as to assist the Government in solving a matter of such great
importance to our Province.

A. E. Hanson then read a paper on

THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF OUR FORESTS, WITH SOME OF
THE ECONOMICAL RESULTS OF WORKING THE SAME.

Next to agriculture, the chief industry of New Brunswick is the
manufacture and export of lumber. Her greatest asset is her forest

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 155-

wealth. The protection and perpetuation of the Timber Lands and our -
lumber interests is the all-important issue today for our Government to con-
. rider, and our people, having been educated to the necessity of Forestry
Education, will heartily support the administration who makes it their aim.
to give the best possible care for our growing woods.

The waste of tree life by settling and clearing unfitted lands for agri-
culture, waste by fire, and waste in lumber operations, are preventable in a*
large measure.

The construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway across country
through the central portion of our Province, crossing the head waters of the
Tobique, Nashwaak, Miramichi, Taxis and Salmon Rivers, and other-
streams, will, in my opinion, be one of the most objectionable features that
this Province has been compelled to adopt in its entire history. From what
we know of the I. C. R. north from Moncton, and other" railways such as the
Gibson Branch, etc., they have done, on account of fire, millions of dollars*
worth of damage.

The consequential damages that the G. T. P. will do in the next ten-
years, if built across the central portion of our Province, will be simply in-
calculable, and every effort should be made to safeguard this portion of the-
Country. The heads of the several Governments of the Western
Hemisphere are all awaking up to the fact that the time has arrived
that demands immediate action be taken in protecting our forests, and'
schools of forestry are being established throughout the land, and it is,
suggested here that New Brunswick do the same.

THE NEED OF FOREST PRESERVATION.
Dr. Fernow says in his " Economics of Forestry " :

The natural Forest Resources, as we find in America today, consists of
an accumulation of wood capital, lying idle and awaiting the hand of a
rational manager, to do its duty as a producer of a continuous, highest
revenue. The demands today upon the forest products of the United States
are greater than the supply.

It is often said that the lumber here in our country is inexhaustible. I
for one cannot agree with this, and I am going to say here that the time
has arrived when the Government of today must advance some rational and
up - to - date methods for protecting our lands and forests. The conditions,

156 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

confronting the lumbermen and the user of his products are today in this
Province that we are paying dividends out of OUT capital stock which no
good business man will do. In the near future our wood must be supplied
by growth and reproduction, and the now commonly despised second growth
will come to be our source of supply. Referring to second growth, I will
here cite an incident : —

Five miles back of the City of Fredericton, in New Maryland, I own a
piece of land, 220 acres. Fifty years ago, the land had then lately
been burned over, and no large trees of any kind were left ; since that time,
the growth of white spruce, fir, and pine, has multiplied so rapidly that this
winter I was enabled to cut almost one and one-half thousand feet B. M. to
the acre from off the 220 acres, 2 - 3 of the total cut was merchantable,
calling a 10-inch Jog a merchantable one, and I expect that in ten years'
time, barring fire, to go back and repeat the operation.

This percentage of increase of second growth will not apply to virgin
timber land, as it is well known that it takes over 100 years for virgin lands
to grow full-sized trees.

While here, allow me to congratulate the Province that its second
growth lands, in some cases, will soon be good productive lands of pine and
spruce. ,

The highly-managed forests of Germany grow, on an average,
of about 50 cubic feet of wood per acre annually ; as a matter of fact, the
annual growth of our forests, as a whole, under the present conditions of
abuse, is probably not more than one-fifth of that, assuming that they
are 10 feet, B. M., in one cubic foot, this, therefore, leaves an an-
nual growth of 100 feet to the acre. Now, allowing this annual
growth, and assuming that out of the 10,000 square miles of licensed
ground in this Province, there is only one half of it fit to cut over, there
will be an annual accretion of over 300,000,000, as against, say 150,000,000,
being taken each year ; and, it must not be forgotten, that the fire fiend is
always playing havoc and consuming year by year large areas of good forest
lands, and the advent of the G. T. P. across the central portion of our chief
spruce-producing lands tends to increase the danger to a very large degree.
This is the second time I have referred to this particular railway. It would
be unworthy of me, as a citizen of this country, to let this opportunity pass,
without giving my opinion in reference to this project. Speaking from no
uncertain knowledge of the country through which this railway will traverse,

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION- 157

and it seems almost accepted that the central route will be the one selected,
I assert that it is an unfair and unjust transaction for the Federal Govern-
ment to adopt this route, endangering by fire New Brunswick's
valuable forest assets, on the heads of the aforesaid mentioned streams,
when the valley route could be easily taken, thereby not only giving more
railway accommodation to the 60 , 000 people settled along the valley, but it
will from an economical engineering standpoint be a more advantageous
route.

The rise in lumber prices has steadily advanced, also has the rise in
timber lands. In some cases in this Province there have been some phenom-
enal gains, therefore there cannot be any argument advanced why stumpage
dues should not advance pro rata. This is a burning question. Stumpage
dues should be regulated to suit the locality.

The present Government, having called this Convention, together, is
seeking information from different sources, preparatory to making an ad-
vance towards furthering the productive interests of our Forest Lands, and
if I may be allowed to advance some few ideas, I hope they will be taken as
having had some little knowledge on this subject during my experience of
the past twenty years.

(1) I would suggest that there be a more strenuous' effort made to en-
force the Fire Act, because " an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of
cure ! " And while here, I may say that the County of Westmorland Fire
Law was considered a good one, when passed, but as the Judge of that par-
ticular district has decided that the man who sets lire must be seen actually
doing it, and will not allow the burden of proof to be upon the transgressor,
therefore the law appears to have no value in a case of this kind ; therefore
in making the Fire Laws they should be amended so that the party suspect-
ed be put upon oath and made to state the facts so far as he is concerned.

(2) Stringent measures should be meted out to the Licensee of Grown.
Lands who does not comply with the efficient law relating to the undersized
cutting of logs. The law today is not adhered to and if allowed to continue
it will be one of the means towards depleting our forest. It takes time for
a spruce tree in virgin forest to become a saw log of eleven inches at the top,
and if this law was thoroughly enforced, I feel confident that our reproduc-
tive spruce lands would soon recuperate. Let us protect what we have,
rather than look forward to such an expensive operation as reafforestation,

158 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

"because a forest properly treated will yield a safe investment at no less than
-5J£ compound interest.

(3) I would advise a system of astronomical block lines be run, blocks
to be divided into say two mile blocks valuation surveys to be made
each year. By this system a certain amount of stock taking can be
had year after year. It must appear apparent that a system must be
adopted to keep in touch with the management of our Crown Lands.

(4) A chief forest ranger should be appointed, also forest rangers,
whether they be forest ranger or forest estimators. New ideas must be in-
fused into the management of the Crown Lands to get the best results and
to suit present conditions and above all to prepare for the future forest crop ;
that in our next generation will be a source of pride as well as one of
revenue.

These forest rangers should be employed jointly by the Government and
ihe licensee tliey should have cart blanche for calling assistance necessary for
putting out fires, and also stopping the wasteful cutting by the operators.
They must be men competent to report how much timber was damaged and
the location of same so that the Licensee can cut the ensuing year. They
should also be able to value and put an upset price on any piece of timber
land at the Crown Land sales, and no Crown Land should be sold, without
some report made of same.

(5) The Licensee should not be allowed to cut a log down by the old
method of the axe, the modern saw method together with taking out the top
even as low down as in some cases to 6 inches should be enforced, especial-
ly where Pulp Mills are in evidence. The exact diameter depends whether
logs are to be used as saw logs or for pulp and on local conditions, but as the
present price of spruce it is a poor business policy to leave merchantable
timber in the woods. It can therefore be seen that by adhering to the saw
method and taking out the tops that a stand of spruce or pine timber, say 20
trees to the acre there would be saving over 1,000 feet to the acre to the
owner of the land.

(6) Great care should be exercised in making and laying out lumber
roads and as few built as necessary to get the logs. Too many roads net
only destroy more timber, but add greatly to the cost of maintaing in time
of winter, no logs should be left in the woods. The average size of logs
placed upon the market today tells the tale, as compared with years gone by-

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 159

By this observance alone we know that the forestry conditions are greatly
•changing and will continue to do so, if some of the above suggestions are not
adhered to.

(7) I would advise the present administration in reference to the tenure
•of our Licensees. There is no disputing the fact that the well established
lumbermen with their established plants, etc. holding acres of our Crown
Lands should be protected, in the tenure of their lease, and it must be ad-
mitted that unless proper steps are taken before the expiration of the
twenty-five year lease to safe guard these established conditions and inter-
ests, the lumbermen will almost to a man attempt to deplete and take away
the most amount of wood material within his limited time, and I therefore
strongly advise the Government of the day to see to it that proper protec-
tion is meted out to their interests.

(8) I would suggest that a commission composed of five men be ap-
pointed, say two members of the Executive Government, two practical lum-
fosrmen and one scientific man together with the Chief Forester whose duties
it would be to manage the Crown Lands. Do away with the Political
Machine.

The subject before me is one of very great scope and one that I have
given some little attention to for some years and I have touched upon some
of the leading features that I think should be attended to by the Department
of Crown Lands.

Hon. L. J. Tweedie read a paper prepared by Mr. C. E. Oak of the
Miramichi Lumber Company :

BANGOK, Maine, Feb. 16, 1907.

HON. L. J. TWEEDIE,

Premier of New Brunswick.

DEAR SIR, —

For many months I have been planning to attend the Forestry Conven-
tion when it should be held in New Brunswick, but, owing to very important
business, that will demand my attention next week, I fear that it will be im-

160 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

possible. Therefore venture to embody some of my viewa in a. letter, which
you are at liberty to use in any manner you see fit.

In the first instance, allow me to state that personally, as well as for
the interests of the company with which I am connected, I am deeply inter-
ested in the subject of Forestry, which has had my very close attention for
the past fourteen years. First as Forest Commissioner of the State of Maine
and later as manager of quite extensive wild lands.

The methods in vogue in foreign countries, as well as all of the data
published by the Forestry schools in this country and by the National De-
partment of Forestry in Washington. I have followed closely and while many
valuable points are to be gathered, I regret to say that experience teaches
me that the bulk of it is not applicable to Maine, or to New Brunswick,
where conditions are very similar at the present time. In order to make
myself fully understood, allow me to state that my experience teaches me
that we have not as yet reached the period in deforestation, or in exhausting
our forest products, where it is possible, from a financial standpoint, to
adopt, except in a very small way, the scientific Forestry, as practiced in
France and Germany. In fact, I will go further and state that I do not think
^t a practical proposition for any one individual or corporation to adopt
scientific Forestry for a number of generations yet to come. My reason for
so believing, I will frankly admit, is wholly from a mercenary standpoint.
In other words, every individual, company or corporation owning timberlands
is looking for a reasonable return from the money invested in the way of
annual dividends ; and these are not possible, except after a long series of
years, from the practice of scientific Forestry. Revenues from tree seeding
or. planting, or benefits derived from tree pruning, can only be obtained after
a long series of years, and considering the fact that mature tree growth,
suitable for present cutting, can be bought in the open market at prices
ranging from $2.00 to $5.00 per acre, according to location, and that the
cost of raising and growing timberland by tree planting would be from $50.00
to $150.00 per acre, it requires no argument to demonstrate my proposition
that no individual can afford, from a financial standpoint, to seriously con-
sider its feasibility. If, therefore, scientific Forestry is to be adopted, it can
only be done by governments, just as long as our forest products remain at
prices anything like those at present. Governments must anticipate the
future and prepare, as far as possible to do so, for generations to come after
us, by anticipating their needs, but this is not expected from individuals.
Yetj even with governments, conservatism must be shown with reference to

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 161

this subject, as well as all others and the lavish outlays which would be
required if scientific Forestry were to be practiced on a large scale would
hardly be warranted. Please bear in mind that my above suggestions apply
to the idea of adopting such methods as France and Germany are at present
following, where even the smallest twig or limb has a value ; but allow me to
add that I do think it advisable, both for the individual and particularly
for governments, to adopt certain Forestry regulations, which shall be great
modifications of the scientific methods.

Briefly, I will indicate a few of these ideas. First, it should be compul-
sory for all wild land owners, as well as lessees of w-ild lands, that seventy-
five per cent, or -more of the trees should be felled by saws rather than axes,
and that the stumps should be cut as low as the swell of the roots will allow.
This means that, on an average, a foot and a half in length of each tree, of
the very best quality and sized wood in the tree, will be saved from what
would result if the tree was felled with axes. A brief calculation will show
what this amounts to. For instance, suppose that any lumberman should
cut 100,000 trees annually, which is not a large cut of lumber. If only one
foot was saved on the butt of each of these trees, of the average size of those
cat in the Province of New Brunswick for mill purposes, the saving would
b3, at least, one half million feet; and this lumber would cost actually
nothing to save. In fact, the expense of felling with saws is even less than
felling with axes. When once felled, it is the duty of every lumberman to
take all of the lumber cut that can be made valuable for any purpose what-
soever. In other words, the small trees cut in making yards, roads and
landings, as well as the tops of the trees, where saw-logs have been taken
down to quite a small size at the top, should ' be driven to the mills and
manufactured into low grade lumber. This wood all has a value at the
present time, although it was but a few years ago that the forest was con-
sidered the enemy of civilization • in this country, and it was commendable
at any and all times, to destroy lumber for the sake of creating farm terri-
tory. One feature of lumbering that I note is quite generally practiced in
New Brunswick, and which is very commendable, is this : I njfer to the idea
of yarding and handling trees to the main roads very largely by means of
one horse" It was but a few years ago that in the regions where I am most
familiar, it was very common to yard logs with sleds, using two horses. This
required very much more swamping and the destruction of small, or baby
growth, by the method referred to. This idea, it seems to me, should be
embraced in all contracts, viz., forbidding going to the stump with two sleds,
and making it compulsory to do the yarding almost entirely with one horse

162 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

The dragging of logs by means of one horse accomplishes a double purpose.
It not only saves the baby growth, but at the same time, removes the moss
from the mineral soil, when the yarding is done in the fall of the year before
the snows get deep, which affords opportunity for the spruce to reseed. Fir,
as is well known, reseeds very rapidly by germinating in the moss, but this
is not true regarding spruce, which is a very much more valuable wood and
must have a mineral soil in which to germinate. The idea is discussed very
frequently in this region of limiting the size to which trees may lie taken,
and upon this subject I find a wide range of ideas. In some localities the
limit is placed at fourteen inches at the butt, while in otheVs it is twelve or
ten, and even no limit whatever. In my judgment, it would be wise and
proper to place a limit where it is mixed growth and where future crops may
be expected from the under-sized trees left standing ; but all must realize
that there are many exposed places where, if the lumber is thinned, allowing
the winds to enter, it is almost sure that the balance of the growth will blow

* o

down. When this condition results, the effect is far worse than as though
?the ground had been absolutely deforested. It is also true that there are
many lowlands where perhaps the extreme size that trees ever have grown,
vip to the present generation, may be only ten or twelve inches, or even less,
on the stump. In such localities, whatever wood is removed by the thin-
ning process is clear gain, because the growth on the balance after thinning,
in many instances, is much greater than the growth on the whole stand
before the thinning takes place.

By following the suggestions as above outlined, much of the lumber
that heretofore has been worse than wasted, because when left on the ground

' O

it served as fuel for forest fires, will be saved, and material advance along
forestry lines will be made ; and when these methods are once fully estab-
lished, they wiU suggest other ideas for still further improvement. Making
it compulsory to take the small sized trees, when once cut, serves a double
purpose. As the profits from small sized trees are very small, when the
lumberman is obliged to take them, if cut, he will be much more conserva-
tive, and plan to leave a much larger stand of under-sized growth than by
present methods. The expense involved in adopting methods outlined is
very small, because it simply requires the supervision of a few experienced
men to see that the different operators conform with the rules and regula-
tions. It is not fair to expect that best results will be obtained in one year,
because it would be a somewhat radical change, but after two or three years
experience there is no reason W7hy every operator may not have reached
fairly satisfactory results along these lines. Prior to any cutting having

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 163

been made, however, is the necessity of properly guarding our forests against
fires. It is a matter of common knowledge that throughout the larger por-
iion of the lumber regions in this latitude fire has done as much, or more,
injury than the axe, and in the future the danger is even greater than in the
past, unless proper care is exercised. It is almost impossible to control a
-.forest fire of any great magnitude, but it is feasible and inexpensive to guard
against any such fires even having started. At all exposed points or
'thoroughfares or routes through which sportsmen or woodsmen pass, which
may be regarded as gate-ways to the forest, patrols should be located dur-
ing the drought seasons, in order, particularly, to caution the people passing
to and fro and to extinguish any small fires before they shall have gained
any great headway. The periods for patrolling are comparatively short,
^usually not exceeding three or four weeks in the Spring and a like period in
the Fall. It appeals to me that there is no one expenditure that a govern-
ment can make that is likely to be of benefit to future generations like that
of guarding our forests against fires, and I earnestly urge that the Forestry
'Convention about to assemble in New Brunswick shall discuss ways, means
.and methods of best controlling fires or guarding against their having even
occurred. The interests with which I am connected in your Province will
Tae glad to join with you in any efforts you may make in this respect. In
fact, we expect to locate patrols at our own expense each season at exposed
points about our fee, as well as our leased lands, and. while the saving may
:~be directly to our benefit, indirectly the benefits to the Province must neces-
sarily be very great.

Trusting that your convention will be productive of great good, and
•again regretting my inability to be present, I am.

Very truly yours,

CHAS. E. OAK.

GENERAL DISCUSSION

MR. BURCHILL— There was one point, Mr. Chairman, in that very
Interesting paper you have just read, upon which I would like to hear a
discussion' by the Members of the Convention; it is this, in the Goverment
regulations, the minimum size of trees to be cut is 18 ft. long and 10 inches
aUhe top. 1 notice that in Mr. Oak's paper, he refers to the minimum

164 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

size as ascertained at the butt, not at the top. I would like to have some-
opinions from the lumbermen present as to whether or not some change in
the regulation might not be of some advantage, that is^ to change the
standard to the butt rather than the top.

THE CHAIRMAN— What is your own view upon it?

MR. BURCHILL — My own view is that it should be regulated by the size
at the but and not at the top. One reason for that is that it is now very easy for
a woodman to chop down a tree by mistake. All our jobbers have instruct-
ions not to cut logs under a certain size, at the top, but it is very easy for
a woodman to explain that he did not think it was so small; but if it was
stated that he should not cut anything under a certain size at the butt, it
would be very easy for him to distinguish between the sizes in that regard.

MR. CONNOLLY — I do not think you could control it, cutting that way.
I think it would be wrong. I say it should be measured by the top; and
if you cut the log down at say 16 feet 10 inches at the top, you will not be
very much astray. You can tell when you see a tree whether it is going to
make a good log.

MR. ROBINSON (Speaker) — After logs are cut or removed, suppose
the Government sealer, or inspector, or forester goes through the woods and
the there is nothing left but the stumps, how can he tell what the size was at
the top?

MR. CONNOLLY— In answer to Mr. Speaker, your survey bill will
pretty nearly tell you that. If a log is cut down in 18-10., the next log will
not be over 8 or 10 inches. In speaking of that, there is one thing I would
like to bring before you. We go into the woods nnd cut a tree down in
18-10, and the general run will be 12 or 14 and 8 or 9, but when you run
the next log out, at 8, 12 or 16 feet and five inches, I think you should not
pay stumpage for it. I do not think there should be any stumpage charged
on a log of that size coming out fr*om the top of the tree. What is the case,
Mr. Chairman, in your own county ?

THE CHAIRMAN — I found in my experience that there were very few
trees taken out at all, they were all top.

MR. CONNOLLY — I think in making a contract and takino- out those

o o

tops, it has cost 75 cents to a dollar more to take that stuff out, than to get
the log out, so I do not think we should pay stumpage for it.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 165

CHAIRMAN — Suppose you owned the land in fee, Mr. Connolly, and
were cutting it yourself, would you leave those tops in the woods ?

MR. CONNOLLY— No, we do not, the people I am representing have
a good deal of soil right ; but, on the other hand, I think that really the
Government has no right to collect stumpage on stuff' that would be left to
rot in the woods, unless we go to the expense of taking it out. Why should
we pay for stuff that would be left under your present regulations ?

MR. CHAS. E. FISH— With regard to gauging the trees by the tops,
another reason which occurred to me that was not mentioned, is this, that a
great many trees are what we call stalked in the woods, they are larger
around the butt in proportion to the height than others, and when you find
a tree large at the butt, it is generally smaller at the top. Why this is, per-
haps scientific men will tell us. But one other reason is — the last speaker
says it will cost the merchantable lumber more where you attempt to bring
out the tops. Now, I have been given a practical illustration this winter of
an operator, who operated very extensively, and left all the tops in the
woods. The matter was brought to his attention, and he is back this year
operating. The operation will amount to close on to a million, and this year
he will bring out the tops ; and when the operation was figured out, he in-
forms me it is paying, and will pay handsomely, because, although the tops
bring only a small price, yet, when he is there with his outfit and under all
this "expense, the small price he makes, when it is added to the large price
for the merchantable lumber, it gives a better price than when he left the
tops out of the reckoning altogether.

Prof. Austin Cary, of Brunswick, Me., now of Harvard University, read
the following paper :—

FOREST POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES.

The subject assigned to me, by your Surveyor - General, is a very
larcre one, and yet the policy of those Countries in which forestry, by
general consent, is considered to hold its true place may be summarised in a
few words In brief, it consists of Government ownership of a large
of the wooded area, and that administered under a system which com-
bines the principles of science, and of good business management, m
With the exception of Great Britain, all the strong and enhghteneo

-one.

166 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

Countries of Europe have that policy established. Great areas of forest lanch
are owned by the State or by Cities and Towns, and those tracts are managed
by men of thorough professional training. The objects of that policy are
threefold : 1st, revenue ; 2nd, the production of the raw material of industry;
and 3rd, the securing of those beneficial influences on climate, water flow and
the fertility of soil which bodies of forest land scattered through a country are
believed to render. This policy is maintained, not as a matter of sentiment,
though sentiment approves it, but as a matter of clear public utility, because
every informed man knows that the maintenance of some such system is funda-
mental to his Country's prosperity. Along with it goes some kind of super-
vision exercised in the name of the State over the handling of privately-
owned forests.

Forestry affairs in the United States present a very mixed appearance..
There are no town or city forests. Most of our States, years ago,
parted with their Public Lands ; and only a few have adopted the
now slow and costly policy of securing state forest reservations. In the case
of the great areas of land owned by the general Government in the
West, the situation was more hospitable. There, after long agitation,
the policy of retention of ownership was adopted some ten years ago, and
to date about 120,000,000 acres of permanent forest reserves have
been proclaimed. The organization to manage that vast area is just now in
process of formation. At the head of it are a few bureau chiefs at Washing-
ton, a group of highly - trained young men, under the leadership of Giffbrd
Pinchot, head of the whole U. S. Forest Service. The force on the ground
consists of a mixture of Western woodsmen, brought wp in the country, and
familiar with its conditions ; a considerable number of technically - trained
men, graduates of Yale, and the other Forest Schools that have "sprung up.
through the Country. These two classes of men, the practical man so-calledr
and the man of special and theoretical training, are out there on the ground
now, co - operating in the work of present administration, and competing
freely, on the basis of actual proved efficiency, for mastery and leadership in
the future. The work there is plain and business-like- It consists of protec-
tion from fire and plunder, of the sale of timber, of such regulation of cutting
and other operations as will tend to the maintenance of the productive power
of the lands.

As for privately owned lands in the United States there is little or no exer-
cise by public agencies over their management. This is recognised to be a very
difficult matter to handle. Ther j is, however, a great volume of educational

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 167

and co-operative, work going on, paid for by the Government, by the States,
by the Universities, and by various voluntary associations. This work is e£-
sential in our conditions and as a rule it has proved very profitable. Correct
sentiment is being- created, sound information is being spread, and, together
with the trend of events, it is gradually improving the character of actual
forest management.

To review then, the things which I can tell you of as useful elsewhere,
and as far as one can see likety to prove serviceable in the conditions of New
Brunswick, are : 1st, Government ownership of the tracts of permanent
forest ; 2nd, Skilful and business-like administration of the same ; and,
3rd, Well-directed lines of public education.

The value of these ideas to you will depend on their correct application,
and here an outsider, though from only so far away as the adjacent State of
Maine, is bound to speak with diffidence. Every situation has its own possi-
bilities and difficulties, and these are to be successfully dealt with only by
men familiar with them in all their bearings and aspects. If, therefore, I go
further, and consider application to New Brunswick conditions, the friendli-
ness of a near neighbor and the interest bred by two seasons of timber work
in the Province, and acquaintance with many of your officials and business
men, will have to be my excuse for doing so.

First of all, you are in a splendid situation as regards the ownership of
the land. To whom or to what circumstances the established land policy of
this Province was originally due, I do not know, but, at any rate, its pursuit
till the present time leaves you in splendid shape for forest administration.
You have not to acquire land by costly purchase, as most of our states must
do. The land is yours, and Government and people have but to exercise
their prerogative, and make up their minds, in order to settle all essential
questions of management. There is, too, another great advantage, in that the
land is a source of revenue. You have not to draw on the pockets of the
people in order to pay the costs of improved administration.

In connection with administration itself very many questions arise. There
are the sale of timber, the regulation of cutting, economy in operation and in
use, fire protection for the standing forests, the system of exploration and
survey which shall yield and preserve the detailed information on which
alone intelligent administration of a forest property can be based. The value
of each of these things I am sure must be understood. They are what a private

168 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

owner looks after at once on coming into possession of a new property, as of
vital importance to him.

There are a few reflections on this subject that come to me, in part from
my acquaintance with New Brunswick, in part, from our home experience.
These are, first, that spasmodic and irregular work is of little account. A
consistent policy consistently carried out, even though not perfect, is far-
better than occasional efforts and spasmodic reforms. Secondly is the idea
that good forest management is a matter largely influenced by definite loca-
tion and circumstances. Treatment by general rules and at long range lacks
very much of being the most efficient. Things have got to be settled in view
of all the facts to be seen on the ground. Thirdly, is the idea connected
with this last, that laws and regulations passed will not do the business, but
have got to be followed up by men, active and efficient men, men on the
ground, before anything of account can be secured. So, for instance, it has
proved in tire protection with us. Well-meant laws were on the statute
books of our states since Colonial times, but they never amounted to any-
thing till state and local fire wardens \vere appointed to look after their ad-
ministration. So it has been_ wherever careful regulation of woods operations
has been tried. Well - meant and carefully - framed rules have failed, have
operated sometimes to defeat their own ends, until they were backed up by
men to look after their execution.

So it seems to me will it be with your own new forest law. Its good in-
tent is plain. The substantial nature of the objects at which it aims is clear;
but as I read its provisions, I was led to ask in my own mind what exactly
is the organization, and who exactly are the men, to whom are entrusted the
task of carrying out its manifold provisions ? Leaving aside large matters of
policy, whose is the less showy, but no less important task of devising plans,
of mapping out work, of passing regulations and carrying them out, of
settling day after day and year after year the minor questions that are bound
to arise ? Here it seems to me is a main and crucial point, for on the char-
acter of that administrative routine work will turn in great measure the suc-
cess of your forest policy and the welfare, so far forth, of the Province. A
permanent and well-equipped office of forest administration, therefore, under
skilled and permanent leadership, with means at its command, with authority
in minor matters, with a force of men engaged in executing its orders and at
the same time amassing the fund of information on which its administration
aad policy must be based — this seems to me to be the plain, insistent demand
of the situation.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 169

What will be the cost of such an organization a'nd where will men to fill
it be found ? To the first question my answer is that whatever it may cost
to properly protect and administer the great forest property, of the province,
the expenditure is certainly worth while. As for the second, my acquaint-
ance in New Brunswick leads me to think that the men required are already
here, waiting only leadership and opportunity to form an organization of the
most effective kind. There are no better woodsmen than those of New
Brunswick, and no better stock from which to make foresters in the technical
sense than the young graduates of your University afford. In your Crown
Land office too, if I understand it aright, are men who for many years past
have managed the provincial lands with great capacity and zeal. Give those
men, or men like them, sufficient freedom, means and backing, and the pro-
blems of protection and of management will in my judgment, be put in the
way of an early and correct solution.

Education is a most important phase of the forestry movement — popu-
lar education more so perhaps than that of the professional forester. I
would gladly talk on that subject but others are treating it most effectively,
and I will therefore turn iny attention for the few remaining moments dur-
ing which I shall speak to two special matters.

First, as to the character and utility of technically trained foresters.
The word "forester" carries very different implications in different places. A
forester in one place is simply a practical woodsman ; in another place the
term may apply to a supposed great authority whose word on the line of his
subject is not to be disputed. In another place again, the term by common
application may mean a mild crank or enthusiast interested in certain things
and perhaps interesting himself, but having Httle or no actual influence on
practical affairs.

It is inevitable that this confusion should exist at the present time, but
it is equally true that if the term is to remain and to stand for anything, it
has got to come out of the mists and define itself into something tangible
and serviceable to the people. And the idea which some at least hold who
are connected with the profession, the ideal which I personally hold as a
teacher of forestry, is that the forester must be closely allied to the engineer,
must be in his line a thoroughly equipped and efficient man, in actual charge
of woods and woods operations. Sound scientific training enters into that
idea and actual responsibility and experience are involved in it as well.

170 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

What I want to urge upon you is the employment in your organization
as early as possible of a few men of this type. If you can't train them pro-
perly yourselves, we shall be happy to lend you the services of our forest
schools. But, when they have got their training, put them out among your
force of sealers and surveyors, give them opportunity to work and to learn,
and then watch carefully the results. Such men, if only they were well
chosen in the first place, have every qualification for efficiency and success.
They have the physical stamina and the intellectual keenness required.
They have ideals derived from a knowledge of the achievements of other
countries and other times. They have the ambition and inducement to work
which come from having invested money in education and being definitely
committed to a career. Such men as these have done much of what has been
accomplished in the United States, and they are now bearing great burdens
of responsibility in our forest reserve organization. A few such men put into
your New Brunswick crown land system now will, I believe, after a few
years, be motive power and balance wheel of the whole thing.

Lastly, gentlemen, I ask you if while you are preparing your permanent
plans and consolidating your organization it will not be a good thing to take
a hasty survey of your forest resources. Your permanent system of explor-
ation and survey is an important thing. It wants to be carefully planned
and its execution will cost money and take time. It ought to go on from
year to year under the guidance of a permanent organization. But a hasty
survey, that should give you a rough estimate of your resources and discuss
broadly the factors which enter into their control and management, might be-
very instructive both to officials and to people, and serve as a basis and
starting point for more elaborate work. In this direction we can give you
from the other side a few serviceable examples. Best is the survey of the
State of New Hampshire, made by a force of men from the U. S. Forest
Service, whose results in the shape of map and report may be seen here.
That survey covered an area, in the gross, of 9.000 square miles and cost in
the neighborhood of $6,000. It gives the area and location of wooded lands
in the State, the area of burnt lands, of lands cut over and of those still
virgin forest. It gives careful descriptions of the nature of timber resources
and rough estimates of their amounts. It summarizes the mill business of
the State and discusses it from the point of view of permanence and economy.
A thorough study of forest fires in the State and means of combatting them
is also made.

Such a survey as that though hastily made gives the people and legis-

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 171

lators of a State a broad and rounded view of their forests which is not
otherwise to be obtained. It serves as a basis of legislation£and it makes it
possible to plan subsequent work more intelligently. Judging from what
has taken place on one side, I can think of nothing that would better serve
the Province of New Brunswick at the present time than one or two seasons
spent by a small but well equipped party on such a survey.

MR. HUTCHISON— May I be permitted, as one of the listeners of this-
Convention, to suggest, that we have derived very much information from
those members of the Province of New Brunswick, and vicinity, but we are
still more indebted to those gentlemen who have come from a distance, with-
out reward or hope of reward, and with great loss of time, in order to give
us the benefit of their knowledge on this subject of Forestry. From these
gentlemen we have learned how they manage the affairs of Forestry in the
United States and Canada, and I would ask the gentlemen present to give a
hearty vote of thanks to those gentlemen who have addressed us on these
subjects, viz., Mr. Stewart, President of the Forestry Association of Canada,
Mr. Price, who is the Vice-President of the Canadian Association ; also Mr.
Power, and Mr. MacMillan, and the gentleman who has just addressed you,
and given you the information as to the affairs in Forestry in the United
States, Prof. Gary.

Motion seconded by Mr. Connolly, and carried unanimously.

The vote of thanks of the Convention was tendered to the gentlemen
named by the Premier, for the very great assistance given by them in this-
first Forestry Convention.

MR. PRICE— in reply — Mr. Premier, on behalf of the Quebec Conven-
tion, I have to thank you very heartily for the vote of thanks. I think we
cannot help expressing the appreciation with which your Government has
carried on the work here, the facilities you have for preserving your docu-
ments, etc., cannot be better, and also the efficient way apparently with
which the whole machinery of your department is run. We come, Mr.
Hutchison has said, without any hope of reward. I may mention that a
friend of mine in the Province of Quebec, at the time when lumbering was
not on the sound basis it is today, said, "If I had an enemy, I would give
him a saw-mill." Happily, that time has passed away, and it would be a
kindly action if any of you should give your friends a saw-mill, and not an

172 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

«nemy. I may say that if you have any saw-mills to be given away, we will
be very gird to have them. But it is not for the hope of reward that we
have come down here. I have to thank you, Mr. Premier, and your Gov-
ernment for the cordial way in which you have given us this vote of thanks.

MR. STEWART — Mr. Premier, ladies and gentlemen, I must thank
you very sincerely for this vote of thanks. It is quite unusual in our meet-
ings to thank those who come to give addresses on this occasion ; but Mr.
Price has said all that is necessary on that subject. I endorse everything he
has said — except with regard -to' the saw-mill ; if I had a saw-mill I would
not fall in with his suggestion.

It is to me, Mr. Premier, very gratifying indeed to see the increased in-
terest that is being taken within the last few years in the subject of Forestry-
It is a little over seven years since I was asked by the Dominion Govern-
ment to undertake the formation of a Forestry service for the Dominion. I
found that scarcety anyone knew what we were going to do. The Minis-
ter of the Interior asked me what I proposed to do. He said "The Premier
has sent a letter regarding the matter, and thinks it would be wise to do
something similar to what other countries do," and asked me what I pro-
posed to do. "Well," I said, it is a pretty hard question to answer at once,
to develop the Forest policy for the Dominion of Canada at a moment's
notice." I said. "If you care to appoint a Commission, such as the Ontario
Government did, such as the Washington Government did a few years ago,
they may be prepared to formulate a policy which you might see fit to
adopt." Those of you who know the Minister of the Interior will recognize
the personal characteristics of his answer. He said, "We generally appoint
Commissions when we do not intend to do anything. If you care to take
hold of it, do what you like, and when you arrive at a plan, submit it, and
we will adopt it if we think wise." Shortly afterwards, I went to Washington
on the American Forestry Association, and on the way back, it occurred to
me that a good thing for this country, to awaken the public interest in this
question, would be to form an Association in Canada, I came back and
called together some men, and the result was the formation of the Canadian
Forestry Association, which has been the means, in my humble opinion, of
reat ing an almost Canadian national interest in the subject of Forestry.
Almost, or very shortly after — to show how little the term "Forestry" was
known in Canada, I asked a gentleman to preside at one of our Forestry
meetings. "Well," he said "if you had just been here a day or two ago, you
would have seen Dr. Oronhyatekha, and he is head of the whole bunch."

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 173

Of course there were men all over the country who had thought of this sub-
ject, but as another illustration as to how little it was known, I happened to
be in Germany a year or two ago, and in going through the Black Forest
with one of the Over-foresters, I said, ''You should some time or other visit
Canada." He said he had already done so, but had seen very little of the
forests. He had gone over from Buffalo to Niagara, and thought he would
present his card to someone at the Niagara Falls office, and did so and told
him that he would like to see some of the forests of Canada. He said this
young man looked at him in a very patronizing way and said, "I want you
to understand that this is a civilized country, and we have no forests."

Every country must work out a system for itself. Our system in the
West of tree planting — which I will not go into now — our system of forest
guarding there, would be perhaps entirely inapplicable in New Brunswick.
When I started the system of forest tree planting — we have now, I may say
in passing, u Forest Nursery, 320 acres, where we grow the trees for distri-
bution on the bare prairies, serving those who have no timber whatever —
shortly after I had looked over the system adopted in other countries, Europe,
India and United States, one of our officials had been over to Belgium.
When he came back, I told him I was working out some system. He said,
"We will have to do as they do in Belgium, although it will cost a lot of
money. I saw them going out planting the trees for the people. It will
cost a lot of money, but we will have to do it." I saw the absurdity of it,
of course, but I did not say anything then. Shortly after, he called me in,
and said, "Did you think over that question ?" I said "What kind of an
army are you going to have, to plant trees all the way over those North-
western prairies to the Rocky Mountains ?" So we devised a system for the
settlers. They enter into an agreement that they will cultivate those trees.
Then we visit the ground to see what trees are applicable, what trees suit,
the soil, then after they have entered into the agreement, we follow that up
by inspection, until the trees are able to take care of themselves. Now, I
have not been able to find any system similar, but it is working admirably
at the present time. We have sent out nine millions of trees this spring,
and we have had an examination made last year of all the trees, and ninety
per cent, of the trees set out have gone through the third winter, and are
growing well.

Then, in regard to the forest reserve, we instituted a system of forest
surveys. Of course, the country is very large— I have gone into that be-
fore—but the area of timber land owned by the Dominion is much larger

174 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

than that of all the other provinces combined, and in order to guard that
immense country, all the way to the icy sea, it wculd require an army of
men — but it does not require to be guarded everywhere. Forest fires do not
occur except from natural causes, through the settled district. But we had
the Hudson Bay District give fire notices, where it would have cost hundreds
of dollars for us to have done it. I have found those notices posted up all
the way from the Arctic Circle down. They are put up by the Hudson Bay
officials and warn the settlers of tires. That alone has saved thousands of
dollars of valuable timber. I mention this to show what is applicable there,
and that we have to use means there that perhaps would not be applicable
to other provinces.

Now, with regard to a statement which was made, as to the enormous
extent of timber land in that new country. I think such a statement with-
out qualification is apt to do mischief. It is true we have large belts of
spruce, but to take that statement and to suppose that we have timber all
over that area is fallacious. We have a quantity of pulp wood, but the vast
quantity is growing on the Arctic Sea, where for many, many years it will
be unavailable.

I do not wish to take up your time. I have been more than pleased
with this meeting. I think the Government and the Members of the Legis-
lature and the people deserve very great credit for the interest they have
taken in this matter ; and I may say that I am more than pleased with the
unanimity which has characterized these meetings everywhere, not alone
here, but in all parts of the Dominion. I have said before and I say it here
now, that this is a national question — the preservation of our forests ; that
it is too great a question to be the foot-ball of any party. There are enough
questions to be relegated to and dealt with in that way, and I am glad to say
that throughout the whole country, we have had the hearty co-operation of
all parties — not only political parties, but of religious denominations as well.
In fact, the whole question is taken hold of by the people of the country in
a most patriotic way.

MR. GEORGE ROBERTSON— (to Mr. Stewart)— Did I understand
you to say that the Dominion Mounted Police acted as Fire Wardens ? Is it
part of their duty ?

MR. STEWART— The Mounted Police do ; they have instructions to
do so wherever they can ; and in many cases we have them detailed for
special service, although that must not interfere with their regular duti

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 175

It is not their regular duty, but still they have instructions from the Com-
missioners to do all they can in that regard.

I may say that I am about leaving the service, but I will not lose inter-
est in the Forestry Association at all, but if I were remaining, one of the
things I would do — and it will probably be done — would be to have some
sort of force, either the Mounted Police in the North country, especially to
take charge of the guarding, or have some force similar — because the Indians
and the people there pay great respect to the Red Coat, or the Mounted
Police uniform ; and since the new provinces have been formed, they wil
take over the administration of justice and in many cases they will probably
<lisband a number of the police and I was hoping we might be able to retain
some of the best men for the Forestry branch.

PROF. CARY — It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge your vote of
thanks and hearty welcome here. I am greatly surprised to find myself the
only American Forester here, because we have always felt it our pleasure
and duty to attend conventions of this kind. Mr. Pinchot and Mr. Price
were expected here, and I am sure it was with great regret that they were
not able to attend. I feel sure that you ought to feel great encouragement
and great results from your Convention here. For my part, accept my very
hearty thanks for your very cordial welcome.

MR. POWER — Mr. Premier and gentlemen, I thank you most heartily
for your vote of thanks and I assure you we will carry back to our prov-
inces the most warm and kindly feelings for the people of New Brunswick,
knowing the hearty interest which has been taken in the subject of Forestry.

MR. MACMILLAN— Mr. Premier, ladies and gentlemen, I wish to ex-
press my thanks to you for the privilege which has been accorded to me in
coming here, and to say that I am only doing what many Canadians are
doing at the present time, going down to the United States and learning as
much as possible from their Forest schools and system of Forestry, and get-
ting the encouragement they may give in the success they have attained, so
tha*t we may come back to Canada and in the better service, do here what
they have done down there.

MR. HILL— Mr. Chairman, there is an enemy marching against our
forests that is more dangerous than the axe, more dangerous than fire, more
dangerous, I may say, than even this Forest Convention— an enemy that is
known in the United States and in Europe as the Brown Tailed Moth. NOAV,

176 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

according to reports, it is destructive to the foliage of all the trees, and it is
about impossible to eradicate. I do not refer to the Gipsy Moth, in regard
to which the United States Government has spent nearly a million dollars,
but this is still more destructive and difficult to reach and it has arrived in
the County of Washington, adjoining the County of Charlotte in this Prov-
ince. I am told that already their spies or pioneers have arrived to spy out
the fatness of the land. They come through in the box cars that pass
through the State of Maine. The destruction they make is said to be very
great — whole forests denuded, just as if fire had passed through them. And
then, by contact with them, it is said, they bring on an illness — so poisonous
are they, it is said, that hairs dropping down from the bushes against one's
flesh will produce serious results. What I wish to ask these gentlemen is, if
they are so destructive as is reported, and also if they confine their destruc-
tion to the round leaf or deciduous trees, or whether they attach firs ? I
would like to ask, for the information of this Convention, whether that
enemy is so much to be dreaded, whether it is so destructive and whether it
attacks other trees than what we call the hard woods ?

PROF. GARY — Mr. Premier, I am not a first class authority on that
subject, but I have a general knowledge of it. The moths so destructive in
Massachusetts are destructive to soft wood growth, to a considerable extent
as well as to hard wood growth. But it is certainly hoped that a stop will
be put to their incursions before real wholesale destructive work is done.
The analogy of things of that kind is favorable to hope, and we have many
scientists at work on the problem in a most thorough-going, effective way,
endeavoring to meet the difficulty. The history of such things in general
has been this, that after a pest of this kind has developed to a certain ex-
tent, some enemy to the pest develops on its heels and finally catches up
and destroys it in turn. So we hope to find somewhere on the face of the
earth — and our men are exploring for it — some enemy or disease of the
Brown Tailed Moth, which will attack them and finally clear them out.
Our scientific men are working on that line and hope to be successful There
certainly is considerable danger of wholesale destruction, but we hope for
better things, and that this pest will be headed off before it assumes propor-
tions which are really national in their destructiveness.

MR. HAZEN — Would it be in order at the present time, to present a
report ? Among the Committees appointed yesterday, on the motion of Mr.
Gregory, there was a Committee, none of the members of which were to be
lumbermen — perhaps I may say that it is composed of laymen, rather than

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 177

dumber-men. That Committee met this morning, with Hon. Mr. McClelan as
chairman, and has prepared a report, which is as follows :

(See Mr. Hazen's Report, page 134.)

FOREST FIRE LAW OF WESTMORLAND COUNTY

Mr. Chas. E. Lund, D. L. S. of Westmorland County, read the follow-
ing paper :—

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, —

I can assure you that the very few words I have to say will not occupy
rnueh of the valuable time of this convention. I congratulate those having
the matter in charge upon the excellent program furnished so far, and feel
that they will be pardoned for the little error they have made in calling on
me. It was doubtless an error of the head and not of the heart.

I was asked to say something in regard to the protection of our forest
lands from tire. It is a large subject to be placed in small hands, with such
short notice.

0

Longfellow, who by the way was born just one hundred years ago this
very week, in beginning his notable story of Evangeline, wrote, "This is the
forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks bearded with moss,
and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight, stand like Druids of old
•with voices sad and propliziic." While the words "sad" and "prophetic"
were perhaps given no such meaning by the poet as I attribute to them ; yet,
I sometimes think that not only the "pines" and "hemlocks," but the spruce,
and the fire and the cedar, if given the power of speech, would raise their
voices in solemn protest against their wanton destruction by fire and other-
wise, that is constantly going on in a wail, loud and continuous, as well as
•sad and prophetic.

It is just now beginning to dawn on the minds of many persons how
great an inheritance was bequeathed to us in the forest lands of this country.
Only a few years ago, the pioneers of our back settlements, as was well said
by some one yesterday, looked upon the forest as their natural enemy, and
did what they could to destroy it, not only chopping down, cutting up, piling
up and burning off valuable timber in making their clearings, but frequently

178

permitting their fires to run unchecked into the adjoining timber. A little-
foresight then would have saved hundreds of thousands of dollars for the
present generation, and, in my opinion, a little extra forethought at the
present time, embodied in careful legislative enactment, will preserve untold
benefits for the coming generations.

The depletion of our forest wealth by lumbering operations, though
greater than is generally supposed, is not nearly so great a menace, as the
destruction by fire that is going on from time to time. A decade or so will
quite largely repair the damage done by an ordinary cutting, while scores of
years must pass before land, once burned over, can again be of any practical
value for timber — hence, while wise laws should govern lumber operations^
very stringent measures should be taken to protect from fire.

Forest fires originate in various ways — from locomotives on railways,
from carelessness in clearing up land, in operating portable mills, from lack
of care in properly extinguishing camp fires and fires for cooking purposes,
from thoughtlessly dropping burning matches, cigar stumps, and ashes from

pipes, from discharging fire-arms, and sometimes by the fire fiend.

•

Though hard to find a panacea for the complete cure of all these cases,
yet something can be done along each line. Much has already been done by
good, practical legislation, though perhaps more remains yet to be done.

Agitation, legislation, education are the great threefold bulwarks that
must be raised in protection of our forests. Agitation will always lead to
legislation and, this, supplemented by proper education, is bound to have
effect.

In all reforms, when the people are educated, to a wholesome apprecia-
tion of the law, rather than a dread of its penalties, then the battle is largely
won. The great questions of forest valuation and preservation should be
brought prominently before the minds of the rising generation during their
school days. While I do not believe in the multiplicity of text books, yet, I
am fully convinced that a small treatise embodying the location, extent and
estimated value of our forests, their usefulness, the necessity for their preser-
vation, a summary of the law relating to their protection and other such in-
formation, placed in the hands of our boys and girls, who so very soon will
be men and women, would be a great step in advance in our educational
Bystem

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 179

The most destructive forest fires in recent years, coming under my
observation, have originated from railways. The law makes it incumbent on
section men to see that fires do not spread from that source, and doubtless
they do much to prevent it. But the frequency with which fires start in
this way is an emphatic answer, that the present law is not practical. Even
if all section-men were disposed to do their best in this regard, they could
not be depended on. When a broken rail and a fire are both in view at the
same time, we all know which one will receive attention and which will, of
necessity, be neglected. We require legislation compelling the management
of all railways to employ competent persons during the Summer months, to
absolutely prevent forest fires spreading from these roads. The present law
also imposes penalties on railway companies and drivers, whose engines are
not properly provided with screens to prevent fire escaping from smoke-
stacks and ash-pans. We must have legislation that goes one step further
and provides proper inspectors to see that the law is complied with in this
respect.

The present law respecting fires for cooking and obtaining necessary
warmth are about all that could be desired and will doubtless, be most effec-
tive when men learn to observe them. In reference to the most effective
punishment of the fire-fiend, who wantonly sets forest fires, I thought of
suggesting to the Surveyor General the propriety of reserving a Irnch-tree
on each hundred acre lot in certain localities for their special benefit. But
at present I refrain fro:w pressing the suggestion.

Forest fires, like the smallpox or other dread diseases, should be met by
vigorous action at their very inception. To effectively do this we need
organized effort — a chief warden for each county, and a competent deputy
at every danger point. These should be men trained in the work — taught
to act promptly and decisively. No fire is beyond control in its early stages,
or can ordinarily do much damage the first day. Nearly all forest fires burn
low at night and few can survive a well concentrated attack very early in the
morning. Commence operations "just at the peep of dawn,'' as we say, cut
off its progress by trenches, keep it out of the trees and you are master of
the situation. Proper organization for this work will entail some expense,
though this would be trifling compared with the great losses that usually
follow a less persistent course.

This expense should be borne in part by a small tax on all forest land,
and in part by municipal or provincial aid. The 'owners and the licensees,
who from year to year properly carry on lumbering operations are, I think,

180 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

among the greatest benefactors of the people, and should receive such reason-
able consideration, as it is in the power of the State to bestow. The follow-
ing quotation from my annual report, which some of you may have read,
further expresses my views in this respect :

"Violators of the Forest Fires Law should be prosecuted at the expense
of the municipality or province instead of the land owners directly. The
forest land of this country is one of the greatest assets of the people. It is
the basis of many industries and the stimulus of most, and the owners are
not the greatest sufferers in its destruction. Every acre of lumber land
destroyed by fire means a far greater loss to the general public than to the
proprietor, inasmuch, as the amount of wages paid out in operating is much
more than the direct profit to the owner."

In Westmorland County we have a very good law in respect to forest
protection.

This Act was passed in 1904. The land owners agreeing to tax them-
selves in order to secure better protection from the ravages of fire. It
provides :

(1) For the appointment of a chief ranger for the county.

(2) For the appointment of deputy rangers for each parish.

(3) It provides for placarding the county from time to time with a
summary of the law, and any notices we see fit.

(4) It gives the chief ranger authority to prevent the operation of any
portable mill in or near forest land, only under certain conditions.

(5) It authorizes the ordering out of men to assist in stopping the
progress of fires and provides for the payment of these men.

(6) It imposes a tax on the owners of all forest land of 100 acres and
upwards.

(7) It regulates the setting of fires in clearirg up land.

(8) It provides for the punishment cf offenders under the Act. This
we want amended.

(9) It outlines the duty of any person setting a

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 181

(10) It makes it incumbent on persons having fire on their land to
prevent it escaping to others.

The necessity for a much more comprehensive Provincial Jaw is very
apparent, and before closing I would suggest that this matter of forest pro-
tection from fire, receive careful consideration from our legislators during
the present session ; and express the hope, that, in view of the increased
revenue of the province, that such measures may be taken, as to make it
possible, to throw around these valuable forests, such a mantle of protec-
tion, as will materially conserve this great inheritance for coming generations.

PRACTICAL FORESTRY
Mr. W. H. Berry read the following paper :

We have heard and read considerable about reforestation and my idea
has always been that while it was always, advisable: to be forever setting out
a tree and to the interests of each individual in the Province of New Bruns-
wick to take some personal interest in this matter I have always thought
that the planting of the seeds and seedlings of the different growths which
are peculiar to New Brunswick hardly practicable. For this reason, and, I
will give you an illustration. For instance, after a forest fire in a spruce
country there immediately rises up a growth of white or grey birch over this
burnt area. After a few years when they have attained sufficient size to
shade the ground somewhat and from the falling of the leaves to add some-
thing in the way of a forest mulch to the ground the young seeds of the
spruce and fir will take root and come up in a thrifty condition. These will
grow in symmetrical forms protected from the hot suns of summer by the
grey birch and also from the winds in winter which I feel would have a
tendency to stunt their growth were they exposed. They attain in a few
years a growth sufficient to gradually kill off the grey birch which in dying
down add their portion to a very great extent to the forest mulsh for the
reason that they very readily decay. The spruce then having a start of a
number of years will continue to grow and eventually where you have had a
grey birch growth immediately after the fire in from ten to fifteen years it
would surprise you how quickly this has been converted into a softwood
growth of spruce and fir. On the other hand I will refer you to some of our
old pastures or fields that have outgrown their usefulness and have been
allowed to grow up in bushes. Almost invariably this ground will come up

182 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

in spruce and fir and this growth is what has caused the term pasture growth,
which denotes a tree with limbs to the ground, scrubby and of no practical
use for lumbering purposes on account of limbs and knots. These examples
which I have quoted will give you an idea of the difference between seeds
that have grown in the open, as seeds have to were they planted, and seeds
that have grown in a birch growth protected by nature. Therefore I claim
that in a given piece of land which has been burnt over allow the white birch
to grow and the fir and spruce to take root in their proper time and in
another piece of land adjoining set out the seeds and the seedlings and
nature will advance her growth of spruce and fir very much more rapidly
than the growth on the land adjoining and the lumber will be of some bene-
fit. Where on the other hand the stunted or pasture growth is practically
of no value. This leads me to the principal text of my argument which is
"let nature take its course in the Province of New Brunswick, plant her own
seeds and then let the Government assist nature by protecting the seeds that
she has embedded in the soil by a system of

FOREST FIRE PROTECTION

I might say in reference to the protection of our forests from fire that
our main trunk lines of railway have in the past few years interested them-
selves very extensively throughout the section with which I have been con-
nected and have done everything in their power to clear up their roads by
burning old sleepers, cutting bushes and burning them in the proper time.
This cannot be said of some of the branch lines throughout the Province
which you are all aware of. 1 am sure that one of the first steps that the
Government should take would be to insist that these railways conform with
the law in each and every particular by cleaning up their right of way and
having all the modern improvements on their smoke-stacks that will prevent
the throwing of fire into the adjoining land. This I think is a very import-
ant question and something that should not be neglected at all.

We will next come to the matter of telephone and telegraph lines.
Where the country has been intersected in the past few years in even the
very remote districts by these telephone and telegraph lines they have made
a practice of cutting all the bushes that might interfere with their wires as
well as any that might interfere with their setting of poles. This brush is
allowed to remain along the highways and where there is generally an eleva-
tion on the banks they dry very rapidly and make a good tinder for people
driving along and throwing away cigars and matches. These companies

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 183

should be forced to take this brush out and burn it or put it in piles in a
place free from danger where they can burn it in a suitable season, and I
'think that you will agree with me, that this is a matter that should be at-
tended to in the very near future.

Now the Surveyor-General has asked me to give you an idea of the
system which I have inaugurated throughout the district over which I have
control. And perhaps it may be of some benefit and I feel, although this
system has not been at all perfected to any great extent, it has worked out
to considerable benefit, as in the past few years throughout a very large por-
tion of this province I can say with the assistance of a number of men who
have met me half way in all matters pertaining to the protection of the
forests that I have had no fires that have not been under control within
•twenty-four hours, with one or two exceptions. And even in these excep-
tions we were able to get control cf within three days.

Now to give you an idea of the system of which I speak I might call
\your attention to section 12 of the Forest Fire Act, which reads as follows :

"Whenever any forest, woodlands or barren shall be on fire it shall be
the duty of the supervisor of roads, commissioner of highways, county coun-
cillors and constables near where such fire is and each and everyone of them
on such fire coming to their notice to order so many of the men living or
residing in the neighbourhood of the place where such fire shall be as they
*hall severally deem necessary to proceed to the site of such fire and their
aid in stopping the progress of the same, and any of the above named per-
sons refusing or neglecting to give such order and any person so ordered re-
'fusing to obey the same shall be liable to a penalty of not less than Five
Dollars nor more than Twenty Dollars."

Now I may say that in the first place I was enabled through the courtesy
of the Deputy Surveyor General to have some forms of notice printed em-
bodying this section of the Act relating to forest fires and these notices were
forwarded to the different road masters, constables and county councillors
through my district. During the winter visiting the different lumber camps
I have continually made it a practice to post the men in the law relating to
fires, and have instructed them as fully as I could in what action to take.
For instance I took it upon myself to inform these men that in case of any
tfire starting in the vicinity in which they lived and should they think that
*hey should not have sufficient help to at once get control of the fire that

184 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

they were to use their own teams and get to the nearest telephone office as
soon as they could and communicate the case to me and as soon as I arrived
on the ground I would fully re-imburse them for the use of their teams and
their trouble and would at once bring sufficient men with me to get control
of any fire that might take place as I said in their vicinity.

I might say in reference to this that notwithstanding that a good many
men have used their own teams and spent considerable time in getting word
to me of fires near them, that in all "cases without any exception where I
have tendered these men pay for their teams, they have one and all refused
to accept one cent.

This shows at once that where there is a head to an organization of
this kind the people one and all are only too willing to assist in any way
within their power.

Now in years past when I was in control of a large tract of granted'
land I was forced to move men by teams and rail, and, when large fires take
place in the interior of the prpvince, it is impossible to obtain men to fight
fires in the near vicinity for the reason that before you could get them to-
gether the fire would have gotten beyond control, and I have always found
it necessary to go to the centres of population, such as the towns for a crew
of men.

I have not had occasion in the past two years to take any action of this,
kind for the Government, but I might say that I have mentioned the fact to
Mr. Downie, general superintendent of the C. P. R., and explained to him
that the occasion might arise at any time and I thought that he should
assist us in transporting these men to the scene of the fire free of charge. I
might say that Mr. Downie met my views in every particular, and as my sec-
tion covers nearly the entire route of his road, he has promised to move men
as I suggested as soon as hearing from me. This again would show the
public spirit that is instilled even in our railway managers in reference to
fire protection.

Again I think the Government should arrange with the telephone and
telegraph companies (who themselves would be benefited very materially by
any system of fire protection) to transmit any messages relating to fires
whenever the deputy fire wardens should be necessitated to use their lines,
and I think it would work out beneficially not only to the lumbermen, but
for the companies as well in a great saving of poles which are very often

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 185

burnt by fires causing a stoppage of business and loss of time in putting
these poles back.

Now I think if the Government would make it an object for the sealers
throughout the province to take charge of their different districts and in-
augurate a system similar to the one that I have used as I have stated to-
you, I feel sure that in their capacity as "fire wardens during the summer
they would have considerable interest in the work, and acting as deputy fire
wardens they would have control of their districts and be in a position to-
order men on any fires that might take place, and should they fear that the
fires were getting beyond their control, they should be enabled to call in the
assistance of the deputy fire warden in the adjoining district.

In an organization of this kind there should be some provincial head
who would keep in touch with the sealers as deputy fire wardens, and the
sealers themselves should see that the different officials throughout the
county such as road-masters and constables should comply with the Act as
in section 12. And I feel sure that where a system of this kind would be
inaugurated it would have a great deal better effect than any system of
forest rangers. For this reason : Our province is intersected by a great
many settlements which have been distributed over nearly all of it and were
several men interested and ready to take action at any moment in these out-
lying districts, I am sure that they would be in a better position to discover
fires than any one forest ranger in any given district appointed by the Gov-
ernment who might be walking on one side of a hill through the woods and
a half a mile distant on the other side of the hill, with the wind blowing
away from him a fire might be raging, and he, . the ranger, know nothing
about it.

This is a thought which, if carefully looked into, you can see is very
plain, that is, that it would be impossible for the Government to appoint
a sufficient number of forest rangers so as to work out beneficially for the
reason that they can only see over a certain amount of territory at one
time, while our settlements practically cover the whole of the province by
eyesight.

I might say in cannection with the above that I have arranged with
the lumbermen throughout my territory where they have men in the woods
in the spring months looking after their camps, supplies, and so forth, that
may have been left over, to have these men notify the lumbermen whenever
they saw any indications of fire, and I have requested that the different

186 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

operators at all times as they get word of fire of any consequence to notify
me at once by wire or telephone.

CUTTING OF LUMBER

In reference to the regulations made by the Provincial Government as
to the cutting of lumber, the regulations more especially affect the cutting of
undersized lumber, but have very little to say as to how this lumber shall be
cut, For instance, we would say that our regulations call for an 18 ft. 10 in-
log, and in most cases, where the licensee has to pay the stumpage, they do
not think, where the lumber is of a large growth, it is advisable to run the
tree up any farther than the 10 inches. This has a tendency to leave a very-
large amount of lumber in the woods, and I think that the regulations
should read that all logs should be in future run up to 8 inches, but nothing
cut under what would make an 18 ft. 10 in., which in a fair growth, should
make a log from 38 ft. to 30 ft. 8 in. I think, if a regulation such as this
could be carried out, the Government would receive a larger amount of
stumpage and this would in a very great extent protect our forests from fire
from the amount of tops left in the woods.

TOPS

Again, in falling the tree the larger limbs at the trunk hold the top of
the tree up from the ground, when after the tree is topped out the main part
of the tree drops down and is hauled away. This leaves the trunk sus-
pended on its branches, sometimes six feet in the air, or anyway sufficient
air space underneath to allow a free access of air to permit this top to become
thoroughly dried and which will burn very readily. Instead of leaving this
top in this condition, if it could possibly be arranged, not only by those that
cut on the government lands, but by operators who are cutting on their own
grounds. If an understanding could be had with the different parties men-
tioned above that, after taking the tree out of the woods before the chopper
leaves that part of the tree, he would be ordered to cut all of the lower limbs
off the top, allowing the top to drop unto the ground, and again, if it could
possibly be arranged so that these choppers would knock off a few of the
top limbs, allowing them also to drop to the ground, leaving nothing in the
$dr, it would have the tendency to very quickly rot these tops off and assist
very materially in forming a forest mulsh for the young sprouts. You can
readily understand the point I am trying to make, that is, if all the tops were
lowered to the ground so that the action of the weather would assist ma-

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 187

Serially in rotting them out, they would not only assist in the forest growth,
"but, to a very, very great extent, would prevent the danger of forest fires
and aid materially again in preventing the early thawing of the snow in the
spring of the year, for a year or two, after which time the young sprouts,
coming along, would then protect the snow themselves. This is a thought
which I have had in mind for some time and I think that the longer you
think it over the more practical you will see it to be and the better opinion
you will have of the point that I have made herein. You can see the object
in preventing the early thawing of the snow in the spring of the year one
year after the logging operation has taken placs, preventing floods and
retaining sufficient water power through the summer. This could be gone
into very extensively and I feel that it is a point which is really worthy of
consideration.

The Premier read a letter from Filibert Roth, Esq., Michigan Forest
Commission, regretting his absence and containing remarks on the subject
of Forestry.

W. P. FLEWELLING,

Fredericton, N. B.

DEAR SIR, —

My sincere thanks for your kind invitation to the Forestry Convention
and also for the copy of your Forest Act.

I regret very much that I cannot come as I am to be at Milwaukee on
the 20th.

Your Forest Act is very good and surely will lead to good results.
While I am not sufficiently acquainted with your woods and conditions
to venture any definite suggestions, you may perhaps be interested in some
of our experience here in Michigan, as being helpful in shaping plans, at
least in their general features for any district. Allow me to state a few,
categorically.

1 For 70 years the lumber industry of Michigan has been important
.to this State. All this time we tried to save money by not spending any on
tire protection. We have lost and lost heavily. The tires of 1881 alone

188 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

destroyed enough value in merchantable timber and other saleable property,,
so that if this money were out at 4^ interest it would pay for a very fair
fire protection from the interest alone. We have cut much timber and yet
there is a general belief here among timber men that the fire ate up three
times as much merchantable material as was utilized.

In addition, the fire destroyed the forests, the young growth, the log
timber of the future and in this it really did the greatest hurt.

The Michigan forest, aside from the merchantable stuff, had a potential
value, which today is easily $50.00 per acre and this the fire destroyed and
our people suffered the loss.

In 1903 we at last passed a forest fire law, framed like that of Minne-
sota, provides for fire wardens, pays nothing for preventing fire and pays
only for fighting fire and limits the yearly expense in a township (36 square
miles) to $50.00, of this law the State Land Commissioner, who is to execute
it, says : "It is not worth the paper that it is written on."

It puts a premium on having fires and the limit of $50.00 expenses, acts
in forest fires exactly as if the chief of a fire department in a city were told :
"Hurry and fight the fire, but when you have expended $24.00 you better
auit, pick up#your equipment and go home."

The fundamental principle in this matter of protection is the same in alt
forests and in all countries. We have learned two things.

(a) We should prevent fires by an active patrol, who can also serve to
patrol against trespass and game law violation. Part of this patrol is needed
only a few months in each year, but each district should have one permanent
man.

V

(b) The expenses should be in keeping with the importance of the
enterprise. No civilized land can afford to allow its forests to burn up. We*
have learned that the time when we should have spent our money freely wa*
right at the start. Only by a strong well planned and persistent effort can,
we overcome the normal as well as the physical obstacles. Once we are on
the right path, the matter will be as easy as it is in the Old World, where
these things have been done for centuries. No district should spend less
than 2 cents per acre for protection alone.

2. From the inception of our Public Affairs we worked in the direction)

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 189

of having all lands placed in private hands. We now know that we made a
mistake in the care of forest lands, or all lands only doubtfully suited to
agriculture. For over 30 years the State of Michigan has had from 15 to
257 of its land area "in soak for taxes." These tax lands have coat us

/O

millions of dollars to advertise and try to get into private hands and all ex-
pense has been in vain ; we have them still. Our experience merely con-
firms that of Europe which has declared that the State is the best forest
owner, and in case of poor soils, is the only good proprietor, for it is only
the State who can afford to carry out the long time plans needed to keep
.such lands from becoming waste. We want State forests here and we are
working to get them.

3. A large part of all our trouble and loss is due to the fact that we
never decided on any definite policy beyond the mere "Get rid of the lands.'
Just as a farmer decides on what he wants to do with his lands, so the State
should have a well matured plan and work according^. We, here, are dis-
cussing now such a plan and policy.

4. The State of Michigan as such and also many individual owners of
large holdings have suffered (and the woods with them) on account of long
lived contracts or interests given to people to exploit the forest. We, here,
fully realize that the time is passed when such contract should be given to
anybody and that forests can be utilized and the timber be sold and removed
without such contracts.

In every case the exploiting interest protest step by step against any
innovation and the whole treatment of the forest is based on a series of com-
promises in which the forest gets the worst end of the bargain.

Our little State Reserve where we are now selling the fire-killed material
of cedar and pine, the main question is never : Is the price right, is the
scale right, it is always : Will it effect the forest growth favorably or un-
favorably ? and we believe that this should be the only deciding question and
all others should be held secondary, whenever the state handles a forest.

We here in Michigan have lost much in forest wealth and time and
land because the men who have handled our State forest lands and private
lands could never "See the woods on account of the trees ;" they could see
only merchantable timber and the forest never meant anything to them b
yond just so and so many million feet of timber or logs. They were ab
men, our Michigan lumbermen, they knew timber and knew how to log ; they

-190 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

set the pace in lumbering for all the United States, but they never knew the-
forest as a field of growing crops. Their love and interest stopped at the
log and the small white pine was mere "brush" and of no value.

This attitude has lost us millions of dollars and is one of the great
causes why we import our better class of timber today, whereas fifteen years
ago, we were among the greatest export States of the World. We have
learned our lesson, we now know that the man who is to care for the forest,
must be trained, not as a logger, but as»a farmer ; he must love the young
tree, know the seed and the seedling and delight in its care and its growth.
But this kind of training he does not get in the lumber camp, he gets it at
a school where the forest is treated, is spoken of and read about as a grow-
ing crop ; where a man's duty with regard to the forest is not summed up in
"cheap logging " but in "proper care," and where the very atmosphere of the
place tells him of the Tree as a living being of the utmost importance to man
and as being worthy cf man's best efforts.

We, here, believe that it is not necessary to load great administrative
burdens on a young graduate of a Forestry School, nor turn to an inexperi-
enced man large properties without council and safeguard of older experi-
enced heads ; but we do also believe that not a single tree should be cut un-

* ~

til a man has marked it who loves the tree as a living being, rather than as-
a pile of logs.

The logger has laid millions of acres of our lands waste, we look to the-
Forester to rebuild the forest and reclothe these lands and make them pro-
ductive.

With my sincere good wishes for the work of your Convention, be-
lieve me,

Sincerely Yours,

ROTH.

The Premier read a paper by Mr. John Robinson, Jr., subject : "Forest

Fire Ranging."

«

HON. R J. SWEENEY,

Moncton, N. B.

DEAR SIR,—

I regret very much that I cannot be present to take. part in the Forestry

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 191

Convention to be held in Fredericton on the 20th and 21st of the present
month.

I am sure you will have a very representative gathering.

The object of the Convention being for the preservation and better pro-
tection of our forest lands should appeal to every citizen. The Government
should be loyally supported in their efforts to preserve this, our most valu-
able asset. Judging from the list of speakers to be present, the discussion
will be both interesting and instructive. I understand that experts in
Forestry will be present from the United States and Canada. I presume it
is the intention of the meeting to discuss and adopt the best methods of
forest fire protection. This subject should be given very serious considera-
tion. Fire has been the great enemy of our forests. Of course man, the
natural enemy of nature's most beautiful gifts, is also largely responsible for
the many forest fires that have occurred in our Province within the last five
years. From my own personal knowledge I say that a large percentage of
the fires are started through carelessness and very often by persons who
should use every means to protect our lumber lands. Lack of interest on
the part of our lumber operators and carelessness on the part of the foreman
in charge of lumbering drives are responsible for some of the fires that occur.
Men leaving the drive in the month of May, the most dangerous time of the
year, very often boil the kettle on the side of the portage road, get up and
walk away and never think of extinguishing the fire.

Cruising parties are some times careless, fishing and hunting parties
have been known to start fires that have destroyed valuable timber limits. I
know of one instance where a fire was started by lightning last August.
This occurred on the Lake, near Little South West. The tree was struck and
splintered by the lightning. It was a long hardwood tree and burned slowly
and fell across the Portage Road. The fire was just getting into the dry-
brushwood when two men, Benjamin Stewart and Fred Holmes came along.
These men are employed by D. & J. Ritchie & Co., and were on their way to
one of the firm's bear houses, and were just in time to stop the progress of
what would have been a most disastrous fire ; it being a black spruce coun-
try and well wooded. Considerable old works let a fire get well under way
in such a country as that it would be impossible to stop its progress.

We have the disease, now what is the cure ? The first consideration is
to. raanize a proper patrol system. Appoint competent men who will

192 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

vote their time to the work, must be good woodsmen, men of character.
Each officer to give a bond for the faithful performance of his work, must
•keep a diary of his work and take the name of every man he meets on the
Portage road or on the streams, also find out what his business is in the
woods and what section1 of the country he or they are going to, make a note
of same, send in his report every week. Should be paid a salary that would
.allow officer to devote all his time to the district under his care.

Two men to have a district, the Government to pay one officer, the
lumber operator holding lands in that district to pay one man. Both men
to be sworn and subject to the Crown Land Department. Forms to be fur-
jiished by department for wardens to keep record of their work.

RoadComrnissioners should be obliged to burn brush and all other rubbish
-vrhen skirting roads in country districts. This could be piled on road and burnt
at night with perfect safety. Telephone Companies should be made to do
the same and not throw the refuse back in the edge of the woods to dry and
jbecome dangerous. Now is the time before any more damage is done. (The
above can be avoided).

You ask me to prove that a patrol system would be effective. I can
give my own personal experience.

August 10th, 1905, at 8 p. m., I was notified by T. Lynch, Esq., that a
forest fire was started at the old Post House on Little Dungarvon. On the
morning of the llth, I reached Boiestown, picked up eleven men purchased
supplies and by nine p. m. was at the fire. Leaving Mr. Daniel Lynch and
Fire Warden Price in charge, I went out for more assistance and returned
next day. All told we had fifteen men and by working late at night and
early in the morning for seven days we controlled the fire to about 100 acres
in a black spruce country. The fact that I was notified in time, I acted
promptly and received most valuable assistance from Mr. Daniel Lynch and
Douglas Price we prevented the fire getting out of the valley of the
Dungarvon.

I will give you another instance of what the patrol system would
accomplish.

June 15th, 1906, Douglas Price discovered a heavy smoke rising north
of the C. E. Railway at Ludlow. Price started at once and located the fire
On a block of Crown Land under lease to W. R. HcCloskey.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 193

As Price was acting in the capacity of fire warden at the time, he
ordered out a crew of men ; they worked mostly all night and succeeded in
killing out the fire. It just cost the department $19.50. The fact that
Warden Price had the ability and acted promptly, saved a valuable country.
Messrs. Lynch, Gibson and McCloskey are the lessees of the lumber lands in
that locality and know its value as a spruce country. I could name a num-
ber of others but it is not necessary.

I will now describe the big Dungarvon fire of 1906, August 15th. I
was at Bathurst and received a telegram from the Miramichi Lumber Co.?
"Forest Fire north of Boiestown." I arrived in Boiestown, on the morning
of the IGth. The smoke could be seen from the store door of the company,
yet no one could tell me where the fire was, for the firm received notice
through a messenger on the 12th or 13th from Pleasant Ridge, that a fire
was raging in the vicinity of the Big Dugarvon I was obliged to hunt up
two men to locate the fire, consequently we did not get a crew to work until
the evening of the 19th, giving the fire a full week of a start. Now if the
firm had taken interest enough to send at once and locate the fire, so we
could have started on the 16th with a crew of men, possibly we could have
controlled the fire in the valley >f the Dungarvon. I don't say we could
have done so, but it was possible. When the two men reached the fire on
the afternoon of the 17th it was just working over the mountains. We had
altogether about 85 men in the woods, including men sent by Mr. James
Robinson.

The method we used was digging trenches where the ground was dry and
composed of turf. It was necessary to swamp and cut through the roots,
making a perfectly clear trench, so that when the fire burned up, it could
not cross the trench. We used axes, picks and shovels ; we used water,
where we could get it, but at that season it was very scarce. On some of
the ridges where the soil is sand or gravel, it is only necessary to dig up and
throw on the earth, but in ground composed of turf it is necessary to cut
through to the gravel. We came across two beaver ponds that proved valu-
able to us in fighting the fire. I make the above statement to prove if we
had men patrolling the country at the time the above fire started, prompt
action could have been taken and a good property saved.

While we succeeded in saving Little Dungarvon and Renous River, Big
Dunaarvon and Bamford Brook suffered. The burned district is under lease

&

to the Miramichi Lumber Company.

194 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

The protection of the beaver is certainly a move in the right direction
:acd should be continued, their dams reserved a large supply of water, which
is most valuable in dry season.

I would also suggest that the forest at the head of streams be reserved,
as the snow and ice would be protected late in the spring and would keep
up a better supply of water.

It has been asserted that a fire cannot be controlled in the forest when
.started in June. We had a very bad fire in Blackville started 13th June,
1903.

Mr. Bernard McCorrnack of Blackville, and Mr. McKendrick, manager
for Messrs. Gibson & Co., will be present at the convention. I would like
you to call on them for their opinion of the manner in which the above fire
was trot under control.

CT

I trust the convention will be successful. Premier Tweedie and Sur-
veyor General should be remembered. I am sure the people appreciate the
#reat interest you have both taken in this matter.

Your obedient servant,

(Signed) JOHN ROBINSON,

Chief Forest Ranger.

RESOLUTIONS

MR. W. B. SNOWBALL — I have a resolution which my committee
wishes to present in reference to matters which the committee wishes to
bring before the convention.

o

As to the paper by Mr. Jones. Chancellor of the University of New
Brunswick, in regard to practical and theoretical instruction along the lines
proposed in the University:

We believe, as a committee composed of lumbermen, that such an edu-
cation is a necessity to the Province to conserve and advance our interests ;
also we believe that competent people, such as those who are instructors now

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 195

en the Province might go through the Province and give forestry instruction
concerning some thing more than they at present know in reference to the
subject.

Resolution presented, seconded by Mr. David Buckley :

Whereas, there is not at present any institution in our Province provid-
ing a Forestry course ; and

Whereas, practical men are required, trained in theoretical and practical
"knowledge, to conserve our forest wealth,

Therefore resolved, that this Convention recommend the Government
•to assist the University of New Brunswick to provide such a course as out-
lined by Chancellor Jones and also that the Government provide Forestry
instructors to give short courses throughout the Province of say 90 days in
each district, on the same principle as the Dairy School instructors.

DR. G. U. HAY — There is simply a suggestion or two I wish to make.
In common with all who heard Chancellor Jones yesterday in the syllabus
put out, I confess I was very much taken with that. I think we should have
(that subject in connection with our University of New Brunswick, and the
paper we heard this afternoon from Mr. Gary called attention to the fact that
we should have efficient and educated men to carry out Forestry regulations
in this Province.

In the Yale Forestry School there is an important example to us per-
haps and that is this : Mr. Pinchaud, I think, made an endowment of a
quarter of a million dollars to establish that, and then the lumbermen of
Connecticut asked for an especial course for lumbermen who were to go in,
exactly similar to what is proposed by Chancellor Jones, and the Yale Uni-
versity said : If you will pay for this we will be very glad to let you have it,
and the lumbermen after consideration said that they would make an endow-
ment of $150,000 for that special course. Now we all know that any man
who was brought up among trees is a generous man and I think the lumber-
men of New Brunswick are not less generous than the lumbermen of Con-
necticut or any other State, and I think the fact may be left with them. . We
clo not want to send any man away to the Forestry School at Yale or
Harvard or Michigan if we can possibly help it, because they are generally
taken up there and we Jose their services. Here perhaps is a practical way.
We all know that perhaps the Government is spending as much money as it

196 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

can upon the provincial University and the lumbermen of this Province are
a pretty substantial lot of men and if they would come forward perhaps and
do something like that it would be heartily received.

Resolution passed unanimously.

MR. J. FRASER GREGORY— As Convener of the Lumbermen's Com-
mittee, I want to express to you sir, as Premier, and to the members of the
Executive, the hearty appreciation they feel in reference to the calling of
this Convention, and congratulate the Government of the success that it has
been.

This morning the manager of a pulp mill in speaking of the lumber
business said that the pulp industry was a splendid industry for the laboring
man and give us the money expended in it. I think it is also a splendid
business for pulpmill managers, also for lawyers, but there is one poor fellow
that has not had anything in it at all and that is the stockholder, as far as
this province is concerned the stockholders in this province have not got
anything back.

The Resolution is as follows :

Inasmuch as the Survey and Exportation of Lumber Act as now on the-
Statute Books is antiquated and not applicable to the present conditions and
methods of carrying on the lumber business,

Therefore resolved, that in the opinion of this convention a new Act
should be prepared without delay and suggest it would be best to appoint
a commission for the purpose.

Moved by Mr. J. Fraser Gregory, seconded by Mr. Allen Ritchie, and
carried.

Mr. Randolph moves the following resolution :

Inasmuch as in the opinion of your committee, there is at the present
time no adequate system of fire protection for Crown Lands in the Province
of New Brunswick,

Therefore resolved, that the Government be requested to take prompt
action towards the establishment of organized fire protection, so that the
same may be in operation by May 1st next.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 197

MR. HUTCHESON — In seconding the motion, let me say in regard to
tire protection, the object to be arrived at and desired by this conventioa
and by everyone interested in the manufacture and use of lumber is, how
can we protect from destruction by fire.

I think it is safe to say about half the area of lumber lands in the Prov-
ince, or generally classed as forest land, that about the half of it has been
destroyed by forest fires.

In regard to the section of Northumberland County on the Cain River,
there is no less than 300 square miles burned over in a square block district;
on the north branch of the Renous River, some 25 years ago a fire took
place and in the one block there is about 20 miles ; the north branch of the
Portage Road comes through about five miles of burnt land. On the
Dungarvon in that county there was a fire took place this year that burned
I think 25 miles, as a fair estimate of the quantity destroyed. On the south
branch of the Renous, in the well watered section, there were three fires
started there last year and they burned a large section ; but on those three
branches of the Miramichi within my recollection there have been burned at
least between four and five hundred square miles of land.

And the land at the head of the Northwest and at the head of the north
branch of the Southwest Miramichi is practically all burned land, all except
the intervals and the highlands where the ground was moist ; but all the
^highlands, what we call Bald Mountain, they are all bald, there is nothing on
ithern.

I am told on the Restigouche there was a very large amount of land
turned and the country is in a few years utterly destroyed. I have myself
-cut logs that were partly burned and they gave me only about fourth quality
loos, because between the June fire and the time they were cut the worms

O *

Jiad practically destroyed them.

In the last few years destroying between four and five hundred miles in
districts I have been over I feel in the next 25 years perhaps if we are not a
little more careful than we have been it will make little difference to us about
this fire protection at all.

The most important business of the Province I do not think is Forestry,
the most important is agriculture. When any of this forest land is pro-
nounced suitable for settlement and agriculture I am quite willing that the

198 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

agriculture should have it, because I think the profit to be derived and
people to be supported by it are much more to the acreage than by Forestry.
But I think the most important thing for this convention to consider is the'
protection from fire. I do not consider the protection from fire is ample.
Some fire wardens have been appointed and so far as I have observed they
have done their very best, but the time to prevent the fire is to fight it and
put it out. I have had some experience and have been fairly fortunate,
though I have met some losses ; but my experience in any fires which have
occurred in any lands in which I have been interested is that no fire warden
or no body of men could ever put them out. They burned till they went out;
till the rain came and put them out. I have sent men to put out fires and*
they would say : "Just as soon as the wind has changed and we can get
around and there is a little fall of rain we will put them out ;" then comes a
dry spell and the stumps catch and they burn themselves out.

If you go around the Dungarvon district you will find the fire burned
down to the edges of the stream, burned down to it and did not cross. My
experience is, prevent the fire, don't put it out. You can't put it out. Take
a forest fire a mile or a half a mile from water, what can you do ? You can't
go in front with a wind blowing, you would lose your life. What you have=
to do, and do it very quickly, is to instruct fire wardens to keep poachers out
of the woods. That is where the fires come from— people not legitimately
in the woods, but people who come illegitimately, and you or I may tell them-
they are private lands, they simply tell you it is none of your business. My
idea is to put fire wardens in and if they catch any one in there without
liberty they should be punished. The Dungarvon fire, it is well known, waer
started by men who were there spearing and catching salmon contrary to
law. My idea is that to prevent the fires in the dry season the proper way
is to keep people out of the woods unless they have business there.

MR. BURCHILL — Is there any provision in the Road Act to arrange
for burned wood and rubbish. I remember \vhere a road was cleared of the
undergrowth and that was allowed to remain on the road through the en-
tire summer, and a very dry season, and during the latter part of the season
the lighted butt of a cigar would have set the place in a blaze, and if there is
nothing in the present law to compel commissioners to burn the under-
growth and brush along the edge of the roads the Act should be amended in
that respect.

MR. F. W. SUMNER— Could the guides of the present time be ap-
pointed fire wardens ?

NEW ,p, RUNS WICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 199

THE PREMIER— By law they are.

MR. F. W. SUMNER— It would seem to me in a mild way I would
suggest that special instructions be given to the guides. I have information
through a letter, since coming here, that a guide with sportsmen on some
of my land started a fire which burned quite a piece of land. The great pro-
portion of hunters who go into the woods, I believe really feel it would be
disastrous to start fires, but there are men who go in as hunters who do not
care, and for this reason I feel the guides should have very strict instructions.

Then I think it would be well to have a Board of Investigation and that
every fire that occurs in the woods should be investigated down to the point.
It may be expensive, but a year or two- of that I believe, would be productive
of good results. I think there has never been the trouble taken to find out
how fires started and I believe if it was, and the people all through the country
knew it, they would be more careful and bring responsibility on the people
who started them, and I would suggest it would be well to have an investi-
gating committee to investigate every fire, how it started and who started
it, to find out under oath.

I believe this meeting will be for good and I think it would be well to
go through the back settlements and give people copies of the laws in respect
to fires. The people do not seem yet to be alive to the fact that they should
not start fires.

FLEMING — What method has been adopted for the distribution
of these printed notices containing the section of the Act in relation to forest
fires ? Going up and down the country, I think, only once have I seen this
notice posted up in a public place. It seems to me it would be a very good
thing if there was some system adopted for having this notice put up just
the same as the Game Law— posted in a conspicuous place in the different
parishes throughout the country.

THE PREMIER — The practice is to send notices, printed on cotton, so
as to be durable, to send them to the game wardens and sealers of lumber,
and very often licensees of lumber lands, who are careful, get a lot of them.
I have seen them get two or three hundred and post them wherever there
were public roads leading to their lands.

The Maritime Sulphite Fibre lands— notices were all around. The
manager of the Bank of Montreal was very careful to have these notices

200 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

posted up at regular intervals wherever any one would be likely to travel
and I think the notices have a good effect.

Resolution carried.

MR. ANDERSON — With reference to the exportation of pulpwood and
as being interested in pulpwood, we have viewed with considerable appre-
hension, first, the cutting of so much small wood, and in the next place we
think if the Government is willing to allow small wood to be cut, as I believe
it is generally stated to be cut throughout the Province, that if they are
determined to cut it we should at least have it manufactured in the Province,
because the cost of the labor that is put on the production of the wood itself
is small in comparison to what it is when manufactured in the Province, and
I think I heard it stated here this morning that there was something like- an
equivalent to ten dollars an acre, and if that is so I think it is greatly in the
interests of our country and to the interests of the future of our country,
that we should take this matter in hand before it gets to such a size that it
is impossible to handle.

I therefore take great pleasure in moving this resolution :

Inasmuch as this Convention is called to devise methods of conserving
our forests for posterity, so as to be a source of income for all time to come ;

And whereas, at the present time large quantities of logs and pulpwood
are being exported to foreign countries for manufacture there instead of
within the Province, which practice is destructive to the forest and without
due compensation to the population ;

Therefore resolved, that in the opinion of this Convention the export
of saw logs and pulpwood cut from Crown Lands should be prohibited.

THE PREMIER— I think I would suggest that it should be prohibited
by the Federal Government, as this resolution would seem to assume the
Provincial Legislature had the power.

MR. HAZEN — We should apply it to the Crown Lands,

MR. HUTCHISON — I understood when that resolution was framed it
was entirely to refer to pulpwood exports, it was entirely to refer to pulp-
wood cut on Crown Lands for exportation.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 201

From the statement of the Premier I take it that there are six million
acres of Crown Lands now under lease, and according to the terms of the
Crown Land returns of last year I think there are about 136 million feet cut,
which would mean we are actually cutting on our Crown Lands about a log
to every 24 acres, or 23 superficial feet to the acre. The fact of such a very
small cut shows, I contend, that we are not keeping up with the times, that
the lumber industry is not keeping pace with other industries. Our lands
should yield at least one log to an acre, so a log in conformity with the
smallest log allowed under the Crown Land regulations would be 18 feet 10
inches, which is equal to 72 superficial feet, and if that is cut to the acre it
will leave a cut in this Province on our Crown timber lands of 432 million,
which would net to this Province in stumpage $540,000, a gain of $369,000,
in addition to the revenue. If the sawmill will not keep up the pace I would
strongly suggest that we now allow the pulp people to come in.

THE PREMIER— Take the Mirainichi Lumber Company ; they have
166,000 acres of land they are cutting lumber on and well covered and we
could not prevent that. That would have to be done by the Federal
Government. It is not an export duty we should put on but an increased
stumpage should be had on the manufactured logs going out of the country,
on the Crown Lands.

MR. ANDERSON — With the permission of the Members, I will suggest
that as that was the intention to have it read, "On the Crown Lands" and
as we well know the Local Government has no power to put an exportation
duty on the Federal Lands, therefore I move that it be changed to apply to
Crown Landsv

MR. F. W. SUMNER — The Government do hold lands today that I
maintain that after listening to the different members of the Convention and
experts in this line that really require that done.

I am interested in some districts, but many that I am not interested in,
fcad it would not cost me a thought if they would stop the cutting of it over ;
but certain districts were burned over in 1825 on the Miiramichi. There is a
great quantity of small spruce running from three to four, five, six and seven
inches growing about as thick as it can stand and the roots appear to be
interlaced, and it grows to probably three or four inches at the top, very
Jimby and then seems to get mossy, say 25 or 30 feet high and by and by a
wind storm blows it over.

202 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

I have thought a great deal about this and from the information I can
glean I believe the only way to manage that would be to cut two thirds of
the land out. The trees grow so closely together they debar the wind and
sunlight from getting through and they reach their growth and begin to
decay and gather moss and then gradually blow over.

For this reason I think it would be well to consider this question care-
fully before considering prohibitory ideas of exporting pulpwood. There is
a great deal of country that requires this cutting. Cutting pulpwood today
would be of great value in the way of increasing its growth.

Then again,, take up the conditions under which this Miramichi Pulp
and Lumber Company come into this country and I think the Government
ought to give great consideration to any company who invest the money
they did in the business before putting stumbling-blocks in their way. I
believe that eventually the Government will legislate that this wood must be

^ o

made into pulp in this country and then strengthen it by saying it must be
made into paper ; but it would cut off a lot of labor and capital that have
been invested to stop it at present and the conditions would be hard on some
people. I feel it is a question we should not vote on without due considera-
tion and that it should have further consideration at this Convention before
the Members vote for that resolution.

MR. ANDERSON— We do not wish to prohibit the cutting of pulp-
wood by that resolution. Those are only my own personal remarks ; but
we have brought the resolution before this Convention to iavite discussion.

THE PREMIER— You say if A owns 100 or 200 acres of land and B
was a licensee of a mile of land from the Crown that A could send his pulp-
Wood to the States to be manufactured and B could not. It would be fair if
the Dominion would pass a general law ; but the farmer under that could
send and the man on Crown Land under this provision, could not do it. It
should be done by 'the Dominion.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 203.

McAdam Junction,
Feb. 18th, 1907

MR. W. P. FLEWELLING,

Deputy Surveyor General,

DEAR SIR, —

I regret to have to write that my duties at Sackville will prevent me •>
attending the sessions of the Forestry Convention. I am deeply interested
in the subject and am glad to see that such a step is being taken to create
public interest in this vital national question, and to perfect and give greater
effect to the "Forestry Law," which, beginning in Westmorland has become-
provincial.

One subject, I notice, is not in your list, viz.; the farmers' interest in
Forestry. The pioneer settlers in this country who had with immense labor
to hew places for themselves out of the forest came to look upon the trees-
as their natural enemies, and this seems to have become an inbred instinct
in many of their descendents. Trees are destroyed, even where they are-
doing no harm and where th,eir destruction yields no profit to the destroyer*
It would be a great thing if public sentiment could be so cultivated that every
farmer would have his wood lot religiously cared for and protected, and il>
the farmers could be made to see the value of wind breaks in adding to the
beauty and the profit of their farms.

The experience of the Northwest has shown that every foot of height
in a wind break protects 50 feet of crop. A wind break of trees six feet or
ten feet in width more than pays for itself in the following ways :

It prevents the rough thrashing of the crop by high winds which draws
upon the vitality of the plants and therefore results in less crops, it lends to
prevent lodging of heavy grain crops, it protects grass roots by keeping a
deeper covering of snow on the land and add fertility by the ammonia and
carbonic acid (through its solvent power) and nitrates condensed in the
snow. It holds the heat of the sun and reduces very greatly the powerful
chilling effect produced by the rapid evaporation of moisture in a wind.
The warmth over a piece of land between two wind breaks is so much greater
during the latter part of the day and is held over the land so much longer
during the night that it is equivalent to moving the farm several degrees

204 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

further south. Early and late frosts do not effect such plots so readily. It
is only a few feet on their northern sides which is injured by the presence of
the trees and these few feet are generally needed for a common road along
the field. All large fields should be surrounded by such wind breaks
Further advantages are the following : These wind breaks, with care, can be
made to supply a portion of the fire wood for a household and to do this
perpetually. As we have come to the days of the wire fence the trees may
be used as indestructible fence posts without injury to the trees and this as a
practice would reduce the enormous tax on the farming community found in
the keeping up of the wooden fences of our farms. Corn, tomatoes and
apples can be successfully grown in many portions of the Province where the
farms are blanketted by tree belts, as witness the noted success with the pro-
tected orchard at the Experimental Farm at Nappan as compared with the
indifferent success of the exposed orchard. One experiment like this shows
that all crops could be better grown in such conditions of shelter. Had we
an asthetic population the added picturesqueness of our farming sections
wjuld be regarded as sufficient reward for any expense and trouble involved
in inaugurating such a practice. In the case of fields which are being cleared
it really means taking less trouble and being put to less expense in chopping
fences, etc.

More should be made of Arbor Day in our schools, for the sake of doing
what the Forestry laws have begun, namely, to create a public conscience as
to the value of the tree. I should be in favor of an enactment which would
place a fine upon any body of school trustees in the shape of a reduction of
their Government grant who would not see that at least one tree was planted
on or near the school grounds on Arbor Day, and who should allow one
such tree to be injured by the scholars. Such legislation might seem severe
enough, but it would have a great awakening effect on scholars, teachers
and trustees.

In Mount Allison University this subject is introduced in several classes
of the Arts Course, viz., Botany, General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry.
We have had special lectures on the subject, notably a course of lectures on
the methods of German Forestry, delivered by Mr. George Trueman, now of
Riverside Consolidated School. And I am free to say this, as we occupy a
central position in these Provinces, as soon as the means can be provided we
are ready to add to our department of Applied Science a section devoted to
Forestry, and if we can accomplish this through any public spirited men
interested in the subject we shall feel that we are doing something to serve
the best interests of our county.

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 205

There is another phase of this subject which may seem frivolous and far
away to practical men, but which is of great importance nevertheless.

In the samples of the primeval atmosphere of the world, which we find
locked up and preserved for us in the cavities of our oldest rocks, we find
nitrogen, hydrogen, carbonic acid gas and some others, but no oxygen. The
world therefore began with no free oxygen, but with plenty of carbonic acid
gas. The only agent known in nature which can free oxygen from the grasp
of carbon is green matter in plants under the action of the sunlight. The
oxygen of our atmosphere is therefore a gift to the animal world from the
plant world.

Lord Kelvin, in an address before the British Association for the ad-
vancement of science, said that taking the amount of coal in the known coal
areas of the world, there is found to be not enough free oxygen in the world
to burn the coal. We are therefore in greater danger of an oxygen famine
th'an of a coal famine.

By the respiration of men and animals and the furnaces of our factories,
we are using up the free, oxygen to an ever increasing rate. It is important,
therefore, that as the forest is the onjy strong growth, which can be produced
in some rocky areas, that these areas should not be:allowed to lose their
forest growth and then in consequence their soil. Vigorous vegetation in
every possible place is needed, not only to supply food and timber to the
world but also oxygen, and only increased vigor' of plant growth can we keep
the balance in face of the increased use of oxygen.

If this can add anything to the discussion you may use it, though I
have not written it with that in view.

I am very sorry I cannot be with you in what must prove a very inter-
esting gathering.

Yours very truJy,

(Signed) W. W. ANDREWS,

McClelan School of Applied Science,
Mount Allison University.

-206 NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION

MR. W. B. SNOWNBALL— I feel like the Committee who proposed
this Resolution, of which I was one, that it is a most important matter
whether we should allow the raw material controlled by the Crown, or by
the State, and which is the property of people, to go outside of the country
to be manufactured.

We have the kindliest feelings towards our American neighbors to the
south and enjoy seeing them come amongst us to establish manufactories,
but we want them to come to us and manufacture rather than our raw ma-
terial should go to them for them to derive the greatest benefit from it.
Within a few days we have noticed this matter discussed in our papers,
showing the amount of pulpwood going out of the province, being manu-
factured into pulp and paper on the other side of the line and then sent back
to us in that form.

I feel as a Canadian citizen and particularly as a New Brunswick man
that we should keep within the bounds of our province all the manufacture
we can, and even in connection with our sawmills, that we should examine
more closely and find out what our lumber is put into, so that we can put
the most .labor on it in .our own country and keep the labor right here.
That is a matter every lumberman and millowner I think is looking to.

Reference has been made to the small quantity cut per acre, but from
what I know of our timber limits I think we have kept fully up to the
growth of our land and are unable to cut anything further without destory-
ing or depleting the forests jn which we are interested.

I am young in the business and do not know as much about it as others,
but that is my impression and what I have gained from experience and the
views of those with a long connection with the forest business, and instead
of increasing the output from the lands we hold, if we wish to conserve it \re
will have to change our milling operations so as to cut it into smaller sizes,
-give more labor to our people and keep our staff around us and still give
morelabor in the country than at the present time. Those are rny views with
regard to the pulp industry. With people who own private lands we cannot
stop them, but I do not think for one moment that anyone interested who
feels he has any land of importance is going to cut it pif to any great extent
for pulp purposes when he knows the value is increasing each year.

If the law goes through it should be watched closely to see that it is
Carried out. Crown Land lumber should not go outside of the province;

NEW BRUNSWICK FORESTRY CONVENTION 207

Habor should be kept in the country, or if necessary bring it in, increase the
population, increase profits to storekeepers and other people interested in
the country.

I feel strongly on the motion and hope the convention may see the same
as I do in connection with it and let it rest then with the Government
whether they can see their way clear to pass such restrictions as we think
should be put upon the Crown timber limits.

Resolution carried.
Convention adjourned sine die.

HERBERT M. PRICE
PRESIDENT CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 1907-

REPORT

OF THE

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

HELD AT

MONTREAL, MARCH J2 AND J3, J908.

TORONTO :

THE IMRIE PRINTING COMPANY, LIMITED.
1908

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

OFFICERS

PATRON :

His EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.

HONORARY PRESIDENT:

The Right Honourable Sir Wilfred Laurier.

PRESIDENT:
W. B. Snowball.

VICE-PRESIDENT:
Thomas Southworth.

SECRETARY :

A. H. D. Ross,

Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto.
Toronto, Ont.

TREASURER:
Miss M. Robinson.

ASSISTANT-SECRETARY :

F. W. H. Jacombe.

VICE-PRESIDENTS .'

Ontario — Hon. Frank Cochrane. Quebec — Hon. A. Turgeon.

New Brunswick — Hon. W. C. H. Grim- Nova Scotia — Hon. Arthur Drysdale.

mer. • Prince Edward Island — Rev. A. E. Burke

Manitoba — Hon. J. H. Agnew. Saskatchewan — His Honour A. E. For-
Alberta — Wm. Pearce. get.

British Columbia — Hon. H. Bostock. Keewatin — His Honour the Lieutenant-
MacKenzie — F. D. Wilson. Governor of Manitoba.

Ungava — Hon. Sir Henri Joly de Lot- Yukon — The Commissioner.

biniere.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS:

Hon. Sydney Fisher. Hiram Robinson.

Monseigneur J. U. K. Laflamme. Dr. Wm. Saunders.

R. H. Campbell. E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere.

H. M. Price J. B. Miller.

Wm. Little Hon. W. C. Edwards.

J. M. Macoun. W. C. J. Hall.

Gordon C. Edwards. W. A. Charlton.

G. Y. Chown. E. Stewart.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL:

R. H. Campbell, Roland D. Craig, F. W. H. Jacombe.
Managing Editor, J. M. Macoun.

THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

This Association stands for a rational solution of the most im-
portant economic problem now confronting the people of Canada,
and is engaged in a work of national importance, in which every
citizen of every Province and Territory in the Dominion has a
direct interest.

The objects of the Association are to secure: —

1. The exploration of the public domain, so that lands
unsuitable for agricultural purposes may be reserved for
timber production.

2. The preservation of the forests for their influence on
climate, soil, and water supply.

3. The promotion of judicious methods in dealing with
forests and woodlands.

4. Tree-planting on the plains, and on streets and
highways.

5. Reforestation where advisable.

6. The collection and dissemination of information
bearing on the forestry problem in general.

ARE YOU A MEMBER?

If you are already a member of the Association you are requested
to use your influence in getting others interested in what you know
to be a good cause. If you are not a member, your membership is
earnestly solicited. The annual fee is only one dollar, which entitles
you to a year's subscription for the CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL,
'(the official organ of the Association), and a full report of the pro-
ceedings of the Annual Meeting. The life membership is ten dollars.

Applicationsjfor membership "should be addressed to the Secretary,
A. H. D. Ross, Faculty of Forestry,

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

The Ninth Annual Meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association was held in
the Exchange Hall of the Montreal Board of Trade at Montreal, on Thursday and
Friday, the 12th and 13th of March, 1908.

Amongst others present there were: His Honour Sir Louis Jett^, Lieutenant-
Go vernor for the Province of Quebec; the Honourable Sydney Fisher, Minister of
Agriculture for the Dominion of Canada; the Honourable Mr. Nantel; W. Harrison
Bradley, the United States Consul General; Achille Bergevin, M.P.P.; David
Gillies, M.P.P.; His Grace, Monseigneur Bruchesi, Archbishop of Montreal ; Mgr. J.
U. K. Laflamme, Dean of Laval University; Bishop Racicot; Canon Dauth; J. B.
Chabot, W. W. Craig and A. McLaurin, representing the Montreal Board of Trade;
C. A. Chouillon, A. Revol and A. Tarut, representing the French Chamber of Com-
merce; J. F. Ellis and S. R. Wickett, representing the Toronto Board of Trade;
Overton W. Price, Associate Forester of the United States Forest Service; E. A.
Sterling, Forester for the Pennsylvania Railway Co.; R.H.Campbell, Dominion
Superintendent of Forestry; E. Stewart, former Superintendent of Forestry;
Thomas South worth, Director of Colonization for the Province of Ontario;
Professor Filibert Roth, Director of the Department of Forestry in Michigan
University; Dr. B. E. Fernow and A. H. D. Ross, of the Faculty of Forestry
in the University of Toronto; Professor H. P. Baker, Pennsylvania State College
of Forestry; George Y. Chown, representing Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.;
R. R. Bradley, representing the Miramichi Lumber Company; El wood Wilson
and M. C. Small, representing the International Pulp and Paper Company,
Grand Mere, Que.; Robert Meighen, President of the New Brunswick Railway;
Dr. Robert Bell and J. M. Macoun, of the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa;
Dr. Wm. Saunders, Director of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa; A. Knech-
tel and F. W. H. Jacombe, of the Dominion Forest Service, Ottawa; E. J. Zavitz,
Forester to the Ontario Department of Agriculture; G. C. Piche, Forester to the
Department of Crown Lands, Province of Quebec; Herbert M. Price, President of
the Canadian Forestry Association; E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, Colonel Walter J. Ray,
W. C. J. Hall, James Murphy, John D. Roche, A. J. Phee and W. F. V. Aikinson,

6 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

of Quebec; A. M. Campbell of Ottawa; E. B. Biggar, W. A. Charlton and J. A.
McAndrew of Toronto; G. C. Creelman, President of Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph, Ontario; Angus McLean, Buffalo, N. Y. ; Chester W. Lyman, New York
State Water Storage and Manufacturing Association; Achille Bergevin, M.P.P.,
President of the Quebec Fish and Game Association; L. O. Armstrong, representing
the Canadian Pacific Railway; Wm. Little, J. J. Fiske and R. Brodie, of Westmount;
Mrs. W. Godbee Brown, Mrs. A. O. Dawson, Mrs. Dyer and Mrs. N. C. Smellie,
representing the Montreal Women's Club; Leon G. Ameer, John Barett, Dr. J. E.
Bergeron, R. A. Bergeron, James S. Brierley, Rev. Robt. Campbell, Robert J.
Crane, L. A. Cusson, Chas. Deschenes, Aysh Desjardins, Lady Drummond, Victor
Ellevir, H. G. Elliott, E. Emond, A. Farm, Mrs. R. C. Fisher, C. M. Holt, Frank
M. Jordan, Armand Lalonde, Geo. Lamontagne, L. Lemieux, M. G. de L'eglise, J. G.
Macdonald, Mrs. McCulla, Miss Grace Macfarlane, D. H. McLennan, G. A. Nantel, D.
Parizeau, T. Passingham, Mrs. J. B. Porter, James Reid, A. D. Rolette, J. H. Shaw,
G. Reynaud, Mrs. E. Stewart and Miss Stewart, R. H. Walden and Geo. E.Williams,
of Montreal; W. J. C. Boyd, of Bobcaygeon, Ont.; Robt. N. Le Blanc, of Bonaven-
ture, Que.; N. McCuaig, of Bryson, Que.; John Kelly, New Carlisle, Que.: Max M.
Mowat, Campbellton, N. B.; A. A. Sargent, Eastman; G. Reynard, Instit-agricola
d'Oka; I. J. A. Marsan, L' Assumption, Que.; Wm. E. Gish, Newcastle, N. B.; Robt.
B. Emmerson, Mr. and Mrs. J. Fraser, Gregory, St. John, N. B. ; T. S. Lawrence, of
the Peace River District and Rev. T. Hunter Boyd, Waweig, N. B.

The President, Mr. H. M. Price, was accompanied to the chair by His Honour
Sir Louis Jett£, Lieutenant-Go vernor of the Province of Quebec; Honourable
Sydney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture; Monseigneur Bruchesi, Archbishop of
Montreal and Monseigneur Laflamme.

The PRESIDENT. — Ladies and Gentlemen, — We are going to open our Annua
Convention by a few words from His Honour, Sir Louis Jett£, the Lieutenant-
Governor of this Province, whom I now have the pleasure of calling upon to address
you.

THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS.

Mr, President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — When you asked me to preside at the
opening of this first sitting of your annual congress, I am sure you must have been
satisfied that the mere object of your Association would suffice to ensure my accept-
ance and hearty co-operation. I am glad to be able to show that in this you were
not mistaken, and to be able to thank you for the honour conferred upon me by
allowing me to have a share in your labours, however small it may be.

The duty I have to perform fortunately does not entail the obligation of de-
fending the cause of the preservation of our forests, and the afforestation of our lands.
That is your duty, not mine.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 7

The reason for my appearance in your midst at this moment is therefore to do
homage to your Society and to express my high appreciation of the patriotic and
national work which you have been performing for some years past.

This approval of your labours and the thought which has inspired them, I
offer you gentlemen in accordance with the feeling awakened by the precious ex-
ample of those who devote themselves to a grand and noble cause.

Gentlemen, the great future is now open to us ; is at the same time full of prom-
ises and laden with responsibilities. I am glad to say that you form part of those*
since you tried to preserve for your country the rich forests which will always be
a most powerful element of our prosperity if they are properly managed and pro-
tected.

It is to ensure this protection and preservation of our forests that you have
formed the society which is now entertaining us. I cannot give you too much praise
for having founded this society. In these times associations have become the
most powerful agents of man's power. Nothing can resist that solidarity of an
association which replaces the inefficiency of individual efforts with the powerful
influence of a number of people- banded together to serve the same ideal and reach
the same end.

Your labours and researches, with the help of publicity, will prepare and form
public opinion and will soon obtain the attention of the authorities; thus facilitating
the fulfilment of their duty. It will thus be your triumph and your reward, your
only object being the true interests of our common country.

Gentlemen, I have now the honour to declare this conference open.

The PRESIDENT. — I will now call upon the Secretary to read the minutes of
our last meeting. I presume it is not necessary to go into the resolutions which are
lengthy, and have been printed, so that I think the mere reading will be sufficient.

The Secretary, Mr. R. H. Campbell, then read the minutes of the last meeting,
which were received and adopted.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

First of all I wish to congratulate our Association on the fact that this Annual
Meeting is being held in Montreal, as it is now some twenty-six years since the last
(and at that time the first) meeting was held here by the American Forestry Asso-
ciation. This City is capable, with its great influence, of being almost a determin-
ing factor in movements in this Province tending towards the good of our
forests and water powers. I should mention that the desire of the Directors of the
Association to come into closer touch with, and secure the interest of our French

8 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Canadian friends had much to do with their decision .to hold the meeting here, as
Toronto was anxious for the meeting to be held there.

We all hope that both languages will be used jointly in papers and discussions,
as in this way only, a permanent interest can be worked up and a knowledge of
the objects of the Association made widely known. We must try to reach the
people in the country. This can be done only by popularizing the subject, so we
are now using short forestry articles for publication and for translation into French,
for the use of the French press. This year, I trust that the Association will publish
the Annual Report in both English and French, as suggested by Monseigneur
Laflamme. It will include a full account of this meeting.

It is most encouraging to see His Excellency the Governor-General and our
Premier Sir Wilfred Laurier leading the forestry forces of progress in this country
and taking such a deep interest in everything appertaining to the subject, and at
the same time the President of the great and friendly nation to the south of us
working along similar lines.

It appears to me that there is much to be done in this country as regards the
people getting fuller information as to our true resources in the way of timber and
wood generally, and, although I know that all these statements must be estimates,
yet a beginning should be made and I think that a report from the Forestry Branch
of the Interior Department somewhat along the lines of the publications issued by
the Forest Service of the United States, such as "Forest Products of the United
States," "The Use Book," etc., would be invaluable.

There is great need for a more thorough exploration of the timber land to the
north, not only of this Province, but of Ontario; and the Dominion Government might
explore the northern parts of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan, as our knowl-
ledge is very limited, and, if it were ampler, it would be invaluable. The publi-
cation, " Canada's Fertile Northland," with the useful maps annexed, issued last
year by the Railway and Swamp Lands Branch, Department of the Interior, giving,
as it states, a glimpse of the enormous resources of a part of the unexplored regions
of the Dominion, is a valuable contribution to what information we have on this
subject.

As regards Canada's legislative action on such questions as export duty, etc.,
statistics should be issued annually as regards the cut and consumption of wood
in Canada.

It has been suggested that a desirable means of encouraging the objects which
our Association has in view would be to establish Branch Associations in the different
Provinces and then have them affiliated with the parent one. I would therefore
ask those of our members who reside outside the provinces of Quebec and Ontario,

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 9

to take up this question without delay. The parent Association would thus be in
constant touch with the sentiment throughout the whole Dominion. Perhaps, as
the parent Society is at Ottawa, it would not necessitate branches in the Provinces
of Ontario and Quebec.

It is satisfactory to learn that Newfoundland has a Forestry Association well
under way.

I would call attention to a condition in the Regulations re licenses and permits
to cut timber on Dominion Lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, the North-
west Territories and within twenty miles on either side of the C. P. R. in the Prov-
ince of British Columbia, that the licensee shall keep in operation for at least six
months in each year a saw mill capable of cutting 1,000 feet in every twenty-four
hours for every two and a half square miles under license. This is, in my opinion,
an undesirable condition, and tends in the contrary direction to that of an en-
lightened forestry policy. To me it seems that it would be better to raise the
annual ground rent and spend more on fire protection in the northern parts of
the above mentioned territories than to make cutting compulsory. The timber
is going fast enough.

My attention has been called to the large shipments of small spruce trees from
the Province of Quebec, particularly in the Sherbrooke district, to the United States
for Christmas trees. They run from three to eight feet in height and sell for from
ten to twenty-five cents each in Canada. This trade should be prohibited, as it
has assumed large proportions, trees going as farsouth as Pennsylvania. It appears
that the Commissioner for the New York State Forest Fish and Game Commission
has drawn public attention to the grave consequences that must result from this
great destruction of young trees in New York State.

Canada has immense forest areas and a proportionately smaller number of men
to protect them against fire than the United States, although of late years more
.active measures have been taken by all the Provinces against this great enemy
of our forests.

I think it right to say something on the much discussed question of an export
•duty on pulpwood, which, of late, has been brought rominently to the front by
President Roosevelt's proposal to take the duty off wood pulp in return for free
pulpwood from Canada. I believe this proposal might justly be made more fav-
ourable to Canada by lowering the duties on paper, as the freight on wood pulp is
always a serious factor in its shipment.

I firmly believe that an arrangement of this nature is more desirable than an
export duty on pulpwood; having advocated at our Ottawa Convention, in January,
1906, a policy of reciprocity as opposed to one of reprisal and I have no doubt

10 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

that Canada will get a fair quid pro quo for her supply of pulp wood. The progress
made by Canada the last six or seven years in the pulp and paper trades has
been in a greater ratio than that made by the United States. In connection with
this export duty, I may mention that the last report of the American Forest Service
states that the average estimate of 164 mills for the length of time that the supply of
pulpwod would last was twenty-one years, and that Mr. Gifford Pinchot last year
estimated that the timber supply of the United States would last at the present rate
of cutting from twenty to twenty-five years.

If we had careful estimates made in Canada by our Dominion Forestry Branch,
and information given by the Provinces, as is given in the official publication,
"Forest Products of the United States," we would get a fairly accurate estimate
of our production and supply.

The Directors of the Association have decided that it is not expedient that
any resolution shall be accepted on this subject at this meeting lest it should have
a political complexion and also because it is a subject on which strong differences
of opinion exist. It is very probable that the Report of the Royal Commission
will be acceptable to the country as a solution of the question.

It is very encouraging to see the principles advocated by the various Forestry
Associations of the North American continent being generally put into practice ;
and I note that in his last message to Congress, President Roosevelt, who is a strong
friend of Forestry, recommended the establishment of Appalachian and White
Mountain Reserves. The importance of Forest Reserves is now generally recog-
nized by all the Provinces of the Dominion, and they are annually increasing such
areas.

The Government of the Province of New Brunswick held a very t successful
Forestry meeting at Fredericton, in February of last year, a full report of which they
have issued, and it is generally admitted that it had the beneficial effect of spreading
much information and creating many friends of the principles we advocate.

The good effects of the meeting of this Association in British Columbia at
Vancouver in September, 1906, have been apparent in the increased precautions
taken against fire which that Province was much in need of and the live interest
now taken in the subject of forestry generally in British Columbia.

I feel that it is not out of place, on my part, to suggest that the Federal and
Provincial Governments should procure and publish accurate reports on the water
powers and also the water storage facilities of this country.

The question of water storage will at no distant date be one of vital importance
to Canada, as it has already become in the United States, and was brought prom-
inently before this Association by Mr. Cecil B. Smith in his address at the Ottawa

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 11

Convention of 1906, where he issued a note of warning, and pointed out that electric
roads run by water power can supplant steam and thus prevent fires.

Water storage means much to forest, fish and game life, and it is coming be-
cause it will pay.

This Association is now eight years old and our membership stands at about
1,200, but I trust that before this meeting terminates many new names will be added.
I would ask every member to aid the work of the Association by handing in the
name of a new member within a short time of this appeal reaching him and request
all to aid the work' of the Canadian Forestry Journal by contributions of interest on
forestry and kindred subjects, for our object is to make this journal one of general
interest and not purely academical.

This Association is greatly indebted to the Dominion Government as well as
the Provincial Governments of the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec and British Colum-
bia for the grants made by them towards aiding the work of the Association.

I have no doubt that Mr. Campbell will give us useful information on the great
work being done in the Prairie Provinces by the Federal Government in the way
of tree planting.

The Federal and Provincial Governments and all the Legislative bodies of the
Dominion are united on the preservation of the forests and the necessity for pre-
serving the sources of our water powers, and the ground is, therefore, ready for the
seed that this Association is endeavouring to sow.

As regards some definite nationa-1 policy to-be advocated by this Association,
I think that outlined by Sir Wilfrid Laurier in his address at the Ottawa Convention
of January, 1906, is the most definite and practical. It was that all the hills, moun-
tains and plateaus which are the sources of flowing streams and rivers should never
be allowed for any consideration whatever, to remain anything else than in forest;
that these portions of the earth's surface should form part of the national domain
and belong to the Crown and that where portions of these water sheds have been
alienated and transferred to private ownership the policy should be to repurchase
them for the national domain.

The PRESIDENT. — I am about to call upon one whose name will be greeted
most cordially. I will call upon Monseigneur Bruchesi, Archbishop of Montreal,
to say a few words on behalf of the principles advocated by this Association.

It is with very great pleasure that we all see Monseigneur Bruchesi and Mon-
seigneur Laflamme evincing their interest in forestry by coming here, and I now
call upon Monsignor Bruchesi to address you upon a subject which, I know, he has
very much at heart.

12 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

ARCHBISHOP BRUCHESI'S ADDRESS.

Your Excellency, Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — My name is not on
the programme of this opening meeting of your congress. I could not, however,
refuse the gracious invitation extended me by your distinguished president to ad-
dress a few words to you.

One of your members whose scientific attainments are recognized throughout
the whole Dominion, my genial neighbor, my friend, Monseigneur Laflamme, said
recently in Quebec at Laval University, "Of all the questions of public interest
which concern the economic future of Canada, I know none of more importance than
that of the forests. It is on this point that all the solicitude of Canadians ought
to converge, since upon the solution given to this problem will depend in large meas-
ure the general prosperity of the country. We are rich in forests; from this point
of view we are perhaps the richest people in the world, but our forestal resources are
not inexhaustible. To say so would be to give evidence of bad faith and of
ignorance."

Gentlemen, there is an announcement that nobody can misconstrue; it is given
competently and there is at the same time in these words an entire programme.
To the execution of this programme it is necessary that we should give our whole
strength; it responds to a conviction which I have long entertained. If anything
could surprise us it is that we should have waited until 1900 to create the Forestry
Association, of which you are members; but after all there is still time, provided that
we Canadians go to work, and I aver with joy that, from one end of the Dominion
to the other, we are seriously attacking the work.

Last year I followed, from Montreal, with the greatest interest your discussions
and your proceedings at Ottawa; your president knows that I did not hesitate an
instant to become myself a member of your Association. The papers which have
been published contain extremely important information and considerations, and
to the report of your deliberations and of your resolutions, let me tell you,
gentlemen, that I have given a place of honour in the library of the archepiscopal
palace.

From those who wish to become members of the Association the modest sub-
scription of one dollar a year is asked. It seems to me that this is purchasing a great
honour much too cheaply, and giving for nothing papers and works of the highest
interest, of the greatest importance.

If you see me this morning in your midst it is not alone in response to the invi-
tation which has been courteously extended to me; for, I desire, gentlemen, as
Archbishop of Montreal, to express to you from all in this city, which you have
•chosen as the place for your congress, the most cordial welcome; and at the same
time I pledge myself, so to speak, — and with myself I pledge all the clergy who are

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 13

under my jurisdiction — to favour the measures which you shall adopt for the suc-
cess of your noble and important enterprise.

Above all, gentlemen, you who know the history of your country, and who have
especially studied the most interesting history of our Province of Quebec, you will
bear witness, will you not, to us bishops and priests that we have never been back-
ward when there was a question of promoting the temporal interests of the people,
any more than when there was a question of defending their spiritual interests.
Undoubtedly the bishops and the clergy have a religious mission to fulfil; they ought
above all to occupy themselves in preserving and propagating the faith and in
maintaining everywhere good morals, but at the same time they cannot help being
interested in that which produces the riches, the happiness of the families, of the
countries and of the cities where they are to exercise their mission. For example,
do you not see, gentlemen, what all the bishops and all members of the clergy do
in favour of that cause which is just as much national, just as much patriotic as re-
ligious, the cause of temperance? When the question of promoting colonization
has come up, have we not seen priests specially appointed for this work and have we
not seen them become, as they have since been called, the apostles of colonization?
For the promotion of agriculture, we have in the country those men who are called
agricultural missionaries. Temperance, colonization, agriculture, here are, indeed,
gentlemen, sacred causes to which no one can remain indifferent if he loves his
country, and when the episcopate and the clergy take any initiative in these
questions of which I speak, they fulfil a patriotic and a national duty.

Well, the preservation of the forests is a question which I place by the side of
the questions which I have just named. It is, so to speak, a vital question. We did
not think about it. Your Association is telling the country what it ought to think
about it. Undoubtedly, as my good friend Mgr. Laflamme has said, our country
is rich in forests, but its forests are not inexhaustible; and if we thoughtlessly make
war upon them, so to speak, if for reasons which I do not need to explain here our
trees disappear one after the other, if immense fields and artificially created deserts
take the place of those forests which promised such great riches, what, gentlemen, will
become of us? Whither shall we go then to find the wood which we need for fuel,
for pulp- wood — which is so necessary for us? Will not poverty perhaps take in
our country the place of that comfort which we are so happy and so proud to recog-
nize everywhere to-day?

Gentlemen, all honour to you. You have voiced the cry of alarm, and among
all the members of your association, gentlemen, I do not believe there is one who
has better understood the vital question placed before the country than Mgr.
Laflamme, Professor of Laval University.

And how are we, we bishops and priests, to co-operate? I say that I come to
give you my hand; we give you our hands, but it is not enough to make addresses,

14 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

to publish papers — we must act. We are not specialists, we have not pursued the
studies which many of you have in geology, horticulture, all that pertains to trees
and forests, but at least we can be your auxiliaries. On our farms there are colonists,
farmers who may commit grave errors in this matter of the forests, in this matter
of the woods where they have their habitations; guidance should be given to these
honest people, prudence should be recommended to them. There are enterprises with
which they might be entrusted; they following the direction which we should indi-
cate to them. Tell us, gentlemen, that which it is proper to do and we will transmit
it. I declare to you we will transmit with joy your suggestions, your counsels to
those who are the friends and the best apostles of the forests, our farmers and our
colonists.

I Ijave not assisted, for my own part, in these ravages of our forests, nor have
I seen what might be done for the preservation of our woods, but I have seen some-
thing beautiful, which nobody among you gentlemen has seen, I believe. It is per-
haps my exclusive privilege to bear testimony here in behalf of the good
work which you have undertaken. I have assisted, gentlemen, in the creation of
a forest ; I have seen the birth of a great forest of pines and firs ; and these little
saplings planted in the earth to the number of thousands, I have seen them grow
as going from year to year into our country places to carry the blessings of our relig-
ion, I have seen our dear little children grow. The fact is perhaps not entirely
unknown to you; Mgr. Laflamme has already brought it to your attention, last year
in Ottawa, and I believe that this part of his speech is one of the most interesting
pages that one can read in your annals. ,

You all know the charming village of Oka, situated on the banks of the Ottawa.
There are Indians there of whom the priests of St. Sulpice are the well known
protectors and benefactors. Now this village of Oka was exposed to terrible ravages
by the sand-hills at the foot of which it is built. In my childhood when I used to
go to this place to spend some weeks of the vacations, I remember having seen on
certain days whirlwinds of sand precipitating themselves from the sand-hills to-
wards the village which was sometimes menaced with engulf ment. At other times one
might see animals, in the barns, in the stables, almost drowned, so to speak, almost
drowned in sand. For a long time some means of arresting these veritable avalanches
was sought for. I might say that engineers, men of science had been there. They
had studied the problem and had been unable to furnish a solution. A priest pre-
sented himself, an old man of seventy-eight years to-day — at that time he was about
sixty — he studied the soil ; he asked if it were not possible to plant an entire forest
on these moving sands. Certain' pages of scientific books which he had read had made
him believe that the thing was perhaps not impossible ; in any case he could try the
experiment, and he tried it. And, gentlemen, with what successs! I wish that some
fine summer day you would go and see what is now at Oka in place of those sands of
which I have just spoken.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 15

M. Lefebvre — that is his name — engaged Indians, little children, young people,
to go to the distant woods and bring each one a little sapling, for there are immense
pine woods in this country, to bring a little sapling for which he gave them two sous
or five sous; it was a means of making these children and these young people work.
All went to work, they hunted from morning till evening for these little saplings,
not more than a foot in height; and do you know how many tiny pine saplings M.
Lefebvre succeeded in planting on these sands? — 65,000 pines.

When one visits this forest now — for the pines have grown, and there are
some of twenty and of twenty-five feet — when one visits this forest one asks why
M. Lefebvre has done it thus. He has planted the trees three or four feet apart;
one would say, that is too close. A man of science would have said this : Do not
plant your trees so near to each other, they will injure each other and perhaps die;
do not plant them in a straight line. He did plant his pines in a straight line,
and, as I have said, at very small distances apart. Why? See, gentlemen, this is
sand. Is the forest going to succeed here? asked M. Lefebvre. I have my doubts;
a certain number of pines may live, others will die. Well, I shall plant my pines
very close to each other so that if some die, a large number at least may remain
which may contribute to produce the appearance of a forest. He planted them in
a straight line — one might speak to-day truly of an army of gigantic soldiers —
because if he had planted the trees here and there, without order, the Indians, the
savages, the children and above all the animals who went there would have des-
troyed those little pines; but if they were all in a straight line and formed avenues,
one would respect the trees, and even the animals themselves, which have no reason
but which have instinct, would follow the avenue.

Thus reasoned this old priest, who was no scientist. Well, gentlemen, he suc-
ceeded beyond measure ; hardly five thousand pines have died out of the sixty-five
thousand that he planted — and to-day there is a forest with its poetry, with its
incomparable charm. I know it and I love it, and it is there that each year, when
I have leisure, I go to pass some days of my vacation; and after having read some
books or recited our prayers on the borders of the lake, we go into this forest, where
silence reigns completely, to rest ourselves on a veritable soft carpet formed of millions
and millions of needles fallen from the pines which have' become large. There is
an odor of balsam there which strengthens you, and doctors might well send there
those who suffer from lung diseases; and then, when the wind goes through these
trees, there is the song, the incomparable song, which moves you, which transports
you — the song of the great pines.

This is what a priest has done. He has not merely preserved a forest, he has
created a forest. And, now, gentlemen, I ask whether this man has not deserved
to be put on record, and whether it would not be fitting that your Society itself
should erect a tablet commemorating a work so important and so beautiful as that
which has been accomplished by M. Lefebvre.

16 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

I can only give this example, but it seems to me that it is worth while. That
which has been done at Oka, could it not be done in other places? Since the prob-
lem has obtained a solution there, it might well receive it equally in other parts of
the country.

At all events, gentlemen, if we are not all destined to create forests, we are all
constrained to work to preserve, to protect and to enrich the superb forests which
Providence has given us.

The PRESIDENT. — I must very heartily thank His Grace for the practical lesson
that he has given us. I am considerably astonished to find that we are able to
learn so practical a lesson from the Church which Monseigneur Bruchesi represents
I think what he suggests is a very good thing, that this Association should commem-
orate the work Monseigneur Lefebvre has done. When you think that out of
65,000 trees planted by his efforts, only 5,000 were lost, it is something to be re-
corded, and I feel proud that such a thing has been done in the province of Quebec.
I feel sure that you will all agree with me in giving a most hearty vote of thanks to
Monseigneur Bruchesi for what he has taught us here this morning. (Applause).

»

I am now going to call upon the Honourable Sydney Fisher, Minister of Agri-
culture, to address the meeting.

THE HONOURABLE SYDNEY FISHER'S ADDRESS.

Your Honour Sir Louis, Monseigneur Bruchesi, Mr. President, Ladies and
Gentlemen, — I am very glad indeed to be present at the opening meeting of this
forestry conference in the great city of Montreal. I feel it is very appropriate
that we should have a meeting of this kind in the commercial metropolis of the
country. It is true that to a large extent, the commercial men of this city have
not shown much interest in forestry, but I venture to think that there is nobody in
the length and breadth of our country who is more directly interested in this work
than are the great commercial men of this city. We have had, for a long time, the
advantage of the study of this important question by political economists, by those
who are responsible for the legislation of the country, and by the students in our
universities and schools. But it is high time that the man on the street, the average
man who is interested in the business of the land, should take up this question, so
as to understand it sufficiently, at all events, to induce him to give his support to
the governments which are working in the direction of the conservation of our
forests, and of the students and political economists who are pointing the way for
those in authority to act.

I am glad to-day to see the representatives of the King in our Province of Que-
bec present, to open this conference. It is fitting indeed that the head of the state
should do this work. Especially is this the case in regard to forestry, because, in tne
larger sense at all events, the forestry of Canada applies chiefly and primarily to

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 17

the Crown domain of our country, and the lands of our country which are chiefly
under forest, in regard to which forestry must be applied, is chiefly the domain of
the Crown. Especially is this the case in the various provinces, because in the prov-
inces in the purview and control of the Provincial Legislature is the Crown domain
of our provinces, and the Dominion Government can only deal with and apply
forestry to those Dominion lands which are outside the Provinces or which to a
certain extent are still under the purview and control of the Government at Ottawa.

This subject may then naturally divide itself into three parts.

First, the part dealing with forestry from the point of view of the Dominion
Government, in regard to those lands in the Western countries which are still under
the direct control of the Dominion.

Second, with regard to those Crown domains in the various provinces, which
are under control of the Provincial authorities.

Thirdly and lastly, and very far behind in importance to the other two, those
forests under the control of private owners.

Let me say, sir, that so far as the Dominion Government is concerned, and in
this I speak for the Government, that the Dominion Government of the present day
is most earnestly enthusiastic in doing what it can to preserve our forest wealth in
those lands over which we have control. (Applause).

I have only to point to the. fact that the first and greatest Forestry Convention
of our Dominion was called at the instance of Sir Wilfred Laurier two years ago,
when it was held at Ottawa, the capital of the country, and that the Dominion Gov-
ernment on that occasion laid before the country, through that Convention, a working
programme and displayed its interest in this very important question. I think
that Convention did great good in Canada. It is true that before that time the
students who were especially interested in this forestry work, and the lumbermen of
the country, had been studying and thinking about the vast and terrible waste of
our forest lands and wealth. But, I venture to think that the public at large was
aroused on that occasion to an interest in the work that it had never evinced before,
and I fear it was only too late that this event occurred.

We boast that we are a young nation. We believe that we are a strong nation.
We are proud of our material resources throughout the length and breadth of this vast
area which is entrusted to our care. But as we are a young nation, I fear we have a
great many of the faults of youth, and have been blind to the necessity for thrift
in our forest wealth just as the young man is extravagant with his patrimony,
whose resources he does not properly appreciate. We in Canada have had a great
wealth committed to our charge. We have not properly realized its importance or
vastness. We have thought that that wealth was inexhaustible, and we have

18 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

drawn upon the bank of our supplies to such an extent, so wastefully, extravagantly
and unscientifically that to-day we are face to face with the fact that our bank
account is almost at an end, even though to-day, as was said a few minutes ago,
it has- probably the greatest wealth of forest resources of any country in the world.

But, country after country, has found that it could not go on drawing upon
this wealth without coming to an end, and we in Canada, young as we are, with the
immense resources that we have, are face to face with the end of that account
unless we take care to husband it, and replace it by replanting those trees that are
necessary. (Applause) .

A reference was made by you, Mr. President, regarding a recommendation
which was made at that convention for the establishment of Forest Reserves. Let
me most heartily endorse that recommendation. I am glad to say that the Dom-
inion Government, so far as its western lands are concerned, has to a considerable
extent acted upon that recommendation, and the Minister of the Interior, during the
last few years, has set aside large areas in the western provinces and in British
Columbia as Forest Reserves.

I am glad to be in a position to-day to say further that in the near future it
is the decision of the Government, that the whole eastern slope of the Rocky Moun-
tains, stretching from the International Boundary Line northwards, almost inde-
finitely, shall be established as an inalienable Forest Reserve. (Loud applause).
And let me say to those here who may be interested in lumbering, who may believe
that even though we must conserve our resources, that we should at the same time
enjoy them and reap the full benefit of them — and I agree with those gentlemen
most emphatically — that the creation of a forest reserve does not necessarily
mean that the trees and products of that reserve shall not be utilized for the present
or future generations. A forest reserve must be kept in forests, but for the highest
development and utilization of those forests the crop must be cut year after year,
time after time, so as to be utilized for the benefit of the people of the country.
(Applause) .

And therefore, though this great eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains may
be made a Forest Reserve, the people of the provinces which require that lumber
will not be debarred from it, nor cut off from getting the lumber which is the natural
produce from that slope. But this lumber will be cut at the proper time, under
strict forestry regulations, in such a manner as to conserve its resources for a future
generation, and still supply the immediate necessities of the settlers in the prairies,
where lumber is so hard to get. (Applause).

Let me now say another word in regard to the work of the Dominion
authorities. In this eastern part of Canada people can hardly realise the
necessities of forest plantation. I speak of the farmer, and I know that the

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 19

farmers of these eastern provinces look upon the tree as their natural
enemy. The tree, in the field cultivated for ordinary crops, is undoubtedly
a difficulty, and an obstruction, and interferes to that extent with the
agricultural operations of the land. In the old days as our farmers and settlers
were obliged to go to the woodlands of the eastern provinces, they could not make
a farm without cutting down the trees, but unfortunately the spirit that imbued the
them with the idea that the tree was a natural enemy to agriculture, still seems to
possess a majority of their descendants, and to-day there are few farmers in these
eastern provinces who realise that large bodies of woodlands are the best
friends of agriculture in the eastern provinces, as everywhere else.

The eastern people therefore can hardly realise or understand the necessities
of the western farmer on the great untreed plains of our prairie provinces for plant-
ing. Mgr. Bruchesi has instanced one of the most successful experiments in
planting on record, even in this forest province of Quebec. If they had an oppor-
tunity of examining that Oka plantation — and let me say regarding that, just as
in many other things quite apart from the religious aspect of the question, that the
Roman Catholic Church has taken the lead in this country and given us an example
which should be followed by the whole land — I am sure that the farmers of the
older part of this province would receive a very useful lesson as to the necessities
and advantages of re-afforestation.

You know, sir, that in the original discoveries of this part of North America,
the Missionaries of the Church carried the cross into the forests, over the plains and
up the rivers. We know later on that the same Church glorified by the blood of
its Martyrs carried the progress of settlement in our land and over our continent.
But we know to-day that just as the Missionaire Agricole, many of whom I know
well and have met in my work, is doing to-day for the farmers of the eastern prov-
inces, the same work of preaching the gospel of agriculture that in the past days the
spiritual missionaries did for the souls of their charges. And, sir, I hope in the future
to see the Missionaire Agricole succeeded by the Missionaire Forestiere, and I am glad
to see from what I have heard to-day from Archbishop Bruchesi, that in this as in
the other two branches, the Roman Catholic Church will again take the lead and be
in the forefront of this forestry work in Canada. I am thankful to find Archbishop
Bruchesi present at this meeting to give us words of encouragement and knowledge
on this subject, and to tell us what advance and progress has been made under the
lead of his Church, which has set an example in this Province of Quebec, that may
well be emulated throughout the Dominion.

That is an unusual thing in the Province of Quebec, but in the great West,
my friend Mr. Sifton, then Minister of the Interior, having dwelt in the treeless
prairie country, appreciated and understood years ago that the planting of trees
there for wind breaks, and to conserve the moisture necessary for the good growth
of crops in that region, in order to help the settlers through the prairies, established

20 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

a Forestry Branch of the Dominion Department of the Interior. I am glad to say-
that that Forestry Branch during the last seven or eight years has been able to plant
millions of trees in the prairie districts of our Dominion, and as a general rule these
trees have been successful, and show that it is quite possible, even on the treeless
plains, and on what has been supposed to be our semi-arid region, it is possible to
produce trees sufficient to shelter the homesteads and barns of the settlers.

I am also glad to say that we have been able, by the work of the Department
of the Interior, and my own Department of Agriculture, to show, not only that we
can .plant shelter trees, but I am in a position to-day to say that we can produce
fruit trees in the far northern region of our western country, where up to a few
years ago it was supposed to be absolutely impossible for the settlers to grow any-
kind of fruit fit for human use. This is a triumph I will not say of forestry but of
horticulture of which I am proud of as a member of the Government of Canada, that
it has been able to show such success.

A word or two in regard to forestry and agriculture, and as Minister of Agricul-
ture I am particularly interested in that science.

I have dwelt very shortly on the importance of forestry production in the west,.
for the agriculture of our treeless plains. Let me say a word here for the Province
of Quebec in regard to the importance and necessity of forestry for the agriculture
even of the eastern provinces. Perhaps not so much in the Province of Quebec,,
but still a little in the great plain of the St. Lawrence, and much more in the older
parts of Ontario. There is no doubt to-day that the farmers of these two provinces,,
are suffering from the fact that their forefathers swept the forests out of existence
over large areas of what is at present cultivated land. It is not necessary in this
country especially, where, as in Ontario and Quebec, stock raising and keeping is-
the basis of agriculture, that it is absolutely necessary for the farmer to have abun-
dant pasturage and forests throughout the hot season, as well as a good supply of
water for his stock throughout the summer. What is the condition of affairs in many
portions of these two provinces? In the old days on the hills and slopes and even
down through the valley there were large bodies of woodlands which conserved the
moisture and prevented the too rapid melting of the snows in the spring, and great
blocks of comparatively swamp land, which held like a sponge the water trickling
down through the whole season to supply the lower lands and pastures with a con-
stant, unfailing and sufficient supply of moisture for the creeks, rivers and lakes of
the country. As these bodies of wood have been cut away and the valleys denuded
of trees, the result has been to change entirely the condition of the creeks, streams-
and rivers, so that while in former days they were constant in their flow, and had
an abundance of water throughout the whole season men living to-day can tell"
you that the streams are dried up in the hot months of July and August where in
earlier years there was a constant supply of water. The result is that to-day the-
pastures are dried and burnt in summer at the very time when their supply of food!

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 21

is most necessary for the cattle. While within the memory of many men living
there used to be an abundant, constant supply of fodder for the animals on the
farms, to-day that is not the case, and this unfortunate change has been caused by the
wasteful cutting away of the forests. It is time that the farmers and the owners
of private properties, wherever they have lost uncultivable land, should immediate-
ly set to work to plant that laud, and bring it back to its original condition, thus sup-
plying those forest lands, so necessary not only for fuel and to beautify the landscape,
but actually to supply them with the moisture necessary for their crops through the
summer. And if they -do not change their methods in this respect I venture to say
to the farmers of Ontario and Quebec that their agriculture will decrease and that
they cannot hope to be as successful in the future as in the past. (Applause).

A word or two specially with regard to this Province of Quebec. We here, in
Quebec, have the natural conditions most suitable to prevent the conditions I
have just pictured. The great cultivable section of Quebec Province lies on each
side of the St. Lawrence River. To the south we have the alluvial stretches of
the counties bordering the south bank, and on the north we have the long strip
stretching from Ottawa to Quebec of good cultivable land, between the Laurentian
Mountains and the rivers. There lie the agricultural riches of the Province of
Quebec, and it is necessary for the preservation of the richness of that piece of land
that the rivers and streams in it should be kept at a constant flow throughout the
whole season. It is necessary that the people should have a constant supply of
good wholesome water the whole season through for themselves and their live stock.
We have the natural conditions to give it to them, if we are only sensible in the con-
servation of those conditions. Take the southern bank of the St. Lawrence. While
there is a broad plain of almost dead level land alongside that river in that valley
which is suitable for agricultural work, but immediately to the south of that plain
we have the mountainous regions of the eastern townships, the Adirondacks and
further east the Maine Mountains extending into Canada. If we preserve the for-
ests in that mountainous country, we have all the conditions necessary to supply
an abundant, constant source of water to the plains between them and the river.
Therefore I venture to say for the Province of Quebec, that it is absolutely necessary
that the hillsides and mountain regions near the American frontier should be
carefully preserved in forests and in blocks of forest land, so that the sources of the
streams which flow into the St. Lawrence from the south, will be maintained as a
reservoir for the water supply of that country, so that we may be able to utilize
the blocks of forest lands on those mountains and hills to the best advantage of the
people, who own them and of the country at large. This, if done under proper
forestry conditions, will continue indefinitely the lumbering industry, and the cut-
ting of pulpwood in these regions in addition to benefiting the agricultural condi-
tions below.

Again on the northern side of the St. Lawrence we have the strip of cultivable
land between the Laurentains and the river. But back of it in the Laurentian

22 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

country we have a large area of land not particularly favourable or suitable for
agriculture. It is rough, broken, hilly land, with not very rich soil in most cases.
If we can keep that district as a forest reserve, and preserve the great bulk of
forest land in the hills, we have an assurance that the streams which come
from it and break through the hills, from the northern country, will be kept at an
even flow and will supply that strip of cultivable la,nd between the Laurentians
and the river with abundant water for the agricultural well being of that country.

You, gentlemen of Montreal, are dependent upon the maintaining of the water
level of the St. Lawrence for your commerce. The depth of water in the channel
is a measure of the advantages of the Port of Montreal, and if you are going to have
large vessels coming to your wharves and quays to supply the commere and trade
of Montreal and to preserve it as the commercial metropolis of the Dominion, it is
necessary that the water supply of the St. Lawrence should be maintained and not
be allowed to go down and down as it has in the past every summer. (Applause).
You, therefore, you, merchants of Montreal, you people who are dependent upon the
commercial progress and commercial success of this city, are vitally interested in
the Forest Reserves which will maintain the summer level of your great river and
its trade channel to the sea. It is only by these reservoirs of water, which will
come down gradually from the mountains, that the high level during summer can
be maintained.

Now, if I may say a word or two with regard to something the president alluded
to, that is with regard to pulp wood. My lines have been laid for many years in the
thick of political warfare throughout the country. During that time I have con-
stantly been mixed up in public affairs, regarding them from a political standpoint.
I agree with the President entirely that this question of pulpwood should not become
a political question, and I wish to say a word or two entirely apart from political
views, but to regard it from a purely economical standpoint. There has been an
agitation, and it is spreading amongst those specially interested in forestry, to put
an export duty on pulpwood. I grant that as a forester, and interested in forestry,
at first sight I have been rather tempted to think that this would be a good thing.
But the more I have examined it, arid the more I have studied it, I find this, that
every argument which can fairly be brought forward to put an export duty upon
pulpwood is equally applicable to the putting of an export duty upon the pulp itself,
and I was glad to hear in your president's address just now that he pointed out, that
in the near future, and the nearer the better, the pulpwood of Canada would be
made into pulp in Canada, and the pulp made into paper also in Canada. (Applause) .

If we are going to build up our industries in this country along that line, why
not go to the full extent. Why stop short of the export of pulp and allow Ameri-
cans and others making the paper for us or for themselves to do it with Canadian

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 23

products. We have had instances of late years of the fact that the great industrial
corporations in the United States have found it to their interest to establish branches
in Canada and manufacture for the markets of the world under the protection of
the British flag, rather than the Stars and Stripes. I am proud of that fact. I
will go further and hope that in the near future the great paper manufacturing in-
dustry of the world will have its centre in this, our country, where the raw material
of paper is the greatest of any part of the world, and that the paper manufacturing
of the world will be done under the British flag instead of the American.
(Applause).

This is an economic question, and we have a just right to look forward to an
economic solution of it, and I think it is not beyond the proper ambition of the people
of Canada to come to that point.

Sir, I hope and believe that this meeting here in Montreal will arouse an interest
in a large number of classes of people in the country in this forestry question —
people who have hitherto been indifferent, to say the least, to the matter; and some-
times, perhaps, actively antagonistic. I have pointed out shortly why the people

of Montreal particularly are interested in this question.

•

Let me say, now, a word or two in regard to the lumbermen of the country,
and the interests of Montreal are largely concerned in the way of investment in
lumbering also. I want to say emphatically that, in my opinion, forestry is the
best friend of the lumberman. Instead of there being any antagonism between
the foresters and the lumbermen, the latter are the very people who most require
education along forestry lines throughout the land. They own the limits and have
the right to cut the wood. They own those limits practically in perpetuity. If
they can conserve these limits indefinitely by scientific forestry methods they have
an asset not only for their own future but for the future generations of lumbermen
in Canada, which is absolutely incalculable, and can be made just as advantageous
and profitable to their great-great-grandchildren as it is to-day to them. (Applause).

But if instead of doing this and instead of the adoption of scientific methods
they continue the crude and wasteful methods of making the largest profits they can
to-day and leaving the to-morrow to take care of itself, they may make — I do not
say they will — but they may — make a few more dollars to-day. But when they
pass from this sphere they will leave behind them an asset, which will be valueless
and earn for them the curses of the future generations instead of their blessing,
and will show that they regard not at all the future of their children or the future
of the country. (Applause).

I know that to-day the lumbermen of Canada have awakened to these facts,
and that they have already adopted improved methods to a very large extent.
I know that to-day the lumbermen are perhaps the best supporters of this forestry

24 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

organization in Canada, and I honour them for it and congratulate them upon this
change. I want to impress still more upon them that if they spent even more of
their profits — and in that business their profits are large, very large, I do not know
anybody in Canada making more money in Canada in the last few years than lum-
bermen. I say this without reflection or reproach. I congratulate them on it.
It is their right and it is wise that they should do so. But they might spend a little
more of these profits in the conservation of their patrimony, rather than try to
make a little more money in immediate returns. (Applause).

I have touched lightly upon a number of points which I think are of importance
in connection with this question of forestry. I do not intend to make an exhaus-
tive address. I see by your programme that you have the advantage of papers or
addresses by experts, and let me say here that this is a subject of science — a sub-
ject in which we require the aid of experts. Mere rule of thumb in the methods of
forestry and of lumbering in Canada, is no longer sufficient. We want to give the
lead to the men who have studied these questions by scientific methods, who are
experts. We have here on this programme, first Mgr. Laflamme. Let me say again
that I am proud and glad to find so distinguished a member of the Roman Catholic
Church in Canada engaged in this research. Everywhere throughout Canada his
name is known as a student, as an expert, and I am quite sure the paper he will
read to us will be of the greatest value, not only to this Convention but to the country
and I hope that later on it will be distributed everywhere. He is speaking for the
farmer, and with due deference to my French Canadian compatriots, I think there
are no farmers in Canada to-day who require instruction more upon forestry
methods and the value of trees in the practice of agriculture than our French
Canadian habitants. I say this without reflection or reproach. Our English
speaking farmers are only too near them in that respect. But I hope that as a re-
sult of the work of such gentlemen as Mgr. Laflamme, the French Canadian Habi-
tant will speedily awake to the necessity of changing his methods and to the im-
portance of the conservation of what woodlands he has, and to the further impor-
tance of adding to it by planting, as has been so well done at Oka.

Again, I find we are to have an illustrated lecture by Professor Roth, Principal
of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Michigan. I welcome to this con-
vention the Foresters who are representing the United States Forest Service, which
is taking the lead in this work. I may say that although the United States have
large forest areas, — not so large as ours, — and although they have done much in
the way of forestry they have shown us the lead and given us an example which
it is well we should follow in Canada, and spend more money on this work. We
are not as rich as the United States, and cannot spend so much, but we can wor.k as
well and I think we should take hold of this work and learn from their example,
and for this reason I am glad that there should be a representative of their work to
tell us how it should be done.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 25

I will not go over the other speakers, but I am sure if all this programme is
carried through, information and instruction of very great importance to the people
of this country will be provided, and that inspiration will be given to arouse the
enthusiasm of new workers which will excite you to still further work and interest
in this matter.

I thank you, Mr. President and officers of the Canadian Forestry Association,
for the opportunity you have given me of coming before you and saying a few
words. I hope to be able to take some part to-morrow in the real work of the Con-
vention, and in concluding I must wish that you Foresters of Canada shall have
«very success in this most important work which you have undertaken in the in-
terest of the whole country. (Loud applause).

The PRESIDENT. — We must all thank the Honourable Mr. Fisher most heartily
for the statesmanlike, common sense, and practical address that he has given us.
When we remember the extent of his duties at Ottawa, which are constantly calling
him, and consider that he has given us so much of his time to come here for two
•days to encourage the work of this Association, I think we should appreciate it
.at its true worth. Mr. Fisher in his remarks has certainly spoken out fearlessly
•of what he has thought, and that is a great thing for anyone addressing a Conven-
tion like this, that they should say what is uppermost in their minds, rather than
try to say those things that they think will please the majority. Mr. Fisher has
not only shown himself a practical technical forester, but that he is willing to take
an active interest and give a great deal of work to the interests of what we are
trying to advocate to-day.

I may mention that as a director of this Association, we have never found Mr.
Fisher lacking at our meetings. He has always come to them putting other things
aside, which says a great deal for a Minister of the Crown of this Dominion. When
Mr. Fisher mentioned the different parties whom we have specially to thank for
papers to come before this convention between now and to-morrow afternoon he
sees a friend of ours who has always shown himself most cordially interested in this
Association, Mr. Overton Price, Assistant Forester of the United States. Perhaps
some of you do not know just what that means. It means that Mr. Price is second
in command of that great organization, the Forest Service of the United States, at
whose head presides Mr. Gifford Pinchot, whose name is a household word all over
this Continent. I am not wrong, I think, in stating that in that Bureau of Forestry
there are about 1300 employees, and it means a great deal for people to be able to
guide successfully the work of such an enormous organization. And that Bureau
not only works on paper, but practically, and I am sure that in the address that 1
will now ask him to give you, that he will show himself a practical as well as a theor-
etical forester.. I will now ask Mr. Price to address the Convention.

26 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

FORESTRY WORK IN THE UNITED STATES.
MR. OVERTON W. PRICE, ASSOCIATE FORESTER, UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I can assure you that it is a real pleasure
to me to be here to-day and on behalf of my chief, Mr. Pinchot, whom you all know,
I may say that he regrets deeply that he is unable to be here, and has commissioned
me to carry his greetings to this Convention.

We who are in forest work on the other side of the line are always glad of
the chance to come together with you who are facing the same task before your own
great country. Not only do you make that such an altogether pleasant thing for
American foresters to do, but it is helpful for all of us who have the better use of
the forest at heart to take counsel together, no matter which side of the line we hail
from. And above all our joint work will be done the better the more thoroughly
we each understand what the other is striving for, and the more we work in broad
purpose and policy essentially together.

The forest problems before Canada and those confronting the United States,
differ in their details, but only in their details. Your industrial and commercial
growth inevitably will be checked, as ours will be checked, unless you take care of
your forests. Great as your forests are, your lumber industry will consume itself
in the end, as ours has begun to do, unless Canadian lumbermen rightly use their
timber lands instead of using them up. But on the other hand, you are supremely
fortunate, as we are supremely fortunate, in having in his Excellency, the Governor-
General, (as we have in our President), one who is both the strongest source of
inspiration and the strongest pillar of support, of a movement for a better use of
the forest.

I want to outline very briefly what the. recent progress of our forest work has
been along important lines, and the helpful and abiding interest which your Asso-
ciation has always shown in that work makes it a very real pleasure to tell you about
it.

The greatest material achievements in conservative forest management in the
United States lie in its application to the 160 million acres included in the National
Forests, and to a rapidly increasing area of the timber lands in private ownership.
But of still wider promise, in my judgment, than even these great accomplish-
ments, is the awakening of the great body of American citizens to what forestry,
and the lack of forestry , means to them. The common knowledge is gaining ground,
that forestry is not only a wise policy for the government to enforce upon the
National Forests, not merely a profitable method for the lumbermen to employ
upon their own holdings, but that its application directly benefits every man who
uses timber, whether he owns it or not.

That public sentiment, although it is still in the making, is a greater national
asset in my judgment than the National Forests themselves — and they are worth
in the neighborhood of two billions of dollars. I do not mean that the purpose and
the results of forestry are yet adequately understood — forestry is not yet, as I
believe it is going to be, a household word among us — but I do mean, that there

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 27

are enough people in the United States to-day who appreciate the urgent importance
of conserving our forest by wise use, to ensure, as nothing else can ensure, that the
forest movement will go forward instead of backward, from this time on.

How fast and how securely it goes forward will depend on how well Americans
foresters do their work — but go forward it will. This public sentiment has not
come in a month or a year. It is the cumulative result of a condition which has
got to be faced. We lack accurate estimates of the commercial timber now stand-
ing in the United States — that lack we hope to supply before long. But we know
that it will not last the country as a whole beyond somewhere between 20 and 30
years, even if we use no more wood annually than we are using now, and that the
end of the local supply in certain parts of the country is already clearly in sight.
Not only do we know that the pinch is bound to come — we are feeling it already.
On the other hand we know that there is enough forest land in the United States
to grow, rightly handled, sufficient timber to meet our present yearly need. The
case is not hopeless. It is full of hope, if we apply the remedy, because that remedy
is still adequate, in spite of improvidence in the use of the forest of which we have
been guilty as a nation. But we have no time to lose.

To make these conditions and their remedy plain to the people, is a task as
urgent and as important as any before the Forest Service. And the Service is
attacking this task vigorously and along somewhat novel lines. It was evident at
the beginning that to print and distribute at Government expense information on a
sufficient scale to reach the great body of the people could be done only at enormous
and utterly prohibitive cost. With the present resources of the Service, it would
be about as effective as to try to cut down a big Redwood with a hatchet. So we
began to make use of the opportunities afforded by the press. And to-day, at a
trifling cost, the Service maintains a system for giving out useful information to
the newspapers, which increases its circulation from the thousands possible under
the distribution of public documents to many millions.

Every useful fact to the private owner and user of timber which is gathered
and which can be handled in the scope of a newspaper article, is so prepared, and
distributed to the papers in the region which it concerns, and thus reaches the people
to whom it belongs. We are trying to get the principles of forestry taught in the
public schools, because we believe that the American citizen in the making will
be the better and more usefully made, if he knows what forests mean and what no
forests would mean to his country.

We need more trained foresters in the United States. We have not skilled
men enough, nor nearly enough, to give direction and achievement to the awaken-
ing impulse towards economy in the use of forests and in the use of wood. But a
more vital need still, is to keep alive and growing that understanding by members
of no one industry or section of the American people, but by all industries and by
the whole people, of how inseparably the forest is bound up with the welfare not
only of the nation, but of every industry and of every citizen. When that
understanding is adequate and general, forestry in the United States will be not
merely a Governmental enterprise, not an occasional private enterprise, but a truly
national one.

On the National Forests our work is past the experimental stage. The Service
has made these forests more than self-supporting in little over one half the time in
which it promised to achieve that result. And what is a good deal more important,
the National Forests are being fully used, and so used that their usefulness grows
greater each year. They are not only aiding in the development of the West,

28 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

by ensuring a steady supply of wood, water, and forage; without them, that develop-
ment in a permanent sense would be impossible.

Last year they provided forage for over seven and three quarter million head
of stock; they yielded over one thousand million feet of lumber sold, and in addi-
tion more than $75,000 worth was given away to settlers for fuel, fencing, and other
domestic purposes. And through permitting legitimate use of their resources in
many other ways, these forests afforded profitable opportunities literally by the
thousand, to those who live in and near them. These figures stand for something.
They show that the National Forests contributed last year in no small measure to
the material prosperity of the western country. And when you remember that this
•contribution is not for one year or for a few years, but for every year; not decreasing,
but increasing; not merely probable, but certain if we use and do not waste; then
I think you will agree that the National Forests are worth while.

The value of the yield in timber and forage can, in a very limited way, be meas-
ured in dollars, but their value in the way of conserving stream flow, in rendering
irrigation permanently possible and their use as great health and pleasure grounds
for all, cannot be expressed in money. And they exercise, (at least as I see it),
-still another great influence for good. They exemplify for the nation the same
providence and foresight which a bank account and a scale of living within it ex-
emplify in the individual. And entirely apart from their material benefits, I
believe that the National Forests have done much and will do more, to show that
the conservative use of all natural resources is the moral duty, as well as the best policy,
•of the nation as it is of the citizen.

The actual management of the National Forests is giving general satisfaction
to those who use them. That their use is growing steadily makes that very clear.
The Service is trying to build up a field force to handle them which will command
confidence, not merely because of the work it is engaged in, but because of the qual-
ity of those who compose it. We want a body of men whose main strength lies, not
in the powers conferred upon them by virtue of their office, but in their own effect-
iveness and high purpose. Our supervisors and rangers do not form a military
organization and their power of arrest is happily the least used of their functions.
But although their task is different we want them to stand in their communities
for the things that the Canadian Mounted Police have stood and still stand for, with
-the results that, as I need not tell Canadians, they exert an influence for good the
«um of which fifty times their number might be proud of. So you see, gentlemen,
that we have set the standard high.

I promised you, Mr. President, that I would make this a short talk. You were
altogether too courteous to suggest that it should be short. And when I remember
that you were present when I addressed the meeting of your Association at Van-
couver I feel that such forbearance should have its reward. And besides, I am here
to learn of your progress and to learn from it, rather than to dwell upon ours.
You have been accomplishing great things. You have put 150 million acres into
forest reserves in British Columbia. Perhaps you do not realize, as we do to the
south, what a great thing you have done, and you have done it, not under the
pressure of urgent immediate need, but you have foreseen that need and provided
for it before it came.

I know far less of your country than I wish to know, but from what I do know,
I have felt straight along that Canada has an opportunity to meet and surround
her forest problems in some respects unparalleled in any country in the world.
As a remedy for the misuse of the forest, forestry will cure and it alone will cure,
but it will not cure instantaneously. If a nation wastes its forests, forestry will grow

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 29-

them again as nothing else will, but it will not repair in a day or a month or a year
the misuse which destroyed them. But Canada is evidently not delaying until,
the harm has been largely done before she attempts to cure it. She is taking forestry,
so to speak, as a preventive, not waiting until she is forced to it as a remedy. What
those 150 million acres of forest reserves in British Columbia and your effective
management of them will do to make the great future before your country even more
permanently and intrinsically great, no man can estimate. And the Forest
Service, which I have the honour to represent, congratulates you more warmly
than I can readily say upon having taken this great step forward in your progress
towards the conservation of your forests — and not only upon having taken it,,
but upon having taken it in time.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Thursday, March 12th, 1908.

At the afternoon session the president was accompanied to the dais by His
Grace Archbishop Bruchesi, Mgr. Racicot, Co-Adjutor Bishop of Montreal, and
Canon Dauth of Laval University.

The PRESIDENT. — It is proposed to postpone the reading of the report of the-
Board of Directors and the Treasurer until to-morrow, and in the meantime we pur-
pose going on with papers, and discussions on them. I would like to say now that
instead of calling upon certain people to speak, we will leave the discussion perfect-
ly open, so that any one who wishes to take part in the discussion will be welcome.
We think that this is better than naming certain parties, because it gives the dis-
cussion much wider scope.

I will now call upon Mgr. Laflamme to read his paper.

THE MANNER IN WHICH SOME FARMERS USE THEIR WOOD.
MGR. J. U. K. LAFLAMME, DEAN OF THE FACULTY OF ARTS, UNIVERSITY OF LAVAL..

In the notes which follow, I shall limit myself to the farmers of the Province of
Quebec, and I shall even limit the extent of my work to the district of Quebec
properly so called, because it is with this that I am most familiar. Nevertheless,
I believe that the economic conditions of the rest of the province are practically the
same, if one keeps in mind the modifications resulting from local circumstances
which necessarily vary from one region to another.

We. know from the official censuses that, of all the countries of the world, the
United States uses the largest quantity of wood in proportion to its population.
We used to think that increase in the use of materials of construction, unknown fifty
years ago, — iron and concrete, — would diminish this consumption of wood, but in
reality it has not done so. On the contrary it is averred that from year to year

30 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

the consumption of wood follows an increasing progression. This increase is due,
in great part, to the very rapid development of railroads, of telegraph and tele-
phone lines, and above all to the devouring industry of the manufacture of pulp.

A letter which I have just received from France declares that it "is very cer-
tain that, especially owing to the needs of paper pulp, on the whole of North
America more wood is cut than nature produces." At this rate, if it continues
without being at least checked, the total ruin of your one and a quarter billion
acres of forest will be a matter of at the most a century, perhaps of a half
century. So much for the United States.

The official figures which we have for the Province of Quebec do not permit us
to say that the same state of things exists with us. Nevertheless it is extremely
probable, that all proportions being kept, we use as much wood as our neighbors, it
being granted first that the use of oil for domestic heating is virtually unknown
in our territory. Everywhere heating is done with wood, private houses are built
of wood, fields are fenced with wooden rails. As a result, every inhabitant of Quebec
consumes certainly as much wood if not more than his neighbour of the United
States, and here, as with our neighbors, this consumption is increasing.

This is to state the great value for the farmer of the wood lot which he still
possesses. Indeed, it is this which will save him great expense, assuring him at the
same time work-wood and firewood; and it is this also which will allow him to
realize from time to time considerable profits by the sale of the products of a well
ordered cutting according as circumstances permit or require.

