•Agric.-Foiefctry. Main

FORESTRY PAMPHLETS
HISTORY
VOL. V^

The Tahoe. Vol. I, No. I. Tahoe National

Forest, 1911.

The Tahoe. Vol. I, Ho. Ill, 1911.
The Tahoe and the El Dorado Exchange. Published

Jointly by Tahoe National Forest and ^1 Dorado

National Forest, December, 1911.
The Tahoe. Vol. I. No. V. April, 1912.
The Tahoe. Vol. II, No. I, July, 1912.
The Tahoe. Vol. II. No. II, November. 1912.
The Tahoe. Vol. II, No. Ill, April, 1913.
The Trinity Forester, Trinity National i'oreet ,

California. Vol. I, No. 5, October, 1911.
The Trinity Forester. Vol. II, No. I. March,

1912.

The Trinity Forester. Vol. II, No. 3, July, 1912.
The Trinity Forester. April, 1912.
The Sierra Hanger. Vol. V. NOB. II, III, IT.

Vol. VI. No«. I. II and III.

serial1

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CONTEUTS

Editorials

Contributed Articles
Silviculture
Operation

Grazing

Headquarters Items

Hews Prom Districts

Current Information

Directory

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1

EDITORIALS

The "Tohoe" la a publication which will bs issued
at intervals throughout the year primarily for the informa-
tion of the men in the fiold. It is designed for the pur-
pose of bringing them into closer touch with what is going
on outside of their immediate vicinity ao well as to provide
a medium for an exchange of ideas. The frequency of its
appearance will depend entirely upon the interest shown.

In the first place this publication is not to
be considered as a superficial organ. Its purpose lies
far deeper than surface indications. If it does not touch
responsive chords which v/ill lead to c deeper interest in
our duties, then its mission will be largely lost.

There is no better way in vrhich the men on thlc
Forest can demonstrate their appreciation of the work dono
in getting out this publication than by suggesting ideae
whereby later issues may be improved. Su^.-j-ostiono for
cover design, make-up and character of special articles aro
urgently desired. If there are eny topics which you want
discueeed in special ertioles, efforts will be made to have
discussions carried on by those best qualified on the Forest.

•s items referring to the wor]r an<? the porwonnol in each
district should be sent in by all Forost officers.

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3C4010

•f •** • « »

.

The Tahoe Forest la named after Lake Tahoe which
was firot seen by white men on February 14, 1644, when
Captein John C. Fremont crossed the Sierras Just south of
Freol'e Pet . Fremont believed that this lake was one of
the aourcec of the American River, and BO placed it on his
first nap. In the early fifties itc true position was
discovered, and the name Lake Bigler given, after John
Bigler, the Governnor of California. Later the name
Tahoo was printed on the maps and the lake is now known by
no other name.

Tahoe is an Indian name meaning "Big Water",
"Hi.^h YTeter" or"Fleh Lake". The Indians of the Washoe
tribe pronounced the word "Taou" which may be readily
exaggerated to Tahoe, the general pronunciation of the
word. These Indians also gave other meanings to the word,
such ao "Cold Water", "Water-Close- to-Snowe" "Duck-Beet",
"Water-Where-the-White-Fieh-Live", "Lake-of-Big-Wind", in
fact almost any name which strikes tho fancy of the Indian
questioned.

According to "A History of the Comstoclc Silver
Lode and Mines" Lake Tahoe and the Hi^h Sierras" by W. H.
77ri.7ht, the word Tahoe is popularly supposed to be a Washoe
Indian T:ord that means "Big Water". Drake, in his "Cali-
fornia nines", gives the meaning as "Big Water".

The Tahoe Forest is crossed by two old emigrant
roads, which were used by the early pioneers in the days
of '49. The most famous of these roads is perhaps the one
across Donner Pass, and which passes through Emigrant Gap.
It was while attempting to come over the summit by this
road that the Donner Party met its fete, Docr.er Lake near
Truc!:ee being ncinod after this unfortunate party. A
lar^e wooden cross raaris the site of the camp where so
many members of this party perished.

-2-

Another road which has historic interest is tho
Hennoss Pass road, on a branch of which is Nigger Tent, a
rendezvous of robbers and out-throats in the early days.
Prospectors and miners coning out from the mines with their
stakes were robbed and murdered at this place. The Henness
Pass Rood and tho Dinner Road branch in Sardine Valley, the
Henneos Pass Road going through by Webber Lake, and the
Dormer Road through tho present site of Truckee. On the
Irttor roecl in the vicinity of You Bet is a large tree which
joes by tho nemo of "Fremont's Flagpole", as it is suppob&d
to have beon used by him for that purpose.

The first settlement in Nevada County was made by
a trader in 1849 at a place called Rose's Corral. In 1849
there came an influx of miners, and in this year a store was
established on a point of land over-looking Bear River on

the old Truckoe Trail, the object bein<? to trade with emi<r*a?-,t8.
For a time this was tno only store between Bear Rivor and 'Jalt
La.e, c.t v/hich emigrants could obtain supplies. Here bacon
was sold for 52 per pound and shoe tacks at IGp apiece.

In 1853 hydraulic mining was inaugurated near
Uevada City, and gave a renewed interest to placer mining.
The hydraulic was later employed by tho Central Pacific to
somo extent in cutting through the deep hills near Dutch Flat
at the time the railroad was constructed.

Tho first notice of the silver discovery near
Virginia City in 1859 appeared in the Nevada City Journal of
July 1 of that yea^r. Large parties at once set out for that
place, probably one-third of the nale adults of Nevada County „
goin;j to the mines. This discovery largely led to a rall-
ro&d movement in that direction, an! in 1860 a fesible route
WES discovered for a railroad on the divide between tho Bear
and American Rivero and construction started at once.

The North Grove, the most northern grova of the
3ig Trees in existence, is found in tho Tahoe 1'orest on the
Forost Hill Divide near the Southern bounder? of Plr.c^r Cou

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on a tributary of the Middle Pork of the American River.

Thore are six of those trees cs well as several which
havo fallen. At tho up:er end of Gold Vrlloy is what is
kno-.7n PC Iron Lud^o, which has been polished by glacial
action. On this led^e appear hieroglyphics of all
descriptions.

Wo are in receipt of tro excellent publications,
tho "Sierra Ranker" and the "Stanislaus Review". 3oth
treat very fully of the rorlc bein^ done on the respective
Forests, besides giving many items of interest and* worth.
IText to the Meetings of the Forest Supervisors we believe
there is no bettor means of developing the spirit of unity
between tho Porestc in this district than through the ex-
chtnge of these publications.

Thct tho fire season has opened on the Sequoia
Torost is evidenced by a news iten in the edition or Llay 30
the San Trencisco papers. A fire Which occurred on tho
Little ^ern River burned over an area of 300 or 400 acres of
timber land, anc1 was subdued only after seventy- two hours

rd wor . The blazo v;as caused by a prospector who claims
thct ii spread from his camp fire and that he could not (jet
it under control beceueo of his exhausted condition. Ho hcs
"boon put under arrest end paroled pending the convening of
tho Federal Grand Jury.

Our fire season is at hcnd and it is up to every
nan on tho force not to let the first blaze catch him napping.
Protection is a more dominant issue this year than it hos
ever been, cs evidenced by the preparations that have boon
nado curin - the last few months.

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L

CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES

Seed-Sating Animals in Relation to Reforestation

Lr. lied Dearborn.

In the usual order of things, seed producers and

seed consumer., aro, u-oon the whole, in harmony. While land
Is covered rith living timber there is a vast amount of seed
thct cannot possibly develop into mature plants. Such trees
as have seeds cf any considerable size are thus natural pur-
veyors Tor seed-eating creatures, both in fur and foathers.
Miin;/ of those creatures hc.ve the hc'Dit of storing nuts and
other OOCC3, for future consumption, \7hich involves trcnapor-
tation, and it not infrequently happens that, through acci-
dent or overcight, eoods are left whore they find suitable
conditions in which to grow and reproduce their kin<? . Indeed,
trees bearing seeds too heavy to be carried by the wind are
distributed mcinly through the provident labors of these
animals. There is, therefore, normally a Irlnd of interde-
pendence between certain treec and certain animals.

The moment naturel conditions ere upset, however,
this harmony givec place to antagonism. Let a fire reduce
the forest to embers and bare earth, and the seed- eaters
inniediatoly become oppose': to reforeotratlon. Only the
arboreal species are banished for more than a few months by
a forest fire. The ecrth-dwellero — ground squirrles, chip-
munks, anc1 mice — soon return to their old hauntc end flour-
ish upon the -profuvi-s of various herbs end deeply rooted
ohrubs, which sprin-r up end clothe the ground in a single
su-niaor. But though they thrive and multiply under the new
conditions, their noses are ever keen for the scent of a nut.

When it ic proposed to reforest a burn by seeding,
essential prelir.,inrry is to ascertain Tjhet kindc of rodents

are upon it, how numerous thoy are and hor; they are distributed,

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in ordor that adequate stops may be ta'ron for tho protection
of tho seed to bo planted. The necessity for this prol-ini-
nary ic mcde clocr by tho lirjht of experience.

On a plantation mr.de in the Tahoo Forest during
the rintor following c fire in July, only 40 per cent of tha
seed cpots produced soedlinjs. This loss was noinly duo to
Beochy ground squirrels and white-footed mico; yet careful
observation and trapping showed the average nunber of ground
squirrels per acre to bo only tr?o or three, end of *aice to
bo about six. Had this burn been older, there would un-
doubtedly have been a larror population of rodents upon it.

On a 12 year old burn in tho Blaol: Hills Forest
eleven mice an<* three chipmunks were trapped en a hrlf c.crft
containing 2000 seed cpots. They had ts~:on 70- of the pii:e
cood planted there in six flaye. One chipmunk v/cs soon to vioii
thirty-ei^ht seed opots In four minutes. Tho nood of attend-
inj to rodents prior to plantin~ does not require further
demons trati en.

Where rodonts are present aims of them ctr.
discovered by scanning the grouncl, but the cpecies to rliich
thoy bolonr and thoir rolativo numbers can best bo dctor-
minocl by the use of traps for a day or t^ro. Tho cctepiu'r
trr.pc to be htd at r.ny hardna.ro stom serve every purpou
ft docon mouse traps and as many rat traps beiu^ auiV
For bcit, oatmeal or a screp of b&oon rinc" or; ftittoi- eti
bct!i to-^othcr, mcy bo occd. It is important to note vac 11 1 -•
tho animals rre concentrated in fevorrul« situations or en-
gonercll^ flisttiVatod, as upon this point hangs the dls-

'. butio;i uf the poisonoc grrin vVhich is to TJO enploy
extonainr -inr tho pests. An 37.00"! loat poison aay be pjrt-
jd ac follo-c :

Wheat -------------1 bu^ho

"er ------------- 7. ^'jcrt;

;urch -.- _-_- t-Llo2.-Joor.ful8;

Sacchcrlno --------- -Z tccs-oor.fule;

"-.nine (pulverized) --••-?. oj.r.Tes.

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Add tho starch, saccharine and strychnino to the
water, heat to boilin?, and stir constantly after tho
sterch begins to thicken, V/hcn tho starch is fully cooked
stir it into tho vrheet, ovory kernol of which ehould bo
coated. A gr.lvunise:? iron washtub is ca excellent raizing
vosael, especially cs it io easily cleaned. Zither the
sulphate or the tllraloid of strychniu may be used.

If rr in ic i-.ar.inont anc t/.ic poirjoninn; cannot bo
delayed, raoltod teller should be substituted for the
starch solution as a coating medium. In this caco the
Wheat should first bo slightly vve.nr.ea, the saccharine and
strychnine adfed, and then the tallow applied, in the ratio
of a quart to a bushel of wheat.

The putting out of poisoned ^rcin depends en-
tirely upon the nunber and distribution of the aninclo for
which it is intended. In that pert of the Tahoe Forest
near UovadM Cit7, cood-octing rodents are not numerous,
relatively speaking. The mice cro living chiefly about
logs and stumps end in old gopher holoo, and the ground
squirrels are easily located by their burrows, Undor
such circumstances as these, poison need ba put only in
pieces likoly to be frequented by tho pests. Wherever
thore is a general infestation, however, poison should be
dropped evory three or four feet along parallel lines
five yards opart. j?or mice and chipmunks 20 kernels in
a place are sufficient, out ground squirrels should h:i-/e
a tocspoonful. Poison put on grazing land ahould be
slightly scattered to prevent its be.tng taken by domestio
a-nimals.

In deciding on the propc-r time to lay ooison
or t toction of seed, there are sevoral points to

Or.e of those, 28 the date at which plcnt-
Jo be.g: bother, Is the habito of the anincls
aiaec at. Leo are active nt c] 1 seasons, but chlpnrunloa and
3und cquirre?o, in the Tahoa :.'or*:ot, hibernate during the

A^ein, in vrinter, quell ani grcjso feed on buda
a, -e In danger cf taking bait intended for
ileftOM n&;mnalr. in the warm ae«son this danger , lo-

Kio vnritor, ct different tines, haa hed "under
nervation several hundred acres of land thorough!" treated

oned grtin in :iay cud June; yet he never knew of
one grouse or quail living there to be killed by it.

-7-

\7hon seeding is to be done in suaraor or in spring,
after chipnunlzs and ground squirrels aro abrosC , poisoning
should immediately proceed It; but when It is to be done in
winter, the land to be plcntod, together with a strip
surrounding it, should be cloarod of rodonta before the fall
reins oot It.

In this connection, it may bo well to call ati-ontion,

"aro;vbhoticrllv. to the ufvantasro of uej.n.;. grain _cor.tod . with
6trycnnin3, rather then •[•.nproTnetod with ft. Aft\3:r n few

rein-, tho -jrfcin loses its virulence, and is no Ion7er a
nonrce to the hunrry.

In closinT this ertiolo a word should bo said
relative to aountt.in quail. These birds a^pecr to look
u;?on a carefully propcrec" bit cf ground as a proper plcco
in which to scratch for a me£-l, and undoubtedly thoy pilfor
winter-planted sood vrtien they can find it. This loss can
probably be avoided by coating the seed with an unpalatable
Eubcti-ncc, such ac coal tar, which is uaed to provent ore
fro a pull in 7 sproatiu? sood in eastern cornfields^

Tho prooeso of c^plyln? the tcr is simple. The
seed is first covered -.rith wcter heatoc" to about ICC doproos
.'hr. , or ac hot ec can bo borne by the hand vrithout discom-
fort. Then the tar is ad^oc", in the ratio of a teaspoonful
of tar to oi-ht quarts of seed, end the whole Is stirred
until every kernel is coatee".. Aftor draining off tho rat or
tho coed ohould bo allouoc to dry a day or tv?o before bein-:
plan *oc" .

There is ground for hoping that ruail will ru^ect
tarrpt sood end oeaso to dicturb it. In any event they need
not be coneiderod rs a serious menace to reforestration,
The:* Ice": the unerring sense of crsell possosoer. by rodents,
anc1 iv is only by diligence and TOOL luck thet they can
ht iho vjroc^octo of a coed

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Results of "light Burning" Hoar Uevada City

by
11. B. Pratt

It is a coiaaon prcctice for ranchers living in
the vicinity of I'ovada City to bum ovor thoir wood lands
in the spring, penerclly in eo.rly April. They contcr.C
that whe burning does not damage the tiabor to any extort
e.nd affjrc.s protection a^cinot fires in dry sceeon. Tho
lend burned over is stoo'.cocl '..*ith second trovrth yollow pine
of vory rapid growth, TTlth hore and thoro a lar^e tree of
the original virgin stand.

On the afternoon of April 4, 1211, a rcncher
living about; two railoc from I'ovad: City or tho ?.oc:: Croclc
rocd, T7C3 burning brush alon7 the creel: in front of hio
houee. There was a bris"; wind blovrin-j end the firo oprocd
en'" ron in tho dry noodles of the vrooded slo^o bordori:

croel:. Accord in • to the rcnchor'B statomont, it './ould
hcvo boon a very easy matter to put out the firo, but as
Ion- c.j it TTG started, ho thought he mi -ht F.S noil lot it
run and burn off the litter en<\ underbrush. V/ith tho
cssiutc.nce of the men helping him burn brush he sprocd tho
firo alonT the lower od^e of the elope. Tho v?ind ccrrlort
it ct a rcpid rate through the ground cover anc1 lottor which
WES dryor than usual at this timo of the yor.r on account of
tho unusu£l xmrm weather of the preceding two reo::c.

r:ie fire burned up tho elope to tho top, \?here it
bur^oc fiercely in manzanito brush am a thick olump of
yollov; pino.

Since thore vras some wood cut a short distance be-
yond, t'.ic rancher end his man stored tho fire at nirrht-fall
-.vhoa it had diec dom cor.sidercbly, by scraping away the
noodles from a narrow treil alonr; tho uppor part of tho elope.
He steto<? thct it probably would have gone out of its own
cccor^ .

-9-

Thie burn came to my attention as I was passing
the road on account of tho number of burned young
trooa. The condition of tho stand seemed to denoto that
tho firo \TT.S accidental rathor than by desi<5n since it

;* aoeacc possible that tho ormor would deliberately
lot f Ji-o burn up &•: muoh youn^j growth. Upon bo ing

however, thio <;entloneii stated that ho oonsidor-
od conditions eftor tho fire very satisfactory and that tho
youn^ tirabor killed did net amount to much as it TOG too
thie'.: enyvray. His contention was that -i;he timber left
will now <*rcw bettor and that he Yrtll have more la tho long
run than before tho firo. He etated that the area had not
been bnrnod over fov trc?nty years at least.

To ehov/ tha results cf this oo-ccllod benoficiont
li^rht-burnin^, a ecn-plc 1/4 acre plot ra.? talren In a olurap
of 7oun,<5 troeo avorc^in; £>0 foot in height and forty yoars
of c>o which fairly reprosents conditior.3 on the 15 acres
burned over.

Results of burning on 1/4 acre of ?/ollox7 pine:

v'a) The ground litter cf pine needles was p&rtially
oonoune-f..

There was nc chaparral on tho ground.
"7eot on tree reproduction by a$e clascoc:

U 1C>'.. .

(b) The:

to) if-r.

Alive Dead

Clase I — 1-5 years — - ---

• IX — 5 --10 " 1 H3

" III — 10- K- " 28 46

IV — 2'- 47- « 59 24

V — over 40 " --- -----

i:; count on thie plot shcwc that all of the
growth up to 10 -rz. of f.-jo, three-fifthr. cf the growth
10 - 20 yrs. c tro-eevonOhs of the growth fr

- 40 --rs. of a.»e was killed. Seedlings you .rji
five years oT age ncro absent on this plot ie
density of tho stai Observations on other parts of tho
burr.ed croa, however, showed that all of this age olase /.
beon 'rllloC.

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*

Tho average dionoter of tho olaoe from CO - 40
year o of 650 was about 10 inches. Many of the poles
killed in Class 111 were over-topped end rould eventually
havo dlod out.

Tho firo turned tho hardest where there was
mencanita brueh. In ono place a, yollo',7 pi\o tree 40 inches
in diameter <*nd 115 feet hi:;*! which was surrounded "by this
brush TUB killed. The flamee had run up the barl: which ras
pitchy to the very top of tho tree.

The atand of polos end old trees before tho
burning averaged ajout 0,000 bd. feet per acre. Practicall;:
one -third of this anouiit was Icilltd as well es the majority
of tho youn?r growth up to 20 yrc. of age,. A few cugcr :;inoa

40 fcof in height v/cro killed, the treoa "burning Ilba
torches.

tho youn-; gro?;th had not bson hilled, it would
havo developed into a merchantable polo on<? cordwood stand
in about 20 yrs. Cordwood is being cut fron: timber 10 -
12 inches in diameter on or adjoining tract. AiTor the
second crop had been removed it would have Ui!cen fifty
years for tho third crop to develop 8j:ioe the nucleus for
for that crop vvas Vcdly lacking. Tho second crop vrould yiold
cbout 10 cds. cr 5,000 bd. ft. to the aoro in £0 yeerc, r
the third crop that amount after fifty yoars.

Thin burn has affected tho socond croo of timber
°y trees that rould hf.ve boon roaCy ^cr tho axe

in &. few yccre after the largest trees hrd been cut out-
Tho third crop je about totally rui^od and it will tr.ke at
least five yocrs to get any IrincL of r. oc^inning of tho fourth
crop.

The burning has not furfcishecl tho oldor troon a
protection egainet firo since the ornph will tcon cprout
a.^ain at:d cono in denser then ovor as a reoult of the firo-.
The deed noecleo rosu\ fro.i thic fire -Till fall cr.''. tho
foundation laid for u hotter fire than ever.

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"

Laet yoar a piooe of lirjht "burning near this tract
came to ?ny attention; It was en ideal fire fron tho light-
burr.or's ctand point, burning slowly along in the plao
nccdlos and tar- wood. Of ooureo it buraod up tho tender
Doodling sinoo tho tar-weed makes a hot, pitchy fire, but,
it did very littlo deaago to the cluaps of yovnrj growth from
ten to twelve foot hi.^h cr the oldor trooe. Thio spring I
loo'.rod ovor thie picco cue! found it covered with a thic^t
Icyoi- of .^inc necdloo. Tho tar wcocl \7r.r all ccnin.5 'occl:
ond fie conditions for firca woro ^uet au dangerous, ii' not
worco than Ir.ct year. ?his j^ioco vrlll doubtlosc be biimod
ovor cgrin an<?. acjain and tho oon-ii'tior.c roaohed such co is
founc. in the vicinity of Connvonvillo whore there ere otanda
of lar-jo yollov? nlno trooc under which there ie very little
reproduction en aooount of t"io clonso carpet of tar-7;oed
which haa duvolopcd cc a rocult of repoctsd "ournin';c.

Thic li.jht burnln-- was dono in tho vicinity of
tho Reel: Crool: firj lact ouiflLaor wiilch burned about 250
acres cf oocond grcwth tiabcr en' brush Itrnl. Tho Ian'* it
burnoC ever had boon rc^orto:'.l7 li-ht- jurnod but the rcciilts
atteired ir.terpoecd no barrier to the pi-cr.roes of tho crown
fire of last

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SlLVICirLTIIFi:

... cntl: boc-ii otrrlec on ric.-e.r3y all v-jntcr
on the Tahoc?. Starting? in October ci Ccvcyc Stc.ticn,
activities were transferred in a short ta.no to Rook ';rcolr.
Later in the season the par^y TTCIS dlvicoc, r-r^I o?;e p-.rt
wont to Freeman's Crossing whore a ]c.v:c area xras rut ITI.
In all 319. ^ acres have been planted, as fcll07/o4.

Corc;-3 ;>tcticn ------- 30.0 icr

Rock CrooL- ----- _.._.__ --- 2l9.b

Proemcu'D Crossing --------- 6'J . V

Ijcperinental Plots --------- 8.5

~"5T5~7

On this arec "50 pounds of Yollow Pine; 60 pounds
Jeffrey Tine; T34 pounds Sx^er Pino; 2? pounds Doubles 1'ir,
and 1 1/4 pounds 3c;uoie oeod were planted at en avort
oost of v'i-Qy pe^" aorb inoludin.-; tho coot of good* ^
cheapest arec was near freeman's Crossing coetiru
aero vrhile one area noar Roci Creei was a close Accord
^£.86 per acre.

All tho areas have been .core or IGC-J
This is especially the case noar Rock Creek ^7t^re fully >.-
the cpots show young seedlings and raoro are to to expected
nexrt spring after the seeds TC^ a sooond wettinj, Th.^ aroa
at Prooman'o Crossing bein^ much dry or hao not sucoecdcc
as well though in sorae places there arc large numbers of
seedlings. As muny as 15 seedlings in a spot have Leon
counted showing fchat car. be dono whore rodents do no"«; got the
seed. Tho area at Coreys Station has not been obtained bat
it is feared that it is not very successful as tho mice and
chipaunis were very abundant there.

-15-

-

Ucrt wlntor v;o "icjo to ; .a t^r.ll crcr. r.c; r
Poc*: Croclr. Har.-** corn ^^r.itora i?< 11 bo triovl ao r,oll cs
rccdlr.j in cltcrncto rot/3 of £ii.Tcv.*nt '.^oaicc. It, ic
r.lco l:5:;od thet c. nunbor of coodlir.-c ccn bo obteincif. Tron
the .--cry for experimental vrov"; horo. Uo o:r.^oofc
-o *.ir.vo Much greener cuccosa horo C.B r;o v/ill t"ion Imov;"hcr7
to BUG cccof ully >jot rid of tho rodcntc.

An tho Tahoo Is on tho wholo rory \7oll tiiuborod
olthor \7ltli firot or eocond gronth, no lar^e amount cf
r»3cntin7 rrill be <?.one horo, though larp;o barns end COTTJO
of tho bruc'i c.rcc.o will be cooded u? In time.

During tho olntcr end sprin? ;nontho two
roconnclsoanco portloc havo beon deployed in tho new
additions In tho vroetern pert of tho forest. During this
tino apororl.ratoly 48,000 acres within tho National Foreet
havo boon covered, bocidcs tho mnrAn^ of OD nlloa of
vorcet boundary Linoo.

etartod In tho Cuahor Hill country urdor
tho diroction of Lxaborinan Elliott. Tho party v;co thon
moved to Proouan'o Czocoin^ end Ccnptonvillo xrhero it
covorcd a Icr.^o orcc lyin^ botwoon tho33 two plp.cos. At
a later dsto a second party under Fcroot AtJPlctr.nt
otartoc in tho vicinity of Hoclr Crcc': and cover 3d tho aroa
lyir^ betwoon that place and L'orth Bloojifiold.

Darin~ the ccrly B-jr^or rocorj;oioccrco is to oo
ccrviofi on in the -»icinit;-of Lalco Tchoe, cnc1 at c. later ccto
tho vrorl: vnll 'oo trcnsforred to tho oo:)?i'.-ry south end ocat
of Hior^avillc v/hcro there ic grootor fire dc-n-^c/. It is

octcd thr.t the presence of tho pcrty vrill prove c hi^lOy
effective fire fighting unit. A lcr-;o end hcevily tiu'oorod
aroe will bo covered by the crevr vhich io to conois-'j of a
Porcct Asciotent, four Field (Student) Ansistentn, rnd a
Co: it is hoped tlict the Truc::eo BlocI: will be noorly
couple tec jy tho ond of the eunanor.

The man already assigned to this work are:-

:o Caiapbcll Blno Tent, California

. Gardner Leasing, Michigan

Ctcnlc;* L. ffolfo State College, Pennsylvania

Claronco ?. /."orstlan I-inooln, Hebraslta

vi V/. Ha; Iraoe, Iov;a

The Porostor hr.c roconraondod to the Socrotr.ry of
Agriculture that tho raoziniuni amount of tJufMr which nay be
cut on the Tahoo Porocu during tho ne:;t fi&oc-l yeer "be

?d at 52,000,000 ft. 3. II. or 1% of tho rangers' oetimc.to
5 1/2 billion foot subraiutecl eomo tJmo a$o. It Is nor:
believed, hcwovcr, from the results obtainod by reconnaissance

on account of the rosont cdditionc, that this amount ic
:• short of t":o tiubcr en this ?oroet.

Tho Sugcr Pino cccd 3rop on this Forest will be largo
thic year although the prospects for other spocios doos cob
eoera to bo as favorcble. Sugar Pino troes on tho Ooldstoln
and P.osson-.- Conc'.on ealo areas arc loaded with oonoa and
there shouJ a bo no troublo in getting our share of the 2,000
.nds of this species roquiroc' from the District, from these
salos alone

tforest Accistant G&llahor hac taken a number of
do plots in connection v/it'i a second growth yellowiino
-:v ho ^c ma^r As joon c.s conditions t;ill sennit, c
;ucl7 of con^amtivo rcturnc botvccn oat ting on private end
gox-omncnt land will be bo<run on the Banker Trcct out over
by tho Sierra Ilovadc Woca £ Lumber Go. V. C. Hodilin will

silvioal data throughout the season as
roil .;.c on \v2cor.naicsanoo Trcrl: in the Truc'roo District.

-11

OPERATIOH

Tho contract for the erection of a lookout tower
on ousts, in has boon let to 0. ',"/. Junes, the \ror::
to 'oo co::ploto~ "by Juno 30. The towor will bo 47 foot is
hoi ":ich .ill bo suffloiont to pernit of an unobotraatcC.
view over tho troo tops in ell fiireotions.

Tho iaan who will be stationed thero
durin- tho fire eoascn will bo provided with naps, field

as and have direct comic cticn with tho cffico at
Uevada Cit;T "or tclophono. A topographical me? Trill bo co
oriented on tho tovior that the looalitloo in v/hich oraoko i*
do«ooted oan be readily identlfio;'.. It is orpcotod tV.at
the octnblishuont of this protootivo nor.suro '.:ill rooult in
the opoody suppression of all firos

A special authorization hes boon received froa
tho District Office with Tfliioh to purchase tools ancl supnlioe
to provide for firo protective meacuros. It is plrnnoo to
have tool bozes at ob^ootivo places throughout the Forest,
especially in the vicinity of den^orous slashings aa rroll ao
an abunclf.nt supply cf tcolo rt rangor headquarters. How is
the time for tho District Rangers to study thoir fire plrjis
and nc.ps, and nature their plans for the protection of thoir
districts tho coming fire season.

All outstanding bills should bo forwarded to this
office at once, any bi lls ~ incurred botvoon now anc Juno 30

zld bo forwarded as soon aft or July 1 as possible, not
later then July 10. If it is not possible to for\rc.rd all
bills at thr.t tino a statement of such accounts should bo
forvardod in order thrt we may resorro sufficient funds to
noct thoso liabilities.

-1C-

Y/hen sending reoulsitiona to headquarters. Foroet
Officers would save tho crfi?o force nuoh tlmo and •fcroxiblo
if thoy would etato tho quantity desired, as well as giving
tho name of the form in addition to it3 number,

By a proclamation signed by President Taft Anrll
fc3, 1911, tho Bloo;^.fiold Administrative Site, embracing
59.33 aoroe raie eddod to tho Tahoc Forest.

The S.P.R.R. and the Poroot Service have ontored
into an agreement rtieroby tho rcilroc.d company agreo3 to
reserve rights of way for roads, trcils and telephone lines
usod by tho Forest Scrvlco, in tlio aalo of all lands. In
order that this information mcy bo had by tho railroad
company, It is doslrcd that Forest of floors prepare a tracing
on Form 220 for oaoh patented Railroad section crossed by
road, trail or telephone lino, which tho Pcrest Service me1.;*
construct in tho future. Piold notos should also be sub-
nittod in duplicr.to showing the courcoo and distances for
the rights of Tray and tioo raedo to ccotlcn corners aft points
of entry and doperturo whenever possible.

Tho matter in the "S.ieci os" an<f. "Grc-zl
r.uals recently eont to.: Forest Of floors, supersede ell
^roviouc instructions and should "be carefully ntudied.

The results of the rc.n~or orcwination laot fa31 were
vory gratifying es far 0.3 the Btondin- of nen taMnj the teat
on thio Porost is conoorned. Of tho tvrenty-throe who took th«

ion, sirrtocn were succow-xXi] . c'o>.r. P, :ian rtio
was Tucri on t" . rost Icct ycc.r hor.is the list witli an
avore^o of 09. C5. r..P.Glcason anc". J.H.H TTho are now
•istant Rangoro on this Forest clso recci-vei hi{;h

-a

G R A 2 i n a

It heo boon found that the district rangers have
ooon too burdened with v/or>r. to ^Ive tho proper attention
to ran -o matters, especially whon thore have boon contro-
vorcloB rthoro considerable time IB necessary, to effect a
.iofactory eolation of the difficulty. In order to re-
llovo tho rangers from a portion of this worl: cud that
f.ioy may dcvoto more tiao to protection J. 3. Sivertson has
beon made 3ra2in$ Rcnvor. Ho vrill study tho grazing situa-
tion on this Porcst in cooperation with the District Rancors
vThoso recommendations will bo required in every cr.se before
.final action is talcon. Ho will also have oharro of the
collection of forarje plants vrtiioh it is dcsirod to raako f.s
conploto as possible.

Grezin? maps have boon prepared for all r^n^oa
rithin the Porost and a oopy uoat to tho District Rancor
concorncd, C.B v;ell as to the permittee. TMs io the
second season thisschcao has been triod. './c fincl that
by roforrin.^ to a rcn-^o b:; a local nano and furnishing
stoolcnon TTith blue prints of their ranges "oottor rosultc
aro bein? obtained. I\ is realized, howovor, that there
is considerable room for improvement and the District
Hangers r.ro requested to pay spooial attention to eo
as nuch data as possible this field uoason in order that
tho boundaries and naps nay be rande more pcrminont.

permits issued for the yocr cover c
total of 40,650 sheep and ^oats, 6,072 cattle and horses
and 94 ho?s on ^ovornmont land, an<?. 58,340 sheop and goats
anc1 3,569 cattle and horses on private land. Tho number
of stock adaittec to the Forest laud falls somewhat short
of the allowance for the yoar granted by iho S-jcrctcr;- of
.culture, -.7hich was for 57,300 head of sheep and goato,
7,700 heed of cattle and horses and EOO head of swine.

-Id-

HEADQUARTERS H3WS

Sone splendid paporo havo boon submitted in
connection with the renders' reading course. Ono of
tho big surprises wae tho good work done by nearly every
poreon e^aralnod on Sudworth'o Trooo of the Paoifio Coast.
The study has boon largely dlooontlnued at present on
account of tho press of other worlr, but it is hoped that
ovory ono starting the course will eoo it through the
winter.

Iv;o Supervisor's sales have boen mado so far
this oocson, one to P.oseon and C-;:-,don, Yfc uhincrton, for
075, OCO ft. 3. U. , and the other to Z. I. Goldstein Co.,
at Brandy City, amounting; to 500,000 ft. B. M.
A vlioctlona have been raado by tho S-ith Mill necr Truokee
and 3. 0. llichole of Sierravllle for tinbor adjaoent to
thoir oporetions.

A trcc'paeo oaso has boon rooently worlced up
by Ir.i Vjernan Elliott and Forest Asoistant Oillahor agclnot
tho :;tr3h Lu-bor Co., the -value of the timber out being
oetlrmtod at £1,576. Otaor oases r«o«ntly sottlod aro
trospasoon cnountln-; to $758 by Zln j ia Uolford Co. , and
Olc* by C. Raucoll of Iowa Hill.

Ii: tho early part of }i:y, Deputy Supervisor Prr.tt
made c trip to Brandy City in connection with tho sale to the
Z. I. Ooldotoln Cu. Ho rotumod by way of Ooodyear's Bar,
where he wont ovor tho flleo of the district rcn^or prepara-
tory to tlioir transfer to Au&istont Hanger

-19-

Dr. Hod Dearborn, of the Biological Curvoy, io
at present ^tui?rin^ tho bost methods of coi.ibr.tin»
rodontu on planting areas. Ilia cjrticlo in thlo issue
ma!:o3 vor~ interesting end instractlvo rocdin: oinco it
troate of e matter v/hich tho average force t officer Iraora
vory little about at this stc^o of the gene.

Supervisor Bigelcw rotuvnod !!cy 30 froni c. throo
weeks dotoil at tho District Office.

?orc8t AsBlitent J. Alfred Ilitcholl, who hr.0
boon on this Forest Hourly two yocrs, VTC.S csoi^noc to tho

trict Office on "Jay C uhoro ho rill cot to a 8,;ocic.li3fc
on invcBti Active Trorlc. Ho will inspect silviccl v/ork on
the Foroete in this District and assist Supervisors in
tho actual stcrting of vror'^

Pranl:

L-1; fron itc

lil:o position on the An^olos forest,
C. 0. La Rue, i»ho arrived at Uovcda City on

\*ho has boon clori on this ?oroat
TTSS tr£neferre<? on LUr;.r 8 to a

pieces
1C.

lliso Viola Jones of Grces Velloy hao received
a tonporcry c^ointaont eo etono^rcnhcr in the office
July 1.

Forest Clorl; La Hue has so^^911 u? a rovicod

filing rchono for ranjors \7".iich should bn of Treat aool stance
in keopin^ the files straight. It is identical T/lth that
in the Supervisor's offico oxcopt that in sone case :e
tho corroBpondonco is sacll, one fold or is ucod instead of
tho tro or nore that would bo uoocl in the hoado.uarters
office.

-20-

M. B. Elliott, formor Supervisor of this Forest
his position of Assistant District yoroetor in
tho office of Grazing on April 1, anft. la now living at
Lakoport, his old home.

Louie Margolin of the Dietriot Office, with whom
of tho non on this Foroot are acquainted, has accepted
a position with a priveto forestry oonoorn in British
Columbia.

Deputy Supervisor Pratt and Forest Assistant
Gallahor medo a trip in tho oerly part of June to tho
r.oseon St Condon mill noar Saston to mark tho timber for
tho season's out. Thero la still considerable snow in
thia region and it is not expected that the mill will start
bcforo July.

Special attention is oallod to the revised
procedure in rce-poct to tho occupancy of claims not con-
sistent with their development.

A road five niloa in length is boins built to
the Arctic Mino abovo Washington. This road when completed
will be of materiel assistance to Porost officers in pro-
tooting the region which it o^cns up.

An applioction has boen recently filed in the
District Office by Georgo Worn of Reno for a permit for
hoad wor::& and canal for the development of water power
for commercial use at points alont the Little Truc!:eo River,

-21-

s

On Jane 6t Luabormn Elliott afcfi ?oroot Assistant
Oellrhor loft for Truolzee to tafco up timber selo work in

on in v:hioh lumbering activities are Just beginning*
1ft oeti-nate rdll bo mado of a trcct of 160 aorea near the

aill sncl preliminrry marking done, Aftor thc.t work
vrill bo done in the vicinity of Eobart Milla and Siorravillo
until ::r» Elliott';: departure frou thio Jorost rthioh will be
t Jo: o l.~.

rt iliner Hrrd arrived from th« Planae P
on T =-r.o G to e-samlno minir^T cleins on tho Puroat for v/hioh

plication for pttont hea boon :ntde end on which unfavorable
reports have been tnado by local foreot officers.

hopo hcs boon entertained right alon? that
it mii^ht bo possible to have a company of regulars from the
Prooidio stationed on tho Forest this coming fire season*
T.'iis hope 7^.8 stron^thoned through the passage of a resolu-
tion by the State legislature asking that the troope bo
used in protecting tho National ?oroet8 in tho state.
Secretary of \lzr Stiason decided, however, uhon approached
on tho natter by Congressman Rulcer that the use of tho troops
for this purpose vrould not be advisable under the Act s£

;ross. The Secretary furthermore stated that it would
eot a bad precedent sinco it would Justify tho use of troops
in othor forms of public service requiring an organised and
disciplined force. Tio San Francisco Call, in discussing
Secretary's stand, stated that the California delogatlon
v.ould endeavor to have him reconsider the matter.

Supervisor Bi^elow and Hanger Sivertson left for
Canptonville and vicinity on June 8. The Supervisor rotumed
to the office on June 11 preparatory to a trip to Truc]:eo.

'or Sivertson continued to the Challenge District to talro

jrazin^ matters.

The following item was cl?ipp0<i from the Hevada City
".necript of June 12 :

11.3. Pratt, deputy supervisor of the Tahoe Kational
est, is the proud father of a bouncing baby girl, which PCS
orn yesterday. Today he has been wearing a broad smile and is
tho happiest father in the land. Tho baby has been nanod
\-cry Louise Pratt."

CURRENT XlfOSXAflOV

In ono of our exchanges it is stated tpiit e. &0,
000,000 ft. timber salo has boon approved en tlu- 1".
POrest. Supervisor Kolloy states that he hafl a prospective
sale this soason on the Dldcvado with tho Caldo.vo TJOX &
Lunbor Company. Vfe are also informed that nepotic. VOCES are
under ray for a oalo of several hundred, nl'ilion feat on tho
Stenislaus to tho Standard Lumber C-.

An experiment is being conducted In the Blue
Mo^nt&ii.fc of Washington by tho Forest Service for tlia purpooo
of definitely dotormining the influonoo of forest growth in
conserving tho water supply.

Tho original stand of timber on a watershed upon
whoso run-off farmers and hortioulturisto in the valley &re
dependent, will bo roplr.ood by planting. It is claimed that
since tho primitive stand wac removed, springs have dried
up and the flow of wator steadily decreased. Thousands of
trees will now bo planted on tho denuded slopes at the
solicitation of tho people living in that vicinity in an
effort to restore the wator supply to its former state.