Also it is acknowledged by all that, of two farms adjoining and consequently
equally fertile in soil, that which still possesses a quantity of wood capable of ful-
filling the conditions enumerated above has a greater value than the other. It is,
so to speak, more complete, and the proprietor has the advantage of having at his
disposition, on his own property everything which is necessary for him. And let
no one say that these uncleared acres of land would yield more revenue if they
were put under cultivation. That is possible in some particular cases. But in
practice and for the reasons already given, the farmer will always prefer, and reason-
ably, a property containing some acres of forest to one which no longer has any.

It is then of prime importance that the farmer possess on his property or in
its immediate vicinity a tract of forest from which he may take without too much
expense all the work-wood and firewood which he needs.

Allow me to state, in support of this declaration, what took place in a great
number of parishes situated along the right bank of the St. Lawrence from the
county of Bellechasse to that of Rimouski. In these ancient parishes, which border
the river, almost all the land has been completely cleared. It was excellent, and its
proprietors had taken pains to cultivate it throughout its entire extent. At first,
in the old times of the first clearings, wood could still be found at a very short dis-
tance to the south, and' consequently the question of its supply did not as yet appear
disquieting. Later, about 1825, in the region of Kamouraska, at the end of a very
dry summer, fire consumed very nearly all the forest which remained, to such an
extent that the farmers were able to complete the clearing at very small expense.
This was the definite disappearance of the forest.

Ever since, the farmers of this region have been obliged to buy and to transport
at great expense not only the work-wood necessary for new buildings or to repair the
old ones, but also, and especially, all their firewood. And to-day they have to find
this firewood twelve or fifteen miles away on the sides of the mountains. Those
who sell it to them go themselves seven or eight miles further to cut it. The prices,
also, have doubled during the last fifteen years. The spruce which formerly sold at

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 31

$1.00 to $1.50 per cord has gone up to $2.00 to $3.00; maple has risen from $2.50 to
$5.00 or $6.00.

The entire winter is almost exclusively devoted to the hauling of wood and the
farmer has to put all his time into it whether he buys his wood from a dealer or cuts
it himself on the wood-lot which he owns, which lot is always situated at a great
distance from his residence. It is fair to saythat duringthis season our farmers have
very little to do on the farm and that their work is limited in general to the daily care
given the domestic animals. Consequently, strictly speaking, this wood hauling
is not a waste of time. Nevertheless, I fancy that the inhabitants could occupy
themselves more profitably at something else, rather than fatigue their horses and
injure their vehicles in these endless journeys, without reckoning that the fodder
for their horses must "be choicer, richer and consequently more expensive.

This state of things is to be found again in several old parishes of other counties
of our district, particularly on the south bank of the St. Lawrence. Everywhere
there is a quasi-de&rth of wood. The price increases in proportion as the difficulty
of procuring it is accentuated, and the people who foresee the future, ask where is
this increase to stop and where will their children be able to find that which later
will be necessary for their fuel supply.

Such is the situation of the oldest agricultural centres of the environs of Quebec.
Can one say as much of the relatively recent parishes of our region of those, for ex-
ample, where the work of clearing has not yet been completed? May one hope that
there at least the settlers will be prudent enough to preserve on their properties
an extent of forest capable of providing for all their needs present and future?
It was so ten years ago. On each lot, or nearly so, a piece of forest was kept suffic-
ient to furnish fuel and nearly all the work-wood necessary.

But at the present time things have been greatly changed. Pulp wood has
recently acquired a great value, and materials which formerly were not worth much
are now quoted at relatively high prices. The result has been that the farmers,
have gone to work to exploit their forest reserves and to sell their products either
directly to the manufacturers or to agents who establish a very lucrative business.

This change in the market has been a veritable godsend for our honest folks.
They have been table, in this way, to ameliorate their situation, either by meeting
their most pressing debts or by procuring comforts of which they had never even
dreamed. Some curds of the regions of La Beauce assure me that certain fathers
of families realize from this source up to fifty dollars a week. This income, which
lasts all through the winter months, puts them decidedly at their ease, in such
fashion that everybody, creditors and debtors, are satisfied.

In truth there would be nothing to say against this if this commerce could con-
tinue indefinitely. One would have simply created a new source of revenue and
augmented by so much the national wealth. Unfortunately these new economic
conditions, these unhoped for revenues, are only transient because the proprietors,
by this intensive exploitation, demand from their forested areas more than they
annually produce. For example, on pieces of woodland producing each year, let
us say, a hundred cubic feet of wood, one harvests a thousand. Moreover some
wooded acres that are exploited in this fashion are rapidly devastated under the
axe of the owner. We foresee that soon all will be finished and then the colonist
not only will draw no more profit from his wood lot, but he will have to procure for
himself somewhere else, and for money, the annual supply of which he stands in
need, just like the ancient parishes.

Listen to what the curd of La Beauce said to me recently : " The half of my
parish is well off from an agricultural point of view; the rest is too rocky, cultivation

32 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

is too difficult to be remunerative, very little is cultivated generally; grain hardly
at all. And the astonishing thing is that many of my parishioners have the oats
necessary for their horses brought in from the West. Many work in the mines, but
there are some rich people in the parish — those who sell wood. A father of a
family may thus make as much as fifty dollars a week. But in ten or fifteen years
everything will be exhausted. Then what will they do? How will they live? "

Another assures me that in twenty years saw-timber and even firewood will
have disappeared from his parish; another believes that the crisis will arrive in his
parish in fifteen years. Another cur^ of a more recent parish postpones the
limit to twenty-five years. Then, like his confreres, he asks what will happen then.
And the answer which he gives to this agitating problem is very characteristic.
Allow me to quote it literally. " Then," said he " wre shall do what is done now in
some northern regions: we shall sell for twenty-five dollars the cleared land,
improved by barn and house."

A missionary, a keen observer, who has travelled through nearly all the counties
in the vicinity of Quebec, and knows well what is going on, confirms in all points
the statements of his confreres.

In a parish quite near to Quebec, a farmer owned a magnificent grove of maples,
which yielded every year a fine supply of sugar. One winter, when firewood had
reached a high figure, he cut down all his maples and sold them as firewood. This-
transaction gave him at once several hundred dollars ; but now he gets not another
sou from the land as the soil on which the maples grew is too rocky to produce any
harvest of cereals worth counting. In another parish still nearer Quebec, some
farmers sell their maple groves to wood merchants. They clear the land entirely
and leave the soil completely bare, covered only with debris of all sorts, with the
probability that this forest, formerly so rich, will never reproduce itself. Others who-
are wiser only sell their largest maples and themselves oversee the cutting. Ten
years later their maple groves, renewed, may be submitted to a new exploitation,
and yield a good supply of sugar.

This is a statement of absolutely exact facts. Undoubtedly we should do
wrong to generalize too quickly and to believe that the same state of things exists
everywhere. I hope that it is not so and that in the regions which I do not know,,
more care and more foresight is used in preserving private woodlands. But all
the same we must admit that with too many of our compatriots a regrettable
indifference exists. We have to change their mental attitude, so to speak-
It is necessary to inculcate in those interested the care of the future; to make them
understand that they ought not to occupy themselves exclusively with the present,
that after them their children will either profit greatly by their wisdom or suffer
keenly the consequences of their improvidence. And I think that it is to this end
that we ought to direct all our efforts, we who have the mission of enlightening
public opinion. For to-day, I know, if one should ask these prodigals of their
fortune, what is to become of their heirs, when they the parents have squandered
after this fashion their best revenues, they would unhesitatingly answer: "Our
children they will do as we do, they will wriggle out." This is to give proof of a
great want of foresight, too great not to be culpable, at least to a certain extent.

Here is an important social and patriotic work to be undertaken and to be
carried out to a happy conclusion. Naturally we cannot dream of forbidding
these owners of private forests to exploit their resources. This would be exactly
the way to accomplish nothing. For very often the exploitation of these woods is
necessitated by the temporary difficulties with which certain colonists find themselves
laden. All that we can and should do is to suggest to them a rational means of

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 33

securing profit. We ought to make them understand that it is their duty not
to act in such a manner as to cause this source of revenue do disappear forever; that
they should only demand of their forests each year the equivalent of the wood that
grows there; that they ought to use them in such a way as to improve them and
to increase their yield and not to ruin them. In one word, it is necessary to con-
vince them that their interest, well understood, demands that they renounce their
profits of to-day, high, I know, but transitory, and content themselves with more
modest gains, but such as shall always persist. We may hope to attain this result
provided that we use enough tact and prudence. Then our people will harvest
their forests as they do their cultivated fields without destroying them.

Practically, it would perhaps be best to begin this education by counselling
farmers who are fairly prosperous to reforest the denuded portions of their lands,
those which bring in nothing from the agricultural point of view and on which one
should never have cut down the trees. But if we can find people open to this
advice, it is important to make them clearly understand that in doing this, they are
working mainly for their children, and that, if personally they can never dream of
profiting by a harvest which will not be ripe for forty or fifty years, their children
will enjoy it and bless their memory. To tell the truth, this idea of managing a
forest only to reap the benefit in a more or less distant future is one very difficult for
short-sighted people and those who think only of present interests to appreciate,
and one of those which we should endeavour with all our strength to spread among
the people. It is from this indeed that we may expect the most fruitful results.
For on the day when the people shall clearly comprehend that the forest can not
only last indefinitely but even increase its yield by means of rational management,
they will be the first, I am sure, to ask to be instructed in this matter and to follow
the scientific directions given them.

From this point of view, the United States has set us an example which ought
to be studied and as far as possible imitated. Persuaded of the importance, for
the welfare of the nation, of preserving and improving the tracts of private wood-lots
the American government has created a special service whose object is to give to
owners all necessary advice for the attainment of this end. In response to a simple
request, the government sends to whomsoever may ask it, an expert in forestry
science who examines the lot to be planted or the piece of woodland to be develop-
ed. Having studied the conditions, the official forester then recommends to those
interested the best methods to be followed aijd from year to year himself superin-
tends their application.

The contract between the Government and the owners is very simple.
The Government pays all the costs of examination and the owner pledges himself
to utilize his forest for his own personal profit, but following strictly the directions
which have been given him. If it happens that by reason of special circum-
stances he sees himself under the necessity of raising a little the amount of his
exploitation, if, for example, he has to meet certain unforeseen expenses, or to
compensate a defective harvest, the state forester is there to indicate the method.
It is then above all that his advice is valuable, since it permits the farmer to increase
his sale without compromising too seriously his forestal capital. Finally, as the
contracts between the Government and the owners are made intentionally and
exclusively for the advantage of the latter, the owners may break it after ten days'
notice, without disclosing their reasons to. the authorities.

Could one pursue the same line of conduct here? It is not for me to answer.
A service of this nature demands a technical personnel which our Government
perhaps have not as yet at their disposal. There must be some means to meet

34 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

this lack; this should be to found a regularly organized forestry school whose grad-
uates would be as a nursery of enlightened specialists.

There is a great deal said at the present time of special schools of various
kinds ; some are to be opened in several cities of this country and this is very good.
Some of these days I feel sure, forestry schools will be thought of. The riches
which we have in wood are more than sufficient to authorize the expense. The
more so as these schools are far from costing as much as the technical schools,
strictly so called. Moreover it is very probable that the limit holders themselves
would be glad to avail themselves of the services of these specialists, just
as is done in the Uuited States. The manager of a very important timber limit
has already advocated something of the sort. Others would undoubtedly imitate
it. This would be a new career opened to our educated youth. ,

At all events, while waiting for the blessed day when that shall be possible,
let us work with all our might to spread among our agricultural population sane
ideas as to the preservation of private forests. I have said, and I think that I have
demonstrated, that the wood lots run great dangers and it needs nothing less
than the co-operation of all the public spirited to save from complete destruction
this important part of our public and private fortune.

At the risk of committing a great indiscretion, I will add that the French-Can-
adian clery might play here a role of the highest importance. In perpetual contact
with the people, enjoying great authority amongst his parishioners, the advice of
the cure will always be listened to with deference and will certainly end by produc-
ing surprising results. It is not necessary for him to make a great noise, to deliver
resounding lectures, to express himself in eloquent phrases. On the contrary,
private conversations produce the greatest effect. Good advice given in passing,
but apropos, will cause the farmer to reflect; then the idea of trying will come to him,
and then safety is near.

But in all this there is a matter of the highest importance with which it is
necessary that our people should be thoroughly imbued. I have already men-
tioned it above and permit me to mention it in concluding. It is to convince those
interested that the forest does not yield harvests at brief intervals like the cereals.
It is slower in maturing. Consequently in working to-day to manage it properly,
one may well hope to work a little for himself, but it is mainly of the future of his
heirs that he must think. The saying of the octogenarian Lafontaine: "My grand
nephews will owe to me this shade," is always true; this is what we must not forget.
Must one say it? The greatest obstacles will come perhaps from this consideration.

The PRESIDENT. — We must all thank Mgr. Laflamme for his very practical
paper. Very few people in Canada have such facilities for securing original in-
formation as Mgr. Laflamme, and he has given it to us, just as he secured it direct
from the habitants, who are the people best able to give the information. I think it
is better that the general discussion should be postponed until all the papers have
been read, and then we will declare the meeting open for discussion.

I will now call upon Mr. E. G. Joly de Lotbinidre to read his paper.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 35

COMPULSORY TIMBER RESERVES ON SETTLERS' LANDS.

E. G. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE, PAST PRESIDENT CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — Since lumbering became an industry
in Canada, no period ever offered greater incentives than the present, to the holder
of timber lands, to attack and destroy our spruce and balsam forests.

Before Canada became the great pulp wood producer that she is to-day,
our forests were, comparatively speaking, safe, and no one, even the most pessimistic,
ever believed in the possibility of their exhaustion.

They had their natural enemies, fire, disease and insect pest, but lumbering,
as carried on thirty years ago, where only mature and adult timber was felled, for
conversion into dimension timber, deals and boards, was far from being a menace
to the perpetuity of our forest wealth. It was rational exploitation, removing
the mature timber to make room for the young growth.

But all that is now changed. Spruce and balsam which thirty years ago com-
manded but a limited market and comparatively low prices, now have the world as
a market, and prices undreamt of at the period I allude to.

The reasons which have led to the rise in the value of spruce are well known.
Among many I mention but two, the scarcity and exorbitant price of pine and the
unprecedented demand for pulpwood, coupled with the practically irresistible
prices consumers are ready to pay for the article.

It may be of interest in support of what I have just said to draw attention to
the rise in the price of pulpwood during the last ten years. The following figures
may be open to criticism, but they are on the whole, I think, fairly correct and
represent the price of wood at Quebec.

In 1899, rough wood was worth say, $4.25 per cord, rossed wood, $6.75. Prices
between 1899 and 1907 fluctuated considerably for better or worse, but in 1907,
rough wood was selling at $6.50 to $7.50 per cord and rossed from $9.00 to $10.00.

In 1899 the United States imported from Canada, 369,217 cords of pulpwood;
in 1906, 738,872 cords, an increase of 369,655 cords. I have not the figures for
1907, but I am told that the imports by the United States almost reached 1,000,000
cords. If that figure is exaggerated for 1907, it will not be so for 1908.

With such a demand for pulpwood, and with present prices, it is not to be
wondered that the future is forgotten, and that our forests are being sacrificed to
the golden present.

The few remarks I wish to make, have not, however, as their object a requiem
on the disappearance of our pine forests, though it might not be out of place to chant
one, nor do I wish them to be considered as a valedictory to our spruce wealth.
My object is to suggest to this meeting a means by which we may secure, for the
Province of Quebec at least, a constant and perpetual supply of timber for our
settlers; wood to enable them to build and repair their homes and fuel to heat
themselves and their descendants for ever.

What I am about to suggest may appear to some here to-day, as an invitation
to bar the stable door, after the horse is stolen. But such is not the case. It is
true that millions of acres in the Province of Quebec are held in freehold, or under
patent, with no restriction whatsoever as to the way timber on such areas may be
treated, but, gentlemen, there are yet millions of acres of Provincial lands which
will ultimately be opened to colonization and my remarks apply to those lands.

36 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

I will now put before you a scheme devised by my father to compel the habi-
tant to preserve as "perpetual bush lot" a certain portion of his property. This
scheme has been in operation for over thirty years and has proved a success. If suc-
cess has attended the efforts _of a private individual, I can see no reason why our
Provincial Government, if it is willing to adopt the scheme and honestly and con-
scientiously carry it out, should not obtain a measure of success at least equal to
that which we have attained.

Within the last thirty years, my father has made many sales of timber lands
on his Seigniory of Lotbiniere. These sales have been of a twofold nature. Some
lands have been sold as "terre a bois," small bush lots of from fifteen to twenty
acres each, to provide fuel and construction material to the purchaser; others
have been sold as agricultural lands, but with a bush lot reserve.

I will now draw your attention to the clauses in these deeds referring to the
protection of the timber. **i

The following clause is found in the deed of sale of all timber lands, sold simply
to supply the purchaser and his descendants with fuel and building material: —
"It is moreover agreed between the parties to the present deed, that the said lot is
"sold upon the express condition, that no portion of the same shall be cultivated,
" that no wood or branches shall be burnt thereupon, that the lot will be preserved
"as a 'wood lot' by the purchaser, his heirs and assigns, and that no wood from
"the said lot shall be sold, under penalty of paying to the seller, his heirs and assigns,
"the sum of $100.00."

Where a lot was sold for the purpose of settlement, a timber reserve was always
stipulated in the following terms: — "Permission is given to open and cultivate
"the said lot up to such and such a limit, (and then comes^the restriction) that the
"remainder of the said lot shall not be cultivated, that no wood or branches shall
"be burnt upon it, that the said portion of said lot shall be preserved as a ' wood lot'
"by the purchasers, his heirs and assigns for their own use, and that no wood will
"be sold from the said reserve under penalty of $100.00."

In both cases the deeds further say, that the clauses I have cited are not only
for the protection of the seller from fire that might spread to his adjacent lands,
but to protect the purchasers also from the same danger. Allusion is also made
to the fact (and that thirty years ago), that the sale in a case of a " bush lot " is made
to furnish the purchaser with fuel and building material that he can no longer
find anywhere in the vicinity of his home.

In the case of lands to be settled, the forest reserve or "bush lot" was invar-
iably made at one end of the lot or the other, so that all the bush lots should be
contiguous. The purchaser was not allowed to select his timber reserve. Had
he been permitted to do so, he would invariably have chosen as his bush lot the
worst part of his land and that containing the least timber.

As I said before, this scheme of my father's, which has now had over thirty years'
trial, has proved a success. Thelands sold as purely "wood lots" are to-day cover-
ed with a dense growth of timber, and on the lands which were sold for settlement,
the reserve has been almost invariably respected and the terms of the deed adhered
to.

On a 100 acre lot, a reserve of say twenty acres, with the restrictions I have men-
tioned, as "perpetual forest reserve," would be amply sufficient to supply the
purchaser and his representatives with an inexhaustible supply of fuel and building
material, and not only that, but every new township instead of shortly becoming
the treeless, parched desert our old settlements now are, would be covered with an
ample supply of timber.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 37

This forest cover would not only give the settler the fuel and building material
he would need, but it would powerfully aid in maintaining the water powers with
which a provident hand has so liberally endowed our favoured Province. Indus-
tries dependent on cheap motive power would be assured, agriculture would be
enormously benefited, our settler would be free from any possible wood famine,
and nothing but good could result from the adoption of the policy I have but briefly
outlined.

The suggestion I have made, may, I trust, find sympathisers amongst those

' here to-day and I earnestly hope that this Association, in its wisdom, will take the

necessary steps to draw the different Provincial Governments' attention to the

reform I have attempted to advocate. Its adoption cannot be prejudicial to the

country; it can only be a practical factor for good.

The PRESIDENT. — I think that this is the first paper which has been read to-day
which is based upon practical experience. Anything that has had thirty years
trial, as Mr. Joly de Lotbinidre says his experiment has had, must be worth con-
tinuing, and I think his concluding words of value, when he expressed the hope that
this Association would bring pressure on the Provincial Governments to induce them
to make an effort to put into force some such scheme as that which has been so
successfully worked on the Seigniory of Lotbiniere.

I will now call upon Mr. A. H. D. Ross, of the Faculty of Forestry in Toronto
University, to read his paper.

FOREST SURVEY METHODS.
A. H. D. Ross, M.A., M.F., FACULTY OF FORESTRY, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — When I was asked to prepare a paper
for this meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association, it seemed to me that the
members might be interested in a brief description of a few of the methods employed
by forest engineers to "take stock," at it were, of various kinds of forest properties.
Accordingly the title I have chosen for my paper is "Forest Survey Methods."

DEFINITION.

A complete Forest Survey includes, (1), A more or less accurate plane and
topographic survey of the tract under examination; (2), A careful estimate of the
amount of timber upon it; (3), A determination of the rate at which the timber
is growing; and (4), A study of the conditions of light, moisture, soil and other
factors which influence both the present and the future condition of the forest crop.

DEGREE OF ACCURACY REQUIRED.

The accuracy of the methods employed to bring together information of this
sort will, of necessity, be determined by (1), The use that is to be made of it; and
(2), The time and money allowed for the collection of the necessary data. For
example, if a woodsman is given a month to look over a township, and is required

38 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

to bring in a report on the amount of standing timber, and the cost of logging it,
without regard to the conditions most favourable for the securing of another crop
from the cut over area; his report will deal almost entirely with the amount of
lumber that is likely to be obtained and the cost of logging it per thousand feet,
board measure. It will say very little, if anything, about the leaving of seed trees
to fill with their progeny the openings made in the forest by the loggers; the age,
density and condition of the seedlings which have already established themselves ;
the precautions necessary to protect the seedlings from destruction by fire and
browsing animals; the effect of opening up the forest upon the trees that remain,
as regards their liability to windfall and increased rate of growth; the effect of
leaving undesirable species in possession of the soil ; and other matters that must
be considered when it is proposed to prevent the destruction of our rapidly dim-
inishing forested areas. *

If, however, it is proposed to diminish the possible revenue that may be ob-
tained by the present destructive methods of lumbering and to so manage the wood-
lands that they will always regulate the flow of water in the streams and yield a
perpetual supply of timber, it will be necessary to establish permanent roads for
the removal of forest products and the protection of the growing stock from fire. It
will also be necessary to know exactly the amount of growing stock, and the rate
at which it is increasing, so that it may not be removed at a faster rate than it is
being replaced. To lay out roads to the best advantage, whether for destructive
lumbering or for the purpose of deriving a sustained yield, it is necessary to have
exact information regarding the topography of the tract, and before it is possible
to put it under proper management it is necessary to know its sylvicultural condition.
Thus it appears that the forest engineer who would make a complete survey of a
tract of timber must be familiar with the methods of plane and topographic survey-
ing, so that he may properly mark the boundaries of his timberland and prepare
an accurate map showing the size and location of the various ridges, gullies, swamps,
lakes, streams and other topographical features that will determine the location and
character of the necessary roads, dams, bridges, etc. He must also be able to
estimate the amount of standing timber and know how to make accurate studies
of its rate of growth. Without this information he would not know how much tim-
ber it would be safe to remove at each cutting, without diminishing the value of
the property.

From this it will be seen that the essential difference between a forester and
an old-time lumberman is that one makes provision for the production of future
crops, the other does not. Heretofore, it has not been considered necessary to
make such provision, but the truth is rapidly being forced home upon us that if we
are wise in our day and generation we must speedily correct the error of our ways
and make a determined effort to get our forest areas managed in a less suicidal
manner than in times past.

TOPOGRAPHIC METHODS.

In a rough way, every logger is his own topographer, and has acquired his
knowledge by cruising, but unfortunately it is apt to be inaccurate, is easily for-
gotte,n and cannot be transferred to his successor, who has to acquire his knowledge
of the locality all over again. Thus, to the man who directs the conduct of a
large business from a central point, an accurate map showing the topography of
the tract is simply invaluable, because its topography very largely determines the
course of all woods work. The essential features of such a map are that it clearly

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 39

indicates the positions of ridges and streams, the shape and steepness of slopes,
the areas of valleys and lakes, and the grade of roads that it may be necessary to
build.

METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA.

One of the methods used to secure the necessary data for such a map is
somewhat as follows: —

From points of known elevation, along railways, etc., a line of levels is run to the
ponds and other suitable places well distributed throughout the township to be
surveyed. From the places whose heights above sea level are thus determined, it
is customary to work out with aneroid barometers, which give the approximate
elevations with sufficient accuracy for all kinds of woods work. In determining
the grades of roads which it may be desirable to build it is found that an Abney
clinometer is much lighter, quicker and almost as serviceable as a land level.
Usually the land is blocked out into mile squares, and easily found marks are
made every quarter of a mile. These marks serve as starting points for the exam-
ination of the interior of any given " forty" and enable the cruisers to locate them-
selves quite accurately on a line by pacing. With practice, measurement by
pacing can be made much more accurately than would be supposed. Steps
taken to get round obstacles are not counted, and on strong slopes discount is made.
On very steep ground, indeed, steps taken are not a guide to distance, and judg-
ment has to be resorted to in order to fill in the count. The count tells us when a
line is approached, and enables us to pick it up with certainty, though it may be
blind. By this means locations may be made with considerable accuracy along
the whole line. Having traversed the lines of a lot, noted the crossings of brooks
and divides, taken the heights of essential points and noted and sketched whatever
topography can be seen, we may then start from the middle of one side to run a line
across the lot. In doing so, it is best to use a pocket compass with a needle less
than two inches in length, because a man climbing over the debris left by cutting or
shoving his way, head down, through dense thickets of young fir, etc., will lose his
direction in the course of a few rods. Now, if he has a compass in hand he will
stop and look at it, but he would do so less often if he had to set a staff, level a three
inch compass with folding sights and wait for the needle to come to a stand. From
what has been said it is evident that a pedometer is of little use in this kind of
work. For smooth going it answers very well and does away with the necessity
of counting, but on rough land its readings are no guide for distance.

On simple ground it is generally found that pacing once across each forty acre
lot gives sufficient data to map the topography with sufficient accuracy for all
ordinary purposes. Elsewhere there may be roads and streams to locate and
divides that should be carefully put in. Here the compass and pacing method is
still used, tying to the lines as often as may be. Travel in parallel straight lines,
is better, however, provided it is sufficient for the immediate purpose in hand.
The reasons for this are, first, that it gives more accurate results, and second, that
systematic travel of this kind enables the timber land topographer to see a fair
sample of all the timber on the land. In times past, one of the principal reasons
for the notoriously inaccurate estimates given by many timber cruisers is that they
did not get a fair average of all the timber, which they would have been able to get
by travelling along evenly spaced and parallel straight lines running across the
tract.

40 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

IS IT PRACTICAL ?

To those who say it is not practical to prepare a reliable topographic map
by the methods just described, or that the cost is prohibitive, I would reply that in
the autumn of 1896 Mr. Austin Gary, a practical timber cruiser, a graduate of the
Yale Forest School, and now Professor of Forestry at Harvard University, pre-
pared such a map of Township 3, Range 5, in Franklin County, Maine. This
township is six miles square, heavily timbered with spruce, and was gone over
from four camps in a little over six weeks' time. Two weeks were then required
in the office to work up the data collected in the field and prepare the map, which
proved so valuable to the firm of Hollingsworth & Whitney, of Waterville, Maine,
that other concerns were led to desire similar maps. The result was that, during
the next few years, Mr. Gary's services were greatly in demand for work of this
nature, ^and that he has prepared maps of this description for 200,000 acres of
timber lands. Most of them are drawn to a scale of four inches to the mile and
have fifty foot contour lines representing the topography. As some woodsmen
cannot easily read such maps, it was found advisable, in a few cases, to prepare
cardboard or veneer models, which represent the land in miniature and show its
main features just as clearly as if the men were on the land.

Taking the stumpage price of spruce at $3.50 per M, and assuming that a
township, containing thirty-six square miles, will average 5,000 board feet per acre,
it is seen that we are dealing with a property worth $403,200 in its present wild
state, and easily worth $500,000 by the time it can be got under proper management.
From this it will be seen that an outlay of less than $2.00 for every $1,000 worth
of property, or 4c. per acre, will secure to the owners a first-class map of the topo-
graphy of the entire township which will enable them to sit in the office and discuss
plans or let*contracts with the same clearness as to details as if they were on the
land.

THE ESTIMATION OF TIMBER.

• •

Where the supply of timber is both plentiful and cheap, timber cruisers or
"timber lookers" are generally employed to make ocular estimates of the contents
of stands, but where it commands a better price it is now customary to constantly
check the judgment of the estimators by means of measurements on sample areas
properly distributed over the whole tract.

At the outset it should be clearly understood that ability to estimate the
merchantable contents of a stand of timber can be acquired only through practice
and experience in the woods. The estimator must be able to recognize the external
signs of defect and have some knowledge of the loss due to hidden imperfections.
He should also know the local conditions of lumbering and be able to judge the cost
of logging and milling before he can place a value on the stumpage. All this infor-
mation is a matter of field training and cannot be learned in a purely theoretical
manner. It is a matter of good judgment and experience and not a matter of
mere method. This does not mean that there should not be any method in the
procedure of making such an estimate, nor does it mean that one method is just as
good as another. It does mean, however, that an estimator who is familiar with
several methods of cruising is in a position to apply the method most suitable for
the particular locality in which he happens to be working, and that his returns will
be much more reliable than mere guesses.

In the case of ocular estimates, each cruiser does his work in his own way.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 41

Some multiply the estimated number of trees by the contents of the average tree,
making due allowance for defects; others count the trees and multiply by the
estimated contents of average trees, allowing for defects; and still others estimate
the contents of each tree separately, making deductions for unsoundness and other
imperfections. In the case of irregular hardwood stands, this latter is the only
method of estimating, because many of the older trees are almost worthless for
saw timber, and would not pay for the cost of removing them.

The more defective the trees are, the more preferable is the judgment of esti-
mators who have had long experience in the mill and in the woods, to the methods
of mere measuring. In sound timber, however, the method of measuring the
trees on a known percentage of the total area is much preferable to the ocular esti-
mate of a timber cruiser — no matter how experienced. Furthermore, a cruiser
may be able to estimate pretty closely in the locality in which he has had long
experience, and in a new region finds himself very much "at sea". Possibly this
fact explains the origin of theterm "cruiser." Be that as it may, the cruiser finds
it necessary to establish a new standard which will enable him to estimate correctly
the contents of stands in the new region in which he finds himself. The quickest
and surest way to establish such a standard is by a careful selection and exact meas-
urement of representative trees in the stand. Having established his new standard
of reference he is then in a position to correctly estimate the volume of the timber
in the new locality in which he finds himself. When the timber is fairly uniform
in size and evenly distributed over the tract it may suffice to estimate the yield of
a few sample acres, find their average and multiply by thetotal acreage. Usually,
however, the timber is not uniform, and it is necessary to estimate the lower slopes
of a mountain separately from the upper, the north slope separately from the
south, and the water-sheds, swamps and other special types, separately also. To
meet this difficulty, the plan of estimating the timber on sample areas aggregating
a given percentage of the whole tract has been devised. If properly distributed
they give a very close average for the timber on the tract.

SAMPLE PLOT METHODS.

Many methods have been devised for the proper location and rapid laying out
of sample plots. Usually they are laid out in the form of circles, squares or rec-
tangular strips, and in area generally vary from one-quarter of an acre to a whole
acre. A quarter acre circle has a radius of 19.62 yards, and an acre circle a
radius of 39.24 yards. In the form of a square each edge of the acre is 69.57
yardst and of the quarter acre 34.78 yards.

In open stands of timber one of the quick methods is to travel in parallel
lines a quarter of a mile apart and stop every quarter of a mile to lay out an acre
(with a radius of 39 yards or a side of 69 yards) and estimate the timber upon it.
This would give us sixteen sample acres equally spaced over each square mile and
therefore represent one-fortieth, or 2$%, of its area. With a little practice the
estimator soon learns to judge whether a tree is within thirty-nine yards or not
of the centre of the circle where he stands. Another plan is to place a flag at the
centre and walk through the timber within thirty-nine yards of it, making the
estimate by eye, by counting trees, or by measuring. Returning to the flag he
can then pick up his compass direction, pace a quarter of a mile, and estimate the
next acre. In dense stands it is not easy to see all trees within thirty-nine yards,
and it is preferable to use either half-acre or quarter-acre circles instead, with radii
of 24.75 yards and 19.62 yards, respectively. For ruogh estimating it is custom-

42 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

ary to use circular plots, but for more accurate work square plots are preferable,
because they are generally laid out more carefully. They may be laid out by either
pacing or measuring their sides, and turning the corners with a magnetic compass
or a cross-staff head.

THE ESTIMATION OF FORTY ACRE SQUARES.

In fairly even aged timber growing on land comparatively easy to travel it is
often a good plan to block out forty acre squares here and there and estimate all
the timber on each "forty." Each edge of a "forty" is 440 yards long and it is
advisable to blaze the boundaries so the estimators will know when they come "to
them. For convenience in estimating, the large square is usually divided into
sixteen smaller squares of "2\ acres each, and with edges 110 yards long. Starting
at any given corner of the " forty," say the south-east, a flag is placed at the centre
of the first small square, each edge of which will then be fifty-five yards from the
flag and can be easily located by eye measurement or by pacing. The estimator
then goes through the timber on the square, records his estimate, returns to his
flag, and goes on to the remaining squares in the order indicated by the accompany-
ing diagram.

Having determined the amount of merchantable timber, it is a good plan to
prepare on transparent tracing cloth a map showing its location and the character
of the growth. Such a map can be laid over the one showing the topographical
features of the tract and thus shows at a glance the relations between the two.
Furthermore, we may represent on the tracing cloth the extent and location of
each year's cutting and thus have a complete record of the work done from the
beginning.

A DOMINION FOREST SURVEY METHOD.

When it is necessary to get an accurate estimate of the amount of timber on a
very large tract of land and also to obtain a clear notion of its topography for
mapping purposes, the most satisfactory method is to run parallel strips across it
every quarter of a mile. Strips a quarter of a mile apart and four rods wide cover
5% of the tract. If only 2£% is required they may be placed half a mile apart,
or else made only two rods wide. The advantages of the strip method are; (1),
It gives data which enable us to show the topography of the region; (2), It enables
us to map the distribution of the different forest types; (3), It gives a good average
of all the timber on the tract; and (4), When combined with studies in volume it
enables us to predict the growth per acre per year in cubic feet, cords, board feet,
or any other desired unit of measurement.

During the last three years this method has been used by the Dominion Forest
Survey parties sent out to the Forest Reserves in Manitoba for the purpose of
getting accurate information regarding the topography, distribution of forest types ;
kind, location, amount and condition of the standing timber; to make studies of
the rate at which it is growing; to study the amount and character of the repro-
duction ; note the effect of the forests upon stream flow ; devise means for protecting
them against fire and timber thieves, and other matters necessary to know if they
are to be put under proper management and preserved from absolute destruction.
During the past summer I had charge of a party of twelve men collecting informa-
tion of this sort in some of the unsurveyed townships along the eastern side of the
Riding Mountain Reserve, in north-western Manitoba. This reserve contains

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 43

over a million acres, nearly half of which have been burned over in recent years.
The timber remaining consists of aspen, "balm" or balsam poplar, white and
black spruce, Jack pine, some larch or "tamarac," patches of scrub oak, and, along
the streams, some green ash, "Manitoba maple" or box elder, elm, etc. In another
year it is expected that the survey of this reserve will be completed, that all squatters
will have been peacably removed, that an efficient system of fire ranging will be
in force and that at least part of the reserve will be put under management designed
to make it a constant producer of wood crops.

HOW MEASUREMENTS ARE OBTAINED.

In running out the strips a magnetic compass is used to keep them parallel,
and the distances are measured either by pacing or by dragging a light "chain"
four rods, or sixty-six feet, in length. The ordinary "link" chain used by land
surveyors is seldom used for this work because it is constantly getting tangled up
in the undergrowth and fallen branches, and thus delays the progress of the party.
A light, well tempered steel tape slips easily along the ground and is therefore very
much preferable. The great advantage of chaining over pacing is that we do
away with the necessity of counting paces and get a much more exact measurement
of distances. Each party usually consists of four men, viz.: — A compassman,
who keeps the direction, drags the tape and keeps the sylvicultural notes; two
calipermen — one on each side — to measure the diameters of all trees within two
rods of the tape; and a tallyman to record diameters, to keep a record of distances
chained, and to note changes in elevation and other data required to sketch in the
topography of the country traversed. Thecaliper men measure the diameters of the
trees at "breast height," or four and a half feet above the ground. The reasons for
this are; (1), It is a convenient height at which a measurement can be rapidly
made; (2), It avoids the "flare" or "root swelling" found in most merchantable
timber; (3), The volume of the tree is a function of the diameter at this height. In
large timber the diameters are returned in two inch classes, but in small timber by
inch classes.

Care must be taken to see that the calipermen men do not measure dead
or defective trees, that they don't get too far from the "chain" or
make the strip too narrow, that diameters are measured at right angles to
the stems of the trees and that they keep the calipers up to "breast height."
Towards the end of the day they are apt to drop them and thus raise the estimate
for the volume of the stand. When there is a dense stand of small timber or it is
difficult to get through the undergrowth, it is advisable to make the strips only
two rods wide, thus giving each caliperman a strip of timber only a rod wide to look
after. If the strips are four rods, or a chain, wide, the party only needs to go ten
chains to complete a strip whose area is one acre, but if the strips are only two
rods wide, they must go twenty chains. The compassman keeps count of the
number of chains, and at the end of every tenth or twentieth chain, depending
upon the width of the strips, calls out " Acre." Whenever theforest type changes,
the sylvicultural notes are written up on the back of the sheet and a new one is
taken. The tally on the face of each sheet shows what distance the party has
gone, and consequently, the number of acres and fractions of an acre measured
before the type changed. In open stands of timber, such as longleaf pine, where
the going is easy, a party, of four men do as much as 60 acres in a day, but if they
have to fight their way through a dense undergrowth, they may not be able to do
more than fourteen or fifteen acres. If a fifth man can be secured to direct the

44 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

work of the other four and keep the topographical and sylvicultural notes, the pro-
gress of the party is much more rapid and the accuracy of the work is increased.

THE RELATION OF DIAMETER TO VOLUME.

A careful study of the shapes of the trunks of forest grown trees shows; (1),
That each species has a characteristic shape or "form," and (2), That there is a
tolerably constant relationship existing between its diameter at breast height
and its volume.

The method of determining this relationship for any given species is to select
a large number of sound trees having the typical shape of forest grown trees,
whose diameters range from a few inches up, measure their diameters at breast
height to the nearest tenth of an inch, fell them, cut them into ten foot lengths,
until a diameter of three, or four inches is reached and measure to the nearest tenth
of an inch the average diameters at the ends of the logs; first outside the bark
and then inside the bark. Frojn the measurements thus obtained we then compute
to the nearest hundredth part of a cubic foot, the total volume of each log," of the
stump and of the unused top ; also the volume of the wood inside the bark for the
different sections of the tree. The object of making two sets of measurements and
calculations is to be find what percentage the solid wood inside the bark is of the
total volume. Several mathematical formulae have been devised for the compu-
tation of these volumes, but are of too technical a nature to be dealt with in such
a paper as this. Having found the volumes of all the trees analyzed, the next step
is to plot, on cross-section paper, the breast high diameter of each tree as a hori-
zontal distance and its volume as a vertical distance. From the points thus located
we can then draw a curve showing the relationship that exists between the volume
of an average tree and its diameter at breast height. The accompanying diagram
shows such a curve based upon the analysis of sixty-six aspen, measured last sum-
mer in the Riding Mountain Forest Reserve. Some of the technically trained for-
esters present will probably object to my basing a diameter-volume curve upon
the analysis of so few trees. The explanation is that we have only made a start
in the work of studying the growth of these species. Next year more stem ana-
lyses will be made, which, with those already obtained, will give a fair average for
aspen, balm, white spruce and Jack pine.

To find the number of cubic feet of wood per acre for any given species, we
first find out from the tally sheets how many trees of each diameter class there are
per acre, multiply by the volumes indicated by the diameter-volume curve of the
species under consideration, and add together the products. In the case of trees
less than a foot in diameter it is found that a standard cord of stacked wood con-
tains only about ninety cubic feet of solid wood; hence if our figures indicate 1080
cubic feet of wood per acre,we say that there are twelve cords to the acre. Where
the trees are large enough for saw timber we may scale the logs down to any given
diameter, by whatever log rule is in use in the district, and then construct a curve
showing the relationship between the breast high diameters of the trees and their
merchantable contents in board feet. Our next diagram shows a curve of this
nature, which naturally falls away below the total volume curve; (1), Because
of the volume lost in the tops not large enough to make sawlogs; (2), The volume
of the stumps; (3), The volume of the bark (about 15% for spruce), and (4), The
loss due to sawdust, sla.bs, edgings and trimmings.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 45

TURTLE MOUNTAIN RESERVE.

In the case of the Turtle Mountain Forest and Game Reserve, about forty
miles south of Brandon, Manitoba, Mr. R. D. Craig, B. S. A., F. E., late Inspector
of Dominion Forest Reserves, found by the methods I have just described that
the unburned area of 1611 acres has standing on it enough small aspen to yield
19,825 cords of wood, of the balm 7,007 cords, of birch 7,695, of green ash 1,068, of
burr oak 1,379, and of elm 593; a total af 37,567 cords. On the partially destroyed
area of 6,371 acres the smaller living trees would yield about 39,520 cords of wood
and the standing dead trees about 28,250 cords. The dead and down timber
amounts to nearly ten cords per acre or 63,710 altogether. Of the living trees
large enough for saw timber it was found that the unburned area yielded 453 board
feet per acre and the partially destroyed only 122 board feet; making a total of
only 1,507,000 for the whole tract. Thus the total stock was found to consist of
77,087 cords of green timber large enough for firewood, 91,960 cords of dry fuel
and one and a half million board feet of small saw timber. The remaining 63,872
acres, 85% of the total area, include the lakes, open prairie-like spots and areas
which have been completely destroyed by fires.

MOOSE MOUNTAIN RESERVE.

In the Moose Mountain Forest and Game Reserve there are about 4,000 acres
of merchantable timber and about 80,000 acres covered with an excellent young
growth of aspen and balm which followed the fires of 1885 and 1897. The ten-
year old trees are now ten to fourteen feet high and the twenty-two year old trees
thirty to thirty-five feet — all growing in dense enough stand to form tall, straight,
clean-boled trees, if protected from fire. In the mature timber the average yield
is about 23.4 cords per acre, or 93,600 cords altogether. Of dead and down timber
there is probably 100,000 cords which Forest Ranger Rutherford is having removed
in as rapid and systematic a manner as possible. The saw-timber is so scattered
that it is hardly available for milling, but the amount estimated to be present is
4,520,000 board feet of aspen, 760,000 of balm and 368,000 of birch.

In the Riding Mountain and Duck Mountain Forest and Game Reserves
there are many stands of spruce, larch, balsam fir and Jack pine yielding over 6000
feet, board measure, to the acre, or 4,000,000 board feet per square mile. Besides
yielding valuable saw timber these reserves are especially important as regulators
of stream flow for nearly half the tributaries of the Assiniboine River, and all the
streams watering the rich agricultural lands extending from Dauphin to Swan
River. In the eastern and northern part of the Riding Mountain Reserve, elk
and moose are plentiful, whilst in the Duck Mountain Reserve the moose are even
more abundant than the elk.

GROWTH STUDIES.

The ultimate object of nearly all studies of growth is to predict the number
of cubic feet of wood per acre per year that will be added to the growing stock.
Studies of this sort are of too complicated a nature to be dealt with in a paper of this
kind, but perhaps I may be permitted to state that they depend upon a knowledge
of the volume of the stand, during the different periods of its growth from youth
to maturity. During the last three years the Dominion Forest Service has been
collecting data for studies of this nature, but, as yet, no attempt has been made to

46 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

work up the material. This is partly due to the fact that during the winter months
the men with the training necessary to do work of this nature were required to do
the office work connected with the distribution of planting material in the prairie
provinces, and partly to their leaving the service almost as soon as the data collected
in the field were available for growth studies. It is hoped, however, that all the
material collected will soon be worked up and put in such a shape that we will
know definitely what the annual rate of increase is in the present wild, fire-scarred
timber of our western Forest Reserves. Not until we have full and definite informa-
tion regarding the location, the amount, the sylvicultural condition and the annual
rate of growth of the more important species, will we be in a position to devise satis-
factory rules and regulations governing the amount of the annual cut, to improve
the condition of these reserves and to keep them in perpetual forest for an ever
increasing population.

THE ENORMOUS COST OF PLANTING.

If you draw the attention of the " man in the street " to our rapidly diminishing
supplies of timber he will in nine cases out ten say, "Yes! that's so. Why the
Government ought to go to work and plant up the open spots." Let us examine
the practicability of such a scheme. With a large and well equipped nursery
for the growing of forest tree seedlings, and withlabour at $2.00 per dayit is possible
to reduce the cost of planting, five feet apart each way, to between $7.00 and $8.00
per acre. For sake of argument, let us assume that it can be done for $5.00 per
acre, or $3,200 per square mile. At this rate the planting of a township only six
miles square would require the enormous expenditure of $115,200. The "man
in the street" will do some pretty hard thinking before he will consent to pay his
share of the cost of such an undertaking, yet he will read in his morning paper that
thirty townships, or more than a thousand square miles of woodlands in northern
Alberta, Saskatchewan or Manitoba have been destroyed by fire, and scarcely give
the matter a passing thought.

NEED FOR PROTECTION.

Would it not be very much more to the purpose to take time by the forelock
and use the money required to plant up a single township for the maintenance of
an efficient fire ranging system, similar to the one already established in Ontario?
To my mind, the problem pressing hardest upon the Dominion Forest Service
for solution- is the protection of the western woodlands from fire. The new railways
being built through them and the settlement that will quickly follow will be a con-
stant source of danger, but if fire rangers who feel the responsibility of their posi-
tions, and possessing the necessary diligence, firmness and tact to faithfully perform
their duties and secure the co-operation of the settlers and the railway companies,
can be found and retained in the service, a great deal may be done to save invalu-
able forested areas from ruthless destruction.

MORE RESERVES NEEDED.

«

As far as I understand the situation, the second great problem pressing for
solution is, to secure definite information regarding the location, kind, condition,
and amount of timber which should be placed in forest reserves before it is encroach-
ed upon, and either partially or wholly destroyed by axe and fire.

. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 47

NEED FOR FOREST SURVEYS.

The third great problem will naturally be to gradually place all the reserves
under management designed to make them perpetual producers of wood crops,
improve their condition and make them regulate the flow of water in our streams
for irrigation and industrial purposes. Before they can be placed under such
management, however, it will be necessary to study their condition, i.e., to make
regular forest surveys. In conducting these surveys it will be impossible to lay
down cast iron rules, because of the widely varying conditions. The important
thing is to thoroughly understand the different methods of making such surveys
and to know which one gives the best solution of the particular problem presented.

QUALIFICATIONS NECESSARY FOR A FOREST ENGINEER.

Thus it appears that the forest engineer is constantly called upon to deal with
problems of a decidedly practical nature. He is not a mere botanist let loose to
air his knowledge at the expense of others; neither is he a fire ranger, a lumberman,
a sportsman, an arboriculturist, a dendrologist, a sylviculturist or a political econo-
mist. He must understand ALL these phases of the questions he is constantly called
upon to deal with — many of them of tremendous magnitude and far-reaching
importance. His profession touches life at many points, and it would be decidedly
unsafe to follow his recommendations if they were not based upon a careful con-
sideration of the factors likely to affect the general result. From this, I think it
should be plain that the academic training of a forest engineer should be so designed
that it will give him a clear view of the whole field of Forestry Science, and thus
enable him to get a proper conception of the relationships of things that at first
sight do not seem to be related — even in the remotest degree. Without this
conception he will be decidedly unpractical; with it, he will be thoroughly practical,
in the larger and better sense of the term. Regarding his field training, there is
only one way to acquire it, namely, by experience in the woods. No amount of
reading or theorizing can give him this experience. It must be learned at first
hand, but there can scarcely be any doubt that the man who goes into the woods
with the broad general outlook that a thorough academic training in the Science
of Forestry gives him, will acquire this kind of knowledge very quickly, and, what
is of more importance, know how to apply it in cases where the man without simi-
lar training would utterly fail, and thus prove himself thoroughly unpractical.

Such then, is the argument in favor of placing technically trained men in
charge of all important surveys made for the purpose of studying the condition of
our Forest Reserves, so that we may know how to manage them intelligently, im-
prove their condition, and make them produce wood crops for all time.

DISCUSSION.
The PRESIDENT. — I will now ask Mgr. Racicot to open the discussion.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — When I was invited to come to
assist in this meeting of business men, I thought of coming to instruct myself
rather than to instruct you. Certainly I admire what you have done for the good
of the country. You work perhaps in your personal interests, but in working for

48 C AX ADI AX FORESTRY ASSOCIATIOX •

yourselves you work also for others. The people have need of those who control
finance, of those who have money for investment. You who are the men of
wealth and of finance, if you know what is necessary to be done in order that this
country may become more and more flourishing, all those who may be called the
workmen and who have not the means which you have at your disposal, will profit
by your knowledge and by the outlay which you make for the purpose of making
this country more and more prosperous.

Now, gentlemen, I congratulate you on the work which you have accomplished
and I trust that you will be entirely successful in the great things which you under-
take, and that you will bring them to a happy termination. I hope that all
these sessions which you hold, in order to instruct yourselves, will be a complete
success and that all the country will profit by the efforts which you are making to
render Canada prosperous.

Mr. ELLWOOD WILSON, Grand Mere, Que. — All this seems to be from the
standpoint of the people who cut the wood. I understood that the Commission
had not made surveys of the different parts of the Province in order to get the
knowledge necessary for a broad general view, but dealt with the details of the
work. I would like to draw your attention to a few of the points which strike a
man who does the practical work.

I can only speak with regard to the section of country north of the St. Lawrence
and between Montreal and Quebec, but I can certainly say that with regard to
this section the idea that our resources are inexhaustible is erroneous. Any one
seeing the burned areas stretching north of the St. Maurice and the Mattewan,
and the destruction wrought by the carelessness of the river drivers in the past,
and the settlers of the present, must be careful how he uses the word inexhaustible.
The timber is chiefly spruce, pine, balsam and to some extent larch. Under present
conditions the lumbermen are rapidly turning this whole territory into a balsam
forest. The pine and the best of the spruce are being ruthlessly taken out, thus
giving ideal conditions for the reproduction of the balsam, so that in the near
future, unless a change comes over the scene, our forests in this section will be
composed entirely of balsam, which we shall have to depend upon for our pulp wood.
The reproduction of this wood, however, is the best I have ever seen. It is very
widely distributed and reproduces itself very rapidly. In some cases the tops
of the mountains have been burned off, and erosion has commenced. We all know
what this will mean for the diminution of the water supply in our streams, in fact
as a result we are already troubled with too high water in spring and too little in
the summer, causing a serious condition which will have to be met very soon.

The Honourable Mr. Fisher said this morning that the forester was the best
friend of the lumberman. I would like to say that any sort of encouragement from
the lumberman would be of great assistance to the foresters. The lumberman only

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 49

asks that the laws be properly administered; that the regulations regarding settlers
and the diameter limit of trees to be cut should be rigidly enforced.

This question of dealing with the settlers has become a crucial one with the
lumbermen. The settlers take up territory, not because they need it to make a
home for themselves, or because they require the land-, but because the land they
want has lots of good timber for which they can find a ready market. I saw
an instance recently where a man owning 500 acres of land, a good house and barns,
and occupying a very comfortable position, went and took up land under the
settlers' provisions belonging to a lumber company. He did this in February.
The law only gives the lumber company until May to take off the timber. He
had no need of the land at all, and there was no reason why his location ticket
should not be held back to allow the company to get their timber held back. But
it was quite evident that he wanted to get the land merely for the timber on it, and
under the law he was able to do so, thus practically robbing the company, because
in so short a time it was impossible for them to remove the timber before he came
into possession.

Another case recently came to my attention of a company which wanted some
timber. They secured from the Government six Jots, and paid $600 for them,
and this land which they took up was of course part of a timber limit.
The following week they offered the timber on them to the same company
from whom the limits had been taken for $2,700. That is the sort of thing which
makes it difficult for the lumberman to do anything along forestry lines. His
timber is taken from him by speculators calling themselves settlers, and then he
has to buy it back from them at greatly advanced prices. If the lumberman could
be convinced that the settler was bona fide there would be no complaints. But
when the Government gives with one hand and takes back with the other, it is hard
to expect the lumber company to spend money on forestry work and then have
the land taken away, and the benefit of their investment and work given to some-
body else. ,

It seems to me that if the Government would have the land examined, and
find what was fit for settlement and then give the companies reasonable notice, so
as to give them a chance to cut the good timber, that there would be no objection at
all. We have found that wherever the timber was cut on the lots, the settlers
immediately lost interest in the section and gave up the idea of settling or engaging
in farming upon the land.

Another difficulty experienced in this province is that we have no reliable
maps, except those of the water courses, which have been very roughly made. We
have no detailed maps at all. And therefore when working in this country we
have found it necessary to make our own. I myself have accurately mapped in the
neighborhood of 500 square miles during the past few years, and the conditions

50 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

of working over such large areas, doing the work economically and thoroughly,
make it necessary for us to devise new methods and more rapid ones than those
that have been brought to our attention this afternoon.

We, lumbermen, have to make the proposition a commercial one. We cannot
afford to spend a lot of money getting scientific data which in the ordinary course
of events we would like to have. Our proposition is to get the most accurate data
for the least money possible.

Perhaps the most crucial question before us to-day is the matter of fire protec-
tion. We have had practically no fire protection worthy of the name for a long
time past. The fire rangers, as any one can see for himself, do not properly cover
their territories. The system upon which they seem to work is that a couple of
men take a canoe and paddle leisurely along with a gun and a fishing rod and al-
together too often a bottle of gin. They have a good time and we get no protection
at all. I have seen this sort of thing over and over again, and it has come to such
a pass, that if we are to have efficient fire protection, we have to do it ourselves.
The company by which I am employed have determined this spring to send out
sixteen men to patrol during the whole summer the main water courses in the
district where they are engaged, with the idea of trying to prevent fires — not to
put fires out, but to prevent them.

The two great causes of fire, in our district, are river drivers and settlers. If
the companies would send a man with their river drivers to watch them put out
their fires and smudges, we would be saved from a great deal of destruction. If the
settlers can be taught that fire is their very greatest enemy, not only injuring the
interests of the companies, but those of the settlers also, we shall have taken a very
great step in advance.

I have spoken of this matter with many of the cures of the Church, and they
have all expressed themselves as heartily willing to talk to their people and show
them tl\e absolute necessity of keeping down forest fires. By this means I think
we can do more to educate the settler and colonist than in any other way. If
the Church will spread amongst its people the necessity of protecting us from fire,
the province will have taken an immense step forward.

On the other hand, any one who has travelled from Quebec to Lake St. John,
or in the Adirondack region, knows what tremendous havoc the railways have
caused by spreading forest fires. The absolute desertsjwhich exist to-day along the
lines of the Quebec and Lake St. John Railway should be a warning to all of us.
I would strongly urge the adoption of some stringent methods to prevent this
terrible devastation of our forests.

In this connection I think that the new Transcontinental Railway through
Quebec, instead of proving a blessing, as it should, will probably prove one of the

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 51

worst curses that has ever come to the Province. There is absolutely no efficient
fire protection along the line as laid out. The Italians and other workers employed
in the construction camps have not the slightest, regard for the fire rangers, nor
for the forests. There is only one way of preventing loss through their carelessness.
The Dominion Government should put a regular police patrol along the right of
way just as soon as thesnow has gone. To do the most effective work, these should
be mounted, uniformed officers. A few mounted rangers would be able to do more
to protect the country along the Upper St. Maurice, than any number of ordinary
fire rangers. And they should be uniformed, preferably in a semi-military style,
in order to impress the men. And they should also be given power to arrest
delinquents and have their work thoroughly backed up by the magistrates. This
latter is a most important point, because it has always been a most difficult thing
in this Province to secure convictions. (Applause).

Mr. ROBERT MEIGHEN. — The last speaker has dwelt at some length upon
the greatest enemies which the lumbermen have to contend with, but I think he
has left one out. A man called in my office a few weeks ago, who is largely inter-
ested in the forests of Norway. He had travelled all over the Dominion of Canada,
and he told me that he was proud of the Canadians as a rule, and considered that
they were very intelligent people. But he told me that it was very easy to see that
they were quite ignorant on the point of preserving one of the greatest assets that
they possessed — their timber lands. This Dominion has been handed to us
bright and fresh from the hands of its Maker, a country richly blessed by God. Let
us not by the action of man curse it. We all know that the greatest enemy of the
forests to-day is fire. As the servants of the people I would ask if the Federal or
Local Governments have risen to the occasion, and adopted legislation along proper
lines to preserve the forests not only for this generation but for those yet unborn.
I say they have not.

The last speaker truly brought up a very important point. The Grand Trunk
Pacific is passing through the Provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick, and it
will pass through timber lands which I represent for over 100 miles. What assur-
ance have we that our lands will not be depleted and the forests destroyed by the
building of that road? We have none. The forest fires caused by the contractors
and labourers along the line will almost inevitably destroy our property. Ttiie
Government of New Brunswick has taken wide action against the surveyors, but
it has done nothing against the contractors. These people, I say again, are our
servants, because Parliament is the servant of the people, elected to look after the
people's interest, and it is time that they rose to the occasion and passed proper
legislation for the protection of our property. We are all looking to the protection
of the interests of the people of Canada and there are few things more in their inter-
est than that these great forests should be preserved for all time. I hope I am
not committing such high treason as talking politics, but if I were to touch upon
either political party, I should not be overcome. Our Crown Lands are being

52 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

depleted for a nominal stumpage, and the timber floated across to' a foreign country
to be manufactured there. I hope I shall live to see the day when an export duty
will be put on all timber cut on Crown Lands, and when the people of the United
States will get their morning news from newspapers published in the United States,
printed on paper made in Canada from the products of the Canadian woods. (Ap-
plause).

The PRESIDENT. — I might answer Mr. Meighen with regard to the Transcon-
tinental difficulty. There was a meeting held the other day at Ottawa, where
the representatives of Quebec Province discussed measures to prevent fires along
the lines of the Grand Trunk Pacific, and I believe Ontario and New Brunswick
were also represented, but I am not sure whether the Western Provinces had
representatives. As a result of that meeting I think you can rest assured that
the Grand Trunk Pacific will take the necessary measures to prevent fires. I
do not know whether these measures will be satisfactory to Mr. Meighen and per-
haps he had better take an interest in that personally. But I am sure that the
Hon. Mr. Parent, the president of the Transcontinental Railway Commission,
would give him the fullest information.

Mr. ZAVITZ. — A considerable portion of this programme to-day has been de-
voted to forestry in relation to agriculture. I would like to point out what has
been done by the Department of Agriculture in Ontario. In the matter of re-plant-
ing we have a co-operative scheme to furnish the farmer with material to plant his
waste farm lands. This at present is supplied free of charge, the recipient only
having to pay the express on the trees. We offer these special inducements more
from an educational standpoint. What we want to do is to establish through
Ontario typical plantations on waste areas in order to show their possibilities to the
farmer. The average Ontario farmer thinks of planting waste land by digging
a big hole and putting a tree into it. I warit to put up a small argument for re-
afforestation or the planting of waste lands. I am referring more particularly
to agricultural work, but may not tKis be perfectly practicable on a much larger
scale? We are supplying chiefly white and Scotch pine, red pine and jack pine,
native seeds as far as possible, and the average farmer could plant at least two
acres a year. In this way, last year, we sent out 200,000 trees, a very small start.
This season, however, we hope to send out half a million, the object being to dis-
tribute these representative plantations throughout the Province as widely as pos-
sible.

Now, as to the cost of planting and its practicability. At the first Forestry
Convention I attended a man would be very foolish to talk about forestry, but
the change is gradually coming. The average waste land in Ontario or absolute
forest soil can be replanted for something like $5.00 an acre, more or less. But
take $5.00 an acre as the actual cost, I would like to let any business man put out

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 53

that initial investment at four per cent, compound interest and figure it out, and
I am satisfied that from the standpoint of the state it is a good investment.

Colonel WALTER J. RAY. — I would like to say a few words in support of
what the last speakers have said on this subject. For the past thirty-eight years
I have been in the employ of a firm which holds 6,000 square miles of limits in
Quebec Province, in that firm two of my uncles were employed seventy-five years
ago, and I think if you will give us proper protection against timber thieves going
into the limits, I will take my chances on their destruction by fires, and have no
hesitation in saying that my children and my grand children may be working for
the same firm in a century yet to come. All we want is to be given a chance, and
we shall have plenty of timber. Reference has been made to the Lake St. John
district. I have been through there, and tramped all through the limits. I have
gone through vast areas there where for thirty miles at a stretch there is not a
living soul, where the country would not support a cariboo. Years ago this same
country was a splendid spruce forest, yielding an annual revenue, and it would be
so still and remain good for another century indeed, if protected against the timber
thieves who infest the country.

Dr. ROBERT BELL. — None of the previous speakers have even mentioned the
greatest cause of fire among standing timber, and that is lightning. In the northern
forests we all ' know that lightning is a frequent cause of fire during July and
August, when the coniferous woods are dry and prepared to take fire very easily.
The great point it seems to me is to improve the means of putting the fires out once
they start. Not only are they due to lightning, and the railways, but to the care-
lessness of travelers of all sorts, more especially travellers who are not Canadians,
who do not place any value upon the ppeservation of our timber and wrho are too
ignorant or careless to bother to put their fires out. There are other causes of
fires, the Indians particularly have become very careless about them. In my
travels in the north during the last fifty years I have always made it»a point where
I found many Indians, to preach them sermons about this. It seems to me quite
a revelation to them to think that we white men value the forests at all. They
said, that the dry timber was all they ever saw the white man use when they cut
it for their fires, so that they thought thev were doing no harm by causing forest
fires, and providing the white men with plenty of dry dead wood.

It has been observed that these forest fires do not spread or run at night so
much as during the day. This is a good point to consider. If the fire rangers, who are
paid by the Government and the lumbermen to put out fires, would be active at
night they might do ten times as much work as during the day. Passing through
long stretches of navigable water, I have thought that in many instances perhaps
fire rangers might be provided with fire extinguishers which would reach fires near
the shores. The fires left by Indians, travellers and surveyors, etc., are generally
close to water, so that the forest fires they. cause generally start very close to the

54 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

water, and if the rangers were equipped in this way, many bad fires might be easily
prevented. So far as the Indians are concerned, some of them are very careful about
fires, while others are notorious even among their own people for their carelessness.
Therefore I think if we were to turn our ingenuity to putting out incipient fires, it
would be productive of great good.

But there is no remedy to prevent the starting of fires, especially from light-
ning. In fact the nature of some of the trees, the jack pine particularly, show
that they have acquired certain habits during their long history from encountering
perpetual fires. We know, for example, that the cones of the jack pine remain
closed as long as the tree is alive, and do not seem to be capable of scattering like
the seeds of other coniferous trees. But the moment the cones are scorched by
fire, they open and the seeds are blown in every direction by the wind. It seems
to me that this -is a habit acquired through ages of suffering from fires caused by
lightning, and it is very interesting too indeed. Perhaps the other trees of the
same genus partake slightly of the same character, and need some scorching to

scatter the seeds. ^

*

The greater part of the northern forest represented on the map here, has
been burnt over. I do not know of any place where we can say for certain that the
original forest stands. At the Forestry Convention at Ottawa I showed a map
colored from my own travels, partly, and partly information I have gained from
other sources. The actual areas in burnt wood were divided into four classes —
newly scorched areas up to ten, then ten to forty, forty to seventy, and seventy
to one hundred, and this seems to take in the whole country. Anywhere where
the original forest existed, that is to say. So far as the age of trees is concerned,
white spruce will grow to 120 years up, black spruce to 150 years or more, but
it is very seldom that we will find trees as old as that, and we do not know but that
they might grow much longer if they were left alone, but the whole country has been
so subject to fire, that I think there is little doubt about that.

The PRESIDENT. — Will you tell us from your experience the greatest age
of the pine forests you have seen?

Dr. BELL. — I have not had much experience, but we do not often find the
white pine more than 300 years old; the red pine perhaps not quite so old, and the
jack pine still younger. This is a coarse wood and I do not think that it attains
any great age.

-" Mr. G. Y. CHOWN.— Mr. Chairman, there is one point inMr. Ross's address that
I would like to mention. In summing up he spoke of a number of things the Dom-
inion Forest Service had done, and the importance of their work. He, however,
did not touch upon one point that has been before us a number of times, and that
is the regulating of the cutting by lumbermen, and the best method of the distri-

C AX ADI AX- FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 55

bution of the debris. Members of this Association attending our Convention year
after year, will know that this is a point I have had to raise on numerous occasions.
At Ottawa last year it was promised us by the retiring head of the Dominion Forest-
ry Department, that the regulations regarding the cutting and the disposition of
the debris would be brought down shortly. I would like to know whether this
very important matter has been dealt with by the Dominion Forest Service. I
understand that our neighbors to the south have once more got ahead of us. In
the organization and use of lumber reserves they have provided regulations regard-
ing the disposal of the debris. I would like to know what the Dominion Forest
Service has done and is prepared to do in support of similar regulations.

The PRESIDENT. — As the late head of the Forestry Branch of the Dominion
Government I would call upon Mr. E. Stewart to speak as to that.

Mr. E. STEWART. — I have been about a year away from Ottawa and have had
nothing to do with the administration of the Forestry Branch during that time.
I do not remember any definite promises made with regard to regulations for the
destruction of debris, but I know that the matter was discussed just as Mr. Chown
says. My idea has always been that the most practical thing we could do with
the debris, at present at least, would be to cut the limbs off and let them drop
flat on the ground instead of standing up and drying. That method would cost
very little and when lying flat the limbs would soon rot, but when standing in the
air at the end of the tree they will remain there for years. I do not say but that
in time it might be possible to pass regulations compelling lumbermen to dispose of
all the debris, but even that is a very dangerous operation. Unless it is done very
carefully there is a strong liability that they will start more fires, and destroy more
timber than they would otherwise have done. It would require very careful work
to burn the debris and I am strongly of opinion that the cutting down of the limbs
so that they will rot would prove fairly efficacious. It would also cost very little
and would certainly be a move in the right direction. I do not know whether
the Department has made any regulations within the last year with regard to this
matter or not. Of course so far as the Dominion is concerned it has not control
over a very large area in which lumbering operations are going on, probably not as
as much by any means as the Province of Quebec. You must remember that the
timber of British Columbia is mainly under control of the local Government, and
all the older Provinces have the management of their own timber, where lumbering
operations are conducted. There is, of course, some timber now being cut in the
North West Territories and in the new provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta,
and in the railway belt in British Columbia, and as Mr. Chown says this is a matter
of such great importance that something should be done by the lumbermen them-
selves. But for the Government to undertake to go on to a lumberman's limits,
clear up and burn the debris — for fire is the only means that we could use — would
be a work of great magnitude, which, so far as I am aware, the Forestry Branch has

56 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

not had appropriations to meet. Perhaps Mr. Campbell may be able to give us
some further information as to that.

Mr. R. H. CAMPBELL. — With regard to the matter brought up by Mr. Chown
as to the regulation of the Dominion Lands I am not exactly clear as to the point
Mr. Chown wished to bring forward. That is to say, he spoke of Forest Reserves
and regulations for Forest Reserves. Well the Forest Reserves are most of them
in the hands entirely of the Government, that is, held under timber licenses by
private parties, so that reglations which are established for Forest Reserves must
be made by the Government and carried out by it on its own lands. In regard to
the establishment of regulations, I may say that the Dominion Forestry Branch
did establish regulations during the past year for the Forest Reserves, and in these
regulations are provisions which relate to the disposal of the debris of operations
carried on in the reserve.

So far as the timber limits held by private parties are concerned, there are
regulations which have been in the timber regulations of the Dominion for a con-
siderable time, but they have not been enforced. No special steps have been taken
to enforce them, nor are they being taken at the present time. There are several
reasons for this. In the first place, I may just go back for a moment or two to
explain. When I tood charge of the Dominion Forestry Branch I succeeded Mr.
Stewart. But when Mr. Stewart left a number of other men whom he had induced
to join that service found that they could get more lucrative or attractive positions
elsewhere. The result was that when I assumed office the Forestry Branch was
badly crippled for want of men. I do not know whether they objected to the new
head or not, but any way that was the state of affairs. Now, we are trying to
build up the staff again. I have succeeded in getting several good men, such as
Mr. Knechtel, who was with the Forest, Fish and Game Comission of New York for
some years, and did practically all the re-afforestation work in the Catskills and the
Adirondacks. He has become Inspector of Forest Reserves on our staff, and we
expect good work from him in that connection. We have also secured two addi-
tional men who are just completing their forestry course* We are still looking
for trained foresters, well-qualified men, and we hope to increase the staff as
rapidly as we can find men qualified to handle the work we have to do.

In regard to putting restrictions upon the lumbermen or requiring particular
things from them regarding the disposal of debris from lumbering operations,
if the Government undertake to do that they must first know just exactly what
they should ask the lumberman to do. (Hear, Hear). For my own part I think
that at the present time we have to do it on our own reserves first, and show that the
handling of this debris can be properly done. Then we can tell the lumberman
how and at what cost it can be done.

Secondly, we have to get the men capable of handling that work and these men

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 57

cannot be capable of handling it until they have actually done it, and practically
exhibited their .ability. When the Dominion Forestry Branch gets Drained men
with the knowledge and experience to enable them to handle the work, we may
make an extension of our activities that will satisfy Mr. Chown to the full. I
would like to say something in regard to the forestry work of the Dominion Branch
if you will permit me, which was referred to in previous proceedings of the meeting.

Mr. Ross referred particularly to the fire ranging system and urged that it
should be extended and made as effective as that in use in Ontario. I think that
as far as we have gone in the Dominion Service, we have a very effective system.
Throughout the railway belt in British Columbia, we have been practically able
to prevent fires for the past five or six years, during which time we have had charge
of the fire ranging service. On the Forest Reserves we have permanent rangers,
who have met with excellent success during the past few years. On the Turtle
Mountain Reserve, which is a small reserve, we have one ranger. On the Moose
Mountain Reserve, we have one permanent man, who secures temporary men as
he needs them. In regard to this man I may say that he is a perfect terror in the
neighborhood. He can call out any man anywhere in the vicinity whenever a
forest fire appears on the horizon, and just as sure as there is a fire and he is anywhere
near it there is not a man to be found anywhere in the district. In fact he has had ,
to haul one man out of a water barrel where he was hiding, and another man out of a
cistern, so that when a fire occurs he is generally a very busy man.

In addition to this we have put several permanent men on the Riding Mountain
Reserve, to which I think Mr. Ross referred, and we are also establishing a patrol
into the Northern Forests. Up to the present time in the Northern Forests which
you see on the map here, we have had rangers in the Edmonton district, both east
and west of Edmonton and to the north as far as Athabasca Landing. Last year
we put two more men up there, and one in the Lesser Slave Lake District. During
the present summer we expect to extend operations farther into the Peace River
and Athabasca District, and perhaps go north as far as Prince Albert, into that
forest district, so that in time we shall be able to coyer that whole northwestern
district thoroughly. Up there now we have to face the same danger from the
building of railways as has been spoken of with regard to Northern Ontario, Que-
bec and New Brunswick. During the coming summer the Grand Trunk Pacific
will be under construction west from Edmonton. And we are going to see that
our fire protection service for that district is effective. So far we have not had
any serious fires on the construction or survey of the Grand Trunk Pacific west
of Edmonton, and without attempting to criticize the Ontario system of fire ranging,
I saw in the papers the other day the statement of a lumberman that 1,000 square
miles in Ontario had been burned by the work of the Grand Trunk Pacific surveyors.
As far as we have gone we have been able to prevent anything of that kind in our
territory. There have been fires started by the surveyors there. One very curious
one was mentioned to me by a ranger some time ago. While travelling across the

58 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

country on his beat, he saw smoke arising, and went over to find out where the fire
was in ordejAp put it out. And while doing so he thought he would find out how
the fire begaW He dug down to where the fire was and found the charred end of
a log. He followed that back thirty or forty feet under ground, until he came to
the remains of a fire left by a surveyor on the line of survey. The head of that
party was evidently a careful man and warned his men to put out their fires when-
ever they moved. They probably thought that they had put that particular fire
out, but it had got into the log below, and smouldered through thirty or forty
feet of the log before it again came to the surface, and if this ranger had not stamped
it out it would have undoubtedly caused a serious fire.

There is another interesting phase of forestry work in the west and that is the
tree planting of the prairie district. That work was well established by Mr. Stewart
when he was in charge of the Forestry Branch, and was placed under the
charge of Mr. Norman M. Ross, a thoroughly capable man. I was more
than pleased with the results of this work which I saw in the prairie districts
during the past summer, when I made a special examination to find out for myself
what was being done. It was exceedingly interesting to me to visit a number of
places in the prairie country. All round there was the bare prairie, while in these
places where the planting had gone on, there were rows and rows of trees, and inside
of them were hedges and gardens equal to anything in this eastern country. I
may mention particularly the farm of Mr. Spring Rice, an Englishman in the
Saskatchewan District, who has reproduced an old fashioned English garden
equal to anything that you would find outside of England itself.

We have been distributing trees every year for a number of years and have
reached an average of about 2,000,000 a year. As we are getting the nursery at
Indian Head into shape we hope to increase this output to 3,000,000 or more, and
if the demand grows I have no doubt the Government will start another nursery
so as to secure a further supply.

I was very much pleased in listening to Mr. Fisher's speech to hear him declare
that the Dominion Government had finally decided to make the eastern slope of
the Rocky Mountains a vast Forest Reserve. That is a matter which was brought to
the attention of the Government by Mr. Stewart on many occasions, but was never
taken up. The district is one of the most important \water-sheds in the whole of
Canada. It is important for the supply of lumber for all that western prairie coun-
try in Alberta along the foothills and also important as the water-shed from which
the streams flow to furnish water for the irrigation lands, which comprise such large
tracts in southern Alberta. In this irrigatipn work the Canadian Pacific Railway
have taken a very great interest, and is at the present time digging large canals, while
other people are also getting a supply of water from these streams, so that this
forest reserve will be of the greatest importance as a source of water supply, as well
as of lumber. There are also large mining industries there and that reserve will

1

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

59

present one of the largest and most difficult problems for the Forestry Branch that
we have as yet had to deal with, as soon as it is placed under our control. And I
quite agree with what was said by Mr. Overton Price, that one of the great difficul-
ties we shall encounter will be the securing of well qualified and experienced men
to handle the problems which we shall meet in attempting to administer the forests
of our great western country.

Mr. L. O. Armstrong then offered a resolution which will be found in the
Report of the next day's proceedings in the resolutions presented by the Resolu-
tion Committee.

The PRESIDENT.— In connection with that resolution I think it necessary to
now appoint the Resolution Committee, because all resolutions will have to go
before that committee. I will therefore suggest these names: —

RESOLUTION COMMITTEE.

E. Stewart, E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Mgr. J. U. K. La-
flamme, J. T. Ellis, A. MacLaurin, J. Fraser Gregory, Thomas Southworth, A. H. D.
Ross.

Mr. L. O. ARMSTRONG". — I would like to be allowed to read my resolution,
which is as follows: —

Moved by L. O. Armstrong, and seconded by E. Stewart,
That the Canadian Forestry Association hereby urge upon the Federal and
Provincial Governments that they should enact the most effective and most
stringent laws possible for the protection of forest lands through which Railways
are being or will be built in the near future, and also for an efficient forest
patrol.

Mr. STEWART. — Is it in order to move resolutions now?

The PRESIDENT. — Yes, as soon as the Resolution Committee is appointed.

Mr. STEWART. — I think we have adopted a -rule that we cannot pass a resolu-
tion here, but that it must first go before the Committee. That is, it would be better
for every person making motions to present them here, but not to vote until it is
passed by the committee.

The PRESIDENT. — Yes,

Mr. STEWART. — Then it would be well for any motion brought up now to be
handed in, so that the Committee will have time to pronounce upon it. " If it is
left too long there will not be time to do this. If this is not done now it will be
too late to-morrow.

GO CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Mr. THOMAS SOUTHWORTH. — That is an extremely important matter which
is brought up by Mr. Chown, and I am glad to know that it is the intention of the
Forestry Branch at Ottawa to undertake a forward step with regard to the destruc-
tion of the forest debris in lumbering. I understand that the United States forest-
ers have had some lumbering operations conducted under their charge with that
object in view. Possibly Mr. Overton Price might be able to give us some infor-
mation as to the successful carrying out of that work.

Mr. OVERTON PRICE. — We are attempting on a large scale experiments in
practical forestry. The timber we sell is cut under rules and regulations drawn up
by practical foresters and enforced both in the spirit and the letter also by practical
foresters, so far as we have enough foresters to go round. Last year our timber
sales aggregated something over a billion, feet. I will not go into the details of
the rules and regulations, because they vary with local conditions, but their essen-
tial purpose is to leave the forests in as good condition after logging as is practicable
without making the cost prohibitive. They must be left in a good condition to
guard against fires, and for reproduction, and with as little waste as possible in the
forests themselves. With regard to fire we have so far required that all brush be
piled under logging regulations on the National Forests. These piles are then
burned, not by the purchasers, but by our own protective force. However, I
want to make it clear that this is merely an experiment and that we are not yet
committed to brush burning. Personally I am not sure that it is going to be the
most successful or cheapest system of protection against fires. It costs a lot, does
not afford absolute protection, and its effect upon re-production is going to be
important and sometimes serious.

It was " up to us " first to get the best system we could lay our hands upon that
would be tolerably effective and we are trying that and other systems. The result
has been that last year the fires in the National Forests aggregated a good deal
less than one-twentieth of one per cent of the total area and the work of fire protec-
tion cost materially less than half a cent per acre, so that we can say practically the
fight against fires has been won on the National Reserves. But as to brush burning,
we are still a good deal in doubt as to whether it is the best ultimate measure.

The PRESIDENT. — What is the area of the United States National Forests?
Mr. PRICE.— About 162,000,000 acres.

The PRESIDENT. — What do you know about their success with brush burning
in Minnesota?

Mr. .PRICE. — It is going on there, but we have not been able to tell yet what its
effect on production will be, but apparently it is going to be good. It is, however,
certain that brush burning is extremely expensive, asyouknow, and the calculation is
as to the cost of burning against the value of the second crop. That leaves'you in the

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 61

air a good deal, as it is a question that is almost impossible to calculate. The burning
was done by the Forest Service.

A Voice. — In Minnesota Reserve was not that done by the lumbermen?

Mr. PRICE. — Yes, and the felling was done by them too. In the National
Forests the cutting is done by the lumbermen and the burning by the Government
rangers. In the east we are not sure whether we are practising the best kind of
forestry. We are new at the work and it is a very big work with many unsolved
problems. We, however, feel that we are doing better work than used to be done
in the forests of the United States. We are protecting them against fire and giving
them a tolerable certainty of a second crop at least as good as that which is now
growing. The best example that we have in the United States that practical
forestry is a good venture for the lumberman is that they can afford to practice on
the National Forests. Stumpage in these forests costs them just what it is worth.
It costs no less than stumpage on private lands, and the man needing to buy and
sell again has to pay all it is worth. But the lumbermen buy our stumpage, cut
the timber under our rules and regulations and are competing with its product,
sawing it out and putting it in competition with lumber from timber cut under the
ordinary conditions, and are coming back for more. That is a pretty good demon-
stration that forestry scientifically conducted, is at least not prohibitive in expense.

MR. E. J. ZAVITZ. — May I be allowed to offer something in the way of a
suggestion for the Committee on Resolutions? My idea is that education is the
great thing necessary regarding the forests as it is in everything else. We know that
the people of this and other provinces have been greatly benefited by Government
aid and education in the matter of dairy products and farming by experimental
farms, etc., which are greatly appreciated by the agricultural interests. My idea
was something along this line: —

Moved by Mr. Chown, and seconded by Mr. Southworth,

That in view of the importance of the disposal of the debris in lumbering
operations, both for fire protection and in making re-afforestation possible, the
Dominion and Provincial Forestry Departments be urged to make experiments on
their reserves in the disposal of such debris, so that the result may be of use in
preparing regulations to govern general lumbering operations.

In addition to this there might be established travelling exhibits, and lectures
could be given from time to time, while the establishment of a museum would be a
very valuable thing. A splendid example of this is to be seen in the Smithsonian
Museum at Washington, D.C., which shows the various classes of forest trees with
the various diseases that attack them, and a great deal of other information in
that line, all properly classified, so that the onlooker can get a great deal of infor-
imation in a very .short time. I would leave this resolution in the hands of your
Resolution Committee if you think well.

62 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Moved by Mr. S. R. Wickett, and seconded by Mr. J. F. Ellis,

That the Dominion and Provincial Government be memorialized to make
more adequate provision for forestry exhibits in museums with a view to popular
instruction and the stimulating of popular interest in our native woods, the
curators to give popular lectures on the exhibits, and travelling exhibits to be ar-
ranged for from time to time accompanied by competent lecturers.

Also, that the Dominion Government through its Agricultural Department
be asked to prepare a series of bulletins on the planting and care of trees, and their
importance to the country, and that these bulletins be distributed free amongst the
the farmers of this country, this series of bulletins to be along lines similar to those
followed for the spreading of agricultural information by the Dominion Experi-
mental Farmland might be issued directly by the Dominion Government, and also
through the various agricultural departments, when once the material is prepared.

This resolution was also referred to the Committee on Resolutions.

Canon DATJTH, — Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I see that the great
anxiety at this moment among those who are interested in the subject of forestry
in the Province of Quebec and in the other Provinces of the Dominion, is this: to
take precautions against the dangers of fire. For my part I am not opposed to this,
and yet what I am about to say to you will perhaps appear a paradox. I rise at this
moment to demand of the Canadian Forestry Association not to extinguish but to
light the fire, you understand, to light the fire, the fire of enthusiasm for the preser-
vation of our forests, for the development of the science of forestry. And although
it may be true — I am afraid this is another paradox — although it be true that
the old wood burns better and more quickly than the green wood, I ask you, never-
theless, to kindle this fire of enthusiasm of which I speak particularly among the
young. We, who are already old, we are slower in developing enthusiasm, we
have prejudices, our activity is not exuberant; the young become enthusiastic more
quickly and act more promptly. As, in my capacity of vice-rector of Laval Univer-
sity and of President of the Catholic Schools of Montreal, I occupy myself especially
with youth. Here, it seems to me, is a proposition which should be of a nature to
cause the enterprise to which you devote yourselves to prosper.

By all means-, continue these congresses, these meetings for adults and for the
success and the development of the science of forestry, but could you not at the
same time organize a series of lectures to be regulated by your committee, let us say
a series of five or six lectures, which should be distributed among the persons most
competent to treat the questions inscribed on this programme; and afterwards,
could not these lectures be given in our universities, at Laval, at McGill, in our
colleges? In the district alone which contains the University of Laval in Montreal
we have ten classical colleges from which, as you know, all notaries, lawyers, doc-
tors and priests graduate. It seems to me that if these young people should hear
during their course of study, five or six lectures every year on the object of your
solicitude, they would, when they should afterwards return to exerci e their pro-

CAXADIAX FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 63

fessions in all the parishes of Quebec, they would be furnished with exact ideas,
with clear notions, of which they would make use in their conversation an4 in
their little meetings with the farmers and inhabitants of their parishes ; they might
diffuse this science everywhere without much cost to the federal or the provincial
Government. All that is necessary, it seems to me, is that the Forestry Association
should take the initiative, that it should organize these lectures, that it should
commission some of its members, the most capable, the most competent, those
who have the art of speaking most simply, and of making themselves intelligible
to the young, and to those who are not scientists, to infuse this science in continuous
streams into the minds of our youth. We have in our Catholic schools large aca-
demic halls where lectures and concerts are given, where dramas are sometimes
performed ; these halls would be open to you if you would come there with lantern
slides and very simple lectures, and attempt to instruct these children and to put
them in touch with the needs of the Province of Quebec as regards the preservation
or the replanting of our forests and of those wrood-lots of work-wood or firewood,
which still exist on the farmers' lands. •

This proposition comes perhaps before its time; it is perhaps not immediately
realizable; any way I submit it most earnestly to your consideration, and I hope
that some day or other you will be able to put it into practice. In any case, be
certain of one thing, namely, that if you wish to change public opinion, you must
touch it in all its component parts. These congresses, I well believe, particularly if
they are followed by persons who are interested in forestry questions, may produce
excellent results, but the city of Montreal is very large and you do not reach a great
number of people. If you would come into our Universities, if you would come
into our colleges, if you would come into our higher schools, and if you would speak
there a language which we are capable of understanding, and if you yourselves
have the fire of the propaganda which you wish to spread every where, it seems to me
that it would be a pleasure for us to follow you ; for, if I do not deceive myself, and
in spite of my inexperience, I believe that there is here, in this assembly and among
your delegations, an amount of practical experience by which everybody might pro-
fit. And for my part, entrusted as I am with a work of education in the Province
of Quebec, not only do I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the work which you
have accomplished, but I thank you in the name of the youth and the prosperity of
the beautiful Province of Quebec, which, I believe, is the one most interested in the
work which you have undertaken.

The PRESIDENT. — Canon Dauth has put us on the right track in saying that
we have to catch them young to teach them. If the schools were interested in
forestry there would be a great many more people in this room to-day. It seems
as if the people only took the question up when they had reached a certain age,
while Canon Dauth shows us that these questions should be taken up at a very
early age, so as to instil into the young people of this country a love of tree culture.

64 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

If this is done, I believe that at future meetings of our Associations we shall not
count those in attendance by tens, but by hundreds. As matters stand at present
we do not catch people young enough to give them a permanent interest in this
subject.

Mr. SOUTHWORTH. — With regard to my resolution touching upon the disposal
of debris, I think we have not sufficiently appreciated the importance of this in the
policy of the Association. We have dealt with this matter almost exclusively
from the point of view of fire protection. As we go along we will find that the
possibilities of re-afforestation become much more important than the question of
fire, especially in Ontario, where unfortunately we have large and thick stands of
pine where there is no disposal of debris. If it is cut off too closely it ceases to
remain a pine forest, but grows up to spruce and other cheap woods. But where
we have open stands, that is the trees separated, the debris does not affect re-affor-
estation, and we get in these open stands a much greater tendency toward forest
reproduction. We stand in this Association especially for the conservation of our
forests, and this seems to me to be one of the best ways to secure the conservation
and reproduction of the wood resources of the Dominion.

Colonel T. G. LOGGIE. — I would like to ask Mr. Ross if I understand that he
can run external lines over a square mile of land into quarter mile strips and run
parallel lines through the square mile each way, north and south, and east and
west for four cents an acre. I am here to-day to find such information for New
Brunswick, and as an official of their Crown Lands Department, I will say that
we are very deeply interested in the question of forestry. Two years ago we passed
the Public Domain Act giving the Government authority to actually survey all
the Crown lands of the Province. I have been asked by the Government to esti-
mate the cost of this large quantity of work, and I place the cost at half a million
dollars, which rather staggers the Government. I was surprised to-day to hear that
Mr. Ross can lay out a square mile of land and put up square mile posts, then run
parallel lines all ways for four cents an acre, and in addition to that estimate
the growth and secure information which would enable the Government to segregate
timber from settlement land. It seems to me almost impossible to get so much in-
formation for four cents an acre, and I would very much like to get information
for my Government as to how Mr. Ross could do that.

I may say further that I am heartily in agreement with the views of Mr.
Meighen as to fires along the tracks of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Our
Government two years ago passed a very admirable Act. It is true the Transcon-
tinental people do not like it, because it gives the Government authority to assess
the cost of patrolling the line of railway while it is being surveyed and constructed
by them. Whether the means taken by the Government will have the effect of stop-
ping fires once the road is constructed, I am not prepared to say, but personally
I feel that there will be a large element of danger. Mr. Meighen has told you of

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 65

his timber-lands. I know them well, in fact I made out the patents for them, and
they are fine spruce forests. The railway will also pass through Mr. Alexander
Gibson's land, and the people of the Province are talking about it, and wondering
what the outcome will be when the road is constructed. I think that it would be
a good thing to pass this resolution, and I feel positive that every means should be
taken to impress upon the Dominion Government the desirability of taking effective
steps to preserve our forests from the fire danger occasioned by the new Transcon-
tinental.

I would ask Mr. Ross again if he will give me the information I have asked for
regarding the surveying methods.

Mr. Ross. — You can figure it out this way. Each township is six miles square
and therefore contains thirty-six square miles, and each square mile contains 640
acres. At this rate, four cents an acre will amount to $921. 60. The plan is to
first run the boundaries of the township and block it into mile squares. Within the
squares we then run compass lines as carefully as possible, setting up stakes every
quarter of a mile — the distance being estimated by pacing. By this method, Mr.
Gary claims that the highest cost was $1,500 a township, including estimating the
timber and making a topographic map. I based my calculations upon topography
alone, which would cost about four cents an acre. Two cents an acre would probably
estimate the timber, making the total cost of a complete forest survey six cents
an acre, or about fourteen hundred dollars ($1,400) for each township of six miles
square, and would also provide a cardboard or veneer model. The average timber
cruiser cannot readily read the lines on a topographic map, and to make him under-
stand it more easily a miniature model is made, which he can understand and
follow all right.

Dr. FERNOW. — I did not want to speak this afternoon, but I do not think it
would be right to let the paper read by Mr. Joly de Lotbini£re pass without a word
of comment and of appreciation of the ingenuity of his father in educating his
small community and showing them how to do things sensibly. The plan that he
has outlined seems to me to be the most rational proposition I have ever heard of,
and after it has been carried on so successfully for thirty years I think that the
mere calling of attention to it should be sufficient for such an example to be followed,
especially by the Government. I do not wish to take up your time this afternoon,
but I think it would be worth while for this Association to accentuate this feature.

Mr. THOMAS SOUTHWORTH. — I had hoped to-morrow morning to discuss Mr.
Joly de Lotbiniere's paper, which in my opinion is one of the most important papers
we have had to-day. The question of preventing the destruction of timber in settled
communities is probably more pressing in Ontario than in any other part of Eastern
Canada, except, perhaps, in limited districts in Quebec, and we must settle it in
some way. I am not sure, however, that Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere's methods

66 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

for the disposal of his lands under these conditional leases or sales could be success-
fully accomplished by the Government in this very democratic country of ours. I
do not know that a patent containing provisions of that sort could be enforced
effectively, for very long, after the electorate had got to work and demanded a
remission of the restrictions. But it would seem to me that the same object could
be accomplished by having certain lots in the community reserved from settlement
or sale, so as to be held by the Government, or the municipalities, under a system
something along the same lines as the communal forests of Europe, which form
no inconsiderable source of revenue to the municipalities.

There is another thing that I notice. In Mr. Joly de Lotbiniere's sale, the
terms of the patent do not set forth that it should always be the waste or rough
lands to be reserved for timber, but the good lands. That might perhaps prove to
be a hardship on the purchaser of these lands, by giving land in timber that might
be more profitable to him individually for other purposes, when the same
general object of protecting the water supply and fuel supply might be
as well attained by merely keeping the rough lands for forest pur-
poses. In the case of lands reverting to the Crown from private lands
it may be possible for them to be reclaimed and secured to the Government or
municipalities, and held as public forests and worked in that way. • I do not think
it will be possible to depend upon individual effort to ever bring back the proportion
of wooded land that we have found necessary in Ontario and Quebec. It seems
to me that that is a question that might be a subject for discussion or for a resolution
to be submitted to this meeting. I would like to hear further discussion on it
before the Convention closes.

The PRESIDENT. — We shall have more time to discuss it to-morrow morning.

Mr. E. G. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE. — I am afraid I shall have to be absent to-mor-
row morning and if there is to be any discussion on my paper I would draw atten-
tion to the fact that it is difficult when you are selling agricultural lands to allow
the settler to select the particular 15 or 20 acres on which he is to keep his forest
reserve. As I said in my paper, there is no doubt about it, this is a timber land
that is being sold, but if he is allowed to, he will certainly select the worst piece of
his 60, 80 or 100 acres for his timber lots. If there is a swamp he will keep that
swamp for his timber lot, and so on, and will cut down every bit of the timber
off the rest of his lands. That is the serious objection to, allowing the purchaser to
select his own bush lot.

Another great reason for having contiguity of the timber property, and it
may be objectionable in some cases I admit, as in the case of fire there is no doubt
that if the bush lands were divided up there would be less danger of a great con-
flagration, but in some cases the mere fact of having these reservations all contig-
uous makes these people very jealous of their bush lots, and they keep the lines

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 67

between them very carefully and watch that their neighbors do not put fire in. And
if one of them should attempt to clear his timber too closely, he is immediately stop-
ped by representations to us and we take steps to prevent him.

There is no doubt that unless we had taken certain means we could not have
attached that penalty clause on selling lands, but we had to do it in another way,
in which the Government could probably do it also. We did it not only for the
protection of our own contiguous forests, but also to protect these people from
one another, because if one man had been allowed to burn wherever he pleased he
might just as well have burned up the whol? thing. In this way when they start
clearing their lands, say from the south, they cut as far as they are allowed and
then stop, and those at the other end clearing from the north do the same thing,
and they do it in such a way as to as far as possible obviate danger from fire.

After taking all these facts into consideration my father thought this was
the best way of doing. It has proved a complete success and I see no reason why
the Government should not take it up. They might do so on a small scale if they
liked, say, in issuing new patents or grants of land; then if it does not work satis-
factorily, and the element of politics comes in, as it may, with the influences that
might be brought to have these provisions revoked, it cannot be helped. But
public opinion is forming itself, and once this policy was definitely adopted I hardly
think after a few years that anybody would wish to change it.

The PRESIDENT. — What control have you after the final payment is made,
over the settler.

Mr. E. G. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE. — Just the same control. If there is any
infraction on these particular reserves it is provided for, because the land was only
sold subject to such restrictions. It is mentioned in the deed that if they do not
agree to these conditions, made both in our and their own interests, that the land
would not have been sold, and they accept the land on these conditions so that if at
any time subsequently they try to break them we can stop them and inflict the
penalty agreed upon.

Mr. SOUTHWORTH. — Supposing they would not stop, what then?

Mr. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE. — Then we could enforce the penalty. I 'may say,
however, that we have never yet had occasion to do so.

Mr. SOUTHWORTH. — Could you enforce it?

Mr. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE. — I do not think there is any doubt about that.

The PRESIDENT. — Is the penalty provided for in cash?

68 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Mr. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE. — Yes, there is a penalty of one hundred dollars
for every infraction, and every five years I send out a printed notice to this effect,
so that if there is any change of owner the new" proprietor of the land knows that
by the deed he is bound to certain forest restrictions and is told the penalty of break-
ing these rules. In this way the system has worked very well. But we have
never had to make a test case yet. It may of course come any day, when we shall
take prompt steps to enforce our rights and in that event perhaps at a future Con-
vention I shall be able to give you further information.

The meeting then adjourned.

THE THIRD SESSION.

The third session was called to order at 10.15 a.m., Friday morning, March 13th,
the President, Mr. H. M. Price, in the chair.

The Assistant-Secretary, Mr. A. H. D. Ross, read extracts from letters and
telegrams received from Mr. Gifford Pinchot, chief of the U. S. Forest Service;
Prof. H. S. Graves, Director of Yale Forest School; Dr. C. A. Schenck, Director
Baltimore Forest School; Senator Edwards; Mr. J. B. Miller; Mr. Hiram Robinson
and Dr. A. H. McKay, Supt. of Education for the Province of Nova Scotia, express-
ing regret at their inability to attend the meetings of the Association.

The Report of the Board of Directors and the Treasurer's Report were then
read as follows: —

REPORT OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The Board of Directors beg to submit the following report of the business
transacted during the past year.

The following Vice-Presidents for the Provinces were appointed: —

Ontario, Hon. Frank Cochrane; Quebec, Hon. A. Turgeon; New Brunswick,
Hon. F. J. Sweeny; Nova Scotia, Hon. A. Drysdale; Prince Edward Island, Revd.
A. E. Burke; Manitoba, Hon. J. H. Agnew; Saskatchewan, His Honour A.E. Forget;
Alberta, Wm. Pearce; British Columbia', Hon. H. Bostock; Keewatin, His Honour
the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba; Mackenzie, F. D. Wilson; Ungava, His
Honour Sir Henri Joly de LotbiniSre; Yukon, the Commissioner.

The membership of the Association as reported at the last Annual Meeting
was 1,222, and has now increased to 1,282. Special efforts were made during the
past year to increase the membership by the sending out of circulars and a con-
siderable addition was made, but a number of names had to be dropped from the
list owing to subscriptions being unpaid for several years.

The receipts for the year were $3,531.04, including a balance of $889.04 from
the previous year and also grants from the Ontario Government of $300.00, from
the Quebec Government of $200.00, and from the British Columbia Government
of $100.00. The total grant from the Dominion Government is $2,000.00, but

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 69

the'full amount has not yet been paid. The expenditure is $4,423.99, leaving a
balance of $2,107.05. The thanks of the Asociation are due to the Governments
who have so generously aided their work. The balance now (March 12th, 1908) on
hand is $1,405.92.

The Forestry Journal has been issued quarterly, with J. M. Macoun as editor.
The Journal furnishes a great deal of useful information in regard to forestry to
the members of the Association and fills a useful place in that respect. The question
of issuing a monthly journal was considered by the Board, but it was decided that
the public could better be reached and educated by the preparation of special news
items for the newspapers and the issue of bulletins. These short bulletins have
already been sent to the newspapers, and others are in preparation. These bul-
letins have appeared in papers all over the Dominion and are thus reaching a
much larger circle than could be reached by the Forestry Journal.

The most outstanding forward step made in the Forestry movement in Canada
during the part year was the establishment of a Faculty of Forestry in the University
of Toronto under the principalship of Dr. B. E. Fernow. Dr. Fernow is one of the
best know figures in the history of Forestry in the United States and the work of
himself and his school in Canada will be watched with sympathetic interest by all
those interested in Canadian Forestry.

The Dominion Government has added to the staff several trained Foresters,
most prominent among whom is Mr. A. Knechtel, formerly the Forester of the
New York Forest, Fish and Games Commission, who has had a large experience in
the practical work of reforestation with that Commission. The timber survey
was carried on by the Forestry Branch during the past summer on the Riding
Mountain Forest Reserve and it is expected will be completed this year. The
survey will also be extended to other reserves.

The distribution of trees for planting on the farms of the prairies' is being con-
tinued steadily, an average of 2,000,000 per year being now maintained, with the
prospect that the product of the nursery will soon be considerably increased.

In the Province of Quebec the two Foresters trained in the Yale Forest School
are conducting an examination of different parts of the Province and are beginning
some practical work of reforestation.

The University of New Brunswick is planning the establishment of a Forestry
course.

There is therefore a steady development in the interest in scientific Forestry
through the Dominion.

The thanks of the Association are due to the Railway Companies for special
privileges and to the newspaper press for many courtesies.

70 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

TREASURER'S REPORT.

f
RECEIPTS.

Balance from 1906 $ 899 . 04

Membership Fees 951 .02

Grant from Dominion Government 1,000 . 00

Ontario 300 . 00

Quebec 200 . 00

British Columbia 100 . 00

Advertising in Journal 46 . 00

Subscriptions to Journal ; 4 . 00

Refund of over payment .63

Interest 30 . 35

$3,531.04

EXPENDITURE.

Printing Canadian Forestry Journal $ 543 . 92

Printing Circulars, etc 1 18 . 75

Advertising 18.20

Salaries 350 . 00

Maps 182 . 72

Reporting Annual Meeting 108 . 00

Dr. Fernow's Expenses re Lecture 51 . 70

Miscellaneous Expenses of Annual Meeting 16 . 55

Photographs 1 . 00

Postage • 14 . 25

Card Index for Membership List 15 . 50

Commission on Cheques 3 . 40

Balance 2,107.05

$3,531.04
Audited and found correct,

J. M. MACOUN,

Auditor. R. H. CAMPBELL,

Treasurer.
Ottawa, 7th March, 1908.

The Assistant Secretary thenread letters from the Halifax, Toronto and Regina
Boards of Trade, each inviting the Association to hold its next meeting in its
own city.

The PRESIDENT. — I might mention regarding the invitation from the Regina
Board of Trade, asking us to hold a summer meeting there, that this will be decided
by the Board of Directors some time in the near future. We also have an invita-
tion read by Mr. Ross from the Halifax Board of Trade for our next Annual Meeting
in 1909. That will also come up for consideration by the Board, so these letters
are simply read for information, and we will act upon them later on.

I will now call upon Mr. C. G. Piche", Forester to the Department of the Crown
Lands of the Province of Quebec, to read his paper.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 71

THE FOREST SITUATION IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

C. G. PICHE, M.F., FORESTER TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CROWN LANDS OF THE

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

Our forest industry goes back to the opening years of the last century.
Under the French regime, except for the shipment of masts to the dock yards of La
Rochelle and for some small ship building done at Quebec, this industry was never
important. England herself appeared, at the close of the conquest, to avoid the
use of our wood.

Our first exportations, really worthy of this name, began with the Napoleonic
blockade. The English, seeing the ports of the continent closed to them, turned
continually to the colonies to obtain the wood which they needed, and thus our
foreign export, which was fifty-two tons in 1800, had attained the figure of 6,CCO
tons twenty years later.

In spite of the resumption of commerce with the ports of the Baltic, the Can-
adian woods retained the favour which they had acquired during the war, and our
market soon extended to the continental countries.

To-day we export wood to the four quarters of the globe. In 1906, we fur-
nished to Europe alone more than fifteen millions of dollars worth. When our
neighbours had exhausted the forests of the eastern part of the United States they
also turned to us to make up a part of their deficit, and in constantly increasing
quantities. Our exportation of wood to the United States has thus .increased from
$8,925,000, which it was in 1870, to more than $23,085,000 in 1906.

Economists agree in admitting that there are not more than three countries
in the whole world which are capable of exporting commercial woods; these are
Russia, Scandinavia and Canada. Nevertheless, for some years, our rivals appear
to have yielded the first place to us and it is almost certain that we shall be soon
the sole providers of the world.

What a fine future for our country if we wisely and providently manage our .
stores of wood.

Our commerce seems called upon to assume a colossal development. The
capital engaged in the various wood industries rose last year to more than 151
millions of dollars. The products of these manufactures were* estimated at 112
million dollars. These figures are enormous and have doubled in twenty years.
Nevertheless we are not yet at the height of our prosperity.

QUEBEC'S POSITION.

Amongst the provinces of the Dominion, Quebec holds a prominent place in
the forest industry, as much by the extent of her forests as by her numerous manu-
factories, such as saw, pulp and paper mills. Moreover, we have at our command
remarkable natural resources. Thus our water courses, besides allowing us to
convey our wood to the mills without too much expense, furnish us with consider-
able hydraulic power. Our St. Lawrence harbours are the very finest and give us
easy access to European markets. Our railroads and our canals, on the other
hand, secure easy intercourse with the United States. In one word, nothing is
lacking, absolutely nothing, to our prosperity in this industry.

If we are willing to exploit our forests in an economical way, it is easy to

72 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

foresee that our Province will be an important factor in the world supply of this
natural - product, so necessary and so indispensable — wood.

I have attempted to give you a hasty glimpse of the brilliant perspective of the
future of our forest industry in order to emphasize more strongly the importance
of the reforms which it necessitates. Now, if you please, let us consider how much
forest remains to us and what measures we ought to take to realize our ambitions.

Having granted that the administration and exploitation of a woodland depends
entirely on the will of him who owns it, I have classified our forest lands, according
to the character of their owners, into three groups.

PRIVATE HOLDINGS.

The wooded lands belonging to individual owners first claim our attention.
They form a grand total of five million acres (census of 1901). These lands are
generally the property of farmers, that is of -small proprietors. One might also
say small forests for the area of these lands rarely exceeds a hundred acres, save
for some few exceptions, such as the beautiful forest belonging to the Messrs. Joly
de Lotbiniere. To this group belong the maple groves of which we are so proud.
These woods occupy the poorest or most rocky of soils, that is to say, those unfit
for agriculture. They are found sometimes isolated and sometimes grouped, like
the wood which extends from Terrebonne to Berthier, and are the last vestiges
of the mighty forest which formerly covered the central plain of the St. Lawrence.
We had here the most beautiful forests of pine, spruce and cedar, and also of oak,
elm, ash, beech, cherry, maple and other woods. The growth of villages, unneces-
sary clearing and prevalent forest fires are the chief causes of the disappearance of
this great wealth.

The scarcity of wood which begins to make itself felt in our parishes, and es-
pecially in our cities, has induced the farmers to more thoroughly exploit their
wood lands. From them comes in great part the firewood, now and then logs for
the local saw-mill, and the pulp wood. The use of the maples for the manufacture
of sugar and of maple syrup adds greatly to the value of these lots. Moreover the
price of good wood land has greatly increased, and in our old parishes some are
valued as high as $50.00 an arpent, (about an acre), that is to say, nearly as high
as the best agricultural soils.

TIMBEK LIMITS.

The second group includes all the forest concessions made by the Provincial
Government to individuals or to companies. These concessions are generally
called timber limits.

The territories under timber license consist of about forty-five million acres.
Beginning at the boundaries of our villages, they extend, on the north side nearly
to the sources of the various affluents of the St. Lawrence, and, on the south side,
they often extend to the very frontiers of the province.

The forestal concessions occupy, then, a large part of our country; generally
the most mountainous, such as the Laurentides, the Notre Dame Mountains, and
the Shickschock Mountains. The forests of this group are of a very variable
character ; the soft woods predominating. The pines of the valley of the Ontaonais,
the cedar of the Gaspe peninsula, and the spruces of Lake St. John, and the high
St. Maurice are characteristic of these different regions. To the conifers which I
have just enumerated, must be added the balsam fir, the hemlock and the tamarack;

WHITE PINE, NORTHERN ONTARIO.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 73

amongst the hard woods, yellow birch, beech and paper birch are the most
abundant. All these woods are of good size though not always attaining the dim-
ensions of the trees of the first group. The annual growth of the trunks is also
much slower than on the banks of the St. Lawrence. This is due to the inferiority of
the soil, to the latitude, and, often, to the exposure. Generally speaking these
districts appear uniformly good for the growth of wood crops. I believe that 75%
of these lands should remain wooded.

In this group there is very little virgin forest left-, as it has been exploited for
more than fifty years. All the wood possible has been cut to satisfy the needs of
the market. The evolution of the logging business, has been especially remarkable.
At first only the finest of the white pines were taken, then called yellow pines, then
the red pine, then the spruce, and to-day all wood that can be floated is utilized.
As the hard woods are generally heavier than the soft woods they have been spared,
in part, and constitute a valuable reserve for the future, Of the conifers there is
nothing but second growth left.

In 1906, the total cut on the timber limits rose to a little less than a billion
feet (board measure). These products consisted of squared timber (yellow birch);
of saw-timber (white pine, red pine, jack pine or cypress, white spruce, black
spruce, cedar, black cherry, birch and aspen) ; ofpulpwood, (spruce and aspen) ; of
railroad ties, (cedar, jack pine, hemlock and taramack); and of spool wood
(paper birch), etc.

The total amount of money received by the Department of Lands and Forests
from licensees and others for rights of cutting, sales of limits, etc., rose during 1906
to $1,266,114 — more than six times the revenue of 1867.

The grantees manage either saw mills, pulp mills,. or paper mills, or other small
industries. These are the veritable manufacturers of wood products in our prov-
;nce. This group contains then the large proprietors, called also lumbermen.

UNLICENSED FOREST LANDS.

The forests of the third group are the exclusive property of the State, and
are free from all incumbrance. In this class are included all the lands of the Crown
which have not as yet been either leased or sold.

There still remain a few of these on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, prin-
cipally in the Gaspesian Peninsula. The great majority, however, are situated
on the north bank, where they form a continuation of the timber limits of which
I have just spoken. A large part is found beyond the "Height of Land" and
occupies all the northern portion of the province. Throughout the region the
topography is exceedingly varied. Many plains are to he found, like the immense
plateau which forms the water shed and extends from the Abitibi to Labrador.
There is found also much more or less rolling country. All this territory is practi-
cally unknown. It is impossible therefore to say at present what proportion of
these lands should remain wooded and how much should be cultivated.

These lands have a total area of 155 million acres. Unfortunately, however,
all of it is not forested. It must not be forgotten that the farther one goes to the
north, the more one observes a rapid diminution both in the number of species and
in the dimensions of the trees, so that beyond the fiftieth parallel very little forest
is to be found and thirteen degrees farther north, in Ungava, there is no more
arborescent vegetation ; this is the beginning of the desolate country of the arctic
regions. A certain proportion of these territories must be considered as unfit

74 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

for producing commercial timber which reduces the area of the forest lands of
this division to about eighty million acres.

The principal trees are the white spruce, the black spruce, the jack pine, the
aspen and a little white birch and tamarack.

All this is still unexploited, but the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific
Railway will have a great influence on the development of this part of the Prov-
ince of Quebec, and the forest industry will soon take root there.

Summarising the results, it will be seen that the forest lands of Quebec include:

5,400,000 acres belonging to the farmer.
45,000,000 acres leased to the lumbermen.
80,000,000 acres still virgin.

This makes a total of 130,400,000 acres in forest. Now, let us see what hopes
we may found upon these immense forest resources.

FARMER'S WOOD-LOT PROBLEMS.

The farmer's wood-lots can hardly suffice for the actual needs of the villages
where they are situated. They will be of no account in the expected development.
Nevertheless, though the farmers cannot expect to produce wood for export, they
may, if they manage their wood-lots wisely, draw from them a satisfactory income.

For them, 1 should advise the following mode of procedure; 1st, to practise
thinning in the young wood in order to clear the trunks; 2nd, to cut all trees which
give indications of decay; 3rd, to guard against fire; 4th, to utilize promptly all the
dead trees, those rooted up by the wind, and those injured by insects or by fungi;
5th, to favour the development of the most valuable trees in order to secure a timber
forest.

Reforestation must also be employed to fill up the gaps in the forests and to use
for woodland again the land not adapted to agriculture. In the environs of Lan-
oraie one sees fine land being ruined by moving sands, when it would be so easy to
combat the evil by planting them with trees. The thing is not impossible. The
good success obtained by the inhabitants of Oka supports my suggestion. Accord-
ing to the census of 1901, there were nearly two million acres in our province which
had been abandoned by the farmers and were uncultivated. Wood sells so well
now that it would be a good and safe investment to plant these lands. Our farm-
ers may well study this question.

This leads me to remind you that the Gouin Government, wishing to encourage
the farmers, established last autumn a nursery of forest trees at Berthierville.
In 1910 we shall be ready to lend assistance in the work of reforestation.

LUMBERMEN'S DIFFICULTIES.

If we pass now to tne second group, we find ourselves confronted by a most
serious problem and one which for several years has been the subject of ardent
polemics. I am speaking of the conflict between the colonists and the lumbermen.

It would take too long to discuss this question here, it has just been impartially
discussed by Mgr. Laflamme in a lecture given on the 5th of last March, at Quebec,
but I may be permitted to say that if our lumbermen could afford to allow the
exploited tracts to reforest themselves it is certain that all would be ready to cut
their concessions more economically, to protect them efficiently against fire, and
to make the monetary sacrifices necessary to regenerate the forest stock.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 75

e

At this very time, the fear, and often the certainty, of seeing themselves sooner
or later displaced by colonists leads many of them to commit execesses. It is
important then to guarantee to our forest industry the integrity of its domains. If
we wish our wood commerce to prosper we must make sure of continued supplies.

The sole and only means of putting an end to these dissensions is to separate
absolutely the forest soils from the agricultural soils. This classification
was begun some years ago and I can assure you that it is the desire of the present
government to hasten the work and to carry it on with as much impartiality as
possible. This classification of soils will have the effect of considerably reducing
the territories under license. If we estimate this diminution at about ten million
acres there will not remain more than thirty-five million in the second group of
forest lands.

WHAT IS THE FOREST VALUE OF THESE DISTRICTS?

This question has been put and discussed very variously. Some assure us
that we have inexhaustible forests and others that a dearth of wood will soon over-
take us. Looking at the case of the Americans who themselves owned so called
inexhaustible forests, and who, haying exploited them by methods identical with
ours, are suffering to-day from a lack of wood, one may be inclined to accept the
latter view, but I do not think that famine is as near to us as that.

NEED FOR CAREFUL MANAGEMENT.

It is certain that a great part of our forests has been ravaged by fire, and
^another large part has been greatly impoverished by vicious exploitation, but there
still remains considerable which has been carefully managed. There are also a
large number of timber limits which have not yet been entirely exploited. There
still remain to us large quantities of wood in these forests. Estimating the lowest
yield per acre at a little less than 2000 feet board measure of commercial wood of
all sorts, we should have nearly seventy-five billion feet, board measure. If these
forests were exploited on a scientific basis, one billion and a half feet at least might
be cut annually on these lands and that without injuring or impoverishing the
population, but rather the improvement of their condition. The actual cut now
reaches nearly a billion feet. There still remains a large margin and we have no
need to entertain anxiety on this account regarding the limits I have just men-
tioned. Our forest wealth is still considerable, but it must be admitted that it is
much reduced. Wood is less abundant and especially less accessible than formerly.
The logs floated down on water courses each year are smaller. The exploiters
5re obliged to work always farther and farther from the basis of operation Regions
formerly neglected on account of the difficulty of access are now exploited. In
spite of the introduction of substitutes, such as spruce for pine, etc., or the improve-
ments of transportation methods, the price of wood rises steadily. It is undeniable
that wood is becoming scarce. Thus, it is not a question of finding new substitutes
or of further improving methods of manufacture, but of renewing and improving the
quality of the raw product, for it is that which is beginning to decrease.

Our colonists and our railroads have often been accused of having ruined our
forests by causing immense fires. This is in part true, but the small exploiters,
as Senator Edwards said last year, have also transgressed by leaving the ground
encumbered with debris, which rendered the fires still more disastrous. Not long
ago only one log was taken from a tree where we now take five or six. The rest

76 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

were rejected on the pretext that they were not of the very first quality. Who
shall say how many million feet of pine and spruce have been wasted in this manner?

Forest exploitation has thus far neglected the future of the forest ; one section
has been completely cleared, then another has been taken. There was never any
care as to future cuttings. Thus, when the best of our pines were removed, not
a single seed tree was left standing to ensure the reproduction of the species. As
_a result, the forest has transformed itself, in many places, into a spruce forest.
Since the spruce has come into demand the same methods have been pursued,
and now we see this valuable species being replaced by fir and hard woods.

It is our duty to remedy the faults of the past. Fires and the old methods of
exploitation have been the principal causes of the impoverishment of our forests.
Let us then protect our forest areas efficiently against fire, and seek especially to
remove the causes which have caused and increased the destructive action of these
fires. Let us see to it that the debris of the cutting is reduced to a minimum, and
then let us seek to remove this with the shortest delay possible, either by burning
it or by lopping off the tops of the felled trees. Let us improve our methods of
exploitation by making the utilization of the trees as complete as possible, and by
making plans of operation which shall be suitable for our trees and the soils where
they grow. Only thus can we assure the renewal of our forests.

It follows, from what has been said, that it would be advantageous for the
lumbermen to organize competent ranging staffs, directed by technically trained
men.

TRAINED FORESTERS NECESSARY.

Forest engineers are necessary to make sylvicultural studies of our trees.
These are the men who are capable of preparing working plans appropriate to
our conditions, thereby enhancing the productive capacity of our forests and assur-
ing its perpetuity. Thanks to these technically trained men, old Europe has
witnessed the rebirth and improvement of her old forests. It is not to be doubted
that these engineers have a task worthy of their powers on this side of the Atlantic,
and that under their hands our forest wealth may yet become really inexhaustible

Already several American lumbering firms have retained the services of
foresters, notably the powerful Weyerhauser organization. There is therefore
reason to hope that our Canadian firms may do the same. Very near
to us the Berlin Mills Co., of New Hampshire, has for several years
entrusted its cutting to foresters, and has been well satisfied with the
result. Mr. Austin Carey, who has had charge of the logging operations of this
firm for six years, is about to publish an interesting pamphlet relating to the
work which he has done during this time. As this gentleman's activities were not
very far from us and as the diverse conditions which he had to deal with were
practically the same as here, I should advise foresters who may becalled to manage
the spruce forests in this Prvoince, to study well the methods of Mr. Gary, and to
endeavour to apply them as much as possible.

UNLICENSED LANDS.

It remains for me to speak of the forests of the third group. I shall be brief
because none of these lands have been exploited. A certain portion of them has
already been set aside and placed in the Forest Reserves of this Province.

So far we have very insufficient information as to the value of these forests.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 77

The reports of the explorers of the Geological Survey contain some valuable hints
and it seems likely that these forests contain wealth. When the foreign demand
becomes too strong we can satisfy it by the products coming from this region.

IMMIGRATION AND MINING.

We must not overlook the emigration which is taking possession of a part of
these lands. I believe that a survey is being prepared for forty-nine townships to be
located along the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. There is also a mining
industry which seems to be developing rapidly. In 'a few years Chibougamou and
Abitibi will be important mining centres and it will be necessary to supply the ex-
igencies of this industry, which demands large quantities of wood.

Moreover, all the forests situated beyond the Height of Land belong to the
basin of Hudson's Bay, so that as the projects of the navigation of the Bay are
realized, the sale of the products of those forests will take place in that direction.
Hence, our wood industries of the St. Lawrence Valley cannot count upon this
reserve. This fact should induce us the more to adopt the measures which I have
just indicated.

A BRIGHT FUTURE.

As I said when I began, we are called to a glorious future. Our forest industry
will be one of our greatest resources and it will certainly attain a considerable
development. We can easily furnish other nations with enormous quantities
of wood and that without prejudicing our own interests. Our destiny seems to be to
preserve and to increase the grand inheritance which Providence has bestowed upon
us.

The PRESIDENT. — I beg to thank Mr. Piche for his paper, which is evidently
based on practical experience, which is the very thing we are all after. People
often associate too much theoretical work and too little practical work with our
deliberations. Mr. Piche^s paper is particularly useful in that it is evidently based
upon practical experience.

I will now call upon Mr. E. Stewart, who was formerly Dominion Superinten-
dent of Forestry, to read his paper on " The Lumberman and the Forest."

THE LUMBERMAN AND THE FOREST.
E. STEWART, FORMERLY DOMINION SUPERINTEDENT OF FORESTRY.

Of all men the lumberman should be the most interested in the forests of the
country.

The growing timber should be to him what the grain and root crops are to
the farmer, and he should be just as solicitous that the land producing his timber
may continue to reproduce indefinitely his supply as the farmer is that his fields
may from year to year continue to bring forth their accustomed yield.

The only difference is in the length of time required for the maturity of the

78 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

crops. In the case of agricultural crops one year is sufficient, while in that of
timber about one hundred is required.

This great difference of time involves many questions worthy of attention.
In the first place, if through some misfortune, this year's crops should fail to mature
or be destroyed, it may be made up next year by an abundant yield. If the supply
in the forest field is destroyed to-day, as we have stated, one hundred years must
elapse before a similar quantity can possibly take its place.

It is owing to a realization of this fact perhaps more than to any other that
throughout the whole Dominion, the forestry question is now receiving such marked
attention. Pity that it has been so long delayed!

While it is in the interest of the country as a whole that a constant supply of
timber for manufacturing should be maintained, it is essential to the continuation
of the business of the lumberman and any regulations that tend to harmonize or
bring into line the best interests of the public, who are the original owners of the
timber, with the users or manufacturers of the product of the forest should be
welcomed by all.

If the latter, as is now generally the case, has only a limited period of time
given him to cut the timber from his holdings, with no certainty of a renewal of
his license, his interest does not lie in nurturing a future crop in which he has no
guaranteed interest, but rather in cutting and marketing everything that will give
him a profit, at least so far as the regulations permit. I am aware of the diameter
limit below which he is not supposed to cut, but remembering the condition in
which cut over limits are usually left and the almost inevitable fire that follows,
it is a question whether it would not in many cases be better that the whole of the
timber were allowed to be utilized rather than consumed by fire.

It follows then that vested rights for a short period of time in timber property
are opposed to the best interest of the country as a whole. The most unwise regu-
lation that could possibly be conceived of, is that compelling the holder of timber
licenses to cut timber within a stated period, regardless entirely of whether there is
a market for it or not. The result of such a regulation must inevitably be that the
lumberman will cut only the choicest of the timber and leave the limit in such a
condition as to be almost sure to be swept over by fire which will destroy not only
the second class fully grown, timber of less value than that which he has cut, but
also the young growth as well. Apart from this, such a stimulus to over-produc-
tion will result in a demoralization of the market in the meantime with a consequent
scarcity which must follow. Such a regulation is sure to be prejudicial to the
interests of the lumberman and also to the consumer of lumber in the future.

A view of the conditions on this continent and in Europe will convince anyone
that nothing less than a timber famine awaits us in the future. Authorities of
the highest standing in Europe are unanimous on this point and quite recently Mr.
Gifford Pinchot, who has charge of the forests of the federal Government at Wash-
ington, has made the prediction that in twenty-five years, with the present rate of
consumption, the merchantable timber of the United States will be exhausted.
Statistics both in Europe and America show that notwithstanding the increased
use of brick, stone, iron and cement in structural works, the consumption of wood
goes on increasing year by year. Not only is the aggregate consumption in all
civilized countries greater to-day than it ever was before, but the per capita consump-
tion is also greatly increasing; that is that the average use of timber by every indi-
vidual is -greater now than it ever was before. Such being the case, the demand
enormously increasing, and the supply constantly diminishing, only one result can
follow; and the country that to-day possesses valuable forests will profit by them

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 79

to a greater extent in the future than ever heretofore in the world's history. The
aim then should be not to encourage, much less to compel, the cutting of our forests,
but on the contrary their conservation. I do not propose to go into the far-reaching
effects of the denudation of the forests at the sources of water supply and the con-
sequences that must follow not only to water powers but to the impoverishing of
the agricultural districts.

These questions are of vital interest to this country, but my desire is merely to
consider the practical question as to the relations of the lumberman to forestry.
I know that at present there exists a prejudice against the holding by individuals
of continued vested rights in the products of the public domain, but in the case of
timber it will be well to consider the question before condemning the practice.
The operations of the lumberman are generally on a large scale and the employment
of considerable capital is necessary to success in his business. In the early days
when timber was near at hand and in the proximity of settlement, a small mill,
cutting within a radius of a few miles could be profitably carried on, on a small scale.
Conditions have now changed. The lumberman has to seek his supply often at
hundreds of miles from his mill and in order to be at all successful his operations
have necessarily to be on a large scale or failure will be sure to follow. Such being
the case it is necessary for him to possess a sure supply of considerable extent and
that will last for a number of years.

The lumberman as the employer of capital, as one engaged in the production
of a necessity, should receive reasonable encouragement in the pursuit of his oper-
ations and a close analysis of the situation will show that the interest of the lumber-
man and the public interest can be best met.by such regulations as will encourage
the former to use the products of the territory embraced within his license, so as
to produce the greatest amount of timber and1 not to produce an abuse by a hasty
cutting away of his holdings.

Looking at the question from another standpoint, the Government of the
country exacts a ground rent from the license holder which continues so long as it is
profitable for him to hold it, and the longer that he retains this license the more
the Government receives from this rental. The Government also has it within its
power to increase the stumpage dues providing in the future it is considered that
a higher royalty may be imposed. So both the amount received from the ground
rent and from the stumpage will not be less but greater the longer the timber lasts.

Let us endeavour to view this question in a broad way. Looking at the map
of Canada we cannot but be impressed with the vast unoccupied area of timbered
land which this country possesses. This is the property of the people and it is
wrong to consider it as exclusively owned by those of this generation. Our ad-
ministrators should regard themselves as stewards not only of those living in the
country to-day, but of future generations as well, and it should be their aim to look
far afield and adopt only such regulations in its management as will conduce to the
very highest benefits resulting from this product of nature to the country as a whole,
and for an indefinite period of time. Forest wealth differs from that received from
the mines inasmuch as the latter is definite and absolute in quantity, while in the
forest we have entered a realm where life exists and where reproduction is constantly
going on. Besides this, we have the functions of the forest as bearing on agricul-
ture in its office as effecting a water supply and also in manufactures owing to the
power that water affords especially in a rough country, like much of ours is, in
driving machinery where coal can only be used for a like purpose by going long dis-
tances to obtain it.

It will thus be seen that our administrators are facing a problem requiring

80 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

very great attention at their hands. We cannot slavishly copy the systems of
management adopted by any other country in the world. Our conditions in many
respects differ from those of any other country, not only on account of the vast
area embraced, with great variety of climate, and consequently of production, but
also on account of our system of Government being different in many respects
from that of any other country. We have several provinces each administering
the products of the public domain within its boundaries as the people of those
Provinces think best. We have also the Federal Government possessing a vast
territory of wooded land which it administers and it is a truism that the highest
wisdom would be to utilize the product of the forest so as to be of the greatest use
to the community as a whole.

Various opinions are entertained as to the systems the Governments are adopt-
ing. Some would advocate the right of any citizen obtaining a farm anywhere on
the public domain to obtain all the timber on it free. Others will be disposed to
view the question differently; they still distinguish between the product which
the farmer obtains through his work in sowing the grain and cultivating the land
to produce his crop from that of his simply harvesting nature's crop, which
he had nothing to do with in the way of producing. I think that
the latter is the more logical, and that the products of the mine, the products of
the forest, the products of our seas, lakes and rivers belonging to the people as
a whole, should not be given up by the Government unreservedly to anyone who
desires to appropriate them. Besides, experience has shown us that where timber
is conveyed by the Government along with the land in small quantities to farmers,
it has not been in any sense to the best .interests of the principles of Forestry or to the
best interests of the community as a whole. We have an example of this very close
at hand in the State of Michigan, where following the system of government in that
country the timber was given to the homesteader. The result was not in a wide
distribution of the forest wealth or in the retention of this land by a great number
of individuals. It was taken up not for the purpose of farming or even for using the
forest products themselves but in order to sell it, often for a very small amount,
to large proprietors. In this way the Government parted with all right to pass
any regulations regarding the timber, and the people received nothing for the
forest product, and to-day vast areas in that state instead of being utilized for
agriculture, which was ostentibly the object of their being granted, are neither
producing agricultural crops nor timber, but are simply barren wastes. If these areas
had been granted as timber lands, especially where they were unsuited for agri-
culture, under a long term of lease with stringent regulations, that the timber should
not be cut below a certain diameter limit and the ground tax was, if anything,
merely nominal, it would have been in the holders' interest to have practiced
rational forestry methods in order that he might recut the same area at different
periods in the future, and it can scarcely be doubted that if this had been done a
large portion of the pineries of that state would to-day be reproducing timber of
the same varieties to the great benefit of that district of country.

I know the prejudice that is being industriously agitated to-day against large
corporations, but that question is too large and intricate to engage in, in a paper
of this kind. This much may be said, however, the industrial development of the
country necessitates the formation of companies with large capital to meet the
requirements of the age, and the fact is sometimes lost sight of that much of the
money invested in those large corporations is furnished by people of only moderate
means. It is impossible to-day, as I have already said, to conduct the lumbering
business in the same way as it was done forty or fifty years ago, and there is no

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 81

prospect of a return to conditions that will permit of the former methods. In the
forests of the far north, in the forests of the West and North-west and in British
Columbia and even in those Eastern Provinces, it would be impossible for any person
or company to successfully carry on the manufacture of lumber in the small way
in which it was conducted years ago; and in the matter of pulp manufacture, for
which no country in the world offers such a field as Canada, it is still more impossible
to work successfully on a small scale.

If these primitive methods were revived to-day, the result would simply be that
the cost of production would be so increased that the consuming public would have
to pay double or treble what they now do under present conditions. Again, the
large outlay in the way of plant which is necessary in order that the lumbering
business may be profitably conducted, makes it necessary that before capital is
invested in such enterprises, the owners must have some assurance of their being
able to obtain for a lengthened period, a supply for their use. This in most cases
can only be obtained by their having acquired certain rights of timber for a number
of years. In Canada this has been done by the granting leases or licenses guaran-
teeing them this right.

I think it will be seen from the foregoing that the system adopted in Canada of
granting these rights to individuals or corporations who are engaged in the manu-
facture of lumber, is in the line of modern development and the question that we
have now to consider is as to the best system to follow in granting these privileges.
In the first place the greater part of the merchantable timber of Canada to-day is
growing on land which is not well adapted for agricultural pursuits, and in the vast
majority of cases it would be more valuable if left permanently for the production of
timber than for any other purpose. One of the first things that should be done
in this connection is the exploration of these unoccupied timber districts, in order
that those areas that are better adapted for the growth of timber than for agricul-
tural purposes should be permanently set aside for timber. They should be carefully
guarded from destruction by fire or otherwise. When conditions warrant the
cutting of timber on any portions of these they should be granted for that purpose ,
the Government exercising at the same time the right to prohibit the cutting below
a certain diameter limit and to compel the operator to guard his district against fire.

I am not anxious to affirm that the license system is per se, perfect in character,
or that as the country grows older and becomes more thickly settled, that we
may not be able to approximate in some degree to the systems adopted in several
of the countries of Europe, but I do say that to adopt the intensive systems of
Germany or France to-day would be entirely impracticable herei

It has been my privilege to visit forests of those countries and observe their
management and I have made it my business to see as much as possible of our own
wooded regions and I have concluded that the Governments in dealing with this
question should have constantly in view the following ideas: —

1st. To retain the control of their forests.
2nd. To preserve them from utter destruction.

3rd. To grant privileges under certain conditions for the use
of the mature timber crop.

4th. To preserve for the future the growing crop, and

Lastly — To exact a reasonable royalty from those who may profit
by any privileges that may be granted them.

82 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Public ownership, public administration and utilization of our natural resources,
is now in the air and (while there is something to be said in its favour) it is being
carried to such absurd extremes by the popular agitator as to become a fad. Fancy
the foreman of a lumber camp or river drive being selected by a political caucus
and as a reward for heroic work in a political campaign!

Between the extremes of individual ownership in fee simple of timber land and
that of the Government retaining and cutting the timber themselves, as is done
in some of the German States, it seems to me that our license system is a happy
medium. The Government retaining the ownership of the land and only granting
the utilization of the forest product as it sees fit, and on the other avoiding the de-
tails of cutting and marketing it.

As I have said at the outset, a time of great scarcity of timber awaits us in the
near future, and recognising this fact the ground rent charged should be placed
at a very low figure, so as to permit the holder to retain his timber as long as
possible. Any country having a supply of timber to-day and which endeavours
to husband its resources for the future, will be found, when the time of scarcity
arrives, not only to have acted with prudent foresight, greatly in its own interest
but also to have at the same time acted the part of a world's benefactor.

There is a story of an old miner who having prospected through all the western
states, always moving west as civilization approached him, at last finds himself at
Nome in Alaska, with the Pacific Ocean in sight. Even here his old enemy over-
takes him and with the force of habit he exclaims that this country too has become
too civilized for him and that he will have to go farther west.

The sound of the lumberman's axe, first heard in this country on the banks of
the St. Lawrence, was soon carried up the Ottawa; then across to the regions sur-
rounding lakes Huron and Superior, then to the shores of Lake Winnipeg and beyond
even to the Rocky Mountains, till it is now resounding through the great timber
fields of British Columbia, where the Occident and the Orient meet, and are both
holding out their hands for the products of these forests.

We, like the miner, fail to realize that we have reached our last west; that
nature, so prolific to this country is this respect, has no more virgin fields to offer,
and that the only means by which a supply can be maintained to meet the enorm-
ous demands of future years, is by husbanding the resources of the territory which
we are now exploiting.

It is to awaken the people who own these forests to a knowledge of the danger
that threatens them, and to demand the most enlightened policy in order to con-
serve and perpetuate them for the future, that the Canadian Forestry Association
was formed, and is working; and in its mission it asks, and thinks it deserves, the
co-operation and assistance of every citizen of Canada.

The PRESIDENT. — It is very pleasing to know that the conclusions reached
by Professor Filibert Roth, last evening at his lecture, and those of Mr. Stewart
in his paper, are the same. That is that where the timber is divided into small
lots and left to the mercy of the settlers, it means the speedy and utter destruction
of the timber, and only emphasizes the necessity of the State or Province keeping
an adequate timber reserve if future generations are to benefit by the numerous
uses of our wood.

I will now ask Mr. R. R. Bradley, Forester to theMiramichi Lumber Company,
Miramichi, N. B., to read his paper on "Practical Forestry in Eastern Canada."

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 83

PRACTICAL FORESTRY IN EASTERN CANADA.

R. R. BRADLEY, FORESTER TO THE MIRAMICHI LUMBER COMPANY.

The writer has been requested to prepare a paper on the application of conser-
vative methods of lumbering in the forests of Eastern Canada. His experience of
Eastern Canadian woodlands, however, has been largely confined to the Miramichi
Valley in New Brunswick, and it is only so far as the conditions found there pre-
vail over Quebec and the Maritime Provinces that the system outlined here will
apply.

Though it is only in recent years that spruce has come into general use for the
manufacture of paper, yet the pulpwood industry has already reached such enor-
mous proportions, that it bids fair to soon monopolize the annual cut of spruce logs.
In consequence of the value given to low grade material through this development,
a very natural and widespread apprehension has arisen, that our spruce forests
may be swept away in the sharp and ever-increasing competition for pulpwood.
The consequent timber famine and other disastrous results of such a development
have been enlarged upon in recent literature throughout the country. Such a result,
while possible, is far from being inevitable. It is within the reach of any lumber
company to introduce a few changes into its woodswork which will not only postpone
a timber famine indefinitely over its holdings, but will insure a more or less ade-
quate supply of pulpwood so long as forest fires are avoided. The pulp and paper
companies are waking up to this fact, and some of the largest, notably the Inter-
national Paper Company, are already taking active steps to develop a policy
which will insure a perpetual rotation of wood crops over their holdings in this
country. The intensive cultivation to which European forests are subjected can-
not be applied to present conditions in Canada; but there are some measures,
nevertheless, which may be adopted, and which will accomplish the principal
aims of scientific forestry, at very little additional cost over present logging meth-
ods. The pulpwood industry in particular is peculiarly adapted to the application
of conservative methods of lumbering. The reason for this is two-fold : in the first
place owing to the low grade material which has a value in the pulpmill much
waste inevitable in logging for deal may be avoided, while small stuff surrounding
barrens, or which should be cut out elsewhere for sylivcultural reasons can be
utilized. Secondly, the immense cost of pulp and paper plants requires a regular
annual supply of pulpwood over a very long term of years, in order to make the
original investment pay, and this steady supply can only be insured in perpetuity
by careful and systematic forest management.

An attempt will now be made to outline in a general way, a few of the features
that seem indispensable in the conservative management of spruce forests in East-
ern Canada, with some discussion of the respective duties of the Government and
the lumberman in this connection.

It may be stated that these suggestions are based on practical experience in
connection with the woodswork of the Miramichi Lumber Co., a branch of the Inter-
national Paper Company, operating in New Brunswick.
t *

ANNUAL CUT.

A company that undertakes to handle its timber lands conservatively, must
at- once settle what amount of material can be annually removed without detriment
to the capital stock, as it may be called, of the forest.

84 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

The annual cut should approximate closely to the annual increment of growth.
To obtain exact figures on this question is impossible without a vast initial expenbe,
and even then they may be far astray. The method adopted by the Miramichi
Lumber Company appears sound under the conditions found over its holdings, and
the principles involved will doubtless hold true for most of the spruce lands in
Eastern Canada. When the company became established in New Brunswick,
careful though rapid cruising was carried on over the whole tract by old woodsmen.
The history of each block was overhauled as far as possible, and from these sources,
a rough estimate was arrived at, of what might be removed annually over a long
term of years without crippling the growing stock, or diminishing the actual stand.
These figures were used as a basis to determine the annual cut.

• During the summer months each year, the localities which are to be worked
within the next few years, are blocked into square miles. This blocking is followed
by close and careful cruising which determines above all else the best treatment to
be accorded to the different forest types in each locality. In each case an analysis
of tree growth in required to reach a satisfactory conclusion. Having settled this
matter, the cruiser estimates as closely as possible the total amount ready for the
axe in that locality, and also the amount that can be removed most profitably
each year. Enough camps are put in every fall in different localities, to bring the
total cut each season up to the estimate of what the total holdings will stand.

As the years pass, more comprehensive and thorough information will be
acquired, and the annual cut that the ground will stand will be more and more accur-
ately determined. In the meantime if proper care is exercised to accord to each
forest type the treatment that seems best adapted to produce the most timber in
the long run very few irreparable mistakes will occur.

CRUISING AND MAPPING.

A well organized force of trained cruisers is essential to a company operating
on a large scale and undertaking to handle its work conservatively. Such men are
hard to obtain at the present time. They must not only be practical woodsmen,
but must be quick to see the value of new ideas and ingenious in adapting them
to the woodswork. Under present conditions a company can probably do no
better than employ a scientific forester who is also a thorough woodsman and place
him in charge of all the cruising and cutting work. Then as more men are wanted
they can be promoted from among the woodsmen or taken from the forestry schools
and trained under the forester in charge. Until such a force is developed, very little
can be done in tKe way of conservative lumbering.

TheMuties of a cruiser are various. He estimates lumber, plans logging opera-
tions, sizes up the capacity of the different streams, etc., and above all settles the
best treatment to be accorded the different forest types in each locality. During
the cutting season he has full charge over jobbers and foremen. He instructs them
how to handle the cutting over their working circle and sees that all regulations
are properly fulfilled. Good maps are essential to economic and thorough work.
The Miramichi Lumber Co. blocks its ground into square miles and their system
has been found very satisfactory. It enables full and systematic notes to be kept
of all parts of the tract. Two men working together and pacing for distance,
and using compass and barometer obtain the material for contour lines while
cruising the block. Again the block lines are of vast assistance in confining the
logging operations to certain localities until they are properly cleaned.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 85

ECONOMY IN LOGGING METHODS.

In logging, all unnecessary waste should be avoided, and saws should be used
instead of axes. Trees should be cut no higher than the swelling of the root,
and hence logging after the deep snow has come, should be avoided. All trees
should be taken as far into the tops as they can be profitably handled. All dry,
standing trees, and dead and down timber if partially sound, should be removed,
and no lodged trees or merchantable culls should be left in the woods. All mer-
chantable trees in the main woods should be left standing by the swamping crews
as they will be more economically handled by the yarding men. Immediately
after a fire, camps should be put in to remove all burnt material of any value
before it becomes badly wind thrown, or is attacked by insects and fungi. In
these and in many other ways, a great deal of unnecessary waste may be avoided.

PROVISION TO.INSURE FUTURE CROPS.

Natural regeneration is so good in New Brunswick, and the spruce tree bears
seed so early in life, that special precautions to secure regeneration are seldom
necessary. When for any reason it seems best to make a clean sweep of all mer-
chantable trees over an area; seed trees should be left. Windfirm bunches, es-
pecially if protected by a few hard woods, will answer the purpose best. If they
are not windfirm a blow-down is inevitable, hence very careful selection is necessary.
Some of the well known European methods to secure regeneration in spruce woods
have been tested on this side, but the writer does not know of any experiments
on a large scale that have resulted satisfactorily under American conditions. Fail-
ure lies in the absence of trained labour, in the cost of the operation or in the dis-
astrous blow-downs that frequently result. The system in most common use here
is that of cutting down to a minimum diameter limit. The method is not only
cheap and practicable, but by varying the diameter limit, each forest type will
receive a treatment more or less suited to its requirements. Only after a careful
study of local conditions can the most suitable diameter limit be determined. The
Miramichi Lumber Co. uses a general diameter limit of fourteen inches, breast
high, or four and a half feet above the ground, but there are many exceptions to
this rule controlled by local conditions. It is difficult to get these conditions on
paper, but the following classification will give an idea of the principles upon which
the exceptions are based.

A clean sweep of all merchantable trees is made —

(1) Where a blow-down after logging is feared, e.g., on high exposed ridges,
on steep slopes, and sometimes on heavy spruce flats on lower ground, having
only a thin top soil with rock or marl subsoil.

(2) In the case of black spruce on wet or barren ground, where growth is
very slow and trees seldom reach a large size.

(3) Where the fire risk is great. In these cases windfirm bunches of spruce
are left to secure regeneration.

A diameter limit of eight, nine, or ten inches may be selected in such cases as
the following: —

(1) In inaccessible localities where the cost of logging is great and where
therefore logging operations should be undertaken as seldom as possible.

(2) Where thinnings are indicated for sylvicultural purposes. One or two
points in regard to thinnings should be emphasized. There is a different principle
involved in thinning for pulpwood than in thinning for deal logs. In the latter

86 'CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

case thinnings are conducted with a view to- produce saw logs, and therefore dom-
inant trees are left standing; while in the former case the idea is to obtain, in the
long run, the greatest volume of merchantable material. To accomplish this it
seems better to remove the dominant trees, letting some light and air into the
younger growth, which will then attain maturity very rapidly under such condi-
tions. This system involves no expense for marking, and produces a large immediate
financial return.

Again, what is very important, it requires no special skill on the part of the
woodsman to put through a successful operation. The remaining trees will be
large enough to seed any open places before the next cutting. Thinnings are
required wherever the growth over an area is so heavy that the soil, air and light
requirements of the individual trees are seriously interfered with. In the writer's
experience this occurs in spruce woods, most usually in the case of second growth
in old burns or abandoned farms. Yet there are many thousands of acres of
forest lands in New Brunswick, of what may be called old growth, of just this
character apparently, yet caused in part by crowded conditions, and in part by
unsuitable soil conditions to allow of a large sized growth.

Green woods in the neighbourhood of burned lands and the so-called green
islands should be very conservatively handled, so as to afford every opportunity
for the burn to re-stock itself naturally.

It is too early yet to proceed systematically to the removal of forest weeds
(undesirable species of trees) over large areas, but undesirable species should be
used in preference to spruce for all such work as skidding yards, road repairing,
bridge and camp building, etc. Any spruce used for these purposes should, as
far as possible, be taken for pulpwood, and the same is true of merchantable culls
or crooked or otherwise defective trees. Care should be exercised to avoid harm
to young growth, notably in felling trees, swamping and skidding.

Trees should be divided into convenient lengths for handling, and skidding
should be done as much as possible (and it is nearly always possible) with one horse
to avoid cutting wide trails.

LACK OF SKILLED LABOUR.

No company need expect to introduce a fully developed system of conservative
lumbering into its woodswork all at once. The woodsmen themselves — the
jobbers and bosses who carry on the logging operations — can be brought to change
their methods, only by slow and patient work. They must not be overcrowded
with too many new ideas at the start. It is better to keep hammering away at a
few ideas at a time, and get these thoroughly established before inaugurating more
radical changes. One difficulty lies in the fact that men who have chased up
the cheapest logs available all their lives, fail to appreciate the value of what was
formerly accounted waste material. Then they discount the future very heavily,
and without close inspection pay little heed to regulations which look to future
returns Contracts should be in writing and contain all the detail possible con-
trolling their operations. The cruisers should keep in close touch with the logging
operations explaining repeatedly, helping and checking up where necessary. Ed-
ucative work, however, should be done on more thorough and systematic lines. A
short series of lectures, setting forth as concisely and simply as possible some of
the aims and methods of forestry might be delivered here and there through the
country with excellent results. The value of educative work cannot be over-
estimated.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 87

GOVERNMENT CONTROL.

A full discussion of the relation, of the Government to the forests is beyond
the scope of this paper. A few points may be touched upon, however, where the
Government regulations come in contact with the lumberman who is striving to
operate conservatively and preserve his holdings indefinitely.

DIAMETER LIMIT.

To prevent the total exhaustion of forest resources it is customary for the
Government to regulate the cutting on Crown lands by establishing a minimum
diameter limit. A general diameter in spruce woods will never prove satisfactory,
and may result in greater loss on one side than it makes in saving on the other.
Different localities require different treatment. While a minimum diameter
limit for general use may be fixed at fourteen inches breast high, in some cases
it pays best to sweep an area clean of all merchantable stuff. In other cases a
diameter limit of eight, nine, or ten inches may yield more satisfactory results.
These questions can only be settled by thorough and skilful investigation on the
ground. This must be clear to any one who has studied the result of judicious
thinnings in second growth, or has seen the disastrous blowdowns that occur after
cutting in some localities. Just what changes in cutting regulations are necessary
to overcome 'this difficulty is not quite clear. Regulations can hardly be set forth
on paper clearly enough to cover all cases, while on the other hand, the cost of
supplying a sufficient number of experts to investigate each locality thoroughly
and fix the proper diameter limit for use there, would be very great. It seems as
though a partial solution at least might be found through co-operation between the
Government and the lumberman. The best interests of the Government and of the
country are identical with those of the company, owning its own mills and oper-
ating for pulpwood. While adhering in the main to its present policy, the Govern-
ment might introduce a clause into its cutting regulations allowing those companies
that show a clear intention of cutting conservatively, and back this up by em-
ploying trained men, to handle each section of their holdings in the way that seems
mutually best. A few trained men in the Government's service could exercise a
surveillance generally over the work of the different companies availing themselves
of this clause. Where it is clear that advantage is being taken of the privilege for
the sole purpose of stripping the berth clean, the privilege can be cancelled, pen-
alties imposed, or the timber licenses may be confiscated.

FIRE PROTECTION.

The establishment of an effective fire protection system is of course of the
utmost importance in conservative lumbering. Certainly it will never pay to
sacrifice present gain in the expectation of future greater returns if the latter are
to be swept away by fire. This question is fully dealt with in other papers and will
be only touched upon here. It should be emphasized that co-operation between the
Government, the railroads, the lumbermen, and amongst the lumbermen them-
selves, is essential, especially where timber land holdings are scattered. All danger-
ous localities should be thoroughly policed during the dry months. A system of
telephone lines, and of good portage roads will greatly facilitate the handling of
fires. The lumberman can aid this work greatly by taking out all dead standing,

88 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

and down merchantable timber, and by leaving only small tops and branches in
the woods.

»

PLANTING.

Some scheme of artificial regeneration seems necessary in New Brunswick
only over large burns or abandoned settlements. Small cleared areas with a few
seed trees in the neighborhood will soon re-stock themselves naturally. Coniferous
growth, however, advances very slowly over large clearings, and owing to its scatter-
ing distribution, will produce a very poor class of lumber. In such cases planting
up seems essential to a proper economy of resources. As yet, lumbermen are hard-
ly in a position to consider this matter seriously. There seems to be vey little
inducement for private interests to sink capital in such a venture. Well timbered
areas can be bought in New Brunswick for very much less per acre than it will
cost to plant up old burns. It is quite probable again that fire would sweep away
the growing stock before it reaches maturity. Moreover, accurate information
seems to be lacking in New Brunswick on the most suitable species for use under
the conditions which exist there, the best system of planting and the probable
cost of the undertaking. These objections, combined with the time element and
the absence of a perpetual lease on Crown Lands would seem to place this branch of
forestry beyond the reach of the lumberman.

In view of these considerations, and in view of the fait that such work is
mainly for the benefit of posterity, it would seem that it must inevitably fall to the
Government for some years to come, if it is to be undertaken at all.

FOREST RESERVES.

The necessity for an exhaustive survey of Crown lands and the establishment
of forest reserves is well known and need not be dwelt upon.

Settlement over main drainage areas should be very carefully regulated, and
should be prohibited altogether on absolute forest soil. Settlers on non-agri-
cultural lands find their way there either through ignorance or for speculative
purposes, and in either case no good will result from their presence.

Special regulations to control cutting on forest reserves however, are seldom
necessary where the operators are practising conservative methods of lumbering.
It is probable that a small woody growth over a drainage area will maintain an even
stream flow equally well with a high forest. The small growth shades the ground,
its root system holds the soil together, and prevents erosion, and an equal facility
for subsoil drainage is afforded. If each type of growth receives the treatment
best adapted to produce the greatest amount of timber in the long run, the stream
flow will regulate itself naturally and satisfactorily. Fires and the settlers are the
prime causes of soil erosion and spring floods, not the lumberman.

The system of forestry, if it can be called a system, which has been outlined
in this paper, is substatially that of the company I represent. It is far from
approaching any European ideal of forest management, but it seems to get results
and at practically no cost over old logging methods. A great deal of material
which was formerly wasted is now utilized while a perpetual rotation of wood crops
affording a substantial annual supply is practically assured so long as fires are
avoided.

It may be safely stated that the holdings of the Miramichi Lumber Company
have increased in value from 50% to 100% since that company began the applica-

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 89

tion of conservative methods of lumbering to its woodswork. It must be clear that
it is the pulpwood industry which offers the greatest inducement to the practice of
forestry and furthermore offers the greatest opportunity for its development.

The PRESIDENT. — We have to thank Mr. Bradley for having shown us what
the Miramichi Lumber Company has so successfully done. He has shown to us
that good methods have been followed by good results, and when he stated that
this company's properties have increased in value from fifty to one hundred per
cent, as a result of the practical methods, I think that this must be taken as ample
justification for other people to follow in their footsteps.

We will now take up the general discussion, but before we commence with
discussions, I will ask Mr. Sterling, representing the Pennsylvania Railway Com-
pany, to say a few words on the results that company has attained.

PENNSYLVANIA RAILWAY FORESTRY.
MR. E. A. STERLING, OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILWAY COMPANY.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — This is something in the nature of a
surprise to me. I came to this Convention merely to speak to Dr. Fernow, and to
consult with him, and had no expectation of saying anything. In fact the railways
of our State, and generally across the line are not doing much talking these days;
so that I came here to learn and listen rather than to talk.

However, I can say a little regarding the work of my Road in forestry. Rail-
ways, as you know, are large wood-using corporations, and as such the Pennsylvania,
Railway has probably gone through the same experience as other similar corpor-
ations. Running, as the original lines did through a fairly wooded country in
Pennsylvania, Maryland and other States, they for many years drew on local sup-
plies, and for a long time they took no account of the future, or even the present
timber supply. , As you know, white oak is the standard railway timber for ties and
car lumber. Since this territory was richly productive of white oak, they drew
their supply from it, and thought nothing more about it. But gradually as the
timber was cut off, and other large wood-using corporations came in, they found
they could not get the necessary amount of white oak. Then they were compelled
to resort to the use of what we call mixed oaks, an imported timber from southern
points. And so the thing has progressed until now the Pennsylvania Railroad
has to go very far south for more than half its ties, and considerably more than
half its car lumber. This condition of things has been further aggravated by the
pulp people, the wood extract people, cooperage firms, and other large wood-using
corporations which strip the wood off the entire territory.

So, it has become obvious that something must be done to remedy this state
of affairs. The Pennsylvania Railway cannot go south forever, and pay high
freight rates on its ties, and it is very obvious that local supplies are almost going to
be entirely gone very soon. So, for that reason the* Pennsylvania Railway in 1902
began to think about forestry, and naturally their first thought was planting.
They assumed that tree planting was the proper start, and so they began planting
locust trees on the unused farms along the right of way. This movement has since
progressed to a broad gauge policy.

90 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

The things we aim at are, to secure a perpetual supply of the. wood necessary
for this large corporation, and it is a pretty large supply that we need. Our de-
mands amount at the present time to three million ties annually, five hundred
thousand more for new work and one hundred million feet of lumber, and all of
this merely for our lines east of Pittsburg and the Erie line. So we have a big
corporation as a wood using and producing corporation. We have to find lands
which produce the timber we need in enormous quantities, and it is becoming
an increasingly difficult proposition to locate such lands to produce our timber
supply indefinitely at a reasonable figure.

NECESSITY FOR PRESERVATION.

We have found that to economize our supply we must use some method of
preserving our railway timber. Timber is adaptable generally to such treatment,
and we must reduce our consumption by from one-half to one-third, and treat our
ties and bridge timbers, telegraph poles, and other wood products in order to in-
crease their longevity. Here are the two big things for all the railroads of the east,
and I presume the same problem affects your railroads in Canada. They must have
a permanent timber supply to draw upon; they must have it properly managed,
and they must preserve the timber by chemical treatment, when using it. There
are other things in railroad work. One is planting work to utilize the lands. Any
large railway in rebuilding its old lines and in building new lines, acquires farms
which are of very little use, and are often not even agricultural land. Obviously
then, the sensible thing is to utilize these lands by re-afforestation so as to get a
future crop. The Pennsylvania Railroad undertook this work, and we are now
planting upwards of half a million trees a year, and already we have two and a half
million trees planted. In addition to this we have started a twelve acre nursery
so that we may grow our own stock, and with the help of this nursery we intend to
try and fix up not only our own lands, but to teach the farmers in the district we
cover to do something along the same line.

There is another thing we have undertaken which I presume should be of con-
siderable use to your Canadian railways, and that is the adoption of live snow
fences. On our lines near Buffalo we have considerable trouble with snow, and
have had to build snow fences. We are now planting along the lines, to replace
these expensive wooden fences, strips of evergreen trees which will serve the
same purposes as fences, and eventually will cost very much less.

Aside from this we have in a general way undertaken landscape gardening
work, and this department is supposed to advise with regard to the shrubs and
trees for ornamental work at stations, and the planting of hedges and other details
of landscape garden work. These I think are in a general way the most important
points of the Pennsylvania Railway operations. (Applause).

The PRESIDENT. — We all owe a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Sterling for his
exceedingly interesting and practical address. The meeting is now open for a
general discussion on the papers which we have heard.

• DISCUSSION.

Col. LOGGIE. — I do not intend to keep you very long, but there are one or two
points in Mr. Bradley's paper that I think need discussion. I come from the same
province as Mr. Bradley lives in at the present time. Mr. Bradley is the forestry

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 91

representative of the great International Paper Company. We all know that
company, and that is is one of the largest of its kind in the world. It has already
cut out nearly all the available timber in the United States, and now it is coming
to Quebec and to New Brunswick, and trying to get our pulpwood also. Hence it
is a serious question with us.

I might as well say that the lumbermen of my Province are strongly opposed to
the depredations of the International Paper Company in our Province. What we
want is that only the mature saw logs should be cut, and the young spruce trees
allowed to grow. I made an inspection a short time ago of some lands cut, and
with all fairness to Mr. Bradley, I will say, it was a cut made by one of their job-
bers who was not under their special supervision, although partially so. I never in
all my life saw such depredation to the young spruce forest. I counted hundreds
and hundreds of them only eight and nine inches 'on the stump — fast-growing
young spruce. What do you think of that? I do not say that this is the case all
over with regard to the operations of this company, but that I saw for myself, and
inspected fourteen or fifteen yards of the same kind of cutting.

Mr. Bradley says fourteen inches breast high, but he reserves a large portion
of the country from that regulation, such as side hills where the timber may blow
down, or is liable to be burned. Pulp men say in our Province that one half of
the country will not produce saw logs. I dispute that. I have been thirty-
seven years in the Crown Lands Department of New Brunswick, and have run
against the lumbermen in the past and present, and can speak knowingly of the
conditions of our Province, and I know when they say that only half the Province is
pulpwood, I say no, it is about one-tenth burnt or spruce land, and no more. We
have no objection to the International Paper Company or any other Company cut-
ting everything down in the burnt land, but what we do want in New Brunswick
is what the lumber people never want, and that is that the mature saw logs should
be cut and nothing else.

That is the point I want to make, Mr. President. Before closing, however, I
must say a good word for the International Paper Company. They are doing a
fine work in forest protection and utilising the logs the lumbermen would not take
away. But they are there to make money and take everything they can get.
They are not there for their health. They have taken all the lumber they could get
in the United States, and now they are invading the eastern townships of Quebec,
and I feel sure that the farmers of the eastern townships in time to come will regret
their foolishness in cutting down their young spruce for the International and other
great corporations. (Applause).

Dr. FERNOW. — I think that these papers need a much fuller discussion than
we can give them here. I will refer to one statement of Mr. Stewart, in which he
pointed out that a timber famine is threatening the world. Just before leaving

92 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Toronto, I received a circular from the United States Forest Service giving changes
in timber prices for the last twelve years which is to the point, and I also picked up a
piece of reading which may be interesting to you, being the opinion of a well known
authority — Mulhall, the great British statistician.

He says in 1885, that "The supply of timber is practically inexhaustible.
There has been a falling off of thirty-six per cent, in the price from 1850 to 1880,
notwithstanding the great increase in consumption," and again that "The area
of all wood cut is nineteen million acres, and may be increased to forty million
before it reaches the natural limit, so that there is no ground for alarm that our
posterity in the next century may have to face a famine of timber. But on the
contrary we may look for a continued fall in prices, as facilities increase for bringing
in timbers for commercial use from all parts of the world."

Now, I have placed on the wall here a chart, a silent persuader in the shape
of statistical curves showing the changes in the price of lumber, and, even to one
unaccustomed to looking at such curves, it will appear how ridiculous the pre-
dictions of Mulhall are. The explanation of this curious statement of Mulhall lies
in the fact that the figures he uses are based on a price established in the British
customs return in 1794, and on other palpably unreliable data.

We have been talking for twenty-six years on this subject of a probable timber
famine, and some time ago I was asked where was that predicted timber famine. I
said, you have been asleep, it is upon us already, for when prices rise continu-
ously at a rapid rate there must be a famine — not an absolute absence of material,
but an increase of prices makes a famine; and the prices have risen very swiftly >
as you see.

This more or less horizontal line indicates the prices before 1899, while this
rapidly ascending line represents the prices since that year, and from the character
of the curve you can see that this rise in price will go on, as may also be predicted
from other data, I can assure you. As you see from this chart, every year you pay
just eight per cent, more for your wood than you did the year before. Have you
no interest in that? I mean has the public in general no interest in this forestry
question? It seems to me they have. Everybody must have an interest in it,
because it touches his pocket.

Another point I wish to make on this chart, namely that while before
1899 prices went up and down from year to year, but on the whole remained level,
from the year 1899 prices of all grades of wood began an upward course. What
is the reason? Something must have occurred in 1899, the end of the century, which
affected not merely one kind of timber like white pine, but also everything else.

The explanation is simple; in 1899 the data collected by the United States
Census regarding supply and demand of forest products became known, which

= 2

I ^

2 H

. 2

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 93

showed that in predicting this timber famine we were after all not so far out of the
way. Not supply and demand, but knowledge of supply and demand makes prices
and the trouble has been in the past the absence of knowledge as to our timber
resources, and this lack of knowledge still works against our work of reform.

Yet during the last few years the knowledge has increased and the result
has been that prices have risen as it became known that the supply was less than
had been supposed. In 1879 too, there was a sudden rise in wood prices. Why?
In that 3^ear also a census of forest resources had been taken, but unfortunately
it was not generally believed that the data were correct, and that they were under
estimates, so the prices did not jump as high as they should have done. What
we need in Canada is also more knowledge about our timber supplies. (Applause).

Mr. STEWART. — I think perhaps the audience as a whole did not exactly un-
derstand Dr. Fernow. I wish to ask him whether he agrees with MulhalPs figures
or thinks I was warranted in predicting a timber famine.

Dr. FERNOW. — I am pretty ancient, but not as ancient as Mulhall. Do you
want to know whether I agree with Mulhall or with this chart, which I brought here
to prove your case?

Mr. STEWART. — I would like to say that Dr. Fernow has published a book
and anyone who reads that book will find what he and I have just said borne out.
His " Economics of Forestry" is a book for foresters, which all of them should read,
and you will see by that book that we are warranted in saying that a timber famine
is in sight.

Dr. FERNOW. — I think it is quite true that this rise in price is going to continue,
it is already rising at the rate of eight per cent, per year, or doubling every nine or
ten years. There are three export countries outside of the United States and Canada
for the woods that we use — Sweden, Russia and Austria-Hungary. These countries
have recently found out the same thing that we have — that they have no more
surplus to export, and as a result they are beginning to put on export duties and
taking other steps to try to decrease the shipments out of the country of these
materials. That means more demand upon this continent, the United States and
Canada, for export, and everyone can figure out, by merely considering the area, the
possibility of production and consumption, and form a conclusion as to the in-
evitable result, even without the definite knowledge we should possess.

The PRESIDENT. — We will settle that this matter between Dr. Fernow and Mr.
Stewart is a mere difference in sight. Perhaps Mr. Stewart is short-sighted, while
Dr. Fernow is long-sighted. (Laughter).

Mr. JAMES M. MACOUN, referring to a wall map of the northern portions of the
Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, drew the attention of the meeting to the

94 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

fact that his personal experiences and observations had forced him to the con-
clusion that a great portion of what was marked on the map as "The Great Northern
Forest/' has been severely burned over and cannot be counted upon as a commercial
asset. Where the timber is found it consists mainly of poplar, jack pine and spruce,
which for local use by a future population wiH be of inestimable value. In Mr.
Macoun's opinion, however, the green timber of commercial value is largely con-
fined to the water courses.

The PRESIDENT. — I will now call upon Professor Baker, of Pennsylvania
State College, to say a few words.

Professor H. P. BAKER. — Gentlemen, — I thoroughly appreciate this privilege
of giving you a few minutes talk. I know if Doctor Rothrock, who has been with
you in other years, and whom you know, had known that I was to be here, he would
have sent greetings to you. He has been working for many years in Pennsylvania,
trying to awaken the people to the realization of the importance of forestry. If
we could take our people over the State and let them see for themselves the thous-
ands of acres of burned hillsides, we would readily succeed in awakening them to a
sense of the danger. Dr. Rothrock has been hammering away at our people for
years, and is now almost at the end of the way. We need such propaganda work in
Pennsylvania "as much as any State in the Union. Our State has 800,000 acres
of forest reserve, and we want to increase this to one or two million acres. I
think that they could do this by simply turning the barren lands into forest reserves.

As to the work at Pennsylvania State College, I may say that a department
of Forestry was organized last fall, by Dr. Fernow, and that we now have thirty
students, classified in the various subjects. We have an excellent opportunity at
the College because of its nearness to one of the largest State Forest Reserves,
and we hope to work in the same way as any other of the undergraduate schools
of the country. (Applause).

The meeting then adjourned until the afternoon.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 95

DR. FERNOW'S ADDRESS BEFORE THE MONTREAL
CANADIAN CLUB.

At noon the members of the Canadian Forestry Association attended a lunch-
eon given by the Canadian Club of Montreal, at which an address was given by
Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, on

THE FOREST NECESSITIES OF CANADA.

Dr. FERNOW. — Gentlemen, — I consider it a great honour to be called upon
to address you because I feel that by such a call I am admitted — a new comer —
to the patriotic endeavour which animates the young generation of Canadians who
desire to place their country on a basis, economical as well as political, such as the
vast natural resources and possiblities of your great country warrant.

I read in your Constitution, " It is the purpose of the Club to foster patriotism
by encouraging the study of the institutions, history, arts, literature and resources
of Canada, and by endeavouring to unite Canadians in such work for the welfare
and progress of the Dominion as may be desirable and expedient."

I am glad to see that not only the development of patriotic sentiment and
public spirit in the abstract, but concrete activity, work for the welfare and progress
of the Dominion, is called for. I hope that this activity exhibits itself not only in
listening to talks and in forming your own opinions, but in impressing these opin-
ions on your fellow citizens and governments, and in real active work on behalf
of some of the many reforms of national character which call for a sturdy disin-
terested patriotism.

This is an age of reforms everywhere. At every hand political, economical
and social questions and problems clamour for consideration and solution, and, if
we would not be swamped in our endeavour to be good all around, it becomes
necessary to classify the many problems, and select for our first endeavour those
which cannot wait for their adjustment without entailing serious moral or material
detriment to the continued welfare and healthy progress of our civilization. We
must recognize that there are some reforms which, while desirable, may be postpon-
ed without serious impairment of our welfare, while there are other troubles
which if left without consideration and adjustment at the proper time cause
irremediable damage, become incapable of adjustment, and with sadness we may
recognize too late that we have lost the chance!

Whether to extend the suffrage to women, whether to abolish or reform the
Senate, whether to have a high tariff or no tariff, an income tax or a headtax, direct
or indirect taxation, bimetallism or a single standard, national banks or private

96 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

banks, are matters which may, if not properly adjusted, cause temporary incon-
venience, but no permanent harm can come to the community by delaying their
adjustment.

But whether fertile lands are turned into deserts, forests into waste places,
brooks into torrents, and rivers changed from means of power and intercourse into
means of destruction and desolation — these are questions which concern the
material existence itself of society. There are ill advised procedures which, with-
out causing immediate trouble or injuring present interests, insidiously undermine
the very foundations of your national structure, and which, if not checked in time,
cause irreparable loss — and these we must attack first.

In the last analysis all prosperity, power and happiness of a nation is based
on two factors : man and soil. The permanent prosperity of your nation depends
on the moral character of its people and on the wisdom with which your natural
resources, the soil in particular, are used.

In spite of the fact that you have still a vast unsettled empire, to my mind the
most pressing problems of Canada which urgentty require adjustment with a view
to a satisfactory future, are proper immigration, colonization and land policies.
These three problems are most closely related. They are, indeed, interdependent
and the one cannot be solved without touching the others.

As to tHe first two I can only briefly warn you against repeating the mistakes
of our neighbours in considering quantity rather than quality, rapidity in amassing
wealth and expansion of trade instead of character and solidity, the ultimate
national aims. If you have any conception that Canada is capable of enduring
as a nation for a thousand years, do not be in a hurry to dispose of your
resources wastefully. Do not think that permanent prosperity comes from
opening up all your mines at once, marketing all your timber as rapidly as pos-
sible, disposing of all your farm lands lavishly.

%

Develop wisely rather than rapidly, and at every measure that is presented
with a view to increase of speed, look sharply to make sure that the factor of safety
is not neglected.

'All the great diversity of activities, of industries, of sources of wealth, which
characterize the modern civilization and give employment to the millions, have
their origin more or less directly in that primary source of wealth, nay of life itself,
the soil.

And next to it stands water. Soil and water are our richest treasures, the
waste of which threatens the very foundations of a commonwealth. The fertility
and the stability of the soil are in closest relation to water conditions and these again
are most directly dependent on the condition of the soil cover.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 97

And here it is that the broad problems of colonization and land policy touch
the narrower problems which during these two days has brought together for its
discussion a small group of devoted patriots, the problem of soil cover, of
forest preservation, the forestry problem. It is in this problem more particularly
that I am expected to interest you.

If you are the active citizens that your membership in this Club stamps you to
be, you must, of course, have become familiar with the arguments which have been
advanced for the last quarter-century, namely ever since in 1882, in this very city,
the first American Forestry Congress met — the arguments for a reform in the
manner of the treatment of your timber resources.

Every possible argument has been brought forward — I could not formulate
any new one — and these arguments have been reiterated in the public prints over
and over again, so that I should feel possitively inane were I to repeat them before
such an intelligent audience. All I propose to do is to accentuate those aspects of
the question which come nearest to forming a part of the broader problem of a
proper land policy.

A few weeks ago I addressed the Canadian Club of Toronto on this same sub-
ject and there I laid stress on the material value of our timber wealth. I pointed
out that, relatively speaking, the timber area — the area of commercial timber of
Canada is small, that the saw mill capacity of the United States would suffice to get
rid of the entire estimated log timber supply of Canada in less than fifteen years.

But within these last few weeks, the other side of the forestry question, namely
the relation of forest cover to soil and water conditions, has impressed itself on me
as in the end the much more important, the more pressing, and of much more
moment than the material considerations.

While the rapid and uneconomical destruction of our timber wealth must
appear foolish and prejudicial to the material prosperity of the country, after all
we can perhaps exist without wood, at least we could get along with very much less
than we now use, substituting iron, stone, concrete; and perhaps there is still time
to reproduce what we need before the virgin supplies are exhausted. Again, you
must have heard a good deal of talk about the enormous inroads which the paper
pulp industry is making upon your spruce woods, and that the United States
manufacturers have fixed their eyes upon your vast supplies of that description to
feed their mills. It should be patent to every sane man that now is the time to
carefully consider the propriety of so managing this valuable resource that not only
for the present but for all future it yield the greatest profit to the country that
holds it.

There is no question that Canada, if she adopt now a wise forest policy, can

98 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

soon become the controller of the wood markets of the world, and of the paper
trade in special.

But even so, while it woufd be poor political economy and foolish to let the
destructive policy continue, and to allow, without adequate compensation, the
decimation of this rich resource, and, while it would be a pity if in the cutting of
the spruce, as is likely to be the case under present methods, a large amount of
valuable material of the wealth of the nation were wasted, it would not be as
great a disaster as some try to make us believe, for there is really no need for pulp-
wood in the world. The world has existed, and quite comfortably, before paper
was made from wood, and it certainly can again. A number of other vegetable
fibres will answer; it is only a question of cost that has brought wood so prom-
inently into use for paper. To be sure, a large amount of unnecessary and unde-
sirable printing would perhaps be eradicated by the increase in the cost of paper
to the advantage of the world.

Yet, while all this mismanagement of a resource that would be kept producing
forever must be a detriment to the material welfare of the country, it could be
endured, and means for alleviating the evil can be devised, and moreover the re-
storation of mismanaged forests is by no means an impossible thing as Germany
has proved, provided the soil is left.

But there is a danger, a damage, a disaster which lurks, hardly realized, in
the reckless treatment of your woodlands, infinitely more serious, the loss of the
soil. Denude your soil of its protective forest cover by axe and repeated fires,
expose it to the wasting of the waters, and it will lose its stability and change its
location — it actually runs away.

In general terms the influence of forest cover on stability of soil and equableness
of waterflow is well known and understood, but it is perhaps not fully realized that
the importance of this influence is variable with topography, character of rock and
climate. While there are, for instance, in the United States large areas which
suffer but little from the erosion of bared slopes, your country is particularly un-
favourably situated from this point of view, for a large part, the larger part of your
eastern provinces at least, is country composed of hard Laurentian and Huronian
rock which makes soil only slowly and is for the most part only thinly overlaid
with soil.

Destroy the protective forest cover of this rocky country and soon the thin
soil is washed off and the naked rock remains, a stone desert.

That this is not mere theory, but a result experienced over and over again in
all parts of the world, even on this continent, and in your own countiy, can be
attested by many here.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 99

If you want to study the effects of denudation in your own country, visit the
Sudbury or the Muskoka districts and you will see how a rock desert is started.

As yet, only here and there noticeable, soon the repetition of fires — and they
repeat themselves easily on ground once burnt — will produce results such as
are described by Prof. Roth from Wisconsin ; a close neighbour in some respects not
unsimilar to your conditions. A careful inspection from town to town made ten
years ago brought out the information that of the eight million acres of cut over land
one half is as nearly desert as it can become in the climate of Wisconsin. A desert
of four million acres made by man in less than fifty years.

It will take hundreds of years before this and areas similarly conditioned can be
made useful again. Contemplate what a loss to the commonwealth, what a hind-
rance to civilization within the State, such foolish and unnecessary mismanagement
of natural resources brings in its train !

But while the loss of the soil calls for active interference with the destructive
tendencies of our present generation, this is not the end of the disaster.

As I stated at the outset, water conditions and soil conditions are so intimately
interwoven that the deterioration of the latter means invariably the deterioration
of the former. Again to quote from the report on Wisconsin: — "The flow of all
rivers has changed during the last forty years; navigation has been abandoned on
the Wisconsin, logging and rafting has become more difficult on all rivers, and the
Fox River is failing to furnish the power which it formerly supplied in abundance."

•

First comes the washing of the soil from higher to lower levels, and that
means ultimately into the riverbeds, filling them up with debris, then, as there is
nothing to retard the run off or to soak in and retain for gradual drainage the surplus
of r,ainfall, high arid low water stages, floods and drouths, in the rivers become
accentuated, and what was once a stream for the production of water power has
become a dangerous enemy to civilized life.

You all have heard of the magnificent water powers which are to make Canada
a great industrial nation. Let your Hydro-Electric Commissions look out that the
conditions which are essential to the utilization of these powers are not destroyed
before, or perhaps still worse, after their development has been undertaken.

Axe and fire, and especially the latter, are greater enemies of your prosperity
than monopolies of capital or labour. These latter can be controlled, but the re-
sults of the former, especially of repeated fires, become ultimately irremediable.
As the apostle St. John in his later life came to the conclusion that in the simple
prescription, " Love one another," was included all Christianity, so I have come to
the conclusion that in the injunction " Keep out the fire," is expressed the principal

100 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

need of a forest policy, for forestry — conservative use of the forest — cannot be
instituted where fire is master.

Even if we were to cut off all our timber and squander it ever so wastefully,
our loss would be small and it would be capable of restoration. But where fire
and water are allowed to do their destructive work, the foundation is torn away
and the loss may become irreparable.

What then is needed in Canada everywhere above all other measures in dealing
with the forest problems is: (1) reduction of the causes of forest fires; (2)
increase of the forces to prevent the origin of forest fires and to extinguish them;
(3) such division in the use of soils as will open to settlement only bona fide farm
soils; (4) such administration of the remaining timber wealth as recognizes the
interests of the future.

To my mind these four problems can only be solved by a radical change in
present methods of disposing of lands in general, whether for the timber or for
settlement, and in changing the attitude of governments so that they will consider
Crown lands rather as the capital of the future than the spoils of the present.

The causes of forest fires are largely the existence of irresponsible people in the
woods, in a minor degree the lack of responsibility on the part of the railroads for
the damage they occasion, but mainly that it has not dawned on the people or
the governments that there is value in the mere forest cover, and more value in the
young growth than in the old timber. As soon as this is fully realized, as soon as
the Governments will vigorously undertake to protect this property of the people,
not only the log timber, but the young growth, which is now abandoned to its
fate, the difficulties of reducing the fire fiend will vanish.

And when such efforts are made, it will also become just and right to impose
upon lumbermen such conditions as regards the disposal of their debris as will
reduce the danger from the slash they leave behind.

At the same time a vigorous educational campaign needs to be carried on to
show the people that it is patriotism to keep out and to put out fires. And in
this campaign each one of you individually and jointly can become powerful allies.

In carrying out such a policy the first step might best be the withdrawal of all
unlicensed timber lands from the operation of the old license system, as Quebec
has practically done last year, and placing them in forest reservations.

An examination of the condition of these reserves with a view of segregating
the lands fit for farm use and settlement, and with a view of planning for the ra-
tional conservative disposal of the mature timber on these lands, as well as on those
to be kept permanently in forest reserves, is naturally the second step.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 101

The third step would be an equitable adjustment of rights and obligations
between Government and present license holders, with a view of preserving the
capital value of the limits and of remanding them in a reasonable time to the
Government's ownership and administration.

This involves also an adjustment of the quarrel between the lumberman and
the settlers. While undoubtedly lumbermen have repeatedly taken advantage of
the opportunities for favouring themselves in handling their limits, they undoubt-
edly also have had grievances which came from loose methods in permitting settle-
ment within their limits. It is notorious that, as in the United States, pseudo-
settlers have again and again been permitted to locate within licensed lands with
no other object than to get hold of the timber, abandoning the location after they
have robbed it of the timber, or disposed of it to the licensee, and in other ways
having disturbed peaceful development.

Even bona fide settlers ignorant enough and permitted to settle on poor lands
are a menace to the interests of the community, and are frequently the cause of
destructive forest fires. You may have noticed in the papers lately an account of
such a settler in Pontiac County, Quebec, in clearing for a five bushel potato patch,
destroying timber to the value of three million dollars, by allowing his fire to run —
and the land is now a worthless desert. A careful revision of the conditions of
settlement which permit such baneful usage is urgently called for.

That I may not appear as only criticizing and fault-finding, I shall add that
beginnings in developing these ideas practically have been made by the Dominion
Government in the West, and by the Province of Quebec. And only this week
the Government of Ontario has committed itself to all the propositions which'a
forester could reasonably demand, namely, increase of the protective service, ex-
tension of the reservation policy, equitable arrangements with the present license
holders, and disposal of timber henceforth under forestry rules.

All these steps proposed are in the right direction, and all that is needed is to
fearlessly follow the trails and not to be afraid to spend money even for apparently
dead work, which will bring results, at compound interest, in the end as it has done
in other parts of the world.

It goes without saying that to carry out such proposals will require the organi-
zation of properly manned departments, and we hope at the University of Toronto
that when the graduates of the new Faculty of Forestry are ready for responsible
work, these policies will have been inaugurated, as indeed, beginnings in that direc-
tion have already been made.

And now I shall try in the remaining five minutes to make you complete fores-
ters, and give you seven axiomatic forestry tenets, which nobody can deny, one for
each day in the week.

102 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

1. Forests grow to be used. — Beware of the sentimentalists who would try to
make you believe differently. Wood is a necessity of civilized life, and both lum-
bermen and foresters are in the same business of supplying wood materials. Only
there is a difference in the manner of their use, namely, destructive and conservative
use, the latter providing for perpetual supplies, for future needs.

2. Not all forest growth is desirable and to be maintained. — Wherever agricul-
tural soil is covered by it, eventually the forest must be removed. But beware of
classing as farm soils those which are too thin to stand the drain which farm crops
make on it and those which are wasted easily when cleared. These must be kept
under forest cover perpetually.

3. In the virgin forest there is practically no growth. — The virgin forest, as
far as production is concerned, is at a standstill, it neither grows more nor less,
for whatever grows in it is offset by decay — it is a dead capital, the maintenance of
the investment eating up the interest. To make it a live capital which by its
annual growth accumulates interest, in order to reproduce a new crop, the axe is
needed to remove the overmature old stand and give light and room for a vigorous
growth of the young.

But there is no one method which is the best, as for instance cutting to a
certain diameter limit. This is merely a device to rob the forest less; it may or
it may not lead to forest perpetuation. There are various methods known to the
technically educated forester which accomplish the result, namely a vigorou8
young crop, to be chosen according to varying conditions.

4. Forests are self -perpetuating. — As long as the fire is kept out forests may
be cut and will reproduce themselves even without the assistance of man, and so
far as a mere soil cover is concerned, Nature will provide it. But from the economic
point of view the reproduction may not be satisfactory, for Nature does not take
into account time and the requirements of man; she produces weed trees as readily
as valuable kinds, and cares not whether the best product in the shortest time is
secured, and hence my fifth tenet:—

5. The forester is- needed to direct the work of Nature. — The virgin woods are
mostly composed of a mixture of economically valuable and of weed trees. Culling
the valuable and leaving the weed trees in possession can have only one effect, name-
ly, to reproduce the latter in larger number, and, therefore, to make a poorer forest
than it was before, hence the lumberman who necessarily works for the present
dollar without an eye to the future, and takes out only the valuable kinds, is bound
to deteriorate the value of the future forest. The forester may decrease this deter-
ioration by the manner in which he cuts the old crop, or by proper methods he can
also secure a superior new crop.

6. Forest crops are slow crops. — Even under best management it takes in our

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION- 103

northern climate at least sixty years to produce a saw log from the seed, and to secure
an acre of saw logs of medium size not less than eighty or one hundred years must
be allowed. This time element is naturally discouraging to private enterprise
which engages in business for immediate results. The average lumberman can, there-
fore, not be expected to go far in conservative methods, unless he contemplates a
long future for his business, or is compensated by the community.

7. Forestry is the business of the State or Municipality. — The long time element
makes it incumbent on the guardians of the future to undertake the business of
forest cropping. Moreover, forestry, as far as it is concerned in the reproduction
of a crop for a distant future, means financially " foregoing present revenue or
making present expenditure or investments for the sake of future revenues." It
is profitable only in the long run, and hence again, although there are ways in
which the forester can be of financial value to the present day lumberman, only
governments can -finally engage in providing for the future.

FOURTH SESSION

Friday afternoon, March 13th, 1908.

After the noon adjournment on the resumption of the Convention, Mr. Achille
Bergevin was called upon to address the meeting.

Opening in English he said : — I am proud to see so many men of importance
attending this Convention on behalf of the different American States, which are
increasingly learning to look upon Canada as the future source of their pulpwood. I
regret to say I am not sufficiently master of the English language to deliver my
address in English. I shall therefore speak to you on behalf of the Association for
the Protection of Fish and Game in Quebec, in French, and Mr. Armstrong, who is
interested in the same thing, will speak to you in English.

ADDRESS OF ACHILLE BERGEVIN, M.P.P.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — This congress of the Forestry Associa-
tion is undoubtedly one of the most important that has been held since the founda-
tion of the Association. I am proud to see at the head of the Association a man
so distinguished as Mr. H. M. Price, and to see that he sees proper to devote much'
of his time to this forestry question, so important for our Province and our country.

The presence of the representative of His Majesty, His Honour the Lieutenant-
Go vernor of the Province of Quebec; of his Grace, Monseigneur Bruchesi; of
Monseigneur Laflamme, that apostle.of the forest, who has given to our Province
so much useful information on forestry questions; of the Hon. Mr. Fisher, the
Minister of Agriculture, and of so many other distinguished persons, shows to what
extent interest is felt in the preservation of our forests.

The history of older nations which have seen their forest wealth disappear,
and even of the new countries which are already deprived, in great part, of their

104 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

forest areas, demonstrates to us that it is of the greatest importance for us to protect
our forest wealth and even to increase it by new plantations.

Wood is useful to man, and he uses it constantly from his cradle to his grave.
We ought to make daily exertions to preserve this national wealth, to bequeath
it to our children, not only wholly preserved, but even increased in quantity and
quality.

This Association, composed of citizens who sincerely love their country,
deserves encouragement, and we should listen respectfully to its deliberations, and
take part with it, not alone for the good of the community at large, but for the
good of those governing who need to be enlightened by technically educated men,
who especially interest themselves in this question.

Resolutions passed by this Association have already attracted the attention
of the Governments and of all the citizens of this country; important results are
making themselves felt every day.

The protection of our forests is also the protection of our game, of our fauna
and even the preservation of our fish, because the devastation of the forest will
lead inevitably to the drying up of our rivers and of our water courses, and in con-
sequence to the diminution of our game and of our fish. Hence there is a triple
point of view from which it is desirable to make efforts to assure the protection of
the forest.

Our neighbours of the United States are alarmed at the almost total devastation
of their forests, and competent economists predict, at the present rate of consump-
tion, the exhaustion of their forest domains within twenty-five or thirty years.

Our country, which is considered the richest in the world in forests and in the
most varied and most useful woods, owes it to itself to preserve this wealth, upon
which depends in great part our future, and more especially that of the numerous
families who make their living in forest industry and commerce.

Gentlemen, let me cite you one statistical fact. No less than 78,000 workers
derive their living from our forests; all men of experience, skilled labourers em-
ployed in our shanties and in our milling and pulp industries. We may calculate
a minimum of five as the family of each of these workmen. Thus it appears that
nearly 400,000 of our population are dependent upon the forest industry.

The important speeches and reports which have been made by the delegates
to this Convention are sufficient to prevent me from entering into the details of the
question from an economic point of view. I may be permitted, however, to say a
word on that which concerns the Province of Quebec. It is admitted that this
Province possesses practically the greatest forest domains of America, with the
exception, perhaps, of British Columbia; but the forests of British Columbia, being
situated less advantageously than those of the Province of Quebec, we may say
that we possess the greatest forest wealth.

The laws which have been passed during the last few years have been really
efficient and have produced excellent results from the point of view of the preser-
vation of our forests, and they tend to lead in a satisfactory way to a good under-
standing between the settlers and the lumbermen. Unfortunately, this eternal
question, the difficulty of establishing the lumberman in the forest in order to
cut the wood there, and the settler who goes there to make a home and who seeks
to draw as much benefit as possible from the piece of land which has been conceded
to him by the Government or the Colonization Societies, always exists. It has
been suggested during the course of this meeting, by Mr. Stewart and by Mr. Piche",
the forestry expert of the Province of Quebec, who has given us this morning an
elaborate and convincing paper, that forest reserves should be established under

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 105

Government control. Now, gentlemen, I believe that when this is achieved, the
Province of Quebec will have solved the problem of the greatest revenue for the
settlers established on her domain, and at the same time for the lumbermen who
only ask to draw private gain from their limits at the same time that they enlarge
the national fortune. T TT~

Pulpwood, that useful commodity, has attracted to this Province foreign
capital, especially from the United States. This question of pulp is of the highest
importance and the exploitation of the raw wood that produces it forms the subject
of numerous controversies. Moreover, I believe that it is important to withdraw
this important question from party discussion. The proposal made by the Presi-
dent at the opening of this meeting, supporting the recommendation of the Premier
of the Province of Quebec, to refer this question to a Royal Commission, ought, in
my judgment, to be adopted by this congress, in order that necessary measures may
be taken to protect our pulp and the exportation of our wood. Mr. President, from
the opening of this congress, I have been deeply impressed by the recommendation
which you made to withdraw this intricate question from the domain of politics. I
am a partisan of the existing Government, one of its most devoted supporters, but I
am convinced, in spite of the great advantages which a Government might draw
from a political point of view from this question that it would be wise to withdraw
it from the realm of politics to put it into the hands of competent men who may
evolve a solution of it for the province and for the country.

The immense forests which we have under license in the Province of Quebec,
and those which are still unexploited and which belong to the Crown, make us hope
for a prosperous future for the forest industries, and especially for that of pulp.
May I be permitted to refer to a report which has just been submitted to the
Chamber by the Hon. Minister of Lands? It contains valuable information,
and shows the especial interest in this forest question, which is of vital importance
to our Province. We have in our Province of Quebec 228 million acres of land,
of which 130 million are wooded, according to official statistics, I quote literally:

"In this field of labour so vast and so important, the operations of the year have
consisted especially in rendering the superintendence of the cutting of wood more
efficacious and in obtaining a more regular and complete understanding of the
rights under which they are carried on, neglecting nothing which could assure
greater protection to our forests either in the prevention of fires or in restrictive
measures relating to excessive cuttings contrary to law."

This impresses me, and I remember that being at Ottawa some days ago, I met
there one of the largest timber limit holders in the Province of Quebec, the Hon.
W. C. JCdwards, who directed my attention to the fact that in the regions of Labra-
dor there were immense forests which had been devastated with the object of estab-
lishing certain fisheries or certain settlers; that fire had been set there in order to
clear a tract of land, and that even a great economist had recommended the settlers
to do this. Gentlemen, we have seen this in the Province of Quebec also, in various
places. I consider that it is a crime to allow settlers to set fire to the woods with
the intention of clearing a garden or the few acres of land demanded by the regu-
lations establishing a settler; I say that this constitutes a great danger, and that
it has been a greater error in the past which has contributed in a large degree to the
devastation of our forests, and which has in this way certainly destroyed at least
twenty-five to thirty per cent, of the forest wealth of the Province of Quebec.

I continue the reading of the report of Hon. Mr. Turgeon:

106 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

"In conformity with the decision taken by the head of the Government
some time ago, no cut-over lands have been offered at auction during the cam-
paign 1906-1907."

I ought to say this on behalf of, the Government. From 1867 up to last year
the forest domain has been sold in considerable proportions, the Provincial Ex-
chequer has had a surplus for some years and we may say that the forest domain
now under the control of the Crown, is no longer sold, and the Government has
firmly resolved not to sell any more of it for some years in order to preserve, not
only for the present generation but for the generations to come, the immense forest
domains which may serve later for the etablishment of railroads, for settlers, and
in various other ways for the conservation of our national wealth, and of all the in-
dustries which flow directly or indirectly from the forest; the pulp industry, the
building of railroads, the use of water power for the production of electricity, the
preservation of game and fish.

I continue the reading of the report :

" As complaint has been often made of the too great extent of territory thus
opened to public sale for the ends stated above (for revenue) I have busied myself
seriously for several months collecting with the greatest care possible the informa-
tion necessary to show clearly the practical results of these sales and the good
which has resulted to a part of our population. Of the total area thus farmed out
since 1897, comprising 23,196 square miles, the statistics contained in the accom-
panying table show that 11,690 (nearly one half) are situated in the eastern part
of the Province extending from various points on the south bank of the river from
the county Temiscouata as far as Gaspe, and on the north bank from the river
St. John, near Mingan, stretching towards the southwest as far as St. Maurice.

"According to this statement it may be calculated that since 1897 thirty-one
new industrial plants have been established, with mills and factories at the mouths
of the principal affluents of the St. Lawrence, between the extreme points given
above; that the total amount of capital (the minimum that caif be fixed) affected
by their creation and their development amounts to $14,252,800, and that these
industries furnish employmnt either in the saw mills or in the forest, to more than
8,585 heads of families."

These, gentlemen, are the official statistics of the Government. It has estab-
lished more than 8,500 workmen in the pulp and forestry industries since 1897.
If, in the space of ten years, fourteen millions have been spent, Mr. Price, your
President, who is one of the men most interested in this question, and who, perhaps,
has capital in some of these industries, can tell you what progress the Province
of Quebec has made in this sense.

Now, it is perfectly evident that the persons embarked in such enterprises
could not procure such considerable sums without borrowing them in part, and
without furnishing sufficient guarantees for the repayment of these loans.

I speak from a strictly economic point of view — the moneyed men, the bank-
ers, the economists, the capitalists who have advanced the necessary funds for
these investments, require that their industry and their capital should be protected
against the dangers which I have just described, so that the Province of Quebec
may progress not only from the point of view of the establishment of settlers on the
land, but also from an industrial and financial point of view.

The eyes of the whole world are turned upon us; and in the bureaus which I
occupy here, in the Board of Trade, you have no idea of the number of applications

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 107

which are made to obtain information concerning the lands which may be obtained,
the timber limits in which foreigners might invest capital. The United States
especially, is busy acquiring our forest domain, and we shall draw much foreign
capital to our shores, on the condition that pulpwood shall not be exported, but
that the manufacture of pulp and the various industries which flow from it shall
be carried on in the Province of Quebec. Here is a question of vital interest, and
I say that it is the duty of all the citizens of this country to interest themselves
in it, and I am proud to see so many distinguished men assisting at this congress.

"Some forest reserves have been established, and these reserves are designated
thus: Saguenay, Labrador, Lake St. John, St. Maurice, Maskinonge, Ottawa,
Chaudieres, Riviere Ouelle, Temiscouata, Rimouski, with the parks of Gaspe and
the Laurentides, including an area of 107,821,653 acres, comprising collectively
one of the vastest forest territories which has been so far set aside for this object
in all of North America."

This has all been done within a very few years, and the Government of the
Province of Quebec, anxious to protect her domain, has thought it right to put
these immense districts, into forest reserves, in order that, being under Government
control, they may be more efficiently protected.

"Furthermore, we mus.t not overlook the fact that there still remains intact
all that part of the basin of James Bay and of Hamilton River comprised within
the new boundaries of the Province of Quebec, having an area of about 93,000,000
acres, of which, having deducted thedenuded regions, forty per cent, is well wooded."

Until the present time, gentlemen, the valley of the St. Lawrence, the valley
of the St. Maurice and that of the Ottawa, as the " Eastern Townships," have been
all that has been counted upon, for establishing a forest domain which should be
exhaustible — and this, unfortunately, is constantly threatened with exhaustion —
but we have in the regions of Labrador, from the river St. Marguerite to the shores
of Labrador, a forest domain which covers forty per cent, of this territory.

Some of the experts said this morning — I believe Mr. Stewart did as well as
Mr. Piche — that the farther we go toward the north, the smaller the timber
becomes. Gentlemen, we are going, I believe, to have a forest reserve which shall
be the pride of the Government, and maps were drawn only a few months ago
which indicate the various forest districts under the control of Government
which are to remain as forest reserves. We have immense water powers at our
disposal, and I say that we should have, for the protection of the forest, guards in
all sections of the Province of Quebec. At present we can only count on a few
forest guards. We have 130 million acres of forest lands in the Province of Quebec,
and we have only fifty or sixty men to watch them. We ought to have at the
mouth of each river — and they are to be counted by hundreds up to the coasts
of Labrador — we ought to have forest guards to inform those who come to settle
how to protect their property and at the same time the public domain, from ruth-
less destruction.

I continue to quote from the report:

"Concerning the domain of the Crown properly so called, and of the various
services connected with it, I have nothing to mention which has not already
formed the subject of previous remarks. This is the case with the Seigniory of
Lauzon, and with the properties of the Jesuits; and all which treats of these tracts
figures in the accompanying appendices. See 7, 75 and 77."

108 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Considerable work has been accomplished during the course of the year.
Among other things we ought to congratulate the Government on having sent young
men like Mr. Piche and Mr. Bedard to Yale University to study Forestry questions ;
and you may judge from the essay which Mr. Piche read this morning how much
we have to hope for from these young forest engineers.

" I must not omit," says the report, "to make mention here of the work recently
inaugurated by Mr. G. C. Piche" and Mr. Avila Bedard, forest engineers, having refer-
ence to questions of primary importance, the inspection of lands, the protection
of forests, the prevention of excessive cuttings, the reproduction of timber forests,
either by seeding or by planting, and, on the last subject, to note especially the
excellent memorandum recommending the establishment of a nursery, intended,
according to the idea of the author, to accomplish the following results :

" 1st. Reforestation of arable lands abandoned by agriculturists.

"2nd. Restoration of forest lands ruined by exploitation and by forest fires.

" 3rd. Introduction of valuable species in our great forests in order to increase
their yield.

" 4th. Reforestation of sandy, bare or treeless districts.

" 5th. Rapid creation of forests on large areas.

" 6th. Establishment of vegetation on rocks.

" 7th. Acclimatization of foreign species.

"This project, strongly supported by Mgr. Laflamme, has now a prospect of
full realization; but I refrain from speaking of it at greater length, because, to speak
truth, it is about to be put into effect. See Appendices 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, and 72."

This report is signed by the Hon. Adelard Turgeon.

I ask your pardon, gentlemen, for having spoken incoherently, but, in taking
part in this Forestry Congress, I have considered it my duty to listen to all the
theories on protection which can be applied to our forest domain, in order to form
my judgment later and also to contribute some notes. I speak without any prepar-
ation, I come with all my heart, with a good will, interesting myself alike in the
welfare of my Provnce and the future of the whole Dominion.

May I be permitted, gentlemen, to make some suggestions before finishing?
It is said that to take care of our forests, there is required a commission free from
all political bias, composed of competent men and having full control of sales, of
cutting and of everything pertaining to the management of the forest. To this
commission should be added a technical service charged with making investigations,
and explorations, and with making maps and plans. The work has been already
begun, but it is not yet finished. We need to know exactly which regions are suit-
able for forest reserves, and which for colonization. It is important that this
great question should be elucidated in a perfectly independent way and outside
of all questions of political interest, in order that we may in an intelligent manner
and by means of men of weight, develop the public domain of this Province.

Another important question is that of instructing the people in the value
of the forests and the importance of protecting and preserving them. We have al-
ready established lectures on agriculture ; it seems to me that it ought to be simple
to add to these some elementary notions on forestry questions. The leading
principles should be taught to every child while he is at school, in order to induce
him to preserve the trees of his father's property and to plant new trees on the roads
which will be later of such great advantage. Those who have travelled through

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 109

the parts of the Province of Quebec which are to-day denuded, know what we heed;
those who have had the opportunity of travelling in France, England, Scotland, in the
old countries of Europe, and who have admired the enchanting beauty of all these
roads bordered with beautiful trees comprehend still better what we need. Now,
gentlemen, the children could be taught to plant trees. It would be easy to have
a festival every year when all the children should be invited to plant their little
trees which should become their property and to which they should give special
care and attention.

We ought also to make a study of our forest territories; first in order to make
choice of the farm lands, and afterwards to know which territories should be assigned
to forest reserves. **"•

We have immense regions which were cleared of wood by fire many years ago,
and there are districts where the denudation is made gradually by the axe of the
wood chopper, under the control of the lumberman.

Then, more sales of limits, to continue the policy adopted in 1907, and to or-
ganize the remainder of our forests which are under license in order that they may
benefit everybody, and not one alone; to adopt a system of organization for
the reserves ; to encourage by bonus and by exemption from taxation the work of
reforestation, where the district has been ruined by fire or by drifting sand; to
place our forest properties on a business footing; to cause studies of our prin-
cipal trees to be made by competent men; to establish the boundaries of each
reserve, to calculate their area and to make maps showing what they are from the
point of view of topography, soil, and wood contents; to prepare cutting plans
suited to local conditions and to the trees which assure the perpetuity of
the exploited areas; technical studies of our woods, laboratory tests of their mechani-
cal properties, resistance to compression, tension, etc., in order to instruct our
engineers and architects, laboratory tests of chemical properties in order to find sub-
stitutes for various woods, and especially to aid the industry of the distillation of
wood; to have a pulp manufactory for testing our woods and finding substitutes,
in order to maintain our influential position when we shall have attained it in these
industries.

Gentlemen, these are"studies which ought to interest not alone the lumberman
and the settler, but which ought also to interest the railroad man, because it has been
clearly established that a piece of hemlock, for instance, used as a sleeper will not
last more than seven or eight years, while it will last from twenty to twenty-three
years if it is chemically treated; and that at an expense of one cent per sleeper.
The sleeper costs twenty-five cents ; by adding an expense of one cent its value is
multiplied three times.

Gentlemen, these are in a few words the remarks which I had to make. We
have a Province rich in valuable minerals, rich in forests, rich in farm lands; it is
our duty to pledge ourselves, citizens of this country, to preserve and perpetuate
all these riches ; and it is for this reason that I was so proud yesterday to see here
the representatives of authority, which, like you, interests itself in the forest ques-
tion, and I hope that their example and yours will inspire in our population a love
for its native land — attachment to the forest and to the soil, which is to preserve
to our country the national wealth which will form its great future.

The PRESIDENT. — Mr. Bergevin has made out a very good case for the Fish
and Game Society, and in doing so he has also advocated the idea of this Association,
and showed that our principles and aims and theirs are identical, that his Society

110 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

cannot live unless what we advocate succeeds, because with the disappearance of
the forest, the water, the fish and the game also disappear, so that in our forestry
work we are materially assisting the Fish and Game Societies of the country.

I will now call upon Mr. L. O. Armstrong, Colonization Agent of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, to give his address.

Mr. L. O. ARMSTRONG. — Ladies and Gentlemen, — Before beginning my paper,
I will try to elucidate an idea given to me by the Quebec Fish and Game Ranger,
which is, that a sort of Board of Control should be formed and that our Province
should have representatives to care for the forest interests and meet together to
act as a whole. I merely suggest this to you, but I feel sure that the idea will be
a good one, and I mention it that you may think of it and bring it up later. At
present I represent the Fish and Game Association, and I hope at the same time
I represent all lovers of out-door life, especially in their love of the beauties of the
virgin forests.

I was asked some time ago to give an address at a meeting where President
Roosevelt was present, and I talked with that gentleman for half an hour on
this very subject, particularly with regard to our northern forests. Since then
I have been very much amused to see the attempts made in some quarters to
insinuate that Mr. Roosevelt's sanity is not perfect. With those who make such
insinuations, the wish must be father to the thought. If they had heard him
as I have done, there would be no further attempt along that line.

THE LOVERS OF OUT-OF-DOOR LIFE AND THE FOREST.
L. O. ARMSTRONG, COLONIZATION AGENT OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

In the programme, my paper has received a slight misnomer. I hold no
brief from the Game Associations. I speak from the point of view of the tourist
and sportsman, on behalf of all men and women who love out-of-door life, and espec-
ially of all those who appreciate the beauty of virgin forest. The tourist and
sportsman of Canada whether a member of an Association or not feels that if the
present system is allowed to continue, vast sections of this fair Canada will be-
come deserts. Because, where is now a great African desert, Pliny tells us that
he once drove drove for hundreds of miles in the deep shades of great trees. China
has thousands of her population washed away by freshets, and starved for want
of crop, because of the cutting of her forests and the denudation of her hills.
The whilom, lovely, wooded hills of Andalusia are now but gravelly mounds that
assure an annual crop of famine, freshet and discontent. This is true too of
Italy and India, two of the most beautiful countries in the world.

Is this to be the fate of Canada? The sportsman thinks it will unless a radical
change is introduced in forest management, and the prelude to that is a change of
sentiment. When we propose this change to the so-called practical politician,
we are met sometimes with such mercenary and unpatriotic utterances as : " What
have our descendants done for us? We shall be dead then, what do we care?"

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 111

Not as wise as they think themselves, perhaps, are these politicians, because both
the voting public and financiers have little use for wasters of national resources.
The financial man shows his disapproval quickly; the voter can be hood-winked
for a longer time, but not forever. H. B. Whipple, State Commissioner of Forest,
Fish and Game, in an address before the New York Legislature, puts the picture o.f
what may be, of what might befall, in Canada, as well as New York, in these words:

"If to-night, through some destructive power in nature, every tree and shrub
in the State of New York should be swept from the face of the State, what would
be the condition to-morrow? It requires no great strength of the imagination to
instantly comprehend the dire result. The home and breeding place of every bird
would be destroyed. The home and breeding place of every game animal would
be destroyed. Not only the source of every stream, but the whole glittering
ground and bed, would be uncovered of its forest growth. The humus underneath
the trees as it exists to-day would be destroyed. Every obstruction and hindrance
to the rapid flow of the water, as it falls from the clouds, or melts from snow, would
be swept away. In flood time there would be raging, destructive torrents, strew-
ing the wreckage of destroyed property, bridges, and buildings, along the flats.
The water would soon recede and run away, and the springs, rivulets, creeks and
rivers would be dry. Property throughout the State would be decreased in value
to-morrow morning fifty per cent. The meadows and pastures would dry out next
season, at the time when, conditions being properly balanced, they should afford
splendid hay crops and fine pastures. The total amount of milk, cream, butter,
and cheese produced in the State would shrink fifty per cent. In fact, the injury
would be so great to the State, that the people of this splendid commonwealth
would be appalled, and all because of the destruction of the woodlands of the
State.

" Can it be said that this is too vivid a picture of what would follow. Is this
not as true, and would it not as surely happen, as it is true that, by the revolution
of the earth, if it is a clear day, we will see the sun to-morrow. And yet this very
thing is more than gradually transpiring every day."

I have seen this dire result in other countries, and I have already seen it, on
a small scale, in many sections of Quebec. Only a short time, under foreign owner-
ship of our timber, is all that is necessary to see it happen on a very much larger
and more disastrous scale.

Who is the sportsman to whom I refer? He is not necessarily a man who
kills game. Sports of canoeing, racing, portaging, snow shoeing. Many old
sportsmen are now quite content to hunt game with the camera, and are helping
to preserve it, so that they and their children may have the pleasure of seeing it in the
woods. He is the man who would like to see Canadian pulpwood manufactured
within the borders of his country, and all the lumber cut in the country manufac-
tured at home. He is the man who would like to see the cutting
confined to the annual crop of ripe timber, and any infringement of this
regulation most vigorously punished. Within the last twelve months, timber has
been sold on some of our most beautiful waters, near steamboat channels, without
restriction as to size, and logs four inches thick at the butt have been cut, legally,
within this short time. This means an alarmingly large amount of tree tops scat-'
tered along the surface of the ground, with the almost certainty of fires resulting,
which, owing to their fierceness, are likely to burn all the surface soil away and
leave the country a desert — such a desert as Dr. Roth showed us last night in
many parts of the United Stages.

112 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

' The entire lumbering operation from the forest to the shipping dock or car,
should be under the watchful eye of our own Government. If our heritage is
well managed, Canada should hold two valuable assets for all time; one, timber
that will help to supply the world with lumber and paper; the other a beautiful
country that will attract the tourist and sportsman, the lover of nature, to her
shores from every part of the civilized world.

Try to imagine the vast areas of this great country which perennially delight
the eye, shorn of the refreshing greenness of spring and the dazzling color of the
fall. The country bare and ugly, an everlasting subject of reproach to the present
generation. The senseless and wicked waste of nature's free gifts, their selfish
application to the profit of the immediate generation, seen everywhere. Soon
we should have no birds, no deer, no moose, no cariboo, for, though most carefully
constructed, the game laws are insufficient, owing to the extraordinary lack of
conscience which seems to animate the present generation; and while this lack of
conscience exists it is absolutely necessary that a proper number of wardens and
officers should be appointed to see that these laws are kept. Let there be forest
laws strict and just, and strict observance thereof.

The present unsatisfactory state of things can only be finally remedied by an
early inculcation of the duty which each generation owes to its successor. Let us
teach the child at school from his earliest years of understanding, that the in-
valuable gifts of nature are only on loan to him, not there for his consumption and
destruction.

The commercial aspect of the question even a child can seize. The actual
money value of each year's production and consumption of fish and game in Canada
must be (about) $75,000,000. Our fur industry is of vast importance. Are we
going to endanger these? Why should we not have an export duty on furs?

But I must return to the main point. The opposition to the imposition of an
export duty on the raw material, as a means of stopping the denudation of our
forest lands, is unpatriotic in its fullest sense. Such people apparently wish, not
only to destroy the beautiful and the useful, but also to baulk the immense industries
which may develop by keeping the manufacture of lumber and pulp and paper
in this country. The sportsman says to the Government: "Stop the export of
raw material, force the mill owner to manufacture in Canada, attend to forest cul-
ture as you have to agriculture, and I will be satisfied." Moreover, an export
duty and strict supervision leaves a Government in a good defensive position
when it is called upon (as it will be) to face an angry electorate, and to explain why
the country is being robbed of two of its finest assets, which explanation will be
demanded in the very near future.

Let us examine the work of our cousins over the border. Till quite recently,
they supplied the world with lumber and finished paper from pulp wood. This
brought them in millions of dollars. To-day both lumber and pulpwood are nearly
exhausted, certain parts quite exhausted. To-morrow they will have to spend
millions annually for both lumber and pulpwood. Until lately, sportsmen and
tourists came to the United States from all parts of the world to hunt big game,
to admire the scenic beauty found in her forest-clothed mountains, east and west,
and to angle in her splendid streams and lakes. Those sportsmen brought in
millions of dollars; five millions of dollars annually to one State alone, we are told.
That simple tool, the axe, has nearly destroyed these two sources of revenue. In
justice to the American people, I must say that this destruction was largely the
result of a thoughtlessness of which we are now guilty ourselves.

Recently I discussed this question in all its bearings with prominent American

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 113

sportsmen at the Sportsmen's Show, held in New York. All were unanimous in
condemning the wasteful methods of the lumbermen, and the weakness of the Gov-
ernment in permitting them until too late. Let the Canadian people take this
lesson to heart in time — this lesson that the American people are finding so bitter
to learn, and difficult to turn to account. To-day the American lumbermen and
pulp mill owners look to Canada, as the dying Moslem looks to Mecca, for salvation.
The tourist and the sportsman, not only of the United States, but of Europe, look
upon Canada as their Mecca. Let us see to it that they do not look in vain, always
remembering that many of these both care and know what the axe and the cross-
cut saw can do, in the hands of the irresponsible lumberman. He can destroy in
five minutes what nature cannot perhaps replace in less than a century. Nature
is a good mother, but she sternly resists any interference with her prerogatives.
These prerogatives she insists shall be faithfully respected or punishment will follow.
The cutting down of a forest and failure to leave seed trees in abundance for re-
planting may mean the cutting off completely of fur, feathers and fin. Nature
can regain her balance in time from a very small margin, so long as that margin is
left, but often nothing has been left. There is not a single game bird or animal
in Canada that does not depend entirely, or at any rate largely, upon the tree for
its existence. The moose is a twig eater; the cariboo partly depends on the lichens
and mosses that grow on old forest trees, " the bearded hemlock in the forest prim-
eval." The deer eats various kinds of shrubs, including hemlock and cedar, to
keep it in health, for it has no gall. The beaver and porcupine are eminently tree-
eaters, and so on down to the wood'rabbit. The bear's living comes from the tree
in the shape of honey, ants, slugs, mice and various other edibles found in standing
or fallen timber. The carnivora, in turn, live upon the tree feeders. This is true of
the panther, the wolf, and the little white weasel only six inches long. The squirrels,
chipmunks, and other little rodents, down to the mouse, depend on the tree to
supply them with buds, leaves and various insects in summer, and nuts to store away
for winter use. All the game and insectivorous birds of Canada depend on the tree,
especially in winter, for their food, and all fur and feather must have the shelter of
the forests. You cannot destroy the forest without destroying the life it contains.

But that is not- all; there is another and more serious aspect to this question.
I will put it in the words of an old Scot, who, when asked to give his opinion before
a board of Fish Commissioners as to why the salmon were no longer running up
a once famous river, answered with some surprise : "Ye canna hae feeshwhen ye
hae stoppit the water." This simple answer explained to the board all that was
necessary. They had stripped the mountains on each side of the river for miles
of its timber. The river, in consequence, was not pouring down its accustomed
volume of fresh water regularly; a radical change in water levels destroyed the
spawning grounds; the spring freshet became a thick muddy mixture. The fish
left for new waters; with the fish left the fishermen; and with the fishermen a large
revenue. You can't have fish without water; you can't have water, pure, sweet,
and in full and regular volume without its natural reservoir — the forest. It has
been conclusively demonstrated that forest-clad slopes do more than most other
natural conditions, to attract the active, as well as the passive, moisture of the
atmosphere.

The forest, full of trees of various kinds, is one of nature's finest gifts to man,
and no gift has been more abused. Germany is centuries ahead of us in her forest
treatment. Norway discovered before it was too late that she was about to lose
untold wealth in her game and fish, and promptly commenced reafforestation.
New Zealand at heavy expense for so small and young a colony, imported fish and

114 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

game from all parts of the world; she protected her forest; and, to-day her forests
and rivers teem with bird and fish life. Her people are not only well supplied
with good food, but she successfully invites sportsmen to visit her and recover the
bodily vigour lost in some far away city. Australia is doing exactly the same.
So are other countries. Those who belittle the sportsman, (the old fashioned
kind I mean now) , should always bear one fact in mind ; it was he who first (before
the missionary) trod the unexplored wilderness in the four corners and centre of
of the earth, and opened it up to civilization. He it is also who scatters his wealth
as he goes, and brings information as to the natural resources of the countries he
visits. More than one of our own mines have been started, or at any rate located,
by a visiting sportsman. The same is true of some lumber concerns. If you
ask the people of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the United States what they have lost
by cutting their timber extravagantly, they will tell you they have lost what they
cannot replace in less than hundreds of years, and then only at the cost of billions
of dollars. We, who boast of civilized instincts, and pretend to teach the abor-
iginal the narrower and better way, could, if less egotistical, learn much from those
children of nature whose countries we obey an instinct in invading. The red man
will soon be gone, or, at least, civilized; he has ceased long since to be even a pic-
turesque adjunct. He, however, could teach us much unselfishness in the appli-
cation of God's gifts to the daily needs of life. Wherever you go it is the civilized
intruder who recklessly cuts and tears at the fair land. There was some excuse for
this, though not a very moral one, in the case of the Conqueror, whose aim was the
acquisition of wealth and immediate spoliation. But for a people young and pros-
perous, to allow their home and the country of their future descendants to be shorn
of its chances of prosperity, is the most wicked and abiding fallacy that man in
his ignorance or lethargy could be guilty of. Our forefathers knew that man's
natural habitat was the open air, if possible with the smell of the balsam and pine
added to make perfect conditions. A prominent American said the other day,
" Canada is going to reap the benefit of our mistake by drawing millions from our
pockets yearly, if she only remains true to herself and protects her forests." Can-
ada has immense forests of the finest timber required for every day use all around
the world. These forests are full of the big game and of the richest fur-bearing
animals. The same forests are storage reservoirs for hundreds of lakes and rivers
teeming with various kinds of game fish. They are also the natural health resort
for our own people and for men from the great cities of America and Europe. As-
sets so vast as these cannot be left at the mercy of " politics." Let us have a Forest
Commission, absolutely and fearlessly independent of party politics, to protect
our forests, and thereby save our fish, game and natural scenery.

That Commission will have two great assets to save. 1st, Water power which
will in the future make Canada from ocean to ocean, the world's greatest manu-
facturing area. 2nd, The forest which will enable those water powers to be oper-
ated in utilizing our marvellous mineral wealth and agricultural products and in
giving to the world a finished product. To keep a skilled and contented population
in our great towns of the future we shall need to offer them cheap living and pleasant
relaxation. I hope to have shown you that a wise conservation of forest areas
will do a great deal to furnish these conditions.

The PRESIDENT. — We must all thank Mr. Armstrong for his beautiful paper.
This meeting will be an additional mile stone to the Mecca he has so happily painted,

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 115

and which we all hope to arrive at, if the objects of this Association are properly
carried out.

I will now call upon Dr. Robert Bell, Assistant Director of the Geological
Survey of Canada, to read his paper.

THE NORTHERN ADVANCE OF OUR FOREST TREES.

In presenting his paper Dr. Bell first called attention to the very large number
of species of forest trees which are native to North America, as compared with those
found in the old world, the number amounting to more than three hundred or nearly
ten times as many as are indigenous to Europe. In order to account for this great
forest wealth it was necessary to go back to a very ancient time, although geologi-
cally speaking part of the history was not very remote.

Until a comparatively recent period in the history of our planet the climate
of the earth depended mainly on the heat of the earth itself. The polar regions
were the first to become cool enough to admit of plant life at all. For a considerable
time tropical vegetation, including forests, flourished in the north polar regions.
This was greatly favored by the six months of continuous daylight, while the alter-
nating six months of darkness took the place of winter and allowed all plant life
to rest. Abundant remains of this northern vegetation are preserved in a fossil
state in various parts of the polar regions. These showed that as the earth
cooled the polar forests gradually changed to a semi-tropical and then to a tem-
perate character. And with the on-coming of the glacial epoch they disappeared
altogether, having been driven far southward.

When the great ice sheets disappeared, and the climate improved in the
temperate and north temperate latitudes, many kinds of trees returned northward
and re-occupied much of the lost ground. Those species whose seeds are provided
with the best means of being carried in the currents of the air overspread the
country most rapidly, while others, such as the nut-bearing trees and some other
species, could only advance very slowly. It has been found by actual experiments
that such species on being artificially transplanted northwards, would flourish and
bear fruit far beyond their present natural limits. These and other facts show that
some of our native trees have not yet reached their most northern possible limits,
while others, such as the populars, birches, willows and conifers have done so.

The capacity to live further north is shown not only by such trees as the black
walnut, hickory, oak, honey locust, etc., but also by species which have attained
more northern latitudes by their own efforts, such as the black ash, the ash-leafed
maple, and others.

The fact that the northern limits of some species which are poorly provided
with means for advancing, terminates suddenly, without showing gradual diminu-
tion in the size of the trees, is an indication that such species are still moving north-
ward. All these circumstances show that there has been and still exists a tendency
for some of our forest trees to move northward, since the general amelioration of the
climate at the close of the glacial epoch.

I have been studying the exact limits of each species of our forest trees during
my extensive travels and explorations for more than forty years past, and have
published at various times the conclusions which have been forced upon me.

The northern limits which I have found do not follow the lines of latitude even
approximately, but show many curious eccentricities which can be accounted for

116 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

by changes in the level of the continent, and consequently in the contours of the
former coast lines which limits the areas over which the trees could spread them-
selves.

In the earlier times when great forests nourished over our polar regions,
this continent was somewhat more elevated than it is now, and the wide spreading
land of its most northern parts lent itself to the evolution and multiplication of
species — the progenitors of the rich forest flora which still characterizes this
North American continent.

While the way was clear and uninterrupted for these numerous species to
move gradually southward, as the climate cooled, and to establish themselves in
the latitudes most suitable to their requirements, it was impossible for their seeds
to cross the deep ocean which lay between their original home and the western
part of the old world. This barrier would be all the more complete because of
the probable existence of an ocean current corresponding with the Gulf Stream of
the present day, the northeasterly course of which would prevent them from
reaching the shores of Europe. There is also some evidence of the existence, after
the glacial epoch, of a counterpart of the Labrador current in the striking peculiarity
of the course of the eastern limiting line of the white cedar, which seems to indicate
that when this tree was spreading itself northward and eastward, it was stopped by
an Arctic current flowing south over Prince Edward Island and the isthmus between
Baie Verte and Chignecto Bay and thence on through the Bay of Fundy. Immed-
iately west of the white cedar line, as laid down by myself thirty years ago, this
species grows to perfection, while immediately to the east, it is entirely absent.
There is nothing in regard to soil, latitude, etc., that will account for this phe-
nomenon.

Towards the central and southern portions of the North American continent,
the summer temperature for some time previous to the advent of the glacial epoch,
may not have differed greatly from that of the polar regions during the same period,
on account of the increasing length of the nights in going southward, which would
tend to reduce the mean solar heat of each day. Some species of trees may therefore
have been flourishing at the same time all the way from the north pole to the Gulf
of Mexico.

The narrow and shallow strait of Behring, which now separates North America
from Asia Tias existed only in recent geological times. When that region of the
earth was only a little higher than it is at present, the two continents were
connected and the land animals travelled from one to the other. It was by this
route that the mammoth, the mastodon and other large mammals migrated from
south-eastern Asia into America. During that period the polar forests pushed
their way from their common starting-ground down the eastern shores of Asia and
the west coasts of America. It has been already mentioned that west of the Rocky
Mountains, about twenty-five species of trees are met with in Canada, which do
not occur to the east of them. The forests of the two sides of the Pacific, have
a closer resemblance to each other than either has to those of Eastern America.
On the Asiatic side of the Arctic Ocean an elevation of northern Siberia and the
bottom of the adjacent shallow sea would extend the land northward towards the
northern coasts of America and during the long period when the whole polar region
was enjoying a hot and afterwards a mild climate, due to the heat of the earth itself,
forests, like those of the present tropical and temperate regions would, no doubt,
flourish there, as well as in Northern America. As the climate cooled, the various
species would gradually migrate southward and settle themselves in the latitudes
best suited to their requirements all the way from the tundras to southern Asia.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 117

In Siberia the assemblage of species and their gradation according to climate,
resembles what we have in Canada. The Ural and Caucasian Mountains and
the Caspian and Black Seas, may have acted as barriers in preventing the free
passage of the forests from Asia into Europe, as the open ocean, with its adverse
current, prevented the trees of northern America reaching the same region. These
considerations may account for the small number of species in Europe, as compared
with either America or Asia, while the British Islands, having been separated from
the rest of Europe, would account for its still smaller number of indigenous trees,
numbering less than a dozen species.

From the foregoing sketch, it will be seen that the history of the North Ameri-
can forests is a very long one, and that there appears to be no doubt the large num-
ber of species and their present distribution are due to the advantageous conditions
which prevailed so long in the broad polar regions of the continent in former geologi-
cal periods, followed by the wide-spread glacial conditions of a later time.

It has been already stated that the present courses of the northern limits of
various trees in Canada, do not follow the parallels of latitude, even approximately,
but show many curious eccentricities. Some of those may be accounted for by
changes in the levels of certain parts of the continent, and consequently in the
positions and contours of former coast-lines which set bounds to the areas over
which the trees could spread themselves. One species may grow best near the
salt water, while another appears to shun the sea, either on account of the excessive
moisture in the air or the blighting influence of its cold winds at certain seasons, or
because the tree prefers higher ground. The Banksian pine and the balsam poplar
afford good examples of these opposite tendencies. The former is found on high
ground and away from the sea, its present general distribution having resulted
from the contours of the coasts of a by-gone period, when the continent was at
a lower level. On the other hand, some, at least, of the lower ground occupied by
the balsam poplar, has been left dry by a later elevation of the land, which conse-
quently lies nearer the present coasts. The distribution of some species may have
been affected by the changing of ocean currents, due to elevation of the land, as
in the case already cited in regard to the white cedar in the maritime provinces.
Some of the positions of the tree lines have been governed or influenced by the
contours of coasts which existed when the continent was more elevated than at
the present day, while other tree limits indicate approximately the situations of
coasts during a period of depression. On the east side of James Bay some tree
lines run parallel to the coast, as far as the present head of the bay, but continue on
southward for some distance further and then 'form a loop round the low ground
where the head of the bay once stood.

Towards the close of the glacial epoch, the distribution of the advance guard
of the forests returning northward would be modified by the centres of ice-disper-
sion or by regions still covered with ice, although the land on one or both sides
might be free from it. The varying altitudes in any latitude would affect the
locating of different species to a greater degree than it would in the same latitudes
at the present day, owing to the greater general severity of the climate in the tem-
perate zone at that time. Even at the present day, there are isolated areas in the
northern woods from which a species occurring all around such areas may be absent,
on account of their slightly greater elevation. In going northward, species which
have been wanting over a whole country side may recur upon large tracts further
on, which lie at somewhat lower levels. This happens in passing from the. high
ground north of the great lakes to the lower levels towards James Bay.

The outer limits of many species do not appear to have been influenced so

118 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

much by the lines of mean annual temperature as by extremes of heat and
cold, of moisture and dryness, of differences in the soil, or some other condition
to which the tree is more sensitive.

The fact that the northward limit of some species which are poorly provided
with means for moving northward terminates abruptly in that direction without
showing a gradual diminution in the size of the individual trees, is an indication
that these species are still advancing towards the north.

But the best proof that some of our native trees may flourish north of their
present natural range is the actual trial. Some notable experiments have been
already made to test this question. Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere was one of the
first to experiment with the black walnut, by planting the nuts near Quebec City,
a distance of several hundred miles from its nearest natural boundary. He found
that the tree grew well there and ripened its nuts. The same thing has also been
proved in the counties of Peterborough, Northumberland, Lanark, Leeds and
Grenville.

The Kentucky coffee tree which has extended naturally as far north as Pelee
Island in Lake Erie, has been acclimatised at Ottawa and Montreal. The honey
locust which is indigenous only as far as the same island, is found to grow well
at Ottawa. At Cobourg on the north side of Lake Ontario, some large trees of
this species are now growing.

Trees of more northern habit have also been artificially advanced beyond
their most northern natural boundaries. For example, the black ash has been
successfully transplanted to Moose Factory at the head of James Bay, over 100
miles north-eastward of its nearest natural limit.

The negundo or ash-leafed maple is cultivated for sugar making at Lac la
Biche in the Athabasca Valley, more than 100 miles north of any known locality
to which it is indigenous.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. ELL WOOD WILSON. — At yesterday's session, we had an interesting address
from a Minister of the Crown, who gave it as his opinion that no restriction should
be placed on the exportation of pulpwood, wood-pulp, or paper. I am glad that
most of the speakers since then have not agreed with the remarks made by that
Minister. (Applause). And as a practical illustration of what I conceive to be
a mistaken idea, I would like to say a few words to you on this subject.

As you perhaps know, the States of Michigan and Wisconsin are the great
paper States of the American West. A few years ago I had the pleasure of visiting
a number of the mills there, and saw piled around the wood-pulp mills thousands
of cords of spruce. I asked the gentleman showing me around where all this wood
came from. He said it came from the north shores of Lake Superior. I said,
it must cost a lot to get the wood from so great a distance, and he replied, that
they would rather import the wood than use their own native supply. It costs
practically nothing to float the wood from the north shore of Lake Superior, and
the effect of the water on the logs saved enough in the cost of barking to pay the
expense of floating it to the mills. I said it would be a good thing for Canada to

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 119

put an export duty on such logs. He smiled and said that we in Canada could do
so if we wished.

Not long ago the Ontario Government put an export duty on logs, and owing
to that the mills in Wisconsin have had to go elsewhere to get their logs. What
is the result? On the St. Lawrence River, they are loading vessels with spruce logs,
taking them through the locks, up through the St. Clair River, right through to
Lake Michigan, to Appelton, Wis., fully a thousand miles. The cost of transpor-
tation for all that distance is almost as much as the value of the logs where they
were purchased. I think that in itself shows the wisdom of the course taken by
the Government of Ontario. Instead of the logs being taken from here to those
points to be turned into wood pulp, we have at Sault Ste. Marie and the Spanish
River, great industries manufacturing enormous quantities of wood into paper
every day. Also at Parry Sound, we have large lumber mills that are absolutely
in existence on account of that policy being in force. And if you go to Saginaw
and Bay City, in Michigan, you will find that the great bulk of their mills is closed
down owing to the same cause.

Rev. ROBERT CAMPBELL. — For the information of Dr. Bell I would say that
the Kentucky coffee plant flourishes on the island of Montreal. I myself have
samples of it six inches long. I also listened to the remarks of Mr. Armstrong who
said that the preservation of the forests was necessary for saving our birds and game.
There is another phase of life that he did not mention, namely, the flora, in which
I am as much interested as in the birds. Everybody knows the floral beauties of
America depend upon the forests for their continued existence, and that they contri-
bute largely to the upholding of animal life, because every plant has its animal
which it feeds, so that the entomologist and botanist have to conduct their studies
together, every plant having its parasite and these insects feed the singing birds, the
song birds feed the birds of prey, and other animals, so that the plant life is really
at the root of all kinds of animal life.

Reverend T. HUNTER Bo YD. — I have just one word to say on a matter to
which I think forther attention might be called in Mr. Armstrong's paper, and that
is the allusion to the children. Possibly owing to the fact that this Association meets
in a mercantile centre, and in a building devoted to the interests of business, it
may be that the other end has not received the attention it deserves. I believe
the Board of Directors of this Association has under consideration a scheme of
bringing these matters before you, and before the boyhood of this country.

Dr. Fernow in his address at the Canadian Club suggested three aspects, the
old timber, the young growth and the forest covering. I suggest that many of the
aspects brought up appertain to the old growth. There is an increasing attention
to the growth coming on, but in relation to this we should take it as a symbol
that the forest cover should be considered in respect of the very infancy of this

120

country's resources fifty years hence, there is another thing to be thought of, and
without presuming to offer anything in the nature of a resolution, I would ask to
be allowed to emphazize the aspect brought up recently at the meeting at Ottawa,
that the Association inaugurate steps looking to the popularization of printed mater-
ial which is now available for its members and others, and very especially, that as
soon as possible an attempt be made to bring this matter before more of our people
than the University students. It is, I understand, already in use at the University,
of Toronto, and will be introduced this summer in New Brunswick. But that is
not enough. A short course should be arranged for our normal colleges and brought
before Teachers' Institutes throughout the Dominion with the splendid illustra-
tive materials that is available in the older countries. Whilst we do not advocate
the preparation of a great exhibit, we do advocate that all children in Canada
should be asked to do what Sir William Macdonald and Dr. Robertson suggested
in respect to seed grain, that they should be taught to know and love the work
which will result in making two bushes grow where before there was but one. They
started with a very crude test, only a matter of co-relation and co-ordination with
what has been done in other departments of horticulture and I trust this popular-
izing of the movement Dr. Fernow is associated with, and which at present makes
us all look to Toronto University, as we cannot to any other place in Canada, to
give information in a good, direct form, in small doses, to children, will be carried
on in Canada. This will do much more good than the issuing of any amount of
information in newspaper paragraphs or in the literature of your Society. I would
suggest that a move be made to emphasize this aspect of the educational work
which has already been so ably dwelt upon by Mr. Armstrong in his paper.

Mr. WM. LITTLE. — I would like to present a paper on " The Alarming Destruc-
tion of American Forests, — A Timber Famine in Sight." If you have not the
time at your disposal for me to read this paper, I would like to submit it. I assure
you there is nothing political or unpatriotic in it, and I would ask that this paper
be printed in your report.

The President suggested leaving the paper over for the consideration of the
incoming Board of Directors which afterward accepted the paper for publication.

Dr. FERNOW. — With regard to the education of the young, I would like to say
a few words to plead guilty of misconception in former years. I am a professional
forester and when I started on this propaganda I supposed I was appealing to
men and that they were the proper people to secure the proper methods of treating
their own property. If I had ever thought that it would take twenty-five years to
make as short a step as we have taken in that direction I should certainly have
favoured beginning at the schools. At every meeting in the early history of the
Association there was sure to be somebody who said that what we wanted to have
in the nation must first be put into the schools. That is a good German philosophy,
and it was resolved that the Association should instruct the young in the schools,

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 121

and there was a sort of idea that I was the man to prepare the text books. I
always refused to do this, first because I was not capable of writing such a text
book, and secondly, because while public schools were hardly able to teach the
necessary subjects satisfactorily, it would hardly do to put another subject into
the curriculum, • like Forestry.

Since then I have found that in a country of democratic Government, to
secure any action, first public opinion must be formed, and the school furnishes a
remarkably satisfactory place in which to begin to form public opinion. The
only trouble with the proposition is the difficulty of method. We cannot introduce
the subject as a separate study, but occasional talks from the teachers are properly
advised. And I think in this direction this Association is perhaps not doing its
full duty by merely meeting once a year and publishing a report, and in addition
publishing a journal which comes out only quarterly, to be put upon the shelves
without reaching the large reading public which we want to get at, or even the
teachers of the country. I hope that during the next year the Association will
attempt to carry out Mr. Boyd's suggestion, and the University" of Toronto in its
Forestry Faculty will be anxious to assist in the propagation of such common
sense literature as may be used to reach the young. I sincerely hope that during
this year the Association will take some steps to secure a wide distribution of such
material. (Applause).

Colonel WRAY, (Quebec). — I would say that in my opinion the excellent paper
that has been read by Mgr. Laflamme if published as a special pamphlet be spread
broadcast about the Province of Quebec, where the name of Mgr. Laflamme is
very well known and respected, it would be a great step towards the education of
the youth of this Province.

I think I understood from your address that there is a lack of definite in-
formation as to the resources of the forest wealth of Quebec Province. I would
like to ask what data you had before you when you made that statement at the
Board of Trade meeting in Quebec recently, that there was a supply of pulpwood
in sight sufficient for the next five hundred years. Any information you can give
along that line would be very valuable.

The PRESIDENT. — I took this from figures I had given to me. But to'-day I
do not propose to go into a discussion with regard to what happened at the Board
of Trade, that matter is not before the meeting and I cannot go into a discussion on
a matter which came up when I was acting in an entirely different capacity.

Dr. BELL. — Perhaps I could answer that question with regard to our pulpwood
resources. Some years ago I calculated that if we had no coal fuel in Canada,
that by properly conserving the spruce woods which cover two-thirds of the Dom-
inion, we would have a permanent supply. These spruce trees come to half their

122 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

maturity in thirty years and by cutting year after year over a certain area each
year, the whole country would not be cut over in thirty years, so that there would
be a continual renewal equal to the cut, so that the supply would be perpetual.
If it would last four hundred years it would last forever, because as a rule a spruce
tree only lives less than 150 years, so if we could keep them going thirty years we
would have an everlasting supply. Of course the element of transporting the
spruce wood had not been discussed, but the wood is there, and it is another matter
how to get it to the place where it is to be used. But one thing is sure that the
spruce forests would live and die four times over in four hundred years.

Mr. LITTLE. — Is not the bulk of this spruce country too far away to be of
any use to us here?

Dr. BELL. — The spruce forests extend four thousand miles in length and vary
from five to eight hundred miles in width.

Mr. LITTLE. — Yes, but most of them are very far west of this district and in
a practically inaccessible country.

Dr. FERNOW. — Upon what basis does Dr. Bell state that the spruce matures
in thirty years?

Dr. BELL. — I did not say so. It gets half its growth in that time. The case
of the spruce is very much like pigs in a packing house. When the pigs are a year
old and weigh two hundred pounds, it pays best to kill them rather than await the
slower growth of subsequent years. In the same way with the spruce trees, it is
better to cut them when they are thirty years old.

Dr. FERNOW. — How big would they be by sixty years?

•

Dr. BELL. — White spruce would be eighteen inches in diameter.
Dr. FERNOW. — That must be in a southern climate.

Dr. BELL. — I think that white spruce growing in a moderate climate would

attain a growth of eighteen inches diameter in thirty years.

\

Dr. FERNOW. — About four to five inches in thirty years, you mean.

Dr. BELL. — No, four to five inches in ten years. The greatest growth in a
tree is in the first four or five years. It is ten times more rapid then than after it
is thirty years old.

Dr. FERNOW. — That is not the case with us. I have hunted days to find
spruce three years old, which are almost invisible, and I think if you had investi-
gated the subject as I did you would agree with me that you could not get spruce

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 123

of any size for lumbering in thirty or even sixty years. Most of the spruce that
is cut to-day I believe, is over one hundred and fifty years old.

Dr. BELL. — I have made six thousand cuts within the last few years, and the
majority of our full grown trees — if .the fires have left any of them full grown,
there may be no full grown spruce — but if there be any you will find few of them
more than 150 or even 120 years old. I have seen black spruce more than 150,
and tamarac even 200 years old, but not white spruce.

Mr. ABRAHAM KNECHTEL. — I have had some experience in finding out the ages
and heights and diameters of spruce. It is a very slow growing tree, at the begin-
ning, and as compared with white pine it is a slow growing tree all the way through.
In Europe the rotation for spruce is 120 years, while that for pine is only 100 years,
The white pine tree will grow to be about eight inches in diameter in twenty-five
years, if it grows under the most favourable circumstances. It will grow to eleven
inches in diameter in forty or fifty years. It will grow to be about fifteen inches in
diameter in from eighty to 100 years, all these of course under the most favourable
conditions. I would rather agree with Dr. Fernow from the results of my knowledge
and investigations, that a spruce tree will not be more than six inches in diameter
at thirty years of age. And that is the very time when you do not want to cut it,
because then it would be laying on timber faster than ever before, and the interest
accumulating on that tree value is just beginning to be at its very best, and that is
the time to leave it in the woods to keep oh growing. (Applause).

Dr. BELL. — I never saw a tree grow faster after it was eight or ten years old
than it did before.. The universal rule is that they grow faster early than after-
wards. It would be an anomaly to find after that time the rings further
apart than before; the contrary is always the case. Your spruces in the south
must grow slowly. In regard to every tree the best condition of growth is between
its northern and southern and its eastern and western extremes. Any coniferous
tree transplanted to the southern countries has a hard struggle to live at all. I
have seen the same thing in Germany, and have gone through great regions where
spruces struggle along thirty or forty years and do not grow any more. However,
I do not think this had anything to do with the matter I spoke of.

Mr. KNECHTEL. — In Germany and in Europe, where they have practised
Forestry for a very long time, they have learned to take trees from the forest
as soon as they cease to add sufficient interest to warrant leaving them in the forest.
Their practice is to leave the spruce until it is about 120 years old.

Dr. BELL. — I suppose it grows very slowly towards the close of its life. The
lines of its growth are so crowded together when it is nearly 100 years old, that
the increase is very little indeed, but of course it is always a little, and if it pleases
them in Germany to allow for half an inch growth in thirty or forty years that is

124 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

their own business. In this country we could more advantageously cut them down
very much earlier. But this has very little to do with the point at issue. I said
we could cut over enough land to supply fuel for all Canada, and go on doing so
continuously, that is with the area cut each year being compensated by the growth
of the rest of the forest, so that the supply would be practically perpetual. And
I still hold to that opinion, because there was a very large margin to come and
go upon in my estimate.

Mr. KNECHTEL. — And you would have to be certain that reproduction went
on too.

Dr. BELL. — Yes. And a lot has been said about re-planting. I would venture
to say that this re-planting could be only very microscopic compared with the
re-planting that nature itself does. As compared with the reproductive work of
nature, we shall never accomplish much by re-planting.

Mr. KNECHTEL. — In Germany they worked the problem out and concluded
that they would have to accomplish the thing by planting. We hear a great deal
about our conditions being so different from those which obtain in Europe, that
we have to do things entirely different from the European way, but I think that
Forestry history will repeat itself here just as it has done in European countries,
if we follow the same lines that they did. Of course, we can shorten matters by
taking their conclusions as they have reached them from years and years of ex-
perience, and acting upon those conclusions. But if we go on figuring the problem
from the very beginning, as some of us are desirous of doing, instead of accepting
the conclusions of European experience, we shall probably reach the same state
of affairs that they have reached, but it will take a very much longer time, and
finally we shall have to do the very same things that they are doing now.

Mr. A. H. D. Ross. — I would like to show the members of this Association the
result of an experiment carried out last summer in Northern Western Manitoba.
By looking at this chart you will see that the red curve represents the volume of
white spruce grown on fairly high land. Our diagram shows that at a diameter
of twelve inches, breast high, a white spruce tree has a volume of eighty cubic feet,
and so on, while after it reaches twelve inches in diameter, the volume grows very
rapidly. I have not a curve here showing the relationship between the volume
of spruce and its age; unfortunately I did not bring that one with me, or it would
have answered the question satisfactorily. I can assure you, however, that after
the tree attains a certain age, say, thirty or thirty-five years the volume then in-
creases very rapidly. To add ten cubic feet after that age requires only a very
thin ring over the whole surface, so that we cannot judge by the width of the rings
the rate at which the trees are growing. The only way to get reliable information
about their rate of growth is to carefully measure their volumes. (Applause).

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 125

Dr. FILIBERT ROTH. — I would like to " chip in" one little bit on this discussion.
I would say that when Colonel Fox started in New York, he had a thousand trees
measured and the rings counted. They were good trees and I trust my memory
to say that without exception they grew slowly for the first fifty years, but much
faster after that. That was in the Adirondack Mountains, where there is a great
variety of soil. The average spruce throughout the New England States and the
Adirondack Mountains is usually not bigger than my arm at thirty years, and it is
after that age that it becomes a real tree. This curve which Mr. Ross showed us is
perfectly conclusive evidence and will repeat itself for every hundred trees measured,
but it does not tell the whole story. The early part of the growth is worth nothing,
it is the latter part that is worth the money. The early part of the growth is
nothing but soft and brushwood, so do not be carried away by width of ring. These
things are misleading. I do not wish to contradict Dr. Bell, but this is a line of
investigations which foresters have carried on for a hundred years and more,
and this very same curve has been made time and time again, and it is a universal
figure that every forest student gets thoroughly soaked into his head. There is the
diameter growth and then the volume growth; and do not forget another point,
and that is the price growth, which just now is worth more than everything else
put together.

So far as Mr. Knechtel's statements are concerned the pictures we saw last
night were poor representations perhaps, and were too few in number. But he is ab-
solutely right. We have in the Old World to-day experience which has been
carried on over not a few years, but for hundreds of years. The woods I ran
through as a young man were woods that our grandfathers had planted there, and
our experience was, not obtained on a cabbage patch scale, it was over thousands
of- acres and those woods had paid their rent, at a rate that our Michigan farm
lands could not begin to keep up with.

Dr. FERNOW. — In the northern country it takes still longer for our spruce
to come to a given size than it does in lower latitudes. These misleading statements
as to the rapid rate of growth are bad, because they make people think that a
forest can be reproduced faster than it really can. If you expect to have a new
crop even every fifty years you will soon find that you are mistaken.

Mr. LITTLE. — Talking about Mr. Fox's, thousand trees of twelve inches and
upwards measured to ascertain their age, I remember distinctly that out of these
thousand spruce trees, only four were found to have reached that size in less than
100 vears.

126 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

RESOLUTIONS

The Assistant Secretary then read the following report of the Committee on
Resolutions.

RESOLVED, — That in view of the large losses of timber from fire along the line
of -the Transcontinental Railway already reported, this Association desires to
again impress upon the Federal and Provincial Governments, the urgency of
special Fire Patrol and other protective measures, as outlined in the memorial
passed at the Annual Convention of the Association in 1907.

2. THAT WHEREAS it has become apparent that in parts of Ontario and Que-
bec the bush has been cleared away to such an extent as to seriously and adversely
affect agricultural conditions, and it is becoming more and more evident that the
individual land owner cannot be depended upon to restore the proportion between
wooded and cleared land so necessary for our agricultural interests,

RESOLVED, — That this Association urges upon the Legislatures of Ontario and
Quebec the advisability of re-acquiring from the private owners, either for the
Province or for the various municipalities, areas of broken or waste land to form
small forest reserves, and to provide measures for their management, with the added
object of furnishing local supplies for timber and fuel purposes.

3. RESOLVED, — That this Association takes pleasure in expressing satis-
faction at the warm and genuine practical interest shown by the Hon. Sydney
Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, in all matters working toward a rational forest
policy in the Dominion Crown Lands.

4. RESOLVED, — That this Association notes with satisfaction the announce-
ment of a progressive forest policy on the part of the Government of Ontario,
involving an increase of efficiency in the fire ranging service, an extension of the
forest reservation policy, the marketing of timber under forestry rules and of tech-
nical supervision.

5. RESOLVED, — That this Association desires to express its appreciation
of the active and intelligent interest in the forestry movement shown by His
Grace, Archbishop Bruchesi, Mgr. Laflamme and other dignitaries of the Roman
Catholic Church in the Province of Quebec, and to tender them the thanks of the
Association for their generous offer of co-operation in the work of education along
forestry lines through the Province.

6. RESOLVED, — That the thanks of the Association be tendered to the
Railway Companies which have kindly given reduced rates to members attending
this meeting.

7. RESOLVED, — That the thanks of this Association be tendered the various
newspapers and periodicals which have so kindly assisted in giving publicity to
the meetings.

8. RESOLVED,— That the thanks of the Association be extended to the
Montreal Board of Trade for their generous courtesy in granting the use of their
rooms for the use of this Association.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 127

The Association thank Mr. Hadrill, the Secretary of the Board of Trade,
and his assistant Mr. Cook, for the personal trouble taken and time given in order
to secure the comfort and meet the wants of the Association.

Mr. A. H. D. Ross. — Mr. President, — I move the adoption of the report of the
Committee on Resolutions.

Mr. E. G. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE. — Mr. President, — I am not here to represent
the Province of Quebec, but I see here a resolution endorsing the magnificent work
the Province of Ontario has done in regard to securing a sufficient fire protection
policy, and of the other various phases that go to make a good, sound policy of
forestry. I am not here as representing Quebec in any way, but I cannot help
rising at this moment, late in the day though it be. I would like to see a resolution
if there .was a representative of the Province of Quebec here to-day to bring it for-
ward, to the effect that the Province of Quebec has done noble work during the
last few years to follow out the lines of forest protection, and a good forest policy
so widely and often discussed at our meetings.

In this respect I would only mention one or two facts. Within the last few
years no less than 108,000,000 acres of forest lands have been placed by the Prov-
vincial Government in Forest Reserves. (Applause). That in itself, I think,
calls for the admiration of all those here to-day, and certainly calls for some commen-
dation on the part of this Association. (Applause).

There is not a lumberman here to-day, and I see a good many from this Prov-
ince, who cannot, whatever the other faults of the administration may be on account
of the old system which they have inherited, but which is gradually being regulated,
agree that the Government is doing all it possibly can to put forestry affairs on a
good footing. I consider that a good step forward, and do not think that any
Province in the Dominion or even the Dominion Government itself has done as
much in the way of establishing Forest Reserves.

There is another point I wish to refer to, and that is the fire protection system
in Quebec Province. It may still leave a good deal to be desired, but the Province
of Quebec has worked systematically towards trying to secure proper and efficient
fire protection service. Only three or four years ago, if I am not mistaken, the
fire rangers were appointed by the Government. They were absolute political
nominees, and were appointed irrespective of the wishes or desires of the holders
of the limits, and you all know what such a system as that inevitably meant. Two
or three years ago that was all changed. The limit holders were allowed to appoint
their own men. They paid their men for their services and in case of any big
fire or conflagration where extra help had to be called in, each party, if I am not
mistaken, paid half the cost, the Government paying one half and the limit holder
the other.

128 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

I appeal to the gentlemen here to-day if this system has not worked splendidly
and is not worthy of commendation.

I am just mentioning these facts to you. I have nothing to do with the Prov-
ince of Quebec, I do not own a foot in their limits, but in justice to the Forestry
Department, and the Minister in charge of it, I cannot help trusting that some
gentleman here to-day will bring forward a resolution endorsing the few remarks
I have made.

Dr. FERNOW. — As 'a member of the Committee on Resolutions, I will say that
this is a mere oversight. It was our mention to have included that in our reso-
lutions, and I would ask that Mr. Joly de Lotbini&re formulate a resolution along

the lines indicated.

*

Mr. ACHILLE BERGEVIN, M.L.A. — Gentlemen, — May I thank M. Joly de
Lotbiniere for drawing the attention of this meeting to the fact that you had omitted
a resolution thanking the Government of the Province of Quebec for what they have
done during the course of the past year in the interests of the advancement of
forestry. During my address this afternoon I expressed myself not on behalf of
that Government, but as one of its supporters and a member of the Legislature.
The announcement of the policy of the Government I can tell you, by a report of
the Minister that I have on hand now, which was only delivered to the House this
week, shows that great things have been done in the interests of the forests of
this Province. In fact there is no Province in the Dominion or State in the Ameri-
can Confederation that has done more than this Province of Quebec. (Applause).

I will tell you that during the course of the last two years several Reserves
which I will mention and which I can show you on the map, have been set aside.
This map shows the different timber limits under lease, and the immense reserves
created all over the Province of Quebec, whether controlled by lumbermen or by
the Government. The reserves designated are, Saguenay, Labrador, Lake St.
John, St. Maurice, Maskinonge", Ottawa, Temiscouata, Rimouski and others, to-
gether with the Parks of Gasp6 and Laurentide. In all this makes ten reserves,
comprising a total of 107,821,653 acres under reserve. British Columbia, as
organized to-day, cannot show as much, and all this has been accomplished during
the year by the Minister of Lands and Forests in Quebec.

Besides all this two students were sent from Yale University to study For-
estry on the other side. One of them addressed you this morning on technical
questions, and showed you what we have in forest resources in this Province and
what should be done to conserve them. It is shown in the report I have here that
many suggestions have been made, and are gradually being carried through by the
Minister. One of these is the forming of plantations on areas of land not occupied
by agriculture now, and which have been destroyed by fires. Another is the res-

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 129

toration of forest lands ruined by exploitation or fires. A third is the introduction
of a special kind of seed or small trees of different qualities to be planted in the
Province of Quebec in different sections under Government control. A fourth pro-
ject is that areas composed of sand and rocks should be re-planted where it may be
agreed that this land is suitable for such a work of re-afforestation. Then there is
the creation of forests on large areas of land, the establishment of vegetation^pn
rocks, and the acclimatization of several kinds of woods that may be brought from
other countries or Provinces into the Province of Quebec.

According to this report work along these and many other useful lines, has
been carried out during the past year. This report is signed by the Minister and
I think a resolution should be passed by this Convention thanking the Minister
of Crown Lands and the Government of this Province, for the notable Forestry
work they have achieved this year. (Applause).

The PRESIDENT. — We all admit that it was an oversight on the part of the
Committee that this resolution was not submitted. I have been in the chair all
afternoon, and did not have time to look into the thing. I am sure that this neglect
will be unanimously remedied.

The assistant secretary then read the following resolution, which was proposed
by Mr. H. M. Price and seconded by Prof. B. E. Fernow; viz.: —

RESOLVED, — That the same satisfaction be expressed with regard to the
action of the Province of Quebec in placing under reservation the bulk of its timber
lands, organizing a department for administration and improving the fire protection
service.

This resolution was carried unanimously and added to the one regarding the
Province of Ontario.

Dr. FERNOW. — I seem to recall that British Columbia has lately reserved all
her timber lands not under license, to the extent of 150,000,000 acres. That,
however, was a newspaper statement, and I am not sure of the truth of the report.

The PRESIDENT. — Yes, that is the case.

Mr. BERGEVIN.— [ know that there are 150,000,000 acres of forest in British
Columbia, but I do not know if it has all been placed under reserve.

Mr. STEWART. — British Columbia has withdrawn from sale all her timber
lands. That I believe is a temporary move. But, at the present time so much
of her timber lands has been taken up under the old regulation, that the Govern-
ment simply passed an Order in Council on the 20th December last, withdrawing
all her timber lands from sale for the present.

130 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Mr. FERNOW. — That is they simply stopped their bad habits.

Mr. WILSON. — With regard to this I may say that the Government of Quebec
proposes to lay out forty-nine townships for settlement along the line of the Grand
Trunk Pacific, west of La Tuque, and I think this Association should pass a resolu-
tion asking that an inspection be made of these lands in order to find whether they
are* fit for agricultural purposes or not. Everybody who knows the St. Maurice
and Vermilion River Districts, knows that that line runs through timber berths
which have either been partially burnt over or otherwise spoiled. Moreover the
country in that district is swampy and hilly, and it would be a good opportunity
to put into practice the necessary survey of these lands, so as to determine their
value for setllement, or whether they would have a greater value as forests for the
protection of the water courses and the production of timber.

Mr. BERGEVIN.— I may say that in answer to this that in all forty-nine town-
ships will be created along that line, and that they have been carefully selected,
whether for forests or for cultivation by settlers. You can easily find that out,
because the names are all mentioned in the report I have already referred to. I
would not ask that the whole of the report be read or accepted, but I may say that
it is a success from first to last.

The PRESIDENT. — Yes, this Association must be careful to do nothing to put
itself in a false position touching upon politics or that might bring us into conflict
with departmental work. I think if Mr. Wilson would leave that matter with the
Board of Directors to be dealt with later on, it would be better.

Mr. STEWART. — There is one thing we are missing. We have been visited by
several gentlemen from the United States, and I think that we should thank them
for their attendance and the part they have taken in making our Convention a
success. Mr. Overton Price has come here from Washington, and Dr. Roth from
Michigan, and there are others who have come here from long distances and I would
like to move a vote of thanks to them for their visit.

This was seconded by Mr. Little and unanimously adopted.

THE ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The PRESIDENT. — The next business before the Convention is the election of
officers. I will read the names over to you and then you Can express your wishes.
Our patron is His Excellency the Governor-General, and our Honorary President
the Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier. I am sure that it will be the wish of this
Convention that these gentlemen be re-elected unanimously.

This was agreed to with applause.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 131

Mr. STEWART. — I have great pleasure in moving that Mr. W. B. Snowball,
of New Brunswick, our present Vice-President, be made President for the ensuing
year. It is unfortunate for us that Mr. Snowball was not able to be present at
this Convention. He was at Ottawa a short time ago and passed through Montreal,
when he called upon me and expressed his sorrow that he would not be able to be
here, as he had to go across the ocean.

Col. LOGGIE. — I have much pleasure in seconding that motion. Mr. Snowball,
and his late father, for the past fifty years have been leaders in the lumbering
industry in our Province, and it would be a fitting compliment to elect him to this
honourable position.

Mr. Snowball's election as president was carried unanimously.

The PRESIDENT. — I have known Mr. Snowball personally for many years, and
I feel sure that this Association has done honour to itself in elect ing him, and I know
that it would be difficult for us to have chosen a better man. (Applause). For
the vacancy of Vice-President, I believe this will be filled by the Board of Directors.

Mr. STEWART. — I think you have overlooked the fact that the Vice-President
is elected by this body. It is the Vice-Presidents for the Provinces who are elected
by the Board of Directors.

•
The PRESIDENT. — Yes, that is the case. We are now called upon to elect the

Vice-President for the Association.

Mr. G. Y. CHOWN. — I beg to move that Mr. Thos. Southworth be Vice-President
for the coming year. He has been with us for many years back, and is one of the
older members of this Association. I am of the opinion that we have not sufficiently
appreciated the great work that Mr. Southworth has done as the forerunner of
the principle of Forest Reservation in the Dominion of Canada.

He was the first man to start that and it has done great work in Ontario,
whose lead has been followed by the other Provinces.

The nomination of Mr. Southworth was seconded by Mr. Little and carried
unanimously.

The PRESIDENT. — I regret to say that Mr. R. H. Campbell, our Secretary-Treas-
urer has written resigning his office, stating that he has found himself quite unable
to do the work in conjunction with his other work as head of the Dominion Forestry
Department. Under these circumstances we must regretfully accept his resigna-
tion, as he has told me that he is absolutely compelled to take that course. I
would suggest, as Mr. Campbell's successor, as being nominated by himself, sub-
ject to the consent of this Association, Mr. A. H. D. Ross, to succeed him as Sec-
retary of this Association.

132 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Moved by Mr. Little, seconded by Mr. Chown. that Mr. A. H. D. Ross be
elected Secretary. — Carried.

The PRESIDENT. — I would suggest that Mr. Campbell replace Mr. Southworth
on the Board of Directors as the latter has become Vice-President.

This was agreed to unanimously.

Mr. SOUTHWORTH. — I would move that the old Board of Directors be re-elected,
with the addition of Mr. R. H. Campbell of Ottawa to replace myself.

This was seconded by Mr. Little, and unanimously adopted.

* Moved by Mr. E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, seconded by Mr. Stewart, that Mr.
F. W. H. Jacombe be elected Assistant-Secretary. — Carried.

Mr. STEWART. — Mr. Campbell has hitherto acted as Treasurer as well as
Secretary. His work as Treasurer, however, has been merely nominal, his office
assistant, Miss Robinson, having acted as Treasurer for some time. I therefore
move that Miss M. Robinson be appointed Treasurer for the ensuing year.

This was seconded by Mr. Joly de Lotbiniere and carried.

Mr. SOUTHWORTH. — What action do you propose to take with regard to our
next meeting?

/

The PRESIDENT. — That is left to the new Board of Directors. We have two
invitations before us to-day, from Halifax and Toronto, and in addition an invitation
for a summer meeting to be held at Regina, Sask.

Col. LOGGIE. — I do not wish to make any official statement, but I do not want
you to forget that we are anxious to have you meet in New Brunswick.

Mr. WILSON. — I think in an Association like this, with so wide a scope of work
it is time that we got our affairs before the man on the street. We have a member-
ship of twelve hundred only, out of a population of five million, and in order to
make our work of value we should get before the people much more closely, and get
far more of the commercial city element into our membership. As matters stand
to-day, people do not know whether a Forester is a man who works in the woods
or some kind of a mason, and it is time we did some propaganda work to interest
the people. I should think that all of us ought to try in some way to influence others
to join the Society, more especially to secure members from the middle and lower
classes, who are the people who can really help us.

The PRESIDENT. — What you have said deserves careful attention, and I feel
that the words given us by Prof. Fernow, at lunch to-day, that we must look out

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 133

for speed and not worry over the factor of safety, should be applied. We have
not put on enough speed, but I hope that our new Board of Directors will take your
remarks to heart and pay less attention to the factor of safety and a little more
to the increase of speed.

Mr. E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere. — Gentlemen, — There is one more resolution I
wish to propose, and I know you will receive it with enthusiasm and unanimity.
I wish to propose a vote of thanks to our President for the splendid way in which
he has conducted this meeting, and not only that, but to thedevoted wayin which he
has attended to the routine business of the Association during the year. (Applause)
I know that he is a very busy man, yet I know that whenever the Forestry meet-
ings came up this year, no matter what his other engagements might have been,
he was always ready to sacrifice them and go to Ottawa or wherever the meeting
was and attend to the work. He has been a devoted President and as such I wish
to offer him the thanks of the Canadian Forestry Association. I trust that this
resolution of mine will be received as it should be with unanimity.

The resolution was carried with loud applause.

The PRESIDENT. — Gentlemen, — It is very difficult for me to thank you suffi-
ciently for the kind words from my friend Mr. Joly de Lotbiniere, which you have
so warmly endorsed. It is a very great compliment in the first place to be elected
President of this Association, and in the second place it is a much greater compli-
ment, that at the end of a year of office the members of the Association should
have given me so warm a token of their approval. I am afraid Mr. Lotbiniere
has painted too highly colored a picture. I have merely tried to do my duty, and
I think it is the duty of any man elected President of this Association to put the
business of the Association in the first place and his own affairs in the second place.
Any man not prepared to do that should not offer himself as President of this Asso-
ciation.

Mr. STEWART. — Before we part, I think it will meet with the approbation of
everyone present that I should present a motion calling for a hearty vote of thanks
to our retiring Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. R. H. Campbell, for the able manner in
which he has conducted our business for so many years. When our Association
was first formed I agreed to become Secretary if he would become my assistant,
and during all those years he has done the bulk of the work. Even when I was
nominally Secretary, he did most of the clerical work,- and I have great pleasure
in moving a hearty vote of thanks to him.

Mr. LITTLE. — I have the greatest pleasure in seconding this motion. Mr.
Campbell has probably done more than any other person in the Association, with
the exception perhaps of Mr. Stewart, to advance its interests.

The PRESIDENT. — I heartily concur in all that has been said. It was only the

134 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

other day that I was in Ottawa, on a public holiday. Mr. Campbell had been so
busy at his departmental work that his Association work had fallen behind, and
he willingly sacrificed his holiday in order to be able to catch up, and worked at it
for the whole day. Such things as that show that Mr. Campbell is devoted to the
interests of this Association.

The resolution was adopted with applause.

Mr. SOUTHWORTH. — Mr. President and Gentlemen, — I desire before the meeting
closes to express my pride and pleasure at the honour you have done me in electing
me Vice-President. I am, as you know, an extremely modest man, and my chief
trepidation in accepting the office is lest at the next Convention or meeting the
President will not be able to be present. (Laughter and applause).

The Convention then finally adjourned.

FOREST RESOURCES OF NEWFOUNDLAND AND THE PULPWOOD

SITUATION IN CANADA.

HARRY I. CROWE, ESQ., VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE COLONIAL FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

(Submitted by Mr. Wm. Little.}

The value of the forests in Newfoundland consists principally in timber suitable
for pulpwood, owing to the small and medium size growth of the spruce and fir.

Out of 42,000 square miles comprising the whole Island, I should judge there
is nearly one-third well wooded, about one third lakes ad rivers, and the balance
is barren and agricultural lands.

The timber portion of the Island is probably as heavily covered with pulpwood
as any country in the world. I have no accurate knowledge as to the number of
cords this land will average, except the limits purchased by the Harmsworth Co.
and the Albert E. Reed Co., of London, England, consisting of 3500 square miles,
a careful examination of which shews an average of from fifteen to twenty cords
per acre. I think this will be a fairly good criterion of what the balance of the
timbered part of the Island will average. The wood has been tested for paper
making and found satisfactory.

There is also a pine belt running through the Exploits and Gander Valleys
containing the best grades of white pine now in the market. Shipments of white
pine from Newfoundland to South America during the last four years have clearly
demonstrated this fact.

In proportion to its size, perhaps the forests of Newfoundland have suffered
more through fire than those of most countries. This has been due to the lack of
appreciation of the value of the timber, and limited vested interests; but during
recent years this has been corrected by effective legislation, and additional pre-
caution taken by the present property owners.

In view of the rapid depletion of the forests of the United -States, which is
now becoming generally recognized, the American manufacturers of pulp and paper
must eventually look to Canada and Newfoundland for the major portion of their
supply of raw material. This, with the growing demand from Great Britain,

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 135

which is due to the increasing value and limited supply of pulpwood in Scandin-
avia, makes it difficult to estimate the enormous future value of the forests of Can-
ada and Newfoundland for pulp and paper making purposes, without taking into
consideration the increasing value of lumber.

I fear the majority of our people, as well as our Governments, fail to realize
the importance of safeguarding the great resources we have in our forests. It
is of vital importance that every precaution should be taken to prevent the destruc-
tion of our forests by fire and injudicious cutting; but I would also emphasize
the importance of preventing inroads being made in our forests for the purpose of
supplying raw material to the pulp and paper mills of the United States, thus
depriving our own people of the full benefit of their rich heritage.

The Newfoundland Government has taken a step in advance of Canada in this
respect, inasmuch as it prohibits entirely the exportation of pulpwood from the
Island.

This has resulted in the recent inauguration of two pulp and paper mills,
that will be among the largest in the world, with the probability of others being
established within a comparatively short period.

In my opinion Canada should not delay in enacting legislation, either by
imposing an export duty on, or prohibiting the exportation of, pulpwood, that
would, at least, make it necessary to manufacture into pulp the wood now being
exported into the United States.

Pulp and paper mills in Wisconsin are paying to-day as high as from $12.00
to $15.00 per cord for Canadian wood. Nearly half of this cost is paid for trans-
portation of material, over half of which consists of waste and water, which, of
course, is valueless.

There is a strong sentiment in the United States now, backed by the President,
for the prompt removal of the duty on pulp, for the purpose mainly of preserving
what still remains in the United States forests. This will give an extra impetus
to the manufacture of pulp in Canada, provided the exportation of pulpwood is
prohibited.

The enormous supply of pulpwood in Canada offers inducement for investment
of large capital, in the erection of not only pulp mills, but plants for the manufac-
ture of paper on the largest scale. Canadian labour would then receive at least
$20.00 per cord of the additional cost in producing the finished article, or over
three times the amount they now receive on the wood that is exported.

I understand that there are people in Quebec now interested in the shipment of
pulpwood to the United States who fear an export duty would limit their market
and reduce the value of their wood. I believe if Canada took advantage of her
position and prohibited the exportation of pulpwood, a number of the United
States pulp and paper manufacturers would immediately erect pulp mills in
Quebec. This would give the producer a market practically at his door at an
increased price, the natural consequence of increased business operated under
favourable conditions.

I have recently put this question to some of the manufacturers of pulpwood
in the United States, " What would your Government do if they were in Canada's
position, or if the position of the two countries were reversed regarding the control
of pulpwood?" They were frank enough to admit that their Government would
not hesitate passing a law compelling the pulpwood to be manufactured in their
• own country.

Some of our people fear that if the Governmentnnterfered with the unrestricted
shipment of pulpwood into the United States, the United States' Government

136 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

would retaliate by placing an export duty on coal, or in some other way. I think
this is a delusion, for the United States Government should appreciate the fact
that Canada was perfectly justified in thus preventing a continuous drain upon
her forest resources, without receiving some adequate return.

Moreover, the United States Government may not care to risk antagonizing
the trade of a country to which her exports increased twenty million dollars during
the past year.

In the past, our neighbours to the south of us have always been highly favoured
in their transactions with the Mother Country, but I do not think they will have
any the less respect for us, if we, in the future at least, see that Canada's interests
are properly safeguarded.

As Canada and Newfoundland largely control the pulpwood in North America,
and possess the economic conditions such as an abundance of cheap wood, large
water powers and good shipping facilities, thereby enabling them to produce pulp
and paper at the minimum cost; they should eventually be in a position to manu-
facture a large part of the pulp and paper consumed in the United States and Great
Britain.

Some idea of the value of this trade can be conveyed by stating the fact that one
publishing house in London uses three million five hundred thousand dollars
($3,500,000), worth of news paper annually, in addition to an enormous quantity
of high grade paper for magazines, etc.

In the United States the consumption of newspaper stock alone is 3000 tons
per day, representing in annual value over $35,000,000.

The erection of pulp and paper plants in this country on a large scale would
very much increase the home markets for our other manufacturing industries, as
well as add to the development of our coal and steel enterprise.

The materials used in the construction and operation of these plants could at
least to some extent be produced in Canada.

The Canadian farmer would also be largely benefited by an enlarged
market at home, for his horses, beef, provender, and other agricultural products.

In view of these facts, thus briefly outlined, why should any Canadian, who
has the interests of his country at heart, oppose the legislation referred to, which
would add so much to the prosperity of this country? Why should we stand by and
allow ruthless inroads to be made upon our forests, for the purpose of furnishing
raw material for the pulp and paper mills in the United States?

In appears to me that all Canadians should unite in urging the Federal Govern-
ment to take prompt action in this vital question, so that Canada, with Newfound-
land, will become the greatest pulp and paper producing country in the world.

INDEX.

Page

Advertising in C. F. Journal 70

Agnew, Hon. J. H 3, 68

Agriculture and Forestry 20, 78

Annual Cut of Lumber 83

Archbishop Bruchesi's Address-. 12

Armstrong, L. O 6, 59, 110

Auditor's Statement 70

Baker, Prof. H. P 5, 94

Be'dard, Avila 108

Bell, Dr. Robt 5, 53, 54, 115, 121, 122

Bergevin, Achille, M.P.P. .5, 6, 103, 128, 129

Board of Directors 3, 68

Boards of Trade 3, 70

Bostock, Hon. H 3, 68

Boyd, Rev. T. Hunter 6, 119

Bradley, R. R 5, 83, 90

Branch Associations 8

British Columbia Meeting, C. F. A 10

British Columbia Timber Licenses. . . .

55, 128, 129

Bruchesi, Archbishop 5, 11, 12, 29, 103

Burke, Rev. A. E 3, 68

Burning of Slash 54, 55

Campbell, R. H 3, 5, 7, 56, 70, 131

Campbell, Rev. Robt 6, 119

Canadian Club 95

Canadian Industries 23

Canadian Pacific Railway 110

Gary, Austin 40

Charlton, W. A 3,6

Chown, G. Y 3, 5, 54, 61, 131

Christmas Trees, Export of 9

Classification of Land 4, 100

Collection of Data 39, 43

Colonization : . . .97, 110

Compulsory Timber Reserves 35

Control, Government 87

Cost of Planting 46, 52

Crowe, Harry 1 134

Cruising, Timber 39, 84, 86

Dauth, Canon 5, 29, 62

Delegates 5, 6

Desert, Man-made 99

Diameter Limit 87

Diameter, Relation of, to Volume 40

Directors 3, 10

Discussion of Papers 47, 90, 118

Dominion Government 11, 17

Drysdale, Hon. Arthur 3, 68

Duck Mountain'Reserve 45

Economy in Logging Methods 85

Edwards, Hon. W. C 3, 105

Election of Officers 130

Ellis, J. F 62

Estimation of Timber 40, 42

Expenditure 70

Exports 35, 71, 118, 119, 135

Exploration 4, 8, 81

Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto

69, 101

Page

Farmers' Woodlots 29, 74

Fernow, Dr. B. E 5, 65, 91, 93, 95

119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130

Fires, Forest 49, 50, 53, 127

Firewood 30, 32, 35

Fire Protection . .87, 99

Fish and Game Protection 59, 103, 110

Fisher, Hon. Sidney 3, 5, 16, 25, 48

Forestry Branch , .8, 10, 56

Forestry Education 69

Forest Engineer, Qualifications of 47

Forestry Journal, Canadian 11, 69

Forest Fires 49, 50, 53, 100

Forest Management 28, 38, 75

Forest Necessities of Canada 95

Forest Products 10, 135

Forest Reserves 18, 26, 28, 45, 46

57, 58, 88, 107, 127, 128

Forest Resources of Canada 7, 134

Forest Situation in Quebec 71

Forest Survey Methods 37

Forest Surveys Needed 47

Fredricton Meeting of C. F. A 10

Future Crops of Trees 85

Game Reserves. . 18, 26, 45, 46, 57, 88, 107,128

Government Control 80, 82, 87

Governor General 3, 8

Grand Trunk Pacific Railway 51, 57, 64

Grants to C. F. A 11, 68, 70

Graves, Prof. H. S 68

Ground Rent 79

Growth Studies 45

Growth of Spruce, Discussion on 122-125

Imigration 77

International Paper Co 91'

Jette, His Honor Sir Louis 3, 5, 6, 103

Joly de Lotbiniere, E, G

3, 5, 35, 65, 66, 67, 12"7

Joly de Lotbiniere, Hon. Sir Henri 3, 65, 68

Knechtel, A 69, 123, 124

Labourers 104

Labour, Lack of Skilled 86

Laflamme, Mgr. J. U. K

3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 24, 29, 34

Laurier, Sir Wilfred 3, 8, 11, 17

Lefebvre, M 15

Licenses, Timber 9, 79, 81, 87, 106

Lieut. -Governor's Address 6, 103

Limits, Timber 72

Little, Wm 3, 6, 120, 122, 125, 133

Loggie, Col. T. G 64, 90, 131, 132

Logging 85

Lotbiniere, Seigniory of 36

Lovers of Outdoor Life 110

Lumbermen 23, 50, 74, 77, 101, 127

Lumbermen and the Forest 77

Lumber Prices 35, 92

Macoun, J. M 3, 5, 69, 70, 93

Management, Forest 28, 38, 75, 85, 86

138

INDEX.

Page

Mapping, Forest 39, 84

Measurement of Timber 43

Meighan, Robt 5, 51, 64

Membership of C. F. A 4, 11, 68

Miller, J. B 3, 68

Mining 77

Miramichi Lumber Co 83, 88

Moose Mountain Reserve 45, 57

McKay, Dr. A. H 68

National Forests 26, 60

New Brunswick Forestry Course 69

New Brunswick Meeting of C. F. A 10

Newfoundland's Resources 8, 9,134

Northern Advance of Forest Trees 115

Objects of C. F. A 4

'Officers of C. F. A 3

Official Figures 30

Oka 14, 16, 19, 24

Penalties 36

Pennsylvania Railway Co 89

Permits. 9

Piche", G. C 5, 71, 108

Pinchot, Gifford 25, 68, 78

Pine, White 15, 35

Planting 46, 52, 58, 88

Port of Montreal 22

Practical Forestry in Eastern Canada. . . 83

Preservation of Forests 4, 81, 90, 98

President's Address 7

Price, Overton W 5, 25, 26, 60, 130

Private Holdings 72

Protection from Fire 46, 87, 90, 98, 108

Provincial Governments

. . . . 11, 17, 22, 33, 105, 121, 134

Pulpwood. 9, 10, 13, 22, 35

, Quebec's Position 21, 71

Raciot, Bishop 5, 29, 47

Railway Companies 69

Ray, Col. Walter J 5, 53, 121

Reforestation 4, 108, 113

Reid, Jas. 6

Regulations 80

Report, Board of Directors 68

Report, Treasurer's 70

Reserves, Forest. . .

18, 26, 28, 45, 46, 57, 58, 88, 107, 128

Reserves, More Needed 46

Resolutions '. 126, 129

Resolution Committee 59

Rice, Spring 58

Rise in Lumber Prices 35, 92

Riding Mountain Reserve 45, 57

River Drivers. 49

Robinson, Hiram 3, 68

Rocky Mountain Reserve 18, 58

Page

Roosevelt, President 9

Ross, A. H. D. .3, 5, 37, 54, 57, 64, 65, 68, 124

Ross, Norman M 58

Roth, Prof. Filibert

5, 24, 82, 99, 111, 125, 130

Royalty 81

Royal Commission 10, 108, 114

Sample Plots 41

Schenck, Dr. C. A 68

Scientific Methods 23, 69

Settlers 49, 101

Sifton, Hon. Clifford 19

Slash, Burning of 54

Smith, Cecil B 10

Smithsonian Museum 61

Soil Protection 96, 98

Southworth, Thomas

3, 5, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 134

Statistics 106

Sterling, E, A 5, 89

Stewart, E

. . .3, 5, 6, 54, 55, 59, 77, 93, 129, 131, 132

Storage of Water 10

Strip Surveys 42

Subscriptions to C. F. Journal 70

Swamp Lands 8

Sweeney, Hon. F. J . 68

Temagami District, Effects of Fire in. . . 58

Tenets, Seven Forestry 102

Timber Famine in Sight. .-92, 93, 114, 120, 121

Timber Limits 72, 106, 130

Topographic Methods 38

Toronto Forest School 69, 101

Trained Foresters 27, 47, 69, 76, 87

Treasurer's Report 70

Turgeon, Hon. A 3, 68, 106

Turtle Mountain Reserve 45, 57

United States Timber Supply. ... 10, 33, 78

United States Forest Service 25, 26, 60

Unlicensed Forest Lands 73, 76

Value of Forests 28, 75, 88

Value of Fish and Game 112

Water Powers 10, 96, 99

Wealth, Timber 97

Wickett, S. R 5, 62

Wilson, Ellwood 5, 48, 118, 130

Wilson, F. D. 3, 68

Woodlot Problem 29, 74

Wood Pulp 9, 10, 22, 119, 136

Wood, Mechanical Properties of 109

Yale Forest School 40, 108

Zavitz, E. J. . . . . . ' 5, 52, 61

Canadian Forestry Association
Special Meeting

TORONTO, ONT., FEBRUARY 11 & 12, 1909

The Dominion Forest Reserves

• . By III If

ABRAHAM KNECHTEL

Inspector Dominion Forest Reserves

THE DOMINION FOREST RESERVES.

INTRODUCTORY.

It would almost seem as if the white race had
wrong on this continent. Needing cleared land for agriculture
we started in the woods, and now when we need woods we start
on the cleared land. The arrangement was not an economic
one. The prairie should have been located near the Atlantic
and the woodland in the Northwest. Arranged as it was, with
the forest on the land that was close to the market for its pro-
ducts, forest destruction was at first a necessity, and later became
a habit. Fire, the good servant in clearing the land, ran ram-
pant carrying forest devastation far beyond the necessities of
the people.

The earliest settlers, coming from Europe were used to forest
conservation. They had practised it in the countries from
which they came. Forest destruction was to them a new
thing ; but the forests were so vast that they thought there
could never be a scarcity of wood, and they reasoned that the
more the forest was destroyed, the more the agricultural interests
of the country would be advanced. But the modern settler
sees the forest in a different light, especially so in the great North-
west where on the wide prairie wood is a luxury. To him forest
conservation is the necessity, not forest destruction. He has
no delight in the devastation of the woods by fire, and he hails
with hope legislation and management tending to improve the
condition of the forest. He sees clearly that his comfort and
his agricultural interests are closely dependent upon a plentiful
supply of wood.

The country is so vast and the demand for wood so great,
it is a tremendous problem to so manage the- forests that this
demand may be met continuously. Hope seems to lie in the
creation of forest reserves, and the policy of setting aside land
to be used as forest reserves is now pretty well established by the
Dominion Government.

The Dominion Forest Reserves are intended to preserve
and produce a perpetual supply of timber for the people of the

4 The Canadian Forestry Journal.

prairie, the homesteaders' needs being considered of first impor-
tance. They are not intended to furnish wood for the lumber trade.
Hence the policy of the Department is favorable to small mills
rather than to large ones which need large tracts of forest and
manufacture lumber beyond the needs of the settlers. To furnish
wood is primarily the purpose of Parliament in the creation
of the reserves. To be sure, our legislators are not unmindful
of other blessings of the forest. They are well aware that
forests feed springs, prevent floods, hinder erosion, shelter
from storms, give health and recreation, protect game and fish,
and give the country aesthetic features. However, the Domin-
ion Forest Reserve policy has for its motto, "Seek ye first
the production of wood and its right use and all these other
things will be added unto it. "

LOCATION AND AREA.

The Dominion Forest Reserves all lie in the northwestern
provinces. They are twenty-six in number, including the parks
whose timber is managed in precisely the same way as that of
the timber reserves proper. The number twenty-six does
not include the eastern slope of the Rockies, however, although
it also is under management similar to that of the forest reserves.
Manitoba has six reserves, namely:

Riding Mountain Reserve, containing 1535 sq. miles.
Duck Mountain 1251 " "

Porcupine No. 1 322 "

Lake Manitoba West " 248

Spruce Woods " 110 "

Turtle Mountain " " 109J "

Total 3575J "

Saskatchewan has four, namely:

Porcupine No. 2 Reserve, containing 360 sq. miles.

Moose Mountain " " 163 "

The Pines " " 145 "

Beaver Hills " " 72 "

Total 740 "

Alberta has six, namely :

Jasper Park Reserve, containing 5000 sq. miles.

Rocky Mountain Park Res." 4500 "

Cooking Lake Reserve, " 114 " "

Kootenay Lakes, 54 " "

Cypress Hills " 18 " "

Elk Island " 16 "

Total . 9702 "

The Dominion Forest Reserves.

British Columbia has ten, namely:
Yoho Park Reserve, containing
Glacier Park
Hat Creek
Long Lake
Tranquille
Niskonlith
Monte Hills
Donald
Larch Hills
Martin Mountain

Total

Summarizing :

Manitoba has 3,5 7 5^ sq. miles
Saskatchewan 740 " "
Alberta " 9,702 "
B. C. " 2,295 "

828^ sq. miles.

576

208

190

149

124*

106

72

25

18

2295

2,288, 160 acres.
473,600
6,209,280
1,467,800

Grand Total 16312J 10,438,840

DATES OF FORMATION.

The Dominion Government awoke to the necessity of
forming forest reserves in 1887, and has been constantly
moving forward in that direction, thus conserving the timber,
ever since that date, as appears from the following table which
gives the dates when the reserves were set aside.

1887, June 23, — Rocky Mountain Park Reserve, by Act of
Parliament.

1888, Oct. 11, — Glacier Park Reserve, by Order in Council.

1894, Dec. 29, — Moose Mountain Reserve, by Departmental
Order.

1895, May 30, — The Kootenay Lakes Reserve, by Order in
Council.

1895, July 13, — Riding Mountain Reserve, by Departmental
Order.

1895, July 13, — Lake Manitoba West Reserve, by Depart-
mental Order.

1895, July 13,— Spruce Woods Reserve, by Departmental
Order.

1895, July 13, — Turtle Mountain Reserve, by Departmental
Order.

1899, June 5, — Cooking Lake Reserve, by Departmental
Order.

1901, Dec. 14, — Yoho Park Reserve, by Order in Council.

1901, Aug. 29. — Beaver Hills Reserve, by Departmental
Order.

1902, Nov. 3 — Long Lake Reserve, by Departmental Order.

The Canadian Forestry Journal.

by Order in Council.

1902, N.QV. , 3 — -Rocky Mountain Reserve, extended 152
. : ; townships by Act of Parliament.

1903,, Nov. 26— t-Glacier Park Reserve extended 16 town-
ships by Order in Council.

1905, Npy. ,14,: — The Pines Reserve, by Departmental Order.
, 1906, July 13,— Duck Mt. Reserve, by Act of Parliament.

1906, July 13, — Porcupine No. 1'
,1906, July 1.3, — Porcupine No. 2'

1906, July 13 — Cypress Hills
1906, Jnly 13,— Monte Hills
1906, July 13, — Martin Mountain'
1906, July 13,— Niskonlith
1906, July 13,— Tranquille
1906, July 13;— Hat Creek
1906, July 13,— Donald
1906, July 13— Larch Hills

1906, July 13,— Elk Island

1907, Sept1. 14,— Jasper Park.

Sept. 17, — Yoho Park, reduced 105 sq. miles, by Order in
Council.

The work of making forest reserves is still progressing,
and will need to progress in Canada for many years. This year
the region around the Waterton Lakes in southwestern Alberta
was examined for this purpose. The forester who examined it
recommended that 195 square miles be set aside. Also, terri-
tories adjacent to certain reserves have been examined with
view to ascertaining their suitability to be added. Recommen-
dations have been made that 130 square miles be added to the
Spruce Woods Reserve in Manitoba, 238^ square miles to the
Pines Reserve in Saskatchewan, 45 square miles to the Beaver
Hills Reserve in Saskatchewan and 192 square miles to the
Cypress Hills Reserve in Alberta.

It is the policy of the Department in throwing open
territories for settlement, to put into forest reserves all land
that is uiisuited to agriculture or grazing, and in making these
examinations the foresters have kept this policy in mind.

GRAZING ON FOREST RESERVES.

It is not the policy of the Department, however, to exclude
from the reserves all land suitable for grazing. In fact, they
already include large grazing areas, and, if the recommenda-
tions made this year be sustained, such areas will be added
to the Cypress Hills and Beaver Hills. These areas are among
timber, and so we include them, rather than to exclude the
timber. Nor is it the policy of the Department to prevent
grazing on these areas. For several reasons it is desirable that
they should be grazed. The forest reserves are for the use of

The Dominion Forest Reserves. 7

the people; then why should good grass be allowed to go to
waste if it can be utilized? The grazing may be desirable also
as a protection to the woods. In some places the ground is
covered with a dense growth of long grass and peavine. This,
when dry, offers much fuel for fire ; and when the fire once gets
into it, it is almost impossible to check the flames. Cattle on
the prairie have much the same habit as the buffalo. In going
to water they follow one another and make paths which they
follow day after day. These paths are fire lines where the fire
may be checked, small to be sure, but there are many of them,
and they give lines from which to back-fire.

Perhaps it will be objected that grazing prohibits the repro-
duction of timber. It seems to me, however, that the inter-
ference with reproduction from this cause is much overestimated.
I know in the West many fields grazed constantly that have
come into timber. There is danger from overgrazing, but from
judicious grazing there is much less danger than from long grass
and peavine.

PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE.

The problem of protecting the forest reserves against fire
is the most difficult. one we have. The fire problem is difficult
even in the eastern provinces; but the conditions for fighting
fire here are very favorable as compared with those prevailing
in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and eastern British
Columbia. Compare, for instance, the number of rainy days
for the summer months at Calgary, Alberta; Qu'Appelle, Saskat-
chewan; Winnipeg, Manitoba; and Toronto, Ontario. In our
comparison, however, we must not only consider the number
of rainy days but also the quantity of rain falling on those days ;
because, although a day may be considered rainy, there may not
be precipitation enough to count much towards putting out a
forest fire. The following table is a comparison for the four
places mentioned, showing the average number of rainy days
in each of the summer months, and the average quantity of
rain falling in those months. It is compiled from statistics
furnished by the Meteorological Service published in a volume
entitled. "Rain and Snow- Fall of Canada."

The Canadian Forestry Journal.

TABLE OF RAINY DAYS.
(AVBRAGB 1883 TO 1902—20 YEARS.)

Jan.

Feb.:

Mar.

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.'

Totals.

Calgary. Alta

0.20

0.06

0.33

2.93

9.40

12.93

12.00

8.66

6.93

2.79

2.66

0.26

59.15

Qu'Appelle, Sask... .

0.25

0.30

0.40

4.00

8.80

12.65

11.90

8.35

8.15

4.?6

0.90

0.30

60.70

Winnipeg, Man

0.45

0.25

1.20

6.80

9.15

13.40

12.25

12.25

11.05

8.45

1.60

0.07

76.92

Toronto, Ont.* . . .,

5 30

5.75

6.70

9.30

13.30

11.35

11.95

10 35

11.05

13.20

11.15

7.4J

116.85

TABLE OF RAINFALL IN INCHES.
(AVERAGE 1883 TO 1907 — 25 YEARS).

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct..

Nov,

Dec.,

Totals.

Calgary, Alta.. . ....

0.013

0.016

0.024

0.262

2.010

3.060

2.630

2.490

0.991

0.191

0.004

o.oos

11.696

Qu'Appelle. Sask....
Winnipeg, Man
Toronto, Ont !

0.002
0.005

0.085
0.003

0.036
0.160

0.356
1 . 142

1.785
1.858

3.580
3.319

2.594
3.003

1.750
2.209

1.446
1.253

0.463
1.290

0.400
0.728

0.072
0.013

13.336
14.983

1.128

0.954

1.360

1.467

2.754

2.844

2.856

2.624

2.855

2.532

|

2 . 104
tj

1.563

25.041

.It would appear from these tables that Toronto is at a
slight disadvantage in the month of June. But of all the summer
months, June, July and August offer the least danger to the
forest. In these months the grass is green, the leaves are 'otit
on the shrubs and trees, the sap is in the bark, and the grouWd
is moist from the shade of the trees. The chief danger periods
are in the spring before June, and in the fall after September,
when the woods are dry. The Ontario fire law is constructed
upon the idea that the most dangerous period is from May 1st,
to October 1st. My own observations in Ontario have led me
to doubt the wisdom of that law in this particular.

The eastern provinces have a great advantage also in
regard to the wind. The average hourly velocity of the wind
3,t- Winnipeg for the eight summer months of 1905, as stated
by the Meteorological Service, was 14.87 miles per hour, white
at Toronto it was only 7.36 miles per hour; just twice as great
at Winnipeg as at Toronto. The people of the East were for-
tunate in that respect last summer. Had the wind here been
as high as in the West, quite likely there would have been twice
the quantity of timber destroyed. Then, in the East the winds
are moist; there is no dry chinook.

Again, in respect to population the East has the advantage.
When a forest fire starts in Ontario or Quecec, you can just

o

O

The Dominion Forest Reserves 9

go out to the 100-acre farms, and to the numerous small villages
and soon have a force of men to put it under control. But in
the Northwest the population is scarce, railroads are not so
numerous, and telephonic communication is not so good. In
that country we cannot count much on putting out forest fires
and so we have to be all the more diligent to see that fires do
not get started.

The reserves are under constant patrol, summer and winter.
During the danger periods the rangers lay aside all other duties
and guard the forest against fire. In 1908, we had only two
fires of any consequence, one in the Pines Reserve which burned
over 22 square miles destroying no merchantable timber, and
one in the Turtle Mountains, extending over 28 square miles,
mostly covered with grass. In each of these fires, however,
large areas of young reproduction growth was destroyed.

Last year we began a practice which we know saved the
reserves several fires. It is a well known fact that, in the early
spring, the fields become bare and the grass dry before the snow,
is all gone from the woods. While such conditions existed
the forest rangers burned the meadows along the reserve
boundaries. Fires, coming in from the prairie, met this wide
fire line and died out for want of fuel. Around the Riding
Mountains the meadows were burned for ninety miles, around
the Duck Mountains for forty-two miles, and around the Por-
cupine Mountains for thirty miles, all these in the most dan-
gerous places. It is the intention to extend this practice to all
the reserves wherever it is practicable, and to carry it out upon
an extensive scale.

Plowed fire guards also will be made around and across
some of the reserves. The forest ranger on the Cypress Hills
has instructions to plow a guard of four furrows entirely around
the reserve, and outside of this four rods distant from it a
second guard. Then, on calm days, with the help of two or
three men he is to burn the grass between the two guards.
On the Spruce Woods Reserve several guards will be plowed,
one of which will run along each side of the Canadian Northern
Railway which crosses the reserve.

Roads along the boundaries and through the reserves are
being constructed to aid in fighting fire. One hundred and
fifty miles was made this year. In certain places these roads
are very much needed. For instance, I noticed in my inspec-
tion of the Turtle Mountain Reserve that the roads all run
north and south. There is no way of going promptly and con-
veniently east and west. The fires mostly come in from Dakota
which lies to the south. Therefore, to facilitate the fighting
of fire the forest ranger was instructed to make a road follow-

10 The Canadian Forestry Journal.

ing the southern boundary. This will not only make it easier
to move about on the reserve but it will serve as a fire line
from which back-firing may be done.

REFORESTING.

The Department is making an attempt to reforest some
of the areas denuded by fire. From some experiments made
last spring, it would appear that this might be accomplishable
by putting down a few seeds with a handful of sand over them
at each place where we wish to have a forest tree. This was
tried on the Turtle Mountains and on the Spruce Woods Reserve.
In the former it was successful, in the latter unsuccessful. On
the Turtle Mountains the seed was thus placed under poplars
and among long grass. The following species were planted:
White Pine, Norway Pine, Jack Pine, Bull Pine, White Spruce,
Red Spruce, Colorado Blue Spruce, Engelmann Spruce and
Balsam. Among the poplars the seed was evidently taken by
birds, rodents or insects; but in the long grass every species
germinated, and just before snow-fall the trees were alive and
looking well.

It is intended to carry on a variety of such experiments next
summer. For this purpose the forest ranger on the Spruce
Woods Reserve collected last fall 40 bushels of Spruce cones, the
ranger on the Cypress Hills 40 bushels of Lodgepole Pine, and a
party of foresters working on the Pines Reserve SO bushels of
Jack Pine. These are the species with which we hope to achieve
success as they are the ones likely to prove hardy.

We shall do our best to win along this line, because the
method of raising trees in nurseries until they are three or four
years old and then setting them out into the field is far too slow
and too expensive a method to count much towards meeting the
demand for wood that will develop on this continent during the
next hundred years. The nursery method is simply gardening.
It is a good method for the farmer's wood-lot. Foresters should,
however, seek for a method commensurate to the needs of the
Government lands. In the meantime, however, we are not
despising the gardening method even on the reserves. We may
be forced to use it, and next spring we shall start some seed
beds. In fact 35,000 trees have already been planted on the
Spruce Woods Reserve, from stock raised at the Forestry Farm
at Indian Head.

REMOVAL OF SQUATTERS,

A large number of people, mostly foreigners, had located
and started farming operations upon the reserves, expecting
some time in some way, political or otherwise, they would be
permitted to make entry for the places they occupied. The

[Photo by S. Witten
Grazing, Riding Mountain Reserve, Manitoba.

[Photo by S. Witten

Forest Survey Party, Summer 1908.
Riding Mountain Reserve, Manitoba.

The Dominion Forests Reserves 11

Department determined upon their removal. They numbered
one hundred and twenty-six on the Riding Mountain, and
twenty-five on the Turtle Mountain Reserve. The task of
removing these people was a delicate one and required great
judgment and courage on the part of the forest rangers. The
chief ranger of the Riding Mountains, W. A. Davis, devoted the
entire summer to the work. All the squatters have been removed
except three on the Riding Mountains and two on the Turtle
Mountains. These remaining ones will move early next spring.

In this work the Department followed a lenient policy.
The squatters were taken to look over lands in wagons furnished
to them free of charge. They got free entry for the lands they
selected, and they received compensation for improvements they
had on the forest reserves. The total cost of removing all these
people was only $6,000. They have all made affidavits
stating that they have been well treated and are pleased with
the change.

MARKING RESERVE BOUNDARIES.

In order that the public may not unintentionally trespass
upon the forest reserves thinking themselves on private property,
or on other Dominion lands, the Department began last year to
mark the boundaries with iron posts. These are three-cornered
and hence differ in shape from the regular Dominion survey
posts. They are marked with the letters "D. F. R." (Dominion
Forest Reserve) and the part that projects out of the ground is
painted red so that it will be readily observable, summer and
winter.

Considerable work was done in this direction last year.
Mr. David Beatty, a Dominion Land Surveyor, was at work
with a party of men on the unsurveyed portion of the boundary
of the Porcupine Reserve and ran fifty-one miles of the line.
The forest rangers are working on the boundaries that have been
surveyed and have located 140 miles.

This work was in many places difficult of accomplishment.
It was about thirty years since the lines had been surveyed and
some of them having been burned over, the wooden posts had
been destroyed and the mounds almost obliterated. People
familiar with the West know, also, that mosquitoes and flies
are numerous and troublesome in the summer months. As it is
the intention to have the boundary line a road from which fire
can be fought it was cut out from six to eight feet wide.

Much more of this work would have been done if the rangers
could have begun early in the spring. But during the early
part of the summer they were all busy with the removal of
squatters.

12 The Canadian Forestry Journal.

FOREST SURVEY.

In order that the Department may have a thorough know-
ledge of the reserves and become able to form judgment as to
how the tree growth thereon should be managed, a timber and
topographic survey is being conducted. Last summer Assistant
Inspector MacMillan with a party of five forestry students
conducted such survey of the Pines Reserve. Assistant Inspector
Dickson did similar work with a party of thirteen in the Riding
Mountains. It is the intention to have four such parties on the
reserves next summer. This survey serves a double good pur-
pose. It gives the Department the knowledge it desires and
gives the students the practical side of their forestry course.

The timber survey makes a thorough study of the tree
growth. It gives the areas covered with mature timber and with
younger timber and states the quantity of each. It considers the
accretion and the reproduction of timber in the forest and
discovers means for their encouragement in quantity and quality.
It examines areas having no tree growth, and recommends
methods by which they may be afforested. It studies the effect
of past management upon the forest, and advises improvements
for the future. It suggests means by which dangers to the
forest from fire, storms, fungi and insects may be reduced. It
investigates the utilization of the forest, and seeks new uses for
forest products.

The topographic survey describes the hills and valleys, the
lakes, streams and trails. It studies the best routes for the
removal of the mature timber and locates trails for protecting
the forest against fire.

KINDS OF TIMBER.

The following species of trees exist in commercial quantity
on the forest reserves : —

Poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and Balm of Gilead
(Populus balsamifera Linn.) exist on all reserves east of the
Rockies. Poplar reaches a maximum size of 32 inches at breast
height. Fifteen inches, however, is the largest common size for
sound trees. Balm of Gilead reaches a maximum of 34 inches,
with a common large size, sound, of 18 inches.

White Spruce (Picea canadensis [Mill.] B.S.P.) and Black
Spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) exist on all reserves
east of the Rockies except Turtle Mountain, Moose
Mountain, Beaver Hills, Cooking Lake, Elk Island and Buffalo
Park reserves. Maximum 48 inches; common large, sound, 18
inches.

Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmanni Engelm.) exists on
the Kootenay Lakes, Jasper Park, Rocky Mountain Park and

[Photo by S. Witten
Grazing, Riding Mountain Reserve, Manitoba.

I

[Photo by S. Witten

Forest Survey Party, Summer 1908.
Riding Mountain Reserve, Manitoba.

The Dominion Forests Reserves 13

all British Columbia reserves. Maximum 30 inches; common
large, sound, 16 inches.

Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) exists on all Manitoba
reserves except the Spruce Woods and Turtle Mountain. In
Saskatchewan it appears in the Porcupine and the Pines reserves.
Maximum 20 inches; common large, sound, 12 inches.

Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta, var. Murryana [Engelm.]
B.&W.) exists on the Cypress Hills , Kootenay Lakes, Jasper
Park, Rocky Mountain Park and all British Columbia reserves.
Maximum 20 inches; common large, sound, 14 inches.

Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) exists on all British
Columbia reserves. Maximum 36 inches; common large, sound,
26 inches.

Western White Pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) exists on all
British Columbia reserves. Maximum 32 inches; common large,
sound, 24 inches.

Tamarack (Larix americana Michx.) exists on all the
Manitoba reserves except Turtle Mountain. It occurs on the
Pines and Porcupine reserves in Saskatchewan, and on the
Jasper Park in Alberta. Maximum 24 inches; common large,
sound, 14 inches.

Western Larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) exists on all the
British Columbia reserves. Maximum 30 inches; common large,
sound, 24 inches.

Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata Sudw.) exists on the
Kootenay Lakes, Jasper Park, Rocky Mountain Park and all
British Columbia reserves. Maximum 36 inches; common large,
sound, 24 inches.

Balsam (Abies balsamea [Linn.] Mill.) exists on Riding
Mountain, Duck Mountain, Porcupine and Lake Manitoba West
reserves. Maximum 17 inches; common large, sound, 10 inches.

Western Cedar (Thuja plicata Don.) exists on all British
Columbia reserves. Maximum !84 inches; common large, sound,
40 inches.

Western Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana, authors) exists on
the .British Columbia reserves. Maximum 35 inches; common
large, sound, 10 inches.

White Birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) exists on the
Manitoba reserves. Maximum 26 inches; common large, sound,
14 inches.

There are also on the Manitoba reserves small quantities
of merchantable Green Ash (Fraxinu's lanceolata Borkh.).
Maximum 12 inches; common large, sound, 8 inches. Bur Oak
(Quercus macrocarpa .Michx.). Maximum 27 inches; common
large, sound, 10 inches. Manitoba Maple (Acer negundo Linn.).
Maximum 11 inches; common large, sound, 7 inches.

14

The Canadian Forestry Journal.

TIMBER ESTIMATES.

As has been previously stated, the Department is making
a forest survey of the reserves which should give a close estimate
of the timber thereon. Such estimate has been made for the
Riding Mountain Turtle Mountain, Moose Mountain and the
Pines reserves, and for these the following figures are probably
close to the actual quantities on those reserves. For all other
reserves the estimates are only tentative: —

MANITOBA RESERVES.

Saw Timber.

Duck Mountain. . 300,000,000 bd. ft.

Riding Mountain 250,000,000 "

Porcupine No. 1 ..... 50,000,000 "

Turtle Mountain : . 1,333,000 "

Spruce Woods 1,000,000 "

Lake Manitoba West 600,000 "

Fuel Wood.
3,000,000 cords.
2,500,000
750,000
135,000
30,000
40,000

Total.. 602,933,000

6,250,000

SASKATCHEWAN RESERVES.

Saw Timber. Fuel Wood.

Porcupine No. 2 50,000,000 bd. ft. 500,000 cords.

Moose, Mountain. ..'.. 5,000,000 " 130,000 "

The Pines 50,000 "

Beaver Hills 10,000 "

Total.. :....,...... 55,000,000

ALBERTA RESERVES.

Saw Timber.

Eastern Slope.. . . ... 3,000,000,000 bd. ft.

Rocky Mountain Park. . . 300,000,0.00 "

Jasper Park '.: 100,000,000 "

Cypress Hills 2,000,000 "

Cooking Lake

Kootenay Lakes

Elk Island Park...

690,000

Fuel Wood.
5 0,000 ,000 cords.
3,000,000
1,000,000
lOOjOOO
100,000
10,000
10,000

Total 3,402,000,000

54,220,000

BRITISH COLUMBIA RESERVES.

Saw Timber.
Railway Belt & Yoho Prk 600,000,000 bd. ft.

Fuel Wood.
6,000,000 cords.

[Photo by J F Clark

Western Cedar and Black Pine,
Rocky Mountain Park Reserve, Alberta.

The Dominion Forests Reserves

15

SUMMARY.

Saw Timber.

Manitoba Res 602,933,000 bd. ft.

Saskatchewan Res 55,000,000 "

Alberta Res 3,402,000,000 "

British Columbia Res.. 600,000,000 "

Fuel Wood.
6,250,000 cords.

690,000 "

54,220,000 "

6,000,000 "

Total 4,659,933,000

67,160,000

ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL OUTPUT.

The following table showing the quantities and kinds of
timber taken from the reserves is also tentative as it is only an
estimate. Heretofore, the quantities of timber cut on permits
granted for the reserves have not been kept separate in the
records from those granted for timber on other Dominion lands.
It is the intention that in future forest reserve matters shall be
kept by themselves so that accurate data in regard to them can
be obtained. The receipts, however, as stated in the table, may
be considered as correct. The figures may seem small considering
the quantities of timber removed; but it should be borne in
mind that every homesteader is entitled to one free permit.

TIMBER CUT DURING YEAR ENDING MARCH 31sT, 1908.

DISTRICT.

Lumber.
Ft. B.M.

Logs.
Lineal ft.

Cord wood.
Cords.

Fence
Posts.
No.

Fence
Rails.
No.

Poles.
No.

Receipts.

Manitoba Reserves

3,789,180

17,134

3,647

31,100

22,650

8,250

$ 7,044.41

Saskatchewan Reserves
Alberta Reserves

343,435
1,400

464,110
332 612

9,029
1,280

117,140
52,080

106,510
247,155

102.414
48,265

535. 35
56.75

British Columbia Reserves. . .
Eastern slope, North as far as
Brazeau River

8,338,000
31,651,610

2,500
56,037

336 860

1,336,700

4,794.00
19,325.00

Totals

44,123,625

813,856

72,493

537,180

1,713,015

158,929

$31,755.51

Throwing these different kinds of material into saw timber
and cordwood we have saw timber about 45,751,325 board feet;
cordwood 105,943 cords. Dividing these quantities into the
quantities estimated as standing on the reserves and we perceive
that the saw timber should last for one hundred years, and the
cordwood for six hundred and thirty-four years, practically
forever, providing that the rate of consumption remains the
same and that no timber be destroyed by fires or other causes.
To be sure the growth has not been taken into account, but it
is reasonable to suppose that fires will at least offset the
growth, be we ever so vigilant.

16 Tlte Canadian Forestry Journal.

THE REMOVAL OF TIMBER.

The cutting of timber on the forest reserves is under the
control of the Superintendent of Forestry. In the Moose
Mountain, Turtle Mountain, Spruce Woods and Cypress Hills
Reserves no wood except dry or fallen timber is allowed to be
cut. On these reserves there is no mature timber and the
restriction is necessary to save the young trees which would
otherwise be cut as soon as they would become usable. On all
other reserves both dry and green timber may be cut.

Permits to cut dry wood up to twenty-five cords are granted
free of dues, only a small office fee of twenty-five cents being
required as on all permits. Permits are granted to cut dry wood
for sale or barter up to one hundred cords at the rate of twenty-
five cents a cord.

A homesteader is allowed one free permit and only one,
to cut either dry or green timber if he has no timber suitable for
his purposes on his own place. A free permit may be issued for
the following quantities: —

(a) 3 ,000 lineal feet of building timber, no log to be over
12 inches in diameter at the butt end, unless the timber is cut
from dry trees, in which case timber of any diameter may be
taken. If the building timber is to be sawn at the mill the
permittee is entitled to receive free of dues enough timber for
9,250 feet of lumber, and no more.

(6) 400 roof poles to be used for such purpose.

(c) 500 fence posts, 7 feet long, and not to exceed 5 inches
at the small end.

(d) 2,000 fence rails.

In Manitoba, Saskatchewan, or Alberta, a settler who loses
his dwelling or other building by fire not due to his own careless-
ness, is entitled to a free permit for timber to replace it. The
quantity, however, must not exceed the amounts stated above.

Any bona fide settier who has not a sufficient supply on his
own farm may be granted each year a permit for the following
quantities of timber at the prices here stated :—

10,000 feet board measure of building logs for lumber,
no tree to be cut which is of less diameter than ten inches at
breast height, or at four and one-half feet from the ground:

Poplar . .......... @ $1.50 per thousand feet.

Other Species @ 3.00

500 fence posts, seven feet long, not to exceed five inches in
diameter at the top:

Poplar and Willow @ 2c. each.

Other Species.. . @ 5c. ' ""

500 fence rails or roof poles, not to exceed six inches in diameter
at the butt :

The Dominion Forests Reserves 17

Poplar only @ 2c. each.

1,000 lineal feet of round building material, no log to exceed
twelve inches in diameter at the butt:

Any Species @ Ic. per lineal ft.

15 cords of fuel:

Poplaronly @ $1.00percord.

Timber cut without permit in the reserves is seized by the
forest rangers, and double dues are charged upon it. If the dues
are not paid the timber is disposed of at public auction. If no
bid is received equal to the amount due the Government the
wood may be disposed of by private sale. During 1908 the
rangers seized 190,626 feet, board measure, 900 fence posts and

16 loads of cordwood, and collected as dues $1,101.61 with some
seizures still unsettled.

Up to the present time permits have been granted only to
actual settlers living within fifty miles of the nearest boundary
of any reserve. This limitation is under consideration. There
is very little wood in southern Manitoba and scarcely any in
Saskatchewan, and it is a question if the people all over these
provinces should not be allowed the use of the mature wood of
the forest reserves. It may not be quite justice to allow only
the people living in the immediate vicinity of the reserves to
have all the blessings.

It is a question also, if it is wise to allow only settlers to cut
the timber. The average settler in taking out timber has little
care for the future of the forest. His only object is to get out
the timber he needs as easily as possible. If one tree has all the
timber he requires, but if two will furnish it more easily, he will
cut the two trees. Moreover, the settlers cut high stumps leave
large tops, and make no disposal of the brush. Millmen, knowing
the loss in cutting high stumps and leaving large tops, and
having regard for the future growth, treat the forest with much
greater care. It therefore seems to me that mills should be
permitted to enter the reserves, but they should enter under
certain restrictions: —

(1) Only portable mills should be permitted.

(2) Mills should locate where the Forestry Branch directs.

(3) Permits should be granted for a definite tract not more
than one mile square.

(4) Permits should be granted for one year only, but should
be renewable at the discretion of the Superintendent of
Forestry and should be cancellable at any time for
violation of the regulations.

(5) Only such timber should be cut as is marked previously
by the Department for removal, and no cutting should
begin before the marking is completed.

18 The Canadian Forestry Journal.

(6) In cutting down the trees the stumps left should not be
more than 18 inches high.

(7) The trees should be cut down with a saw.

(8) All parts exceeding 4 inches in diameter of trees cut down
should be removed by the permittee, and this should be
done as the cutting progresses.

(9) Brush should be cut so as to lie flat on the ground except-
ing along the roads where it should be piled and burned
under the immediate supervision of the Department.

(10) Any unmarked trees cut down on account of the lodging
of the larger trees in felling should be piled by themselves
separately from the other logs, and should be considered
the property of the Department to be afterwards
disposed of, either to the permittee or others as con-
sidered best.

(1 1) The dues on timber removed should be the same as those
demanded of settlers.

(12) Lumber should be sold only to bona fide occupants of
homesteads, or for the purpose of erecting churches and
schools in rural districts.

(13) Any lumber obtained from a permittee and afterwards
sold or offered for sale should be seized by the Depart-
ment, i

(14) No settler should be permitted to receive from the mil
in any one year more than 10,000 feet of lumber.

(15) The price of lumber at the mill should be fixed period-
ically by the Department.

(16) Settlers should be permitted to draw out their lumber
with their own teams.

(17) Permittees should be required to keep a mill book in
which should be recorded all sales, to whom made,
quantity sold, and price charged.

The Department has this scheme of treating the forest
already under operation. A sawmill operating in the Cypress
Hills was last fall put under such restrictions, partly as an
experiment, and I am glad to be able to report that the experi-
ment is apparently a success. The owner of this mill had applied
for a tract of spruce timber three-fourths of a mile square. The
Department stated the restrictions. They were accepted.
Assistant Inspector Dickson marked the trees to be cut, and
the work of cutting began. The forest ranger of the Cypress
Hills Reserve who has the work under his supervision,, writing
on January 22, 1909, reports as follows : "I have been down to the
Gray burn mill for a few days and was all through the bush where
they are cutting. They are keeping very close to the marked
trees. I told them to get the brush piled along the trails and to

The Dominion Forests Reserves 19

get the poles out and they promised to do so. I will go down
again soon and burn it."

THE RESERVES AS PLEASURE RESORTS.

There are many beautiful lakes on the forest reserves and
some of these are being now freely used as summer resorts. It
seems to me that this should be encouraged. The campers are
not a menace to the forest, in fact they are a protection, as they
have personal interest in guarding the forest against fire. Besides,
with campers on the lakes when a fire occurs there are people at
hand to help to extinguish it. Therefore, the Department has
under consideration the advisability of renting camp sites on
the shores of these lakes, the leases to be made out for ten years,
renewable at the discretion of the Superintendent of Forestry
and cancellable at any time for any misuse or menace to the
forest reserve.

W. B. SNOWBALL,
PRESIDENT CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1908-9.

Tenth Annual Report

OF THE

Canadian r orestry Association

1909

TORONTO :

Printed by WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Limited, Printers,
1909.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS, 1909-10

PATRON :

His EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.

HONORARY PRESIDENT t

The Right Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

PRESIDENT -.

Thomas Southworth.

VICE-PRESIDENT :

Hon. W. C. Edwards.

SECRETARY :

A. H. D. Ross.

Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto,
Toronto. Ont.

TREASURER :
Miss M. Robinson.

Forestry Branch, Ottawa, Ont.
ASSISTANT-SECRETARY :

F. W. H. Jacombe.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Ontario — Hon. Frank Cochrane.
Quebec — Hon. Jules Allard.
New Brunswick — Hon.W. C. H. Grimmer.
Nova Scotia — Hon. W. T. Pipes.
Prince Edward Island— Dr. J. War-
burton.

Manitoba — Hon. R. P. Roblin.
Saskatchewan — His Honour A. E. Forget.

Alberta — Wm. Pearce.

British Columbia — Hon. H. Bostock.

Yukon — A. Henderson.

MacKenzie — F. D. Wilson.

Keeroatin — His Honour Sir Daniel Mac-

millan.
Ungava — His Grace, Mgr. Bruchesi,

Archbishop of Montreal.

Wm. Little.

Hiram Robinson.

E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere.

E. Stewart.

H. M. Price.

Hon. Sydney Fisher.

R. H. Campbell.

Mgr. J. C. K. Laflamme.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS :

W. B. Snowball.
J. B. Miller.
W. A. Charlton.
Gordon C. Edwards.
G. Y. Chown.
Dr. B. E. Fernow.
Ell wood Wilson.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL:

R. H. Campbell Thomas Southworth Avila Bedard J. M. Macoun

MANAGING EDITOR :

F. W. H. Jacombe.

ASSOCIATE EDITOR :

G. C. Piche.

[3]

The Canadian Forestry Association

T^HIS ASSOCIATION stands for a rational solution of the most
•*• important economic problem now confronting the people of Canada,
and is engaged in a work of national importance, in which every
citizen of every Province and Territory in the Dominion has a direct
interest. €J The objects of the Association are to secure

1 . The exploration of the public domain, so that lands
unsuitable for agricultural purposes may be reserved
for timber production.

2. The preservation of the forests for their influence on
climate, soil, and water supply.

3. The promotion of judicious methods in dealing with
forests and woodlands.

4. Reforestation where advisable.

5. Tree-planting on the plains, and on streets, and
highways.

6. The collection and dissemination of information
bearing on the forestry problem in general.

Are You a Member?

Cjj If you are already a member of the Association you are requested
to use your influence in getting others interested in what you know
to be a good cause. If you are not a member, your membership is
earnestly solicited. The annual fee is only one dollar, which entitles
you to a year's subscription for the CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL
(the official organ of the Association) and a full Report of the Pro-
ceedings of the Annual meeting. The life membership is ten dollars.

<I Applications for membership should be addressed to the secretary.

A. H. D. ROSS, Faculty of Forestry,

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

[4]

Tenth Annual Convention of the Canadian
Forestry Association.

A special meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association was held in
the Convocation Hall of the University of Toronto, on Thursday and Friday,
the llth and 12th of February, 1909.

Among those present from Nova Scotia were F. C. Whitman, Annap-
olis Royal, President Western Nova Scotia Lumbermens' Association, and
E. Geoffrey Stairs, Halifax. New Brunswick was represented by the Hon-
ourable W. C. H. Grimmer, Survey or- Gener al ; Professor E,. B. Miller, of
the University of New Brunswick; W. B. Snowball, Chatham, President of
the Canadian Forestry Asociation; G. H. Edgecombe, St. John; E. Hutch-
ison, Douglastown. From the Province of Quebec: — H. M. Price and W.
C. J. Hall, of Quebec; Wm. Little, E. Stewart, Achille Bergevin, (repre-
senting the Quebec Fish and Game Protective Association), Carl Biordan,
representing the Canadian Manufacturers Association), F. Schafheitlin, of
Montreal; Ell wood Wilson, representing the International Pulp and Paper
Company, of Grand Mere. From Ottawa, there were present the Honour-
able Sydney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture; R. H. Campbell, Dominion
Superintendent of Forestry; the Hon. W. C. Edwards, James M. Macoun,
A. C. Campbell, Frank Hawkins, Secretary Canadian Lumbermen's Asso-
ciation; A. Knetchtel, Inspector of Dominion Forest Reserves; H. R. Mac-,
Millan, F. W. H. Jacombe, J. R. Dickson, of the Dominion Forest Service.
Queen's University was represented by Professor W. T. McClement and
G. Y. Chown; the Ontario Agricultural College by E. J. Zavitz, Forester
to the Department of Agriculture. From Toronto there were present the
Honourable Frank Cochrane, Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines;
Aubrey White, Deputy Minister of Lands and Forests; Thos. Southworth,
Vice-President Canadian Forestry Association; J. B. Miller, Vice-President
Canadian Lumbermen's Association; Dr. B. E. Fernow, A. H. D. Ross, Dr.
C. D. Howe and J. H. White, of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Tor-
onto; A. C. Prett, M.L.A. ; Rev. A. E. Burke, J. F. Ellis, Philips Thomson,
W. A. Firstbrook, T. A. Gibson, J. E. Murphy, T. A. Gibson, Milton Adam-
son, J. 0. Thorn, F. Page Wilson, L. M. Ellis, John B. Alexander, L. R.
Andrews, F. H. Wood, J. F. MacKay, P. I. Bryce, Roy L. Campbell, Geo.
Hunter Robinson, R. C. Chamberlain, Charles Dowling, R. B. Hutton, E. S.
Caswell, Thos. Jenkins, R. P. Wodehouse, Geo. S. Smith, Leadley Ogden, B.
R. Norton, W. G. A. Lambe, John B. Laidlaw, H. R. Jarvis, R. G. Lewis,
V. R. Lapp, Ernest C. Manning, Geo. A. Howell, Thos. Bengough. Amongst

6 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

others present were W. L. Scandrett and J. Albert Hand, London; Frank S.
Pearce, Marmora; T. W. Dwight, Picton; H. L. Lovering, Coldwater; J.
Hutchinson, Guelph; E. Hawthorne, Warsaw; Charles Dowling, Brantford;
H. S. Irwin, Kamloops, B.C. ; F. M. Mitchell, Athens, Pa. ; Lloyd C. Tilt,
Blair; Thos. Stewart, Lindsay; W. T. C. Boyd, Bobcaygeon; D. James,
Thornhill; A. McPherson, Longford Mills; W. H. Calhoun, Shelburne.

The President, Mr. W. B. Snowball, was accompanied to the chair by
His Excellency Earl Grey, Governor-General of the Dominion <;f Canada;
His Honour J. M. Gibson, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario;
Honourable Sydney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion; and
Honourable W. C. H. Grimmer, Surveyor-General of New Brunswick.

THE PRESIDENT : Ladies and Gentlemen, — We are pleased to have with
us to-day His Excellency, the Governor-General, who has promised to open
this meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association for us. I have now
much pleasure in calling upon Earl Grey.

THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S ADDRESS.

Mr. Chairman', Ladies and Gentlemen, — In opening the proceedings
of this Conference it would appear to be hardly necessary to comment at
any length upon the supreme importance of the subject which will engage
your attention for the next two days.

It is now -generally admitted, by all who have made a study of this
question, that forestry — by which term I mean the scientific management
of forest areas — has an intimate bearing on the agricultural and industrial
•prosperity of a nation, and upon its health and happiness as well.

It is now accepted by all authorities that uncontrolled deforestration
means a gigantic amount of fertile soil annually washed off denuded hills
by spring floods into streams and rivers, and prolonged droughts in the
summer and autumn, with consequent failure of crops and resulting famine.

The President of the United States has called the attention of the
American people to the fact that owing to the reckless misuse of their splen-
did forests, they will soon be confronted with an impending timber famine,
unless vigorous measures are immediately taken to arrest all further exploi-
tation of the remaining forests by selfish and uncontrolled licensees, with-
out any regard to the interests of posterity.

For the last 133 years in the United States the principle of individual
enterprise for personal benefit, with selfish disregard for the public interest,
would appear to have been allowed unchecked and unregulated sway. It is
now realised that unless the people of the whole continent of North America
adopt the principle of subordinating individual interests to the well-being

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 7

of the community, they must eventually drift into a state of material as well
as moral bankruptcy.

flow to conserve the natural resources in the interest of posterity, while
obtaining from them the greatest profit that scientific management can
secure for the enrichment of the living, is the problem which the President
of the United States has invited the Governments of all parts of the North
American continent to consider.

In May, 1908, the President convened a Conference of the Governors
of the different States for the purpose of considering how best to conserve
and develop the natural resources of the country. A National Conservation
Commission was appointed to make a report. That report has recently
been presented. The facts set forth in the report, in the .language of the
President, "constitute an imperative call to action." The Government of
the United States is thoroughly convinced that the better conservation of
the national resources is the fundamental question before which all other
questions would appear to sink into minor importance.

We are told that the American people are already convinced by the
revelations of this Commission that there is a direct relation between forests
and the stream flow, upon which both navigation and agriculture depend,
and that they consequently are already standing "almost as a unit for
forest protection."

In the message of the President of the United States, communicated to
the two Houses of Congress at the beginning of last session, the President
printed some pictures showing the terrible and awful desolation occasioned
in parts of China by reckless deforestation. I wish these pictures could be
republished in Canada for the information of your schools. They would
show, in a manner that could not fail to impress the imagination of the
rising generation, how deforestation causes the washing of fertile soil into
the streams and the covering of the former fertile plains with rock-waste
from the denuded hillslopes, and thus prevents the continued growth of crops
upon the plains.

I know no more impressive or conclusive illustration of the close and
direct connection existing between scientific forestry and prosperous agri-
culture, and I would, therefore, suggest to this conference that among the
other methods it may adopt for the education of the public mind upon this
all-important subject, they should consider the desirability of publishing
these parts of the President's message, accompanied by the illustrations
confirming the importance of his solemn warnings, and showing how as a
direct consequence of reckless deforestation the terrible Mongol Desert is
steadily extending eastward over Northern China.

8 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Mr. Gilford Pinchot, the chairman of the United States National Forest
Conservation Commission, states that since 1870, forest fires have yearly
destroyed, in the United States, not less than 50 million acres of forest.

i

He calculates that under right management the American forests will

yield over four times as much as now, and that waste in the woods and in the
mill might be reduced by at least one-third, with a certain increase in both
present as well as future profit.

The teaching of the people how to care for their forests is becoming
the first object of the American Government. I hope it will also become
the first object of the Canadian people.

Not only is the scientific management of the forest areas necessary
in the interests of navigation, agriculture and life, but the advancing needs
of civilization would appear to require a continually increasing amount of

wood per capita of the population.

% •

In Germany, where one-quarter of the entire land area is covered with
forests yielding a greater amount of material than any other forest, owing
to their more scientific management, the demands for imported timber to
make up for the deficiency of the home supply are increasing.

The forest area of the Dominion is said to be 354,000,000 acres. By
far the greater part of this is still Crown Land, or, in other words, belongs
to the people.

The question for you to determine appears to me to be this — shall
this great inheritance of which you are the trustees be handed over to
uncontrolled individuals to be misused, without regard to the interests
of posterity, or shall it be managed under careful and well-considered regu-
lations on lines which will increase the public revenues at the same time
that they will ensure a steady advance in capital value?

I have now much pleasure in declaring this Conference open. (Applause).

The PRESIDENT : We also have with us His Honour the Lieutenant-
Governor of the Province of Ontario, and while his name does not appear
on the programme he has kindly consented to say a few words.

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR GIBSON'S ADDRESS.

His Honour, Lieutenant-Governor Gibson, was received with applause,
and said : "I certainly shall not delay the Congress by making much of a
speech. I probably -would not say a word at all were it not for the fact that
for some three years, while a member of the Government of this Province,

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 9

I had the honour, as well as the responsibility, of being at the .head of the
Department of Crown Lands and. Timber of this Province, and during that
short time my attention was drawn to this important subject. For many
years it has been recognized as an extremely important subject. We have
not, however, made very much progress in Ontario, beyond pretty effective
fire-ranging, for the protection of our forests from fire, and the setting apart
of some forest reserves. So far as the Government of the Province has
gone, these have been, in my opinion, very important steps. It is pretty
generally admitted that when the late Honourable A. S. Hardy introduced
legislation and carried out the necessary steps for setting apart Algonquin
Park for all time as a reserve, no more important and more praiseworthy
policy was ever carried out in connection with timber reserves and forest
preservation. (Applause). I am not claiming any merit for originality
when I say that while I acted as Commissioner of Crown Lands, I expounded
a policy which was carried out to some extent, and that was, that areas
of land in this Province unfitted for agricultural purposes, and which on
account of being rocky and otherwise unfavourable could not be advan-
tageously used for agricultural purposes, should be selected and set apart
as forest reserves. (Applause). I commenced the practical carrying out
of that policy by setting apart three or four townships in the eastern part
of the Province and comparatively close to the water front, in the counties
of Addington and Frontenac. Those areas, unfitted for agricultural purposes,
which had been timbered as an old limit, were purchased from the limit
owners for a comparatively small amount, and they are now coming on
with considerable rapidity as pine forest reservations. (Applause). The
expenditure for the purpose of protecting it was comparatively nil. A man
in the neighborhood was engaged at the very small salary of $500 or $600
a year, and it was his duty to take all necessary precautions against fire.
Little or no danger of fire exists, because the whole area is almost sur-
rounded by a chain of little lakes. A second growth of pine is coming on,
and when I last heard from the reservation it was doing well. The follow-
ing year I caused to be set apart a reservation in the western part of the
Province, east of Port Arthur. In the year after that, my attention was
devoted to taking official steps by means of a departmental trip in which
Mr. Southworth, who is prominent in this Assembly — (applause) — Mr.
White, the Deputy of the Department, and others, spent some time in going
through the area now known as the Temagami Preserve. After I left the
Department my successor introduced the necessary legislation for the set-
ting apart for all time of the Temagami Reserve. (Applause). The point
that I desire to make is that there can be found in this Province areas
which will never be fit for agricultural purposes, which have been burned
over, and on which a second growth is coming on, and that each year should
see the selection and setting apart of a considerable portion of the Province
to be held and sacredly protected as 'a Forest E/eserve for all time. (Hear,
hear, and applause). So far as this generation is concerned, or probably
the next generation, and perhaps a generation or two after that, no fruit

10 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

will be borne which can be made commercially profitable; but the time will
come when posterity will bless the enthusiasts who adopted a policy of that
kind and carried it out. (Applause). I have personal knowledge (because
I have had some experience in the backwoods of this Province) of an area
of pine timber that was burned over and absolutely reduced to ashes, that
is at the present day — and I am not an extremely old man — covered thor-
oughly with a growth of white pine, which although not yet commercially
useful, will in the course of twenty or thirty years become a valuable piece
of pine forest. (Applause). When one knows of such a case as this, he
feels that he can speak with more positiveness on a subject of this kind than
if he has to deal with mere theories. Now, I think I have spoken unneces-
sarily long to an audience composed, as this is, of experts and others, and
I have probably expressed views which are too much in the nature of A, B,
C, to be at all useful or entertaining; but before sitting down I wish to
express my opinion that no more useful Convention could be held than one
whose object is to consider not merely the protection of the forests which we
have, though that is all-important, but the adoption of a policy which will
provide forest resources for the future. (Applause).