A now boolr sntitlod "Jrincipioa of Handling Woodlands "
by Henry S. Graves has just boon rocoived at tho officoc It
explains in a very thorough and scientific manner J.-l:e various
silvicultur^l systoris. T'.-vo method of application, the ad-
vantages and disadvantages, tnd the conditions undor vrhich each
system can be applied ere fully discussed, airi typical western
stands in which it can bo applied aro given. Pnc last two
chapters arc dovotod to a discussion of tho protection of the
Forest from the destructive r-goncios euch as fire, insoctc and
funguous dicecsos. Tlie took is a noro oomplote -ind advanced
treatment of tho subject than the Primer of Forestry and will
be road rtth intorocs, especially l»y those who have studied
the Rangers' Correspondence Course.

HEWS ? R 0 U DISTRICTS

CHALLENGE DISTRICT;

E. P. Gleason, lately principal of the Downieville
schools, aaoumed charge of this District on May 16 with head-
quarters at Challenge. This is a new district, having pre-
viously boon a part of the Camptonville District.

DCT7HIEYILL3 DISTRICT:

W. S. Barton who has been in charge for two yet.ra,
is now on leave of absence with the intention of entering
some line of business, the nature of which he has not yet
determined. G. 2. Hing who was stationed at Hall's Ranch
last season has been made District Ranger.

Tlio Brandy City unit which formerly was included
in the Caaiptonvillo district io now a part of the Downie-
ville district. C. tf. Kins will be stationed at Hall'o
Ranch to assist the district ranger on patrol duty, scaling
and improvement wor".:.

The St. Charles trail, five miles in length, is
nearly completed. It will afford tho District Ranker quick
and easy accesc to the upper end of his district. The Ser-
pentino House has been paintec*. and presents a very noat
appearance.

SIERRA CITY DISTRICT t

The heavy snow this winter did considerable damage
to improvements in the vicinity of the VJild Plum Station.
The Dutch Sawmill Bridge waa broken down but many of the
timbers v;ore salvaged by Ranger Walton before being swept
away by the water. About 600 feet of fTuma used for irri-

fating the station pasture was broken down. The crushing
orce of She snow is reported to have beon worse than in
many years.

-24-

L'irP.?.AVILIi: DISTRICT;

At last it has boon demonstrated that brush bruning
in tho spring can "be successfully done on this Forest,
Rangers Babbitt and Joy "burned the brush on tho California
Lunber Co. , sale about the middle of Airril flndin* conditions
ideal for burning at that time. A report received fron
Ranger Babbitt gave us some pointers on this nuoh discussed
question vrhich will be of valuo in tho Brush Disposal Study
vrhich ic bein^ made this season on this Forest,

Betwoon the heavy snow this winter end the strong
winds this spring, the Siorraville Station has boon having
a hard time of it. It has been noceecary to strengthen the
brr.coc to the barn as a protection against the winds owoep~
ing Across Siorra Valley.

:'.r. !iaurice S. Mcoy who passed the Ranger examina-
tion last fall, entered on duty on Juno 1 at Sierravillo where
ho will bo under the direction of tho district ranger.

TRUCKZZ DISTRICT;

Tho forest Service launch "Hanger" was stored for
tho winter in a substantial boat houso but on account of the
unusual amount of snow which fell at Lake Tahoo tho past
vrinter, tho boat house VJC.B wroclceC. and considerable damage
B done to tho "Ranger". The everlasting hoodoo seems to
still be follov.'in^ this poor boat, since she has been a
roj-ular Jonah so far as expenses for repairs are concerned.
Wo hcpo for better lucl; tho coming season. G. II. Iloyos will
go to tho Lclce on June 15 to get everything reedy for the
season^ petrol, which will "be^in in July.

Ranger tfoodbum has boon experiment in 5 rith spring
brush burning on the Iceland Lumber Company's sale, but on
account of high trinds and dangerous slashings the risl: has
been too ^jreat to continue burninr with any degree of safety.

R. C. floodbura will be in charge of the Truckoe
District this season, since J. S. Sivertson , who was formerly
in charge, has been temporarily assigned on grazing worlc.

-25-

The heavy enowiall caused conuidfera'ele danagu to
cee and telephone lines throughout the District and
;er Uoodburn wj.ll be kept huetling making repairs before
the fire season sets in.

Lr hoe Railway and Transportation Co.,
;ed to allow Poreut officers free transportation on
itc railroad thlo season, since they olaln in doing eo,

Id be violating tho Interstate Ccnmoroo lax? passed
l-.he last Le.^iGlaturo. It ia hoped that this raattor
can be straightened out, since Irco' transportation on thic
road is of considerable convenience, eepeoiellv in oase of
fire.

Guards ZLr.gren and Sni-ch, vrtio were employed in
cooperation xrith the PloriEuon Pulp & Paper Co. , lest season,
have been appointed Aest, r.angoro on the Trinity and Lasscn
Porosta rea^octivoly. Chc.rlos W. Bonta and Arohio 3. Caupboll
have been appointed to talre thoir jlr-oea end vfill enter on
duty June 16,

Tho Tahoo Tavorn at Lake Tchoo opened for the
Suonor season On Jlay 15.

P. J. Dooloy trtio h&a scaled the past oevoral
seasons, .p.-polnteC as Aesistcnt Rancor on Juno 1. Ho
vrLll remain in che !3hruo;;eo District until the California
Limber Co., "be^in operations.

JSAHT GA? DISTRlCi1;

»7a. D. Caapbell of I^orosthlll, who passed the
vender exEJaination last fc.ll, reported to J« A. Uolntosh,

strict rantfar, at Srtigrcnt Gap'on June 1. Considerable
trail vor';: v^.11 be done in this district before the bo-
fcinnins cf the fire soasftn in order to provide for moro
ready aooes to denser spots,

':TH BLOO: I-".' t T:

Tho inprovoiaentB at the 31ooa-*iold T-inrjer btation
which was recently v.ltadraxm by apocicl proclr.n;a-c;ior4, have
boon pur--' for VJ-,OOC. The iraprovemonts consist of c.
five room houee, barn, 1 3/4 railoQ of fonee, I N.a5, out-
hcuce, chicken ho^ , enclosod1 x;ell and 4CO 'eet of 770 ven
x^iro fence. The ccruisition of this station io a bi^ Svep
towards the better .-iimini -; -rc.tion cf this district.

-26-

Tf. H. Helbig, whose name appears on the eligible
list, will be stationed at Granitevillo on June 16. He
comes from the District Office Where he has been employed
as Property Clerk.

IC7ADA CITY DISTRICT;

A. R. Ivey has been placed in charge of this
district which formerly was included in the North Bloorafiold
district. He will bo located at Cooker Hill where he has
fenced a pasture for his stock.

Considerable fire-kille? timber has been sold this
spring. The cordwood has been sold at lOc* per cord, tho
poles at 1/2?' a linear foot. A number of Hovada City resi-
dents arc cutting fire-killed timber under free use pormits.

FOREST HILL DISTRICT;

C. 17. Sutcliffe who was located in this district
last season, wcs appointed on May 1 as assistant to P. A.
tfilson, district render. His station is at Kichlgan Bluff.
Considerable boundrry has boon run this spring as v/oll as
much repair work done,

A report was recently received on the power plant
and transmission line of the Fore^-thill Electric* Company
on tho ".icdle ?orl: of the American Hivor. Since public
land within tho Forest is bein-ij used, steps are being taken
tovrards' putting tho company under spooicl-use.

Orcn Jones of ?oresthill proposes to start up
tho Pinning Hill which has beon idle several years, and
has applied for a sawnlll ponait and a STaell amount of
timber. If the demand warrants, a lar$o amount will be
purchased .

»

^eor.^e W. Ccjnptell has been appointed as Assistant
Forest Rcji^or for the firo season on this district.

-27-

C.-lPTOirTILLE DISTRICT;

District Rcjagor Vfitittum has recently purchased1. a
house in Careptonville which gives bin plenty of office roon.
He nov; hae excellent tolophono oowsunication with adjoining
districts and tho tfcvada City Office.

0. P» ?a«koma loft for Frooiaan's Cros-in^ on Juno
13 to tcko raoasureaontc at the guaging stations in that vicinit;
which were oetejliched as a result of a oooporetivo a.jrooraent
"between the Poroet Service and the U, 3. Geological Survey.

J. H» Hor-reso who •naa appointed Xlny 1, rill be
stationed at Uillor's Rtiaoh near "or^tain Ho.'.ce for tho stuar.or.
A tolophono inatnusont and connQc^ions have recently been
cont hia Trith T?hioii to connect tdth the main lino nocr the
house.

TTMttun and Asaiatant Hcnrcr Hor^ro^o licvo
brushed out and repaired the Cclostial Yvlley Trcil • hich
leeoons tho diBt«noo tjotwoon Ccn.>tonville and Prc^.isn'u
Croacin.j br sovtrcvl niloa.

It'rtin U. ?-x*7\»r of 0<'^ Veil 07 assumed uutj- on
June 16 ac fire suc.rd. His route of patrol will eabrace a
no\.- lookout point at Oak Plat vlll bo connected cith
by tolophor.e.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE
TAHOE NATIONAL FOREST

The coning of spring has evidently eroused the
poetical inatinct in certain loyal Forest Service breasts
as evidenced by the rhymes end near rhymes given below.
Tho first spasm originated on tho Shasta, tho attack grow
more actito on the Tahoe and culminated on the Angoles.
Further outbreaks ere anticipated in other parts of the
District.

The Spasm From the Shasta

The men of Shasta at Ash Creek abound,
Doing reconnaissance on snow-shoes all the day round.

Two men to tho section no matter how far,
And they complete one each day, for thats their motto at par.

Sometimes the shoinr; is not of the best,
And they come in at nijht longing for rest.

Hardships we hove plenty and short trips are few,
But we hireC out for tough men, so I guess we'll pull through.

It's surprising how simple the corners are found,
3y us MED of tho Shasta, the ones of renown.

And the way we can guoss the diameters per tree,
And the number of logo that there will be,

Is wondorful to those who cono out and see
"THE HEN 0? THE SHASTA".

The work it is pleasant, if the hills not too steep,
As one is liable to slip, end fall on his seat.

Shoeir.g up some hills at times it is slow,
But when you come down, why the way you will go.

Good cooking anc. dainties have been strangers to us,
But when we get to town , we'll eat till wo bust.

On amateur batches of food we've exist,
And our stomachs right now, could digest pine pitch.

But beyond theso few trifles, we've proved with delight,
That reconaaisoance on snow-shoes is practical all right.

As many from tho other Forests, wore against our great plaj
But their ignorance is pardonable, as they didn't understand,

What a tou<?h little bunch our Supervisor had on hand,
"THZ MEB OF THE SHASTA".

I

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE
TAHOE NATIONAL FOR18T

A Quiver from tho Tahoo

The depth of onow on Shasta 's hills

In 31ms ta1 s mon greet foar instils;
When out they 50 to count tho trees,

They talre vrith them their twolve foot sklie.
Or lacking skill rrlth these to troad,

They get the humble webs instead.
Treading hard, a s outre a day,

They scale tho troeo upon their way.
And out through all tho District rrldo

They scatter broad their smiles of prido,
Say they^ve done what ne'er'd boon planned

On any Forest in this wide land.
They pcce a mile within a rod,

And find all cornero, Yes by - - -.'.'.'
W ith D. 3. H. anrl logs per troo,

They get tho volume one, tv;o, throe.
Paint end TOrn.TTith hunger scant

Up those hills they hc.ve to pant;
Their grub's no good — they'd gladly dine

On such poor fare as bad pitch pine,
Those Men of Shasta".

But further south they manage to do

Without the eld of s'cli or shoe;
Vfith cowhide boot our Tahoo treads

O'er snow that Si.asta fears and dreads;
Cold foot at night are not the kind,

On other forests you often find.
We count the seedlings, we caliper brueh,

Correct the Geology in all the slush,
77e see each sapling covered trith onoTT,

And carefully fi.rure how fast it trill prow.
We examine the soil, and number the stocl:

Thet will fooC. and fatten on each tract of roclc.
Our coolring's the best, you'll understand,

Per e&ch of our boys is a dextrous hand
At all tho things, from H — 1 to Heaven

Pound in our Bible, Page 27 - - -
"THE LEU OP TAEOS".

And so my friend, you'll plainly see,
That all things aint what they seem to be —
And first or last you'll find it true,
That under the sun there's nothing new.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE
TAHOE NATIONAL FOREST

from the Angolas

Tho growth of chaparral on Angeles hills,

A IOEO of religion in our men instils.
When ofr ho goes — unfortunate gir .

T/ith never a drop (of water) to drirk.
Tor what cares he for hill or glade !

John Jones' honester.d nust be surveyed.
Ho matter if that hoaestead* lies,

Deeply buried frori humr.n eyos
On trackless waste of desert dim,

Or stands on end, a hillside grin.
His bad: grows stiff, his knees grow lame,

But the Angeles Hcnger sure is game;
And ho sings to himself as he grubs along

The words of that old familiar song:
"Every day '11 be Sunday, by and by.
THAT MAN OH THE ANGELES

And the early dawn of the coming day

Will find him up and far away,
With mattocks, picks and dinner pail;

A "Cholo" crew; an impassable trail
And dyrcmite, two hundred pound

With which to move this 'dobe ground;
And a nercy'tis, six times in seven

That he isn't blown to — well, to Ho&ven.
Or surrounded by crates of eucalypts

His strength expended in digging pits;
For the Angeles Forest needs more trees

To sway in the Heavenly s dutliorh bro e z e .
So he wioldo his mattocl: ',;cinst earth and stone,

*»7histling meanwhile in an undertone:
"Every little movement has a meaning all its own"

That weary man on tho Angeles.

But at night he sits in his cabin door

And watches the Iiidlots play on tho floor.
For the Angelos Hanger's too wise e man

To live on the Shasta- Tahoe plan;
And long ago he annexe-:, for life

An excellent cook as his wcddec". wife.
He scentc tho coming of .^ood thinjs to eat

rough tho open door of tho kitchen neat.
And he lifts hit '^93 to sliyline d.

^re snow-^pped peako ooem to frown at hi-;
And he thinks with Joy as ho goes to dine:

"No snow-shoes or sklis for mo and mine,"
With any other nan under Heaven *c done

I wouldn't change places; there 'o no place like home
IP THAT HOUE BE ON THZ ADGILES.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE
I AHOE NATIONAL FOREST

DIRECTORY

Richard L. P. Bigelow
Herri tt D. Pratt
William -I. Gallahor
John S. Sivortsor.
V. C. Kodc* in
Char 1 oa 0. La Rue
Viola G. Jones

Headquarters.

Forest Supervisor Nevada City

Dop. ?or.~Su;pr. Nevada City

Forest Assistant Nevada City

Forest Render Hovada City

Aost. For. Ranker Nevada City

Forest Cleric Hovada City

Stenographer Nevada City

Reconnaissance Party In Field

Max M. Gardiner
Clarence P. Zoratian
Stanley L. V/olfe
Ralph W. Hayes

Field Aosistant

Sierraville
Sierravllle
Sierrevilld
Sierraville

Challenge District:
Elmer P. Gleason
DoTroieville District:

George :•:. Hing
Charlos W.

Siorra CitriDistrict ;
Aaron n. Utilton
Sierravillo District:

Woodford Ht Babbitt
Evan A. Joy
Uaurice S. l!acy
Fred J. Dooloy

Truokee __ District j,

Robert C. tfoodburn
HoTTard Dudeon
George II. Boy«a
Charles 7. Bonta
Archie S. CfiJ&pboll

Disttrict RL-

District Render
Asst. For. R^r.

District

District Ranger
Aast. For. R-,T.
Aeet. For.
Acct. Per.

District Ranger
Acst. For. Rgr.
Afiot- For. Rrr.
Coop. For. Gu&rd
Coop. For. Quard

Challenge

Goodyear fs Btr

Siorra City

Sierraville
Sierravillo
Sierraville
Loyal ton

Truokee
Truok«e
Taho« City
Tohoe City
Floriston

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE
TAHOE NATIONAL FOREST

Poresthill District:

A. Wilson

Clir.rles \7. Sutcliffe
George W.

Pep Diotrict

John A. Mclntosh
W. 3. Ccjnpboll

District Ranker
AflBt. Per. Rgr.
ABBt. For. P.gr.

District Rancor
Acst. Pur. R.'.T

North Blooafiold District:

V/illiam A. Uarrill
William H. Eolbig

Meveda Ci"Sy District:
Albert R. Ivoy
Ccmritonville District;

Charles Z. ".T:l tvum
Jordan E. Horrrege
liar tic 3.

District
Asst. For.

District

Diebrict Rtn or
ABBt. Pur. Rj.-.
Pores t Guard

Porosthill
Michigan Blaff
Porcsthill

Horth Bloomfield
Gi'tniteville

Hcvc.dc. City

Cr:r--tonvillo
Canptonville

THE

T A H 0 E

VOLUME 1.

— oOo
OCTOBER

NUMBER 3.

Richard L.?.
!Ierritt 3. Pratt
Uilliam H. Gallahor
Violet L. LaRue
Charles 0. LaRue
Knowor Mills
John S. Sivertson
Vivian C. Hoddin

Challenge District:
Elmer P. Gleason

DoTmieville District:
George Z. ?[ing

Cagrptonville District
Charles L. Whittun
Jordan H. Horwege

Sierra City District:
Aaron n. ">7alton

Sierraville district:
Woodford H. Babbitt
livan A. Joy
Icaurice S. Macy
?red J. Dooley

Truc'.cec District:
Robert C. ifb odburn
Hovrard Dodson

DIRE.C.TORY
Headquarters

Forest Supervisor
Deputy Supervisor
Forest Assistant
Stenographer
Clerk

Forest Assistant
Forest Ranger
Assistant Ranger

Districts

District Ranger

District Ranger

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger

District Ranger

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger

Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
llovada

City
City
City
City
City
City
City
City

Challenge
Goodyear s Bar

Caraptonville
Camptonville

Sierra City

Sierraville
Sierraville
Sierraville
Loyal ton

Trucfceo
Truckee

John A. Mclntosh
\7illiam Di Campbell

gloorafield District:
7/illian Z. Merrill
llion I£. Holbig

Ilpvcda City Di strict:
Albert R. Ivey

goresthill District;
?ranlc A. Wilson
Chr-rles Sutcliffo
George

V,'. Canpbell

IN

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger

District Ranger

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger

-0-
TRODUCTION

Emi grant Gap
2mi grant Gap

Bloomfield
Graniteville

Nevada City

Pore s thill
Michigan Bluff
Iowa Hill

The following comprises the contents of the October
issue of "The Tahoe". We invite special attention and study
to the contributed articles appearing herein and would be glad
to receive further comments on any of the subjects discussed.
All of the articles, with one exception, have been written by
comparatively now men in the Service, and we vrant to say right
here thr.t their interest is highly appreciated and re hope to
receive more contributions from them in the future. Their
rork alonj this line shows thoy have devoted time and earnost
study to the rork in hand and are cultivating their powerc of
observation as nell as their imaginations, we are now con-
siderably encouraged to feel that "The Tahoe" is filling ttie
?laco for vrhioh it WES intended. V/e trust that in the "end
it -rill be the means of 'broadening and making more efficient
every nan on the Forest, through the creative effort it may
inspire as well as through the direct contact which its pages
bring with fellow-worlrers.

COHTEUTS

—00-
Page

EDITORIALS

Scientific Management -------------- i

Porost Officers Active Gene Wardens -- --- 4

Banner fountain Tcmer -------------- 5

CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES

An Exciting Scene on Lake Tahoe

3y George M. Hoyes, Assistant Ranger - - -

Forest Officers as Game Wardens

By V. C. Hoddin, Assistant Ranger - - - 9

Plan For Checking Lrosion of Mountain Meadows

3y «T. H. Babbitt, Forest Ranger ------ ll

The Manufacture of Paper

By W. H. Gallaher, Forest Assistant - 12

lly Experience in Seed Collecting

By C. V/. Sutcliffe, Assistant Ranger 15

SILVICULTURE

Sllvicultural Notes — 16

Proposed Sale to Verdi Lumber Co. - — ----- 19

Cocmonte on Deed Collecting ----------- 18

OPERATION

Season's ?ire Record ---------- — -- 20

Ranror Meeting ----------------- 22

Page

Comparison of Renting Value of Private Lands with
Rates Received by Forest Service

By John S. Sivertson, Forest Ranger - - - -- 23

in?ORI-IA7IOH

Exchanges ---------------------24

HEADQUARTERS NEWS 26

NS!Y3 PROM DISTRICTS -27

POLYORUISAJflJS PONDEROSA -31

-0-

EDITORIALS

— ouo —
Scientific Management

7., ore b.s.9 been much written and spoken about the
conservation of natural resources, but very little atten-
tion has been paid to the efforts lost by men in awkward, in-
efficient and ill-directed movements. "Scientific Manage-
ment" which is now being nldely practiced in the business
world ceelcs to remedy this raste by teaching nen how to dl-
roct their efforts so as to secure tho boot results. Its
•.•Irinss he.ve been hoard of chiefly in dealings between
.^ital and labor. Tho results obtained, however, heve been
ao uniformly successful that thinking raon everywhere are
giving the principles involved wide attention and practice.

T.-.o idea is for each ncn to roach a state of naxi-
num efficiency, eo that he mo.y bo able to do the highest grade
of v.-ork for which hie natural abilities fit him. Th« attain-
ment of this end noans the reaching of a point where the work
in which he is engaged, the community in rftich he lives and

o country at largo receives the benefit of the best that is
in him. The principles rrtiich are ecsential to this end are

.'en by !ir. ?. './. Taylor, an authority on scientific manage-
ment, c.s follows .

1 - Science, not rulo-of- thumb

2 - Htr^or.;*, r.ot discord

3 - Cooperation, not individualism

4 - Maximum output, in place of restrlottd

output .

5 - The development of each man to hla great-

est efficiency and prosperity.

It doe.s not take much effort for us to apply these
rules to our every-day work in the Forest Service with good
effect. A for: cutest ions deoitpaod to promote further thought
alonj these linos are here submitted for the consideration of
every officer on tho T^hoe Forest.

-1-

1. It is a common felling for non to get into ruts by
doing their work by rule -of- thumb. Wo often BOO nen who
fashion thoir aots by mothodc rrhich may have been up-to-date
five years ago but which havo long since outlived their uoo-
fulnesc. This is a tine of Treat changes and for nen to be
o aweico end observant.

Scientific racnagenont tells us to live scientifical-
ly not &y rul 9-0 f- thumb. V/ebster defines science as knowl-
edge gained r-nd verified by exact observation nni*. correct
thinking. Tj.is being tho case, the Forest Officer who fol-
lows the advice given in the following editorial from the
"Ciorre Hanger" Is not far off the track:

"The Velue of Observation"

"Probably nothing hrs any Inrger influence on the
effectiveness? of a men's work in forestry than his ability
to observe intelligently tho things that are facing on about
hi r.i ac he travels to and fron hio work. It is too often
the ccse that one long accustomed to the woods rides through
•chem co engrossed with thoughts of work or \Leyt that he
nisees c lot that v/ould, if observed, holp Materially in in-
crorsing his efficiency in his profession. Should not a new
eiTn 'jorrd be placed at the forlis o? tho trcil? Ic not that
a reiaarkable growth for a sugar pine seedling to make in a
yer.r? Do not these numerous seedlings coming up under tho
larger trees prove noil enough that there haven't been any

. fires in thie locality for some years? Isn't that a
good argumont then to use when talking to a light burning
theorist? "/hat killed fchct yellow pine? Have I this
e;ecico of forage plent in my collection? This method of
marking on this old cut-over area has left the ground too
greatly exposed. What change is necessary to better this
condition in the future?

Most nen can obcerve well t.-hen they remember to.
It is .Just bcoru: thc;r heve gotten out of the hKblt, that

; i*cil ct tines to notice things that would help if seen.
This is -r/ritten with the hope that it mc.y assist some to re-
noraber not only to v/rtoh for the interesting and valuable
things but to record the results of tho observations so that
othors besides themselves mt-y benefit thereby. Do not let
others observe for you. Set to it first, rnd you will be
Just that fir ahead of the nan v:ho occasionally forgets to
"ttch out."

-2-

The writer on a rocent trip over the Jorest had his
attention called by a ru-njer to branches low down on the trees
on areso r-hore li~ht burning h£d been practiced. He had ror'.:ed
out for himself by observation a (jood argument against light
burning by noting that the open forest, which is the result of
li Tht burning, hcc". trees rith branches nearly to the ground.
This affects the quality of the lumber T7hich can be obtained,
by roc'-.icin.fj the amount of clear len.Tth, and constitutes an ef-
fective argument in his nind against li^ht burning. This roan
vrrs innedi&tely sized up as not living by rulo-of-thurab, but
cs progressing elong the lines of scientific management, al-
though he perhaps htd never heard of that term.

2. The second essential principle in workins in harmony.
This c'oes not mean that vre must agree ^'ith everybody or !omc!:le
dorn '"hen r:e bolievo -.:o f.re rl-'vt, Just to >oep pence. Every
rscn hr.c a ri-ht to his orn opinion, end is respected for it
rhen ho stctoc it in f. -entlemc.nl- manner. The I?orest Officer,
horever, "ho is a jra^ler, or is intolerant of other people's
viov:s honestly exfrosced, or r.f'io is censorious of his* fellow
of -Cicero in cnc*. out of season, ic not only impairing his own
efficiency, but ha-rporin^ that of the rrholo force c.s rell.

3. Cooperation, not InCividucliSia, it. vhct ^ots 'ohe
quiclzoet anc boot results. The Supervisor can do very little
without the Cull cooperation of his mon. All or ua ot.n do
raoro tov/crdc in-orovln^ ourfiolvee end our chosen work by lend-
in 7 our shoulder a to the wheel c- little more and not standing
on ono aide with ideas of how rmoh bettor we could do the work
if ro did it elone.

The valuo of cooperation ra.8 aanly demonstrated on
thia i'orcst this fire 2 arson v.'hen every loolrout men, ~>etrol-

-. r.ne ranrror cooperate'' with the office in dealing with the
fire ^roolono. Th a ie the hind of cooperation we want in all
lines of i'orest activity.

4. A nan has the Tret-toot respect for himself who does
ell that he is capable o^ doin^ the best he can every day.
Vory often the tendency ia to ;out off work until tomorrow
vhl^ch could bo done totVcy. '..o never Jcnow in the forest Ser-
vice vhi t J;he morrow will brin^ -."orth. LLany tines there are
mattora vhich could easily be attended to at the time they
corse up -.7ith tho expenditure of very little surplus energy
which are indefinitely delayed by circumstances that could not
be foreseen. In business terms, we are often guilty of a
restricted output, which results in waste of tine anc? effort
to everyone concerned1.. The concciousneBS that we are doin^r
tho ooot re can should bo sufficient regard for the effort
expended.

5. The development of the greatest efficiency should be
the aim of all of us, whether in the office or in the field.
We are in the midst of a great movement, which is the conser-
vation of not only material things, tut of the efforts of man-
kind ir. general. As desoiples of conservation, does it not
behoove us to make the most of what we have, with the assur-
ance that new avenues for the added efficiency we acquire
through the exercise of our efforts every day, Trill be gradual-
ly opened up.

Each of us possesses a certain given amount of energy.
Our minds and bodies are the plarts in which wo use this energy,
frc . ch we manufacture our character end achievements. It
requires a good engineer to run this plant in order to bring
out its greatest efficiency. Let every man be his own ef-
ficiency engineer in such a way as to reduce waste of effort to
a minimum and increase effectiveness to a maximum.

Mr. Taylor amply sums up the whole natter in Ms boolc
"The Principles of Scientific Manaseraent", in the following
paragraph:

"The time is fast going by for the great personal or
individual achievement of any one man standing alone and with-

out the help of those around him. And the time is cor.ing
all great things will be done by that type of cooperation In
which er.ch man performs the function for which he is best
suited, each man preserves his own individuality and is supreme
in his particular function, and each man at the sane time loses
none of his originality and proper personal initiative, and
yet is controlled by and must work harmoniously with many other
men."

Jorest Officers Active 3sme VVurdens

Attention is called to a common sense article in this
issue dealing with the above subject. Supervisor "Jirolow ras
a ranger and'game werden on the Sierra Forest at about the ti-no
as the officers mentioned by ilr. Noddin, and substantiates his
statements in every particular. All the District Fingers as
t.ell r.s tvo ccsistant rangers have recently received a-y,olnt-
ments as Deputy Pish ": Jane Commissioners. The former mas-
sive attitude should now be superseded by an active interest
and the old es-officio gag relocated to the pest, with other
issues Ion} since dead. ?rom now on ?orest officers on this
Forest will rive the State game laws equal weight with their
other duties.

-4-

Banner Mountain Tower

On the cover of this issue of "The Tahoe" is shown
a picture of the loo'roxit tower constructed in June of this
year on the top of Banner Mountain, four miles southeast of
Uevnda City, Banner Mountain is 3900 feet high and the tower
is 47 feet high with a base 24 feet square and a platform on
top 12' square. Its top is far above the trees and the to-
pography of the surrounding country is such that there is af-
forded an unobstructed view for a radius of more than 50 miles,
embracing parts of ten counties in Central California, and more
than 1/3 of the Tahoe Forest.

Forest Guard Howe has been stationed on the tower
during the past fire season and his I:nowledgo of the country
and careful vigilance hae enabled us to demonstrate its effi-
cacy in our fire protection vror1.:. Many a nl.^hts rest has been
disturbed by this vigilant watchman sighting the ?rray filmy
lines of saolce florting upward beyond some distant ridge.

A large map of the country was prepared at the be-
ginning of the fire season by mounting topo.graphic sheets of
the U. S.S.S. on linen and inscribing thereon a compass dial.
This nap was properly oriented and immediately on discovering
c fire it was only necessary to tc.ke a bearing on its point of
ori ;in by placing a rule on the map and sighting along its
edge. In te'.ring these bearings an" ordinary rule divided into
inches end fractional inches ras used, so that it was not only
possible to ascertain the Direction and approximate location
of the fire, but also to estimate its distance in an air line,
lir. Howo si-^ited 15 fires in July, 27 in August and 21 in
September making a total of 63 fires sighted during the season.

Lookout towers of this nature have been construct-
ed in other parts of the oovovtry and hcve proven quite an
asset in fire protection. So far as is known, however, this
is the first one constructec*. in California, and it hco already
proven such a success that others may be constructed on this
Forest in the f-iture. The money spent for the construction
of this tower is one of the best investments over male by the
Poroet Service s.nc its cost has been several times repaid, In
the first year of its existence, by the amount of timber
saved by prompt Information being given of all fires sighted .

-5-

Much has already "been written and said about this
tower, and as stated in the August issue, it beats any amount
of firewarnings in impressing upon the mind of the public the
earnestness with which we are going at the question of fire
protection.

The Chambers of Commerce of both Nevada City and
Grass Valley are taking an activo part in making Banner
Mountain one of the most popular points of interest in this
section of the country. The organization of a "Banner Club"
is now contemplated in both cities, htving for its aim the
construction of e. sconio automobile boulevard to the top of
the mountain. A subscription list is also in circulation to
secure funds to place a large telescope on the tower. We
earnestly hope that both movements will be a success. The
more people we oan attract to the tower, the greater will be
the interest in the work we are doing to protect our Forests.

Ho ono oan go on the tower and view the surround-
ing country without taking an interest in it and it has been
noticed this summer that nearly every visitor has carefully
scanned the country in search of a fire. This is a big step
towards securing cooperation of the people with the Forest
Service. They leave the tower with an Indelible impression
of our endeavors and in the future whenever they see a For-
est fire it will at once occur to them to notify us, since
they realize that we are here to extinguish that fire and
protect the interests of the whole people. The interest
that has been manifested this summer is demonstrated by the
number of people registering in the book kept on the tower '
for that purpose. This register shows 386 visitors in July,
238 in August and 235 in September, a total of 859 for the
season. Registrations were made from Philadelphia, Seattle,
Rochester, Albany, Goldfield, Washington D. C. , Ogdea, Palo
Alto, Sacranonto, San Francisco and San Jose. Since the close
of the fire season there have been 145 additional names
registered making a total of 1004 visitors to date. •

-6-

C 0 D T ?. I B U T E D A K T I 0 L E S

— oOo —

An Exciting Scene on Lake Tahoe

B y
Captain George It. lloycs of the launch "Ranger"

To veterans on the Forest, an account of a forest
firo will not possess many olenents of novelty. However, an
account of one with a nautical setting by a novice may "be of
interest to some. At six o'clock in the evening of September
1st as your hunble servant was ebout to sit down to a meal of
friod trout after a day of ^trolling, the telephone brought
the news from Brockway of a fire at Crystal Bay. In the face
of such news an appetite usually robust, fled precipitately.
T':o fooling for eating gone, it only rer.ained to .Jbuckle on
my armor, give my associate "Ranger" a good drink of gasoline
and get under way.

Tho wind which had been blowing pretty strong for
several days scorned to have moderated somewhat, but as we
drew av;ay from the west ohore the wavas commenced to roll
heavily, and the "Ranger" needed constf.nt guidance. It was
with considerable difficulty that the side lights and search-
lights were kept lighted. That feat was not accomplished
until darkness settled dom and numerous exasperating
deviations fron the true course had been indulged, in by the
"Rancor", which now began to jump and roll about in the
steadily rising sea, in a nannar anything but reassuring to
oven a weather beaten ar.rlner. In the gleam of the search-
light the billo-.vs of ebony blackness seemed like the backs of
living, writhing monsters, flecked with masses of shining
foam. Ky craft would wallow und labor as it mounted the
roaring crests, then with a sudden burct of speed and a whir
of the engine descend the waves like a trip down the Chutes.

At last Brockway appeared as a speck of light in the
general blackness, and es it drew nearer, brought to the mind
now elements of danger.

It was only by a subconscious feeling as to the lo-
cation of the wharf with reference to the possible source of
the light, end the sound of tho waves on the shore as to the
distance fron dangerous rocks that an approxlrcation was made

as to the landing place. Guided by the excited voices of a
crowd of people gathered there, and with the valuable assist-
ance of the searchlight a safe landing was finally made.

i

Here : was informed that the fire was on the other
side of the State line point about three miles away. Hy in-
formant, a large fat man, with bare pate that shone in the
glimmering light appeared unusually anxious to wield an axe on
tho fire line. Several others who crowded into the boat, when
asked if they were going to fight fire, did not respond with
such alacrity but finally said they were, obviously in
preference to being left behind.

The voyage around the point though tempestuous was
Uneventful. As we rounded the point the fire burst upon us
with savage splendor. Reaching from tho lake shore far up the
steep hill the writhing, leaping tongues of vivid flame
greedily licked up the branches, and curling and twisting,
sent showers of sparks high into the air. In the inky water
the reflection flashed and shimmered. To one with no experi-
ence or stomach for strenuous labor it seems an impossibility
to cope with such gigantic forces. But anchoring the launch
we disembarked armed with axes and shovels, and commenced the
difficult ascent over rooks and brush.

My amateur fire fighters were very chary about getting
near the fire and when the flames with a crackling noise ran
up the branches of tall trees they betook themselves with much
haste to a distance to watch the display of pyrotechnics. They
would not remain stationed in separate places but kept horded
together at my heels whether the tasks allotted were completed
or not. 3y keeping at them, however, and with the efficient
help of one or two employees of the Brockway Hotel one side of
the fire was hemmed in with a pretty fair fire line by 12
o'clock. At that time a general exodus for the Brookway Hotel
commenced. By a small show of authority Just enough men were
held to combat the fire until morning, and a promise of rein-
forcements for that time was obtained. After a trip to
Brocrrway for refreshments the fifjht was continued until morn-
ing with the result that the fire was completely surrounded
by a narrow cleared line.

Here the strategic move was made that nearly lost
the battle. Depending on promised reinforcements from the
land side and leaving an attachment on guard, the naval forces
withdrew to the base of supplies. Like Bluoher at Waterloo
the land forces failed to arrive on time. The guard wholly

-8-

inefficient, anfl at 9 o'clock after en hours fitful slumber,
the commanding officer was awakened v:ith the neus that the
fire had broken out again. A visit to the Bcene ohcwo<? the
fire a half mile further up the hill and raging fiercely bo-
fore a strong wind.

About noon there disembarked in six divisions Bliss'
staunch section gang commended by a bis burly Irishman with
the euphoniue title of Uiko Leieurly. He deliberately
started a fire, cooked the coffoe and prepared the midday meal.
After this refreshment the redoubtable Iii"*:e and his cohort
stormed up the hill in a solid phalanx at a terrific pace.
V/hen he had stationed his men where they could work to the best
advantage. Caesar conrrcnoed preparations for the nights cam-
paign. All the fishermen in the neighborhood were enlisted
as well as a couple of employees of the 3rockv/ay Hotel. The
fishermen wore apparently satisfied with the expected pay of
3C'/ per hour and subsistence but they objected to being found
especially v:hen there was any strenuous work to do.

After a hard nights work with these forces the fire
was gotton under such control that with careful watching it
failed to spread any more although the wind blew rlth terrific
force for three or four days.

-0-
Porest Officers* as Game Wardens

b y
V. C. Hoddin

There has been considerable discussion pro and con
by persons both within and without the Service on this Forest
regarding the wisdom of appointing Rangers, Deputy fish and
Game Commissioners.

One of the arguments hoard against Forest Of fl cere
being Game Wardens is that it will cause local hard feelir.^
agclnst the Service, which, besides mcl:in~ social outcasts
of the rangers night be further vented by unlawful acts, such
as the setting of forest fires. Another favorite argument is
that the rangers are "beating some poor devil out of a Job",
and do not have the time and inclination to do the work.

I wish to r.rosont a few faots as to the workings
of the system, as demonstrated on a Poroot chore I V.VQ
seen it tried. In answer to the first argument, I will
state that all ths rangers on the Sierra National Forest
rore Fish exd Game Wardens when I was in that vicinity. «
Arrests around Korthfork wore made by many of the rangers
including my father John T. Noddin, "Gene" Tully, "Audio"
Viofferd, "Boot" Taylor, and Charlie O'Neal. In no cese
do I believe that any of the parties arrested ever held a
grudge against any of the rangers on account of ths
arrests and they never were suspected of attending any
reprisals in the way of fire. A number of those arrested
wore Indians and "breeds" who are supposed to bear a grudge,
especially v;hen drunk, and all remained friends to the For-
est officers causing their arrest. It might be of interest
to note that the rangers there did not receive any fees nor
in some of the cases, their expense, v/hich included stage
fare and two days expenses.

The argument that we ere "beating some poor devil
out of a Job" since the State law provides for a definite
number of paid Game Wardens is not well founded. This
number is irrespective of whether there ere one or a thous-
and voluntary V/erdens, such as we are. It is also stated
that we might deprive some person of securing the arrest
and conviction of an offender en£ , therefore, the resulting
fee. The activity of the average citizen has never been a
potent factor in preventing violations of the game laws.
Almost everyone can give you a wise look, and hint of what
he knows, or even make a positive statement of facts, but
when you ask him to swear to a warrant, "Oh myJ Ho." More-
over, as we do not receive any fees, or other pecuniary
consideration, our activity in this work would probably
cause less feeling in cases of arrest end conviction than
that of a neighbor, or other game warden.

Some Forest officers may argue that their other
duties Trill not allow them to do this work as it should be
done. A recent circular letter from the District Office
states that each officer nrast judge for himself the im-
portance of the matter along with that of the rest of the
work in his District, the same as he would Grazing, Timber
Sales, Preo Use, etc. As to the inclination of the Rr.ngors
in the matter, three rangers in one District on this Forest,
made application last spring for the appointment, and
others have expressed their desire for it from time to tine.
A ranger dealing with the people all of the tine in the

-10-

name of the law ia more apt to carry weight and respect
rith the position than the average citizen.

In conclusion, let us be "fr.ir and square", usin^r
our "best Judgment, and preventing violations, rather thr.n
merely being active members of "the strong arm of the lav?".
In punishing violations when they come to our notice and
acting without fear or favor in enforcing the laws we irill
lose the friendship of no lar-respecting citizen.

-0-
Plan for Chocking Zrosion of Mountain Meadows

by
W. H. Babbitt

In several of the papers published by the dif-
ferent Forests, the subject of the destruction of the
mountain meadows by erosion has been ably discussed. I
have had considerable experience in checking erosion In
such meadows in HOT? Mexico, Arizona, and the southern part
of the State. The erosion in these meadows was, in years
long past, checked and held by beaver dans, the remnants of
rhich nay yet be found in many localities. The logical con-
clusion is, therefore, to imitate the beaver as nearly as
practicable. The most suitable dams for the purpose, from
my observation, are those constructed by the use of sacks
of clay, sand, gravel or even loose li^ht soils, if nothing
heavier is available. These dams properly laid up rank
next in peraanence to those constructed of cement. They are
readily made from material always at hand and v^ith smell
expense. Willov/s, vvhich usually abound in these meadows,
should be cut and laid in the dam in the course of con-
struction. If this is done in the Spring or early Summer,
the v/illo7;8 trill »rov/ and quickly bind the dam into a oolid
body of great strength. I have seen such a dam withstand
a flood that would have demolished a pile and lumber
structure. At the worst the top is only washed over end
helps to strengthen the base, which will always remain,
making reconstruction a natter of little labor or expense.
I can recommend this construction in reclaiming washed land
of any nature, and for a dam of any kind that must be con-
structed rithout a bed rock or solid abutments.