The PRESIDENT : I have now much pleasure in introducing a repre-
sentative of the Toronto Board of Trade, in the person of its President,
Mr. Watson.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF TRADE.

Mr. President, Your Excellency, Your Honour, Ladies and Gentlemen-, —
I wish to assure you of the pleasure it was to the Toronto Board of Trade
when we learned that it was the intention of your Association to hold its
next Convention in Toronto. It is a very good idea that you should meet
in different parts of the Dominion, for in so doing you must necessarily
distribute valuable information throughout the country on a subject that is
certainly most vital to the different parts of Canada, and your visit must
necessarily excite interest that would otherwise remain dormant. The sub-
ject of Forestry is one that appeals to all Canadians who have the welfare
of their children at heart; for you are endeavouring to pile up an asset for
this country to be used by future generations. We all know that selfishness
is one of the greatest curses of humanity, while unselfishness is one of the
noblest attributes of mankind. And what more unselfish and noble object
can a man set before him than that of sowing where others may reap?
(Applause). I wish to assure you of the hearty sympathy of cnr Board of
Trade with the objects you have in view, the co-operation of many of our
members as far as it lies in their power, and personally of the great pleasure
it is to me to welcome you to the City of Toronto. (Applause).

THE PRESIDENT : We will now have the pleasure of listening to an
address from the Honourable Mr. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture for the
Dominion.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 11

HONOUEABLE SYDNEY FISHER'S ADDRESS.

Your Excellency, Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — It gives me
great pleasure to take part in this meeting of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation. I was especially pleased to hear from His Excellency such an
address as that with which he opened this gathering. It is a renewed indi-
cation and proof of the keen interest and the wisely directed study of the
Governor-General of Canada in all that is of interest and value to that Dom-
inion over which and in which he represents His Majesty the King.
(Applause). It shows that the head of the State — and I am sure that in this
His Excellency the Governor-General is a true exponent of the feelings and
views of His Gracious Majesty King Edward the Seventh — considers this
question of Forestry one of paramount importance in the economic develop-
ment of our country. His Excellency has referred to what is being done
in the American Union to the south of us. He has pointed out to us that
the President of the United States has taken the lead in urging the people
of the United States to study this question of Forestry and take the neces-
sary steps towards the conservation of their forest areas and their natural
resources. It seems to me, Sir, that in the conservation of our natural
resources, of whatever character, that in the conservation of our forests, is
involved the conservation of nearly all the other resources. (Applause).
Our mineral and mining resources are little aside from that. As regards our
agricultural resources, the resources of our water powers in streams and
rivers, and the lakes for navigation and transportation purposes — the future
of all those resources depends upon the proper conservation of the forests.
(Applause). This being the case, it is but right that we in Canada should
look carefully into this question and take the necessary precautions and
steps to see that we do not waste in the future as we have been doing in the
past, to a very considerable extent, and as our neighbors have done, far
worse than we have. I do not wonder at all that to-day the powers that be
and the thinking men in that great country are earnestly endeavoring to
change the current of public opinion and the practice of the people to con-
trol these things, in regard to the conservation of their natural resources.
I regret to say that in this, as in many other ways, perhaps in the bad ways
a little more than the -good ways, we, the smaller and younger people, have
been following the example and the model of the greater and richer repub-
lic to the south of us to a lamentable extent. We have not wasted so much
because we have not gone so far and so long in that direction, but in pro-
portion to the numbers of our people we have done just as badly, perhaps,
as they have. Let us take warning by their condition. Let us stop sooner
than they stopped in this wasteful procedure, and let us conserve the
natural resources which we still have, more promptly and effectively than
;hey have been able to do. His Excellency remarked that we have a forest
srea of 350,000,000 acres of forest lands. I fear me that the Canadian people
lave been trading a little too confidently on those vast figures. (Hear, hear).

12 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

They have thought that with those vast forest areas it did not matter what
we did with them ; that we had such wealth that we could afford to be spend-
thrifts. I trust that the conscience of the people has been awakened —
largely through the efforts of the Dominion Forestry Association and of
men who have been studying these questions. I trust that, as a result of
these agitations, the people of Canada to-day are determined that they will
no longer be spendthrift and wasteful in this regard. (Hear, hear). I
think, too, that the figures of 350,000,000 acres of forest areas are a little
deceptive. The lumbermen of the older Provinces of Canada, perhaps of
British Columbia too, look upon timber limits with the idea in their minds
of the vast wealth and richness of the limits which they bought, or the
right to cut on which they bought, from the Crown Lands Department;
and when they think of 350,000,000 acres of forest land they are tempted
to measure the capacity of those millions of acres by the capacity of the
choice bits of the timber limits which they have already, with far-seeing
business capacity, acquired the right to cut. (Hear, hear). But we ought
to remember that a vast proportion of the 350,000,000 acres of forest land
lies away to the far north, almost out of reach, at the present day, of the
commercial world, and that the timber on that land is far different in
quality and far less valuable in its character than that of the old-time timber
limits in the Ottawa Valley and on the shore hills of British Columbia and
in the nearer parts of this great Province of Ontario and the Province of
Quebec. So far I have spoken only of the lumber wealth, if I may call
it so, or timber lands, and the question of the production of commercial
timber from our forests. But there is another, and, speaking as a farmer,
what I consider a more important side to forestry and the conservation of
our forest areas. The first idea, perhaps almost the only idea, of the lumber-
man, is how much he can get out of a forest area in the way of timber and
of lumber: The forests, however, serve a far different and far more useful
purpose in retaining the moisture of the land, and in conserving the water
supply in our rivers and streams; first of all in the small streams watering
the hill parts of our country, and later on, as this same water percolates
down to the larger rivers, providing the great water powers of our indus-
trial centres, and furnishing the medium for transportation and navigation
which is perhaps the greatest glory of Canada — our magnificent river
transportation system. (Applause). We have been tempted to boast that
in Canada we have the greatest water system in the world. I believe that
this is true. I believe that we have in the St. Lawrence basin the greatest
water system for transportation and navigation that there is in the world —
the great lakes and the great river; but already the great lakes vary very
much in the depth of water available for transportation work. Already the
harbors in those great lakes have had to be deepened by artificial means.
Already the great channel of the St. Lawrence has had to be deepened ovei
and over again, and the transportation interests of Canada are in constant
danger lest the depth of that channel may be reduced. The important
shipping interests of this country fear that the great facility we enjoy in

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 13

the way of water transportation — which is the measure of the cheapness of
the carriage of cargoes to and from our ports — is in danger and will be much
more greatly endangered if we do not preserve our forests, which regulate
the head waters of the streams and maintain the even flow and constant
depth of our great rivers. (Applause).

There are dangers to our forests. I say frankly in the presence of the
lumbermen present that certain lumbermen constitute one of these dangers.
(Hear, hear). I believe that to-day the lumbermen to a very considerable
extent are trying their best to cease to be a danger — (Hear, hear) — and are
doing a great deal to encourage the conservation of our forest wealth. But
at the same time, even yet there is a danger from the operations of the
lumbermen. The Provincial authorities, or those who have the control of
the sales of the timber limits to the lumbermen, can make regulations,
and have to a very considerable extent made regulations which tend to the
conservation of our forests when they are being operated and cut over by
the lumbermen. This control rests largely with the Provinces and the
Dominion Department of the Interior in the Dominion Forest Lands.
There is another danger which is also to some extent within the control of
legislation, and of the Crown Lands Departments in the various Govern-
ments of Canada. I allude to the danger from the prospector — the man
who wanders about, especially in those sections of the country where there
is said to be mineral wealth, and who travels here and there at his own
sweet will, often unknown to anybody else. There is no doubt whatever
in my mind that in the forest regions of the older Provinces, where minerals
have been found, and are expected to be found, a great deal of the destruc-
tion of our forest wealth by burning is due to the carelessness of th^ pros-
pector. (Hear, hear). This also could be regulated and to a large extent
avoided by legislation on the part of those who control Crown Lands.
Again there is the danger of pure carelessness and ignorance on the part
of the settler, and on the part of almost everyone who goes abour in our
forests. The work of the Forestry Association is probably the best l>elp
against that danger. One of the most important functions of this
Association is such education of our people as will tend to make
them careful in the public interest, by showing them that the pub-
lic interest is their individual interest, and elevating them, and making
them better and more public-spirited citizens, and by impressing
especially upon the young people of the land their duties as citizens to care
for the public good first and all the time — (Head, hear) — for I regret to say
that many of our young people in all walks of life are growing up careless
of the public interest. The dangers I have pointed out are at work in the
land, but the counter influences of your Association and of all lovers of
Forestry are also at work and, I am glad to know, gathering volume and
Rtrength as the movement goes on. The effort of the American people to-
day towards the conservation of their natural resources will no doubt be a
stimulus to us. I am very happy to say that the Governor-General has

14 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

accepted the invitation from the President of the United States to take part
in the International Conference on the conservation of the resources of this
whole North American continent. I have been honoured with an invita-
tion to join that Conference at Washington. (Applause). We will be glad
next week to meet our friends from the* United States and from Mexico, at
the Round-Table Conference in Washington and try to work out suggestions
to the various Governments as to what may be done to stop the waste, to
conserve the resources, and to provide means for a proper and wiser util-
ization in the future of the resources of this North American continent.
The fact that I was called upon to attend this very important Conference in
Washington is one of the chief reasons why I have felt myself bound to
leave my Parliamentary duties at Ottawa for at least a day and attend your
Convention, and come into contact with those who represent the best thought
and public opinion in Canada on this question of Forestry, so that I may
go to Washington better informed and fortified regarding the possibilities
of Improvement in Canada. By reason of this Conference, I believe we
shall be able to suggest means by which our resources may be better con-
served in the future than they have been in the past. (Applause). I am
proud of the opportunity to speak in this beautiful hall to-day. It is a
great pleasure to me to be able to visit the magnificent buildings in connec-
tion with Toronto University and to see this splendid Convocation Hall.
1 have no doubt that it is an indication of the resources and facilities of this
great University, and I am glad to note that the authorities of Toronto
University have recently established a Chair of Forestry — (Loud Applause) —
that they have seen fit to open their halls to the young men and women of
Canada who wish to study this subject, and that they have been able to
secure the services of my friend Doctor Fernow — (Applause) — who is so
well known on this continent as a scientific forester, trained in that best
School of Forestry to which His Excellency has referred — the German
Forestry School. (Applause). I believe that this is good in two ways :
First, as ensuring to the young men who come to this University to take
part in this course the best of training and teaching; and it is also an indi-
cation that in this educational establishment Forestry is considered to be
so important that they may turn their attention to this subject and give it
that consideration which the people of the University of Toronto are looked
to to supply in all educational work. I anticipate great good to come from
this gathering, and to myself a great deal of information and assistance in
the work I have to perform. (Loud Applause).

The PRESIDENT : At this point I have an explanation to make.
Through a misapprehension Sir James Whitney's name was placed on the
programme for this morning. It appears that it is at the banquet to be
tendered His Excellency and the Officers of the Association on Friday even-
ing that he is to speak. Previous engagements forbid his presence this
morning. He wishes me to express his extreme regret at his inability to be
present with us, and to say that he is thoroughly in sympathy with the aims

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 15

and objects of the Association, and appreciates its efforts. (Applause). I
have much pleasure now in introducing the Honourable W. C. H. Grimmer,
Surveyor-General of the Province of New Brunswick.

FOEEST CONDITIONS IN NEW BRUNSWICK.
BY THE HONOURABLE W. C. H. GRIMMER, SURVEYOR-GENERAL.

Mr. President, Your Excellency, Your Honor, Ladies and Gentlemen, —
It may seem presumptuous and bold on my part, in the presence of so many
gentlemen of commanding and distinguished positions in the forestry history
of this continent, that with the limited experience I have had, I should
attempt, on this occasion, to present any of my views in connection with
forestry, forest preservation and the best methods of securing the same for
the Province which I have the honor to represent. However, my belief in
the absolute necessity of forest preservation and of better methods of con-
ducting forestry matters in our Province must be my excuse for attempting
to occupy any of the valuable time of this convention.

My direct connection with Provincial Forestry dates back to the 24th
day of March, A.D. 1908, when the present Provincial Administration of
New Brunswick was sworn in and I became Surveyor-General, charged with
the responsibility of administrating the affairs pertaining to the Crown
Lands and other interests of the Province. A large measure of responsibil-
ity in this matter has been, thrown upon me for the reason that upon the
5th day of May, 1908, the Deputy Surveyor-General of the Province was
removed by the hand of death. In a large measure, the work which he had
so well accomplished for a long period of years was thus thrown upon me.
This, however, forced me to take a more active interest in the Department
than I might otherwise have done, and I hope it has been of advantage to
myself without injury to the Province.

As you are aware, Sir, the subject of forestry and forest preservation is
now receiving the most earnest attention of the Provincial and Federal
Administrations, not only in Canada, but in the United States. I believe
that the result of the conventions which are being held, and of the ener-
getic efforts that are being made to preserve and protect this great national
wealth, will result in benefits which will not only secure the good of the
present generation, but will have an influence for many generations yet to
come.

In this paper I shall confine myself mainly to two heads; not with the
hope that I shall give any information which will be useful along forestry
lines, but that I may give some idea of what is being done at the present
time in the Province of New Brunswick to protect our lumber industry. My
remarks shall be along the lines of the Lumber Interest in the Province and

16 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Fire Protection for our Crown Lands. At the present time we have ten
thousand (10,000) square miles of timber lands under license — a gain of
eighty-eight square miles over the previous year and of about seventy-five
hundred over that of 1880. We have still unapplied for nearly one million
acres of land, a large portion of which is barren or waste land, and I am glad
to notice that this convention is to discuss the question of waste land
planting.

In all cases the upset mileage price for our timber areas is |20.00 per
square mile, and the stumpage price ranges from 40c. for hemlock to $1.25
for spruce, pine and cedar. The annual cut of lumber on our areas is about
150,000,000 superficial feet, or about one-half of the estimated annual
growth. This annual growth is based on the assumption that each acre of
land will produce one thousand superficial feet. Adding 5 per cent, a year
for growth, or fifty board feet per acre per annum, it will be seen that we
produce about thirty-two thousand feet per square mile, or three hundred
million feet for the entire ten thousand square miles. I may say that this
is regarded as a conservative estimate, for the reason that spruce will yield
approximately five thousand board feet per acre.

The year 1908 was a dull one in the history of lumbering. This was
largely owing to the unsettled conditions of the money market in the neigh-
boring republic, together with the large stocks on hand at the first of the
year in Great Britain and other ports. With pleasure I note that the pre-
sent season is opening with bright prospects for the year and that there is
already a demand for our New Brunswick production in the United States,
and at fair prices. Taking into consideration reports from the English
market stating that the stock on hand at the present time is only 50 per
cent, of what is usually held at this time of year, we are led to expect a
good demand from foreign markets this year. Since the Presidential elec-
tion, the financial conditions in the United States have become settled, wfc
have had numerous inquiries for our white pine, and there is every indica-
tion of a good demand for our lumber at good prices.

On account of the mild season and the late snow the present winter has
been favorable for lumbering. Whilst it is expected that the total cut in
the Province will not exceed 60 per cent, of last year's cut, yet we have
every reason to hope that under the conditions now existing the Province will
not suffer in the returns it will receive. There is, however, a considerable
portion of our lumber being cut for pulp wood, which, after being rossed, is
shipped to United States ports, and this business is rapidly becoming a
serious problem in connection with the administration of the forests of the
Province.

It is an easy matter to prove that a great deal less money is left in tlie
Province by cutting, rossing and shipping this lumber than would be paid
cut for manufacturing it into deals, boards, scantling, etc. Whilst this

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 17

is true, the really serious question is that the cutting of pulp wood will soon
deplete our forests. In this connection I may say it is contended by some of
the large pulp wood operators in the Province that it can be easily proved
that by judicious cutting the forests will not only be preserved in the qual-
ity and quantity of the lumber, but will actually be increased.

On taking charge of my Department in March last I found that per-
mits were granted many applicants to cut under-sized timber. The result
was that large quantities of under-sized spruce were cut, which in a decade
or so would have become good sized saw logs. With this question we have
grappled as fully as the time has permitted, and the policy of the Depart-
ment to-day is that where spruce is found on examination, by competent per-
sons, to come to maturity, or to be fit for good saw logs in 75 years, or under
an average of 14 inches diameter breast high, no permit to cut the same is
given. In stunted growth and on barren lands (where it has been ascer-
tained by counting the rings that it has taken from 150 to 200 years for spruce
to reach 9 inches in diameter) permits have been given to cut such lumber,,
and also to thin out thickets so as to let in sun and air and stimulate the
growth. In cases of this kind, experienced men have been sent out by my
Department with instructions to show the operator how the thinning should
be done, and what lumber may be cut so as to operate entirely for the bene-
ft of the remaining stand. Some under-sized cutting will be done without
authority, but under the provisions of our Domain Act it is my intention
during the coming summer to have examinations made for the purpose of
placing stringent regulations in the hands of every operator in the Province,
In this matter I have endeavored to secure men well versed in woodcraft for
the purpose of conducting these operations and have not hesitated to incur
the nncessary expenses connected with such service. From these men I have
also been able to obtain accurate knowledge of certain sections of the Pro-
vince which have been applied for under the Labor Act. This will enable
my Department to determine whether such applications are bona fide or not.
I am keeping these cruisers constantly in the woods to supervise the cutting
operations, and thus have a certain amount of assurance that the cutting
of lumber now and in the future will be conducted in accordance with our
regulations, except where it is deemed advisable to depart from them.

For many years our "standard" log has been 18 feet long and 10 inches
in diameter at the small end, but by regulation recently made the "standard"
is reduced to a length of 16 feet and a diameter of 9 inches. This was done
because it was found that the lumbermen in many cases were not observing
the old regulation. I believed it to be in the interest of the industry to
place a standard size below which no one will be allowed to cut. Having
adopted the present size we are trying to teach the lumbermen the necessity
of living up to the regulation, and in perhaps a more forcible way we will
teach them the value of observing the law.

2 F

18 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

We have also enacted that henceforth practically the whole tree must
be taken out of the woods; at all events, that logs exceeding 5 inches in
diameter at the small end must be taken out. This enormously lessens the
waste and provides larger quantities of wood for pulp, which was hitherto
allowed to rot in the woods. It also increases the Province revenue. We
also require the lopping of branches so that the tops may be allowed to rest
on the ground. This insures an earlier decay of the top, less danger of
fire, assists reproduction and favors the hunters of big game. The lopping
can be done at a small expense and is a step leading up to future regulations,
which may require the burning of brush by lessees. We have also required
that the saw shall be used instead of the axe for felling the trees, and this
process is now entirely approved by the lumbermen themselves and is a source
of great saving to the Province. I am also informed that it enables the lum-
ber operator to get many more logs per day than the old system.

We have also made an important departure in the matter of getting a
correct scale of the lumber cut. At present some 26 sealers are employed in
the different districts of the Province. These men are now under the special
direction of a Supervisor of Sealers, a man of large experience in the lumber
business. There are also two Superintendents, whose duty it is to visit all
operations, oversee the work and give instructions regarding the duties per-
taining to the office of sealer. The sealers are required to make a fortnightly
report to their superiors of the amount of lumber scaled at the different land-
ings, and are compensated for their work by a remuneration of so much per
thousand feet. These sealers are required to pass an examination before a
Board of Examiners before they are appointed. Under the law they have
the power of Fire Wardens and can seize lumber illegally cut ; upon which
we charge double stumpage.

It is confidently expected that the care now exercised by the sealers and
those in authority over them will result in much larger returns to the Provin-
cial Exchequer than heretofore. In this connection I might refer to the
greatly increased value of our Crown Lands over the prices obtainable a few
years ago. In 1893, when a general sale of Crown Timber Land took place,
the sale price averaged $11.20 per square mile, and there were only about
four thousand miles sold. Thereafter applications for timber land were
received from time to time until 1898 (there being still some five thousand
square miles unapplied for) when the Government of the day offered the
remaining land for sale. Although they were strongly opposed by those
interested in the lumber business the sale took place and over one thousand
square miles were disposed of at an average of $21.00 per mile. Since that
time our lands have steadily increased in value, and to-day lumber lands
which were formerly considered of no value and of little importance have
become of immense value to the Province. Some of the lands which, at the
sales mentioned, would only bring about $8.00 per mile, are to-day worth
from $200.00 to $500.00 per mile and are readily purchased, particularly by

2a F.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 19

our neighbors from the United States. Because of the great increase in value
of our public domain there can readily be seen the necessity of devising affec-
tive measures for its protection and preservation, as it would be a public
calamity if this great asset should be either wasted or destroyed.

Realizing the urgent necessity of proper fire protection, I soon developed
a scheme which I believe to be as efficient as the limited means at the dis-
posal of my Department will permit. The summer of 1908 offered every
encouragement for the spread of forest fires. From early spring until late
rail little or no rain fell to give the usual protection. Under the system of
protection adopted we had four Chief Fire and Game Rangers with a com-
petent staff of about 130 permanent rangers, who are on duty both summer
and winter. The Province was divided into four sections with a Chief Fire
Ranger for each. Each of these was given a number of carefully chosen men
likely to be earnest in the discharge of their duties and ambitious to secure
the best results, and I am happy to be able to report that under this system
excellent protection was secured for our Crown Lands. During the year
practically no damage resulted from forest fires, although the neighboring
Provinces of Quebec and Ontario and the State of Maine were ravaged by
fire and lost a large amount of valuable timber.

By using the telephone and telegraph our fire fighting force was avail-
able at short notice, and was always ready for duty. In many cases it worked
day and night to suppress fires and rendered most efficient service. Thus we
have removed the question of fighting fire from the authority of Road
Superintendents, Justices of the Peace and other officials who had little
or no authority in the matter and did not have sufficient interest in the wel-
fare of the Province to promptly take the duty of suppressing forest fires.
With just pride we point to the results obtained during the dry summer of
1908.

Our Forest Fire Act provides rigorous penalties for the setting of fires
by settlers without giving notice, by campers and fishermen and by locomo-
tives and other means. Through the course we have adopted, the influence
of the press and the notices which we have caused to be posted in every part
of the Province, there is gradually being built up a strong public sentiment.
In this Province our forest wealth is rapidly becoming a most valuable asset
and every possible means should be used to educate the public to the necessity
of preventing its destruction by fire. Both the public schools and the schools
cf forestry can render great assistance by pointing out the effect of fire not
only upon the present stand of timber, but also the untold damage that may
result to the soil and the reproducing power of the forests. In fact the two
things to be guarded against in this, or in any other Province or State, are
protection from fire and the prevention of illegal cutting. In the near
future it will be necessary to carry this matter further and it is suggested
that we should adopt the system of signal and watch towers which has been

20 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

\

adopted in the State of Maine and other states. Telephone connection
between well chosen lookout stations will make destruction by fire almost
impossible. These watch towers are to be placed on the highest available
land or mountains in the several districts and will bring under the supervi-
sion of the watchman, whose duty it should be to keep a sharp lookout and
report to the nearest Chief Warden all indications of fires. In this way I
believe many large and damaging fires can be prevented. We find, too,
that each year the Railway Companies are taking better precautions to pre-
vent fires on both private and public lands; principally by clearing up from
the right of way, burning the bushes and cutting the grass. Where the sparks
from engines might ignite the grass they compel their section men to burn
it in early spring. This practice has greatly lessened the number of fires
set by locomotives. We are also considering the advisability of having the
sides of our roads and highways cleared of all bushes which have been cut
and left lying along the road.

The telegraph and telephone companies have been great offenders in this
respect and I feel that they should be compelled by 'law to move this brush
and burn it. In case of refusal to do so they should be subject to a fine of
not less than flOO.OO for each and every offence, because as matters now
stand a match, or lighted cigar carelessly thrown on the side of the road
during a dry season will readily start a serious fire.

In the Province of New Brunswick we classify forest fires as of two
kinds : Forest fires which start in the month of May are known as "leaf fires"
and fires which start in the latter part of June and July (occasionally in
August and even as late as September) and are known as "soil fires." The
leaf fires are caused by the carelessness of fishermen leaving fires in the
woods, matches or cigar stubs carelessly thrown aside, and the sparks from
locomotives. These leaf fires kill the woods but do not destroy the soil. A
nurse crop of grey birch generally springs up the following year; in a few
years there is a good growth and in 30 years a good forest from nature's
seeding. On the other hand, soil fires, not only destroy the forest by burn-
ing the soil (in some cases to a depth of two feet), and leave the trees with-
out any support so that they are soon blown down or fall over of themselves.
After such a fire as this any scheme of reforest ration is entirely impractical
for hundreds of years, or until such time as the small bushes known as
"hardtack" can collect sufficient leaves to form a forest mulch in which
seedlings can get a start.

Practical ideas for reforestation in this Province are based principally
upon the protection of our forests from the fires spoken of and confining
our operators to the cut of nothing but merchantable logs, (that is logs not
exceeding 16 feet in length and 9 inches in diameter) and the protection of
seedling and sapling trees amongst the forest growth. The importance of
this protection has in many cases been absolutely and needlessly overlooked

CANADIAN FORESTRY. ASSOCIATION 21

and many saplings have been and are being wantonly cut down and destroyed
for some imaginary purpose by the axemen. It is well known that where
the soil is not destroyed by fire, nature will supply us with a nurse crop of
seedlings more quickly than any scheme of reforestation yet devised. If,
however, the soil is severely burned, the fire-swept territory is practically
beyond redemption.

The question of protection from fire is occupying the earnest attention of
many of the States of the American Union; so much so that in the State of
Wisconsin there is being pressed before the Senate a bill to provide for the
burning of all the limbs, tops and other refuse within certain counties of the
State. The Act, of course, is meeting with considerable opposition and it is
not yet known whether it will become law or not. However, marked progress
is being made and public attention is being drawn to the necessity of better
fire protection. I trust that the day will yet come when New Brunswick
lumbermen shall be compelled to take care of the limbs and tops of trees and
see that they are carefully burned or otherwise destroyed.

In the State of Washington, the Pacific North West Forest and Con-
servation Association, composed of the Lumber Leagues of Washington,
Idaho, Oregon and Montana has been organized in Spokane to obtain cer-
tain appropriations to preserve standing timber in private and public
domains from destruction by fire. The State of Washington has about seven
hundred thousand acres of standing timber and has asked for an appropria-
tion of $50,000 to carry on the work of forest conservation in that State .dur-
ing the coming year. For some time past $25,000 was appropriated yearly,
for this purpose, but it is claimed that $50,000 is not a bit too large for
the purpose. One prominent lumberman speaking of the situation says,
"That when it is realized that from one thousand feet of timber burned in
forest fires the owner loses from $2.00 to $2.50 and the manufacturer from
$8.00 to $12.00 it becomes apparent that something must be done to protect
one of the chief assets of the Commonwealth." If an appropriation of
$50,000 is necessary to protect 700,000 acres of standing timber in the State
of Washington, one can readily estimate how much would be necessary to
properly protect and keep down to a minimum the losses from fire in New
Brunswick on seven million acres of Crown Lands. When, too, we realize
that the British Government is putting forward a scheme for reforestation
on the British Isles at a cost of $10,000,000 per year we can more readily
appreciate the absolute necessity of preserving the great national asset we
now have ; as by this course of preservation from fire and reckless cutting we
can not only protect, but can actually build up and make greater from year
to year the valuable heritage we now have.

We have also in this Province a very large quantity of bogs or heath-
land for which it is advisable that some scheme of drainage should be adopted
so as to convert them into timber areas. Along this line we are desirous of

22 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

obtaining any information we can for use and development in the future.
From some portions of this bog land we have evidence that in the past they
were heavily wooded, as the stumps and decayed portions of trunks are yet
thickly standing. If these waste lands could be converted into timber lands
our national assets would be very materially increased in value.

Regarding the theoretical side of Forestry I have little information to
give, but I feel that we have in our Province an opening for both the prac-
tical and the theoretical sides of the subject. The practical man, the man
of substantial value, must begin at the foundation of the lumber industry
and work his way up from the skidding of the road to the building of the
camp ; and from that to the selection of the timber and the judicious and
wise cutting thereof, as well as a study of the nature of the soil in relatiou
to its growing qualities and the proper thinning of the scrubby and thicket
growth. This practical information, combined with the scientific part of
forestry will place at the use of the different Provinces of the Dominion ax
number of most valuable men. There has recently been established in the
University of New Brunswick, at Fredericton, a Chair of Forestry; an'd
we are looking forward to the day when we shall have in our Province men
graduated from this University who will prove themselves both efficient and
valuable to us in the preservation of our forest lands.

Along with the question of fire protection comes the necessity of making
topographic maps of the Crown Lands under license. Along with the maps
and. the putting in of contours with the aneroid barometer there should be
secured information regarding the forest types, the character of the lumber
lands, suitability of the soil for farming and lumbering and an estimate of
the timber on the different areas. I believe that a very large expenditure
would be justifiable for the purpose of supplying our lamentable lack of infor-
mation along these lines. The division of our lands into agricultural and
non-agricultural was begun during the past summer and it is now the policy
of the Department not to make a survey or allow application for settlement
until the character of the soil has been ascertained by competent authorities.
This regulation will be strictly adhered to so long as I have charge of the
Department.

The Public Domain Act of 1906 had as one of its objects the making of
a topographic survey. It is estimated that such a survey would cost about
$50.00 per square mile, or half a million of dollars for the lands now under
license. The Act provides for the running of lines around blocks of 1,000
acres and sub-dividing them into four parts of 250 acres each. The proposed
scale of the maps is one-quarter of a mile to the inch and some argue that
such a survey is too expensive. As the value of our lands, however, has been
placed at |3.00 per acre, the cost of running a survey would be only 2£ per
cent, of their value. Considering the immense value and advantage of such
maps the money would be well spent and it is hoped that the time is not far

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 23

distant when the Province will be able to see its way clear to furnish the
funds for the accomplishment of this necessary work. A proper classifica-
tion of the land would not only favour the best agricultural interests of the
Province, but would abolish the friction between the holders of timber
licenses and those who are there, not to get the timber, but to become bona
fide settlers. I believe this problem shoould be one of the first to be finally
settled in connection with the establishment of a definite forestry policy for
the Province.

Mr. President, the time at my disposal has not permitted me to go as
fully into this matter as I would like ; still, I feel that I have touched upon
some points that are at the present time most important for the considera-
tion of the people of our Province. If the advice I have given be received by
the Government and the people, as its merit demands, there is no doubt that
our forests will be preserved for all time to come as a source of great wealth.

I have only one thing more to say and that is that when the producing
ability of our lands is accurately known by actual survey and examination
it will be an easy matter for competent men to decide what lumber shall be
cut annually without injury to our future growth. Under no circumstances
should the yearly cut be allowed to exceed the annual growing capacity.

THE PRESIDENT : The next item on our programme is "Representatives
of Various Organizations," I would now call upon Mr. Frank Hawkins,
Secretary of the Canadian Lumbermen's Association.

MR. HAWKINS' ADDRESS.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : In the absence of our President,
Mr. Gordon C. Edwards, who is in England, I have been deputed to say ii
few words on behalf of the Canadian Lumbermen's Association. From the
fact that the President of the Canadian Forestry Association is one of our
members, and that Mr. Gordon C. Edwards, our President, and Mr. J. B.
Miller, our Vice-President, are intimately connected with this Association,
1 think you will have sufficient evidence that the lumbermen are intensely
interested in this matter of Forestry. I have no mandate from the Lumber-
mens' Association, but I think I speak truthfully when I say that there is
not a member of our Association who will not second any and every effort
which is being made by the Forestry Association along the lines on which we
are having so much information here to-day. If you will allow a personal
reference, I wish to state that I never lose an opportunity of putting forward
the interests of the Canadian Forestry Association. A little while ago,
while on a trip to Winnipeg, I had the pleasure of meeting on the train an
Australian lady and her daughter who were returning home by way of
Vancouver. In the course of conversation she said, "Mr. Hawkins, I don't

24 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

understand what you people do in this country with all those stumps?"
We had gone through probably 100 miles of nothing but stumps and rocks,
and I had to reply that up to the present time we were not doing anything
with them. It occurred to me * that if that was the individual opinion
expressed by a lady from Australia it should be a suggestion to us to begin
to utilize those lands which have been denuded of the timber. I wish to
mention an idea which has occurred to me. We have heard, this morning,
about the terrible effects upon our water systems, caused by the destruction
of the forests. A gentleman, in speaking to me a little while ago, said that
at certain times of this year the water in Lake Temiskaming was nineteen
feet below the usual depth in that lake. Nineteen feet of water on such a
Jarge lake represents an enormous volume of water. At the precise moment
that that gentleman saw Lake Temiskaming nineteen feet below its normal
level, the St. Lawrence river was higher than it was ever known to be before ;
proving conclusively, if proof were necessary, that the denuding of our
forests does result in the water running off rapidly, thus causing destructive
floods and doing other serious damage.. I thank you, Mr. President, for
the opportunity of being here to-day, and I assure you that I shall continue
in my humble way to promote as well as I possibly can the interests of the
Canadian Forestry Association. (Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT: We would like to hear now from Professor McClement,
of Queen's University.

PROFESSOR McCLEMENT'S ADDRESS.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I must apologize for standing
before you as a speaker, for I had no intimation that I would be called upon.
I will confine my remarks merely to the statement that the Canadian For-
estry Association will always find Queen's University thoroughly interested
in its work and taking a sympathetic interest in it. Our instruction, in
every direction, is in close touch with every movement making towards the
conservation and preservation of our natural resources; and more particu-
larly in our forest regions. The fact, as our Lieutenant-Governor has
already indicated, that we have a Forest Reserve in our district, makes us
especially interested in this matter. It is certainly time that Ontario, lack-
ing, as she does, coal measures as a source of energy, should undertake to
preserve in the most careful way that other source of natural energy, her
water supply. We are endowed with a magnificent water supply for the pro-
duction of energy and it is necessary that we conserve it or we shall cer-
tainly suffer in the near future. In all our instruction along such lines as
this we shall undertake to point out to our young men the necessity of each
subordinating his own private wishes and interests to those of the public
and the future. In that way we hope that we may, at least to some slight
extent, sow the seeds which shall in the future bring about such a body of

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 25

public opinion as will prevent the destruction and wasteful exploitation of
our forest resources. (Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT : The Quebec Association for the Protection of Fish and
Game has a representative here in the person of Mr. Bergevin, whom we
have had the pleasure of hearing on previous occasions, and who will now
address us.

ME. BERGEVIN'S ADDRESS.

Your Excellency, Your Honor, Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen :
You will please excuse me if I cannot express myself very well in English.
T am a French-Canadian from the Province of Quebec, and I was fourteen
years old when I translated the word "W (he) into English (laughter).

It is a great pleasure for me to be present at this important convention
of the Canadian Forestry Association. The presence in our midst of the
representatives of His Majesty the King, in His Excellency, Earl Grey,
Governor-General of Canada; His Honour, Col. Gibson, Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor of Ontario, and the representatives of the Dominion and Provincial
Governments, and the other distinguished gentlemen representing the vari-
ous interests within our broad Dominion, shows that public men and the
public generally are awakening to the importance of protecting our national
wealth.

The history of all nations which have seen their forest wealth disappear,
and thft newer countries which have already seen, a vast area of their forest
domain depleted, fully demonstrate the great importance that we should not
only protect our forests, but that we should also try to increase their area,
if it is possible to do so.

This Association, composed of citizens who have at heart the love of
their country, deserves that it should be encouraged, that its deliberations
should be listened to, and taken advantage of, not only of the benefit to the
country at large, but also for the good of the Governments that are seeking
technical men to enlighten them on these questions. Already resolutions
passed by this Association have drawn public attention to the matter, and
practical results are already being obtained.

PROTECTION OF FISH AND GAME.

The conserving of our forests means at the same time the protection of
the fish and game, because the removal of the timber will inevitably cause

26 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

a partial drying of our rivers and streams, and will mean the diminution of
our fish and game. It is then from a triple point of view that efforts
should be made to assure the protection of the forests, and as a representa-
tive of the Quebec Association for the Protection of Fish and Game at this
meeting, I desire to lay particular emphasis on this point, namely, that our
forests already under reserve should be so managed as to guarantee the pro-
tection of the fish and game as well as that of the timber.

OUR FOREST INDUSTRIES.

Our neighbours in the United States are alarmed, and with good rea-
sons, at the rapid depletion of their forests and economists have predicted
that 25 years will see the total disappearance of their forest domains. With
such an example before us, our country owes it to itself to conserve its
forest wealth, upon which so many of our people depend for their existence.

Gentlemen : Will you allow me to give you some statistics on this ?
Our forest industry, if we rely upon the census of 1906, gave a living to
78,000 working men employed in different shanties, saw mills, pulp mills,
etc. Estimating five persons to the family of each working man this will
give nearly 400,000 persons, or practically 6 per cent of the total population
of Canada, which is dependent upon the forest industry.

The many important reports and speeches that have and will be made
by those who are familiar with the situation, will not necessitate my touch-
ing upon the political or social economy features of this question, but I may
be permitted to say a few words in so far as the Province of Quebec i&
concerned.

It is admitted that we possess practically the largest wooded domain in
America, if we except the Province of British Columbia. As the forests
in that Province are far away from the European market, and are not situ-
ated in as good a position as those in the Province of Quebec, or of our
neighbours in the United States, it naturally follows that we may rightfully
claim the largest available forest lands in Canada.

SETTLERS AND LUMBERMEN.

Laws have recently been passed, which are bringing about good results
for the conservation of our forests, and have already created a better under-
standing between the settler and the lumberman, but further work remains
to be done for the better classification of what is to be understood as agricul-
tural land, and what is considered to be timbered soil. When this is accom-
plished, in my opinion, it will be better for both the settler and the lumber

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 27

man, because one will be able to work on his own land without interfering
with the rights of the other. Then only will their work be of a permanent
nature and result in an advantage to both of them.

EXPORTATION OF PULP AND PULP WOOD.

The pulp wood industry has brought to our Province a large amount of
foreign capital. This question is of the highest importance to us and the
exportation of pulp wood has been the cause of many controversies. The
manufacturer and exporter have their points of view, whilst our public men
also have their opinions. In a great many cases these differ materially, and
in my opinion the proper solution can only be reached by the work of a Royal
Commission, as suggested at previous meetings of this Association. The
immense territory that we have under license, and the vast Crown Lands
that are still as nature gave them to us, never having been explored, will
yield to this country a large income, particularly through the pulp and paper
industry.

In the Province of Quebec we have an area of 228,000,000 acres of land,
of which 130,000,000 are timbered. This does not include that portion of
the Province of Quebec known as the Ungava District, which is now con-
sidered as a portion of it. The Department of Crown Lands in our Province,
during the past year, has kept a closer surveillance over the cutting of the
wood and the collection of the dues without neglecting the protection of the
forest from fires and cutting contrary to the regulations.

This reminds me that on a recent occasion a gentleman informed me
that certain people recommended the destruction of the forest by fire in order
to clear the land for settlers. I consider that it is a mistake to allow the
settler to clear his land by fire. This constitutes a great danger and is
responsible, as statistics will show, for the destruction of about 25 per cent.

of our forested areas.
i

SALE OF TIMBER LIMITS.

A decision has been reached by the Government of the Province of Que-
bec not to sell any more of its timber limits by auction. Great areas of our
timber lands have been sold at ridiculously low prices. The price of sales
has increased, but the present Government has decided not to sell any more
of these timber limits. Let us protect this source of national wealth for the
generations to come. In protecting the forests, as I have previously stated,
we protect not only the industries that are dependent upon it, directly or
indirectly, but at the same time we protect our fish and game.

28 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

DEVELOPMENT OF OUR FOREST INDUSTRIES.

Since 1897 some 30 odd new industries have been established at the
mouths of the different rivers tributary to the St. Lawrence. Over $15,000,-
000 has been invested in saw mills, pulp mills, etc., which are employing
over 9,000 heads of families. These figures demonstrate that the Province
of Quebec has gone ahead very rapidly in the development of her forest
industry. The eyes of the world are upon us. From the point of view of those
interested in these enterprises we must protect their capital in so far as
investment is concerned, by protecting the source of revenue to us and to
them. The Province must afford protection to both the settler and to the
financial men who have large investments in our wood-working industries'.

CREATION OF FOREST RESERVES.

Lately immense Forest Reserves have been created in our Province (viz :
The Saguenay, Labrador, Lake Saint John, Saint Maurice, Maskinonge,
Ottawa, Chaudiere, River Ouelle, Temiscouta, Rimouski), which with the
Gaspe and Laurentides Parks, comprise a total area of 107,821,653 acres, one
of the largest Forest Reserves in North America. This has all been done within
the past few years, and we must congratulate the Province for its efforts in
that direction. Let us hope that our Province will also deem it wise to evolve
a scheme for the protection of the fish and game as well as for the protection
of the forest.

"We must not forget that besides what I have already mentioned we
have also the James Bay Basin and the Hamilton River Valley — representing
an area of about 93,000,000 acres, of which about 40 per cent, is timbered.

INSUFFICIENT STAFF.

With this vast territory of forest lands in our Province, I am sorry to
say that we have not a sufficient number of forest officers, and very few fire
wardens; and in many cases the men who hold these positions are unable to
discharge the duties to which they are assigned.

In my opinion when a man is appointed to be either a game or a fire
warden, practically placed in charge of a vast wealth belonging to the
Province, there should be a system by which he will be trained to realize the
importance of his duties. His compensation should be made commensurate
with the work that he performs. Since the preservation of the forest means
also the conservation of fish and game, I would like to suggest that the forest
wardens and fire rangers be also made fish and game wardens.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 29

TECHNICAL WORK.

The Department of Crown Lands, realizing the importance of technical
training, sent two of their best forest engineers to Yale to make a study of
the technical side of forestry. Since their appointment as Forest Engineers
in the Department of Crown Lands, new measures have been inaugurated
for the classification of lands, the proper protection of the forests, the pre-
vention of excessive cutting, the reproduction of the forest by seeding or by
planting, and a recommendation for the establishment of a fund for the
following purposes : —

1. The reforestation of abandoned farm lands.

2. The restoration of forest lands that have been ruined by reckless
cutting or by fire.

3. The planting up of bare or sand lands where there are no trees, and
the establishment of vegetation on rock lands.

4. The creation of forest reserves on a large scale.

5. The introduction and acclimatization of new species of woods.

SUGGESTIONS.

1. In my opinion if we are to take proper care of our forests, fish and
game we should have a commission of competent men, free from any politi-
cal ties, and having the direction of the sales, the cutting and everything else
belonging to the exploitation of the forest. Such a commission should be
under the control of the Government and be responsible to the people.

2. To this commission might be attached a technical staff that would be
charged with the task of exploring the forests, preparing maps, and possibly
also the management of the forests. The work has already begun in a small
way. but we wish to know the exact regions that are suitable for the growth
of the woods, and those that are suitable for colonization purposes. It is
important that this question should be settled in an independent and busi-
ness-like fashion.

THE EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE.

Another very important question is to educate the people as to the
value of the forests, and the importance it is to them to protect and preserve
them. We have already agricultural colleges and lecturers, and it seems
to me that it would be an easy matter for these lecturers, in their talks, to
give to the public some elementary ideas on sylviculture and the care of
woodlands.

30 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

THE FORMATION OF SCHOOL SOCIETIES.

These ideas should be taught to our children, starting in the primary
school, so that from childhood the idea inculcated would be to preserve the
trees thai? we see around our homes, and to plant new ones on the public high-
ways and about our homes. Once we had a day set aside, known as Arbor
Day, and on that occasion it was the custom to plant a few trees, but I
would like to see the time when it will be the custom for every one of the chil-
dren at school to plant a tree and to take care of it as long as he or she
remains at school. Those of us who have visited Europe will remember what
a sad comparison we make with our dusty, treeless roads as compared with
their beautiful shaded avenues. In a great many cities of the European
continent the school children plant trees in the manner suggested, and the
custom should be adopted here. In France, in the Jura Department, 300,000
trees have been planted by school societies. With very little effort even the
children can be made to realize the beauty that can be added to our homes
by developing the love of sylviculture.

REFORESTATION.

In Quebec immense regions have been devasted by fire during the
past few years, and other immense regions that have been destroyed by the
axe of the woodmen. All these lands should be reforested as far as is possible

The old policy, which, I am sorry to say, has been followed by the Gov-
ernments of most of the Provinces, that of putting up valuable timber limits
for sale by auction when the auction was practically only a subt°rfuge to permit
general speculation, and should be abolished. Let us encourage the work
of reforestation by some system of bonusing or exemption from taxation.
Handle the forest as a business proposition by the people and for the people.
Let us make special studies of our trees by technical men. Let us establish
the limits of each reserve, learn the conditions of its topography and soil and
find out what it contains. Also let us prepare plans for the cutting of wood
suitable for local conditions, and so as to ensure the perpetuation of the
exploited areas.

STUDIES OF THE WOODS.

We should have technical studies made of our woods, so that we may
know their resistance, compression, tension, etc., to the end that we may be
in a position to better inform our engineers and architects as to their mechani-
cal value. We should also have tests made of our woods for pulping purposes
so as to find out a substitute for spruce the day it may disappear ; also have
tests made to determine the value of the different woods for pulp and paper
-caking, so as to know what is to replace spruce when the supply is exhausted.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 31

PRESERVATION OF WOODS.

Here is a line of investigation that will prove interesting not only to the
lumberman and the settler, but also to the railway man. It has been proved
that an untreated spruce tie will not last more than seven or eight years, but
that when it is treated chemically it will last more than 20 years. The aver-
age cost of each tie is 30 cents and the cost of treatment 20 cents — the life
of the tie being trebled.

CONCLUSION.

We have a country rich in precious minerals, rich in forests, rich in
agricultural lands, and it is our duty to work hand in hand as Canadian
citizens to conserve and perpetuate all these riches. This is why we are proud
to see so many influential people gathered together here to-day, for their
example will do much to make our people take a live interest in the impor-
tant question of properly conserving our great forest wealth.

THE PRESIDENT : It was our intention to discuss each paper immediately
after its reading, but as we wish to hear from the representatives of other
organizations this morning, I think it will be wise to defer the discussion
of Mr. Bergevin's very interesting paper until the afternoon. I will there-
fore call upon Mr. Kelly Evans, Secretary of the Ontario Forest, Fish and
Game Protective Association.

MR. KELLY EVANS' ADDRESS.

Mr. President : — It is not my purpose at this time to do more than
welcome the members of this Association to the Province of Ontario in the
name of the Ontario Forest, Fish and Game Protective Association. In
doing so, I should like to draw the attention of the members of this Asso-
ciation, who may not be aware of the organization that I represent, or
what it means, that in 1905 our organization was started in Toronto by a
very small meeting at McConkey's. Since then it has grown to an organ-
ization numbering approximately 3,000 members, with some 35 branches
scattered throughout the Province of Ontario, and it has done a great and
good work. Now, my object in mentioning this matter is to draw your
attention to two things. I will quote from something the Dominion Minister
of Agriculture said, and some of the remarks made by other speakers. The
Minister admitted the fact t&at your interests have certain enemies. Now,
there is no question of doubt about it, and the interests of the fish and
game of this Province have certain enemies. It is a strange thing that
during the past 30 or 40 years there have been men who have arisen from
time to time in our midst who have pointed out the fact that we were

32 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

neglecting these two particular assets of this Province and of this whole
country ; but unfortunately those men, whether they were in the Local
Legislature or in the Dominion Parliament, found that they had very few
supporters, for the reason that there were some powerful enemies of the
cause they espoused. There was an apathy on the part of the public at
large and very few active friends could be found to take part in the struggle
in those Legislative Assemblies. At its inception, our organization con-
ceived the idea that it was necessary for us to appeal directly to the public
of this Province, and not merely to hold meetings once a year. We there-
fore held meetings throughout the length and breadth of this Province. The
first friend we obtained was the greatest of all friends — the Press. We
found throughout the Province, even in the smallest towns, that the Press
assisted us when we explained what we were doing. Now, gentlemen, I
submit to you that while there are gentlemen here who understand the tech-
nicalities of Forestry, an'd others who understand the practical benefits that
will be derived from this movement, at the same time it will be necessary
for you to wake up the public generally to this cause. (Applause). That is
merely a suggestion thrown out to you. I would say that the work of this
organization should go on throughout the year, and not be contented with
one big Convention — (Hear, hear) ; that good and capable speakers from your
body should give their services in the direction of delivering lectures through-
out the length and breadth of the country ; that the organization should
place lantern slides before the people exhibiting what the wastefulness of
forest resources means. For instance, the pictures that His Excellency has
mentioned would make magnificent material for this purpose, and by this
means the people generally should be hammered at, and the idea steadily
thrust upon them that it is necessary for their interests to give this body
the strength that it needs in the Legislative Assemblies of this country
in order to absolutely crush the enemies that have been opposing it.
(Applause.) You have a great enemy besides the ones that have been, men-
tioned; the greatest of all — the apathy of the people. (Applause.) Endeavour
to conquor that enemy and I believe you will win your struggle. To show
you that the organization which I have the honour to represent here today
realizes the importance of the forest, I may say that we started with the
name, "Fish and Game Protective Association," but at our Convention held
in Toronto last year, assisted, I am glad to say, by the able address of
Doctor Fernow — (Applause) — we succeeded in inducing the delegates, who
came from all over this Province as far north as Sault Ste. Marie, to change
the name of the organization to the "Forest, Fish and Game Protective Asso-
ciation." (Applause.) Now, gentlemen, we have been too busy with the
fish and game matters to use our efforts in reference to the Forestry ; but I
assure you that since our organization came into being, the Government of
the Province of Ontario has advanced distinctly all along the line in the
direction of recognizing the asset of the' Province in fish and game.
(Applause.) Wiser legislation has been passed, and a greater effort shown
by the officers of the Department in enforcing that legislation; and I can

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 33

assure you that I am advised that ere long some further distinct steps will
be taken by the Government, showing that they are seriously aware of the
importance of these two resources. When the Ontario Association feels that
it has succeeded in its efforts to make fish and game a recognized factor
in the resources of this Province, there will then be an opportunity for it
to use its surplus energy in making Forestry a recognized factor also.
(Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT : I will now call upon Mr. Robert Laidlaw, who repre-
sents the Canadian Fire Underwriters' Association.

ME. LAIDLAW'S ADDEESS.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,- — The Association that I have the
honour to represent consists of a little more than half the Fire Insurance Com-
panies doing business in the country; and while at first sight it may seem
that we are not particularly interested in this matter, I hope that I may
be able to bring into the discussion one or two points that perhaps might
otherwise be overlooked. The Fire Insurance Companies are actively carry-
ing on a campaign for the conservation of all the property of the country
in the same way as this Association is doing in regard to the forest wealth.
By bringing to the attention of the authorities the protection of property
against danger from fire we are constantly promoting that object. To show
how important that work is I need only tell you that in this country and
in the United States the amount of property destroyed per year is ten times
what it is in any European country. All of that is an absolute waste and
should be preserved. Speaking of forest preservation, I would like to draw
your attention to some disasters where carelessness in relation to forest fires
have not only destroyed the property of the lumbermen and of the country
in the way of standing timber, but have swept over immense areas of
country and destroyed cities and towns. The gentlemen from New Bruns-
wick will remember two tremendous forest fires that swept over the whole
of northern New Brunswick, destroying the capital of the Province. In
Eastern Ontario, also, we had a fire, caused by carelessness in a slashing,
which destroyed Casselman, South Indian, and several other districts in a
single afternoon. Last year the town of Fernie, in British Columbia, was
destroyed. After a personal visit to the scene. I can say that that fire was
due entirely to slashing left in the woods by lumbermen in limits near the
town. Wherever that fire came to timber land that had not been cut
over it went out — showing very conclusively that if the law enacted in
Xew Brunswick and in Wisconsin is properly enforced — there being no
kindling wood, if I may use the term, left in the forest — the forest fires
will be largely eliminated. (Applause.) I would like to point out, too,
that the cities are very much interested in another way, namely, the abnormal
flow of water — high water at one time of the year and low water at another.

3 F.

34 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

There was a period last year when the City of Ottawa was in great peril
from the fact that the water in the Ottawa River fell to an unusually low
mark. Almost annually the City of Brantford and other cities in the Grand
River Valley have their waterworks practically put out of business for a
week owing to high water, and at another time have not sufficient water
to supply the ordinary necessities of life. That is a condition that prevails
throughout, and is growing worse in many parts of this country. I can
assure you, Sir, that the Underwriters and Fire Insurance men of the
country will heartily co-operate in every way possible with you in endeavour-
ing to remove the ever-present danger arising from the careless manner of
dealing with the forests, not only in the timber limits but also in the
neighbourhood of towns, in regard to fire, especially in dry seasons. While
on this subject I would like to point out that our records show that fires
have a very distinct relation to the nature of the season, whether it be wet
or dry; that where the season is dry the number of fires is very much
greater than when we have a wet season. Therefore in drawing the atten-
tion of any Government to fire-ranging, I think that you should recognize
the fact that the ordinary system is intended to cope only with a normal
season, and that provision should be made in the statutes that when the
season is abnormally dry either the rangers or the Government should be
empowered to bring in additional assistance, so as to be able to cope with
the unusual situation. (Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT: The Canadian Forest Engineers have also a represent-
ative here in the person of their President, Doctor Fernow, who will now
address us.

DOCTOR FERNOW'S ADDRESS.

Your Excellency, Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : — This call from
the platform comes somewhat unexpected and unsuspected, for I had forgotten
for the moment that I really represent an organization. You will therefore
excuse me if my remarks are somewhat rambling and without any pre-
meditation. Some thirty years ago, when it was my good fortune to land
on this continent, I seemed to be the sole possessor of all the wisdom regard-
ing forests and forestry — (Laughter and applause) — by accident, of course. To
me it was a profession. On this continent, even the name was unknown.
Since then I have endeavoured, apparently with success, to give away so
much information that I cannot any more claim to be the keeper of all the
wisdom. (Laughter.) Especially this morning I have been impressed with
the exceedingly intelligent and captivating manner in which this informa-
tion has soaked into the minds of our leading spirits and is represented
not only in its generalities, but even the technical side, which is beginning
to be thoroughly appreciated and advanced. We may differ — experts always
differ — as to some of the tecKnical statements that have been made, and
perhaps opportunity will be given later on to discuss some of those technical

3a F.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 35

matters, so as to eradicate the errors that apparently, according to some
experts, were promulgated here. Nevertheless, it is a great satisfaction to
see that not only the generalities are intelligently conceived and studied,
but also that an interest has been aroused in the prefesssional or technical
side of forestry. When I came to Canada last year I was astonished to find
that it was possible to organize a Society of Canadian Forest Engineers; that
means, comparatively educated technical men. The country should con-
gratulate itself on this possibility, that nearly twenty men were already in
the field trying to apply the principles of Forestry which have been so
eloquently advocated from this platform. Even in that direction I am
beginning to feel that I shall have to take a back seat. I have had the
privilege of educating perhaps fifty per cent, of this Society of Canadian
Forest Engineers, at least a large number — I have not counted them — and
I am now in _the business of increasing the membership of that Society by
imparting whatever knowledge I may possess to the men of whom I have
charge in the Faculty of Forestry of this University. Gentlemen, you
gathered from this morning's presentation of the subject that Forestry is
essentially a patriotic subject. It is patriotism that has brought this
Association together; and perhaps my appearance here suggests that a
foreigner — -and still a citizen of the country to the south — should not attempt
to talk on such a patriotic subject. But I want to remind you that forestry
is really born of patriotism. The profession itself is a patriotic profession,
for it considers only or mainly the future; and what is there more patriotic
than the consideration of the conditions of your country for the future gen-
erations? I assure you that I am endeavouring to impart to my young
men not only a technical knowledge of Forestry, but also patriotic concep-
tions of what their profession calls for. (Applause.) It calls not only for
patriotic men, but the Forester must also be a highly moral man — a man
who can direct himself, for in the forest he is alone and lacks the support of
a surrounding civilization and civilizing influences. When thus severed
from influential surroundings, every forester must be a man of high morals
to be able to direct himself as well as those under him. Therefore I hope
you will allow men to consider that the establishment of the Society of
Canadian Forest Engineers is one of the best promises for the future of
the endeavours of this Association. (Applause.) In short, I hope that the
members of this Society will more and more become permanent members
of the Canadian Forestry Association. (Applause.)

30 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

AFTERNOON SESSION.

THURSDAY, February llth, 1909.

On resuming, Mr. H. M. Price, Past President of the Association, took
the Chair and made the following explanation :

Ladies and Gentleman : — In the absence of our President, Mr. Snowball,
w^ho is detained at a luncheon given by His Excellency, Earl Grey, I have
been asked to take the Chair and proceed with the meeting. It is now 40
minutes over time, so I will ask Mr. Drummond to read his paper on "The
Practical Side of the Forestry Question."

THE SECRETARY : Mr. Drummond is not present.

Mr. PRICE : In the absence of Mr. Drummond I will ask Mr. R. H.
Campbell to kindly read his paper.

Mr. CAMPBELL : I have not yet seen this paper of Mr. Drummond's,
and I don't know what line it takes ; but of course Mr. Drummond is respon-
sible for it. I cannot say until I have read it whether I agree with all the
paper says or not.

DOCTOR FERNOW : Before going on with the paper I should like to say
a few words in reference to my friend Mr. Drummond, who at the present
time happens to be in England. He is one of the "Old Guard" who started
2t> years ago to do the work which this Association stands for to-day. But
although Mr. Drummond is one of the "Old Guard" he is also one of the
new guard here at this meeting. (Applause.)

Mr. CAMPBELL : It is a very good thing for this Association that we
still have some of the "Old Guard" left. I am sure we all regret that some
of them are passing away from us. There is not one of us in this meeting
to-day who does not feel the great loss which this country has suffered by
the death of the late Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere, who has done more than
almost anyone else, for the advancement of Forestry in Canada. (Applause.)

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 37

\

THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF THE FORESTRY QUESTION.

. A. T. DRUMMOND.

Is fire still to play annual havoc and ruin in the forests of Canada and is
the lumberman's axe still to have unrestricted sway in cutting down the
pine and spruce timber that remains? Or will our Governments provide for
the future as well as the present revenues of the country, and for the future
as well as the present domestic consumption and exports of timber, by tak-
ing more radical steps to diminish these forest fires, by placing greater
responsibility on license holders, settlers, campers and railways, and by
making provisions for replacement wherever the forests are cut over or
burned? These are the practical questions facing u% at this moment.

The British press, in reviewing the recently issued report of the Royal
Commission on Afforestation in Great Britain, emphasize the fact that with
the present continually increasing consumption of timber, the world's supply
may not' last beyond thirty years unless immediate steps are taken to replant.
As that country's contribution to the future, the proposition is made in this
Report, and approved by the press, to spend $10,000,000 annually in acquir-
ing and planting 150,000 acres of vacant lands in Great Britain each year,
until 9,000,000 acres of forest have been created.

With its vast original forests, where nature has been so prodigal, what
is Canada doing? Until a few years ago, the object of each Province
appeared to be to derive the maximum revenue from the Crown Lands with
the least possible expenditure, and to leave the forests and the future to take
care of themselves. In 1883, an International Forestry Convention was held
at Montreal, and public attention drawn in forcible terms to the quickly
diminishing supplies of timber; and especially to the ravages of fire. The
meetings were effective in so far that the United States Government took the
matter up, and, through the efforts of Prof. Fernow and Mr. Gifford Pinchot,
an important subdepartment of the Government — the Bureau of Forestry —
has been created ; but Canada for years did nothing. The forests continued
to burn unheeded, and the lumbermen on their limits still operated without
check on what remained untouched by fire. No efforts at replacement were
made. It was considered the part of nature and not of Government to look
after that. During the last few years there has been some change for the
better, especially in Ontario and Quebec, whose revenue depend in no small
degree on the returns from timber In spite, however, of the fire rangers
employed, forest fires continue on a great scale, and no definite efforts have
been made at replacement,, either in the burned or the cut over areas. We
are face to face with the fact that a large item in our provincial revenues,
and perhaps the most important natural product in our home consumption
and exports, have not so many years of a future ahead of them. What must
be done?

Whilst considerable advances have been made in educating the public
into better appreciation of the value of the forest heritage which Canada
possesses, the most important step thus far taken by the Provincial Govern-
ments has been the apponitment of fire rangers whose chief work is to warn
campers, settlers, and others of the Government regulations arid to prevent
the spread of fires should they break out. That more than this is needed, the
havoc made by fire during the last year alone, is ample evidence. Regula-

38 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

tions, on their face, seem stringent, but thfe penalty is a trifling fine, proof
is difficult, no convictions take place, and the result is that the regulations
are practically ignored. What is wanted is not a fine, which, were it col-
lected, would be a trumpery return to the province where carelessness
resulted in a million dollar fire, but imprisonment for two years. Proof
would still be difficult, but the moral effect of such a penalty would be very
marked around every camp fire, in every settler's clearing and with every
man who handled the lighted match in the dry woods of summer and
autumn. The damage done by these forest fires is not to be measured merely
by the millions of feet of merchantable timber which have "gone up in
smoke," but even more by the vast quantity consumed of growing seedlings,
saplings and young trees, not yet merchantable, but which will become so,
year by year, during the next fifty or sixty years.

The time has come when each of the larger provinces of Ontario and
Quebec should have a Bureau of Forestry formed in part on the lines of the
Bureau at Washington. The time has also come when the trained forester
or forest warden as, in the extensive districts of the Crown Lands, he might
be called, should be employed. The duties of these forest wardens should be
enlarged to include supervision of the methods of cutting by lumbermen,
with a view to preventing exhaustion of the timber limits ; a system of replant-
ing on the already burned and cut over areas; and the protection of the fish
and game within the forest areas. They should be permanent employees,
whose duties would extend over the winter as well as the summer and be
entirely in the service of the Government under the Bureau of Forestry. The
vast extent of the Crown lands under forest in the Provinces of Ontario and
Quebec, and the great possibilities of development in future years if merely
measured by the rich returns of the past, are sufficient warrant for each of
these provinces undertaking the responsibility of this new Government
Department.

The licenses granted by the Government to cut timber on the Crown
Lands, should contain some new provisions to ensure continuity in the
returns ; both of revenue to the Government and of timber to the lumberman
from off these Crown Lands, and to prevent fires. For the purpose of natural
replanting by seed, a certain number of mature pine and spruce trees should
be left on each square mile. The selection of those could be made by the
forest warden. The license holder should also plant each year in suitable
localities, and for a time protect, several seedling pines and spruces for each
tree of these species which he cuts down. These two provisions would aid
in securing a continuous growth of these trees in the future. Further, the
licensee should, at the close of each winter, burn all the boughs, leaves
and other debris which have resulted from the cutting down and trimming
of coniferous trees on his limits. This debris always furnishes a fuel like
kindling wood to the forest fire in the dry season of the late summer months.

There should not be any difficulty on the part of the railways and owners of
mills in the wooded districts, complying with regulations requiring them to
be directly responsible for the guarding against fire of certain defined areas
within reasonable distance on either side of their tracks and of their mills.
The mill owner, under any circumstances, should in his own interest have
watchmen by night as well as by day, whilst the railway company has its
three section men on each six miles of track, passing and repassing daily,
and whose duties could be readily enlarged by giving them the direct respon-
sibility of extinguishing fires within the prescribed distance.

Lightning is sometimes put forward as a frequent cause of forest fires,
but as atmospheric storms are almost invariably accompanied by rain, which

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 39

moistens the leaves, branches and trunks as well as the ground, the spread
of such fires, if they are so occasioned, is rendered difficult. The chief cause
is undoubtedly carelessness or thoughtlessness on the part of campers, hunt-
ers, settlers, mill owners and railway companies, and, so long as the Govern-
ment regulations are not very stringent, and not much attention is paid to
enforcing them, this carelessness and thoughtlessness will continue. When
experts at Washington assert that during the summer and fall months of
last year, apart from the loss of the merchantable timber, damage to the
extent of $90,000,000 was done to the future productive value of the forests
of the United States, it is time that an effectual stop should be put to such
enormous waste. Public opinion is a great force in .our free Anglo Saxon
countries, and this public opinion should be brought to bear, through the
press, in strongly supporting the Governments and Parliaments of the
Dominion and the Provinces in making more stringent laws and regulations
and in strictly enforcing them.

The points of this paper may be summarized thus :

The Governments of Ontario and Quebec should each establish a Bureau
of Forestry.

Trained foresters should be permanently employed in the supervision of
the forests with a view to the protection, the methodical cutting and the con-
tinuity of these forests.

Holders of licenses should be compelled to cut their timber on some
approved forestry plan, to leave standing a certain number of pine and
spruce trees on every square mile for the purpose of natural seeding, and
should be required to plant annually and protect several pine and spruce
seedlings for every tree of these species which they cut down.

Holders of timber licenses should be required before the close of each
winter, to effectually dispose of all debris arising from the cutting down and
trimming of their trees.

Railway companies and mill owners operating within the forest areas
should during the summer and autumn months be under strict obligation to
protect by night as well as by day from fire, a defined area or strip on each
side of the railway or mill — with a large penalty for failure to do so.

A penalty of two years' imprisonment, without option of a fine, should
be imposed on all campers, hunters, settlers and others who during the sum-
mer months neglect to effectually guard their camp clearing and other fires
during the time they are burning, and to put them completely out when
they are done with them.

Whilst Mr. Drummond's paper was being read His Excellency, Earl
Grey, President Snowball and the Honourable Sydney Fisher arrived.

The PRESIDENT : Ladies and Gentlemen, — We owe you an apology for
our delay in arriving this afternoon. The delay was unavoidable, as there
were circumstances over which we had no control. I understand that
President Falconer, whom we had hoped to hear in the forenoon, is now
present. We should very much like to hear from him now.

PRESIDENT FALCONER : Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I don't
know whether I owe you an apology or not for my absence this morning. T
could not remain more than an hour, as I had a multitude of other duties to

40 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

attend to. I hardly expected that I should be called upon to oft'er any
remarks, because I know we are already well represented by other members of
the Faculty of Forestry. But since you have called upon me I merely have to
say that as a University we are very glad to have you within our precincts.
Our interest in this subject may be estimated by the fact that we have not
only a Professor of Forestry but a Faculty of Forestry, which means more
than merely having the study on the curriculum, and also that this Faculty
has trebled within one year. We began last year with the same number of
students that the Faculty of Applied Science began with some 30 years ago.
The Faculty of Applied Science numbers to-day 750, but what the Faculty of
Forestry will number in 30 years I will not venture to predict. However, we
feel that the work of the Forestry Department of the University is contri-
buting to the practical up-building of the Dominion as a whole. As a Uni-
versity, we welcome you because we know, both from our own actual know-
ledge and from what we have heard from our very capable instructors in
Forestry, that the future welfare of the country depends upon the proper
conservation of our forest wealth. We know also that public opinion is very
slowly moulded : that it has to be educated by long and careful nurture.
But we also know that it is the men in authority — those who are competent to
lead — with whom this responsibility rests, and that they have our sympathy
in their endeavors. All reasonable men in the country will follow them, but
it requires time to convince people that certain things are so. Under the
persistent and intelligent application of knowledge these minds will soon be
convinced, and I have no doubt whatever that such educational methods as
you are here exercising, as well as methods in council, will be largely useful
in educating the people. We have to see that our people do not regard this
country as their own selfish inheritance for a generation. As we have
received it, so we should transmit it. As a people, we must recognize more
and more that our national life is made up of a multitude of individuals,
each of whom stands, not by himself; but that our national life is organic,
that there is a mystic community of interest that pervades the whole, and
makes us inter-dependent, and that the welfare of one generation is depend-
ent upon the welfare of those preceding it. For this reason we welcome you;
because we regard you as doing a very large educational work, as well as
furthering the work which we attach importance in connection with oui;
Faculty of Forestry. (Applause.)

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 41

PRESIDENT SNOWBALL'S ADDEESS.

Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen, —

This is the first opportunity I have had of thanking you for the honour
you have conferred upon the Province of New Brunswick and upon myself,
by electing me President of this Association.

I regret exceedingly that circumstances prevented me from being present
with you last year, as I was sorry to miss not only the educational advantages
of a meeting of this sort, but also the personal intercourse with other mem-
bers of the Association, for the exchange of ideas.

On behalf of the Canadian Forestry Association, I welcome all the dele-
gates and other friends, who have met with us on this occasion, and trust
that our meeting will be a most profitable one.

We are favoured by having the privilege of meeting in the Queen City
of Toronto ; famed alike for its commercial importance, its well known educa-
tional institutions and its natural beauty. Here we can get in touch with
the business men, who have large interests in our country, and students who
will be the men of the future; and through this contact we should enlarge
the influence of our Association.

As an Association, we have every reason to feel that we have taken no
small part in the awakening of public sentiment regarding forest preserva-
tion, along advanced lines. Largely through the instrumentality of our
Association, the University of Toronto has organized a Faculty of Forestry,
with Dr. Fernow as Dean. In several of our forestry conventions we have
all learned to admire him, and I am satisfied that under his able leadership
this school will be of great value to Canada in supplying her with technically
trained foresters.

In my own Province, too, w© have established a Department of Forestry
in the University of New Brunswick, with Professor E. B. Miller, M.A.
M.F., in charge. This step was the outcome of a resolution passed at a meet-
ing of our lumbermen and others interested in the preservation of our forest
wealth, asking our Government to make a grant towards the expense of estab-
lishing such a Department in our Provincial University.

Personally, I do not think that any Government should stop with the
establishment of Forestry Schools, but they should also appoint lecturers
to visit the forested portions of the different provinces and give practical
talks on forestry subjects, in language easily understood by those who cannot
attend college, but who are anxious to extend their present knowledge of the

42 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

subject. Talks on fire fighting and precautions against fire; on economical
methods of cutting and logging; the building of roads, bridges and dams;
the value of forest cover in regulating stream flow; the advantage of trees
to the farm, methods of raising trees from seed and planting them at the
least cost; how to combat the diseases of trees; with some practical instruc-
tions in Forest Mensuration methods, how thinnings should be made, etc.,
could surely be arranged for. A course of a month or six weeks in each sec-
tion would arouse in our people an intelligent interest in the management of
our forest and woodlands and enable them to realize the real value of this
national asset and the tremendous importance of conserving it for all time
to come.

I also think that each province should have the whole of its wooded area
gone over by persons properly qualified to run survey lines between each
block; to correctly map the lakes, rivers, creeks, ridges, roads and other
topographical features, to prepare plans showing the kind and quantity of
timber on each block ; to report upon the nature of the soil ; and to state what
lands are suitable for farming and what should be rrtained for timber growth.
They might also report what blocks will never produce large timber and
where the thinning out of the timber would be an advantage. For this
work I would suggest that our University forestry students and their pro-
fessors be employed during the holiday season and that they have associated
with them Crown Land Surveyors, practical lumbermen and land cruisers.
I would also suggest that a geologist and mineralogist accompany each party,
as I am sure that they would gather information of inestimable value to
the several provinces.

All over this country we have minerals waiting to be discovered, as for
example, your 'Cobalt region in Ontario and a mountain of iron in New
Brunswick that might have been a source of wealth years ago and was finally
discovered only by the merest accident.

Both the Federal and Provincial Governments should be urged to enact
more strigent laws regarding the setting of forest fires and to appoint per-
manent fire guardians. In my opinion; a fire guardian should be kept on
every ten miles square (i.e., on every 100 square miles) and no person should
^ be allowed to go upon the public domain without a permit obtained from
ihe nearest head fire warden. In this way the wardens would be in touch
with every one who entered the woods.

At the head waters of all the principal streams there should be forest
reserves for the regulation of the water supply and fish ways should be
maintained to enable the finny tribes to reach their spawning grounds and
perpetuate their species. Where possible, information should be obtained
regarding the water flow of the streams at different seasons and the probable
all year horse power that may be used for industrial purposes.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 43

Last year our President referred to the export of Christmas trees and
suggested that it should be prohibited. In New Brunswick many of the
farmers export small spruce and balsam from their own land and I presume
it is the same in the Province of Quebec.

From one of our New Brunswick papers I quote the following : —

Hopewell Hill, Nov. 16. — "The parties who have been buying up Christ-
mas trees for the American market are loading their cars this week at River-
side, and will start the trees as soon as possible on the long run to Pennsyl-
vania, where on Christmas Eve they will be loaded with Santa's gifts to Uncle
Sam's youngsters or to those of them at least who are able to afford the luxury
of a real Christmas tree. And the price is quite considerable, the trees sell-
ing in the American towns for as high as $10,00 apiece. A quite common
price is |5.00 and few bring less than $2.00. The price paid here is one cent
a bunch, standing, from one to five or more trees making a bunch. Fir trees
are selected and range from six to ten feet in height. It is expected to ship
ten carloads from here, each car carrying about 1,500 trees. The parties
expected to send away about 90 carloads in all, but they think it doubtful if
they can secure that many."

The question that arises in my mind, is why should we prohibit the
export of small trees and allow those of a larger size to go out of the country
-instead of manufacturing them into pulp and paper here and thus leave
hundreds of thousands of dollars in the hands of our own people, and why
should we permit the cutting of small logs on the public domain if they
would grow larger?

In New Brunswick this is a live question, and our forest preservation
depends upon a proper solution of it. The seriousness of the situation is
indicated by the following extract from an editorial in the St. John's "Sun" :

"THE POLICY FOE NEW BBUNSWICK.— It is a pleasant custom of
people in heavily wooded 'countries, like New Brunswick, to think and speak
of their timber wealth as inexhaustible. As a matter of fact the accessible
timber lands of this Province are about seven million acres in extent. Allow-
ing a fair average of 2,000 feet per acre, this means that New Brunswick
owns to-day about fourteen billion feet of merchantable timber.

"In the United States, in 1906, the total cut of sizeable material was
about forty billion feet, so that the whole of our forest areas would only serve
the present demand of the United States for about four months."

This question has been discussed at Board of Trade meetings, Manufac-
turers' Association meetings, and by the Lumbermen, who met at the call
of the New Brunswick Government in February, 1907, and passed an almost
unanimous resolution, favouring the prohibition of the export of pulpwood
from Canada.

I do not intend discussing it now, nor do I think a resolution on the
subject would be advisable in our Association, unless it would be one asking
the Dominion Government to give this subject serious consideration.

44 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

The Americans want our pulpwood to save their own. We want their
mills, not only to increase our industrial employment, but so that they will
have a large investment depending on our forests and thus give them an
interest with us in conserving our forests.

Let me quote a few paragraphs from statements made by the International
Paper Company before the Ways and Means Committee in the Tariff hearing
in the United States, which I think fully explains the situation and the
feeling of our American Cousins towards our forest domain. After naming
their various mills and stating where they are situated they go on to say : —

"In each of these places the Company's mill is an important factor in
the maintenance of the community and in many of them it is the only pro-
ductive agency, besides indirectly furnishing a market for the outlying farm
districts. The company employs normally about 7,000 persons at its mills,
besides its operations in the woods. There are thus directly and wholly
dependent upon the wages paid by the company, estimating five persons to
a wage earner, 77,500 people, besides to a less extent farmers, store-keepers,
manufacturers of supplies and transportation companies. Except for its
wood operations in Canada, almost every dollar it receives is expended in the
United States."

"It is estimated that it furnishes annually 2,500,000 tons of freight to
the common carriers of the country."

"The company owns or controls about 900,000 acres of timber lands in-
the United States, and 3,100,000 acres in Canada. It is operating upon these
lands in the United States in the most conservative manner possible, in all
cases leaving the small growth for the future and avoiding all the waste pos-
sible, felling trees with the saw instead of the axe, as formerly, and using
the tops of the trees to the fullest extent possible. At some points in New
England it has bought abandoned farms having a young growth of spruce
on them, and is holding them for its future needs. It is also making some
experiments in replanting. It is holding its lands in the United States, in
so far as it is practical and economical for future use. It may be added that
its operations in Canada are also as conservative as conditions will allow/'

"In 1899, its first full year, the company made 380,000 tons of paper.
In 1907, it made 495,000 tons, an increase of 30 per cent. It makes all the
pulp required for this quantity of paper, and is thus not dependent upon any
other company or any other country for any if its requirements of pulp. It
does, however, get from Canada about 35 per cent, of the pulp wood
required, mostly from its own lands; this coming in free of duty. For the
handling and transportation of this wood a large amount of money has been
permanently invested, so that it may be laid down at the mills at the lowest
possible cost."

"It, (the present duty) is not adequate to prevent extensive importations
of news paper from Canada, as already shown, and any reduction would mean
an increase in importations and loss of business for us. It would check the
growth of our production and the removal of the duty would close a number
of our mills. We believe that under any conditions the free admission of
paper would compel us to abandon many of our plants, and either drive us
out of business or compel us to build mills in Canada."

'We know of no way by which this result can be avoided if we are
brought into competition with free paper, which is what Canada seeks. We

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 45

believe that the movement in Canada in favour of putting an export duty
on pulpwood, or prohibiting its exportation is not likely to be successful,
because it is not founded on any sound or just principles, and we further
believe that if it should be successful, it would result in such great injury to
Canada that such a policy would be short lived.

"One of Canada's greatest assets is her forests, but they are only profit-
able to her in so far as they are productive. We sympathize with any bona-
fide desire on her part to perpetuate her forests and are willing to submit
to any reasonable restrictions in our operations in the Canadian woods,
which have that end in view,, but Canada has a very great area of timber
lands, and they can produce a large annual yield without impairing them —
all that her mills and ours will want for generations to come.

"Canada is exporting $33,500,000 worth of forest products a year and
is doubtless eager to increase her markets for lumber, etc., and her exports
thereof. Her exports of pulp wood in 1907 amounted to about $5,000,000.
It looks inconsistent to say the least, for her to seek to increase her exports
of lumber generally, and to check the exports of one particular variety;
especially as pulp wood is very generally distributed throughout the Domin-
ion. The consumption by the United States is comparatively insignificant
compared with Canada's extensive supply.

"We are therefore forced to the conclusion that the opposition to export-
ing pulpwood is not based on any genuine apprehension on behalf of forest pre-
servation. On the contrary we have conclusive evidence in published state-
ments of the exponents of this policy that the real motive is to hamper the
industry in the United States in order to build it up in Canada. The move-
ment is supported by the Canadian paper and pulp manufacturers, who desire
to increase their output and to secure a market for it in the raw in the
United States. In other words, they wish to with-hold from us the raw
material which we desire, and force us to take the manufactured product.

"Although the Province of Ontario has actually prohibited the export
of pulpwood cut from tfee Crown Lands, and the Province of Quebec discrim-
inates against us by charging 25 cents more per cord for stumpage on pulp-
wood if it goes to the United States than if manufactured in the Dominion,
it seems improbable that either the Canadian people or the Government will
ever sanction so unfriendly and unusual an act as placing a general prohi-
bition or embargo upon the exporting of pulpwood.

"It would seem, however, to be only the part of prudence for this
country to prepare itself should hostile action be taken. We advocate,
therefore, that the countervailing duties provided for in section 393 and 396
should be remodelled so as to make their application more sweeping in case
Canada assumes an aggressive attitude. Should your committee desire our
views more in detail as to how this should be done, we shall be glad to sub-
mit them."

I would also quote from Dunn's Bulletin for December 10th, 1908: —
"FORESTS MUST BE PROTECTED. —Those Americans who are con-
tending for free trade in lumber between Canada and the United States,
says the "Monetary Times," do not attempt to hide the fact that they would
denude the Dominion of her forests if they got the chance, and this would
happen if they were given unrestricted entrance. Last week a deputation of
the Pacific Coast Lumbermen conferred with the Ways and Means Commit-
tee at Washington, and Gifford Pinchot, on the Lumber Tariff.

46 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

"In the course of a lengthy conference Champ Clark, representative in
Congress from Missouri, openly stated that free trade, would tend to pre-
vent devastation of American Forests, and it did not matter if Canada was
denuded of hers. The Tariff fight in the United States has developed into a
contest between the mill owners of the Pacific Coast and the owners of tim-
ber, who live south of the boundary, but whose limits lie north. These latter
see how they can cut for their own market if given an opportunity and go
through the forest as fast as fire; as they did in the vast areas of Michigan,
Wisconsin and Minnesota, which were once wooded. Present riches are all
that are sought and Canada should assist British Columbia to prevent the
ruthless cutting of timber."

I have made these quotations to bring forcibly before your minds the
value of our forest product and the necessity for conserving it, and also to
show that the Americans want our wood to save their own.

I hope that our discussions will be as profitable as usual and will con-
duce largely to the advantage of Canada, in so far as her forest wealth is
concerned.

The agitation started by this Association in a small way has now grown
to great proportions, and if the Association has not done anything more than
awaken public opinion in regard to the preservation of our forest, it has per-
formed a great service to this country.

"GREAT OAKS FROM LITTLE ACORNS GROW."— Great credit
is due those who dropped the little acorn in 1900, as we already have a great
tree that is spreading its branches over the whole Dominion.

In closing I cannot do better than quote from en address made by the
Honourable James Wilson before the American Forest Congress held in
Washington in January, 1905.

"I look for excellent results from the deliberations of this Congress,
for more light upon vexed questions and for the statement of new and use-
ful points of view. But above all, I hope from our meeting here there will
come a complete awakening to the vastness of our common interest in the
forest, a wider understanding of the great problem before us, and a still
more active and more earnest spirit of co-operation. Unless, you, who repre-
sent the business interests of the country take hold and help, forestry can
be nothing but an exotic, a purely Government enterprise, outside our indus-
trial life, and insignificant in its influence upon the life of the nation. With-
out forestry the permanent prosperity of the industries you represent is
impossible, because a permanent supply of wood and water can come only
from the wise use of the forest, and in no other way, and that supply you
must have."

THE PRESIDENT : I will now call upon Mr. Aubrey White to read his
paper upon the "The Forest Resources of Ontario.''

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 47

THE FOREST RESOURCES OF ONTARIO.
MR. AUBREY WHITE, DEPUTY MINISTER OF LANDS AND FORESTS.
Mr. President, Your Excellency, Your Honour, Ladies and Gentlemen :

At the request of Mr. Southworth I promised to read a paper at this
meeting of the Forestry Association. I have chosen as my subject the forest
resources of Ontario, and I hope to give you some information that may
prove interesting and instructive.

I thought in the first instance that perhaps an estimate of the timber
still growing on public lands, its whereabouts and its value would suffi-
cientlv cover the ground but on thinking over what would be instructive to
you, I thought I ought to be a little historical and give you some idea of
how we have disposed of our timber, why we sold it, what we have received
for it, how much still stands on licensed lands, and last but by no means
least, on that branch of the subject, how we are endeavouring to protect
and conserve it; then, dealing with the other branch of the subject, to give
you some idea of how much timber is on the undisposed lands of Ontario,-
where it is situated, and what efforts we are making to protect it.

In the first place, let me say what I am sure will be new to you, that
when Confederation took place, we found that 12,000 miles of Ontario's best
pine timber, the easiest of access, had already been placed under license.
10,000 miles of this territory was disposed of at fifty cents a mile with no
bonus, and 2,000 miles of it at fifty cents per mile with very small bonuses,
the whole 2,000 bringing about |100,000. The timber so disposed of was
along the Ottawa River to the head of Lake Temiskaming, along and tribu-
tary to the Mississippi, the Bonnechere, the Madawaska, the Petawawa, the
Mattawa and the Amable du Fond, all these streams being tributaries of the
Ottawa River. In the centre of the Province the timber on the Trent and its
tributaries had been disposed of. In the West the timber on the Nottawasaga,
the Severn, the Muskoss, the Moon, the Seguin and the Magnetawan River
flowing into Georgian Bay had been placed under license. The timber on
this immense area was subject only to Crown dues at fifty cents per thousand,
payable as the timber was cut.

Almost immediately after Confederation the Government of the Province
of Ontario had to consider ways and means, and one of the first things it did
was to pass regulations increasing the ground rent from fifty cents to $2
a mile, and the Crown dues upon timber from fifty cents per thousand to
seventy-five cents per thousand. It also passed new Crown Timber Regula-
tions, which provided that all timber limits should for the future be sold by
public auction.

The Legislature in the year 1868 passed what is known as the Free
Grants and Homestead Act, which provided for the giving away as free
grants to actual settlers of practically all the immense territory lying between
the Ottawa River and the Georgian Bay. This region was known to contain
large quantities of pine timber, and it was evident that there would be
enormous expenditure required to open it up with roads, erect public build-
ings, and provide for the Administration of Justice. The Government, there-
fore, reserved from free grant locations all pine timber until the patent issued,
except that a settler might take what he required for building, fencing, etc.,
and remove what was in the way of clearing his land. Settlement immedi-

48 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

ately began to flow into Muskoka, and it was necessary to sell the timber out
of the settlers way. Accordingly, what was the first Timber Sale of new
territory was held in the year 1871; 487 miles were offered for sale; a con-
dition was imposed that no pine trees below the diameter of 13 inches on
the stump should be cut, and for the purpose of that sale the Crown dues
were raised to $1.50 per thousand. Notwithstanding these conditions $241
per mile bonus was realized. The increased dues, however, were, reduced in
1876 to 75 cents, the same as existed elsewhere. This action was taken on
account of a depression in the lumber trade then prevailing. The diameter
limit was never enforced because it was found that if the licensee left the small
trees the settler cut them, or they were destroyed by fire.

In 1872, 5,031 miles of territory on the north shore of Lake Huron was
sold as timber berths, and other sales have been held from time to time down
to the present.

Generally speaking the causes leading to the sales were the advance of
settlement, the danger of fire, to enable mill-owners to obtain timber supplies,
the necessities of revenue, etc. All the sales were held by public auction after
due advertisement, and it is fair to assume, therefore, that the value of the
timber at the time it was sold was obtained.

The sale of 1872 covered an enormous area, almost one half what has
been sold since Confederation. It was evidently in advance of the necessities
of the time, as an enormous quantity of pine timber is still standing on
the territory then sold after 36 years' cutting. The timber on this terri-
tory has changed hands many times, always at largely increased values.
The dues and ground rent remained the same until the year 1887, when the
Government determined to increase them so as to share in the increment of
value that had taken place. The ground rent was advanced from $2 to $3
per mile, and the dues from 75 cents to $1 per thousand. There was a large
sale in 1887.

In 1890 we had a sale in the Rainy River region, which had just come
under the control of the Province. For the purposes of that sale, the dues
were $1.00; pine timber only was sold, and for the first time it was provided
that timber cut on these limits should be sawn in Canada.

In 1892 we had another large sale, in which the dues were fixed at $1.25
and the ground rent remained the same. The condition in the 1890 sale,
that logs must be sawn in Canada, was not attached to the condition of the
1892 sale. Subsequent to the sale of 1892, there came an agitation in con-
nection with the export of our logs, and in 1897 a regulation was passed,
afterwards ratified by Act of the Legislature, that all logs cut on licensed
lands of the Crown must be sawn in Canada, and that condition has pre-
vailed ever since. The condition has been extended to spruce and hemlock,
so that now all pine trees, spruce trees and all hemlock trees cut on licensed
lands of the Crown must be manufactured in the Dominion of Canada. The
right of the Province to attach this condition to its licenses was the subject
of litigation, but the Province's action was sustained and this leak of our
natural resources was stopped, and great development in our Northern dis-
tricts was another result. Since then we have had other sales, in which a time
condition for the removal of the timber was inserted, and at the last sale by
public auction in 1903 the ground rent was increased from $3 to $5 per mile,
and the dues to $2 per thousand B. M. Notwithstanding the time limit,
the increased dues and ground rent, the average bonus at this sale was con-
siderably over $4,000 a mile. Since 1904 we have sold some small areas and
applied the condition that the bid must be by the thousand feet, so that we

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 49

shall receive pay for all the timber that is upon the territory, and the
purchaser will only pay for what he gets. The ground .rent has been con-
tinued at $5 a mile, and the dues at f 2 .per thousand. Upon one berth which
was sold in this way the highest bid was $10.52 per thousand feet bonus,
in addition to $2 per thousand dues and $5 per mile ground rent. Under
these new regulations the Department measures the timber so as to make sure
that we shall get the full return.

I have sketched for you the principles that have guided us in our timber
sales, and the changes in the regulations that have been made. Now at the
end of 41J years, we find that we have sold in that period about 12,000 miles
or the same extent of territory that was under license when we took over the
management of the timber. For that timber we have received in bonus,
ground rent and timber dues about forty million and a quarter of dollars,
nearly a million dollars a year, and in the same period we have received for
lands and mines over nine millions of dollars, so that our total revenue from
lands, timber and mines in forty-one and a half years has been fifty millions
and a quarter of dollars. To this extent the people have been relieved of
taxation by the sale of the natural resources of the Province. Now in that
period of forty-one and a half years we have cut and disposed of twenty
four billions of pine, or an average of five hundred and seventy-eight millions
per annum. We hear a great deal about the rapid cutting away of our tim-
ber but there has been no marked increase in quantity in the past ten or eleven
years. In 1896 to 1907 inclusive the average cut was only six hundred and
seventy-three millions per annum, and for the last two years the cut has
been seven hundred and ten millions per annum or an increase of thirty-
seven millions over the average of the last eleven years, and this is largely
attributable to railway construction in the West, and I may say that a very
large .percentage of it consisted of jackpine.

I have taken considerable pains to ascertain what we still have on
licensed territory. I have had inquiries made from the quarters best able
to furnish accurate information, and then have got the opinions of our own
men, who are familiar with the region, and as a result of that inquiry we
estimate that there is about seven billions of feet B.M. of red and white
pine standing on our licensed territory, besides jack pine, hemlock and
spruce, of which there are also large quantities. Hemlock has been called
the "skim milk" of the forest. Well, when we cannot get cream or fresh
milk we are glad to get skimmed milk, and it may be said of our hemlock
that it is coming more ond more into use for purposes for which pine is
too expensive. Of the jack pine it may be said that it is rapidly increasing
in value as its adaptability is admitted for railway purposes, especially ties,
Millions of ties are now got out consisting principally of jack pine timber,
Spruce will soon be as valuable as pine.

The preservation of this timber from destruction by fire is a matter of
hourly concern, I may say, to the Minister of the Crown responsible for the
management of our timber. Now it will be asked, What have you done to
protect this great heritage from destruction? Well, I may say that ever
since the year 1885 we have had a staff of fire rangers each season on licensed
territory. We say to the licensees, who are men of all schools of political
thought : How many men will you require to protect your limit from fire
during the coming season? They give us the number and they select the
men who shall do the ranging. It may be fairly assumed that they choose
men who are familiar with the territory, and who are capable of doing the
work. We give them instructions and furnish them with literature to hand

4 F

50 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

to everyone with whom they come in contact, in which the law and the regu-
lations are set out. We caution them not to be overbearing or to irritate
the persons they meet, but to endeavour to enlist their sympathy by every pos-
sible means in the work of protecting the forests. We oblige the railways
running through the back country to pay for the services of fire rangers
placed along their roads for the purpose of preventing the forest from being
destroyed. We select these men and we place them at short intervals along
the roads so that they keep in touch with each other, and put out fire
wherever they discover it. On some railways we furnish them with veloci-
pedes so that they can follow the train from one section to another and so
on; thus if sparks are thrown or coals dropped by the locomotive and a fire
occurs, it is put out before it has time to assume any proportions. We have
divided the licensed territory into divisions, and we have put a supervising
fire ranger over each division, so that he may visit the rangers, and see that
they are on duty and performing their work for which they are paid. The
licensee also has a supervision of them and gets reports from them from time
to time. We pay half the wages and expenses of rangers upon licensed
territory and the licensee pays the other half. This service has inculcated
a respect for authority, and a desire to aid and assist in the prevention and
extinguishment of forest fires. We issue circulars periodically, asking the
licensees the effect of the service, the quantity of timber damaged, and invit-
ing suggestions which will improve the service. The quantity of timber
destroped this year is small and none of it will go to waste. Under instruc-
tions the fire ranger reports immediately the occurrence of a fire, its locality
and the quantity of timber damaged, and so the licensee is able to lay his
plans to cut the timber before it goes to waste. The expressions of opinion
from time to time have been commendatory of the service, and the only
improvement that has been suggested is that we should increase the number
of fire rangers. As an illustration, — last year we had on licensed lands
329 rangers, and our share of the wages and expenses was $46,600, the
licensees paying an equal amount. On railways we had 147 rangers, cost-
ing for wages and expenses $53,235. There has, therefore, b«en an expendi-
ture during the last year upon fire ranging on railways and licensed lands of
$146,478, apart altogether from what is spent on forest reserves, and unli-
censed territory.

Our greatest trouble on licensed territor- is in cases where townships are
open for settlement, and at the same time under license. The interests of
the licensees and the settlers come in collision, and it is a most difficult
thing to hold the balances between them. Recently my Minister has adopted
the system of inspecting lands applied for before a location or sale is made.
This inspection is made by an officer called a Homestead Inspector, and he
notifies the timber licensee and the applicant for the land when he will make
his inspection, and upon the result of his inspection our action is based. Lots
that have quantities of valuable pine timber upon them or that have not,
fifty per cent, of land suitable for cultivation, we do not as a rule locate,
and so we are decreasing the taking up of lands for the purpose of despoiling
them of their timber. In the case of townships that are not open, we now
inspect them before putting them on the market, and if they are rough and
not suited for settlement or valuable for their minerals, we do not open them.
We do not always satisfy the diverse interests; sometimes the lumberman is
dissatisfied and sometimes the settler, but at any rate our action is a com-
mon sense method to elicit the truth ; our own officer has no axe to grind and
the presence of the settler and lumberman enables them to put their views

4a F.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 51

before nim. On the whole I think it may be said we have been careful in
our management of the timber, only selling as necessity compelled us and we
have obtained a fair value of the timber sold, and endeavoured by every means
possible to prevent it from destruction by fire. This closes what I have to
say about licensed territory.

We now come to the question of what timber there is on unlicensed
territory. For convenience of thought we will draw a line, say from the
Town of Mattawa up the river of that name, thence across Lake Nipissing
and down the French Eiver to Georgian Bay, and say that the timber terri-
tory we are now going to speak about lies north of that line. Then we will
divide that great region into three areas about which we will speak separately.
First, — all territory east of Port Arthur and south of the waters flowing into
Hudson Bay. Second, — all territory east of Port Arthur lying north of the
height of land and on the Hudson Bay slope. Third, — all territory west of
Port Arthur in the Thunder Bay and Eainy River Districts.

Our policy in recent years has been to keep from settlement areas on
which we know there are considerable quantities of pine timber or spruce,
and which are not deemed to be suitable for farming purposes. Therefore,
in the first of the above divisions, in which is the bulk of our white and red
pine, we have set aside the following forest reserves : Temagami, area 5,900
square miles; Mississaga, area 3,000 square miles; Nipigon, area 7,300 square
miles, and Thunder Cape, 80 square miles, a total of 16,280 square miles,
or an acreage of 10,419,000. On each of these reserves, except the Thunder
Cape, we have a chief ranger with a staff of fire rangers under him, who
during the heat of summer patrol and move about continuously through the
reserves, keeping an eye on all persons passing or having business there,
handing them pamphlet copies of the law with respect to forest fires and
inculcating a spirit of care, and when necessary bringing offenders to justice.
The force is large in the summer months, but is reduced in the winter, when
the prevention of trespass is the only service called for.

The Temagami reserve is a very important one, and it contains a large
quantity of pine timber, variously estimated at from three to four billions
of feet B.H. of pine. A large percentage of this timber is of first class
quality, and from its situation it will bring a large stumpage price per
thousand feet. The timber will go partly down the Ottawa waters and partly
down the Sturgeon to the Georgian Bay. I think we are safe in assuming
that on this reserve there is about three and a half billions of white and red
pine. We are surveying it into blocks, and estimating it from year to year,
and shall know with some degree of closeness what the quantity of timber
is. I need say no more to impress upon you the wisdom of creating it a
forest reserve, and of guarding it carefully. In this reserve we had last
year a staff of seventy rangers at a cost of about $30,000. We had no seri-
ous fires and very little timber was damaged. This reserve is the subject of
a good deal of anxiety at the present time. We may be said to have an
embarrassment of riches in it. There is the pine timber growing on the sur-
face, and below there is the silver mine. How the silver is to be taken out
and the timber protected is one of a sort of questions that we have to deal
with, and which are calculated to turn a Minister's hair grey. But one thing
is certain, we shall have to increase our staff of rangers in this reserve.

North of the Temagami reserve extending through to Abittibi, north
and west of the Frederickhouse Eiver, we have found some blocks of pine
timber, not any large areas, but sufficient to warrant the opinion that we
shall find in that region some 250,000,000 of feet. Then south of the Tema-

52 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

garni reserve are a number of townships still in the Crown, containing a
large quantity of first class white pine timber. This timber will go down
the Sturgeon River and its tributaries to Georgian Bay, or it can be manu-
factured on Lake Nipissing and the lumber shipped by rail. Having
regard to the quality of this timber and its accessibility, it has as high a
stumpage value, perhaps even higher, than the Temagami timber. Each
year we have had a staff of fire rangers on duty on these townships, and so
far we have been successful in keeping out forest fires. There is no settle-
ment threatening the timber, and we will not allow any at present. In this
area the berths are surveyed, and we have estimators each year, and we shall
soon have an accurate idea what the actual quantity there is. At present it
is estimated at two billions of feet B.M. In territory north and west of
Temagami reserve, extending westerly towards Port Arthur, and covering
Lake Nipigon and tributary waters, our explorers have come across blocks
of pine here and there, some of it north of the height of land, and some
of it south. I think we may fairly put the timber in that region at say a
billion and three quarters. There is no settlement as the region is far away
from railway communication. We have not much information about this?
region beyond the reports of surveyors and our explorers, but we think we
shall be within the mark in placing the quantity of pine that will be found
there at a billion and three-quarters of feet B.M.

In this division is situated the Nipigon forest reserve, in which there
is a considerable body of pine, notably up the Gull River, but it was to pro-
tect the spruce and pulpwood growing in that great reserve and the game
and fish that it was primarily set apart. Here there is a chief with his staff
of rangers to protect the territory. Owing to the stream of travel that is
going up to the construction of the Transcontinental considerable vigilance
is necessary. There have been some fires during the past year, but none
that have done any great damage. We had 22 rangers in this reserve last
year at a cost of some eight or nine thousand dollars.

Thunder Cape reserve is only 80 miles in extent and it was set apart to
protect the timber on the promontory called Thunder Cape and to preserve
it from destruction by fire. The Crown timber agent at Port Arthur is
ex-offido fire ranger in this reserve.

Then on the Mississaga River which flows into the Georgian Bay, we
have created a forest reserve with an area of 3,000 square miles, or 1,920,000
acres. On this we had last year a staff of 21 men at a cost of $7,600. A little
timber was damaged by fire just at the close of the season, which we are now
offering for sale. The fire rangers there are constantly on the move, keeping
strict surveillance of the territory and of travellers who pass through it.
Everywhere printed copies of The Fire Act are posted up, especially at the
ends of portages, and everyone coming in contact with a ranger is given a
pamphlet copy. We have also surveyed this reserve into blocks and are care-
fully estimating the timber, but it will take some time to complete the estimate.
The timber in this reserve is so close to Lake Huron, so easily lumbered that it
should bring a very high stumpage. The quantity of pine on this territory
has been estimated at from three to four billions of feet. There is no settle-
ment near the reserve, and no active mining within its boundaries, so it is
reasonably safe. I am assuming for the purpose of this paper that there is
three billions of feet B.M. upon this reserve. Outside of this reserve on
territory tributary to streams running into Lakes Huron and Superior, and
also to the Algoma Central Railway, we have found considerable quantities
of pine on separate areas. In this territory we have had fire rangers each

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 53

year, and as the Algoma Central Land Grant is situated in it, they too have
had fire rangers. From the estimate made by them, and from our own
reports we are of opinion that there is at least seven hundred and fifty mil-
lions of feet B.M. of red and white pine there. This timber is also valuable
on account of its accessibility.

Now in the territory west of Port Arthur, that is in the Thunder Bay
and Eainy River Districts, we have a very large body of pine timber, much
greater than we believed to be the case some years ago. We have kept a
staff of fourteen rangers on this territory last season, adjacent to Rainy
river, Quitico River and Hunter's Island, and so far no serious fires have
occurred. A few years ago we had various opinions as to the quantity of pine
in this region. We are getting a better knowledge of it, and from the
receipt of information from those 'who are well informed, we have reason to
believe that the quantity, as I said, greatly exceeds all former estimates.
One of our most expert men, who has travelled over it frequently and knows
the country, some years ago expressed the opinion that there was a billion
and a quarter of feet B.M. of pine in that region. He has now had the
opportunity of seeing what the territory we have sold there cuts out, and is
better able to form an opinion as to what will be produced. He is now of
opinion that south of the C.P.R. in the territory from Port Arthur to the
western boundary we have probably two billions of feet B.M. of pine, and
in the territory north of the C.P.R. in the same district, about three hundred
millions of feet B.M. This timber, owing to its proximity to the prairie
country, and to the immense railway construction that has taken place, has
also a very high stumpage value. I may say that much higher estimates as
to quantity have been placed upon this territory than I am taking, but I am
taking for my figures what I regard to be the best authority.

I now come to the great region lying north of the height of land on
waters flowing towards Hudson Bay. Here in the not distant future will, in
my opinion, be found our greatest timber asset. This northern slope is cov-
ered with a great growth of spruce timber, becoming smaller in diameter, of
course, the further you go north, but all the timber there will come into use
if we can preserve it from destruction. For mv present purpose I will take
only the best spruce area on that slope, commencing at the eastern boundary
of the province and extending along the route of the Transcontinental, 400
miles, with an average width of 100 miles to the south and 50 miles to the
north of the line. On this territory there is estimated to be 250 millions of
cords of pulp wood. The best quality and size is found on the territory between
the Ogoke and Kenogami Rivers, and extending from one stream to the other.
These pulpwood areas cover parts of the Districts of Nipissing, Sudbury,
Algoma and Thunder Bay. West of Port Arthur, on waters flowing north,
there is estimated to be 50 millions of cords, so that here in this northern
region we have an estimated quantity of 300 millions of cords of pulpwood
timber, which will in a short time have a considerable stumpage value. I
suppose I am quite within the mark in putting its value now at seventy-five
cents a cord, for a considerable percentage of the spruce and jackpine,
probably 15 to 20 per cent., will make merchantable lumber. It may be
said that this territory is not immediately available. That is so, but within the
next few years the Transcontinental Railway will be constructed through it,
and in my opinion that railway will be taxed to carry the enormous quanti-
ties of pulp, rather, may I hope, paper, that will be produced there. Consider
the fact that there are seven or eight large rivers all flowing north towards
the railway line, down which will pour enormous quantities of saw logs and

54 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

pulpwood to feed the mills that will certainly be erected at points where
these rivers cross the railway. I apprehend that in the not distant future,
the Transcontinental will not be the only railway in that region, and one's
imagination is not equal to picturing the possibilities there. 300 millions of
cords of pulpwood would mean about 150 billions of feet B.M. How much
of this would make merchantable lumber it is impossible at the present
moment accurately to state, but the quantity will be much larger than some
of our theoretical friends are willing to admit. Much of this timber is situ-
ated on what is called the "Clay Belt," through which the railway will run,
and there will be, no doubt, a large influx of settlers in that country as soon
as it is opened up. Then our responsibility will be increased. For the pres-
ent the only danger there, apart from the casual wanderer, will be the
construction of the Transcontinental. Next summer we shall be confronted
with a tremendous problem; probably the construction of the Transconti-
nental Railway will be under way all through that region, and if great
precautions are not taken, it may be a line of fire all through that valuable
timber. In addition to the line of construction, there will be supply roads
to take in materials, foods, etc., and these will be additional sources of
danger. Just consider, — for a distance of over 600 miles, through a well
timbered region, there will be scattered all along the line of railway con-
struction thousands of men using fire for many purposes, such as cooking,
smoking, smudges for flies, etc., having no interest in the protection of this
timber, and consequently recklessly careless. It goes without saying that the
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines is alive to the situation and that he
will do his utmost to protect and preserve the timber by placing fire rangers
all along the line, so that everybody may know what law is and that those
who are careless may be brought to justice. Notwithstanding all this, unless
we have, as we have the right to expect, the active co-operation of the
Transcontinental Railway Commission and every one of its officers and
employees, such as engineers, contractors, foremen, etc., we shall not, I
fear, be able to protect the timber, — but that nothing that can be done will
be left undone, goes without saying.

Now let me sum up the situation for you :

The total area of the Province of Ontario, exclusive of the Great Lakes
is estimated to be one hundred and forty millions of acres. Of this there ;s
surveyed forty-six millions of acres, leaving an area unsurveyed of ninety-
four millions of acres. There have been alienated by sales, location, etc.,
twenty-four millions of acres, leaving still in the Crown one hundred and
sixteen millions of acres.

Miles.

Licensed before Confederation 12,000

Licensed since Confederation (about) 12,000

24,000
There is still subject to license nearly 20,000 miles.

Total receipts from timber since 1867 to the end of '08 $41, 250,000

Total receipts from Lands and Mines from 1867 to the end of '08 9,000,000

Total $50,250,000

Pine timber cut since 1867 to end of 1908 .. 24,000,000,000

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 55

Per annum.

Average cut from 1867 to 1908 578,000,000

Average cut from 1896 to end of 1907 673,000,000

Average cut for last two years, 1907-08 710,000,000

Estimated quantity on licensed lands, still standing 7,000,000,000

Timber still standing on unlicensed lans : — Red and white pine,
13,500,000,000 ft.; pulpwood on unlicensed territory, 300,000,000 cords,
about 15% of which, or twenty-two and a half billions, will probably be suit-
able for saw log timber.

Value of timber on licensed lands, 7,000,000,000 ft., at an aver-
age of 11.50 per thousand 110,000,000

13,500,000,000 ft. of pine on unlicensed territory at an average

of $10 135,000,000

Spruce logs, pulpwood, tie timber, etc 225.iOOO,000

1370,000,000

FIRE RANGING LAST YEAR.

Men. Cost.

Number of men on licensed territory 376 $ 46,621 45

Rangers on railways 147 53,235 71

Rangers on Forest Reserves Ill 45,805 18

On Crown Lands 58 17,398 50

Proportion paid by licensees - 46,621 45

Total expended for forest protection 692 $209,682 29

Mr. WHITE : In closing, I would say that I do not think we can be accused
of neglecting our duty in protecting the great forests of the north. (Ap-
plause.)

THE PRESIDENT : If any person wishes to ask questions or discuss the
paper, an opportunity will now be given him to do so.

Mr. WILLIAM LITTLE : I would like to ask Mr. White what proportion
of this pine — about twenty and a half billions of different kinds of pine — is
white pine?

Mr. WHITE : All I can say is that we have had no estimate made dis-
tinguishing the white pine from the red ; but, knowing the territory in which
the pine grows, and having some knowledge of it, I am in a position to say
that in my opinion a great proportion of it is white pine. I should say two-
thirds.

Mr. LITTLE : Is the annual cut much in -excess of the annual increment
of growth?

Mr. WHITE : The increment of growth is an ideal and a theoretical
question, and I have never yet undertaken to say anything about it. I set
off the destruction caused by fire against this increment.

56 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Mr. LITTLE : You have 30 years of life. You said there were 7 billions
of lumber under license and 13| billions on the ungranted lands. You said
you would be able to get from the first about f 10,000,000, and from the other
(on the lower scale of flO a thousand), about $135, 000,000. Figuring on the
red pine it would last 30 years. Nationally, that is nothing at all.

Mr. WHITE : With all respect for your views, and taking them in all
kindness, if you can suggest how we can do any more than we are doing I
will be very glad to tell the Minister. We have placed Fire Rangers every-
where there is danger. We have secured the best men we can get. We have
given them definite instructions. We have put supervisors over them, and
we have got licensees to do the same. If there is anything more to be done
I don't know what it is.

Mr. J. B. MILLER: According to Mr. White's figures (taking the annual
increase at 800 millions) if we are only cutting 710 millions a year we are not
drawing very severely on our resources. They will last 130 years.

Mr. LITTLE : Where the forest is not under second growth the original
timber decays, and I question very much if there is this amount of timber.
At any rate it is a very small amount of pine to last this country. I believe
that we have no pine to spare.

Mr. G. Y. CHOWN : Have we any men in the woods that are there because
of political appointment?

Mr. WHITE : I have made it a rule in a meeting of this kind to keep
politics out of the discussion, and I think they are entirely foreign to any
discussion that takes place here. If the gentleman is not satisfied with the
administration of the Crown Lands Department let him go to the Minister
and voice his views, and they will be attended to.

A DELEGATE : I trust, Mr. Chairman, you will rule out anything of that
nature. This Association was not formed to admit any discussion of that
kind.

Mr. MILLER : The lumbermen appoint their own rangers, and the lumber-
men as a rule try to get men who are used to the woods and suitable for that
purpose regardless of whether they are Conservative or Liberal. They want
the best men they can get.

Mr. W. A. CHARLTON : With the greatest respect for Mr. White's skill
and good judgment, there is one suggestion I would make— that the Govern-
ment increase the pay of the fire rangers. They give them |2 a day, and
they find themselves in the woods in shelter and food. Now, it is well known
to any business man in this country that you cannot secure the services of a
good man for $2 a day to find himself. (Hear, hear.) The plan we have

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 57

adopted — and I made a note of it in the report which, we sent to the Minister
— was to pay men who are worth the money $75 a month and find them in
food and shelter. At each shelter place, for every two men we have 12 iron
buckets, 12 shovels, and 12 axes all ready handled, so that when a fire occurs
they have something t^ work with. (Hear, hear.) The result of this has
been that we have had no fires. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. WHITE : So far as the remuneration of the fire rangers is concerned,
it must be remembered that in licensed territory we have an interest, at the
outside, of $2 a thousand — I put it at $1.50, for probably that would be the
average — while the lumberman has an interest of $8 or $10 a thousand. Now,
it might be worth his while to consider why he should not increase the
remuneration — in view of the greater protection he has received. (Laughter.)

Mr. CHARLTON : I certainly meant that the Department should apply
that rule to their own lands — to the unlicensed lands.

Mr. WHITE : And to the licensed lands too, I suppose ?

Mr. CHARLTON: Yes. (Laughter.) I think Mr. White agrees with me
in that.

Mr. WHITE : Yes.

Mr. THOS. SOUTHWORTH : I presume Mr. White regards his statement
of the assets of the Province in timber and the pulp wood wealth of the north
country, as a possible rather than probable asset so far as the Provincial
revenue is concerned. The pulp wood is almost entirely on land that, as he
states, is eminently suitable for agricultural purposes ; and it is altogether
probable that the insistent demand for lands for settlement will require the
land to be given over to the settlers. So far, it has not been the practice or
the policy of the Government of this Province to take the timber off the land
before giving it to the settler. It has been the case with the pine, but so far
that has not been extended to the spruce. If this is done it will be very diffi-
cult to induce settlement in that country, because the settlers would be
deprived of the assistance they would get from the sale of the timber. Hence
I presume that Mr. White does not- regard this spruce as a realizable asset
or even a probable asset so far as the Provincial revenue is concerned.

Mr. LITTLE : It is a very fine asset — one of the finest assets we have in
America.

Mr. WHITE: My answer to that is that I said the Province has an asset.
Even if a settler takes it up, the money will be there. It is wealth to the
Province created by him, but I apprehend that all that territory will not be
taken up for settlement, and I apprehend that we will get a good deal more
than the price I have placed upon it, 75 cents a cord. We shall probably get,

58 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

if we preserve it, two or three dollars a cord, for when railway construc-
tion goes in there we shall no doubt be able to sell enough to make the total
I have given you. But whether that be so or not, I am estimating the pre-
sent value. I am not able to say whether it will be wasted or destroyed. I
am speaking of the present moment. „

Dr. B. E. FETING w : I would like to express my gratification at having
heard this paper, containing such clear statements of the fiscal condition of
the property of this Province. Thirty years' supply and 30 years of income
tolerably well assured is a very satisfactory condition, from a fiscal point of
view, but I wish to point out that 30 years hence there may be some people
living in this Province who would like to participate in this great resource ;
and I would also like to point out that 24 billion feet sounds a very large
amount, but it would be just about enough to supply for one-half year the
requirements of our neighbors to the south.

Mr. LITTLE: Hear, hear.

Dr. FERNOW : I am perfectly agreed with Mr. White that it is almost
useless to talk about the increment. We heard some statements this morning
that I should like to discuss, as to a five per cent, increment on the stock on
hand in New Brunswick. Being somewhat familiar with figures of that
nature in the Old Country, where Forestry has been practised, I should say
that if one-half of it occurred we would say, "These forests do not need
any better management." Two and a half per cent, increment for stock that
is to be cut would be a very high percentage. You may find ten per cent,
during the life time of a forest acre, between 20 and 30 years, or between 15
and 25, but it would gradually reduce until at the age of 80 to 100, when
timber really becomes ripe in this country, it would have fallen to two, or
two and a half per cent, if well managed — and we know well enough that
our woods are not well managed for the future ; from the standpoint of the
forester. So that while fiscally there is still a hopeful situation, from the
standpoint of this Association it is almost hopeless; especially as Mr. White
argues that all that can be done has been and is being done. I think if that
really were the case we should shut up ; there would not be any more progress
possible. But there may perhaps be some improvements possible even in the
good arrangements which now exist. I will not venture to propose any, but
only throw out the general statement that it is quite intelligible to us that
theorizing about a proposition and putting into practice some measure of relief
are two very different things. (Hear, hear.) I think that even a thorough going
theorist will agree with this — that while this theory is only an ideal which
ought to be followed and realized as far as possible, the practical question
is not so easily solved as it sounds and looks on paper. Some of us theorists
have been listening to these propositions of the so-called practical men, or
the objects of the so-called practical men, for the last quarter of a century;
yet certain things are coming into the world that were formerly supposed to

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 59

be absolutely impossible — that have become suddenly possible because a new
interest has been taken in them. I hold here — but I will not inflict it upon
you now — the statement of a logging-boss I know very well; no man of
theories, but a man who has done good work in the logging camp, and who
now, fortunately for the United States, has become the Lumberman of their
Forest Service, and under whose direction all the practical measures are being
carried out. In this little paper, which he himself prepared — because,
although he is merely a practical logger he has learned the art of expressing
his ideas in the most marvellous degree — he gives the experience of the burn-
ing of brush in the Minnesota Forest Reserve. Now, that was one of the
things that this forester proposed doing 20 years ago, but it was resisted as
being "unpractical, too expensive, and perfectly useless." Nevertheless it
is now being done in the Minnesota Forest Reserve with the greatest success
and with great satisfaction to the contractors who are forced to do it, and
with great benefit to the young growth. This hard-headed practical man
points out that it has been done, and therefore can be done, and at small cost.
But he also points out that it would be perfect folly to propose a general rule
of that description ; that each case must be treated separately. Each case is
a problem in itself and must be considered by some competent person — who
may be the logging boss. It is not necessary to have graduates of forestry.
Many of those practical men are much better woodsmen, and we propose to
substitute our young foresters for those practical men; but I wish to point
out that there is a possibility of progress even where the path seems closed.
That is the thought that the paper has produced in me — that after all per-
haps there is still the possibility of changes for the better ; even though they
cannot be easily made or will require time. For instance, these forest sur-
veys that have been talked about cannot be made in a short time, and very
often it will be wise to leave them alone. It would be impracticable to go
into the vast north pulpwood country and spend any money on it ; it would
be bad financing. Yet a beginning could be made to change the method, and
I believe it can be made, and will be made in time. (Applause.)

Mr. WHITE : I am very much pleased with the remarks made by Pro-
fessor Fernow. There are just two points to which I would like to refer. In
the first place he said that 24 billions of feet was a very small quantity, and
just about half the annual consumption of the United States. Now, I came
here to tell this audience whkt I think we have upon the lands of the Crown ;
and whether it is 5 billions or 100 billions does not make any difference to
me. I am endeavoring to state what I believe to be the truth. I am not mag-
nifying it for a purpose. If I had said 100 billions perhaps I should have
pleased Professor Fernow better, but I could not do that. Then he entirely
misunderstood me if he thought I said there could be no improvement in what
we were doing. I did not say anything of the kind. I said, with respect to
the fire-ranging, what could we do ? We put the number of men on the terri-
tory that we thought could protect it; we supplied them with all the informa-
tion; we had overseers over them, and everything we could do in that way we

60 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

did, and we were ready to accept further suggestions that will better the ser-
vice. I did not say that we could not do anything to improve the situation.
We are daily doing something to improve the situation. The fact that we are
now asking for bids by the thousand feet instead of by the square mile is one
great step in advance — (Hear, hear and applause) — no doubt about that.
That is something we have done. Then the setting aside of timber areas as
forest reserves, and watching them and keeping the timber, is another great
step in advance. At the present time we are offering for sale a small quan-
tity of timber that was damaged in the Temagami Reserve this last summer,
and one of the conditions of sale is that the purchaser shall burn the debris
in the cutting of the timber. Perhaps that will be interesting information
to Professor Fernow; at any rate that is another step in advance. We are not
Bourbons in the Crown Lands Department of Ontario. We are all the time
thinking and trying to better the situation, but we don't think we know
everything. We are always willing to accept information or suggestions from
any source whatever. Our idea is to give the Province the best possible ser-
vice that can be obtained. (Applause.)

Dr. FERNOW : Will you permit me to set Mr. White right as to my atti-
tude. I did not intend to criticise or reflect —

Mr. WHITE : No ; I don't think you did.

Dr. Fernow : I was simply going to draw a conclusion which Mr. White
, very carefully avoided drawing, and for which I honour him. I should per-
haps have expressed my admiration of the progress that has been made, but
I did not thiijs we were here for that purpose, but rather for advance ; so I
want to accept any corrections, and have Mr. White understand that I am in
sympathy, and was only drawing conclusions with the long bow towards the
distant future, which he did not.

Mr. H. M. PRICE : As a resident of the Province of Quebec I think I can
fairly congratulate the Province of Ontario on its progressive policy in the
administration of its Crown Lands. I think they have adjusted the burden
very fairly indeed; in fact they have adjusted it perhaps a little heavier on
the man who cuts the timber than the Province of Quebec would be willing
to do at the present time. They must have educated the lumbermen up here
to a very high standard, when they are willing to pay f 10 per thousand feet
for the cut of their pine timber. In the Province of Quebec I fear it will be
many years before the lumberman will be as long-suffering as that. I think
Mr. White has given us a very good resume of the state of the lumber trade
in the Province of Ontario, and I feel that we in Quebec have a great deal to
learn. I think the administration of the Crown Lands in this Province has
very little to be reflected on at the present time. I don't say that it is per-
fect, because nothing is perfect; man is imperfect, unhappily; but I do feel
that this Province is teaching the other Provinces in the Dominion a lesson

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 61

that I hope they will all learn, and that is — to try to make- the most of their
assets from year to year. They have an enormous asset here, and I think to-
day they are mating as much out of it as it is possible for the Province to
make without getting the whole lumber trade into rebellion, and perhaps
leading them into a bad financial state. I think they have been very wise in
administering their assets in the way they have, and we in Quebec have
learned something of late years by refusing to sell any more of our public
lands. In fact, for many years the Province of Quebec has advertised no
limits for sale. In that way we have been taking a leaf out of the book of
the Province of Ontario. It is a great pleasure to come up and hear a paper
such as Mr. White has read to us, because I think that as we come west we
learn more on this subject, perhaps, than we can in the east, where we are
more conservative and go more slowly. In Ontario I think they have been
very radical in the changes made, but being more radical means a much
larger revenue, and I think the lumbermen have paid it willingly because
they have been more able to do so. I am sure this meeting thanks Mr. White
very heartily for his paper.

THE PRESIDENT : The lumbermen pay $10 for the privilege of cutting and
$2 more when the timber is cut. (Laughter.)

Mr. PRICE : They are more liberal than I took them to be.

Mr. LITTLE : I think this Province is to be congratulated in another
direction, and that is, in establishing a Forestry School. (Hear, hear.) I
think it is far in advance in that respect. We in Quebec have the right to
feel that we have been moving forward in one matter, and that is in the
establishment and observance of "Arbor Day." The Province of Quebec
was one of the first Provinces or States in America to establish Arbor Day,
and thus interest young people in forestry.

Mr. EJSTECHTEL : I have been very much interested in the able paper Mr.
White has read. It shows that he is certainly very familar with the subject
he discussed. I understood from his paper that in Ontario the Crown Lands
Department charge $5 per square mile as ground rent; that the dues charged
are $2 per thousand feet, board measure ; that bids are received ; and that for
a certain tract of timber $10 per thousand feet was received as a bid. Am I
right?

Mr. WHITE : As a matter of fact the berth was, I think, 28 miles in area.
It is known as berth 22, range 10, N.E. of Sault Ste. Marie, and it was sold
for $10.52 bonus, and $2 fees. Those are the exact figures.

Mr. KNECHTEL : In giving permission to cut this timber, is the licensee
permitted only to take trees of a certain diameter limit, or is he permitted to
take everything that is merchantable?

62 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Mr. WHITE : In that case I think he was permitted to take everything
that was merchantable, although we now put the permission down to eight
inches.

Mr. KNECHTEL : Of course if a permittee is taking everything that is
merchantable, in taking all that material he is practically destroying the
forest.

THE PRESIDENT: I will now call upon Mr. F. C. Whitman, President
of the Western Nova Scotia Lumbermen's Association, to read his paper on
Forest Conditions in Nova Scotia.

FOEEST CONDITIONS IN NOVA SCOTIA.

F. C. WHITMAN, PRESIDENT WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA LUMBERMEN'S

ASSOCIATION.

Forestry is somewhat of a problem in any part of Canada, and in Nova
Scotia we have difficulties that are not easily solved. The maritime
provinces need encouragement at what seems to be the beginning of an epoch
— a leader or several leaders to mark the way — and legislative action that
will command attention and respect is required; acts that will make for the
building up of a public sentiment in a sensible way and in accordance with
present conditions, if they are to lead to practical results.

Let me state as plainly as possible the conditions in Nova Scotia. The
cutting of timber and the output of lumber have reached the limit of reason-
able production, and the increasing value of lumber has a tendency to draw
altogether too heavily upon our diminishing timber reserves. The axe has
struck into trees that a few years ago were considered either inaccessible
or unmerchantable. In former years lumbering depended almost entirely
upon the rivers and streams, but the building of new railways and team
logging roads have widened the field of operations and added the menace of
fire, which is too well known to require comment.

How THE LAND is HELD.

In any forestry proposition the tenure of land has a most important
bearing upon the subject. In Nova Scotia the Province long ago lost control
of its best land. The ownership of the forest land by the Government was,
for a long time, regarded as an embarrassment to the early settlement of
the country and titles passed to individual holdings of any desired acreage,
with most erratic selections and surveys of such generous irregularity that
a grant of 600 acres has been known to cover half as much again. The
selection by purchasers was not in the order of good, better, best, but the
other way about. First the best was sold, then the poorer, and now the
Government is left with 1,500,000 acres of the poorest lots scattered from one
end of the Province to the other ; a really unknown quantity as to character
or value. For this land the Nova Scotia Government asks 80 cents per acre
for a twenty-year lease, subject to a renewal for another twenty years, but
they have absolutely no idea what is leased except the acreage of the land

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 63

itself. Besides the Crown Land acreage of 1,500,000 acres, there are approxi-
mately 1,900,000 acres owned by large lumber concerns, and 2,500,000 acres
held in lots of 500 acres or less. The difficulty of administering these lands
will be appreciated when it is remembered that in a single square mile there
is often a bit of Crown Land, a timber lot, and a settler's holding. From
this it w;ll be seen that a forest policy adapted to our present system of
tenure is badly needed.

FIRE PROTECTION.

Nova Scotia has a goodly list of indigenous trees, and a spontaneity
of growth that the axe cannot possibly keep under. It is only where repeated
fires have completely wiped out the soil that natural seeding and growth are
impossible. I want to say a few words about Nova Scotia's forest fire laws.
Six or seven years ago many prominent men in the Province were of the
opinion that nothing could be done to prevent or stop what had become an
annual conflagration. The Government felt helpless and pointed to the
"Act for the Protection of Woods against Fires," (a dead letter on the
statute books), and also deprecated the idea of going to any expense to
enforce the act. As there seemed no one else to do it. the leading lumber
firms of Western Nova Scotia got together, and after studying the situation
carefully and getting comprehensive data from outside sources, were able
to present to the Government a practical working plan for the prevention of
forest fires, and to show how the expenses of the system could be equitably
distributed. It is sufficient to say that as matters stand to-day the Govern-
ment and the people are well pleased with the working of the system, and
we claim to have in Nova Scotia a fire fighting force organized on preventive
principles, that is both effective and efficient.

Very much of the credit for all this, and the effectiveness of the Act
is due to the character of the people living in the great forest belt, law-abid-
ing and hard-working people, who recognize the property rights of others
and are willing to do their part for the public welfare. In the municipality
in which I live the chief ranger can, by telephone and messengers, call
together 50 to 100 men in a few hours; men who come at once and make a
"bee line" for the fire. There is a greater incentive than the wages paid,
for in some instances they know that they are protecting their homes. After
five years of systematic work they fully realize the benefit of organization,
and have seen results in their forest homes that have made them safer,
richer and more hopeful for the future.

FOREST SURVEYS NEEDED.

On the strength of what has been accomplished in the matter of sup-
pressing forest fires, the Nova Scotia Government is now preparing the way
for a descriptive survey of the provincial forest lands. I am not in a position
to give particulars regarding this important matter, but it shows the trend
of public opinion.

DIFFICULTIES TO BE ENCOUNTERED.

In any forest policy that may be advocated in Nova Scotia, the most
difficult matters to be dealt with will, of necessity, be the differences that

64 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

are sure to arise between private interests and what is deemed best for the
public welfare. In this connection, I believe that the provinces should
be encouraged to look to the Forestry Branch of the Dominion Govern-
ment for help and instruction.

IN CONCLUSION.

I have reviewed the situation in our Province as briefly as possible.
Probably much the same state of affairs obtains in other provinces. In each
of the provinces the forestry problem must be solved by a careful study of
all the interests involved. Much may be accomplished by appealing to the
intelligence of our people, as we did in working out our fire laws, and a
proper representation of facts. Where possible} practical demonstrations
should be given so that all may be convinced.

I sincerely trust that" the magnificent Convention held in Ottawa in
1906, as well as this meeting to-day, held under the distinguished patronage
of His Excellency, Earl Grey, will be recorded by future historians as
epochs in the general movement for the conservatism of Canada's forest
resources.

Mr. WHITMAN, in concluding, said : We have any quantity of bog lands
and swamp lands in Nova Scotia, some of which belong to the Government.
I would like to say that I have here a few copies of the Forestry Law and
the Crown Lands Reports, if any of the gentlemen wish to look them over.

THE PRESIDENT ; Mr. Whitman's paper is now open for discussion.

Mr. R. H. CAMPBELL : I know a little of the work that has been done in
the fire-ranging service in Nova Scotia, and I think Mr. Whitman has not
gone at all too far in saying that it is a very efficient and effective service.
But they have found in Nova Scotia, what I think we are finding largely
all over Canada, that our information in regard to the actual forests that we
have is not nearly definite enough. We have a good many estimates made
by different people as to just what the forest areas are in the different Prov-
inces. Some of these are official estimates and some are unofficial. There
seems to be considerable uncertainty, in a good many cases at least, as to
just what the actual position is. In this connection the Dominion Forestry
Branch is looked to for general information regarding the Dominion lands;
and as comparison is sometimes made with what is done by the Forest Ser-
vice of the United States I would just like to point out one or two differences
between the situation in Canada and the situation as it exists in
the United States. In the first place, the Forest Service of the United
States has been in existence since 1876. A forester was first appointed at
that time, and the service has been growing continuously since that date.
Our friend, Doctor Fernow, was for some years in charge of that work at
Washington, and it is now in charge of Mr. Pinchot, but I might point
out that for a considerable time the United States Bureau was one for
information rather than for administration. In fact it is only within

s

W

o *s

* fi

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 65

the last few years that, they have begun the administrative work which
the Dominion Bureau has done from the very beginning. They were
therefore able to concentrate their energy and time upon the work of
supplying bulletins and gathering statistical information. In addition
to that, the forests of the United States are much more accessible, more
easily reached and estimated, than those of Canada. When we go into the
northern parts of our Dominion the forests are difficult of access. If an
attempt were made to do anything in the north country under the adminis-
tration of the Dominion it would mean that a man would have to stay in
there for two or three years in order to get really definite information. In
a season he could not do more than go in and come out again. A considerable
number of the States have had Forestry Surveys made and have estimated
their timber much more accurately than has generally been done in the
Provinces of Canada ; so that the situation in Canada in regard to statistical
information and in regard to our forest wealth is and must be much more
inexact than it is in the United States. At the same time it is desirable that
as definite information as possible should be obtained as speedily as possible.
As far as the Dominion Forest Service is concerned, we are beginning
to try and get that information. Between Dominion Forest Reserves and the
different National Parks, we have under reserve an area of something over
ten million acres, and we have started to make a earful estimate of the
timber upon them. Already we have covered about one and a half -million
acres, and expect to get the work done rapidly from this time on, so that we
will have the Reserves mapped, and the position of the timber upon them
pretty accurately determined. Regarding the work in Nova Scotia, I think
the Dominion Forestry Branch will be very sympathetic towards helping
them. I don't know, though, just how far sympathy will go to help them.
Whether help goes farther than sympathy does not rest with me to say; but
I realize that it is a work of great importance.

While on my feet, -I might speak of the fire patrol system. There is no
question that a fire protection system must lie at the basis of any forest
policy. If we cannot get a good measure of protection from forest fires there
is very little use making large expenditures or attempting any advanced
policy; so that undoubtedly that is the point at which we must make a
beginning. At the same time my experience in the administration of the
fire-ranging service, and watching the way it works out in the field, leads me
to the conclusion that in a very dry year it is just a question whether the
fire patrol system is going to be effective. You cannot cover every inch of
territory with a fire ranger. He must have a considerable beat to go over,
and from what I saw last summer in British Columbia it is quite possible for
a fire to start at one end of his beat while he is at the other, and that a fire
can be well up the mountain side before he can reach it. In fact that did
happen in one or two cases in British Columbia, under the Dominion admin-
istration. Unfortunately it got such a start that it got' on Provincial lands
and finally wiped out the Town of Fernie. There is a point in what Dr.

5 F

66 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Fernow said: that we have to consider not only what timber is there now,
but also what the reproduction is. It is not a question of what timber we
have standing at the present time ; it is what timber we are going to have
20, 30, 40, or 100 years from now. We should look beyond the immediate
present, and I think it is very important that a careful study should be made
of the reproductive power of our timber, both by natural methods and, when
the natural method is not perpetuating the forest, by artificial means. On
the Dominion Reserves we have begun a series of experiments to test the
success of some of the artificial methods. Mr. Knechtel will speak of that
to-morrow morning, so I do not wish to enlarge upon it now. (Applause.)

MR. WHITMAN : Speaking about the chief rangers, there is no com-
parison between the slopes in British Columbia and what we have on Domin-
ion lands or in Nova Scotia. While it might be possible for a fire in British
Columbia to start at one end of a chief ranger's district while he was at the
other, that is not a problem that worries us in Nova Scotia. We have a chief
ranger for each fire district, over each municipality. The chief ranger is
in complete charge and control of that municipality. He also has the right
to appoint as many sub-rangers as he thinks necessary, and every sub-ranger
under him has certain executive powers himself. They can call out as many
men in each municipality as are required to put out a fire. In that way we
keep constant watch. Besides the sub-rangers we can also call upon any
district to supply men; to send 40 men into one district and take them into
another, and they must go or else be fined. Besides these chief rangers in
each municipality we desire to have a Chief Hanger for the whole Province
each municipality we desire to have a Chief Ranger for the whole Province.
The lumbermen who have taken the initiative in this matter have not asked
that this appointment be^made. We have been feeling our way in the mean-
time; but when we ask for a Chief Ranger for the whole Province we wish
to have all the information we can get at such a meeting as this and appoint
a man who will be not only the Chief Ranger, tut also the Chief Forester,
and adopt a policy that this Provincial Forester can carry out for the whole
country. (Applause.)

Mr. J. M. MACOUN: I would like to speak of the utilization of our peat
bogs for fuel purposes. I think this question has not come before our Asso-
ciation, although it is one on which foresters, notably Dr. Fernow, have been
working; although not much in this country. For at least 20 of the last 27
years my work has been in the parts of Canada lying between Hudson's Bay
and the Mackenzie River. That is the part of Canada in which most of our
large peat bogs are found. Without going into figures — because we usually
have too many figures at our meetings — I will venture to say that between
Hudson's Bay and the Mackenzie River there are at least as many acres of
peat bogs as there are of green growing timber. I don't mean on timbered
land, because we know a great part of that country has been denuded. But
I am quite certain that there are as many acres of peat bogs as there are of

5a F.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 67

green growing timber. Now the natural question, not only for the whole
country, but especially for this Forestry Asoociation, is, what can we do to
utilize those bogs? My work last summer, beginning in Ontario and extend-
ing through Manitoba and Saskatchewan, was to examine many of the larger
bogs to see what they are worth for fuel purposes; that is, to ascertain their
depth, the quality of the peat, and especially the possibilities of draining
them. While I was working on that special question I naturally learned what
I could, from the point of view of the forester. Speaking from this point of
view, I think our Canadian bogs are of three kinds. (1) The bogs that can-
not be drained. When I say bogs that cannot be drained of course we can
drain anything; it is a mere matter of money — I mean bogs that from their
situation, being in basins and that sort of thing, cannot profitably be drained.
There are many of these bogs in Canada, and perhaps we cannot consider
them at all from the forestry point of view. (2) There are the bogs that can
be completely drained without very great expense. I am entirely ignoring
the question of the utilization of the bogs for fuel. A bog that can be com-
pletely drained will eventually be used to a very great extent for agricul-
tural purposes. (3) As far, however, as my experience goes, and that of
those with whom I have talked, a great proportion of our bogs in Canada
are of the kind that can be only partially drained. That is, it would be
difficult to drain them completely, and yet some surface water can be taken
off. When water leaves a bog it goes for good. That is, if you can lower
the average height of the water in a bog one foot, even if it goes up to a
higher level in the spring, still the average level will b« permanently low-
ered. A somewhat trifling incident drew my attention to this matter whilst
I was working on the Canadian Northern Railway, between Hudson Bay
Junction and The Pas Mission. On the right of way between the rails and
where the fences will ultimately be, the bog has been sufficiently drained to
allow of a growth of aspen poplar along the whole length of the line, which
for 89 miles runs through bog and swamp land. The bog itself is covered
with spruce and tamarac, but I found young aspen poplar from one to two
years old along practically the whole line, thus showing the effect of a
little drainage. A year later, whilst working along the muskeg near Winni-
peg— the largest muskeg in Canada — I found not only well grown poplars
on either side of the track, but that the spruce and tamarac which had
been growing on the bog for a great many years was very much larger where
the land had been partially drained than it was fifty or one hundred yards
away. The inference is that if we partially drain a bog, without reforesting
at all, the young spruce and tamarac already on it will have a much bet'
ter chance to grow. Now, I think, we have many millions of acres of such
bogs in Canada, especially in Saskatchewan and Northern Manitoba. I am
sorry there is not a special paper on this subject, or perhaps a special hou?
at our meeting for its discussion, because I think it is one to which Doctor
Fernow has given special attention, and we have never discussed it here.
At least it solves the problem of reforesting certain parts of Canada in so far
as it can be solved with any advantage to those who spend the money. We

68 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

konw what our Forestry Branch has done, not only under Mr. Stewart, but
under Mr. Campbell, and what our experimental farm work has accomplished
under Doctor Saunders, especially in the Northwest, in the matter of
supplying young trees to farmers and others for what is sometimes called
reforesting purposes. Although the trees already distributed number sev-
eral millions they would cover a very few square miles if they were planted
together in the ordinary sense of reforesting. The question of reforestation
in our country must be left in the main to nature. If that fact is admitted,
I am confident that a very little drainage of our bogs at a slight expendi-
ture of money will work wonders. (Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT : Do you know whether the bogs in this country have
ever been tested to find if they contain chemical substances of commercial
value ?

Mr. MACOUN : I may say that my own special work has been along lines
of that nature this year — to find what our bogs are worth. Mr. Neishman,
of the Department of Mines, has been also on that work.

THE PRESIDENT : I understand that in Ireland they have established a
factory for the production of a chemical substance from the bogs, which has
greatly enhanced their value.

Mr. MACOUN : We have found nothing of that kind in Canada. The bogs
in Ireland contain a great deal of iron, but our bogs do not, excepting the
bogs in Madoc Township. I have myself tested woods from Ontario bogs,
but they contain no chemicals of any value.

THE PRESIDENT : I think we can now discuss to advantage the excellent
paper read by Mr. Bergevin this morning.

Mr. LITTLE : In commending the Province of Ontario for its wisdom
in establishing a Forestry School I should have congratulated it upon secur-
ing for this school the eminent services of Dr. Fernow, who, in my opinion,
has done more than any one else in America to bring the cause of Forestry
prominently before the public.

THE PRESIDENT : I will now call upon Professor R. B. Miller, of the
Department of Forestry in the University of New Brunswick, to read his
paper.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 69

I

GENERAL FORESTEY CONDITIONS AND FORESTRY EDUCATION

IN NEW BRUNSWICK.

PROFESSOR R. B. MILLER, M.A., M.F.
Department of Forestry, University of New Brunswick.

The Surveyor-General having given you the information concerning the
Crown Timber Lands, their administration and protection and the advance
which has been made along forestry lines, it is my purpose to say something
about the climate, rainfall, topography and geology of the Province as they
influence tree growth and lumbering operations; and, incidentally, to say
something about the course in Forestry in the University of New Brunswick,
a subject with which I am more familiar.

Having been in the Province but a short time, I lay no claim to exhaus-
tive knowledge of timber conditions and lumbering, but will give only some
of the points which have impressed me so far in my work. Fiiller and more
detailed information I hope to gain later bv a visit to its different districts
and the study of the many industries which the forester should know
thoroughly, and which form a part of the usual courses in lumbering given
in the Forestry Schools of the country.

The Province of New Brunswick, with an area of about 27,500 square
miles, is so situated geographically that the moisture from the Gulf Streauu,
condensed by the cold Arctic current flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
makes dense fogs which the southern highlands confine to the coast. Inland,
however, these same moisture-laden winds cause an abundant rainfall, for
the past 35 years averaging 43 inches, which is ample for the support of a
diverse and luxuriant tree growth. In the higher parts of the Province, the
snow, which lasts from November to May, is from five to six feet in depth,
and the annual range of temperature is between 95 degrees F. and 40 below
zero. The growing season, while seemingly short, is remarkable for its
rapidity, and with trees suited to the northern regions, the annual growth
is large and the wood added is of high technical value, making New Bruns-
wick white pine and spruce much sought for in the foreign markets.

The topography of the Province is rough and uneven and the valleys
are intersected by many fine drivable streams, such as the various tributaries
to the St. John, the Restigouche, Miramichi and others, most of them
heading in the upper Silurian belt of rocks in the northwestern corner of the
Province. Bald Mountain, at the head of the Tobique, which is composed
of felsite, has an elevation of 2,700 feet, and is the highest point in the
Province. The many tributaries of the St. John afford a ready passage for
logs to the mills along it or to the City of St. John, which is the great export
center for deals and other manufactured products; while the Restigouche,
Miramichi, Nepisquit and others afford an easy outlet into the Gulf.

According to Dr. L. W. Bailey, the eminent authority on the rocks
of the Province, the main geological formations are the Coal Basin, which
comprises about one-third of the Province, and lies as an immense triangls
with its base towards the Gulf of St. Lawrence and its apex at Oromocto
Lake. The rocks of this central coal basin lie nearly flat and .the drainage
is often imperfect, the shales on weathering, producing extensive bogs occu-
pied by blue-berry plains and barrens. They also produce extensive beds of
sand, clay and gravel, without lime, on which are spruce, larch, poplar, and
white birch. Formerly there was white pine, whose root system is best

70 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

adapted to well drained, sandy soil. The lower Carboniferous rocks are
around the borders of the coal basin, and in the valleys of the southern hills,
such as Sussex and Belle Isle, and are rather extensive. They are usually
bright red in color, containing much carbonate of lime and gypsum and
from the best upland soils of the Province, being of remarkable fertility .

This triangle of Carboniferous rocks lies between two diverging belts ol
crystalline rocks, each traversed by bands of granite and syenite. The north-
ern belt extends from near McAdam to the Bay of Chaleur, and the southern
from St. Stephen nearly eastward to the head of the Bay of Fundy. These
granite bands were formerly well wooded, but together with the adjacent
lands are apt to be heavily bowlder-strewn. Granite which contains much
feldspar, seems to be favourable to the growth of beech, as is also limestone.
With the beech we generally find yellow birch and rock maple.

To the north of the northern belt of crystalline rocks is a high plateau
of Silurian rocks, much tilted and abounding in springs — the source of the
principal rivers. The plateau is underlaid by calcareous slates and lime-
stones, and overlaid in places by rocks bearing gypsum; an extension of the
well known Aroostook region of Maine. This plateau possesses in the main
very fertile soils and supports a rich and varied forest growth.

The northern highlands are hilly or even mountainous in places, well
wooded and watered. The southern highlands are not so high, but broken
and irregular. Near the coast they are almost bare of soil, but still include
large areas which are the seat of extensive lumbering operations. Most of
the rivers, especially the St. John, are bordered by intervales and contain
many islands made fertile by annual flooding. There are extensive dyke
marshes at the head of the Bay of Fundy around Dorchester and Sackville,
which are also very productive.

The relation between forest type and site is here just as marked as else-
where, and has already been hinted at in the description of the geological
formations. Just as the forester can base types on physical factors, the main
one of which is soil, so the skilled geologist can often determine the geological
structure and map the soils on the basis of the tree growth. Thei same relation-
ship between habitat and the lesser vegetation as recognized by the ecologist,
can be applied in a still greater degree to trees which group themselves
according to sylvicultural characteristics. It is only on the border lines
that either the ecologist or the forester are apt to make blunders.

The forest types in New Brunswick, differ very little from those found
in Maine. We have the northern hardwoods, made up of beech, yellow birch
and sugar maple, often mixed with red and white spruce and hemlock; the
same spruce flats, slopes and swamps as there, besides pure even-aged stands
of fir or northern white cedar. We have also the same barren lands covered
with a growth of poplar, bird cherry and grey birch, which form an interest- •
ing problem. The forest as a whole, with the exception of white pine and
larch, is composed of tolerant, rapidly growing species, with great repro-
ductive power. Anyone coming from the States is simply amazed at the
dense young growth which seeds in on openings and cut-over lands ; so thick
in fact that it is almost impenetrable. It is such young growth as this, which
carefully protected from fire, constitutes a great part of the future wealth
of the Province and concerning whose treatment we need the help and
advice of members of this Association.

The heavy snows which come in November or later make the conditions
ideal in New Brunswick for the felling of trees with the least possible dam-
age to the timber itself, or the young growth. So silently are the trees

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 71

felled, so skilfully the logs snaked out by single horses and plied in the
immense yards, and with such ease are the great loads sledded down ice-
coated roads to the landings, that you are scarcely aware that you are in
the midst of a great lumbering operation, involving millions of feet of spruce
and fir. Piled and scaled, these logs line the bank and overflow into the
stream bed, stretching away white and level, and in a setting of green.

You can scarcely believe that before May 1st this ice-locked river will
be a swirling torrent, bursting its banks and overflowing the adjacent flats.
Down such tributaries, daring river-drivers, scorning all kinds of weather,
will urge millions of unruly logs into the smoother reaches of the St. John,
from whose booms they will be towed in rafts to the great milling centres
which supply with deals and other lumber the markets of Great Britain,
Europe and the United States. Next season the snow-covered ruins of
abandoned camps which were last year the rendezvous of sturdy men of all
nationalities, will alone tell the story of the big yards, the pride of the camp
boss, who directed the most successful drive in the history of the company
in the face of all obstacles. The woods, managed on a rough selection sys-
tem, present quite a contrast to the top-strewn, barren waste left in the wake
of the southern lumberman, with dilapidated negro shacks and weed-grown
spurs oi fonnei railroads to mark his progress.

FOEESTEY COUESE.

As an outcome of the Provincial Forestry Convention held in Frederic-
ton in February, 1907, a grant of $2,500 was made for the establishment
of a Department of Forestry in the University of New Brunswick. At that
time Chancellor Jones, of the University, presented an outline of an under-
graduate course in Forestry, which, in his opinion, could be carried on in
Connection with the regular courses in Engineering. Most of the subjects
in this course, with the exception of the Dendrology, Forest Mensuration
and Sylviculture of the Junior Year, and the Lumbering, Wood Technology
and Forest Mapping of the Senior Year could be handled in the beginning
by one man — the students taking Chemistry, Botany, Economics, Surveying,
Eailway Construction, etc., either in the Arts or Engineering Departments.
The course was to cover four years, leading to a Bachelor's degree, the
first two of which were to parallel the present Engineering course, with the
exception of Botany in the Freshman and Forest Botany in the Sophomore
Year. Chancellor Jones had such a conception of the intended course (gained
from a careful study of the curricula of other schools and the work of the
Engineering Department) that we had no difficulty in agreeing on all doubt-
ful points, and in sandwiching the courses into the Engineering time table
as they appear at present in the new calendar. The necessary rooms were
fitted up, a few instruments and books purchased and instruction began.

Only four men began the Junior work, and there were no applicants for
Senior courses. Two freshmen had registered, but natural timidity kept
them from hunting the new department up for several days, so that for a
while "it looked like a shame," as one fair Co-ed, expressed it' "to have one
whole professor (especially where professors are so scarce) for six men."
However, encouraged by the natural hopefulness of the Chancellor, we man-
aged to keep busy and cheerful, and played a waiting game; which is very
essential in Forestry. Additions were made to the list of students- — and the
schedule — until there are now thirteen men in all classes, with a good chance
for a Junior Class of -seven or eight next fall. The interest of the men is

72 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

excellent and we believe they will develop into good workers with the right
spirit, some contemplating courses elsewhere when they finish. We agree
with Dr. Fernow that a one-man department of Forestry is a doubtful venture,
but we hope, that by making a place for such instruction in the University
and the Province, additional teachers can be secured as the number of
students grows, and that the new Department, by seeking to deserve the
best, will, in time, take its proper rank with the Engineering and other
departments.

As to the course of study which we believe is necessary for a prospective
forester, we can best answer this by a sentence from the catalogue of the
Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. It says: "Forestry requires
a liberal knowledge, not only of Botany, Zoology, Geology, Physics, Chem-
istry, English and Mathematics, but also a liberal training in Economics,
French, German and similar subjects." "Why are such studies necessary?"
asks the man who scoffs at Forestry being learned in any school. Since one
of the prime requisites of the forester is the power of observation — the ability
to see and interpret what he sees — naturally the greatest stress is laid, in
the above list, upon the natural sciences. Botany is especially important to
furnish a foundation for Forest Botany and Wood Technology. The
histology of woody tissues assists in identifying woods and understanding
better the problems of seasoning and preservative treatment, while the study
of fungi enables him to counteract to some extent the ravages of decay in
growing trees and the finished product. Zoology puts him in touch with the
animals of the forest, and Entomology furnishes the knowledge for identify-
ing and combating its insect enemies. Geology and the study of .soils makes
him familiar with the physiography of any region to which he is assigned,
and he learns to .' pick out types of trees as determined by soil conditions.
Physics and Chemistry, more especially the latter, are of use to him when
investigating problems in wood preservation and utilization. Mathematics
and Surveying are of paramount importance, since a large part of the for-
ester's work is mapping. By means of forest maps he can point out to the
owner of a tract of timber its main features of topography and drainage, and
place, to a hair's breadth, a net-work of logging reads and spurs which will
tap the merchantable timber and bring it by the shortest route to the mill
or to market. Economics is necessary, because, first of all, "the forester is
a citizen and (especially if in State or Government work) must understand
all public questions and get in touch with the social and economic life of
the community." He should be a master of English, so that he can make
his reports short and to the point and at the same time pack them full of
what his chief and the people wish to know. A reading knowledge of French
and German will open to him the sylvicultural systems of Europe and he can
sit at the feet of nations who have been practising forestry for centuries.

We believe that practical training in the woods should go hand in hand
with theoretical knowledge. All the forestry school courses are based on this
principle; field work forming a large part of them. Our field work was con-
tinued until cold weather and will begin again in the spring, consisting
largely of work in mapping, the estimation of timber, planting, and the
recognition of the different tree species and their individual characters. The
University of New Brunswick has six square miles of cut over lands close at
hand which have just been surveyed. These lands will be used as a practice
ground for the estimation of timber: to illustrate the effects of thinnings,
etc. If our men learn to make a good topographic map and a type map for
this area, they will acquire a valuable training for ihe work of mapping

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 73

which the Government contemplates doing. In Fredericton there are many
good saw-mills which will give our men ample opportunity to study milling
operations and to learn the cost of equipment and labour; whilst the booms
above the city furnish an excellent opportunity for the study of scaling and
rafting. As for practical experience in the woods — some of our lumbermen
have already offered to take the men into their camps, to which we most
heartily agree. At the Provincial Forestry Convention of 1907 it was pro-
posed to have a summer school camp, where the sons of lumbermen and
others could receive instruction. It is a good idea and might be joined with
the present Engineering Camp in the summer. Men with some experience
have a good chance to work in the Canadian Service, and our Juniors intend
to go this summer. This experience will be very valuable and develop in
them the staying qualities. Many details remain to be worked out and
require more than one year for execution.

Ever since landing on Canadian soil I have been so cordially received
by the provincial officials, members of the forestry profession and all classes
of people interested in forest preservation, that I feel it a work worthy of
my best mettle; work for that great principle which, conceived by such men
as Rosevelt and Pinchot, has broken down every barrier between the United
States and Canada and made the foresters of both countries join hands as
brothers across the line to fight for its furtherance — the conservation of
natural resources. I am glad that I may have some part, however small, in
this great work for posterity.

In conclusion let me say that I deem it a privilege to attend such a gath-
ering as this and to receive instruction and profit by the interchange of the
latest ideas among men who have made forestry and lumbering a life study.
This is a great privilege, especially for a young man — and the distinctive
thing about forestry is that "it lays heavy responsibility upon young
shoulders." I feel that I shall return to the Province of New Brunswick
and the University fired with a new ambition for my work and a fuller
realization of the responsibility which devolves upon any one trying to
impart forestry instruction. I feel that the question is not how many, but
how good foresters we can turn out. Those who will be impressed (as they
encounter "the great white silence" of the New Brunswick woods, snow
clad and majestic) with the responsibility of the profession which they are
to enter and take time "to get rich in the woods," to wrest from nature, by
constant and close oommunion with her, those secrets concerning the regen-
eration and care of the forests which she guards so zealously — will be worthy
of her closest confidence.

Any inspiration which I have brought to New Brunswick I. owe 'largely
to the influence of one man — a loyal son of old Yale — the Chief of the
United States Forest Service, Mr. Gifford Pinchot. On his father's beauti-
ful estate, among the hills of Pennsylvania, I received my first , forestry
instruction and listened to his talks around the evening camp-fires. Later,
at New Haven, when discouraged over subjects which did not seem to have
any possible bearing on forestry — counting the abdominal segments of some
obscure species of beetle or poring over the intricacies of primary and sec-
ondary meristem — his talks always came at the critical time to infuse us
with new life and keep us pressing on to the goal. I remember on one
occasion, especially, when in just such a mood as this, some expressions of
his I shall never forget : "Take time to get rich, loaf in the woods."
"Get the long-distance view." "The forester is more truly a nation builder
than any other man in the United States." . . . "Stick together and

74 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

maintain a high ideal of your professional dignity. The world will have no
higher idea of your profession than you have of it yourself." . . . "Do
the job yourself and don't ask to have every step outlined for you. People
are looking for men to whom they can turn over a job and -go away and
know it will be done. Go ahead and try and don't ask how to do it."
This faculty to inspire others lies at the foundation of the success of the
American Forest Service, and the love and loyalty which every member of
it has for his Chief. The cultivation of a similar spirit amongst Canadian
foresters will do more for the advancement of our profession and for the
cause of forestry in general than all other things combined.

THE PRESIDENT : Before we adjourn I wish to name the Committee on
Resolutions: — Messrs. Stewart, Price, Southworth, J. B. Miller, R. H.
Campbell, Whitham, Chown. If these gentlemen can meet to-morrow morn-
ing at 9 o'clock, go over the resolutions and be ready to report upon them
early in the afternoon it will be advisable.

SECOND DAY— MORNING SESSION.

FRIDAY, February 12th, 1909.
Convention resumed at 10 o'clock a.m.

THE PRESIDENT : The first paper this morning is one by Dr. Fernow.

Dr. FERNOW was received with applause, and said : — I am glad you
are applauding at the beginning, because after I have finished you may
not want to repeat it. (Laughter.) I have attempted nothing but the re-
formulation of what we have formulated again and again at these meet-
ings. I do not pretend to present anything really new. Whatever may
seem to be new is merely re-formulated. I wish also to say that as in
church the preacher goes over the same ground again and again because
most of his congregation require pulling up, so there are many things
in our profession that are done, and yet when we state "What we want" we
still include them because here and there they are not done. Yesterday
we heard how much had been done in New Brunswick and how much in
Ontario, and I do not propose to criticise the absence of those doings.

WHAT WE WANT.

BY DR. B. E. FERNOW, DEAN OF THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY, UNIVERSITY OF

TORONTO.

More than half a century ago a few farseeing men warned the Canadian
people that their timber wealth was not inexhaustible. Among them was
James Little, a lumberman, a man who knew the woods and knew what he
was talking about.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 75

Uore than a quarter century ago the first public meeting was held in
Canada for the distinct purpose of arousing the Canadian people to a realiza-
tion of this fact, and to stimulate a reform looking toward better treatment of
their forest resources. I refer to the meeting at Montreal of the American
Forestry Congress in 1882, when I had the honour for the first time of
addressing a Canadian audience. With that meeting and with the
subsequent propaganda work the names of William Little, the son of the
venerable James, then still living, of A. T. Drummond, of Dr. Saunders and
many others, but above all, of our lately deceased beloved friend, Joly de
Lotbiniere, are intimately connected. For two decades these men worked
under the aegis of the Continental American Forestry Association.

Almost a decade ago the Canadian Forestry Association was formed, to
join together in a separate organization, in order to secure a more united
effort and action for their own country, all Canadians who had been educated
to consider the need of a conservative forest policy.

Two years ago a notable convention was called to the capital by the
Premier of the Dominion, to discuss ways and means of inaugurating such
a policy. Besides these specially organized agencies of propaganda, news-
papers and magazines have abounded in perorations on the necessity of forest
preservation, and lately a wave of enthusiasm in regard to the conservation
of all resources — on paper — seems to have taken hold of public attention over
the whole continent.

It would now be pertinent to ask, what results has all this long con-
tinued effort produced, and, should the answer fall out unsatisfactory, it
would be still more pertinent to ask why the sought-for reform has lagged,
and what means may be devised to advance it more effectively?

In making these inquiries I do not wish to appear as a critic, but merely
as a dispassionate analyst, and I hope you will believe me most appreciative,
not only of the achievements, but of the difficulties in the way of reform,
being well aware that in popular government, progress in such reforms must
always be slow. It took nearly a century and a bloody war in the end to
secure the abolishment of slavery in the TJnited States. It took 30 years of
persistent propaganda to advance forestry interests in the United States so
far as to secure for them at least a respectful hearing, and if it had not been
for the accident of a wealthy, independent idealist, and a fearless, inde-
pendent, idealistic President coming together to Washington, the remark-
ably rapid progress made there during the last ten years in governmental
forest administration would very likely not have occurred.

Perhaps before discussing results, it may be desirable, first, once more
to formulate, what precisely it is, that forestry reformers in Canada want.

Since in Canada the governments of the Dominion and Provinces con-
trol or retain ownership of the bulk of forest properties, it is to the govern-
ments in the first place, that they appeal.

First of all, they want the governments of the Dominion and of the Pro-
vinces to change, radically, their attitude towards this property.

"The devil take the hindmost" or "W'hat has posterity done for us?"
this is the attitude which is characteristic of the majority of mankind in the
struggle, not only for present day existence, but for present day accumula-
tion of wealth. While this is to a large extent, if not the professed, yet the
actually practised attitude of private individuals. I am afraid it has also
been, and is still frequently, the attitude of governments : that is

76

to say the exigencies of the present are often an overwhelming superior argu-
ment as against the needs of the future. It takes, indeed, a high degree of
f arseeing statesmanship to so manage the affairs of the present that the future
shall not suffer, and its needs be taken care of. Especially in a govern-
ment which is built on popularity, on direct support by the present day masses,
the politician, be he ever so f arseeing is bound to let the present day consid-
erations weigh the most.

Hence it is but natural that Canadian governments like other govern-
ments which had to deal with newly developing countries, in the face of
plenty have allowed the present generation to use the resources of the country
wastefully and without regard to the future, overlooking the providential
function of government.

Hitherto the governments have looked upon the forest either as an inex-
haustible resource like air and water, or else as an exhaustible, but non-
restorable resource, like the mines. They have pulled the house to pieces
and sold the brick instead of keeping it in repair and securing the rents by
proper management.

During the last 40 years alone over 1,000 million dollars worth of these
"brick" have been torn out of the building and sent out of the country in
exports, mostly of raw material, and, in addition, the domestic requirements
of a population of say four million people in the average have been supplied,
which may be estimated, outside of fuel wood, at not less than 1,000 million
dollars in value.* During the same period less than 100 million dollars
(probably not 80 million) have been collected by the governments in dues,
ground rents, leases, and otherwise for the use of their forest properties, by
so much reducing, to be sure, the need of other taxation, but also by the
manner of collecting these taxes the destruction of the resources from which
they are collected. For the Eastern Provinces at least the life of the golden
goose that has enriched the country and built its homes and industries, is
doomed in the near future.