-11-

The Manufacture of Paper

by
W. H. Callaher

The Forest Service, in advocating complete utili-
zation, has always been most desirous of developing those in-
dustries which consume an unused or undesirable part of our
Forests. In the greater part of California one of the most
difficult problems is to find means of disposing of the im- '
nense fir areas at high elevations. Both red and white fir,
nicknamed, cursed and despised by lumber- Jack and mill-man
alike, constitutes one of the chief bones of contention in
our timber sales. This disposal of our forests composed of
pure rod and white fir has been considered a problem of no
nean proportion in the past. There is now, however, an in-
dustry which is solving this difficulty. This industry which
is paper making not only utilizes fir in a number of cases
but utilizes it to the exclusion of all other species.

The pulp and peper mill of the Floriston Pulp and
Paper Company which jae vrtiite and red fir wood exclusively
has been operating for a number of years within the boundaries
of the Tahoe Forest. Situated at Floriston about 15 miles
below Truckee, the mill annually converts 20,000 cords of fir
wood into clean fresh paper. This means a yearly shipment
of about 10,000 tone.

A visit to the factory which turns a stick of wood
into a roll of smooth flat wrapping paper is most interesting
as well as instructive. The wood is shipped by railroad or
flume to the yard and is there piled until ready for use.
As it is needed, it is loaded upon small cars and wheeled in-
to the mill where the four foot lengths are first out into
two foot sticks. Then the sticks are carried on a moving
belt to a set of planers which cut off the bark. The planers
consist of large circular discs rotated at high speed by
electricity and on the sides of which are placed a number of
cutting knives. A man takes the stick of wood end holds it
against the disc until the bark is entirely planed away.

The clean pieces of wood arc next fed into a chip-
ping nachine. Here they are cut up into small chips about
one half inch square and one eighth of an inch thick. The

-12-

larger pieces are screened out and out again so that tha
chips conveyed by the automatic elevator to the digester may
be of OP nearly a uniform size as possible.

Digesting is the process which separates the wood
fibers and turns the wood into pulp. The Ploriston Pulp
and Paper Company uses what is known as the "sulphite pro-
cess". A 7.-eak acid is nade by burning sulphur, collect-
ing and cooling the fumes and letting them run through a
finely ground mixture of lime and mangenese dioxide. The
acid is stored until needed end then pumped into the
digesters. These are large iron tanks twenty feet in
diameter and 4<. feet high. Here the chips and acid are
steam cooked for six hours. During this time part of the
wood cells and the substance joining them together are
dissolved away and the long clean fibers are separated.
After six hours cooking the mass is blown out into chests
beneath the digesters and is now known as wood pulp.

The "mechanical process" is also used at this
mill. The wood la barked as in the "sulphite process",
but instead of being fed into the chipper the blocks ar«
put into grinders. These are large swiftly revolving
jrindstones over which runs a constant flow of warm v;ater.
The wood is ground and screened to extract the chunks, and
the pulp IE ready for manufacture into paper. This pro-
cess, however, does not secure the long fibers which form .
the groundwork, but makes a soft mass which acts as a fil-
ler and smooths out the paper. If moro of the "sulphite
process" or long fiber pulp is used a strong tough paper
is secured. If a large percentage of the "mechanical pro-
cess" pulp is added a weaker but heavier paper is produced.

The water is squeezed out between rollers and when
a sheot about four feet thick and six feet long is rolled
out it is cut off and folded up until it is about two feet
square. These wraps as they are called are stored until
needed.

The next process is the mixing of the two kinds
of pulp in desired proportion and the addition of sizing
and coloring matter. A machine called a beater is used to
do this. It is made up of a large steel tank twelve feet
wide, twenty feet long and four feet high in which there are
two swiftly revolving rollers enclosed in a sheot iron case
and covered with dull edged knives running in opposite di-
rections. The wraps are throvm in and passing between the

-13.

rollers are tom apart end the whole tank 18 thoroughly mixed.
About 3600 pounds of wraps are mixed at one tino. The sizing
Trhich consists of rosin, soda ash and alun is added. This
gives the paper the desired hardness and finish the rule being
the more rosin ad£vd the harder the finish secured. After a
thorough mixins, the pulp is reedy for manufacture Into
papor enr* is stored In large vats beneath the factory until
noeded.

Just before the paper is made, the pulp is pumped
into another grinder consisting of tro conical cylinders
flying at opposite directions at a very high rate of speed.
Hero the pulp receives its last bo&tin<? and all fibers are
thoroughly torn apart. It flows out of this beater into a
series of sraall troughs whore it is mixed rith soda ash and
water and then flows smoothly out upon a very fine wire
screen nine feet wide. This screen revolves at a rate of
300 feet a minute and at the same time has a Jerking move-
ment from side to side similar to that of a "Jig" familiar
to all minors. This shades the fibers out so they all
lie flat besides thoroughly mixing them. The water
gradually drops through the screen, three steel rollers
helping to press it out. The pulp has now assumed the look
of pa?er.

It is then tc?:en off the wire screen and is rolled
upon a felt bend vhere it is pcssed between more rolls and
over tro suckers which draw out still more of the water,
last of all the paper passes eround twenty five large re-
volving steam-heated cylinders and through ono to twenty
four hard steel and corner presses to give it a gloss, the
more rolls it passes through the glossier or harder finish
received. The peper is reeled off nine feet wide at the
rate of throe hundred feet a minute upon steol cores until
a roll two feet in diameter is accumulated.

Tissue paper for wrapping fruit is made In the
same manner. The pulp simply flows out more slowly and
consequently the paper is thinner. It lies on felt bands
until the water is sucked out and then is passed nroxind
a single large steam-heated cylinder about twelve feet in
diameter where it is driod. It is then run between stool
and copper presses or burnishers and rolled on stool cores.

The rolls of peper are carried on trucks and
placed on an unwrapping machine Yrhere the paper is unrolled
and run over a oeries of knives which cut it into any

-14-

desired width. It is then wound on one inch spindles until
rolls rino inches in dianetor are obtained. After the rolls
are ta'ren off the spindles wooden cores inserted in their
center, and thoy are ready to be \.Tra~ped and shipped.

Gone of the larger rolls go upon a cutting machine
where they are cut in squares of tiny desired size. Those
are stacked in bundles one foot thlo!:. nach sheet is counted,
the reams are folded double and one hundred reams packed for
shipment.

The mill at Floriston manufactures only wrapping
and tissue papers. The company haa tried to make nev/spapor
but did not find fir especially v;ell adapted for that pur-
pose. Both red and white fir ere used interchangeably, the
white fir being slightly preferred as the wood is soiaer/hat
more easily worked.

-0-

My Experience In Seed Collecting
: - ' b y

C. W. Sutcliffe

Tnile riding in field duties early this summer I
noticed quite a number of smell sugar pine trees bearing
cones in close vicinity of ray headquarters at Michigan
Bluff. I calculated thr.t it rould be a very handy and easy
matter to gfther the ^oed from these treeb when the proper
time came. I visited these trees early in July and noticed
fivo of them in particular. They ranged fron 8 to 10 Inches
in diameter and from 30 to 40 foot in height, bearing 118
well-developed, good sized cones. On the first dry of
August, I again visited these trees and not a single cone
remained. Upon examining the grounf. beneath then I found
cones entirely torn to pieces, soae partially torn up end
others that had all withered and driod up.

I have tried gathering the seed in most every r:ay
I could think of. I have climbed the small trees and shoolc
off tho cones. I have also climbed the larger onoa, tearing
vrlth mo a long pole with a Imlfe fastened on the end to cut
off the conos, but in most cccos it requires such a long

-15-

pole to reach the ends of tho limbs that a nan cannot handle
it while in the tree. I have tried picking up the seed from
the ground after it has fallen from the cones, tried shoot-
ing cones off with a rifle and have also traveled around
hunt ing out the sugar pine trees, picking up cones which have
boon cut off by squirrels. These last two methods I have
found to be the best so far, and especially the latter. If a
person gets to a tree about the time the squirrel gets through
cutting, it is very likely that he will get a number of cones
for as "near as I can learn a squirrel generally cuts anywhere
fron 5 to 25 cones before couing dovm. In one case I found
as high as 52 cones under one large troe.

I found that shooting the cones off was faster than
climbing but this is rather expensive since the rifle shells
I used cost four cents apiece, even though I shot off 51 cones
in 20 shots.

I got two ertra large cones on one of my trips and
upon taking them home I measured thorn, then extracted the seed.
The larger of the two was 28 inches in length and contained
385 seed, the smaller 26 inches in length and containing 378
seed. The seed from both cones weighed 10-1/2 ounces.
I have nede tests at several tines and find that it ta!:es on
an average of twelve ordinary conos to produce a pound of
clean seed.

This is only my experience at seed gathering this
summer, and it is possible that by next season I will learn
of some way thr.t seed can be gathered more easily and more of
it.

-0-
Silviculture

A box of dendrological specimons consisting of cones
and branches of red fir, white fir, mountain hemlock and
mountain vhite pine TWBS recently sont to the District Office
for its herbarium. The red fir cones which rore especially
good specimens were wound vrith fine copper wire to 'coop them
intact.

-16-

In accordance tilth a request from the Listrict
Office, Forest Assistant Gallaher made a collection of bias*
marks for the use of the Forester who is preparing a bulle-
tin on the age determination of blaze marks. The specimens
Trill be used to illistrate hon these marks are gradually
covered up by a subsequent growth.

Specimens of the wood of Znobcone pine, red fir,
Uacnob cypress and California nutmeg have been sent in by
Rangers Y/ilson, Sleason, and \7oodburn to be used by the For-
ester for a study of the microrcopic structure of lk>rth
American v;oods.

Tho reconnaissance party has completed its work
for the season. The Truckee block is practically finished
and the material on hand for a working plan uhich It la hoped
to make this winter. Of the members of the party C. P.
Xorstian returned to the University of Nebraska to finish
his course and act as instructor. Wm. H. McCorraick re-
turned to Pennsylvania State College and H. W. Hayes to
Iowa State College. The remaining member of the perty, L. J.
Cronin, does not expect to continue his forestry studies.

Extensive preparations are being nade for con-
tinuing the reforestation T;orl: begun last fall. Areas
will be sown on the burn at Rock Creek where most of the
work was done last year and on the Forest Hill divide near
the Forks House. A crew In charge of Forest Assistant Kills
is now busy sowing an area near the Truokee Hanger Station.
Fifteen thousand yellow pine transplants will be sent here
from the Pilgrim Croelr Nursery on the Shasta Forest about
October 15 for an area to be selected at Rock Creek. The
continued reforestation work on this Forest is due to the
good results obtained last year and the favorable conditions
vrhich we have for tree grorrth. Extensive work of this char-
acter will be carried on In only throe other Forests In this
district, the Plumab, Shasta and Sierra.

A Forester's sale for 930,000 board feet of yellow
pine and 340,000 board feet of white fir was recently made
to the Da vies Box and Lumber Co. The Florioton Pul? and

-]>*•.

Paper Company has recently applied for the timber on a tract
adjoining the present cutting area. The amount to be cut
is estimated to be 3850 cords. !ir. Jallaher's article in
this issue on the manufacture of paper at the ?loriston mills
is most interesting and instructive.

The largest timber deal in the history of the Forest
ia not? ponding with the Verdi -Lumber Co. The areas applied for
comprise 5,400 acres and lie in Lemon Canyon and on the divide
betreen Sierra and Sardine Valleys. The timber comprises the
last big block of yellow pine in the Forest on the eastern
slope of the Sierras. It is estimated thut about 80,000,OOC
board foot of tirber will be accessible to the logging opera-
tion, about two thirds of the eraount being yellow pine. The
prospects of making this sale are very fevor&ble at present*
The company dosireo 10 years in v;hich to out the timber. This
rill <?ive ample time in which to remove it In connection with
its orn holdingo in that vicinity with r.hloh it la intermingle*.
To reach this timber it will be necessary for the company to
extend its railroad for 16 miles.

Timber trespass oases against the Antelope Lurabor
Company amounting to 0702.50 am1, the Yuba Development Cora;ieny
to the amount of '< 769.08 have been settled since our last
issue.

More seed hcs been collected on this Forest this
year then in all the years it has been in existence ohlefly
because the matter TTBS given attention at the right time.
The circular letter from the district office helped greatly
by jiving a lot of definite matter about the results ob-
tained by various methods in different parts of tho district.
The statement that the rangers seed crop reports for the year
rere generally unsatisfeotory owing to insufficient observa-
tion and lack of care in preparation, however, brought out a
defense from one of our district rangers. *.Ve are glad to
give his side of the question since it was written in good
faith and for information as to hon seed reports could "be in-
proved upon.

"\7e have three reasons ^hy ^e oannot give an ac-
curate estimate of the amount of seed re can collect under
our present system that re have to take into consideration
when making these reports, which are as f oilers :

* -18-

1. '.Then our Ir.at report was sent in, for example, we
had different places picked out where trees were hanging full
of rjood thrifty cones and where we apparently had ample
chances to collect more oood than ne reported, "but it was too
ocrly to toll that tho seed was affected by worns. '.Then we
started to collect need wo found thet practically all of the
Douglas ?ir and about 90 percent of the Sugar Pine was af-
fected by TTorms.

2. We ccnnot plan on the fire r.ecson and in tro out of
the last four seasons the nost of the seed dropped out while
we wore fighting fires.

3. The contract prices for collecting seod in this
locality ere too low to conpttt* with other ™>rk. The seed
collecting season opons rhon evory good raen ie busy and oen-
not stop for a short job.

We can not give accurr.te estimates on ?ojra 977 un-
less the seed crop can be examined by soneone who can tell
whether it will be affected by ',7orms, end plans are made to
have it collected by Forest Officers who do not have to stop
and fi.jht fire every tine the alarm is ~iven. It seems to
me that this subject would be a good one to discuss in "The
Tahoe," r.nd this explanation is wade with the hopes that it
will start a discussion that will ^ive us more information
about coed collecting and reports."

This is a subject thet *?ill boar discussion at the
ranker meeting. This office perhaps is to blame in asking
for seed reports so early this year, and this matter fill be
remedied hereafter. The rays and means of collecting seed
is as yet an open question. In this connection attention is
celled to XT. Sutcliffe's article in this issue. By trying
all the methods of seed collecting that he could thlnlz of
he has acruired experience that will be valuable to him here
after.

-0-

-19-

OPERATION

-0-
Seasons ?ire Record

The recent rains have put an end to the fire seaoon
tauch to evor;; Forest Officer's relief. We have had on a whole
a sucoeesful season in oonns.ri8on with our record last year.
Sone of our fires have covered more ground than they should,
but fortune tely the damage to timber has been small. A
peculiar fact is the.t our largest fires this season did not
occur in the districts where v?e had so much trouble last year.
The appended table shors the number of fires this season and
where they were located. Sor.e of the Rangers v:ill be surprised
to see fires in their districts vrtiioh may have covered less than
an acre in extent given as Class C fires. There are about ton
fires of this character vrhich have been reported under Class C
because of the temporary le"bor involved in accordance vrith in-
structions of the District Forester. The number of Claes C
lires does not carry much v;oi«:ht, however, the principal con-
sideration being the amount of land burned over and damage
done. The cost of our fires, exclusive of ranger's labor
\vas C'3210.70.

Fire Record for Season by Districts

Area lurned Over Outside For.
Class Class Class Hat. Tor. Private Ho. of Area
ABC Lend Land ?ires Burned

Challenge

BloonJield

Dovmievillo

Camptonville

Sierra City

Sierraville

Emigrant Gap

Porosthill

1'evada City

Truckee

,

2

120

200

6

495 A

p

7

235

72

2

507

1

6

476

320

.

.

1

9

719

500

2

55

1

. .

2

.

.

.

1

3

3

.

2

10

1

1 2

325

333

.

.

t

2

21

5

1

35

.

1

.

1

1

60

6

1

•

100

2

1

11

33

1901

1531

16 1163

-20-

The largest area burned over waa in the Carapton-
ville District but this is no inc- icetion that efficient work
was not done there. On the contrary it was commanded by
three lookout :non f.nd was constantly petroled in addition.
In spito of all the precautions taken af*einst fire, however,
they continued to break out during the season in most un-
expected places. Ranker ?/hittun had all the evidences of
incendiary work bein<* done, but was not able to apprehend the
offender. Renders Merrill and Xing trere also troubled with
incondlarles, both rangers having to contend with series of
fires ct the height of the fire season. The origin of the
ler~G8t part of our fires this year was plainly incendiary
or unknoni. The fires started as a rule in brushy canyons
cway from the main travelled roeds and trails. Rancor
IZcIntosh, for instance, had his big fire in one of the nost
inaccessible spots in his district.

All this ROCS to show that we can never tell where
tho li'-htnin? is .^oin^ to strike, and that eternal vigilance
is necessary. Tho firo plans rrill be revised this winter in
the litht of this seesone experience. It is to be regretted
that T7e rere not in the running for protection prize awards.
Our failure TTT.S due to inoondlery work, it is true, but the
herd conditions rith rhich re have to contend should be all
the noro incentive to secure the award next season. The
awards were made for July, August, and September as follows.
We extend our heartiest congratulations to the fortunate for-
ests on their splendid records.

1st Class
2nd Class
3rd Class

1st Class -
2nd Class -
3rd Class -

July Araxrcs

Fires

Lassen 31

Lldorado 5

Mono 1

August Avrards
Fires

Trinity 12
Monterey 1
Mono 0

Acres Burned Over
31

1

Acres Burned Over
96

i

n

1st Class
2nd Class
3rd Class

beDtember

Trinity

Kodoc

Inyo

Fires

4

0

Acres Burned Over
38
1-1/8

0

-21-

Thero Is still a great tendency for men in the field
to pay little heed to circular letters. Paraphrasing the
language of the poet it appears from our observation that "Pull
many a circular letter is born to blush unseen and waste Its
risdom on unheeding eer." This should not be so and it is
proposed to remedy this cormon fciling as much as possible by
issuing to each district ranger a spring loaf binder in which
to placo all circular letters under appropriate heads instead
of in the files. We are doing this in tho Nevada City office
and find it helps a wholo lot.

Now that the fire season is over a number of the
men chiefly used for protection work have boon laid off, and
soon the force will bo dorm to the statutory list. Those
whose services have terminated to date, October 15, are
Assistant Rangers . Poore, Chas. King, and Noyes and Guards
Kucicins, Myers, Y/illiams, Peokham, Lillie, Llarvin, Coupe,
Howe, and Turner.

Plans are being made to hold a two-days ranger's
meeting at Kevada City the latter part of November. The
natter hfis> been taL:en up with the District Office and if per-
mission is obtained for a meeting it is hoped that several
of tho officers from there will be present.

-0-

-22-

3 ? A Z I K G
-0-

Corapcrison of Renting Value of Private

Lends With Rates Sooeived by the

Forest Service

3 y
John S. Sivertson

The District Forester has requested definite re-
ports upon as many private lend cases as possible to de-
termine the true commercial value of the grazing privileges
^7ithin the national Forests. Prom these reports" some inter-
esting statistics have been obtained.

It is a well-Imovm fact that the stockmen pay a
vory small ^rasing fee to She Forest Service as compered to
the pricos paid for private lands within the Tahoe Forest.
Cut of sirteen cases on this Forest where the considera-
tion on account of private lands is definitely taiown, the
average price paid per acre for grazing cattle is rpprojd-
mctely 10.94 cents as against 1.41 cents per acre, the amount
received by the forest Service for tho land utilized, if
fi -rarod on on acreage basis. The amount paid for sheep on
account of privrte land averages approximately 6.85 cents per
acre as against 2.19 cents per acre received by the Service.
The average price paid per eore by sheepmen is figured from
thirty-trro caoos whero the monetary renting value can be
accurately determined.

Using a per capita oasis, the average price paid
for grazing cattle for the summer season on private lands is
i-1.565 and for sheep 27.63 conts as against 30 cents and 7 cents
respectively on National forest land for the sane seasons. Yet
at times we hear of stoclcnon t?ho complain of the excessive
grazing fees paid to the Forest Service, which amounts to only
5 cents per month per heed for cattle and a trifle over l£
cents a month per head for sheep. It may be stated hero,
however, that tho stockmen :mo lease private lands within the
Forest are not heard to conplain of tho Forest Service graz-
ing fees. The complaints are usually from smaller owners,
outsiders and men vrho do not know the comparative renting
value of grazing land controlled by corporations and private
individuals.

-25-

CURRENT I1JFORMATION

Wo trust that the men in the field appreciate our
exchanges as nuch as the office force. Recent arrivals
which will shortly be sent out are the Mono Ranger, which
contains some excellent grazing matter, the Trinity Forester
which is a valuable protective number and the Stanislaus Re-
view which hits the nail on the head rrlth an article en-
titled "Incendlarios or Handcuffs." The Modoc Review for
August ably sums up the activities on that Forest. 77e are In-
debted to the Sierra Ranger for a bully editorial on "The
Vclue of Observation" which xve have incorporated in an erticle
in this issue. A welcome visitor from another District is the
Avr.cho lloxvs Letter which gives us vivid ideas of a region
where conditions are much different from here and how they are
being met. Some of our exchanges mention receiving the
"Lassen .Magazine" vrhioh is the only intimation we have received
so far that there v/as a publication on that Forest. The
October issue of the Trinity Forester has sorae pointers on '
reconnaissance work which our Forest Assistants, especially,
rill appreciate.

"American Forestry" for Au<rust contains Dr. Dear-
born's article in the June issue of "The Tehoe". This
magazine now takes the place of "American Conservation" and
contains much to interest every man in the Forest Service.
For instance, the Au.gust number contains illustrated articles
entitled "The Forest Ranger" and "Use of Telephone Lines in
Fighting Fires." The subscription price is 42.00 per year
which can be sent to the American Forestry Association, 1410
H. St., II. T7. , Washington, D. C.

"The Year Boole of the Department of Agriculture,
1910," has been received at the office. It gives the area
burned over last year as three million acres and the damage
done as twenty- five million dollars. According to the Year
Book the timber in the national Forests, exclusive of those in
Alasl^, totals about* 530 billion feet, a considerable increase
over the estimated amount last year of 400 million board foot.
The cutting which now takes place does not offset the increase.
Even the exceptional fires last summer hardly wiped out the
increment of the year.

-24-

Owing to the desire to jet the account of the San
Bernardino Pire to the men in the field at once, and tho un-
certainty vhen "The Tchoe" would be nesrt published, the letter
vas sent out as a round-robin. It has probably been read by
you r.ll by this tirae and each man has no doubt drawn a lesson
therefrom, applicable to the particular condition with which
ho has to de&l in protecting his district.

For the benefit of the Forest Officers ^ho so
generously contributed to tho monument fund for C. 3. Hyde,
Forest Guard, killed In a fire on the Cleveland Forest, tho
follo^-lng adf.itional notes v:ill ,:rovo interesting. On Aurast
26, Guard Hyde, end throe other fire-fighters rrere on their

v from their cann on Snov? Creek to the fire line. They had
gone "out a short distance vrhen a number of large rocks, pre-
sumably dislodged by the fire, *;ere heard rolling down the
hill up vrhich they were coning. Before he could avoid the
ranger, one of the rooks struck Ilyc'e on the head, or.using an
injury from which he diod in about trelve houro. It took the
unfortunate man's companions ten houro to get him to camp,
it being necessary in sone cases to lovrer him by ropes made
from blankets. Snow Creek Canyon, in v:hich tho accident
occurred, is one of the steepest in the San Jacinto fountains.

H E A D Q U A S T E ?. S II E ?/ 3

TC. 3. Greeley, Assistant forester and T. D. \7ood-
bury of the District Office have both been on this Forest re-
cently sizing up silvicultural conditions. Mr. C/reeloy ro-
-r.inod only a fetr days but in that time had an opportunity to
~ot a hand in on the proposed bi^ sale to the Verdi Lumber Co.
L'.r. Woodbxiry made a thorough inspection of our tirabor sales,
both large and srsall, remaining on the Forest about three
neeks. The visits of these two officers v:ere greatly ap-
preciated, being very coniusive to the best welfare of the For-
est.

Leo J. Foley and J. D. O'Roxiark, field officers
connected with the General Land Office rere in Hovada City
-vg up cases of illegal cutting on public lands outside
the national Jorest,

-25-

Supervisor Bigelow mode a final trip over the
est for the field season in September, visiting the Porest-
hill, Camptonville, Docnieville, Challenge, and Sierra City
Districts. On October 11 he attended a hearing in a home-
stead case at Truckee.

Deputy Supervisor Pratt spent the larger part of
August in the Truc^eo and Sierraville districts rrhere ho
visited the reconnaissance party, and timber sales in comp-
any with Mr. Woodbury.

Forest Assistant Sallaher spent a feT7 days in the
office the latter pert of September working u? * report and
nap on the proposed sale to the Verdi Lumber Co. On Oc-
tober 5 ho raot Lumberman Zennedy who has been stationed on
the Plumos Forest this ou:umer and went over the area in-
volvod vrith him.

A certain Porest official v;ho visited Nevada City
became very much impressed with the effectiveness of the
water-shooting fire towers orected in different parts of the
torm. One night he hod a dream in which he saw a water
tower on every forty acres within the Tahoe Porest, each
manned by a ranker. It is to be sincerely regretted that
this consummation in our fire protective scheme cannot be
attained. Perhaps that is the way they do in Utopia, but
the water in Celifornla wouldn't go around even if we had
the towers dreamed of.

?. H. Smith, Chief of Maintenance in the District
Office recently visited the district rangers head quarter's for
the purpose of finding out how our filing scheme for men in
the field is wording out. He reported a very interesting trip
which was enlivened by a forest fire, the only one in the
Hove da City district thio summer.

Henry Zorhorst has been appointed water- jage reader
at Freeman's Crossing oy the Geological Survey. This rill
relieve District Ranger TThlttua of many a long ride to that
station.

-26-

Lot it not be thought that because there are oc-
casional frivolous items in "The Tahoe" that it la not got-
ten up rith all seriousness and for the advancement of the
men on this Forest. \7e went to avoid our magazine getting
too "heavy" and rhon one of the rangers told us it had that
tendency, his hint seened a good one. It is said that
"variety is the aplce of life." This applies to reading
matter as well as everything else, only care should be taken
that it is not too highly spiced.

The District Forester has sent a letter of com-
mendation to V. C. Noddin for his close end effective appli-
cation to the Rangers Correspondence Course lust winter." He
was examined en four books in the course. R. C. '7oodburn
also deserves special credit for the three books on which he
rras examined, two of them being the hardest in the course.
Several of the other renders received excellent ranrks and
were only a few points behind the leeders.

-G-
HEWS PROM DISTRICTS

Downieville District:

The Halls Ranch Ranger Station house is now cora-
pleted. It presents a neat and homelike appearance in the
shade of a group of "olack oaks. If there is a wide awake
young ranger on the Forest who is contemplating taking a
pcrtner to Journey through life, and longs for an abode in
a region remote from settlement, hero is 'an excellent
opportunity for him to begin housekeeping next summer.

The hay crop on the Serpentine Ranger Station was
rather 11 ^ht this season, only about one ton being harvested
although there was an abundance of peaches and apples.

On September 14, Assistant Ranger Chas. Xing and
Carl Sutton began gathering sugar pine seed near 3randy City.
Unfortunately, they were about a week too late and found the
majority of the cones hnd opened. It is thought that about
seventy pounds of seed WES obtained altogether.

Assistant District Forester Vt'oodbury spent Sept.
5 and 6 in this district, going over timber sales and dis-
trict work.

-27-

After Poroet Guard Ernest Ilarvin began duty near
Secies the early part of September, the fire bug in that vi-
cinity kir/ of reconsidered matters, since there were no aore
fires after ho began patrol.

a. E. Eing

Sierraville District:

Rangers Sivertcon, Itooy end labbitt while recently
working on grazing matters in the vicinity of llty Preca Val-
ley were driven to shelter by a sir inch fall of snow.
Their attention for the following few days was devoted to a
piece where the isothermal linos indicate a temperature
approaching that of Nevada City.

Assistant Ranger Joy went to Duvies 14111 October 3
where he will scale until the close of the lodging season.
LIr. Dooley, \7ho is scaling on the California Lumber Co., sale
recently had an attaclc of whooping cough.

Hanger Noddin and Suard Jesse Campbell, with the
assictcnce of the rangers in this district gathered 52 sacks
of sugar pine cones. Very little aid was received from the
squirrelc only one sack being gathered with their aid.

The seed collecting force, before beginning opera-
tions requisitioned the following supplies: 2 barrels of
squirrel \7hiskey, 2 captive balloons, 1 aeroplane, 4 para-
chutes, 2 pair 150' pruning' shears, 2 high power rifles and
30,000 rounds of ammunition, also a surgeon, hospital ambu-
lance and four trained nurses (female preferred). They
thought this, with what supplies could be obtained in
Sierravillo would about complete their necessary equipment.

The horses lost by two forest officers as mentioned
in our last issue were found on a ranch in Long Valley, 'near
Purdy, Nevada. One of the horses was in fine condition, but
the other was in a bod shape by reason of a rope around its
nose that had severed the nostril.

W. H. Babbitt
V. C. Hoddin

Truc]:ee District:

Tho house on the Truckeo Ranger Station is now com-
pleted according to the plans dravm up by the c'istrict
ranger. It has throe large roons and the walls which are of
double thickness servos to meke the building very v/erra and
substantial.

-28-

Mr. Guy Redwine, County Surveyor of Mondoclno
County, and party have just completed thfi purvey of the terri-
tory botr.-eoji Squaw Valley and Truokoe Snob which until now has
boon left unsurveyeo on account of its roughness. This survey
is authorized by the government end paid for by the Southern
Pacific Railroad Co.

The boys in the Truckee district have had tro treats
of venison during the last few weeks, Bonta getting a spike
buck and Oallaher a beautiful throe-pointer.

R. C. \Yoodourn

Nevada City District:

Seed collecting was a failure in the district on
account of the seed being defective. Some of it was wormy,
and some had evidently not been pollinated as the shells were
eiapty.

A strenuous week was put in by the ranger in this
district distributing poisoned grain on the Hook Creek area
as a preparation for seed soring operations. He hazards the
opinion that if the rodents eat half the tempting lunch he
spread for them that they will lose all interest in seed as a
diet this fall.

There was a steady stream of visitors at the Banner
Torer on the days, thr.t aviator Fowler was expected to appear
•-I th his aeroplane. V/hile many were clisappolnted those who
did get to see him say it was the most awe inspiring sight they
ever witnessed. It ic to be regretted that Fowler did not get
across the Sierras oinco he certainly was game and deserved the
v50,000 prize he was after.

A. R. Ivey.

Forosthill District:

Supervisor oigolow vt.3 in the district in the early
part of September to inspect the IToresthlll Divide telephone
line \7hich was recently completed. He visited the Big Trees
while on his trip. These trees constitute the most northern
grove in California. The largest tree which is down
measures about 16 feet in diameter and is e.t least 300 feet
long. The largest standing tree is 11-1/2 feet in diameter.
Altogether there are eight trees in the grove, six standing
and rwo down.

The first storm of the season brought from tro to
four inches of snow in the upper end of the District, making
us feel safe from any very large fires the balance of the
season. The Poresthlll district was exceptionally lucky this
year, having only three small fires, the cost of which was
about v?5, outside of ranger labor.

-29-

A forty acre planting area has baen l&id out no or
the Porks House which will bo planted with sugar pine after
the nert heavy storm. A shiproont of 255 pounds of seed was
recently received from the Kern Forest.

?. A. Wilson

Eraiyrant Gap District:

An ortract from the monthly report of Ranker
Mclntosh for September 29 reads:

"At the Cap and vicinity vmtching Mr. Pov/ler and his
flying machine to soe if he trespassed on any of the National
Forest. ITo damage done, but considerable of the ranger's time
occupied. "

A number of sacks of sugar pine oones were collected
in this district this fall by the rangers in connection with
their other duties.

Sierra City District:

This district was very fortunate as regards fire this
season, the ranger not having a firo to fight. Since fires
have a peculiar nay of visiting different sections each year,
however* the Sierra City District may got its share nort yoar.

Small timber sales and free use have lately. been
the rule in this vicinity. The chill fall weather is having
the effect of making every inhabitant see to getting in his
winter wood.

C amoton illo Di stric t

ft Tel. Co., has made application

for u ri.^ht of way 25 ft., in width from Camptonville to
Sierraville. Considerable government timber will be out, the
largest amount being in the Camptonvillo District.

The final water. power permit applied for by the Middle
Yuba Hydro Electric Power Co., has been approved by the Secre-
tary of Agriculture, This permit is for dams and reservoir
at Hilton and Jackson, about 20 miles of conduit line, one
power house and 21 silos of transmission line. The power
generated will be used chiefly to operate the mines in the
vicinity of Alleghany and Graniteville.

Challenge* District:

Hope has not yet been abandoned of getting a ranger
station in this district. The small amount of government land
which it contains makes the proposition a difficult one.

-30-

Forest Guard Myers who has done efficient duty as
lookout on Pike County Peak was relieved from hie station "by
the heavy rain the latter part of September. It is hoped to
have a tower on this peak next summer similar to that on
Banner Mountain.

North Bloomfield District:

""The excellent fire record for this district for
several seasons was very unexpectedly broken early in September
when a series of fires broke out that required the attention
of overy available man in the vicinity. It cost a lot to put
out these fires, but fortunately the damage to timber was small.

Ranger Merrill is now installed in a ranger station,
the like of which we would be glad to see on every district
in the ?orest. There are a number of improvements to be made,
but the possibilities of the place as a desirable station
would be hard to improve upon.

POLYORNISAMUS POffDEROSA

'The Tahoe" Makes Hit in Japan

Among the numerous exchanges received since our last
issue, none were more welcome than "The Talyo" from the de-
partment of Forestry at the Imperial University at Toklo,
Japan. In fact the members of the Tahoe force may feel dis-
tinctly honored in that the issue is a complimentary one to
the Forest as is plainly evidenced by the "The Taiyo". V7e
are reproducing the cover design, the result of the laudable
efforts of Mr.'Sivertson, to shovr the extent of the scientific
and artistic attainments of our Nipponese friends.

Through the kindness of Hashimura Togo, the honorable
cook at the most notorious short order house in llevada City the
rceanins °f tno characters on the title page were made clear.
According to Togo's version the design and explanatory note
bolow have reference to an article appearing in the first issue
of "The Tahoe" by Dr. Ned Dearborn, entitled "Seed Eating
Animals in Relation to Reforestation". Our readers will re-
member that he attributed the destruction of much of the seed
sown to rodents such as chipmunks and ground squirrels.

-31-

The editors of "The Taiyo" were BO muoh Interested
in this article that they made it the subject of a lengthy
article drawing a comparison between the enemies of reforesta- .
tion in this country and the Orient from a biological stand-
point. It is to be regretted that space forbids our giving
the article in full. We understand, however, that it trf.ll be
published in the Forestry Quarterly, and warmly advocate a
careful study by all our readers. As a fore- taste of the
nature of the treatise we reproduce herewith a free trans-
lation of the characters on the cover of "The Taiyo" which
explains the figure of the bird above as well as form a digest
of the leading article.

"The gigantic bird shown above, knoTui as Polyornisa-
nufi ponderosa in scientific circles and commonly known as
great seed-eating bird is the most destructive of the biologi-
cal agents combatting reforestation on the island of Formosa
where the Japanese Department of Forestry Is making extensive
researches. It is even more destructive than the rodents on
the Tahoe national ?orost, whose depredations are so admirably
described in an article in the June issue of "The Tahoe"
issued at Nevada City, California, United States of America.
It is authentically stated by careful observers that the
voracious appetite of this extraordinary bird which depends en-
tirely upon pine seed for subsistence, is the chief reason for
the sparoity of pine timber on the island of Formosa. As soon
r.s the seed approaches maturity, the oones are savagely de-
molished by this bird with its powerful beak and the seed
devoured or carried to the inaccessible Jungles of the In-
terior. It is conjectured that the development of the three
legs, the three claws on each leg and tri-parted tail ia the
result of the sole feeding on seed borne by the coniferous
'trees of Formosa which invariably have three needles in a
bundle."

•

Editor's note:

The original of this cover was found by Forest As-
sistant Mitchell and Ranger Sivortson in a logging oamp In
the hirjh Sierras, and sent to the editorial staff whioh Is not
entirely locking in imagination.

-32-

* * tt •

*

fefc i$ fi *&

\lt £jX, wl SI*

Tho Tahoc Tho El Dorado Exchange

Volume 1 Number 4 Volume 1 Number 8

December 1911

El

Bvnn 7. lelley
G. tf. Lyons
II. E. Jones
H. E. Dillineer

Qoor^o tovm :
£. P.* Button

Ice House:
E. L. Scott

Lal-ce^ Valley:
J. ?. McIJillan

Pacific;

IT. C. II. Uerriinan
E. T/. Pessel

Caldor:

A. 7. Blair

, DIRECTORY

Dorcdo national Forest
Hoadquartere

Forest Supervisor
Forest Acslstc.nt
Rancor at Lc.rgo
Forest Cleric

Districts

District Render

District Ranker

District Ran-ror

District Rancor
Assistant Render

District Ranker

Richard L.P.
llerritt 3. Pratt
Charles 0. LaRue
Violet L. LaRue

Tahoe National Forest
Headquarters

Forost Supervisor
Deputy Supervisor
Forost Clerk
Stenographer

Plecorvillo
Placorville
Placorville
Placorville

Georgetown

Placervillo

Placervillo

Pacific
Pacific

Pleoorvillo

Nevada City
Nevada City
Nevada City
Nevada City

William H. Gallaher
Knower Mills
William A. Morrlll

Vivian C. Noddin
William H.

Challenge:

Reconnaissance Party;
J. C. liliott
Elmor P. Gleason
Jordan H. Hornege

Dornieville;
George E. Kinj

CGTsptonville;

Charles L. "SThittun

Sierra Cit?".

Aaron H. Uclton

Sierra ville;

Woodford H. Babbitt
Evan Joy

Trucl:ee :

EniTrc.nt Sap;

John A. liclntosh

Bloorafield:

ITeTada City;
Albert R. Ivey

Foresthill;

A. 7ilson

Foroat Assistant
?orost Assistant
Forest Ranker in

Charge of Grazing
Assistant Rancor
Assistant Ranker

Reoonnaissanoe Party
Districts

Lumberman in Charge
District Rancor
Assistant Ranker

District Ranker
District Rang or

District Ranker

District Rancor
Assistant Ranker

District

District Ranker

District Ranker
Service Changes

Nevada City
Uevada City

llovada City
Nevada City
Nevada City

Challenge
Chcllon-e

Goodyears Bar
Camptonville
Sierra City

Sierra vllle
Sierrc ville

Emigrant Jap

Nevada City
Poresthill

Charles *•?. Kin^t liiurice S. Macy, Fred J. Dooley, Horard
Dodson, R. C. Woodburn, '•?. I>. Ccnpbell, Geo. »7. Canpboll
C. .7. Sutcllffe, John S. Sivertson furlou.^hed or on leave,

EDITORIAL

This Issue containing tho minutes of
the Joint Rangers1 IloetinT held at Nevada
City by the Tahoo and El Dorado national
Forests on Hovembor 21 and 22, is a con-
solidation of the magazines of the two
Forests since it nil! be of like interest
to the members of both.

\7e are now at the close of another
year and we extend our best Tvishes to all
our readers for a Merry Christmas and a
Happy Hew Year. Time the eternal book-
keeper has allotted us 365 days in rhich
to put forth our best efforts to make the
world bettor for our having lived in it
and unless wo have done our bost to ad-
vance tho .^reat cause of conservation to
which no stand consecrated; unless we
have dono our bost to secure the coopera-
tion of everyone in carrying on and
perpetuating our Forest resources; unless
we have done our bost to overcome tfie
enmity of our opponents and me.!:e then
our ardent friends, end unless we have
treated all men fair and square r.nd
followed tho rrolden rule "Do unto others
as you would have others do unto you" as
far as practicable, much of our r.ork will
have been in vein.