The governments undoubtedly acted in good faith and believed that they
were doing the best for the country by encouraging the opening up and the
utilization of the vast timber wealth; moreover, they acted in the belief
that this wealth was inexhaustible, and that, therefore, for a long future no
concern need be had as to a conservative management.

They did not realize that while the woodland was extensive, the saw
timber was quite limited; they did not realize how rapid the growth of the
world and of the requirements of modern industrial development would be,
and how slow the growth of trees.

It needs to be driven home to every Canadian that in spite of foolish
assertions to the contrary and exceptional cases observed on single indivi-
duals, the growth of trees in the forest in our northern climate in the East,
and on the thin or rocky soils, which are the eventual heritage of the forester
it takes in the average not less than 100 years to make a 12 inch tree, and

*Taking the Census of 1891 as a fair average for the period, we find the population
was 4,833,000, the consumption of all forest products totalled $80,000.000, or $16.00
and 296 cubic feet per head, of which seventy per cent, was accredited to home con-
sumption. Deducting the exports of that year with 25,000,000 from the total
value accredited to other than firewood, leaves $33,000,000 worth of sizeable material
for home consumption, or about $7.00 per capita, leading to above estimate.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 77

the majority of the trees of Nature's growing which the lumberman cuts
have required 150 years and more to make log sizes.*

Last summer, I made the statement to a Nova Scotia lumberman that
a hundred-year-old spruce would be a 12-inch spruce. I was taken to task
for my ignorance, because the red spruce exists only in the United States,
and because of the remarkable climate of Nova Scotia, which is said to pro-
duce a tree in thirty years that would require a hundred in the United States.
Fortunately we were in the neighbourhood of a pulp mill, and I said, "It
is not necessary for me to make any statement about it,* here are the sticks
lying around; just count the rings and measure them." Soon he came to me
and said, "It takes 150 years to make a 12-inch spruce," and I replied that
I had said a hundred years because I did not want to let him down too hard.
(Laughter.)

This long time element is the strongest argument not only for the govern-
ments retaining and managing forests as crops, but for the need of timely
consideration of the future. Such considerations of the future, as we shall
see, would involve the breaking away from the license system hitherto in
vogue, and this, indeed, is involved in our desire to see the government
change its attitude.

We want, then, the governments to realize that there are other ways of
utilizing forest properties than merely exploiting them; that a rational,
properly directed,) technical management is capable of securing 'all the
value without destroying the capacity for further production, in other words,
that forests can be managed as crops to be reproduced while the utilization
is going on. More than that : poor forests of Nature can be improved and
made to produce more valuable material than the untouched natural woods.
Nature is not, as some bigoted nature worshippers would make us believe,
the best forester, for in Nature's production the economic thought is left
out. She produces weeds as readily as valuable kinds, she is lavish in space
and time, wasteful and without regard of human needs.

No such simple provision as setting a diameter limit in cutting the tim-
ber limits will suffice to secure the needed supplies for the future. While
such a diameter limit may under certain conditions save at least a part of
the value and make future recuperation easier in the end, only a real forest
management — the application of forestry — by educated foresters will satisfy
the situation. And let it be well understood that forestry is not tree-plant-
ing, but begins best when the first tree is cut.

Next we want the governments of the Provinces, especially the Eastern
ones, to realize that not less than two-thirds of their territory and most
likely more, is not fit for agriculture and only fit to grow timber. Hence,
there should be a more careful distinction made in the treatment of the
two situations. As long as rich agricultural soils in bulk were avail-
able, and the location of farms progressed by natural selection on the
glacial drift and alluvial soils, there was no need of any special con-

*The growth of trees is exceedingly variable, according to species and growth
conditions. The careful measurements of several thousand White Pines, the most rapid
growing conifer in our woods, show that it takes, in favourable sites, in the average not
less than sixty years to make a twelve-inch tree, and under the most favourable
growth conditions, it would not be over twenty-four inches in the one hundredth year.
The Spruce, a much slower grower, makes under most favourable forest conditions one
inch in seven, more frequently one in nine years, which would bring a twelve-inch tree
in the average to one hundred years. But in the virgin forest where competition among
species and individuals retards the development, one inch in twelve to fifteen years and
more is the more usual rate of growth.

78 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

sideration, although here, too, it would have been better if the denudation
of absolute forest soils had been prevented, so that the laudable effort of the
Ontario government of buying up and reforesting waste lands would have
been unnecessary. But, as settlement progresses into the true forest region,
which is destined to the largest extent to remain in forest, a more definite
policy of disposal becomes necessary. It is true there are some restrictions
placed on settlement by the governments, at least in Ontario, by which a
township is excluded from farm settlement unless a certain percentage can
be shown to be farm soil. Aside from the somewhat doubtful method, by
which this percentage is determined, there is, from the standpoint of a
proper forest policy, an important point overlooked, namely, the propriety
of making a difference in the exploitation of the timber on these two parts.
It is evident that on those portions which are destined to eventually become
farms, the timber may be cut without any reference to the future, while on
those portions which are destined to remain in forest, the policy should be
to direct the cutting in such a way as to insure the persistence i.e., the
reproduction of 'the valuable forest growth, especially by keeping the fire
out.

And here we come to our third and most fundamental want, efficient
protection against forest fires without which all other propositions and the
practice of forestry are futile.

This requirement, to be sure, is generally recognized as self-evident
not less by the governments than by all citizens, except the ignorant, care-
less and criminally irresponsible ones.

But, although governments have undertaken to check this greatest
evil, the extent of which may be properly made a measure of the civilization
of a community, we cannot but think that they have done so without ade-
quate conception of the difficulty or importance of the undertaking, nor
indeed in the attitude which we have outlined, of regard for the future.
This lack of proper attitude is most characteristically exhibited by the
report of what an official in charge is said to have remarked regarding the
forest fires of the past season, namely, that they had done no damage for they
had mainly run through slash. It is here that the future lies ! The old
timber is mostly not damaged beyond usefulness by any single fire, but
the young growth, the promise of the future, is surely killed, and it is the
repeated fires running through the slash that makes the deserts.

To make fire protection effective in the Provinces, there is lacking
first, the proper attitude, next the organization, next the men and adequate
expenditure, and lastly, proper morality among the people at large.

Here we may find fault with ourselves for not more persistently and
assiduously employing all the educational means possible to instruct the
public, and to keep the matter stirred up by public prints and circulars,
public addresses from lecture platforms and in schools, and by private talks.

Especially those, who living in the endless woods are cut off from a
perspective and cannot realize that "a few acres more or less of this useless
slash burned" may have serious consequences, need to be educated. The
public conscience must be aroused more persistently.

The government really is helpless in the attempt to check the evil if
not supported by active co-operation of the whole people. As the apostle
St. John, at the end of his life had recognized and always preached the one
doctrine, that all Christian virtues may be expressed in one — brotherly
love, — so every forester must recognize and preach the one thing which is
fundamental to all his endeavours, eradication of the fire fiend.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 79

It is then simply these three things in one that we want ; a management
of the public forest property for continuity, which involve protection against
destruction of the young growth and cut over lands from fire ; segregation of
agricultural lands before cutting begins ; and a change of methods of disposal
which will give control to the government over the manner of cutting and
of leaving the timber limits.

How far have governments responded to these demands?

There is legislation regarding forest fires in each province and lately
also more and more efficient organization to carry it into effect, although
this is very variable from province to province, from British Columbia,
where less than a handful of incompetent fire rangers attempt to protect
a territory nearly as large as the whole of France and Germany combined,
to Ontario, which has lately spent 150 to 160 thousand dollars on its protec-
tive service.

It is not likely that even a large, annually newly recruited army of
incompetent, inexperienced men, appointed through political influence, even
if a sprinkling of competent woodsmen is added, will successfully cope with
the evil. Thorough organization of smaller groups of continuously
employed, experienced men, which may be assisted by some less experienced
during the dangerous season, and thorough continuous inspection while they
are at work is necessary. This nucleus of permanent foresters should be
directed by active superiors in charge of this special service and in sympathy
with the broader policies which are to follow the effective fire protection.

I believe the Dominion Government and the Province of Quebec have
the feeble beginnings of such an organization which only needs to be further
elaborated. These two governments have inaugurated what would appear
to be the first requirement, namely, separate government agencies to take
care of the forest interests, and only an extension of their means and func-
tions is necessary for further development.

What none of the governments have realized, not even the Dominion
Government is, that a supreme effort is necessary to break away from the
established usages, which a century of accumulated momentum carries over
any feeble attempts to interfere with them.

A mere tinkering with the problems with little detail prescriptions will
not remedy anything, broad and farsighted plans of action are needed.

There is no thorough realization of the seriousness of the situation, in
fact, there is still doubt as to -whether it exists.

The certainty as to whether we are really as close to the end of this
resource as it appears, and that its condition is as dangerous as we claim,
might perhaps stimulate the governments to a change of attitude and to a
more decided advance towards positive improvement in their methods rf
management.

We do not know positively what the amount of timber standing actually
is, but we can. make a fair probability calculation.

The commercially valuable timberlands of the Eastern Provinces are
and were always confined to the portions south of the Height of Land with
an insignificant overflow along the headwaters of the northern river courses.
This area, which circumscribes the limits of the White Pine, does not quite
cover 200,000,000 acres. It is from this area that some 25 million acres
have been cleared for farms at the expense mainly of the most valuable
hardwoods, and that during the last 40 years the above stated values for
export and home consumption were derived, not to speak of the longer but
comparatively lighter drain of the period before confederation. If we were

80 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

to assume an original stand of sawtimber of all kinds averaging 2,500 feet
on all the acreage (1,600,000 feet per square mile), which any one acquainted
with this forest type would pronounce an extravagant allowance, there
never was more than 500 billion feet available. The above cited export and
home requirements indicate a consumption of not less than 300 billion feet,
leaving still available 200 billion feet, which by a reduction of standards
may be increased to 300 billion feet. What this amount signifies can only
be understood by comparison with figures of consumption: it does not
represent more than seven years' supply of the annual requirements of our
neighbour ! ,

The orily other commercial timber area of Canada is found in'<southern
British Columbia. This area is by competent land lookers placed 'at only
30 million acres, b*ut if the standards be lowered, we might find ifr extended
to 50 million acres. A liberal allowance will bring the stand to 'about the
same amount as is still found in the East, namely; 300 billion' feet; another
seven years' supply fofr ^tiVLT neighbours which they have to a large extent
already pre-empted. • ^^

The vast remaining', territory no 'doubt contains timber, and sometimes
of good character, but'this is all needed for the development of the coun-
try itself and does for th^' most part not 'occur in such quantities and loca-
tions as would invite commercial exploitation except for home use.

These figures we must admit are mere reasonable guesses, and the
absence of more* reliable information is rather a reflection on the managers
of your national property, and stiggests the first step of reform which every
provincial and the Dominion Government should take, namely, to secure a
descriptive forest survey, 'a taking of stock of the property of which hitherto
they have disposed without any adequate knowledge.

Such forest surveys (which are not surveyor's surveys) can be made
much less expensively than is usually believed, much of the information
being already in existence but not compiled for use.

It should be collected, not as it has been hitherto, by timber lookers,
merely with a view as to where the commercial exploitable timber is to be
found, but with a view of furnishing the basis for plans of future manage-
ment of the forest area as si whole.

This work, to be sure, requires experts and these are as yet in existence
only in small numbers, yet there are enough to make at least a beginning,
and the Dominion Government has, I believe,* made a laud'able beginning.

The next thing to be done is the formulation of plans of future man-
agement and that involves a scrutiny of the existing timber limit licenses
with a view of their eventual termination and at least more specific regula-
tions as regards the cutting and taking care of the debris, gradually bring-
ing them in line for conservative forest management.

It must be realized that no general rule as for instance a universal
diameter limit, or even of the burning of debris, will work satisfactorily in
all cases. Each case requires specific consideration and description. And
especially in working the untouched limits and forest reservations, in which
probably all the remaining unlicensed timber, or, at least, all non-agricul-
tural lands should be placed, proper working plans should be made and
followed, i.e., forestry practised from the start.

That these requirements can only be met by the employment of techni-
cally educated men is1 self-evident. Their absence may in part account for
the absence or slow progress in the movements indicated. I feel, therefore,
that the establishment of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 81

Toronto, for the education of such technical men, was one of the most neces-
sary first steps, and I also welcome a similar step in the University of New
Brunswick, although I am not an advocate of multiplication, but rather
of increase in quality of educational institutions.

The reasons for the scanty results of the long continued propaganda on
behalf of conservative forest management, for the delay of a vigorous
reform would, then, appear to be :

1. Lack of realization on the part of governments that supplies are
rapidly waning and that, hence, necessity for conservation has arrived.

2. Lack of realization that the forest resource of Canada can and must
be made permanent, because of soil and climatic conditions, and because of
its influence upon waterpowers.

3. Lack of personnel to inaugurate and carry on any forest policies
involving technical knowledge.

4. Lack of popular knowledge and popular interest in a question which
does not seem to concern the present.

5. Lack of definiteness in the propositions for reform, which must
naturally differ for different parts of the country.

6. The momentum of existing methods of disposal of the timber which
benefit an influential class of citizens, the timber limit holders, who will
naturally battle for their continuance, and the natural unwillingness of
governments to make radical changes.

We have to recognize that especially this last reason is most potent. It
takes indeed a strong government to disturb long established usages, espe-
cially when the change means curtailment of revenue, increase of expendi-
ture, and possibly a strong opposition actuated by fear of material loss.
Political exigencies make it desirable to defer action and to leave another
administration to wrestle with problems that can be postponed. Yet,
I believe, the administration which will resolutely and fearlessly undertake
the reform is bound to. have the support of the large public, for, it seems to
me, the public is now astir on the subject.

To increase and utilize more fully this newly aroused public interest,
to strengthen and stimulate hesitating governments and to advise them,
and in general to forward more readily the progress of reform, it would
appear proper to increase the activities of the Forestry Association by the
creation of provincial legislative committees composed of the most influen-
tial members of the Association.

These committees, acting perhaps as sub-committees of the executive
committee, would represent the interests of the Association between meet-
ings. Their function should be *to study local conditions, formulate and
secure a hearing for propositions to ine government and push them to
realization, employ all local means for educating and arousing the public
and altogether be in charge of the work of the Association between meetings.
If funds were available the employment of a lecturer or lecturers by these
committees and the propagation of suitable literature through the news-
papers would do more than the publication of occasional reports and even of
a quarterly journal, which usually reach or are read only by those already
in the fold. The same thing can be said about the meetings once a year.
Few people come who are not already in the fold. I have not spoken of

6 F

82 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

the private forestry owners, which is gradually developing without the
propaganda of the Association, because dollars and cents speak more loudly
than forestry associations. (Applause.)

The final solution of the problem of conservative forest management
will be found only when the importance of the subject is fully realized by
the governments, and the administration of the remaining timber lands is
entrusted to a technically educated staff of a bureau, or perhaps better of a
forest commission after the precedent of the Civil Service, Railroad, Hydro-
electric Commissions. To secure the appointment of such agencies would be,
indeed, a worthy object of the Association Committees.

THE PEESIDENT : This paper is now open for discussion.

PROF. W. T. MCCLEMENT, (Queen's University) : It is not necessary to
urge upon the ladies and gentlemen present the necessity for earnest and
agg-resive work on the part of this Association. The need of laws for the
protection of our forests and for the strenuous enforcement of such laws is
certainly clear to every one here ; but if we are satisfied with making this
matter clear to the people present we shall have failed absolutely. Until
every little George Washington with his hatchet, and every small or large
vandal with his bonfire has had this law deeply written into his mind and
conscience we shall still be in a position of uncertainty with regard to the
preservation of our forests and their inhabitants. It is quite natural for
those of us who are engaged in educational work to emphasize the educa-
tional side of this matter. So far, we have been working merely on the sur-
face, and it is now necessary to think out the constructive side of the matter.
We must protect what we have, but we must go on to do nmch more than
that ; we must build up for the future. I do not believe that any other body
in Canada is so keenly alive to the necessity for that work as this Association.
It is therefore necessary that we should undertake, to a certain extent, the
education of the private conscience, and from that the building up of a public
spirit which will prevent the destruction of our forest wealth and replace
that which has been destroyed. Literature, as suggested by Dr. Eernow,
must be prepared and must be placed where it will be most effective.
Addresses must be given, and illustrations, as graphic as possible, must be
brought before the people of this country so as to create such a knowledge,
and feeling and sentiment in the minds of the people that it will be impos-
sible for any one to destroy institutions — we may call a tree an institution —
which cannot be replaced in a century. * Our great and good friend, Sir
Henri Joly de Lotbiniere has a monument in Arbor Day. Shall we allow
such an institution to drop into desuetude — which is, I believe, the case at
present in Ontario — or shall we do everything to stir up the teachers and
students to a proper observance of that day? You, Mr. Chairman, and all
those of us who have attempted to pla'ht trees that will grow, know that
every small boy or girl, every man or woman,- is not by nature instructed
in the matter of planting a tree so that it will grow. Information along that
line will have to be distributed; and I know of no better agency than this
6a F.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 83

Association for the preparation and dissemination of such, information. I
should therefore be glad to make a motion, if it is in order, in line with what
Dr. Fernow said — that this Association undertake the preparation of such
literature, and the distribution of such literature, and also the preparation
of maps which will graphically bring before the people what has been done,
what is now being done, and what is needed for the future.

ME. CAMPBELL : I would like to say a few words regarding this ques-
tion, because I have been connected with the work of the Forestry Associa-
tion from the beginning, and therefore know fairly well the work that it has
been doing. I wish to point out one or two things in connection with its work
which are perhaps not known to all of those present. I think, considering
the time that the Association has been in active operation, and considering
the condition of public opinion when it did begin operations, that it has been
able to accomplish a good deal in the way of arousing public opinion.
(Applause). I may mention one particular case. A few years ago when there
was to be a meeting of the Forestry Association in the city of Ottawa, I hap-
pened to meet a gentleman somewhat prominent in public life, and who is
still prominent in public life, and I spoke to him about the meeting of the
Forestry Association, said it was going to take place very shortly, and invited
him to attend. Well, he did not respond very heartily to the invitation, and
after we talked a little while he confessed to me that he considered that
forestry was a fad entirely. As he happened to be a newspaper man I was
a little surprised that he could not see farther, because as a general rule the
journalist is very intelligent; but it may be explained by the fact that he
was not only a literary man but also a politician — which sometimes shortens
a man's views exceedingly. (Laughter). Two years later I was very much
pleased to hear that same gentleman, at a Forestry Convention, laboring to
prove to the people his deep and abiding interest in the forestry question,
and the great importance of it to this Dominion. (Applause). So that things)
do move a little. At the same time there is a large area of ignorance to be
wakened up. I will mention one instance. Quite recently I was speak-
ing to a gentleman who is very prominent in public life in the West about
the question of fire protection and he said to me, "Oh, there's no need of
getting excited about the fire question : why not have fires ? They clear the
land, anyway; they get it ready for cultivation." Now, if I were to tell you
the name of that gentleman it would surprise you that a man of his promi-
nence in public life should hold such a view. With one of their prominent
men holding such a view as that, you will read^y understand why the opin-
ion of the people of the West is what it is. Regarding the educative work
of this Association, I may say that the first work is the publication of a
Quarterly Journal which is intended for our own members rather than the
general public ; except in so far as the newspapers may pay attention to the
special articles appearing in it. We have not done very much in the way
of lectures except at the Annual Meetings, and a little bit outside of that,
generally incidentally, and not on any regular plan. Regarding the reach-

84 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

ing of the general public by means of circulars, I may say that we now
have that matter fairly in hand. By the editor of the Association there
are being prepared short articles of a quarter or half a column, which are
being sent out regularly every two or three weeks to the newspapers through-
out the Dominion. These articles are being accepted very readily, and are
appearing in the newspapers not only in the cities, but throughout the whole
country because they are being sent to the agencies which supply material to
the country press. So that in these respects the Association is doing a large
amount of additional work. It needs further development along a good
many lines which have already been discussed, but I just wanted to point out
that the Association is already doing something and that the assistance given
us by the newspapers is one of the most effective pieces of work that can be
done, because these papers go into every home, and thus enable us to reach
practically all the homes of the Dominion. In that way we are educating
the people to an appreciation of the principles that we are trying to work
out. Later on I may take the opportunity of speaking about the work of
the Dominion Forestry Branch. (Applause).

MR. MACOTJN : At a meeting of the Association held in Toronto five years
ago this very important question of how to disseminate our ideas was dis-
cussed. Without taking undue credit to myself I think I may say that Rev.
Father Burke, of Prince Edward Island, and myself were practically the
only two at that meeting who thought that a Forestry Journal should be
established. As a result of our work that publication was established, and
I trust the members of the Association will excuse me if I say a few words on
that particular matter. I think the question as to how we shall reach the pub-
lic is really a very important question. Dr. Fernow has said that these
annual meetings reach only those already in the fold. Well, that is not
true. If there were only half a dozen of us at this meeting, it should be
remembered that not only the newspapers of Toronto but of the whole
Dominion report what is said here. This may be some consolation to those
who read papers here before small audiences. Nearly everybody in Canada
who read the newspapers knows that this Association opened yesterday, that
His Excellency, the Governor-General is with us, that the Hon. Mr. Fisher
and other prominent men in the country are taking part in our discussions :
so there is no question that this annual convention is of great value. In
addition to Rev. Father Burke and myself who believed that we should estab-
lish a Forestry Journal, there was Mr. Southworth and Mr. Stewart. If I
remember correctly, Mr. Stewart objected that we should wait a year — that
we did not have funds enough. I pointed out that that was all the more
reason why we should "get busy" and appeal to the different Governments
and people who could help us, for funds; because my idea of an Association
of this kind is that it should constantly be in debt, always pointing out the
good work it is doing, and asking for more money. At that time Mr. South-
worth strongly advocated the spending of all the money we had so as to
reach the public through the newspapers and in various other ways such as

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 85

magazine articles and literature of other kinds. Mr. Southworth, B/ev.
Father Burke and myself were appointed a committee. We skipped our
lunch hour, brought in a report at the afternoon session, and the Journal
was established with Mr: Campbell as Editor. Some two years age his duties
made it necessary for him to resign, and the Directors appointed me Editor.
I had many ideas as to what the Editor of a Forestry Journal should do. Of
course, the first thing was to get important papers from people whose opinions
carried weight, and I did the best I could along these lines. But I also
thought that as Editor I should write editorials, or go to some one else who
could write them. I very soon found that editorials on the lines of the reso-
lutions we passed at this Association could not be printed in a Forestry Jour-
nal. As a matter of fact we were subsidized — though that is perhaps not tbe
proper word — not only by the Federal Government, but by the Provincial
Governments, and our very life depended on the money we received from
them. That made it necessary to be very careful what we said about
them in the way of criticism. More than that, every one connected with the
Forestry Journal was an employee, either of the Federal or of a Provincial
Government. That meant that even if our Directors gave us a free hand,
we, as individuals, would have to be very careful what we should print. I
don't think anybody has any idea of criticizing the methods, but the Forestry
Journal should certainly be put before the people of Canada in such a way
that the newspapers could weigh, what we, as an Association, think about
this, that or the other thing. As a matter of fact all we have done is to print
articles which the newspapers may quote if they wish ; but those articles are
quoted as the sayings of individuals. Two years ago Senator Edwards gave
us one of the best articles we ever had in the Forestry Journal. If that
article had been an editorial backed by this Association, it would have been
quoted from one end of the Dominion to the other. As a matter of fact, it was
printed simply as Senator Edwards' own special ideas, and when quoted was
given as coming from an individual. As a Forestry Association we are
placed in a pretty difficult position. Last year I resigned the editorship
because I felt that I was unable to make the Journal the success it deserves
to be. What I had hoped to accomplish I found impossible, so I got out.
I think the last two numbers, edited by Mr. Jacombe, rank with the best
publications of its kind we have ever had in the whole world. (Applause.)
I say of its kind. We have had not only good articles, but notes of what
other people have said and done, what is being said and done in other countries,
and it is good ; first-class. But to my mind it does not serve the purpose of
this Association is spreading the ideas that we want to spread. The Journal
is without editorials; it is without backing; there is nothing in it that com-
pels anybody to say that the Association has done this or that. The news-
paper bulletins that Mr. Campbell has referred to are being printed all over
the country and doing a lot -of good work ; still there should be some way of
reaching the public with the backing of this Association. To my mind, we
cannot do this as long as we Government employees are responsible for the
work. I don't know whether anybody will agree with me in that, but after

86 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

the five or six years I have been with the Association, I think, it is not fair
to the lumbermen who are with us, it is not fair to the people who support us,
it is not fair to the public of Canada, or I think to ourselves, that this Asso-
ciation should be tied up in the way it is. Frankly I see no way out of the
difficulty, because the most competent men for the administration of this
Association and for the editing of a Forestry Journal are the men who are
professionally interested in forestry ; that is, men who in one way or another
are working for a Government, either Provincial or Federal. I mean they
are the men who have the greatest knowledge and are best posted . But whilst
we Government employees are doing this work we can never hope that this
Association will reach the people of Canada. That is my plain view.
(Applause.)

Mr. G. Y. CHOWN : I would just like to follow up what Mr. Macoun
has so well said regarding the disability under which we labour as an Asso-
ciation through the large number of the important men in it who are Gov-
ernment officials. I believe that what we want is a paid Secretary, who
shall be a trained forester, and a man of sufficient standing to carry this
Association throughout all the Provinces. I came up to this meeting of
the Association with a deep feeling of despondency. We have been working
here for over ten years. I have been here for eight years — and what have
we done? What have we really accomplished? What is this Association
doing? We meet each year; we have a pleasant time; we get to know one
another, we have met some friends; but what practical result has the Asso-
ciation accomplished? Dr. Fernow has brought before us the thought that
the forest should be considered as a crop to be developed from year to year.
We have had that same idea presented every year. Have we got any one
of our Governments in the Dominion to look upon it as a crop? Yesterday
the head man of the Ontario Government, Mr. White, told us plainly that
he had never even made an estimate of the increment of growth for the Pro-
vince of Ontario ; that he balanced the annual loss from fire against the incre-
ment and let it go at that. Here we have been working as a Forestry Asso-
ciation for ten years, and the leading man in the leading Province has not
even got to the point where he wants to find out what we have got or the
rate at which it is growing. The second point Dr. Fernow made was segre-
gation—we were to separate our farm lands from our forest lands. Have
we a single bit of legislation on that point? Is there one Province that has
made the necessary survey so that it will know? I understand that in New
runswick they are beginning to classify the land, and that is the one Pro-
nnce, so far as I am aware, that has made any attempt to separate farm
from forest lands. Here we go on and talk about segregation, but
what are we accomplishing?

Mr. WHITE: Has not Ontario made the attempt to separate the forest
lands from the agricultural lands?

Mr. CHOWN : By legislation ?

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 87

Mr. WHITE : By regulation of the Department.
Mr. CHOWN : To what extent ?

Mr. WHITE : By examining it to see if it is suitable for agricultural
purposes.

Mr. CHOWN : I am glad to accept Mr. White's statement regarding
what has been done.

Mr. WHITE : While I am on my feet I would like to say that yesterday
I was not speaking only about the growth.

Mr. CHOWN : Of course I am glad to accept Mr. White's statement.
The point is, though, that in this Province of Ontario, with all our talk,
we have not as yet sufficiently recognized either the importance of the seg-
regation of the lands or of the timber crop to have a survey made to find out
what we really possess. A number of years ago the Ontario Government
sent a number of parties up to the north, and we did get a certain number
of guesses as to what was there; but as to any practical survey, that has
not been made. Then we come to the question of fire protection. Well, we
have talked fire protection till we are all tired of it, and of course it is the
A-B-C of forestry; but have we really accomplished anything?

SENATOR EDWARDS : Oh ! a great deal.

Mr. CHOWN : Well, I think you must allow for two things besides what
this Forestry Association has done. I sometimes think there is a little man
down in Washington who has done more to raise the whole question of
forestry than what this Forestry Association has done.

SENATOR EDWARDS : While I agree with a great deal of what our friend
is saying, and while I am ready to denounce the Provincial Governments
for not having done their duty, the Province of Ontario takes the lead in
so far as forest preservation is concerned — the protection of the forests.
That was inaugurated in Ontario, and not in Washington. Later on I will
make remarks which will, perhaps, reflect very severely on the Ontario
Government, but so far as the Crown Lands Department is concerned,
Ontario deserves a great deal of credit for having inaugurated a good system
of fire protection.

At this stage of the meeting Hon. Frank Cochrane, Minister of Crown
Lands, Forests and Mines, in the Ontario Government, took a seat on the
platform, amidst applause.

Mr. CHOWN : Perhaps I am inclined to take a pessimistic view of the
situation; but I think any one who studies it will admit that we have not

88 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

gone as far as we should, for the time and energy that we have put into
it. Now, Dr. Fernow suggests that in order to carry out his ideas we should
have committees in the different Provinces. Well, I am not going to say
that that is not a good suggestion ; but it does not seem to me that it goes far
enough, and the suggestion I wish to add to the discussion is this : that we
should have a paid secretary who will be able to give all his time to this
work, and be constantly organizing and bringing the matter to tJbe atffntion
not only of the Dominion Government, but of the different Provincial Gov-
ernments. I don't want Mr. Kelly Evans to blush, but any of us who have
been in Ontario will recognize the tremendous importance he has given to
the question of fish and game. (Applause). No one would dream for a
moment that fish and game are of anything like the importance of the
forestry question. They are not to be compared; they are not to be men-
tioned in the same breath; but Mr. Kelly Evans has not only made it a live
question throughout the length and breadth of Ontario, but he has been
able to point to quite a bit of legislation — and more in prospect, too — that
he has been able to bring about in the Fish and Game Society and put on
the statutes of Ontario. Now, our problem is larger than the one he has
to deal with. One of our difficulties is that we have to deal with the Federal
Government, which is constituted differently from the Provincial Govern-
ments. My idea is that we should get a man with organizing power, pay
him a salary sufficient to enable him to give all his time to the work, so that
he can go from Province to Province, and to Ottawa, organizing these com-
mittees that Prof. Fernow has spoken off. Then we will be in a position
to go forward. Perhaps, I am putting too much stress on one man power,
but my study of this age is that it is the one man that does the business ; it is
the man that is behind it. In saying this I would like to guard myself
against any criticism of our past secretaries. They have been employed in
other work, and have just been able to give their odd hours and odd atten-
tion to the matter. It has been a labour of love with them; they have been
tied up; they have been Government officials or professors. But what we
want to do is to get a man who will give all his attention to this, and organ-
ize those committees, and go forward in that way. (Applause).

Ex-President STEWART : I have kept silence so far. In former meet-
ings I have had perhaps too much to say. This time I thought I would
simply listen to the discussion which has taken the turn as to what our
Association is doing. Now, however, I feel that perhaps a few words from
me might be in order. It has been said that the Association is rather lan-
guishing. Well, when I consider its inauguration in a small room and the
difficulties that we had for several years in securing any interest whatever
in the forestry question, I am more than gratified to see the attention that
is now being given to it by the public and by the press of the country.
(Applause). Now, there is one point that I came here to speak of particu-
larly. There seems to be considerable confusion in the minds of many
people regarding the objects of this Association. Very frequently we find

parties who seem to think that, as an Association, we should go on and do
active work. That was not the intention of the founders of this Association.
It is not the object of any such association. If you will read the aims of the
Association you will see. They are to secure the exploration of the public
domain, so that lands unsuitable for agricultural purposes may be reserved
for timber production; (2) The preservation of the forests for their influence
on climate, soil and water supply; (3) The promotion of judicious methods
in dealing with forests and woodlands; (4) Reforestation where advisable;
(5) Tree planting on the plains and on streets and highways ; (6) The collec-
tion and dissemination of information bearing on the forestry problem in
general. The whole object of this Association was to awaken the public
mind of the country to the importance of the forestry movement was not to
go on and attempt to work itself. Many people confound the two functions,
one of which belongs to governments and the country and to individuals,
and the other to this society. This organization is similar in character to the
agricultural societies, and other societies through the country — simply for
educational purposes and not to perform active work. I must congratulate
Dr. Fernow on his paper. When he speaks we always expect to hear some-
thing worth listening to — (applause) — and this paper is full of very wise
remarks.

Rev. Dr. A. E, BURKE was received with applause and said : I now live
in Toronto, although I represent Prince Edward Island. If we want to
have any active representation down there, the representative has to get
out very early in the season? (Laughter). We have the problem of com-
munication down there, as well as one of reforestation. I see by telegrams
in the papers of the capital city a very extensive account of what is going
on here — which would seem to be an argument against what has been
advanced here to the effect that these meetings are not of much use because
publicity in reference to them did not reach the farthest ends of the country.
I think it is well that this Association should meet in centres like Toronto,
and that the papers should be sent out in order that the people would get
very much benefit from it. I am sorry to say that in my own little Province
we are almost in desperation. That is a very bad state to be in. I don't
know how the politicians feel when they are in desperation, but I know
that in the church when you are in desperation you have to get to the priest
as soon as you can, and he will help you out of that condition? (Laughter).
But in my Province we really have nothing in the shape of Crown Lands,
nothing in the shape of forests, and we are looking for some assistance from
the Federal authorities as well as what we can get from the provincial
authorities — which has very limited resources, but helps to a proper forest-
ration, so that the proportion between forest and farm may be kept up in the
interest of the life of the people and of agriculture itself. I know Dr. Fer-
now well enough to be satisfied that everything in his paper has been well
thought out, and will be of great help to the forestry interest. I believe,
there is no better authority on forestry not only in Canada but on the whole
American continent — and perhaps out of it — than the same Dr. Fernow.

90 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

(Applause). I may say it was lie who taught me my first principles of
forestry; and whilst I have not gone very far I am very glad to be able to
make that acknowledgment. We should not despair about this movement,
because it has been established only about ten years. I may say that fifteen
years ago in my own Province I had not given the first thought to it,
although the Island was then bare of its trees. But the work of this Asso-
ciation came to my attention, I began to take an interest in forestry, and I
am pleased to say that in my whole Province there has been a considerable
propaganda of education through the impetus given by this Association.
While we have not had very much reforestation, we have taught our people
to respect and conserve the trees, and I believe there is much more private
planting than ever. All this will redound greatly to the benefit of my Pro-
vince. (Applause). Mr. Macoun has referred to the part I took in estab-
lishing the Journal. I may say that I went on the Committee, not know-
ing very much about the business; but perhaps the man on the Committees
who knows least is generally the most loquacious. (Laughter). I thought
it was a pretty shabby thing for an Association of this kind not to support
an official organ, and that if it could not keep up such an organ it ought to
go out of existence. While the Journal has perhaps not done everything that
was expected of it, I think it has done fairly well. Surely we should always
have something ahead of us to work up to; or where would we be at all if
we had not the vision? I think the Journal can be made very much better.
It is for you to determine what kind of management you are to place it
under. There should be some sort of arrangement made with all the Pro-
vinces whereby we should find out the actual forestry conditions of each,
find out everything relative to the forestry question, and these results should
be regularly printed in our Journal whenever it is published. I hope we
will have a monthly Journal before very long, because I think the import-
ance of this Association would warrant its being published that often.
There is no way in which the money of the Association could be better spent
than by paying good writers and getting them to contribute the matter that
is necessary for the information of the people of this country upon the
question of forestry. (Applause). In 1906, I was at the great forestry
Convention in Ottawa, and I happened to be on the Resolution Committee
there. From that convention we had great hopes and I really believe that
something has been accomplished.

Mr. CHOWN : How much?

Dr. BURKE : I think that the Dominion Government has expended a
good deal of money in reorganizing and extending the Forestry Branch;
but I did think at that time, and I think still, that we will never be satis-
fied, on account of the importance of this interest, until we have really a
whole Department to itself for Forests and Mines, or something of that
kind; and when we get that the federal interests will be properly safe-
guarded, and the local interests in the different Provinces will be encouraged

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 91

so that they will do better work than they have been doing. Some Pro-
vinces, like mine, are so small and so restricted in resources that they can-
not do very much; but they could do a good deal more than they are doing,
and I hope the word that goes forth from this Convention will have an
influence in stimulating and causing them to do a great deal more than
they are doing. What we want, it seems, is a general stock-taking, that
we may know what we have in the way of forest resources in all the
Provinces of Canada. Once that is known, we would be very foolish indeed
if we did not try to conserve those resources in the interests of the gener-
ations that are yet to come, so that they may live in some kind of comfort
and happiness, and have the resources conserved that will give them a ready
living. I have no report to make from my Province. I can only say that
wrhile we have perhaps the most fertile spot in the whole of this continent,
and while we are a good, loyal, industrious people down there, our forests
are not what we would like to have them, and we would be very glad indeed
to secure some system whereby this Forestry Association or the Federal
Government would send professors down there to teach the people how
best to replant farm plots — since our farmers own all the land, and in-
other ways help us restore in that beautiful Province the proportion which
should always exist between its forests and its fields. I hope it will be
done shortly. When it is done it will be very much to our interests. I
am very glad that, with Mr. Macoun, I was instrumental, in havifig the
Journal established, and I trust that no one will lose courage if this Asso-
ciaton does not seem to have done much. I believe, with Mr. Stewart, that
it has done a great deal, and that its capacity for doing is almost infinite.
(Applause).

Dr. FERNOW : I am filled with remorse that I should have given rise
to this discussion, for there was nothing farther from my mind than to
criticise the work of the Association. (Voices — "No, no.)" Brevity has
been my enemy in this case. I did not stop long enough to laud all the
efforts of the past. I certainly did not mean to minimize them or disparage
them. Any one who is acquainted with my past life would know that for a
quarter of a century I have helped in the States to do the same things that
this Association is doing. (Hear, hear). I should know more than anybody
else where the shoe pinches and where the difficulties lie, and the propa-
ganda for which this Association stands. I wanted to accentuate the pro-
gress that I proposed. The things that we are helping to do are all good
and to the point, but is there really no other point of attack that we may
devise? When the automobile came into the field there were a good many
people who said the horse was doomed to extinction, but I have not seen
any falling off in the use of horseflesh. When air-ships come into general
use, I think automobiles will still run around on the ground. In the same
way, I think that all the work this Association has done is to the point and
should be maintained, only let us add to it if we can see something new.
One proposal is to have a paid secretary. Nothing better can be done if

92 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

you have the cash. The only other way out of it is to employ people and
pay them nothing except the chance of exhibiting their patriotism.

Mr. CHOWN : Could not a man get his own pay ?

Dr. FERNOW : If you have the cash, a paid secretary must first repre-
sent the Provincial Association so as to distribute the work through this
very large country. Each Province has its peculiar problems to solve,*
and only a man that lives in that Province is in a position to advise the
Legislature as to what is required. What suits Ontario does not suit Que-
bec, and what suits Quebec, does not suit British Columbia or Prince
Edward Island. So I hope the gentlemen who thought I was criticizing the
work of the Association will consider the appearance of things which was
not a reality.

Senator EDWARDS : I think the fault lies with yourself, Mr. President,
in allowing speakers to discuss a question that was not referred to in the
paper read.

The PRESIDENT : That nearly always occurs, to some extent.

Mr. EVANS : The subject of education, as mentioned in Prof. Fernow's
paper", comes properly before this meeting, and I would like to point out
an item in the "Toronto Globe" (commencing to read item).

Senator EDWARDS : Why don't you discuss Doctor Fernow's paper?

Mr. EVANS : This item refers to education. We all know that the pres-
ent condition of the power question in this Province would not have been
possible had it not been for the many addresses that Adam Beck gave
throughout the Province for the purpose of educating the people on that
point. Now, what I got up to tell you was this, that last year at Albany,
Mr. Whipple, the deputy head of the Department of Forests, Fish and
Game for the State of New York, told us in his closing address that up to
the time that (with the consent of the Government) he had given a series
of some 60 or 70 addresses throughout the State, it was impossible for him
to get through the House, the legislation that was desirable, or to have the
laws properly enforced. Now, in Ontario, we have a precedent in the case
of the Department of Education, and to a certain extent we have a
precedent in the case of the Power question in this Province. I hope that
some day the Hon., the Minister who is sitting here will evolve some scheme
whereby he will send Mr. White or others of his staff throughout the Pro-
vince to give forestry lectures to the people. (Hear, hear. Applause). As
a young member of this Association I cannot lose the opportunity of impres-
sing upon you the absolute necessity of getting to the people. (Applause).
You must do it, and I believe it would well pay the Administration, or the
Hon. Frank Cochrane, to go to the expense of lantern slides, and of sending

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 93

out, especially in the northern portions of the Province of Ontario, capable
lecturers who will interest the people and thereby get them in sympathy
with the movement that this Association is carrying on, in a more scientific
and technical fashion. (Applause).

Mr. CAMPBELL : Regarding the lectures which greatly helped the work
of the Hon. Mr. Whipple, in New York State, I wish to state that, the main
part of the lecturing was done by Mr. Knechtel, who was then the Forester
for the New York State Forestry, Fish and Game Commission, and who
is now in the employ of the Dominion Government, and who will do similar
work for this country. (Applause). The New York Commission wants to
get him back again, but I am determined not to let him go.

Mr. WHITE : I wish to raise a point for your consideration. I under-
stood that the discussion was to be confined to the paper read by Dr. Fer-
now. Now, we have drifted off into the education work of the Association,
what is being done in Canada and what is being done in various other
countries. We are not discussing this paper at all. We have not even
touched it. With all deference to those who have discussed the matter, if
we are going to conduct our business in an orderly way, and use our time
valuably, we ought to discuss an important paper like this.

The PRESIDENT: Do you wish to discuss it?

Mr. WHITE : I think the discussion should be confined to the paper
until we get through with it. There are people here prepared to discuss it.

The PRESIDENT: Senator Edwards, do you wish to discuss the paper?
Senator EDWARDS : Not now. I will refer to it later on.

The PRESIDENT : Then I will be found fault with later on for allowing you
to discuss the paper when some other paper is under discussion. (Laughter).
I have allowed a certain amount of latitude because I felt that all that has
been said has been in the interests of the work that we are here for.
(Applause). I do not wish to enforce parliamentary rules. I feel that we
are not bound down by such rules here, but that in a free-and-easy way we
should advance the interests of Forestry. Consequently I have allowed
considerable laxity along that line. Now, while I have been speaking that
way, I may say that I greatly appreciate what has been said by some of the
speakers. Something has been said about the appointment of a secretary
in connection with this Association — because I had reference to the great
work that Mr. Evans has done in connection with the Fish and Game Asso-
ciation, down through the Province of Nova Scotia. He has gone through
there and stirred up the people so that they have a greater respect for that
valuable asset, than they had before he came down to visit us. If we had
such a secretary in connection with this Association, I feel that he could

94 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

do much in teaching the people the importance of the forests. In my
address yesterday, I casually referred to this subject. I feel the truth of
what Professor McClement says about learning to plant a tree. I think
that we should teach them to respect trees. In the part I come from we
would do much to teach them the value of the trees. We want trees in our
parks, and children carelessly destroy them. I feel that our children should
be taught better. If we reach the people and educate them to value our
forests we will not require so many people patrolling our woods to protect
them. (Applause).

Senator EDWARDS : Mr. Chairman, you seem to insist on my speaking.
I understand that I am expected to speak this afternoon.

The PRESIDENT : Yes, you are.

. Senator EDWARDS : The questions I will refer to in Prof. Fernow's
address come up naturally in the address that I will give myself. I think if
we want to get on in a business way instead of branching off into all man-
ner of subjects we should discuss each paper as it is read.

Mr. EVANS : I was speaking absolutely on one of Prof. Fernow's
points — lack of proper public education — that is one of the subjects of his
paper. (Applause).

The PRESIDENT : Mr. White would like to discuss this paper.
Mr. WHITE: Not just at present.

The PRESIDENT : The Hon. Mr. Cochrane was not with us yesterday.
Before going on with the next paper, we will be pleased to have a few words
from him.

HONOURABLE ME. COCHRANE'S ADDRESS.

Hon. Mr. Cochrane, Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, was received
with applause and said : Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, I must
apologise for not being with you yesterday. The Session is to begin on
Tuesday; we are getting our business in order, and there were some import-
ant Council meetings yesterday afternoon and Departmental work that had
been arranged for which prevented me from being present. I am delighted
to be with you as a member of the Whitney Government — the Government
which is now at the head of affairs in the largest Province of the Dominion,
and one which probably has more natural resources in the way of timber
than any other to-day standing in the name of the Crown. Several remarks
have been made about fire ranging generally. I wish to give credit to our
predecessors for starting the system of fire-ranging which they did. (Hear,
bear). We are a progressive people, and as our thoughts grow in different

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 95

directions, and as these matters are taken up in a practical business way,
there is no question that all systems — no matter what they are — can be
improved from year to year. I must say that the fire-ranging system estab-
lished here by our predecessors is being carried on and brought into perfec-
tion to-day, and I venture to say it will stand close investigation; that there
is far less timber burned per mile or per acre — that is, timber standing in
the name of the Crown, in which the system of fire-ranging or patrol has
been placed and is carried on from year to year — than that which is carried
on and supervised to a certain extent by the licensees of the timber limits
of the Province. There is one direction in which I think this Association
might educate public opinion, that is, in waking up the holders of timber
limits to patrol their own limits, in which they should be more interested
than the Government which represents the people; that they must make greater
efforts to protect the standing timber than they have done in the past. I
know there are some practical lumbermen sitting before me who have given
a great deal of thought to this question, and are trying to make that system
more perfect, and I know that the Government of the Province to-day is
alive to the importance of the question. I wish to say that the Association
assembled here to-day has done a great educational work, and I would ask
that in the resolutions which you pass here and at future meetings you will
devote time to criticizing the system in this Province — I am not speaking
for the others — in what way it can be improved, and as the head of the
Department, I will be only too glad to welcome your criticism — (applause)
• — welcome any practical suggestions you may make, and be only too glad to
carry them out. (Applause). There is no man, bar none, that is giving
greater thought to these questions than my able assistant, Mr. White,
(Applause). There is no man who has studied these questions, or who has
given his best time and best thought as to how this can be improved. And
I hope and trust that the Association wil get down to practical ideas, prac-
tical criticism, practical suggestions, and I assure you I will welcome them,
and that we will endeavour to take the good meat out of any suggestions or
any resolutions passed. (Loud applause). The Government last year moved
on one step farther. They put in the estimates the small sum of f5,000, but
that has been expended, a great portion of it in buying up waste territory
up in the western part of the Province. We don't propose to devote it all
to the north country. While there is much there that can be done, yet there
are tracts of country in the older parts of the Province that we can well
afford to buy and place under the care of the Agricultural College, or of
Doctor Fernow's Department, to work out in a practical way, and let us
have territory which will benefit the water courses of the older parts of the
Province and the game and animals, so that they will have some place to
rest where they know they are safe; and so that the students of forestry
will acquire practical knowledge in places easier of access than the north
part of the country. I want to thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for the
opportunity of expressing my views. I didn't come here to make a speech,
but rather to listen and get any practical ideas I could, and to assure you

96 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

that not only the Department of Lands, Forests and Mines of Ontario, but
every member of the Government, is alive to the situation and will welcome
any criticisms or practical suggestions which you have to offer. ar,

hear. Applause).

The PRESIDENT : I will now call upon Mr. Knechtel to read his paper,
on the Dominion Forest Reserves.

Mr. KNECHTEL: T don't wonder that the President has difficulty in
pronouncing my name, because it was nearly four years before I could say
it myself. (Laughter). I have been very much interested in the paper
which has been read by Doctor Fernow. I am very familiar with Doctor
Fernow's thought, because for one year in Cornell University I was in close
and constant contact with that thought. I had taken the course in College
before I went to Doctor Fernow, and I wish to say that the courses I received
with him were the very best that I had in all my college work. (Applause).
I am glad to notice that Doctor Fernow is giving the Dominion credit for
already acting upor the lines that he has suggested in his admirable
paper.

THE DOMINION FOEEST RESERVES.

ABRAHAM KNECHTEL, F.E.

Inspector Dominion Forest Reserves.

INTRODUCTORY.

It would almost seem as if the white race had begun wrong on this con-
tinent. Needing cleared land for agriculture we started in the woods, and
now when we need woods we start on the cleared land. The arrangement was
not an economic one. The Prairie should have been located near the Atlantic
and the woodland in the Northwest. Arranged as it was, with the forest on
the land that was close to the market for its products, forest destruction was
at first a necessity, and later became a habit. Fire, the good servant in
clearing the land, ran rampant carrying forest devastation far beyond the
necessities of the people.

The earliest settlers, coming from Europe were used to forest conserva-
tion. They had practised it in the countries from which they came. Forest
destruction was to them a new thing; but the forests were so vast that they
thought there could never be a scarcity of wood, and they reasoned that the
more the forest was destroyed, the more the agricultural interests of the
country would be advanced. But the modern settler sees the forest in a dif-
ferent light, especially so in the great Northwest where on the wide prairie
wood is a luxury. To him forest conservation is the necessity, not forest
destruction. He has no delight in the devastation of the woods by fire, and
he hails with hope legislation and management tending to improve the con-
dition of the forest. He sees clearly that his comfort and his agricultural
interests are closely dependent upon a plentiful supply of wood.

The country is so vast and the demand for wood so great, it is a tremen-
dous problem to so manage the forests that this demand may be met continu-

DOMINION FOUEST NURSERY STATION AT INDIAN HEAD, SASK.

During the last six years over eleven million trees have been grown from seed and distributed
among the farmers in the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 97

cmsly. Hope seems to lie in the creation of forest reserves, and the policy of
setting aside land to be used as forest reserves is now pretty well established
by the Dominion Government.

The Dominion Forest Reserves are intended to preserve and produce a
perpetual supply of timber for the people of the prairie, the homesteaders'
needs being considered of first importance. They are not intended to furnish
wood for the lumber trade. Hence the policy of the Department is favorable
to small mills rather than to large ones which need large tracts of forest and
manufacture lumber beyond the needs of the settlers. To furnish wood is
primarily the purpose of ParJiament in the creation of the reserves. To be
sure, our legislators are not unmindful of other blessings of the forest. They
are well aware that forests feed springs, prevent floods, hinder erosion,
shelter from storms, give health and recreation, protect game and fish, and
give the country aesthetic features. However, the Dominion Forest Reserve
policy has for its motto. "Seek ye first the production of wood and its right
use and all these other things will be added unto it."

LOCATION AND AREA.

The Dominion Forest Reserves all lie in the northwestern provinces.
They are twenty-six in number, including the parks whose timber is managed
in precisely the same way as that of the timber reserves proper. The num-
ber twenty-six does not include the eastern slope of the Rockies, however,
although it also is under management similar to that of the forest reserves.

Manitoba has six reserves, namely :

Riding Mountain Reserve, containing 1,535 sq. miles.

Duck Mountain Reserve, containing 1,251

Porcupine No. 1 Reserve, containing 322

Lake Manitoba West Reserve, containing 248

Spruce Woods Reserve, containing .' 110

Turtle Mountain Reserve, containing

Total 3,575i"

Saskatchewan has four, namely :

Porcupine No. 2 Reserve, containing 360 sq. miles.

Moose Mountain Reserve, containing 163 "

The Pines Reserve, containing 145 "

Beaver Hills Reserve, containing 72 " "

Total , 740

Alberta has six, namely :

Jasper Park Reserve, containing 5,000 sq. miles.

Rocky Mountain Park Reserve, containing 4,500

Cooking Lake Reserve, containing 114

Kootenay Lakes, containing 54

'Cypress Hills, containing 18

Elk Island, containing 16

Total 9,702

7 F

98 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Yoho Park Reserve, containing 828£ sq. miles.

British Columbia has ten, namely :

Glacier Park Reserve, containing 576

Hat Creek Reserve, containing — 208

Long Lake Reserve, containing 190

Tranquille Reserve, containing 149

Niskonlith Reserve, containing 124|

Monte Hills Reserve, containing 106

Donald Reserve, containing 72

Larch Hill Reserves containing 25

Martin Mountain Reserve, containing 18

Total 2,295

Summarizing :

Manitoba has 3,575} sq. miles 2,288,1^0 acres

Saskatchewan 740 " " 473,600 "

Alberta " 9,702 " " 6,209,280 "

B. C. " 2,295 " " 1,407,800 "

Grand Total 16,312} 10,438,840

DATES OF FORMATION.

The Dominion Government awoke to the necessity of forming forest
reserves in 1887, and has been constantly moving forward in that direction,
thus conserving the timber, ever since that date, as appears from the follow-
ing table which gives the dates when the reserves were set aside.

1887, June 23, — Rocky Mountain Park Reserve, by Act of Parliament.

1888, Oct. 11, — Glacier Park Reserve, by Order in Council.

1894, Dec. 29, — Moose Mountain Reserve, by Departmental Order.

1895, May 30, — The Kootenay Lakes Reserve, by Order in Council.
1895, July 13, — Riding Mountain Reserve, by Departmental Order.
1895, July 13, — Lake Manitoba West Reserve, by Departmental Order.
1895, July 13, — Spruce Woods Reserve, by Departmental Order.

1899, June 5, — Cooking Lake Reserve, by Departmental Order.
1895, July 13, — Turtle Mountain Reserve, by Departmental Order.
1901, Dec. 14, — Yoho Park Reserve, by Order in Council.

1901, Aug. 29, — Beaver Hills Reserve, by Departmental Order.

1902, Nov. 3, — Long Lake Reserve, by Departmental Order.

1902, Nov. 3, — Rocky Mountain Reserve, extended 152 townships by Act
of Parliament.

1903, Nov. 26, — Glacier Park Reserve extended 16 townships by Order
in Council.

1905, Nov. 14, — The Pines Reserve, by Departmental Order.
)6, July 13,-— Duck Mt. Reserve, by Act of Parliament.

306, July 13, — Porcupine No. 1 Reserve, by Act of Parliament.
)6, July 13,— Porcupine No. 2 Reserve, by Act of Parliament.
)6, July 13, — Cvpreso Hills Reserve, by Act of Parliament.
)6, July 13, — Monte Hills Reserve, by Act of Parliament.
)6, July 13,— Martin Mountain Reserve, by Act of Parliament.

1906, July 13,-— Niskonlith Reserve, by Act of Parliament.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 99

1906, July 13, — Tranquille Reserve, by Act of Parliament.
1906, July 13, — Hat Creek Reserve, by Act of Parliament.
1906, July 13, — Donald Reserve, by Act of Parliament.
1906, July 13, — Larch Hills Reserve, by Act of Parliament.

1906, July 13, — Elk Island Reserve, by Order in Council.

1907, Sept. 14, — Jasper Park Reserve, by Order in Council.

Sept. 17, — Yoho Park, reduced 105 sq. miles, by Order in Council.

The work of making forest reserves is still progressing, and will need
to progress in Canada for many years. This year the region around the
Waterton Lakes in southwestern Alberta was examined for this purpose. The
forester who examined it recommended that 195 square miles be set aside.
Also, territories adjacent to certain reserves have been examined with view to
ascertaining their suitability to be added. Recommendations have been
made that 130 square miles be added to the Spruce Woods Reserve in
Manitoba, 238J square miles to the Pines Reserve in Saskatchewan, 45 square
miles to the Beaver Hills Reserve in Saskatchewan and 192 square miles to
the Cypress Hills Reserve in Alberta.

It is the policy of the Department in throwing open territories for settle-
ment, to put into forest reserves all land that is unsuited to agriculture or
grazing, and in making these examinations the foresters have kept this policy
in mind.

GRAZING ON FOREST RESERVES.

It is not the policy of the Department, however, to exclude from the
reserves all land suitable for grazing. In fact, they already include large
grazing areas, and, if the recommendations made this year be sustained, such
areas will be added to the Cypress Hills and Beaver Hills. These areas are
among timber, and so we include them, rather than to exclude the timber.
Nor is it the policy of the Department to prevent grazing on these areas.
For several reasons it is desirable that they should be grazed. The forest
reserves are for the use of the people ; then why should good grass be allowed
to go to waste if it can be utilized? The grazing may be desirable also as a
protection to the woods. In some places the ground is covered with a dense
growth of long grass and peavine. This, when- dry, offers much fuel for fire;
and when the fire once gets into it, it is almost impossible to check the flames.
Cattle on the prairie have much the same habit as the Buffalo. In going to
water they follow one another and make paths which they follow day after
day. These paths are fire lines where the fire may be checked, small to be
sure, but there are many of them, and they give lines from which to back-
fire.

Perhaps it will be objected that grazing prohibits the reproduction of
timber. It seems to me, however, that the interference with reproduction
from this cause is much overestimated. I know in the West many fields
grazed constantly that have come into timber. There is danger from over-
grazing, but from judicious grazing there is much less danger than from long
grass and peavine.

PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE.

The problem of protecting the forest reserves against fire is the most
difficult one we have. The fire problem is difficult even in the eastern pro-
vinces; but the conditions for fighting fire here are very favorable as com-
pared with those prevailing in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and eastern

100

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

British Columbia. Compare, for instance, the number of rainy days for the
summer months at Calgary, Alberta; Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan; Winnipeg,
Manitoba; and Toronto, Ontario. In our comparison, however, we must not
only consider the number of rainy days but also the quantity of rain falling
on those days; because, although a day may be considered rainy, there may
not be precipitation enough to count much towards putting out a forest fire.
The following table is a comparison for the four places mentioned, showing
the average number of rainy days in each of the summer months, and the
average quantity of rain falling in those months. It is compiled from statis-
tics furnished by the Meteorological Service published in a volume entitled
"Rain and Snow-Fail of Canada."

TABLE OF RAINY DAYS.
(Average 1883 to 1902—20 Years.)

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Totals

Calgary, Alta
Qu'Appelle, Sask.
Winnipeg, Man.. .
Toronto, Ont

0.20

0.06

0.33

2.93

9.40

12.93

12.00

8.66

6.93

2.79

2.66

0.26

59.15
60.70
76.92
116.85

0.25
0.45
5.30

0.30
0.25
5.75

0.40
1.20
6.70

4.00
6.80
9.30

8.80
9.15
13.30

12.65
13.40
11.35

11.90
12.25
11.95

8.35
12.25
10.35

8.15
11.05
11.05

4!70
8.45
13.13

0.90
1.60
11.15

0.30
0.07

7.45

TABLE OF RAINFALL IN INCHES.
(Average 1883 to 190T— 25 Tears.)

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

0.991
1.446
1.253
2.855

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Totals

Calgary, Alta
Qu' Appelle, Sask .
Winnipeg, Man.. .
Toronto, Ont

0.013
0.002
0.005
1.128

0.016
0.085
0.003
0.954

0.024
0.036
0.160
1.360

0.262
0.356
1.142
1.467

2.010
1.785
1.858
2.754

3.060
3.580
3.319
2.844

2.630
2.594
3.003
2.856

2.490
1.750
2.209
2.624

0.191
0.463
1.290
2.532

0.004
0.400
0.728
2.104

0.005
0.072
0.013
1.563

11.696
13.336
14.983
25.041

It would appear from these tables that Toronto is at a slight disadvan-
tage in the month of June. But of all the summer months, June, July and
August 'offer the least danger to the forest. In these months the grass is
green, the leaves are out on the shrubs and trees, the sap is in the bark, and
the ground is moist from the shade of the trees. The chief danger periods
are in the spring before June, and in the fall after September, when the
woods are dry. The Ontario fire law is constructed upon the idea that the
most dangerous period is from May 1st, to October 1st. My own observations
in Ontario have led me to doubt the wisdom of that law in this particular.

The eastern provinces have a great advantage also in regard to the wind.
The average hourly velocity of the wind at Winnipeg for the eight summer
months of 1905, as stated by the Meteorological Service, was 14.87 miles
per hour, while at Toronto it was only 7.36 miles per hour; just twice as great
at Winnipeg as at Toronto.. The people of the East were fortunate in that
respect last summer. Had the wind here been as high as in the West, quite
likely there would have been twice the quantity of timber destroyed. Then,
in the East the winds are moist ; there is no dry chinook.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 101

Again, in respect to population the East has the advantage. When a
forest fire starts in Ontario or Quebec, you can just go out to the 100-acre
farms, and to the numerous small villages and soon have a force of men to
put it under control. But in the Northwest the population is scarce, railroads
are not so numerous, and telephonic communication is not so good. In that
country we cannot count much on putting out forest fires and so we have to
be all the more diligent to see that fires do not get started.

The reserves are under constant patrol, summer and winter. During the
danger periods the rangers lay aside all other duties and guard the forest
against fire. In 1908, we had only two fires of any consequence, one in the
Pines Reserve which burned over 22 square miles, destroying no merchantable
timber, and one in the Turtle Mountains, extending over 28 square miles,
mostly covered with grass. In each of these fires, however, large areas of
young reproduction growth was destroyed.

Last year we began a practice which we know saved the reserves several
fires. It is a well known fact that, in the early spring, the fields become bare
and the grass dry before the snow is all gone from the woods. While such
conditions existed the forest rangers burned the meadows along the reserve
boundaries. Fires, coming in from the prairie, met this wide fire line and
died out for want of fuel. Around the Riding Mountains the meadows were
burned for ninety miles, around the Duck Mountains for forty-two miles, and
around the Porcupine Mountains for thirty miles, all these in the most dan-
gerous places. It is the intention to extend this practice to all the reserves
wherever it is practicable, and to carry it out upon an extensive scale.

Plowed fire guards also will be made around and across some of the
reserves. The forest ranger on the Cypress Hills has instructions to plow a
guard of four furrows entirely around the reserve, and outside of this, four
rods distant from it a second guard. Then, on calm days, with the help of two
or three men he is to burn the grass between the two guards. On the Spruce
Woods Reserve several guards will be plowed, one of which will run along
each side of the Canadian Northern Railway, which crosses the reserve.

Roads along the boundaries and through the reserves are being con-
structed to aid in fighting fire. One hundred and fifty miles was made this
year. In certain places these roads are very much needed. For instance, I
noticed in my inspection of the Turtle Mountain Reserve that the roads all
run north and south. There is no way of going promptly and conveniently
east and west. The fires mostly come in from Dakota, which lies to the south.
Therefore, to facilitate the fighting of fire the forest ranger was instructed to
make a road following the southern boundary. This will not only make it
easier to move about on the reserve, but it will serve as a fire line from which
back-firing may be done.

REFORESTING.

The Department is making an attempt to reforest some of the areas
denuded by fire. From some experiments made last spring, it would appear
that this might be accomplishable by putting down a few seeds with a hand-
ful of sand over them at each place where we wish to have a forest tree. This
was tried on the Turtle Mountains and on the Spruce Woods Reserve. In
the former it was successful, in the latter unsuccessful. On the Turtle Moun-
tains the seed was thus placed under poplars and among long grass. The
following species were planted : White Pine, Norway Pine, Jack Pine, Bull
Pine, White Spruce, Red Spruce, Colorado felue Spruce, Engelmann Spruce
and Balsam. Among the poplars the seed was evidently taken by birds,

102 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

rodents or insects; but in the long grass every species germinated, and just
before snow-fall the trees were alive and looking well.

It is intended to carry on a variety of such experiments next summer.
For this purpose the forest ranger on the Spruce Woods Reserve collected
last fall 40 bushels of Spruce cones, the ranger on the Cypress Hills 40
bushels of Lodgepole Pine, and a party of foresters working on the Pines
Reserve 50 bushels of Jack Pine. These are the species with which we hope
to achieve success, as they are the ones likely to prove hardy.

We shall do our best to win along this line, because the method of rais-
ing trees in nurseries until they are three or four years old and then setting
them out into the field is far too slow and too expensive a method to count
much towards meeting the demand for wood that will develop on this con-
tinent during the next hundred years. The nursery method is simply gard-
ening. It is a good method for the farmer's wood-lot. Foresters should,
however, seek for a method commensurate to the needs of the Government
lands. In the meantime, however, we are not despising the gardening
method even on the reserves. We may be forced to use it, and next spring
we shall start some seed beds, lii fact 35,000 trees have already been planted
on the Spruce Woods Reserve, from stock raised at the Forestry Farm at
Indian Head.

REMOVAL OF SQUATTERS.

A large number of people, mostly foreigners, had located and started
farming operations upon the .reserves, expecting some time in some way,
political or otherwise, they would be permitted to make entry for the places
they occupied. The Department determined upon their removal. They
numbered one hundred and twenty-six on the Riding Mountain, and twen-
ty-five on the Turtle Mountain Reserve. The task of removing these people
was a delicate one and required great judgment and courage on the part of
the forest rangers. The chief ranger of the Riding Mountains, W. A. Davis,
devoted the entire summer to the work. All the squatters have been removed
except three on the Riding Mountains and two on the Turtle Mountains.
These remaining ones will move early next spring.

In this work the Department followed a lenient policy. The squatters
were taken to look over lands in wagons furnished to them free of charge.
They got free entry for the lands they selected, and they received compensa-
tion for improvements they had on the forest reserves. The total cost of
removing all these people was only |6.000. They have all made affidavits
stating that they have been well treated and are( pleased with the change.

MARKING RESERVE BOUNDARIES.

In order that the public may not unintentionally trespass upon the forest
reserves, thinking themselves on private property, or on other Dominion
lands, the Department began last year to mark the boundaries with iron
posts. These are three-cornered and hence differ in shape from the regular
Dominion survey posts. They are marked with the letters "D. F. R."
(Dominion Forest Reserve) and the part that projects out of the ground is
painted red so that it will be readily observable, summer and winter.

Considerable work Was done in this direction last year. Mr. David
Beatty, a Dominion Land Surveyor, was at work with a party of men on the
unsuryeyed portion of the boundary of the Porcupine Reserve and ran fifty-
one miles of the line. The forest rangers are working on the boundaries that
have been surveyed and have located 140 miles.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 103

This work Was in many places difficult of accomplishment. It was about
thirty years since the lines had been surveyed and some of them having
been burned over, the wooden posts had been destroyed and the mounds
almost obliterated. People familiar with the West know, also, that mos-
quitoes and flies are numerous and troublesome in the summer months. As
it is the intention to have the boundary line a road from which fire can be
fought, it was cut out from six to eight feet wide.

Much more of this work would have been done if the rangers could have
begun early in the spring. But during the early part of the summer they
were all busy with the removal of squatters.

FOREST SURVEYS.

In order that the Department may have a thorough knowledge of the
reserves and become able to form judgment as to how the tree growth thereon
should be managed, a timber and topographic survey is being conducted.
Last summer Assistant Inspector MacMillan with a party of five forestry
students conducted such survey of the Pines Reserve. Assistant Inspector
Dickson did similar work with a party of thirteen in the Riding Mountains.
It is the intention to have four such parties on the reserves next summer.
This survey serves a double good purpose. It gives the Department the
knowledge it desires and gives the students the practical side of their forestry
course.

The timber survey makes a thorough study of the tree growth. It gives
the areas covered with mature timber and with younger timber and states
the quantity of each. It considers the accretion and the reproduction of
timber in the forest and discovers means for their encouragement in quan-
tity and quality. It examines areas having no tree growth, and recommends
methods by which they may be afforested. It studies the effect of past man-
agement upon the forest, and advises improvements for the future. It sug-
gests means by which dansrers to the forest from fire, storms, fungi and
insects may be reduced. It investigates the utilization of the forest, and
seeks new uses for forest products.

The topographic survey describes the hills and valleys, the lakes,
streams and trails. It studies the best routes for the removal of the mature
timber and locates trails for protecting the forest against fire.

KINDS OF TIMBER.

The following species of trees exist in commercial quantity on the forest
reserves : —

Poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and Balm of Gilead (Populus bal-
sa-mi f era Linn.) exist on all reserves east of the Rockies. Poplar reaches a
maximum size of 32 inches at breast height. Fifteen inches, however, is
the largest common size for sound trees. Balm of Gilead reaches a maximum
of 34 inches, with a common large size, sound, of 18 inches.

White Spruce (Picea canaden.ns [Mill.] B.S.P.) and Black Spruce (Picea
mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) exist on all reserves east of the Rockies except Turtle
Mountain, Moose Mountain, Beaver Hills, Cooking Lake, Elk Island and
Buffalo Park reserves. Maximum 48 inches; common large, sound, 18 inches.

Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmanni Engelm.) exists on the Kooteiiay
Lakes, Jasper Park, Rocky Mountain Park and all British Columbia reserves.
Maximum 30 inches; common large, sound, 16 inches.

104 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) exists on all Manitoba reserves
except the Spruce Woods and Turtle Mountain. In Saskatchewan it appears
in the Porcupine and the Pines reserves. Maximum 20 inches; common
large, sound, 12 inches.

Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta, var. Murryana [Engelm.l B. & W.)
exists on the Cypress Hills, Kootenay Lakes, Jasper Park, Rocky Mountain
Park and all British Columbia reserves. Maximum 20 inches; common
large, sound, 14 inches.

Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) exists on all British Columbia
reserves. Maximum 36 inches; common large, sound, 26 inches.

Western White Pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) exists on all British
Columbia reserves. Maximum 32 inches; common large, sound, 24 inches.

Tamarack (Larix americana Michx.) exists on all the Manitoba reserves
except Turtle Mountain. It occurs on the Pines and Porcupine reserves in
Saskatchewan, and on the Jasper Park in Alberta. Maximum 24 inches;
common large, sound, 14 inches.

Western White Pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) exists on all British
Columbia reserves. Maximum 30 inches; common large, sound, 24 inches.

Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata Sudw.) exists on the Kootenay
Lakes, Jasper Park, Rocky Mountain Park and all British Columbia reserves.
Maximum 36 inches; common large, sound, 24 inches.

Balsam (Abies balsamea [Linn.] Mill.) exists on Riding Mountain, Duck
Mountain, Porcupine and Lake Manitoba West reserves. Maximum IT
inches ; common large, sound, 10 inches.

Western Cedar (Thuja plicata Don.) exists on all British Columbia
reserves. Maximum 84 inches; common large, sound, 40 inches.

Western Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana, authors) exists on the British
Columbia reserves. Maximum 35 inches ; common large, sound, 10 inches.

White Birch (Betula papyri/era Marsh.) exists on the Manitoba reserves.
Maximum 26 inches; common large, sound, 14 inches.

There are also on the Manitoba reserves small quantities of merchantable
Green Ash (Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh.). Maximum 12 inches; common
large, sound, 8 inches. Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.). Maximum
27 inches; common large, sound, 10 inches. Manitoba Maple (Acer negundo
Linn.). Maximum 11 inches; common large, sound, 7 inches.

TIMBER ESTIMATES.

As has been previously stated, the Department is making a forest sur-
vey of the reserves which should give a close estimate of the timber thereon.
Such estimate has been made for the Riding Mountain, Turtle Mountain
Moose Mountain and the Pines reserves, and for these the following figures
are probably close to the actual quantities on those reserves. For all other
reserves the estimates are only tentative : —

MANITOBA RESERVES.

Saw Timber. Fuel Wood.

Duck Mountain. 300,000,000 bd. ft. 3,000,000 cords.

Riding Mountain 250,000,000

Porcupine, No. 1 50,000,000

Turtle Mountain 1,333,000

Spruce Woods ; . 1,000,000

Lake Manitoba West 600,000

2,500,000
750,000
135,000
30,000
40,000

Total 602,933,000 " 6,250,000

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

105

SASKATCHEWAN RESERVES.

Saw Timber. Fuel Wood.

Porcupine No. 2 50,000,000 bd. ft. 500,000 cords.

Moose Mountain 5,000,000 " 130,000 "

The Pines 50,000 "

Beaver Hills 10,000 "

Total 55,000,000 " 690,000 "

ALBERTA RESERVES.

Saw Timber. Fuel Wood.

Eastern Slope 3,000,000,000 bd, ft. 50,000,000 cords.

Rocky Mountain Park 300,000,000 " 3,000,000

Jasper Park 100,000,000 " 1,000,000

Cypress Hills 2,000,000 " 100,000

Cooking Lake 100,000

Kootenay Lakes 10,000

Elk Island Park 10,000

Total 3,402,000,000 " 54,220,000 "

BRITISH COLUMBIA RESERVES.

Saw Timber. Fuel Wood.

Railway Belt and Yoho Park 600,000,000 bd. ft. 6,000,000 cords.

SUMMARY.

Saw Timber. Fnel Wood.

Manitoba Reserves 602,933,000 bd. ft. 6,250,000 cords.

Saskatchewan Reserves 55,000,000 " 690,000 "

Alberta Reserves 3,402,000,000 " 54,220,000 "

British Columbia Reserves 600,000,000 " 6,000,000 "

Total , 4,659,933,000

67,160,000

ESTIMATE OP ANNUAL OUTPUT.

The following table showing the quantities and kinds of timber taken
from the reserves is also tentative as it is only an estimate. Heretofore,
the quantities of timber cut on permits granted for the reserves have not
been kept separate in the records from those granted for timber on other
Dominion lands. It is the intention that in future forest reserve matters
shall be kept by themselves so that accurate data in regard to them can be
obtained. The receipts, however, as stated in the table, may be considered
as correct. The figures may seem small considering the quantities of timber
removed; but it should be borne in mind that every homesteader is entitled
to one free permit.

TIMBER CUT DURING YEAR ENDING MARCH 31sT, 1908.

District.

Manitoba Reserves

Saskatchewan Reserves . .

Alberta Reserves

British Columbia Res' ves.

Eastern slope, North as far

as Brazeau River

Totals . .

Lumber.
Ft. B.M.

3,789,180

343,435

1,400

8,338,000

31,651,610

44,123,625

Logs,
lineal ft.

17,134
464,110
332,612

813,856

Cord-
wood.
Cords.

3,647
9,029
1,280
2,500

56,037
72,498

Fence

Posts.

No.

31,100

117,140

52,080

336,860

537,180

Fence

Rails.

No.

22,650
106,510
247,155

1,336,700

1,713,015

Poles.

No.

8,250

102,414

48,265

158,929

Receipts.

$ 7,044 41

535 35

56 75

4,794 00

19,325 00

$31,755 51

106 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Throwing these different kinds of material into saw timber, and cord-
wood we have saw timber about 45,751,325 board feet; cordwood 105,943
cords. Dividing these quantities into the quantities estimated as standing
on the reserves and we perceive that the saw timber should last for one
hundred years, and the cordwood for six hundred and thirty-four years,
practically forever, providing that the rate of consumption remains the
same and that no timber be destroyed by fires or other causes. To be sure
the growth has not been taken into account, but it is reasonable to suppose
that fires will at least offset the growth, be we ever so vigilant.

THE REMOVAL or TIMBER.

The cutting of timber on the forest reserves is under the control of the
Superintendent of Forestry. In the Moose Mountain, Turtle Mountain,
Spruce Woods and Cypress Hills Reserves no wood except dry or fallen
timber is allowed to be cut. On these reserves there is no mature timber
and the restriction is necessary to save the young trees which would other-
wise be cut as soon as they would became usable. On all other reserves
both dry and green timber may be cut.

ME. KNECHTEL : (Referring to the restrictions). Am I right, Mr. White?

MB,. WHITE : Comparatively speaking, on the old licensed territory there
is no diameter limit. In the Temagami we are selling a small quantity of
timber, and it was made a condition of the sale that the purchaser shall burn
the debris before the snow goes off the ground.

MR. KNECHTEL : Then the Ontario Government has already begun to
move along that line. (After reading further). I realize that in such
large tracts of timber, such as Mr. White has to manage, where licenses are
given for very many square miles, it would be far more difficult to have
every tree marked than where there is a fixed forest reserve. There I think
that a hard and fast diameter limit may be used to good advantage. It is
far better, Dr. Fernow, to have a diameter limit than none at all. It is pos-
sible the diameter limit may be only on paper, but if it is there the Govern-
ment will have to see that it is followed up by vigorous measures in the field.

Permits to cut dry wood up to twenty-five cords are granted free for
dues, only a small office fee of twenty-five cents being required as on all
permits. Permits are granted to cut dry wood for sale or barter up to one
hundred cords at the rate of twenty-five cents a cord.

A homesteader is allowed one free permit and only one, to cut either
dry or green timber suitable for his purposes on his own place. A free per-
mit may be issued for the following quantities : —

(a) 3,000 lineal feet of buildiig timber, no log to be over 12 inches in
diameter at the butt end, unless the timber is cut from dry trees, in which
case timber of a,ny diameter may be taken. If the building timber is to be
sawn at the mill the permitee is entitled to receive free of dues enough tim-
ber for 9,250 feet of lumber, and no more.

(&) 400 roof poles to be used for such purposes.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 107

(c) 500 fence posts, 7 feet long, and not to exceed 5 inches at the small
end.

(d) 2,000 fence rails.

In Manitoba, Saskatchewan, or Alberta, a settler who loses his dwell-
ing or other building by fire not due to his own carelessness, is entitled to
a free permit for timber to replace it. The quantity, however, must not
exceed the amounts stated above.

Any bona fide settler who has not a sufficient supply on his own farm
may be granted each year a permit for the following quantities of timber
at the prices here stated : —

10,000 feet board measure of building logs for lumber, no tree to be
cut which is of less diameter than ten inches at breast height, or at four
and one-half feet from the ground :

Poplar at $1.50 per thousand feet.

Other Species at $3.50 per thousand feet.

500 fence posts, seven feet long, not to exceed five inches in diameter at the
top :

Poplar and Willow at 2c. each. ,

Other Species at 5c. each.

500 fence rails or roof poles, not to exceed six inches in diameter at the butt :

Poplar only at 2c. each.

1,000 lineal feet of round building material, no log to exceed twelve inches
in diameter at the butt :

Any Species at Ic. per lineal foot.

15 cords of fuel :

Poplar only «,.. at fl.OO per cord.

Timber cut without permit in the reserves is seized by the forest rangers,
and double dues are charged upon it. If the dues are not paid the timber
is disposed of at public auction. If no bid is received equal to the amount
due the Government the wood may be disposed of by private sale. During
1908 the rangers seized 190,626 feet, board measure, 900 fence posts and 16
loads of cordwood, and collected as dues $1,101,61 with some seizures still
unsettled.

Up to the present time permits have been granted only to actual settlers
living within fifty miles of the nearest boundary of any reserve. This
limitation is under consideration. There is very little wood in southern
Manitoba and scarcely any in Saskatchewan, and it is a question if the people
all over these provinces should not be allowed the use of the mature wood
of the forest reserves. It may not be quite justice to allow only the people
living in the immediate vicinity of the reserves to have all the blessings.

It is a question also, if it is wise to allow only settlers to cut the timber.
The average settler in taking out timber has little care for the future of
the forest. His only object is to get out timber he needs as easily as possible.
If one tree has all the timber he requires, but if two will furnish it more
easily, he will cut the two trees. Moreover, the settlers cut high stumps,
leave large tops, and make no disposal of the brush. Millmen, knowing the
loss in cutting high stumps and leaving large tops, and having regard for
the future growth, treat the forest with much greater care. It therefore
seems to me that mills should be permitted to enter the reserves, but they
should enter under certain restrictions : —

(1) Only portable mills should be permitted.

(2) Mills should locate where the Forestry Branch directs.

108

(3) Permits should be granted for a definite tract not more than one
mile square.

(4) Prmits should be granted for one year only, but should be renew-
able at the discretion of the Superintendent of Forestry and should be can-
cellable at any time for violation of the regulations.

(5) Only such timber should be cut as is marked previously by the
Department for removal, and no cutting should begin before the marking
is completed.

(6) In cutting down the trees the stumps left should not be more than
18 inches' high.

(7) The trees should be cut down with a saw.

(8) All parts exceeding 4 inches in diameter of trees cut down should
be removed by the permitee, and this should be done as the cutting progresses.

(9) Brush should be cut so as to lie flat on the ground excepting along
the roads, where it should be piled and burned under the immediate super-
vision of the Department.

(10) Any unmarked trees cut down on account of the lodging of the
larger trees in felling should be piled by themselves separately from the
other logs, and should be considered the property of the Department to be
afterwards disposed of, either to the permitee or others as considered best.

(11) The dues on timber removed should be the same as those demanded
of settlers.

(12) Lumber should be sold only to bona fide occupants of homesteads,
or for the purpose of erecting churches and schools in rural districts.

(13) Any lumber obtained from a permittee and afterwards sold or
offered for sale should be seized by the Department.

(14) No settler should be permitted to receive from the mill in any one
year more than 10,000 feet of lumber.

(15) The price of lumber at the mill should be fixed periodically by the
Department.

(16) Settlers should be permitted to draw out their lumber with their
own teams.

(17) Permittees should be required to keep a mill book in which should
be recorded all sales, to whom made, quantity sold, and price charged.

The Department has this scheme of treating the forest already under
operation. A sawmill operating in the Cypress Hills was last fall put under
such restrictions, partly as an experiment, and I am glad to be able to report
that the experiment is apparently a success. The owners of this mill had
applied for a tract of spruce timber three-fourths of a mile square. The
Department stated the restrictions. They were accepted. Assistant
Inspector Dickson marked the trees to be cut, and the work of cutting
began. The forest ranger of the Cypress Hills Reserve who has the work
under his supervision, writing on January 22, 1909, reports as follows : "I
have been down to the Grayburn mill for a few days and was all through
the bush where they are cutting. They are keeping very close to the marked
trees. I told them to get the brush piled along the trails and to get the poles
out and they promised to do so. I will go down again soon and burn it."

THE RESERVES AS PLEASURE RESORTS.

There are many beautiful lakes on the forest reserves and some of these
are being now freely used as summer resorts. It seems to me that this
should be encouraged. The campers are not a menace to the forest, in fact
they are a protection, as they have personal interest in guarding the forest

109

against fire. Besides, with campers on the lakes when a fire occurs there
are people at hand to help to extinguish it. Therefore, the Department has
under consideration the advisability of renting camp sites on the shores
of these lakes, the leases to be made out for ten years, renewable at the dis-
cretion of the Superintendent of Forestry and cancellable at any time for
any misuse or menace to the forest reserve.

THE PRESIDENT : As our time is now up we will adjourn till the after-
noon, when Senator Edwards will speak to us. We always appreciate his
talks, for he hits from the shoulder and goes right at it. (Applause.) Before
adjourning, the Honorable Mr. Grimmer wishes to say a word about a reso-
lution which he desires to have embodied.

HON. MR. GRIMMER : The work of this Convention is drawing to a close.
It will necessarily follow that in the early part of the afternoon you will
probably discuss the question of the meeting place of the next Convention.
On behalf of the Government of the Province of New Brunswick I wish to
extend an invitation to the Association to hold its next Convention in the City
of Fredericton. (Applause). We enjoyed the special meeting held there two
years ago, and we look forward with the hope that you come there in 1910. I
beg to suggest that the Resolution Committee may include in their resolutions,
if my suggestion is favorably met, that the Convention shall meet at .Fred-
ericton, in 1910, as guests of the Government of New Brunswick. (Applause.)

The Secretary announced that a photographer was present for the pur-
pose of taking a group photograph of the delegates, which would be of inter-
est to the members, and used by some of the newspapers and magazines. The
meeting then adjourned.

SECOND DAY— AFTEENOON SESSION.

Friday, February 12th, 1909.

Convention resumed at 2 p.m.

The President called upon Mr. E. J. Zavitz, who read the following
paper : —

WASTE LAND PLANTING IN ONTARIO.
E. J. ZAVITZ, B.A., M.S.F., FORESTER ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

The Department of Agriculture of Ontario is concerned with two fores-
try problems, namely : It aims to assist farmers and other land owners in
properly handling their woodlands and reforesting waste portions of the
farm. It has also inaugurated a policy of segregating and placing under
forest management the large areas of waste lands throughout older Ontario.

The farmer's woodlot represents in the aggregate, about 8,500 square
miles of woodland. Waste land in the form of sand, gravel or rock forma-
tions and steep hillsides, would probably represent another 8,000 square

110 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

miles. It is safe to state that there is in old, agricultural Ontario, at least,
8,000,000 acres of private land which should be managed eventually for
forest crops.

The potential value of eight million acres of woodland to Ontario is
worthy of notice. Estimating an annual, acreage increment of a half cord
of wood, at a stumpage value of $2.00, this land would represent an annual
resource of |8,000,000.

We are apt to forget that these wood lands are profitable. In operating
farms, usually, books are not kept and the farmers do not know how much
value these wood lands have, but as a matter of fact a great deal of money
is taken off them in the form of fire wood, etc.

History has proven that proper management of private woodlands is
not easily attained. Government assistance, in a problem of this nature,
is necessary and advisable. To meet this need the Department of Agricul-
ture has undertaken, to furnish forest trees for waste land planting, and
also to assist owners in the better management of their woodlands. At pre-
sent, planting material is sent out free of charge with certain provisions
for care and protection. (The conditions of this distribution are given in
a Circular which may be had upon application to the "Forestry Depart-
ment," Guelph.) This last season's distribution amounted to about 400,000
trees composed, of the following species : White Pine, Scotch Pine, Jack
Pine, Norway Spruce, White Ash, Black Locust and a small amount
of Catalpa, White Wood, Walnut, Butternut and Cedar. The larger pro-
portion of this material was planted on waste lands on the farm, although
a number of applicants used the material for planting in worn-out woodlots.
The Department especially urges farmers to plant Pine and Spruce about
the borders of woodlots in order to give more protection to the soil, this
lack of soil protection being one of the chief faults in the average woodland
of small acreage.

A second forest problem confronting the Department of Agriculture
is the reclamation of the large, contiguous areas of non-agricultural soils
which exist in many parts of the Province. In the more settled parts of
Ontario the waste areas are sand formations. On these lands Pine was the
most valuable growth and it was cut off in the early days. In many cases
agricultural settlement followed, and where the land was cleared for farm-
ing purposes, it gave, at first, in many cases, good returns. As soon as the
vegetable mould or old, forest soil disappeared from the sand, it became a
difficult matter to keep up to fertility and gradually sand wastes developed.

Some of the more important sand formations are as follows : Norfolk,
10,000 acres; Lambton, 40,000; Bruce, 30,000; Simcoe, 60,000; Northumber-
land and Durham, 15,000.

't It is interesting to know that this land in the County of Lambton is still
in the hands of the Canada Company. There is a large waste belt of sand

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 111

formations of nearly 40,000 acres with a lot of second-growth pine coming
up on parts of it, and much of it does not require reforestation.

In Simcoe County we have the Pine Plains, taking in a part of three
townships. Over this area there are many scrubby redpines, and a large
portion of the area presents a problem, not of tree planting, but of fire pro-
tection. If we could protect that waste area from fire we would get a good
second growth of red pine. Over three or four parts of it the fires sweep
periodically and kill all the little stuff which the people do not see ; they only
see the saw logs, not the potential saw logs.

The watershed between the Kawartha Lakes on one side and Lake
Ontario on the other, consists chiefly of waste sand land. There are two
blocks now where we could plant 15,000 acres without interfering with settle-
ment. These lands are totally unfit for agriculture.

It is generally admitted, that these waste lands can be made perma-
nently productive only by being managed for forest crops. The only solu-
tion of the problem is in a policy which has as its aim the gradual segrega-
tion of these lands, to be managed as Provincial forests.

A modest beginning has been made. We started in Norfolk County.
Our nursery work has been moved from Guelph to Norfolk, and we have
adopted the policy of buying back the waste sand areas in this county.

Large portions, in the waste districts, were not entirely cleared but at
present are covered with a scrubby, second growth. In the Norfolk County
area Scrub Oak with scattering, second growth White Pine forms the soil
cover. In the Simcoe area a small amount of Scrub Oak, Poplar, etc., with
scrubby Red Pine is the type. Continual ground fires sweep over and kill
out the young Pine. With fire protection, there is much of this so called
waste land, which would soon fill with Pine, through natural seeding.

On the land which has been cleared for farming, or where no seed
trees of valuable species exist, replanting will have to be done to obtain
new growth of desirable species.

We hear men speak about nature allowing for the new growth. No one
will reasonably say that we can get miracles of that kind. We have to have
the seed itself to get the new growth ; so I claim on those cleared lands we
will have to plant. Two things are taken for granted : First, fire protection;
second, where there is no possibility of natural seeding.

In this discussion I wish to point out the possibility of reforesting, at
a profit, rather than to deal with the cultural methods of replanting. It
must be admitted, that it is quite possible to artificially reproduce forests,
this having long been done in many parts of the world. Nature acts much
the same in Canada as in other regions.

112 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Our problem is to demonstrate the possibility of doing this work at
a direct, financial profit although there may be arguments advanced to
show that this reclamation work should be done even at an initial loss.

In considering reforesting as a financial investment, the subject can
be best discussed under the following topics : —

Rate of Interest.

Cost of Land.

Cost of Plant material.

Cost of Planting.

Cost of Management and Protection.

Taxation.

RATE OF INTEREST. All expenditures made in producing a crop of trees
must be charged against the crop. As a forest crop takes many years to
mature, it is necessary to place the initial outlay at compound interest for
the period, and also to compound the recurring annual expenses.

In considering the investments as being under state management the
rate of interest will be that at which it is possible for the Province of
Ontario to obtain money. At present this rate may be placed at 3^ per
cent.

COST OF LAND. The initial cost of the land must be placed at com-
pound interest for the period in which it takes to produce the crop. By the
initial cost is meant the soil value without buildings, and without inferior
growth or other values whch may encumber the land at the time of pur-
chase. At the end of the period the accumulated interest should be charged
against the crop, and not the initial cost of land as we still have the soil
value after the crop is harvested.

Lands referred to in previous pages can be purchased at prices rang-
ing from two to five dollars per acre for soil value.

In Norfolk County we will pay more than five dollars an acre for the
land, but it will have to have buildings on it that can be utilized; also scrub
oak, which is of value. I am speaking of the soil value alone at five dollars.

COST OF PLANTS. Cost of plant material can be considered by taking
White Pine as an example.

Two year old White Pine seedlings, which are suitable for planting
under certain conditions, can at present be imported from Germany and laid
down at points in Ontario for about one dollar per thousand. Three year old
White Pine transplants, which are stronger and necessary for certain condi-
tions, can be imported for about three dollars per thousand.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 113

It is quite possible to grow in our own nurseries two year old seedlings
for one dollar and fifty cents per thousand and three year old transplants
for three dollars and fifty cents per thousand.

It will be preferable to use native grown plants in future work, and
the cost can be brought below the above figures. It would be a conservative
estimate to place the cost of plant material for the average conditions at
five dollars per acre.

COST or PLANTING. Cost of planting depends upon quality of labour and
nature of soil to be planted. By specing the plants about five feet apart
in lighty, sandy soil, it might be possible for two men to plant an acre per
day. In rough conditions with uneven surface and considerable obstruc-
tion the labour might easily be trebled. For such soil as exists in the
waste areas previously described, five dollars per acre wuold be a safe figure
for labour in planting.

COST or MANAGEMENT AND PEOTECTION. Cost of management and protec-
tion forms one of the large items to be charged against a forest crop.

It is quite possible for one man to patrol from 5,000 to 20,000 or even
more acres of forest land, depending upon topography and other local con-
ditions. The larger the area which can be patrolled by one man, the smaller
the acreage cost. If one man has to spend his time protecting 500 acres
of forest land it would make the acreage cost very high and would prob-
ably make the proposition a bad investment.

Owing to the problem of patrol it can be readily understood that the
state or other corporation could riot deal with small, detached areas. This
question, of the difficulty of protecting small detached areas, usually makes
it inadvisable for private persons to undertaken forestry as a separate invest-
ment, especially where the tract is a long distance from the owner's resi-
dence.

The annual cost of forest administration and protection in Germany
varies from twenty-two cents to sixtv five cents per acre. Owing to a more
scattered population and other factors our acreage cost will be much smaller.
Some estimates have placed this at fifteen cents per acre which is probably
conservative enough for the present consideration.

TAXATION. Provincial or "crown lands" in Ontario are exempt, at
present, from taxation so that in government management of forest lands
it is not entirely necessary to discuss this question. Waste lands, as
described in previous pages, are situated in organized communities and
certain existing roads will necessarily have to be maintained. These roads
will act as splendid fire lines and part of their maintenance should be
charged to protection.

For the present discussion a tax will be charged against the forest
crop. I will use the township or municipal rate which is imposed for all
purposes, including schools. In 1907 this rate was 17 mills on the dollar.

114. CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

The average rate for the last decade was about 16 mills. It may be claimed

that this is a high tax rate to apply to forest land but it will be on the

safe side.

Taking one acre of White Pine as a unit, it will be of interest to sum

up what it will have cost at the end of sixty years :

Cost of land $5, at 3£ per cent, for 60 years $39 39

Cost of plants and planting $10, at 3£ per cent, for 60 years 78 78

Management and protection 15c. per year at 3$ per cent, for 60 years ... 29 48
Taxation (rate of 17 mills on the dollar would give an acreage charge
of 8.5 cents on five dollar land). 9c. per year at 3£ per cent, for b'O
years 17 69

Total $165 34

Less original cost of land ' 5 00

Total expense $160 34

From various growth studies made in the Lake States and elsewhere it
is quite reasonable to say that an acre of 60 years old White Pine, artifici-
ally planted will contain about two hundred trees varying from 12 inches
to 24 inches in diameter. Assume that there will be two hundred trees of
18 inghes diameter which is a conservative estimate. This 18 inch tree
will cut at least 300 feet B.M. and the acre would yield 60,000 feet. At
a stumpage value of $10.00 per 1,000 the acre would be worth |600.00.

The above estimate does not take into account the thinnings which
would come during the period. It is interesting to note that 25 per cent,
of the net profits of German forests are derived from thinnings. The $600.00
represents only saw material and there would without doubt be a market
for the smaller dimensions.

Stumpage value for one acre of White Pine 60 years old |600 00

Total cost as shown above . 160 34

Net profit |439 66

This |439.66 is the same as a yearly rental of |2.25 during the 60 years,
being capitalized at 3£ per cent, in addition to the 3J per cent, compound
interest on all money invested.

I think I have been unfair to myself in this estimate. I have taken the
stumpage value that is in vogue in Norfolk County for second growth pine,
which lumbermen in the northern part of the Province will not look at. Aa
they will grab at a ten dollar stumpage value in Norfolk County, I think
that I have adopted quite a safe figure.

The policy of reclaiming, through forestry methods, lands unfit for
agriculture, has been in vogue in older countries for a considerable time.

In Europe we find all of the leading nations reclaiming waste land by
forestry methods. In Prussia during the decade of 1891-1900, 170,000
acres of waste lands were added to the state forest lands at the average
cost of $10.00 per acre. In France, under the reboisement act of 1882, the
state has spent in purchases of worn-out lands, in works to check torrents
and in reforesting nearly $20,000,000.
8a F

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 115

Japan, which has a definite forest policy, has during the last 25 years
reforested 200,000 acres at an average cost of a little less than $9.00 per
acre.

In the United States activity in reforesting is worthy of notice. Several
states are buying back waste lands for forestry purposes.

The State of New York has for several years been buying back waste
lands and replanting. In 1908, $30,000.00 was available for nursery work
and replanting. In this work the low cost of $6.00 per acre for plants and
planting is said to have been attained.

The State of Wisconsin has adopted a definite forest policy, and is
segregating its non-agricultural lands at the headwaters of the Wisconsin
River. During 1908, 33,880 acres of cut over forest lands were purchased
at a cost of $98,590.00.

As a testimony of a private corporation's faith in reforesting a good
example may be cited in the operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad. This
corporation ;em.ploys trained foresters and has adopted a definite forest
policy in regard to its waste lands.

In 1907, the total number of trees set out was 315,000. In 1903 about
448,000 seedlings were planted. The latter plantations were made at a
cost of $12.00 per acre, using purchased plants. By the use of plants from
their own nurseries, which have been established, it is expected to lower
the cost to about $8.00 per acre.

This problem is not wholly in the experimental stage and we havs
abundant proof of the practicability of reforestation.

The policy of segregating and placing under forest management, the
large bodies of waste land, in the southern part of the Province, is safe from
a purely financial consideration. There are, however, other economic rea-
sons for adopting this policy.

The story of agricultural settlement, in these regions, with its struggles
to wrest a living from the soil, and the final abandonment of farms, would
call forth facts which alone would prove a strong argument in favour of
removing people from such conditions.

These districts under attempted agricultural management, cannot pro-
perly support social organizations such as schools and churches. The state
cannot afford to allow citizens to live and develop under the enforced con-
ditions existing in many of these waste areas.

It is very important that the private land owner be urged and educated
to feel the necessity of protecting existing woodlands, and replanting waste
areas. This branch of work can be greatly assisted by demonstrating for-
estry methods on these larger areas. The influence which this policy must
eventually exert may be realized by noticing the representative way in
which these proposed forest reserves are situated throughout southern

116 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Ontario. Government forest nurseries situated at certain of these points
will be able to supply planting material to owners anxious to replant waste
land.

The policy of putting these lands under forest management has many
arguments in its favour. It will pay as a financial investment, assist in
insuring a wood supply, protect the headwaters of streams, provide breed-
ing ground for wild game, provide object lessons in forestry and prevent
citizens from developing under conditions which can only ena in failure.

THE PRESIDENT : As we have a large number of papers yet, we will be
unable to open this one for discussion just yet; but if any question has arisen
during the reading of Mr. Zavitz's paper we will allow you to ask it.

MR. STEWART : I would like to ask Mr. Zavitz how he proposes to deal
with thinnings. What distance apart do you intend planting? I was not
here during the first part of your paper.

MR. ZAVITZ : The cost of planting is based on planting the trees five feet
apart each way.

MR. STEWART : I noticed in Germany that they thinned twice, and that
what they took out was of considerable value.

MR. ZAVITZ : I estimated the value of thinnigs at twenty-five per cert, of
their net value.

MR. STEWART : Is it not necessary to have the trees planted near together
in order to have natural pruning?

PROF. FERNOW : Yes, five feet apart is as wide as one would allow. I
think four feet apart would be better. It is more expensive, but the expense
is apt to be justified by the result.

THE PRESIDENT : I will now call upon M. J. B. Miller, Vice-President of
the Canadian Lumbermen's Asosciation, to address us.

MR. MILLER : Mr. President, Gentlemen, — It is not my intention to read
a paper or make a lengthy address. It was my hope that Mr. Gordon Edwards,
our President, would be here to represent our Association, but he was called
over to England, and in consequence is not with us. However, I see the
Honourable W. C. Edwards here, and I am going to ask him to have the most
to say in regard to the lumberman's view of forestry. Speaking for the
Ontario lumbermen particularly, because it is with Ontario that I have most
to do, we feel that a good deal of the remedy with regard to the waste of
timber lies with the Government. In the past they have made a very serious
error, to my mind, in opening up lands which were totally unfit for agricul-

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 117

ture. Take for example the whole Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. With
the exception of a few areas in some scattered townships, that land is such
that no human being can make a living on it. Some of the townships were
settled up, almost every lot ;n each township being taken, and now you find
only three or four settlers in some of them. The result was that the men who
went in there struggled on for years to make a living, burned up a great deal
of the timber, and eventually had to get out of the country because they could
not live. Of course there are some localities up there where that does not
apply, but that has been the history in the bulk of the country in the Parry
Sound and Muskoka districts. We feel now that the Government should not
repeat this mistake in the districts they still have to open up. We think it
would be advisable for them to have all their lands, which are at present
open for location, carefully examined, and if it is found, upon examination,
that at least fifty per cent, of the total area of a township is not fit for agri-
cultural purposes, that township should be reserved for timber. It is well
known that the preservation of standing timber is worth a good deal more to
the country than the crops that can be obtained from the land for many
years; and it is a question in my mind whether, in some lands which are
good agricultural lands, it would not be better to save the timber rather than
open up the land for agriculture; but I think the fitness of the land for
agriculture will settle it. I understand there is to be a resolution presented
to the meeting in regard to this very question, asking the Government not to
open up lands for settlement which are worth more for timber. I think they
might go even further, and withdraw lands which are now open for settle-
ment, where it can be shown upon examination, and where we know from
past experience, that the land is poor for agriculture, and that men are not
able to make a living, and where they only locate these lands for the sake
of what they may make out of the timber. All those lands should be with-
drawn from the location, and kept for timber purposes. I notice that in one
of the papers read here a recommendation was made that a commission should
be appointed to look into this question. I would like to see the Dominion
Government and the local Governments of the different Provinces appoint a
commission whose duty it would be to take up the whole question of Forestry
in all its branches. (Applause.) I think if this were done it would strengthen
the hands of the various Governments and that they could then have some
intelligent opinion and advice with regard to the best policy to follow. I
don't thing that a Parliamentary Committee, such as they are talking about
appointing in Ottawa this year, would really fill the bill. I was very glad
to hear from Mr. Aubrey White a statement regarding the amount of timber
we have standing up in the northern country at the present time. It is a
rather higher estimate than I would have put on it, but of course no private
individual, unless he has been over the land himself, can really form any cor-
rest estimate of what timber we have there. The Government have their
rangers through all parts of the country, and I have no doubt that the estimate
given by Mr. White is as close to the mark as it is possible to get. His state-

118 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

ment that there were some 125 billions of spruce standing north of the height
of land was a surprise to me. I did not think it was there, and I was very
glad to hear that it is there.

SENATOR EDWARDS : It is not there.

MR. MILLER : If that spruce is preserved, and fire is kept out of it, and
it is not given away to settlers, at three per cent, growth it will give us 375
millions of spruce to cut per year in the natural growth of timber. It is
very questionable in my mind whether, if that timber stands on the 16
million acres of agricultural land we hear about up there, it would not be
better to preserve that 375 millions annual growth of timber than to open
up that 16 million acres for settlement. I think the Province would get more
out of it if it kept it for timber purposes. It is possible that we have areas
up there where the land is not good for settlement, where it would not be
necessary to keep that 16 millions out. That is a question that the commis-
sion should take up and look into carefully, and advise the Government as to
the best policy. I would now ask Senator Edwards to speak for the lumber-
men. (Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT : Before Senator Edwards speaks, we have a representa-
tive from Michigan University, Dr. Mulford, who is going away on an early
train, and I am sure we would be pleased to hear from him while he is yet
with us. (Applause.)

Dr. MULFORD : Mr. President and friends, I come with a word of greet-
ing and of good cheer from the Michigan Forestry Commission, which is
composed of three members ; from the Forestry Club of the University of
Michigan, composed of 150 members; and from the Michigan Forestry Asso-
ciation, composed of about 800 members. They all send sincere greetings and
sincere good wishes. I say that I bring a word of good cheer. There have been
some notes of pessimism here, which were intended only for good, of course,
intended to stir up further effort ; but it seems to me it is the wrong attitude
to take. Anyway, this is the way we feel about it — at present we are on
the top of a great wave of enthusiasm for Forestry (hear* hear!) the trouble
is that we are not fully taking advantage of our opportunities to push home
the most vital things. The Forestry wave leads to many peculiar things.
For instance, a Michigan pastor just before Christmas said to his congrega-
tion, "You must not cut any more Christmas trees." Now, I noticed that
yesterday the President of this Association said something against the mat-
ter of Christmas trees.

THE SECRETARY : No, the export of them.

Dr. MULFORD : If it is only the export, I have nothing more to say.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 119

THE PRESIDENT : We don't cut them. We do without Christmas trees
very largely.

Dr. MULFORD : I am sorry for you. (Laughter.) If a Forester can't
raise enough Christmas trees to use all that are required and not have it
felt, he is a pretty poor Forester — (hear ! hear ! and laughter) — and I don't
see that the trees can be put to any better use, anyway, than as Christmas
trees ; the more that are used the better. There have been various expressions
as to the value of planting. NQW, planting is all right ; I am not contradict-
ing Mr. Zavitz in the least, but planting has its limitations. I say all this
simply to emphasize this fact, that we feel across the imaginary line — which
is only an imaginary line for Foresters, anyway — (hear! hear!).

SENATOR EDWARDS : And for free traders —

Dr. MULFORD : Exactly—

Mr. LITTLE : There are not many of them —

Dr. MULFORD : We feel that while we are on the top of this wave we want
to drive home these vital points, and not little things like Christmas trees,
which are only drops in the bucket. Perhaps I could illustrate by sum-
marizing some things I had the good fortune, to see last summer, in a trip
through New Mexico, Idaho and Montana, what Uncle Sam is doing
with the forests. Fire — you all know about that. In the old days, when
those reserves were under the Land Office, at least three per cent, of the
timbered area was burned over each year. That is a very, very conservative
estimate; to-day not one-tenth of one per cent. In only four years the injury
has been reduced to one-thirtieth of what it was under the old Land Office
administration. And yet only a beginning has been made. We are going
to do far better than that in the immediate future. (Hear! hear!) Next, in
regard to taxation; taxation equitable to the private owner; taxation of
national and State forests which shall not make the establishment of those
forests a hardship on the communities where they are located. Uncle Sam
turns over ten per cent, of all gross receipts from sales of timber from the
National Forests to the counties in which the national forests are located —
under certain restrictions, of course. Thirdly, a thing which some people
think could be done in other parts of the continent, is what we are after —
methods of cutting timber which shall assist Nature in her work of repro-
ducing the forests, so that we may not have to resort to the very expensive
methods of forest planting In other words, instead of telling the lumber-
man, "Go in and cut all you want to and we will look after the rest" — which
usually leads to disastrous results — Uncle Sam says to the lumberman, "If
you want timber from my domain I will mark the trees that you may cut.
If you are satisfied to lumber those trees and no other, well and good; if
not, you can go without lumber." This timber is more important for the

120 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

future than it is for the present, anyway; therefore we don't tell the
lumberman, "Go in and take what you want." We don't even tell him
to take a diameter limit. And let me tell you that I have seen more evil
come from the diameter limit idea, as practised in the Rocky Mountains,
than I could have believed possible. In some places it led to absolute forest
destruction. The only sure way, though I know it is not always feasible, ^s
to have the forester mark every single green tree which is to be cut ; and that
is what is being done to-day on 165,000,000 acres of our National Forests.
There is not a green tree cut but what has been marked by the forester.
(Applause.) Lastly, they are trying not to over-cut — a lesson which ought
to come home to Canada if it comes home to anybody. We have suffered
from sad experience in over-cutting. To-day Uncle Sam says, "I shall know
how much timber there is on a given National Forest ; I am going to at least
make a guess as to how fast it grows, and I am going to see to it that we
don't cut more than is proper for us to cut. God-speed to you in all your
efforts. Thank you. (Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT : We will now hear from Senator Edwards.

SENATOR EDWARDS was received with applause and said : Mr. Presi-
dent and Gentlemen, I need not tell you that I have been very much inter-
ested in these addresss and in what I heard this morning. The papers read,
both this morning and this afternoon, were of the most interesting
character. The first paper by Dr. Fernow opened the ground for a great
deal of discussion, and I for one regret very much that there was no dis-
cussion upon it. My opinion is that the good that is to result from such
meetings as this is to interchange the ideas between the writer of the paper
and others. I am very much pleased to have heard from our Michigan friend,
who gave us a short, but very practical address. I was also pleased to hear
Mr. Zavitz read his paper from which, as well as from what we have heard
from others this morning it is very evident that this subject divides itself
into two branches. He dealt more particularly with the branch that applies
to the rural districts where the reproduction of the forest for timber for
various purposes is desirable; and there is the other and the greater ques-
tion of preserving the forests as they now exist in our more northern counties.
In December I was asked by the Canadian Government to go to Washington^
in company with Mr. Campbell, the Dominion Superintendent of Forestry,
to attend the Rivers and Harbors Convention, and also a Convention on the
Conservation of Natural Resources. Neither Mr. Campbell nor myself mad«
an official report when we returned home. I have not time to go into a thing
of that kind exhaustively, but I did write a letter to Sir Wilfrid giving our
view of what occurred there. If you wish me to do so I would be glad to
read you this letter. (Hear ! hear !) After that I would like to take up, for
a short time, the question of our timber resources, and my views as to their
conservation.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 121

\

SENATOR EDWARDS' REPORT.

ROCKLAND, ONTARIO, December 31st, 1908.

To The Right Honourable Sir Wilfred Laurier,
Ottawa, Ont.

DEAR SIR WILFRID,-—

As requested by you, as Acting Minister of the Interior, I, accompanied
by Mr. R. H. Campbell, Chief of the Dominion Forestry Branch (as repre-
sentatives of Canada), attended the Convention of the National Rivers and
Harbours Congress, held at Washington on Wednesday, Thursday and
Friday, the ninth, tenth and eleventh days of December last; and I beg to
present the following report :

The Convention was presided over by the Hon. Joseph Ranssdell, and was
addressed by many leading men, including His Eminence, Cardinal Gibbons,
the Right Honourable James Bryce, the Ambassador of Brazil at Washing-
ton, the Vice-President of the United States, Hon. Joseph Cannon, Speaker
of the House of Representatives, Hon. James Garfield, Secretary of the
Interior, Mr. Andrew Carnegie, and many other prominent men, including
Senators, Congressmen, State Governors, and leading citizens representing
manv and varied interests.

The addresses and papers read were of the most interesting character,
the general trend being in the direction that the waterways of the United
States, which played such a very important part in the. transportation prob-
lem in the early history of the country prior to the introduction of railroads
and their great development, had dwindled relatively into the filling a some-
what unimportant place in the carrying trade of the country, for two reasons,
viz: — because of the increased facilities offered by the railways, and the
diminishing supply of water in the many rivers and streams of the country —
due to the clearing up of the forests. Possible and useful as were the internal
waterways of the country in its early history, it is found they cannot be
utilized in the same way today, unless artificial means are applied. It is
clearly the bounden duty of the Central Government, the Governments of
the various States, and the people generally, to take up this most important
matter vigorously, for several reasons. Among others I would mention: —
The necessity of a uniform supply of good water for domestic use in the
interest of public health, and the need of water for irrigation purposes.
Furthermore, the time has now arrived when, with our agricultural, indus-
trial and commercial development, not only will the various great railway
systems be taxed to their fullest capacity, but the waterways will also need
to be improved and utilized for the carrying trade of the country. With
the diminishing domestic coal supply, it is in the best interests of the country
that, for the purpose of manufacturing and supplying light and heat, the
many and possible water powers should be made available and improved.
Different portions of the country naturally had various improvements to
suggest, of lesser or greater importance, up to and including the gigantic
proposition of so improving the great Mississippi waterway as to make pos-
sible ship navigation from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Whether
this great enterprise is ever accomplished or not, I believe that numerous

122 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

schemes will go into effect in the United States for the impounding of the
head waters so as to bring about two important results, viz: — To prevent
the freshets of early spring, at the time of the melting of the snows ; and, to
equalize the flow of the streams and the water supply throughout the periods
of present low water. On many streams this is easily possible and will be
of the greatest utility, because of the many requirements for which water
is so essentially necessary, including those herein stated, viz. : for domestic
use, in the interest of public health, for irrigation, for river navigation and
transportation, and for the development of power in various forms. So very
important is this question to the United States that from this time forward
development is sure to take place along these lines with ever increasing
vigour. Some of the streams on which improvement will sooner or later be
undertaken, while running principally through the United States, have their
head waters in Canada. Again, there are international streams, and even
the waters of the Great Lakes themselves may sooner or later become involved.

The question, in its national form, affecting only the United States,
is one of vast importance to that country. So also must it become of great
importance to Canada, if indeeM it is not already so. But from the fact
that we have such a large joint interest in rivers, streams and lakes as above
mentioned, the question is sooner or later to assume one of International
character and importance; and if I may be permitted to say so, I consider
the United States are to be congratulated on inviting Canada to participate
in the initiative proceedings : and I desire to express the hope that the cordial,
kindly and neighbourly feelings extended to Canada on this occasion will
continue.

At the same time, and upon the same days as the National Rivers and
Harbours Congress was in session, another highly important Convention was
held at Washington — presided over by Mr. Pinchot. The time and attendance
of Mr. Campbell and myself was divided between the two Conventions. If I
remember correctly, the latter was called a Convention for the Conservation
of National Resources; and I must say that I cannot think of anything
more important and interesting than the proceedings of this Convention
proved to be. The initiative in this great national undertaking was taken
bv President Roosevelt, in Mav last, when, on his invitation, the Governors
of the various States convened at the White House, and he, the President,
presented to them his views on the rapidly diminishing natural resources of
the United States, and requested them to join in an organization for the
purpose of ascertaining the nation's supply of the different resources ; their
annual rate of consumption and the period of life or exhaustion for each
resource. There resulted a vast scheme of what is termed "stock taking, "
and a full and most interesting report was read upon each. The proceed-
mgs, however, were prefaced by a large public meeting held in one of
the Washington Theatres, presided over by President Elect Taft and
addressed bv President Roosevelt and by Mr. Taft himself. The general
convention was then held and presided over by Mr. Pinchot, as already
stated. First, the various reports of the stock taking were read, covering,
one on each, the following subjects, viz.: — Public health and the great
de«irabilitv of improving and promoting it for the endurance and well
being of the nation. On Land; the extent cultivated, the extent possible
to be cultivated, the production of the various cereals and crops per acre;
comparisons with other countries, and the great desirability of improved
methods of cultivation so as to preserve soil fertility and increase production.
Minerals; the wasteful methods of producing each, and their approaching

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 123

exhaustion; more particularly of iron and coal. Water; the great necessity
of adopting means for so conserving it as to promote a constant supply for
domestic use ; in the interest of public health ; for the purposes of navigation
and transportation; power for manufacturing in its many branches, and
for the supply of light and heat. Last, but by no means the least, the great
forestry question. The dangerous nearness to exhaustion under present
conditions; the urgent necessity of preserving the present forests; the
reforestration of areas already devastated by fire or exhausted by reckless
cutting. Not only the matter of a future commercial anad domestic supply
of lumber was considered, but also the influence of the forest upon the beauty
of the landscape, the way in which it affects the rain fall and the conserva-
tion of the water supply for many and varied uses.

Words cannot express the great value and importance of this undertaking
in its educational effect upon the nation. If pursued, as I firmly believe it
will be, useful, practical and valuable results are sure to follow.

I have no official report of this Convention and do not think that one
will issue for some little time, so I am quoting largely from memory. If
my memory serves me correctly, the report upon minerals stated that at
the present rate of consumption the iron of the United States, of the quality
now used, will be exhausted by the middle of the present century, and the
iron of inferior quality, which will follow the present supply, as well as
the coal of the country as now used, will be exhausted by the middle of the
next century. The report further stated that the production of both these
minerals was careless and most wasteful in method, and that the same
rule applies to the production of all minerals, including coal-oil and gas,
and that econorrw and more careful practice in production would much
prolong the life of each.

Then as to lumber. The period of exhaustion under present conditions,
I think, was placed at twenty years. Now, saying nothing of the matter
of public health, of the exhaustion of the fertility of the lands or the dimin-
ished water supply, if the iron and coal of the United States are to be
exhausted in one hundred and fifty years, and their timber supply in twenty
years, what is the lesson for Canada? Is it not one for us to profit by, and
give thought to present conditions and the future as well, that we, too,
may not in a lesser or greater time place ourselves in a similar position ?
True, our strong position is that the greater portion of the area of the
country is yet new. An educational campaign followed up assidiously will
keep our agricultural condition fairly right. Our water supply can be main-
tained if the forests which yet remain are not permitted to be destroyed.
But our natural resources in minerals, forests and fish should be preserved
by all and every means. Joint action by the Dominion Government and the
Governments of the various Provinces, should not be too long deferred,
and should be carried out along lines similar to those initiated by the Presi-
dent of the United States. The matter of the forests, however, should not
be delayed a single day. I hope I may be pardoned for saying that, as far
as I am aware, neither the Dominion Government nor any of the Provincial
Governments have reports of any value whatever on the timber resources
of the country, and I strongly recommend that the Dominion Government
take action without delay to inaugurate a scheme for a very careful stock
taking of its entire timber supply ; and that it invite the various Provinces
to do the same, and do it systematically and carefully, just as a judicious
and competent lumberman would estimate a limit for its sale or purchase ;
come to a sound and correct comprehension of just how much timber we have,

124 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

arrive at some conclusion as to the annual growth and reproduction; get
correct estimates of our annual production, as well as of our growing future
requirements; decide on the policy to be pursued as to the best interests of
the future of Canada in so far as our timber resources are concerned, and in
due course, pursue the same policy with reference to our mines and fisheries.
No one can estimate the future greatness and wealth of Canada if only her
vast natural resources are administered in her best interests.

In conclusion, allow me to thank His Excellency the Governor-General,
and yourself, for singling me out as one of the two Canadians to participate
in the great object lesson given at Washington in the two great Conventions
which I have thus briefly reported upon, and to express the hope that the
reports of these Conventions, when published, may in some way be freely
circulated in Canada.

Yours most sincerely,

<

(Signed) WM. C. EDWARDS.

The reading of Senator Edwards' report was received with hearty
applause. At its conclusion,

SENATOR EDWARDS said : Let me add that practical lumbermen are the
only ones who understand anything about the question so far as practical
operation is concerned. Now, although I have been in Parliament a great
many years I have never prepared a speech ; I have never had time to do so ;
and in talking I prefer to get right up after someone who has fired off some-
thing of which I disapprove, and fire back at him. (Laughter.) If I have
any capacity at all, it is in that direction. My friend who spoke before me
Mr. Zavitz, did not say anything that I can go at. (Laughter.) I would just
make the remark, however, that his estimate of the growth of the timber of
the forest is very far apart from that of my friend, Dr. Fernow, who esti-
mates the growth of timber for commercial purposes at 150 years; our
friend, Mr. Zavitz, makes it 60 years.

Mr. ZAVITZ: May I just speak there for a moment? I am referring to
Southern Ontario areas. I think Dr. Fernow referred to the Laurentian
rock formation.

f

SENATOR EDWARDS : He was talking of the tops of the mountains, where
there is no soil to make anything grow — it would take 500 years. (Laughter.)
On that subject let me say that I brought down, and have now at Ottawa, a
piece of pine representing the growth of timber which I bought as a farm
37 years ago, and those two trees are 16 inches in diameter. Now, to make
that statement would be very misleading, because that timber was grown on
a farm which had been cultivated, and the growth was very rapid. My own
view is that Dr. Fernow is perfectly right in saying that cutting every ten
years, as lumbermen freely talk about, is nonsense. I say so, too — perfect

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 125

nonsense. It is true that you can return to a spruce district and cut it every
ten years; but I think in about 30 or 40 years you would get down to a
mighty small size. (Applause.) No, the true situation is this : That not only
Canada, but the whole world is near the exhaustion of the supply of its timber
resources. (Applause.) And this question is not only a question for Canada,
but it is for the world. I am not surprised that our neighbors to the south
are very much aroused over 'the situation, for they clearly realize the fact
that they are getting very near the exhaustion of their timber supply.
(Applause.) We also have been prodigal; so far as the conservation of our
forests is concerned, that is truei. We have been careless in years gone by,
both in the operations of cutting in the woods and as to the prevention of
fires. If, however, fires had been excluded from our forests, the cutting by
the lumbermen would have been so small that in the timber areas you would
not have noticed that they had been cutting at all. Now, that is a fact.
The statement was made by several speakers at Washington, and I cor-
robate it, that the destruction by fire in the past has been twenty times as
great as has been the exhaustion of the forest by the cutting of the lumber-
men. Now, a good deal was said this morning about what education may
accomplish in the conservation of the forests that we have remaining, and
also as to reforestation. As to that I will tell you — and tell you very
frankly — that all the education that is necessary for the preservation of the
forests as they now exist, is already known to the Canadian people. But let
the education of the younger classes that are growing up, go on as to
methods of producing timber upon their farms and beautifying them. Let
the other education go on if you will, but I will tell you right here that the
only requisite is to get the governments of the Dominion and the various
Provinces to co-operate with the men who are at present, and will continue
to be, the salvation of the forests if they are only permitted to conserve the
forests — the practical, sound lumbermen. (Hear! hear! and applause.)
Now, when I say that I reflect on no one. But do you know where it goes
to? It sounds parliamentary to say that it is the various governments, but
it is not at all; it is the people of Canada. (Hear ! hear !) It is the Canadian
people speaking through their representatives, that is what it is. And what
are they doing, and what are the lumbermen doing? What is the position
of the lumbermen? Whose selfish interest is it to preserve the forest? It
is the lumberman's. There is a class of lumbermen, however, who have no
such interest, and that is, the lumbermen who have no investment — the lum-
bermen who buy a little bit of a limit, or who steal from the Crown and from
other lumbermen, and go on destroying the forests; and that is going on all
over Canada. (Hear ! hear ! and applause.) Last autumn, sixty lots were sold
out of one of our limits one night in • a house that was not the house of a
Crown Land Agent. What does the legitimate lumberman do? He embarks
in a business requiring a very large capital; he builds mills and docks,
improves the streams, builds booms, and goes to enormous expense. He goes
to the Crown Lands Department when limits are to be put up for auction,
and pays enormous prices for them ; and the very next day, by the insidious

126 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

work of the representatives of the people, those very limits that he purchased
are begun to be stolen from him; and the Crown is robbed and the lumber-
man is robbed. And that is what is going on in Canada to an enormous
extent. All that you require to do is to bring about, through your represen-
tatives, an entirely new condition of affairs. The forests, depleted though
they may be, have still sufficient to supply Canada and its wants in timber
for all time to come, although I disagree with the quantity which my friend,
Mr. White, stated yesterday.

Mr. WHITE: Thank you. (Laughter.)

SENATOR EDWARDS : We have not and never had as much timber as a
great many people think we have; but we still have a very considerable
quantity. I dislike to speak of myself, but I will tell you what I am doing.
I am a strong believer in forestry, a great believer in the preservation of the
forest, and a firm believer in getting limits in such a way that we can go
on in perpetuity. (Hear ! hear !) So strong a believer am I in that position
that I will never build a mill or any other part of an industrial establishment
of anything but concrete. We built a large shop at Ottawa this last sum-
mer, and one the summer before, of solid concrete and steel; not a particle
of wood was used but in the windows and doors. I am the President of a
company that has built a mill in Bathurst, N.B., this very summer that is
constructed in the same way. I am glad to see the representative from New
Brunswick here, and I will ask him to help me to do what I am doing for
the Province of New Brunswick, that is, to build and cut in such a way a*
to bring about perpetuity. (Hear hear). I don't think I need tell you that
1 am a radical of the radicals. (Laughter.) That is a pretty well known
fact. (Hear ! hear !) And I am going to make a confession on the spot — I
am a large holder of timber limits of which I should never have owned a
foot. The country never should have sold one single foot of its timber area.
(Applause.) And if the policy had been pursued that has been advocated
here to-day, of simply cutting the old timber and letting the young timber
come on, the fact is that we would have more timber to-day in Canada than
when we began to cut (Hear! hear!)

Mr. WHITE : And kept the fire out.

SENATOR EDWARDS : That is a great safeguard — keeping the fire out.
That and the theft on the part of those pirates I have already named are
the two great dangers. (Laughter.) Now, I just want to make a remark
about fire protection in case I should forget it ; and I want to give the Ontario
Government the very highest credit for what they have done. (Hear, hear.)
No matter what their sins are to-day, or may have been, the inauguration
of the fire patrol system in the Province of Ontario, which was brought into
effect fully twenty years ago — wasn't it, Mr. White?

Mr. WHITE: 1885.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 127

SENATOR EDWARDS : That is twenty-four years ago — has saved the Pro-
vince of Ontario millions upon millions of dollars. (Hear, hear and
applause.) It was inaugurated in Quebec, I think, about ten years after-
wards, after I took Mr. Flynn, the Crown Land Commissioner, into the woods
and shewed him the destruction by forest fires. Coming down the Gatineau
he telegraphed ahead and had the lumbermen meet him at Ottawa. Eight
there and then that system was inaugurated ; and bad as our forest fires may
be in some instances to-day, they were ten or twenty times as bad before
that system was inaugurated. (Hear, hear.) The best thing that Ontario
and all the other Provinces can do is to preserve in every possible way their
forests against that great destructive element of fire. (Hear, hear.) What
are its causes? What is it that brings about fires in the forest? Clearing
the land is answerable for a great deal. The squatter and illegitimate set-
tler are answerable for a great deal. The explorer, the hunter and the
fisherman are also answerable for a great deal. But in my humble opinion
one of the worst things that can possibly be had is a railway running
through a forest area. (Hear, hear and applause.) I have opposed, and
always opposed, the running of railways through a forest area. In Parlia-
ment I have always taken that position and will always continue to take it.
Nio matter what the facilities of the average lumberman are, so far as the
transportation of their supplies are concerned, it is better to keep the rail-
ways out of the forest, and go to the expense of carting in the supplies
required.

A DELEGATE : Where would you run the railways ?
Mr. WHITE : The C. P. E., for instance?

SENATOR EDWARDS : The C. P. E. doesn't run, from Quebec till it gets
beyond Winnipeg, anywhere through what was a timber area when it was
built north of Lake Superior.

Mr. WHITE : It burned up a good deal of that country.

SENATOR EDWARDS : Let us have it to as little an extent as we can.
Don't project railways away up north into the areas that are no good for
anything but timber. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. PRICE : Where would you have built the railway from Quebec to
Lake St. John? It runs through a timber district entirely.

SENATOR EDWARDS : I would have built it to the moon. (Laughter.)
DELEGATE : You are radical, now.

SENATOR EDWARDS : We listened this morning to what the Dominion
G-overnment is doing in the way of managing its forest reserves. That is

128 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

comparatively a new thing to me. I don't know that I can say very much
upon it. In Canada we have large areas of agricultural lands which are
suitable for that purpose, but we have also ^vast areas suitable for growing
timber, and for no other purpose. Those areas should be set apart and set-
tlement should never be allowed to encroach upon them. (Hear, hear.) But
unfortunately settlement is encroaching everywhere that I know of, where
there is timber. Now, if I say a word about the various Governments of
the Provinces, there is no animus, and it is not because the Provincial
Governments are to-day rather adverse politically to my political view ; not
at all. My friends were just as bad when they were in power as the men
of to-day- — just exactly. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. LITTLE : Pretty bad. (Laughter.)

SENATOR EDWARDS : I am sorry to make this statement — but I hold that
the system under which the forests of Ontario were sold offers a premium
for the destruction of the forests. (Hear, hear and applause.) There is a
limitation to the period in which the timber must be cut; that is the case.
You have ten years to cut the timber, and then that ends it. What does
the lumberman do? Does he cut with regard to the best interests of that
area? There is no condition so safe as the condition of perpetuity, wrongful
though it may be — wrongful, as I explained before: I don't think he should
ever own them — but if he ever obtains them he should be offered a premium
of perpetuity, and perpetuity for all time of that timber supply.

Mr. WHITE : Would it not be better to cut that out and start over again ?

SENATOR EDWARDS : I don't think so. I don't think so at all. I think
the best and cheapest means of reforestation is the careful cutting and
letting the timber seed itself and come along. (Applause.) The Province
of New Brunswick has also a suicidal policy, in so far as its timber areas
are concerned. There, again, there is a limitation as to the tenure of the
license — again offering a premium for the destruction of the forests.
(Applause.) In my humble opinion a very bad system. Now, whatever
the sins of the Province of Quebec may be, and they are many, that Pro-
vince has the best system, in so far as the perpetuity of the forests is con-
cerned. Their limits have never been sold under any other condition, up
to to-day, but that under which the tenure is perpetual, offering to the
lumbermen every inducement for the conservation of the forests; and if
they will just shoot about half of their Provincial members, and another
class of member that I will not name here — (Laughter) — there will be every
opportunity for perpetuating those forests. But unforunately we have that
enemy, and it is the greatest enemy of the lumber trade.

DELEGATE: How about shooting the Senators? (Laughter.)

SENATOR EDWARDS : If he is not a worthy preserver of the forests, shoot
him, for heaven's sake. (Laughter.) Perhaps I have taken up too much

A FINE STAND OF SPRUCE, CUTTING ABOUT TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND BOARD FEET PER ACRE, WITH

A DENSE UNDERGROWTH OF BALSAM.

Theisoiljs very rocky and shallow, and totally unfit for agriculture.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 129

time already. (Go on.) But coining for a moment to our friend, Dr.
Fernow, I must say I didn't understand him this morning. That is, if I
understand him correctly, I don't know what he means. (Laughter.) You
won't laugh when I explain it. He said that the cutting of the large tim-
ber and preserving the small timber was not going to bring about the per-
petuity desired. He also said that reforestation was not going to bring it
about. But he did say that under the direction of a scientific forester we
could have the desired result. Now, that is the statement, and I would like
to know what he means. I myself firmly believe that in cutting none but
the old timber our forests can be perpetuated forever. And now let me
make a statement that may be considered a very radical one. The Pro-
vince of Ontario and the other Provinces are pursuing the policy of selling
a certain area now and again; letting that be exhausted, and then selling
another certain area — a suicidal policy if there ever was one, although the
other Provinces are doing the same. (Applause.) What should be the
practice? The entire lumber area of Canada should be all worked over.
(Hear, hear) — cutting over the old timber, and not allowing it to die. I
make a very bold statement : I believe there is more timber dying of old
age in Canada to-day than is being cut by the lumbermen — (Applause) —
simply by the limitation of the licensed areas. That may appeal to people who
don't know better, having the idea that they are conserving the forests,
hut it is the means of destroying the forests. Let the whole area, as fast
as practicable, be worked over, and cut only the old timber. Let me tell
you here that I own a large limit of pine timber, and when the time came
to cut it we could not cut any of it at all because it was all dead; simply
of old age. That is a condition that exists in the northern part of the
country, over a very great area of it. Now, as to the growth of timber, my
opinion upon that is just this — that the growth varies according to con-
ditions. Close to the water, down at the sea and close to the rivers, timber
grows very rapidly; on the mountain peaks it grows very slowly. As to the
period required to produce a merchantable saw log of spruce or pine, I
don't know the time. I have myself supposed upon an average about 40 or
50 years would produce a spruce sufficiently old to cut, and 60 or 70 would
produce a pine under average conditions. Whether I am right or wrong
about that I don't know. In Doctor Fernow's address — which I highly
approved of, and appreciate very much — I want to correct him in one
statement wherein he said that in the efforts of the Government to bring
about improved conditions, in so far as forest preservation was concerned, the
lumberman might be an element in the way. He is an element above all
elements, who will join in the heartiest way to co-operate for the preservation
of the forests — the very reverse of what the Doctor said. He simply does not
know the boys as he ought to know them. (Laughter.) I was very glad
indeed to hear the Hon. Mr. Cochrane say this morning that he invited
criticism. I think that was a very wise thing for him to say, a very proper
thing. I was very glad indeed to hear it, and I must congratulate him for
having done so, because that is the proper spirit on-the part of a Minister. He
9 F

130 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

represents the people; he should hear their views and weigh them carefully,
accepting what he believes to be correct, and in this instance I take it that
the Canadian people are speaking through this Association to the Govern-
ments of the various Provinces. Now, in my letter addressed to the Pre-
mier I spoke of our taking stock of our Dominion supply of timber, and the
supply of the various Provinces. Every one may not approve of that, but
I don't believe it is a good thing to continue living in a Fool's Paradise.
(Hear, hear.) I made the statement to my friend Mr. White a while ago —
he thanked me for doing it — but I could give him some information. I
am a very large explorer of the resources of Canada, in so far as her timber
supply is concerned. I have explored all Labrador; have explored every
river in the Province of Quebec from Labrador to the head of Anticosti.
I have explored this Western country r;ght through to Hudson's Bay; and
I want to tell Mr. White that the reports given by the explorers who went
out under the former Government to explore the timber of that region gave
a most desperately wrong report as to the timber supply that exists there.
(Hear, hear.)

Mr. WHITE : May I ask if we have not as much right to put confidence
in the reports of our men as you have to put in the reports of yours?

SENATOR EDWARDS : Certainly.
Mr. WHITE : Thank you.

SENATOR EDWARDS : I am sorry if I offended my friend.
Mr. WHITE : No, you don't offend me at all.

SENATOR EDWARDS : But there are explorers and explorers. I am going
to make another statement; it is going to hit somebody else, but I can't
help it. A great many people read the reports of the Geological Survey
Department, which often refer to the timber. Some of the statements are
the most exaggerated and most unreliable statements that were ever made
in any document — (laughter) — and are not worth the paper they are printed
upon. (Laughter.) In a district of country where on one side of a river
the Geological Survey represents on the Dominion ground fabulous quantities
of timber, and where on the other side the Ontario Government explorers
represent fabulous quantities of timber, I myself sent explorers right through
to Hudson's Bay, and for 10 miles, and I think 20 miles — out from the
river on each side, without finding timber for a bird to perch upon. (Laugh-
ter and applause.)

Mr. WHITE: Isn't that drawing it just a little too strong?
9a F

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 131

SENATOR EDWARDS: No, sir; the men couldn't shoot one partridge.
They carried guns with them, and never saw a bird the whole length.

Mr. WHITE : Would you mind telling me the name of the river?

SENATOR EDWARDS : I will tell you the name of the river, Mr. White ;
I will tell you how these gentlemen of the Dominion Survey parties explored.
I don't know how Mr. White's men explored. Every practical lumberman
knows that along the verge of the streams and lakes there is lots of timber.
(Hear, hear.) These gentlemen paddled, with nice supplies of every good
equipment, and they saw the timber on the two sides ; they took the area of
the whole country and multiplied it by what is on the streams ; that is the
way it was done. (Laughter.) Now, I cannot say that of Mr. White's
friends; I won't say it, either.

The SECRETARY : The Geological Survey men don't do the multiplying.

It is some of the people who read their reports who do the multiplying.

*•

SENATOR EDWARDS : What I wish to emphasize is that I know as a matter
of fact that there are many very misleading statements as to the timber sup-
ply of Canada ; that we have not got the timber that we are supposed to have.

Mr. LITTLE : We are living in a Fool's Paradise.

SENATOR EDWARDS : There is no doubt about it — (laughter) — and I
humbly believe that the best thing we can do is to take stock and find out
exactly where we stand — -(hear, hear and applause) — and pursue the policy
in the future which will best serve the interests of Canada in the conserv-
ation of our timber, and in the conservation of the many natural resources
which Canada has, perhaps in greater abundance than many of the countries
of the world. I thank you for your kind attention. (Laughter and applause.)

THE PRESIDENT : We will have to hurry along with the papers, and
then take up the discussion. I will now call upon Mr. Pdordan to read his
paper. •

Mr. CARL BJORDAN, of the Kiordan Paper Mills Company, and represent-
ing the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, said, — It is rather a fortunate
thing that none of us paper manufacturers were called on a few years ago
for a statement of our attitude towards conservative forestry methods,
because I don't believe we had one.

Mr. LITTLE : There is no law against it. You could have come forward
25 or 30 years ago if you had wanted to.

Mr. RIORDAN then read the following paper :

132 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

THE ATTITUDE OF THE PAPEE MANUFACTUEEES TOWAEDS
CONSEEYATIVE FOEESTEY METHODS.

CAUL EIORDAN, EEPRESENTATIVE CANADIAN MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION.

The forest resources are practically all in tlie hands of the governments
or large industrial institutions. I do not believe that our governments will
thoroughly conserve the natural resources directly under their control,
which are really the capital of the nation, so long as there is any consider-
able portion of them unappropriated and unexploited, because the people do
not care how much of these resources is wasted or stolen so long as they
feel that there is more left, that there are still opportunities.

I hope you do not consider that too broad. I think there is indifference
so long as the people feel that the well has not shown a bottom yet.

Only the Government can afford to handle natural resources without
regard to the immediate profit from them. The industrial institutions own-
ing natural resources must always first consider immediate profits in appro-
priating and exploiting these resources so that the pulp and paper industry
must first operate its timber holdings to produce present profits. That being
provided for, it must operate them to perpetuate the supply, at any rate in
the case of mills in close connection with their timber areas.

The paper and pulp industry has more need of conservative forestry
methods than any other industry that is using the forests commercially,
because it has the largest investment per quantity of timber used, and this
investment is represented by plant that is less movable than any other wood-
using industry, and also because it requires a large amount of power
steadily all through the year, and this depends on the forests remaining
at the head waters.

These remarks apply more particularly to paper and pulp mills that
are located near their woodlands, and directly accessible to them. Most of
the large mills in Canada are so situated, but most of the large mills in the
United States or not. It was not stated to me whether I was to speak on the
attitude of the papermakers of Canada or of those of America, so I have
thought it fit to allude briefly to those of the States. It is obvious that the
mills that are located in close connection with their woodlands must have
a very vital interest in perpetuating the supply of wood on those woodlands.
Mills not located near their woodlands are interested only in getting their
wood as cheaply as possible without regard to perpetuating the wood produc-
tion of any one area, because they depend rather on the general supply.

In the United States I understand that practically every firm owning
timber lands there is adopting the methods of conservative forestry and
employing trained foresters for the purpose, and even planting trees. They

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 133

are doing this in many cases beyond the point that immediate profits would
allow because they have been able to provide a timber supply from Canada.
Just one week ago to-day a deputation of United States paper and pulp
men owning five million acres of woodland — all that is owned by paper men
there — waited on Mr. Pinchot and had a long conference with him on the
subject of the proper methods to apply to the working of those woodlands;
and owners of three million acres out of the five million arranged to have the
United States Government Bureau lay out systems of forestry for the opera-
tion of those limits.

In Canada there has been almost a revolution in the last few years
among the pulp and paper firms operating timber limits, in the direction
of conservation. We are all taking a much greater quantity of timber per
tree; taking the tops down to four inches diameter under the bark, and
taking dry trees, dosy butts, and bark-rotted logs. We are limiting our
cuts to annual growth where possible. We have evolved fire patrol systems
that have prevented serious fires in our timber.

So far as I know there was not a serious fire last year in any limit owned
by a pulp or paper firm, when there were so many fires elsewhere.

The Laurentide Paper Co., the Union Bag & Paper Co., and the Riordon
Paper Mills, are all employing trained foresters and spending considerable
money in thoroughly investigating their timber resources and everything
to do with their development, and in studying timber growth and methods
of manufacturing logs. They are inaugurating the policy of marking the
trees that shall be cut, and are adopting rules for jobbers and foremen that
are eliminating the waste of anything they can possibly use. This means
making use of a great deal more of the product of the forest than any other
industry does.

That means a great deal. It means using more of the products of the
forest than any other industry does or can use.

I do not think that any of us have yet carried our forestry work to the
point of drawing up a complete policy of timber land management. We
have not yet completed our data.

When we have decided upon thorough going systems of timber man-
agement that would provide for forest conservation within the limits that
profits will allow, we will not be able to put these into operation because
under present conditions we cannot be sure that we will reap where we have
sown. This is principally because our governments are permitting whole-
sale timber thieving under the guise of settlement, and limit holders are
always exposed to the risk of having their best timber taken up by some
operator who gets possession of lots by nominally conforming with the con-
ditions of the law for settlement. I do not know of any limit holder who has
any objection to legitimate settlement in the forest provided it is on land
that is really fit for agriculture. Such settlement is a great help because

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 134

it opens up the country, and provides a supply of labour and food stuffs.
To illustrate the amount of forest destruction that has been caused by tim-
ber thieves, it is only necessary to state that, out of 7,000,000 acres that
have been granted to settlers in recent years, in Quebec 2,000,000 acres are
already stripped and abandoned. The exportation of pulp wood has been
already stripped and abandoned. Those figures were given in the last
Dominion Census, and I venture^ to state that within another ten years those
same original 7,000,000 acres will show between five and six million stripped
and abandoned, and the balance of them second-class fanms. The exporta-
tion of pulp wood has been largely responsible for this destruction, because
it has offered the principal market for the timber thief. The consumer of
wood in a foreign country and at a distance, does not care how the wood is
obtained. I will say that in our case we have lost, I think, fully 10 per
cent, of our land to false settlers — men who have come on that land under
the guise of settlers, and then stripped and abandoned it.

Those figures were given in the last Dominion Census, and I venture to
state that within another ten years those same original 7,000,000 acres will
show between five and six million stripped and abandoned, and the balance
of them second-class farms.

DELEGATE : In what district ?

Ma. RIOKDAN : On the Lievre River in Quebec, flowing into the Ottawa.
There is none of that wood being exported from the country ; it is all going
to the saw mill. We have really suffered very little, but as men go from
the timber limits far away from the border, there are areas on the south
shore of the St. Lawrence in which five-sixths of the timber has been stolen
in that way.

Also it is probable that the present Government regulations for the cutting
of timber will interfere to some extent with the carrying out of systems of
timber management based on our forestry investigation. These do not per-
mit the leaving of mature trees in an area cut over, although some of them
are necessary for seeding. They also do not permit of the cutting of trees
below a certain size on the stump although in many places trees reach
maturity below this size and sometimes even reach their maximum growth.
They do not permit the slashing of timber that is of no value commercially
although in many cases this would give room to timber that is of value
commercially.

I am merely forecasting what may turn up. We don't know individually
what may turn up. We have been only a year and a half at it.

The pulp and paper men of Canada have several times drawn down upon
themselves the accusation of grinding their own axes because they have
drawn the attention of the government to the exportation of pulp wood and
the disadvantages of it. It is perfectly obvious that the prohibition of this
export would serve the interests of those at present engaged in the prodiic-

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 135

tion of pulp and paper in Canada, but that should not prevent them from
laying' the facts of the case before the government, because naturally they
know most about it. We have stated that in our opinion this exportation
is causing the destruction of large areas of Canadian forests and that Can-
ada can not afford this. We have admitted that our ideas of the pulp wood
resources of Canada are based only on estimates and consequently we have
not urged the Government to prohibit immediately the exportation of pulp
wood, but not to lose any time in finding out how much pulp wood Canada
possesses. If she has enough to supply the world's demand for paper there
is no serious objection to the United States' mills being allowed to take
what they want, except the injustice to the Canadian manufacturers in
allowing those of the United States to have the advantage of our wood and
their own great market while we have only the one without the other.

Our pulp wood resources and our pulp and paper industry are now prin-
cipally situated in the area between the Lievre River on the West and the
Batiscan River on the East. In that area there are 18,000 square miles under
license, of which 14,000 square miles are owned by pulp and paper firms,
and I believe that will always be the heart of the pulp and paper industry
of America. Outside of this area there is growing up another section to
the East, including the Lake of St. John District, on the North shore, and
another district still further to the East, running from Rimouski into New
Brunswick. The North shore will develop comparatively slowly on account
of the lack of transportation and other facilities, and because the spruce is
scattered. The Eastern Quebec and New Brunswick Region is also of a
lower class because the spruce is a little soft and not so plentiful, and is
also further from the great market — the United States. West of the great
spruce region is the pine area of the Ottawa Valley and the Province of
Ontario, and apparently we do not find much spruce again until we get
beyond Lake Temiskaming, and even then it is not in ver,y great quantities,
except in the region near Lake Nepigon. North of the explored areas in
Quebec, and northwest of those in Ontario are great areas of which little
is known, and unless these contain great quantities of pulp wood, then Can-
ada has none to spare. This question ought to be settled .

The Ontario Government, the much-discussed one of 1901, 288 millions of
cords in the area north of the C.P.R. from the Quebec line to the Manitoba
line. They don't mention any large area except that one near Nipigon,
which they estimate at 35 million acres, which I think is very high. We have
had some direct experience of that. Senator Edwards spoke of exploring. We
went up there to buy pulp wood, and we found before we got to the height of
land the stand of pulp wood on the land near the railway was not sufficiently
great to support continuous production of pulp wood.

I think, then, that the pulp and paper industry has most at stake in the
forest and is likely to adopt conservative methods in the use' of it in so far
as cost and profit will permit, and that they will do this even more than our

136 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Governments because the people are indifferent about conservation. Our
pulp and paper industry is now carefully studying forestry and has already
applied more conservative methods, and a good many firms will soon have
adopted thorough going systems and will be applying them as far as the
regulations will permit and where they are sure of retaining their timber.
The Canadian Pulp & Paper Manufacturers think that the exportation of
pulp wood fosters a careless use of the forests and that Canada has not
enough pulp wood to afford this, and that the government should find out
what we have and adopt a well-founded policy rather than let matters drift,
as at present.

I have just found out that besides the Laurentides and Union Bag and
Riordan Paper Mills, the Parsons Paper Co. and the Miramichi Company
are also making forest studies, making five concerns altogether, two of them
Canadian and three from the United States. (Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT : Before taking up the next paper we would like to bring
in the resolutions.

MR. BERGEVIN : Before the Resolution Committee reports will you allow
me to suggest another resolution? (Reading draft resolution relating to
school text book on Forestry.) (See page 147.)

MR. LITTLE : I would second that resolution. (Applause.)

DELEGATE : Some ideas of horticulture and arboriculture might be added
to that.

MR. LITTLE : Better confine it to the one thing.

The matter was deferred in order to take up Mr. Wilson's paper.

MR. ELWOOD WILSON, forester for the Laurentide Paper Company, said :
I think I am the first forester to be employed by a commercial concern in
Canada, certainly jn the Province of Quebec. I have spent four years in the
woods, not only in making scientific studies but also in trying to find out
something of the economic and commercial conditions which exist. I have
also come in close contact with the Provincial Government. I have been
called on to organize a forest protection system against both waste and fire.
I have been in charge of a little over a million acres, and have had an
opportunity of learning what can be done in the way of fire protection and
in the way of preventing the waste. In all that I shall say in this paper
I want to call attention to a little motto which I saw when I was out in
Michigan last fall. The place where we held the meetings of the Michigan
Forestry Association had two large swing doors. On those doors there was a
sign in large letters— "Push ; don't knock." (Laughter.) That is what I
g,m trying to do.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 137

FORESTRY AND LUMBERING IN NORTHERN QUEBEC.

ELLWOOD WILSON, B.A., B.S., C.E., FORESTER LAURENTIDE PAPER

COMPANY.

The Province of Quebec is now at a critical point in her history. The
wealth of the country lying north of the St. Lawrence River, consists almost
entirely in the forests which cover practically the whole of this area ; from a
few miles north of the river to the northern limit of tree growth. The small
areas containing minerals in paying quantities need hardly be taken into
consideration, and it has yet to be proved that the conditions are sufficiently
favourable for agriculture to play a relatively important part. Between the
Saguenay and the Ottawa Rivers and from a line averaging fifty miles north
of the St. Lawrence to the limit of vegetation, speaking generally, the coun-
try is comparatively unfertile, being for the most part light sandy soil with
rocky ridges. It therefore behooves the Provincial Government to exercise
the utmost care if it is to maintain the present established industries and to
insure them (and those to be established), a supply of raw material for the
future, to give occupation to the present population and to protect the mag-
nificent water powers of this part of the country.

This territory is covered with forest in various stages of growth. The
species of present commercial value, in the order of their utility, are white
and black spruce, balsam fir, white pine, red pine, hemlock, jack pine, cedar
and larch . From the standpoint of quantity they rank about in the order of
balsam, spruce, jack pine, white pine ; the others occuring in relatively small
quantities. As a general rule these forests are mixtures of balsam, spruce,
white pine and hardwoods, although large areas are often covered with pure
stands of black spruce and jack pine. The size of the trees is small compared
with those south of the St. Lawrence, the averages being roughly, as fol-
lows: — balsam, 7.3 inches; white and black spruce, in mixture, 8.25 inches;
white pine, 20.65 inches; and black spruce in pure stands, in swamps, 7.7
inches. This country was lumbered for white pine about twenty-five or thirty
years ago, so that the present stand of pine consists of trees which were
either unsound or too small at that time to pay for cutting, and, consequently
are now of inferior value. The spruce is healthy, but the balsam is about
forty per cent, affected with heart rot; generally the result of injury to the
bark, in a number of cases due to bears. Where the balsam fir and spruce
occur in mixture the proportion is about one spruce to four balsams; or 22.4
per cent. The natural reproduction over the whole area is so good that re-
planting is not at all a question of even future importance, unless the price
of timber rises to the point where close planting would pay in order to con-
centrate operations and so cut down expenses of logging and driving. All
over the old burns young trees are coming up, large areas in pure jack pine
ptands, other sections in mixed spruce and balsam, and in some sections pure

138 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

black spruce, the white pine reproductions being far behind the other
species. Where the woods have been thinned out, as in the case of cutting to
a diameter limit, the reproduction is almost entirely balsam and our forests
are deteriorating; because of the reduced percentage of spruce and the
greater facility with which balsam reproduces itself. There are large areas,
burnt many years ago, on which a heavy growth of white birch and aspen
first came up, and under which the soft woods have now begun to grow. If
asked to give a fairly accurate estimate of the lands in this timber belt which
may be classed as brulee or burnt over lands, I would say about 16 per cent.
Nearly all of the burns have more or less young growth on them, so that they
are not worthless, and if protected will soon become very valuable. Most of
the burns are the result of fires which occurred anywhere from twelve to
thirty years ago. Invariably they follow drivable streams, and from what
can be learned from the Indians and from our records of the past few years,
the river drivers are mainly responsible for them. The river drivers of the
lumber and pulp companies have been a most fruitful source of our fires, and
our Governments have been paying for fire protection with one hand and
burning up the country with the other.

Most of you are familiar with the status of timberlands in Quebec.
Originally the Government laid out the country bordering on the drivable
streams in berths or limits, averaging ten mile of river frontage by five
miles in depth, and sold the stumpage on these sections at auction to the
highest bidder, granting him a license to cut the timber on payment of an
annual ground-rent and so much per thousand feet, B. M. Quebec Eule, pay-
able at the time of logging. These licenses must be renewed yearly, can pass
from one party to another by will or sale and are accepted by the banks as
collateral. This system is theoretically an ideal one, as the Government con-
trols the cutting and can at any time improve its regulations, but there are
two serious and very practical drawbacks to it. The first and most important
is that the Government has the right at any time to or>en up lands under
license for settlement, without in any way compensating the holder for the
loss of his timber. It grants him the right to remove the timber before the
date on which he must renew his license, but as the settler usually waits until
within a few weeks or days of this date before making his application, the
limit holder has no opportunity to remove the timber. This method of open-
ing the land for settlement amounts to confiscation.

SENATOR EDWARDS : You are wrong there ; they are not paid by the
lumbermen.

MR. WILSON: The ordinary sealers.

SENATOR EDWARDS : But the Government has sealers who check all those
estimates.

MR. WILSON: They check only when they are asked to do so. When
we have had any difficulty with the jobbers or they with us we have sent for
the Government inspectors, but the Government dues are paid on the — —

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 139

SENATOR EDWARDS : Where are your operations?
MR. WILSON: In Quebec, at Grand Mere.

SENATOR EDWARDS : That is beyond the region of law. (Laughter.)
MR. BERGEVIN : It is the same law all over.
MR. LITTLE: A different administration of the law, that is all.

MR. WILSON : Last summer we could not arrest a man. We knew he
set the fires. We knew they spread from his clearing, but according to the
present law he could not be arrested or convicted, because we did not see
him light the fire. You are absolutely handicapped in your patrol system
when you can't do anything to enforce your law. If an employee of a com-
pany sets fire to that land, the company should be made responsible, and they
would very soon that their men would not set any more fires. (Applause.)

To add to the injustice of this procedure, no definite plan of selecting
lands for settlement has been followed, and no skillful or even careful
examination of the soil and other conditions has been made. Lands are
allotted practically wherever the intending colonist wishes, and this
has enabled many speculators to take up good timber lands, cut off
the timber, and abandon them. There is no diameter limit to which
the settler must cut, and regulations regarding the wasting of timber to
be obeyed, so that the settler can cut all his wood down to four inches
on the stump and sell it to the pulp mills. He slashes down a few
acres, sets fire to the debris, burns up untold quantities of wood which he
could have used for firewood, often sets fire to the remainder of his forest, and
more often than not burns large areas belonging to the adjoining limit-
hoider. The pittance which the Government obtains from the sale of these
lands to settlers and the meagre revenue from their taxes in no measure
makes up for the loss of revenue and the destruction of property occasioned.
Then, too, the laws requiring colonists to fulfil the conditions of settlement
are hardly ever enforced, the certificates are often falsely sworn to by the
ranger — too often an ignorant and venial man. There is an authentic case
of a ranger, who was taken by a settler, in winter, and shown a lake as the
"clearing" required by law. An instance of the lack of examination, where
lots are asked for, was shown in the last election, when a member of parlia-
ment said that he rrjust have lots for some of his constituents in order to win
the election in his district. Several -of these lots were on precipitous hill
sides and valuable only for the timber and one of the constituents wished to
establish a saw mill. The sales were made, but, in justice to the Govern-
ment, I will say that when the matter was brought to its attention some of
the lots were cancelled. The intentions of the Government are good and its
rules and regulations for the cutting of timber are most just and fair, but
the lack of trained and reliable rangers practically nullifies them. Since the

140 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

advent of Messrs. Bedard and Piche into the Government service, a begin-
ning has been made toward intelligent enforcement of the laws, and we hope
there will be no retrogression.

The second difficulty is that there is no guarantee to the limit holder
that a change in Government officers, may not result in an increase in ground
rent and stumpage dues which may take away entirely his margin of profit.

Government regulations forbid the cutting of trees below the following
diameter limits; spruce of all kinds, not growing in swamps, 11 inches in
diameter at three feet from the ground ; balsam 9 inches ; white pine 12
inches; and, black spruce growing in swamps, 7 inches. Stumps must be
cut not higher than one foot above the swell of the roots, and the trunk taken
to a point where the diameter of the remaining top is not more than six
inches. All wood used for roads, skids, etc., trees left branched or lying in
the woods must be paid for at the same rate as other timber. There is a fine
of three dollars for each tree cut below the diameter limit. There is practi-
cally no enforcement of these laws. Theoretically the cullers or sealers are
Government officers charged with the duty of seeing to the following of
these rules. They are paid by the lumbermen, but are for the most part,
men of insufficient knowledge and training, and are so over burdened with
work that they cannot look out for the Government interest.

During the whole time I have been in the woods I have spent nearly all
of every year at the work in the woods with the jobbers and among the camps,
and I have yet to see a Government employee come into the woods and make
an examination to see whether the Government regulations were complied
with. (Applause). Now, that is a pretty strong statement.

SENATOR EDWARDS : Those are not the conditions under which we lum-
ber. Every portion of our limit is inspected. They have given you a lot of
latitude down there.

MR. WILSON : The Government have a regulation that the stump can
be cut no higher than one foot from the swell of the roots, and you can go
anywhere between the Lake St. John region and the head of the Mattawa
River, which is almost to the head of the Rideau River, and you won't find
a stump in the cuttings two years after that is under three feet high, and in
the Lake St. John region you will find stumps five or six feet high.

DELEGATE : How can you cut down to the swell of the root ?

MR. WILSON: Make the jobbers cut before the *snow gets so deep.
(Applause.)

DELEGATE : You are not doing that ?

MR. WILSON : We are doing it. I venture to say there is not a stump
in our cuttings that is over eight inches above the ground. (Applause.) I
have had our inspectors over this year, and we made the contractors shovel
away the snow.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 141

MR. BERGEVIN : Don't you think it would interfere with the shanty
work in the winter time ?

MR. WILSON: No; the only thing is, you would have to get a better
class of jobbers and show them that they must obey the law. The jobbers
and the settlers said to us last summer, "Why, what is the use of our obeying
the laws? The company makes the laws." And when I said, "The Gov-
ernment makes the laws, not the company," they laughed at me. There has
been no attempt to enforce laws in the back districts. The settlers and the
rural population are absolutely defiant of the laws; they don't care anything
about the laws. Take, for example, your game laws. In some parts of the
Province they are not enforced at all because the territory is so big; it is
impossible to get reliable and honest men who will go out there and do their
duty. Most of the men get very small salaries ; in some cases they are afraid
of the flies, ad in others they are afraid to travel out in the woods. You can't
get enforcement with that kind of men. I have seen men go out with a canoe
and a gun and a bottle of gin, and paddle out to a lake, and go back and spend
the rest of their time in the villages ; those were fire rangers. You ask any-
body through the section and they will tell you that these things are abso-
lutely true. The Government is trying to do the best it can; but it is an
enormous territory to cover. There is a lack of trained men, a lack of sym-
pathy among the people for these men to do their duty, and I don't see how
you are going to expect them to do it. But I do say that it is perfectly feas-
ible to make the limit holders take care of the timber according to the Gov-
ernment regulations. They are willing to do it, and if they get any assur-
ance of the tenure of the lands, and any assurance of fair treatment, they
will be only too glad to protect from fire and waste ; and there is no reason
why they should not bear the burden of some of these regulations. (Applause.)

The limit-holders, be it said to their credit, have lived up to the laws
very close, especially the large pulp and paper companies, one of which (The
Laurentide Paper Co.), has not only made stricter cutting regulations than
those of the Government, but has conscientiously and efficiently enforced
them. The system of lumbering, as practised, is responsible for some waste of
timber and for methods which, while at present keeping down the cost of
logging, will in future very much raise it, probably to a point incommensur-
ate with the corresponding rise in the value of lumber, pulp and paper.

At present the system in common, I might say universal, use is the fol-
lowing. Contracts are made with the so-called big jobbers for quantities
which range from 100,000 to 300,000 logs; a "log" in this section being from
13 feet six inches to 13 feet 8 inches long. The big jobber generally sublets
his contract to the small jobber, in quantities from 5,000 to 100,000 logs. The
big jobber builds the main roads on which provisions must be hauled and
puts in a "cache" which he stocks with provisions and which he sells at a
profit. In subletting his contracts he usually figures on making a profit of
fifty cents per thousand feet, B.M. The limit nolder gives the head con-

142 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

tractor a territory in which the latter is satisfied he can make the number of
logs required. The head contractor divides up and marks out the territory
for the sub-jobber, who taking his wife, children, horses, men and relations
into the woods, builds a camp and stable, clears out his logging roads and
commences work. He cuts the number of logs required, skids them out to
bis roads. When winter comes and the cutting is finished he then hauls them
on one horse sleighs to the lakes and rivers, where they are piled in roll-
Avays on the banks, or placed on the ice. Here they are scaled, and, on the
culler's returns, the limit holder pays the contractor and also his own dues
to the Government. This system is an admirable one for the Companies, in
that it enables them to get their timber cut without putting out any money
until the logs are partly or altogether made, and they do not require any
large number of men on their woods pay-roll until the time comes for the
drive.

Its disadvantages are, that the jobbers can only be placed where the wood
is fairly abundant and easy to get out; with the result that each year the
hauls become longer, or it is necessary to open up new territory. Thus the
banks of the lakes and drivable streams, and the valleys leading to them, are
cut clean, and, eventually, the timber left will be difficult to get at and costly
to make. The jobbers are allowed to build their camps and to make their
roads where they like. Naturally thev locate roads where the trees are
thickest, and leave the sections in between uncut and very difficult and expens-
ive to go back to. The camps are seldom used more than one year and are
then allowed to rot. Besides this, dry and down timber which is sound, is
often left in the woods and branched trees and trees cut in making roads are
also left. Burnt over territory is seldom cut, and this also results in great
waste.

PROPOSED REMEDIES.

The present condition of affairs offers little encouragement to the limit
holders to log according to the best principles of economic forestry, and is
a constant source of irritation to most of them. Several of the larger com-
panies already employ trained foresters and competent corps of intelligent
men, and are both willing and ready to co-operate with the Government in
every possible way to improve the present state of affairs. To this end I
would suggest the following measures : —

A. Ground rents and stumpage dues should be fixed for a term of years
(say ten), and at least two years' notice should be given of any proposed change
in the same. Forestry will not be practised if the limit holders fear a sud-
den change in the regulations or an exorbitant rise in the amount of the dues
to be paid.