Let us, therefore, strive for the
next 365 days to lift ourselves to a
higher plane of view and overlook tho
many petty things of a narrow mind, to
look at the broader side of life and tho
effect that our living is making on those
around us. T7e can never secure the co-
operation of anyone r-ithout enthusiasm
and in order to maJre those about us
enthusiastic over our ror!: v:o cannot ^o at
it In a half hoartod don't care manner
but must put into it our best energy.
Let each of us do our VERY BEST during
the next year.

'Tho Ranrrors' Meeting has oome and
gone, leaving overy Forest Officer in
attendance many things to mill over as
ho again picks up the duties he dropped
when he struck out for headquarters.

In thinking it all over do you feel
that the broad views you heard discussed
will tend to make tiio small details of
your work more insignificant than ever
or did it invest them rlth new moaning?
Did you go away impressed with the idea
of a system being ^aduclly evolved, or
did everything seem to you to be up in
the air with no pcrticular end in sl-»ht?
Are you thinking whet you said end whet
you might have said? Do you feel a
greater sonse of loyalty anc1. more like
doing your work for the work's salre?

The proceedings of the meeting are
being sent out to aid you in thinking out
these points at your leisure away from
all influences that rairht bo disquieting.
Considerable of the discussion is neces-
sarily omitted, but an effort is made to
retain the backbone of the tvro day's
conference. Chew it all over and nay
the result be a product conducive to the
best welfare of the Tahoe and El Dorado
National Forests.

?IP.ST AIirjAL TAHOE & EL DORADO NATIONAL FOREST

HANGER'S HEETING
November 21 - 22 - 1911
— oOo —

PROCEEDINGS

The meeting ras opened with a brief speech by Ur.
31?elow as to the purpose of the meeting, the results hoped to be
obtained, and benefit v.hich he hoped would be derived by all
present.

•

Forest Ranger \7. A. Merrill was appointed Chairman,
who in turn appointed C. E. Whlttum, Sergeant at Arms and Messrs.
Scott, Gleason, IScllillan, Uabbitt and Ivey as Coinmittoe on Reso-
lutions.

Timber Sales
ilr. Pratt spoke as follows:

One of the natters on this Forest that is requiring
increased attention is timber sales on account of the many
settlements e.n<* settlers throughout the Forest. v;e have con-
stant applications for sales, free use, and the business is
going to increase from time to time as the private timber be-
comes exhausted. *le should endeavor to protect the national
Forests end improve then. This not only'means improving them by
builfiins roads and trails, but in getting out diseased insect
infested and ripe timber and in cultivating the timber which is
not ripe. The best way v/e can cultivate it is to get out the
nature, insect infested and decadent timber.

T7e should find out what we have in each district so
that v:hen the tine cones to make a sale we will know Just where
to direct people. The chief idea to bear in wind, as I said
before, is to get out mature timber. Each nan should cake it
an object to clean up his district Just as much aa possible.
An old snag or a tree v;hich is liable to deteriorate pest
redemption should be c-otten rid of. Utilization is the prime
note to keep in mind. " In making small sales this point is the
main thing to consider.

• .

There is one point rhich I rant to cr.ll to your atten-
tion in connection vrith snail scles. T/e have many letters of
transmittal cone into the office which are often improperly made
out. Sometimes the rangers fail to put on the date of the salo,
name of the purchaser and in some cases does not put on the
amount. This causes trouble in the office rhich you could avoid

J ,

7/1 th a little care on your part. Another thing, rhon a cutting
report cones in it may show that only pnrt of tho timber has
"been cut an recommends a refund, vrithout statin? tho cause for
only pr.rt of ti~.\>er being cut. -ess all tho timber hao not
been out on account of some fault of the Farost Service or
other cause over ~hich the purchaser had no control G refund,
cannot "be mc.de. If the prospective purchaser is green and
has never bought <rovernment timber tho ranker should talre hira
out on the ground"and mark the timber for him and. if the
purchaser puts up tho deposit thus signifying his acceptance

tho mrrlzing our share is done. The date for closing a sale
should be kept in mind. There are many cases which are not
closed rhen tho ti^e comoo and this ceucea the writing of un-
necessary letters . -very cr;n should '.:eep the dates for the
closing of his sc-lcs in a promise card, box on a ceslc calendar
end a few days before the date for closing he should send in
his recommendations either that the case be closed or an ex-
tension granted. An extension of time is pormissablo if the
purchaser of the timber is not able to get it out owing to
circumstances over which he has no control. If it is vory
evident that he is not acting in good faith we can close the
sale without a refund.

The new timber sale contract is out and contains
clauses rhich T ere not in the old one. You should get these
forms ri^ht a---ay and study them.

The cost of sales is another matter r*hioh should be
given attention, especially the cost of small sales- Some-
times a small sale costs more than the revenue derived. V/e
should aim to reduce this cost.

How are we going to lay out free use areas. ' Free
use is one vay ve can clear up unsatisfactory spots which we
may not be able to do by sales.

The management of big sales Is a matter which is
going to be put up to the men more and more. Y/e hold the
ranker in charge responsible and no matter if a lumberman,
district forester, forest assistant, supervisor or deputy
supervisor goes over tho sale from ti*ne to time, the
district render is ;-oin^ to be held responsible for the con-
dition of that cale. Hcch man who goes on a sale is going
to rialie a memorandum and a copy of his memorandum will be
sent to t>.o district ranger. It is up to him to see that the
brush is piled and in such thape that ho can burn it. It
is up to him to see thit the snags ere cut dovm If the
"erms of the sale so provide and the area satisfactorily
leaned up, a^ter the timber is out.

It is up to every ranger to fanialiarise himself
?ith the timber sr.le policy for he nevor :OIOV-T. ~hon he ia
going to have charge of a big sale. V;e have got to look s-
head and be ready whon the tine comes. Mr. Babbitt has had a
jood deal of experience vrith big sales and has done good wcr .
Ic is goin? to give us the benefit of what he has learned.

BABBITT: Timbersales take more of a rangers time
than any other of his manifold duties and rightly so, ae
they are his most important branch of duty. Yet in spite of
this tine and attention thus spent, these sales are a'never
ending source of trial to the ranger, his diplomacy, his
tenper and his Supervisor. Our great trouble with almost all
of tho srles hes beon Tith the brush piling and this is
traceable to two factors, the first of v:hich is the ignor-
ance and indifference of the V70od3 foreman ao to what we are
sttonptin- to accomplish, with his desire to jet through with
the job as quickly and vrith as little personal attention as ho
ccn bestow upon it. The second factor is the aversion of the
average lur.ber- jack to what he considers the degrading Job
of the brush piler.

~/e cannot educate the woods foreman, but we can teke
him at his v:ord rhen he says, "You know what you wr.nt, take the
men and do it yourself." Of • course r,-e do this in a way now

le the officer is on the ground everything goes smoothly,
but horo enters the second factor, that of the disll?ce of the
con for the work. Each time the rancor visits the sale he finds
a no.7 orovr at tho v;ork ~ith no idea of how it should be done.

t of our sales are so snail that they do not Justify keep-
in-: a man on the ground all of the time and the only remedy"
thct nu-^osto its self to ray mind, is that of making an
additional charge per M. ft. 3. II. and ourselves take over tho
v-or . I bollevo that we could contract the piling and by
securing an effective crew, get exactly what v:o went at

roxlnately the sane expense to the Service that we now
ir.cur for a piece of work unsatisfactory to us and unnecessarily
expensive to the lumbermen. I believe ^ith ouch an arrange-
ment we could dispose of much of the dangerous littor of tops,
limbs and rotten logs that v;e do not now even attempt to handle.
I rould li':o to try this experiment, or even try hiring men by
the da^, es I am confident that tho quantity end quality of
tho work done in this line this pest season can be improved

Several very disastrous fires, during tho past season
on some of tho oeot timber sale areas in the state hr.o led the

.rict office to appropriate money for fire breaks end the
rencral cleaning up of all areas with a view to lessening this

?er. This is boyond a doubt a step in the right direction.
It appears to me, hov.over, that if this expenditure is to be
'a, the proper time for cleaning up would be rhen tho brush

-ilecl end burned. I an confident that this appropriation

on with the sum advanced by the loggers to cover brush
piling would enable us to do the entire clearing up of the
area more expeditiously end at e considerable savin? of ex-
pence over our present operations.

Our new contracts embody a clause requiring the
loggers to fall all snags and diseased trees and if these trees
could be burned within a reasonable tine, it would oorve in a

-4-

great measure to check the spread of the infection as well as
serve as a fire protection to the Sale area and those snags
and trees oould be burned, if bucked up and properly piled -Tith
the brush.

I am not in favor of building fire lines in this for-
est. '.Ye do not om enough land to enable us to piece then in
proper stragetlcal positions, and a line aroxind c. cutting aroa
is in nost cases impractical, these tracts being usuclly
bouncod by legal subdivisions instead of natural boundaries. In
ray opinion, with the sna~a and dangerous litter properly buraod
v:e have ell of the protection that is practical or necoooc.ry.
I nr.y have ^ivon the impression by the foregoing that v?e have
not accomplished a groat deal in sale mana.gersent and I rant to
correct this. I rish that I could show you the low s turns and
the utilization of tops and butts on private lands after a
lesson in logging and milling government timber, as an evidence
of rhat can be accomplished by our methods. I count these
loseono in utilization a groat forward stride for the conserva-
tion of our timber. If they rill slaughter the trees, they
nay ae "'oil rcp.".:e lumber of them, as every foot utilised savos
that amount of living timber for generations to come, vrhich
v:o trust will hr.ve passed from barbarism into suoh a state of
civilisation thct the t;ord conservation vrill have some real
nec;:in-: to them.

GALLAHZ?.: They have tried to contract piling a
number of times, but contract piling vras not a success. It is
Just as much trouble when the lumberman has it done by con-
tract as by day labor. 'He v?ould havo the same trouble.

3ISIILOW: It has been successfully done by contract
on Ploriston Pulp and Paper Company sale.

3AILAHES: Yes, but at a cost of 25 cents per cord.
There has never been a sale on this forest that piling has
cost lees than 25 cents per thousand.

PRATT: It should not cost more than 15 cents if
handled properly.

3IyIILOY/: I vroulcl like to hear some one discuss the
idee of chtr-^ing 25 cents por thousand more and having the
brush disposal put into the hands of the Forest Service.

OALLA" . Vould you oet an arbitrary price of 25 centc
or ma'.ie an estimate of the cost of cleaning up and cet the
price according!.

3IGEL017: I believe it rrould be better to make an
estimate of the cost and set price accordingly.

*

-ft-

TKOMPSOI7: Yes. You could have a separate trans-
action for brush piling, but It should not be included ao one
of the conditions in the contract. It rould have to be a
separate agreement, because if it wore Y/ritten into the oon-
trc-ct ve \vould have to -cum orer to the state its -pro rat a
shore of tho receipts*

Scaling;

D0011T/: I find in scaling that our present rule
~or!co all ri-ht. I think that re have pretty nearly a uniform
system of tc'cins ou<t ro-fc t'-n^ ehec> and deducting it fron the
amount in tho lojj.

£A .: I bolieve that the system is fairly uniform!

I thinic that re are trying to oc.'re 11; so, but I think a Teat
many scrlera, cosotirjoo at leuat, rattier roly on their own
Judgment £.ncl discard all rules, that have been set dovm. I
thin!: it should" be understood that the rulo should be followed
explicitly so as to reduce ihe matter of Berlin-; so that there
riil bo Just as 11 utlo as possible left to 'the ;}udf*nont of tho
men. Of course a certain t-iount of ^udgnont nuot arvTf.ys bo
usod by a Dealer. If re could <rot the mttter dovm to a point
:TQ tliore is very little loft to the judgment of the ectler
it -ill bo more or.tlofectory.

3I3^LCT/: .lave v/e had any trou'ilo with rot and check
in scaling?

JOY: I have had no trouble at all In that roopect.

HHL3IS: I havo done some scclinj. I have had no
trouble. The /-oople are very good end whenever anything went
vrror.n: Jhey v/ould rlvrays tell me and have the proof ri~ht there.
Ihey~rere very -rood tnc. tried to comply "ith the regale t ions.

JOITES: lir. Devies tolcl mo ono tirae that the actual
cut on his ocle actua?.ly ever run the scale onoiith to pay for
the timber. I believe tho rale ic sonjethinj li:te 8 percent to
10 percent for e circult.r ccw.

'.AITl: I have Iieard it *as elreys understood that
tho ovor run on a million feet ie Bomothins li^e 5 percent
for a circular

".."CMIIiLAlI: Last seeoon I t^as scaling on the sale :'.r.
Dooley mentions anc. I found that lo^s ran from 12^- percent
belor to 9^; percent above.

JOY: I checl: scaled at tho Levies Mill and it ras
not satisfactory. The c/iec!: scclin^- vrith a band sav: there is
such an ovor run that your own scaling doeo not eoom ri-rht.
j ovor run TTC?,S at least 10 ;iercor.t, and ran ac hi^h as 1C
percent to 20 percent over.

-7-

TJIG2LOW: Dftviee mill ie handled almost perfectly.

Cost of Cuttinr Snsffa

2CL3I3: On the Rossen £ Condon sale they tried to
pull the snags dorm v/ith a donkey online and found this nethod
to be a failure. After that they tried cutting <fo\m the sna^s
and savrin-j them up into lumber, "out ~ot practically nothing out
of it. They thon tried bloving thoa &<ran rith powder and round
it ficr.f;crou8 on recount oi* fire. After thooo orpcrinonts they

.in rent back to outtir.; thon 'orm altogether." I find that
the average cost per sna°;~under this letter method to be about
v2. apiece - that ic to linb, pile and af.':e ready to dootroy by

•e.

PTIATT: HOT: rmch merchantable timber did you jjet out
of the 8 snags?

HLL3I}: Ulne hundred and eighty foot. The pur-
chaser ras ^ivon a reduction of 25 cents per thoucand feet to
fell the

IT~i : Uas the amount of reduction siifficient to

pay the purchaser for cutting the

I think tt r&s about even.

(Mr. Uilson here recited the csrits of 7:iant over

black ponder, both from otrjidpoint of effectiveness nnd fire

dnnr-er. Mo stated that r.lth ^iant It ras possible to do about

three tines as much ror": rith less than one-fourth the danger.)

jsrs. Sallaher, Lyons tnd ; /hit tun clso discwsoed
the cu'o^cct of felling ona<js, both rith porclcr and cutting do\:n,
arriving at no definite solution of the problem.

GALLAHIP.: The general policy of rrr'rin- as frr as
wor>ed out ic to leave a certain pcrcontase on the --jround so
as to retum in t.'-out thirty yoarc for a second cutting. '.Ve
don't Imov; ]:ov; fr.st our trees ere -rov.in^. The policy of
narlzinj is ctill in the air. V/o don't knov; "hothor vo are
favorir.%- -;ho rivut c-pocioc. ".7o don't knor.7 that xvhito fir is
the poorest tree in the stand. Incense co£rr ras always con-
sidered the least valuable but it heo nc- been dotomined that
it can be used in pencil racturo. All re can do now is to

favor the pine and try to -jot out the fir f.nd cedar, r.nt3 take e
O.ance v?e are f^>in;» ritht. Lvorybody kr.orrs how ?;e rnrri: end
the appearance the Dale ou-jht to hcve after narlzod. Around
Nevada City hardly any trees -are le:Tt end today re htve a fine

reproduction* Ho don't 'cno-.v whether ton trees to an eoro is
enough - "but *:Q do ]oiow that ?;e ought to leave a rood per-
centage of the stand (about 1/3), and figure that "it rill como
back, and until this is prove-1. v.ron~ x?o should continue this
policy.

Use

P?.A?T: Uy idea is that every ranger ou^ht to have
c free use area. There is entirely too men tine •pant in
: - out v;ith free use applicants. I know that there are
rta of this forest vtoere it io hard to set areas on account of
mining clains. The t'lin^ to do Is to loof.te and nr.rk these
areas rhon they can be found.

I think in the vicinity of tovms like
Siorra City and Domieville a snail free uce area is especially
desirable. It is certainly ono of the best neans of keeping
the cost of free use Co"n me. aftar the people get to kncv;
rhere that free use area is a r anger does not have to go out

th every applicant an;* sh07- him rhore to jet wood. All the
people in uhe to~n can 50 out and ^et vood.

JOHZ3: I bolieve the idea of u Ireo use area is

rgood "but I don't thin"; that you ccn turn the applicants loose.
My experience is that if you send a nan out into the woods he
rill pick out tho best there is and consequently there is
nothing left but the most undesirable trees pnd other people
^ould rather buy their wood than tfl:e -'hat is left. I believe
a rood r-ay of cutting dO'-n tho cost of free use rould bo to
have certain days to >o on the area cjid decide rhat trees the
nlicrnts ccn take. They c.re uei.ially in such a country
vrhore it coulc be done by reason of the fact that people have
very little to do in tho -inter nonths end by taking a nun-jor
out at n tine it v;ould bo possible to control the free use
bucineos r.nc. cut dorn tho cost.

SJTT01I: I have an area near Georgetown that I have
been usinj rrith proat success so far. I have narked a few trees
on an area that T.ras burned over about a year ago, and oo far
they have piled tho brush and loft the area in good shape.

3I3HLOW: In tho Supervisor's Meeting last year the
point xras brou;£it up of lotting people .50 out and, jetting dead
timber anywhere v/ithout a permit. I believe tho general
opinion ras that it would not do - that ue ou£ht to issue
permits. I would like to hear what this raectin^ thinks about
turning people loose to get tinber where they please.

'./ALTON: I think it rrould be a good idea on areas
.-^ e road and cannot see where any hr.rm rould be clone vithout

-9-

a permit as long as no timber is cut. I would give verbal
permission but would not allow them to 50 into the woods to do

it.

31 .'EL::/: Would it not be Just as easy to issue a
permit for such use?

UJLLTOU: In the past this has been the rule.

It might be ell right to pick up rood along
a road but if you told them to 30 out in the woods they might
cut com a tree.

7: I think it rould be dangerous to turn
people loose end do not see that it is any more trouble to
write out a permit.

JOHES: I do not believe it possible to clean up
any area by turning people loose baoauso they voulfi 30 out and
clean up the best and it would not be any nearer clean In the
end than when started.

EATTOH: In selecting free use is it not the rule
to mark the treeb to be cut?

\7ALTOU: In some instances I have picked out quite
a number of dead standing cedr.r and narked out ahead end whon
people apply for free use I tell them where those trees are,
but I find like llr. Jonoe that thoy ta'ro the best there is.

SUTTOIT: I told then the tinker hc.d to bo cut clean.
I marked the trees on an aroa probably 100 yards square and
told them they had to take it clean.

ViILSCE: I do not favor turning people loose in the
woods. I rould rather continue to write out permits than lot
the people 30 where they please end use their idea as to rhat
is dead.

Handling Small Sales

Mr. ^oodbury was asked eono time £30 to contribute
en article for "The Tahoe", and on his arrival on the cecond
day of tho meeting handed the editor tho following contribution.
Since it bears directly on the dlecussion it is given at this

time.

3ecauce the Tahoe has a railroad and many smell
settlements, it hcta more srsc.ll sales (sales f-nounting to less
than i>100 in value) than any other National Forest in California,
Such sales are alv;ays most intereotinrj to mo and I was there-
fore extremely glad of tht opportunity I had this summer to meet

-if--

BO many of the men of the Tchoo on thoir own "stamping s
one to -TO over their work with the"> In tho flel£. .*.s 7011
one of tho nottoeo of the Service lo the "greatest f^ood to the
Srectest number." I have always folt thc.t our email solos v;ore
rricro In line v ith "ohia sentinent tht.n our lar^e onoo. In nn
laolcted covinunity tho reel fonts cro usuclly dependent largely
on tho National .Vorost for fuel and bullc'ln^ matoricls. They
must either secure thoir supply fron this source or truisport
it lon^ distances at large eaoenso. The product of lorrjo culos
on tho other ?:f_nd rrenerr.lly roeo into the open rarr'.cot uhore tho
nd is ooapcrc-tivol- less~insistont end the supply If-r^e.
re tho iraportrnoe of sales ounnot bo juc!n>od by their
Often the sale of a fow thousand shades for locrl UDO
accomplishes more reel rrood t\t»n the sale of sovercl nillion
feot of building material rhich is chipped to sono of tho big
lumber contors v;hore it io sold t-t a bt.re wrr^in of profit
in conpotition v?ith lumber from a dozen othor sources. This
. point to be borne in nind \vhon your v.ork on smc.ll sales
: rlisorao.

When rauTuin^ sales, a roful attention shoxilt' be
to the aolection of tho aroc. Settlors naturally always
wish to eocure their fire vrood or other material as near thoir
residence as thoy cr.n end insofar as possible this should be
allowed . Horever, in tho case of rroon tinber this ornnot bo
cllo^od sometimes v/ithout marking for cutting trees ^vhich aro
needed for soodin*; c.nd protection pur^ooos, end in ouch a case
the £/ \oliccnt met of course bo re'-uiroC. to JTO farther for his

terlal. \Vherover prr.cticr.blo it is a noat ozcollont plcn
to cot aside a convenient aroa in ;'our r!i strict ao a freo use
and cncll sale area, and to confine all of this olasc of
buoineos to this tract insoft r as possible. Often tines you can
clean up a bad fire trap in this vay. ,3ono of you ere
already doin'7 faio with fine rouults. Ouch a -practice con-
centrates your work and aido in '.:eopin^: fov-.ii tho cost of sraftll
sclcs eince ceverr.l ccn bo atuO'v'cd to at once. Jenorally,
I believe it Ic best, \vhon select ir.-; e. cut tine area, to ;-laco
it back a short distanco fron rablic hisrhwcye, although this
rz:y cause tho pui' chaser c. llttlo more v;6rk. There ere tvro
rousons for this. One ic tho fi.ct that tho public in general
do not favor cu«tin^ alonj hi.^h.'ayc, sinco it ^onerally rnr.rs

scfpo. A^nin the greatest danger of fire ic .^lonj
roads an^ i-ho brash resultin1; fron curttinr; ic c.lT7ays u -icnr.ce
unless vory ccrofully cleaned u_>, r.nc" even then there is danger
of fire before this cleaning up cr.n be completed.

Above all ol.ce, you chould bo r.bsolxitely sure that
tho cutting area selootcd is on Netional Porost land. If there
is the sli-htost Coubt in this rccpoct in your mint" , oo cure
to oe-Ltle it by a survey before mc\in^ the sale, othorv;iso
either you or sorie ono else in the future vrill have a trouble-
some case to settle. In c oall cales in v;hich all of tlio trees
r.re to bo mar :ed Tor cuttinf!;, it is not at all necessary to
blaze out a definite area, since you have absolute control of
the cuttinjr. When the material is not to be mr.rkod for outtir. -,

however, as in the ofloe of dead and down tinbor, or oalc for
cordvrood, it is preferable to blaze out the cutting area in
orc".or to prevent the cutting being scattered over too lar~o
a tract.

From the Forester's standpoint oarklnj IB un-
duubtodly the moat inportrnt ror1: In our sales, sinco by our

:in.- ro c;.n rogul&to to a very large extent tho future
composition of the foreot. In marking careful attention
should bo Tivon to the roaovr.1 of diseased tine! firo scarred
trees. Tho three nost prevalent and destructive tree diseases
on the Tahoe ere tho oran7e-colorod niotlotoefRazoumofskya)
v;hich hco a fancy for pines, the top mistletoe (Phoradondron)
vhich attacks firs, largely killing their tops and ecu sine Vh<m
to break off and the cedar heart rot (Polyporus amarus) x.tiieh

isos tho holes in the heartv/ood of inconse cedar. It is
comparatively oaoy to tell from external appearances v?hon a
tree ie aifoctod with either of tho first tvro disoaoos
mentioned, but to toll rhether or not a cedar ic rotten is a
harder matter, uinco tho fruiting bodies of tho fungus do not
remain on tho tree long end aro rarely ovor apparent in the

.nor coaeon. 3y close observation one cen often detect tho
hole left in tho bark of the tree which results frow the
breaking off of the fruiting body. When this is detected it
iu of course a euro cign thivt tho tree is rotten. A pro-
llninery study oonduotod in tho Stanislaus Forest this spring
by Dr. E. P. Uelnecko tends to load to tho conclusion that
ir. tho locality studied dry rot Is roost frequently found in
trees over .26 Inches In diameter. Diseosod trees should be
removed because they spread diseaeo and firo scarred trees
because the? aro v;oc',;onod and thoroforo raa'co but clovr f;rov,*th
i-nd also bocruse in their roalcenod otato thoy are more
eubjoct to disease or insect attack then healthy trees. All
insect infested trees should also bo narked. Those cm eaoily
bo distin-uishod by tho 80-cc.llod "^itch tubes" or little
bunches of pitch filled rlth sardust v/hich appear on bho bark
at the point where tho insect went into tho troo.

Scaling next to mr.r'cing is perhaps tho nost im-
portant branch of sale rorl:, ainco by or.roleco coaling methods
a rood doal of money can easily bo lost. Much care chould
always be talron both in ti'-kinfj measurements and in computation.
Logs \7ith irregular cross sections on tho small end chould
bo meaourod two ways at ri^ht anrjloo and tho diameters avercr-cd
before reading the scale. Lorj lengths should bo chocked up
frequently to bo sure thnt no noro tlian tho allov?od over run
for 'trimming is bein~ ta];on by tho purchaser. Since scaling
of defective logs is largely a matter of Judgment based on
experience every nan who has scaling to do should follov/ as
;,' questionable logs aa possible through tho saw In order
to find out hov various defects effect the scr-lo. Special

-12-

soc-le books have been provided for use in email sales and
theso chould always be used in sales of sawtlmber. Tho
practice of tallying diameters in a notobook or on a scrap of
paper is not satisfactory, sinoe it has been found by ex-
perience that errors in computation r.ro more apt to occur thjin
when the scale book and scale stick are used on tho ground.

email ocale books may be used for several sales. When
ono sale has boon cut out, the sheets in- the book which portcda
to this sale may be removed and forwarded to the Supervisor
pith the closing report and the remaining sheets in tho book
used frr future sales. It is not at all advisable to accept
the purchaser's scale of material Involved in a sale ovon
though their is no reason to doubt his honesty. We certainly
cannot truet all purchasers to scale and any discrimination
in this respect in favor of those who are considered trust-
worthy is almost sure to lead to criticism and dissatisfaction
on tho part of ethers. It is a loose business mothod end

should by all monns be avoided. Generally by a little fore-
thought, trran^enents can be made with purchasers for sorllng
perlodlcr.lly in connection with fire patrol or other rork In
tho vicinity. This tends to keep down the ooet of a£ninlster-
ing orr.all sales vhich IB comparatively high under the best

ozont and r;hich should bo held down to tho lowest figure
pocsible consistent with proper enforcement of the contract.

I am going to pass over brush piling end utiliza-
tion for if discussed at ell thoroughly, I fear the editor
would consign this article to the waste basket because of its
length. Those questions xvero taken up pretty fully in the
field and I believe you all have a good idea of the standard
of work required of purchasers in these respects.

Just a final word about closing of snail sales and
extensions of time. I found this summer that in a few cases
sale contracts had expired without recommendations for closing
or extension. This should bo watched carefully. Every sale
should olther be closed promptly on or before the date of
expiration of the contract, or If circumstances justify it a
reasonable extension of time should be granted on or before
that date. In so^-.o instances extensions of time have been
granted efter the expiration of tho contract. This is bed
business and technically impossible since after t2ie contract
has expired it cannot legally be extended. The easiest way to
gucrd against this is to ne'ce a promise card for a date about
two \7ooks before tho closo of caoh sale. '.Then this reminder
comes up steps should be taken to" find out whether the case oan
bo closed on time, or whether en extension is necessary or
advisable. In this way you rill be able to get your closing
report, or extension papers into tho Supervisor's office be-
fore the closing date.

-13-

i

Silvlcal Experiments

SALLAEER: There seems to be a widespread feeling
among the foroo at largo that silvioal experiments are not of
very much value, that they are a useless waste of money which
could "bo spent on improvement, fire patrol, eto. The first
thins to prove to you is that a Forest Assistant is not a
technical rsar. but c practical man — First and Ir.st v.-e are
PRACTICAL mer. Whenever I hoar some one calling me a
technical men I wonder if I should not grow a stubby beard,
wear gold rimmed spectacles, end be called professor, as a
true technical 'men should. We ero Just as much practical men
ae the rangers, the only point of difference being that we try
to look out for the future, r.nd try to see what is going to
happen 50 years ahead. A trained forester who is not a
practical man, who dooa not work for the present as well ac the
future find who floes not keep a Just conception of the present
as well as the future is of absolutely no value to the"Porost
Service. On the other hand it is true that those who do not
believe in this xrork and who do not see that it must bo for the
future ao well as the present aro equally inefficient. The
rork of 50 years from today is Just as important as the work
of today.

The object of scientific forestry which is the object
we are striving for is to produce a sustained annual yield of
timber and to keep this up forever, and make our forests
produce the maximum sustained annual yield In quality and
quantity. To accomplish this wo must strive in our timber sa3_eflt
to mark the timber so that re will secure a <>ood second cut,
reproduction, increased growth, and to favor the best species.
V/e don't laiow what is best, Ue nraot make some Investigations to
find out what is best. In order to produce this sustained
annual yield we hove ftot to have some figures on growth; wo
have got to have some rl jure s on reproduction; we 'have <;ot to
have something DEFINITE and the only way to _pet something
definite is to make investigations - to experiment .

One of the most important studies which we have
started is the study of growth. On one of our large timber
seloe vre have laid off a 20 acre sample plot, surveyed this
accurately, mapped exactly the position of every tree end
stump, pieced numbered tags on each tree over six inches in
diameter and measured these to the nearest tenth of an ir.ch.
In certain periods — about every five years — we are going
back and measure those trees. V/o will find out whether those
trees are growing fast enough to produce a profit. At
present we do not know rhat sized tree it will pay to leave
and rhat size wo should remove. V/e will not ^cnow until we
find out how fcst our trees ere growing and whether or not they
will grow faster when we cut out'the larger trees. 3y
measuring the trees on our sample plot every five years for a

-14-

period of time we will know Just what will happen on other
sales areas and. will, therefore, know just vrhat trees it will
pay to leave and what to cut. In other words, wo will '.mow
Just how to out our timber to make money.

We started another experiment this year. Its
purpose is to find out how long it will be before our ctands
of second growth are ready to cut and rhat timber we will
obtain at tho tine of cutting. Me are also endeavoring to
find out whether or not it will bo profitable to thin out
these stands in order to let the treos grow faster. Those
figures v/ill not be exact but we oan {jet figures that will
give us a start.

Again we are studying reproduction in order to find
out Just how to mark and cut our timber in order to favor the
best species.

Then there la planting. Everybody wonders why we
are planting. It costs us a whole lot of money and a lot of
herd work. Everybody thinks it is pretty nearly useless.
On our forest here wo hr.ve large burned areas. We have
manzanlta deserts and we have all kinds of soils. Those areas
ere not producing anything now nor rrf.ll they hereafter. We
must get timber there. TCo must find out whether we can plant
trees in the brush end succeed or whether it rill be more
profitable to wait until the timber cones in of its orn accord.
.Then we do find out what we oan do we will confine operations
to areas whore we know rhat we can do.

So you will see that our rork Is for a definite
practical purpose. It is not merely of scientific interest,
but in tho" end will enable us to raeke forestry profitable.
All our improvements, all our fire patrol and lookout can
not ;;ive us a revenue without the timber to produce it. It
will do you no good to save the timber from burning up if
we are to throw it away afterwards. YJe must have soroe
definite, businesslike and correct plan of management which
in the end will return a financial revenue or else our
labors are loot. The farmer who does not rotate his crops
or keep improving the breed of his stock, no matter how hard
he works, will be rely make a living, but the scientific
farmer rho runs his ranch correctly is the one who goes to
town in his automobile. Let us, therefore, pay attention to
these things which are so necessary, let us find out what
crops to grow and how to grow them Instead of rushing heed-
lessly ahead and in the end wo will be riding in the auto and
not be plodding alon^ in the rut. We want to get to work and
find out what to do.

-15-

Seed Collecting

(lir. Borriman here explained the system used by on
extraordinary nan - an expert in hie line - in seed collecting
on the Eldorado. He explained how in scaling trees he used
a 1/4" cord to get the rope up into the tree and that the rope
was thon tied to the trunk of the tree to prevent outward
awing. 3y the method used he was able to* get down about 150
cones an hour. The nost tine was lost owing to the crude
methods used in cleaning the seed. The net cost of collecting
the pine sood was about 37-£ cents per pound - 35 cents for the
nan's labor and 2-J- cents for Forest Officers labor.) He
stated that with bettor methods of cleaning seed this amount
could be reduced at least 10 cents more.)

UOLDIH: Whon we first went to work we were rather
greon on tho subject but I think the only fay to collect seed
is to take a largo tree and a rope find put the rope over a
limb by any possible method r.nd let one man hold the rope below
and the nan in the tree pull hlnself hand ovor hand. There
soems to be a good many ways of setting cones off, but I think
the only way practicable is to use a hook on a long bamboo
polo. The best success or.n be had with a V shaped knife tied
to such a polo enc. all you havo to do is reach out and give it
a quick Jerl:,

BA13ITT: The large cost of our soed collecting was
due largely to tho fact that our raen wore inexperienced in
cliabin/j trc?s. We had one or tro men v;ho could move around in
the tree as well as on tho ground, but a nan who is afraid will
onlr do about 1/10 as nuoh work as an experienced man. \7hen
v:e jet erporienced mon vre can do our seed collecting much
cheaper.

3ALLAHER: I think if we go into seed collecting on
a large scale we should have a fanning mill and bo able to
do it cheaper.

KELLZY: The method uoed by the man on the Eldorado
proved ohfit tho natter vrr.s simple. Where he spent the time
was in cleaning the seed. He had no sheets even to dry the
cones on. He leaned then up against rails and shook the seed
out with a stick. 2e had no improved implements or methods
for cleaning the seed. He tried blowing the dirt out with
his nouth and finr.lly with a portable forge, and finally ended
up by sifting the seeds fine5, dirt apart with an oil can
punched full of holes. Tilth a fanning mill to clean the need
I .think with a man like v:e had we can collect it at a cost of
85 cents ~,or pound. Several nen of the proper ability ccn
do all \;he seed collectir.3 thrt »-ould bo required. The man
we had collected 500 cones in one day.

-16-

LYONS: What are tho advantages of following up
timber sales?

BKJELO'J: On this Forest wo have had no ouooose in
following up timber saloe for Good. They always out the trooe
at the \vrong season of the year or do not out them fast enough.

Planting

3ALLAHER: I have already discussed the subject in
general out to open the discussion would liko to sail for
answers to fiese questions. Would it bo practicable to burn
small patches on large areas covered with manzonita? What
tools should wo use in planting? Is the hoe or spading fork
boat? VThat IB the best* method of poisoning?

CAT21SLL: I think to burn manzanita patches before
planting ic done r-oulf5. be an improvement. I believe a fork
is most preferable of the tools. As to poisoning, I think that
corn or brrley is better than wheat,

77ILS01I: W© found after experimenting with wheat
considerably that rodents did not touch the wheat at all. ',7e
finally act trcps rith wheat a.n<? seed to find which was
preferred. Then we tried corn and wheat and found corn the
jroater success. I CIE satisfied that it r.<ould take double
the amount of poison to the same amount of corn. I have been
told by a men who hcs mado a business of poisoning rodents
in Sonoma County that barley is tho best of all. Barley has
a peculiarly bearded surface which tekes the poison,

GALLAHEH: Wilson's idea of poisoning corn is an
excellent one. Rodents take it whore they will not touch
wheat .

1ICINTOSH: liy experience with tools In planting has
boon as follows: If it is a raanzanlta thickot and there is
a large amount of brush I think forks are best as you can
reach in and stir up tho place. If it is an open area and
li'ht soil I think a hoe is best. I liko the hoe in prefer-
ence to the fork vhere it cen be uoed,

PRATT: I would like to get an idea on using a
corn planter.

,, IY2Y: I think a corn planter rould be a groat

success in li-^ht soil.

-17-

P.econnalssr.nce

LYONS: I believe reconnaissance rill bo a <*roat
help to the render in his reppulcr ror*:. .re run a strip one
chain wide through oach 40 acres anc? mr.'.:e a reap of the'aroa.
In -L>.o first piece wo find the corners, pace out lines,
locate any alienated land end pos t the boundaries. One of the
first t::in~s c ranker rants to 3oiow about his district is where
the corners are one". Just hot7 he ctn follow the lines through.
TTo ocn do this ^or'.c more easily than he ocn.

The reconnaissance crerr is generally pic. cod in
districts '-here fire danger is groat and the rrnger nost always
knows where they nro located co if there happens to be a fire
in the district he ccn cell on the reconnaissance crew. A^ain
it helps the rr-nror by ^ivln<j him an idea of viiat he has in his
e.iatrict. Ko rents to know v-^.t timber ho has, what the
poosibilities of a salo are; what chr.nces of reproduction ere,
and oo on. After wo ?et through with oufr field v/oric re have
c 'ounch of nape to prepare and theee help out a great deal
boor.use toraship plats ere not accurate. In ocse a ranker
rr.nts these isups for uoo in hie '^azinj rork, Juno 11 examina-
tion, or rjiy of the thousand and' one -fchin^a that come up he
can air-aye use these ne.ps to aclvanta^o.

3AILAID3: ?rora tho rrorlr thiQ summer, one of p>.»
-roatost helps rocorjiaioscjioo has boon to the ranger is
nsr.r'.ring » an Z on a troe ^hore the line crosses a road «Tt is
surprising >o* puicJc a man locates himself when he sees ono of
those 23 ant! notches. This is especially true with a new man
in the Service as a now ranger.

TTHITHJU: I found reconnaissance a big help In the
ray of fine1 in?? corners. After the reconnaissance party had
worked in my district we issued a number of special use
permits on land previously claimed by people.

•
Insect Infestations.

BABBITT: I treated four inooct infested trees on ny
distriet and for c-ono reason the burs stopped wor::. V/e tool:
an au^or and bored into the treos for about oi£it inches r-nd
pourod in creosote. I thought creosote rould bo lilro oil and
1:111 the bujjs. In thoeo four trees it appeared to, but, of
course, I must out tho trees dov~n to decide vhat the results
rore.

^: I hc.d an idea that a live tree filled with
creosote "'ould be killec7. •

-18-

3A33ITT: I was under the same impression but one
of the experiments was on R tree not more than 6" or 8" in
dianetor and e hole res bored completely through the heart
of the tree end it is still living. These trees wore
treated from six months to a your'cnd a half ajjo End not one
of them has died.

AR:".G73CE(J: That's a new one on me.

3I3SIOV/: I would Hie to know if insect infesta-
tion is on the increase.

LL: It ie increasing very rapidly in the
31oomfield District. Ilany more trees died this year than
ever before.

/HUG: The sane is true in the Dornieville
District.

3AB3ITT: I was of the opinion that this insect
business ras something new but v.1ien Mr. filler was through
my district he claimed that this hnd been «;oin£ on a ijroat
number of years Just about the same number of trees dying
each year and operating all over -the Forest. It is
certainly 'rilling timber and doin<j about as much Aararge as
the fires.

3S?.?.IMA1T: I thought insect infestation ras on the
decrease on the Sl^orndo.

UC.nLL.AlT: There Is more or less insect Infestation
throughout ray district in lodgepole pine, but I have only
boon in that country one ooason and cannot say whether it ie
on the decrease or not.

PRATT: About all we can do is to continue our
improvement cutting and r*et such timber out of the woods as
fast as v;e cr.n.

3I3HL07/: Me have a bug on this Forest on the
California Lumber Co. sale in the reproduction, but I pre-
sume it is owing to its sickly state.

3A13ITT: The area was not cleaned up until more
than a year after bein-» cut over which res no doubt the
cause of this beetle. 'This was tho engraver beetle and
after ror::in~ in the brush it rent to the young trees.

A?J!3T?.Oi;a: I understand in T/ashin?ton Professor
"incaid hno discovered c. parasite that '"ill destroy such
bu;~s nnd believe such e.n ezporimont rould prove valuable on
thic Forest.

-19-

Grazing

The subject of Grazing was opened by lir. Hatton
as folloro:

In the 19 national Forests of California the

gracing cf £06,750 cattle and horses, 10,575 sv/lno and 474,070
sheep -oats was authorized. These were the Secretary's

authorizations but they were not quite taken up by the
permits issued. The Tahoe ranks twelve in the number of
cat lie an'* horces an?, tho ."-Idorado ranges eleven in the number
cf ccttlo anc" horcos — tho IlOorado having 0200 onfl. the Tahoe
770C. Tho Ta'.ioe ran'.:s four in the number of shoep r.nd goats
and -'.-.o Ulucrado eleven, tracing has been considered by some
ao a now thin:;, but it existed long before tho National For-
ests wore over thought of in this country and will no doubt
continue to exist for many years to oorao.