B. A definite colonization policy should be at once decided on, and
adhered to. Lands should be chosen for settlement which are fertile, well
watered, convenient to rail or roads, and the soil of which is known to be fit
for agriculture.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 143

1. If any of this is in territory under license, the licensee should either
have a full year (from the time the land is applied for) to remove his timber,
or should be compensated for it.

2. Settlers should be required to take up lots next to the last ones alloted
and not be allowed to scatter over wide and inaccessible areas.

3. Settlement conditions should be rigidly and honestly enforced and
prompt cancellation made if these are not fulfilled.

4. Settlers applying for lots should be compelled to prove that they are
bona fide colonists and not speculators in timber nor in the employ of such.

5. They should not be allowed to burn up the wood in clearing their
land and should be compelled to leave one-quarter of their land for wood
lots.

C. The fire protection laws should be made easier of enforcement and
should be rigidly executed and rangers given the authority to arrest anyone
setting fire without first having to notify the Government, as at present.
The laws should be so amended that a conviction could be obtained by prov-
ing that a fire starting from a camp fire or settlers clearing^ set by him or his
employees, without its being necessary to actually see a man light it. Set-
tlers' and river drivers' fires constituted nearly 66 per cent, of the fires which
occurred last year, and it should only be necessary to prove that a fire started
from a settler's land or a driver's camp to obtain a conviction. Last season
the Government passed a law making lumbermen responsible for the killing
of deer, moose and caribou, out of season, by their employees. The same
should be done in the case of forest fires.

A force of competent and reliable rangers should be established and be in
the woods constantly to enforce the Government stumpage and waste regula-
tions. These should be amended so as to compel the licensees to take out all
sound, dead and down timber, and all fire-killed trees to six inches on the
stump ; to make them cut and utilize all mature trees ; and to make them
remove all wood in a tree down to a diameter of four inches, at the top. The
enforcement of such measures would materially reduce the waste, and greatly
diminish the size of the upstanding tops which so largely increase the danger
from fire and difficulty of fighting it.

Taking the tree further into the tops would be a great help in fighting
fire, because the sooner it rots the less danger there is of the wood catching
fire, and it would be a great deal easier to fight a fire once it was started.

THE CHAIRMAN : (Past-President Price) : I wish to say a word on Mr.
Kiordan's paper. He says the exportation of the pulp* wood has been largely
responsible for the destruction because it has offered the principal market
for the timber felled. Well, everyone has a right to his own opinion. My
idea is that if we put on a prohibitive duty, prohibit the export of pulp

144 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

wood, or put on a sufficiently high duty so that it would not be exported, and
those people who own lands and limits and are not interested in pulp and
paper mills would suffer from the timber thief, and the timber thieves would
be the manufacturers of the pulp and paper. I think it is just as well to state
that on this question there is a very strong division of opinion. Mr. Rior-
dan says the Government of this country has allowed a policy of drift. I
think the Government of this country is very well seized of the position as
regards the export duty on pulp wood, and I think there are two very distinct
parties in this country, but the Government is the best posted on it, because
it has refused to put an export duty on, preferring to leave the matter where
it is, that is, to be decided by a committee or a commission representing both
countries. I have no doubt that in the very near future we shall see the
duties on paper very largely reduced : we shall see the duty on pulp taken off
completely, and very likely we shall have free lumber from Canada into the
United States. Is it not better to pursue such a policy than to have one of
retaliation, and bring on, perhaps, a tariff war whereby both of us would
be the losers? I think there are a large number of people in Canada who
would fight the pulp and paper manufacturer to the bitter end rather than
submit to any export duty on pulp. Perhaps these views are strong, but they
are the views that I hold, and I think I am supported by a very large num-
ber of people in Canada. We do not propose to have the property of the
majority, and by far the most valuable property in Canada, sacrificed to
grind the axe of a limited number. (Applause.)

SENATOR EDWARDS : Allow me to say a word on that point. I hold this
firmly, that it is the duty of the Government to see that the lumbermen
don't cut undersized timber upon their limits. Once timber is cut— and it
should be cut according to regulations — for Heaven's sake let the poor man
who cuts it do what he likes with the timber. (Hear, hear.)

RESOLUTION COMMITTEE'S REPORT.

Mr. E. Stewart then brought in the report of the Committee on Resolu-
tions, which was as follows: —

Resolved: That this Association notes with interest that the Dominion
Government proposes to appoint a Parliamentary Committee to investigate
the condition of our forests. Having regard, however, to the complexity
of the questions involved, the necessity of securing a correct estimate of our
timber resources, the conservation of our water supply; as well as the
importance of international trade in forest products ; this Association desires
to urge upon the Federal Government the advisability of appointing a
Royal Commission with authority to summon witnesses, take evidence in
different parts of Canada and investigate the whole subject of our forest
wealth and methods of forest conservation, and report to Parliament with
a view to future joint action by the Federal and the various Provincial Gov-
ernments.

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CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 145

Resolved : That this Association desires to impress upon the Federal
Government and the Governments of the several Provinces the urgent neces-
sity of placing in permanent forest reserves all non-agricultural lands at
the head waters of streams.

Resolved : That the Provincial Governments controlling Crown Lands
be requested to permanently withdraw from location all townships under
timber license, and at present open for settlement, which upon examination
are found to contain less than fifty per cent, of arable land ; and that no
township that shall be found on inspection to contain less than fifty per
cent, of agricultural land shall hereafter be opened for settlement or loca-
tion ; and that in the case of townships now under license which are found,
to -contain more than fifty per cent, of land suitable for agriculture, the
licensee be given a reasonable time in which to remove the merchantable
timber before the land is opened for settlement.

Resolved : That this Association views with satisfaction the improve-
ments made in the forest fire protective services in the. Province of Quebec,
Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and British Columbia.
f

Resolved : That this Association desires to place on record its deep
appreciation of the intense interest which His Excellency, Earl Grey, Gov-
ernor-General of Canada, has always taken in its work.

With pleasure and gratification we recall the keen interest which he
took in the deliberations of the Convention held in Ottawa, in 1906, his
constant attendance at all its sessions, and his ready participation in the
programme.

This year, His Excellency graciously consented to journey to Toronto for
the purpose of opening this convention, and has shown a very real interest m
its proceedings.

For these and many other tokens of interest in the work we have so
much at heart we desire to tender His Excellency our sincerest thanks.

Resolved : That the thanks of this Association be extended also to His
Honour, J. M. Gibson, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, for the honour he
has conferred upon it by his presence and the active part he has taken in
its deliberations.

Resolved : That this Association express its pleasure and satisfaction
at being again favoured by 'the presence of the Honourable Sydney Fisher,
Dominion Minister of Agriculture, who has always been a source of inspira-
tion to us in the work we are endeavouring to accomplish.

Resolved : That the thanks of this Association be tendered the Honour-
able W. C. H. Grimmer, Surveyor-General of New Brunswick, for attending
ing this Convention and contributing a very able paper on the forest resources
of his own Province.

Resolved : That the thanks of this Association be extended to the Press
throughout the Dominion, for the publicity it has given to the Forestry
Bulletins issued by the Association during the past year, and also for the
valuable service it has rendered in drawing attention to the present Con-
vention.

10 F

146 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Resolved : That the thanks of this Association be tendered to the Board
of Governors of the University of Toronto, who have granted us the use of
this magnificent Convocation Hall for the holding of our meetings.

Resolved: That the thanks of this Association be tendered the Toronto
Board of Trade for their kind invitation to hold this Convention in their
beautiful city, and for their generous hospitality in tendering a Banquet to
His Excellency and the Executive Officers of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation.

Resolved: That the thanks of this Association be tendered the Rail-
way Companies which have granted reduced fares to the members and
delegates attending this Convention.

Mr. AUBREY WHITE : Regarding the third resolution, dealing with the
opening of the land for settlement, I wish to say that that is exactly what
is done in Ontario to-day. We inspect every lot that is applied for after
the Inspector notifies the applicant for the land and the licensee, and the
three of them go and look at the land, and thefi on the report of our
Inspector we either locate or withhold the land. If it has not fifty per cent,
of arable land on it we don't locate it. That is as to the townships that are
open. As to those that are not open — before they are opened we inspect
them, and if it is found that they are chiefly valuable for timber, and are
not suitable for agriculture, we don't open them.

Mr. BERGEVIN : A classification is now being made in Quebec, and
the lands suitable for the purposes of growing trees are being set aside
under the Reserve Act ; and it is for perpetuity.

Mr. R. H. CAMPBELL : The Dominion Government is doing just exactly
the same as Ontario and Quebec are doing in this respect, but we have no
particular objection to the resolution because we recognize the fact that we
have not by any means reached perfection, and are quite ready to take any
condemnation from the Association in regard to it.

After some further discussion, the above resolutions were put and
unanimously adopted. It was then moved by Professor MacClement, sec-
onded by Mr. Chown, and

Resolved : That a Committee be appointed by the President of this
Association to consider the following methods of advancing popular forestry
education: 1. The preparation and distribution of forestry bulletins suit-
able for use in both country and city schools. 2. The inclusion of elementary
forestry instruction in the text-books on Agriculture and Nature Study, now
in use in the Public and High Schools. 3. The preparation and distribution
of maps and lantern slides suitable for addresses on forestry topics, to be
delivered in Schools and at Farmers' Institute meetings.

Mr. WHITE : You say they are to be studied ; but who should make the
study?

Mr. BERGEVIN : I think a Committee should be appointed to make the
study. Something may be added by technical people. I should think that

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 147

this Committee would interview the different Governments so that they
would buy those books, to be distributed in the schools and through the
Dominion.

It was then moved by Mr. Achille Bergevin, seconded by Mr. Wm.
Little, and

\

Resolved : That a text-book on forestry should be compiled from the
reports and other literature published by this Association, and distributed
for use in our schools and colleges.

THE PRESIDENT : Before we take up the discussion of the other papers,
Dr. Fernow has a letter that he would like to read. We will now give him
an opportunity to do so, and then go on with the discussion.

Mr. BERGEVIN : I understand that the resolution for the creation of a
Commission was not for a permanent Royal Commission?

THE PRESIDENT: Not permanent — just for investigation.

Mr. BERGEVIN : Don't you think it would be advisable to have a per-
manent Commission, just as there is a permanent Railway Commission at
Ottawa, and that this Commission should be appointed by the different
Governments of the Provinces?

THE PRESIDENT : Might not that be the outcome of the first Commission
appointed? That might be one of their recommendations.

Dr. FERNOW : Gentlemen, the name of Joly de Lotbiniere is perhaps a
household word among Canadians, and especially among Canadian forest-
ers. (Applause.) Since Sir Henri died, his son was expected to be here,
but this afternoon I received a letter from him, in which he says, "I had
hoped to be able to attend our Forestry meeting, but the death of an uncle
and a sister-in-law, the one yesterday, the other to-day, forbid my leaving
Quebec just at present. I know that you will be pleased to hear that my
son has decided to take a course in Forestry at Toronto University. (Hear,
hear.) He had commenced the Medical Course at McGill, but after father's
death, when he saw that our old family possessions would have to be sold,
when I no longer could look after them, he wisely and to my great joy gave
up the idea of being a Doctor, and wants to qualify as a Forester so as to be
able to take up my burden when I lay it down. We have 118 square miles
of forest which, under good management, yields a very fair revenue, and I
am delighted to think that my son will be able later on to take up the work
his ancestors have followed for nearly a century." (Applause.) In this
connection I think, Mr. President, it would be desirable to pass a resolution
of condolence expressing our appreciation of Sir Henri. I do not know
whether that has been done by the Association or not.

148 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Mr. SOUTH WORTH : At the last meeting of the Executive Committee of
the Association, which was the first opportunity we had to do so, we did pass
such a resolution, which was forwarded to the bereaved family.

THE SECRETARY : I wish to state that on the 22nd of November I trans-
mitted the resolution in question to Mr. E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere.

Mr. LITTLE : Would it not be well to have something in our annual
report? I should like to say something myself if you will allow me, because
I have been associated with Sir Henri so intimately for the last forty years
in this matter. Mr. Little then paid the following tribute to the memory
of the late Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere :

AN APPRECIATION OF THE SERVICES OF SIR HENRI Gu STAVE JOLY DE
LOTBINIERE, K.C.M.G.

BY MR. WM. LITTLE.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I ask your indulgence to offer
a humble tribute of respect to the memory of our dear and valued friend, the
Honourable Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere, K.C.M.G., the first President of the
Canadian Forestry Association, by whose death Canada has lost one of her
wisest statesmen and most worthy citizens, and the cause of Canadian
forestry its foremost advocate and friend. For nearly forty years it has
been my great privilege to have had the honour of intimate association with
him in matters relating to Canadian forestry, and I well know the deep
interest always taken by him in this important question.

His was indeed a unique personality, favoured by nature with a comely
and commanding presence, having a grace of expression and charm of man-
ner that endeared him to all who had the honour of his acquaintance — of
irreproachable character and with the highest ideals, he inspired all who
came within his sphere, with influence for good. The soul of honour, he
was indeed a true knight, "sans peur et sans r&proche" — a gentleman in
the best sense of the word, whose moral excellence and urbane manner gave
tone to the society in which he moved. Knowing him so well and highly
appreciating his exalted worth, I feel unequal to delineate his many virtues.
His death is not only a public loss but a public calamity. To know him
at his best, however admirable he was on all public occasions, was to meet
him in the refinement of his highly accomplished home circle, at his Manor
House at Point Platon, overlooking the St. Lawrence, near Quebec, where
with his family, his books, his flowers and trees, the growth of his own
planting, he entertained his friends with a sumptuous and elegant hospitality,
the delight of which can never be forgotten. Long, long will he be missed,
in the now desolate home, in the family circle and in the many public situa-
tions which he filled with so much honour to himself and advantage to
others. A true patriot, he devoted his thoughts to the best interests of his
country, and every good cause found in him an able and ready champion.
His services to the cause of Canadian Forestry can hardly be overestimated.
His far-seeing intellect early perceived the serious loss the country was

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 149

suffering from the wastefully improvident manner in which our forests were
being destroyed, and his gifted pen was continually employed in protest-
ing against the shameful sacrifice.

As early as 1877, as a member of the Dominion Board of Agriculture,
he brought this matter prominently under public notice, in one of the most
valuable reports that has ever been issued from a Canadian press; a report
so replete with useful information relating to our forests that if it had at
the time been made a text book in all our schools, it would have enlightened
the rising generation to a knowledge of the seriousness of the situation, and
saved the country the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars worth of our
finest timber, which has been foolishly and needlessly sacrificed. He was
among the first to participate in efforts made in this country towards forest
conservation, and his active interest in the cause had much to do with bring-
ing this important question into public recognition. All who attended our
first meeting of the American Forestry Congress (now Association) in Mont-
real in August, 1882, will remember the prominent part taken by him in
the deliberations of this Congress. His valuable services were recognized
by his election to the office of First Vice-President of the American Forestry
Congress, an office that he held for many years. He was a life member of
both Congress and Association, and when in the following month, September
20th, 1882, our first Canadian Forestry Association, that of the Province
of Quebec, was formed, he was elected its First President, which office he
held until the objects of the Association were recognized by the Provincial
Government in setting aside large areas of timber lands, the enactment of
laws for the greater protection of the forest from fire, and the establishment
of an annual Arbor Day, in the observance of which he always took the
keenest interest. He felt an honourable pride in knowing that through his
advocacy and influence in Parliament, the Province of Quebec has the credit
of being among the first of Governments to inaugurate an annual Arbor Day.

He was also the First President of our Canadian Forestry Association,
organized in Ottawa, March 8th, 1900, which office he held for three years,
when he was elected Honorary President. Having been appointed Lieuten-
ant-Governor of British Columbia, it was necessary for him to remove there,
but his interest in forestry never flagged and his efforts to preserve the forests
of British Columbia for the benefit of Canadian industry are well known.
So that whether as Premier of Quebec or Governor of British Columbia,
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, his name will ever be held in fond remem-
brance and esteem, and especially so by al] friends of the forests. And
when at last, full of years and full of honours, he laid aside his life work,
he could feel conscious that he left the world much the better for his labours
in it.

Sad as the parting is to us, it is some consolation to know that though
"We ne'er shall look upon his like again;" the good seed so lavishly sown
by him is now being nourished and cared for by his son, Edmund Joly de
Lotbiniere, our worthy Past President, who has taken up the mantle laid
down by his father and is continuing his beneficent work.

And here permit me to add, that a more valuable object lesson can
hardly be found in relation to the preservation of the forest from fire than
that given by Sir Henri in the care of the valuable de Lotbiniere forests,
where can be seen for ten miles on each side of the railway track, the only
matured forest growth of timber that has not been seriously damaged by fire
from North Sydney on the Atlantic to Vancouver on the Pacific, a distance
of nearly 4,000 miles !

150 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

THE PRESIDENT : We still have some time for tlie discussion of the
papers that have been presented.

DR. FERNOW : It becomes necessary for me once more to arise and answer
a few strictures that have been made by Senator Edwards. (Laughter.) He
has used my name more often in vain than anybody else. I am gratified that
Senator Edwards agrees with me in all the essential points that I tried to
bring out. Wherever he disagrees it is due to the fact that Senator Edwards
is a theorist. (Laughter.) The Senator has not realized that every man is a
theorist as well as a practical man. (A voice — "Good.") He is a practical
man in some things and a theorist in others. Now, I agree that the Senator
is a practical lumberman; but he is a theorist of the worst kind in Forestry.
(Laughter.) I am amused at these meetings — I have attended them for the
last 25 or 30 years — to see the science of Forestry born again and again. May
I call attention to the fact that whenever it comes to the practical side of
Forestry we don't need to hold any opinions — yes, theories ; that was all done
a hundred years ago. It exists in other countries, in other parts. We have
not yet reached the stage of practical application to a large degree, but I can
assure the Senator that his theories will not hold water when they are applied.
I am emphatic on this question as to the difference between the theorist and
the practical man, because it hurts the work of this Association; it very
materially and improperly hurts the men who are now studying
the profession of Forestry; and it hurts the development of the
professional side of Forestry. Of course, the answer to the Sena-
tor's remarks that the lumberman is the only real forester is given at
once by the great paper Companies — The Kiordan Paper Company and the
Laurentide Paper Company — who don't employ the so-called "practical"
loggers, but call in the services of "theoretical" foresters. (Laughter.)
Mighty highly educated men, those paper makers — that you must admit.
They require a great deal of intelligence to carry on a business like theirs,
and to realize results they are relying upon the raw material — the perpetua-
tion of which is of great importance to them ; but for this purpose they do not
employ practical loggers. They always had loggers, but they have found out
that intelligence and honesty — two qualities of a forester — are required in
addition to the practical knowledge of the logger. Allow me to say, in pass-
ing, that practical men come from practising; and that any man who has
any intelligence with a l;ttle knowledge added to it, is more likely to secure
practical knowledge than the man who has to learn from the bottom up and
take ten years where the intelligent, well-educated, instructed man will take
two years to acquire the same practical knowledge. (Applause.) Two of the
Senator's theories, perhaps, I should refer to. One is his idea of the rate of
growth. Now, that is not a matter of opinion ; that is a matter of reference.
Whenever there is a matter of reference to be settled, don't hold any opin-
ions ; go to the dictionary ; or, go to the place where the information is to be
found, and you will find that many things which you thought you had
invented, have already been investigated and settled. The rate of growth of

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 151

trees has been settled, not only in the old country, but on this continent, suf-
ficiently well for our present requirements. For instance, we have Mr.
Wilson, who is one of those "theoretical" or unpractical foresters. You heard
his paper, and you have a fair idea of how "unpractical" he is. Well, he has
measured and counted the rings of thousands of logs to find out the rate of
growth for himself.

Referring back to Mr. Zavitz's estimate of value I may be responsible for
the statement regarding two hundred eighteen-inch trees per acre under cer-
tain conditions. As a matter of fact, in a grove 60 years old left to itself you
will find two hundred; but not eighteen-inch trees. Only by the application
of the knowledge of a forester could you secure two hundred eighteen-inch
trees in 60 years. In nature you cannot. (Applause.)

Another very interesting theory of the Senator, we foresters
have long ago exploded, is that by merely cutting the old timber of
large sizes you perpetuate the forest. The very opposite is true. The fewer
trees you take away the longer it will take you to perpetuate the forest. That
is a technical question, of course. It depends entirely on how your forest
is composed; what you may do in one case you may not do in the other.
There is a difference between the light and shade demanding requirements of
the different species. If you have the light demanding pines and balsam
and spruce together, and if you cut out only the pine of heavy sizes, it will
not take very long before you have no white pine, because under the shade of
the spruce and balsam the young pines would all die. This is a technical
question that comes in only because the Senator made the statement, and I
wanted to show that his theory is entirely wrong. Perhaps I have not added
anything to the discussion, but at least I did not want to be quoted as an
authority on many things I had not said. (Laughter.)

SENATOR EDWARDS : Some day I will ask my friend to come for a visit
in the woods and have his statement disproved regarding the perpetuation of
the forest, and mine absolutely proved to be true in so far as my statement is
concerned.

Dr. FERNOW: Excuse me; I meant to add — just to advertise our School
of Forestry — that the first employment that my greenhorns secured last sum-
mer

SENATOR EDWARDS : Don't use that term ; that is improper.

PROF. FERNOW : No ; I used that term when I recommended them to the
lumber company that employed them. They were greenhorns; they had
never been in the woods before ; and now I have on file a letter in which
the lumber company said : "We could not have had such good work done by
any timber logger or any practical man." (Applause.)

152 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

SENATOR EDWARDS : The idea that I am opposed to Forestry or to edu-
cation in that direction is entirely wrong. I am a supporter of that kind of
thing absolutely ; but I hold this, and hold it firmly, that the best place to
receive that education would be a Forestry establishment right in the woods,
and not in the city of Toronto. Right in the woods is the place. I advocated
that at the meeting in Ottawa, and I advocate it here. If you want to get
practical results, take your young men, under such teachers as Dr. Fernow,
right into the forests to learn the practical operations of Forestry.

Dr. FERNOW : Alow me to once more get up and say that we do that very
thing. In Toronto we impart only the theory which lies behind the practice.
All practical things have a theory behind them. When I step forward I
have a theory that I can balance on that foot ; and so there is not any action
of mine behind which there is not a theory. Now, in an institution like ours
we can only teach theory. The practice comes when we get to the woods.
And we are trying to secure, and are anxious to find, places where we can
send our young men to get at least a little practice while they are studying
the theory, and to see the application of their theories. If the Senator will
open his lumber camps, and give us a chance to do some forest surveying,
some estimating, some laying out of roads — that kind of work which they
have learned theoretically to perform — and do it under the direction of the
logging boss, we will be very much obliged. (Applause and laughter.)

SENATOR EDWARDS : The laugh is not against me, for the gentleman
states that his men would learn more there than they learn in the school.

DR. FERNOW: Not more. (Laughter.)

HON. MR. GRIMMER : In this connection let me say that we have in the
Province of New Brunswick to-day a gentleman who is doing just exactly
what the professor has mentioned. The Hon. Charles E. Oak, of the Mira-
michi Lumber Company, has applied to the School of Forestry of New
Brunswick to take into his lumber camps some 20 to 25 students, if they have
that many, and keep them there, one, two or three months, and pay them
living wages for the purpose of giving them the practical end of Forestry,
just as Dr. Fernow has mentioned. (Applause.) Prof. Miller, who read the
paper here yesterday, has been informed of that, and the offer is good to-day
in the Province of New Brunswick for practically all the Forestry students
that we have. Mr. Oak, on behalf of his company, is perfectly willing to
pay those young men living wages, not asking them to go there for nothing,
and at the same time to teach them practical woods work. (Applause.)

•
MR. BERGEVIN : For the Province of Quebec I may add something

for the information of Senator Edwards, and I would direct him to the report
of 1907 for the Department of Crown Lands. I am an old politician, and I

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 153

know that some attacks have been made against politicians on account of
their representations in the past.

SENATOR EDWARDS : Your county was not included.

MR. BERGEVIN : It is not that, but I want to draw attention to the good
work that has been done in the Province of Quebec towards the amelioration
of our timber limits and the protection of the big timber of our country. Two
highly educated young men, Mr. Piche and Mr. Bedard, who had been
employed for a time in saw mills, were sent for two years to Yale University
at the expense of the Provincial Government. There they secured technical
education which they brought back to the advantage of the Province of
Quebec. They are now the leading forest engineers of the Province of
Quebec, and they have prepared a programme for our Province which will
probably enlighten the whole of this Dominion regarding the solution
of Forestry problems. (Applause.) Not only have they been workers in the
forest, in the city and at the University, but Mr. Piche is now travelling
through the forests of Sweden and Norway, and will bring back valuable
experience after his long trip through those countries that are examples to
us. The Senator said that we have practically no report, but I beg to draw
his attention to the fact that every year we have laid one on the table of the
Legislature —

SENATOR EDWARDS : I did not say that.

MR. BERGEVIN : I understood you to say there were not many reports
made as far as areas were concerned.

SENATOR EDWARDS: No; I made no reference to it at all. The very
reverse is the fact.

MR. BERGEVIN : We have annual reports of 300 or 400 pages, and my
figures yesterday were drawn from the last report. There are in Quebec
107,000,000 acres of land under reserve.

MR. WILSON : Since Mr. Bedard and Mr. Piche have come into the
Province of Quebec we are having made more examinations of the land there,
and better enforcement of the laws there than ever before. Mr. Bedard has
been up in the woods with me the last month, and has gone over lots on
which the settlers have not fulfilled their conditions, and has made the first
competent and honest report that has been made in a long time, and the
Province of Quebec is taking steps which no other Province has even attempt-
ed to take. It is putting the very best men it has through a course of train-
ing, and very shortly, I think, they will have the very best administration
possible there. Just in this connection I would like to say that last summer
we caught a man who was setting fire to the woods up there — by the way, a
squatter without any rights — who resisted the fire rangers with an axe when
they tried to make him put out the fires. Through the courtesy of the Fire

154 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Protection Department, under Mr. Hall, an inspector was sent up there, and
I arrested this man and took him to the nearest magistrate. We obtained a
conviction; three months in prison, or a $50 fine. That one arrest and con-
viction has done more to help the cause of fire ranging in Quebec than any-
thing that has happened for a long time, because whole districts now know
that it is unwise to set a fire or to resist a fire ranger. (Applause.)

MR. BERGEVIN : We have had an invitation tendered to us this morning
by the Honourable Mr. Grimmer, Surveyor-General of New Brunswick ; and
I beg to move that his invitation to hold our next annual Convention m
Fredericton, should be accepted.

SENATOR EDWARDS : Will you allow me to say a word about that? It is
well known that already the Premier has arranged for and has secured an
appropriation for a big Convention in Montreal next year.

THE PRESIDENT : I thought it was in May of this year.

SENATOR EDWARDS : No; it is next autumn. I simply want to mention
it. As a matter of fact, I know there is an appropriation for it.

MR. BERGEVIN : This is a very good idea, but I would move that our
Convention, which is the Annual Meeting of the Association, should be held
before this Convention called by Sir Wilfrid Laurier takes place, so that we
may prepare suggestions for the Convention that Sir Wilfrid is already
organizing.

MR. STEWART : If this is a Special Meeting, the decision as to where
the next Annual Meeting is to be held should be given, I think, at the regu-
lar Annual Meeting when it assembles in March. This being a Special Meet-
ing we have not gone into many things, such as the accounts, etc., as we do
at the Annual Meeting, and I think the decision as to our next place of meet-
ing should be left to that meeting.

MR. BERGEVIN : I will amend my motion by saying that we recommend
to your Executive Committee the adoption. of the invitation that has been
extended to hold the regular Annual Meeting of 1910 at Fredericton.

Mr. SOUTHWORTH : I have pleasure is seconding that.

Mr. A. C. CAMPBELL : Before that resolution is put, may I ask when the
Annual Meeting of this Association is held?

THE PRESIDENT : The Annual Meeting should have been held in March
of this year, but this Special Meeting was held a month earlier, because I
am usually in England during March and April. Some have said it is a
good thing that this meeting comes just before the Committee goes to Wash-
ington to confer with the American Committee appointed by Congress.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 155

According to our Constitution there is to be a meeting held in March
to elect the President and Directors for next year. It is understood that Mr.
Grimmer's invitation is for 1910.

The motion was then put and carried.

THE PRESIDENT : I thank you, gentlemen, for your attendance here, and
the courtesy extended to me ; and I also want to especially thank theExecutive
for the courtesy of changing the date so as to make it possible for me to have
attended this meeting. I have always enjoyed the meetings of the Forestry
Association. I get a lot of information. I am myself a lumberman from the
Province of New Brunswick. I have not had a chance to study forestry,
and I got what technical education I have from Dr. Fernow and the other
gentlemen who attend these Conventions. In New Brunswick we are trying
to follow out the ideas we get at these Conventions. Both the lumbermen
and the Miramichi Lumber Company, who are pulp manufacturers, are doing
more in that direction than most people have any idea of. I know that in our
own business I have endeavored to change methods that have been in vogue
for years, and have tried to get in line with the ideas that are advanced at
these meetings, so that we will have in perpetuity the forests that now exist
in New Brunswick. Of course we have the disadvantage of the short leases
in New Brunswick, as has been mentioned; but I hope that the Hon. the
Surveyor-General, after what he has heard to-day, will eventually bring for-
ward a policy regarding this matter that will overcome that difficulty. I
trust that when we meet in Fredericton you will all come 'down to see us. I
am sure you will have a good time there if Hon. Mr. Grimmer is Surveyor-
General; as I hope he will be. You will then see how we look at forestry in
the Province down by the sea. (Applause.)

HON. Mr. GRIMMER: Gentlemen: Before leaving this Convocation Hall,
after hearing the remarks of our President, after experiencing the pleasure
of being with him in this hall for two days, I think it would perhaps be
unfair, if not unkind, that after passing votes of thanks in this and
that direction we should overlook our presiding officer. You have
found from your experience with him that he is not only a lumberman
but a gentleman — an affable, courteous and pleasant man to meet. (Ap-
plause.) I therefore have great pleasure at this time in moving that the
thanks of the Canadian Forestry Association be tendered to President Snowball
for the able, courteous and efficient manner in which he has presided at this
meeting. (Hear, hear and applause.)

SENATOR EDWARDS : I have much pleasure in seconding the resolution.
All in favor of it say so by a good rousing clap of the hand.

The motion was carried amidst applause, and the President briefly
expressed his thanks.

Convention closed at 5.30 p.m.

156 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

The Tenth Annual Meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association was
held at 2 p.m., of Thursday the llth of March, 1909, in the Canadian Build-
ing, Slater Street, Ottawa.

Amongst those present were H. M. Price, Ellwood Wilson, E. Stewart,
Dr. B. E. Fernow, A. H. I). Ross, E. J. Zavitz, Thos. Southworth, W. A.
Charlton, J. B. Miller, G. Y. Chown, Frank Hawkins, R. E. Young, Hon.
W. C. Edwards, Gordon C. Edwards, Prof. John Macoun, J. M. Macoun,
Dr. Wm. Saunders, Hiram Robinson, Dr. Robert Bell, A. C. Campbell,
R. H. Campbell, H. R. MacMillan, F. W. H. Jacombe, F. H. Byshe, J.
R. Dickson, Guy Boyce, George Proctor, J. Gleeson, R. Patching, E. White
and J. Shields.

In the absence of President Snowball, the chair was taken by Vice-
President Southworth.

The minutes of the Ninth Annual Meeting, held in Montreal on the
12th and 13th of March, 1908, were read and adopted.

The Secretary read the following telegram from the City Clerk of
Regina : — "Regina, Sask., March 10th, 1909, A. H. D. Ross, Secretary,
Canadian Forestry Association, Toronto University. Regina City Council
extends a hearty invitation to the Canadian Forestry Association to hold
its next convention in Regina.

(Sgd.) J. KELSO HUNTER,

City Clerk."

The motion offered by Mr. Bergevin, seconded by Mr. Southworth and
carried at the special meeting in Toronto, on the 12th of February last, was
also read. This was to the effect that the Executive Committee be recom-
mended to accept the cordial invitation of the Hon. W. C. H. Grimmer to
hold the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association

in Fredricton, N.B.

Mr. R. H. Campbell advocated the holding of a Summer Meeting in
Regina to get the people of the Western Provinces interested in the work
of the Association. Mr. E. Stewart also favoured the holding of a Summer
Meeting at Regina, and urged that the invitation of the Regina City Council
be accepted.

It was then moved by Mr. R. H. Campbell, seconded by Mr. H. M.
Price, and RESOLVED : That this Association accept the courteous invitation
of the Regina City Council to hold a Summer Meeting there; the date to
be arranged later by the Executive Committee.

It was then moved by Mr. E. Stewart that the invitation of the Hon.
W. C. H. Grimmer, Surveyor-General of New Brunswick, to hold the
Eleventh Annual Convention at Fredricton, be accepted. Senator Edwards
thought Fredricton was not central enough, and advocated holding it at
Ottawa.

Upon the withdrawal of Mr. Stewart's motion, it was moved by Mr. G.
Y. Chown, and seconded by Mr. A. C. Campbell, that the matter be left

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 157

in the hands of the Executive Committee. After considerable discussion,
this motion was put and carried.

The Secretary then read a communication from Mr. E. H. H. Alex-
ander, of Vancouver, asking for a change in the constitution, or some other
arrangement, whereby it would be possible to organize a Provincial
Branch of the Canadian Forestry Association, and thus create in British
Columbia a greater interest in the matter of preserving their forest wealth.
Prof. John Macoun, Mr. E. Stewart and Mr. H. M. Price warmly advo-
cated the formation of such a branch or section of the Association in British
Columbia. Finally it was moved by Dr. Fernow, seconded by Prof.
Macoun and carried, "That the Executive Committee be charged with the
duty of formulating a scheme for the co-operation of Provincial Branches
of the Canadian Forestry Association with the national organization."

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The Board of Directors submitted the following report of the business
transacted during the past year.

The Vice-Presidents appointed for the Provinces and Territories were
as follows : —

Ontario Hon. Frank Cochrane.

Quebec Hon1. A. Turgeon .

New Brunswick Hon. W. C. H. Grimmer.

Nova Scotia Hon. Arthur Drysdale.

Prince Edward Island Rev. Dr. A. E Burke.

Manitoba Hon. J. H. Agnew.

Saskatchewan His Honor A. E. Forget.

Alberta Mr. Win. Pearce.

British Columbia Hon. H. Bostock.

Yukon Commissioner Henderson.

MacKenzie Mr. F. D. Wilson.

Keewatin His Honor Sir D. H. MacMillan.

Ungava Hon. Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere.

At the last Annual Meeting in Montreal the membership was reported at
1,282, but has now increased to 1,905. During the year a special effort was
made to arouse an interest in the forestry movement in Canada, and to
increase our membership, by sending out ten thousand copies of an illus-
trated pamphlet entitled "The Forests and the People."

On the 30th of June, your Executive Committee appointed Mr. Roy L.
Campbell a special agent to solicit membership's on a commission basis,
and we are pleased to learn that his efforts have increased our membership
by 495.

The receipts for the year 1908 were $4,231.39, including a balance of
|2,107.05 from the previous year. The balance of the grant from the
Dominion Government was $1,000.00. From the British Columbia Govern-
ment a grant of $100 was received. The thanks of the Association are due
them both for their generosity in assisting us in our work.

158 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

The expenditure for the year 1908 was $3,814.65, thus leaving a
balance of $416.74. At the present date (March llth, 1909), the balance on
hand is $487.32.

On the 30th June Mr. J. M. Macoun resigned the Editorship of the
Forestry Journal and Mr. F. W. H. Jacombe was appointed Editor. The
Journal continues to do a useful work in furnishing information regarding
forestry matters, and has been supplemented by a series of 12 short bulletins
which were sent to 288 of the leading newspapers scattered throughout the
Dominion.

Last October a Chair of Forestry was established in the University of
New Brunswick, at Fredricton, N.B., with Professor R. B. Miller in charge.
This is the second Forest School to be established in Canada and its develop-
ment will be watched with sympathetic interest by all interested in Forestry.

During the year Mr. H. R. MacMillan, a graduate of the Yale Forest
School, and Mr. J. R. Dickson, a graduate of the Michigan Forest School,
have been added to the staff > of the Dominion Forest Service, and were
employed in surveys on the Forest Reserves in the Western Provinces of
the ten million acres of Forest Reserves under Dominion jurisdiction. One
million and a quarter have been surveyed and maps are being prepared. A
compilation of the statistics available in regard to the forests and forest pro-
ducts was made by Mr. A. H. D. Ross and is now being printed. Notwith-
standing the dry season of last year the fire patrol on Dominion Lands did
effective work and the loss of timber was small.

The thanks of the Association are due to the railway companies for
special privileges and particularly to the newspaper press throughout the
Dominion for many courtesies.

TEE AS TIBER'S REPORT.
The Treasurer then presented the following Report for the year 1908 :

M. ROBINSON, TREASURER, IN ACCOUNT WITH THE CANADIAN FORESTRY

ASSOCIATION.
Receipts. Expenditure.

1908— Balance from 1907 $2,107 05 Printing Forestry Journal $1,007 78

Membership fees 96801 " Circulars, etc 21600

Grant from Dominion Gov- " Annual Report (1907) 34766

ernment 1,00000 " " " (1908) 1,32330

Grant from British Col- Expenses of Annual Meeting. . 210 04

umbia 100 00 Travelling and other expenses

Subscriptions to Journal. . . 8 75 of Secretary ,

Refund of over-payment. .. 10 Membership campaign

Interest 47 48 Translation of circulars

Press Clippings

Salaries

Wreath for Sir Henri Joly de

Lotbiniere 18 50

Refund of Membership Fee 1 00

Commission on cheques 4 42

Miscellaneous 8 39

Balance .. 416 74

$4,231 39 $4,231 39

The Secretary drew attention to the fact that the appointment of Mr.
J. M. Macoun to the Board of Directors and the removal of Mr. R. D.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 159

Craig to Vancouver, had left the Association without Auditors. It was
therefore moved by Mr. R. H. Campbell, and seconded by Prof. John
Macoun, that Mr. A. C. Campbell and Mr. Frank Hawkins be appointed
Auditors; and that the Treasurer's Report be referred to them. Carried.

ASSISTANT-SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Mr. F. W. H. Jacombe presented the following report regarding the
Newspaper Bulletins issued by the Association during the past year.

Since January last, when the bulletin service was begun, twelve bulle-
tins in all have been issued. These have also been translated into French.
In order to suit newspaper conditions, three versions of each bulletin have
been sent out in English and two in French. The total number of papers
on the mailing list is 288, of which 244 are English and 44 are French.
The bulletins are also sent to a number of firms which issue the "ready
prints," of which extensive use is made by the weekly papers in smaller
towns, and these have published a number of the bulletins. The bulletins
have been printed in all the provinces, and papers containing published
bulletins have been sent to the office from points as far apart as Dawson
City, Yukon Territory, and Halifax, N.S.

The average number of papers which publish each separate bulletin,
so far as we can judge, is about 55. While it is hardly possible to get
accurately at the number of readers thus reached by each bulletin, it may
be remarked that according to the figures for circulation given in McKim's
Newspaper Directory of Canada (1907 edition), the 67 newspapers in which
Bulletin No. 5 was published was in this way put in the hands of over
200,000 subscribers. Hence it would seem probable that each bulletin would
get to about 150,000 subscribers.

Two methods of ascertaining the number of bulletins have been
employed. One is that of taking all clippings on forestry from the Dominion
Press clipping agency. In addition to this, beginning with Bulletin No. 5,
a paster has been attached to the bulletins bearing the name of Mr. R. H.
Campbell, with a request to each paper publishing the bulletin to forward
him a marked copy. This has proved quite successful. There is no doubt,
however, that even by these two means, a number of papers publishing the
bulletins are overlooked.

The subjects of which the bulletins have treated have been various.
Particular attention was given, especially in the spring, to the question of
forest fires, and four bulletins treated of various aspects of this question,
one of which contained cautions especially for campers. The forest areas of
Canada, the establishment of forest schools, the Canadian Forestry Associa-
tion and the necessity of exploration have also been taken up.

The total cost of the bulletins up to date has been $243.30. This
includes the entire cost of the clippings sent us from the clipping bureau.
These clippings are also of use in editing the Journal and serve sometimes
to draw attention to various facts of importance to the Association and the
general progress of forestry which might be otherwise overlooked. The

160

aggregate cost of the bulletins for last year (1908) was $82.35, and for
January of this year $5.24.

The average cost of each bulletin has been from $19 to $19.50, includ-
ing with the cost of the bulletin the cost of all the clippings for the month .
Of this amount $5.50 is for the printing of the bulletins in English, the
same amount for those printed in French; the cost of translations has aver-
aged about $1.50 in each case, and the clippings last year averaged about
$6.85 per month.

Taking into consideration the number of people reached, it will easily
be seen how comparatively inexpensive is this method of propaganda work.
I believe, however, that the cost can be still further reduced, and I would
beg to suggest that the Association procure a Rotary Neostyle or some
similar form of appliance. Mimeographed copy would, I think, be quite as
acceptable to the newspaper managements as the printed copy, and the
cost of printing two or three bulletins would pay for the machine. The
required number of copies could easily be run off, and delays such as are
often met with in printing would be avoided. Quite often an article can
be prepared which would be of use to newspapers of a limited territory, nnd
copies of such an article could be inexpensively prepared on the mimeograph,
only a comparative few being required. The mimeograph would also be of
use for the preparation of circulars such as that of calling the present meet-
ing, at much less expense that at present. Machines can be purchased
which are guaranteed to produce two thousand (2,000) copies from each
stencil. I would respectfully suggest that the Association consider the
advisability of buying such a machine.

Your obedient servant,

F. W. H. JACOMBE.

Mr. R. H. Campbell, Chairman of the Committee in charge of the
\\ork of extending the membership during the past summer, reported that
the membership had been increased from 1,282 to 1,905; an increase of 623—
some. 495 being secured by the Special Agent appointed and the remaining
128 by lending out circular letters, pamphlets and application cards to
people likely to be interested in the work of the Association.

Mr. A. C. Campbell stated that his son, Roy L. Campbell, cannot any
longer devote his time to the work of Special Agent, and strongly urged
that someone else be appointed to make an active personal canvass for mem-
bership.

_ Dr. Fernow also urged that the time is ripe for a vigorous forward
policy, and cited the experience of the American Forestry Association in
this matter.

It was then moved by Mr. Chown, and seconded by Mr. Price that the
directors be recommended to appoint a Permanent Secretary with organizing
ability, and some knowledge of Forestry, and that he be required to devote
all his time to the interests of the Association.

Regarding the grant from the Dominion Government, it was moved by
Mr. Stewart, and seconded bv Dr. Saunders +ha+ the President and Senator
Edwards be a committep to iritprview Sir Wilfrid Lanrier and rpnnp«t that
the usual grants be made the Association for the vears 1908 and 1909

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 161

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The election of officers was then proceeded with and resulted as fol-
lows : —

Patron — His Excellency, Earl Grey, K.C.M.G., Governor-General of
Canada.

Honorary President — Sir Wilfrid Laurier, K.C.M.G.

President — Thomas South worth.

Vice-President — Hon. W. C. Edwards.

Secretary — A. H. D. Boss.

Treasurer — Miss M. Robinson.

Assistant-Secretary — F. W. H. Jacombe.

It was then moved by Mr. Chown, and seconded by Prof. John Macoun
that the name of Mr. W. B. Snowball replace that of Senator Edwards on
the Board of Directors, and that Dr. B. E. Fernow replace Mr. W. C. J.
Hall, who has asked to retire. Carried.

Mr. J. M. Macoun also asked to be allowed to retire from the Board of
Directors, and asked that Mr. Ellwood Wilson be appointed in his place.
This was seconded by Mr. Jacombe and carried.

The advisability of continuing the publication of the Canadian Forestry
Journal was then discussed at some length. It was decided almost unanim-
ously to continue the publication of the Journal.

The meeting then adjourned.

MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

At the close of the Tenth Annual Meeting, there was held a meeting of
the Executive Committee for the passing of accounts, the election of Pro-
vincial Vice-Presidents, etc. President elect Southworth presided, the
other members of the Committee present being E. Stewart, H. M. Price,
Gordon C. Edwards, W. A. Charlton, R. H. Campbell, Hiram Robinson,
Dr. Wm. Saunders, Dr. B. E. Fernow, J. B. Miller, Ellwood Wilson, G.
Y. Chown, F. W. H. Jacombe and A. H. D. Ross.

Accounts amounting to $613.82 were read and ordered to be paid.

The Yice-Presidents for the Provinces and Territories were then elected
as shown on page 3 of this report.

On motion of Messrs. Stewart and Chown, the Assistant-Secretary was
authorized to procure a Rotary Neostyle for the preparation of Newspaper
Bulletins, circular letters, etc.

On motion of Dr. B. E. Fernow and Mr. G. Y. Chown, the President
was requested to name a committee charged with the duty of finding a man
whom they can recommend for the position of Permanent Secretary. Presi-
dent Southworth thereupon appointed Dr. B. E. Fernow, Mr. R. H. Camp-
bell and Mr. G. Y. Chown, and charged them with the duty of finding such
a man.

On motion of Mr. H. M. Price and Dr. Saunders, it was decided to
have the Tenth Annual Report printed in both English and French.

The meeting then adjourned.

1 F.

INDEX.

PAGE

Abandoned Lands 134, 139

Additions to Forestry Branch 158

Agricultural Lands 117

Alexander, R. H. H 157

American Forestry Association /4, 160

Annual Convention 73

Annual Cut on Dominion Re-
serves 205

Annual Growth 58

Annual Loss of Timber 39

Apathy of Public 32

Area of Timberland 79, 80

Assistant Secretary's Report 150

Association's work 13

Attendance at Meetings 5, 156

Auditors 158

Beam Foot 37

Bedard, Avila 140, 153

Bergevin, Achille ,...25, 136, 146, 147,

152-3-4

Board of Directors 3, 157, 161

Board of Trade, Toronto 10

Bog Lands 21, 64, 66, 67

British Afforestation Scheme 37

Brush Burning 59, 108

Burke, Dr. A. E 89, 90, 91

Campbell, A. C 154, 160

Campbell, Roy L 160

Campbell, R. H 36, 64, 83, 93, 146

Canada Company 110

Canadian Lumbermen's Association 116

Canada's Timber Wealth 124

Charlton, W. A 56, 57

Chown, G. Y 56, 86, 87, 88, 160

Christmas Trees 43, 118, 119

Clark, Champ 46

Classification of Land 77, 78, 128

Cochrane, Hon. Frank 88, 94, 96

Conservation of Timber.. 7, 11, 13, 79, 120

Conference of Paper Makers 133

Continuity of Wood Crop 79

Conventions, Forestry 32, 109

Cost of Land for Planting 112

Cost of Planting 112, 113

Desert Wastes

Development of Resources

Diameter Limit

Difficulties Encountered

Directors, Board of

7

28
77
63
3

Domestic Water Supply 122

Dominion Grant 160

Dominion Forestry Convention 78

Dominion Forest Reserves.. 64, 65, 96, 99

Driving Operations 71

Drummond, A. T 36

Editorship of Journal 158

Educational 24, 29, 37, 40

Word Needed 42, 75, 82, 86, 123

Educational Work in New York... 92

PAGE

Edwards, Hon. W. C 87, 93, 94,

120-129, 138-140, 144, 152-155

Election of Officers 160

Evans, 'A. Kelly 31, 92

Executive Committee 161

Expenditures 158

Exploration 130, 158

Export 27, 43-45, 144

Eulogy of Sir Henri Joly de Lot-

biniere 148

Faculty of Forestry 40

Falconer, President 39

Failure, Causes of 81

Felling Operations 70

Fernie Fire 33, 65

Fernow, Dr. B. E 14, 34, 36, 58, 74,

91, 116, 147, 150, 160

Financial Considerations 112

Fire Act 19

Fire Danger 9, 10, 13, 42, 125

Fire Losses 119

Fire Insurance 33

Fire Protection 16, 19, 42, 49, 63, 65,

66, 78, 99, 143

Fire Rangers 20, 55

Fish and Game 32

Fisher, Hon. Sydney 11

Forest Conditions in N. B 69

Forest Engineers 34

Forest Industries 26

Forest Management 116

Forest Reserves 9, 28

Forest Surveys 63, 80, 103

Forest Type and Site 70

Forestry Bureaus 38

Forestry Courses 22, 71

Forestry and Lumbering 137

Fredricton, Convention at 156

Gibson, His Honor J. M 8

Government Action Criticised 76

Grading in Reserves 99

Grey, Earl 6

Grimmer, Hon. W. C. H. 15, 109, 152-155

Ground Rents 142

Growth of Timber 17, 76, 77, 137

Growth of Spruce 17

Hawkins, Frank

Hardy, Hon. A. S

High Ideals Necessary
Hudson Bay Region ..

23
9

73
53

Information Needed 80

Increment 17, 58, 76, 137

Jacombe, F. W. H

Japanese Forestry 115

Jobbers 141

Joly de Lotbiniere, Sir Henri.. 36, 75, 147
Journal, Forestry 3, 84-89, 161

[163]

16-t

INDEX.

PAG K

Kinds of Timber 103-4, 137

Knechtel, Inspector ...61, 62, 93, 96, 106

Laidlaw, Robert 33

Land Tenure in N. 'A 62

Leaf Fires ^ 20

Lectures, Illustrated 7, 32

Legislation 31, 32, 79

Licensed Lands 54

License Regulations 38, 39, 141

Limit Holders 141

Little, William 55-8, 61, 68, 75,

119, 148

Loss from Fire 21

Low Water 12, 24, 34

Lumber Cut 16

Lumber Leagues 21

Lumber Wealth ....' 12

Lumbermen's Association 23

Management, Forest 8, 82, 133

Macoun, J. M 66, 67, 84-86, 158

Macoun, Prof. John 158

McClement, Prof. W. T 24, 82, 146

Membership ; 4, 157, 160

Members present 5, 156

Michigan Forestry Association 118

Miller, J. B 56, 116

Miller, Prof. R. B 69-7

Mimeograph Copy 160, 161

Minnesota Brush Burning 59

Mississaga Reserve 52

Mulford, Professor 118, 119

Muskoka District 117

National Parks 65

National Rivers and Harbors Con-
gress 121

Navigation affected 12

New Brunswick Conditions 15

New Brunswick Forestry 41

New Brunswick Geology 69, 70

New Brunswick Topography 69

Newspaper Bulletins 159

Nipigon Reserve 52

Norfolk Waste Lands Ill

Nova Scotia Conditions 62

Objects of Association 4, 13, 89

Officers of C. F. Association 3, 160

Organization Needed 38

Ontario's Forest Resources 47

Ontario Depart, of Agriculture... 110
Ontario Pulpwood Lands 135

Paper Manufacturers' Attitude 132

Parry Sound District 117

Patriotism 35

Patrol System 139

Permits to Cut 106, 107

Permanent Secretary 88, 91, 160, 161

Penalties ! 39

Photographer 109

Piche, G. C 140, 153

Pinchot, Gifford 8, 14, 64, 73

Planting 67, 109

Policy for New Brunswick 43

. PAGE

Practical Forestry 37, 150

Press Most Helpful 32

President Snowball's Address 41

Price, H. M 36, 60, 61, 127, 143

Prince Edward Island 89

Propaganda Necessary 81

Protection Needed ...15, 21, 25, 31, 45, 64

Provincial Associations 157

Public Domain Act 22

Pulpwood Problems 54t 135

Queen's University

24

Railways a Source of Danger 38, 39

Rainfall in Prairie Provinces 100

Rainy River Region 48

Rangers, Fire 50

Rate of Growth 129

Receipts for the Year 1908 157

Recommendations of Inspector

Knechtel 107-8

Reclamation Work 114

Reforestation Work 30, 110

Regina Summer Meeting 156

Regulations, Timber 17, 38, 119, 140

Remedies Proposed 138, 142

Reserve Boundaries 102

Reserves, Forest 51

Resolution Committee... 43, 74, 138, 139,

144-b

Riordan, Carl 131, 132, 134

Roosevelt, President 7, 8

Sale of Timber Limits 18, 27

Sand Formations in Ontario 110

Scaling of Logs 18, 142

School Societies 19, 30

Settlement 17, 23, 26, 117, 125, 139

Simcoe County Ill

Size of Trees 137

Small Timber 17

Soil Fires 20

Southworth, Thomas 12, 57, 148

Spendthrift Nation 12

Squatters, Removal of 102

Staff of Fire Rangers 28

Standard Logs 141

Standing Timber 79, 80, 91, 117, 118

State of New York 115

State of Wisconsin 115

Stewart, E 88, 116, 154

Stock-taking B^,dly Needed 91

Stream Flow 12, 13, 42

Strength of Woods 30

Suggestions for Protection 29

Summer Meeting at Regina ..' 156

Taxation 113, 119

Technical Work 29

Telephone System 19, 20

Temagami Reserve 9, 51

Temiskaming, Lake 24

Tenth Annual Convention

Tenth Annual Meeting 156

Text-books on Forestry 147

Timber Cut 54, 55

INDEX.

165

PAGE

Timber estimates 91, 104, 105, 125,

130, 131

Timber Sales 48, 49

Timber thieves 125, 126, 134

Topographic Surveys 22, 72

Toronto School of Forestry 14

Trained Foresters Employed 72, 133

Transcontinental Railway 53

Transportation 12, 24

Treasurer's Report 158

University of New Brunswick 22

United States Alarmed 6, 7, 123

United States Forest Reserve 119

United States Forest Service 64

United States Timber Supply... 6, 7, 123

Waste Land Planting 109

Wasteful Methods 13, 17, 19, 24, 76

Washington Conferences 14, 122

PAGE

Water Levels 12, 24, 26

Watson, President 10

Waterways of the U.S 121

Ways and Means Committee 44, 45

Welcome from Board of Trade 10

What We Want 74

White, Aubrey 47, 55-62, 87, 93

106, 128, 130, 146

Whitman, F. C 62, 66

Whitney, Sir James 14

Wilson, Ellwood 136, 138-141, 153

Wilson, Hon. James 46

Wisconsin Forests 33

Work of Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciations 83, 84

Woodlot Areas 109

Yearly Growth 23

Zavitz, E. J 109, 116, 124

THOMAS SOUTHWORTH
PRESIDENT CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1909-10

^Ufo.

Eleventh "Annual Report

OF THE

Canadian Forestry /Association

1910

Comprising the report of the Annual Convention held at Fredericton, N. B., on

February 23rd and 24th, and the report of the Annual Meeting

held at Ottawa, on March 1 Oth, also the list of

members of the Association as

on March 1 Oth,

1910

QUEBEC :
CHRONICLE PRINTING Co.

1910

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS, 1910-11.

PATRON:

His EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL

HONORARY PRESIDENT:
The Right Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier

PRESIDENT:

Hon. W. C. Edwards

VICE-PRESIDENT:

George Y. Chown

PROVINCIAL VICE-PRESIDENTS:

Ontario — Hon. Frank Cochrane

Quebec — Hon. Jules Allard.

New Brunswick — Hon. W. C. H.

Grimmer.

Nova Scotia — Hon. A. K. Maclean.
Prince Edward Island — Hon. A. B.

Warburton.

Manitoba — Hon. R. P. Roblin.
Saskatchewan — His Honour A. E.

Forget.

BOARD OF
Wm. Little.
Hiram Robinson.
Aubrey White.
E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere.
E. Stewart.
H. M. Price.
W. B. Snowball.
Thomas Southworth.
Hon. Sydney Fisher.
R. H. Campbell.
Mgr. J. C. K. Laflamme.

Alberta — Wm. Pearce.

British Columbia — Hon. H. Bos-

tock.

Yukon — A. Henderson.
Mackenzie — F. D. Wilson.
Keewatin — His Honour Sir Daniel

MacMillan.
Ungava — His Grace, Mgr. Bru-

chesi, Archbishop of Montreal.

DIRECTORS:

J. B. Miller.
W. A. Charlton.
Gordon C. Edwards.
Dr. B. E. Fernow.
Ellwood Wilson.
R. L. Borden, M.P.

F. C. Whitman.

G. C. Piche.
Alex. MacLaurin.
Carl Riordon.

A. P. Stevenson.

TREASURER: ASSISTANT-SECRETARY: SECRETARY:

Miss. M. Robinson. F. W. H. Jacombe. James Lawler.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF THE CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL:
R. H. Campbell. Thomas Southworth. Avila Bedard. J. M. Macoun.

EDITORS:
James Lawler, F. W. H. Jacornbe.

ASSOCIATE EDITOR:
G. C. Piche.

(3)

The Canadian Forestry Association

T^HIS ASSOCIATION stands for a rational solution of the most im-

•*• portant economic problem now confronting the people of Canada,

and is engaged in a work of national importance, in which every citizen

of every Province and Territory in the Dominion has a direct interest.

The objects of the Association are to secure

1. The exploration of the public domain, so
that lands unsuitable for agricultural pur-
purposes may be reserved for timber pro-
duction.

2. The preservation of the forests for their
influence on climate, soil, and water sup-
ply.

3. The promotion of judicious methods in
dealing with forests and woodlands.

4. Reforestation where advisable.

5. Tree-planting on the plains, and on
streets, and highways.

6. The collection and dissemination of infor-
mation bearing on the forestry problem in
general.

Are You a Member ?

If you are already a member of the Association you are requested to
use your influence in getting others interested in what you KNOW
to be a good cause. . If you are not a member, your membership is ear-
nestly solicited. The annual fee is only one dollar, which entitles you to
a year's subscription for the CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL (the official
organ of the Association) and a full Report of the Proceedings of the
Annual Meeting. The life membership is ten dollars.

Applications for membership should be addressed to the Secretary.

JAMES LAWLER,

Canadian Building, Ottawa, Canada.

(4)

Eleventh Annual Convention of the Canadian
Forestry Association.

The Eleventh Annual Convention of the Canadian Forestry Associa-
tion, for the reading and discussing of papers, was held in the Legislative
Chamber of the Parliament Building, Fredericton, New Brunswick, on
Wednesday and Thursday, February 23rd and 24th, 1910. In the un-
avoidable absence of the President, Mr. Thomas Southworth, and, owing
to the fact that the Vice-President, Hon. Senator Edwards, could not reach
Fredericton until afternoon, the meeting was called to order at 10.30
o'clock by the Vice-President for New Brunswick, Hon. W. C. H. Grim-
mer, Surveyor General of the Province, who asked His Honor, L. J.
Tweedie, Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, to open the Convention.
The list of those in attendance will be found in an appendix to this report.

HIS HONOR, THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, — It affords me very much pleas-
ure, indeed, to be present this morning and have the honor and privilege of
declaring this Convention open. For many years the question of forest
protection was not considered at all, but in New Brunswick to-day, in com-
mon with all countries whose assets consist largely of forest wealth, the
question is a live one. I am much pleased that in New Brunswick, where
our chief asset is the timber lands of the Province, public opinion is being
aroused and great interest is being taken in the protection and conservation
of our forests.

In the past the Government has been handicapped by lack of means and
the apathy and indifference of the people. To-day the people, not only those
who are directly engaged in the industry, but the whole people, are being
aroused and are seeing the necessity of having the Government and all
concerned do more for the protection of the forests. The protection of
the forests does not imply that it assists only the lumbermen. It is neces-
sary for the agriculturists, for the water powers of the Province, and for
other interests.

We have in this Province some ten thousand square miles of land under
lease at the present time. We are endeavoring to protect these lands and
conserve them better than we have done in the past. If the people of this
Province, or any other Province, will look at the matter in the proper light,
they must come to this conclusion: Here is an asset; we have a right to
deal with it rightly, not only for ourselves, but for future generations.
Municipalities borrow money and look to posterity to pay the bonds. That

(5)

6 CANADIAN FOEESTET ASSOCIATION.

is right; we have a right to have all modern improvements and develop-
ments. But if we leave such a charge to our posterity we have also a right
to protect the assets. Therefore, in reference to our own Province, we
should protect the forests in every possible way. It means that money is
necessary for that, and I feel the policy of the Government, of any Gov-
ernment in future that expects to be sustained by the people, must be to
expend whatever is necessary to preserve this great asset. When we look
around and find in each district that fire has been allowed to ruin millions
of dollars' worth of property, it is indeed a matter for sorrowful reflection,
and I feel that the people of the Province cannot be too strongly impressed
with the necessity of dealing with this question in an intelligent manner.

I am pleased to meet you to-day, gentlemen, from all over this Do-
minion and from the United States. I trust that your deliberations will
result in great good. Some say now the solution is for the people to move
back to the farm. I say that is all right — back to the farm and protect the
forests. These are the two live questions; these are the watchwords, not
only for the Province of New Brunswick, but for all the other Provinces.
"Back to the Farm, and Protect the Forests."

I have very much pleasure indeed in welcoming you on behalf of the
people of the Province of New Brunswick, and in declaring this convention
opened. (Applause.)

HON. J. DOUGLAS HAZEN, PREMIER OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, — On behalf of the Govern-
ment of the Province of New Brunswick, it affords me a very great deal of
pleasure to extend a very hearty welcome to the members of the Canadian
Forestry Association. It is a very great pleasure to see we have so many
representative lumbermen from every quarter of New Brunswick — gen-
tlemen who have to deal with the forestry problems in a practical way —
and also gentlemen from the sister Provinces and from the great Republic,
who have come here for the purpose of discussing these great problems,
which are common to the entire North American continent. To all I
extend a hearty welcome.

It is right and proper, I think, that the Canadian Forestry Association
should have selected New Brunswick as their place of meeting this year,
upon the invitation of the Government of the Province. We have not the
extent of timber area found in some of the other Provinces of the Domin-
ion. Our entire Crown Land area amounts to about seven million acres,
and is small in comparison with the timber area of Quebec, Ontario and
British Columbia. But with regard to the relative size of the Province,
there is no Province in Canada in which the lumber industry is of greater
importance than in the Province of New Brunswick.

There is a man in the employ of the Government — Lieut.-Colonel
T. G. Loggie, the Deputy Surveyor-General — who, when he entered the
Crown Land Office, found the whole territorial revenue of the Province

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 7

amounted to but $25,000. To-day the territorial revenue amounts in
round figures to $400,000, and next year the probability is that it will be
increased by an appreciable amount. That being the case, it becomes the
duty of the Government and people of New Brunswick to do all they can
to preserve this great industry. Those who make a scientific study of
forestry are convinced, having regard to proper protection from fire and
from wasteful methods and to the employment of proper methods of
reproduction, that we have in our forests an increasing source of revenue
to the people of New Brunswick for all generations to come.

Hand in hand with the question of forest preservation come a number
of kindred subjects. The preservation of fish in the rivers and streams
depends largely on the forests and the maintenance of a proper supply of
water. It is impossible to have large game in any country without having
extensive forests. New Brunswick's game is rapidly becoming a large
source of revenue, not especially directly, although our licenses amounted
last year to the sum of $33,000, but indirectly, because of the large amount
of money spent each year by tourists attracted by the game. The other
day I read a book published in 1825, dealing w7ith the history of the Prov-
ince, written by the late Peter Fisher, father of Judge Fisher, and a prom-
inent figure in the early history of this country. In that book I found the
statement that when the early settlers came to this Province there were
large numbers of moose or elk to be found, but in consequence of the way in
which they had been slaughtered, there were hardly any of these magnifi-
cent animals left in the country. That was in 1825. Now, nearly one hun-
dred years later, we find this country full of these splendid animals, showing
what can be done by careful legislation and the enforcement of wise laws.
Let me say to you, gentlemen, the Legislature of the Province is genuinely
glad to have you meet in convention in this Chamber this morning, in this
capital city of the Province. It has actually undertaken for two days to
stop the flood of eloquence which has been going on over the Address from
the Throne, to give you gentlemen an opportunity of meeting within these
walls. I sincerely hope that the results of the deliberations of this body
will prove a benefit to the people of Canada as a whole, to the people of
New Brunswick in particular, and that the discussions which will take place
here will have the effect of directing the minds of men everywhere more
and more to the necessity of taking active steps to preserve the great nat-
ural resources with which this Province and the Dominion of Canada have
been so bountifully supplied by a kind Providence. (Applause.)

HON. CLIFFORD W. ROBINSON.

Hon. Clifford W. Robinson, Leader of the Opposition, said: Every-
one interested in New Brunswick must feel the importance of such a gath-
ering as is being held in these halls to-day. The Premier has told you our
revenue from the forests is somewhere about $400,000, and when you
learn that outside of the amount received from the Dominion this makes up
by far the greater porition of our revenue in New Brunswick, you must

g CAN ADI'AN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION.

realize how vitally important it is to us that our forests should be pre-
served. While we realize the importance of forest protection in our little
Province of New Brunswick, we also realize that it is an important matter
for the entire Dominion, and so we must expect much time to be devoted to
other than local subjects. I think we are to be congratulated that there is
such a large, representative gathering here of thoughtful people, who have
the interest of our country at heart, and who will work together in this
great Convention to bring out something which will be to the advantage
not only of this Province, but of the whole of Canada. Our climatic con-
ditions, wealth and happiness of the inhabitants — so very many things
depend on our forests, their proper protection and management, that I
can think of no other Convention which could assemble here to deal with
questions of more importance to our people than the question of the con-
servation of our forests.

On behalf of the loyal Opoosition, I have much pleasure in welcoming
you to New Brunswick. (Applause.)

HIS WORSHIP, C. FRED. CHESTNUT, MAYOR OF
FREDERICTON.

It is my pleasure and privilege to welcome you to this city. In the mat-
ter of natural beauty, culture and open-hearted hospitality we acknowledge
no superior in Canada. It may interest you to know that our city was in-
corporated sixty-eight years ago and has for its motto, ''Fredericopolis
silvae filia nobilis" (Fredericton, noble daughter of the forest). It seems
to me very fitting that this Association should meet here. We trust your
sojourn here will be pleasant and profitable. The City of Fredericton is
thoroughly in sympathy with the aims of your Association. While we
attach great value to the lumber industry, yet it has often struck me as a
business man that our forests are a great asset in other ways as well. A
large number of people each year go into the woods to camp, fish and
shoot, and it has been my pleasure, year after year, as President of the
Tourists' Association, to meet and talk with them. And I can assure you
that a great deal of money is left in our Province by these people in out-
fitting and such like. They are willing to pay well for the privilege of
going into our woods to live there for a few weeks. This is a feature that
I think is capable of almost unlimited development. So there is every rea-
son why we should be in full sympathy with this Association. It is our
desire during your stay here that you feel you have all the rights and privi-
leges of citizens, and we hope when you go away, you will have pleasant
recollections of your stay in the City of Fredericton. (Applause.)

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 9

LETTERS OF REGRET.

The Secretary read a number of letters of regret, including letters from
His Excellency the Governor-General, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, President
Thomas Southworth, Hon. Frank Oliver, Minister of the Interior; Hon.
Sydney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture; Mr. R. L. Borden, M.P. ; Mr.
Gifford Pinchot, ex-Chief Forester of the United States; Dr. B. E. Fernow,
Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, etc. The list of
those who desired to attend, but were unable to do so, will be found in an
appendix to this report.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier wrote in part: "I am exceedingly sorry that in
the midst of my parliamentary duties it will not be possible for me to avail
myself of your courteous invitation to be present. Nothing could give me
greater pleasure, and I will follow the labors of the Convention with the
keenest interest.

"The forestry question is one which by meetings, by associations, by
lectures, and by every possible method, should be pressed to the ever close
attention of the whole Canadian public, collectively and individually."

Dr. Fernow wrote: "It is with great regret that I have finally decided
that in justice to my students, just at this time I cannot afford to absent
myself for a whole week, the time required to attend the Convention. I
particularly regret missing the meeting of so many newly made friends and
participating in their counsels, but hope they will acknowledge the force of
my excuse.

"While in my absence, I am not entitled to be heard, I hope that at
some proper time during the Convention you may be able to introduce just
one thought which I would have elaborated had I been present. Every-
body agrees that protection against forest fires is the all important first
step necessary before any forestry practice or reforestation policy can be
attractive, either to the state or to private enterprise. Everybody agrees
that the prevention of forest fires is more effective and perhaps more prac-
ticable than extinguishing fires. But not everybody seems to realize that
the main attention in protection should be given, not to the mature timber,
which is much less endangered and can be utilized if burnt, but to the slash,
which is much more imperilled and represents the hope of the future, the
young growth. In this slash the limit-holder has little, if any interest, but
the Government, the guardian of the interests of the future, can be expected
to and should undertake the protection of those areas.

"The timber holder, however, should be made to reduce the danger
which his operations produce. What form his precautions should take
must depend upon local conditions in each case, but one of two methods
suggested again and again is usually practicable, namely, either to burn
the brush or else to "down" the tops. Do not allow any 'practical' man
to contend that this is impracticable or too expensive. It is neither. I
assert with good basis that in the real pineries brush can be burned, if
properly done, while logging proceeds, at within 25 cents per thousand
feet. It has been done for much less. In mixed woods, especially with

}0 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

spruce, burning of brush is probably not practicable in most cases, but
"downing" the tops, /. e., lopping the branches so that the branches and tops
fall to the ground and may decay in a short time, is practicable and can be
done within 15 cents per thousand feet, and for less if pulpwood is also
utilized. This method was first suggested by the writer in 1890, and last
year, for the first time, the State of New York compelled lumbermen on
their private holdings in the Adirondacks to adopt it. The Governments
of the Provinces having reserved the right to alter the conditions of the
licences could, in this particular at least, take the attitude that the safety of
their property required this precaution on the part of the operators, or if
this were not considered equitable, could otherwise compromise the cost, or
bear it for the sake of the future.

"I hope the Committee on Forest of the Commission of Conservation
will soon accomplish its first assigned task, namely, to report on the
methods of fire fighting and fire prevention, tried and untried, which may
help to solve this all important problem. I also hope the Convention will
take up this subject, as well as the question of stocktaking, on which I had
intended to prepare a special contribution."

THE PRESIDENT'S LETTER.

The letter of the President, Mr. Thomas Southworth, was as follows r
"Members of the Canadian Forestry Association: — I desire to express
my sincere regrets that circumstances, which I am unable to personally
control, make it impossible for me to be present at the Convention. I
regret this exceedingly, not alone because of my interest in the work of the
Association, on account of my responsibility as President of the Association
for this year, but also because of my great disappointment at not being able
to visit the City of Fredericton, to which I had been looking forward with
a great deal of pleasure. In spite of my enforced absence, however, I can-
not refrain from taking up the time of the Convention to very briefly men-
tion the present position of the Association.

"On the whole during the year just coming to a close, the Canadian
Forestry Association has made very satisfactory progress. At our annual
meeting, held in Ottawa, in March last, a special committee was appointed
to consider the question of appointing a permanent Secretary, who, for a
reasonable salary, would give his whole time to the work of the Associa-
tion. Upon the recommendations of this committee, your Board of Direc-
tors decided to make such an appointment, and the present very efficient
Secretary, Mr. James Lawler, of Toronto, was secured for the position.
Mr. Lawler was a journalist of repute in Canada, knew conditions well in
the Western country, as well as the East, and was known to me, as having,
in his journalistic work, paid special attention to the subject of forestry.
Since his appointment, he has been very active in looking after the affairs
of the Association; the membership has been considerably increased, and he
has delivered a great many illustrated lectures in different parts of the

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION . H

country, which have been widely noticed by the press, and this, together
with the bulletins sent out by Mr. Jacombe, our Assistant Secretary, in
Ottawa, has served to keep the public well informed as to the forestry sit-
uation in Canada, and to create an interest in the work of our Association.

"The question of discontinuing the publication of the Forestry Journal
was considered by your Executive, and it was decided to continue it tor the
present. Efforts were made to secure arrangements with publishing houses,
by which it could be converted into a monthly journal, but so far we have
not been able to conclude satisfactory arrangements, to make such a pub-
lication financially possible.

"In 1908 the Federal Government inadventently failed to pass the usual
vote to the Association. This was remedied the next session, however, and
$4,000, the usual appropriation for two years, was made for last year. I be-
lieve the estimates for the current year will include the sum of $2,000. The
Government of Ontario likewise omitted this vote from their estimates,
and although the omission was not made good, the usual sum of $300 is
in the estimates for this year, and we hope that the number of the Pro-
vincial Governments assisting in our work will be increased.

"Some progress has been made in the direction of better methods and
although little legislation so far, has followed, I believe that our legisla-
tors are aware of the change of public opinion in this direction, and are
likely to crystallize in legislation and executive action, in the near future,
measures that will tend towards a conservation of our forest wealth, par-
ticularly in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, as well as in the lands
controlled by the Dominion Government, in the West. British Columbia
also, has gone the length of withdrawing all the remaining Crown timber
lands from sale, until the special committee, already appointed for the pur-
pose shall have made in their report suggestions to the Government, on
which to base legislation, regulating the cutting of timber in that Province.
In Quebec, likewise, a very advanced position has been taken by the
Department of Crown Lands, and in Ontario, clear intimation was given by
the Minister of Lands and Forests, to members of this Association, when
meeting in Toronto, that a change in the relationship between' the Govern-
ment and the limit owners was imminent.

"The relations now existing between the Crown and the licensee, or
limit holder (a relationship that has existed for many years, and that was
created under vastly different conditions than obtain to-day), are no doubt
unsatisfactory, and not in the interest of the Province, or possibly, of the
lumberman either, but it is to be hoped that in the change likely to take
place the securing of increased revenue to the Province will not be con-
sidered the main issue in making a change, but rather the adoption of cut-
ting regulations that will look to a perpetuation of the forest and the
lumber business, which, next to agriculture, is the largest industry in
Canada.

"Among the matters that should be the subject of legislation none,
in my opinion, are of more importance than fire protection. Some ad-
vance has been made in the protection of the forests held by the Crown

12 CANADIAN FOEESTET ASSOCIATION.

and by the lumbermen, through the fire ranger system now in vogue, but
in the large areas in process of settlement there is absolutely no attempt
to control the situation, and the fire laws now in force (I refer more par-
ticularly to Ontario, with which I am familiar), are practically of no use
whatever. The provisions in that Act regarding railway locomotives are
quite impracticable, and, consequently, a dead letter. Settlers are allowed
to set out fires for clearing purposes at their own sweet will, frequently with
disastrous results, and the whole Act is largely inoperative and ineffective.
I would suggest the advisability of appointing a special committee of the
Association to consider this question with a view to submitting a proper
Act for the prevention of forest fires, to the various legislative authorities.
Suggestions have been made from time to time, and resolutions passed on
this subject, but it seems to me that if we were to embody our ideas in a
concrete form, such as a suggested Parliamentary Bill, it would receive
consideration.

"The recent creation by the Dominion Government of a Commission
of Conservation is calculated to have a very important effect on the in-
terests we have at heart, and is, I take it, largely an outcome of the agita-
tion carried on so long by this Association.

"I trust the present Convention may be an unqualified success, and that
the action of the Provincial Government in making it possible for the Con-
vention to be held in Fredericton may go far to educate public opinion in
New Brunswick towards the conservation of her forest resources."

ADDRESSES BY REPRESENTATIVE MEN.

Short addresses by representative men, bringing greetings from differ-
ent localities, were then made by: Hon. B. F. Pearson, of Halifax, for
Nova Scotia; Mr. Irvine C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry,
of Harrisburg, Pa., for Pennsylvania; Mr. H. J. P. Good, for the Do-
minion Exhibition, St. John, and Mr. J. M. Macoun, Ottawa, for the Geo-
logical Survey of Canada.

Mr. Pearson dealt with the need for care for the reproduction of the
forest. Mr. Good urged an exhibit of Canadian woods at the St. John
Exhibition, and Mr. Macoun showed how the Geological Survey was
ready to supply Canadians with information concerning the northland
from Labrador to Yukon. Mr. Macoun said the pulpwood question of
New Brunswick was the pulpwood question of Canada. He had resigned
from the Directorate of the Canadian Forestry Association last year in
order to allow the pulp interests to be represented. Not that he supported
them, but he felt they should be represented. Mr. Williams was the only
one to speak at length. A brief of his remarks follows: —

CANADIAN F GEES THY ASSOCIATION. 13,

MR. I. C. WILLIAMS, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY,

PENNSYLVANIA.

No doubt the idea you have in your mind in calling upon me is to have
me say what we are doing in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania to-day owns in
fee upwards of 1,450 square miles of forest lands, of which about 916,000
acres are held for the purpose of economic and scientific forestry. Pur-
chases of land are constantly being made, so that the milllion mark will
soon be reached. The Government gives us an appropriation running over
two years amounting to nearly $500,000. In order to care for this reser-
vation, we have established an academy where young men are educated in
the science and art of forestry, and then are set to work upon these forests
to preserve and develop them. Thirty-three young men to-day, therefore,
are foresters under these1 conditions. In Pennsylvania, as elsewhere, we
have found our great problem is fire. We have tried in various ways to
combat this enemy, and finally the State Government has taken the matter
in hand. At the last session of the Legislature (1909) a forest fire law
was passed, placing this matter wholly in the hands of the Department of
Forestry. A forest fire-warden, a man selected for his efficiency, was
appointed for each of the sixty-seven counties, in some cases more than one,
amounting to nearly one hundred. And as each forest fire-warden will
have three or four assistants stationed at convenient places within his dis-
trict, you can well see that the handling of this force alone is a matter of
no small magnitude. Our idea is to prevent fires, not extinguish them after
they have once begun.

Outgrowing from the Forestry Department is the Health Department.
Several sanatoria have been established in various parts of the reserve
for the treatment of tuberculosis, and while this is incidental to the actual
work, yet it is one of the things the State has to deal with to-day. The
Department of Forestry undertook the problem, and for four years
carried it out succesfully. To-day the State has a standing appropriation
of $1,000,000 for the Health Department, to be used in caring for these
unfortunate people; placing them in the high mountain regions, where they
will be cared for in a proper way under scientific conditions and made well.
The results are very astonishing. Then, another idea is taking hold of
our people. These forestry reservations, while primarily protecting va-
rious economic conditions of the State, are also held as a great playground
for the people. And we invite the people of Pennsylvania and elsewhere
to come out into these reserves and camp, hunt, fish and have the time of
their lives. During the year just passed, our Department issued permits
to over 3,500 people, who went into the forests to camp and rest, to live
close to nature.

Another project is before our people, and that is to take the men and
women who are ill, and put them into the wild, open woods, and there
restore them to health, on the ground that it is cheaper to prevent a man
from being sick and a charge upon the community than it is to care for a
man after he has reached that unfortunate condition. There are great
problems before us, and we are trying along with the other States and the
Canadian Provinces to work out some solutions which will be effective
factors for good. (Applause.)

The reading of papers was then taken up as follows: —

14 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

THE EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE FORESTRY PROBLEM

CECIL C. JONES, M.A., LL.D., CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

The forest problem may be approached in one of two ways, either
through education or through external regulation. We may seek to bring
about proper methods of forest protection and forest conservation through
an educational campaign, designed to promote a proper public appreciation
of our forests from the community standpoint as they affect public finances,
healthful recreation, rainfall, equable climatic conditions and other mat-
ters vital to the general public welfare. We may go further and seek to
lead the private owner of forest lands to an appreciation of the importance
of the forest as a national asset and as an indispensible condition to the
industrial development of the future, so that the legitimate desire for
present profits may be tempered with a care to eliminate wasteful methods
of cutting and such modes of operation as tend to destroy the future pro-
ductiveness, if not the future existence, of the forest under his control. On
the other hand, we may impose legal restrictions as to the cutting and the
shipment of timber, and so seek to accomplish our end by legislative regu-
lation.

My purpose is to emphasize the importance of the educational method,
not as opposed necessarily to restrictive legislative enactments, but as the
basal feature of the whole forestry agitation, and one which has neces-
sarily a large place in the functions of this Association. Restrictive meas-
ures can only be effective as they are backed up by sound, intelligent pub-
lic opinion.

A scientific treatment of the subject of forestry is of much more im-
portance than is the case in the allied subjects, even agriculture and horti-
culture. "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again," is a questionable
rule in forestry circles. The decades, or even centuries, required to ob-
serve final results of operations or methods is not consistent with learning
the way to success by repeated failure and experiment. Hence it becomes
important to learri the history of the development of the science and the
practice in the older countries. We ought, so far as possible, to familiar-
ize ourselves with their methods and adopt those which give promise of
being at all suited to the improvement of conditions in our own country.
Even at the best, the time required to reap material benefits from im-
proved methods is very great, but the initiation of movements which will
perhaps be of little material advantage to us, but which will doubtless
prove of the utmost value to those who come after us, as well as an un-
doubted strengthening of our future national life, is, to say the least, moral
and intellectual training of a very high order.

In considering the trend which educational effort in Canada should
take, it is wise, therefore, to familiarize ourselves so far as possible with
general educational movements elsewhere. In most European countries
the training of the forester was at first largely from the point of view of
the huntsman and protector of game. When in Germany in the eighteenth
century the threatened scarcity of timber made the need for scientific

CANADIAN FORESTS? ASSOCIATION . \ 5

knowledge of forestry conditions important, young men seeking proper
qualifications for forestry work became apprenticed to such forest mana-
gers as had acquired a local reputation for forest knowledge and good for-
est management. In this way a number of one man forest schools grew
up in various parts of the country. Later, some of this work was done at
the Universities under the direction of the State, notably at the University
of Berlin. Considerable work was also done at many of the Universities
in conection with Chairs of Political Economy. Forestry publications be-
came quite numerous, even at this time — the eighteenth century — the works
being of little scientific value, but serving to show the awakening of popular
interest in the question and the appreciation of the importance of a gen-
eral diffusion of knowledge regarding forestry matters.

During the nineteenth century Germany continued to make rapid ad-
vance in forestry education. The private schools and the chairs of for-
estry at the Universities were continued. The first good school of an ad-
vanced character was established as a state institution in connection with
the University of Berlin. This school was afterwards removed to a forest
region at Neustadt-Eberswald, and has grown to much importance. Sax-
ony has a large, state-supported school of forestry and agriculture com-
bined. In Bavaria an extended controversy took place as to the respec-
tive merits of a special forest faculty at the University and a separate for-
est school. In this instance a special faculty was added to the University
of Munich, and this policy seems to be the present tendency throughout the
empire. The improved facilities for travel have removed the chief objec-
tion to the University plan, namely, the distance of the Universities from
the productive forests. Outside of the Universities there are numerous
schools for the education of the lower class of forest officials. And, in
addition to the schools, experiment stations have been established for the
investigation of forest management, methods of thinning and forest me-
teorology. There are several forestry associations — conducted, however,
not so much as instruments for the awakening of public opinion, as for
the presentation of technical papers and the discussion of scientific forestry
topics. There is also a very extensive literature dealing with forestry
matters. An annual summary of magazine literature is likewise published.

In Austria, forest education is quite as prominent as in Germany. A
considerable part of the Austrian forest is in the hands of large private
owners. For this reason the first schools were private ones, established on
the properties of these owners. In 1800 two schools were established, one
in Bohemia and one in Moravia. In 1805 the first state institution was
established. This now forms a part of the large institution for agriculture
and forestry at Vienna. This school has had an attendance since 1875 °f
over 3,000 students in forestry alone. There are also several forest
schools for the education of the lower grades of foresters, and minor
schools for the education of forest guards or rangers. Forest experiment
stations have been established as in Germany, and an extensive and val-
uable forest literature has grown up. Due perhaps to the large number of
private owners, forest associations in Austria are numerous and active.
Where such do not exist separately, they form departments of associations
for the promotion of both agriculture and forestry, under the general term
of soil culture.

16

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Among the distinctive features of forestry education in Switzerland are
the splendid courses for the higher class of forestry officials maintained
by the Federal Government at Zurich. There is in connection a splendidly
equipped experiment station, with substations. Schools for the lower
grade of officials are maintained by the separate Cantons. The Swiss
Forestry Association has been especially active in promoting legislation
and in advancing the science generally.

In France forestry development was much slower than in Germany.
A forest school after German methods was established at Nancy in 1825.
Its German tendencies led to much friction between the directors of the
school and the officials of the forest service. Its influence upon forestry
practice and literature has not been at all commensurate with that of the
German schools.

Forestry education began in Russia with the importation of trained
foresters from Germany, to whom aspirants to positions in the forest
service were apprenticed. Owing to the necessity of maintaining a supply
of good timber for ship building a course in forestry was, in 1800, estab-
lished at the Naval Academy, and almost immediately after several sep-
arate schools were established, which were later combined as the Forest
Institute at St. Petersburg. There is now a second school near Warsaw,
and several chairs of forestry in connection with technical schools. A
large number of secondary forestry schools have also been established.
These, situated in forest districts, are largely supported by the state and
attended by a maximum number of ten or twenty students, who receive
tuition free. Experimental stations have been established by the Depart-
ment of Crown Lands. Several good forest journals are in existence. In
addition to associations which exist for the encouragement of silviculture,
there are several professional associations and several societies for the en-
couragement of tree planting on the steppes.

A very liberal educational policy exists in Sweden. The first school
was a private one, founded by Israel Adolf, as a result of extensive travels
in Germany. Through his advocacy the state Forestry Institute was
founded at Stockholm. In this institution tuition is free and four consid-
erable scholarships are awarded annually. The attendance is limited to
thirty. There are also six forest schools of lower grade, each having one
teacher with assistants. These prepare for the under positions in the serv-
ice. A considerable number of graduates become managers of private
forests. Experiment stations, forestry associations, and forestry journals
have recently been established. A few years ago a lumberman's trust
was formed with the object of limiting the cut. This object has to some
extent been attained and a general impetus to forestry matters is now mani-
festing itself.

Italy has a state-supported forest school, besides chairs of forestry in
several agricultural schools. Arbor Day was introduced in 1900. ' In
1904 Spain made Arbor Day a national holiday, and gave premiums for
planations made on that day.

THE PROVINCIAL PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, FREDERICTON, N.B.

THE PROVINCIAL PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, FREDERICTON, N.B.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. \*J

Great Britain has, up to the present, been almost without a forest pol-
icy. This has been due in part to the racial characteristics of the people,
with their strong leaning toward conservatism, in part to the naval suprem-
acy, in consequence of which it is assumed that all wants may be supplied
by importation. Owing also to the insular position and general topo-
graphy, the weather is little influenced by the absence of forest covering.
The people, it is true, are noted lor their tree-planing, but the planting is
done mainly to furnish parks and cover for game. Planting for timber
has often been proposed, but with little practical results. Over a century
ago Admiral Nelson advocated plantations of oak, to furnish the timber
required in ship-building. Where, however, the greater part of the so-
called forest is in the hands of the nobility, who derive a considerable
revenue by renting it for game purposes, there is little incentive to real for-
estry progress.

From the educational standpoint the situation is peculiar. While abso-
lutely indifferent to her own forest production, the need of trained forest-
ers for the Indian Service was some time ago forced upon the attention of
the Government. To prepare men for this service a chair of forestry was,
in 1884, established at the Royal Engineering College, Cooper's Hill.
Now a considerable agitation for forest reform in Britain itself is led by
foresters who have returned from the Indian Service. A chair of forestry
has been established by private subscription at Edinburgh University.
Cirencester College and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge have
made provision for instruction in forestry. In 1905 the Cooper's Hill De-
partment was removed to Oxford, and a three years' course is given, one
year being spent in the forests of Germany or elsewhere. The object of
the course is largely that of preparation for the Indian Forest Service.
There are in Great Britain two arboricultural societies, the Royal Scotch
and the Royal English, the latter publishing a quarterly journal of forestry.

Reference has been made to the progressive forest policy which Britain
has adopted in India. That country now possesses one of the most cele-
brated forest departments in the world. The primary cause of the keen
interest in the Indian forest was the necessity for the preservation of the
valuable teak forests which supplied material for ship building. The carry-
ing out of this policy of conservation was intrusted to a German forester,
Dietrich (now Sir Dietrich) Brandis, who was given extensive powers for
the carrying out of this object. He began by forcing the lumbermen to
make contracts and by marking the trees to be cut, so as to limit the size.
This initial policy was carried out with a good deal of friction, but was so
satisfactory on the whole that the central government intruste~cl Brandis
with the organization of a department to cover the whole of India. Grad-
ually the regulations of this central department were adopted by province
after province, until the whole country came more or less under its juris-
diction. This was accomplished with almost an infinite amount of trouble,
involving continuous readjustments of rights between the central board and
the individual provinces. That the general policy is well justified is seen
from the fact that the forest revenue has increased ten or twelve fold as a
result of its operation. It is unnecessary to add that the expenditure has
also largely increased, but latterly not in the same proportion. The gross

}g CANADIAN FOBESTBY ASSOCIATION.

revenue is now in the vincity of $9,000,000, and the net revenue, $4,000,-
ooo. There are about 200 officers in the controlling staff — conservators,
deputy conservators, ,and assistant conservators. About 80 per cent, of
these were trained at Cooper's Hill and Oxford. There are some four
hundred rangers and twelve hundred deputy rangers or foresters, trained
for the most part at the local institution at Dehra Dun. The 8,500 addi-
tional guards are largely recruited from the better class of natives. The
school at Dehra Dun was founded in 1878, the forests between the Jumna
and Ganges being set aside for training purposes. In 1884 the school
came under the control of the Imperial Government of India. The pro-
gressive policy pursued in India has not been without its influence on the
other parts of the Empire, and might well bear further investigation with
a view to adaptation to conditions in Canada.

In the United States the forestry movements have, like our own, been
very much dependent upon European initiative. Of recent years, the
Federal Government of the United States has been exceedingly active in
experimental work and in the publication of many valuable bulletins deal-
ing with many aspects of the forestry question. In many ways the Ameri-
can research methods manifest an independence of initiative and complete-
ness of detail which mark the American school as an exceedingly progres-
sive one, but one in no sense independent of European influence. Nearly
a score of forestry schools have been established, ranging from the two
years' post-graduate work of the larger universities to the short courses
for forest rangers in several of the western colleges.

We have made a very rapid survey of some of the principal aspects
of forestry education as carried on in other countries. It will be seen that
most of the important educational methods have already been introduced
into Canada. These may be classified under the following general divi-
sions: i. Movements for the dissemination of general information and
for the direction of public sentiment in forestry matters. 2. Institutions
for technical discussion and the presentation of the results of research.
3. Institutions for the education of young men in the profession of for-
estry. 4. Elementary education in the public schools.

i. In developing public sentiment in Canada much has been done
through the instrumentality of the Canadian Forestry Association. The
formation of such associations has become a recognized method of stimu-
lating public interest in new movements and for the development of pro-
gressive ideas. We have seen that, with the exception of Germany, where
forestry ideas are already far advanced, every country with a definite forest
policy has one or more forestry associations of this general character.
The rapid development of the forestry movement in Canada is a tribute to
the effectiveness of our general Association. The unity manifested with
regard to the different activities of the Association has given it a powerful
influence in the promotion of a sound public policy. If one might venture
on a bit of mild criticism it would be to the effect that some of our recom-
mendations are scarcely definite enough. For example, we are all agreed
as to the importance of protection from fire. Could we not, through a
committee of expert members of this Association, carry through a system-
atic investigation of the forest laws of other countries, as well as those

CANADIAN FOBESTEY ASSOCIATION. 19

of the different Provinces of Canada, and having arrived at an intelligent
understanding of the whole situation, formulate a definite scheme for fire
protection which could be presented to the Governments of the different
Provinces, and which would, no doubt, be assured of general adoption by
them. There is little doubt as to the willingness of our Legislatures to
act in such matters if there is a satisfactory assurance that the action is the
best possible and in the general public interest.

2. Technical associations for the presentation of research papers
exist in Germany, but are scarcely feasible in Canada at the present state
of advance in forest policy. Such conferences of forestry teachers as that
recently organized by Dr. Pinchot at Washington show a movement in
this direction. Our teachers can doubtless act with those of the United
States in promoting such conferences. This is doubtless the first step in
the formation of such technical associations as exist in Germany. In
Canada some general technical work is being carried on in connection with
the forest reserves. The name "Reserve" should not imply that such areas
are entirely reserved to the extent that cutting thereon is prohibited. To
bury our treasure is not to use it economically, but to wantonly misuse it.
These reserves should be experiment stations where, under expert super-
vision, extensive researches in silviculture and forest management would
be carried on. This to some extent is already being done, but there is
need that it can be done on a much larger and broader scale. For example,
regulations regarding the disposal of waste material in such a way as to
prevent fires and to favor reproduction should first be worked out care-
fully at some experiment station under government supervision. Such regu-
lations should then be made as general as thorough investigation has shown
to be entirely practicable. Other fields of investigation readily suggest
themselves. The preservation of timber in exposed situations — bridges,
trestles, railway ties — is an exceedingly important subject from the Cana-
dian standpoint. So also the influence of the forests on climate, methods
of preventing the depredations of injurious insects, etc. These questions
should be all thoroughly investigated experimentally under the direction of
some central authority, say the Dominion Forestry Branch at Ottawa.

3. Canada has made a fair begining in the training of young men for
forestry service. In 1907 the University of Toronto organized a Depart-
ment of Forestry under the headship of Dr. B. E. Fernow, one of the most
eminent students of forestry on this continent. In 1908, a Professorship ot
Forestry was established at the University of New Brunswick. I believe
that both of these institutions are doing good work in their respective
fields and will exercise no doubt a considerable influence on the forest
policy of the future. So far in Canada there has been no separate school
of forestry, the beginning being made as in most countries bv the establish-
ment of University Departments. We saw in passing that the relative
merits of these two plans have been well argued in Germany and else-
where, with the preponderance of opinion more or less in favor of the
University. The arguments in favor of University affiliation are, among
other things, the advantage of mutual association among .men looking
toward different professions and pursuing different courses of study, the
tendency toward better prepared and more mature men, better equipped

20 CANADIAN F OEESTEY ASSOCIATION .

teachers In other than special forestry subjects, and the larger number of
courses in general science available at the University. The objections
raised have been the prejudice of the students in the older courses against
the new men — an argument which in practice has almost universally
operated the other way — and the usual absence in University centres of an
easily accessible forest for demonstration purposes. The University oi
New Brunswick is fortunate, at least, in having near at hand a forest of
considerable extent owned by the University and subject to whatever im-
provement in conditions the Forestry Faculty may bring about.

4. The public schools may no doubt do much toward creating in the
minds of the young a proper attitude toward matters pertaining to for-
estry. Within a very short time, however, I have heard business men,
agriculturists, social and political reformers, promoters of public health,
advocates of military training and even religious teachers advocate instruc-
tion in the public schools as the one sure way to bring about better condi-
itons in the lines of activity in which they were especially interested. It
is certainly a splendid tribute to the power of the public school, but. in
view of the fact that there is in some quarters a feeling that the schools
fail to do well the things now being attempted, it would be very unwise to
urge that another subject of study be imposed upon the already over-
crowded curriculum.

Without the introduction of a new subject, something may be accom-
plished through the medium of the present system of Nature Study lessons.
During the winter months, when other forms of nature study are not read-
ily available, the study of trees should furnish a most interesting topic.
Pupils should be able to distinguish the common trees and woods. They
should be able to find out regarding their methods of growth and means
of reproduction.

Special attention should be paid to the asthetic value of the individual
tree and of groups of trees. The value of tree-planting as a means of
beautifying the home and rendering attractive the country roadsides should
be dwelt upon. Older pupils might be led to see the effect which the cut-
ting away of the forests has upon the drying up of the streams and upon the
washing away of the soil from exposed hillsides. Then, having developed
an appreciation of the beauty and utility ot the forest, the necessity for
precaution against fire as the great foe of the forest should be inculcated.
Methods of fire-fighting might to some extent be detailed. By h'aving the
children report the origin of fires in the district, an efficient corps of fire
guards might be called into requisition without expense or delay. It would,
I think, be worth while for the Forestry Branch or a committee of this
Association to prepare a small pamphlet, giving the leading elementary
facts which might be brought out in such lessons and distribute the same to
teachers in the country schools. To have the growing generation on the
side of forest protection and forest appreciation would be worth a consid-
erable effort.

In conclusion, I am sure that we may fairly congratulate ourselves on
the satisfactory progress of this great national movement — a progress
which in a brief space of time has given Canada a place among the coun-
tries possessing a well-defined forest policy, backed up by sound, intelligent
public opinion.

CANADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION. 21

THE FORESTRY COURSE IN A LUMBERING REGION.

R. B. MILLER, M.F., PROFESSOR OF FORESTRY, UNIVERSITY OF

NEW BRUNSWICK.

During the Christmas vacation I had the privilege of attending a con-
ference on forestry education in Washington. According to Mr. Pinchot,
who called us together at the suggestion of Professor Roth, of the Uni-
versity of Michigan, it was the most notable gathering he had ever at-
tended. Professors from the different schools in the United States and
Canada met rather informally with a few members of the Forest Service, to
talk over forestry instruction. As the great majority of graduates in the
United States enter the Forest Service, it was really a little talk between
producer and consumer. The outcome will be a permanent association of
schools and the formulating of standards of forestry education.

Less than twenty-five in number, these men represented widely varying
forest conditions, from the Pacific slope to Maine, through the Rocky
Mountains, Lake States, prairie, central wood-lot and New England re-
gions, as well as central and eastern Canada. The courses offered in the
schools were of all grades, from the ranger school of the west, held in
tents for three months of the year and with the forest at its backdoor, to
the graduate school in the city, with its six year course, University con-
nections and unlimited equipment. Yet, with all this diversity, it was re-
markable to see how unanimous was the opinion on certain points under
discussion and how each seemed to be working out a course best adapted
to his peculiar conditions.

Much was said about the proper location, endowment, course of study
and equipment of the forestry school, and whether the city bred youth or
the farmer boy made the best forester. The final consensus of opinion was
that it was largely a matter of personality, and that you could not always
put your finger on the elements of success.

One of the most interesting and suggestive papers, to one from a lum-
bering region, was that of Professor R. T. Fisher, of the Harvard Grad-
uate School. Believing that lumbering and forestry are in a sense one, be-
cause lumbering is the machinery through which forestry works, he has
organized a lumbering operation of his own, involving about three hun-
dred thousand board feet, on a demonstration forest of two thousand
acres belonging to the University. By having the students carry on the
work of lumbering under proper forestry regulations, he combines a high
degree of intensive forestry with a regular logging job, typical of that
region. He tries to reduce lumbering to a science, developing the subject
in a practical, logical way. On this tract, under a woods-boss paid by
the school, the students live from September to December first, doing the
actual woods work in all its various phases. They work with the chopping,
road building and other crews, and, in addition, carry on scientific inves-
tigations, such as studying the waste due to high stumps and other sources.
They learn to lead a rough life, to know all the important points in woods
work, and at the end present a well-arranged report on the whole opera-

22 CANADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION.

«;il This s his plan, and as we iearn anything by
it se± to™': ;erhy' pr^ct^al one-the best adaption to
his conditions.

We have made this brief reference to the way in which the problem of
training men Tor practical lumbering has been worked out in a graduate

"oUfforestry such as Harvard, because it is rich in suggestion to us. We
S^^SS* * course in forestry in a country where lumbering
?s the leading industry, and one from which not only the private individual
and corporation, but the Province also, derives a very large revenue. Couple
with thTs a suggestion, and the only one offered at the conference, m regard
To this plan-L/ it might be better if the students took pan in an actual
lumbering operation-^ some conception or the possibilities presented
to the teacher of forestry here will strike you as forcibly as it did me. 1 o
show you how it could be worked out is the purpose of this paper, and the
plan will unfold itself as I proceed.

First, some information as to the undergraduate course of four years
in Forestry offered in the University of New Brunswick may be in order.
We believe the affiliation of such a course with a school of Engineering
possesses certain advantages. First, because Forestry is a branch of Engi-
neering, and, secondly, the Engineering student has a peculiar aptitude for
it through his training of eye and hand, which it may talTe the Arts man
some time to acquire.

In the first two years the Engineering student lays the foundation in
surveying, drafting, etc., and receives in addition some elementary training
in Botany and Forest Botany, with perhaps some of the first principles of
Forestry. This Botany work is done in the Forestry Department, Because,
as was brought out at this conference by Professor Green, of the University
of Minnesota, Botany and also Entomology should be taught from the
forester's standpoint. In the Junior year come the usual Forestry subjects,
Silviculture, Dendrology, Forest Mensuration, etc., and those methods of
topographic surveying adapted to woods work. A course in seeding and
planting is given in the spring to illustrate the methods, but as planting in
New Brunswick is not a commercial proposition, this subject can receive
less attention than in prairie regions.

With lumbering the leading industry, as we have said, we believe a
good deal of stress should be laid upon this subject in the Senior year, and
upon utilization, or the uses of wood products. In this subject, as in all
others, much work must be done in the forest — as some one has well
termed it, "the Forester's .laboratory" — and our opportunities in this re-
spect are almost unexcelled. Just back of the University we have a woods
of 3,000 acres, badly culled it is true, but reached in a few minutes for
estimatmg, running lines, making forest descriptions, and studying the
Our position in this respect is somewhat like that
mger school of the west, where the instructor can give a lesson in
ulture. and m fifteen minutes be in the woods with his students illus-
trating it.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 23

While this might be used as a demonstration forest for lumbering, we
have something better than this-*— the real lumber camps, with bosses
always ready to give students information for lumber reports. So far this
has been secured by short visits- to camps, but next year, perhaps, if the
offer of the Miramichi Lumber Company is still open, we may give our
students the chance to study lumbering at first hand, with j:he woods boss
as the stage manager, and the students as the main actors. We have all the
stage setting, including green background, real snow, deacon seat, red-hot
stove and live lumber-jacks for as nice a little sylvan play of three months
in a lumber camp as was ever staged. This will give us an immense advan-
tage over the school located in the city, which must plan long and expensive
trips for the Seniors to study lumbering. Here, these operations can be
looked up in order, from felling to driving, at little expense, during the
Christmas and Easter vacations. The driving is done, in ordinary seasons,
about May ist, and would require a short trip to some of the nearest
operations.

There are also located at Fredericton the booms of the St. John River
Log Driving Company, through which pass each year on their way to the
mills over one hundred and fifty million feet of logs belonging to different
owners. The separation and disposal of these logs is an immense business
in itself. This affords the best opportunity in the spring for studying the
work and cost of scaling, booming, rafting and towing logs; while the mills
at Fredericton and St. John give the student a chance to see saw-mill ma-
chinery in operation and learn the cost of equipment, labor and finished
products.

In some parts of the Province, as on the Miramichi and elsewhere, an
idea can be obtained of the export trade in various lines, such as deals,
shingles and lath, and a comparison made of market relations. The stu-
dents are required to make a report on all these points covered, according
to a definite outline furnished them. After proper corrections and sugges-
tions have been made, all of this data will be gathered together to form a
thesis which this year will be submitted by Seniors in Forestry in competi-
tion for the Fredericton Gold Medal. This thesis will not only systema-
tize and fix in mind the various operations studied, but, it is hoped, will be
a valuable contribution to the knowledge of lumbering in the Province.

A course is given in technology, in which the student gains a knowledge
of the structure of wood, sees how this is related to seasoning, durability,
and strength learns to identify the main commercial species. The minor
industries also, in which New Brunswick abounds, receive special atten-
tion. xAs far as possible the students will be given a chance to visit and
study rossing, pulp and paper mills, extract and wood distillation plants, etc.
This requires considerable knowledge of the chemical properties of wood
and opens up a large field of investigation. Managers of such plants can
assist us greatly by sending us samples of such products in different stages
of their manufacture, since all this is part of the Forester's knowledge and
training. If, as Professor Fisher says, "Successful lumbering to-day con-
sists in good organization and small economies," then, as prices increase,
the study of wood utilization will demand increasing attention.

24

CANADIAN VOEESTRY ASSOCIATION.

This will give some idea of the scope of the subject of lumbering and
related industries, and will show how a practical course in this important
branch of forestry may be developed here in our own Province. But it is
not the only one, and in the conference on education the necessity of a
thorough training in technical forestry along with the work in lumbering
was very strongly emphasized.

No small part of our course we hope to be the work of the Forestry
Club, composed of students of the Department. It secures speakers on
lumbering and related subjects, and many of these talks, such as that given
last year by Mr. Charles E. Oak, of the Miramichi Lumber Company,
have been very helpful. One of the questions discussed at Washington was
how to weed out students who were not fitted for forestry, or had entered it
with false impressions. If any teacher wishes to try a little experiment in
painless extraction of indifferent or misfit students, I would strongly advise
that he have Mr. Oak come and give the students a talk. One application
is sufficient and will keep the ambulance busy picking up those who have
fallen by the wayside. I still hear of students lost to my Department and
Forestry, thanks to Mr. Oak's talk on the advantages of the profession as
a muscle builder. Such students need a vigorous thinning early in the
course, and I am happy to say that, although our number is small, we have
no room for this class. All are zealous in their work, and in so far as we
can implant it, imbued with the idea that in Forestry there must be much
of self-sacrifice and hardship. This idea will, I believe, do much to prevent
the over-crowding of the profession, which some of the educators seem to
fear.

What attention should be given to cruising and estimating as part of

the course in a lumbering region? In an article in the last Forestry Quar-

terly, "Why American Foresters Are Poorly Trained," a professor makes

this statement: "The employment of a forester by a lumber company for

the better cruising of its timber is an insult to the profession and a disgrace

to the man who continues to hold such a position and contents himself with

such work." What more legitimate and honorable work is there for the

forester in this Province than the cruising of timber and the making of ac-

curate maps of forest property? With the rise in stumpage prices and the

-increasing demand for timber lands from outside parties, lumbermen

mng that they must have more accurate maps and estimates ot

lings, and if the forester is not the proper person to undertake this

It is just as much a part of it as other more theoretical

; and the fact that Austin Gary and others have done cruising and

for lumber companies is evidence enough that this statement

wrong. Have men of his type, by seeking to give us more accurate

i of cruising and mapping, lowered in the least the dignity of the

s sum? On the other hand have they not done much more to advance

ie who, overstocked with dignity, was trying to make vield tables,

Prov nfm .TV"8 Pkn? f°r Which We are "ot «adv in

ce, and may not be for years?

PpFt °-f the.Foreste<-'s training, and one which cannot be
Province in my opinion, is this very matter of cruising
Because of the demand for such work by lumbermen, and

CANADIAN FOBESTET ASSOCIATION. 25

the part it may play in making a forest survey of the Crown Lands of the
Province, instruction in these subjects should even take precedence over
some of the studies classed as purely theoretical. I believe in the latter
as strongly as anyone, but we cannot let the young Forester fail because he
does not know the practical things. In addition to cruising and making
topographic maps, the student should also be able to "ride, pack and shoot,
and cook over an open fire." As one man from the Forest Service who had
experience in handling "tenderfeet" in the west expressed it, "they should
be able to take care of themselves in the woods without a dry nurse." To
meet this demand for practical training some of the larger schools are put-
ting in construction 'courses in the making of roads, trails, and telephone
lines, and are having expert packers come and give demonstrations in pack-
ing a camping outfit for the trail. Here, in this Province, with our excel-
lent guides, it would be easy to give similar training to our students.

According to Professor Graves, of Yale, there is a danger that in our
anxiety to prepare men for practical work in the subjects mentioned we
restrict it to just what they need to-day in order to hold a position. In his
opinion we are not training men for the present at all, but for ten years
from to-day. While the crying need may be for men to do cruising and
mapping, the training must be broader than that in all forestry subjects,
especially in Silviculture, upon which the whole science of Forestry rests.
This knowledge only comes from a careful study of the* needs and repro-
duction of species and is the part which the lumberman is apt to overlook.
It was the general opinion of the conference that in preparing men for
lumbering, we should leave out very little of the regular Forestry course,
and in no case lose sight of Silviculture.

To secure the proper balance between these two things — what the men
need now and what they will need ten years hence — this is the problem
which confronts one trying to build up a Forestry course in a lumbering
region like New Brunswick. And upon its proper solution depends not
only his success or failure and that of his students, but, in a degree, the
cause which he represents. Lumbermen, practical men such as are gath-
ered here at this Convention, will ask the Forester, "What equivalent can
you render for the salary you receive?" In the light of this question, the
teacher who has presented nothing but theories of forestry, no matter how
beautiful they may have been or how finely illustrated, naturally fails in
his mission to the present, while the man who taught less Silviculture and
more Lumbering may succeed — an obvious injustice so far as the principles
of true Forestry are concerned. We will not attempt to answer the ques-
tion, as each must work it out for himself in his own way. We would re-
mind you, however, that the most notable examples of those who have
made the greatest success — which is not always what the world counts suc-
cess— are those who have had "the long distance vision," and have
wrought, not selfishly for themselves, but for the good of future genera-
tions. To them, after all, we owe whatever advancement has come in
Forestry or other reforms.

96 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

FORESTRY IN NOVA SCOTIA.

F. C. WHITMAN, PRESIDENT LUMBERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF WESTERN

NOVA SCOTIA.

Owing to the lavish display of indigenous trees in the Province oi
Nova Scotia and the very low values of wood, no thought was ever given
to the conservation of the forests during the early settlement of the coun-
try. But, settlers from England, Scotland, the New England States, and
other countries, who came to make homes in a wilderness, after erecting
residences and clearing away the dense growth of native trees, imported
and planted either seeds or trees of English oak, Scotch larch, or pine
American elms, and, in many instances, surrounded their plantations with
hedges. Not long ago I was surprised to find a large and beautiful English
walnut tree in bearing, growing on the banks of the Annapolis Basin. In
Annapolis Royal former residents have standing monuments of stately
elms, oaks and other trees, that make the present town beautiful, and it is
too often noted with regret that a change of ownership brings destruc-
tion to many a tree that has been a landmark for over a hundred years.
There are villages and towns in the Province whose claim to beauty is
owing to the trees so thoughtfully set out in earlier years.

The forestry problem of to-day, however, seems to be commercial and
not aesthetic. We can hardly blame the lumbermen and hewers of wood
who in days gone by chopped a precarious living out of virgin forest
without a thought of conservation. Just think for a moment what it meant
with the limited appliances of fifty years ago to operate in the woods, and
get out pine lumber that sold for $9 or less per thousand feet, or spruce at
$6 per thousand feet. The pay was not all cash, a little money and the
rest molasses and flour (flour costing $12 per barrel). Between that time
and up to a few years ago, no matter how valuable in timber the forest
acreage might be, I believe no bank would advance money on the security
of such property. Consequently, operators had to furnish personal se-
curity for their advances, and endeavor to make the quickest possible turn-
over of the logs into money. It was a case of needs must when the devil
drives; and the fores.t suffered. The best was taken, the waste was enor-
mous, and forest fires made a clean sweep of anything that was left.

There was a time in Nova Scotia when people were rather proud of
the pall of smoke. It indicated that lumbering had been active and fire and
smoke were taken to be only the natural results of the operation. Not-
withstanding what has just been said, 1 believe lumbermen, at least the
lumbermen of Nova Scotia, are the best people to carry out a policy of
conservation under proper Government regulations. When it comes (and
I believe it has come) to be a commercial proposition, the men who own
timber and manufacture lumber, and have a practical knowledge of the
varying conditions, will prove to be the best foresters.

The Lumbermen's Association of Western Nova Scotia and the Gov-

iment have been endeavoring to come together on a basis of mutual

ing, to devise plans and adopt methods that will perpetuate

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 27

forest growth on both Crown lands and private holdings, and eventually
place staple values on every acre of soil that is conceded to be forest or
woodland. I want to emphasise this assertion, that large holders or com-
panies in endeavoring to protect their property or to increase the value of
the forest will, at the same time, increase the value of the small holdings of
timber lands, and materially add to the value of farms and estates where
wood lots are part of the property. It has been the policy of the Nova
Scotia manufacturers to buy standing timber or logs whenever offered,
and there is an assured market in the future that warrants anyone in mak-
ing a business of growing timber, or I had better put it, letting trees grow
until they are fit for market. I am of the opinion that the solution of the
question of how to perpetuate the forest can be brought about by fixing
values that canont be controverted. When this has been done, if only
partly, it will establish a credit that will not force a lumberman to sacrifice
timber. It so happens that to fix a value on 1,000 acres of spruce land,
will make that value applicable to any part of Nova Scotia. No values can
be fixed, however, if the title to the land or timber is uncertain, if there is
a fire menace, or a danger of destruction by flood; because ownership un-
der these conditions would be very insecure, and be sure to lead to destruc-
tive cutting of the timber.

There is, I believe, a large amount of woodland for which present
owners have no further use, and so long as it remains in private hands it
will be nothing more than waste land. It would seem to me good policy on
the part of the State, and by the State I mean Provincial Governments; to
set a value on such land, so that it could be acquired by the State, and in
time it would become valuable timber land.

In the matter of leaseholds, I submit what might appear to be a radical
proposition, and that is, when the State leases timber lands, whether for
a year or twenty years, the lease should carry with it an insurance against
fire. The basis of the proposition is, that in the first place it would mate-
rially enhance the value of the leasehold, both to the State and the lessee;
secondly, the property would be placed in better financial standing, and that
it would tend to conserve the cutting of timber; and, thirdly, with effective
fire laws and a proper fire ranging system, the State can well afford to
take the risk. I might add that many lessees under present conditions can-
not.

We need in Nova Scotia an accurate survey of both Crown and private
lands, so that all the land that has been granted can be defined and prop-
erly segregated from the remaining Crown Lands.

I would like to say a few words on what is being done in this Province
to preserve the forest. About six years ago, by the co-operation of the Gov-
ernment and the Lumbermen's Association of Western Nova Scotia, the
Act for the Protection of Woods Against Fires was put in force. The
system adopted has proved very beneficial and has the support of the
people. I was told by leading men of the Province that the proposition to
prevent forest fires or to fight them was chimerical, and that the destruc-
tion was inevitable. The matter is so well in hand to-day that buyers have
confidence in investing their money in forest land on which commercial tim-

CANADIAN FOEESTET ASSOCIATION.
— o

her will not be available for twenty or thirty years, and they are relying
S^n the te ranger system to protect the grow.ng tree,. Such ^.nvest-

be sufficient pasturage for the cattle.

NOVA SCOTIA FOREST SURVEY.

There is under way a forest survey of the Province. I quote from the
Canadian Forestry Journal of last December:—

"The forest survey, or, rather, 'reconnaissance,' of the Province
of Nova Scotia was proceeded with during the past summer, and
satisfactory progress was made, those counties west of Hants being
covered. Dr. Fernow and his four assistants succeeded in covering
a total of about 8,500 square miles in this first season of the work,
which will take another season to complete.

"Cost, Object and Methods. — The low cost of the survey is a
point especially noteworthy, the expenditure per square mile averag-
ing less than twenty cents. A high degree of accuracy was not aimed
at, the object of the survey being rather to furnish approximately
correct information regarding the character, extent, and condition
of the Province's reserves. Such information, it must be observed,
even though but approximately correct, is vastly more reliable than
the haphazard guesses that have up to now been the expression of
our knowledge of the extent and value of Canadian woodlands.

"Five men were engaged in the survey, and each was left largely
to himself, a certain territory being assigned him to cover by what-
ever means should seem best to him. In making investigation as to
the timber, etc., personal inspection of the woodlands was supple-
mented by interviews with persons in each locality who knew the
condition of certain parcels of timber. Much valuable information
was obtained in this way, the lumbermen especially being very gener-
ous in giving information.

"The survey plats of the Crown Lands Department, on the scale
of two miles to the inch, were used as the basis of recording the for-
est survey. These were found only fairly satisfactory. Owing to
the fact that no system of triangulation has been established, difficulty
was found in tying new surveys to definitely located points. More-
over, the surveyors in the field frequently made mistakes, such as
locating the boundaries of a one hundred acre grant of land to en-
close an area of eight hundred acres. It was indeed often found
difficult to locate Crown lands at all, and much land shown on the
maps as the property of the Province did not exist.

Points Noted. — The information gathered was as far as pos-
sible plotted on the maps in the field, colored pencils being used: num-
bers and letters were used to denote different conditions. From these

CANADIAN FOEE ST-RY ASSOCIATION. 29

the information will be compiled and maps made on a smaller scale
for publication. Points usually ascertained were : ( I ) The compo-
sition or type of forests. (2) The degree of culling. (3) The ex-
tent of burned areas. (4) The condition of reproduction. ($) The
character of the barrens, the meadow lands, and the farm areas
within the timber country.

"The forest land was divided into three classes: (i) Severely
culled. (2) Partially culled — where only from one-third to one-
half of the timber had been removed. (3) Virgin. Reproduction of
conifers was noted as good, medium, and poor.

"As regard the composition of the forest, three types were recog-
nized, namely: (i) Pure hard woods. (2) Pure conifers.
(3) Mixed hardwoods and conifers. A mixture of twenty-five per
cent, of either hardwoods or conifers was necessary to constitute the
last-named type. Provision was made for a further sub-division of
the areas into sub-types by recording the other species met with on
any tract in the order of the frequency of their occurrence.

"The original idea of securing information regarding soil con-
ditions proved too troublesome to be carried out. In the timber
country (generally speaking) not ten per cent, of the area is fit for
farming. In some districts, however, meadow lands can undoubtedly
be extended by the reclamation of marshes, bogs, and swamps.

"The Future of the Forest. — To the forester the future of the
forest is of paramount importance, and so it is gratifying to note Dr.
Fernow's opinion on this point in a letter to the Western Nova
Scotia Lumbermen's Association. 'Although the data on reproduc-
tion and rate of growth are not yet collated,' he writes, 'it is safe to
say that if the fires are kept out (and apparently with the present
organization, further perfected, this may be done reasonably well)
there is no difficulty in restocking by natural means the cut-over areas
if not too severely culled. In the pure hemlock-spruce stands all that
is necessary is to remove the old hemlock thoroughly and cleanly to
have the young growth of spruce, already established on the ground,
take its place.

1 'Reproduction of conifers is prolific where not prevented by re-
peated fires, especially on abandoned pastures. Unfortunately two
inferior species, namely, white spruce and balsam fir, take the lead.
In the open, white spruce beats red spruce, a slower growing tree.
In old timber the red spruce forms over ninety per cent, of the growth
and reproduces well, especially under hemlock.

" 'The white pine is rare. In Shelburne County there is a large
area, burned over about ninety years ago, which is grown up almost
entirely with white pine, and has for some time been logged. The
timber, while merchantable, is not very desirable.

" 'As to the rate at which young growth attains merchantable
size,' Dr. Fernow further observes, 'erroneous notions seem to be

3Q CANADIAN FOSESTST ASSOCIATION.

abroad. While the white spruce on abandoned pastures grows at an
astonishing rate into a knotty rampike, and occasionally makes a saw-
log in sixty years, the forest spruce grows at a much slower rate,
and may not average a twelve-inch tree in less than a hundred years.

"The three important conifers, viz., pine, spruce, and hemlock,
were found to be to a large extent confined to particular localities.
Annapolis County, for instance, may be called the hemlock region, as
this species forms 60 to 70 per cent, of the stands. Shelburne County
and part of Queen's are largely pine country, while Digby is a spruce
country, seventy-five per cent, of this species often occurring in the
stand of timber."

I believe the Government is seriously considering the situation in
Nova Scotia, and that it will be their policy to encourage the fire ranging
system and endeavor to perfect the law and its enforcement. Contem-
plated changes are likely to occur in regard to the disposition of the Crown
Lands, and a probable consolidation by which a large area of land now
only partly forested will be specially looked after with the idea that in the
near future it can be made productive timber land, and a very valuable
asset of the Province.

DISCUSSION OF PAPERS.

In reply to a question by Hon. J. P. Burchill, Mr. Whitman made it
clear that his contention was that the Crown should carry the insurance
on timber lands leased to lumbermen.

THE CHAIRMAN (HON. W. C. H." GRIMMER) : Regarding Dr. Jones'
remark that a pamphlet be prepared to distribute among the schools, I
might say that there is an excellent little work prepared by the State of
Maine, which is being 'used in the schools of that State, and we have
arranged to have a reprint of that work made for the schools of New
Brunswick. (Applause.)

DR. G. U. HAY (St. John) : The paper by Dr. Jones was certainly an
admirable one. It occurred to me while he was reading, that it would be
an excellent thing to have a portion of the forest near Fredericton, where
students could go and see a perfectly clean forest floor, something that
would serve as an example. The idea could be carried out in connection
with the public schools also— to have a little patch of forest in each local-
ity. Now, I think it is perfectly clear that the forest fires are the greatest
enemies, and we first of all need to have the forests clean, in order that a
hre will not get under headway. Another thing is to prevent the setting
or to control them after they have started. I think, no doubt,
great number of the forest fires that have devastated New Brunswick
I by the trams The fact that new lines of railway are under
We have a fine water °wer at Grand

F W 'J r a ran

•th that water power developed I suppose it would run most of
railways m New Brunswick by electricity, and there is a feeling that

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 3]

this should be done in the case of railways through forests. Your remarks,
Sir, about the pamphlet on forestry to be distributed among the schools are
excellent. I think if some extracts could be incorporated from the address
of the Secretary, Mr. Lawler, delivered in St. John a few evenings ago-
one of the finest addresses on educational forestry I have ever had the
pleasure of listening to — it would be a good thing.

MR. ELLWOOD WILSON (Grand Mere, Quebec) : When a man buys
something from the Government he has a right to expect he will get what
he is paying for, and when the Government requires that the limit holder
should bear the whole expense and the whole trouble of fire fighting, the
Government is certainly confessing its weakness. I think it is perfectly
patent to everyone that the limit holder will have a great deal of difficulty
in taking care of forest fires. One company or limit holder may have an
excellent system of fire protection, may have telephone lines and do all
in his power to prevent fires from originating or spreading to his lumber.
But what protection has he against the careless, indifferent or impecunious
neighbor on one side or the other? It is not right that he should have to
protect his own part and all contiguous territory as well.

Another problem has to be faced. We have had to take care of the
protection along the right-of-way of the railway companies. The National
Transcontinental Railway Commission has done nothing in this matter at
all except bear a portion of the expense. This railway will be of great
value to the wheat interests of the West, and a great deal of trade and
commerce will pass through the whole northern country. But from the
lumbermen's standpoint the railway means nothing at all in the way of
benefit, except in the way of getting in supplies. But, on the other hand,
the railway is to the forest one of the worst possible things. There is no
way in which you can protect your territory from fire along the railway at
any sort of reasonable expense. And it would seem that when the Gov-
ernment gives the railway the right to run through this Province, it should
saddle on the railway company the entire protection of the surrounding
country. (Hear, hear.) In accordance with this, this Forestry Conven-
tion has certainly a great work to do, and which has been more or less
neglected in the past. The Forestry Association has been so officered that
any direct expression of opinion on any subject which in any way touches
on politics was almost impossible. Of course, the whole value of this
Association lies in every one working together, and everything being as
harmonious as possible, but the Association has a very grave duty. It is
necessary for public opinion in Canada to be aroused, and it is necessary
to more or less initiate and direct legislation. Legislatures have not got
time to examine questions which are of importance to the Forestry move-
ment. It is difficult for legislative bodies to get the necessary information
and to take the necessary action contingent on that information. Now, it
seems to me, this Forestry Association ought to focus public opinion on
the things which are necessary in regard to the conservation of our forests,
and this can only be done by divorcing this Association entirely from politi-
cal control. We want an Association which will represent the people of
Canada and represent the interests of Canada, but which will not be con-
stantly afraid of hurting somebody's feelings if an expression of opinion

32

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

is made. If this Association should put itself fairly and firmly behind For-
estry protection, behind such questions as the export of pulp wood and that
sort of thing, we could do a tremendous work. We could really do what
has been done in the United States by the American Forestry Association.
\Vc could see that the people were having a fair show and that forest in-
terests of all sorts could have the proper sort of protection. (Applause.)

MR. W. B. SNOWBALL (Chatham, N.B.) : We, in New Brunswick,
have some idea of the amount of lumber that has been cut, but we have no
accurate idea of the amount of damage that has been done by fire by the
railways running through our lands. The Government has done a great
deal towards protection, but I feel a great deal more might be done by
making it necessary, by Government enactment, that every mile of timber
limits in the Province of New Brunswick, whether owned by the Crown or
privately, should be patrolled during the dry season of the year. Say one
hundred square miles should have one man patrolling, under the supervision
of some general supervisors to have charge of that department. The men
should be going backwards and forwards continuously. The time tp check
a forest fire is when it first starts, not when you can see smoke in the vil-
lages some distance away. This is my view of the subject. I think any
lumberman who is largely interested would be willing to contribute on the
same basis as they do in Quebec towards maintaining such a system. On
the lands we control on the Tabusintac and Tracadie Rivers we have been
taking great care to prevent fire in these sections, still we have not been
able to keep out fire. Everyone entering public or privately owned timber
j should be compelled to get a permit to do so, so that the proper
tnonties will know who is in the woods and what they are there for If
should originate in any district, the guilty parties could be located. The
c wardens should have the power to demand to see the permits at any
le, and citizens generally that go into the woods would realize that they
i after their fires. At our Conservation Commission meeting
hddr °r^,rLL" hm^Vhis matter of ?re Protection was d£

ernm T T™ W^ Pa§Sed ™d Pnted to the
Government To-day I have discussed the matter with several
genHemen, and one thing they agree on is that the *InTercolonTil RaHw-iv

' ' «><> and oerate by

that leeishH-n, m

-

A NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK SPRUCE FOREST.

CANADIAN FOEESTBT ASSOCIATION. 33

fact that their trains did not start the fire, they will keep these material
witnesses close at hand, and will also put on enough guardians to see that
the forests of the country are protected. I think that was one of the moves
in the right direction that the Conservation Commission undertook, and
we wish to act hand in hand in such matters with the Canadian Forestry
Association. We want them to co-operate in the work, so as to protect
as far as possible the interests of the whole of Canada. With legislation
such as I have outlined, with fire guardians such as I think it might be pos-
sible to have in the Province of New Brunswick, we can very materially
reduce the number of fires and preserve this valuable forest asset we have
for future generations.

Mr. Snowball spoke of Mr. Wilson's reference to the export of pulp-
wood, and held it should be fully and frankly discussed during the meeting,
and some resolution brought in on the subject. At a previous meeting he
had tried to bring in a resolution dealing with this question, but as it was
felt to be a political one, he had not been able to do so. He differed from
those who took this ground then, and did so now. He believed it should
be as freely discussed as any other question, and some resolution passed
showing the feeling of Canadians in the matter.

MR. WHITMAN: Wre have a different ranger system in Nova Scotia,
worked out by adapting the best obtainable from the other Provinces and
States. It so nearly covers what the last speaker was talking about that I
should like to give a slight synopsis ol it. We have a chief ranger in each
municipality. In some counties there are two municipalities, which means
two chief rangers. They have authority to appoint as many sub-rangers
as they think necessary in the dry season; the sub-rangers and the chief
rangers patrol the woods. Nearly all of our chief rangers have telephone
conection, and the chief and the sub-rangers can get in touch as soon as a
fire is discovered. The sub-ranger will take charge of it, but if it becomes
alarming, he will send for the chief to take command, and if the latter can-
not meet the occasion, he will send for the Provincial ranger, who can bring
all the organized force of the Province to fight that fire if necessary. In that
way we have been able to prevent a great many serious fires.

Mr. Whitman instanced a fire which two years ago threatened to burn
over a large amount of territory, but which, by the hard work of the
rangers, was put out before it had done any great damage at a cost of
$500. They had a good system and they intended to keep all interested
up to the mark. The timber limit holders contributed one-quarter of a cent
per acre per annum toward the support of this fire protection system.

Some people said that black spruce would make a twelve-inch tree in
thirty or thirty-five years. It might in exceptional circumstances, but they
must deal with averages. In Nova Scotia black spruce would not grow
to that size in one hundred and fifty years. In fact, they could hardly call
it commercial timber.

HON. J. D. HAZEN: Mr. Snowball referred to one matter which I
think is of very great importance, and in regard to which I think it would
be very desirable for this Convention to place itself on record, viz.: the

34 CANADIAN FOKESTEY ASSOCIATION.

liability of the Intercolonial Railway of Canada for setting fires along the
line For many years the opinion prevailed that the Intercolonial Railway
was liable in the same way as any other railroad for forest fires caused by
its not complying with the law in regard to having proper spark arrestors
fitted to locomotives. That was the idea for many years, and damages
were collected in the Exchequer Court. Unfortunately, however, a decision
was given in the Supreme Court of Canada a few months ago, in the case
of Chamberlain v. The King, from the County of Restigouche, in this
Province, in which the Court held that the King (i. e., the Intercolonial
Railway) was not liable for damages caused on the Intercolonial Railway
of Canada, unless these damages were caused actually on the track itself.
As it stands to-day, if a lumberman along the line of the Intercolonial Rail-
way has his forests destroyed by sparks from the train, that man has no
redress whatever and cannot recover against the Crown. All the other
railways, privately owned railways, are liable for any damage they may do.
The new National Transcontinental Railway would be liable. It is desir-
able that this Convention should place on record some resolution express-
ing the feeling of the whole country that persons living along the line of the
Intercolonial Railway should have redress for damage in the event of their
property being burned in consequence of the way that road is operated.
(Hear, hear.)

Hon. Mr. Hazen then turned to the question of forest fires in general,
and in this connection quoted from the report of the Surveyor-General
(Hon. Mr. Grimmer) for 1909. This report indicated that the dry spring
of 1909 made the danger serious, and in May and June sixty-six fires were
reported as having been combatted by the fire fighting force of the Prov-
ince. While the damage in some cases was large, the Province had reason
to congratulate itself that it escaped as well as it did. The system of
making game wardens also fire wardens, and the increase in the numbers
of the latter, had much to do with the success with which the fires were
fought. The system adopted along the line of the National Transconti-
nental Railway in the Province the previous year had been followed in
1909. This was that a large number of the railway employees were sworn
i by the Chief Warden as fire rangers on the right-of-way. The result
was that to a very large extent fires were kept out of Crown Lands. Only
one disastrous fire started on the right-of-way, near the southwest branch
le Miramchi, but the timber growth was not very valuable The Sur-
leral was glad to express his appreciation of the way the railway
h^°TSn aSS1Sted the Department in fighting fire. On the other
?'h, H ,Pepartmen' ™» disappointed that many of the fires (twenty-
had been started by settlers burning their clearings. This showed

also showe 7rh * H^ !*****?* ^ Setdn§ °Ut of fi^s by settlers. It

oresfs0 ned I6 Trer°f 'T'Tf UP°n the pe°Ple the value'of the Crown
he great waste and destruction caused by these fires If the

P dbar°USed '

g ea S of in ^ Powerto protect thi

S ote ,

every sect o of th P'""' ^ °f the fire laws had be™ Posted in
were7 Se ders cl ™TT ^ g°°d effect The cause* of the fire
" D_nd t waVlt^J UTTP1^ ^^ d?rin* l^

Intercolonial Railway* a- Centrll Rallwal i^fi If" ^^ 7;

Kailway, i; fishermen, 4; smokers, 3;

CANADIAN. POKES TEX ASSOCIATION. 35

barkpeelers, I ; dwelling, I ; unknown, 18 ; total, 66. The extent of country
burned over was 161 square miles, the approximated damage, $30,000;
cost to Province of fighting fires, exclusive of regular patrol, $4,138.93.

Hon. Mr. Hazen, after quoting from the report of the Surveyor-
General, as above, went on to say that the Province was divided into four
districts with a chief fish, game and fire warden over each. This official
received $800 per year and expenses. All the wardens combined the duties
of fish, game and fire protection. The expense of the system to the Prov-
ince in 1909 was over $40,000, and the amount received from game
licenses was about $34,000. Although the duty of these officers was to
protect the Crown lands, yet they did go in and fight fires on private lands
with a view to preventing their spreading to Crown lands. The licensees
have the guarantee of a certain amount of protection from fire because of
this system. Some of those who had just spoken, had held the Government
should insure the limit holders, the lessees, against the burning of the tim-
ber on their limits, — that the Government should see that the limit holder
got the timber he bargained for. But he held there could be no positive in-
surance against fire on the part of the Province. It could be argued only to
a limited extent that the Province should insure timber against fire. No
landlord renting a house would insure his tenants against fire, and the same
was true of the Crown in leasing timber lands. At the same time the Crown
Land Department could co-operate with the licensees to protect from fire
and it would do more in the future than it had in the past in this direction.

The greatest danger that now threatened the forests of New Bruns-
wick was from the line of the National Transcontinental Railway where it
crossed the timber lands of the Crown, the New Brunswick Land Company,
and the Alex. Gibson Company. This was a portion of the country where
there were no settlers. During the construction of the National Transcon-
tinental Railway there had been comparatively little damage, but there
would be new danger when the operation of the line began. The Gov-
ernment of New Brunswick had required the National Transcontinental
Railway Commission to put on guardians for fire protection. That Act
was subsequently repealed, because it was felt the Province had not power
to pass such legislation, but it was understood that the Commission would
thoroughly protect the line. Subsequently there was a conference between
the Government and the Commission, and the former offered either to
patrol the line and charge up the expense to the Commission, or to make
the railway officers fish, game and fire wardens, they to protect the country
along the line from fire. The latter offer was accepted and the railway
officers came to Fredericton and were sworn in by the Surveyor-General,
thus being invested with the same powers as fire wardens appointed by the
Province. Any owner of timber lands could have his fire rangers invested
with all the powers of a fire warden appointed by the Province in the same
way.

Since there would probably be a repetition along the line of the Na-
tional Transcontinental Railway of what had occurred on other lines, it
would be well for the Convention to address itself to the question of the
practicability of running trains through forest districts, either by fuel oil or

36

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

by electricity. At the last session of the Parliament of New Brunswick, a
resolution was passed, upon motion of Mr. Burchill, seconded by Mr.
Byrne, that an effort be made to secure the running of trains on this line
by electricity. As a consequence of that resolution and with the full con-
currence of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, representatives of New Brunswick, Que-
bec, Ontario, and the Dominion Government, met in Ottawa and discussed
this question. He (Mr. Hazen) was not present, but from what he could
learn from Mr. Burchill and others, not enough time was given to the mat-
ter. But it was a beginning, and he would put before the Convention the
advisability of discussing it. These two matters brought up by Mr. Snow-
ball were worthy of strong emphasis being placed upon them.

THE CHAIRMAN (HON. MR. GRIMMER) : Referring to the rate of
growth mentioned by Dr. Fernow, as quoted by Mr. Whitman in his paper,
I have here some specimens of growth which I secured especially for Dr.
Fernow's benefit, which I would like to have you examine. There are three
specimens, one white spruce, one fir and one white pine. The white spruce
was cut three feet from the ground and is seventeen inches in diameter, and
was forty-two years in growing. The fir was cut eight feet from the
ground and is sixteen inches in diameter, and was produced in thirty-eight
years— being produced on an abandoned farm. The white pine, also from
an abandoned farm, is fifteen inches in diameter and was produced in
thirty-two years. These are specimens which I think tend to discredit Dr
Tnow s theory of growth. He stated at Ottawa that it was practically im-
possible to produce an inch in diameter under twelve years.

re/fl ltLEV l W°uUld likL6 t0 hear Mr* Wilson s*y something
regard to the rate of growth; he has had experience in Quebec.

nil!A!heErunWo°fTh^ILSON,: We,have jaken the logs which come into our

- run of the log pile, and made a very careful growth studv of

something over two thousand specimens of white spruce \fevv Mack

— e

spruce on the hiS, und * £3" "Sv ^ ^^ °"n black
diameter in eighteen years The conditions, attain six inches in

has made seventeen inches in faS-E*"*11 the ^"^r-Gen^l exhibits
tree. Of course, I amnWromoS^? ^ Wj"ch 'S a most remarkable
should say that was aosoS o« 5 T °f ^T d°Wn here' *
Valley. me question in the St. Lawrence

The Convention adjourned for lunch.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 37

AFTERNOON SESSION, WEDNESDAY, FEBURARY 23rd

The Convention assembled at 2 p.m. Senator W. C. Edwards, Vice-
President, who had arrived at noon, in the chair. Both the floor and the
galleries of the Chamber were well filled, many ladies also being present.
The first item on the programme was the address of Hon. Clifford Sifton,
on "The Relation of the Commission of Conservation to the Objects of
the Canadian Forestry Association."

On taking the Chair, Hon. Senator Edwards said. —

Ladies and Gentlemen, — Before calling on Hon. Mr. Sifton, allow me
to congratulate the people of New Brunswick on the magnificent gathering
on this occasion. It far exceeds a similar gathering which took place in
Toronto last year, and it shows the live interest the people of New Bruns-
wick have in the question which is now before us. If I may be permitted
also, not having had an opportunity of seeing your beautiful city before, I
wish to congratulate you upon it, and also upon your fine and commodious
Parliament Buildings. The Forestry Association has labored without ac-
complishing much except perhaps arousing the people of Canada to some
extent to the desirability of preserving their forests. The great destruction
of our forests, as far as I have any knowledge, arises from fires. Improve-
ments have taken place in the system of protecting the forests. I refer to
the forest ranger system which exists in the Provinces of Ontario and
Quebec, and, I believe, also in your Province. But, as I have said, that
did not originate with this Association. It was inaugurated prior to its
existence. I am hopeful, however, that from the work which, I trust, will
be accomplished by the gentleman who will shortly addess you, aided, as
I hope he will be aided by this Association, that rapid and permanent prog-
ress will be made in conservation, not only in so far as our timber and
forest resurces are concerned, but also in regard to all our natural re-
sources. I have very much pleasure in calling upon Hon. Mr. Sifton to
address you.

HON. CLIFFORD SIFTON.

CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION.

On arising to address the Convention, Mr. Sifton was received with
great applause. He said: —

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I must confess to some feel-
ing of awe and surprise at the audience which I am called upon to address
this afternoon. I had expected to speak to fifteen or twenty gentlemen who
would be here especially interested in Forestry. But I do not make that
remark for the purpose of complaining; on the contrary, if there be any-
thing of any value in what I have to say, it will, of course, be more useful
and more valuable on account of the fact that I am unexpectedly honoured
with so large an audience.

3g CANADIAN FOXESTEY ASSOCIATION.

I may say, Mr. Chairman, at the outset, that I am going to disagree
with something that you have said. In speaking with the officers of the
Canadian Forestry Association, I find that they are very modest in speak-
ing of what the Association has done. But I would not be disposed to
agree with you that the Association had done very little during the years it
has been in existence. Perhaps the gentlemen who are members of the
Association may not themselves see all that has been accomplished, never-
theless if you look back at what has been done in the last ten years in Can-
ada on the subject of Forestry, I think my friend, Senator Edwards, will
agree there has been a great deal accomplished. I remember about ten
years ago when I came to the conclusion — then being at the head of the
Department of the Interior — that we should have a Forestry Branch at-
tached to that Department, and I got my courage up sufficiently to ask Par-
liament for an appropriation of $15,000. It was very much opposed, very
violently opposed, and not only was it opposed by the members of the Op-
position (who naturally might be expected to oppose it, as I was speaking
from the Government side of the House — that being generally the way of
Oppositions) ; but there were many on my own side of the House who were
far from enthusiastic and thought I was spending money on a fad which
might be harmless, but certainly a useless way of spending money. And,
moreover, when I came to enquire as to the organization of that Branch,
I was told there was not in Canada at that time a man who could be recom-
mended as a thoroughly qualified forester. Now, I do not mean to say
there were not men who were thoroughly well qualified in the ways of the
wods; but as to foresters, whose primary business is the preservation of
the forest, rather than the destruction of it, I was told there were none
in Canada. At the present time we find that the Province of British Colum-
bia has lately had a Forestry Commission appointed, and they have gone
thoroughly and carefully into the questions of their forest problems. Under
the authority of the Federal Department of the Interior there are a large
number of reserves, which have been formed for the purpose of conserv-
ing the timber wealth of the Western Provinces and the Government lands.
We find that the Federal Department of the Interior, in addition to that,
a considerable staff of skilled and competent men; it has a good fire ran-
• service, not as effective by any means as it ought to be, but still a vast
improvement upon that which went before. If you go to the Province of
Ontario, what will you find has been done there? Ontario has a fire
; service vastly better than it was a few years ago, and it has a sys-
or reserves which is assisting very materially in conserving the supply
The Province of Quebec has not been behind; it is pursuing a

? Cy< hey g°ne S° tar as to

C

rso urn

Bru n T 7 C SpCCial Studies for the Government. In New

you have shown you are not behind the times, but, rather, in

uch laS e< nf TCK, Anu aS beC°mes a Province which possesses
onservTt LfoTthrm N '" " ' ^ ^ givlng Spedal attenti™ tO the

Last yea the °\nv?S ^°Yr Sc°tm' t0°' is movinS in th^ same direction.

to Lye a P C°tia Government thought it was important enough

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 39

pose giving very much more attention to the subject than they have done in
the past. A nd, so, it seems to me, Mr. President, we may congratulate our-
selves upon the fact that a great deal of progress has been made during the
last ten years. Remember that ten years ago there was absolutely no inter-
est in this subject by the press and no interest on the part of the public.

My friend, the Chairman, has said to-day that I have lately been
appointed to the position of Chairman of the Commission appointed under
an Act of Parliament with reference to the conservation of our natural re-
sources. That Commission, let me say, is not an executive or administra-
tive body. All our power consists of investigating and giving good advice,
which, if it seems wise to the governments, legislatures and other bodies,
they will follow; and if we give advice they do not think wise, no doubt they
will not follow it. And so, therefore, we shall strive to be careful and
thorough in our investigations and painstaking in our conclusions. In so
far as this Commission and the Forestry Association are connected, I may
say that the Forestry Committee of the Commission is presided over by my
friend, the Chairman (Senator Edwards) . He is the Chairman of the Com-
mittee and being the President of this Association also, it may be reason-
ably expected the two bodies will be able to get along pretty well, and that
at least their presiding officers wil not quarrel. (Laughter). Our relations
will be of the character of coroperation, and so far as there being any dan-
ger that the Commission of Conservation will take the place of the Forestry
Association, or minimize its work in any way, I desire to say such is not
the case by any means. The very contrary is true. It is our duty to
encourage and assist this Association so far as possible, to assist any person
who is doing anything to promote the service of scientific forestry and the
conservation of the forests in any part of Canada. So, therefore, the idea
which has been entertained by some members of this Association that their
work would not be so important in the future as it had been in the past, is
not one with which I can agree. On the contrary we desire to see this Asso-
ciation flourish and prosper and go on with its work to the fullest possible
extent.

I am going to say a few words to you on several branches of the subject
which seem to me to be important, and I am going to take the time of this
large and representative audience for the purpose of emphasizing a few
points which I think require to be emphasized, and in respect of which we
want the support of the public. As I said before, we only act in an advisory
capacity. The Forestry Association is in precisely the same position. And
when we ask for the enactment of an important measure we must be backed
up by public opinion or our advice will have no weight whatever. In the
first place, what I want to do is to ask you to consider for just a moment
what you have been told so often before, what you have tried so often to
remedy, what you are so fully conscious of yourselves, and that is the abso-
lutely indefensible destruction of the forests of Canada by fire. That has
been talked about for a few years past, and naturally it has become a
hackneyed subject. There has been something done in the way of institut-
ing a better system of forest rangers in regard to the protection of mer-
chantable timber. But there are vast areas of land which are capable of
producing timber, but which are constantly being burned over by the fires

40 CANADIAN FOEESTET ASSOCIATION.

set by railway engines, and what might become a valuable asset is thus
destroyed. If you ask me as to whether that destruction is as bad now as
in former years, my observation is to the effect that it never was so bad, at
least not for ten or fifteen years past, as it has been during the past season.
I am speaking for the Province of Ontario and Western Provinces not
being fully acquainted with the facts in regard to your Province. 1 hat : is
undoubtedly true so far as Ontario and the West are concerned. I he de-
struction of the forest lands by fire was perhaps greater during the past
summer and fall than it has been for a considerable number of years past.
So far as the destruction of forests by fire in New Brunswick is concerned,
your Surveyor-General, Mr. Grimmer, when he joined our new work of
Conservation, pointed out the great destruction that had taken place along
the line of the Intercolonial Railway of Canada, and we took up that sub-
ject at our meeting of the Conservation Commission and passed a resolution
upon it. After the Commission had adjourned, I took occasion to have an
enquiry made from responsible officials of the Intercolonial Railway, in
order that we might hear both sides and learn the facts as they appeared to
the railroad. They corroborated Surveyor-General Grimmer's statement
in every respect, and stated the destruction by fire, especially in New Bruns-
wick, from engines on the Intercolonial Railway was simply appalling; there
could not be any excuse for it. So far as that is concerned, we are face to
face with these two questions. In the first place, we have destruction by
fire from the engines of railways that are chartered railways, like the Ca-
nadian Pacific Railway, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, and the Cana-
dian Northern Railway, and then railways owned by the Government. We
propose to ask Parliament for legislation which wrill place a heavy penalty
upon railways if they allow fire to break from their right-of-way and de-
stroy property. And we shall have to adopt some method of dealing with
the Intercolonial Railway. That is of a different character, because it
would not be a desirable thing to fine the Minister of Railways. The
money would be simply taken from one pocket and put into another. We
cannot indict the Minister of Railways for what happens upon the Inter-
colonial Railway. But we can, I think, convince the Department of Rail-
ways and the Government generally that there is no reason why the Inter-
colonial Railway should stand in any different position from that of any
other railway in respect to the destruction of the forests by fire, and that
such measures as can be taken must be taken for the purpose of preventing
the destruction. Upon this question we ask your support and the support
the members from the Province of New Brunswick. (Hear, hear.)

There has been some dispute of late, especially in the press of the
United States as to whether we people who were talking about forestry
were not altogether mistaken. Those of you who followed the late dis-
cussion in the United States will know that Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester,
s removed from office by President Taft, and immediately following
on came a good many evidently inspired protests from some quarters
e purpose of discrediting the movement asking for more attention
:stry. The articles were written for the purpose of showing, when
.'ho were enthusiastic in regard to Forestry proposed Schemes
e purpose of preserving soil fertility and regulating the stream flow,

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 41

that this was all nonsense and they were entirely wrong. The subject has
been discussed a good deal during the past year, especially in the last seven
or eight months, and I think I can say this, having followed the discussions
which have taken place with some degree of closeness, there is absolutely
nothing at all in the attacks which have been made by the enemies of For-
estry. It has been shown in some important cases that the destruction of
the forests has not affected the rainfall. There are, no doubt, places
where forests do not affect the rainfall, the rainfall being governed in these
particular localities by other circumstances. But to say that the climate is
. not affected by the forests, is to say there is no difference between the cli-
mate upon a plain and the climate in a forest; and all of us know differ-
ently. To say that the stream flow is not affected by the destruction of the
forest cover is to say what is contrary to the experience of any man
who has lived outdoors to any extent and used his eyes. Certainly no one
in New Brunswick would be likely to be deceived upon that point. But
when experts differ it is generally the desire to get a concrete case for the
purpose of proving the point at issue. I am not familiar enough with New
Brunswick to cite a' case, but in Ontario at the present time we have an
object lesson which bears out every contention that foresters have made in
regard to the influence of the forests upon the fertility of the soil and upon
the flow of the streams. The Grand River, in the western portion of the
Province of Ontario, drains one of the best portions of the Province, in
which there are many large and populous towns. At the present time the
forests in that drainage area have been almost completely destroyed, and
the people who live in these towns along the river are holding meetings
and endeavoring to devise some means for the purpose of overcoming the
effects which have resulted from the destruction of the forests. I have here
in my hand the report of a topographical engineer, who has examined the
drainage area of the Grand River, in which he says with clearness and de-
tail with which I need not trouble you, that the results of deforestation in
that valley brought about all the effects which foresters declare come from
that cause. We have here an object lesson of that which foresters have
been saying for the last ten years. So we do not desire to go by theory;
we have the fact unfortunately before us. It is so in the case of several
rivers of Ontario that I know of, and true at least of one river in the
Province of Quebec. So that the evils of deforestation are not coming in
the next generation or the generation after, but they have come so far as
many portions of Canada are concerned.

I want to say a word or two in regard to the general question of tim-
ber supply. I made a statement the other evening at a meeting at which I
think my friend, the Chairman, was present that, according to the best cal-
culations that could be made (and in the case of the United States they are
fairly accurate) the United States has at the present time a total timber
supply .of about twenty-two hundred billion feet. That is a very large
amount, but the consumption of the United States is pretty accurately
known, and it amounts to one hundred billion feet per year. The annual
growth is estimated at about thirty billions, so that the difference would be
seventy billion feet per year of net consumption. There is, therefore, in
the United States at the present time, about thirty years' supply of timber.
At the present time there is a population of ninety milions. Their statistics

42

CANADIAN FORESTEY ASSOCIATION.

are perfect in regard to population. That population will probably double
in the next thirty or thirty-five years. They will then have in thirty-five
years not less than one hundred and seventy or one hundred and eighty
millions, as against ninety millions which they have at the present time. It
is calculated the consumption of lumber at the present rate, which gives a
supply for thirty years, cannot be maintained. The present rate will in-
crease not only in proportion to the increase of the present population, but
the per capita consumption of lumber is actually increasing year by year.
They used more per head last year than the year before, and the increase
has been going on for some years past. That, of course, will stop, because*
as prices go up and other material begins to be used in increasing quantities,
lumber will to some extent be replaced. But there is no possible ground
for coming to the conclusion that the use of lumber will be any less during
the next thirty years than it is now. On the contrary, there is every reason
to believe that the average annual amount will be considerably in excess or
what it is now. Put it at its very best possible figure and there cannot be
more than twenty-five or thirty years' supply. If, at that time, the people
of the United States come to Canada for the purpose of getting their lum-
ber supply (it is not theory, it is not supposition; they will have used up
every stick of their merchantable timber for ordinary market use by that
time in the ordinary way of progress) — if at that time they come to us for
assistance and help, how long can we afford them the supply they require?
According to the very best calculation, if Canada did not increase her pres-
ent consumption, we could meet this demand for just seven years. What I
am saying to you is not theory; we may make a mistake o'f a few million
:t one way or the other, but there is no possibility of any grave error in
the calculations which have been made. So far as we are concerned in the
Canada, I think you will agree with me that these facts fur-

Sh a very good reason why there should be a Commission of Conservation,
there should be a Forestry Association, why intelligent and capable

en who have some regard for the future of the country, should give time,
ChS C°" ™ a"d discussion to these problems. For myself, Mr

Uhi iTVh r'6 "° d°Ubt 7huateVer' if l live to the ordina<7 span of life,

hat w| 'be cut o°Tment °f,th,1S C°uUntry Hmit the annual a« of timber
that w ,11 be cut on the ground that the timber must be kept for the purposes

number of "" ' '

within the fe- o7"thrPrFovmce0ofOa^ltS ^^ .?U8t be "»™factured
in the manufactured state Tnfh Pntano' a"d * exported, it must be
made a public statement to the eff °VmC|? ° ,Quebec> the Premier has
pi red, a policy will be adoofeH h? t fhenLfhe Present leases have ex-
prohibition, of the export ^of ^ pulp wood from ^ llmltln*> if not the

of New Brunswick. And whil H de^nitely se«led upon in the Province

d not come here for the purpose of giv-

CANADIAN FOKESTKY ASSOCIATION. 43

ing advice concerning direct problems, I have to say as an integral portion
of the questions which our Commission will constantly have to consider,
the conservation of our resources and timber, we shall take a stand very
strongly upon that question to the best of our ability, viz., that the expor-
tation of pulp wood from Canada should be limited and prevented unless
manufactured within the country itself. (Applause.) That is the policy
which I shall unquestionably advocate, and which I hope to see adopted
throughout the different portions of Canada. Ontario and Quebec have
already adopted it; Ontario several years ago carried it into effect, and
Quebec will in a short time. Let me say while I am upon that point, that
the "manufacturing" clause has had an effect in Ontario that for some
years past has been worth millions and millions to rhe people of that Prov-
ince. I remember very distinctly when saw logs were cut in Northwestern
Ontario and taken across Lake Michigan in large numbers and manufac-
tured there. When the "manufacturing" clause was put into effect, the
result was that the mills of Michigan had to go out of business and the logs
were sawn in Ontario. (Applause.)

There are one or two things in regard to which I want to say a word,
which perhaps may not be quite so controversial as that which I have just
touched on. Upon the exportation of pulp wood I do not suppose every-
one will agree, but -if we are true to our principles, if we are an intelligent
people, I feel we should endeavour to have that policy carried into effect.

I have, for some year past, been in favor of a permanent tenure being
given to the holder of timber lands. That is a question which, in another
form, has been before the people of the United States. We, in Canada,
have not followed the same policy they did in the United States. The
United States policy was to sell their timber lands outright. The lands
were sold in fee simple along with the timber. The title in most cases was
from the Federal Government. Then the timber lands became subject to
taxation by the State authorities. The State authorities being anxious to
get as much taxation as possible from these lands, generally owned by
wealthy non-residents, taxed the lands very highly, with the result that it
has always been the policy of the American lumbermen to cut the timber
just as fast as possible and get rid of the limits — get all the profits possible
and get the land off their hands. That difficulty is a serious one in the
United States at the present time in facing the problem of forest conserva-
tion. We have not that trouble in the same form. Generally speaking, our
Governments have not sold the timber lands. I notice from the map which
is being distributed at this minute that in New Brunswick there is a consid-
erable quantity privately owned. But, speaking subject to correction, by
far the greater portion of the timber is upon Crown lands leased to the
limit holders. In British Columbia they have a system of leasing for a
limited period, sixteen or twenty-one years. I believe you have a similar
policy in New Brunswick. In Ontario and Quebec the custom is to give a
yearly lease, renewable by custom, year after year. And, although there is
nothing in the regulation which specifically says the lease shall be renewed,
yet it is acknowledged by members of the Administration that they shall be
renewed, and this has now almost the force of law. The Dominion regu-
lations specifically provide that so long as the regulations are lived up to in

44 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

respect to cutting merchantable timber on the part of the lessee, the lease of
the limits shall be renewed. British Columbia has had a Forestry Com-
mission and has investigated this question with very great care. 1ms Com-
mission has not yet reported to the Province of British Columbia, but the
Premier has made the statement, which we may take unquestionably as
embodying the conclusion at which the Commission has arrived, that it is
the intention to provide new regulations to the effect that timber leases in
British Columbia, when they expire, shall be renewed from time to time.
It appears to me that the regulations for the Provinces and the Dominion
ought to contain that specific provision, because while these regulations of a
contrary character may have been perfectly wise and considered good
policy in the minds of the men who adopted them some years ago, before
the question of preservation of the forests was regarded as important, it
seems to me that when the preservation of the forests is universally ad-
mitted to be important, it should hardly be necessary to argue^the fact that
a permanency of tenure is necessary. Otherwise, you make it to a man's
interests to take the lumber off with the least expense possible, and, there-
fore, you absolutely remove from him in every way possible any interest he
might have in the conservation of the forests or the propagation of the
timber. But give him a permanent lease, give him the knowledge that if he
cares for that forest, if he fosters it by proper Forestry methods, it will
be a permanent asset, that he can pass on the property to his children or
that it can be sold the same as any other property, then you will hold out
the very strongest possible inducement for proper forest conservation. So
it seems to me it is not arguable that any other policy ought permanently to
be adopted.

Now, there are two other things in regard to which I wish to say a word
or two. In the first place, I am going to ask this Association to do some-
thing for the Conservation Comniission. At the last session of Parliament
a Commission upon Waterways and Forests, of which I have the honor of
being Chairman, made a report asking that the Government of the Domin-
ion bring in legislation to constitute a great forest reserve along the eastern
slope of the Rocky Mountains. I need not point out to you the necessities
of the great Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in this matter. The
nvers that water these provinces take their rise in the foothills of the
Rocky Mountains. If the forest is absolutely removed from these slopes
-as it will be m a very short time (less than a generation if not protected)
it goes without saying, and there are men in this room who have expert
knowledge of the fact, you will have nothing but destructive floods in the
spring and practically no water at all in the summer. The continued pro-
the great Provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan
absolutely, m my judgment and in that of any man who has given

vh T att.cntlon' UP°" the preservation of these forests. And that
>nly be : by making the whole eastern slope a permanent reserva-

t

after seri™ 11 V^ tO ** ^ after in^igating the subject and
the evidence we could upon it. Before Sur Conservation

CANADIAN POKES T BY ASSOCIATION. 45

tion, if you agree with me — and I am sure you will when you hear from my
friend, Mr. Macoun, who knows all about that territory — to pass a reso-
lution heartily endorsing the proposition, and have it sent to the Prime
Minister and the Minister of the Interior.

Just a word or two more. There is another thing in conection with
which I am going to ask the people of New Brunswick to give us some assis-
tance. In connection with the damming of the St. Lawrence River, there is
an American company, which we think is conected with the great water
power trust which has been acquiring the water powers of the United
States, endeavouring to secure the privilege of damming the St. Lawrence
at the Long Sault, for the purpose of developing power there to the amount
of four or five hundred thousand horsepower. I do not know that I would
be justified in inflicting upon you any lengthy explanations regarding the
nature of the application, but I am quite safe in saying this : It is neither
more nor less than an attempt on the part of a private company of United
States capitalists to control and monopolize the power of the St. Lawrence
at that point. ^Applause.) The question is coming before the Interna-
tional Waterways Commission and the Federal Government, and the Con-
servation Commission was asked to express its opinion upon the subject.
My friend, the Chairman, and the other members of the Commission met,
and after we had gone into it very carefully, we decided we would enter our
most uncompromising opposition to that proposal, on the ground that if it
be allowed to be done, five-sixths of the power will be developed on the
American side and wholly out of the governmental control of the people of
Canada, and also on the ground that if that power is to be developed, it
ought to be developed by the Canadian Government, and held, so far as our
share is concerned, upon the Canadian side, for the use and benefit of the
people of Canada. (Applause.)

We expect a long and arduous fight. I can speak with perfect cer-
tainty, no matter how long or how hard the fight, we are not going to with-
draw from the position which we have taken in any shape or manner. We
ask that you express yourselves through the Forestry Association, and also
through the press of the Province of New Brunswick, so that we may be
able to say that the people of the Province of New Brunswick, as repre-
sented by the people who take an interest in questions of this kind, are clear
and definite in their opinion upon this subject.

I have trepassed upon your time long enough, longer than I expected
to when I began to speak. I shall entertain most pleasant recollections
of my first visit to the City of Fredericton. (Much applause.)

MR. J. M. MACOUN (Geological Survey, Ottawa) emphasized what
Hon. Mr. Sifton had said as to the eastern slope of the Rockies, a district
with which he was very familiar. He instanced disastrous floods in that
section in 1901, owing to the burning of the forests on the upper reaches
of some of the rivers. He strongly advocated the formation of a reserve
to take in all the eastern slope. If the foothills were denuded it would
mean the destruction of many towns and village in the country adjacent,
and the hope of doing much in the way of irrigation would be gone.

46 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

HON. F. J. SWEENEY (Moncton) asked: Is it possible the St. Law-
rence River could be dammed without the consent of the Canadian Govern-
ment?

HON. MR. SIFTON: No. But what we want is to get public opinion
awakened to prevent the Government from giving its consent.

The reading of papers was then taken up.

LUMBERING ON THE MIRAMICHI.
HON. J. P. BURCHILL, M.P.P., NELSON, N.B.

From the earliest days of the settlement of the northern counties of the
Province of New Brunswick, lumbering in different forms has been the chief
industry of the people. Some other branches of industry have been prose-
cuted, such as fishing in various forms, and farming, the latter depending
largely on the success of lumbering, but the main source of livelihood and
employment has been the Forest. Subject as its prosecution is to so much
chance, and so many contingencies, such as freshets, or the lack of them,
weather conditions, labor conditions, market conditions, both for supplies
and the product itself, it can scarcely be said to have been a very profitable
business, and, as a result, comparatively few of those who continued in it,
have retired with much to show for the labor and energy expended; nor has
the Province itself received much in return for the vast amount of wealth
that has been extracted from its forests.