One thing io truo in Erasing. \io have to deal very
-oh with tho ovory day life, './e are dealing with every day
utilities anc* nonoy vf lues all tho tine. The annual forago
yiolc* of our national Tores-tenor supply 0,000,000 oheep and
.ta and l£ millions of cattle and" horses, and is utilised
by norc than 27, COO individuals and concerns, besides
f-arniohing free grazing for thousands of settlers, prospect-
ors and travelers. One thing I have beon trying to empha-
size durin': our district organisation is the point of what
relation grazing has to ell our other forest interests,
especially that of silviculture, and to try as hr.rd as
oible to harmonize the two.

We do not want to interfere with the business
interests. It has *r»eon the studied policy of tho Service to
worlr alon£ the line of least resistance to the extent of not
upsetting existing conditions. Tho part that tho national
Forests have played in tho past, they will continue to play

the production of boef, pelts, mutton wool and hides.

can get some idea of the production of our forests from
this illustration. If the animals grazed on the national
Forest could be placed in single file and could span the seas
they would lap around tho world five times — 126,000 nilos.

As I said a moment ego, so far as we can, we wor":
along the line of least resistance. Ve havo dono this with a
great degree of satisfaction to ourselves as well as the
ctoc'.onea. The tine has come when wo rrast look ftt grazing
from tho outside — consider its relation to the Forest it-
self — and if the foresters in this coun-ry fail to do that
they fall far short of the obligation put upon the foroetor.
The grazing policy of liurope cannot be practiced here because
, we will have -racing with us for a long time to oome. It
ic a large economic factor demanding attention. There is a
•t deal of discussion over the district as to what extent
•azins- is injurious or beneficial to tho reproduction.

-20-

There IB no question in ray nind but rhat heavy rrasins *8
injurious, but Just to rliat ortent it may be injurious or
beneficial to the Forests vre must rori: out. There is one
Y/ay in v.hic'T I believe .-racing can be nr-.de beneficial in-
stead of injurious. t ie ir. fire -protection. Row
nuch doec ~rr.3ir.-j contribute to fire protection by keeping
^orm the Trasses Mid reec's? G-razinj rrast also be oon-
sldorod ir. its rolr.tion to the lire stoc!c industry. ".7e
have "been tr;-ir.~ for the lc.st year to get relative figures
on Trcslnj outside c.nc". ineic'e tho rational forest. 7/e find
tr.c.t lasbs produced on the Modoo forest rei<*h on an average
of 10 percent noro -hen If.n'os preset out aide.

There ere corao very <jood -rrazinjj men on the Tahoo
and Dlcloraoo ar.d in diocuscion"! ^?oxi!C like to have you
cc your viovr of rhat can be accomplished.

1IACY: I thin2: that the ^razin^ of sheep

especic.lly should be in enaller bends 'than they are at
present. Bands should be 1,000 head rather than 1,600 to
1,800. I thinlr all those late controversies are oaucod by
vorh.-.l agreements betvreon the cattlernon and sheepmen.
Throughout tho forest there are e. nun'xsr of mountain noadows

.3h"tho shoermien erchango for hillcides under a verbal
agreement. I thin": those a^roe.aonto should be made in

:Jjinj and both parties to the agreement furnished nth a
copy, the render a copy and tho Supervisor sent e copy. I
do not bolleve there is nuch dma^e beins done to the young

nrth.

3I;JIZ,OW: 7ould it be possible for the ranker to
»et such a r-ritten a^roonont from 'the two parties interested
and send a copy to the office?

LUCY: Yes, I bollove it rrould.

1A13ITT: Sraslns is separate from the other Irlnds
of vor": cr.:". especially in rjy c'iotrict. T!*.oro is one tract
rhore throe districts corner in anr. t>.ero rre frequently three
district rangers on t'ie rround to setilo controversies end
as soon co they ere ^oro 'tho hatchet is a^in du-? up. I
thin'.: it roulcl bo a rrood plrr. tj have -jhis trrct'c.ll put
er one aosistent ztx^or and hc.n£le 7razin3 only.

::ci:*703H: I 'jeliove -ihc.-j r;oulcl be a good plan.
There ic r.r.ot"-.or :"Xuter to consider. One nan may pull his
etocl: cZ'l ccrly in t'ie coccou, lor.vinr his rrn^e in good con-
dition. A second r. 11 f-.on cone in and foot", off his range
and v/hon he aovea off the r: n^e it is in bad condition —
conaic'orably over trr.zoc..

-El-

BAB3ITT: A bond of about 1,000 head of sheep can
be watched by one nan without bein-^ pushed through the
country. They have a number of cheep scattered out and if a
nan enly had as many sheep as ho could watch end not tranplo
over so much ground, which Is the real cruse of damage to
reproduction, there would be no injury to the Forost or the
ren^e.

Range Boundaries

IVEY: I think in a great many cases the marl-ring
ran-re boundaries would bo advisable. In my district I hn-ye
never had any trouble. All the permittees Irnow the country
aa well as I do and I havo never had any trouble with thorn.

T7ILS01J: My experience has been that we have only
had trouble in a very few cases. The majority of the "razors
have run on the oc.no or approximately the same rcn^e year
after ;*ear. ",'e have changed the boundaries on the map a
little but it oeoms to me that If tv:o fellows are grazing on
the same rango and they are satisfied, end as lon.-j as they
food it to their ovm satisfaction, there are very for: cases
where it is necessary to marl: it out. I had one man on the
east end of my district whore there was trouble end wo {jot
the parties together and ran out tho ran.^e lines and mr.r'.:od
them. Aside fron thnt I do not ^aior of any serious trouble
we have had in the last four seasons. Thore has boon a little
trouble when a new -grazer came in, of. course, and a little
adjustment was nocescery on our pert. I thin': in time to
cone it would be a very good plan to marl: out the boundaries
for the satisfaction of forest Officers, end I bolieve this
oould be done when the rcn^o reconnai seance is done.

MCiULLAN: In ny country tho renjo boundaries are
natural divisions, ridges and streams. In"a good many places
it would be hard to rjet to tho boundary to mar!: it. A -preat

»many of the ridges ere so stoo? that stool: will not stray off
tho range. There are places, however, where it would be well
to heve the boundary marked. I thin> that all the patented
land in the southern end of my district should have the
boundaries run out end mar>ed. It seems as though the
ranges as a whole ere satisfactory the ray thoy strand since
the natural boundaries are better than trying to adhere
to the lo^al subdivisions.

BA33ITT: There are a few pieces that ran~e
boundaries should be marked. Thore are c. few plrcos in
nearly every range where thoro must be a division r.ade on
account of patented land and only in such casos do I thin!:
it necessary.

-22-

Range Controversloo

•

J01TES: I have found that the "boat way, ao a rulo,
to cettlo a dispute, is to raeot all parties interested in the
controversy together and settle the dispute in thr.t way.

KSLLU5f: My experience hao boon that wo are liable
to liaton to too many controversies that do not amount to
anything end will in tine be adjusted between themselves ii
left alone.

I have tn>en up marmot study in a snell vray and hove
not yot boon ablo to '^ot any definite dnta in thct respect.
It seoras that cattle coming fron the ?oroot are in better ocyndi-
tion rntf rrei^h heavier than those "grazed on the outside.

SIVEHTSON: The main fault wo have horo is the
private land. The cattle ncn or ohoop mr.n does not loaee the
cr.-^o land each year that he leased the year before or oovoral
years before and if you were to narlc out those bounder! os the
way ho loasod his land you would hcvq that all to do ovor
a-jain next year or in tr;o or three years.

I believe that rmr*e disputes should be settled as
fcr as possible by tho render on the ground. The rctos
rocoived by the forest Service are a -preat denl lover then
those received by private individuals or oonnanies for their
land.

HATTOtt: Tho stockmen through C&lii'ornia rill not
admit thrt tho foes received by tho forest Service aro lover
than tho co paid Tor private land.

'./hat has boon tho tendency towards consolidation
or tho small man soinnj out of bucinoco? Lest eer.con re
asked for an expression on this subject and iir. Pratt I bo-
lie ve answered from tho Tahoo end submitted as jood a reason
as re .^ot. He thought it rao duo to economic conditiono and
tho hi«?h coot of living. The time h£,s corno \'hon a raan mist
concontrato his energy on sorao occupation. A nan crnnot turn
hie stool: loose in tho mountrlne and lot then run loose with-
out boin^ tmtched, and take them out in She fnll \7ith &
profit.

JONES: I beliovo it ic duo to a jrroat extent
that all the privr.to land in tho vrlley or lowor r.'nfje hae
increased In vr-lue. As a rulo tho srn'.ll ctoc!cman does not
own much land end a rrood neny are sollin" out to Ir r.^or
owEora on account of having no "'intor rr.nrro in tho lowor
country. A men v;lth a snc.ll btnd of cr.ttlo cennot nc.ico a
living at that alone.

SCOTT: I believe c man with 50 heed of cattle
cannot afford to pay the -,-razin*^ fees chr.rged on private land
in the foothills.

-23-

KELLEY: Down in the country south of here the
dairymen are depended upon to raise the stock for the cattle
max. Tho foothill range has depreciated in value on account
of overgrazing and climatic conditions, and the lcr(jer man
could not buy sufficient cattle to stoc::-up sufficiently to
malce u? the loss on account of the snail nan soin-* out of
business. It ras absolutely nooeoaary for hiro to irorchp.se
or.ttle and it is not due to any fcult of the ?oreot Service
that our [jrazinrj business Is falling off. There lo no
chrnce of it coming baol: until there is something done to
upbuild the etoc": rrielns industry.

Ran~e Improvement

3A3BITT: One small experiment hts boon tried on
my district. That is soring red top on a lo£~epole flat
hrd been rrazod to the limit. This erea was eorn two years
a 70 end e.11 the land TT.B vet enough to support the rod top,
rhich hes spread all over the flet. The erperi-aont -as a"
2-rect success on this crea ar.d the -Trass has come up as thick
as it could Btrnd ond ^rom to a height of about t«o foot.

FTT.LZY ; On the 31 Dorado the higher mountain
meedors vrcre rapidly bein^ depleted by prairie dors or ground
squirrels ;nd ^e cr.rrlod on c littlo experiment, end it rmist
be scid it '"cs entirely suooessful as fcr as it went. .7e put
poisoned -rain on the tree. I to not 1oiow if vho proper
cjuuutity or puison vua used but ovlfonce of tho destruction
UC.S founc" both on the rround anc5 ur/.er the ground. In all
ct SOB the squirrels rere found c'ead.

HATT01T: The Uodoo hr.s racrle a number of ex-
periments rith tircothy anc> rod top but they have been a
failure. This he.8 beon duo partly to the season of fio yor.r
in r;hich tho seed TT&S sor/u. In tho spring of 1910 tho
Porostor ~c.vo uc a oertc.in r.raount of money to B;-.end in re-
seedin7 oxporinonta. V/o had to ~et bney r.nf- set out un-
dcsireblo areas, cud in moot ccses the ri*ocs selected rere
render strtions anc enr.ll aror.s of that ohr.rp.oter. The
season v/r.s most unf&vorcolo and I thinu: if "the sr.ne ex-
periment had been otrrtort in tho full it vrjuld hf'.ve boon a
BUOCOSS.

I tried Itclian Rye -Irass on the Van
Ha ran rancor station without turnin-; ir tlio soil. The seed
was so~n or. the 23 of Deco-.ber ar.d on Juno ?,?. a her-vy stf.cd
of rye -rass ras there. It flic, not stand the drought curing
tho summer and ell died out.

TI1IG: It was a total frlluro In ny district.

It \7as sown at a higher elevation than !£r. .Whit turn's area
end it is possible that the heavy frost raised it out of the
ground and billed it in that wny.

Forage PI tints

HATTOH: Tho idoc. of collecting ran^o specimens
ic to got tho forego value oC the plnnts identified, as well
as tho identifications. I hope the rancors rill vork up an
interest in tho collection of forage plants. I tried this

. -or to see uhr.t I oould do. \7e travolod around in a cart
on the Ilodoc end v;lthout any loss of time or detriment to
render ror"; collooted in duiliw.to 170 different forego plrnts,
A lot of thio vorl: can bo done ^hile v;e are doing othor rcrJ:
if vro Just aa':o u:> our Bind to do It.

The question of I-'orest Officers boing c/ppointed
Pish and Ourao Deputies was thorou ;hly disoucsod pro nnd con
by iloddin, Scott, Babbitt, Jones and others and resolution
v;nc put up to tho resolution oowriittoe and afterward voted on.
Tho cMscucoion is omitted.

Accounts
MR. THOT1PSOU guve a brief tall: as follows:

Uncle Sara guards hie money rathor carefully. There
are certain things that always have to bo borne in mind by
the Piscal A^ont. Those are tho regulations of the Treasury,
the letters of authorization and the fiscal regulations. In
other words, for ovory expenditure there mist bo authority and
instructions joid it io nocooeary to show on the account all
this inTornation. \7hen prejarin^ en Ojcponoe account there
are r for; thin~o to bear in mind — have *'ou the jjro.ter
authority to incur bho expense; hcvo you tho proper in-
structions and ie -fliero money a^-orojrirtod to meet it. Those
arc the oMn-£ thrt tho disbnrsin-; biTicor r.iuct conoidor when
tho recount is presented. The ^'isonl ?.o -uletions cover tho
points very r»eli. The ir»ct ructions on the br.c': of vouchers
are cloo useful in otatir.^ the account. Another point is
the r.rith'Tiotical phase of tho net tor. You v;ould be surprised
to ceo tho nuraoor of ti^os ve *et recounts statin -7 six ni^3;ts
loc -in^ r-t 75 conto anouritc to V1.LO. All theoo pointc
0'ioulo'bo co::cic"ored by tho rrn.p-or. The" aro «ho cr.uoe of
colr.y ir. uno of en account in a majority of fio CJ.COB,

when it is nococsary to return the account for correction or
additional ini'orux-tion.

-25-

Sottlomont

PRATT: We formerly di4 not pay much attention to
settlement on thie Forest, thinking wo had very little Itnd

ich could bo clrcced under the Act of June 11, but this year
vro have had as mr.ny cases as wo have had altogether oinco the
forest was created. The idea previously has boon to have one

. nal:e a specialty of Juno 11 "-orlc sinoo there io oon-
cidorr.blo policy involved vhich has to be studied up. In the
.ire thit v/orJ: '"ill be put into tho hands of the Dictriot

re noro or loss. As a rule tho applicant rrota hio
application papors through tho District Rancor and it would
hoip c-. vholo lot if ho v:ould find out from tho applicrnt
.t lends ore joins to bo applied for and soo that the
lication io mado out ri^ht.

Thoro aro throo cleosos of applications on this
Foroot. Wo have applications for sae.ll ranchoro rhich are
lo.<rLtlmato propositions BB a rule. Wo have applications
for a v.tiolo towns ite in order for its residents to obtain
titlo to \;heir proporty, end then wo have applications for
mountain meadows. In i/iany tines tho letter are desired
eiraply as resorvclr sitos.

ffhon it ic necessary for tho district wnzoT to
ma::o a report tho rarin thin^j to decide is whether the land
is agricultural or not. V/e cannot pass on what tho appli-
cants intentions are. If tho land is agricultural r/o must
rocomnond it lietod un<" or the Act of June 11. I rould lilce
to hear somo orijrossions on \vhat r;o should consider
agricultural land.

'JILSON: On tho majority oi these :>IDCOO In tho
raountcino you can put in a crop of ^roin in the Fell rnd
harvest ono crop v;hothor uhcro ic «.ny water or not. 'Ay
criorienco has been with tho najority of these little mountain
places that a settlor will ?o out and plant a pardon, put in

oteto patch end roiso quite r. 5006 siaec! crop for a year
or so ^ut if he follows it up four or five years ho vlll
<*ot alnost nothing. Vflion a case comes up under the Act of
Juno 11 r.-hore they have e. small place r.ni? build it up and
he ve fruit trees r.nu vinos r.no rtlce ^r&cs, fruit and liay,

I do not BOO hov: v?o ccn ?^ot c. round it. You tn'co the Juno

II applicj.tions at Yc.n-coo Jims in ray district. You can

ly .ontion r.ny crop thrt hcc not been raised on this
lend at come tine. Goioo of vhio Irnd hr.s boon irrigated
cnc". sono not. I:i a nt.jority o. tho cases, horevor, rlioro
bhorc \;r. o no v.T.tor the crop rould bo alnost nothing.

Claims

'O3LLEY: Out of soroe ICG claims on -Sio Eldorado
which covorod -ho country tr.o or throe yoaro 0.^0, we have
now but four loft to report upon. The others

-26-

oii;hor boon canceled or are pending novf In tt\d Interior
Do.-trtaent. On the Tahoo r.^riculturol nlnlras -or!: IB t i
the minimum. I "jeliovo thoro Is but ten agricultural olrimB
on the forest end probably only three of thora rill over
co"io to a case. In clfime v.or1; our greatest trouble hr.s
beon to pot reports und affidavits from the rtn-;ero» Re-
porting on a clc»l?3 Ic "clnd of a tau.-jh proposition. The
c:.-? :lnor ~oes on the -.-round and sees conditions and hao
his opinion, jut in convoying thet opinion to the r;upor-
visor rm; oho Suporvioor in tuiTi to ,ihe DiBtrlot 0-ri'ioe,
the Trots in the case are ^cny "tinec lost. In other v;orc'8
•oho exc-iainer fc lie to conceive that ho hea not ^iven rll
the facts in the case. II; ny tlmoo he heo the facts in his
end things the other officers 'mov/ then Juot as rell.

forest officers mt.:;inj3 reports should collect
all bho cle-ims data from yocr to year, oven If it is a
repetition end file it In the case, so that v/hem the case
oonee up for nctent thoy will havo all the foots in tho
c;:so.

ITho original ho?»Qter.(? act 7?r.o very explicit.
Out of the ori^inr.1 let :x ssed In 1062 and revised in 1082,
thoro hco boon to tho :.Tosont time about 1& volumes of
decisions nritten. One thln3 v/e nust remember. It nufit
bo tho nans horoe , to the exclusion of p hone elso\7here,
for five yerrs.

In the nr^ttei* of affidavits, no one arnreciates
moro than I do tho difficulty of oVtrlnlnr; rood fiffidavlts.
An affidavit ohoulc" ctc.to by yor.ro rhi't the 'olfi Irian t hcs
done. Thct n?.y av^oar to yotu' nlnf. to euperfluous, but
unless on e.ffldevit contrlns rhr.t tho olrlracnt f.id from
yoo.r to ^ear it is uaelesa.

liinorcl deltas will continue on the Hrtional
Poroots forever but the ro;x>rtln^ is largely tr?:on out of the
rcryrooro hr.nds, Personally I cannot oee rhy e rancor is
re' ulrod to report on nlnoral olrlns r.t ell, r.lnce hio re-
port is clrr.ys follovod u;-« by an 0:^x3 rt niner. llovorthe-
locs ho is roruirer to do i« r.nd ahoulf. do iv ri^ht. One
01 ohe rcr.aono Tor this iu ih: t vory fev/ of the rrrr:ors
hcvo had sufficient experience clon ; t;iio line r.nd are not
co-.THitont for this ror::. In reportin';: clrins of noro thtn
•ton i-cres In oxtent, each ton acres nhoulc be surveyed out
r.nc". r.n oxcrainrtlon nrdo of oteh individual tract to loam
T'hai; vcluo «hr.t piece o^ lrn<* nay hnve for iainorp.1
purposes, unless* in SOT» ocses tho land chor;8 thct it f.ooe
not contain ninorcl.

-27-

I believe that in tho H. H. Yard case, the Secre-
tary decided that tho claimant was required to show a
discovery of mineral on each ton aero tract, end v?e all 'jfio
that ho is required to chor; mineral on every 20 acre tract
by the Jonerr.l Lend Lav;s, and If tho wor^c on any part of
thj claim tends to eovelop tho whole claim the- information
should "bo shoxm in the affidavit.

3IUELOW: In reporting on raining claims the ^
fr.ith of the applicant is consi cored greatly xrlth the
discovery and the vror^: done. It ie a'-jood plan to brin~ the
i'. or bad faith out in your report in good shape.

TI.LEY: An officer aty report there is a million
and a half board loot on a clcln. If there io any probability
that tho case rill oomo to a hearing, he bhould be able to
'one'-; up his ostirn&te v;ith an ezaot statement. The question

; be put to hiTD ot the hoorin : as to hov: many board foot
rro in c. tree ohroo feet in diameter end ICO foot hi»h.
If ho is unable to anovcr t'v-t ruostion he r;ill bo adjudged
IncoiTj-potont to say ho\7 many board feet are in a tree.

Uses

IJCIIILLAII: There ie a distinction to be node botvroon
oonraorcial and non- commercial useo as a basis for the annual
rate to be charged. One thln^ I have found. A person can
easily spend too much time in examination cnO. reporting on
uses. ?or instance, r- poroon ^111 rrant a small oarap r.nd a
tract of en acre or tro and a charge of v&« is all that can
bo -3i:do. Oftentimes the applicant is more or Icoe unfamiliar

h tho country nnc" expects some infornation from tho Forest
Officers. If a Porest Officer will do it ho crn ecoily spend
more tir.o on such r caoo thon the income will emount to in
four or five yeora. This is one of tho thln~s a forest

icor nuct nr^rd agninst. IJeny o.J.' i;ae old cr,cos have not
boon tied fco any definlJo object co ^luit it is impossi'jlo to
locate them. Thio state of affuirs should not be. j^vory
aroa should be tied to sorao definite object so that every
/.rest Officer cun locc to each corner at any tine.

W ALTON: My Ic'oa is to survey out tho land rrhore
v;o aro S-JTO it will bo ovcntniaj.ly uced for spncir.1 uso and
plot tho num'jor of lots LO t'int r'lou one lot is c. veiled for
it c:n bo re ;-ortod on vithout tho rt-n^er ^oin~ over the

and. Tlilo \^ill h^ve r. tondoncy to reduce tho tlno spent
anc'. decrot.co c-io iMiount of "i-ino reruired on each In dividual
caoo. In my district thore are several small Ir^zes v/horo
special use pornitB have been F.ppliod 1'or and all tho lend
trounc1. those In "xec will ovontuaiiy be applied for. It is
cuch lanri thr-t I hrvo reforonce to.

">IG'JTiO',V: I thin'c thf.t is a -roat scheme and at
cuch ploccc ll'ro Jxi\o Jahoe r.nfi Gold Ln':o v;e shoiild survey
all "oho r;over-nsoent Ic.nt' into lots rnd number them, write

crtiolos for the pr.pers tolling of this land anf. inutoad of
pie boin~ required to pay :;1COO for a lot lease then one
of our 3 Cor five or ton rollers K. yoar.

.Ll.r/: Uy experience h^B boon that the Ir.nd in
this country is so rou~h thr.t it IB only hero ;«nd thoro thc.t
a piooo o?" Ir.nd lovol enough ior a residence site can bo
found that can "bo surveyed.

Products

A?.M3710TT:>: The local office of Products, in it a
•or!: of securing the boat possible utllizction of Uatural
lorost one. other timbers, finds it necessary to have fin

•c.nicr-tion different frorn that found in any other office
of the Service. At the present tine the personnel is made
up of three I'orcst School r»n, one chenist, one nochanicr.l,
and one civil engineer. This vill rive eone ic'oc of the
^roblera T'l-.ioh it is forced to fr.co, and solve. Soraotinea
a ^rojlora is too corv;<lex for our slo?v'or nerns, rhon it
becoraos noccco&ry to refor it to one thorou <-ily equipped
oontrcl laboratory ct Jliidioon, Wisconsin.

In li -htly ~oin? ovor the r;or": th<;t \ve nro doinrji
I rill su^rait iy ro^Tiir::s under the hoads of a-jocieo.

Pine;

Stron-th toots rro to "bo nr.do, during the coning
yerr, upon s^ocinens of Lhlu timber. This v/ill bo done in
connection rlth c comprehensive eorios of toots covering
ell of tho coranercial tinoors in tho United States. '.7o, c.t
ono time hr.d in this District r. tesliin-- laboratory, in
cooperation wit'i tho University of Crlifornlo, l>ut this

discontinued about a year nn<f a he If cjo. All tests
•i -on California T/oodo rnuct nov- ">o rnt^o at Sor ttlo, or
Jtodison.

•

Arrcn»o:oonto hr.ve alo-j been nc.de to raa.^re ox-
porinontn.1 stoau diBtillr-tiono u^on the noodles, $wl£0 r.nd
conoo of tliis Qjocios, to c'etorriino the yield m£ ohrraotor
of the acrchun table products o'otclned.

'./c a Lorn Yollor: Pine;

V/o are invosti«rctlnT this species '"ith ro^arr tj
its vrluo ca a fonoo-post, tele-rmh pole, and oca pilin/-
fcirabor in co^nontion -.'ith preservt-.tlvo tro.'-tnonts by
creosote, of course. In tho tr-o forner uaes it iE un-
doubtedly a aucceoa, ti<.".in7 ohe place of the more ex^onelvo
ceclcr end junipor poloa cnr" posts.

On tho California we have treated 16 and 22 foot
poloe for permanent improvement work, at E. total ooat of

oontn nor "Ola, usln.t creosote drums as treating tanlos.
7hoy rare, of courue, secsonod polos, as flrrcon poles ro-
ouire an excessive amount of time in treating.

So-ne yor.rs a^o the Service, in cooperation with
several electric compc-jniee of Sou -horn California orooootod
sovorrl hundred 40 foot polos. An absorption of 6 pounds
per cubic foot, rnd an average penetration of 5 inches r;as
secured on 7 feet of the butto, r.t a cost of .-1.24 per polo.
An inspection nado Ir.st September, shored these poloo to bo
perfectly sound, v.'horoas C6 percent of those that wore set
untreated at the er.rae tine wore thoroughly rotten at the
-rounr line. This vts 3 years e.ftor sotting. As tho
treated poles had to loot only nine nonlhs longer than the
untreated ones to pay for the cost of treatment, tho BUCCCCS
of tho experi'lon- ib obvious.

Ae a result of theoe treatrxmts tho oan Joaquin
Li ;ht and .nov/or Coraprxy hr.s already orcotod a plrnt to tront
cedar, rhi^o fir, e.nc rostorn yollov; pine poloo; end tho
Southern California Ldison Company is planning to eroot
ono during tho oonin-j year.

In Honoy Lr.ko Valley, on the ed^e of tho Plxinas,
v/o have a portable treating plant in ?;hich hcvo been
crooootod sevoral thousand fenco-pocts for the rancliere in
that locality. Tho plant is hauled from ranch to ranch,
and the postc treated for ID cents each. Round, seasoned
yellov ;:ine polos c.re treated for one hour in hot oil ct
from 170 to 100 degrees ?. after nhich they are allowed
to stand in the coolin? oil for a half hour longer. Old
pine fence-rails, used as posts, will absorb 8 to 12
pounds of oil ">or oubic foot in fron 3/4 to one hour in
hot oil.

In Scott Vclloy, on the Klanath round posts have
been treated for the ranchers at 15 cents per pest, -/hen
thoroughly seasoned they tt.!:o oil readily. The plrnt used
there consists of tvo r-clvrinisod iron tanks , 61 x 5' r 8'',
coetin.3, v/lth thoir heating coils, '.203.50.

As a pile tlio'jer v;estorn yollow plno rill not,
joliove, prove a succooa. <e have sot orpori"cntr.l ;>ilos
both in 3c.n jVcncisco and Sen Diorro 3oys. Tho untror.tod
pine pilea bhovod, after ono year, c eevore attr.clr by the
r^rino rood-borers. Creosote^ .>i:.o piles "oro in better
nhapo, jut, at iian Lio^o, ono of then, treated '.;ith 22.5
Ibs. of creosote fco Iho cubic foot, shov.-ed a slight attac!:.

-30-

nothing ib 'cnown with regard to the strength of
-torn yellow pine; and for that reason toots aro to b«
nado upon it, the material being flrnlehed by the lladera
•ir Pino Company.

Tapping experiments have aloo boon performed dur-
.0 pact two seasons, anr! several thousand pounds of
cruf.o oleo-rosin secured from troos on the Sierra National
Forest. Those tappings show that the ;rado t.nd yield of
turpentine rnrf rosin fron the oleo-resln is about oqual to
that of the Southern nines, fron \vhieh our conuercial
turpentine is ob'icinod. We havo to determine whether the
yield of oleo-rosln from a Tivon area of pine treos is
such as to warrant tapping on a ooimercial scale.

Similar orpori-aonte to those on su<*ar pine, are
to be carried out, during the conln ' yor.r, on tho neodloo,
. :a and cones of tho yellov pine.

Jeffrey Pine;

Tapping ejcporinonts hr.ve also boon ..erformef. on
this species, flurin^ the pr.ct season, on the Laseon Uctionr.l
Foroat. T)io operation tr?:es lon~er as tho trood was found
to be ht-rdor than that of the other plnee, wiring ohlppinp
difficult. It is probably thct the Jeffrey pine oleo-resin
vrlll nut yield turpentine, but another product cr.lled
abieticne. The treos have, in the past, been tappof1 by
prlvnto indivlcurls, who hove ^enufrctured medicinal
compounds fron) the distillato of the oleo-resin.

Steam distillation e-t^eri'sents rill bo performed
on the needles, t^vlrr8 cm1 cones for fie seme pxirpoee as
those on the ou«:ar end yello\v pines.

Jeffrey pine fonco-posts have been

crorsotod in i'oney Lt/je Vc.lloy, as a cost of 15 cents
;^oct to the rhnohors.

Lodc.e^ole rino:

Soverr.l million of these trees have ooen tttcclroc1.

• ood-borinc; incecto on tv.o Lacsen. The trees ere in
..olc iorr.s rn<! sizes, and for that reason the Service he-s
j.rdo arrcn^cMcnts to Bhip a cnrloetf of t*aoia to the ^nn
Joa<"'iin J i -'it ano ""orei' Co,.~.-.y, for iosts as to their
availaoilit;/ for ->olo ••urpoeee. Tho Co-.rsprny Is to pny tho

:n:;o of cu'vtir?, trans ;ortction, treating nnd setting.
If ."lie tric.l is successful a nr r '.ot ..ry )e foxirx' for the
dead rnO dyin-j lod^ojole, especially ns a nllroe^ vill,
in c):o coureo of t- o years, be built Uhrou^h tho Infested
crec.

-01-

•

Tapping experlmento on this species were carried
out on tho Lasson leot summer end this fall, but vrere not
successful.

noodles, tin.;s and conos of the conifer will
also be the subject of steam distillation tests*

Digger Pine :

The di^or pino hao boon tapped on the Sierra dur-
tho past two seasons. The oleo-rooin of this pine does
not yield turoentino, but a product celled heptane, nhioh is
invaluable on certoin chemicc.1 tests. If enough of this
nroruct wore made available, a steady r.oraand vould be mede
for it by chemical laboratories all over tho r.-orld. Tho
co^rnd, at 'n-esont, is r.l:noot nothin-, but this is "Mm to
a belief that it cannot be su.vpllefi.

Steam distillation tests vrill also be performed
on nocdlos, tin-s, nnc1. cones of iho di^or pine.

Wo fl tern Henloc'::

Owin<; to cltiros thr.t have boon node concerning
this spccioo as boin* superior to Douglas fir for sea-
piling, we have Included it in our piling orperlnonts nt San
Frar.cisco ancl Srn Die^o. After sevon -oon-ths it hao ahorm &
sli ht ettrolc jy the mrrino vrood-borers. On some piles,

»s of tho bar": still adhere, and r.t cuch pieces the oilos
have net beon attac.'cod.

Doubles Fir:

Poles of this epoclos rere treated for perinanont
imir over. out rorl. on the California. Creosote drums v?ere
uoori for twiXs . The poloe thct v?oro cut and pooler- in the
oumor, caue-hfrc^oncd, and coulc' not bo euccoesfully
croosotod, oven at a cost of 50 oonts per pole for 22 ft.
polos.

The sarao difficulty was experienced in our ex-
perimental treatments upon Douglas fir cross-ties, In
cooperation with the Southern Pccific ?.,-ilroad, v.here with
lon» boiling in oil, eni: )reac-.iros up to 150 Count's per
sruaro inch, f vory oli-rht penetration of oil too': plr.co.
The Southern Pacific Co. uses zinc choloride exclusively
on their croaBties, although it is but r cli;;ht protection
in no4 3t soil.

Wo have also plf.coc1 Lou->lf s fir in our pile
oxporir.entc, both croocotod t.nd untrorted. Untrerted ^-ilos
fcro r.ttftclioc co a tili-ht ^o^ree by tho marine woodborors
in seven months. The creosoted nilos treated with 10 pounds
of oil to che cuoic foot, vere not attacked at the end of th
a yeer.

-32-

Patented pile protections were also applied to
Dou-las Fir piles, but these have, exoept on one or two
instances, been attached by the marine wood-borers within
a year.

The tapping experiments rarde on this species on
the Lassen, wore not successful.

.r-.ito J

\7hloe fir seons to be a ^ooc1 telo^raph end tele-
ohone oole timber. Above tho •ground a pole of this species
rill last 10 yoe.ro at the least, where roil cedar -..-ill be
rotte-n in the sapwood both above and fool or tho ground lino.
The butts, then are tho only ">arte that need treatment.

It was shown in the permanent iroprovonent rork on
the California that thoroughly seasoned white fir cr-n be
successfully treated rith creosote. In fnct, the Santa Pe
Rsilvny is no*r creosotin~ chite i'lr ties.

A carload of "*iito fir poloe is to be sent by us
to the San Joaruln Li :ht and "oror Go. for oxporlnonto as
to their wliio v^^on creosotof i"or po«"or pnr^oooe.

\/hlte fir is t leo r.n A !To. 1 material for paper
cs erperimontc at our I'rf.ioon Ltbortitory hpvo oho\Tn.
The Floriston ^lp i\nrt -teper Company use Ir.r-ro quantities of
it in wheir pulp nonurt oture. ^e aro nov; tryiiv; to interest
paper co"ipcnle8 in a r/hite Tlr oropoeltion on the Shpsta,
about 200,000,000 foot ero evaliajlo in a ^-ood locr--cion close
to the rcilrocd cnc -.wtor po^er.

,'hito fir 'TOO floo used in tho ^Voucherio experi-
ments on the -Idortdo ("urin- the >c-6t yotr. ^y this
prccoss cop 'er eulphtte ie injected into tho Hiolo pole.
The er^erirnont io of roat interest, t.s it is the first of
its 'rinfi over performed in Anerlcn. In 3orr*iny anrt ?ranco
the rnojority of telephone anT tolo yraph polos ero treated in
thio -rannor. It io only of v luo in loctlitios ^horo the
soil ic frirly dry. 31rnil!»r ox:>ori:nenu8, on a more ox-
tont-ivo oct Io, ^111 oo crrrio£ on next sprint sri* surrter.
Several epecioB 'ill bo triod out, us in-: oo rper sulphate ,
zinc chloride me1 r. pn'jo^tod .>rosorvative OIOV.TI as Aozol.

Tho noecUes, tr.-l :s, anr' cones of this fir, as well
as those of tho rod fir, rill 10 su'o^octet' to stonrn
distillation tests durln r the co'iin^ year.

Incense Cedar:

Boards of this material were eont to two eastern
pencil companies for trial. It was found that it would
answer for the cheaper p^-odea of pencils, as it hafl a pjood
prain, stained \vell, and whittled ot-sily. It hr.s been

'. at a pencil factory In San Leanflro for this purpose.
Lately it hrs been discovered that one of the lar^e
eastern pencil companies has been corralling the incense
cedar output of several mills.

Incense cedar boards v:ere also tried out as a
nr box material. The essential oils thr.t it oontr.lns,
ron<*ero it unfil for this use, as clrars tre rendered
^ when stored in those boxes.

This species --as also included in our pile experi-
ments. After a year it shored only a ell -ht attach by the
marine rood-borers.

Severnl hundred incense cedar posts wore treated
at tho portable treating plant in Honey La'ce Vrlley. The
severest treatments filled to injoot the creoeote satis-
factorily; while the ooct, 80 cents per ->ostf vrr.u ercecoive.

The needles, tvl^s an<? cones of thin s -odes are
to bo inclu^ec1 in our steam distillation esporinonts.

(I!r. Arraetron^'a pcjer Included the diLcussion of
a number of species not on those forests rn^ ne hnve
omlttoi? "uheso from the minutes ovln^ to ltd: of space.)

Lducotlon
R. C. ./OOD'iJTtn. (r;esd by ;ir. ?ratt)

In order thct tho nen in tho field nny realize the
full benefit of their posit lono, c. oarofnlly selected reading
couroo hr.c boon outlined c.nf jrcviclefi for -oy the District
Cffice. Aftor havin- loo':ed tho oource over carefully and
aftor oora/'lotiTi • throo o\ tho boo'ts cssl-Tied, my vlevs of
tho course are aboxit ao follonc:

In un^orta::ln^ tho rear'in^ cm study of tho different
bco':s, there rre nr.ny things r'lich resomole tho cllnblnT of
rnoxmtcin pea'-:s. In the firet dc.co the boo::s c'i 'Ter in

.itude and elevation on the one hrnr' , rnfl In charrctor or
th.tt '•'ilch Tnr.'-res them peculir.rly interostln? on tho other.
Thi~ ia very apparent if you conclc'or anc1. con^rro any t^o of
the books of the course.

-34-

.

Thoro is probably no one who cannot remember the
apprehension with which he looked forward to o or tain fields
of study, v;hich hed to bo untfertelron when an education was
bein.s oou^iit. Sone troublesome subject such as higher
arithmetic, rrrr.mnor, Victory, music, or spelling was always
loowinr: up across the horizon cs oowothin.^, well nigh,
^insurmountable, unint creating, and unprofitable. In the
fields of higher education those so ore! n -7 obstacles and
difficulties become more numerous; Juct r.3 tho -;roat poa'cs
become more numerous When tho higher regions of tho Sierras
aro reached. 3ut tho ronl noholer doeo not allow any of
those heights to stand in hio v:ay but finds his greatest
enjoyment, end incidentally hio grontost benefit and profit,
in mastering over:'' subject or coxirro vhlch comes in his
:v>rtioulur rr.n^o of investigation.

How r. forest Rcr, :or doesn't orotond to be a c'.oop
scholar or a "boos v.-orn". This sife of tho service is being
looked r.ftor by tho technical men. T?ut it is well 'oiovm to us,
that an able I\nn-or is ejected to be very much of an all
rround man. And p.oove ell things he fi ooa need, is breadth
of view. This is one of the important thirds to be frotten
from tho Reading Co->irae. Inoidentf lly, I mif^ht arid; that a
considerable r.raount of that mystery, 'vhlch v/e conflict or
envelopes tho technics! nan, may be dispelled vhon n
realise thet they study these sane boo'cs at Yale, Harvrrd,

ichi-tan, end the other Toroctry Schools. And r.loo >vhen
• c ':nor uhat before the correction of elimination jepors is
co voletod a conoid orable amount of roviowinj of -those same
boo'cs vill have to be resorted to. This is es it ehoald bo
Bince it rofjuiros adciitlonr.l thought en? a elilr.in- up of
weros, and io o source of plorsure to every tcciinical torn
vho is ac.iii-.med the tcs'; of loo!:in.-; ovor tho •;* :>ors.

One of tho o>ooial features of the Course 10, that
it has not only a be^i^r.ir. - 'jut rleo an eiu-inj. T,\o tests
vrhich folio--- t"ie conplotion oi' or.oh boo": aro no- intended to
force oi roful study buv t'loy form a natural conclusion to tho
courco anc" pive a nan so cthin-; of u .joasuro of his ability
to read and cesiMilato. This courco affords at lei.st one
special opportunity. Jnli'.;o *aost oc-uc; tional o.'/.vorcuiiitios,
there is nothing conpulaory t')0ut it, tnd no penalty in^oood
even if utter feiltire to understand tho boo};s ie er^orioncod.
?hic io e condi'cion, .;:iic'.i io vory unlike the oci.linr of a
Lookout -?oint or a difficult x>aK in orcer to r.coomjlish
sono very noooseary jioce of ^or'c. In this course, an
^ . ort unity vresonts itself ^hiC:i cm only result profitably.

To ial:e tho benefit to bo derived noro .->lnint
lot us re ic :bor thr.t much no '-o • ould onjoy n tri." ovor tho
trails 'iuh '.r. Jravos or - iV.i ."lr. Fir.ohot, there are a
comparatively few rion in «ho l-'orost Service v;ho crn expect
to even oeet tho-n or see them. But they have fjivon to every-
one, through these boo'ce of t.hoirs, the opportunity of

coeinc things and of reasoning and thinMn-^ about thin rs
from tho elovftted points of view tfhich thoy have attained.
These vion points wore not arrived et easily cjid v?ithout
effort, -jut ?'cro plainly attained from years of practical
experience, reeding, study, and association rrlth tho boat
tMrv-:ers on both sidos of the Atlantic. More than this
those are exceptional nen to be ;in T=lth, and they have
•r.lned tho -:reatost proficiency In presenting tfhat they know.
Since those books v;hich they ^ivo us are the roaults of their
most intense efforts, wo cnn probably dorive more fron them
than we could po:.;eibly gain from extensive conversations v/ith
che men themselves.

boo": nxfords on ortonolve vi<w fron some
definite point or other of tho vor?/ subject \vhich is con-
ctr.ntly before a Forest r.fn-or, nrviel/ forestry. And it io
surprising how cler.rly uhe rutiiors have presented thoir
su'jjocts. This lo ono tost of a -jood book, clocrnoos end
siriplicitj, an<* even I-'ernow's '.vor:: on the Economics of Por-
octry, nuic'.o from a fov lorrre rorc'.s, is clear ancT not too

icult to rer.d v:hile it is actually a surprise to find out
hov oasy it la to road the F.sel-med portions of Proves ' book
en Mensuration. This boin'T tho cose re surely cnnnot nios
ror^in-r ';'ic book of tho forenoot authority on t'ie principal
of Coneorvrtion for this iu tho 'coy note of J-'-ernow's boo'c;
nor oho aid \ o t-ich to nlss rco.dinr; who boo'c rhich oxolains
tho vhy r.r/ rhoroforo of such wctioal thinrs as Berlin^
rules ai;d volume te')los cs they ere told about in Jravoo boo3c
on 1-oncuraticn. 3-it tho books that eoora to contain the
•I'oatoot nunbor of inter eutin-r topics are the Primers I and
II vrricbon by lifford Pinchot. Don't be deceived by
thinl:ir.;; fiftt bocn.'ise they e.re s^'ll that thoy vrlll bo tho
easy ones to study. Aside fro.n Sudnorth's boo::, they are
in ny esti if tion fie hcrdest boo':s in "the course, that is,
if the tino Unit for roao'ln- i/'.o^ is contiidorod, r.nd tho
orr.Minrtion rjuoationo are "ell cncworod.

Tho itfoe-s obtained from theoo Primers brinj up
chain after ohc-.in of fiou^ht. So intorostiriT are thoir
chapters thf.t the number of pc^es road or to be reed is
forgotten, p.nrf ro find, our solves T,'oi{ThlnT the writer's
thour;ht; crroeincj i nd disa'.Teein^ with hin. :o rill fir.d
o-irselves -x iiiv> all sorts of con;e.ri«ons betT-oon tho
pictures he ;xtints rj^cl those nhlob re reiaenbor fro^o our ovm
o-r;9rionces. i'.oro thr.n lihic vro are apt to find ourselves
looking forward to tho tivne vhen on our trips fchrou'rh the
woods we ccn loolx at alroady fp^iliar "ili-ccs and objects
again to BOO if the vrriter is eescribin^ conditions ac thoy
actually aro or '-hethor he is neroly 7ivin-r us a lot of
theorotionl stuff.

-36-

For come of us on undue mnount of pleasure will
come from the ohance to critloizo v/hnt to us aro vory
apparently misto.kon views. But on tho whole, whether wo
urjree or dioa^roe v;lth tho author, if we oatoh the ele-
monto of interest contained in tho books we are the nrninors.
Wo will over afterward have a little different point of
view, undoubtedly a hi^hor one from which to look at those
vital elements of Forestry.

ore than this, from the numerous examples and
Illustrations Kivon which are takon from all parts of tho
United States, and also from other countries, wo seo that
our districts are only small parts of a groat whole. And
as wo reed moro and raoro we roalizo thr.t others have been
wor';in'- alon? similar linoe to ours in othor places. We
aro thus ^iven tho benefit which alv/rys comes from con-
poring our lines of work and endeavor \vith those of an
eyoorionoed met master hand. V/e aro also steering away
from thr.t belittleing channel into rhioh anyone is liable
to n-et caught, this Is "localism". V/o ere well aware of
the effect that lon^ residence in acme one cornor of the
rlobe T;ill hevo upon an individual. We seo people v;ho are
typos of certain localities anr" a-ros v-herevor we 50.
3ut thore is nothing stagnant rbout the Forest Service and
this P.an-or'e Beading Course ie especially intended to
keep us abreaot of those progressive tiroes and if for no
other reason than this one it should be attempted.

Someone hc.8 said that there is a mighty
difference between a men who has something to do and the
man who has to do something. There is also a ^roat
difference between one's attitudes before and after
accomplishing something that at first looks very burrlon-
ao«o but which In the end turns out exceedingly profitable.

-h this course thoro is something to do, offered;
nothing to be lost, and unquestionable r^rln to bo derived.

WILSON: The District Rancor of today is looked
to for reports of all kinds and expected to follow systems
that have been tried and found to-be tho best. By studying
this reading course he will know what systeroe have been
tried and found to be the best. Occasslonally wo have
some follow that starts in to moke li~ht of the Service and
if we have a 3068. fund of general information and rake three
or four craoks at him, tolling him something ho floes not
know, instead of making fun of the Service you have an
intorester". listener. It seems that Mr. Gallahor hit the
nail on the head this morning whon he said the technical
Tsan was a practical man. If ho wore not a practical man
he vrould net have tr.kon that course. I think that the
technical men aro practical men and that the so-celled
practical men are not yractical men.

We have had wj nuoh discussion of the work a Ranger
or "Government Handy Wt-Ty* as he la sometimes called, has to
do, that TTO might call his rork an immense mountain that oan
only be scaled by using the ladder of knov.ledge. At flrat
each Rancor started- to climb on his own Ladder of Knoelodge,
fashioned nfter his oro Idea. Then it was realized that if
each man started at the bottom and spent a life time in the
Service, that they zould eventually attain about the same
height an<? none of them be aole to attain the top. Theja
thoy discovered that the best timber to build with vras
System and the fastest builder COOPERATION. Then they
started the system of ladder-Tray building by cooperation
to scale this mountain of trcrk. The man vrho has spent
twenty years studying Timber gave his knowledge, the man
who has spent tv;enty years on the Range hao given his , so
in turn each man has given his knowledge to build into the
Lad<?er-Way of Cooperation that rill eventually reach the
top of this mountain of vork anfl there attci . a perfect
system of Forestry.

It is no-.7 realised that the life time of a Ranger
is far too short to study out a system along each line of
his rork from his orn observations. He must bo able to
profit by the other nan's experience and tn>e up tiio rork
from vrhore he loft it and carry it on in such a manner that
his successor can continue on from the point where ho left
off.

In the danger's Course we have a history of the
knowledge obtained by several different men, each one upon
a separate line of investigation. In this Course wo have
a chance to learn in a for months the !cnov?ledge that the
other fellows spent several years in obtaining. Ken vrho
have spent t- ont;.r years in the timber have loft us a
vnritten description of their best methods of Cruising that
t/o can reed in trenty minutes.

A ranger might be thoroughly practical and might
knor every inch of his District and yet have need of this
Course to toech him some of the most vital parts of Forestry.
There is scarcely a day goes by thet he does not have use
for some of the Information Driven in this course. It Trill
help him in making his reports, in classifying timber, in
his system of mrnageraent and in his dealings rlth the
general public. It teaches hin to observe closely and to
Tirite an accurate description of ^hat he has observed. It
gives him an idea of rhat has been done outside of hie OTO
territory and sho\7B him hov other nen have overcome the
same difficulties thet ho has to contend vith. It explains

-38-

tho advantages of several different systems end ^ives him
a chance to adopt the one raoot euited to the conditions
existing In his own District. It broadens his view and
causes hi.vi to realize that there are hundreds of men on
other Forests all working for a perfect system of For-
estry. It -rives him a chance to /jet a large amoimt of
technical training *iven in special courses of Forestry.

OIGELOV7: There is no-chin^ to lose and everything
to fjain in taking this course and I think those that ta.'ce it
v;i!l becono better and more efficient men.

Forest Supervisor Kolley opened the mooting \7ith a
brief speech and appointed Forest K«v;or E. E. Jones of the
i:i Dorado, Chalrnan.

The first subject brought <p for discussion was
Rancor District lianoproment which was opened by lir. Bipjelow
as follows:

To bring up the work on a National Forest to its
highest standard it is necessary that each Hanger District
be ta':on as a unit by itself and a system be worked out for
this unit.

The District Ranker and each officer under him
must work as one man to brin«? this system up to the hirrh-
est efficiency. Tho next step In £Ood mana^ennent is to
brln^t those District units under one rafcna°roment and rjork out
a system for the Forest which is the unit of organization
in the ronerul management of the District. Our first vrork
and one rhich needs our closest attention is the Tnana^onont
of each Ranker Dictrlot. It is then the business of the
Supervisor and his office force to see that the units v.t>r'r
in harnony and forn a system of management for the ilationnl
Forest.

We must euch and every one of us on a Forest bo
a part of the entire systea e.no brin,^ eur efficiency up to
the hi host standard in order to raoke the nena^onont of tho
i'oroct icToi-1.

Scientifio nanc^ement is gettin<j the vreatest
er.iount of efficiency out of every unit of an or^rni motion.
HOT/ cen ^e brln^ uo the efficiency of ovnry men on tho
Forost to his hi ;hest capacity and have an ideal system and
manarenont on the "Tahoe", and "El Dorado"?

-59-

.

One of our first steps should "be In 8topoin~ tho
"loc'ce". I '"ill try an" call to your attention bone of tho
W10v.':s" r.nd clso v aero ve cen brinr our efficioncy up rjid
str.rt on cho ri-ht road to ideal nana^onent.

One of our worse loaJ:s in th« Forest ^ork raid a
loo': thr.t vactos noro time than ro cr.n afford to looe is
not oomplotin-- a Job v/hon it is started. An officer vrill
travel 10 miloo to roke a special-use report. Ho will
obtain pnrt 01" Lho information required and 50 book to his
cunp, findo out whon he stcrtc to mr?:e hlo report thr.t
more information ie needed, and he has to raDke another
trio and porhcps another before all the information re-
quired io obtained, losing vrlu« ble time on tho road.

in ho is ronuostod to nolco a report on a olcin. Ho
';c.':oo a rr«ld survey, porhrpe flnc'e onrt of tho linos and
looks over tho clrlra, for-ots r.ll rbout tho affidavits and
only half of the in f or inc. t ion vf ntofi is obtained. VThon tho
report le submitted to tho uiroervir.or he io requested by
bin to ne'<o anowhor trip to obtrin further information
cnc more ooraploto nTfioavits, a^nin raatin^ vrlup'ole time
on tho rord.

On a June 11 eaax^lnatlon he fin^s rhon he is
na".:in-7 ot;t hie report thrt thoro are several questions in
tho report '"Mch ho entirely overlooked end another trip has
to be >iar'e to ?ind out sorae trivial item Which is nocesonry
to co"i-)loto tho re.'-ort. Can ^e not use some syoton in our
•eric and not -70 at it in tho haphazard ray vo are oo in-
clinod to c"o.

Before strrtin<? out to rr 'ro an esminr.tl on of any
'.rind look ovor or.rofully iho outline of tho report or the
cuootionc on the lorn. Ta'te it rlon1? f.pith you "r.nd refer to it
on th« round rn^. be euro ihat evory point is oovorod, lull

i'^cvito ero 0)tPinod, vhon t'icoe are nocourr.ry, rncl
'inifch ronr Job -..hilo you ore on Jio ground rnd sr.ve the
ti-'o loet in travel rur1 rloo tho annoyrnce of boinr re-
quested. tl-io and c-tci:; Tor furrier ini'or or.tion.

rlrn your • cr ; rhead. Cf course, thece rlens v/ill
bo 'anoc';ed in tho head a dozen tirios by fires and unexpected
circular lettors but ohrn^e your .Irns to leot the oor.f.ltlono.

The only nr.y -co will ever "oeco -o efficient of-
ficers is by Iryin^ out our v;or1c rhocd. I believe it cr>n be
done in our service Just ce rell r.a it crn bo done in vivt to
vcr'.-:. Our fire -.lens this yetxr have shorn v/hat r-ood re-
sult e arc obtained '07 plcnnin- rhcrd.

-40-

Firet leBrn your District thoroughly. ?lnd out
rhat you have, v.'hcre the Govoi*uTxjnt land IB located, (not
a v->roxt:.ir tely but accurately) t-nc locate tho miniir: olrine
v.'hich rro lUble to vo to potent. Hun out tho linos and

j noteo on tho vjork* performed, anr fine" out ?:ho you can
ubtr.in information fron L nc1 ta];o notes on t'hat each man
knows. TIeop a folc.er en?, have the naterial in your files
so that -non i>he 3uporviLor asks for c report you crji look
ovor the case, "OIOVT juct vho you have to see r.nd r-hp.t you
have to do before yuu start to rauke the report. Always be
ahoec5 of the «rr.no In other vords.

In ^rauinT study your ranges ut every opportunity.
'./hen r.r. trolling instead of aimlessly traveling elon~ the
trails or road, 30 rith c fixed plan of vrhat you ^ant to
fine, out on this or thct trip. Tola notoa in your dicry
so you rin not Tor^et and rh-on you arrive at cen? co-?y off
for ^our files, on a sheet of saper, anything thrt refers
to a ct s-e ano. ^ile it in the case.

I-Uike your fliary a souroe of information instead of
a cut enc" dried otftement of hor far you traveler in<?. hoxr
Ion it took you. Use your hoad no v;ell ns your hrn£s in
your ^cr'i.. At ni -iit otop t nd thin!: v;hAt you have accomplished
cturin* the <*nys rido. V/hct new infonoction hr.ve you ob-
tfir.ec1, T-hr.t nev: corners have you locr-.tecl, in fact, lias your
days vork boon >-orth v;hile? Have you efmefl your pay? If
you hr.ve aimlessly nctrolled '"ith only the thou-jht of sooinj
a e-M3'.:o, anc. have ttred yourself physically and also rit'.den
your horse down just to covor ground r.nd have not four.d out
aoTie nov fact or obtained eone information 'r-'hich vlll holp
you in a future report I believe you have lost time rhoro
you could have eavec it.

Tench the men under you }^7 to patrol for fire,
hot; to It y out c. trail, hov>- to me3;e a report, how to exnnine
a rtn^e, hov; to interview a user, hon to Iccr.te a corner,
in fact, ^iiide t:ion and orke them efficient forest officers
r.ni*- v.-hile doin^ so you ore innrovidg and educating your-

Ofclf.

!!en start out in the service anr' are left to
thonselvoo to piok up the intricate work of tho service the
"best thoy cen from the manual end circular letters, but for
a net: man nho is not familiar with our methods those
eo^ietites only confuse them. Thoy are really left to them-
selves to either make tjood or -jot disgusted ^ith the ^orl:
and quit. For a wonder most o* them nmke ^ood but how much
bettor we could all have done and how muah time ve could
•9 saved if v/e had had oorae one to show us hor, during
the first ccnths of our rork. A ner man needs encourajremont

-41-

and the moro of It he gets the bettor ho does. I remember
when I first started as a Supervisor r few sortie of en-
couragement in B letter from i'.r. i.. T. Allen, who v;as then
an inspector, did more towards raa";in~ a Supervisor out
of me thin all the Use looses and Circular Letters I studied.

vontually our telephone system on this Forest
will be completed and then each District Rrnger will be in
direct touch '.vlth the Assistrnts and Guards under him end
rlc.o ith the Uofldcurrters nt Hevrda City. This is the cnse
now in so-no of our Districts, './hen this telephone service
is completed re c?n direct our ascistents each dry. }>oh days
••': should bo figured out ahead rnd telephone instructions
on to each of tho nien under you. Toll oach of them where
the- or.n crtch you by telephone at a /rivon ti"jo and find out
whore you cm telephone to them. You never 'mow rhnt tho dcy
'/ill brin^ forth and you should plr.n ahead for emergencies.

Let us start rinrht ^'It'i tho be jinr.ing of the now
rr. First brin^ our office v;ork up to o cystem, keep
our Jiles in order, mr'ce orses -'or our forms end Vve a
•>lrco L'or everything end keop evory'-hin-; in Its pi' co end
cave timo in looking for letters end forms. Too? c premise
cfrd or a colcnfar eystom anr1 kooo it u;t to elate. :/hon you
nrlce a srle .Mit ('o^m tho dato of Ito cloelnt BO thrt 7ou
••ill not overlook It rnd rocolve c. lottor fro:a tho Sxi^or-
visor's office thr-t you hrvo forgotten to ro^ort. ',/lien you
arc roruontod to raa';e a report or rjiawer r letter before a
ccrttin dcto, put do*n tho c'eto on your orlendar or in your
.tronlse cord box so thct you r/ill not forgot to r.nsv.'or the
iottor or rac're the report on the plvon fate.

Keep your desks clean end your bes":ots froo from
crtalofja rnd advortiseraonts. Only keeping in it. unanswered
letters end lot these be as fen as possible. Answer letters
promptly, especially from tieors of i;ho forest •

VThen the field season commences have your olrn&
laid out ahead end keep them ahead, ur.ther information every
day you ere in the field. In the mor:-iin» v.'hen you strrt out
thin!; vrhr.t you can c'o thr.t c'p,y to keep ahead of the rpne, rhat
clrim you crn look ovor, ^hct trail route needs lookin<- up,
v^het rrnTO needs loo'zint into, whet section corners alon- the
route you are njoin^ have not boon found, whet plrntin-> area
you have not looked et lately, who you can interview on the
route to acquire some information thrt is lacking in come case,
and what trail or road needs a si^n, YJhat telephone line you
will follow, arid consider If it would not be well for you to
•fte'<:e alon^ your pliers. In fact make an interesting study of
each days work and at the end of the de.y Just stop Mftfl think
•hat you have left undone enr1 what you have acoorapliohod
towards keeping ahead of the game. I>ch deys work will become
more interesting and as you plan, now ideas rill come to you.

-42-

Vte nro always complaining that we have not time to
do this or that. By plrnin- re will find that wo will have
tho tine. Do each piooe of work thoroughly and do it to day,
don't put it off until tomorrow, as wo are all BO incline?,
to do. '.Then you are directing your assistants to go on a
certain trip surest to them oertein things to look up on
the route anfl In thio way tre.in their minds to think up
things for themselves.

In directing your fire patrol plan each day how ell
your district can be covered. If you or one of your assistants
are going a distance from your regular route and thus leave
part of the district unguarded see that one of your mon so
plan his patrol as to cover the unguarded territory.

A .groat deal of time is wasted on stormy days.
There is no necessity for this if you will plan your work
ahead. Si -.us can be made, filing can be done, beck
correspondence cru<rht up, firo and improvement piano nade,
maps got up to date, manuals and forest books studied, tools
sharpened and a hundred and one things to do that are Just as
nocoocary ac tho field work to keep tho rork of your District
up to date.

This mooting is oalle" to discuss among ourselves
i'iQ v.'or"; of the Forest Service on tho Trhoo and Lldorado

'.ional Jorosts am5 to 'or inn; out discussions to help oech
of us to bo more efficient units of our system. I hope thct
you vrill moke this meeting a starter and look back to those
tro days as to tho birth of scientific management on the
Tehoo end Eldorado National Forests. Let us commence by
getting just as many ideas 3ut of this mooting as possible.
Each of us can bring out something to help the other fellow
end so help the system.

JONES: A well managed Forest must necessarily be
made up of veil me urged rrnger districts. To sry thnt a
district ie rell managed Is saying a great deal more than is
apparent to the crusal observer or to any one v/ho has not
given tho subject deep thought. A district rary have a district
renger, enou-h assistants cnc1 guards to handle any emergency
that may arise, good buildings and sufficient for the needs Of
the men end horses, a good system of trails, telephone lines,
fire brer. ks and a good protection ?lan, but can vre say it is
well managed? Ho,"l thin': v;e can sry that it is only ready
to be managed,

'..'e vill tr':o up the District Ranger first. V/hP.t are
tho qualifications of a district render? ^irst a fictrict
r should be, if :-otioible, a man veil versod in the

-43-

Roenilations and Forest Policy and above all things he should
have tho rospoct and confidence of the men under him; as this
Is tho first step toward gaining tho good r;ill of tho Forest
usors.

lie should be a "full grov.Ti man", vlth that onorgy
and con Tic" once necessary in one who niust take the lead.

Ho should remember that although he may have other
ion unc'or him, it is not on account of thoir lack of
intelligence or business ability, but there may not bo enough

cec for all those who are qualified to fill the position
of district ranger.

Next, the Forest usors should be studied according
to their dispositions, intelligence, etc. All people can-
not be hcncled by the some methods. Promptness in meeting
the bucinocs of the Forest as it conos up will go a long way
ard putting a district on a sound business basis.

You often hear «f a man that has been "called down".
Don't do it. lleny tines it results from tho nan not bolng
pro;;orly informed, in which cape the call-down \vas handed to
tho wrong man; it should have gone to the officer who
foiled in his duty by not taking the tine to thoroughly ex-

iin cny bucinoss ho racy have transacted. Explain to a man
cm" ;*ou grin his friendship, both for yourself and for the
?orcst Service. Cell him down and he never feels right
townre you or the Service aftenmrc. Once a ranker is
ri-ht \rith his assistants and tho Forest users and has
thoir coo^oration, ho is in a position to tr.'.ce xip nil linos
of ror';: in a systematic mr.nner and it cr.n be sair1 that he is
bo rinninj to naneje his district.

%

The Supervisor cannot, on account of his numerous
duties, go iniio the detail of Rrnger District liana gonent .
He can only plan -tho vror.;, v.lth the assistance of tho district
ranker and ma Ice Inspections at widely vfr7in<? intorvrls and
unless the district rrngor tr.kos up the -orl: end pushes it
forward, the Supervisor has nothing to inspect in the end
and his vork as T;ell as the vrork of the rcncror district
force shors tho bflrnce on tho wron- side ot the close of tho
cetson.

Now for tho assistfnt ranrrers: As has been
mentioned above, an asristrnt render ra?y not be essi.--ned to
a position under a district ranker on account of any lack
of ability to handle the work or a ('.istrict, however, the
fact thct he is un«'er the ("ictrlct ranker r'oes not nf.'ze
his work any less inportrnt.

Ho should cerry out tho work outlined for him
regardleoa of whether any one else on tho district worko^cr
not. Tho fact that the district ranger may spend hours oach
day poliohing the top of his desk with his boot ho els, or
that some other member of the Service breakfasts at 9:30,
should in no way influence him toward following their
example, for don't for n minute thin!: thct they are getting
away vith it because the Service is a little slot? in
rotting around to them. It ror.y appear to you that they
ere ajottin-* clong about as woll or a little better than
you are, but the Supervisor Joiors hovr things are going
and your of forts will not bo overlooked in the end. Tho

rincipal is to do '-hat you are requested to do, and to do
it according to instructions. The Supervisor may not be
satisfied rith the showing of a flistrict rcnger, but vhat is
ho going to do ab»ut it? A rli&trict must have some ono in
chr.rge and ur.loss there ere ether men who havo biijwn si^-ns of
life, ho hr.8 no alternative but to let things stand as they
are.

I have not attempted to say anything in regard
to the many different classes af work that comes up on a
ranger district, for the reason that a set of excellent
re -ulntions are bein^ prepared and sent out as fast as pos-
sible to the non in the field, but v.'hat I am trying to get
at is this; - that the regulrtions are useless without
someone to carry thorn out*

BA3BITT: I am by no means satisfied, rith the
nount of nark that v:e of the Sierraville District have
been r.ble to accomplish durin-r the past season, although
I bolievo we have done all that re could do vrtch our proeont
arrangement. I ara advancing the folloving program In the
"belief that it allcws a better field for scientific
mrna gome nt, r^hich I think the Forest Service will adopt in
the near future and which I should like to see initiated by
the Tr.hoe l-'orest.

I bolieve thrt thot pnrt of the Forest lying Last
of the mountains, the Truokee end Merraville districts,
should be consolidated, as they form, taken together, a
nrturcl unit; the Sierra City and Lornieville Districts
should form a second such unit: the country r round Kevcda
City, I believe, frlls into other such natural Districts.
I believe thst each of these Irrger divisions shoxild have
one district render, his aesistcnts, fira-gup-rde rnd
sealers; tho ascistmts opoh to have a district of his orn,
Icid ott in accordance ith the class of work he is to
perform, ES near as is found practical rnd of such size thet
he cm Rctuf.lly cover it and <*o all of the work that he is
expected to perform; tho fire guards to aot as patrolmen cr
lookouts and of course- the scr-lers to v?ork on the vrrious
sslos.

-45-

In support cf this 'theory, I find my time so
into "by district ranker work, thet I find it very hard to do
other clnseee of work that with e district such as I have, is
expected of ma, I find that I have to leave rasny things half
oleted and it ofton happens that the first pprt of the work
is for nothing before I arc able tc take up the subject again,
3y district ranger rork, I mean ths rasking cut of report s,~tho
overseeing of large timber sales, securing affidavits on claim

trespass cas«*s, the office part of fire fighting etc. I
beliovo that in the large districts there is en9Ugh of this
: to tt. ':o the larger 'part of one mane time end still let
him have the chanco to direct and control his district.

I wish to first take up fire fighting, using the
Icrtre district rnd supposlnr it to be the consolidated Truckeo
end Sierraville unit, with which I an raost familiar.

The ("istrict ranger should bo stationed at Truckoe
rlth phone connections rith each rf his assistants end .guards.
Durinr the fire Season oithor he Or a guard should alloys be'
on the phone and each evening receive a report from each man,
as to v:here he rill be the following day. .Then a fire is
reported the district ranker will organize end send out fire
fi-hters an<? the rangor discovering the fire orn, after
renortin-r, go to it with the assurance thrt help vd.ll be cent
to him vith food and relief ascurea, the battle is more than
half r-on. The district rrnger will have the time and
opportunity to orrrsnize fire fi^htors in dvery town and mill
and vill soon 'oiow the nan to be depended uion. '.«*here there
are snail one or tro render districts, there is a feeling,
not ^itho'.it rrood reason, that in case of a fire on en
adjoinin~ district, they should not leave thoir own district
unless the necessity for so doinr becomes vory -If rin,g and
urgent. In a Irrge district this would be obviated, for the
reeson that en assistr.nt conrninicatos rith the district
ranker and if on discovering a fire at sone distrnco he
loaves his o'istriot, measures rill be tr'ien to ">eet f.ny
extremity thet may rrise durin«r his absence.

In other words tho district ranger would have

amplo tine to wganico his force vrlth a viev; to ccncert of

action at all tiroes vith an attendant saving of expendi-
tures.

The Ami_stRn;t Ran^erg District;

In this new district there would be a section of
country rrnzcd by sheep and cattle alone, find in rhich little
or no vx>rk of any other kind is conducted. (Jndor present
conditions three different districts tako In a portion of
this territory, with the result that throo different c'istrict

-46-

rangers aro frequently called on to the ground to dispose of
some really trifling matter, usually trespass, thus con-
suming much valuable time badly needed eleewhero and vrhich
as soon as the render is gone is repeated. All of this
can bo easily and properly obviated by placing this terri-
tory under tiio control of one assistant ranker. He should
camp right with the herders, riving his vfaole time and
attention to the *razing and in the Supervisors office,
trouble rould cease to bo. The assistant ranger would
have one great advantage the benefit of vhioh he does not
oTton Tot undor the present system. If the assistant
ranker finds that a vory unpopular decision must be
rendered for the good of the Forest, the district ranker

. be callc? in, rho rill hoar both sides of the ouestion,
*et the frets fron the assistant end rondor a decision
in accorc'rnco thorev'ith, it is then possible for the
assistant to enforce the decision T ithout incurring the
displeasure of the herders, the district rr.ngor bearing
ell the blmco, vrhioh bocones "renders diplornncy". To
illustrate: On a timber sale in this Forest all attempts
to hr.vo the out-ovor area cleared up Jn accordance, r;ith
tho terms of the contract had resulted in almost absolute
failure eccompenied v.'ith hard personal feelings a;minst
tho fiold officer. It so happened that an officer from
another forest, engfgod in special \vork visited this sale,
difl nothing, said little, but after his departure tho
ran -or r •; in issued his orders vlth additional reotriotions
anc*. some brusquenoss and intimated to tho lumber-Tan that
the visiting officer htd so ordered, these later orders \7oro
com: lied vlth after co^e Crumbling and the ill fooling was
transferred to the official, rho, being absent v;as well
able to boar up under it.

I bolievo thc.t the district ranker can plan tho
^ork for his asslstrnte, "ith their suggestions bettor than
any porson that could not knov.- the pprtles interested, tho
conditions end tho country, he ?;ould have some time *vith
each -nan in his district to help carry out the plan and
find out at first hand its good and bad features, I think
that he could secure fro^i his assistants the information
and so classify r.n(" filo the srme that reports could be
roado at once vhon celled for from the office, thrt is,
tho render knowing tho nature of the information required
and having the time to devote to it, could got ahead of
the ga:i)e a no secure the information before it vrns called
for. The district render should plan tho improvement
-.»or'c after consulting rith his assistrjits, and formulate
plans for carrying out tho same; arranging for the
purchase of supplies and transferring them in tho most
economical and prompt ncnnor. In this connection I ;vould

-ost tha« there be a government team at the hcrdquarters,
believing that the volume of .vork in past Season*. \?ould
amply justify tho c:rmo.

-47-

-

This enlarged district vrith Its four or five
assistant rangers and possibly as many guards, \vill tond to
enthuse the men v.-ith a desire to ma ''re it the banner district
of the Forest (in the case of the district referred to,
they v.lll succeed) each man rill have a sub-district small
enough to afford him ample time to thoroughly acquaint
himself v:ith the problems and \vorking °f the same and \.111
be enabled to keep up \vlth his work at all times, in cases
of an unucual degree of excellence in his rork, or the
successful \7orking out of a new problem, the same will be
promptly noticed and passed on to the other members of the
district. In closing I \vould say that the change con-
templated can be made without increase of force over last
Season and the additional expense v/ould be limited to the
necessary improvement work that \vould in the natural
course of events arloe vrith the bettor administration of
the affairs of the Forest.

Another point rorthy of mention occurs to me, that
is harmonious action among rangers. It is too often the
cr.se that the expressions, "I 'don't like that man," or, "I
v.-culdn't vork under him," ttr, "he couldn't r;ork for me,"
are hoard. It appears to me that a good deal of energy
and action is thus lost to the work, I honestly think that
any man r-ho does not v.lllingly and cheerfully perform his
duty, should be promptly reported, regardless of his likes
and dislikes; the Forest vork beln^ first and foremost at
all tines, nnd personal matters should under no circum-
stances be ellov:ed to intervene and further, that a man nho
performs his duties in a good and thorough manner should
be respected for the v;orlc he does, even though his
personality is c is pi easing. No burden on account of
personal likes and dislikes should be placed upon him.
Iluch of this fooling v/111 be removed by giving each
ranger his district, but it is neceseary for each of us to
give this matter thought and strive to remove from the
Forest rorkings that v;hich is vory displeasing and
discouraging to us all.

WILSON: I don't 'OIOY: hor other districts have
done, but I think the Forosthill District has followed
that plan during the last season. There has been four of
us there during the lest ooason. We divided the district in-
to four units v;hich loft the District Hanger free to bo in
any nort of the district. T7e follov/ed that system p.ll the
ray through. Zaoh of the aocistants had a portion of the
district to look aftor and ho v/as always pieced -./here he
could reach the district rancor by 'telephone in case any-
thing serious came up. Each man handled his part of the
district as a unit as bost he could rith the help given
by the District Ranger and ne found in our fire patrol
work and special use business that re did very little
beck- tracking.

-48-

BA33ITT: Ono point in favor of this system is that
thoro ic so much District Rangor work that one man ought to
do it and it would take probably all his time during the
fire season to handle the administrative part of his district,
As it is now the offioe vrork just breaks into this other work
v.-horoas if ho had a larger district the office or adninis-
trativo pr.rt of the rork v/ould take all his time.

BIGELOT7: I think in a district like that there
should alvtoys be some one that can bo gotten on the 'phone.
V/hon a fire is discovered it is reported almost always to
the Supervisor and a lookout point in that district might
notify us of a fire, V7e always want to keep in touch rlth
a man ell the time and ray idee is that v.tien the district
rancor goes -into the field he can call in a guard so that
some one vdll al\vays be on the 'phone, I think it is very
necessary that some one in the district is always in touch
with the district by 'phone,.

?: Speaking of the size of districts, I

believe that local conditions govern that entirely. I heve
had sone experience in district management myself and in
large districts unless the expenses are paid, a ranger vould
be in the hole at the end of 1he month. Then too there is
a chance of too much back-tracking as brought out by Mr.
Babbitt. It is my opinion that the smaller the district wo
have the more efficient we will be and the more will be
accompli shed.

WHITTUM: I agree with Mr. Kolley that if the
districts were smaller a district ranger could bettor
attend to business and have less expense.

HEADLEY: Probably some of you knov/ that some of
the Forests in the district are not managed the same as here.
On some Forests there are Just as many men as there ere
districts.

PRATT: Soiontlfio management can never be a
fact until \ve are ready for it. This Forest is pretty well
covered with telephone lines and wo have got a lot of good
ranger stations. Y/hat might apply on the Eldorado may not
apply hero. If we put up with the work of new men we
must train them. We want to pick out men that we can train
along the proper linos so they can impart knowledge to men
under them. How much easier it is for the man on the
ground to issue instructions to a subordinate. He can take
the matter up in detail which we in the offioe cannot do.

3ALLAHER: I understand that the system that is
used in having each ranger a separate unit is mainly on the

-49-

smaller Porosto and on a Forest of this size it would put
too much work or. tho Supervisors office. If you havo larger
districts you would hfvo each rancor as a supervisor to handle
the problems that come up. On a small- Forest the Supervisor
D easily handle this work in his office.

MERRILL: What Mr. Kelley has stated is very true.
The size of tho district depends very much on topographic
conditions and while it seems that is rroing to make an end-
less amount of work for tho supervisor, there lo a lot of
little matters that oould bo hrndled by a ranker competent
to do tho work and I believe the better plan la for each
district ranker to divide his district into units and tho
fljonernl correspondence pass through his hands. On the east
side of the mountains Mr. Babbitt *s scheme would be ideal.
On this side there should be men enough to have one str.tloned
in nearly ovory town. If we had a man stationed in each
town he could do the work without any additional expense.
Thsre is a tendency for the district ranger when ho gots out
to make the trip and Jump bach tho sa?i» day and it seemo to
me that If the district rm~er oould havo good hoacl quarters
and men enough he could do a great deal of work without
additional expense. I heartily endorse Mr. Babbitt's plan.

SIVERTSON: We have tried our larger dictricts on
this Forest, although we have not tried them out under this
now management spoken of, but I Imow on the larger districts,
In traveling around it has been necessary for us to stop at
road houses where it eats into the ealp.ry pretty hard. In
sorao parts of the Porest it will cost more than a day's
salary to stay over nijht. There are some Iilnds of work
that must be put up to" tho district ranger. Sorao non oro not
capable of doing tho work - especially now raon. You will
find one that is and nine that are not. It seems to me thrt
it would be an injustice to give a ranker a larger district
to handle without increasinpThis salary. I have hoard
assistant rangers say, and very truthfully, thet they don't
rant a district, that thoy get tho same salrry as the
district rr-ngor and do not have the expenses. If the
districts vero smaller every rian would bo getting tho same
salary, but if the districts are larger the district ranger
should havo more salary.

GALLAHER: If every ranker is going to be a
oeparc.te unit how are wo ^oin^ to weld those units together?

3IGELOW: I believe that the district rp.npror in the
field, on tho ground rir-ht in touch v/lth the r.-ion is bettor
than men in tho Supervisor's office in Hove da City. I thlnlc
that men on the ground that fool the pulse of every
man every day are nocoosary on e forest as big as this. The
Supervisor cannot hold the men like the raari on the ground can.

-50-

WILSON: I think the district ranger will be better
able to "ip.ke intelligent reports. If a mining claim is to be
examined you expect a report equal to a raining expert one* the
same is true rlth every other report — a man must learn to
'cnov.- hov? to inc.':e his reports, rhich a now man cannot do on
account of inexperience.

"IEL3IG: I think that if the assistant ranker had
to look aftor all the correspondence that a district ranger
has to do ho v:vuld not be as efficient as ho is now.

BA3BITT: Under the plan I have su^ested an
assistant could 30 to a fire rith tho assurance that supplies
ant? men would be sent by the District Ranker.

HEPT.IIL: I agree with i!r. Babbitt. The District
Hanger is familiar vith his district and vfton a fire oonmonces
an assistant rancor ".nows that the district ranker v,m /jet
thoro eventually and he v.orlis with a better heart and more
energy.

HUADLEY: If we can jet hold of the facts in th«
matter rnd can shov from facts thet it means more efficient
nrnagorient of the ?orest to pay a man in his orn district you
can win the District Forester over to a plan of that kind.
It is a question of more efficient management . We have not
paid ran^rs expenses in their own districts booruse It Tmo
believed to bo more efficient management.

Scientific management is an old old thing. It is
just a now fen-led term for an expression of the unrest and
inquiries for a c'.esire of improvement that is as old as the
world itself. Its theory is t-j discover means to increase
efficiency anc1. economy. Scientific management is based on
knowledge. The general theory of the application of rhr.t we
know as 'Scientific Management to our business of National
?orests is not as complicated, as difficult, es we roirtfit
think it to be. The actual working out of Scientific
Mana Cement and improving methods is nofiinr more or less
thPn this. It can bo illustrated. Our business is
managing National Forests. These resources are owned by
tho public. V/e are employed to produce certain effects —
to produce certain results. The public needs to havo the
mature timber protected from fire^ It needs to have mature
timber so cut thr.t it trill reproduce itself. It is our
business to get those results. To get those results costs
the public certain things — chiefly administration of the
National ?ore£its. Those results that v;e get for the public
must be needer more then the money for administration of tho
business of the public. If it costs more to produce the
results than the results are worth - thai; is poor mana^encnt.
If we produce more than the administration cost - that is
good management.

-51-

We want to remernbor thr.t ovory effort we put forth
should have an object. We should not spend any time or
money that has not some definite object in viev:. The only
v;&y v;e cnn >novr the relation of these things is by hr.rmonlzinpf
our results rnd the cost of ec.cn line of effort. Then ao
these results ure rorth more to the public than tho cost of
ctin<r those results our management is <>ood management. If
:.; .ens to be tho othur rey'it is "3U3n mana Cement. Lvory
tirao *.o ct n reduce the cost or produce results re hr.ve our

i~o?r4ont more value ble. .:ivery tine v:e cm produce ^rer.ter
results rith leos cost, then v?e have made our management more
vr.lucble. '.Then ro laior thf»t re have found rnd adopted tho
or.e best v/c.y tnr*. can put that into operation, ^e hcve made
our nanr ^omont raore valuable.

PHATT: Why io It advisable to undertake costly
eilvical experiments vrithout icnowin'; absolutely What the
net result rill be.

HZADLEY: That is a business chance. It is up to
us to estimate vhethor thore is a fjooc1 chance for the
investment .

DUBOIS: At the orosent time the national Forests
in California are producing only about 50 percent of their
capacity.

At the present time re are after roeulte
v:ith tho money we have. \!e f*ant more results. V/e do not have
half tho results thrt re ou~ht to have. V/e rant moro
protective results. I don't believe rre have 3o percent of the
rosults we ou~ht to have with tho money ve have.

It is obvious that conditions on the Trhoo
cill not fit the Eldorado and I su^-^est that x?e put it up
to the force on each ?orest and rret the concensus of opinion
as to whether a lar^e or snail district is best.

HLADLI7Y: I surest that re assume thct if it means
more efficiency and more economy vre put the question of
Icrp-or districts; consolidation of districts; present districts
end the system of a district for ecch man.

(it rras voted by tho Lldorado men that 1he present
districts on that ?orest are satisfactory. After considerable
discussion by different members of the Trhoe Forest the
question was dropped.)

'

croV-n -y ire'"- •:•?:••••:*

^-.v.?..

.