The first form in which lumbering was carried on in this section was the
getting out of white pine timber, a species of wood which at that time
formed a large portion of the growth of our forests, but which has long
since become practically extinct. A very large quantity of this pine timber
was shipped annually, and our parents have told us of the large number of
English vessels, of about three to four hundred tons burthen, princi-
pally brig-rigged, which yearly came to the Miramichi River in search of
cargoes of this timber. Quite a large business was also done in sparts and
lathwood split trom hemlock.

The following extracts from Cooney's History of New Brunswick, with
reference to the lumber trade at this early period in history of this part of

whit ^r6' a!I mAereSti.ngJ -"In <786> Mr. Davidson, the earliest
pettier on the Miramichi, commenced working two saw mills he had

Lova L°!! TA '^ y^J.™ of th* North West Branch, and several

Government A? rt" r T- 'S*1? °" knds th^ obtained from thc

rnment At this time, and, indeed, for several vears after lanre nines

were so abundant that the very edges of the rivers w^ringed *h th em -
' " the

perwaap 'K

sS! ~

teas

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 47

"Achilies," Captain Pike; the ''Admiral Parker," Captain Skinner, and the
''Queen," Captain Davidson. In 1792, two cargoes, the "Friends Adven-
ture" and the "Beackitt," shipped by Messrs. Eraser & Thorn, the succes-
sors of Mr. Davidson, contained the first square timber ever exported from
the Miramichi — such was the humble begnining of a trade that has since
acquired so extensive a character."

This beginning, humble as it was, however, soon experienced a check,
which, for one reason or another, has been the periodical characteristic of
the trade ever since. In 1793, owing to the declaration of war by the
French Republic against Great Britain, the colonial timber suffered a great
depreciation. The following statement shows how 7,000 tons of timber
brought to market in the summer of 1793, were disposed of: Shipped in
1797, 1,150 tons; 1798, 800 tons; 1800, 650 tons; 1801, 200 tons; total
shipped, 2,800 tons; sawed into lumber and split into lathwood, 1,000
tons; reduced by rehewing, 400 tons; lost in the ice, 600 tons; sunk, rotted
and stolen, 2,200 tons.

Thus we see that of these 7,000 tons of timber, but 2,800 tons were
shipped, and that as low as 10 shillings per ton, and not until eight years
after it had come to market. We can scarcely imagine the difficulties and
expense undergone by those early operators in getting out this pine timber.
If, at the present time, we think our difficulties are great, and the distances
we are obliged to go for our spruce are long, what, taking into consideration
the changes that have taken place in the methods and transportation facili-
ties, must have been the conditions in old times? And as for distances, in
the most remote districts now being operated, are found to-day the decayed
stumps of those former Kings of the Forest, bearing silent witness to the
fact that some one has been there before us.

The new form of forest production to which attention was directed,
was ship-building. This industry continued for several years, during which
a large number of splendid vessels were constructed on the Miramichi and
other rivers in this section of the Province, giving employment to a very
large number of skilled workmen, as well as laborers and woodsmen.
Perhaps no other branch of lumbering industry was more satisfactory to
the country than ship-building, as the work in connection therewith was di-
vided over a large portion of the population. Almost every one wrho so
desired it, could obtain employment in one form or another in connection
with this work. Besides the mechanics and laborers employed in the yards
during the winter season, others got out ship planks, some foot hooks, some
knees, some tree nails, and even some made wedges.

Time, however brought changes over this industry, and in due course
the necessary lumber became scarce and expensive to procure. Iron super-
seded the use of wood, and steam that of canvas, and finally the industry
became a matter of history.

With the decline of the timber supply, and with the necessity of fur-
nishing outward cargoes for their new vessels, the attention of the operators
was turned to spruce. And fpr the purpose of converting the logs into
•deals, boards, etc., small mills, driven by water power, sprang up on almost

48

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

all the small rivers. The logs were sawed into the required thickness and
width at these mills, made into rafts and floated down the main rivers to
the place of loading, where they were trimmed at the ends and surveyed.
These water mills have now become things of the past, and I do not sup-
pose that on any of the streams which formerly produced the necessary
power to operate one of these mills, except during one or two months in
the year sufficient power could now be produced to turn a wheel, The cut-
ting away of the heavy timber at the heads of the streams, the clearing of
the land for farming purposes, and the effect of fires, have, I believe, con-
tributed largely to this condition. I would instance, for example, the Bay-
du-Vin River, in the County of Northumberland, where a large business
was formerly done with a water mill, now rotting down. I could mention
other streams in my own county, and I have no doubt there are more in
the other northern counties of the Province as well. Nor is the effect of
this clearing of lands at the heads of the streams confined alone to the
\vater power. Its injurious effects are felt by almost every operator who
is obliged to drive his logs down the smaller streams. In former years,.
they, as a rule, got a steady run of water for weeks. Now there is gen-
erally a rapid rush of water and a gradual fall, and unless men and ap-
pliances are at hand to take advantage of this early freshet, great risks of
stranding the drive are run. This is a matter which may well command
the attention and consideration of the Commission of Conservation.

Steam power for the manufacture of spruce was also introduced, and

gradually the water power mills gave way almost entirely to the steam

power mills, erected at the centres of population. I believe the first steam

power saw mill was built at Chatham about the year 1836, and engineers

and other workmen were brought from the other side of the Atlantic to-

superintend the erection. This mill was not capable of product more

than twenty thousand or twenty-five thousand superficial feet per day, vet

so limited was the knowledge of the extent and capabilities of the forest' at

hat it was predicted that from seven to ten vears would com-

ure of ,nrn A • °^' ^ that time tO the Present ^V, the manufac-

u tin ied TnHa Pme|IIJt0 alS/nd b°ards HaS g°ne °n; mills have been
new and improved machinery has been introduced to such

^^ alone has in one

be removed -KlS^^S,^ tO the/aCt that * COuld rot
extent, the trees ar rcmovec UnH ?' T *?*** when' to a larSe

of wood is exceed ng yT^ited 1^ v"^"0^,-^' the market for th[s class
ever, an advantage to the o^t to h £ g rnpr°fitable- Tt '"»' how'
that extent so mifch Si5 ™™ *

THE LEGISLATIVE CHAMBER, FREDERICTON, IN WHICH THE CONVENTION WAS HELD.

CANADIAN FOEE STEY ASSOCIATION . 49

Our forests also contain a considerable quantity of hardwoods. Some
years ago, when this wood could be got within comparatively easy reach of
the larger rivers, considerable business was done in hardwood timber, but
at present, owing to the difficulty and expense of getting it to market, it
cannot be handled at a profit, so that the lumber operators of Northern
New Brunswick at the present day are almost entirely confined to spruce.
Some business is still done with small growth of white birch, in sawing
into promiscuous lengths and sizes, for exportation to Great Britain, where
it is made into spools for the great thread makers. Upwards of two mil-
lion superficial feet were shipped from the Miramichi in 1909.

The setting off of large blocks of land for settlement purpose in various
parts of the country, and the consequent clearing of these blocks, the drain
on the forests by excessive cutting, and the ravages of that great destroyer
of our forest wealth, fire, have all contributed to drive the lumber operator
further and further to obtain his stock, till now the limit is practically
reached, and the conviction is forcing itself on all who give the subject any
thought, that if we are to conserve or retain in any degree what is left of
our valuable forests, a sound, strong policy in that direction must be
adopted. And here let me say that I deprecate most strongly the introduc-
tion of party politics into the management of our Crown lands. These
lands belong to the people, from these lands the majority of the people
derive their livelihood, either directly or indirectly, so that all should work
together — those for the time being entrusted with administration, and
those who work under such regulations as may from time to time be made.

For the consideration of those entrusted with the administration, I
would submit, that in the past the cutting has far exceeded the natural
growth. This may be disputed, but as evidence I would point to the fact
that our once valuable pine is gone, our hacmatack, so much used in ship-
building is gone, and as for our spruce, it is within the memory of men not
yet classed as old, that what was called a Miramichi Specification of
Deals, viz., one-third each, 3 in.xy in., 3 in.x9 in., and 3-in.xiiin., was
much more easily obtained than a specification of one-half each of 3 in.x-
7 in., and 3 in.x9 in., and upward is to-day.

It is stated and confidently maintained in some quarters, that our
Crown lands are capable of producing a cutting of merchantable spruce logs
every ten years; this may possible be true of some sections, but as a general
proposition it is far wide of the mark. I know of sections which would
not stand cutting for merchantable logs in twenty years. In view, then, of
this, how careful should the operators be, that their cutting, both as regards
quantity and size, should be conducted with an eye to the future, bearing in
mind that the forests do not belong to this generation alone, but also to
those who succeed them.

From the earliest settlement of the country, fire has been the great
enemy of our forests, and it has been said, and probably truly, that more
timber has been destroyed in our forests by fire than by the axe. Not to
mention the great Miramichi Fire, which occurred in the year 1825, the
marks of which can be seen to the present day, and which destroyed an
immense quantity of standing timber; smaller fires have done, and are still

50 CANADIAN FOBESTST ASSOCIATION.

doing, immense damage to our forests. Travel in almost any direction you
like in our forests, even in the most remote and distant sections, and you
will find trace of the destroying element. How these fire orginate is
sometimes very difficult to say. Very probably some of them are caused
by lightning, but I fear many of them are the result of gross carelessness on
the part of the stream drivers, fishermen, cruisers, blueberry pickers or
some one or other of the many parties who are constantly roaming the for-
est on one pretext or the other. The railways, too, are responsible for
many fires, and have shown great carelessness and unpardonable diregard
for private or public property in this respect, as the condition of 'the land
all along the line bears testimony. With a view of preventing this de-
struction, the Government has adopted strict regulations, and as far as pos-
sible, with the means at its disposal, tried to enforce them, but without the
hearty co-operation of the other interested party, namely the owners or
people; these regulations become largely a dead letter. Here, then, is an-
other case where both should co-operate for the public good.

Another industry was established on the Miramichi a few years ago,
viz., the manufacture of wood pulp. There are now two establishments of
this character in operation on the Miramichi, giving employment to a large
number of men. These mills use small spruce, from six to eight inches, at
the top, and also other spruce, which, on account of crooks or other de-
fects, is unsuitable for manufacture in the saw mills. We have in various
portions of the northern counties, large quantities of spruce, straight, s Mind,
and clean, which, on account of thick growth or other reasons, has not for
years shown any perceptible growth. This wood is well adapted for pulp
manufacture, and the Government has adopted the policy of granting spe-
cial permits, allowing the cutting of this wood for the purpose of thinning
out. This probably is an advantage to the forests, provided the privilege is
not abused, as, in some instances, I am afraid it is. Competent men should
superintend the cutting, so as to prevent as far as possible a wholesale
slaughter of the forests, under the pretense of thinning out, and the opera-
tor, on his part, should be careful to follow the spirit of his license — an-
other case where co-operation is necessary for the public good. Were it
possible to work this industry in connection with the regular logging opera-
tions, and bring out the tops which are now left in the woods, it would be
very beneficial to the forests, and probably this view was taken by the Gov-
ernment, when making their recent regulations, which required all opera-
tors to bring out all tops of five inches and upwards. But the fact that the
pulp manufacturers do not want anything under six inches, and the further
fact that our tops are, as a general rule, too coarse and knotty for pulp
wood, renders the tops of very little commercial value, compared to the
stumpage and cost of bringing them to market.

Within the past few years, other mills have been erected on the Mira-
michi for the purpose of preparing the wood for making pulp and ship-
ping it in that form to the United States. Very large quantities of lumber are
annually used in this way, simply cut in lengths of about twenty inches, and
stripped of the bark, and as small lumber is used very largely, it does not
require very much foresight to see where we shall land if this continues to
the extent in which it is now carried on. I am informed that not less than

CANADIAN FOBESTET ASSOCIATION. 51

31,500 cords were shipped from the Miramichi last year, and as it is
claimed that the wealth of the country is being exported in a raw state, for
the purpose of giving a foreign country the benefit of its manufacture, quite
an agitation has been started with a view of remedying this condition ol
affairs. I believe that the country and its people should receive all the ben-
efits that can possible accrue from its natural resources, and if it can be
shown that this mode of handling our one great natural asset is more bene-
ficial to its people and advantageous to the Province than the other method
of manufacturing our lumber into marketable products and exporting it in
that way, there is nothing more to be said. If, on the other hand, the pre-
vailing view is correct, that the advantage lies with the old methods, that
the newly installed plant is stripping our forests of its young growth, inter-
fering with our water supply, and exporting our natural resources for the
benefit of foreigners, without being a corresponding benefit to our own
people, then I think the duty of those charged with the administration and
protection of our resources, is clear, and whatever steps are possible should
be taken to ccmserve them for the benefit, as far as possible, of our own
people. Perhaps it is natural for those who have been trained and engaged
in the old methods of manufacturing sawn lumber, to think that their busi-
ness is best for the country and its people, but I feel bound to say from my
observation, and from what information I have been able to obtain, that I
think the wholesale cutting of our forests and the exportation of the wood
in its raw state, means disaster to the future of the forests in this Province.,
and is not securing to its people now the best results of its forest wealth.

Something like an ideal industry for Miramichi has lately been estab-
lished on the Miramichi near Millerton, by Mr. James Beveridge, where,
with a minimum drain upon the forest's resources and utilizing the waste
from the saw mills, he is employing a large number of men night and day,
all the year around, and producing an excellent article of wrapping paper.
It is earnestly to be hoped that the energy and enterprise shown in the es-
tablishment of this industry, may meet all the success it deserves.

The Chairman commended very highly the practical character of the
paper.

MR. FIELDS (Miramichi, N.B.) said there were large salmon fishing
interests on the Miramichi River. Up to within twenty years there were
May, June and July runs. The July run was now almost a thing of the
past. In the opinion of those who had studied this question, this was
due to the burning and cutting off of the forests. The rivers were now so
low in summer that the fish could not get up.

HON. C. W. ROBINSON asked Mr. Burchill what proportion of forest
destruction was due to the fires and what to the axe.

MR. BURCHILL could scarcely answer that question, but a very large
proportion was due to the fires which swept the country for many years.
He had been told that from the top of Bald Mountain, near the head of
the Northwest Miramichi, there was not a green tree to be seen. This dis-
trict was burned over many years ago. His firm had been operating in
the same district for thirty years and were now glad to get logs running
fifteen to the thousand, whereas in the old days logs ran seven and eight to
the thousand.

52 CAN ADI AN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

THE CHAIRMAN: Replying to Mr. Robinson, 1 do not hesitate to say
that in the Ottawa Valley up to date twenty times as much timber has been
destroyed by fire as by the lumberman's axe.

Hon. Charles E. Oak was down for the next paper, and before pro-
ceeding to its formal reading he said: Before reading the paper I have
prepared, allow me to say that I have virtually severed my connection with
all paper and pulp making of every kind, shape and description.

THE CHAIRMAN: And have, therefore, changed your views. (Laugh-
ter.)

MR. OAK: And, therefore, what I am saying is rny conscientious, honest
belief for the welfare of New Brunswick. Let me briefly tell one thing be-
fore I commence this paper. The word "merchantable" lumber has been
used by the first speaker this afternoon. What constitutes merchantable
lumber in the market? That word merchantable is very elastic; one thing
in one country and another in another country. A few years ago — very
many can remember when nearly all of the merchantable lumber on the St.
John River was an eleven inch log at the top. Quite a different proposition
to-day. Of the vast quantity of lumber cut in the United States to-day only
four per cent, is used for the making of paper. Therefore, the saving you
can make in other directions will more than offset that demand from the
paper mills.

THE PULPWOOD QUESTION IN NEW BRUNSWICK.
HON. CHARLES E. OAK, BANGOR, MAINE, AND CHATHAM, N.B.

While many topics of great importance are being discussed at this meet-
ing, it seems to me from the standpoint of the average citizen, there is no
one subject which is so little understood as the one indicated by the title
to this paper. Without casting any reflections upon anybody, because
the system of lumbering pursued here is not materially different from that
pursued throughout adjoining States and Provinces until very recently,
allow me to call your attention to the condition of our forest territory as it
appears to-day. We find that the woodsman with his axe has virtually
reached every acre of the forest domain. Without supervision or restric-
tion of any kind, other than size, he has been at liberty to pick and cull such
lumber as pleased his fancy, or, rather, the class of lumber from which he
could reap the most profits.

The status of the lumber business many seasons has been such that only
by selecting the choicest and best could he hope to get a new dollar for an
old one. High stumps and large tops have always been left behind him.
Insufficient regard for the amount of destruction caused by felling and
handling logs has also been the rule. Stream improvements have been
made with reference to a single year, or a very few years' use. No tree
was felled unless it was expected it would make a first-class log. At least,
this was the condition at the comencement of the lumbering operations, but

CANADIAN FOEESTBY ASSOCIATION. 53

the later lumbermen have been obliged to take logs somewhat inferior, be-
cause the cream of the growth had been removed by their predecessors.
Notwithstanding this fact, there still remains standing in the territory al-
ready operated, a vast number of trees that although of sufficient size,
hardly warranted the saw mill people cutting and hauling on account of
their being either crooked or defective.

The agitation of the subject of forestry by speakers and writers, as well
as the establishment of forestry schools, has led the average person to be-
lieve that we are on the verge of a lumber famine, and, like a drowning
man, such people are willing to grasp at straws, and favor any proposition
or scheme that may be offered with a plea of improvement. There is an-
other class who believe that fhe lumber famine is only a dream of the fu-
ture, and are not particularly favorable to any material change from the
methods at present in vogue. There seems to be a consensus of opinion,
however, that there should be some radical changes in the methods of con-
ducting lumbering operations in this Province, as well as elsewhere. I
assume that the majority of the people are uncertain in their own minds as
to what general course to recommend, yet there are many who are very
positive that certain ideas should be adopted.

We have thus arrived at what may be termed the parting of the ways,
and the vital question is which road to follow. The importance of making
a right decision is so very great, it seems to me almost criminal, from a
patriotic standpoint, for any citizen to commit himself completely and irre-
vocably to any policy without weighing most carefully the future welfare of
the Province. To jump at conclusions and act without careful study, in-
vestigation and discussion in a matter so important, would seem to be the
action of the foolish man, only. Every wise man, even if possessed of very
positive, pre-conceived ideas, is always ready to change his mind when
indisputable evidence is produced, showing the error of his former reason-
ing. I assume that many in this audience may be of this latter class, and
therefore trust that should any of you have convictions more or less strong,
either for or against the policy of allowing pulpwood to be cut and handled,
you will each be willing to reason the matter more fully in order to avoid
the serious mistake of lending your assistance to some policy that later may
prove disastrous.

During the past few years there has been more or less active discussion
with reference to prohibiting the exportation of pulpwood. The active par-
tisans of such prohibition may or may not be financially interested in a way
that the policy adopted might affect them, but whatever their motive, their
earnestness has been such that many have been honestly led to believe that
it would be a very wise policy particularly for this Province to adopt.
They have embraced these ideas, as it seems to me, without fully under-
standing even the premises of the situation, and perhaps have utterly failed
to realize what it means for a government like that of New Brunswick to
commit itself irrevocably to such a radical policy. If such there are, it is
fair to assume that they are drifting without chart or compass towards what
may be very dangerous ground. Should the proposed law for prohibition
prevail, and after a series of years the dreams of the preponents prove true,

54 CANADIAN FOEE STEY ASSOCIATION.

even though many might suffer meanwhile, we might call it wise legislation,
but should their dreams fail to materialize, then an almost irreparable
injury will have been caused — at all events an injury that will require many
years to remedy.

I will endeavor to describe, as best I am able, the actual conditions pre-
vailing in the lumber producing districts of this Province, earnestly hoping
that a candid statement of facts will help somewhat in arriving at a correct
solution of the troublesome problem. In round numbers, if I am correctly
informed, there are left in the Province some seven and one-half million
acres of Crown timber lands, so called. In addition there are some four
and one-half million acres of fee lands, or lands in which the title is vested
in individuals. Not all of this territory produces lumber, however. Fires
have utterly destroyed large areas, while lakes, bogs, barrens and hardwood
ridges occupy considerable territory, so that it would seem that an estimate
of eight million acres actually growing spruce, fir and pine in considerable
quantities would be a fair estimate. Upon this territory I will venture an
estimate of the stand of black growth, and while I make no claim to extreme
accuracy, the figures are not wholy obtained by guess, but rather by com-
parison with other territory wrhere careful estimates have been made. These
figures I shall try to make very conservative, which will allow for more qr
less destruction in the vicinity of settlers' lots, and for errors in calculations.
For all sizes of black growth, from the largest down to the smallest, we can
calculate in feet. I will name the figures as 1,750 superficial feet per acre,
or a total stand of fourteen billion feet on the timber land territory of this
Province.

It is a well known fact that the increase in volume of lumber on virgin
or uncut timber lands is virtually nothing, because the older lumber is de-
caying practically in the same ratio as the younger trees are growing. This
must be true or otherwise we should find only impenetrable thickets of large
trees in such timber producing territory as the axe has never reached. On
cut-over territory it has been learned by careful measurements and tests
made by forestry experts, that the increase in volume is about three per
cent, annually on an average. If, then, the estimate or total stand is approx-
imately correct, it will be safe to reckon that if the forest territory had all
been cut over, it would safe (barring fires and following fairly conserva-
tive methods of lumbering) to cut 420 million feet annually, providing
the whole of the trees destroyed were taken, as this would simply be the
annual increase.

As a matter of fact, however, the saw mills have cut only about 75 per
cent, of this territory, and as the balance is non-producing, the actual in-
crease is only 315 million, or 2% per cent, on the total stand. The reason
for the saw mills not operating on the whole ground, is not because the ter-
ritory has not been covered or exploited, but because there is about 25 per
cent, of the territory that never has produced t log of size suitable for saw
mill use. The ground to which I refer is the high land or low land "thicket"
and the semi-barren land, so called. Such territory would produce in many
instances ten, twenty, and even thirty cords per acre, equivalent to one-
half as many thousands of feet, and yet unless such land is allowed to be cut

CANADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION. . 55

for pulp making, it is simply so much waste land. When such territory is
properly thinned in cutting pulpwood, while the actual growth may be less
than three per cent., the actual increase in volume may be much more than
fifty-two feet per acre, which I have given as a fair general average of in-
crease on cut-over lands, because the actual volume upon which to reckon
percentage is much greater than the general average.

Forestry is simply forest farming, and the producer of farm crops who,
after a practical method has been pointed out to him, fails to take advan-
tage of the chance to increase his farm crops 25 per cent, without costing
him a penny, we should call decidedly lacking in business sagacity, and yet
there are very many people bitterly opposed to the use of our forest
products for making paper. They ignorantly suppose it means deforesta-
tion. If that were what it meant, I would joint their ranks myself, because
complete deforestation of this Province, either by the woodsman's axe or
what would be far worse, by forest fires, would mean a disaster to the resi-
dents of this region that could hardly be calculated. The terrific freshets of
spring would be followed by extreme droughts of summer, thereby ruining
agriculture, and should both agriculture and lumbering cease to exist in any
country like this, the quicker it follows the course of the lost Atlantis, the
better it will be for everybody, providing they all get ashore. Paper mak-
ing, however, in no way means deforestation, any more than the possession
of a knife means suicide. In fact, the best friends of forestry interests,
whom it has been my good fortune to know as yet, have been the paper
manufacturers. They are trying not only to preserve, but to conserve to a
remarkable degree, and knowing the result of their conservative policy, saw
mill men are voluntarily copying their economical methods to a considerable
extent.

Let us note a few of the marked improvements. The advent of paper
making has compelled the felling of trees with saws, instead of with axes,
thereby saving to the stumpage owner, whether it be the Crown or the indi-
vidual, at least 2^ per cent, of its value. Tops are taken to much smaller
size, which tends to minimize fire risks and adds to stumpage revenues.
Where the paper mill scores a much greater point, however, is in utilizing
all of the undersized lumber destroyed in making roads, yards and land-
ings, and also the broken down trees and the crooked, forked, seamy and
defective trees that are largely useless at the saw mills.

A few years ago a careful series of tests and measurements were made
by experts on the St. John River drainage, and it was demonstrated that
in cutting lumber for the St. John market, only from 60 per cent to 65 per
cent, of the volume of the trees actually destroyed was utilized, while sim-
ilar experiments in a region where operations were conducted for paper
making alone, showed that 85 per cent, of the volume was saved and
utilized. This is a clean saving of more than 30 per cent, and would cer-
tainly mean a great source of increased revenue to this Province, could all
of the lumber be cut in a similar manner, and still the story is not all told.
The saw mills, having no use for the crooked, defective trees and those
with winding seams, leave them to cumber and shade the ground, thus pre-
venting the growth of other valuable trees. The paper maker cuts and

56 CANADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION .

saves these trees, thereby increasing the timber producing territory very
materially. Could the total area of the ground made useless by this stand
of trees be computed, the figures would be quite startling. If any of you
have failed to notice this feature, I earnestly urge you on your next trip
through old cuttings to note the amount of territory actually rendered use-
less in consequence of the large number of trees of the class above de-
scribed occupying the ground.

When to all this is added the amount of timber available for paper mak-
ing, but useless for sawmills now standing in the thicket growth previously
mentioned, it seems beyond argument that were it a question of the ''Sur-
vival of the fittest," it should be the saw mill, rather than the supplying
mills for paper making to be driven out. This is not the question at issue,
however, because there is room for both, and unquestionably, to my mind,
there is much timber more valuable for the saw mills than for paper mak-
ing of the species used for paper making. The two styles of manufacturing
should work in harmony, exchanging their wood products for mutual benefit
and for the benefit of the lands operated. By such an arrangement the
woods products or crop could be very materially increased, and the forests
materially benefited, rather than injured.

The fact that the volume of the forest growth in cut-over lands will
increase on an estimated stand of one and three-quarter thousand feet per
acre, fifty-two feet annually, has been previously mentioned, but as all
practical foresters well know, if proper regulations are established and
proper supervision exercised to carry those regulations into effect, it will be
possible, in the course of a period of years to double, or even treble, this
annual growth, because the basis upon which to reckon percentage will have
been made two or three times as large as to-day. This is what the paper
mills are trying to do, and to that end are expending large sums of money
in experimenting, testing and supervising their woods operations by the
best practical foresters to be obtained. With such enormous amounts in-
vested in plants, it is only provident for them to seek to have a supply of
raw material for an indefinite ueriod, and this one fact accounts for their
active interest in conserving the forest products.

I wish to emphatically dispute an asertion frequently made to the effect
that the paper makers strip the lands that they operate. While it is true
that they cut small trees in some localities, it is done advisedly and for the
express purpose of increasing the rapidity of growth, rather than wanton
destruction, as has been charged. The only exception to the above is when
operating certain tracts having only a thin, scurf soil, and where, if the
thinning process is followed, the balance is sure to blow down, that defor-
estation is allowed.

If it is admitted that the facts with reference to the possibilities of for-
est production are true, and I think no man can intelligently d'eny them, the
argument is conclusively in favor of conducting a large amount of our lum-
bering operations for supplying paper mills, and this leads to the second
branch of the pulpwood question, viz., as to whether or not it is advisable to
allow the exportation of pulp wood from this Province. One of the chief
arguments in favor of such prohibition is the fact that while the cost of

CAN AVIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 57

cutting and driving pulp wood to the rossing mills is greater than the cost
of handling an equal quantity of deal logs, the cost of rossing and handling
the pulp wood is less per thousand than the cost of manufacturing and
handling a like amount of deals, thereby causing a decrease in amounts paid
for labor. While this statement is technically true, it is practically untrue,
the margin being considerably in favor of the pulp wood business. More-
over, as a matter of fact, one supplements the other, and we should have
both.

The actual cost of rossing and handling pulp wood per thousand is
slightly less than for manufacturing deals per thousand, but when it is
taken into consideration that a considerable portion of the pulp stock would
be simply left in the woods and wasted by the saw mills, the actual amount
of labor cost on the trees each year destroyed in lumbering, if converted
into rossed wood and shipped away, would be considerably greater than
the labor cost of manufacturing and handling the deals that would naturally
be taken from the same territory. When, in addition to this, is taken into
consideration the fact that a very large amount of lumber can be utilized by
the pulp wood handlers that is utterly useless for the saw mills, the argu-
ment is strongly in favor of perpetuating the rossing mills. It is not denied
that the presence of rossing mills enhances the value of licenses and stump-
age on logs, and raises the cost of labor by sharper competition, but from
the point of view of the public this is grain, not loss.

It is certain that if the argument is good that the exportation of pulp
wood should be prohibited on account of the expectation that paper mills
will be established, which will cause a greatly increased demand for labor,
and thereby distribute a very large amount of money for the wages cost
of manufacturing, the argument is equally strong in favor of prohibiting
deal exporting for the same reason. Deals are no more a finished product
than is rossed pulpwood. They are virtually all remanufactured before
being suitable for general use, the same as pulp wood.

It is not intended to argue this point, however, but rather to discuss the
advisability of prohibiting one kind of established business in the hope of
encouraging the location of a more desirable style of manufacture. This is
commonly known as the pulp wood question, but you see it involves both
rossing and deal mills. But before we "kill the goose that lays the golden
eggs,", let us consider well whether it is an assured fact that it would
be possible to locate paper mills in this Province, and particularly on the
east side of the Province, sufficient in size to consume the entire natural
growth of our forest lands each season. I submit that it is not possible.
In fact, it is practically an imposibility to locate mills of any considerable
size anywhere in this Province, other than in connection with the power at
Grand Falls, on the. St. John River.

The reason for this is very simple and easily understood by every per-
son at all familiar with the paper business. To make "newspaper," which
is the great commercial product of wood pulp, enormous power is re-
quired for making 85 per cent, of the material used. The wood is con-
verted into pulp by what is known as the grinding process, which is done by
means of large, rapidly revolving grindstones. The wood is held against the

58 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION .

stone in three places by hydraulic pressure, thus causing such friction that it
requires at least 300 horsepower for a single grinder. As a grinder driven
by 300 horsepower can produce only about four tons of first-class pulp
per day, representing about an equal number of cords of wood, it will be
readily understood that it is a modest mill that does not contain at least
twelve grinders, representing 3,600 horsepower. If these twelve grinders
were run every day in the year, excepting Sundays, they would require only
about eight million feet of logs to supply them. A corresponding deal mill
or a one-gang mill, such as is most commonly seen in this Province, would
consume about the same amount of logs, but would require only 150 horse-
power to run it.

Some of the very sanguine preponents of the paper business assert that
it is a practical problem to grind wood by steam power. Here are a few
figures furnished me by men thoroughly skilled in the construction of steam
plants and the use of same, and on whose statements, I think, we can safely
rely. Their statement is that it will require five pounds of Nova Scotia
coal for each horsepower per hour to furnish the necessary steam. There-
fore, for a 300 horsepower grinder it will require 1,500 pounds of coal per
hour or 7^2 tons for each day of ten hours. Coal delivered at Chatham:
the past season has cost about $4.50 per ton. Therefore, it will be easy to
calculate that the cost of coal alone sufficient to grind a ton of pulp would
cost $8.44. Anyone can easily guess that the cost of maintaining a steam
plant of a size sufficient to produce 3,600 horsepower, plus the labor cost of
tending furnaces and converting the coal into steam, would add materially
to these figures. Ground pulp is selling in Nova Scotia during the present
winter season, where the price is better than in summer, because Baltic pulp
is not available in Britain during the winter season, at $17.50 per ton.
Thus you see that the cost of the power alone in a town like. Chatham would
be considerably in excess of. one-half the entire value of a ton of pulp after
it is manufactured. Suffice it to say that, so far as I know, there is not a
steam-driven, ground-wood pulp mill in existence in the whole United States
or Canada.

Is there any argument necessary after the presentation of these facts,
which are so easy of demonstration, to convince any sane man that the
grinding of pulp by means of steam powrer as a financial proposition is
simply absurd? This being the fact, we are next led to search for water
power, so that wood can be ground at minimum cost in order to compete
with others in the same business, and what do we find? Only a single spot
on the whole east or north shore where it would be even possible to turn
a half-dozen grinders, and this only a portion of the year. I refer to the
Falls of the Nepisiguit River. Would anybody think for a moment of
tying up the whole lumber business of this Province for the sake of one
small mill that could never grind over five or six million feet of logs an-
nually? On the St. John River there is a magnificent undeveloped power,
but the timber tributary that could be floated directly to the mill would
furnish an abundant supply for a long term of years, which precludes the
possibility of cutting pulp wood on the east shore and railing it to Grand
Falls. In Ontario and Quebec, and possibly in some parts of Nova Scotia
conditions are radically different from those in New Brunswick, but my ar-
gument is for this Province alone.

CAN ADI AN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION . 59

It may be urged by the sister Provinces having large water power that
it is the duty of the Province of New Brunswick to hold this pulp wood
timber in reserve for such time as they may need it, rather than export to
the States. How will this benefit New Brunswick, and how long will
the people of this Province be obliged to wait? Before answering this
question, or rather answering it by asking another question, suppose we
reverse the proposition and ask Ontario and Quebec to suspend all busi-
ness pertaining to pulp or pulp manufacturing for a short period of time,
so that New Brunswick can dispose of her mature crop at high prices, in
order to bridge over a long interval, during which she will have no mar-
ket, providing Dominion exportation is prohibited. Could we reasonably
hope or expect for a moment that they would entertain such a proposition?
And yet the supply of pulpwood in Ontario and Quebec, to say nothing of
Manitoba, is almost unlimited, and, therefore, pulp wood from New
Brunswick would be required only after a long period of years, and when
so required at a much less price than that obtained from territory near their
mills, because of the increased cost of transportation.

Assume for a moment, however, that each Province, acting independ-
ently, should prohibit pulp wood exportation, and let us anticipate results.
Possibly Ontario and Quebec might be benefited thereby for a long or short
period, depending upon what changes might take place in tariff regula-
tions or in the development of the paper industry in the States by using
substances other than wood, or other woods than spruce, for raw material,
but this is a branch of ,the subject that does not enter into this discussion.
What we most desire is to know how New Brunswick will be affected. I
have tried to demonstrate that it is practically an impossibility to make a
financial success of paper making with steam power to .grind wood. There-
fore, in the absence of water power, it is fair to assume that the manufac-
turing of deal, as heretofore, will be continued, the lands growing poorer
and poorer as a producing proposition for deal stock. There will be no
market for pulpwood in Ontario and Quebec or for shipment to Grand
Falls from the eastern and northern drainage of this Province, they ob-
taining cheaper wood nearer home. For the same reason that it is unprof-
itable to grind wood with steam power to make paper, it will be impossible
by the sulphite process, which can be conducted with steam plants, to pro-
duce newspaper throughout the eastern and northern sections of New
Brunswick. Should we undertake to wait until Ontario and Quebec re-
quire the wood from New Brunswick, the hair of our children and our
children's children would be well streakeci with gray before the demand was
appreciable.

As before stated, the tendency of saw mill operating has been to render
the land poorer and poorer for deal manufacturing. The specification* of
65 per cent, and 35 per cent., once easy to obtain, is now almost unknown.
Even 50 per cent., and 50 per cent is the exception rather than the rule.
Each year the log cut seems a little smaller than the last, and instead of
being able to cut three per cent, of the whole stand without injury or defor-

* See remarks on "Miramichi Specifications," in papei* of Hon. J. P. Burchill.

50 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

estation, as is possible in the pulpwood business, the percentage must neces-
sarily grow less and less, until it will become necessary to give the forests
a rest for a long period years before it will be safe for the deal mills to
resume business. What will supply Provincial revenue, meanwhile, and
what is equally important, how is the large population at present depending
on the lumber business to be supported? It is useless to talk about miracles
in these modern wicked times, and yet it would be a miracle if they did not
all leave the country in search of the necessities of life. Thus the Prov-
ince would suffer a double loss — decrease of revenue and loss of population.
Who would purchase the homes and property of these people obliged to
emigrate? I cannot answer the question, or even guess. It would seem as
though their property would all have to be sacrificed.

Other objections furnishing strong argument against the suggested
adoption of this policy of prohibition might be offered, but perhaps enough
has been said to make the argument convincing, that while it is an easy
matter to tear down, it is much harder to build up. The preponents of the
measure urge tearing down, apparently hoping for a miracle to take place.
They must candidly admit, however, that there is a deep chasm in the
route they propose for us to follow, which divides the old way from the
new. This chasm they have spanned with a theory. This theory may be
strong enough to carry us across one way, but please remember that when
once across, it is very difficult to get back. If we entirely commit ourselves
to the proposed policy and legislation results, it will only be after a series
of years that we can retrace our course.

DISCUSSION ON THE EXPORT OF PULP WOOD.

MR. W. B. SNOWBALL: When I attempt to reply to Mr. Oak's very
able paper, why we should let one of the greatest assets of this Province
be exported for the upkeep of mills in a foreign country, I cannot see any
argument that he has brought forth at all convincing to this intelligent
audience, showing why we should allow such a procedure to take place.
Mr. Oak has stated that he has severed his connection with the Interna-
tional Paper Company and the Miramichi Lumber Company, of which he
was manager, and I am willing to admit, and, indeed, I believe Mr. Oak, in
speaking,, stated his honest convictions and ideas. We must, however,
make allowance for people, for their early surroundings, and when we
consider that this gentleman was born across the border, we can hardly
think a few years' residence in New Brunswick could transform him so
rapidly into a good Canadian citizen. They state much can be done with
a Scotchman if you get him early enough (laughter), and I think that
might be true as far as American citizens also are concerned; and I trust
we have secured Mr. Oak quite early enough in life, so that we may be
able to make of him, within the next few years, one of our most loyal
advocates of the prohibition of the export of pulp wood. I am glad
to know that a gentleman of his intelligence has been secured to manage
the lands of the New Brunswick Land Company, and I hope, when he takes

CANADIAN FOBESTEY ASSOCIATION. £1

up his work in July, he will leave behind him some of his former ideas, and
that we will be able to make of him within a very short time a loyal sup-
porter of our contention.

When we consider what Mr. Oak has _said as an argument why we
should allow our lumber to be transported across the border, it is well to
look up what the International Paper Company said before the Ways and
Means Committee, in the tariff hearing in the United States, which 1 think
fully explains the situation and the feeling of our American cousins towards
our forest domain. It is well to consider what arguments they brought for-
ward. I would like to read you a few extracts from the evidence given by
the International Paper Company, of which Mr. Oak is such a strong sup-
ported to-day and in whose employ he is still : —

"In each of these places the Company's mill is an important fac-
tor in the maintenance of the community, and in many of them it is
the only productive agency, besides indirectly furnishing a market for
the outlaying farm districts. The Company employs nominally about
seven thousand people at its mills, besides its operations in the woods.
There are thus directly and wholly dependent upon the wages paid by
the Company, estimating five persons to a wage earner, 77,500 people,
besides, to a less extent, farmers, store keepers, manufacturers of
supplies and transportation companies. Except for its woods opera-
tions in Canada, almost every dollar it receives is expended in the
United States. It is estimated that it furnishes annually 2,500,000
tons of freight to the common carriers of the country.

"The Company owns or controls about 900,000 acres of timber
lands in the United States, and 3,100,000 acres in Canada. It is
operating upon these lands in the United States in the most conserva-
tive manner possible; in all cases leaving the small growth for the
future and avoiding all the waste possible, felling trees with the saw
instead of the axe, as formerly, and using tEe tops of the trees to the
fullest extent possible. At some points in New England it has bought
abandoned farms having a small growth of spruce on them, and is
holding them for its future needs. It is also making some experiments
in replanting. It is holding its lands in the United States, in so far
as is practicable and economical, for future use. It may be added
that its operations in Canada are also as conservative as conditions
will allow.

"In 1899, its first full year, the Company made 380,000 tons of
paper. In 1907, it made 495,000 tons, an increase of 30 per cent.
It makes all the pulp required for this quantity of paper, and is thus
not dependent upon any other company or any other country for its
requirement of pulp. It does, however, get from Canada about 35
per cent, of the pulp wood required, mostly from its own lands, this
coming in free of duty. For the handling and transportation of this
wood a large amount of money has been permanently invested, so
that it may be laid down at the mill at the lowest possible cost.

52 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

"It (the present duty) is not adequate to prevent extensive im-
portations of news paper from Canada, as already shown, and any
reduction would mean an increase in importation and loss of business
for us. It would check the growth of our production, and the removal
of the duty would close a number of our mills. We believe that under
any conditions, the free admission of paper would compel us to aban-
don many of our plants, and either drive us out of business or compel
us to build mills in Canada."

We want every dollar involved in the manufacture of wood, into pulp
and paper, in Canada. (Applause, and Hear, hear.)

"One of Canada's greatest assets is her forests, but they are only
profitable to her in so far as they are productive. We sympathise
with any bona fide desire on her part to perpetuate her forests, and
are willing to submit to any reasonable restrictions in our operations in
the Canadian woods which would have that end in view, but Canada
has a very great area of timber lands, and they can produce a large
annual yield without impairing them — all her mills and ours will want
for generations to come."

That is what the International Paper Company said before the Ways
and Means Committee, and that shows what they are in a position to do
if they were compelled to manufacture their pulp in Canada, or were pro-
hibited taking from Canada the raw material to maintain their mills.

Quebec last year sent one million cords of her wood to maintain foreign
labor on the other side of the border. That is a very large amount, and
would keep a great number of mills going.

By looking up the records of the Miramichi Lumber Company in the
Chatham Custom House, I find the quantity of pulp wood exported from
the Miramichi last year to be 30,500 cords. I think there must be some
mistake in the Custom House returns, because we know large operations
are taking place, we know the amount cut from their lands, the reports of
the amount cut off Crown lands are before us, and we also know how long
their mills are going, so that we are perfectly satisfied that some clerical
error has been made, and that a very much larger amount went from the
Miramichi to the International Paper Company in the United States than
is reported. I have no objection to paper makers or pulp men or any one
else having interests in Canada, but what we do want is to conserve the
forests of this country so that they will be kept in perpetuity for our people,
to conserve to the people of Canada the greatest amount of employment
from their own forests or any other natural resource the Canadian people
are possesed of. (Applause.) That is what I believe to the largest
extent "conservation" stands for. And I believe we who are members of
the Commision of Conservation have more than the forests to conserve.
We must also look after the farming lands, so that the people of Canada
will have the advantage accruing from them and from everything in the
way of natural resources that we have. Give the Canadian people the
largest amount of employment, distribute the money in Canada, give the
people the greatest possible returns from the resources they possess. (Ap-

CANADIAN FOEESTET ASSOCIATION. 53

plause.) I do not claim we, mill owners, are doing the most we can for the
Canadian people, or have in the past done as much as we should, but we
have done very much more than the rossing mills have done. All one has
to do is to visit the Miramichi and see the two rossing mills running there,
and compare them with any saw mill or the one-gang mill of the Miramichi
Lumber Company operating on the other side of the river. They will
readily see which gives the greatest amount of employment, and expends
the most wages in the district. Mr. Oak says, What will become of us if we
stop exporting pulp wood? What did we do before the International
Paper Company came to New Brunswick? There was more money ex-
pended on the Miramichi by William Richards and other companies manu-
facturing lumber before Mr. Oak or the International Paper Company
came there than now, and one of the disasters to that part of the country
was when they came and attempted to ross wood and send it away. (Ap-
plause.) What was expected by every one when these people came was
that they would not attempt to ross wood and send it away, but would es-
tablish pulp and paper industries. Great hopes were entertained, and the
people loked forward to American capital coming in: "Let the American
capital come in, and we will see what they will do for us," was the saying.
I am not going to depreciate the Americans, but I do say this: American
capitalists make money as quickly as they can — money is their king. To
.get the greatest amount of money in the shortest time, they want to come
over here and take our natural resources and turn them into money for
the American people, rather than have them conserved for the permanent
benefit of the Canadian people; to make our country prosper and flourish
as we would wish. Can we, as patriotic citizens, stand idly by and see our
raw material going across to support 77,500 people in the United States?
The work required to manufacture this raw material should be available to
the people of Canada, either Quebec, Ontario or New Brunswick. We
should not confine our interests to the Province of New Brunswick; in this
discussion we should take Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific. I ask
you to consider what the International Paper Company said would be the
result if we took away from them the wood they need for the operation of
their mills.

Mr. Snowball referred to Mr. Sifton's estimate of thirty years as the
time required to use up all timber in the United States. That being so,
why should United States citizens be allowed to come over to Canada to
take Canadian resources? (Hear, hear.) Canadians should not look upon
an asset as merely worth so much, or as bringing in a certain amount of
capital, or that capital might be brought in for the buying up of this or
that industry. There was a danger that large aggregations of capital
would endeavor to influence Legislatures and direct legislation, as they had
In the United States. The effort to get control of the Long Sault Rapids
was a case in point. Those on the Commission of Conservation knew the
length to which these people were prepared to go to attain their ends. Mr.
Oak had referred to sawing down trees as a method of conserving timber,
and when at this point in his paper he had turned his eyes in his (Mr.
Snowball's) direction. Possibly Mr. Oak thought he had taught them how
to conduct woods operations. In reply to that he would say that when

64 CANADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION .

he was a child fifteen years of age (and there were gentlemen in the audi-
ence who knew this very well) they were felling trees with the saw on the
Tabusintac, Tracadie, Dungarvon, and Renous Rivers. All trees were
cut with the saw, and as close to the ground as possible. (Hear, hear. )

In the course of his argument, Mr. Oak has stated that it would be
impossible to manufacture wood pulp in New Brunswick. When in the
Ottawa Valley recently he (Mr. Snowball) had the pleasure of visiting
the McLaren mills at Buckingham, where they had ten or twelve machines
making ground wood pulp by water power. This was shipped to different
places in Canada and the United States, and combined with a certain
amount of sulphite pulp and made into paper. At other points on the
Ottawa there were sulphite pulp mills run by steam, supplying the other
part of this combination. The average wages per ton of pulp he found was
$5.06. What he held was that that sum and the sum required to lay the
pulp wood down at the mill should be kept in Canada to give employment
to Canadian labor, instead of allowing it to cross the line to keep up
United States factories. A great many of the boys from the Miramichi,
as well as from other sections, were crossing to the United States to help
make pulp and paper, because the mills were there. But these young men
of brawn and brains would come back to make pulp and paper at home, if
there were mills in Canada for them to work in. (Applause.) If sulphite
pulp could be made by steam power in Ontario, where they had to freight
their coal from the United States or the Maritime Provinces, surely it could
be made in the Maritime Provinces where the coal was produced.

The Chairman (Senator Edwards) asked at this juncture if there was
not a limitation to the proportion of sulphite that might be used.

Mr. Snowball said he was about to deal with. that. Ontario made
ground wood pulp in one place and sulphite pulp in another, and these were
shipped to a common point and made into paper. New Brunswick could
have the ground wood pulp made at Grand Falls, where Mr. Oak admitted
there was ample power and an unlimited supply of spruce. Sulphite pulp
could be made at Chatham or Fredericton and the two kinds of pulp could
be brought together at St. John or some other point and made into paper
for home use and shipped to the United States and abroad. The paper
mills of the United States did not sell all the paper they made in their
own country. During a period of seven months they shipped $850,000
worth of "news" paper manufactured from Canadian pulp wood to the
British Isles. Canada should be supplying that market with paper made
in Canada from Canadian wood. (Hear, hear.)

Mr. Snowball continued: The kraft paper mill on the Miramichi is
making wrapping paper with only a small drain on the forest — only two
and a half to three million feet of small logs, and slabs from mills, and
employing about 125 men all the year around. What we want is not more
big industries, employing five or six hundred men; if we get an industry
employing fifty or sixty men all the year around, that is what we want, and
that is what will be of the greatest benefit to the country. Some of our
towns and Boards of Trade are making great efforts to secure these large
industries; but if we can secure numerous small industries and not have all
our eggs in one basket, it would be far better for our country.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 55

There is just one mistake Mr. Oak made, and I do not think he was
misleading you whatever. He refers to the cost of coal at $4.50 per ton.
He was perfectly justified in stating that, but that is the price of screened
coal of the best quality from Sydney. On the Miramichi it does not cost
the mills that much for coal. They use the slack coal, and it costs $1.85
per ton delivered on the wharf at Chatham. It makes a vast difference
whether your coal costs you $4.50 or $1.85 in considering this question.

I do not want to take up any more time in discussing this matter. I
will just read for one moment what has been said by Mr. J. R. Mann,
of Chicago, who headed the investigating committee into the paper indus-
stry. Mr. Mann said: —

"In my opinion it is absolutely necessary that we either get from
Canada the right of the free export of spruce wood or that our Gov-
ernment itself enter upon the project of raising spruce forests. If
Canada should succeed in forcing the newspaper mills into the Do-
minion, it would result undoubtedly in greatly increasing the price of
print paper and probably Canada would then lay an export duty on
print paper. It looks to me as if Canada had the upper hand in the
matter, and, moreover, it looks as if we were on the verge of a great
tariff war with the Dominion. It is possible if Canada is not enticed
by the new tariff, that by next March we will have prices soaring so
high that users of paper will feel it exceedingly more than they have
yet."

I quote now from the Montreal Star of September 29th, 1909, con-
cerning the above: —

"If there has been any doubt in Canada as to what we should do,
surely these frank utterances will dispel it. We know now on the tes-
timony of our customers that we hold the "high card." There is no
dispute as to the facts, but only as to the manner in which they should
affect our action. We can have the pulp business, and eventually the
paper business of this continent by pursuing a common-sense policy
towards the matter; and the first step in that program is to abso-
ultely prohibit the future exportation from Crown lands of unmanu-
factured timber, be it pulp wood or not. Our forests we should treat as
a store house of raw material on which Canadian labor and capital can
employ themselves, and what we cannot manufacture for our own
use and for sale abroad, we can conserve for our children and for our
children's children."

That is all I have to say so far as pulp wood is concerned. I think, as
Canadians, we should not look to what the results might be for one month
or two months, if the prohibition were imposed, because the Government
can regulate that. The Government has the right in the leases to cancel
for certain causes, and any Government that would pass a law prohibiting
the export would also make provisions which would protect the people of
this country. The concerns holding timber lands would be bound to oper-
ate them to the same extent as when operations are carried on for saw mills.
If we had that provision we need not fear at all the bogey held out by Mr.

66

CANADIAN FOEE STSY ASSOCIATION.

Oak in his paper that we would be impoverished and the young men would
go out of the country, that homes would be mortgaged and blue ruin come
over the country. Canada is getting past that stage. (Applause.) We
are not likely to see any such thing occur, and when we see the Government
in power willing to pass such legislation as will protect the resources of our
country we may be assured it will also make provision that the natural re-
sources will be used to such an extent that they will give employment to the
people who are depending upon them. I thank you for the way you have
listened to my remarks. I was not able to prepare what I had to say before
hand, but I think I have put it before you in a light to enable you to deal in a
proper way with any resolution that may come from the Resolutions Com-
mittee. (Applause.)

The Chairman gave an opportunity for any one else to speak, but no
one arising, Mr. Oak was allowed the floor in reply.

MR. OAK: Having become half a resident over here, naturally I feel
a certain amount of loyalty to this region, and when warned by the last
speaker it would hardly be proper to bring the Stars and Stripes over here,
it struck me a little mite peculiar that he had smuggled over the spirit
equally good, and was giving it to you for all it was worth. (Laughter.)

Now, Mr. President, it is true that Americans like dollars. I do not
know, however, they need to come over to this country to get any points
along that line. (Laughter.) It is true we are doing a little pulp business
on the Miramichi, and it is also true that wages have raised materially
there. It is equally true logs have raised a certain amount per thou-
sand feet. It cannot be possible the gentleman who has just spoken could
have taken into consideration he could buy logs some years ago very much
less than he can now. If he had one single argument other than the fact in
reference to coal involved in his remarks on the exportation of pulp wood,
I failed to see it.

Mr. Oak emphasized the fact that he did not refer to other parts of
Canada, but only to New Brunswick. In regard to coal, he said his figures
were based on the coal costing $4.50 per ton. Cheaper coal was not as
good in steaming qualities. If $1,85 coal were used then the difference in
the horsepower produced by a ton of it, as compared with the better coal
would have to be taken into account when it would be found that owing to
the difference in quality his contention had not been substantially affected.

Surveyor-General Grimmer here took the Chair, to allow Senator
Edwards to address the meeting.

SENATOR EDWARDS' VIEWS.

SENATOR EDWARDS: On this subject I shall endeavor to say a word
in my humble opinion, in the best interests of Canada as a whole, and not
only for New Brunswick, to which most of you belong. In so far as I am
personally concerned I claim that Mr. Oak's argument this afternoon, and
his presentation of it, was one of the best I have ever listened .to at a For-
estry meeting, and his arguments, in my opinion, are absolutely and entirely
unaswered. He has shown conclusively that in the best interests of the

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 57

Province of New Brunswick the suggestion that the export of pulpwood
should be prohibited, should not be entertained. And I agree with him.
It was admitted that you have not got the water power located at various
points in the Province, as many Provinces have. And the idea that all your
ground wood pulp could be made at Grand Falls, while the whole of the
rest of the Province was to supply the chemical pulp, of which only 25
per cent, is required for the production of "news" paper, is not practicable
to my mind. The thing is too ridiculous for consideration for one single
moment.

Now, if I may be allowed to say a word on this subject as applied to
Canada. My profession is that of a lumberman, pure and simple; I am
not engaged in the pulp wood or paper business. I have paid close atten-
tion to everything that has been said about the subject by the various speak-
ers and writers, and, in the best interests of Canada, I think it would be
a suicidal act to prohibit the exportation of pulp wood to the United States.
Take the gentleman who has just spoken. If his arguments are correct,
and you ought to prohibit the exportation of pulp wood in the best interests
of the country, then, on exactly the same grounds, you should prohibit the
exportation of sawn lumber.

Mr. Sifton made a remark in the course of his admirable speech with
which I agree absolutely. That is to say, that while the time has not yet
arrived, I think perhaps the time is not very remote when it will be in the
best interests of Canada that no lumber should be exported from this coun-
try. So far as sawn lumber is concerned, we will reach a period when there
will be none to export, having regard to the future wants of our people.
The answer to that may be: "Yes, and in the best interests of Canada you
should prohibit the export of pulp wood to-day." I say, "No," and I will
deal with that question. What are the conditions? In the United States
there are a large number of pulp and paper mills. The current belief that
they are on their last legs and have only enough raw material to supply
their mills for a few'years is not correct. The Americans are a very inven-
tive people and if you prohibit the export of pulpwood, they would at once
set their wits to work to produce some other article from which to make
paper.

A VOICE : They cannot do it.

SENATOR EDWARDS : They can. I know they can.

SENATOR EDWARDS : I am a Canadian, but I must admit that in the ac-
ceptance of the term "loyal," as understood by some people, I am not loyal.
Mind you, that is qualified. In the best interests of Canada T am loyal to
the core. I want that done which will result in benefit to the people ot
Canada. Now in so far as lumber is concerned, I admit that a period will
arrive in the not remote future when we will have no lumber to supply to
anybody, but in so far as pulp wood is concerned, if our various Provincial
Governments and the Federal Government will do their duty, we can supply
Canada, the United States and the greater portion of the world with pulp
for all time. The Province of New Brunswick does not possess such a
large supply of that material, but I assure you the Province of Quebec does

gg C AN ADI AN FOEE STEY ASSOCIATION.

possess an enormous supply, so also does Ontario and the Western Prov-
inces. If the production of paper in the United States is to be carried on
as at present, many mills will have to shut down if they cannot get pulp
wood from some other source: I admit that. I also admit the American
is a very clever individual. Now, observe carefully. The life of a pulp
and paper mill, as constructed in the United States, is about ten years. Do
you think, as these mills go out of use, that they are going to be recon-
structed in the United States, dependent upon getting their supply of puip
wood from Canada? Not at all. As they go out of use in the United
States they will never be reconstructed there. They will come to Canada
automatically, without any legislation at all.

A VOICE : Legislation will bring them quicker.

SENATOR EDWARDS: Legislation will not bring them a day quicker.

SENATOR EDWARDS : I want to put another point before you, and this
is of vital importance. The paper manufacturers of the United- States who
want to get some of their pulpwood in Canada would rather pay a very
high price for it and earn some interest on their investment in pulp and
paper mills than no interest. As a consequence, there is an enormous de-
mand for Canadian pulpwood at higher prices than would prevail if it were
not for that demand. Further, what would happen if prohibition of export
should go into effect? The value of pulp wood in Canada would go down
to practically nothing, and the pulp and paper manufacturers of Canada
would have those who have wood to sell by the throat and would pay
them just what they liked. In what condition would that put the small
lumberman who desires to sell his pulp wood? It would simply ruin him.
Gentlemen, this prohibition of export means the most infamous kind of
protection that could exist. It means the business destruction of a large
number of people who have pulp wood to sell, for the benefit of a few of
the pulp and paper makers of Canada. Now, Mr. Chairman, I am one of
those who believe strongly in the conservation of our forests. What would
be the effect if Canada prohibited the export of pulp wood cut on Crown
lands? The iniquitous system in vogue in Quebec and Ontario of acquiring
land ostensibly for settlement, but really for the sake of the growing tim-
ber, would be extended, more pulp wood would go into the United States
from these lands, and it would be an absolute loss to the country. I would
ask you to think over all this before you come to a conclusion on the subject.
No, gentlemen, the way to conserve our forests is to put into effect a ra-
tional and sane policy so far as the cutting of our forests is concerned, and
to prevent the burning of the forests. That is the way to conserve them;
not by restrictive legislation after the timber has been cut down. Legislate
for the whole people of Canada and not for a few of them.

I would like to say a word on the general subject. I have been ex-
ceedingly interested in listening to the papers that have been read here this
afternoon. I am delighted to see the intense interest taken in these sub-
jects which are of such vital importance to the country. Years ago it used
to be proclaimed from one end of Canada to the other that our forests
were inexhaustible. Such speeches used to be made in the House of Com-
mons and in the Legislatures of the various Provinces. But, unfortunately,

CANADIAN Jf ORE STEY ASSOCIATION. 59

we have arrived at a time when those who are at all acquainted with the
subject do not believe such speeches. We have, however, a great many
who believe that it is only a question of going a little farther north, and that
there our forests are still inexhaustible. I regret exceedingly the destruc-
tion of our forests through burning and improper cutting, but 1 am one of
those who believe that if Canadians will be true to themselves our forests
can be preserved in perpetuity. (Hear, hear.)

It is sometimes claimed that the lumbermen are the great destroyers of
the forest. If there is one class more than another that desires to preserve
the forests it is the lumbermen. But in the Province of Quebec, of which I
know most, I regret to say we have two classes of lumbermen. We have
the lumberman who buys his limits, builds a mill, places booms, and does
in every way a legitimate business. But, unfortunately, we have another
class of lumberman there, who ostensibly for settlement, gets an area of
land from the Crown for practically nothing, cuts the timber and, in many
instances, makes a good deal of money very improperly. This class of lum-
berman exists also to a very great extent in the Province of Ontario. I
hope that it is not the case in your, own Province. As to legitimate lumber-
men, I ask is it possible that a body of men having millions of dollars in-
vested in timber should take any other position than to endeavor to protect
the forests? In my humble opinion, fire has caused twenty times as much
destruction as the lumberman's axe. The Ottawa Valley, that great re-
gion of country, would to-day be a green and unbroken forest if no other
instrumentality than the lumberman's axe had been at work.

Mr. Sifton has given us to-day a vivid exposition of conditions in the
United States and Canada, and of what the conditions will be a few years
hence. I agree most thoroughly with him. In twenty or thirty years that
country's timber resources will be exhausted and if we in Canada do not
cut a stick at all during that time, we cannot expect to supply them for more
than eight years. It is, therefore, of vital importance for this country to
consider the best means to preserve its forests for future use, and the great
question is, Can it be done? There is one thing a great many hold in
Ontario and to some extent in Quebec: That it is right to sell a piece of
timber, and when that is cut over to sell another piece. With that practice.
I personally disagree in toto. All over the forests a large amount of tim-
ber is dying from old age. The whole area of the forests should be cut
over, taking the old timber and allowing the young trees to grow for future
use. With this idea that a territory can be cut over every ten years with the
same results I entirely disagree. Thirty years is more approximate to the
correct thing. In order to perpetuate our forest everything possible should
be done to prevent forest fires. That is the most important matter, and
the next is to so dispose of the timber areas as to place a premium upon
their being so worked that they will be maintained in perpetuity. In your
Province of New Brunswick — Mr. Sifton referred to it — I think a very
great mistake has been made as to your tenure. If you desire perpetuity,
your tenure should be a continuous one. Ontario, 1 think, is making a vital
mistake in this matter. Territory is being sold under short tenure and only
a short time allowed for taking off the timber. The consequence is that
there is a premium upon the rapid cutting of it. I do not blame the political

70 CANADIAN FOKESTKY ASSOCIATION .

party to-day in power, because it was my own political party which intro-
duced this very wrong system, and the present administration is continuing
it. I consider the system that exists in the Province of Quebec to be the
sanest and best that exists in any of the Provinces, but where they fail in
Quebec is in the administration of the regulations. I have explained the
piracy of the limits of the lumbermen by pseudo settlers. Now, tor per-
petuity and continuance, my opinion is that large operating lumbermen
should have large areas, and that they should cut the annual growth on
those areas in the shape of the old timber and let the young timber grow for
future use. I think it can be done, and may tell you, Mr. Chairman, that
so far as our own individual operations are concerned, that is what we in-
tend doing. In your own good Province of New Brunswick, the company
of which I am president has lately built a mill at Bathurst of concrete. We
would not build a concrete mill if we only wanted it for a few years. We
expect to use it for many years; we expect our successors to use it; and we
expect that you will do right when the time comes and not deprive us of the
timber to operate the mill.

There are those who deal with this question practically, and those who
deal with it theoretically. While I am a thorough believer in education in
the great branch of Forestry, I am also a great believer in the ideas of the
operating, practical man, so far as the handling of our forests is concerned.
I believe this, if you want to teach Forestry in the best way, in which it shall
render the best service, not only to the country, but to the future of the
lumber industry, the right place to teach Forestry is in the woods. If the
young men are educated in that respect in schools, what will they do? They
go out of the different schools, and if they attempt to teach lumbering at
all, they attempt to teach the lumberman, and as a practical lumberman, I
say they cannot do it. In so far as the operations are concerned the prac-
tical and thorough lumberman knows a very great deal more than they do,
and can teach them. But these young men do not want to be taught. They
want to teach. To bring out what is best for the country — I have recom-
mended it at Ottawa, and I recommend it here — the Province or Dominion
should set apart an area of one hundred or one thousand square miles, what-
ever it may be, and have the operations carried on by a thoroughly prac-
tical lumberman, with a School of Forestry right on the limits. Carry out
the operation in a practical way, with a theoretical education at the same
time. The young man educated in this way would not only be a forester,
but he would be one of the lumbermen of the future. I believe in getting
education on this subject, as I believe in getting education on every other
subject, and I believe the best practical education which can be given for
the conservation of our forests and future lumber trade is that which I have
endeavored to describe. I will say again that my heart and soul is in this
subject as a lumberman, one interested in the lumber trade, and interested
in the country. I do hope that every means will be taken, not only by the
Dominion, but also by the various Provinces, to do all that each of them
can to perpetuate that which is the best asset this country has or ever will
have. (Applause.)

MR. WILLIAM PEARCE (Calgary) said that in the discussion of coal at
different prices, one speaker had held that coal at $1.85 was as dear as coal

CANADIAN F OSES TRY ASSOCIATION. J\

at $4.50, everything considered. He wanted to know if any experiments
had been made in regard to this.

THE CHAIRMAN (Senator Edwards) thought that when Mr. James
Beveridge, who operated a paper mill at Chatham, N.B., spoke the next
day, he would be able to shed light on this point.

There was considerable discussion over the point of bringing in a reso-
lution forthwith on the subject of prohibiting the export of pulp wood. Mr.
J. M. Macoun was anxious to have such a resolution submitted immediately
upon the close of the discussion that afternoon.

The Chairman held it would be better to have the matter dealt with
after the Resolutions Committee had reported, also after Mr. Beveridge
had presented his paper dealing with the pulp and paper industry in New
Brunswick.

RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE.

The following were appointed a Resolutions Committee: William
Pearce (Convener); William Power, F.'C. Whitman, W. B. Snowball,
Hon. J. P. Burchill, Hon. A. B. Warburton.

The Convention then adjourned.

WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 23rd.

In the evening a reception was tendered the visiting Delegates by His
Honor the Lieutenant-Governor and Mrs. Tweedie, the Premier and Mrs.
Hazen, and the Members of the Executive Council, -in the Legislative
Chamber of the Parliament Buildings. The Chamber and the adjoining
hallways and rooms were tastefully and beautifully decorated, and all the
details of the Reception — music, refreshments, dancing, etc. — had been
carefully worked out. Large numbers, both of delegates and citizens, at-
tended and the function was in every way successful and enjoyable.

MORNING SESSION, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY, 24th, 1910.

The Convention was called to order at 10 o'clock by the Chairman,
Hon. Senator Edwards, who opened with a few appropriate remarks on the
importance of the subjects to the people of Canada, and urged a full dis-
cussion of all of them. He then announced that, as on the preceding morn-
ing, before taking up the regular programme there would be a series of
brief addresses from gentlemen representing various localities and in-
terests.

72 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

ADDRESSES OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The representative men who made brief addresses were: Mr. W. R.
Brown, Secretary of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission; Mr. G. C.
Piche, M.F., Chief Forest Engineer, Department of Lands and Forests,
Quebec; Hon. A. B. Warburton, M.P., Prince Edward Island; Mr. E. J.
Zavitz, B.A., M.S.F., Professor of Forestry, Ontario Agricultural Col-
lege, Guelph; and Mr. Abraham Knechtel, F.E., Inspector of Dominion
Forest Reserves.

Mr. Brown and Mr. Zavitz, who were to read papers during the
morning, brought words of greeting from their respective spheres.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

Mr. Warburton spoke of the fact that some years ago he was called
upon to prepare a report on Forestry in Prince Edward Island. He dis-
covered the serious inroads being made on the north shore of the island by
sand, and steps were taken to remedy this. Mr. Warburton referred to
the successful efforts, under somewhat similar conditions, in Gascony, on
the west coast of France; Denmark, North Carolina, and Cape Cod. In
the latter, sand districts had been reclaimed and were bearing good crops
of cranberries; and bushes and small trees were beginning to grow. His
investigations led him to believe the north shore of Prince Edward Island
had once been heavily timbered and that the cutting away of the trees had
allowed it to become a prey to the shifting sand. He had urged the Gov-
ernment to_jnake a test to see if the sand dunes could not be covered again
with growing trees.

CONDITIONS IN QUEBEC.

Mr. Piche said he owed the honor of being present to the fact that he
came at the request of Hon. Jules Allard, Minister of Lands and Forests
for Quebec, who, owing to Parliamentary engagements, was unable to be
present, but who sent his regrets and desired him to express his wishes for
the complete success of the Convention. Mr. Piche snowed that in 1905
the Government of Quebec selected two young men (Mr. Piche and Mr.
Bedard), and sent them to study forestry at Yale. On their return in
1907 they were given a small section of the Province to prove what they
could do. Instead of devoting time to Silvicultural studies, they felt it was
better to conserve what was left of the forests, and to this end to induce
limit holders and settlers to employ more conservative methods of lumber-
ing. To this they had devoted their energies, and they now had supervision
over lumbering operations covering one-half the Province, and they had
under them a corps of fifteen student-assistants, besides forest rangers.
They hoped that before long there would be a course in Protective Forestry
established in Quebec, enabling the Government and the lumbermen to
secure all the forest engineers and rangers needed. In 1908, a forest nur-
sery had been established, which grew about a half a million trees a year.
Next spring they expected to begin test work in reforesting by planting the
shifting sand districts in Berthier and Lanoraie. This was chiefly as an
object lesson to farmers, for he did not believe in spending $4,000 per

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 73

square mile for reforestation, while for the same expenditure they could
protect five hundred square miles of standing timber. It was more impor-
tant to protect the immediate crop than to plant trees to mature in a cen-
tury. However, when Mr. W. C. J. Hall, the Superintendent of the Bureau
of Forestry, had completed his system of fire protection, they would con-
sider the advisability of planting along the river fronts. He did not think
it would pay to plant more than three miles on each side of the waterways,
but would leave to Nature the work of reforesting the interior.

Mr. Piche urged the formation of branches of the Canadian Forestry
Association in each Province, so that churches, schools, and societies might
be enlisted and the people thus get to understand the need of Forestry. He
also urged the necessity of adopting a general log rule for the whole coun-
try. He advocated a rule based on the cubic foot, as recently adopted in
Maine, in the place of the obsolete rules based on the imaginary board foot.

WORK OF THE DOMINION FORESTRY BRANCH.

Mr. Abraham Knechtel, F.E., Inspector of Dominion Forest Reserves,
described the work of the Forestry Branch. This was divided into three
parts: I. The forests. 2. Forest reserves. 3. Tree planting on the
prairies. The chief danger in regard to the forest was fire, and this was
met by fire wardens who patrolled the woods and warned travellers against
letting fires run. New lines of railway were particularly guarded. When it
was desired to dispose of timber, the Government had a survey made and
placed an upset price on the berth, which was then advertised for three
months and sold to the highest bidder. The land was leased at a ground
rent of $5 per mile, and there was also a stumpage fee of 50 cents per
thousand. There were large timber tracts in the north; just how large no
one knew, but it was expected three exploring parties would be sent into
them in the summer of 1910 to gain information. In regard to the forest
reserves the fire rangers there were employed by the year, and each had to
provide himself with a horse. Fire guards were plowed in the denuded
areas, around and through the reserves, and fire lanes were cut through
the woods to give access to different parts, and to provide a line where a
fire could be stopped. The forest floor was cleared where possible. This
was done by allowing settlers to take the dead timber. When this was
removed they were allowed under restrictions to cut green timber. Settlers'
slashings had been a great danger, but the Forestry Branch now got them
to take out all parts of four inches and upward, and to cut the branches oft
the tops, so that they would lie flat and rot quickly. The Branch was now
considering the advisability of allowing portable mills to go into the re-
serves under close restrictions, the object being to cut out mature and over-
mature timber. The forest reserves in Saskatchewan had been made also
game preserves, and it was likely the same would be done in Manitoba.
Surveys were being made to ascertain the amount of timber on the reserves
and also what other territory ought to be placed in reserves. Last year he
spent ten days traveling through the country on the eastern slope of the
Rockies, and he endorsed Hon. Mr. Sifton's intention that this should be
made into a reservation. The third side of the work was tree planting on

74 CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

the prairies. The Dominion Forestry Branch had a. nursery station at
Indian Head, from which trees were sent out free to settlers. Last spring
two and a half million trees were sent out, and altogether about fifteen mil-
lion had been thus planted since this work was begun. The change in the
comfort and appearance of the homesteads on the prairies by the planting
of trees' about them had been most marked.

DISCUSSION URGED.

The Chairman said he hoped there would be the fullest discussion upon
all the subjects brought up. Let no one go away feeling that any matter
had not been properly discussed. Much was got by the interchange of
ideas. Canada had learned much from the United States in regard to
Conservation. Mr. Roosevelt, the President, first called a meeting of the
Governors of the various States, and it was decided to prepare an inventory
of the resurces of the Republic. He (Senator Edwards) went there to rep-
resent Canada, at the request of the Dominion Government, at the second
gathering. Then came the International Convention, attended by Hon.
Mr. Sifton and two other representatives of Canada. Out of that grew the
Canadian Commission of Conservation, of which Hon. Mr. Sifton. was the
Chairman. With Mr. Sifton at the head, there could be no doubt about
results. Mr. Sifton intended to make it his life work. His (Senator Ed-
wards') view was that Canada should ascertain just what resources she
had. The Province of New Brunswick, he thought, should find out what
timber it had, should make a map of the areas, showing its distribution and
should then regulate the cut accordingly. Quebec and Ontario should do
the same. First ascertain the stock, then plan to conserve it.

FOREST PROTECTION.
W. C. J. HALL, SUPERINTENDENT, BUREAU OF FORESTRY, QUEBEC.

The Forestry movement all over Canada has accomplished a great deal,
and amongst other things, has been the means of awakening our thinking
people to the importance of handling our forests with a view to perpetua-
tion thereof. Before long I trust that a majority of the whole population
will be seized with the idea and aid in its consummation.

The deplorable results of excessive denudation of the forests have been
demonstrated to us frequently. . Actual eye-witnesses, as for instance, His
Excellency the Governor-General, have related to us the dire consequences
of such policy in Europe and Asia. With such examples to profit by, no
Government should permit excessive cutting on lands under its control.

What is the situation in Canada? Briefly this, that except on the imme-
diate shores of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the precipitation is not suf-
ficient to keep things in a moist condition, and, as a result, we have in all
our Provinces, periods of great drought, causing forests, whether conif-
erous or decidous, to become highly inflammable. Great care is therefore
necessary.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 75

We have in Canada vast forests, no doubt, and natural reforestation
goes on apace in many old burnings and other places, but when one con-
siders the increasing population, the corresponding increase in consumption
of the products of the forests and the quantity of timber burned each year,
it is obvious that we, even in Canada, have reached the point where it i?
necessary to take all precautions possible to discomfit our greatest enemy-
fire. If we had a climate throughout Canada such as obtains in the British
Isles, I think the problem of preventing forest fires would be easily solved.
But the evaporation is so great with us that the situation is quite the con-
trary as compared with the aforesaid country, surrounded as it is by the
sea and supplied, thereby with the maximum of humidity.

My experience in these matters causes me to assert that the dangei
spots are the new settlements,' near the borders of the forest proper, and
along the line of railways running through private or Crown forests. Of
course a fire may occur in any part of a forest, however remote. The sun
shining on a bit of glass may do it, trees rubbing together may be the cause,
lightning, unaccompanied by rain, occasionally is responsible for the dis-
aster; but the fact remains, established by unimpeachable statistics, that
near civilization and each side of railways, are the places where most fires
occur.

How can we bring about immunity, to the greatest extent possible, for
these fruitful sources of danger? It is indeed a difficult task, but one to
which we in Canada should give the closest attention. We have first to com-
bat the idea, deep rooted in many minds, that the forest must be obliterated
in order to accomplish the ends of agriculture. Literature must be spread
broadcast through the country, explaining how absolutely necessary for
agriculture it is to have substantial areas of forests in the rear, as other-
wise that extremely costly system, artificial irrigation, will have to be re-
sorted to. This work should be persisted in until the masses have been
reached, and they understand clearly tKeir own interests, and are willing to
co-operate with the authorities. Secondly, we must lose no opportunity cf
providing a thorough patrol, all through the forests, by means of fire-
rangers, club guardians, guides, forest-rangers, and any other individuals
who are willing to assist in this patriotic work. We must keep up to date
and avail ourselve.s of every approved means of protection, from employ-
ing competent men for the patrol, to the use of chemical extinguishers.
Above all, let us agree that politics shall not be a factor. This is a national
affair, and every Government* should leave those in charge of the forests,
in so far as protection of them is concerned, absolutely free to select the
very best men. This ensures an efficient service being given, and in no
other way is it possible to bring it about.

The question of preventing forest fires along railways is one which is
quite as formidable as the preceding one, if not more so. To illustrate
forcibly this menace to the forests, Mr. de Lotbiniere's railway guards, on
a stretch of fifteen miles long, in 1908, on the Intercolonial Railway, ex-
tinguished nineteen incipient fires in one day. If this can occur on the In-
tercolonial Railway, where the right-of-way was cleaned up many years ago,
what are the chances of fire taking place along a newly constructed line.

76 CANADIAN FORE STKY ASSOCIATION .

with a mass of inflammable debris on each side ? We, in the Province of
Quebec, know what happened to the wooded lands on either side of the
Quebec and Lake St. John Railway. We are trying to prbfit by this bitter
experience and maintain a patrol along the National Transcontinental Rail-
way now, under construction. New Brunswick is alive to the danger, and
proposes that this railway, running through its timber lands, be operated by
means of electricity, to be generated at the Grand Falls. It is claimed that
this water power is capable of supplying sufficient electrical energy to oper-
ate the line from the seaboard to Quebec City. If the River St. John has
a minimum volume of water (and we must figure only on the minimum),
capable of doing this, then it behooves the Province to set aside, in perpe-
tuity, enough forest reserve to maintain that minimum volume, otherwise
the outlay for the generating plant will be of little avail. This system, if it
proved practicable, will eliminate a large percentage of the danger, but not
all. Careless people walking along the track may set fire in various ways.
Unless smoking cars have the windows wire-screened, glowing cigar butts
and pipe ashes, etc., thrown out, may start a fire. Thus it is obvious that
even if electricity be the motive power and locomotive sparks be not a factor
for spreading fire in the forests, there is still a necessity for patrolling the
line. In Quebec, south of the St. Lawrence, the National Transcontinental
Railway runs through a district where water power is rather a scarce
article, owing to the fact that the distance from the river to the boundary
line is so narrow. Three streams, viz. : The River du Loup, River du Sud,
and the River Chaudiere are large enough to warrant developing, but the
du Loup and the Chaudiere are already harnessed up and power plants are
making use of all the current they can generate. Thus we will have to de-
pend solely on the Grand Falls to operate the whole length of line to Que-
bec City, practically speaking. Quebec is heartily in sympathy with the
project, if it can be proved to be practicable, and I am positive that the
Province of Quebec will aid to the utmost in maintaining the forests on all
tributaries of the River St. John which radiate towards the north and into
the Province of Quebec. On the north shore of the River St. Lawrence we
have water power in abundance to operate the line from Quebec City to the
Ontario boundary line.

The patrolling of the Transcontinental Railway is a serious problem
for all the Provinces. In Quebec we will have about 600 miles of it run-
ning through forest lands. Until electricity or some other motive force
can be used to operate it, a very thorough and efficient patrol is required.
If two men, at $50 per month,, say, on railway velocipedes, can attend to
ten miles of track, it would mean our employing 60 men for six months in
each year, a total outlay of $20,000, including equipment. It would take a
forest fire of no large dimensions to destroy that amount of value in timber,
in one, two or three days, according to conditions. Would not this be a
very moderate premium of insurance for the Government to pay on this
extremely valuable asset?

The forests are essential to profitable agriculture, the lumber trade, in-
dustrial establishments, for sanitation and many other things. They are
also an extremely valuable asset in the way of affording sport, i. e., fishing
and shooting. We are all familiar with the results obtained by fostering

CANADIAN FOSE S TEY ASSOCIATION. 77

sport in the State of Maine, and few, if any, fires can be traced to sports-
men, accompanied by registered guides. The latter are well aware that
their livelihood depends on the existence of the forests. The hunting
grounds in New Brunswick, I am informed, are cared for in somewhat a
similar manner. Each man has his own territory and takes good care of it
— his asset is the forest. In Quebec it is practically the same, our fish and
game clubs use all precautions, and the results are most encouraging. They
are good protectors. Properly orgapized sport will never do much damage
to the forests, but the desultory sportsman, having no stake in the forests,
and fishing and shooting here and there indiscriminately, and neglecting to
take precautions, is often the cause of serious fires. However, the occa-
sional and free-lance sportsman belongs largely to the educated class, and
needs only to see fire posters here and there to set him a-thinking. Once
in that frame of mind, he will be careful.

If a district be dotted here and there with prominent elevations, not
necessarily mountains, the system of "lookout stations" is a good preven-
tive of forest fires. These stations, connected by telephone with the set-
tlements, can be the means of getting a large force of men to a fire in the
incipient stage, and thus prevent a conflagration. In Maine and other New
England States this system is spreading rapidly, and I have not heard of
any adverse criticism of it. The wireless telephone has not as yet been
brought to the point of cheapness and practicability needed to warrant its
installation, but when that point is reached, it will, without question, be su-
perior to the ordinary telephone.

In my opinion it would be advisable for the Provincial Governments tp
enact legislation, compelling municipalities to patrol the areas under their
jurisdiction, and impose a stiff penalty for non-compliance therewith. I
believe this would largely reduce the number of settlers' fires, and they,
with railways, head the list almost everywhere. The timber-limit owners,
or licenses, will undoubtedly cause their holdings to be well looked after,
be it in New Brunswick, British Columbia, Ontario, or Quebec, but this
avails little, if in a drought, the settlers on the border line of the forests,
undertake to burn their clearings, or, if they start these fires in the spring
or fall. A settler who fails to pile up his slashings in rows or heaps, at
least 50 feet from the forest, or who, in other words, sets fire in a flat
slashing, is little short of being a criminal, if at all. The laws should be
very stringent on this point. If this debris is piled up and each leeward
pile or row burnt in rotation in propitous weather, we would have a very
different record to present annually.

The fire ranger should be equipped with appliances for fire fighting,
e. g., a folding canvas bucket, medium sized axe, and a combined spade,
hoe and pick. Men patrolling in a municipality close to a forest could, with
great advantage, make use of sprayers, which should be supplied by the
municipal council, at the public expense. New roads opened up for coloni-
zation purposes need strict attention, the cut-down timber should be burned
in heaps in favorable weather, and not be left to dry at the sides, where a
lighted match or glowing spark may cause a disaster. The railroad ditch,
if made on the extreme outside of the right-of-way, would stop many a
fire from extending to the nearby forests. As we have all noticed, these

78 CANADIAN FOBE STBT ASSOCIATION.

ditches very often contain water, or at least are well wetted and moist; thus,
if a spark from a locomotive starts a fire and it runs to this wet ground or
water, it is quenched and cannot spread further. Even if the ditch is quite
dry, one man with such a fire-break to assist him, could easily control a fire,
if not entirely snuff it out. If the ditch is close to the rails, there is nothing
to prevent the fire going right ahead, as the sparks often land on the far
side of it. Some argue that a wide strip cleared of forest, each side of the
tracks, is a preventive against fire from engine sparks. At first blush it
would appear so, but seriously, is this the case? If this wide strip exists,
it is wholly true that the maximum of evaporation will also exist, and in
spring and fall, and in a summer drought, could anything be more combus-
tible? A fire once started on this strip would run fast, and on reaching the
forest, have gathered such headway and volume, that the humidity there
would fail to resist its onset. Fire rangers should make it their duty to
keep well cleared, all shanty roads, so that if a fire occurs they can make
the greatest possible use of these avenues as fire breaks; besides this, the
feature of being able to move about from point to point more quickly by
means of these roads, if kept free of windfalls, is an important one.

The Church authorities in Quebec assist in the protection of the forests
in a large measure, the fact of a priest or clergyman touching on the subject
from the pulpit, is a strong lever in our hands and makes for the general
welfare. We appreciate very warmly this assistance and co-operation on
the part of the Church, and trust we will always be able to count upon it.

Lumbermen should be careful in their choice of men to patrol near the
settlements; such rangers need to be tactful, well posted on the law. They
should reason with the settlers, and in a majority of cases these latter, when
approached in the proper way, will see for themselves that no hardship is
intended, but, on the contrary, that the law is framed for the public good.
The lumbermen should also give to the men in charge of the drives very
strict orders to see personally that all precautions against fire are taken.
The season is dangerous when log driving is going on, the snow is rapidly
disappearing in the forests and vegetation has not yet begun. Every Mon-
day morning, say, the foreman should assemble the men and warn them to
be careful. The cook should be closely watched and not allowed to leave
camp until his fire has been absolutely extinguished and thoroughly drenched
with water from the stream. At supply depots, keep-over provision build-
ings and other convenient points, lumbermen should keep a full line of im-
plements, axes, hoes, shovels and picks, so that the rangers may be in a
position to equip any men they can get hold of in case of a fire occurring.

It is apparent that rangers should frequent the prominent elevations
on their beats. From there the most extended views are obtainable, and
they are more likely to detect a fire from such points than if they keep to
the level ground and depressions. Rangers should be instructed specially
to be on the lookout for mining prospectors : It is so much cheaper and
more expeditious to lay bare the surface by means of fire than by manual
labor. To lop off the branches of tree tops left in the forest after logging,
and allow the trunk to rest on the ground, and thus be kept perpetually
moist, would in many ways be a great safeguard against fire. But to do
this would entail some expense; the question to the lumberman is, would re-

CANADIAN FOEESTKY ASSOCIATION. 79

suits justify the outlay. In my opinion, it would be a good investment.
These tree tops block the forest in a great measure for any one traversing
the choppings; they get into a most inflammable condition, and if fire starts
amongst them, it is very difficult for the men to get about and do effective
work. Rangers should be supplied with plans of their territories, and
should keep adding local indications to them. These plans could be re-
newed every year until perfection was attained, and would be invaluable to
the rangers, to say nothing of what they would mean to their employers.

What a contrast there is between our East and West. In the Maritime
Provinces, Quebec and Ontario, the settler busies himself burning up timber
in his clearing that the man in the West would give a good deal of money
for. In the West every one is ready and willing to purchase seedlings to
try to induce forest growth on his farm, for domestic use, for windbreaks,
for the accumulation of snow in winter, to prevent the frost striking too
deep and for ornamental purposes. I understand that the supply has never
been sufficient to meet the demand.

We have in Quebec 175,000 square miles of Forest Reserves. This is
an admirable shewing, and it was my privilege to assist materially in hav-
ing these reserves created. I trust sincerely that the Government will for-
ever maintain them in their integrity. If it does, we need not fear for pos-
terity. Quebec has a certain amount of good arable land, but, taking it all
in all, is essentially a spruce producing country. Our rivers are quick run-
ning, not sluggish. On the north shore of the St. Lawrence, many of the
streams are torrential in character. Common sense alone tells us that
under such conditions, a very much larger percentage of forest reserve is
necessary than if our streams were slow-running.

We have, I regret to have to say, instances of forest denudation to too
great an extent in Quebec. That part of the Province south and north-
east of Montreal (the Eastern Townships) to-day feels the want of
forests. Mills on some of the large streams have been obliged to put up
auxiliary steam plants, while others are unable to work to full capacity in
midsummer. Water has become a rather scarce article, and in some places
has to be carted from a distance to water cattle. The fuel question con-
fronts the residents in these localities. Such a state of affairs should never
have been allowed to become a possibility*

I have not gone deeply into details, as to do so would largely confine
my remarks to conditions in my own Province and cause them to be some-
what inapplicable to others; I have therefore tried to treat the subject in
a broad way. In conclusion I would say, let us protect the forests in every
feasible and practical manner, and then we will have water power, the lum-
ber, trade, profitable agriculture, fish and game; if we fail to do so, we can
only look for, and expect, a serious shinkage in the value of all these na-
tional assets, and, possibly, extinction of some of them. Let us hope that
such a state of affairs will never obtain in any of the fair Provinces of this
great Dominion.

gO CANADIAN FOSE STEY ASSOCIATION.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Hall, in response to a question, said that for putting out fire earth
and sand were better than water. You could not expect fire rangers to
carry a spray or water wagon, but a wet bag or branches would accomplish
the same result. One man working with a pick and shovel would do a
great deal.

The Chairman said that in his experience often the only way to cope
with a fire was to make roads through and to use earth. Fires usually
occurred in dry seasons, when there was little water obtainable.

Mr. Robert Connely (Great Salmon River, N.B.) gave an instance
where the company of which he is manager had secured a verdict of $6,000
from a sportsman, who started a fire which destroyed valuable timber.

FIRE LAWS AND FIRE PROTECTION IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.
W. R. BROWN, SECRETARY NEW HAMPSHIRE FORESTRY COMMISSION.

I have the honor to present to you an outline of the new fire law passed
by the last Legislature in New Hampshire, and the problem of fire protec-
tion in general, also to express to the Canadian Forestry Association New
Hampshire's hearty co-operation and good wishes in a common endeavor
towards a more rational and far-reaching system of conservation, which
movement we conceive to be of international benefit through our fast in-
creasing mutual interdependence. Conservation as a national policy is
much to the fore in Washington to-day, espoused on broad principles of
patriotism and intelligent self-interest, and finds expression in a message
from the President, a recent conference of Governors, the passage of new
Federal and State laws, and conserving policies instituted by corporations
and large owners. It is advocated for the protection of mines, water
powers, fisheries, natural scenery and game, but the most general and
intense interest centers in Forestry, and this is the paramount subject of
concern in New Hampshire. With only one-fourth of her territory under
cultivation, New Hampshire is particularly concerned in the preservation
of a splendid primeval forest, which clothes her granite mountains, miles
upon miles in the North, and dots the rolling hills in small wood lots,
southward to the sea. At the present moment her Representatives in Con-
gress are deeply interested and united in asking for the passage of a bill at
Washington, creating an Appalachian Reserve in the White Mountains, to
protect her water powers and those of the neighboring States. Her legisla-
tors are spending freely to preserve and open up by good roads her won-
derful mountain and lake scenery.

So as a pioneer in the conservation movement, New Hampshire early
commenced experiments in practical forestry under such men as Austin
Cary, now Assistant Forester in New York; Harry Graves, now Chief

A NEW BRUNSWICK LUMBER CAMP.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. gl

Forester at Washington, and others, for the purpose of adapting old world
ideas to American conditions,, with the result that, as is now the case in
Canada, practical forestry early resolved itself into, not artificial reproduc-
tion as in Germany, but into a method of protection for an abundant and
widespread forest cover. Land in the north readily came up to spruce
and balsam, and in the south to white pine and hard woods. Abandoned
farms, planted by nature, could be bought at a less price than seedlings
could be raised alone. Cheap stumpage everywhere was for sale; cost of
labor was many times that abroad; the price of lumber was comparatively
low; tops and branches were of no value for fuel. It was found that cut-
ting had been done by the early settlers according to rough forestry meth-
ods, unwittingly, when they cut only large trees for saw logs. Experiments
in thinning showed the character of stand it was safe to leave capable of
resisting wind throw, of the tenacity of root hold in soils, of the promised
growth of American species, of the diseases to be combatted, and of the
difficulties of overcoming long ingrained prejudice and custom of opera-
tors, anoi other such practical problems. Later, through the agency of
such good work and the advent of expensive pulp mills, large owners were
led to take thought for the future supply of their mills to hire foresters and
cut conservatively. The movement became well thought of and wide-
spread, except in the case of the small owner, who could not afford to hold
his land, and the portable mill, which moved about stripping everything.
But no cure had been found for the many small and large fires, which
yearly increased in number and severity with the increased cutting, and in
dry seasons shrouded the state in gloomy pall and filled the papers with
protests. These did more permanent injury to forestry and the future of
the State than all other sources combined. Slowly the public awoke to the
fact, emphasized by the timberland owners, of the State's duty and interest
to furnish fire protection to wild lands equally with real and personal
estate, that the timber land owner had a right to demand such protection in
return for taxes paid; also that the first fundamental forestry practice
lay in the preservation of timber land for a long term of years, which, if
not done, all other endeavors would prove unavailing. So gradually strin-
gent laws were enacted, covering brush burning, sparks from smoke stacks,
lighting camp fires, etc., with heavy penalties for all infringements at-
tached. But due to the State having no central organization to enforce
these laws, few arrests were made and little accomplished, owners not wish-
ing to prosecute small offenders for the fear of retaliation in kind.

Finally, during the last Legislature a new law was passed, perfecting a
central organization, codifying all existing laws, and furnishing funds for
their carrying out and enforcement. A Commission of three was appointed
by the Governor to serve without pay, except for travel. ' These Com-
missioners were empowered to select a State Forester at a fixed salary, and
establish him with an assistant at the State Capitol. The State Forester in
turn was empowered to appoint one deputy in each town or unincorporated
place in the State, to the number of about 230. These deputies were made
responsible for the handling of fires within their territory, under the gen-
eral direction of the State Forester, and to receive pay while in active
service. They were given police powers at all times to make arrests with-
out warrant, and could impress the services of any citizen, or conscribe

32 CANADIAN FORE STKY ASSOCIATION.

implements and supplies found necessary for fire fighting. They could be
called upon to patrol the woods during dry seasons and post fire notices,
and warn all passers. All expense of fighting fire was kept by such dep-
uties, and rendered to and paid by the Treasurers of the individual towns,
after being duly audited by the State Forester, within one month of their
occurrence, and subsequently the town was reimbursed one-half of said ex-
pense by the State. Vvhere no town organization existed, the land owners
in proportion to their holdings shared with the State the expense. The
Commission was granted an appropriation of $8,000 to carry out the pur-
poses of the act, and to forward the cause of forestry along other lines,
such as the State Forester giving lectures on forestry at the State College
and elsewhere, co-operating with private owners, investigating problems,
issuing pamphlets, and fire notices, encouraging publicity and advising the
Governor as to the issuing ol a proclamation against lighting fires or carry-
ing firearms in time of drought.

In practice for the first year the law has proved of great assistance in
diminishing the number and extent of fires, but should be still further im-
proved by being made more elastic and comprehensive. Further and more
effective emphasis should be laid on the prevention, as well as the extin-
guishment of fires, and a considerable portion of any appropriation should
be devoted to this effective branch. With this in mind the Commission
made a small beginning, as far as their means would allow, towards in-
stalling the excellent system of mountain lookouts, first developed in our
neighboring State of Maine, by Forest Commissioner Ring. Four such
stations were established as models equipped with field glass, plane table,
maps and telephones on Mount Kearsage, Mount Washington, Mount
Rosebrook and Mount Croydon, awaiting further action by the Legislature
to authorize twenty more, necessary to properly cover our mountain region
and tie in with the the neighboring States. This system, where the contour
of the country allows it to be used, is one of the most effective methods
known of discovering fires in their inception, but is necessarily dependent
upon a clear atmosphere and becomes inactive in a smoky day when most
needed. For this reason such a system should be supplemented by a wide-
spread patrol, and the intelligent supervision of a Head Warden over a
specified district, to direct movements, receive reports and organize assis-
tance, patrols to be paid by the day while in active service, and Head War-
dens by monthly salary for the season. Four such departmental heads
would be necessary in our State. Special contour line maps should be con-
structed of the country to be patrolled, showing all roads and trails, which
should be in the hands of all workers. Implements and supplies necessary
should be stored at suitable pla-ces throughout the State ready for instant
use. Plans of co-operation should be made between the commissions of
neighboring States and between the State and private owners who wish still
further to extend the patrol at their own expense upon their own property.
Timber associations might well be formed for co-operation under this act,
as has been done in California and Idaho.

Finally an adequate and generous appropriation is necessary for the
carrying out of such a system which must be complete to be effective, and a
considerable range of latitude should be given to the State Forester in the

CANADIAN F OEE S T BY ASSOCIATION. g3

expenditure of this fund, so that he may prepare for emergencies, enforce
the law, and call upon a reserve to meet an extraordinary season. Com-
parative statements of reduced fire loss per acre have recently been pub-
lished by State Forester Pettis in the last New York Forestry Report, show-
ing an improvement in New York and less damage sustained than in other
States, and proving that large expenditure yields large returns.

Such a complete system should be generously supported in every State
by all interests until such time as the land is evenly clothed in green with
well-kept forests which are harvested in rotation, protected by a scientific
network of roads, fire strips and natural barriers; and is divided up and
held under conservative management by the Federal Government, State,
municipality, corporation or individual.

I have here touched only on the question of fire as a common interest
to the members of this Association, although many other problems are
receiving attention in our State, such as methods of taxation for growing
land, establishment of State nurseries and replanting, acquirement and con-
trol of State land, experimental stations and educational work of all kinds.
I present it here as a most pressing and immediate concern over the greater
portion of: your Provinces and a problem towards which you, as well as
ourselves, need to especially concentrate energy in seeking an adequate so-
lution.

HOW BEST TO DEAL WITH FOREST FIRES.
H. W. WOODS, M.P.P., WELSFORD, N.B.

I presume it is not necessary to say that the best way to deal with the
awful scourge — forest fire — is to prevent it starting. But in dealing with
questions of this kind, perhaps it may not be amiss to keep ever in mind
that old adage, "An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure." 1
would therefore point out in as few words as possible some of the preven-
tives that seem to me to be necessary if we are ever going to keep our
forest in the healthy state that means so much to mankind. The destruc-
tive forest fires of the past have been caused in many ways, among which
may be specially mentioned — sparks from railroad locomotives, fishing
parties, blueberry culture and farmers clearing their land.

Railway companies have been great sinners in this particular, but, for-
tunately, man's necessity is a great teacher, and railway companies dis-
covered that a forest, once blighted by fire, soon ceased to be a money-
earner for them, and, it is pleasing to know that some companies at least,
are using their best thought to assist in saving what is left.

New Brunswick is the land of babbling brooks and beautiful lakes, the
home of those speckled beauties, the pursuit of which gives to old and
young that knowledge of nature and outdoor life so beneficial to man,
and which can in no other way be so pleasurably procured. One cannot
imagine a man who is fond of this sport, guilty of so great a crime to his

84 CANADIAN FOSESTET ASSOCIATION.

country and to his sporting nature, as to allow his camp fire to get beyond
his control. No true sport is guilty of such careless and destructive habits.
Unfortunately, however, every man who wears a sporting jacket and car-
ries a fishing rod, is not a fisherman. Between the first day of May and the
last day of June is the season when these imitation fishermen are found in
great numbers through the forest, and this is the time when prevention
should be the watchword of all good citizens, for there is no time in the
year when fire will run so quickly as between the above dates, due to the
lack of green vegetation to cover the dead twigs and grasses of the past
year. What is the best way to deal with this condition, I am not prepared
to say, but lovers of this sport should at least organize themselves into an
association for the purpose of instilling into the numerous unthinking mem-
bers of their fraternity, a few wholesome lessons of the value of the forest
and thenecessities for keeping it green. There are many who advocate the
passing of a law that would exact a license fee from everyone who wished
to take a day's fishing. This license would compel the holder to report to
an officer when and where he was going, and notify the same officer of his
return, thus keeping a record of all fishing parties in the woods; this law to
cover others besides fishermen. Others advocate more stringent legisla-
tion. It is therefore quite evident that the people are determined, if pos-
sible, to prevent fire being set in this way, and doubtless the co-operation of
all interested would assist very materially in solving an otherwise hard
problem.

The blueberry trade has become quite an active industry in many parts
of New Brunswick; but I fear the efforts of many who have attempted to
improve the crop of this fruit, have been very much misdirected. The blue-
berry needs some pruning, and a light fire run over the berry patch early in
the spring or late in the fall has the desired effect, but to burn these patches
severely, as they too often are, not only destroys the roots of the plants,
but, at the same time, endangers timber property much more valuable.
These fires might be lessened by a campaign of education as to proper
methods of blue berry culture in districts that are interested in the trade.

While the danger of fires, started by farmers clearing land in the older
settled districts is much less now than it was some years ago, yet it is re-
markably strange that some farmers living in these old settlements have
not heeded the lessons of past experience, and too frequently do we hear
of the dreadful destruction of miles of timber land by a fire set by a farmer
who, through carelessness, failed to observe, or refused to comply with,
the laws governing the clearing of land. The hope of our Province is to a
great extent its agricultural development, but agricultural development
should not be at the cost of our forest wealth. We want more people, and
we must have more farmers if our Province is to prosper as it should, but
protect us from opening up for settlement districts that are not now, nor
ever will be, suited for farming purposes. This would prevent a repetition
of occurrences of past years, where settlement resulted in destruction of the
forest and desertion of the settlement a short time afterwards. Better by
far extend and improve our transportation facilities through the districts
that are already cleared, and which are either partially abandoned or
worked in an indifferent way, owing to the lack of those facilities, and keep

CANADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION. 35

the forest tracts intact for the lumbering industry. In this way the prob-
lem of how to settle the vacant farms would soon be solved, and the great
lumbering industry would continue to remain a part of our industrial
wealth.

Regardless, however, of how much precaution is exercised, fires will be
started, and to know what is the best way to combat them is, after all, the
final remedy. Nature provides most remedies for our ills, and often little
value is placed upon these remedies on account of their simplicity. It is
therefore possible that it may be hard for me to persuade some people
that the best implements with which to fight forest fires are the common
garden hoe and shovel. My experience, however, proves to me that there
is no way that this dreadful monster, forest fire, can be so successfully
fought as with those two everyday farm utensils just mentioned. Fire is a
hungry thing, and robbed of food, soon dies, but so long as it is fed on
the dry vegetable matter on top of the earth it will not cease its rapid de-
vouring until it licks up everything before it or is put out by a kindly rain.
To successfully cope with a fire, however, you must have something else be-
sides hoes and shovels. You must have men, willing men, men who are as
willing to rush to the protection of their neighbor's timber plot as if it were
his house that was on fire, instead of his trees. And they want to be at the
fire by daylight in the morning, for at this time of the day, the wind is not
blowing, and the fire has died down on account of the coolness and damp-
ness of the night just past. Now is the time when the "man with the hoe"
gets busy. Following along the outside rim or edge of the fire, with his hoe
or shovel he draws in or throws over into the portions that have already
been burned over, this smouldering edge. He takes care at the same time
to scrape back with it all moss or other dried material, so that the earth is
left bare for a foot or more in front of the fire which, so treated, soon
starves to death.

To carry on the warfare against fire needs money and men, and while
it is no doubt the duty of the Province to assist in fire protection, as liberally
as the public funds will permit, yet it is well for the individual citizen to
remember that he has a duty to perform in this respect. For after all it is
the people of the immediate vicinity of the blackened waste who suffer
most; and the more property they can save the greater prosperity there is
in store for their locality in particular and the Province in general. The
following plan has been suggested as one that might be adopted to secure
help for the suppression of forest fires. Require all males between the
ages of 1 8 and 55 to be firemen, who would at the first appearance of
smoke within say two or three miles of their homes be expected to go to'the
place of the fire without delay or warning, and to remain there under the
charge of the Fire Warden of the district or his assistant until the fire was
either put out or abandoned. Remuneration for this service to be taken
out of a fund set apart for this purpose by the Government, but no re-
muneration to be allowed for the first two days' labour performed. This
labour to be considered the contribution of the citizen.

Some of the benefits of this plan might be mentioned: (i) It would
have the effect of getting all the people interested in the fire regardless of
whose land was getting the scorching. (2) It places the duty on each man

g^ CANADIAN FORESTEY ASSOCIATION.

individually of making a start to the fire without making it necessary to be
called out by some official. (3) It gets enough men to work promptly to
have the fire under control in a very short time. And last, but not least, it
would bring neighbours together in one common cause and by accomplish-
ing their purpose would prove to them that in union there is strength, and
that in their united strength they have accomplished a work that is as
worthy to live in the memories of men as many a recorded heroic deed.

DISCUSSION ON METHODS OF FIRE FIGHTING.

Mr. Woods, in reply to a question, said that there was not much use
in fighting fire in the heat of the day. At ten o'clock the men usually were
so tired they had to rest until evening, when they began again.

Hon. G. F. Hill, of St. Stephens, N.B., said his experience led him to
believe that men should fight fire at night — between 4 p.m. and 10 a.m.
Mr. Hill gave an instance of a fire in some timber belonging to him. At
6 o'clock in the evening the case seemed hopeless. But one experienced
man gathered some four or five young men, who knew nothing of forest
fires, and with shovels they succeeded in controlling that fire before day-
light. This fire fighter placed his man at intervals and held each responsi-
ble for keeping back the fire in the space alloted to him. Speaking of rail-
ways, Mr. Hill said they should be compelled to patrol their lines, to put
out fires as well as to look after the roadbed. With their section men they
could readily do this. A man on a railway velocipede could follow up
trains to put out fires caused by sparks.

The Chairman said that in Norway during the summer the soldiers
were distributed through the country to assist in fire protection. The
country was small, and there was a telephone system through the forests,
not practicable yet in Ontario or Quebec. He thought it would not be a
bad plan to give Canada's small regular army similar duty in summer.

Mr. Irvin C. Williams told of methods successful in Pennsylvania.
When a forester or ranger was put in charge of a district his first duty was
to make a map of the roads and trails and to see these were made passable
for horses. They had a pack service train and in connection with this they
had a pack saddle which held two kegs, each capable of holding ten or fir-
teen gallons of water. Each had a spiggot to which a hose and force
pump might be attached. If a fire was discovered men were sent forward
some distance to cut a straight path two feet wide across its line. They
were followed by men with short rakes to rake up the leaves and litter as
rapidly as the cutting. A back fire was started and this was controlled by
the pack train men with their kegs of water. One man with horse and
water kegs could control one hundred feet of fire line, and, under good con-
ditions, even more.

As to railway lines in Pennsylvania they had found it better, instead of
asking for drastic legislation, to go to the railways in a friendly spirit,
present the facts and ask for co-operation. The result was that some of

L: AX ADI AN FOEESTRY ASSOCIATION. 37

the railways in Pennsylvania had issued orders that every man in their
employ should be on the lookout for fire, and use every endeavor to pre-
vent its spread. If an engineer noticed a fire in a forest he would stop at
the next telegraph station and report it. A section gang would then be
quickly on the scene.

Another thing in fire prevention was education. Pennsylvania forests
were mostly cut over, with settlements scattered through them. These set-
tlers have believed from time immemorial that it was necessary to have fires,
particularly to make pastures for cattle. Instead of antagonizing these
people, the foresters go to them and ask for their co-operation, showing
how the two objects might be combined. This plan was having good re-
sults, and the residents were becoming prompt in assisting in putting out
fires.

The Chairman commended Mr. William's remarks and thought the
plan of getting the railways to co-operate should be tried in Canada.

Mr. Woods said that on the section of the Canadian Pacific Railway
where he lived, between St. John and Vanceboro, the railway had issued
strict orders to the men to take active measures to combat fire as soon as
noticed. In one case, where a fire started on the line of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, that company was notified, and inside of two hours they
had twenty men on the spot.

The Chairman said that while he had not one word to say against that
company — he believed the officials were trying to do their duty to Canada
—still, in his district, they were not taking the care Mr. Woods described.
Fires had been started dozens of times in timberlands with no effort to
put them out. In fact, limit owners had been deprived of a privilege they
formerly enjoyed of running hand cars over the track for the purpose of
patrolling the property. Senator Edwards also spoke of the need of regu-
lating the times and method of burning slash by settlers.

Mr. F. C. Whitman pointed out that in Nova Scotia a settler was not
allowed to burn up his slash or fallow without a permit from the Chief
Ranger. If the latter thought the settler could not do it properly, he sent
a ranger to show him how to do it. In this way Nova Scotia had been
clear of settlers' fires in recent years.

Mr. W. R. Brown said the Maine Central Railway had fitted up four
of its locomotives to burn oil for fuel at a cost of $450 each. This was an
absolute preventive of fire from locomotives.

Mr. Knechtel instanced the case of New York State, where the Legis-
lature had passed a bill requiring the use of oil-burning locomotives in for-
est districts, but the railways were contesting it on account of the cost.
One little line to Raquette Lake was using oil successfully. The New York
Central had a "fire train," fitted with tanks and lines of hose to sprinkle
the right-of-way. He considered Mr. Williams' pack train worth bringing
to the attention of the Dominion authorities. At the present time the Do-
minion Forestry Branch were using water sacks, which a man on horseback
could fill at a stream and then gallop away to the fire.

gg CANADIAN FOEEST&Y ASSOCIATION.

REFORESTATION IN ONTARIO.

E. J. ZAVITZ, B.A., M.S.F., PROFESSOR OF FORESTRY, ONTARIO
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

The southern portion of Ontario, or that part which lies south of the
Laurtentian formation, has been largely cleared for agricultural purposes.
In this settled portion of the Province there is probably less than 10 per
cent, of woodland which is worthy of the name, while many townships con-
tain less than 5 per cent. There has developed, owing to the almost total
disappearance of the forest in this older part of Ontario, considerable de-
mand for Governmental attention to the question of forestry. It was in
answer to this demand that in 1904 a modest beginning was made by the
Provincial Government in creating a Forestry Department at the Ontario
Agricultural College, in Guelph. I wish to point out that this department
has only been concerned with the problems in Southern Ontario, and has
been in no way connected with the administration of our forest lands in the
North.

The work undertaken by this department was at first two-fold, namely:
Academic work which aimed to give the agricultural student a knowledge
of handling his own problems in tree planting and care of woodlands — also
the production of nursery material for planting in the wood lot and for re-
foresting waste portions of the farm. Forest nurseries were established at
Guleph to produce young forest trees suitable for replanting work. A
system of distribution of this material, to applicants throughout the Prov-
ince, was introduced. This system aimed to interest landowners having
land unsuited for agriculture to reforest and also to restock depleted wood-
lots. It was desired to get planting of this nature started throughout older
Ontario in representative places, so that in time these plantations would
have an educational value in regard to the reclamation of waste land. The
distribution of planting material has developed slowly, but the demand for
plants has come as rapidly as our nursery output would guarantee. During
1909, about 380,000 plants were sent out and our entire distribution to
date totals a little over a million plants. A large proportion of the planta-
tions, while of small area, have been made upon rough soils and under con-
ditions which would be applicable to forest planting on a larger scale. The
results thus far obtained are very satisfactory, many of the plantations con-
taining as high as 90 per cent, of the trees living.

Situated in the southern and cleared portions of Ontario, there exists
large areas of unproductive, sand formations, which were originally cov-
ered with forests. These non-agricultural, sand formations vary in size
from 5,000 acres up to 50,000 acres in extent, and there is probably a total
area of about 200 square miles. While a large percentage of these sand
lands have second growth, there will be at least 40 per cent, which will
require artificial restocking if they are to be made productive. The estab-
lishment of Forest Stations or Reserves on these large waste areas through-
out the Province, is the most practical solution of the forest problem for
southern Ontario. These lands, if reclaimed and placed under forest man-
agement, would be the best possible argument to small land owners to im-

CANADIAN F O E E S T S Y ASSOCIATION. g9

prove their own forest holdings. In 1908 the first move in this direction
was made, when the Government established a Forest Station in Norfolk
County. This area now consists of 1,000 acres and is a portion of an un-
productive district which contains about 5,000 acres of land only suited for
forest crops. The forest nursery at Guelph has been transferred to this
Norfolk Forest Station, and here will be produced the forest planting ma-
terial for private land owners. As fast as additional planting material can
be produced, it will be used in restocking the cleared portions of the local
Forest Station.

In Canada, artificial restocking of forest soils will probably receive
small, detached waste portions of the otherwise good farm lands, or they
zation of our forest areas and more certain protection from forest fires,
before reforestation should become an important factor in forest manage-
ment. In spite, however, of the general and sweeping statements, that na-
ture will provide for new growth on our forest lands, we will, some day,
have to meet the problem of artificial restocking on many of our forest
soils. There are enormous areas of burned over lands in Canada which do
not contain enough seed trees of valuable species to naturally restock the
soil within the next few hundred years. Nature may eventually cover these
lands with pine or spruce, but she only does it in one way, that is, through
the agency of the parent seed tree. Another class of forest soils which
will eventually demand artificial restocking are the non-agricultural lands
which have been mistakingly cleared for tillage. These may exist as the
small, detached waste portions of the otherwise good farm lands, or they
may exist as larger waste areas such as we have to deal with in southern
Ontario.

While there may be some question in regard to the probability of forest
planting in Canada, there can be no doubt as to the possibility of doing
this work where forest organization has reasonably settled the fire danger.
Successful planting of forest trees has been carried on for many years in
Europe, and enough has been accomplished in the United States and Can-
ada to show conclusively that artificial restocking of forest soils is quite
possible so far as the laws of nature are concerned. We also have consid-
erable data in regard to the financial side of forest planting. The initial
cost of establishing artificial forests must vary with the soil and the region.
In the United States forest planting has been carried on at initial costs,
ranging from $6.00 to $12.00 per acre. In planting Scotch pine on sandy
soil in Ontario, when the plants were spaced three feet apart each way, it
was estimated that the initial cost of planting was $12.00. In planting
similar soil with white pine, spaced five feet apart each way, the initial cost
was $9.00 per acre. Without troubling you with financial estimates, I
might say that we know approximately what it will cost to restock a given
area, and from a study of past growth on the same or similar areas, we can
form some opinion of what the future growth will be. It is not difficult at
present, even with our limited data, to predict what the financial outlook is
for artificial restocking of forest soils. There is no doubt that with the
initial cost ranging at from $8.00 to $15.00 per acre, forest planting will
be a safe investment, especially for the State or large corporation^ which
can secure money at a low rate of interest. When our forest organization
will warrant it, artificial restocking of denuded areas must become an im-
portant factor in forest management.

90 CAN ADI AK FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

DISCUSSION ON REFORESTATION.

Mr. S. L. Peters (Queenstown, N.B.) held that New Brunswick had a
large area that could profitably be devoted to reforestation. The natural
wood of the country grew rapidly and for young men he thought this a
profitable form of investment. Spruce logs twenty feet long, eleven inches
at the top, could be grown in sixty years, and beech logs twenty feet long
and fourteen inches at the top in the same time. He felt that cutting small
stuff for pulpwood was an evil. In his judgment no stick should be cut that
did not top at least ten inches.

Mr. Whitman took up the point of the scattering of tree seed over
land newly burned. He had tried that in a dry season and the seeds per-
ished. If the seed had been an inch or so underground it would probably
have propagated. While he agreed with Mr. Peters in the main, still,
under the different conditions of growth and sale in Nova Scotia, they
could cut' small timber at a profit for the South American trade. New
Brunswick cut for Great Britain, and that required a larger specification.

A delegate, whose name the reporter did not catch, offered the sug-
gestion that the spruce men should get together and secure adequate prices,
as the Quebec men controlled the prices in Britain for white pine.

The Chairman (Senator Edwards) took exception to this, saying that
sixty per cent, of the pine lumber cut in Canada east of Lake Superior came
into competition with the pine of the Southern States, and prices were really
fixed in North Carolina, and not in Quebec or Liverpool. He had stood
out against the agitation to prevent southern pine coming into Canada, al-
though it was cutting into the white pine market in Montreal and Toronto.
His view was that if the people of Canada could thus get cheaper lumber,
the people should not be punished for the benefit of a few manufacturers.
If Canada conserved her timber her turn would come when this other
timber was all gone.

The meeting adjourned for lunch.

AFTERNOON SESSION, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 24th, 1910.

Hon. Senator Edwards again took the Chair at the opening of the
Thursday afternoon session.

Mr. Knechtel continued the discussion on Mr. Zavitz's paper. He
was glad to see enthusiasm for reforestation, if it were informed, not blind,
enthusiasm. Having been for seven years in charge of tree planting for
the State of New York, which had done more reforestation than any other
State, he had been asked by the Commissioner of Forestry for Minnesota
to prepare a scheme for planting white pine. The Legislature of Minne-
sota had made an appropriation of $72,000 per annum for this purpose.
In compliance with this request, he had formulated a scheme which took in
everything from the collecting of the seeds, the handling of nurseries, etc.,

CANADIAN FOEESTRY ASSOCIATION. 91

right up to the time the tree was ready to cut. He had figured the price
of the land at $3 per acre, planting $12 per acre, allowed for filling up the
blanks where trees died, and figured the cost of protection from fire at six
cents per acre per annum. He fixed the time for the growth of such a
forest at eighty years, and calculated 3 per cent, compound interest for
that term on the money expended. Then, basing his calculations on Ger-
man figures, he estimated the yield in eighty years at eight thousand cubic
feet per acre. He figured that to come out on the right side the State of
Minnesota would have to get $9.85 per M., board measure. This seemed
like a profitable scheme, since he had been informed by Mr. Aubrey White,
Deputy Minister of Lands and Forests for Ontario, that white pine was
new selling on the stump in that Province for $10 per M. What good
pine would be worth in eighty years they could decide for themselves.
Those who desired to examine his plan more in detail could find it in the
Fourteenth Annual Report of the Forestry Commission for the State of
Minnesota.

As to the matter of sowing seed, he desired to put in a caution. All
the time he was employed by the State of New York he had at his service
eight or ten men to carry on reforestation by sowing seeds. He tried it in
various ways, sowing broadcast on the fields and in the woods, hacking up
little places and sowing without cover, sowing with cover, mulching. In
fact, he did everything he could think of. He had tried many plans since
going into Western Canada, and he desired to say, taking all his experience,
his success had been very indifferent. He would advise any person to go
slow in spending money on this kind of work until the various governments
had time to experiment with it. He was going to make a further test to
see if little screens, somewhat similar to the semi-spherical screens used to
keep flies from food, and with prongs to hold them in place, could be suc-
cessfully used to protect the seeds from wind, insects, animals, etc., until
they had time to germinate.

Mr. Fields (Northumberland County, N.B.) pointed out that different
conditions greatly affected the growth of cone-bearing trees. An Alberta
gentleman told him cone seed had to be in the ground two years before
they would germinate. In New Brunswick, everybody knew that if a back
pasture were allowed to go four or five years without attention there
would be a growth of young spruce all over it from seeds scattered by the
wind from neighboring trees. In fact, spruce was almost a nuisance.

Mr. Williams said that in Pennsylvania they had secured very good
results with what they called patch planting, where fires had swept over
'everything. The foresters went over the ground, scraped the soil with the
boot, dropped half a dozen seeds, pressed them with the foot or dropped a
little mulch on them and went on. In that way they planted seed almost as
rapidly as they could walk. The success was such that he estimated they
secured at least 95 per cent, of growth where it was properly done. An-
other satisfactory plan was to sow after a snowfall. The melting snow
carried the seed into the ground, and it germinated. Planting was not
neglected, however. Much of Pennsylvania could only be reforested by
planting. The State nurseries would give twelve or fifteen million young
trees per year, and they expected to plant them.

92 CANADIAN F OSE S TEY ASSOCIATION.

Mr. Knechtel repeated that he felt people should go cautionsly in sow-
ing seed until they had better data upon which to work.

Mr. Samuel Freeze (Doaktown, N.B.) said the growth that sprang
up after forest fires was chiefly poplar and white birch. This was due to
the fact that the seeds of these trees were carried by the wind like thistle-
down, while pine and spruce seeds were too heavy to be distributed in this
way. Large tracts burned over in the Miramichi fire in 1825 were still
without trees, or covered with a very inferior growth, whereas he knew of
fields cultivated forty years ago from which spruce logs fourteen feet
long and eight inches in diameter at the top end were recently cut. This
emphasized the need of assisting Nature in reforesting burnt over areas,
and Mr. Freeze suggested that the Crown Lands Department secure a sup-
ply of pine and spruce seeds and have these sown on burnt over lands. The
expenditure would be small and the results would possibly be great, for
areas might thus be got back into desirable timber in less than half the
time Nature would require.

In the absence of the author the next paper was read by Hon. A. B.
Warburton, M.P.

FORESTRY AND THE PRESERVATION OF FISH AND GAME.

E. T. CARBONELL, SECRETARY P.E.I. FISH AND GAME PROTECTION

ASSOCIATION.

Forestry and the Preservation of Fish and Game are twin sisters, work-
ing hand in hand to intensify the attractiveness of the country and to pre-
serve and augment the general health and vigour of the people of Canada.
Forestry protects and encourages the growth, preservation and reproduc-
tion of the trees which shower blessings on their vicinity; purifying the
atmosphere, and increasing the humidity, without which the whole country
would become a barren wilderness. Forestry also aims to check forest fires
as well as to eradicate, as far as posible, their causes; and especially to
prevent the woodlands from being devastated through the negligence of
the officials and employes of the railways.

The Protection of Fish and Game tends to increase the numbers of
those great attractions which an Allwise Providence has placed in the
world to occasionally draw tired and worn out men from their offices,
counting rooms, studies and workshops, and to lead them far afield,
where their bodies will be refreshed by Nature's sweet restorers, and their
wearied brains soothed by the beauty of the scenery and invigorated by the
pleasures of the chase. It is a generally accepted fact that the benefit to
be derived from a day afield with rod or gun, by a tired, brain-fagged
indoor worker, is something which cannot possibly be expressed either in
words or figures. Active bodily exercise in the pure open air, coupled with
the entire forgetfulness of all business or other worries, brings as its re-
ward a renewal of health and vigour; and certainly there is no incentive

CANADIAN FORE ST RY ASSOCIATION . 93

in this direction which approaches that oftered by the pursuit of fish or
game. A man may sleep for hours and yet awaken unrefreshed; dreams,
of business cares arid business worries having marred his slumbers and de-
barred the recuperation of his wearied brain; but the man is an undesirable
rarity who can retain in his mind the scintilla of a thought of business or
any other worry when he views the sudden crouch of his spaniel, the rigid
tail and crooked foreleg of his pointer, or when he feels the sudden tug
and hears the soul-entrancing whirr of his winch as a good-sized silvery
beauty makes a dash in its efforts to regain its freedom. I never heard of
but one such man. He was offered the loan of a rod and line and invited
to take part in a day's salmon fishing in the North of England. When
the day came, he happened to hook a fish, and as it carried the fly to the
bottom of the river, his host exclaimed, "He is a fine fish and you have got
him well hooked. He is sure to give you some glorious sport." The skin-
Hint's reply was symbolical of the man. "I wish," said he, "that my two
and sixpenny fly was well out of his mouth."

The old maxim, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy," is as
true of manhood as it is of youth. In the Province to which I have the
honor to belong, 1 have known prominent business men, who were orna-
ments as well as boons to the community, droop and fade into untimely
graves on account of their neglect to take the necessary recreation which
would have steeped their overworked brains in entire forgetfulness of
business, and have prolonged their career of usefulness. Maybe the
scarcity of fish and game at the time was the reason that the recuperating
pleasures of the chase failed to allure them into the realms where the
powers of Nature hold untrammelled sway, and where each step would
have brought them an accession of health and vigour, as well as an exten-
sion of their lease of life.

There was an appalling decrease in the amount of fish and game, in the
Province of Prince Edward Island, every year until 1905. In that year
the people awoke to the peril staring them in the face and to the necessity
of taking immediate steps to prevent the total extinction of such a valuable
asset of the Province. This decrease, in my humble opinion, was largely
due to the reckless, I might almost say the iniquitous, destruction of the
trees and shrubs, which had year after year been persisted in, augmented
as it was by the numerous forest fires which, for the most part, were the
result of carelessness, not to use a harsher term.

Every ornithologist, every sportsman, knows quite well that the ruffled
grouse, or partridges as they are frequently termed, delight to roam on
well shaded, damp, soft, moss-carpeted ground, and that they are usually
found in swamps, near brooks and springs, or on the borders of well-
wooded ponds and rivers. It is also well known that woodcock and snipe
can only feed in soft, moist soil, into which they can easily probe with their
long bills for their fare of earthworms and larva?.

In the good old days, when the fish and game were very plentiful, the
water of the rivers and stream was cool and clear, and the streams them-
selves were shaded by belts of beautiful trees; bushes and shrubs, growing
along the banks keeping the brooks cool and preventing the streams, as

94 CANADIAN F OEE ST EY ASSOCIATION.

well as the adjacent springs and lowlands, from drying up. These belts of
trees and shrubbery produced those cool, shady nooks, which trout delight
in, and at the same time created those soft-velvety, shady covers and feed-
ing grounds so essential to the requirements of grouse, woodcock and snipe.
The land owners, having had to work so hard to clear their land for crop-
ping purposes, by degrees -seemed to develop the mania that every tree,
every bush, every shrub, was an enemy which must be ruthlessly destroyed.
They certainly have lived up to their belief, for there are many farms on
which there are not trees enough left to form even a shade for the cattle
during the heat of the summer. This deforestation has been so continu-
ously presisted in that the banks and borders of many a formerly excellent
trout stream have been entirely denuded of their sheltering belts of trees,
shrubs and bushes. The effect of this tree butchery has been most disas-
trous to the interests of both fish and game. The cutting away of the
trees has also allowed the sun to dry up the neighboring springs,
which formerly fed the streams, and thus lessened the flow of water, and all
this without, in many instances, rewarding the farmer with one single foot
of extra arable land.

If nothing is done to offset this wholesale destruction of wods, which,
alas, is still- being carried on, there soon will be no suitable covers, either
to shelter the game or in which they can breed, and therefore we shall have
no game birds left except the migrating sea-fowl. The trout, too, will
never be as plentiful as they might be, or as they should be, unless some-
thing is done towards replanting the belts of shade trees along the borders
of the streams. It would be a great boon to the country if the Govern-
ments would secure and retain a strip of land, about thirty-five or fifty feet
wide, along the banks of every trout stream, and replant trees thereon
wherever they were needed. No doubt it would be next to impossible to
carry out this scheme on a portion of the lands already granted, owing to
the exorbitant demands some grasping souls would make for compensa-
tion for the taking of such strips of land, notwithstanding the fact that in
their present condition they are of little or no value, and that the scheme,
if carried out, would greatly enhance the value of the owner's property.
It would be unreasonable to ask any Government to perform an impossi-
bility, but we can and should ask the Federal and Provincial Governments
to provide that in all future grants of land such strips along the border of
all streams be reserved for the purposes named. The course proposed
would ensure attractive covers for grouse, woodcock and snipe, as well as
to vastly and permanently improve the trout fishing. So plainly do the
land owners in some sections realize the dreadful mistake they have made
in the past that they are ready and willing to freely give such strips of their
land in order to have them replanted with trees.

The relationship between Forestry and the Preservation of Fish and
Game, although very close in the past, of late years has become insepar-
able, owing to the latter science having been extended so that it now in-
cludes the care and preservation of the insectivorous and other useful
birds. These birds were ever Nature's foresters. From time immemorial
they have taken entire charge of the woodlands, preventing their destruc-
tion by the ravages of the insects, as well as carrying on the work of prim-

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 95

ing and tree-planting in a scale that man could never attain to; therefore,
their preservation coincides with the aims of Forestry. Nothing could pos-
sibly be plainer, as I view the matter, that this fact: The fishing and
shooting (and consequently the health, vigour, tenure of life and business
capacity) of the rising generation depends solely on the measure of success
that attends the efforts of those who at the present time are interesting
themselves in the cause of Forestry.

At the request of the author the following paper was read by Hon.
W. C. H. Grimmer, Surveyor-General.

TURPENTINE IN NEW BRUNSWICK— RUSSIAN FOREST

METHODS.

JOSEPH FEINBROOK, CHATHAM, N.B.

Turpentine is procured chiefly from pine, black spruce, and fir. In
former times large quantities were collected in America, especially in
New England, but the turpentine trees of that section are nearly exhausted
and commerce has been, until recently, almost exclusively supplied from
North Carolina and the southeastern parts of Virginia. Attention, how-
ever, has been turned to the collection of this valuable product in Georgia
and Florida. The process for obtaining turpentine there is as follows: Dur-
ing the Winter, incisions are made in the body of the tree three or four inches
from the ground, and a sort of cup-like hollow scooped out. This is tech-
nically known as "boxing." Into this receptacle the liquid flows at the ap-
proach of Spring, slowly at first, then more rapidly during Summer, and
slowly again in Autumn. The liquid is removed from the receptacles and
allowed to harden in moulds. Ultimately it acquires a soft solid consis-
tency.

There is no doubt that in a short time the supply will have'to be derived
from the stumps, roots and waste of pine and black spruce forests (the
Province of New Brunswick is full of this material), as is done now in
Russia, because the turpentine trees in the districts above mentioned are
rapidly being destroyed by the methods of collecting the liquid. Even if
replanting were undertaken, it would take a long time until the growth
would supply the needs of the world.

TAR AND PITCH. — The impure turpentine procured from the wood of
pine or black spruce is called tar. It has a peculiar odor and is almost
black in color. It is used as creosote. By distillation it yields an acid
liquor, an empyreumatic oil and creosote. The residuum is called pitch.
Turpentine yields about 20 per cent, of oil, which is commonly called spirits
of turpentine. It is prepared also by distillation from other varieties, but
the product of pine is superior and sells for higher prices.

96 CANADIAN F OSES THY ASSOCIATION.

CREOSOTE. — Creosote, as a rule, is obtained either from wood tar or
coal tar. Wood creosote is of a superior quality. It is in great demand
for treating fence posts, railway ties, and all wood that is to be exposed to
dampness or the weather. Creosote greatly lengthens the life of timbers
in such positions, and thus effects a great saving to the user, and at the
same time lessens the demand on the forest.

CHARCOAL. — When charring the wood of which the above is procured,
when the carbonization is performed in close vessels, the products may be
collected, and at the same time a large amount of charcoal obtained. This
is in demand for use in foundries, blacksmith shops, etc., and is also used
for domestic purposes and for medicine.

FOREST PROTECTION IN RUSSIA.

About thirty years ago Russia had the same problems in regard to
forest conservation that Canada now has. The problem there as here, was
to secure a permanent supply of timber, to protect the stream flow, and agri-
culture, to preserve game and to guard against fires. After several con-
ventions the following methods were adopted in the part of Russia with
which I am acquainted, and these are still in force:

The Minister of Forestry, or Surveyor-General, appoints a chief ranger
in every county of his Province, and also forest guards. One guard is
appointed for every block of ten miles square, which square is divided by
survey lines into quarters. Each block is numbered, about each is dug a
ditch two feet wide and three feet deep, and the blocks are divided by good
roads. The duty of the chief ranger is to oversee the guards under him,
to report to the Surveyor-General the progress of the various operations
and the probable cut of each operator. The duty of the ranger is to look
after the cleanliness of his block, and particularly to see that the ditches are
kept cleared out. He is also expected to keep a supply of brooms, made of
spruce limbs, on hand, with which to combat fires when they start.

The timber land of each county is cruised and estimated by the chief
and his guards, and reports made to the Surveyor-General as to how much
mature timber of each kind is on each block, and how much of undersized
or young timber. If the block contains only a small proportion of mature
timber, the Surveyor-General notes this on the map and by regulation for-
bids the cutting over of this block, or portion of a block for five, ten or
more years, according to the age of the timber. Lumbering operations
may be carried on for four months only in the year, namely, from August
1 5th to December I5th. In the case of oak, hemlock and birch the opera-
tion may begin earlier, so as to peel the bark in season; the first two for
tanning purposes and the last for manufacturing tar.

The cutting down of trees by axe or saw is strictly forbidden. Trees
are to be uprooted and laid on the ground in such a manner as not to injure
any of the neighboring trees. I remember when it was first introduced that
there was much said about this rule. Lumbermen considered it much too
expensive. But after a little experience the work is done quickly by cutting
around the roots and throwing a line a little above a point half way up the

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 97

tree. It is thus brought down very easily and then the log is cut off as
close to the root as possible. This has proved to produce fifteen per cent,
more timber from a tree than if it were cut down with axe or saw, while the
openings in the ground have proved very beneficial to the neighboring
trees. The tops, branches and roots, not useful for commercial purposes
(with the exception of pine and black spruce, which are used for the ex-
traction of turpentine, etc.) are gathered into piles not too large, and
burned on the ground in the presence of the guards. This is done not,
later than the first of May following the operation. The expense of this
burning of the brush is borne by the licensee. The operated or burned land
in districts that I am acquainted with has been replanted with young trees
of the same varieties as the first growth. This is growing satisfactorily,
whereas the general experience is that if left to itself the growth after
spruce and hardwood would come up birch and poplar. I am of opinion
that several of these rules could be adopted with profit to the people of
New Brunswick.

Hon. Mr. Grimmer said the Department of Crown Lands had given
Mr. Feinbrook the privilege of working over certain areas. There was
every indication that the turpentine industry would grow to be of great im-
portance to the Province.

Mr. E. S. Gillmore (Fredericton) asked how it was that when hard
woods were cut oft spruce came up. Was it in the ground? There were
no spruce trees within a mile.

Hon. G. F. Hill said it had always been a wonder to him that where
hard wood was taken off spruce and fir took its place; and when soft wood
was cut off hard wood took its place. The reason given was the white
birch and poplar and spruce had light seeds which were carried long dis-
stances by the wind. The pine, on the contrary, had a heavy seed, which
did not blow, but might be carried by animals, as squirrels. Then certain
trees were shade-enduring, and others non-enduring or non-tolerant, conse-
quently it depended upon some of these conditions why types of trees suc-
ceeded one another as they did. As to raspberries, he thought the seeds
must be carried by the birds.

Dr. Hay added that poplar and birch seeded abundantly and seeded
every year, and the wind carried the seeds. The spruce and pine, on the
other hand, did not seed every year. The spruce, he thought, seeded every
two years, and the pine every three or four years, or perhaps less fre-
quently. The raspberries propagated by means of runners.

FOREST CONDITIONS IN NEW BRUNSWICK.
W. H. BERRY, SUPERINTENDENT OF SCALERS, NEW BRUNSWICK.

While this meeting has been convened more particularly for the pur-
pose of looking into matters pertaining to the conservation of our forests,
it would be well in the first place to take into consideration the different
growths that obtain in this particular Province, and which are of commer-

98 C A A/ ADI AN FOSESTEY ASSOCIATION.

cial use at the present time, as well as to consider the different conditions of
growth. For instance, we have two distinct kinds of spruce timber in our
forests, namely the black spruce, which is found in the southwestern part
of this Province, and the white spruce, which you will find is the principal
tree on the Restigouche River and the Upsalquitch and their tributaries.
The black spruce, which is found on the Miramichi and St. John Rivers and
branches, is a tree of fairly rapid growth, and on confining ourselves to a
reasonable size log, the majority of the territory covered by the black
spruce can be cut over about every fifteen years. This, of course, is regu-
lated entirely by the size which this lumber is cut. Originally nearly all the
timber cut in the Province of New Brunswick was shipped to European
ports, and principally to the British Isles, and owing to the quantity of
large size deals that was required in the specifications sold fifteen years ago,
no tree that would not make a log 18 feet long and n inches in diameter
at the top was considered a merchantable one. These trees, in a great
many cases, were not run up into the tops, and it is only in recent years that
the tops of our larger trees have been taken out. This left a very large per-
centage of timber in the woods, which the saw mill men had no market for.
They made all the laths that they could find sale for out of the slabs. A
tree of this size, had it been run up into the top, say even to 8 inches,
would have given a log at least 36 feet long, 8 inches at the top end. Where
cuttings of this nature formerly took place men have been known to go
over the same ground in eight or ten years and get nearly the same quantity
of timber and of about the same size as originally. At that time the
"specifications," which were sold in the British market did not include more
than thirty per cent, of 7 inch deals, the remaining seventy per cent, had to
be nines, elevens and upwards. You can readily see by this that the markets
controlled the size of timber that was formerly cut in our woods, and to a
very large extent conserved our forests for the present time.

Another point we might mention is the fact that the pine on all the
rivers empting into the Bay of Chaleur at that time was not considered
very valuable, except for lumber, and for that reason very little of it has
been cut heretofore. This you will see has preserved our pine on the
Hacquet, Louison and other rivers. The American market has bee^ a
very large factor in the exportation of manufactured lumber from the
Province of New Brunswick, and mills have been set up in our Province in a
great many places, but, as a general thing, these mills have operated prin-
cipally on granted or soil right lands. At the same time it has made a
market for our large mills and the operator has been able to get sale for a
larger output of laths which would work up small tops of trees and give
him an opening for scantling.

Again, of recent years, the English markets have reduced their deal
*specifications from 70 per cent, to 50 per cent of 3-in. x 9-in., 3-in. x I i-in.,
and up, allowing 50 per cent, of 3-in. x 7-in., instead of 30 per cent., as for-
merly. This is outside of battens which they are taking 2^-in. x 7-in., and
our operators are now shipping a large percentage to the English market in

*Note — See Paragraph on "Miramichi Specification." in paper of Hon. J. P. Bur-
chill.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 99

scantlings, deal ends, etc. This also makes a market for the tops of our
trees, and in the past ten years I do not think that there are very many lum-
bermen in the Province of New Brunswick who have not been running up
their trees to 8 inches at the top end. But, although this has been of con-
siderable benefit to the Province in making a market for the tops of trees,
it has had a tendency to make a sale for the small sized trees. It has
also had a tendency to reduce the size of timber cut in the woods. In fact,
for a number of years past logs have been cut down as low as 16 feet long
by 9 inches in diameter at the top, and of recent years even our saw mill
men have asked for permits from the Government to cut lumber even
much smaller than this, down as low as 12 inches at the butt. These per-
mits have been granted from time to time on thicket growth and scrubby
heath growth, which does not seem to make any yearly increase in size, but
it is a moot question whether or not the operators to whom these permits
have been given have not abused the privilege in a great many cases. 1 am
led to believe that the Government is considering whether it would be ad-
visable to issue permits of this nature another year; unless an arrangement
can be made to have an inspector appointed for each operation, such in-
spector to be appointed by the Government and paid for by the operator.
I might say that the Government is taking steps to inspect the lands in re-
gard to which these permits have been given, to see how the operators are
conforming to the regulations, and what effect this principle of granting
permits is going to have, generally.

Nearly eighty per cent, of the southwestern and eastern portion of our
Province is covered largely with black spruce, pine, and fir. The question
is often asked, What age does a spruce tree have to be before it becomes a
merchantable log? This matter is governed entirely by the ground or soil
on which the black spruce and fir stand, just as in the case of any other crop.
To-day there are lumber operators cutting logs 22 inches in diameter on
the stump, where their fathers cut hay fifty years before, and it is known
in several cases that logs attain the size of 16 feet long and 9 inches in
diameter at the top in thirty-five years on these old farms. In our old for-
est growth logs 35 feet long and 8 inches at the top end would be from a
hundred to one hundred and fifty years old, but our second growth is very
much more rapid. After thinning out the old trees the saplings seem to
come along very much faster than the original growth.

In the northeastern part of our Province, where the white spruce pre-
vails, we find a very much smaller yearly growth, and, in fact, there is a
general impression that where people are lumbering on the Restigouche
waters to-day, it will be doubtful if they will be able to find again a mer-
chantable log on that territory within fifty years. How much more care-
ful, therefore, should the operator be in this particular section, and how
very necessary it seems that all regulations governing the size of the cut-
ting in this growth should be strictly enforced.

Another question that is asked is, What has become of this old original
growth? In the black spruce forests, where we used to get trees 35 to 50 feet
long and 8 inches at the top end, we are getting very much smaller logs
to-day, and this condition prevails even where there have been no opera-

100 CANADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION.

tions for forty years. The answer to this question, I feel assured, is, that
where the old seed trees of large mature growth have been cut away, the
seedlings starting from an immature growth have a tendency to reach ma-
turity before they have obtained any great size, therefore, the necessity
of protecting, wherever possible, the old, seedy spruce trees, which will
give seeds of a better growth than the small trees.

The Government regulations in the Province of New Brunswick to-day
permit the cutting of nothing smaller than a tree that will make a log 16
feet long and 9 inches at the top end, and to run such trees up and to take
the top out to 5 inches. Although it seems very difficult to get the lumber-
men throughout the Province generally to conform to the regulation re-
quiring them to take out the tops of their trees to 5 inches, I must congrat-
ulate them in trying to meet this regulation, in so far as it seems possible
for them to do so. And I think that with these tops already down, roads
swamped out and the very little extra exertion needed in yarding the same
(with the exception of limbing) if the matter is carefully thought out, the
operators will find that there is very little extra expense in getting these
tops to the mills, with the exception of the extra cost of driving.

The fir growth among our spruce has been allowed to be cut to any
size. For a great many years this wood has been looked upon as a weed,
and stumpage on the same has been very much less than that paid on the
spruce, but we find to-day that the lumbermen are getting nearly as much
for this wood as they are for spruce. Of course, in the British market they
do not like to take fir if they can help it, but it is a question whether this
tree should not have some protection. But as it is a tree of very fast
growth, seeding every year, and growing up everywhere in the Province, it
seems to be protecting itself.

FOREST FIRE PROTECTION.

We now come to Forest Fire Protection, which I think is generaly un-
derstood to be the only practical side of Forestry which will appeal to
our lumbermen in this Province. In the first place the Province is divided
into four districts, which are respectively under the control of four chief
fire rangers. These men have under them altogether throughout the Prov-
ince some one hundred and fifty fire rangers or woods patrolmen, all under
one nominal head. The individual appointments are made from year to
year by the chief fire rangers, as they deem the time advisable to go on in
the dry season. These men are supposed to continually patrol the woods,
keeping a diary for each day, stating where they were, the distance trav-
elled, etc. At the end of the month bills are made out in accordance with
this diary, sworn to before a Justice of the Peace, and checked by the chief
fire rangers in the respective districts. This gives us an idea where these
men have been located, the actual time they have been on their work, and
what has taken place generally. Although this system costs a great deal of
money, and has proved serviceable, it has been suggested to the Govern-
ment that it does not fill the requirements of the case altogether. The sys-
tem of woods patrol by fire rangers has been deemed inadequate for the
following reasons: In the first place, if there is a fire on one side of a

CANADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION. 101

ridge, and the fire rangers are patroling on the opposite side of the ridge,
the wind blowing from the direction of the fire rangers towards the fire
would not allow the rangers to have any knowledge of the fire. Again,
fires at a distance denoted by heavy smoke cause fire rangers to move in
the direction from which the smoke appears to come. In a great many
cases these fires prove to be altogether differently situated from where the
ranger supposed them to be. Taking these facts into consideration, the
system inaugurated by the State of Maine has proved very much more ef-
ficient than that used in the Province. Their principal dependence in locat-
ing fires has been placed on what are called lookouts or stations upon the
height of land, hills, mountains, etc. From these they have run telephone
lines to the nearest settlements and have thus been enabled to get assistance;
and from their situation on these hills have been able to locate for their men
the exact position of these fires. We are very well situated in the Province
of New Brunswick for a similar system, which could be inaugurated at
very small expense. Our Province is dotted by small villages or settlements.
These settlements were originally taken up in the heart of the forests, and
as it has always been the custom to select the very best hard wood lands
(hardwood ridges) for farming purposes, generally you will find them on
ground that gives them a view of a very large area around. It has been
suggested to the Government that in each of these settlements, which are
thus suitably located, there be one man appointed with power to employ
help to put out any fire that may start in the area within view from the set-
tlements. He, and the men under him, would be paid for the actual time
they may be working on the fire. This scheme could be developed in a
great many ways, and I have no doubt some such system as this would be of
great benefit.

One of the great menaces to our forests is the clearing of lands for
farming purposes by the plan known as "burning fallow." The Govern-
ment has been asked, among other matters, to have some Legislation
passed that would prevent settlers from clearing ground without first no-
tifying the fire warden of the district (as well as the neighbors, which is
now provided by law) and that would make it necessary that the fire war-
den be on the ground before such fire was started. Legislation of this kind,
providing a heavy fine, in case of non-compliance, would prove very bene-
ficial. •

Again, the opening up of new settlements in this Province for farm
purposes has, in the past, proved one of the most expensive and wasteful
operations that the Government has had to contend with. The timber that
has been destroyed by fires emanating from these settlements in the past
fifty years has been something appalling, and no one, unless he has had
intimate relations with the lumber business in different sections of this Prov-
ince can form any adequate idea of the great loss settlers have caused. And
the conditions we find to-day are the worst part of it. Settlements that
were opened up forty or fifty years ago, with the approval of the Govern-
ment and at considerable expense, after having destroyed all the timber
within an area of twenty miles in some cases, have become deserted farms
and are being taken over by lumbermen for the second growth^that is now
coming on them. Most any of these farms can be bought, buildings and all,

102 CANADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION.

outside of the actual value of the timber that may be now standing on them,
anywhere in this Province, from forty to one hundred dollars. And I think
the Government, before opening up many new settlements in this Province,
should try to induce new settlers to take up some of these old farms, where,
in a great many cases, they would have buildings of some kind to begin
with. Intensive farming is also suggested as a means of conserving the
forests, instead of farmers clearing more land than they can properly work.

Our Provincial fire rangers have been instructed to protect particularly
the Crown Timber Lands of this Province, and where fires occur on
granted land or fee simple land to depend on the owners of such land to
fight the fires. I trust that I am not overstepping the mark if I call the at-
tention of the Government to the fact that this is a point worthy of
their consideration, and something in regard to which I have no doubt
every lumberman will agree with me, that where fires occur on anybody's
land, anywhere in the vicinity of lands in which the Government are inter-
ested, it is just as necessary that that fire should be put out as though the
fire were burning on the Government ground. When you take into con-
sideration that fires have been known in this Province (which I personally
witnessed) with a width of thirteen miles, and travelling six miles an
hour, sweeping everything in their path, you can readily see that a fire any-
where within ten miles of where the Government is interested should be
stamped out immediately. As far as forest fire protection goes those who
have had to deal with the same to any great extent, could elaborate on
schemes of protection, which I have no doubt would be very beneficial, but
we also have to take into consideration the cost of this protection and how
much help the Government can actually afford to give in this matter.

I will now call your attention to one of the most important measures
which the present Government is about to put in force, and in fact for
which I have already been requested to obtain data, namely, to get an esti-
mate of the entire standing timber on the Crown Lands of this Province,
showing the actual amount of heath land, burnt land, and waste land of all
descriptions, contained in the different areas controlled by the Crown, and
giving a description of the growth as to size, quantity and general forma-
tion. This move, I think, can be.considered along the lines of conservation,
for the reason that after this information is obtained, giving the Govern-
ment a fair general knowledge of the whole situation, it will affect mate-
rially legislation in the future, and also, will have a tendency to have future
operations on all permits from the Crown controlled from the Crown
Land Office.

Before closing this article I feel like stating that it is my opinion that
the license holders of the country to-day are just as eager and ready to
assist in preserving our natural resources as the Government, and are will-
ing to meet the Government half way in almost any suggestions it may
make.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Robert Connely congratulated Mr. Berry, and was sure that in
him the Province had a good man. He thought the Department had made
a wrong move in altering the dimensions of spruce that might be cut from a
1 6-foot log with 10-inch top to one with a 9-inch top. That was progress
in the wrong direction. Thirty-five years ago he had planted potatoes on
a piece of land, and last year he saw logs taken off it measuring 16 feet
and 10 inches at the top end.

Dr. G. U. Hay, of St. John, asked if Mr. Berry did not mean red
spruce when he spoke of black. Red spruce was the timber of the Province.
Black spruce, otherwise called swamp spruce, was a small tree. Although
tall, it was not a timber tree.

Professor Miller said there were three species of spruce in New Bruns-
wick, red, black, and white, but the lumbermen frequently called the two
former black spruce. The black spruce was a smaller tree than the red
spruce.

The Chairman said that in Quebec there was a large amount of black
spruce — swamp spruce. It grew to a great height, but he had never seen a
tree a foot in diameter. As a consequence, the Province of Quebec per-
mitted the cutting of black spruce smaller than white spruce.

The Chairman went on to say that the Quebec regulations were much
better than those of Ontario, because Quebec permitted the lease to con-
tinue so long as the lessee conformed to the regulations. There was no
period of expiration, which was much in the interest of perpetuating the
forest. Unfortunately the regulations were not carried out. Improper
settling was being carried on to an enormous extent. In one case a settler
went into one of his (Senator Edwards) limits, and in making a potato
patch, which grew five bushels of potatoes, he burned over $3,000,000
worth of standing pine. That settler was not there the following year.
The pseudo settler's object was to cut the timber, but by reason of this fire
there was none to cut. He could take his hearers to places in Quebec
where there had been considerable settlement, that existed for the same pur-
pose, where not an individual was living at the present time. One of these
cases where $400,000 worth of timber had been destroyed was on limits
owned by Mr. W. C. J. Hall's family. Mr. Piche had said he was going
to remedy this, and he (Senator Edwards) was going to hold him to his
promise.

Several in the audience informed the Chairman that improper settling
for the purpose of getting the timber without paying for it was not confined
to Quebec, but was only too common in New Brunswick.

As Mr. Beveridge, of Chatham, N.B., did not arrive, his paper on
"Paper Making in New Brunswick," had to be deferred till some other oc-
casion.

104 CANADIAN FOEESTUY ASSOCIATION.

THE RESOLUTIONS.

Mr. Snowball, in presenting the report of the Committee on Resolu-
tions, said that some of these would bear on Mr. Oak's figures of the pre-
ceding day. Mr. Oak had placed the annual growth of timber in New
Brunswick at 315,000,000 feet b.m. That, he thought, was rather over
than under the mark. One of the first things the Government should do
was to make an inventory of the lands, so that it would be known how much
might safely be cut. The St. John Globe, of January 4th, 1910, placed the
lumber shipment from New Brunswick for 1909 at 305,000,000 feet b.m.
But this list had several omissions, such as the shipment of twenty million
feet from Hopewell Cape to Great Britain, of fifty million feet in the shape
of pulp and pulp wood from the Miramichi, of forty million feet more pulp
wood from the southern part of the Province, making a total of 415,000,-
ooo feet. There was then the lumber shipped from St. Crox, the railway
sleepers, the shipments from the St. John to the United States and South
America, and the shipments to Western Canada, which he would roughly
estimate at one hundred millions. The cutting in the Province would, there-
fore, be much in excess of Mr. Oak's estimate of annual growth. In forty
or fifty years at the present rate, without considering any increased demand,
there would be no forests left in New Brunswick. He thought the time
had arrived when the Province should consider whether it was wise to allow
such a large amount of timber to be cut, and whether, when cut, so much
of it should be allowed to go out in an unmanufactured state to support
foreign industries.

The Chairman (Senator Edwards) thought there could be no differ-
ence of opinion on the resolution brought in respecting pulp wood( No. 5 ) .
Everybody could agree to such a resolution.

Mr. Oak thought the Convention was hardly justified in recommend-
ing legislation, unless they had gathered exact data upon which to base
that recommendation. Regarding his statement of the annual growth he
did not desire to amend the figure of 315,000,000 feet, but how much of
that it would be safe to cut would depend upon methods. For instance, if
it were cut for lumber, it would not be safe to cut more than 60 per cent.,
or 189,000,000 feet; if pulp wood, where much more of the tree was used,
it would be safe to cut 80 per cent., or 252,000,000 feet. This amount
could be further increased for pulp wood without injury, but not for mill
logs, if the thinning out of "thicket growth" was considered, where the thin-
ning would give the remaining trees a chance to grow. He had no particu-
lar objection to the resolution in question.

Resolutions of thanks were first presented to His Honor the Lieuten-
ant-Governor for his kindness in opening the Convention; to the Lieuten-
ant-Governor, the Premier, Hon. J. D. Hazen, and the members of the
Executive Council for the reception tendered the delegates; to the Govern-
ment of New Brunswick for the invitation to hold the Convention in Fred-
ericton, and for adjourning the Legislature for two days and giving the
use of the Assembly Chamber and its appointments for holding the Con-
vention; to Hon. Clifford Sifton, for his address; to Hon. W. C. H. Grim-

CANADIAN FOXE8TSY ASSOCIATION. JQ5

mer for his care and labor in perfecting details of the Convention and in
carrying them out; to the Mayor and Corporation of the City of Frederic-
ton for placing the Civic Opera House at the disposal of the Convention;
to the Press of New Brunswick and of Canada for their excellent reports;
to the Railways for granting single fare rates to and from the Convention;
to the gentlemen who had addressed the meeting and to the delegates from
the United States.

Later, upon motion of Hon. G. F. Hill, seconded by Mr. £. S. Gill-
more, a vote of thanks was accorded the Chairman, Hon. W. C. Edwards,
for the able, courteous and impartial manner in which he had presided over
the deliberations of the Convention. This latter was presented to the
meeting by Hon. W. C. H. Grimmer, the Vice-Chairman. These were all
passed unanimously, and replies made as indicated a little later in this
report.

The other resolutions were passed after considerable discussion, and
with, in a few cases, slight modifications from the original form, as follows:

1. RESOLVED: That this Canadian Forestry Convention endorses
the project set forth in the report of the Parliamentary Committee of the
House of Commons, recommending that the available forest land upon the
eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains be constituted a permanent forest
reserve.

2. RESOLVED: That in the opinion of this Canadian Forestry Con-
vention, the Governments of the Dominion and of the several Provinces
should reserve to Canada all the water powers within their boundaries,
especially those in waters bordering upon the neighboring Republic.

3. RESOLVED: That in the opinion of this Convention, the Dominion
Government should pass more stringent laws to compel railway companies
to take more precautions to prevent forest fires along the lines of their rail-
ways, and also that the Intercolonial Railway and the Prince Edward Island
Railway should be placed in the same position as other railways, and com-
pelled to conform to the fire laws of the several Provinces through which
they pass and that the Intercolonial Railway of Canada and the Prince Ed-
ward Island Railway should carry the fire wardens free of charge and drop
them at any point where the fire might be.

4. RESOLVED: That this Convention would urge upon the Dominion
Government and the Governments of the several Provinces the necessity of
reserving the timber lands at the head waters of all rivers and streams, so
as to maintain an even flow of water.

5. RESOLVED: That in the opinion of this Canadian Forestry Con-
vention the time has arrived when, in the interest of the conservation of our
forests, the Federal and Provincial Governments should limit the cutting
of lumber or pulp wood on Crown Lands.

6. RESOLVED : That it be recommended that the Canadian Forestry
Association consider ( i ) the establishment in each Province of separate
branches to look after local problems; (2) the appointment of a commit-
tee of five members to study the possibility of having a common log rule

106 CANADIAN FOKESTKY ASSOCIATION.

for the whole Dominion, and (3) the publishing of the Forestry Journal
monthly, instead of quarterly, and also the use of larger type.

7. RESOLVED: That this Convention recommend to the Association
the advisability of appointing a committee of five to consider the fire laws
of the several Provinces and to suggest legislation that, in their opinion,
would more effectively prevent and control forest fires.

REPLIES TO VOTES OF THANKS.

His Honor Lieutenant-Governor Tweedie, in replying to the votes of
thanks in which he was mentioned, said he did not think New Brunswick
deserved thanks for paying some little attention to visitors. New Bruns-
wick had always been called the most hospitable Province in the Dominion,
and she was always ready to entertain — even angels unawares. ( Laugh-
ter.) Being an old politician, and knowing something of these things
from a long service on the Executive Council, he had not attended the
sessions of the Convention as often as he might, because he was not certain
that he could contain himself, and he did not know how far a Governor
should express himself on matters of policy. His experience as Surveyor-
General led him to say this, however, that the dealing with the timber lands
was a matter involving a great deal of trouble and care. He thanked them
for their vote, and hoped the next Convention would be as successful as this.

HON. W. C. H. GRIMMER.

Hon. Mr. Grimmer, replying for himself and the Government,
thanked the Convention for its cordial vote, and continued: From what
has transpired during this Convention you are, doubtless, pretty well con-
vinced that we have to depend for our success in the future largely upon
this great natural asset — the forests,* Compared with the Provinces of
Ontario and Quebec we are but a little spot on the map. Ontario has 1 16,-
000,000 acres of Crown lands, and Quebec 134,000,000 acres, while we
ha.ve only 7,750,000 acres. Therefore, in having this convention here, I
think the Government of the Province was somewhat selfish in that they
wished to have it for the purpose of giving the people of New Brunswick in-
formation in respect to the value of this great asset that it was impossible
to give in any other way. I look upon this matter of Conservation as one
of the greatest that can come before us. And while we may make all sorts
of regulations as to the size of timber to be cut, the taking out of tops, and
the protection from fire, still, unless we can arouse public sentiment in the
Province as to the value of our timber lands, laws and regulations will never
protect them. (Hear, hear.)

CANADIANFOEESTEY ASSOCIATION. 1Q7

I am very proud indeed of this Convention we have had. I met you
last year in Toronto, on the occasion of your last convention, and I thiak
you will agree with me that we have had a larger gathering in the si; all
city of Fredericton than we had in that great city of Toronto, with its thou-
sands of people to draw from. (Applause.) That shows exactly the po-
sition that our people are taking; they are realizing the value of this great
asset. And if you look over the history of the world you will find the
countries that appreciated the value of the forests, to the extent of refor-
estation, are to-day reaping millions of dollars in reward. We are told by
Mr. Lawler, the Secretary, whe has given a good deal of his time to be-
coming familiar with the subject, that Prussia and other countries of
Europe derive large sums of money from their forests. If our forests can
be used in the same way, we will not, in some years to come, care whether
or not we receive any money at all from the Federal Treasury; we will have
timber enough in this Province, if properly protected, to carry on the public
utilities of the Province. What we want to do is to teach the boys and girls
of to-day, those who are going to take our places in a few years, that they
must appreciate to the fullest extent the forests of this country. And we
must do more than that, we must apply the regulations and see that they are
enforced, which will protect the lumber we have to-day. We do want to
restrict and prevent the cutting of undersized timber. If you are an honor-
able man, and you have a lease of a large tract of land, and the Crown
Lands Department gives you a permit to cut undersized logs from 25 to 30
acres, bu you cut indiscriminately — what is the good of your^honor so far
as our lands are concerned? I can tell you it is only a few days ago that a
lumberman, who had obtained a license to cut undersized lumber, exceeded
that permit and he said he did so, because he could afford to pay the $250
trespass charge.

THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR : Why don't you cancel his lease.

SURVEYOR-GENERAL: I don't think we have authority. I do believe
with His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor that legislation should be passed
in this Province whereby, when it is found that a man is deliberately and in-
tentionally violating the terms of his lease in this respect, the Department
should have power to cancel that lease and stop the operation at once. It is
the only way you will put fear in that man's heart, and unless you can do
that you will never be able to protect the lumber industry as far as he is
concerned. (Hear, hear.) We are trying to get a proper fire protection
service, and we want to teach everybody concerned in the lumber industry
that regulations when made must be observed, and if that is done, there will
be no trouble in regard to the conservation of the forests or the revenue de-
rived therefrom.

It has been a very great pleasure to the Government of this Province to
be able to extend to the Canadian Forestry Association an invitation to
come here. We are honored by the fact that you have come from distant
parts of the Dominion, and we hope when you come again, in the course of
a few years, we will be able to present to you as a result of this Conven-
tion a very different state of affairs, so far as our forests are concerned
from what exists to-day. For myself, and the Government of the Province,

jQg CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

I thank you most heartily for the vote of thanks you have given us. ( Ap-
plause.)

Mr. Irvin C. Williams, of Pennsylvania; Mr. W. R. Brown, of New
Hampshire, and Mr. Charles E. Oak, replied to the vote of thanks to the
delegates from the United States.

THE CHAIRMAN CONCLUDES.

THE CHAIRMAN (HoN. SENATOR EDWARDS) : As yice-President of
the Association and Chairman of the Convention, I desire to say a few
words before it closes. I have attended many Conventions of the Canadian
Forestry Association in the years of its existence, and I think I am safe in
saying I never attended such a successful meeting as this one. (Hear,
hear.) I may say in all frankness that I came down here at a very great
inconvenience to myself; busy man as I am it is exceedingly difficult for me
to get away for two or three days to attend a meeting of this kind at such
distance, but I feel repaid many times over for having come. (Hear.
he.ar. ) It was a pleasure, indeed, to meet such a gathering of intelligent and
capable men as we have present on this occasion. I think it is also gratify-
ing to the Association that we have with us gentlemen from the United
States. In the discussions that have taken place here I am perfectly sure
these gentlemen will go away feeling that in anything that has been said
there is no unfriendliness on the part of Canadians toward the people of
the great Republic. The only feeling that exists is that the people of Can-
ada shall legislate in their affairs and deal with their property as they
think is in the best interests of Canada. If mistakes should be made they
will not be made in an unfriendly spirit toward the American people. The
people of Canada entertain nothing but the best feeling toward them. The
development of that great country means also the development of Canada,
because as they succeed and expand, so, relatively, will we. It is true that
for many years they progressed much more rapidly than Canada, but for
some years past Canada has been making great strides, and the time will
come when we will be much more active competitors than we are to-day. It
is competition and rivalry that sharpens a people and builds up a nation,
and we are fortunate in having to the south of us as energetic and great a
people as the people of that great Republic. (Applause.)