Improvements

Improvements, construxrted now are more
necessary for the efficient development of the Forest and
their work in conjunction viith fire plans, but in ranger
district management I "believe there is one thing a ranger
should study out thoroughly and that is 7/hat improvement
work should "bo done in his district. In making recommenda-
tions for permanent improvements, the prime issue is
protection" and the relation that the recommended improvement
bears to it. We all know that our improvement appro-
priations are small and we must overlook a few little things
and pay more attention to larger projects such as telephone
lines, pastures, barns and houses, but I believe telephone
lines are the most important and in recommending rights of
way for telephones several things should be considered. We
should consider how they will work in unison with out work
in a National Forest and oare should be taken not to
duplicate them by running parallel lines too close together.
Next in importance I believe is pastures. A man can pack
enough from the outside but he cannot live very well with-
out horse fo-^d. Piro lines in some localities should be
next considered. Barns I believe are next in Importance,
A man can get along with a tent but a horse must have
shelter. Then after these Improvements cone houses. After
we have the houses we may consider accessories to the
house which will add to the comforts of living.

Heretofore, I regret to say, the feeling has been
that we have no thought of those whatever. Sometimes we
got money and did not know vrhat to do with it. Bridges
and Pastures were built where they were not needed as well
as other minor improvements.

\VILSON: It seems to me that telephones are the
most important improvements that we have need for In our
district, although the cabins and barns in the upper end of
our district are more important than the pastures because up
in that country the foed is plentiful. There is always
plenty of feed end it gets cold so quick that a man must have
a house. In my district cabins and barns are Just as
important as pastures.

3IGISLOW: Is it better to build first class pole
lines or tree lines.

WILSOU: lly opinion would be for the A-l line.
Of course we urgently need telephone lines end Just as quick
as we can get them. The very best line in that country runs
up into the snow and is an A-l line. The cost of maintain-
ing this line is not 10 percent of the expense of maintaining
a tree line. A pole line is more expensive at the start but
less expensive in the long run.

-53-

JO'TES: I do not exactly agree with I!r. V/ilson that
a pole line io so much superior to a line strung on trocs.
The greatest danger to a pole line is from treos felling on
the line and if a tree line is properly built by allorring
plenty of slack between the ties I do not think v/o trill hevo
much trouble vrith the line breaking. Through the average
mountain country four men will build about a mile of line
in a day by stringing the wire on trees, b\it by building a
pole line they would do well to build a half mile a day.

HEADLEY: Tree lines with lots of slack, split
tree insulators, long tie wires are the rule in the district
and considered the best class,

(Here the subject of induction from other linos
paralleling the service line along roads was discussed)

J01TES: Induction is caused by the current
passing from the line to the ground. To obviate this where
it is necessary to parallel or cross another lino our line
should be constructed as far above the other lino a as
possible.

BKrELOW: As long as we have ground wires ro cr.nnot
got rid of induction. Metallic circuit cuts this out.

17HITTUM: We tried Insulated wire in our district
this summer. Wo put in three miles and laid it on the brueh,
carried it through the trees where we could and in pieces
took it along the ground on tar weed or grass. We c uld
not got it to work. The cattle in the first piece v/ould
break it before we could jret it constructed. V/e four,£ the
wiro would separate and break after being put up. I think
the rire was defective in the first place, I tested ono
coil before constructing the line and could not get the
current through it.

Fire

DUBOIS: (Opening) Taken comparatively **ith last
season, our firo record for this year was very good. The
season last year began about May liv (taking the'distriot as
a whole) and on September 19 we got the first general rain.
This year it began about Hay 23 and closed on October 27,
which is the last date of payment by the fiscal Agent from
the fire fund. This years' season vras three weeks longer than
lest. Conditions during the seasons of 191j and 1911 were
about equal, this year being about three weeks lorrror and
more inflammable material on the ground. Lest year 553 fires
started; This yee>r there were 605 fires — 50 more than
last year.

-54-

." ....

•

We had four tlmoa as raaoh money to spend this year
as last end with four times as much monoy we had 18 tines the
protection.

Id* not "believe re should turn our attention to
anything olse until our Class A fires are reduced at least
80 percent . 'Then re .^et a record of that sort we rill con-
sider it is our Job to maintain it. We have a lon^ ways to
go before we get to that. Pretty nearly every ?orest hcs a
protective plan alon^ the lines of the Tc.hoe & El Dorado,
They don't rork well enough. We have -jot to make our fire
plans again and figure out the causes of each fire this year.
If we can eliminate the causes so much the better. In view of
the experience of this year re have sot to make a plan to
cover all causes. The main point that I want to ma'ce is the
lesson that re must drar from each individual fire and a
revision of the plan which permitted that Individual fire.

PRATT: It appears to me that we must have two
sets of plans. An ideal plan which may or may not be written
down and a secondary plan which should be written down and
used as a working plan for the season* There is a difference
of opinion in this regard, but the nctin thin£ is that evory
district render should have an ideal plan in his head and get
that down each year so that it will r-ork. The secondary plan
nuet contain as much as possible information that will work
for the time being. We ere goinr to revise the plons and
fine' out rhere we fell dorn this year. We are -rolng to
dwell especially on cooperation, We believe that is one of
the main factors in keeping down fires. There has been many
plans of cooperation suggested, but I believe we have Just
begun in that direction. Another thing re rr.nt to consider
is tool boxos. We should set tool boxes at strategic points
on the forest. We should buy a lot of tools and place then
where re can use them.

(Hero followed a discussion by Mr. DuBoia and !Ir.
Pratt of tho ideal and secondary fire plans. Mr. Du3ois in
favor of ideal plans on maps and paper. Pratt in favor of
secondary plans only on paper because there rould be so much
in tho Irleal plan that would not be used. Mr. Du3ois be-
lieved that on account of the ideal plan conteinin-T data that
could not be used at tho present time on account of conditions,
had an advantage over I.'r. Pratt Ts scheme in that it would not
have to be revised each year and rould last, if properly
gotten up, from five to ton years, whereas a secondary plan
would only last one year. )

Mr. Koadloy hero gave a brief resume of tho San
Bernardino fire end admonished us to berere of wind. He said
"We must not forgot that sometimes we will have a heavy wind at
the same time we have a fire. One test of efficiency will

-55-

"be tc keep in mind the wind - danger . To meet that danger
we must make every possible provision that fire willbe
detected and reached with every possible speed. I think,
we should approach ac much as possible the fire pro-*
tection practiced in the largo cities".

WILSON: We had a fire plan and perhaps we were
mure favorably situated than some of the other districts to
carry it out, but we followed it closely. There were some
small details in the plans which we did not work out but
AS a rule it was vory well and I think we are all satis-
fied that we had a better patrol system than we have ever
had. I think we can truthfully say that as far as our
district was concerned we made great progress by follow-
ing that fire plan as laid out. Of course, we found
several small changes that can be made for another year.

I consider the plan was 85 percent effective on
our district, I had three men and divided the district
into three units. Each man had his unit to look after
without my having anything to do with it, and we figured
that in case one man had an emergency I could 30 to his
assistance, and leave the other two men to take care of
the district. One man could always be gotten on the
telephone* I believe we should have a lookout man on
Duncan Peak-

WHITTUM: I followed the fire plans as near as
possible and they worked out all right. There were one
or two oases where It did not work out all right but I
can see vhere this could be remedied. The only draw
back was that we could have used one more man. I think
that if we had not had a fire plan and ^one at the
matter haphazard re would have had much larger fires.

BEKILE4AN: T>e fire plans worked out fine with
the exception of being short one or twa patrolmen. I
might say it was almost perfect.

BUTTON: We followed the fire plans as much
as possible. There was but one slip and that was be-
cause our lookout man wao not on duty at ni^ht. This
defect was remedied later In the season when we ^ot a
telephone line to the lookout point and stationed a
man there both day and night. We followed the plans —
and very successfully.

MERRILL: We followed the fire plans compiled
last winter almost exactly. Some of the minor details
were omitted. Tho only criticism I have to ncke is that

-56-

they were not complete enough, and rhile we had a number
of fires it was not the fault of the plane in any way.
We need more men to reduce the cost of fires. I have
had very good success with cooperation. In several
instances when I was array parties sent crews to fight
fires and rendered ^roat assistance. Late in the season
some of the people seemed to take advantage of the
absence of the forest officer. On October 19 I went to
7/aehin^ton. A fire started in the canyon. On investi-

Sr.tions we found there were five different fires started,
e had absolutely no proof to rork on, but they were
undoubtedly of incendiary origin. You can see by that
where there are many cases where en ifler.l fire plan with
money enough would rreatly reduce the incendiarism* I
believe it would be a good idea for some patrolmen to
take a portable telephone with them. In this way it
will not be necessary to ride ten miles to a telephone
but he can connect the portable 'phone to any line any-
where.

3IGELOW: \7hen a patrolnjan is going to leave
his district we must plan for another patrolman cover-
in? that portion of the district. Our great mistake
this year was that when one man was away his district
was not covered and fires 50 1 away.

ME. WOOD3URY here gave a short talk on timber
sales. He said: "I think we have made considerable
progress during the past year in getting our rrork down to
a better business basis. In the past there has beon a
good deal of complaint on the part of the purchasers,
and Just complaint, for the rer.son that there have been
too many men in charge of the sale. Now we have our
procedure pretty well outlined. The supervisor desig-
nates a men in charge and thet oca is in absolute charge,
end whatever he does the Service vdll stand for. Of
Course, it is up to him what he does end he is
responsible. I think this is one of the most progressive
steps in timber solos during the year.

Up to this time the sales T-orl: in the district
has not been very large, the district taken as a whole.
7/e have now pending several large propositions, one of
them involving about 8£0,000,000 board feet. The
condition thet we have to meet is that the larger part
of the heavily timbered area of the state is situated
anywhere from twelve to 20 miles from the railroad,

-57-

especially In the San Joaquin country. It IB therefore
very evident that if we are going to sell much timber
in this district we must count on the purchasers
putting in a good deal of money in transportation, and
the purchasers are not \7illing to put in thla ? amount
of money without a contract larger than five years. We
naturally had to consider the advisability of granting
longer than five year contracts. In considering that
we found that in order to derive the full value "of the
timber at each year of the period or during each five
year period re had to re-adjust the stumpage rates, so
we are vx>rlcing and negotiating with the several purchasers
mentioned1 to devise a scheme for readjustment of the
stumparje rates every five years.

After "r. Woodbury's tal'.c ana a few brief un-
important discussions the meeting adjourned sine die on
a motion of Chairman Jones thct ell In favor of adjournmen-t
should "beat It".

During the meeting the follorlng resolutions
were prepared by the Resolution Committee and voted on by
the rangers present.

RESOIVED, that there is no immediate need of
narlring range boundaries ere opt in the case of rtngo
disputes or at the time of settlement of these disputes.

Carried by unanimous vote.

RESOLVED, that this meeting is in favor of
trying an experiment in timber sales rhereby the ptur-
chaser is given the option of piling the brush, or enter-
ing into a cooperative arrreernent v/ith "the Forest Service
by which an additional estimated enount be deposited to
be used by the Forest Service in piling brush.

Carried by unanimous vote.

IcESOLVED, that this meeting of rangers en-
dorses the acceptance of the position of Deputy Pish fc
Same Commissioner.

Uotion defeated on vote of 14 in favor and 18 against.

-68-

RESOLYEE, that re consider the present Fish &
Game Laws unsatisfactory and that ell possible pressure be
brought to bear to secure the revision of the sane and the
better cooperation by the commission vrlth the Forest Service,

Resolution carried by unanimous vote.

RESOLVED, that the present Brazing fees are
nominal and much less than for the samo class of private
land, and if any chcnge be made the fee should be raised.

Resolution carried by vote of 24 in favor and 3 against.

*******

At 6:30 p.m. the entire force of Forest Officials
present, 42 In number, gathered, at a banquet in the national
Exchange- Hotel.

The follovring menu was served:

-59-

•

v? 'A'}

MENU
***

A Gibson

**

Oyatere on the Half Shell

*
Clear Chicken Consomme

Haut PllleC of Sole Pried
Sauterae Sauce Tartar - Potato Marbles

Gherkins
Candies

Ripe Olives Celery
Salted Nuts

Southdown Cutlets ~ English Cut

Philadelphia Rusk

*
RECTORS RUBY PUNCH

Claret

Young Turkey - Chestnut Stuffing
Giblet Sauce - Cranberry Jelly

Shoestrings - French Peas

Chicken Salad with Pimientos

Ambrosia loe Cream - Assorted Cakes

Coffee

*

Cigars-'

"Woodman, spare that tree.1

Touch not a single bough.1
In youth it sheltered me,

And I'll protect it now."

- GEORGE P. MORRIS.

-60-

The dinner was finished about 9:30 p.m., with a
toast by District Porestor DuBois:

"Here's to the ideal ranger

The ideal forest
"And the Ideal fire record."

After this totst a motion to adjourn to the
parlor was proposed and the balance of the evening vrcs
spent in singing, Mr. Thompson officiating at the piano.

F1H1S

Forest Officers Pro gent at Rangers' I!oetin«?

District Office:

Coert DuBois, District Forostor, John H.
Hatton, Roy Hoadley, T. D. Woodbury, Assistant
District Foresters, and F. C. Thompson, District
Fiscal Acjent. A' ^- Armstrong, Office of Pro-
ducts.

El Dorcdo national Forest:

Evan 7. Zelley, Forest Supervisor, G. H.
Lyons, Forest Assistant, E. E. Joneo, E. P.
Sutton, E. L. Scott, J. ?. Hclijllan, P.. C. II.
Berriman, E. T7. Fessel, A. Y/. Blcir, Renders.

Tcho o ITat ional For oat ;

Richard L. P. Bifjelovz, Forest Suporvlaor;
Merritt 3. Pratt, Deputy Suporvisor; U. H.
Gallahcr, "TnoTrer Hills, Forest Assistants;
W. A. Uerrill, Elmer P. Gleason, Goo. E. £
C. E. V/hittun, J. H. Horwe^o, A. H. 'Jalton,
YJoodford H. 3cbl>itt, J. S. Sivortson, Evan A,
Joy, I-I&urice S. IJacy, F. 'J. Dooley, Hor;ard
Dodson. John A. Ilclntosh, V/illiam H. Helbl^,
A. R. Ivoy, ?. A. V/ilson, V. C. Iloddln, C. W.
Sutcliffo, j. ".7. Campbell, Frr.-rors; 3. ?. HOTO,
A. S. Crnpboll, L. L. Uyors, Forest Guards,
C. 0. LaEue, Forest Cler!r.

]!ono national Forest:

• U. J. Clark, Assistant Forest Hanger.

VOLUME I.

THE T A H 0
(A Cuarterly Publication)

— oOo —
APRIL 1912

21RE.CTORY
Headquarters

E

Richard L.P. Bi^clow
Herritt B. Prctt
Charlos 0. LaRue
Gertrude Enncrich
Knorer liills
Vivian C. Noddin
iliam H. Helblg

District:
ilaer P. Jleason

Dowr.ioville District:
Geore Z. Hi*.,

Caaptonvilla District:

Ciiorlow j-i» >'hittum

Sierra City District;
S. Walton

Forest Supervisor
Deputy Suvi orris or
Forest Clerk
Stenographer
Forest Assistant
Accistcnt Hi-ri^vr
Assistant Ranker

Districts
District Ranger
Dictrict Ringer
District Ranker
District Ranger

Sjerraville-Truckee District:

./occford H. 3j_bbitt
Evan A. Joy

ffevede

District:

e Cit

am I. Merrill
Albert H. Ivey
John A. M
Jordan H.

District Ranker
Assistant Ranger

District
Assistant
Assistant Ranger

P-rcsthill Dictrict:
?rnnk A. '..ilson
Charles W.

Dictrict Ranjer
Assistant Ranger

6.

llevada
Nevada
Nevada

Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada

City
City
City
City
City
City
City

Challenge
Goodyears Bar

Sierra City

Sierrcville
Sierraville

Nevada City
Nevadc City
Emirant 3ap

Michi.^an Bluff

-0-

EDITORIALS
— oOo —

Consolidation of Diotricts.

To increase the efficiency of the administration
cf this Forest it has been decided to consolidate some of the
smaller Districts. This plan was discussed to some extent
at the Rangers' Meeting.

This year the Truckee and Siorr&ville Dictriots
will be under the charge of Ranger Babbitt, with headquarters
at Sierraville, and the Emigrant (Jap, Bloomfleld, end Hevada
City Districts will be under the charge of Render Merrill
with headquarters at Eovada City. The Brcr.dy City - Scales
country has been talien away from the Davmioville and added to
tho Ccjaptonvillo District, the enlarged District to be under
the charge of Assistant Rcx.ger tfhittum. The Poresthill Dis-
trict is already a large cue and requires no change.

Along this same policy it is proposed eventually
to consolidate the Sierra City and Downieville Districts with
headquarters at Domieville, but for the present no change
will be made.

The larger districts have both protective and ad-
raini strati ve advantages over the smaller districts. A most
important advantage consists in having one man during the
firo season in each unit of the Forest, knowing the where-
abouts of every man in the District at any time during the day<
He is thua in a position, in emergencies, to back up each
Aosistant Ranger and Suard under him. In a small District
organization this course is not possible since inquiry would
have to be made through the Supervisor's office, and bn a
forest of this size it would require a night telephone opera-
tor to find out the proposed movements of each Ranger for the
next day, and vrhon a fire call came, time would be wasted in
locating men.

The small District system requires a great deal
of correspondence with the Supervisor's office, which is un-
necessary under the large District organisation.

Hew men can be taught and broken into the rrork

-1-

Tsuch moro quickly by bein~ un<?er tho -uidanco 0-f an
iencod Hcn^cr. Ir. tho one—nan District it is often ncccsor.ry
to turn r. nor incn looso t~ teach hinaolf, end ho roa'-ros nany
c bred: . /.ich could bo «_voidod if he w*r? '-.r^or the (•Ircct
-Tiic'.c.nce of an experienced man.

It is fchou-ht thrt Then our telephone system io
complete, tho efficiency .of our ->rosent force car bo almost
doubled un^or tho Ir.rre district organisation, since the Dis-
trict Rfiii^or rill thon be able to "be in close touch rrith every
.I unc'or'him end bo in a bettor pooition to jjuido his force,'
better teen ror".: vill rooult.

Rangers' ^nthly Plcns.

P.ecent orders neve boon issued to District 3an-
to eubait monthly plans for the proposed work to be corrio<?
on in their Districts during the coming month. Laoh Acj,io-
tont Hajxrer is also instructed to submit to the District lUc-
jer his plans of work.

This scheme is clon/5 tho general plan policy of
the 2oro£t Corvice. It is hojed thrc it vill s.yst«anatizo
tho work in the field and that, by thin*.:in * ahead, each offi-
cer vrill innrovo his "thinio.r" anc! tho stcndcrd of our v;ork
rill bo rcioed perceptibly. Ho doubt our plans for the
monthc durinrr the fire coccon rrtll bo :3iockod all to piecos
by some bi^ fires, but all \?o -vill have to do in cuch cases
is to plan over again.

•

The idea is to have somo definite plan to go by
occh month and soe hov: closely v-e can follovr it. The ton-
c*ency rrill bo to raalro oach oCiicer rovior the needs of his
unit of the Porect each month.

It r:ill bo interesting to see hor closely TO can
plan c:hoc.d during tho coming field sec son.

-2-

Cost vs. Value

C'jnsiderable discussion took place at- the
Supervisors' Meeting regarding the value of the Porost
publication, and e vote tekon on the matter showed that
the majority of Supervisors In the District nere not in
favor cf there, but rere in favor of a Diotriot Pablicatlon,
oince most of the dissenting opinions, however, were fron
Forests vrhero no news letters are issued, the vote did not
carry the v.-eir-ht it should '"ith the S.iyorvisors issuing
publications, Tho chief objection made by the dissenters
vras that bho publication cost more than it was worth to the
men in the field,

A definite opinion from each ?j.-r;. t officer on
this Forest rrould be p.pprecle.ted. Pleese inform the S«~--
itorlal otcff on receipt of this number whether you would
be \rilling to contribute 25^ per quarter to defray the ex-
pense of issuing the publication rr.ther than see it dropped*
As for stenciling and mimeographing, •ur clerks have of-
fered to do this work out of hours if they find it inter-
feres too much rith their routine T7ork,

The 3ocrd of Hditore have found that the work
they do in -rotting out The Tahoe forms en interesting and
pleasant variety TO their duties,

Selection of Planting Areas.

It is interesting to note the progress that
planting and seeding has made on this District . Indiffer-
ence on the subject has been suporceded by active interest*
>*'o feol very proud, in fret, of our successful experiment
in establishing the 3ic: Trees by seeding at Roc> Creek, 34
riles northwest «f the Last Chajice rrove, a member of TThich
is sho^-Ti on the cover of this issue,

The District Office has Just informed us thet
re -ill be reouired to plant this year 7,000 Bi» Troe,
f , woO Sup*ir Pine, anc 15,000 Yelloir ?ine seedlings, end sou
65 pounds of Su^ar Pine, 25 pounds of Yollow Pine, end 20
pounds of Jeffrey Pine scoc1. ./e heve been rriven ample
notice and now it is up to every Ranker to b% on the look-
out in his District for favorable sites. .."hen yon find
one you thini: is adapted to r.ny of these species, let us
'.mow abcmt it r.t the office. This should lead to the
celoctioo cf some excellent areas.

CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES

— oOo —

Forest Officers' Attitude on liining Claims

37
W. A. Uerrill

In National Forest administrative work Claims
occupy e prominent place and on sone of the forests, par-
ticularly on the Tahoe, the major portion of this work has
ts do rith mineral claims. Perhaps there is no branch of
the Service where the method of procedure is so little un-
derstood by the public or those directly Interested in the
mining industry.

Almost without exception people desirous of se-
curing patents to their locations rithin a National Forest
are of the opinion that, since the land has beon r'ithdrawn
from on try and pieced under the Jurisdiction of the I»o,>c.rt-
ment of Agriculture, nor? laws have been enacted and that the*
miner has boon hodred about with restrictions calculated to
prevent him from securing title to his mining property.

The general cry of miners and prospectors is apt
to be that, since the locality nhere they live haa been put
in the national ?orest and nev laws passed, the miner stands
a mirhty poor chance. It is In vain that the Forest Officer
erplair.s that no now laws exist and a prospector or miner has
all the ri -hts he ever poseeeeed, and the only difference
there can possibly be is the enforcement of the law as it
eristod heretofore.

One of the ^roetest difficulties that a
officer has to contend "with is the seeming impossibility of
the avorc-re individual to correctly understand and repeat
facts as they are told.

This has been brought to my notice many times.
For instance, after painstakingly explaining to an inquirer
his privele^es until I was sctlsfied that it was as clear as

day in his mind, I have laiovra him the acme dcy, to report
the inforru tion he hc.d reooivod -ith the raec.ninT erectly
rovorced.

Another dlcr.dvr ntc-e rhich the I'^roct Officer
labors under is thct it is only occasionally thtft he has an
opportunity to correct the fc.lce impressions that oxlst.
This is due to the fact that the officer hecrs but little
of the eossip about the Service. Occasionally he will be
epproacned by a local resident, sometimes in this wise:

Itoll, I oee you have talcen Smith's claim awey from him".
reference bein<j made to some contested claim where patent
has been denied. '.Then the facts are errpleined to him why *
it v;cs impossible for the claim to be patented under the lew,
he rill a<rree almost invcricbly and say "Tlu-t is not the way
it res told to me\ and "I ...e under the impression thct an
injustice had been done".

Tac fact that the feellr.r anon? mining men spoken
of ctill exists ie largely due to the Tact that mr.ny of the
attorneys who are in the business of securing patents n^w
find thct it is only possible to obtain patent rhen all the
conditions prescribed by the law are complied rith. !Tr .
thoy find they are barred from the practice of many of the
exoc'fients that they rore in the habit of resorting to in
order to secure title. Because of the so-called inconven-
iences v?hich they encounter, the Forest ovrvico is blamed
for hamperin-r business end impeding progress In the III n
industry.

In .nailing this statomont the point which It is
docirod to emphasize is this, that Forcct officers should
lose no opportunity to orplrin the mineral lace and the
nection which the Forest Service has in the patenting of
mines in Hctional P.-coLte.

Ir bhort, show the people that the Service str.nds
for cnythln- thct v.-ill Develop the resources of the country
for the people; that ve ere here to prevent rather then
prceeout* trocpass, pnd to benefit the people rith any in-
formation that' re have at our disposal. Shov; them that ell
stand's are talren in conformity with law and justice to all
interested. Show them thet personal prejudices and opin-
ions count for neu-rht, and lose no opportunity to correct
false statements or inmrescions of the policy of the JoVOrB-
r.ent. Ru.acmber that little good and few friends result to
the S.rvico JTrom useless erroments.

-5-

These conditions apply particularly to the
Tahoe where probably 2C/)b of the Govarnment land is held by
nineral lo cat! One end where mining is the most prominent
industry. Every effort, therefore, should bo made to con-
vince the populace that the Forest Service is a friend of
any movement that will tend to increase the development Of
that industry.

-o-

Faoing the Problem of Rangers1 Education

V. C. Noddin.

".Then Winter arrives with the consequent in-
clement weather, which does away with the fire danger, tho
Ranger's thoughts naturally turn toward the subject "6-
Tohoe-Iiducation'1. This was especially true last Pall in
view Of thy then approaching examinations on the Forest
Service Uanuals. In this connection it ml^ht be stated
that several universities, cooperating with the Porost Ser-
vice, cffere<" a Rangers' Course on the summer school plan
during the past Winter, covering every conceivable subject
with which a Ranker ocmes in contact, and with the idea of
fitting him for advancement along Forestry linoo. This
course, to be sure, is impossible for all except thooo with-
in a reasonable distance of the universities on account of
the expense.

It p;oes to show, however, that the present trend
of the Forest Service, considered by some as a routine
branch of the Government, Is tov;er<? c hirher plane than is
generally supposed. Brother Renders, we have this situa-
tion to face. The Service is becoming more tochnicalized;
as it must become if the beet management is to be attained,
and we must propp.ro to meet the changing conditions by study,
and constant study et thct.

As the subject of forestry becomes better un-
derstood, tho technical side becomes more apparent and must
be comprehend od by thoee cnrc'TOct in the v;ork. nfhen v:e con-
sider the Icr^e numbers otu<?ying Forestry in our colleges

-6-

•

today, it means that to hold his ovm, tho Render must study
Forestry himself as thoroughly as possible, not as e "high-
brow" , "but as c. practical xrorestor.

That this is necessary is very e^arent. The
larger nunber of Forestry students who leave" college every
year intend to enter the Government service, both on account
of the more varied range of experience as noil as the in-
creased opportunities. Of this number there will bo a por-
tion who, failing to pass the ?0roat Assistant's examination
and not being able to pursue further study, must thorefcro
enter a less technical positiozj. There were lest year ten
men who passed the Forest Assistant's examination wha were
unaasigned and this number will increase each year. Thosd
men must alse seek the lower positions until thoro aro posi-
tions open for them. The result is that with the technical
side 'advancing in every branch of the operation of the Ser-
vice; and with this large body of available materiel to pick
from, the work of the Ranger and the exanlnPtiens for the
position will necessarily become more technical. To meet
the advancing competition of the new blood, the Ranger must
post himself on his rork or become a bao": number.

The day has passed when all that was necessary
to pass the Rr-ngers' Examination we. s to *aiow how to peck

9f ride a horse, cut down a tree, wield a pick and shovel
on a trail or fire line, and to wear a No. 4 hat and a Nr>.

44 shirt. This work rill always have to be done, but there
will be more and more of it d«ne each year by the short torn
men while the Ranger rill be busT/in^ hi-nself more with the
details of supervision, timber studies, planting, inooot in-
festation experiments, and tho various regulations.

Cf course we all know thrt the Ranger has the
advantage ever the college bfec7 nan in his present v/ork for
he fcnovc how to ride a horso, to pad:, to got to a fire and
put it out in the most ooonoraical oannor, and to deal with
all clashes of people with whom he may oomo in contact.
This io tho rcoult of lonr* experience, but vro must no* fool
ourselves into believing that the college bred man, evon if
he generally is aver-educetec technically, can not alse lorrn
to meet the same problems. It raa;- tr.I:o him u number of
years but with experience under a practical, older nxn will
come risdom, tho older man teaching, the younger learning.

And thus, Brother Rangers , to prepare ourselves
to meet this crisis and to hold our OV.TI a^ains* the new blood

-7-

•

being' infused into the veins of the Forest Service, ne must
study, not only the .Describee, courcos tut also such books
as \re can, ospociclly along these lines of uork which may
interest us.

The Ncrth Grove of 3i - Trees

.*
Prank A. Wilson

The North Grove is located fourteen miles from
Porosthill, Placer County, California, as the crow flies in
the direction of the rising sun. Here in a little oove
on the headwaters of iiosquit* Creek stends this little ^rovo.
It is no.t remcrkablo for its size or nunber of troes, but its
location has mcde it famous. It might '"ell have been called
the "Hermit Jrove", because it -.ould ta".:e several days hard
riding to reach its nee rest neighbor.

Here it has stood for over twenty centuries on
the 3i.j 0.1: Divide, guarded by the deep gorges of the Iljrih
end I^ivdle ?orks of the A_aoricrn River. On all sites it IB
surrounded by a dense 'mirei? stand of Douglas ant ./hite ?ir,
Y^llotf end 2u;;ar -ine, an<? Incense C-..-car. Here on a roll-
in- plrtcau can bo seen the original forect as it hae stood
for.' centuries. i-ven the hr.r<?y che":e nc!:ers havo ^csso'* on
to nore accoLtible timber mi8, left thic unscarred.

Thoro are four srjell trees, ranging from twenty
to forty-five inches, and two larje ones, measuring one hun-
dred oirht anc' one hundred tnerty inches in dicrnctor, stand-
ir. -. Thoro r.re tro lcr:e trees down, one measuring ton and
the other eighteen foot in diameter c.t the base. Tht larg-
est standing tree has attcinod a height ef trt hunfrec ei-'ity
feet end is ton foet in d if. meter above the bulge. On one
side there ie tn tncient burn nhere visitors have cut their
initials and dates, ^hile here o.nd there a letter out with a
scribe proclaims the feet thtt surveyor has seen them, al-
though they still stand upon unsurvoyed jround.

The elevation here is a little over 0,100 feet

-a-

and the heavy enow fell of past seasons has trimmed off the
limbs of the larger trees. The smaller trees seem to be Tory
thrifty and are unocarred except by the marks of the wander-
ing boar that has diced the soft bar!: with his claws. The
height of those narlrs will make one take an involuntary
glance over his shoulder to r.scuro himself that the bear has
left that vicinity.

At various tines pros;ectors have located claims
in this vicinity and have claimed these troes, but the claims
have boon abandoned and the treos are still on public land in
the Tehee national Torost. 'Owing to the c"onco ground cover
there is vory littlo, if any, reproduction. One. old pros-
pector iiavs that ho hcs looked for seedlings eince 105U and
only succeeded in getting tvro, vrhich died \~hen transplanted.
The fallen trees ore there tuday i -. apparently the same con-
dition as thoy r:cre '"hon found by the earliest pioneers. It
is hard to roclize that some of these troos were large before
Colunbus discovcrod America and r.re still alive, but c.ny botan-
ist Till assure us that it is a fact.

Tho largo size of the trees In the surrounding
forest na'.cos the Big Troos unnoticccblo and c person could
p.^82 within r for rods of them without knowing it, unless ho
wc-s trying to find thera end know what to look" for. It is
not uncommon to find Sugur r.ncl Yollow Pine in this vicinity
rith diameters from six to ton foot i nd attaining a height
of tvo hundred feet.

Here the deer roam undisturbed by the sound of
, railroad Thistle or the honk of an automobile. The lono
hunter is scolded by the scuirrels, '.vithout any fear of his

f because ho considers them too email to shoot r.t and thoy
feel perfectly cafe r.s they scurry up the long smooth boles
of trees that TonSain from six to ten thousand feet of cloar
lumber.

Hot being a />oot I cannot describe their majos-
tlc grandeur nor write -n ode to the forost primeval, but
when riding beneath their spreading branches I have often
thought that it IB within the power of any man to plant a
grovo of these treos which mi-ht stand as a monument of his
industry for centuries to come. Other men have Indelibly
vrrltten their names in the hearts of men by various deodc of
valor, "jut it r em- ins for us who cro consecrated to the cause
of Concorvr tion to protect and preserve for posterity these
living relics of r by-ono period, and sprer.d their ^ro^eny over
r. vf-sily groater srea that rill some day redound to aur credit

-9-

: • .

<•;*?;.•:; . " -'• •'•

' . . •:•'? ';f*

r; v, j,

- . - ... ^.;;. . •;

and keep our deeds fron passing into the oblivion of timo.
Let ua, therefore, join hands with a firm resolution to ^
to the historian of the future a cause for grctitude tov/trds
the firct desciplos of CONSERVATION.

Method of Getting Rid of Old Sna*s

• 3y
T7. H. Babbitt

There has been considerable discussion relotive
to falling old unags that constitute a fire menace on raeny
ef our sale aroos, as well as on the Forest at lar^e. Thet
it is most desirable to remove these snage is "beyond cuestion,
but the method rut the reletion of cost to the amount «f
benefit <?erivod, seoms to bo the flebc table point. Powder
and dynamite as \vell as the axo and ia\i htve been tried, but
all leave much to bo deeired, especirlly in the older cncars,
whore lojse punkoy aholls are found on solid pitch hearts "or
vice versa, where it seeraa to require all of the above methods
at once an? still lacks something to brine snag falling into
the sane class financially, as the falling of cound timber.

On a rocont trip through tho enow bolt, Charles
Bonta and I struck idoal conditions under which to remove many
of thoco bee. onags end stumps. The '.roather had boon very
cold and rrindy for sono weeks and v/e found tho snf.gs ruito dry
in spite of the enow. Wo gave considerable attention tw
burning dangerous snrgs nearest tho road and found that a'
scrap of oil soa'red rag, placed Tin a orovioe or doty epot,
would ignito thorn rnd we fired quite c. number, all «f which
burned dovn and some ^ero entirely consumed. It •Jocurrod
to us that ^ood rork could be dono alon:j this line, v:hen other
field work is not grossing and thrt largo results could be ob-
tained at a very lor; cost.

On the H. -0. Nichols sale area all of tho snags
were burned dovm and largely consumed, shortly after tho Tirot
fall of snow, but only rith much bodily discomfort on account
tho wet snow and -nd drip from the trees. It was found

the snags v?ere not very wot, v/hich was cons id err bio of a
surprise. Conditions are found much more favorable --hon the
snow has hardened in the e&rly Spring. Travel is then or.sy

-10-

and tho timber la ruite dry even on the outside, despite
the snow, the moiettre from which seems to penetrate very
little durin:? oold weather. The first Fall storms are
apt to be sleety if not straight rain and it is hard to
jet tho fire to ta'.io hold at suoh times.

-c-

Dog Teems for Winter Work

. H. Babbitt

Now that tho Forest Service ovms three power
launches and the prospects of securing automobiles for fire
fightin-7 lurposes are brightening, it seens to be e favorable
time to" bring to attention a very rifferent mocns of trans-
portation thct should be of groat value to tho Service at a
time and place when other means are entirely abandoned. The
plaoo is tho snow belt <?uring the \7inter end the rnecns of
transportation, the dog team,

It is usually accepted the* -1th the first snows
the field rork practically ceases ercopt in a fovr favorable
situctione, until the snor if off in the Spring, rhen all
of the work coews with n rueh end mcny things must be done
in haste with often little cere. 3^ tho use of do^ teems
to transport supplies, all of tho telephone lines could bo
repaired during iierch and April and short linee could also bo
constructed under very favorable circumstances. One rots an
idee, of the snow conditions and has no underbrush to contend
vrith. It will bo found that cutting obstructing limbs is
iuuch eesior from the snow or from a short ladder than from a
Irng lade or.

There vill be little inclination torerds pro-
longing the ^orfe unduly in the crisp mountain air. Activity
is essential tr* bodily comfort and the v/->rk goes forward
rapidly as against that c'racrgincr feeling of the first warm
days of Spring. Ot'aer lines of rork can be performed if
camps can be established at convenient points In the snow
country. Cruising timber haff ~beon found successful and sur-
vey lines ~ere traced after the heavy snows of the V.'intor
1910-11, with great success.

-11-

!#•• r •*?•_•{•" ,;;:.;

In Alaska the Winter is the season for travel
and the conditions are similar in the Sierraville-Truc^ee
District.

I''ive sleigh dogs an<? two men can transport five
hundred pounds practically anywhere on this District.
Seventy-five pounds of dry food would lest five doge two
weeks. To supply c large oemp, nine dogs is the idecl
term. The dog food should be prepered durin<r the summer,
when Jersey can be made from antiquated bulls and horses, a
cheap rnd plentiful supply. If this is ground and bal:ed in
corn-raeel breed until rulte free from moleibtlre, it V.-111
form the entire supply for the team. Tho sleigh dogs live
on less than c pound of drietf food per day, so that the rel~ht
is but a snr.ll proportion of the load they ecu heul. T'-jic"
is the great advantage of elei-rh dogs over other enimele if
far from the base of supplies, when provisions must be ccr-
ried for both team e.nd crivers.

SIL7ICULTURE

Township maps on the socle of two inches to the
mile have been made for six tovmships from the section maps
obtained by the reconnaissance pcrty in the field1 Ir.st Jum-
mor. "Jor': is progressing on a larrre map of the Truolcee
Block on the scale of one inch to the mile.

Winter reconnaissance commonced in the Challenge
3t on December 9 and \ve carried on by Lumberman
aae Ass latent Ranker Sleason until Merch 5, when i'.r.
loft to take up some work on the oierrc. Forest
itant .dills worked <-ith the pcrty for a week in December
la now Lth Assistant P.enger Jlorson completing the "ork
the block of forest lend near 7or jesto-n.

The Tahoe is one of the eirht Forests in the
lot vrhere reconnaissance rork -ill be concentrated this

Dn: /c he ^^y "•7l11 °ons let of c Forest Asslstcnt,

ta'ont) A^cietcnts me a Cook. It is planned to

cover the Red I?ir bolt on the main divide rest of Sierra-
ville, from the north boundary of the Forest south to the
drainage basin of the Little Truclcee River,

This timber will soon be made accessible by
the railroad rhioh the Verdi Lumber Company rill construct
to Sierraville and \7ill be en rttractive pulpwood proposi-
tion. It is expected thrt the estimates and maps secured
rill furnish definite data for a future eele.

In February Forest Assistants Gallcher and
commenced work on a etudy of second ^rov/th Yellow
Pine for the purpose of ascertaining the volume of stands

of different ages and predicting future growth. The
rcfid :rrowth end hifrh yield of Yellow Pine timber on out-
ovor areas about Hevcda City indicate that "woo<?lot" manage-
ment here may be as profitable as in the second ^rorrth White
Pino stands of the Dest. It is ?lcnnec". to obtain definite
detn on the best methods of treating thece strnds rnci the
yield to be o:rpected.

In the planting work which was completed last
Pall end this Winter about 90 acres rere sown with Yellow
and Jeffrey Pine seed, 40 acres rere sown with 3u<$er Pine,
and 35 acres rere planted with two yerr old Yellow Pine
seedliTigs. The oujar Pine seed was so^-n near Forks House
in the Foresthill District; twenty ceres near True'.ceo rere
sown rith Jeffrey Pino; and the reaeincer of the ror'c, with
tta' exception cf some snail experiments wes done r.t *ook
Creek. Corn planters rare tried experimentally in eooding
Yellow Pine and were found to increase the speed of the
work oonsidorably on favorable sites.

About two acres rere eo-n with Western -hite
Pine seed near the Horse 3;.oe 3ond Ccmp of the Cro-~n Colum-
bia Paper Company at en elevrtion of 7,000 foet. As an
experiment about one acre in a awcmpy corner along *'.oo":
Creek was sorn with the Bald Cypress of the South.

Seme of the lessons we have learned from our
seeding er^rlments ur> to the preeer.t tine mirht be OTunnar-
ized as follows: (l) Seed spots ere successful only in la-

calities where there Is good natural reproduction of the
species planted. Hoither Yellow Pine nor Su^ar Pine
thrive outside of the eltitudinal zones in v;hich thoy
nature lly belong, iSj Late './inter or Soring seeding is
a failure. Seeds should be set in the early Fell in or-
der to obtain the advantage of nearly the ontire annual
precipitation. (3) Seeding is more successful on areas
above 4,000 feet then at lower altitudes, for the reason
that the snow at the higher altitudes ^oes off later and the
dry season is correspondingly shorter. In unfavorable
regions planting should be more successful then seeding.