While we entertain these views in regard to the United States, we can-
not shut our eyes to the fact that in their great development they have most
rapidly used up many of the natural resources of their country. We had an
illustration of that yesterday in what Hon. Mr. Sifton said about their tim-
ber. I, myself, attended the Convention that was held after the first gath-
ering of Governors at Washington. I heard there the statements made by
the Governors of the various States as to their natural resources, and it was
stated as their belief that the timber supply of that country would not last
more than twenty years. Mr. Sifton put it at thirty years. We are not in a
much better position, relative to population, than are the people of the

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

United States. This should cause us to stop and ask ourselves: Should the
Canadian people do the same thing? I think not. We are on the eve of
realizing that our timber and all our natural resources must be conserved.
Take iron. I was astonished to hear there that iron, as it is now being
dsed in the United States, will be exhausted by the middle of the present
century, and that coal will be exhausted by the middle of the next century.

There is another very important matter. In that country they are not
so well situated in regard to water supply as we are. I also attended on
that occasion the Harbors and Rivers Convention, where statistics were
given as to the state of their water ways. I was very much astonished to
find the difference in conditions to-day as compared with fifty years ago.
Why? Simply because their rivers are drying up and water powers disap-
pearing, because their lands are being denuded. We occupy a more north-
erly country and our northern forests prevent this being as vital as question
in Canada as in the United States. Our water supply, if good judgment
prevails, will never cease to exist. I want to point out to you the import-
ance of that when the coal disappears in that country. We will have the
water supply which will furnish the same results in power and light and
heat. We have not been able to keep pace with our friends to the south in
manufacturing, for the reason that our population is not sufficiently large to
allow us to specialize. But if our manufactures have not developed as fast
as we would like, yet our day is coming, because of the existence of our
water power, and because we are rapidly increasing in population, and in
fifteen or twenty years we will be able, owing to our coal and our water
powers, to compete with them when their coal and iron deposits have dis-
appeared. We have coal and water powers to last for all time. Canada
occupies a unique position, because she has forty per cent, of the water
powers of the world. The fact is, gentlemen, the time is coming — I do not
want to say it, I say it with some hesitation — the time must necessarily
come when the centre of manufacturing on the North American Continent
will be in the northern portion of our country. (Applause.) Unless
American ingenuity discovers some instrumentality for developing power
that will be cheaper than water, this state of affairs must come about. If
that discovery is made, so much the better for the world. My own opinion
is that there is not much likelihood. Water is the cheapest power and seems
likely to continue so. So the preservation of our forests means the
preservation of that enormously valuable asset, our water power.

The result which I believe will accrue from such gatherings as this will
be most gratifying. Let meetings of this kind be held in the various Prov-
inces to stimulate the Canadian people to action relative to the protection
of their great resources for the benefit of our country and for the benefit
of the world. (Applause.)

The Convention closed with three cheers for His Majesty the King.

CANADIAN FOEESTRY ASSOCIATION.

THURSDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 24th, 1910.

Mr. Abraham Knechtel, F.E., Inspector of Dominion Forest Reserves,
gave an illustrated lecture, "An Evening in the Forest," in the Civic Opera
House, which was kindly placed at the disposal of the Association by the
City Council of Fredericton. This handsome hall seats 850 people, and
yet so many desired to hear the lecture that over two hundred were turned
away, unable to gain admittance. The Chair was occupied by Hon. W. C.
H. Grimmer, in the unavoidable absence of His Honor, the Lieutenant-
Governor, who had been suddenly called out of the city, and at the close a
hearty vote of thanks was tendered the lecturer. The proceedings closed
with the singing of the National Anthem.

( ; AN ADI AN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Eleventh Annual Meeting

OTTAWA ,MARCH 10th, 1910.

The eleventh Annual Meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association
was held in the Forestry Branch, Canadian Building, Ottawa, on Thursday,
March loth, 1910, at 10.30 a.m., Hon. Senator Edwards, Vice-President,
in the Chair, in the absence of the President, Mr. Thomas Southworth.
There were present: Mr. William Little, Westmount; Dr. William Saun-
ders, Ottawa; Dr. B. E. Fernow, Toronto; Mr. E. Stewart, Montreal;
Prof. John Macoun, Ottawa; Mr. Ellwood Wilson, Grand Mere, Que. ;
Mr. Frank Davison, Bridgewater, N.S.; Mr. James M. Macoun, Ottawa;
Mr. G. C. Piche, Quebec City; Mr. Frank Hawkins, Secretary Canadian
Lumbermen's Association, Ottawa; Mr. A. C. Campbell, Ottawa; Mr. E.
F. Drake, Ottawa; Mr. F. W. H. Jacombe, Assistant Secretary, and the
Secretary, Mr. James Lawler.

A telephone message was received by the Secretary from the President,
Mr. Southworth, in Toronto, stating that he had missed a train at Cobalt
the previous afternoon and was unable to reach Ottawa in time for the
meeting. Letters of regret at inability to be present were also received
from Mr. H. M. Price, Mr. E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, Mr. J. B. Miller,
Mr. J. O. Thorn, and a verbal message was conveyed from Mr. R. H.
Campbell.

The minutes of the last Annual Meeting and those of the Conventions
at Toronto and Regina were, upon motion, taken as read.

The Annual Report of the Directors was then "presented, as follows:

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

The Board of Directors beg to submit the following report of the busi-
ness done in the past year.

The following Vice-Presidents were appointed: —

Ontario — Hon. Frank Cochrane. Alberta — William Pearce.

Quebec — Hon. Jules Allard. British Columbia — Hon. H. Bos-

New Brunswick — Hon. W. C. H. tock.

Grimmer. Yukon — Commissioner Henderson.

Nova Scotia — Hon. W. 1. Pipes. ,, , rr r» wi

D • 7? 7 7 j j i * r> \\r Mackenzie — K D. Wilson.
Prince Edward Island — A. B. War- . .

burton M P Keewatin — His Honour air JJaniel

Manitoba— Hon. R. P. Roblin. H- McMillan.

Saskatchewan — His Honour A. E. Unaava — His Grace, Mgr. Bru-
Forget. chesi, Archbishop of Montreal.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION,

Owing to the death of the Hon. W. T. Pipes, Vice-President for N :»va.
Scotia, his place was filled at the meeting of the Directors in Ottawa, on
December I4th by the appointment of Hon. A. K. Maclean, Attorney-
General and Commissioner of Crown Lands for Nova Scotia. Mr. Mac-
lean has since signified his acceptance of the office.

During the year a Summer Convention was held at Regina, when the
subject of tree planting on the prairies and the conservation of fores;
areas there was considered in a series of papers and fully discussed. After
this a visit was paid to the Dominion Forest Nursery at Indian Head,
where trees are grown for distribution to settlers.

The Annual Convention was held in Fredericton, N.B., on February
23rd and 24th, and was well attended by representative men from all
parts of that Province, and from adjoining districts of Nova Scotia and
Prince Edward Island and Quebec. Speakers also came from Ontario, the
United States and even from Alberta. In the unavoidable absence of the
President, Mr. Thomas Southworth, the Chair was occupied by the Vice-
President, Hon. Senator Edwards, who, at the close stated that in point of
attendance and sustained interest, this was the most successful Convention
of the Association he had ever attended.

At the last Annual Meeting it was recommended that your Directors
appoint a permanent Secretary, and the President was asked to appoint a
committee to find a suitable man. The President appointed Dr. Fernow,
Mr. R. H. Campbell and Mr. G. Y. Chown. These gentlemen, after con-
sidering a number of applications, recommended Mr. James Lawler, who
was appointed at a meeting of the Directors in Toronto on April 2Oth,
and began work on May ist, at a salary of $1,500 per year and expenses.
Mr. A. H. D. Ross, M.A., M.F., lecturer in Forestry in Toronto Uni-
versity, in order to facilitate this, resigned the office of Secretary and
handed over the work to Mr. Lawler, rendering him all the assistance pos-
sible since that time. In consideration of the work done by Mr. Ross
since last Annual Meeting and the assistance rendered the Secretary a
motion of thanks was accorded him at the Directors' meeting on December
1 4th, accompanied by an honorarium of $50.

The thanks of the Association are also due to Dr. Fernow and the
authorities of Toronto University in providing, free of rent, a room for
the Secretary in the building of the Faculty of Forestry.

Since his appointment, Mr. Lawler has been endeavoring to extend the
work of the Association by lecturing and canvassing for new members,
while at the same time organizing the two Conventions held, and carrying
on the clerical work of the office. The question of his continuance during
the coming year, and in that event, of his removal to Ottawa, will come
before you.

The Federal Government grant of $2,000.00 which, by an oversight,
was not in the estimate for 1908, was included in those for 1909, making
the amount received from this source $4,000.00 in the past year. It is
confidently expected that the grant of $2,000.00 per year will be continued.

The Ontario Government grant of $300.00 was also omitted in 1908
and 1909, but it is expected for 1910, and there is every reason also why
the Association may hope for the continuance of this grant. The grants
from Quebec, $200; British Columbia, $100, and New Brunswick, $100,

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

were received during the year, and the Secretary was instructed to write
these Governments respectfully requesting an increase of grant; and also
to write to Governments which had not contributed, placing before them
the claims of the Association. This has been done, but so far no increases
have been granted, nor have Governments taken up the work, which were
not doing so before.

Several of the leading banks — the Montreal, Commerce, Merchants
and Molsons — have assisted by making their branch managers members
of the Association, and the Bank of British North America has encouraged
its managers to join. The Bank of New Brunswick was added to this list
upon the solicitation of the Secretary during his visit to New Brunswick.
It is felt that these institutions should be thanked for their assistance and
that others be urged to co-operate with the Association in like manner.

The total receipts for the year 1909, including a balance of $416.74
from 1908, were $6,856.45, and the expenditure $4,295.35, leaving a bal-
ance of $2,561.10 on hand. The details of this will appear in the Treas-
urer's statement.

The total number of members, now on the list, is 2,471, as compared
with 1905, at the last Annual Meeting, an increase of ^66. This total
will be somewhat reduced upon the scrutiny of the list when those in ar-
rears who will not continue will have to be dropped.

The publication work has gone on during the year without much
change. The Journal has been issued quarterly with an average of about
2,750 copies of each issue, the surplus copies being used to send out to
probable members, with the view of extending the membership. The ef-
forts during the year to secure the publication of the Journal monthly
were not successful, the publishers approached demanding more than it
was felt the Association could give. Of the English edition of the Annual
Report 3,000 copies were printed, and of the French edition 2,000. The
thanks of the Association in regard to the latter are due to Mr. G. C.
Piche who, personally, and through his students, arranged for the editing
and translating of the Report. The copies of this Report were sent out to
the Cures and to municipal officers in Quebec and to the French news-
papers.

The plan of sending out bulletins to the newspapers has been contin-
ued, and these have been freely used. These will be further explained in
the report of the Assistant Secretary.

During 1909 the Dominion Forestry Branch published the first com-
prehensive statistics of the forest products of Canada in Bulletin No. 4,
compiled by Mr. A. H. D. Ross, and Bulletin No. 8, compiled by Messrs.
H. R. McMillan and G. A. Gutches, both of which are important ad-
ditions to our knowledge of Canadian forest wealth.

The organization of the Canadian Commission of Conservation, the
undertaking of a forest survey in Nova Scotia, the extension of the fire
protection system in Ontario and Quebec, and the establishment of a fire
protection system in New Brunswick, the great increase in the work of the
Forestry Branch in the West, the adoption of new regulations in British
Columbia, the growth of the Forestry Departments of the Universities of
Toronto and New Brunswick, and the increased interest shown by the
people everywhere in the Conservation of Natural Resources show that

114.

CA^'ADIAX FOEESTBT ASSOCIATION.

the ideas of the Canadian Forestry Association are taking hold and point
to the necessity of mapping out a comprehensive programme for the com-
ing year.

On motion of Mr. Ellwood Wilson, the report was adopted.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Mr. F. W. H. Jacombe, Assistant Secretary, presented the following
report : The work of the Assistant Secretary during the year has consisted
largely of the preparations and distribution of press bulletins for newspa-
pers.. Five bulletins, dealing with ( I ) Forest Conditions in the Crow's
Nest Pass, Alberta; (2) Municipal Forests; (3) Cautions to Campers;
(4) The Regina Convention; (5) The Forest Survey of Nova Scotia,
have been prepared and distributed. So far the following number of pub-
lications of these bulletins have been noted: (i) 74, (2) 39, (3) 58,
(4) 68, and (5) 52, to date. A bulletin on the "Odd Lengths Campaign"
is now almost ready for distribution.

The number of newspapers on our list (newspapers receiving bulle-
tins) is now approximately 1,025. As regards this publicity work it may
be added that several bulletins, etc., have been prepared and sent out under
the direction of the Forestry Branch. Other work performed by the Assis-
tant Secretary has consisted in assisting the Secretary in the routine work
of the office.

On motion of Mr. Little the report was adopted.

The report of the Treasurer, Miss Marion Robinson, was presented
as follows : —

TREASURER'S REPORT.

M. Robinson, Treasurer, in account with The Canadian Forestry
Association: —

Receipts.
1909.

Balance from 1909 $ 416.74

Membership fees 1,897,01

Copies of Forestry Journal 11.25

Advertising in Journal 92.00

Vote from Dominion Govern-
ment 4,000.00

Vote from Quebec Government. 200.00
Vote from British Columbia

Government 100.00

Vote from New Brunswick Gov.

ernment 100.00

Books for Education Department 19.60

Special subscription 5.00

Refund of over payment

Interest 13.85

$6,856.45

Expenditure.
1909.

Salaries $1,425.00

Printing Annual Report (Eng-
lish) 484.50

Printing Annual Report (French) 96.20

Translation of Annual Report... 50.00

Expenses of Annual Meeting.,. . . 72.05

Membership campaign 168.44

Typewriting and addressing en-
velopes 59.61

Printing Forestry Journal 924.48

Printing, stationery, supplies ,etc. 461.54

Press clippings 91.42

Expenses of Secretary 437.46

Books for Education Department 19.60

Commission on cheques 5.05

Balance 2,561.10

Audited and found correct,
Ottawa, March 8, 1910.

$6,856.45

FRANK HAWKINS,
T. E. CLENDINNEN.

Auditors.

The Treasurer's Report was adopted on motion of Mr. Piche.

CANADIAN FOKESTSY ASSOCIATION . } 1 5

RESOLUTIONS.

The meeting after discussion adopted a number of the resolutions
passed at the Fredericton Convention, thus making them Resolutions of
the Association. These were Resolutions i, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Resolution
No. 3 was amended by deleting the last clause respecting the carriage of
fire wardens free, as it was thought this might weaken the main part of
the Resolution.

Other resolutions were passed as follows :•—

RESOLVED: That the following be a committee to study the possibility
of having a general log rule for the whole Dominion: Dr. Fernow, Mr.
Ellwood Wilson, Dr. Judson Clark (Vancouver), Mr. Piche, and a mem-
ber to be suggested by the Canadian Lumbermen's Association.

(Later in the day the Secretary of the Lumbermen's Association
reported that Mr. Alexander MacLaurin, of Montreal, who was also a
member of the Canadian Forestry Association, had been nominated by
that body as a member of this committee and this nomination was ac-
cepted.)

RESOLVED: That the names and addresses of the members of the
Association be printed as an appendix to the Annual Report.

RESOLVED: That the by-laws of the Association be printed in the first
number of the Forestry Journal for each year.

RESOLVED: That the following members be a committee to consider
the fire laws of the Dominion and the several Provinces and to suggest
legislation that, in their opinion, would more effectively prevent and con-
trol forest fires: Dr. Fernow, Mr. Thomas Southworth, Mr. W. C. J.
Hall, Dr. Judson Clark, Mr. Piche, Mr. F. Davison, Mr. Ellwood Wil-
son.

RESOLVED: That (according to notice duly given by Mr. J. B. Mil-
ler) clause VII. of the Constitution be amended to read as follows:—

"VII. The Annual Meeting of the Association shall be held during
the month of February in the City of Ottawa, upon such a date as shall be
decided by the Executive Committee of the Association, a notice of one
month of which shall be given to each member by the Secretary."

RESOLVED: That the Secretary be instructed to write to Monseigneur
'Laflamme, expressing the sympathy of the Association with him in his
serious illness.

Resolutions were then, upon motion, referred to the Executive Com-
mittee for consideration as follows : By Mr. W. C. J. Hall, regarding the
permanency of forest reserves; by Mr. H. M. Price, respecting the in-
crease in the number of Directors; by Mr. Piche, in reference to the estab-
lishment of provincial branches and also recommending the issuing of the
Journal monthly, and in larger type.

CANADIAN FOEESTKY ASSOCIATION.

It being i o'clock, the meeting adjourned until 4 p.m.

The meeting reassembled at 4 p.m., and, upon motion, Dr. Fernow
took the Chair.

A letter was read from Mr. Hiram Robinson, Ottawa, expressing his
regret that a sudden indisposition has prevented his attending the meeting.

The Resolutions referred to the executive Council were presented by
the Secretary, and these were dealt with as follows : —

RESOLVED: That the Secretary correspond with members in the sev-
eral Provinces, with the Secretaries of Provincial Forestry Associations
where such exist, and with Associations of a somewhat similar organization
to the Canadian Forestry Association to get information as to the forma-
tion of provincial branches of the Association and to report to the Execu-
tive Committee as soon as possible.

RESOLVED: That the Secretary secure all possible information re-
garding the publication of the Canadian Forestry Journal bi-monthly or
monthly, instead of quarterly, especially as to what increased revenue may
be had from increased advertising, and to report to the Executive Commit-
tee.

RESOLVED: That this Association would recommend that the various
Provinces cause the existing forest reserves, and those to be created, to be
of an absolutely permanent character, so far as actual forest land is con-
cerned.

RESOLVED: That the number of Directors be increased (according to
the notice duly given by Mr. H. M. Price) from fifteen to twenty-one, and
that all ex-Presidents from (and including) 1909-10, be ex-officio mem-
bers of the Board of Directors.

RESOLVED: That the Secretary be instructed to write to Mr. Hiram
Robinson, expressing the regret of the members of the Association at his
enforced absence through illness, and their hope that he will soon be again
in his wonted health and able to resume his place at their councils.

RESOLVED: That the Canadian Forestry Association desires to express
its satisfaction at the establishment of the Commission of Conservation
with Hon. Clifford Sifton as Chairman, as the formation of the Commis-
sion will advance greatly the objects for which the Association was formed;
and the Association further desires to intimate to the Chairman and mem-
bers of the Commission that it will continue, with increased activity, its
efforts to advance the conservation and development of the forests of the
Dominion, and all that thereon depends, and will, by every means in its
power assist and co-operate with the Commission of Conservation in pro-
moting the cause for which both exist.

RESOLVED: That this meeting instruct the Board of Directors to
pay Mr. James Lawler, in recognition of his highly satisfactory services
as Secretary, a bonus of $100, in addition to his salary.

CAN'ADIAN FORESTEY ASSOCIATION.

RESOLVED: That the Association reaffirms the position taken in the
resolutions by Professor McClement and Mr. Bergevin, carried at the
meeting last year, as to the desirability of issuing pamphlets and text books.

Dr. Fernow read a letter of regret from Mr. George Y. Chown, of
Kingston, who was unable to attend through illness, and enclosing a notice
of motion for the Annual Meeting of 1911, which was presented as follows
by Dr. Fernow: —

NOTICE OF MOTION — Mr. G. Y. Chown gives notice that he will, at the
next Annual Meeting, move that a Trained Forester be appointed by the
Association to work under its direction.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The election of officers for the ensuing year was then taken up and
resulted as follows : —

Patron — His Excellency the Governor-General.
Honorary President — Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier.
President — Hon. Senator Edwards.
Vice-President — Mr. G. Y. Chown.

Directors — William Little, Hiram Robinson, E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere,
E. Stewart, H. M. Price, W. B. Snowball, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H.
Campbell, Mgr. J. C. K. Laflamme, J. B. Miller, W. A. Charlton, Gor-
don C. Edwards, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Ellwood Wilson (all re-elected) ; and
Aubrey White, Deputy Minister of Crown Lands, Ontario; A. P. Stev-
enson, Dunston, Manitoba; F. C. Whitman, Annapolis Royal, N.S.; R. L.
Borden, M.P., G. C. Piche, Alexander MacLaurin, Montreal, and Carl
Riordon, Montreal.

Mr. Thomas Southworth, ex-President, Director ex-officio.
Secretary — James Lawler.
Treasurer — Miss M. Robinson.
Assistant Secretary — F. W. H. Jacombe.

Editorial Committee — R. H. Campbell, Thomas Southworth, Avila
Bedard, James Macoun.

Editors — James Lawler, F. W. H. Jacombe.
Associate Editor — G. C. Piche.
The meeting then adjourned.

118

CANADIAN FOEE STEY ASSOCIATION

FREDERICTON CONVENTION.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THOSE IN ATTENDANCE.

Dr. W. W. Andrews, Mount Allison
University, Sackville, N.B.; W. L. Allain,
M.P.P.. Riviere des Cache, N.B.; William
Anderson, Burnt Church, N.B.; John B.
Alexander, Fredericton, N.B.; C. A. Alex-
ander, Campbellton. N.B.; E. Alexander,
Campbellton, N.B.; Henry A. Allen, Wat-
erloo, Que.; W. E. Armstrong, Waweig,
N.B. .

Hon. J. P. Burchill, Nelson, N.B.; A. F.
Bentley, M.P.P., St. John, N.B.; Avila
Bedard. M.F., Department of Lands and
Forests, Quebec City, P.Q.; W. R.
Brown, Secretary Forest Commission of
New Hampshire, Berlin. N.H.; Prof. L.
W. Bailey, LL.D., Fredericton, N.B.;
James P. Byrne, M.P.P., Bathurst, N.B.;
H. V. B. Brifiges, Principal Provincial
Normal School. Fredericton, N.B.; Rev.
T. Hunter Boyd, Waweig, N.B.; Judge
J. H. Barry, Fredericton, N.B.. Lt.-Col.
J. W. Bridges, Fredericton, N.B.; R. S.
Barker, Crown Lands Department. Fred-
ericton, N.B.; R. R. Bradley, Forester
Miramichi Lumber Co., Boiestown, N.B.;
W. H. Berry, Provincial Superintendent
of Sealers, Oak Bay, N.B.; O. P. Boggs,
Moncton, N.B.; F. B. Black, Sackville,
N.B.; F. E. Blackball, Campbellton, N.B.;
J. A. Bernier, Edmundston, N.B.; Peter
Z. Barrian and D. J. Buckley, Rogers-
ville. N.B.; W. H. Baldwin, Chatham,
N.B.; John Betts, Millerton, N.B.; Arthur
A. Brown, Chatham, N.B.; J. P. Burchill,
Jr., University of New Brunswick, PVed-
ericton, N.B.

C. Fred Chestnut. Mayor, Fredericton;
W. S. Carter, Chief Superintendent of
Education, Fredericton; N.B.; M. Gum-
ming, Secretary for Agriculture for Nova
Scotia, Truro, N.S.; Charles L. Cyr,
M.P.P., St. Leonards. N.B.; A. B. Copp,
M.P.P., Sackville, N.B.; William Currie,
M.P.P., Campbellton, N.B.; Duncan Cam-
eron, Inspector, Royal Bank of Canada,
Montreal, Que.; Rev. Father F. L. Car-
ney. Fredericton, N.B.; Lt.-Col. H. Mont-
gomery Campbell, Apohaqui, N.B.; Thos.
H. Colter, Fredericton, N.B.; T. R. Camp-
bell, Salisbury. N.B.; Arthur Culligan,
Jacquet River, N.B.; C. W. Connell,
Woodstock, N.B.; Christopher Crocker,
Millerton, N.B.; Robert Connely, Great
Salmon River, N.B.; W. L. Carr, Wood-
stock, N.B.; Frank Curran and A. B. Car-
son, Rexton, N.B.; Standish S. Converse,
Sayabec, Que.; P. Chiasson, Rogersville,
N.B.

W. B. Dickson, M.P.P., Hillsboro,
N.B.; Alfred Dickie and Rufus E. Dickie,
Stewiacke, N.S.; Frank Day, Fredericton,
N.B.; George Y. Dibblee, Fredericton,
N.B.

Hon. Senator W. C. Edwards, Ottawa.
Chairman Forestry Committee, Commis-
sion of Conservation; James A. Estey, St.
John, N.B.; C. M. Edwards, Ottawa, Ont.

Hon. J. K. Fleming, Provincial Secre-
tary, Woodstock, N.B. ; Donald Fraser,
Sr., Fredericton, N.B.: Leslie R. Fairn,
Aylesford, N.S.; Samuel Freeze, Dpak-
town, N.B.; C. Fenderson, Jacquet River,
N.B.

Hon. W. C. H. Grimmer, Surveyor-
General of New Brunswick, St. Stephen,
N.B.; John B. Gregory, York and Sun-
bury Mills, Fredericton, N.B.; Hon. G. F.
Hill. St. Stephen, N.B.; Parker Glazier,
M.P.P., Fredericton, N.B.; H. J. P.
Good, Manager Dominion Exhibition, St.
John, N.B.; Henry Gilbert, Rothesay,
N.B.; E. S. Gillmore. Fredericton, N.B.;
Denis C. A. Galarneau, M.F., Forester
Louison Lumber Co., Jacauet River,
N.B.; W. J. Glen, Fredericton, N.B.; G.
D. Grimmer, St. Andrews. N.B.; G. Skiff
Grimmer, University of New Brunswick,
Fredericton, N.B.; George Green, Lake-
ville, N.B.

Hon. J. D. Hazen, K.C., Premier of
New Brunswick, St. John, N.B.; Dr. G.
U. Hay, St. John, N.B.; W. C. J. Hall,
Superintendent Bureau of Forestry, Que-
bec City, Que.; W. Frank Hatheway,
M.P.P., St. John. N.B.: T. A. Hartt,
M.P.P., St. Andrews, N.B.; A. H. Hil-
yard, Dalhousie, N.B.; W. W. Hubbard,
Department of Agriculture, Fredericton,
N.B.; Prof. Ernest Haycock, Acadia Uni-
versity. Wolfville, N.S. ; A. E. Hanson,
Deputy Land Surveyor, Fredericton,
N.B.; N. Balfour Hill, Nashwaaksis,
N.B.: Carl G. Hansen, Salmonhurst,
N.B.; George Hazen, Jr., Fredericton,
N.B.; J. A. L. Henderson, Moncton, N.B. ;
J. Norman Hallett, Fredericton, N.B.

J. D. Irving, Buctouche, N.B.

Dr. Cecil C. Jones, Chancellor of the
University of New Brunswick, Frederic-
ton, N.B.; George B. Jones, M.P.P., Apo-
haqui, N.B.; John Jamison, Clover Hill.
N.B.; W. H. Jackson, Fredericton, N.B.;
A. H. Jewett, Fredericton, N.B.; William
Jaffray, St. Mary's Ferry. N.B.; Thomas
Johnstone, Red Bank, N.B.

CANADIAN V O RE S T BY ASSOCIATION

119

T .B. Kidner, Superintendent of Manual
Training, Normal School, Fredericton,
N.B. ; Abraham Knechtel, Inspector ot
Dominion Forest Reserves, Ottawa. Out.;
Benjamin Kiburn. Kilburn P.O.. N.B. ;
H. C. Kinghorn, University of New
Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.

Hon. David V. Landry, M.D.. Commis-
sioner for Agriculture, New Brunswick,
Buctouche, N.B.: Hon. C. H. La Billois,
M.P.P., Dalhousie, N.B.; Lt.-Col. T. G.
Loggie, Deputy-Surveyor-General, Fred-
ericton, N.B.; C. M. Leger. M.P.P., Mem-
ramcook. N.B. ; Frank H. Low. Ayles-
ford, N.S.; C. E. Lund, Sackville, N.B.;
John S. Leighton, Jr., and M. Lodge,
Moncton, N.B.

Hon. H. F. McLeod. Solicitor-General
of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.;
D. P. MacLachlan, M.P.P., Chatham,
N.B.; Lt.-Col. J. B. T. Mackenzie. Chat-
ham, N.B.: William Mclntosh. Curator
Natural History Museum. St. John, N.B.;
T. N. McGrath, Tusket, N.S.; Reid Mc-
Manus, Memramcook, N.B.; W. C. Mc-
Manus, Halifax. N.S.: Charles R. Mac-
leay, Sayabec, Que.; Rev. Father H. Mc-
Rory, Chatham, N.B.; Allan P. McAuley,
Pioneer, N.B.; Thomas McMullen,
Blaney Ridge, N.B.; W. A. McMullen,
Crown Lands Department. Fredericton,
N.B.; John McCohn. North East Boom,
N.B.

Hon. John Morrissy, Chief Commis-
sioner of Public Works for New Bruns-
wick, Fredericton, N.B.; Donald Munro,
M.P.P., Woodstock, N.B.; G. F. Matthew,
LL.D.. St. John, N.B.; James M. Macoun,
Geological Survey, Ottawa, Ont.: R. B.
Miller, Professor of Forestry, University
of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.; H.
Morton Merriman, Campobello. N.B. : G.
G. Murdoch, D.L.S., St. John, N.B.; John
A. Morrison, Phoenix Lumber Mills,
Fredericton, N.B.; William Murray,
Campbellton. N.B.; W. S. Montgomery,
Dalhousie. N.B.: P. G. Mahoney, Mel-
rose, N.B.: Howard G. Murchie, St.
Stephen, N.B.:* F. M. Murchie. St.
Stephen. N.B.; Mr. and Mrs. McAnn. St.
John. N.B.; Tohn Maloney, St. John: B.
N. Moran, Chatham, N. B.: O. M. Melan-
son, Shediac, N.B.; Warren Malone and
James Malone, Stanley, N.B.: John Mur-
phy, Ludlow, N.B.; D. F. Maxwell, St.
Stephen, N.B.

R. Neal. Greenville, N.B.; Joseph Nor-
rad. Boiestown, N.B.

Hon. Chas. E. Oak. Bangor. Maine,
and Chatham, N.B.; John O'Brien and J.
Mac. O'Brien, Nelson, N.B.; R. O'Leary,
Richibutco, N.B.

William Power, Quebec City, P.Q.:
Hon. B. F. Pearson, Halifax, N.S.; Wil-

liam Pearce, Canadian Pacific Railway Ir-
rigation Department, Calgary, Alta.; G. C.
Piche, M.F., Chief Forest Engineer, De-
partment of Lands and Forests. Quebec,
P.Q.; George D. Prescott, M.P.P., Albert,
N.B.; W. Gerard Power, St. Pacome,
Que.; James K. Finder, M.P.P., Pokiok,
N.B.: C. Pickard, Sackville, N.B.; Saun-
ders Price. Doaktown, N.B.; Gilbert H.
Prince, Fredericton, N.B.; Thomas A.
Peters, Hampton. N.B.; George A. Per-
ley. Warden of Sunbury County. N.B.;
J. D. Phinney. LL.D., Fredericton, N.B.;
Horace A. Porter, Secretary Canadian
Club, St. John. N.B.; S. L. Peters,
Queenstown, N.B.; Paul E. Porter and
James E. Porter, Andover, N.B.

Hon. C. W. Robinson, M.P.P., Monc-
ton. N.B.; Thomas Robison, M.P.P.. Har-
vey Station, N.B.: James Robinson. Mil-
lerton, N.B.; S. S. Ryan, Moncton, N.B.;
John T. Rundle, Chatham, N.B.

Hon. Clifford Sifton, Chairman Com-
mission of Conservation, Ottawa, Ont.;
W. B. Snowball, Chatham, N.B.; Hon. F.
J. Sweeney, M.P.P.. Moncton, N.B.; A. R.
Slipp. M.P.P., Fredericton, N.B.; Dr. A.
Sormany. M.P.P., Shippegan, N.B.; John
Sheridan, M.P.P., Buctouche, N.B.; A. F.
Struthers, Bridgewater, N.S.: Robert
LeB. Stevens, St. John. N.B.: F. W. Sum-
ner, Moncton, N.B.; R. P. Steeves, Sus-
sex. N.B.; A. A. Sterling, Sheriff. Fred-
ericton, N.B.; A. M. Sterling. Fredericton,
X.B.; E. A. Stone, University of New
Brunswick. Fredericton, N.B.; J. E. Stew-
art, Dalhousie. N.B.; Frank D. Seely,
Round Hill. N.B.: G. E. Stoddard, Pio-
neer, N.B.; William M. Sinclair, Newcas-
tle N.B.: D. A. Stewart, Campbelton,
N.B.

His Honor L. J. Tweedie, Lieutenant-
Governor of New Brunswick.

George W. Upham, Woodstock, N.B.

R. B. Van Dine. Fredericton, N.B.

Hon. A. B. Warburton. M.P.. Char-
lottetown, P.E.I.: F. C. Whitman. Presi-
dent Lumbermen's Association of West-
ern Nova Scotia, Annapolis Royal, N.S. :
Irvin C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner
of Forestry for Pennsylvania, Harris-
burg, Pa.: Ellwood Wilson. Forester,
Laurentide Paper Co., Grand Mere, Que.;
H. W. Woods, M.P.P., Welsford. N.B.;
F. Page Wilson, Editor Pulp and Paper
Magazine of Canada. Toronto: F. E.
Winslow, Fredericton, N.B.: C. Archie
Williams, Fredericton. N.B.: T. A. W.
Waring, C.P.R., St. John, N.B.: R. B.
Wallace. Fredericton. N.B.; W. Wiliams,
Opnabog, N.B.

John A. Younsr. Taymouth, N.B.

E. J. Zavitz, Professor of Forestry, On-
tario Agricultural College, Guelph. Ont.

120 CANADIAN VOKEKTRY ASSOCIATION.

FREDERICTON CONVENTION.
LETTERS OF REGRET.

In addition to His Excellency the Gov-
ernor-General, the following sent letters
of regret .at inability to attend the F'red-
ericton Convention: —

Hon. A. B. Aylesworth, Hon. Jules Al-
lard, Minister of Lands and Mines, Que-
bec; Dr. Allison, Principal of Mount Al-
lison University; Dr. P. W. Ayres, Bos-
ton.

Sir Frederick Borden, Hon. L. P. Bro-
deur; R. L. Borden, M.P. ; Hon. Senator
Bostock, E. A. Bowers, New Haven,
Conn.; Prof. R. C. Bryant, Yale Forest
School.

Sir Richard Cartwright. Hon. Frank
Cochrane, Minister of Lands, Forests and
Mines, Ontario; R. H. Campbell, Domin-
ion Superintendent of Forestry, Ottawa;
George Y. Chown, Registrar Queen's
University, Kingston; Hon. W. A. Charl-
ton, Toronto; Austin Gary, Superintend-
ent of Forestry, New York.

Hon. H. R. Emmerson.

Hon. W. S. Fielding, Dr. B. E. Fernow,
Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, Univer-
sity of Toronto; His Honor Lieutenant-
Governor A. E. Forget, Saskatchewan;
Prof. R. T. Fisher, Harvard.

Hon. G. P. Graham, Henry S. Graves,
United States Forester. Washington,
D.C.: E. M. Griffith, State Forester, Wis-
consin.

Hon. F. L. Has-zard. Premier of Price
Edward Island; E. C. Hirst, State For-
ester, New Hampshire; Prof. R. C. Haw-
ley, Yale Forest School; A. F. Hawes,
State Forester, Vermont: F. W. Hynd-
, Charlottetown, P.E.I.

E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, Point Platon,
Que.

Hon. W. L. Mackenzie King.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Mgr. J. C. K. La-
flamme, Rector of Laval University; Hon.
Rudolphe Lemieux.

Sir D. H. McMillan, Lieutenant-Gov,-
ernor of Manitoba; His Grace Mgr. Bru-
chesi, Archbishbp of Montreal; ' Hon.
Charles Murphy; J. B. Miller, Toronto;
Hon. A. K. Maclean, Commissioner of
Crown Lands. Nova Scotia; R. L. Mars-
ton, Skowhegan, Maine.

Hon. Frank Oliver.

Gifford Pinchot, Washington; Herbert
M. Price, Quebec; Hon. William Pater-
son; Hon. William Pugsley, C. R. Pettis,
State Forester, New York.

Hiram Robinson, Ottawa; Hon. John
Richards, Prince Edward Island; Prof.
F. Roth, University of Michigan; F. W.
Rane, State Forester, Massachusetts; E.
E. Ring, State Forester, Maine; Theo.
Ross, Deputy Minister of Agriculture,
Prince Edward Island.

Thomas Southworth, Toronto; E.
Stewart, Montreal; E. A. Sterling, Fores-
ter, Pennsylvania Railroad; S. N. Spring,
State Forester, Connecticut.

Hon. William Templeman; Prof. Gor-
don Tower, University of Maine.

Aubrey White, Deputy Minister of
Lands and Forests, Ontario; J. S. Whip-
pie, Commissioner of Forestry, New
York; George H. Wirt. State Forester.
Pennsylvania; J. B. Whitman. Bridge-
town. "N.S.

CANADIAN F 0 R E S T B T ASSOCIATION.

121

LIST OF MEMBERS, CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

( As at March loth, 1910, Life Members indicated by an asterisk * )

*Abbott, Stephen C, Ottawa, Ont.

Ackerman, B. F., Peterborough, Ont.

Adair, J., Fernie, B. C.

Adams, Anthony, Chatham. N.B.

Adams, Frank D., Montreal, Que.

Adams, George. New Westminster, B.C.

Adams, E. Herbert, M.D., Toronto, Ont.

Adams, Oliver, Toronto, Ont.

Adelstein, P.. Montreal, Que.

Adolph, F. W., Baynes Lake, B.C.

Aikins, J. A. M., K.C., Winnipeg, Man.

Akademiska, Bokhande-ln, Helsingsfors,
Finland.

Alberta, Department of Agriculture, Ed-
monton, Alta.

Alberta Provincial Library, Edmonton,
Alta.

Alderson., W. H. Toronto, Ont.

Alexander, A. E., Campbellton, N.B.

Alexander, Chas., A., Campbellton, N.B.

Alexander, C. M., Montreal, Que.

Alexander, Edward, Campbellton, N.B.

Alexander, H. S., Campbellton, N.B.

Alexander, J. S. T.. Fernie, B.C.

Alexander, Richard H., Vanconver, B.C.

Alexander, R. H. H., Vancouver. B.C.

Alin, Alex., Fullerton, N. Dak., U.S.A.

Allan, J. D., Toronto, Ont.

Allan, H. A., Montreal, Que.

Allard, Hon. Jules, Minister of Lands,
Quebec.

Allen. Henry A., Waterloo, Que.

Allen, Rev.1 Jas., Toronto, Ont.

Allison, Joseph, St. John, N.B.

Allnatt, Rev. F. J. B., Lennoxville, Que.

Ames. Herbert B., M.P.. Montreal. Que.

Ami, Dr. H. M.. Ottawa, Ont.

Amiot, P. E., Father Point, Que.

Anderson, F. M., Campbellton, N.B.

Anderson, George, Toronto. Ont.

Anderson, Plarry. Trail, B.C.

Anderson, J. D., C.E., Trail, B.C.

Anderson. J. J., Edmonton, Alberta.

Anderson, T. R., Victoria, B.C.

Anderson, William, Burnt Church, N.B.

Andrew, J. F.. Campbellton, N.B.

Anglin, R. W., Toronto, Ont.

*Angus, R. B., Montreal, Que.

Angus, William, Montreal. Que.

Arbuckle, Jas. T., Crystal City, Man.

Ardagh, E. G. R., Toronto, Ont.

Armstrong, Hon. Hugh, Portage la Prai-
rie, Man.

Armstrong, G. E., French Lake. N.B.

Armstrong, J. S., Rothesay, N.B.

Armstrong. L. O., Montreal, Que.

Armstrong, W. B. W., Parry Sound, Ont.

Armstrong, W. E., Waweig, N.B.

Armstrong. W. S. B., Toronto, Out.

Arthur, C. C, Cobourg. Ont.

Ashdown, J. H., Winnipeg. Man.
Atherton, W. T., Hedley, B.C.
Atkins, H. B., Didsbury, Alta.
Atkinson, W. F. V., Quebec, Que.
Audette, R., Quebec. Que.
Auger, A. G., Quebec, Que.
Auger, A. J., Quebec, Que.
Auger, Jacques. Quebec, Que.
Auld, A. R., Toronto, Ont.
Austin, R., Toronto, Ont.
Avery. John E., Notch, Pa., U.S.A.
Aylmer, Hon. F. W., Golden, B.C.

Bacon, Thos. P., Montreal, Que.

Bagg, M. M., Brownville, N.Y., U.S.A.

Bailey, W. B., Ashcroft, B.C.

Bain, John A., Woodstock, Ont.

Baird. Rev. A. B., Winnipeg, Man.

Baird, Hon. George T., Andover, N.B.

Baird, James, Plattsrille, Ont.

Baird, Thomas, Crystal City, Man.

Baker, F. C., Prince Albert, Sask.

Baker. J. Charles, Toronto, Ont.

Balfour, G. H., Quebec. Que.

Balfour, James, Regina. Sask.

Ball, John, Abbotsford, B.C.

Ballantyne, R. M., Montreal, Que.

Barber, G., Ottawa, Ont.

Barber, John R., Georgetown. Ont.

Barber, Capt. R. R., Georgetown, Ont.

Barnes. Prof. H. T., Montreal, Que.

Barnhill, B. B., Two Rivers, N.S.

Barnhill, George E., St. John, N.B.

Barnstead, Arthur S., Halifax. N.S.

Barr, Walter J., Toronto, Ont.

Barre, E. C., Sarnia, Ont.

Barrett, W. W., Toronto, Ont.

Barron, R. H., Montreal, Que.

Bartlett, G. W., Algonquin Park. Ont.

Bartram, W. B., Ottawa, Ont.

Batchelder, Capt. G. W., Weston, Mass,
U.S.A.

Bate, H. A., Ottawa, Ont.

Bate, T. C., Ottawa, Ont.

Baylis, Samuel M.. Montreal, Que.

Beatty, J. W., Toronto, Ont.

Beatty, H. C., Prince Albert, Sask.

Beauchamp, Jos. C., Montreal, Que.

Beavis, H. J., Crystal City, Man.

Beck, Hon. Adam., London; Ont.

Bedard. A.. Quebec, Que.

Bedard, J. E., K.C., Beauport, Que.

Beecher, F. L., Vancouver, B.C.

Beer, G. Frank, Toronto, Ont.

Beeton, M. M., Grand Falls, Newfound-
land.

Begg, A. B., Parry Sound, Ont.

Begin. The Rev. Mgr. L. N., Quebec,
Que.

Bell, A. J., Prince Albert, Sask.

Bell. A. M., Toronto. Ont.

122

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION^

Bell, H., Wabassee, Que.
Bell, J. W., Seeburn, Man.
Bell, Dr. Robert, Ottawa, Ont.
Bellerine, Georges. Quebec, Que.
Benedict, R. B., Mayook, B.C.
Bennett, Lindley H., Regina, Sask.
Bennett, R. B., K.C., Calgary, Alta.
Bennett, S. Sloan, Quebec, Que.
Bennett, Wm. S., Quebec, Que.
Benson, Martin, Ottawa, Ont.
Bentley, D., Montreal,' Que.
Bergeron, Rev. Oscar, Quebec, Que.
Bergevin, Achille, Montreal, Que.
Berlin Furniture Co., Berlin, Ont.
Bernier, Hector J., Quebec, Que.
Berry, W. H., Oak Bay, N. B.
Bertram, Melville, Toronto, Ont.
Bertrand, J. T., Isle Verte, Que.
Best, Wm., Wabamun, Alta.
Bethune, Cecil, Ottawa, Ont.
*Beveridge, James, Chatham, N.B.,
Bickerdike, R., M.P., Montreal, Que.
Bickerstaff, A. R., Toronto, Ont.
Biggar, E. B., Toronto, Ont.
Bigwood, W. E.. Byng Inlet, Ont.
Billings, J. G.. Nelson, B.C.
Binnie, J. L., Toronto, Ont.
Binning, John R., Montreal, Que.
B'ird, T. A., Toronto, Ont.
Birks, Gerald W., Montreal. Que.
Birks, Wm. M., Montreal. Que.
Bishop's College School Librarian, Len-

noxville, Que.
Bitzer, A. L., Berlin, Ont.
Blachford, Charles E., Toronto, Ont.
Blackader, W. B.. Montreal, Que.
Blaikie, Frank, St. Catherines, Ont.
Blaikie, John T., Toronto, Ont.
Blonde Lumber and Manufacturing Co.,

Chatham, Ont.
Boerker, R. H. D., Ann Arbor, Mich.,

U.S.A.

Boisvert, J. H., Quebec. Que.
Boivin, G., Montreal, Que.
Bole, Hon. W. N., New Westminster,

B.C.

Bond, S. B., Little Cascapedia, Que.
Bongard, R. R., Toronto, Ont.
Bonnell, W. C. Toronto, Ont.
Booth, C. Jackson, Ottawa, Ont.
Booth, John R., Ottawa, Ont.
Borden, Sir F. W., Ottawa, Ont.
Borden, R. A., Moncton, N.B.
Borden, R. L., M.P.. Ottawa, Ont.
*Borthwick, A. W., Edinburgh, Scotland.
Bostock, Hon. H., Monte Creek, B.C.
Boswell, A. W., Quebec, Que.
Boswell, C. E. A., Quebec, Que.
Boswell, Vesey. Quebec, Que.
Bothwell, J. A., Island Pond. Vt, U.S.A
Bouillon, A. M., St. John, N.B.
Boulter, G., Montreal, Que.
Bourbonniere, F., Montreal, Que.
Bourne, W. A.. Parry Sound, 'Ont.
Bowman, H. J.. C.E., Berlin, Ont.
Bowser, W. J., Vancouver, B.C.
Boycl, M. M., Bobcaygeon, Ont.

Boyd, Rev. T. H., Waweig, N.B,

Boycl, W. T. C.. Bobcaygeon, Ont.

Boyer. Gustave, Rigaud, Que.

Boynton, O. L., Fernie, B. C.

Bradburn, T. E., Peterboro, Ont.

Bradbury Bros., Ottawa, Ont.

Bradley, R. R., Boiestown, X. B.

Bradshaw, Geo., Montreal. Que.

Bragg, H., Montreal, Que.

*Brainerd. Dwight, Montreal, Que.

Branchley, J., Kenora, Ont.

Bray. Vic D., New Westminster, B. C.

Breakey, Geo., Chaudiere Mills, Que.

Brebner. Jas., Toronto, Ont.

Bredin, Mark, Toronto, Ont.

*Breen, Thos., Quebec. Que.

Breithaupt, L. J-., Berlin, Ont.

Breithaupt, W. H., Berlin, Ont.

Bremner. E. R., Ottawa, Ont.

Brent, Wm. E., Toronto. Ont.

Brett, J. T., Kenora, Ont.

Brewster. Chas. M., Cap St. Ignace. Que_

Bridges, J. F., Cranbrook, B. C.

Briggs, S. E., Toronto, Ont.

Bristol, Harold R., Plattsburg. N. Y.,.
U. S. A.

B. A. Dyeing Co., Montreal, Que.

Bank of British North America, the

General Manager and the following of-
ficers:

Ashcroft, B.C., J. Cran; Battleford,
Sask.. F. W. D. Thompson; Belmont,
Man., G. H. Grimes; Bobcaygeon,
Ont., J. R. Moyle, J. A. Watson;
Cainsville. Ont., C. M. Mahen: Cal-
gary, Alta., G. T. Laing; Compbell-
ford. Ont., R. N. Mangles; H. F. Skey;
Davidson. Sask., W. G. Clark, T. G.
Hall. J. S. Uren: Duck Lake. Sask.,
W. Nicol: Estevan, Sask.. G. F. Pear-
son, G. A. C. Weir; Greenwood, B.
C., C. G. Curtis; H. F. Stowe: Ham-
ilton, Ont.. P. C. Harrison: Kingston,
Ont., C. P. Dalton. R. F. Harvey,
W. F. Sibbett; London, Ont., C. H.
Harris; Longueuil, Que.. G. W. Mur-
ray: Montreal, Que./T. Black, Tr.. E. B.
Darley. A. E. Ellis, M. S. R/Gomme,
H. P7L. Jollve, G. P. Mackenzie. F.
G. Smithson, E. Stoneham; New York
City, U. S. A., O. F. Alms. C, W. Is-
mav. O. C. Jones, S. K. Lindsay, W.
P. Lindsay. A. McLean, A. C. Neilson.
T. C. Nicoll, W. T. Oliver; Oak River,
Man., H. Vaughan, T. Weeks; Quebec,.
One., C. M. DeR. Finnis, W. T. A.
Graveley, J. W. Millar. W. E. Reed,
T. A. Turcot, E. R. S. Young; Reston,
Man., C. E. La Branche; Rossland, B.
C., W. B. H. Pughe, H. H. Rowley;
St. John, N. B., A. P. Hazen; St.
Stephen. N. B., E. W. Ward; To-
ronto, Ont, G. D. Watt; J. McEach-
ren. G. F. Saunders; Winnipeg, Man.,
H. B. Mackenzie.
Britnell, Altbert, Toronto, Ont.
Brock, Henry, Toronto, Ont.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

123

Brock, R. W., Ottawa, Ont.
Brock, J. H. Winnipeg, Man.
Brodie, Charles E., Levis, Que.
Brodie, F. Neil, St. John, N.B.
Brodie, H., Montreal, Que.
Brodie. R.. Westmount, Que.
Brokovski, E. F. T., Battleford, Sask.
Broley, J. A., Fernie, B.C.
Bromley, W. H., Pembroke, Ont.
Bronson, Hon. E. H., Ottawa, Ont.
Bronson, Fred H., Ottawa, Ont.
Bronson, F. P.. Ottawa. Ont.
Bronson, W. G., Ottawa, Ont.
Brown, Arthur A., Chatham, N.B.
Brown, A. A., Montreal, Que.
Brown, A. H., Regina, Sask.
Brown, H., Montreal. Que.
Brown, John, Quebec, Que.
Brown, Mrs. John, Quebec Que. . ,
Brown J. M., Carleton Place, Ont.
Brown, O. B., Berlin, N.H., U.S.A.
Brown, Osborne E., Calgary, Alta.
Brown, Richard, Toronto, Ont.
Brown, W. D., Quebec, Que.
Brown, W. Godbee, Montreal, Que.
Brown, Mrs. W. G., Westmount, Que.
Brown, W. R., Berlin. N.H., U.S.A.
*Browne, J. E., Ottawa, Ont.
Brownlee, J. H., Vancouver. B.C.
Brownlee, W. H., Crystal City, Man.
Bruce, C. J., Ottawa, Ont
Bruchesi, Mt. Rev. Paul, Montreal (Arch-
bishop of).

Brush, S. B., Toronto, Ont.
Bryan, Thos., London, Ont.
*Bryant. E. S., Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
Bryce, P. I., Toronto, Ont.
Bryce, W. H., Arcola, Sask.
Buchanan. D. W., St. Charles, Man.
Buchanan. G. O., Kaslo, B.C.
Buck, F. P.. Sherbrooke, Que.
Buck, J. D.. Port Rowan, Ont.
Bucke, W. A., Toronto, Ont.
Buckley, D. J., Rogersville, N. B.
*Buckworth, A. B.. Ymir, B.C.
Bull, Manlius, Winnipeg, Man.
Buller. Prof. A. H. R., Winnipeg, Man.
Burchill, Hon. J. P., Nelson, N.B.
Burfoot, George, Toronto, Ont.
Burgess, R. K., Toronto, Ont.
*Burke. Rev. A. E., D.D., Toronto, Ont.
Burke, David, Montreal, Que.
Burke. Edmund, Toronto, Ont.
*Burn, George, Ottawa, Ont.
Burn, John, Sedgewick, Sask.
Burns, Mrs. P., Calgary, Alta.
Burpee, L. J., Ottawa, Ont.
Burrill, V.. Shawinigan Falls, Que.
Burrows, T. A.. Winnipeg, Man.
Burstall, John F., Quebec, Que.
Burton, A. George, Montreal, Que.
Butler. M. J., Ottawa, Ont.
Byrd Charles. Montreal, Que.
Byshe, Fred H., Ottawa, Ont.

Calder. Hon. J. A., Regina, Sask.
Caldwell, John, Virden, Man.
Calhoun, T. B., Calhoun's Mills, X.B.
Calvert, J. F., Orangeville, Ont.
Calvin, Hiram, A.. Garden Island, Ont.
Cambie, C., Toronto. Ont.
Cambie, H. J., Vancouver, B.C.
Cameron, Alex C., Edmonton, Alta.
Cameron, A. R., Bowmanville, Ont.
Cameron, A. S., West River Station. N.S.
Cameron, C. S., Sydney. C.B., N.S.
Cameron, K. F., West River Station, N.S,
Campbell, A. C., Ottawa, Ont.
Campbell, A. D., Strathroy, Ont.
*Campbell, Arch. H., Toronto, Ont.
Campbell, A. M., Ottawa. Ont.
Campbell, F. J., Windsor Mills, Que.
Campbell, F. W., Campbellton, N.B.
Campbell. Lt.-Col. H. M., Apohaqui, N.B.
Campbell, James J., Ottawa, Ont.
Campbell, J. L., Toronto, Ont.
Campbell, Lome A., Rossland, B.C.
Campbell, Manson, Chatham, Ont.
Campbell, R. H., Ottawa, Ont.
Campbell, Roy L.. Ottawa, Ont.
Campbell, S., North Nation Mills, Que.
Campbell, T. R., Salisbury, N.B.
Campbell, W. A., Montreal, Que.
Campbell, W. B., Campbellcroft. Ont.
Campkin, H. H., Indian Head, Sask.
Candee, C. N., Toronto.
Capp. Thomas W., Toronto, Ont.
Carbolite-Carbolineum Co., Toronto,

Ont.

Carey, W. E., Buffalo Plains, Sask.
Cat-law. D., Belleville, Ont
Carlin. M., Vancouver, B.C.
Carlyle. W., Woodstock, Ont.
*Carman, Guy Colin, Cornwall. Ont.
Caron, C. George, St. Charles, Man.
Carpenter, E. R.. Collingwood, Ont.
Carper, H. P., Winnipeg, Man.
Carr, F. S.. Edmonton, Alta.
Carr. Tas., Woodstock, N.B.
Carr, W. L., Woodstock, N.B.
Carrol, Cyrus, C.E., Prince Albert, Sask,
Carruthers, J. B., Kingston, Ont.
*Carsley. S., Montreal, Que.
Carson, A. B., Rexton, N.B.
Carswell Co., Ltd., The, Toronto, Ont.
Carter, E. H., Toronto, Ont.
Carter, R. A., Qu'Appelle, Sask.
Carter, W. E. H., Toronto, Ont.
Carter. W. J., Toronto, Ont.
Carter, W. W., Fesserton, Ont.
Carveth, J. Alva. Toronto. Ont.
Gary, Austin, Albany, N.Y., U.S.A.
Cassels, Hamilton, Toronto, Ont.
Caswell, E. S., Toronto, Ont.
Caulfeild. F. W., London, England.
Cavana, A. G., Orillia. Ont.
Caverhill. George, Montreal, Que.
Chaffee, H. Foster, Toronto, Ont.
Chamard, Louis, Rocky Brook Camp,.

Que.
Chambers, F. H., New Glasgow, N.S.

124

CANADIAN FOEE STBT ASSOCIATION.

Champion, W. S.. Quebec, Que.

Chantler Bros., London, Ont.

Chapman, L. J., Abbotsford, B.C.

Chapman, T. A., Baltimore, Ont.

Charlton, Hon: W. A., Toronto, Ont.

Chausse, Alcide, Montreal, Que.

Chevrier, Jos. H.. Cheneville, Que.

Childs, George A., Montreal, Que.

Chisholm ,Hugh J., New York, N.Y.,
U.S.A.

Chitty, George L., Ottawa, Ont.

Choquette, Hy., Quebec, Que.

Choquette, Hon. P. A., Quebec, Que.

Chown, A. F., Kingston, Ont.

Chown, George Y., Kingston, Ont.

Christie, A. E., Bradon, Man.

Christie, C. R., Montreal, Que.

Christie, George H., River Hebert, N.S.

Christie, H. R., Amherst, N.S.

Christie, R. J., Toronto, Ont.

Clark, Judson, F., Vancouver, B.C.

Clark, Robert J., Toronto, Ont.

Clark, William, Winnipeg, Man.

Clark, W. H., Edmonton, Alta.

Clarke, A. N., Toronto. Ont.

Clarke, L. H., Toronto, Ont.

Clarke, W. A., Berlin, Ont.

Clarke, W. D., Flume Ridge, N.B.

Clarke, W. F., M.D., Toronto, Ont.

Clarke, W. G.. Bear River, N.S.

Clarkson, F. C., Ymir, B.C.

Cleaver, Rev. Dr. S., Toronto, Ont.

Cochrane, Hon. Frank, Toronto, Ont.

Cochrane, J. A., Lennoxville, Que.

*Cochrane, W. F., Nelson, N.B.

Cockburn, H. G., Guelph, Ont.

Cockshutt, Chas., Toronto, Ont.

Cockshutt, W. F., Brantford, Ont.

Coleman, J. R., Birr, Ont.

Coleman, R. H., Toronto, Ont.

*Colloredo-Mansfield, Prince, Bohemia.

Coltart, Ian, Beulah. Man.

Colter, James, Crystal City, Man.

Colwill, A. A., Newcastle, Ont.

Commerce, Bank of, The General Mana-
gers and the Managers of the
Branches at:

Amherst, N.S.; Antigonish, N.S. ;
Ayr, Ont.; Barrie, Ont.; Barrington,
N.S.; Belleville, Ont.; Berlin, Ont.;
Blenheim, Ont., Brandon, Man.; Brant-
ford, Ont.; Bridgewater, N.S.; Calgary,
Alta.; Carman. Man.; Cayuga, Ont.;
Chatham, Ont.; Claresholm, Alta.; Co-
balt, Ont.; Collingwood, Ont.; Cran-
brook, B.C.; Dauphin, Man.; Dawson,
Y.T.; Dresden, Ont.; Dundas, Ont.;
Dunnville, Ont.; Edmonton. Alta.; El-
gin, Man.; Elkhorn, Man., Fernie, B.C.;
Tort Frances, Ont.; Gait, Ont.; Gilbert
Plains, Man.; Goderich, Ont.; Grand-
view. Man.; Greenwood, B.C.; Guelph,
Ont.; Halifax, N.S.; Hamilton, Ont.;
High River, Alta.; Innisfail, Alta.;
Kamlopps, B.C.; Ladysmith, B.C.;
Lethbridge, Alta.; Lindsay, Ont.;
Lloydminster, Sask.; London, Eng.;

London, Ont.; Macleod, Alta.; Medi-
cine Hat, Alta.; Melfort, Sask.; Mid-
dleton, N.S.; Montreal, Que.; Moose-
jaw, Sask.; Moosomin, Sask.; Nanaimo,
B.C.; Nanton, Alta.; Neepawa, Man.;
Nelson, B.C.; New Grasgow, N.S.;
New Westminster, B.C.; New York,
N.Y.; North Battleford, Sask.; Orange-
ville, Ont.; Ottawa, Ont. (2 branches);
Paris, Ont.; Parkhill, Ont.; Parrsboro,
N.S.; Parry Sound, Ont.; Penticton,
B.C.; Peterboro, Ont.; Pincher Creek,
Alta.; Ponoka, Alta.; Portage la Prai-
rie, Man.; Port Arthur, Ont.; Portland,
Ont.; Port Perry, Ont.; Prince Albert,
Sask.; Princeton, B.C.; Quebec, Que.;
Rainy River, Ont.; Red Deer, Alta.;
Regina, Sask.; Revelstoke, B.C.; St.
Catharines, Ont.; St. John, N.B.; San
Francisco, Cal.; Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.;
Sarma, Ont.; Saskatoon. Sask.; Sea-
forth. Ont; Seattle, Wash.; Shelburne,
N.S.; Simcoe, Ont; Skagway, Alaska;
Spring Hill, N.S.; Stratford, Ont;
Strathroy, Ont.; Swan River, Man.;
Sydney. N.S.; Toronto, Ont. (Head Of-
fice and 11 branches); Treherne. Man.;
Truro, N.S.; Vancouver, B.C. (2
branches); South Vancouver, B.C.;
Vegreville, Alta.; Vermillion, Alta.;
Victoria. B.C.; Walkerton, Ont.; Wal-
kerville, Ont.: Waterloo, Ont.; White
Horse, Y.T.; Wiarton, Out.; Windsor,
Ont; Windsor, N.S.; Wingham, Ont.;
Winnipeg, Man. (5 branches); Wood-
stock, Ont.; Yellow Grass. Sask.

Commission of Conservation, Ottawa,
Ont.

Complend, H. Y., Parry Sound, Ont.

Comstock, Prof. F. M., Cleveland, Ohio.

Conn, H., Sarnia, Ont.

Conn, James, Indian Head, Sask.

Connell, A. B., Jr., Toronto. Ont.

Connely, Robert, Great Salmon River,
N.B.

Connon, William, Toronto, Ont.

Conservator of Forests (Eastern Circle),
Naini-Tal, India.

Conservator of Forests (Northern Cir-
cle). Upper Burham, India.

Conservator of Forests (Southern Cir-
cle), Maymyo, India.

Converse. S. S., Springfield, Mass.

Cook, J. P., London, Ont.

Cooke, W. C. E., Kaslo, B.C.

Coon, J. R., New Westminster. B.C.

Cooper, John A., Toronto, Ont.

Cooper, j. E.. Brampton, Ont.

Copeland, E. H., Montreal, Que.

Copeland, L. B., St. John, N.B.

Copp, A. B., Sackville! N.B.

Copping, G. R.. Toronto, Ont.

Corby, Harry, Belleville, Ont.

Corrigan, F. S.. Toronto, Ont.

Corriveau, R. de B., Ottawa, Ont.

Cossitt Co., The. Brockville, Ont.

Costigan, Hon. John, Ottawa, Ont.

Cotter, F. W., Montreal, Que.

CANADIAN FOSESTKY ASSOCIATION.

125

Cotton, A. J., Swan River, Man.
Cottrelle, G. R.. Toronto, Ont.
Coulthard, W. B., Fredericton, N.B.
Cour-Tondue. Jean de la, Montreal, Que.
Cowan, William, Prince Albert, Sask.
Cowie, F. W., Montreal, Que.
*Cowles, David S., New York, N.Y.
Cox. W. T., Washington, D.C.
Craig, Arthur, Clearwater, Man.
*Craig, Art. E., Toronto, Ont.
Craig, E. F., Montreal, Que.
Craig, Roland D., Vancouver, B.C.
Craig, H. W., Vancouver, B.C.
Craig, W. W., Montreal, Que.
Crane. Thomas A., Montreal, Que.
Crannell, L., Ottawa, Ont.
Crathern, James, Montreal, Que.
Crean, G. C., Toronto, Ont.
Crean, J., New Westminster, B.C.
Creighton, Graham, Halifax, N.S.
Creighton, W. B.. Toronto, Ont.
Crerar Library, The John, Chicago, 111.
Cronholm, Folke, Quebec, Que.
Cross, Judge A. G., Westmount, Que.
Cross, W. H.. Toronto, Ont.
Crossley, T. L., Montreal, Que.
Crowdy, George J., Montreal, Que.
Crowe, G. R., Winnipeg, Man.
*Crowe, Harry I., Botwoodville, New-
foundland.

Cruikshank. H. C., Summerland, B.C.
Crumley Bros., Kingston, Ont.
Crump, C. J. C., Fox Point. Out.
Cudmore, A. E., Crystal City, Man.
Cullingan, Arthur, Jacquet River. N.B.
dimming, M., Truro, N.S.
Cummings, J. G., Fernie, B.C.
Cunningham, William, Montreal. Que.
Curie, A. J., Kaslo, B.C.
Curran, Frank, Rexton, N.B.
Currie, William, Campbellton, N.B.
Curry, N., Amherst. N.S.
Curtis, P. F., Victoria. B.C.
Gushing, A. T., Edmonton, Alta.
Cyr, Charles L, St. Leonard's, N.B.

Dale, R. J., Montreal, Que.
Dalton. Joe M., Three Rivers, Que.
Daly, Dr. O. H., Kingston, Ont.
Darby, E. J., Ottawa, Ont.
Darnborough, Enoch, Laura, Sask.
Dartnell, E. F., Montreal, Que.
David Smith Co., The, Toronto, Ont.
Davidson, James. Camborne, Ont.
Davidson, N. F.. K.C., Toronto, Ont.
Davies, Dr. A. H., Delhi, Ont.
Davis, W. A., Grand View, Man.
Davis, Lt.-Col. W. M., C.E., Berlin, Ont.
Davison, F. & A. F.. Bridgewater, N.S.
Davison Lumber Co., Bridgewater. N.S.
Dawson. Mrs. A. O., Westmount, Que.
Dawson, D. C., St. John, N.B.
Dawson, E. H., Daysland, Alta.
Dawson, Mrs. Ralnh, Montreal, Que.
Deachman, R. J.. B.S.A., Vancouver, B.C.
Deacon, F. H., Toronto, Ont.
Dean, Lewis A., Murray Bay, Que.
Dean, W. J.. Musquash, N.B.
De Guise, Charles. Quebec, Que.
Delamarre, Rev. E., Chicoutimi, Que.

Demers. Nazaire E., St. Agapit Station,.
Que.

De Mille, V. N., Priddis, Alta.

Denison, R. Seldon. Napanee, Ont.

Dennis, E. R., London, Ont.

Dennis, J. S., Calgary, Alta.

Deschamps, J. S., Rossland, B.C.

Devlin, R. J.. Ottawa, Ont.

Dewar, J. A., Nelson, B.C.

Dewdney. Rev. A. J. B., Calgary, Alta.

De Witt, G. E., M.D., Wolfville, N.S.

De Witt, H. N., Toronto, Ont.

Dickie, Alfred, Lower Stewiacke. N.S.

Dickie, Rufus E., Stewiacke, N.S.

Dickie, Thos. N., Campbellton, N.B.

Dickinson, G. L., Manotick, Ont.

Dickinson, S. M., Carlyle, Sask.

Dickinson, W. S., Palliser, B.C.

Dickson, James R.. Ottawa, Ont.

Dickson, W. B., Hillsborough, N.B.

Dilworth, R. J., Toronto, Ont.

Dingman, John. Peterboro, Ont.

Dionne, C. E., Quebec, Que.

Dixon, John, Maple Creek, Sask.

Doak, Daniel A., Doaktown, N.B.

Dobell, W. M., Quebec, Que.

Dobie, J. E., Walkerville, Ont.

Doherty. M. W., Sussex, N.B.

Doig, W. J., Russell, Man.

Dominicus, D., Toronto, Ont.

Donaldson, M., Ottawa, Ont.

Donogh, O. J., Toronto, Ont.

Donovan, H. B., Toronto, Ont.

Donovan, Patrick. Chatham, N.B.

Doran, J. J., Toronto, Ont.

Douglas, Howard, Banff, Alta.

Douglas, W. J., Toronto, Ont.

Douglass. Stanley, Stanley, N. B.

Drake, E. F., Ottawa, Ont.

Dresser, John A., Ottawa, Ont.

Drewry, E. L., Winnipeg, Man.

Drewry, George, Kenora, Ont.

Drewry, W. S., Nelson, B.C.

Drummond, Arthur H., Dunblane, Scot-
land.

Drummond, Dr. A. T., Toronto, Ont.

*Drummond, Guy M., Montreal, Que.

*Drummond, George E., Montreal, Que.

Drummond, H. R., Montreal, Que.

Drummond, R. J., Perth, Ont.

Drummond. Thos. I., Montreal, Que.

Dubois, M. J., Duck Lake, Sask.

Dtibuc, J. E. A., Chicoutimi, Que.

Ducker, W. A., D.L.S., Winnipeg, Man.

Dudgeon, A. F., Comaplix, B.C.

Dulmage, D. B., Cranbrook, B.C.

Duncan. E. J. B., Toronto. Ont.

Duncan, R. J., Pilot Mound, Man.

Dunlop, E. A., Pembrooke, Ont.

Dunlop, W. M., Ottawa, Ont.

Dunstan. K. J., Toronto, Ont.

Dupee, George E., Somerville, Mass.

Durnford, A. D.. Montreal, Que.

Durnford, G., Montreal, Que.

Du Vernet. E. E. A., K.C., Toronto, Ont.
Dwight. T. W., Picton, Ont.

Dyde, Prof. S. W. Kingston, Ont.

Dyer, Mrs. W. E. L., Westmount, Que.

Dykeman, F. A.. St. John, N.B.

126

(.1 \AVIAX FOBESTKY ASSOCIATION.

Earl, T. R., Toronto, Ont.

Eurngcy. J. P., Kenora, Ont.

Eastern Townships Agricultural Associa-
tion, Sherbrooke, Que.

*Eaux et Forets, Director Ecole Nation-
ale des, Nancy, France.

*Eckardt, A. J. H., Toronto, Ont.

Eckenfelder, L. C. Trochu, Alta.

Eddy Co., The E. B., Toronto, Ont.

Eddy, E. D., Ottawa, Ont.

Edgecombe, A. G., St. John, N.B.

Edgecombe, F.red B., Fredericton, N.B.

Edgecomb. G. H., Toronto, Ont.

Edmonds, C. E., Toronto, Ont.

Edward Partington Pulp and Paper Co.,
St. John, N.B.

Edwards, C. B., London, Ont.

Edwards, George, Toronto, Ont.

Edwards, Gordon C., Ottawa, Ont.

Edwards, Hon. W. C., Ottawa. Ont.

Ekman. Wilhelm, Stockholm, Sweden.

Elder-Dempster & Co., Montreal, Que.

Elkins, A. W., Vancouver, B.C.

Elley, George, Vancouver, B.C.

Elliott, H. LJ., Montreal, Que.

*Elliott, J., Montreal, Que.

Elliott, S. B., Reynoldsville, Pa.

Elliott, Capt. W. R., Sherbrooke, Que.

Ellis, C. O., Toronto, Ont.

Ellis. H. A., Barachois de Malbaie, Que.

Ellis, J. F., Toronto, Ont.

Ellis, L. N., Toronto, Ont.

Ellis, W. S., Kingston, Ont.

Elson, J. E., Crystal City, Man.

Elwes, H. J., Colesborne, England.

Emack, Bros., Fredericton. N.B.

*Emerson, Robert B., St. John, N.B.

Emmons, L. S., Albany, N. Y.

Emslie, B. L., Toronto, Ont.

English, James. Peterboro, Ont.

Engman, Frank L., Scandinavia, Man.

Estabrooks, T. H., St. John, N.B.

Estey, James A., St. John, N.B.

Estlin, Alfred B., Melita, Man.

Evans, A. Kelly, Toronto, Ont.

Evans, H. M. E., Edmonton, Alta.

Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont.

Evans, J. W., Deseronto, Ont.

Evans, W. Sanford, Winnipeg, Man.

Ewing, W., Montreal, Que.

Faddens, M. G.. Upper Sumas, B.C.
Fafard, F. X.. Quebec, Que.
Fahey, W., Toronto, Ont.
Fairbairn, Rhys D., Toronto, Ont.
Fairn, Leslie R., Aylesford, N.S.
Fairweather. A. C., St. John, N.B.
Farmer. Frank, Three Rivers, Que.
Farmer, Fred F., Three Rivers, Que.
Farnworth & Jardine, Liverpool, Eng-
land.

Farrell, Judge, Moosomin, Sask.
Farrow, R. R., Ottawa, Ont.
Faull, J. H., Ph.D.. Toronto. Ont.
Fawcett, Thomas. Niagara Falls. Ont.
Feinbrook, Joseph, Chatham, N.B.
Fenderson, John & Co., Sayabec, Que.
Fernow, Prof. B. E., Toronto, Ont.

Field, Frank M., K.C.. Cobourg, Ont.
Field & Bro., Cobourg, Ont.
Filion, Celestin, Quebec, Que.
Findlay, David, Carleton Place, Ont.
Findlay, Thomas, Toronto, Ont.
Finnic, Dr. John T., Montreal, Que.
Firstbrook, Harold, Toronto, Ont.
*Firstbrook, John, Toronto, Ont.
*Firstbrook, W. A.. Toronto, Ont.
Fish, W. E., Newcastle, N.B.
*Fisher, Elizabeth W., Philadelphia, Pa.
Fisher, George E., Chatham, N.B.
Fisher, G. F., St. John, N.B.
Fisher, R. C., Montreal, Que.
Fisher, Hon. Sydney, Ottawa, Ont.
Fitzgerald, Edward, Grenfell, Sask.
FitzRandolph, G. A., Fredericton, N.B.
FitzRandolph, R., Fredericton, N.B.
Fitzsimons, Harvey, Ottawa, Ont.
Flavelle, J. D., Lindsay, Ont.
Flavelle, J. W.. Toronto, Ont.
Flavelle, W., Lindsay, Ont.
Fleming, A. W., Heather Brae, Alta.
Fleming, F. A., Toronto, Ont.
Fleming. G. W., M.D., Petitcodiac, N.B.
Fleming, Sir Sandford, Ottawa, Ont.
Flett, Tames, Prince Albert, Sask.
Flynn, Thos, Toronto, Ont.
Foley, R. D., Winnipeg, Man.
Follett. J. J., Toronto, Ont.
Foot. W. R., Parry Sound. Ont.
Forbes, G. A., Montreal, Que.
Forget. His Honor A. E., Lieutenant-

Governor, Regina, Sask.
Forman, John, Montreal, Que.
Forster, John, W. L., Toronto. Ont.
Fortin, Arthur. LL.B., Beauceville, Que.
Fortin, Ven. Arch. O., Winnipeg, Man.
Foss, C. H., Sherbrooke. Que.
Foss, C. O., St. John. N. B.
Foster, C. B., Toronto, Ont.
Fotheringham, Dr. J. T., Toronto. Ont.
Foulds, Arch., Toronto, Ont.
Fox, E. C., Toronto, Ont.
Foy, Frank C. Toronto, Ont.
Fraser, A. W., K.C., Ottawa, Ont.
Fraser. Rev. D. J., Montreal. Que.
Fraser, George, Ucluelet, B.C.
*Fraser, T. B.. Ottawa. Ont.
Fraser, John W., Sydney Mines, N.S.
Fraser, Robert. Trenton, Ont.
Fraser. Rev. R. D., Toronto, Ont.
Fraser Lumber Co., Plaster Rock, N.B.
Fream, Edward J.. Innisfail, Alta.
Fredericton Board of Trade. Fredericton,

N.B.

Freeman, Andrew, Winnipeg, Man.
Freeze, Samuel, Doaktown, N.B.
French, F. H., Hedley. B.C.
Freysing, E. J., Toronto. Ont.
Frind, H. O., Toronto, Ont.
Frost. F. T., Smith's Falls, Ont .
Fudger, H. H., Toronto, Ont.
Fulton, Hon. F. J.. Victoria, B.C.
Funnell, T., Trenton, Ont.
Furness, Robert, Vernon River Bridge,

P.E.I.

CAN ADI A X FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

127

Gage, W. J., Toronto, Ont.

Gairns. George, New Westminster, B.C.

Galbraith, C. S-, Maple Creek. Sask.

Galbraith, W., O.L.S., Bracebridge, Ont.

Gale, Rev. G. E., Macleod, Alta.

Gall. A. J., Toronto, Ont.

Gamble, Capt. Killaly, Toronto. Ont.

Candle. W. A., Montreal, Que.

Gauge, Edward, Sixteen Island Lake,

Que.

Ganong, J. E., St. Stephen, N.B.
Gardner, James, Montreal, Que.
Garneau, Rev. C. H.. Rimouski, Que.
Garneau, N., Quebec, Que.
Garret, Dr. A. H., Toronto, Ont.
Garth, John H., Montreal, Que.
Gartshore, John J., Toronto, Ont.
Garvin, R., Melville. Sask.
Gays, H. W., Ottawa, Ont.
Gear, W. T.. Montreal, Que.
Gcndron. F. A., Hull, Que.
Geological Survey, Librarian, Ottawa.

Ont.

George, R. W., Parry Sound, Ont.
George, W. K., Toronto, Ont.
Gerald, W. J., Ottawa, Ont.
Gerard, J. E., Quebec, Que.
*Germain, J. L., Dufferin, Ont.
Gervais, Honore, K.C., M.I'., Montreal,

Que.

•Gfroerer, Eug., Balcarres, Sask.
Gibb, Lachlan, Montreal, Que.
Gibson, R. E., Toronto, Ont.
Gibson. S. L-, Toronto, Ont.
•Gibson, T. A., Toronto, Ont.
Gibson, T. W., Toronto, Ont.
Gibsone, George F., Quebec, Que.
>Gifford, Prof. John, Cocoanut Grove. Fla.
Gigault, G. A., Quebec, Que.
-Gilbert, George. Bathurst, N.B.
Gilbert, Henry, Rothesay, N.B.
Gill, John M., Brockville, Ont.
*Gill, R. A.. Ottawa, Ont.
Gill & Fortune, Trenton, Ont.
•Gilley, Herbert. New Westminster, B.C.
Gilley, W. R.. New Westminster, B.C.
Gillies, David, Carleton Place, Ont.
Gillies. George, Toronto, Ont.
Gillies, J. S., Braeside, Ont.
Gilmour, J. D., Doe Lake, Ont.
Gilmour. W. B., Montreal, Que.
-Gilmour Door Co., Ltd., Trenton, Ont.
Gilpin, T. B., LL.B., Digby, N.S.
Girard, J. E., Quebec, Que.
Glazebrook, A. J., Toronto, Ont.
Glen, W. J., Fredericton, N.B.
Glendenning. George, Toronto, Ont.
Globe Furniture Co., Walkerville, Ont.
Godbout. Arthur, St. Georges East, Que.
Godin, Edouard, Three Rivers. Que.
*Godsal, F. W., Cowley, Alta.
Goldie, James, Guelph, Ont.
Golding. W. E., St. John. N.B.
Good. H. J. P.. St. John, N.B.
Goodday, H. G., Quebec. Que.
'Gooderham, A. E., Toronto, Ont.
Gooderham, E. G., Toronto, Ont.

Gooderham, G. H., Toronto, Ont.
Gooderham, W. G., Toronto, Ont.
Goodfellow, R. T., Prince Albert, Sask.
Goodison & Sons, John, Sarnia, Ont.
Goodwin, W., Kaministiquia, Ont.
Gordon, C. B., Montreal, Que.
Gordon, K.ev. D. M., President Queen's

University, Kingston, Ont..
Gordon, H. J., Moncton, N.B.
Gordon, R. W., Pembrooke, Ont.
Gosselin, F. X., Chicoutimi, Que.
Goulding, H. J., Newtonbrook, Ont.
Goulter, H. H., Virden. Man.
Gourdeau, Lt.- Col. F., Ottawa. Out.
Gourlay, R. S., Toronto, Ont.
Gow, Walter, Toronto, Ont.
Graham, Harvey, New Glasgow, N.S.
*Graham, Sir Hugh, Montreal. Que.
Graham, R. J., Belleville, Ont.
Grandbois. M. A.. St. Casimir, Que.
Grant, W. H., Toronto, Ont.
Graves, Prof. H. S., Washington, D.C.
Gray & Sons, Ltd., W.. Chatham, Ont.
Greeff, Herm, Toronto, Ont.
Green, F. L., Greenwood, Ont.
Green, Hon. R. F., Victoria, B.C.
Green, W. H., Toronto, Ont.
Green, J. A., Montreal, Que.
Greeniield, Jos., Winnipeg, Man.
Greenough, R. B., M.D., Boston, Mass.
Gregory, A. J., K.C., Fredericton, N.B.
Gregory, John B., Gibson, N.B.
Gregory. J. Eraser, St. John, N.B.
Grey, John, Toronto, Ont.
Griesbach, Emiel, Gleichen, Alta.
Griggs, S. A., Walkerville, Ont.
Grimm, J. H., Montreal, Que.
Grimmer, Hon. W. C. H., Fredericton,

N.B.

Grisdale, J. H.. Ottawa, Ont.
Grogan, S. P., Batiscan Station, Que.
Groh, Anson, Preston, Ont.
Grundy, G. G.. Riviere du Loup, Que.
Gundy, W. T., Toronto, Ont.
Gunn, Andrews, Toronto, Ont.
Gutches. G. A., Washington, D.C.
Gwillim, J. C., Kingston, Ont.
Gwynne, Colonel, Grenfell, Sask.
Gzowski, C. S., Toronto, Ont.

Hadrill, George, Montreal, Que.
Hagan, A. T., Parry Sound, Ont.
Haight. H. V.. Sherbrooke, Que.
Haldenby, Charles N., Toronto, Ont.
Hale. A. F., New Westminister, B.C.
Hales, James, Toronto, Ont.
Hall, F. E., Montreal, Que.
Hall. John S., K.C., Calgary, Alta.
Hall, W. C. J., Quebec, Que.
Hallman, J. C., New Dundee, Ont.
Hamilton, John, Quebec, Que.
Hamilton, W. A., Toronto, Ont.
Hamm, John, Rosthern, Sask.
Hamly. H. S., Toronto, Ont.
Haney, M. J.. Toronto, Ont.
Hanson, A. E., Fredericton, N.B.
Hanington, A. H., K.C., St. John, N.B.
Hanna, G. H., Montreal, Que.

128

C A N ADI A N FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

*Hanson, W., Montreal. Quc.
Hardy, E. D.. Ottawa, Out.
Hardy, J., Toronto, Ont.
Hargraft, W., Toronto, Ont.
Harkom, Lt. -Colonel, Melborne, Que.
Harley, H., Swan River, Man.
Marling, Thomas, Montreal. Que.
Harquail, John, Campbellton, N.B.
Harris, C. P., Moncton, N.B.
Harris, George L., Moncton, N.B.
Harris, Howell, Gleichen. Alta.
Harris, J. W.. Winnipeg, Man.
Harris, Samuel, Toronto, Ont.
Harrison, A. G., Edmonton, Alta.
*Harrison, E. J., Owen Sound Ont.
Harrison, Frank, Nrctaux Falls, N.S.
Harrison, F. W., Owen Sound, Ont.
Hart F. C., Gait, Ont.
Harte, J. A., Montreal, Que.
Hartley, J. C, Woodstock, N.B.
Hartt, G. F., Montreal, Que.
Harwood, C. A., Montreal, Que.
Haslam, J. H., St. Paul, Minn.
Hatcher. H. R., Walkerville, Ont.
Hawke, Widmer, Toronto, Ont.
Hawker, W., Edmonton, Alta.
Hawker, W., St. John, N.B.
Hawkins, Frank, Ottawa, Ont.
Hawley, R. C., New Haven, Conn.
Hay, A. M.. Toronto, Ont.
Hay, G. U., LL.D., St. John, N.B.
Hay, James, Woodstock, Ont.
Haycock. E., Wolfville, N.S.
Havden, John D., Cobourg, Ont.
Hazen, H. T., Parry Sound, Ont.
Heaton's Agency, Toronto, Ont.
Heaton, F. R., Montreal, Que.
Heebner, C. F., Toronto, Ont.
Heintzman, Ltd., Gerhard. Toronto, Ont.
Heintzman, H., Toronto. Ont.
Helmer, Albert, Calgary, Alta.
Hemsley, R., Westmount, Que.
Henderson, A., The Commissioner, Daw-
son, Y.T.

Henderson, Joseph. Toronto, Ont.
Henderson, P. E., Toronto, Ont.
Hendry, A. J., Vancouver, B.C.
Hendry, John, Vancouver, B.C.
Hendry, J. A., Vancouver, B.C.
Hepburn, A. E., Vancouver, B.C.
Herchmer. H. W., Fernie, B.C.
Heroux. Omer, Candiac, Que.
Hetherington. J., Sherbrooke, Que.
Hewson, A. J., Cobourg, Ont.
Hiebert, C.. Didsbury, Alta.
Hill, Rev. George C., Regina, Sask.
Hill, Hon. George F.. St. Stephen, N.B.
Hill, H. E., Dartmouth, N.S.
Hill, Leslie, Nelson, B.C.
Hill. N. B., Nashwaaksis, N.B.
Hilyard, A. H., Dalhousie, N. B
Hilyard Bros., St. John. N.B.
Hime, W. L.. Toronto, Ont.
Hislop, A.. Walton, Ont.
Hodgins, Frank S., Berlin, Ont.
Hodgson, C. I., Montreal, Que.
Hodgson, R. T., Brandon. Man.
Hodgson, T. E., Montreal, Qne.

Hodgson. W. C., Montreal, Que.
Hodson. George, Lloydminster, Sask.
Hoehn, Marcell, Berlin, Ont.
Hoffman, Franz, Bellhampton, Man.
Holcroft, H. S., Toronto, Ont.
Holland, C. C., Westmount, Que.
Holloway, Frank, Quebec, Que.
Holmes, R.. Toronto, Ont.
Holt, C. M., K.C., Montreal, Que.
Holt, John H., Quebec, Que.
Holtermann, R. F., Brantford, Ont.
Holton Lumber Co., Belleville, Ont.
Hone. J., Quebec, Que.
Honsberger, Dr., Berlin, Ont.
Hope, James, Ottawa, Ont.
Hopper, R. T., Montreal, Que.
Hoppins, H. G., Arrowhead, B.C.
Home, A. H., Kenora, Ont.
Hosmer, Col. E. A. C., Virden, Alan.
*Hosmer. R. S., Honolulu, Hawaii.
Howard, E. E., Montreal, Que.
Howard, S. H., Toronto, Ont.
Howarth, C. E., Toronto, Ont.
Howe, Dr. C. D., Toronto, Ont.
Howell, G. A., Toronto, Ont.
Howland. Peleg, Toronto, Ont.
Rowland, W. F., Toronto, Ont.
Hewlett, James, Bairdsville, N.B.
Hoyt, W. B., D.L.S., Andover, N.B.
Huard, Rev. V. A., Quebec, Que.
Hubbard, W. W., Fredericton, N.B.
Huckvale. W., Medicine Hat, Alta.
Hudson, George, Crystal City, Man.
Huestis, A. M., Toronto, Ont.
Hughes, F. W., Mission City, B.C.
Hume, J. H., M.A., Waterford. Ont.
Humphreys. J. E., Petitcodiac, N.B.
Hunter, J. K., Regina, Sask.
Hunter, J. W., London, Ont.
Hurd, Cyrus, Parry Sound, Ont.
Husband, A. J.. Brockville, Ont.
Husband, G. E., M.D., Hamilton, Ont.
Hutcheon. James, Guelph, Ont.
Hutchinson, C. E., Boissevain, Man.
Hutchinson, A. C., Westmount, Que.
*Hutchinson, E., Douglastown, N.B.
Huycke, E. C. S., His Honor Judge.

Peterborough, Ont.
*Hyman, Hon. C. S., London, Ont.
Hvndman. F. W., Charlottetown, P.E.I.
Hynes, J. P., Toronto, Ont.

Imperial Forest School, President of.

Dehra Dun, India.
*Ingall, O.-D., New Haven, Conn.
Irvine, John, Harriston, Ont.
Irving, James D., Buctouche, N.B.
Ives, H. R.. Montreal, Que.
Ivey, John D., Toronto, Ont.

Jackson, F. D., Port Arthur, Ont.
Jackson, F. T., Armstrong, B.C.
Jackson, John H., Niagara, Ont.
Jackson, Harry, Fredericton, N.B.
*Jacombe. F. W. H., Ottawa. Ont.
Tuffray, Hon. R., Toronto, Ont.
James, C. C., Toronto, Ont.
James, D., Thornhill, Ont.

C A N A D i A N FOREST MY A S SOCIA T IO A .

129

James, D. D., Toronto. Ont.

James, R. H.. Cobalt, Ont.

James, S., Toronto, Ont.

Jameson, John, Clover Hill, N.B.

Jamieson, R. R., Calgary, Alta.

Jardine, John B., New Westminster, B.C.

Jardine, J. P., Campbellton, N.B.

Jardine, Robert, New Westminster, B.C.

Jarvis, Aemilius, Toronto, Ont.

Jaynes, J. R., Calgary, Alta.

Jeffrey, C. W., Ottawa. Ont.

Jellett, J. M., Toronto, Ont.

Jenkins, Thomas, Toronto, Ont.

Jephcott, A., Toronto, Ont.

Jobin, Dr. A.. Quebec, Que.

Johns, C. P., Thornhill. Ont.

Johnson, D. A., Elgin, B.C.

Johnson, F. A., Montreal, Que.

Johnson, George, Wolfville, N.S.

Johnson, J. A., Parry Sound, Ont.

Johnson, J. W., Belleville. Ont.

Johnson, Neil W., Elgin, B.C.

Johnson, Sydney B., Ottawa, Ont.

Johnston, Prof. G. W., Toronto, Ont.

Johnston, Herbert, Berlin, Ont.

Johnston, J. M.. Quebec, Que.

Joly de Lotbiniere, E. G., Point Platon,

Que.
Jolly de Lotbiniere, Mdme., Point Platon,

Que.

Joly de Lotbiniere, A., Toronto, Ont.
Jones. F. C. L., Toronto, Ont.
Jones, F. W., Victoria, B.C.
Jones, Harold, Maitland, Ont.
Jones. Hen. L. Melvin, Toronto, Ont.
Jordan, Frank M., Montreal, Que.
Jordan, George G., Toronto, Ont.
Jory, U. S., Crystal City, Man.
Joseph, A. C., Quebec, Que.
Judge, Edgar, Montreal, Que.

Kastner, E. J., Montreal, Que.

Katchen, James, Jr., Prestonkirk, Scot-
land.

Kaufman, Jacob, Berlin, Ont.

Kay, James. Indian Head, Sask.

Keating, E. H., Toronto, Ont.

Keddy, W., Milton. N. S.

Keefer, Charles H., Ottawa, Ont.

Keefer, T. C., C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont.

Keele, J., -Ottawa. Ont.

Keenan Bros, Ltd., Owen Sound, Ont.

Kelly, U. P.. Parkdale, Ont.

Kellie, J. M., Revelstoke, B.C.

Kemp, A. E., Toronto, Ont.

Kennedy, George S., Owen Sound,. Ont.

Kennedy, Harold, Quebec, Que.

Kennedy, James C., Vancouver, B.C.

Kennedy. R., Lindsay, Ont.

Kenny, R. M., Buckingham, Que.

Kerr. H. L., Toronto, Ont.

Kerr, James, Sarnia, Ont.

Kerry, W. S., Montreal, Que.

Ketchum, Z., Ottawa. Ont.

Key, Charles W., Shepard, Alta.

Keyes, P. G., Ottawa, Ont.

Kidd. Rev. C. E.. B.A., B.D., Union Bay,
B. C.

Kidd, Herbert, Simons Valley, Alta.
Kilburn, John, Fredericton, N.B.
Kilgour, Joseph, Toronto, Ont.
Kilkenny, W., Broomhill, Man.
Killer, Fred, Toronto, Ont.
Killough. J. A., Pense, Sask.
King, Alfred S.. Norwich, England.
King, Charles. Quebec, Que.
King, C. E., Port Arthur, Ont.
King, E. E., M.D., Toronto, Ont.
King, J. G., Port Arthur, Ont.
King. M. B., Cranbrook, B.C.
Kirchhoffer, Hon. J. N., Ottawa. Ont.
Kirkpatrick, Prof. F. S., Kingston, Ont.
Klotz, E. W., Toronto, Ont.
Knechtel, A., Ottawa, Ont.
Knechtel, J. S., Hanover, Ont.
Knight. A. C., Toronto, Ont.
Knight, E. C., Vancouver, B.C.
Knowles, R., Toronto, Ont.
Knox, James, Belleville, Ont.
Knox, John, Hamilton, Ont.
Koch, W. C. E., Nelson. B.C.
Koelle. H. H. V., Montreal, Que.
Krapfel, A. F.. Elko, B.C.
Krook, G. A. B., Wolseley, Sask.
Krug Furniture Co., Berlin, Ont.
Kydd, George, Ottawa, Ont.
Kynoch, James, Toronto, Ont.

Labelle Hospice, Montreal, Que.
Labelle. J. H., Montreal, Que.
La Billios, Hon. C. H., Dalhousie, N.B.
La Bruere, Boucher de, Quebec, Que.
Lacey, Frank, Viscount, Sask.
Lachmund, Otto, Arrowhead. B.C.
Laflamme, Rev. Mgr., Quebec, Que.
Lafrance, P. G., Quebec, Que.
Laidlaw, James, Clearwater, Man.
Laidlaw, John B., Toronto, Ont.
*Laidlaw, Robert, Toronto, Ont.
Laidlaw, W. C., Toronto, Ont.
Lailey, Charles E., Toronto, Ont.
*Laird. Alex., Toronto, Ont.
Laird, Hon. David, Ottawa, Ont.
Laird, John. Quebec, Que.
Lake. R. S.. Grenfell, Sask.
Lambert, H. E.. Calgary, Alta.
Lampert, L., Minneapolis, Minn.
Landon. W. R., Chatham, Ont.
Lane, J. S., London. Ont.
Lang, A. G., Waneta, B.C.
Lang, A. R., Berlin, Ont.
Lang, S. E., Virden, Man.
Langelier, Sir F., Quebec, Que.
Langlais. Romeo. Quebec, Que.
Langley, E. W., Toronto, Ont.
Langlois, H., Toronto, Ont.
Langlois, Rev. J. A., Chlorydormes, Que.
Langmuir. M.. Toronto, Ont.
Langton, W. A., Toronto. Ont.
Lapointe, Rev. E., Chicoutimi, Que.
Larkin, C. A., Toronto, Ont.
Larkin, P. C., Toronto, Ont.
Larochelle, J. A., Timiskaming, Que.
Larsen, C. N.. xoronto, Ont.
Laughlin, S., Campbellton, N.B.
Laurentide Paper Co., Grand Mere, Que.

130

CANADIAN FOSE STEY ASSOCIATION.

Laurie. W. H., Montreal, Que.

Laurier, Rt. Hon. Sir W., Ottawa, Ont.

Lavoie, J. X., Perce, Que.

Law. G. L., Ottawa, Ont.

.Law, James, Montreal, Que.

*Lawler, James. Toronto, Ont.

Lawrence, O. H., Waverley, N.Y.

Lawson, David, Falding, Ont.

Lawson, H. C., Regina, Sask.

Lawson, James. Folding, Ont.

Lee, R. S., Montreal, Que.

Leake. A. H., Toronto, Ont.

Leamy, James, New Westminster, B.C.

Leavitt, A. G., St. John, N.B.

Leavitt, Clyde, Ogden, Utah.

Le Bel, E. A., Sarnia, Ont.

Lecours, Rev. S. J., Levis, Que.

Lees, R.. M.A., Peterboro, Ont.

Lefebre, H. P., Cheneville, Que.

Legare, J. B. D., Montreal, Que.

Leger, Rev. D. F., St. Paul, N.B.

Leitch, A., Cranbrook, B.C.

Lemieux, Rev. Victor, Quebec, Que.

Lemoine, G., Quebec, Que.

Leonard, F. E., London, Ont.

Leslie, W. S., Montreal, Que.

Levasseur, F. H.. Riviere de Loup Sta-
tion, Que.

Leveille, J. E., Rocky Brook Camp, Que.

Lewis, D. O.. Toronto, Ont.

Lewis, E. N.,' Goderich, Ont.

Lewis, Lansing, Montreal, Que.

Liesemer, G. P., Neapolis, Alta.

Lighthall, George R., Montreal, Que.

Lighthall, W. D., Montreal, Que.

Lindmark. C. F., Revelstoke, B.C.

Lindsey, G. G. S., Toronto, Ont.

Lindsay, John, Toronto, Ont.

Lisgar, J. E., Ottawa, Ont.

Little, William, Westmount, Qne.

Locke, S. B., New Haven, Conn.

Lockhart, L. D.. Moncton, N.B.

Lochhead, Prof. W., Macdonald College.
Que.

Lodge, M., Moncton, N.B.

Logan, F. J., Musquodohoit Harbor, N.S.

Loggie, Col. T. G., Fredericton, N.B.

Loggie, W. S., Chatham, N.B.

London. Lumber Co., London. Out.

Long, M. S. M., Hamilton, Ont.

Long, Thomas, Toronto, Ont.

Longley, H., St. John, N.B.

Loring, R. E., Hazleton. B.C.

Lougheed, N. S., Haney, B.C.

Louison Lumber Co., Jacquet River, N.B.

Lovell, R. K., Montreal, Que.

Lovering, H. L., Coldwater, Ont.

Levering, H. L., Regina, Sask.

Lovering, J. A.. Coldwater, Ont.

Low, A. P., Ottawa, Ont.

Low, Bert, Golden, B.C.

Low, Dr. David, Regina, Sask.

Low, H. G:, Golden, B.C.

Lowden, John, Toronto, Ont.

Lowe, Frank H., Aylesford, N.S.

Lowenberg, Guy, Creston, B.C.

Lowndes, C.B., Toronto, Ont.

Ludgate, T. A., Arrowhead, B.C.

Lugsdin, L. J., Toronto, Ont.
Luke, Albert. Vancouver, B.C.
Luke. S. M., Montreal, Que.
Lumsden, Hugh D., Ottawa, Ont.
Lunam, Dr. H., Campbeliton, N.B.
Lund, C. E., Sackville, N.B.
Lund, Peter, Wardner. B.C.
Lundon, E., Canterbury, N.B.
Lyford, Charles A'.. Montreal, Que.
Lyman, Chester, W., New York, N.Y.
Lyman, George, Montreal, Que.
Lynch. Timothy. Estate of, Frederic-
ton, N.B.

Lynch, Judge W. W.,. Knowlton, Que.
Lyndon, W. A., Lyndon, Alta.

McAlister, John, K.C., Campbeliton, N.B.
McAra, P., Jr., Regina, Sask.
McArthur, J. D., Winnipeg, Man.
McBeath, John G., Woodstock, Ont.
McBride, Hon. R.. Victoria, B.C.
McCallum, J. D., Ottawa, Ont.
*McCallum, J. M., M.D., Toronto, Ont.
McCann, J. R. S., Kingston, Ont.
McCarthy. John E., Brockton, P.E.K
McCaw, A. S., Sherbrooke, Que.
McCheane. W. C., Halcyonia, Sask.
McClearn, George S., Liverpool, N.S.
McClelan, Hon. A. R., Riverside, N.B.
McClelland, John, Toronto, Ont.
McConkey, Robert, Kearney, Ont.
McConnell. J. W., Montreal," Que.
McCrae, Lt.-Col. D., Guelph, Ont.
McCrae, John B., Ottawa, Ont.
McCuaig, N., Bryson, Que.
McCullpch, James L., Montreal, Que.
McDevitt. W. J., Mocton, N.B.
McDonald, A.. Fort Qu'Appelle, Sask.
McDonald, C. S., Toronto, Ont.
*McDonald, D. J., Kamloops, B.C.
McDonald, John Chatham, N.B.
McDonald, Rev. J. A., Ramsayville, Ont.
McDonald, J. N. B., Indian Head, Sask.
McDonald, John, New Westminster, B.C.
McDougall, A., Fernie, B.C.
McDougall, Peter, Sapperton, B.C.
McDougall, Thomas, Quebec. Que.
McDowell, A. H., Toronto, Ont.
McFall. A. A., Bolton, Ont.
McFarland, G. F., LL.B., Toronto, Ont.
McFarland, G. W., Sturgeon Falls, Ont.
McFarlane. John, Montreal, Que.
McFarlane, J. M., M.D., Toronto, Ont.
McFee, Alex., Montreal, Que.
McGaw, O. E., Toronto, Ont.
McGibbon, A. D., Lachute Mills, Que.
McGibbon, D. L., Montreal, Que.
McGrath, T. N., Tusket, N.S.
McGregor, James, Montreal. Que.
McGregor, J. D., Brandon, Man.
McHarg, W. T., Katha, India.
Mclnnes, M., Elkmouth, B.C.
Mclnnes, W., Ottawa, Ont.
Mclntosh, Colin. Carleton Place, Ont.
Mclntosh, W., Curator Natural Histori-
cal Society, St. John, N.B.
Mclntyre, A. R.. Russell, Man.

CANADIAN FOSE ST£Y ASSOCIATION.

131

Mclntyre, P. C., Winnipeg, Man.
Mclntyre, W.. Didsbury, Alta.
Mclntyre, W., Grand Valley, Ont.
McKay, Angus, Indian Head. Sask.
McKay, E. B., Victoria. B.C.
McKay, G. D., Vancouver, B.C.
McKay, Prof. G. J., Kingston. Ont.
McKay, J. L-, Sinclair, B.C.
McKean, George, St. John, N.B.
McKee, S. J., Brandon. Man.
McKendry, J. X., ioronto, Ont.
McKenzie, A., Campbellton, N.B.
McKenzie, Dr. B. E., Toronto, Ont.
McKenzie, G. G., Campbellton, N.B.
McKenzie, P., Montreal. Que.
McKilican, W. C., Calgary, Alta.
McKim, A., Montreal. Que.
McKirdy, W., Nipigon, Ont.
McKitrick, George, Crystal City, Man.
McKitrick, H., Crystal City, Man.
McLagan, George, Stratford, Ont.
McLaine, F. W., Greenwood, B.C.
McLaren, Albert, Buckingham, Que.
*McLaren, Alex., Buckingham, Que.
McLaren, John P.. Arcola. Sask.
McLaren, Peter, Brockville, Ont.
McLatchey, H. F., Campbellton. N.B.
McLaughlin, R. J., Lindsay, Ont.
McLean, Angus, Buffalo, N.Y.
McLean, Hugh, Buffalo. N.Y.
McLean, H. W., Calgary, Alta.
McLean, J. K., D.L.S.. Ottawa, Ont.
McLean, R. D.. Buffalo, N.Y.
McLean, W. A., New Albany. Ind.
McLean, W. J.. Toronto, Ont.
*McLennan, B., Montreal, Que.
McLennan, F., K.C.. Montreal, Que.
McLennan, J. S., Sydney, N.S.
McLeod, A., Kelwood, Man.
McMahen. A. T., London. Ont.
McMahon, F., Toronto, Ont.
*McManus, Reid, Memramcook. N.B.
McMaster, A. R., Montreal, Que.
McMichael, P., Toronto, Ont.
*McMillan. H. R., Ottawa. Ont.
McMillan, W. G., Toronto, Ont.
McMullen. «V., Blaney Ridge, N.B
M (.-Mullen, W. E., Fredericton, N.B.
McMurrav Book and Stationery Co.,

Fredericton, N.B.
McMurtry, S. A., Montreal. Que:
McNab. C., Cranbrook. B.C.
McNaughton, Daniel, Bracebridge, Ont.
McNeill. A., Ottawa, Ont.
McNeill, W., Vancouver, B.C.
McNicoll, D., Montreal, Que.
McOrmond, Temiskaming, Que.
McPhail, Prof. Alex.. Kingston, Ont.
McPherson, Allan, Longford Mills, Ont.
McPherson, Hugh. M.D., Antigonish,

N.S.
McVeigh, Miss Jessie, Calgary, Alta.

MacAdam, Robert. Sarnia, Ont.
Macartney, J. E., Crystal City, Man.
Macaulay, T. B. Montreal. Que.
MacClement, W. T., Kingston, Ont.
Macdonald, Estate of A., PeterboroKOnt.

Macdonald, C. S., Ioronto, Ont.
Macdonald, D. Bruce, Toronto, Ont.
MacDonald, H. T., Toronto, Ont.
Macdonald, James A, Toronto, Ont.
MacFarlane, A. B., Montreal, Que

MacFarlane, D. M.. Vancouver, B.C.

Machin, H. T., Quebec, Que.

MacGowan, A. rl. B., Vancouver, B.C.

MacGregor, R. M., New Glasgow, N.S.

Mack, R. T., Fredericton, N.B.

*MacKay, A. H.. LL.D., Halifax, N.S.

MacKay, H. H., M.D., New Glasgow.
N.S.

MacKay, J. F., Toronto, Ont.

MacKay, J. J., New Westminster, B.C.

*MacKay, Hon. Robert, Montreal, Que.

MacKenzie, A. B., Rossland, B.C.

Mackenzie, John A:, Brockville, Ont.

MacLaren, Laurence, Liverpool, England.

MacLaren, W. C., Brockville, Ont.

MacLaurin, Alex., Montreal, Que.

Maclean, A., Parry Sound, Ont.

Maclean. Hon. A. K., Halifax, N.S.

Macleay, Charles R., Sayabec, Que.

MacLeod, D. R., Quebec, Que.

MacLeod, H. A. F., Ottawa, Ont.

MacMurchy, J. Campbell, Toronto, Ont.

MacNachtan, Col. Neil F., Cobourg, Ont.

Macoun, Prof. John, Ottawa, Ont.

Macoun. J. M., Ottawa, Ont.

Macoun, W. T., Ottawa, Ont.

MacPherson, W. M., Quebec, Que.

MacTier, A. D., Montreal, Que.

Madden, George, Quebec, Que.

Magann. G. P., Toronto, Ont.

*Magrath, C. A., Lethbridge, Alta.

Mahaffy, D., Montreal, Que.

Maher, James, H., Montreal, Que.

Mahon, E., Vancouver, B.C.

Mahony, E. C., Vancouver, B.C.

Mahony, T. H., Quebec, Que.

Maine Library. University, Orono, Me.

Mallandaine, E., C.E., Cranbrook, B.C.

Malone, James, Stanley, N.B.

Malone, Warren, Stanley, N.B.

Manitoba, Lieutenant-Governor of. Win-
nipeg, Man.

Manitoba, Provincial Library of, Winni-
peg, Man.

Manley, Thomas, Prince Albert, Sask.

Manufacturers' Lumber Co., Stratford,
Ont.

Marcoux, L. C., Quebec, Que.

Margach, W.. Kenora, Ont.

Margach, W. J.. Calgary, Alta.

Marriott, Charles, Toronto, Ont.

Marsh, G. T., Regina, Sask.

Marshall, G. A. J. A., Portage la Prairie,
Man.

Marshall, M.. Coquitlam, B.C.

Marshall, Noel. Toronto, Ont.

Marshall, V. R., Brockville, Ont.

Martin, G. R., Montreal, Que.

Martin, J. W., Medicine Hat. Alta.

Martin, W., Toronto, Ont.

Martyn. Murdoch, New Westminister,
B.C.

Mason, D. H. C., Toronto, Ont.

132

CA&ADIAX FOEE STEY ASSOCIATION.

Mason, James, Toronto, Out.
Mason, James, Toronto, Ont.
Mason, T. H.. Toronto, Ont.
Massey. C. D.. Toronto, Ont.
Mathers, Harry I., Halifax, N.S.
Matheson, A. J., Toronto, Ont.
Matheson, G. M., Ottawa, Out.
Matthewson, F. F., Campbellton, N.B.
Matier, Hugh A., Vancouver, B.C.
Mattes, A. L., Prince Albert, Sask.
Matthew, G. F., St. John, N.B.
Matthews, T. F., Peterboro, Ont.
Matthews, W. C.. Toronto, Ont.
Mavor, Arthur J.. Montreal, Que.
Mawson, George, London, England.
Maxwell, Adam, Snowflake, Man.
Maxwell, D. F., bt. Stephen, N.B.
Maxwell,, Edward. Montreal, Que.
Maxwell, John A.. Crystal City, Man. '
Megraw, A., Hedley, B.C.
Meighen, r. S., Montreal, Que.
*Meighen, Robert, Montreal, Que.
Mercer, F. T., Blainnore, Alta.
Merchants' oank of Canada; General
Manager and Managers of Branches
at:—

Beauharnois, Que.; Belleville, Out.;
Berlin, Ont.; Bothwell, Ont.; Bramp-
ton, Ont.; Brandon, Man.; Calgary,
Alta.; Carberry, Man.; Chatham, Ont.;
Chatsworth, Ont.; Chesley, Ont.; Cree-
more, Ont.; Edmonton, Alta.; Egan-
ville.; Ont.; Elora, Ont.; Gait, Ont.;
Gore Bay, Ont.; Hamilton, Ont.; Han-
over, Ont.; Ingersoll, Ont.; Kingston,
Ont.; Little Current, Ont.; London,
Ont.; Lucan, Ont.; Markdale, Ont.;
Meaford, Ont.; Mildmay, Ont.; Mitch-
ell, Ont.; Montreal, Que.; Napanee,
Ont.; Ottawa, Ont.; Owen Sound, Ont.;
Perth, Ont.; Portage la Prairie, Man.;
Prescott. Ont.; Preston, Ont.; Quebec,
Que.; Renfrew, Ont.; St. Jerome, Que.;
St. Thomas, Ont.; Shawville, Que.; Sher-
brooke, Que.; Stratford, Ont.; Thames-
ville, Ont.; Toronto, Ont.; Walkerton,
Ont.; West Lome, Ont.; Windsor.
Ont.; Winnipeg, Man.
Meredith, W. H., Peterboro, Ont.
Meredith, Sir W. R., Toronto, Ont.
Merriam, G. R. C., Toronto, Ont.
*Merriman, H. M., Campobello, N.B.
Michigan Library, University of Ann Ar-
bor, Mich.

Mickle, Charles, Gravenhurst, Ont.
Might, L., M.A., Sydenham, Ont.
Miller. H. H., Toronto, Ont.
*Miller, J. B., Parry Sound, Ont.
Miller, John C.. Millerton. N.B.
Miller, Prof. R. B., M.F., Fredericton,

N.B.

Miller, S. L., Port Hope, Ont.
Miller. W. L., Toronto. Ont.
Millichamp, R., Toronto, Ont.
*Milliken. P. A. S., Reston, Man.
Mills, C. W., Annapolis Royal, N.S.
Mills, H. J. P.,' Wetaskiwin, Alta.
Mills, J. S., Toronto, Ont.

Mills, N., London, Out.
Milner, W. C., Halifax, N.S.
*Milward. R. C., United Provinces, India.
Minnesota, Library, School of Agricul-
ture, St. Anthony Park, Minn.
Miramichi Lumber Co., Chatham. N.B.
Mitchell, Arch., Indian Head, Sask.
Mitchell, C. H., C.E., Toronto, Ont.
Mitchell, C. S. F., Toronto. Ont.
Mitchell, J. M., Montreal, Que.
^Mitchell, H., Duck Lake, Sask.
Moberley, H. K., D.L.S., Moosomin*

Sask.

Moffatt, W., Toronto, Ont.
Molson's Bank. General Manager aad
Managers of Branches at: —
Alvinston, Ont.; Calgary, Alta; Chi-
coutimi, \jue.~ Edmonton, Alta.; Fra-
serville, Que.; Hamilton, Ont.; Knowl-
ton. Que.; London, Ont.; Lucknow,
Ont.; Meaford, Ont.; Norwich Ont.;
Ottawa, Ont.; Owen Sound, Ont.; Port
Arthur, Ont.; Quebec. Que.; Revelstoke,
B.C.; Simcoe, Ont.; Ste. Flavie, Que.;
St. Thomas, Ont.; Toronto, Ont.; Tren-.
ton, Ont.; Vancouver, B.C.; Victoria-
ville, Que.; Winnipeg, Man.; Wood-
stock, Ont.

Moncel, G. N., Montreal, Que.
Moncton, Canadian Club of, Moncton,

N.B.

*Monk, F. D., Montreal, Que.
Montgomery, H., East Toronto, Ont.
*Montgomery, R. E., Fort Worth, Texas.
Montgomery, W. S., Campbellton, N.B.
Montreal, Bank, of, General Manager and
Managers of Branches at: —
Alliston, Ont.; Almonte, Ont.; Alto-
na, Man.; Amherst, N.S.; Andover,
N.B.; Armstrong, B.C.; Aurora, Ont.;
Bathurst, N.B.; Belleville. Ont.; Bow-
manville, Ont.; Brandon, Man.; Brant^
ford, Ont.; Bridgewater, N.S.; Brock-
ville, Ont.; Buckingham, Que.; Cal-
gary, Alta.; Canso, N.S. ; Charlotte-
town, P.E.I.; Chatham, N.B.; Chatham,
Ont.; Chilliwack, B.C.; Collingwood,
Ont.; Cookshire, Que.; Cornwall, Ont.;
Danville, Que.; Deseronto, Ont.; Ed-
monton, Alta.; Edmundston, N.B.; Eg-
linton, Ont.; Enderby, B.C.; Fenelon
Falls, Ont.; Fort William, Ont.; Fra-
serville, Que.; Fredericton, N.B. ; Glace
Bay, , N.S. ; Goderich. Ont.; Grand
Falls. N.B.; Grade Mere, Que.. Green-
wood, B.C.; Gretna, Man.; Guelph,
Ont: Halifax, N.S.; Hamilton, Ont.r
Hartland, N.B.; Hosmer, B.C.; Hull,
P.Q.; Indian Head, Sask.; Kelowna,
B.C.; King City, Ont.; Kingston, Ont.;
Lethbridge. Alta,; Levis, Que.; Lind-
say, Ont.; London, Ont.; Lunenbeurg,
N.S.; Magrath, Alta.; Mahone Bay,
N.S. ; Marysville, N.B.; Medicine Hat,
Alta.; Megantic, Que.; Moncton, N.B.;
Montreal, Que. (2 Branches) ; Mount
Forest, Ont.; Nelson. B.C.; New Den-
ver, B.C.; Newmarket, Ont.; New

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

133

Westminster, B.C.; Nicola, B.C.; Ot-
tawa, Ont.; Paris, Ont.; Perth, Olit;
Peterboro, Ont.; Picton, Ont.; Portage
la Prairie. Man.; Port Arthur, Ont.; Port
Hood, N.S.; Port Hope, Ont; Quebec,
Que.; Raymond. Alta.; Regina, Sask. ;
Rossland, B.C.; St. Hyacinthe, Que.; St.
Mary's, Ont.; St. John, N.B.; Sarnia,
Ont.; Saskatoon, Sask.; Sault Ste.
Marie, Ont.; Sawyerville, Que.; Shed-
iac, N.B.; Sherbrooke, Que.; Stirling.
Ont.; Stratford, Ont.; Sudbury, Ont.;
Summerland, B.C.; Sydney, N.S.; To-
ronto, Ont.; Trenton, Ont.; Tweed,
Ont.; Vancouver, B.C.; Vernon, B.C.;
Victoria, B.C.; Wallaceburg, Ont.;
Warsaw, Ont.; Waterfrd, Ont.; Winni-
peg. Man.; Wolfville, N.S.; Wood-
stock, N.B.; Yarmouth, N.S.

Mooney.. P. J., St. John, N.B.

Moore, A. H., Cambridge, Mass.

Moore, John T., Toronto, Ont.

Moran, B. M., Chatham, N.B.

Morden, W. S.. Belleyile, Ont.

Morel, Rev. Alphonse, Quebec, Que.

Moreland, Charles, Ottawa, Ont.

Morey, S. F., Sherbroke, Que.

*Morgan, C. D., Montreal, Que.

*Morgan, James, Montreal. Que.

Morissette, Rev. E., Quebec, Que.

Morrice, D., Montreal, Que.

Morris, F. T. A., Port Hope, Ont.

Morris. H. H., Vancouver, B.C.

Morrison, D., Newcastle, N.B.

Morrison, John A., Fredericton, N.B.

Morrow, G. A., Toronto, Ont.

Mortimer, C. H., Toronto, Ont.

Motherwell, Hon. W. R., Regina, Sask.

*Mowat. J. McD., Kingston, Ont.

Mowat, M. M., Campbellton, N.B.

Moyle, David, Toronto, Ont.

Moyle. R. D., Toronto, Ont.

Mundy, S. A., Three Valley, B.C.

Munro, Hugh, Toronto, Ont.

Muntz & Beatty. Toronto, Ont.

Murchie, A. T., St. Stephen, N.B.

Mtirchie, Edward, New Westminister,
B.C.

Murchie, F. M., St. Stephen, N.B.

Murchie, Howard, St. Stephen, N.B.

Murdoch. G. G., D.L.S., St. John. N.B.

Murdoch, W., St. John, N.B.

Murphy, Dennis, Ottawa, Ont.

Murphy, James, Quebec, Que.

Murphy, John, Ludlow, N.B.

Murphy. J. E., Toronto, Ont.

Murray. Howard, Halifax, N.S.

Murray, W., Campbellton, N.B.

Mutchenbacker Bros., Mafeking, Man.

Nairn, Alex., Toronto, Ont.
Nairn, John, Hamiota, Man.
Napier, Fraser. Campbellton, N.B.
Nash, C. W.. Toronto, Ont
Nash. John, Kenora, Ont.
Nasmith, John D., Toronto, Ont.
Nation, H., Victoria, B.C.
National Forest Conservation League,
Minneapolis, Minn.

Neff, James, Toronto, Ont.

Neil, W. B., Sherbrooke, Que.

Neilson, Graham, Prince Albert, Sask.

Neish, T. L., Carlyle, Sask.

Nelles, R. L., Toronto, Ont.

Nesbitt, Capt. D., Swan River, Man.

New Brunswick, Bank of, General Mana-
ger and Managers of Branches at: —
Aylesford, N.S.; Campbellton, N.B.;
Charlottetown, P.E.I.; Chipman, N.B.;
East Florenceville, N.B.; Fairville,
Fredericton, N.B.; Grand Manan, N.B.;
Halifax, N.S.; Hampton, N.B.;' Hants-
port, N.S.; Hillsborough, N.B.; Ken-
sington, P.E.I.; Moncton, N.B.; New
Glasgow, N.S.; Norton. N.B.; O'Leary,
P.E.I;.; Petitcodiac, N.B.; Riverside,
N.B.; St. John, N.B.; (5 Branches);
Summerside, P.E.I.; Sussex, N.B.

Newlands, Hon. Judge H. W., Regina,
Sask.

Newman, L. H., Ottawa, Ont.

Nichols, E.' Hart, Calgary, Alta.

Nicholson. E. M., Montreal, Que.

Nicoll, J., Regina, Sask.

Nixon, Robert, Crystal City, Man.

Noble, W., Oxbow, Sask.

Norrad, Joeeph, Boiestown, N.B.

Norris, James S., Montreal, Que.

Norwegian Consul for Canada, Mont-
real, Que.

Nursey, W. R., Toronto, Ont.

Oak, Hon. Charles E., Banger, Me.,
U.S.A.

•Oastler, Prof. J. R., St. Andrew's, N.B.

O'Brien, John, Nelson, N.B.

O'Brien, M. J.. Montreal, Que.

O'Brien & Burgess, Wetaskiwin, Alta.

*Ogilvie, C. P., Manningtree, England.

Oglivie, D. W., Montreal. Que.

Ogilvie, R. M., Ottawa, Ont.

O.'Hara, B. L., Levis, Que.

O'Keefe. G., Toronto, Ont.

Oldright, Dr. W., Toronto, Ont.

Olin, Charles H.. Wetaskiwin, Alta.

Oliver, E. W., Toronto, Ont.

Oliver, John, East Delta, B.C.

Oliver, Joseph, Toronto, Ont.

*O'.mstead. F. L., Brookline, Mass.

O'Meara, Rev. T. R., Principal. Toronto,
Ont.

Ontario, Library, Department of Educa-
tion, Toronto, Ont.

Orr, W. A., Ottawa, Ont.

Osborne, J. Kerr, Toronto, Ont,

Osier, E. B.. Toronto, Ont

Osier. Prof. W., Oxford, England.

Osman, C. J., Hillsboro, N.B.

Osten, E. von der, Toronto, Ont.

O'Sullivan, H., Indian Lorette, Que.

O'Sullivan, Owen, Ottawa, Ont.

Oughtred, A. R., Westmount, Que.

*Outhet, R. A., Montreal, Que.

Paget, Very Rev. Dean, Calgary, Alta.
Pagan, George. Kenora, Ont.
Palmer & Son, J., Montreal, Que.

134

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Pangman, J. J. M., Montreal, Que.

Panizeau, D., Montreal, Que.

Papineau, Henri, St. Vincent de Paul,

Que.

Paradis, Rev. C. A. M., Verner. Out.
Paradis. Philippe, Quebec, Que.
Pare, L. A., Whitehorse, Y.T.
Parent, Hon. S. N., Ottawa, Out.
Park, Albert F., Toronto, Ont.
Parker, Charles C., La Tuque, Que.
Parker, E. W., Montreal, Que.
Parker, G. A., Hartford, Conn.
Paliament, Library of, Ottawa, Ont.
Patch, A. M. W., Guelph, Ont.
Patching, R., Ottawa. Ont.
Pate, Wilfrid, Toronto, Ont.
Paterson, John, Toronto, Ont.
Paterson, R. McD., Montreal, Que.
Patrick, Joseph, Nelson, B.C.
Patterson, A. M.. Brockville, Ont.
Patterson, E. L. S., Sherbrooke, Que.
Patterson, John D., Woodstock, Ont.
Patterson, J. E. J., Salisbury,' N.B.
Pattinson, George, Preston, Ont.
Patton, T. D., Winnipeg. Man.
Peake, T. P., London, England.
Pearce, W., Calgary, Alta.
Pearce Co., Ltd., The, Marmora, Ont.
Pearson, B. F., Halifax, N.S.
Pearson, W. H., Toronto, Ont.
Peart, H. S., Jordan Harbor, Ont.
Pedley, Frank, Ottawa. Ont.
Pelletier, Rev. G. N., Ste. Anne de la Po-

catiere, Que.

Pelletier, Hon. L. P., Quebec, Que.
Pelton, H. E., Halifax, N.S.
Peters. J. H., Toronto, Ont.
*Peucnen, Major A. G., Toronto, Ont.
Pennington, D. H., Lyster, Que.
Pennsylvania Department of Forestry,

Harrisburg, Pa.
Pennsylvania Forest Academy, Mont

Alto, Pa.

Pepler, A., Toronto, Ont.
Pequegnat, A.. Berlin, Ont.
Perks, John. Parry Sound, Ont.
*Perley, George H., Ottawa, Ont.
Perrault, O. S., Montreal, Que.
Peterboro Canoe Co., Peterboro, Ont.
Peters, Klaas, Waldeck. Sask.
Peters, Thomas A., Fredericton, N.B.
Petry, W. H., Quebec, Que.
Peverley, C., Montreal, Que.
Philips, B. G. D.. Montreal, Que.
Phillips, L. M., Courtright, Ont.
Phillips, M., New Westminster, B.C.
Philp, W. A., Penryn, Ont.
Phin, J. A., Toronto, Ont.
Piche, G. C., M.F., Department of Crown

Lands, Quebec, Que.
Pickard, C., Sackville, N.B.
Pinhey, C. H.. Ottawa, Ont.
Pirie, E.. Parry Sound, Ont.
Flaunt, F. X., Ottawa, Ont.
Plavfair, James. Midland, Ont.
Plewes, David, Toronto, Ont.
Poliquin, A., St. Felicien, Que.

Ponton, Lt.-Colonel W. N.. Belleville,

Ont.

Poole, W. N., Nelson, B.C.
Pope, T. C., Regina, Sask.
Poppius, Gabriel, Archangel, Russia.
Porritt, O. A., Quebec, Que.
Porter, H. A., St. John, N.B.
Porter, J. S., Stayner, Ont.
Potter, David, Clearwater Man.
*Power, W., Quebec, Que.
Powell, H. A., K.C., St. John, N.B.
Power, W. G., St. Pacome, Que .
Powers, A. A., Orono, Ont.
*Prefontaine, Isaie, Montreal, Que.
Prescott, G. D., Albert, N. B.
Prescott, I. C., Albert, N.B.
Prescott, J. S.. Goose Creek, N.B.
Prettie, R. D., Winnipeg, Man.
Prevost, Hon. Jean, Quebec, Que.
Price, A. G., Quebec, Que.
Price, H. B., Montmorency Falls, Que.
Price, H. M., Montmorency Falls, Que.
Price. W., Quebec, Que.
Price, W. H., Toronto, Ont.
Price, Sanders, Doaktown, N.B.
Primrose, Alex., M.B, Toronto, Ont.
Prince, J. E., LL.D.. Quebec, Que.
Prince, P. A.. Calgary, Alta.
Pringle, Henry, Belleville, Ont.
Prinse, G. H., Fredericton, N.B.
Prisley, A. F., Toronto, Ont.
Proctor, G. S.. Ottawa, Ont.
Pugh, H. J., Virden. Man.
Pugsley, J. N., River Hebert, N.S.
Pulling, W. J., Windsor, Ont.
Purvis, John, Parry Sound, Ont.
Putnam, H. L., Montreal, Que.
Pyper, W., Crystal City, Man.

Quebec Limit Holders Association, Que-
bec, Que.
Quinn, M., Saginaw, Mich.

Racicot, Very Rev. Z., Montreal, Que.
Radford, E. R., Walkerville, Out.
Rafn, Johannes, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Rainsborrow. Charles, Chatham, N.B.
Rand, S. T., Crystal City, Man.
Randolph & Baker, Randolph, N.B.
Rankin, C., Mattawa, Ont.
Raphael, H. W., Montreal, Que.
Rathbun, E. W., Deseronto, Ont.
Rat Portage Lumber Co., Kenora, Ont.
Ratz, A. E., Tavistock, Ont.
Rau, A. E., Edmonton, Alta.
Ray, Walter, Quebec, Que.
Read, E. T., Toronto, Ont.
Read. Gordon, Stonehaven, N.B.
Recknagel, A. B., Albuquerque, New

Mexico.

Redfern, J. H, Westmount, Que.
Reed, F. A., Ladysmith, B.C.
Reed, Hayter, Quebec, Que.
Reekie, Rev. W. P., Weyburn. Sask.
Reeves, T. H., Montreal. Que.
Reford, Robert, Montreal, Que.

CAN'ADIAN FOEESTEY ASSOCIATION.

135

Reford, R. W., Montreal, Que.
Reid, Charles, Vancouver, B.C.
Reid, Charles, Toronto, Ont.
Reid. G. M., M.D.. Didsbury, Alta.
Reid, James, Montreal, Que.
Reid, J. W., Elgin Man.
Reid John R., Ottawa, Ont.
*Reid, R. G., Montreal, Que.
Renfrew, A. E., Toronto, Ont.
Renonlt, Emile, Whitewood, Sask.
Retan, G. A., Lloyd, Pa.
Revell, Dr. Edmonton, Alta.
Revell, H. K., Guelph, Ont.
Reynaud, G.. La Trappe, Que.
Reynolds, Prof. J. B., Guelph. Ont.
Ricardo, W. C., Vernon B.C.
Rice, H. L., St. Mary's, Ont.
Richards, J. W., Bideford, P.E.I.
Rickman, R. J.. New Westminster, B.C.
Riddell. A., Gilmour, Ont.
Rideout, H., Kenora, Ont.
Ridout, G., Toronto, Ont.
Rigby, Rev. Dr. O., Port Hope, Ont.
Riley, Jr., J.J.. Montreal, Que;
Ring, Robert, Crystal City, Man.
Riopel, L. J., Quebec, Que.
Riordon, Carl, Montreal, Que.
Riordon Paper Mills, Hawkesbury. Ont.
Riordon Paper Mills, Montreal, Que.
Rising, E. L., St. John, N.B.
Ritchie, Hon. Allan, Newcastle, N.B.
Ritchie, F. A., Toronto, Ont.
Ritchie, John. Quebec, Que.
Ritchie, Thomas, Belleville, Ont.
Robb, Thomas. Montreal, Que.
Roberts, J. M. High River, Alta.
Robertson, B. W.. Kingston, Ont.
Robertson, David. Walkerton, Ont.
Robertson, James. Glencoe, Ont.
Robertson, J. F.. St. John, N.B.
Robertson, T. H., Forget, Sask.
Robertson, W. B., Golden, B.C.
Robertson. Co., Ltd., The James, Toron-
to, Ont.

Robinson. A. W., C.E., Montreal, Que.
Robinson, Hon. C. W., Moncton, N.B.
Robinson, G. H., M.A., Toronto, Ont.
*Robinson, Hiram. Ottawa, Ont.
Robinson, James, Millerton, N.B.
Robinson, Miss M., Ottawa, Ont.
Robinson, T. M., Gravenhurst, Ont.
Robinson, T. W.. Toronto, Ont.
Robinson, W., Selkirk, Man.
Rooitaille, L. A., Quebec, Que.
Roblin, Hon. R. P., Winnipeg, Man.
Rochester, D. B., Ottawa, Ont.
Rochester, G. H., Beauchene, Que.
Roden, Frank. Toronto, Ont.
Roden. Thomas, Toronto, Ont.
Roe, P. D., Port Moody, B.C.
Rogers, Alfred, Toronto, Ont.
Rogers, A. R., Minneapolis, Minn.
*Rogers, Charles G., Calcutta. India.
Rolph, Frank A., Toronto, Ont.
Rolt. F. W., Edmonton, Alta.
Rood & McGregor, New Glasgow, N.S.
Rorke H. V.. Ottawa, Ont.
Ross. A. H. D., M.A., M.F., Toronto, Ont.

Ross Bros. & Co., Elkmouth, B.C.

Ross. Duncan, Greenwood, B.C.

Ross% D. W., Montreal, Que.

Ross K. W., Quebec, Que.

Ross, Hon. G. W., Toronto, Ont.

Ross, H. C., Ottawa, Ont.

Ross, H. J., Montreal, Que.

Ross, James L., Toronto,' Ont.

Ross, J. Theo., Quebec, Que.

Ross, Norman. M., Indian Head, Sask.

Ross, P. D., Ottawa, Ont.

Ross. Robert, Peterboro, Ont.

Ross, Theo., B.A., Charlottetown, P.E.I.

*Ross, Walter, Magrath, Alta.

Ross. W. R., Fernie, B.C.

Roth, Prof. Filibert, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Rowell, N. W., K.C., Toronto, Ont.

Roy, Ernest, Quebec, Que.

Roy, Henry, Ottawa, Ont.

Roy, W. O.. Montreal, Que.

Ruddick. J. A., Ottawa, Ont.

Rumball, F. G., London, Ont.

Rumoel, oeorge, Berlin, Ont.

Rumsey, R. A., Winnipeg, Man.

Rundle, C. R., Toronto. Ont.

Rundle, W. E.. Toronto, Ont.

Rupp, A. E., Boalsburg, Pa.

Russell, M., Calgary, Alta.

Russell, A. L.. D.L.S., Port Arthur, Ont.

Russell. S., Belleville, Ont.

Rutan, W. W., Melfort, Sask.

Rutherford, Andrew Montreal, Que.

Rutherford, Thomas J., Montreal, Que.

Rutherford, W., Montreal, Que.

Rutherford. W. J., Regina, Sask.

Rvan, Peter. Toronto, Ont.

Ryrie, Harry, Toronto, Ont.

Ryrie, James, Toronto, Ont.

Ryrie, W. P, Toronto, Ont.

Saguenay Lumber Co., Portland, Me.
Sails, D. J.. St. George East, Que.
Salton. Rev. F., Ph.B., Stratford, Ont.
Sanderson, Thomas, Vancouver, B.C.
Sands, E. H., New Westminster, B.C.
Sarnia Round Table Club, Pres. and Sec.

of, Sarnia, Ont.
Saskatchewan, Lieutenant Governor of,

Regina, Sask.

Saucier. J. E., Montreal, Que.
Saunders, Dr. W., Ottawa, Out.
Savard, Rev. G., Quebec, Que.
Sayre, F. E.. & Co.. Ltd.. St. John, N.B.
*Schaffer, Mrs. Charles, Riverton, NJ.
*Schafheitlin, F.. Montreal, Que.
*Scheck, A., Klaushagen in Tommern,

Germany.

Schenck, Dr. C. A., Biltmore, N.C.
Schnarr. Dr., Kenora, Ont.
Scholfield, G. P.. Toronto, Ont.
Schott, Peter. Knittelsheim. Germany.
Scott, A. H., Weslmount, Que.
Scott, Lt.-Colonel B. A., Roberval, Que.
Scott, Hugh, Lethbridge. Alta.
Scott, J. B., Heather Brae. Alta.
Scott, J. B., Montreal, Que.
Scott Luther. Epsom, Ont.
Scott, Miss Mary McKay, Ottawa. Ont.

136

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Scott, R. N.. Peterboro, Out.

Scott, W., Port Arthur, Ont.

Scott, W. G., Winnipeg, Man.

Scott Lumber Co.. Fredericton, N.B.

Seeman Kent Co., Ltd., Meaford, Ont.

Sears, Edwaru, St. John. N.B.

Seeley, Frank D., Round Hill, N.B.

Selby, Henry W., Toronto, Out.

Seltzer, J. W., Coburn. Pa.

Seton, Ernest Thompson, Coscob, Conn.

Sexsmith vj. B., Didsbury, Alta.

Sharp, R.. Crystal City,- Man.

Shatford, L. W., Hedley, B.C.

Shatford, W. T., Penticton, B.C.

Shaw, Rev. Dr., Montreal, Que.

Shaw, G. H., Winnipeg, Man.

Shaw, John A., Toronto, Ont.

Shaw, W., Quebec, Que.

Shaw, W. M., Greenville. Me.

Shearer, John, Ottawa, Ont.

Shearer, W.. Brockville, Ont.

Shives, R. K., Campbellton, N.B.

Shives Lumber Co., Campbellton, N.B.

Shook, J. C., Peterboro, Ont.

Short, James, Calgary. Alta.

Short, W., Edmonton, Alta.

Shortt, Prof. Adam, Ottawa, Ont.

Shragge, A., Kenora, Ont.

Shultz, Frank, Baldur, Man.

Siddall, R.. De Roche, B.C.

Sifton, W., Minitonas, Man.

Silverthorn, N., Summerville, Ont.

Silverwood. A. E., London, Ont.

Simpson, A. C., Montreal, Que.

Simpson, George, Ottawa, Ont.

*Simpson. J. Cradock, Montreal. Que.

Sinclair, Angus, Toronto. Ont.

Sinclair, Dr. S. B., Macdonald College,

Que.

Sleeman, George, Sleeman, Ont.
Slipp, A. E., Fredericton, N.B.
Small, M. C, Grand Mere, Que.
Small & Bucklin. Lumber Co., Ltd., New

Westminster, B.C.
Smeaton, W., Ottawa, Ont
Smiley, Daniel, Mohonk Lake, N.Y.
Smith, Alfred W., Toronto, Ont.
Smith, Arthur. C.E., Quebec, Que.
Smith, B. F.. East Florenceville. N.B.
Smith, George W., Red Deer, Alta.
Smith Goldwin, Toronto, Ont.
Smith, John, Tillsonburg, Ont.
Smith, J. P., Crystal City, Man.
Smith, J. W., Pembroke, Ont.
Smith. R. Harcourt, Quebec, Que.
Smith, T. K., Armstrong, B.C.
Smith, W. B., Montreal, Que.
Smith, R. Home, Toronto, Ont.
Smith, W. H., Walkerville, Ont.
Smith. Kerry & Chase, Toronto, Ont.
Smith. Tyrer & Co., Halifax, N.S.
Smyth, Robert, Berlin, Ont.
Snelgrove, Major H. J., Cobourg,
Snowball, R. A., Chatham, N.B.
Snowball. W. B.. Chatham, N.B.
*Somerville, Prof. W.. Oxford, England.
Somers. G. T., Toronto, Ont.
Sormany. Dr. A., Shippegan. N.B.

Southam, F. N., Montreal, Que.
Southam, R., Toronto, Ont.
Southam, R., London, Ont. .,-
Southam, Wilson, M., Ottawa, Ont.
Southern, R. W., Robson. B.C.
Southworth, Thomas. Toronto, Ont.
Spankie, W., M.D., Kingston, Ont.
Spaulding, Dr. W. G. L., Toronto. Ont.
Speechly, Dr. H. M., Pilot Mound, Man.
Speight, T. B., Toronto, Ont.
Spence, Ben. H., Toronto, Ont.
Spence, F. S., 'ioronto, Ont.
Spicer, P. L-. Parrsboro, N.S. .
Spooner, Rev. W. P., Shellmouth, Man.
Sprague, D. E., Winnipeg, Man.
Spring-Rice, B., Pense, Sask.
*Spring-Rice, Gerald, Pense, Sask.
Sproule, R. A., Ottawa, Ont.
Squair, Prof. J.. ioronto, Ont.
Stafford, B. V., Arnprior, Ont.
Stamper, Daniel, Moose Jaw, Sask.
Stanley. Frank, Toronto, Ont.
Staples. Otis, Wyclifre, B.C.
Stark, Harry L., Toronto, Ont.
Stauffer, J. E., Didsbury, Alta.
Staunton, T. A., Toronto, Ont.
Stead, G., Chatham, N.B.
Stearns, G. M., Lake Megantic, Que.
Steedman, J P., Hamilton, Out.
Steele. R. C., Toronto. Ont.
Steigei & Co., E., New York, N.Y.
Stephens, George A., Bowmanville, Ont.
Stephens, G. W., Montreal, Que.
Stephens, J. D., Vermilion, Alta.
Stephenson, E. F.. Winnipeg, Man.
Sterling, E. A., Philadelphia, Pa.
Sterling, E. B., Watertown, N.Y.
Stetson, Irving G., New Haven, Conn.
Stevens, Robert L. B., St. John, N.B.
Stevenson, Dr., Virden, Man
Stevenson, A. P., Dunston, Man.
Stevenson. Lt.-Col. J. H., Peterboro, Ont.
Stewart. D. A., Campbellton, N.B.
Stewart, E., Montreal, Que.
Stewart, John, Crystal City, Man.
Stewart, J. H.. Trenton, Ont.
Stewart, R., Collingwood, Ont.
Stewart, S., Ottawa, Ont.
Stewart. Thomas, Lindsay, Ont.
Stewart, W. C. E., Ottawa, Ont.
Stinson, Chris., Hargrave. Man.
*Stocking, Charles P., Waubashene, Ont.
Stocking, F. T., Toronto. Ont.
Stone, F. W., Toronto, Ont.
Stone, H. E., Parry Sound, Ont.
Stone & Wellington, Toronto. Ont.
Story, John A., Ottawa, Ont.
Stover, John R., Blind River, Ont.
Stroh, Jacob G, Waterloo, Ont.
Stronach, George, Toronto, Ont.
Struthers, A. F.. Bridgewater. N.S.
Struthers. W., Milford Haven, Ont.
Stuart, G. G., K.C., Quebec, Que.
Stuart, S. R., Mitchell, Ont.
Stuart-Wade, C. H., Edmonton, Alta.
Stunart. R. F.. Toronto, Ont.
Summerville, F. A., Watertown, N.Y.
Sumner, F. W., Moncton, N.B.

C A A ADI A N FORESTRY ASSOCIATION'.

137

Sursham, F. A., London, England.
Sweeney, Hon. F. J., Moncton, X.B.
Sweeny, C., Vancouver. B.C.
Swenerton, B., Halifax, N.S.
Sworder, E. D., Balcarres, Sask.
Sydere, Arthur H., Toronto, Ont.
oylvestre, Prof. Ad.. Montreal, Que.
Szeliski, Paul von, Toronto, Ont.

Tache, E. E., Quebec, Que.
Tache, J. U., Chicoutimi, Que.
Tait, D. R., Midway, B.C
Tanner, John, Toronto. Onf.
Taschereau, C. E., Quebec, Que.
Tate, F. C., Wascana, Sask.
*Taylor, B. L., New York, N.Y.
Taylor, C. R., Montreal, Que.
Taylor, George, New Liskeard, Ont.
Taylor, Gordon, Toronto, Ont.
Taylor, H. J., Crystal City, Man.
Taylor, John, Clearwater, Man.
Taylor. T. H., Chatham, Ont.
Teague, W., Yale. B.C.
Telford, R., Ottawa, Ont.
.temple, Ernest, Victoria, B.C.
Terrill, L. Mclver, Westmount, Que.
Tessier, C., Quebec, Que.
*Thacker, T. L.. Hope, B.C.
Thorn, James, Westmount, Que.
Thomas, J. B., Lowell, Mass.
Thomas, T. Price, Missoula, Mont.
Thomas, W. S., Quebec, Que.
Thompson, Lt. -Colonel A. T., Ottawa,
Thompson, M., Calgary, Alta.
'Thompson, J. Gardner, Montreal, Que.
Thompson, C. J., Virden, Man.
Thomson, D. E., Toronto, Ont.
Thomson, George, Longford Mills, Que.
Thomson, R. Boyd, Toronto, Ont.
Thomson. Walter, Mitchell, Ont.
Thomson, W. W., London, Ont.
Thorn, J. O., Toronto, Ont.
Thome, H. M., Windsor Mills, Que.
Thornton, C. J., Kirby, Ont.
Thurston, A. M., Toronto, Ont.
fimmis. Henry, Montreal, Que.
Tindall, W. B., Toronto, Ont.
Tinsley. E., Toronto, Ont.
Tippett, W. H., Toronto, Ont.
Tod, Thomas, Russell, Man.
Todd, E. L., Montreal, Que.
*Todd. F. G., Montreal, Que.
Tole. Levi A.. Bowmanville. Ont.
Torrance, W. F., Montreal, Que.
Toronto Board of Trade, Toronto, Ont.
Toronto, Library, University of.
*Toumey, Prof. J. W., New Haven, Conn.
Trann. W. L.. Crystal City, Man.
Trapp, T. J., ,%ew Westminster, B.C.
Tremblay, J. A", C.E., Montmagny, Que.
Trenholme, L. A., Montreal West, Que.
Trent, E. W., Toronto, Ont.
1'rigge, A. St. L.. Toronto. Ont.
Trochu, A.. Trochu Valley, Alta.
Trotter, W. C., D.D.S., Toronto, Ont.
Trueman, George J., Stanstead, Que.
Tucker, W. J.. Maintowaning, Ont.
Tufts. Dr. J. F.. Wolfville, N.S.

Turnbull, W. R., Rothesay, N.B.
Turner, Dwight J., Toronto, Ont.
Turner, J. P., Winnipeg, Man.
iurner, R.. Quebec, Que
Turner & Sons, J. J., Peterboro, Ont.
Tyrrell, J. B., Toronto, Ont.
Tweltridge, T. H., Indian Head, Sask.
Tytler, W., Hastings, B.C.

*Unwin, Dr. A. Harold. Benin City, S.

Nigeria, West Africa.
Upham, George W., Woodstock, N.B.
Urquhart, W. T., Ottawa, Ont.
Ussher, C. E. E., Winnipeg, Man.

Van Bruyssel, Ferd., Beaupre, Que.
Van Dine, R. B.. Fredericton. N.B.
Van Home, Miss A., Montreal, Que.
Vanier, J. Emile, Montreal, Que.
Van Norman, C. C., Toronto, Ont.
Van Norstrand, A. J., Toronto. Ont.
Van Norstrand, G. J., Toronto, Ont.
Van Zant, Howard D., Kingston, Ont.
Veit, O. T. E., Toronto, Ont.
Yenning, W. H., Sussex, N.B.
Vereker, Major. Kenora, Ont.
Vince, A. N., Woodstock, N.B.
Voelker, A. A., Berlin, Ont.
Vogt, A. S., Toronto, Ont.
Vroom, J., St. Stephen, N.B.

Wade, E. H.. Quebec, Que.
Wadge, John P., Brandon, Man.
Wadsworth, V. B., Toronto, Ont.
Wainwright, G. C., Hull, Que.
Waldie, W., Nelson, B.C.
Walker, Lt. -Colonel. Calgary. Alta.
*Walker, B. E., Toronto, Ont.
Walker, Charles J., Montreal, Que.
Walker, J. A., Toronto, Ont.
Walker, J. R., Montreal, Que.
Walker, W.. Toronto.
Walklate. T., Montreal, Que.
Wallace, J. N., Calgary, Alta.
Wallace, J. S.. Toronto, Ont
Wallace. W. S., Shellmouth, Man.
Wallbridge, F. S., Belleville. Ont.
Wallin, H. C., Vancouver, B.C.
Wallin, Hugo, Dannemora, Sweden.
Walmsley, E.. New Westminster, B.C.
Walsh, E. J., C.E., Ottawa. Ont.
Warburton, Hon. A. B.. Charlottetown,

P.E.I.

Ward, Hon. J. K., Westmount, Que.
Ward. W., Westmount, Que.
Wardlaw. J. S.. Gait. Ont.
Wardlaw, T. D., Toronto, Ont.
Wardleworth, T. H., Montreal, Que.
Wardrope, J. W,, Belleville, Ont.
Warren, H. D., Toronto. Ont.
Warren, K. L.. Fraserville, Que.
Warwick, George R., Toronto, Ont.
Waterford High School,- Waterford. Ont.
Waters, H. H., Toronto, Ont.
Watson, A.. St. John, N.B.
Watson, George F., Maple Creek. Sask.
Watson, J. P., Toronto, Ont.
Watson, T. H., Swansea, Ont.

138

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Watt, D. A., Montreal, Que.

Watt, George, Chatham, N.B.

Watt. George, Regina, Sask.

Watts, A. E., Wattsburg, B.C.

Watts, George W., Toronto;

Waugh, W., Montreal, Que.

Weageant, R. S., Hoasic, Ont.

Webber, E. L., New Westminister, B.C.

Webster, George H., Vancouver, B.C.

Weekes, A. S., Winnipeg, Man.

Weir, Douglas. Montreal, Que.

Weir, Hon. Recorder, Montreal, Que.

Weiss, F. W.. Toronto, Ont.

Weiss. P. F., Pense, Sask.

Wellein, Hugo, Berlin, Ont.

Wemyess, John, Neepawa, Man.

VVheeler, A. O., D.L.S., Calgary, Alta.

Whelen, Peter, Ottawa, Ont.

White, Aubrey, Deputy Minister of

Crown Lands. Toronto.
White, A. E., New Westminster, B.C.
White, D. L., Jr., Midland, Ont.
White, G. V., Pembroke. Ont.
White, J. B.. St. Faustin, Que.
White, J. H., B.S.F., Toronto, Ont.
White, M. A., Toronto, Ont.
White, M. G., Apple River. N.S.
White, R. B., Penticton. B.C.
White. S. H., Sussex, N.B.
White, W. R., K.C., Pembroke, Ont.
Whitehead, H. A., Port Hope, Ont.
Whitehouse, F. C., Brunswick, Me.
Whiteside, E. M., Zenith, Alta.
Whiting, J. S.. Kingston, Ont.
Whitman, F. C., Annapolis Royal, N.S.
Whitman, J. B., Bridgetown, N.S
Whitney, A. G., New Haven Conn.
Whitney, W., Milltowir, N.B.
Whitson, J. F., Toronto. Ont.
Whyte, R. B., Ottawa, Ont.
Wickenden, R. J.. New York, N.Y.
Wickens. H G., Toronto, Ont.
Wickett, S. R., Toronto, Ont.
Wicksteed. H. K., C.E., Cobourg, Ont.
Wieland, A. C., Montreal, Que.
Wight, G. E., Montreal, Que.
Wild, A. E.. London, England.
Wiley, F. S., Port Arthur, Ont.
Wilgress, G. S.. Huntsville. Ont.
Wilkie, D. R., Toronto, Ont.
Wilkins, E. D. H., Wetaskiwin, Alta.
*W7ilkinson, A. R., Pentecost, Que.
Willet, George B., Moncton, N.B.
Williams. A. S., Montreal, Que.
Williams, George E., Montreal, Que.
Williams, R. H.. Regina. Sask.
Williams, S. J.. Berlin. Ont.
Williams, W. J., Woodstock, Ont.

Williamson, D, Montreal. Que.

Williamson, Victor, Walkerville, Ont.

Williamson. W., Montreal, Que.

Williamson & Crombie, Kingsbury, Que.

Willing, T. N., Regina, Sask.

Wills, G. P.. Nelson, B. C.

Wilson, Hon. Charles, Vancouver, B.C.

Wilson, C. C. L., Ingersoll, Ont.

*Wilson, Ellwood. Grand Mere, Que,

Wilson; E. A., Fargo, N.Dak.

*Wilson, F. D.. Fort Vermilion, Alta.

Wilson, F. H , Montreal, Que.

Wilson, S C., Regina, Sask.

Wilson, T. G.. Toronto, Ont.

\Vilson, W., Whitemouth. Man.

Wilson, W. J., Ottawa, Ont.

*Wilson-Smith, R., Montreal, Que.

Winchester, H. S.. Ottawa. Ont.

Winnett. W. H., London, Ont.

Wirt. G. H., Mont Alto. Pa.

Wise, Frank, Toronto, Ont.

Witten, S., Ottawa, Ont.

Wodehouse. R. P., Toronto, Ont.

Wonham, H. W., Montreal, Que.

Wood. D. O., Toronto. Ont.

Wood, F H., Toronto, Ont.

Wood, G. H., Toronto, Ont.

Wood, Lt.-Colonel W., Quebec. Que.

Wood, W.. Magrath, Alta.

Woods. J. W., Toronto. Ont.

Woodside, J. H. Port Arthur, Ont.

Woods & Spicer, Vancouver, B.C.

*Wroolsey, T. S.. Washington, D.C.

Word en, E. H., Crystal City, Man.

Worclen,' M. D., Zelma, Sask.

Wright. A., Toronto, Ont.

*W right, A. A., Toronto, Ont.

Wright, F. W.. D.D.S., New Glasgow,

N.S

Wright, T. A.. Russell. Man.
Wright, W, Toronto, Ont.

Yeo. J. W.. Stuartburn, Man.
Young. C. H., Ottawa, Ont.
Young, D. T.. Calgary, Alta.
Young, H. E., Victoria, B.C.
Young, J. M., Toronto, Ont.
Young, John. Tracadie, N.B.
Young, John H.. Toronto, Ont.
Young, R. E.. Ottawa, Ont.
Young, T. S.. Toronto. Ont.
Young, W., Ottawa, Ont.
Yuille. Harry A.. Toronto, Ont.

Zavitz. C. A.. Guelph. Ont.
Zavitz. E. J.. B.A.. Guelph, Out.
Zwickers & Sons, New Germany, N.S.

INDEX.

Page.

Abandoned Farms ...81, 84, 101

Annual Meeting, 111. Date Changed 115

Appliances for Fire Fighting 77,85

Assistant Secretary, Report of 114

Association, Canadian Forestry, 18, 38, 39
Association, Canadian Forestry,

Branches of 105, 1 16

Associations, Technical 19

Austria, Forestry Education in 15

Berry, W. H.. His Paper 97-102

Beveridge, James 51, 103

Borden, R. L., M.P 9

Bradley, R. R 36

British Columbia 43

British Columbia Forestry Commis-
sion , 38

Brown, W. R. His Paper 80-83

Bulletins, Newspaper 114

Burchill, Hon. J. P., His Paper. .. .46-51

Canada, Education of Foresters in.. 19
Canadian Forestry Journal .... 1 1, 105, 1 16

Canadian Northern Railway 40

Canadian Pacific Railway... 40

Canadian Timber Supply 41

Carbonell, E. T., His Paper 92-95

Gary, Austin 24, 80

Charcoal 96

Chestnut, C. Fred, Mayor of Fred-

ericton 8

Climate and Forests 41

Coal, Amount Required to Grind Pulp 58

Connely, Robert 103

Conservation. Commission of . .39, 62, 116
Cooney's History of New Brunswick 46

Creosote 96

Crown Lands in Ontario, Quebec

and New Brunswick 106

Crown Lands in New Brunswick.... 54
Cruising 24

Danger Points 75

Deforestation, Effects of 41, 55

Demonstration Forest 21, 23

Directors, Number Increased 116

Directors, Report of Ill

Dominion Forestry Branch 38,73

"Downing" Tops 9, 78

Edwards, Hon. Senator W. C 37,38.

39, 52, 66, 104, 108

Election of Officers 117

Exports of Timber from New Bruns-
wick 104

Electricity, Use of for Railways. 30, 36, 76
Proposed for N.T.R 36

Page.

Famine, Lumber 41. 53

Feinbrook, Joseph. His Paper 95-97

Fernow, Dr. B. E. His Letter 9

Fir, Rate of Growth 36

Fire Laws 11, 115

Fire Laws, Committee to Consider. . 115
"Fire Laws in New Hampshire". .. .80-83
Fire Protection in New Brunswick.. 102
Fires, Forest, in New Brunswick. . .34-36
Fire Rangers in New Brunswick. . .34, 35
Fires, Causes of, in New Brunswick 34

Fires from Railways 35, 40, 50, 75, 86

Fires, Protection Against in Nova

Scotia 27,33

Fisher, Hon. Sydney 9

Fisher, Prof. R. T 21

"Forest Conditions in New Bruns-
wick" 97-102

Forest Planting. Cost of 89-90

"Forest Protection" 74-79

Forest Reserve, Rocky Mountain, 44. 105

"Forestry and Game" 92-95

Forestry Club 24

"Forestry Course in a Lumbering

Region" 21-25

Forestry Education, Conference on.. 21
"Forestry, Educational Aspects of," 14-20

Forestry Quarterly 24

Forests Inexhaustible 68

France, Forestry Education in 16

Fredencton, City of 8, 37, 105

Freeze, S 92

Game in Forests 7, 77. 83

Game, Revenue from, in New Bruns-
wick 7

Germany, Forestry Education in.. 14, 15

Gillmore, E. S 97

Good. H. J. P 12

Government Railways, Liability of 33, 105
Governor-General, His Excelleny, the 9

Governors, Convention of, U.S 74

Grand Falls (N.B.) Water Power..

..30, 57, 59

Grand River, Ontario 41

Grand Trunk Pacific Railway 40

Grants, Government 1*2

Graves, Prof. H. S 80

Great Britain, Forestry Education in 17
Grimmer. Hon. W. C. H. .5, 30, 36, 97, 106
Growth, Rate of 36, 54

Hall, W. C. J. His Paper 74-79

Harbors and Rivers Convention 109

Harvard Forestry School 21

Hay, Dr. G. U 30, 97, 103

140

INDEX.

Page.

Hazen, Hon. J. D., Premier of New

Brunswick 6, 33, 36, 104

Headwaters and Timber 105

Hill, Hon. G. F 97, 105

4<How Best to Deal with Fires" 83-86

India, Forestry in 17, 18

Italy, Forestry Education in 16

Intercolonial Railway of Canada....

32, 34, 40, 105

International Convention 74

International Paper Co 60, 61

International Waterways Commission 45
Insurance of Forests Against Fire.. 27, 35

Joly de Lotbiniere, E. G 75

Jones, Dr. C. C. His Paper 14-20

Knetchel, A 73,87,90, 110

LaFlamme, Msgr. J. C. K 115

Laurier, Sir Wilfrid 9

Leases, Timber 43, 69

Loggie, T. G., Deputy Surveyor-Gen-
eral 6

Log Rule, General, Committee to

Consider 105, 115

Long Sault Power Project 45

Lookout Stations 77, 82, 101

Lumber, Consumption of 42

"Lumbering on the Miramichi" 46-51

Lumberman's Association, Western

Nova Scotia 26

Macoun. J. M 12, 45, 71

Maclean, Hon. A. K 112

Maine, Fire Protection Methods.... 101
Mann, J. R., Member of Congress.

His Statement 65

Miller, Prof. R. B., M.F 36

His Paper 21-25

Minnesota, Tree Planting in 90

Miramichi Fire 92

Miramichi Lumber Co 60

Miramichi Specification of Deals.... 49

"Montreal Star," Quotation from.... 65

Moose in New Brunswick 7

Municipal Fire Patrol 77

National Transcontinental Railway..

31, 35, 76

New Brunswick Land Co 60

New Brunswick, University of, For-
estry Department 19

New Hampshire Forestry Commis-
sion 81

Norfolk County Forest Station 89

Norway, Forest Protection in 86

"Nova Scotia, Forestry in" 26-30

Nova Scotia Forest Survey 28-30, 38

Oak, Hon. C. E 24. 52

His Paper 52-60

Officers, Election of 117

Oil Burning Locomotives 86

Pag.

Oliver, Hon. F

Ontario Agricultural College, For-
estry Department 8

Ontario Ranger System 3

Ontario Saw Log Policy 4

Pack Service Train 8

Pamphlet on Forestry 3

Paper, Imports Into Canada 6

Paper Making 55,5

Patrolling, Cost of on N.T. Ry 7

Patrol, Forestry 32, 8

Pearce. William 7

Pearson, Hon. B. F 1

Pennsylvania Forest Methods 1

Peters, S. L 9

Piche, G. C 72,105,11

Pinchot, Gifford 9, 4

Pine, Planting of 8

Value 8

Pine, White. Rate of Growth 3i

Pipes, Hon. W. T 11.

Piracy, Timber 71

Power Required to Make Pulp 5i

Press of Canada 10.

Prince Edward Island, Game in.... 93-9

Prince Edward Island Railway 32.10.

Pulpwood Export 32, 43, 51, 62, 10.

Discussed 53-7

Pulp Mills, Life of 6i

"Pulpwood Question in New Bruns-
wick" 52-61

Quebec Forestry Methods 38, 7'.

Quebec, Pulp Wood Policy 4;

Quebec, Forest Reserves 7!

Railways, Fires from. .35, 40, 50, 75, 83, 8(
Railways, Government, Liability of..

32, 34, 40, 10;

Railways, Thanks to 10i

Rainfall and Forests 4]

Reception of Delegates 71

"Reforestation in Ontario". 89-9(

Regina Convention lit

Regret, Letters of 9, 12(

Resolutions 104, III

Resolutions Committee 71

Revenue, New Brunswick, from Tim-
ber /

Robinson, Hon. C. W 7, 5]

Robinson, Hiram lit

Rocky Mountain Forest Reserve....

44, 45, 105

Ross, A. H. D 112

Rossing Mills 50, 57, 63

Russia, Forestry Education in 16

Russian Forest Methods 96

St. Lawrence River, Damming of. ... 45

Sand Lands 88

Schools, Public, Forestry Teaching in 20

Secretary, Appointment of 112

Settlers' Slashes, Burning of

9, 77, 84, 87. 101

Shipbuilding in New Brunswick 47

INDEX.

141

Page.

Sifton, Hon. Clifford 46, 104, 116

His Address 37-46

Snowball, W. B.... 32,104

Remarks, on Pulp Wood Export, 60-66

South-worth, Thomas, President 9

His Letter 10

Sowing, Success of 90

Spool Wood 49

Sportsmen's Fires, Danger from... 77. 84

Spruce, Rate of Growth 33, 36, 99

Steam Power, Making Pulp by 58

Stream Flow 41

Sulphite Pulp 64

Sweden. Forestry Education in 16

Sweeney, Hon. F. J 46

Switzerland, Forestry Education in. 16

Taft, President 40

Technical Associations 19

Tenure of Timber Lands 43, 69

Text Book on Forestry 30

Thanks, Votes of 104

Thinning in Thicket Growth 99

Timber Supply, Canada and United

States 41

Toronto University, Forestry Faculty 19

Page.

Treasurer, Report of 1 14

"Turpentine in New Brunswick".. ..95-97
Tweedie, Hon. L. J., Lieutenant-Gov-

ernor , 5,104-106

United States, Forestry Education in 18-
United States Timber Supply 41

Values, Establishment of Forest 27

Warburton, Hon. A. B 71, 72, 90

Wardens, Fish, Game and Fire, in

New Brunswick 35

Water Powers 105, 109

Western Nova Scotia Lumbermen's

Association 26-

White. Aubrey 91

Whitman, F. C 33

His Paper 26-30

Williams. Irvin C 12,13,86

Wilson. Ell wood 31, 36

Wood Pulp, Manufacture of . . . .50, 52, 69
Woods, H. W. His Paper 83-86

Zavitz, E. J. His Paper 88-89-

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