The first stopa have boon ta>en in the construc-
tion of cord'-ood volume tables for Rod ?lr. Forest Assis-
tant Oallaher worked up a table ftr the species, givin<r the
merchantable volume in cubic feet on the basis of diameter
and height. To complete the tables it is necessary to !oaow
exactly 'how many cubic feet of eolid wood the.re are in a cord
of split 3e<? ?ir wood. It ic plannoc1 this o.-rinj to obtain
this data by means of a Xyloraeter, a small tank filled with
water in which stic'.;s of corkwood con be inner cod. ller.ouro-
ment of the rater disnlr cod rrives the cubic volume of the
stick. The Xylometer has already boon constructed and it Is
planned to measure about 25 cords of Red Tir wood this Spr^.n^
at the mill of the Grown Columbia Pu.:cr Co-.-.-any at Floriston.
California.

The volume tables rhon conploted -rill be of very
Treat value in connection V7lth the pulpwood sales on this
iorost, and es;ociclly in r.'orlring up the estimates obtained
by the reconnaissance crow this ceason in the Hod ?ir bait.

The largest timber sale ever made on this Forest
has boon concluded. The cimber in Lebanon Canyon for which
the Vevdi Lumber Company applied has been cdvertlsed and
sold to that Company. The amount is estimated to be
52,7uO.OCC board feet of Yellow Pine, 18,100.wO'j board feet
of .<hito ?ir, 2,10o,COO board feet of Su»ar Pine, and 20,000
cords of Yellov: Pine cordvood and 36w,000 Ceder posts.

The contract rllows l.» years from Ifc.rch 1, 1913
for removal of the timber. In this sale the Foroet -orvice
usinc: a ne\? method of determining stump'e^e rates. Up to
this time fevr seles for Ion? periods have been mcde, becauce
of the difficulty of foretelling stumpa.re rates vrhich *~ould

-14-

. J

"be fair to the Government and to the purchaser throughout
the life of the contract. Under the new method, stumpago
prices are fixed for only the first five years and will then
be revised to conform with chrnges in the values of lumber.
Iv lumber prices, avereTed for the year preceding A^ril'l,
1918 do not show an increase of V2.00 per thousand feet, the
stumpe^e price will n»t be changed. If tho increase is
sroator than vS.OO. three-fourths of the increase over that
amount may be added to the stumpage rate. Tha rates for the
first five years are ,2.50 per M rox ifcito 7ir, two cents
per post for C;JUCT posts, and 10 cents per cord for oordwood.

In order to log the Jwvzni&ont l.ind and their
own holdings, which are closely intermingled, tho Company
will erteno. their lodging railroad 2C miles. T'-ic r£.ilroe.<?,
vr'iich rill be a common carrier, rill be p. c'ecided benefit to
Sierra 7.- Hoy.

-o-

C01ICLRUIHG "HOUIP-DAWSS"

Every time I come to town V

The boys keep a-kloklnf my dawg aroun';

Uakos no difference if he is a noun1;
They got a-quit kickin1 ay dawg aroun'.

?rom Pike County Classics.

The wail of the Missouri hound has reached Hevada
City, The much "ricked uongrol has rubbed noses here TTith
several dawgs which have boon prowling around the Tahoe For-
est.

A ?orest Service houn1 that is much abused goes
by the name of Efficiency. Knockers have sorely bert him,
but his tail still wa^s with undiainished fervor and he is
still on the trril of Scientific :xna~enont in spite of his< •
harsh treotincnt. His spirit is not co'red because he knows
he is on a fresh scent and the quarry is in si~ht. This
c"awg, although at present considerably run down, will pic".: up
since he has good breeding. He already has a good home
on the Ifono and Injo ?orests and his progeny will ^rafually
diccominete throughout the District.

Another '"; v/r' thct -"errs r. -oe-borone e^rproseion is
named Property. Ho belongs more or less to us cli, but is

-15-

, chiofly attached t« the Supervisor. T/hcn treated rirrht he
has in affectionate disposition, but n-hon abused ho is a
veritable terror. Property IB on good torma with this
forest through the rentle ministrations of the Clerk, al-
though it is understood thct in certain localities he must
be muscled.

A very ferocious dewg oomec up this way by the
name of Accounts* Thic da'.vg will not stcnd he.rsh treatment,

.oh is only natural since 7oroet officers, PS r rule, r.re
prejudiced a.^r.inct his looks. T~-,is dtv'^, however, is vory
ueeful on eccjunt of his cctrone uatchfulnoss enc. because of
his protective value, is treated rith more rnd more oonsidor-
ction all the tine.

This trio of noun's, Efficiency, Property, and Ac-
counts, are reolly ^ood dav/gs when orce' they ere gotten ac-
cucintod '.1th, ovon if come of us may be from -liocouri and
ftnlined to ta>e a furtive kick at them nhon they Con't do
things to suit us.

And nov, lest v;e forcret, there coiaos e. nouxnful,
subdued wcil from our houn1 da\7g Polyticks, dovm in the base-
ment anchored to an iron aj-rc'er with e tv;o-inch cable. This
stringent action is doomed necessary by his mcetcrs, of nhom
there are many, to curb his activity v/hich bodec fair to dis-
turb their tranquility e.t r time r/hon their nerves neod to bo
especially settled. V/oe bo to Pol;* Nicies if ho rots loooe.'
He ill ctrair-htray be apprehended an<?. thrbvm into the pound
by one of the many do^-catchers in those parts vhoro ho
doubtless, speedily meet his fate.

-o-
OPERATIOD

Letters es>in- cooperation from the ai
private Interostc throughout the Torost, rre being sent out
fron the office. ?cvore.ble re olios have oeon re<5*ived from
the Southern Pacific Rtilroed Company, Pacific '3rs ': Electric
Coi^any, 3ierra Ur.-vrda Wood & Lumber Con.^r.y, Verdi Lumber
Corap: ny, Head Luriber Compeny, 3ooa .lill Compcny, end Scr-rcnt
Zstcte.

It rould be appreciated if ?orect Officers rrould
S£nd in names of private interests in their districts which
should cooperate rith us. to-rother <"ith their idece of tho

-16-

best fern of oooperation to be ocrried Out,

The secondary fire working plan for the coming
season has boon completed end ie now ^oing the round of the
districts. The ideal plans and maps submitted by Ustrlot
Han^drs rero followed as closely as possible in making this
plan, which should work, provided the District Od fleer fur-
nishes enough lubricator.

A map on the scale of cne inch to the mile showing
the boundary of the Forest up to date was made f*r us in th«
Diatr-lct Office. On it we heve placed existing and proposed
improvements, and private telephone lines. Its forms »ur
first real record of data of this character and vrill be ex-
tensively used as a reference map. It is thought that Dis-
trict Rangers will find a map of their districts along
similar lines jf much value. A map of this character was
drawn by Ranger ./ilson showing the correct location of the
roads, trails, mines, and ranches in his District, the data
usod being secured larrrely from local maps to which ho had
access. "The District Office had 53 black and white prints
made of it for use in this office and th« Joresthill District.

Purest Clerk La Rue has been designated as Custo-
dian »f the non-ex endablo Government property on this Pur-
est and will som send out for receipts for such property
held by the different Forest officers.

This change will neon that the Supervisor will now
be able to condemn brolcen end worn-out property, and cny of-
ficer charged rith such property should tako the mr-ttor up
with him when he is next in his District.

Under the new procedure all property in the field
will bo char-red to the District P.rn^ers rho rd.ll be furnished
with a cet sf card records (which they '-111 be o?cpocted to
keep up to date) similar to those used in the Supervisor's of-
fice. They will then be reruired to hold each of their as-
sistants directly responsible for rrhat property they have in
their possession.

This change in procodure will eliminate nnny pro7>cr-

-17-

•::L.:v .-• . :>^":""f'>::x -^J:^" .3.4.:'- ,"r

OX'

'.T'1 .' .'• 'M ;

• silr :?•-•?•.

-

ty ^ransfors in the Supervisor^ offloe, since in the pest
It has boon necessary to transfer property from "S^oc!:" or
from the Dletrict r.anger to short torn men rhen they are
put on et the opening of the fire season, and then re— trans-
fer it back to stock when the nan raits or IB furloujhod at
the close of the ecaeon. S >.ch transfers \7ero etill further
complicated "by transferred part of the property to the Dic-
trict ~rn~or and the other pert to "Stuol:", and each trans-
fer coans en ontry on two or throo cards for or.ch article.

Another point which came up this V/intor was where
a District Rr.rvror would allow an Assistant P.anjor to Icoop
some of his property in his possession without talring r. ro-
coipt therefor. When this occurred, a mis-up invariably
resulted, eepooirlly rhon tho A^cistcnt ?.. r.rjer on leaving
turn of. property into this office charged to the District
Hanger.

It is expected that each District Hanger Trill keep
a supply of stationery and forms on hend sufficient to supply,
as far as prc.oticr.blo, tho needs of all hie Assistants.

It ic believed this "111 be tho most expeditious
method since tho District ranger v.ill be in daily corraunicar-
tion TTith his Assistants and can fill the ra»nts of the lat-
ter on short notice without tho delry incidental to mailing
a requisition to this office.

In other rords, it fill moan keeping seven men
supplied from this office, instead of forty es during the
field season.

HEADQUARTERS

J. 3. Sivcrteon loft on December 15 for Three
Ivors, California, to on;rf.sre in business. Ho TCC one of
tia,' old timers on this forest, having boon hore since 19*6.

J. Alfred .Iitchell has fulfilled a prophecy code
concerning him by vcrious sooth-sr.yorfl on this Poroet. Ho
ma ta.:en unto hlnsolf a v.lfe. :^r Joy bo with him.

-18-

''_£

• '

<s X —

'>''.' '*'•:.

» '

- •- f-J

tf . . . .: tr-Rt;

L. A. 3j. rrott, connected with the office of L: rut,
and S— 1ft 3jrry of the office of 3llvical,.aro, ::ill vieit
this Forcot -ihc c-Jmin^ eunner.

3. 7/. T.-.ylor, now Porott Aiftiiii t«ait on the 3
National ?orost in Utah has been assirmed to this Porot-t and
vrlll report for duty on April 16. He has had oonsidorrblo
erperieaoe and comes v;oll recommended.

Miss Gertrude Jjnmerlch arrived llaroh 1 from Los
Angeles to fill the position of stene^raphor rnd typewriter
in this office. Mrs. LaT.ue , who has been caritbly doing
this ror!c, res obliged to Tivo it u^) on account of her
household duties.

A. 3. Ivey was laid up for two weeks or more with
la rprlppe and lumbago. He has celebrated his recovery by
L-3 the muse, his efforts appearing in this issue.

Deputy Supervisor Pratt end family returned January
16 from a visit rith relatives in Illinois and Kansas. Pratt
opines that he prefers forest fires to 25 £e7roos bolow zero
wocther.

V. C. IToddin wcs inoa?roltated for a^out ten days
the -rirct pert of IVnruary ^-Ith the muraps. A letter from
"Bill" iclleher in the Sfnta 3c.rberc hospital shortly after
his departure informed us thrt he was hcving a "s^oll" time
there v.'ith one of the nurses.

J. H. Horrego and Even Joy were recently trans-
ferred to the Statutory Roll. >/. 1. Merrill was promoted
to the position left vacant through J. Z» Sivortson's de-
parture and his former position transferred to the Plumes

Porost Assistant 3rllaher loft on I^eroh 1 for a
year's study of forestry conditions in other countries.
Vihile on this Porest ho ma^e some valuable original inves-
tigations, his studies on "growth" bein? oepeoially food.
The editors of the Trhoe look forrnrd to contributions from
him on his impression of forest mcjaa(romont abroad.

Word has been received thct ";. C. Woodburn who
was in chcr<?e of the Iruol:eo District Icet soacon. will not
return. Ho has boon onrrc^od recently by the Strte Forester
in collecting (".rta fur the ctund of timber on State lends.
Assistant P.in.-ror Doccon rlco ctates thrt ho doeo not orpect

-19-

to continue his work in tho Porest Service,

Supervisor Billow returned from hie detail ct
tho Dictrict Offioo on i'Voruary 22. He was very onthusias-
tio over the Srrporvlsors' I-eoting hold in January and brought
baok corao leaven v.'ith r:hich to raise the offioncy of the
?orost. The minutes of tho mooting are being vorked up end
will soon bo ready for distribution,

Assistant Han<rer C. ¥, Satcliffe, who is now on
furlough , sont in a very interesting aooount of tho treeing
he has'been doing this '.'/inter near his hone at liichinran 31uff,
'..'o regret very much that the account cane too late to permit
its seing rjlvcn in full. Ur. Sutoliffe states that ho has
trapped to date one bocr, four foxes, two lynx oats, two
skunks, anc1. seven fiehore; his three rnnnths1 v:ori clearing
him *165. The fisherc had the most valuable skins, the prloe
rocoivod ran.^ln^ from v!3 to C28, In r.ttcmptinr to oe;>turo
one of thoso animr.ls clivo. Ilr. Sutollffo v/as bitten through
the hand and concluded a club was noro satisfactory, Tho boar
hide brought vb, end the other skins from >1.75 to .,2.25 bo-
sicoB the dollar bounty paid by tho county. Thoro wore thir-
ty- two trrps set in all, "it taking cbout four hours to make
the rounds.

Since our los.t issue, we rre in receipt of the
folio-ring publications, all of «hich v:o have rocd with in-
tcrost :

Sierra Hanger Beavorhead !\anjer
Stanislaus He view liono Ranger
Lessen Magazine Deerlodge Rangor
Trinity Poroster Hodoc 3ovlew

i-icchcnge Dez Porce lle—cpleco

The renders on the otanifllftus are to be es^oclr.lly connended
on their number,

DISTRICT HZT/S

The telephone line from I'evadr. City to Bloomfield
has boon completed. Acslstant Hrji{rer8 Ilcljitosh, Joy, :ielbl~,
and '.Vclton have demonctrrtod their i cility es construction or:-
ports by putting in a line thet vin v,0 a credit to tho J'or-

-20-

oat. An instruracmt will shortly "be installed et tho ICirk-
hara Rr.nch to provide for protection of the plantation and
seed area near .hat pletfe.

A two-strand bcrbod \viro fence IB being built around
a portion of the Yellow Pino plantation at Ruck Crook in er~
der to keep stock from trampling the young trees. Whether
the fencing is worth while will later bo determined by a com-
parison v:i£h the unfenced part of the plantation.

Two applications for Oak o»rdwood in the vicinity
of Hevcda City have beon rooontly roceived, one for 1200 cords
and one for 900 cords. The applicants are Sherman W. ILroh
and J. Zonacco of Hevada C.i t?.

Assistant Ranker Hor--ege recently moved with his
family to the Bloomfield Ranger 3u;tion from Ci...:ptonville.

The Serpentine Rancor Statlora field has been broken
up and seeded. This field, together rith thct at the Rccs
Horn Station should furnish abundant hay r.nd pasture this
season for the Domieville District.

The Pcrosthlll District enjoyed a ruiot and unevent-
ful V/intor, with the exception of a few hours during the raonth
of February when there were two forest fires driven by a heavy
north wind, both burning at the saine time.

Assis-tant Rax^ere Jeorr*e end ./illiam Ce _;Ybell have
spent their time wtile on fuxl*>u5h c'.r1vvlng a tunnel near
31uff to tap the fcmcnxs 13ow Lead GJuannel.

During the month of Ilr.rch, Supervisor 31<?elow rac.c'o
a short tri^ to the Foresthlll Dictrict on official business.

Eijhty acroa of brush wore burned on the California
Lumber Company's sale cree by Ranger Babbitt. The Corey
Station area of 4<8 acres, the llioholrs sale area of about the
same area, and the email sale and free uso area near Sierra-
villo, v:ere also cleaned up.

Cne hundred pcunda ef timothy, red top and clover
seed has been sown en the Siorreville Ranger Station pasture..
There wa» an abundance of water on the tract last year, but
the crop was largely weeds and undesirable grasses.

The records show that forty-six inches of snow has
fallen in the Sierra Valley during the past V/inter and tho
Valley is new entirely clear, with the sn^w at the Yuba Gap
Summit but four feet doep. Tho records wf the proceeding
season show that eleven feet of snow fell at Siorraville and
en ?Jerch 17 there xvas four feet ef solid snow on the level.
At Yuba Gap Summit, jn the scrao date, there was fifteen feet.

Charles Bwnta, Forest G-.u:rd last Sunnier, reports
that he and his brother J?rank have killed twenty coyotes to
date in Siorra Valley. The animals wore smaller than tho
average and the hides were poor. It is believod that the
coyotes that have infested tho V,<lley this 7/inter worked in
from llevsdc. and replaced! tho large numbers that were trappe/"
and shot last ./inter.

Ranger Xing of the DJwnievllle District reports it
has boon a very dry ./inter in that section and every Indica-
tion points to a scarcity of water this Suramor. The gauge
height now stands at low rator rr.crk for last sumer. The old-
est settlors claim the river is lower this year at this season
than at any time they can recollect.

There have been a number of srsell cordwood sales in
the Dom±ervUle District this .linter, as well as considerable
free use. The open ./inter has given the local residents the
opportunity of cutting their wood for nert ".Vintor.

-22-

THE HAHGia tU THE TAHOE

By
Arbert R.

The Hanger on tho Tahoe, in the Winder has a snap.

He has nothing to do "but wcrk t£ill hiking time cames back,
Uhen the season's fires are ever, full of Jjy he cemes to '
He's maybe g;t the notion that heTa going to lay arsund,
But the 3oest too, has a "Ilotisn" «:nd it'u mixed with plenty

tact.
Per he grips &ur hands with pleasure; aays "I'm glad to see

you back.
We've had a dandy season, and it's tine to take a rest,

"Jetre going to plant some seedlings ~ fifteen thousand at

the best.

•

Tho Job will soon be finished, so Just to fill cut tine.

We^ll sgw two hundred acres with tho seed of Jeffrey £ine.
Cf course we'll let all trail work lay 'over till tho Sh

If it reins TTD'}! make out estimates, reports, rnd other

1 things ,
Az;d do F. little mapping, r.nd straighten up our files,

Also figure en a trail that will save us many miles.
And since the phone last season, proved Just to be UKS THIITG ,

Y.'c'LI' bull! a line to Blocmfiold between new and tho Spring.

It'o only fourteen miles, and of course we'll cut the poles,

And cut tho brush along the way, and als» dig the holes;
Vi'o'll stretch the wire, install the phone, end thus cut down

expense ,

And then, by way <of resting, wefre ^oins *° build a fonco,
7or cur seedlings need protection from the sheep, tho Ctfir,

and horse.

And then in stormy weather, ( /hen we can't jet out, Of oours«)
77e can atucy up on Erasing, Silviculture, an*?, the like,

To polish up our 'Thinker1 before we have to hikon.

So the Ranger on the Tnhoo has nothing to do but work,

But you can't hear any kicking, and nc one tries te shirk,
?cr we've got to koep on huatling if we finish up by Spring.

You can bet your bnd;ro we '11 'be there with every singlethJbig..
We're a happy bunch of Hangers, and when we have to part,

T^o'll have :•. friendly feeling for oach ether in wur heart.
And vro'll start our Summer's duties with a great deal keener

zest,

Then if we hadn't hustled to get a "'/inter' 8 rest.

-o-
-23-

THE TAHOE
(A Quarterly Publication)

VOLUME II,

July 1912

HUM3ER I

Headquarters

Richard L.P.Bigolow
Herri tt B. Pratt
Charles 0. La Rue
Gertrude Emmerich
Knower Mills
Reese V/. Taylor

Challenge :

31mer P. Gleason

Itor H. Coupe
Charlea E. Ashbura

Downieville:
George E. King

Canptonville :

Charles E. V/hlttum
Albert R. Ivoy
Charles \V. King
Uasrtin B. Turner
Henry W. Huckinfl

Sierra City:

Aaron H. Walton

Sierxaville - Truckee :
TJoodford H. Babbitt
Vivian C. Noddin
iivan A, Joy
Gaorgc E. Poore
Janes U. Poore
Lawronce E.Overmeyer

•lea W. Bonta
Marc W. Sdnonds

Forest Supervisor
Deputy Supervisor
Forest Clerk
Stenographer
Forest Assistant
Forest Assistant

Districts

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Forest Guard

District Ranger

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
forest Guard
Forest Guard

District Ranger

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Asoistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Forest Guard

Nevada City
Nevada City
Nevada City
Nevada City
Sierraville
Sierraville

Challenge
Challenge
Challenge

Goodyear1 s Bar

Camptonvllle
Camptonville
Camp tonvi lie
Camptonville
North San Juan

Sierra City

Sierraville
Truckee
Sierraville
Webber Lake
Truokee
Tahoe City
Tahoe City
Tahoe City

Nevada City:

William A. Merrill
John A. Mclntosh
Jordan H. Horwege
William H. Helbig
George U. lloyee
William D. Campbell
Benjamin F. Howe

Pores thill:

Prank A. '.V lie on
Charles W. Sutoliffe
Goorge ff. Campbell

DiBtriot Hanger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
Assistant Ranger
?ore«t Guard

District Ranger
Assistant Ranger
As sietant Ranger

Reconnaissance !

R. W, Taylor, Forest Assistant in charge.

Richard A. Colgan
Thomas D. Swift
W. P. Ramsdell
ft. A. Rookie
B. F. Campbell

Field Assistant
Field Assistant
Field Assistant
Field Assistant
Forest Guard-Cook

Nevada City
Emigrant Gap
No. Bloomfield
Granitevllle
Nevada City
Emigrant Gap
Nevada City

Pore s thill
Michigan Bluff
Michigan Bluff

Sierraville
Sierravllle
Sierraville
Sierraville
Sierraville

OUR COVER PICTURE

Our cover picture this month shows the new $100*00
35-110 power telescope ^nirphased by the citizens of Nevada
City, and Installed on the Banner HSuntain lookout tower.

This picture shows the Supervisor looking northwest
in the direction of the Piko County Peak lookout. The only
fire in sight, however, is on the end of his trusty stogie.

The telescope is of great assistance in studying the
contour of the country on a clear day, but on a hazy or smoky
day it magnifies the haze or smoke in proportion. When the
air is clear, people can be recognized in the streets of Neva-
da City, four miles distant, and the features of passengers
riding in Pullman coaches on the Southern Pacific Railroad,
eight to ten miles away, can be distinguished.

A good pair of field glasses is of more value than
the telescope for discovering fires, but often the telescope
will be valuable for determining detail after the fire la once
sighted.

Besides being used extensively by visitors in the
day time, it la becoming very popular with love-lorn swains
enamoured of the moon.

EDITORIALS

"By Their \7orks Ye Shall Know Them"

The subject of this editorial waa suggested by an
article in a recent issue of the Arapaho Woodman, which took it
from the Pend Oreville Coyote, which based it upon the following
sentence gleaned from the Ouster Cowboy: "Initiative consists 'of
doing on the spot, vrlthout being told and -without complaining,
what the other fellow never thought of d<51ng and didn:t do when*
he was told"« When the Woodman, Cov/boy, 'as well as the Coyote,
make specie! note of this sage reflection, it is time we set up
and "dangled", as the Woodman puts it, to find out how we are
concerned.

Initiative is often impaired, even destroyed, by self-
pity. Elbert Hubbard has an article on this subject in the
July Cosmopolitan in which he says in part: "Self-pity is the
act of feeling sorry for yourself. "Unconsciously the self-pity
habit brings indifference, then pity, then contempt, of everybody
with whom the individual associateso When you indulge in eelf-
pity you are on the slide, reaching for the swab» When we ex-
plain, when wd accuse, when we denounce others, self-pity begins
to consume us, and power takes wing. Carry your 'chin in end the'
crown of your head higho Keep y6ur mouth closed, your eyes 6pen.
and breathe through your nostrils. 'Don't bewail unkind fate,,
Don't fry 'to lay the blame on others. LetTs be grateful that we
are dive. There are over ninety million folks in America 'who
never played you a single nasty trick. There's work to do. Ring
in and be at it I"

The East Aurora philosopher certainly has a good line
on human nature, which is the same in the Forest 'Service as eny-«
where olsett There are tales oS woe to be heard, and moans of
self-pity sometimes issue forth from some station way off in the
woods. Sometimes a Ranger doesnTt think the Supervisor hes
enough regard for his "feelings, or doesnTt appreciate what he is
doing in his district. Sometimes a member of the office force
may feel that his feelings have been unduly lacerated by som«
other member. Sometimes we all may get an idea that OU.T ef-
forts are wasted on an unappre dative public,

The surest cure for self-pity and all it entails, Is
for us to keep one great slogan in mind: "For 1/h? .!ood of ITie Ser-

• '

\

••'-
.i;'^-r.cc a -

^ o .[-.•; i

a;?t1 ;. .; .'

*jjj>" f$K *,iuV£ /til

• • I

iT -.s

«f • ' :

vice". The b6ast of many of us IB that we are in the work for
tho love of It. If this is the case,' we certainly should bo
on the Job every minute. The man who lies down because he finds
a cnance will certainly find it will be his undoing in the long
run. Results are what we are after and that brings us to the
point of our editorial: "3y Their Works Ye Shall Know Them".

A Forest officer's work is not Judged by the number of
letters he writes in to the office. He is rather Judged by his
works. 'Good work requires initiative, thoroughness, resource,
and tact. Somebody who will know whether or not you have em~
ployed these qualities will cone along sooner or later, and you
won't have to be silver-tongued to convince that somebody of your
worth if your work shows it.

•

'So butt right In and if you make mistakes, don't let it
phase you. A man Is more often condemned for what he does not
do than 'for what he does. Hubbard says "There's work to do.
Ring in, and be at "it". One period of preparation for the season
is about at an end. How much are we all going to do n?or The
Good of The Service"?

~°"

Boabryo Conservationists

•

Solomon built a temple, and In the interim relieved
himself of proverbs, many of which are followed by people to this
day. One of his best reflections was to the effect that If a
child is brought up in the right way, he will not forsake his
early training when he grows up. There was a time when parents,
desiring to shape their children's characters rightly, fed tbfcfrr
impressionable brains .upon certain mushy "Wille" and "Susie" books
in ifcioh the tales related were so far from actual life as the
Diamond Dick 'novels which they so religiously scorned. The present
day tendency, however, is to give the child something to read that
bears on his everyday life, and in such a" way that he will be im-
pressed with facts as they actually exist.

This was forcibly brought to our attention recently when
a member of this Forest received a Sunday School paper from his
youngor brother back east in which was an article entitled "Flro
Brigades of our national Forests". The article, which was il-
lustrated by cuts of the Bonne* Mountain Lookout Tower "and a fire-
fighting scene at Hobart Mills, was accurate in detail. It will

make a lasting impression on any ohild that reads it; and lay
the foundation for a better oonserratlonist than waa £he old
Hebrew King himself who out down all the Cedars of Lebanon for_
his temple*

THE DIFFERENCE
(With Apologies to the Sierra Ranger)

^

As IJfe Was In 1661
Ertraot from January Harper^:

"Mark Twain heard that the tljribar around Lake Blglor '
(Tahoe) promised vast wealth whloh oould bo had f6r the asking.
He decided to looate a timber olain on its shores • He wont to
the Lake with a young Ohio lad, staked out a timber claim, and
made a semblance of 'fencing it and of building a habitation, to
comply with the law. They did not sleep 'In the house, Of tfoioh
Mark Twain says: flt never occurred to tid, for one thing, and'
besides, it was built to hold 'the ground, end that was enough.
We did not wish to strain it".

They lived by their oamp»~flrfl on the borders of the
Lako'and one day ~~ it 'was just at nightfall -— it got away from'
them, fired the ?orest, and destroyed their fenoe and habitation.
His picture of the superb night spectacle — the mighty mountain
conflagration — is splendidly

'The level ranks of flame were relieved at intervals
by the standard-bearers, as we called the tall dead trees,
wrapped in' fire, and waving their blazing banners a hundred feet
in the air, Thon we could tuxn from the scene to the Lake end'
see every branch and leaf, and cataract of flame upon its banks,1
perfectly reflected, as in a 'gleaming, fiery mirror. The mighty
roaring of the conflagration . together with our solitary and some-
what unsafe position, (for there was no 6ne within six miles of
us), rendered the scene very impressive1.

, V

:

•
.

: p .'•;••• •••-.-

o r*' •• • •;.' .;•-.; , ••

As It Would Be_Now

* " ~ *- w1 ^

Press MspatchV-JLugust 15, 1912.

•

MARK TWAIH FIRES FOREST II J

Noted Humorist Charged "by Forest
Officers with Criminal
Carelessness.

•

Mark Twain and a friend from Ohio, who have "been
camping on Lake Tahoe, are responsible for c Forest fire which
turned over about 200 acres before It was checked by Forest
officers. The fire was sighted at 6 o'clock P.M. by one of
the co-operative patrolman of the Crown Columbia Paper Company,
who at once telephoned to the tender of the Launch "Ranger" for
help* Within an hour the launch was on the scene with a dosen
men picked up at Tahoe City, and by 10^ o'clock the fire mis
practically under control*

Twain and hia friend were found spell-bound by the
Rangers, at the impreesivenesfi of the fire. After fighting'
it for several hours, however, ita grandeur palled upon them,
and at the present time they are considerably exercised inas-
much as it was ascertained that the fire was a result of their
carelessness in leaving a camp-fire to burn unattended. It is
extremely likely that the well-known humorist will find the
penalty attendant to his carelessness, no "joking" matter.

The lurid issue of tho Sierra Ranger had a pe<m.liar
effect on the eyesight of a member of the office force.
thing" looked green to him for a while after reading the red
print. This is another point going to show that the red is-
sue was a brilliant idea inasmuch as the green hue It induced
produced a decidedly optimistic feeling on the part of the per-
son affected.

We extend our congratulations to the Botird of Editors
on the Sierra for their novel and well gotten up issue, although
we take issue upon the reflactipn on tfce mancer in wfoUih we ob-
tained the treating plant. We admi-t that Lain Taliotf has some-
thing on Shaver Lake, but as a matter of fac* a amall
capable of holding thirty poles , and made by te'^Lng i.p .
suffices for the experiment.

.

' :

CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES

— oOo— *

Preservative Treatment of Telephone Poles
by the "Bouohorle" Prooesa.

J. H. Horwege

It Is the general purpose of the work outlined In the
experiment, vrhioh is located at the North Bloonfield Ranger
Station, to determine whether or not the "Boucherie" process is
adapted to the preservative treatment of poles under oonditlons
met with in constructing telephone lines on the National Forests,

The experiments are planned to ascertain:

(a) The factors influencing the treatment of each
species such as tfto effect of daily tempera turo,
season of cutting, and seasoning upon rate of
absorption; also, the effect of water storage
and of varying solution pressures at poltft^of

a^opli cation.

(b) Length of service resulting from treatment.

(o) Detailed cost of oach step in process.

Four hundred and sixty-eight poles are to be treated
at the plant, selected as follows:

245 Yfhito Fir
205 Western Yellow Pine
9 Douglas ?ir
9 Incense Cedar

The main apparatus consists of a skidway composed of
three peeled poles 60 feet long, laid parallel 8 feet apart.
The first skid pole is raised about 16 inches higher than the
others eo as to give tho poles a slant during treatment. On or
near the ground and parallel to the first skid pole, a half inch

•. .

brass pipo, consisting. of forty 18-inch sections which are
threaded on each end and connected to each other with "brass
tees, is laid. Into oach tee at right angles to the main
feed pipes, a 4- inch piece of brass pipe is screwed, to which
a piece of 3/4-inch rubber hoso is attached which terminates
in a wooden spigot.

At one end of the skid way at a height of 25 feet from
the ground a platform is built, upon which six barrels are
placed and are 'connected with siphons. Prom the bottom of one
of the barrels, and fastened to it by a piece of -£-»inoh brass
pipe, a 28-ft. length of 3/4~inoh rubber hose is connected v/lth
the feed pipe along the skidway. This gives the pressure to
foroo the solution Into the poles.

The poles are rolled upon the skids so that eaoh butt*
is opposite one of the rubber offshoots from the main feed pipe.
A rin« of 1/S-inoh composition pao!cing is then fastened to tho
end of eaoh pole just inside the bark. A squaro piece* of 1 or
lir inch dry cedar board is then placed over the packing. This
board is tightly drawn up against the packing by means of two'
lag-belts which are driven into the poles opposite eaoh other,
ana passed through a slotted pieoe of 2jc4 wooden strip, which
bears against the butt-plates ' and IB screwed tight, moving a close
fas toning 'against the packing. A email chamber is thus formed at
each butt. A 6/8-lnoh hole is bored Into eaoh butt-plato to ad-
mit the wooden spigot through which the solution Is forced from
the main feed pipe.

The solution is made as follows:

The required amount of copper sulphate,

(about five pounds of the dry salt to 40 gallons of water), is
weighed and dumped into a pail. Hot water is then added and
stirred with a wooden paddle until the salt is dissolved. The
concentrated solution is then poured into mixing barrels filled
with v/ater and again thoroughly stirred,' Eio solution is then
puaped into the pressure barrels for use.

'After being connected and the preservative solution
turned on, the unpeeled poles are allowed to remain on the skid-
way until the preservative solution begins to appqpgK uniformly
throughout the top. It is sometimes nooees&ry to turn the pol&a
so as to make the solution take effect on the J^op side of the
pole. Tho average time that it takes to treat the poles is
about five days.

Sixty-five of the treated poles will be used in the
telephone line which will be constructed this Summer from the
Bloomfield to the Miller's Ranch Stations.

Impression* of Carman

following Extract 10 taken from a recent letter
from Y/llliam H* Gallaher, formerly Forest Assistant On this
Forest, gluing his impressions of German forests and thoir
treatment. We are taking the liberty of putting this extract
in the Tahoa on account of the characteristic way in vhioh it
is vrritton, and because we think that it will prove interesting
to everyone who reads it:

"The first criticism one would make of north Cterman
forestry' is its everlasting and even tiresome simplicity 'and
sameness. It is merely out your wood, plant your trees, thin
periodically, and out again* A two days1 trip through a pine
forest is 'the moat monotonous thing imaginable. Here you see
ton acros, ten ydare old; there, twenty acres, foritf years old;
again fifteen acres, ninety years old; or, ten aoros, onehhun-
dred and twenty years old, and just being out*

One soon learns what a two-year old or fivo~year old
transplant looks like; and that's all there ie to it. Thinnings
aro simplicity itself, taking out poorly formed dominant and
suppressed trees.

The systems, and consequently the appearances, of hard-
wood forests are sometfiat more varied. The germans use natural
regeneration in beech by the group or uniform fihelterwood system
with great success. ' They are even learning how to regenerate
oak naturally again, using the shelterwood system. It may sur-
prise you to learn that they are now experimenting with natural
regeneration of pine and hope to know something about it in 20 or
30 year.8.

On many forests one sees sample plots for 'this study
which is now of greet interest here* Rather funny, eh? To
think of our talking wisely of how 'many seed trees it is correct
to leave per acre when the Germans, themselves, confess they
don't know what to do at present.

The great object here is to obtain evtm~aged forests.
Hhe selection system has proved an absolute failure even with
the moat tolerant species. The shelterwood system is TOry
difficult to apply on account of the 'damage to the young crop
occasioned by the removal of the old. Unless the old crop is

removed within 6 or 7 years after the cutting, it io alaiost
InpoBslble to do so and oonseruontly the trees must bo laft as
standards over two rotations or rany ba taken out rrith some of
tho letter thinnings in tho second crop when ita trees are ap-
proximately the seme height as -'jho standards, and ere thoraforo
not claraagod much. I am now "of tho opinion that such a nethod
is the practical one vrlth us, scattered seed trees left which
are to "be capable of lasting for f. second out in, flay, 150 years,
said trees not to "be too thick, especially in pine, "or great
dcjar.ge v/lll be caused by suppression to young trees, TThat I
sou later in Sv/itzerland In the selection system (for vraterohed
protection) and India may change this.

Another great lesson learned here is tho value of a
forest -noor. A Gormen consider* any fdrest oeoond-class which
sho\7s any grass underneath. Underbrush, of course, is entirely
lacking. I might say that a luxurious groxrth of grass and woods
appears vftonevor the stand is opened up, but so injurious is this
hold co be that tho ZTorcotor t/ill 30 to groat or^onso in planting
an undervrood of beeoh under intolerant plno and oak r.hich, of
course, lets considerable light -through. 5?ho result is magni-
ficent trro-storied forosto with good gror/th.

Planting here is often ohoap. In light candy soil it
can be dond for 2-mcrks, or 5t cents, par ."thousand seedlings.
HovTovor, 8,000 plants c.ro often Set out per core — in 'fact,
this 16 the usual nunbor in'pino. Ono-year doot'.lings , not trans
plants, are'nost often used. Spruce is 3, 4. or 6 years old;
Douglas I-'ir, E years,' Beech is usually planted between pine to
servo as ground cover, as noted above.

At Trippstadt I saw the oldest stands of 7/hlto Pine'
(Strobus) in Germany, The largest tree is 09-CM in diaraoter.
This stand has already boon out end regenerated. Rotation is
120 years for this species. It is being loolced on tTith ncre
and more favor, as It covers the ground nuoh better than Scotch
Pine, TThich is the native hero. It gives such n c;ood crop of
needles and 'holds moisture so ;reU that one ?oreoter I was v/ith
at the time, tho had not seen the stand before, \ront wild v;ith
enthuoiasm, and a couple of 'thorn talked at triphammer rate for
half an hour on the sublet. It is interesting to note that
sholtorwood system has boon used also, clthou^i In thoir ov.-£
native pine it is only in tho esrerloentel stage. Their chief
difficulty vdth tho troe at present is the srle of the procuot
of thinnings. Kuoh of the native pine is sold as raining ^iBhora,
but "Strobus" is eomevf::ct vrecber and the miners rill not buy it.

Furthermore it la not so good for stove vwod.

To show how Important the ground cover is hero, I'
sa\7 c stand which WP.U sooetThr-t open and in on expoeod place.
Drr "bark and noodlee had accumulated somewhat "Hohhumua" c.nd
the Ober-I-'oreBter informed me that ho WE.S now cutting the
stand, but that tho second crop would only \>o 3/4 as high and
contain about 2/3 as much timber as the one before. If deter-
ioration koeps on he doubted if tho third crop oould be celled
a "stand" at all, BO poor in form would it be.

-o-

The Ranger Te Sduoatlcn

- r4 l IT

A. H. T/altcn

I would like to say a fevz words in regard to the
education of tho Honker as it appears to mo, after reading Hr.
;din'c crtiolo in the laet issue of the Tehoo.

Uhen I entered tho Sorvioe in 1907, the Raider's vrcrk
was entirely new to me. The technical side of it, reruirod to
a certain extent in reports, was like Grook, cxoopt to a fo'.7.
Sinco that time tho Ranger has advanced through study 'end ob-
servation so he is familiar enough trith \;ht technicdl, and other
features of the forms to make an intelligent report. It eoomfl
to mo that the Service is ender.voring to continue this valuable
work throu.^h correspondence courses, fluring the Jinter months,
so thct the Rcngor of tho future \7lll hcvo ovorything thoroughly
ct hie command. This is necessary as the standard trill bo con-
stantly raised — and Efficiency is the goal.

On the other hand, I do not think the graduate in I'or-
ostry Trill endeavor to beoome a Hanger. He he.8 hcd a thorough
education alons specialized lines and is looking for e technical
position. The life of c Rc.nger is lonely to a certain oxtont,
in noet cases, tho social side bcin^ entirely lacking. Alsc
the duties ere certainly diversified. In reality, he is the
Jcck-of-cll-Trades of the National Forest.

Every Ranger knows thct the better his !rncwledge is

of technical cubjocts, the easier it is to jet through his work
in a satisfactory manner. 'The Government is not trying, in rcy
opinion, to mal:e the Ranger, "by stu£y, put hiioself on an erual
footing nlth the graduate of the Forestry school, but is trying
to malio the rangor a more efficient men.

The constant raising of standards, changes of laws
reports requiring technical knowledge, will l:eep the Rf.nger Ltudy-
ln~ tu keep up to date, without trying ta cultivate a technical
education ec.ual to the 7orest School graduate, which would be Itt-
posBible, unless he took lee.vo tf absence anf attended sone ao-
oredited school.

Voluntary Pirn V/ardeno as Assistants

'..- li ----- By "' -:''
(Jeor^e E. King

I have been sucoesoful in getting cuite a number of
citizens throu-^iout my'distriot to accept the position of Volun-
tary Stcte ?iro "Jardon, This \rill bo a big help during the fire
sepsdn, since I have tne assurrnce that if a fire starts wherever
or* of them is locr.ted, that he will have all the r.vallrble iten
at tfto fire probably hours before I reach it. These YJardcno, ir
turn, hr.ve the acsuranco that as aeon as the Ranger gets word of
the fire, that he v.ill be Jo their resoua with additione.1 help
supplies.

I hcve found that it is not p. hard taslr to .get citieens
are in localitios where there le danger of firo to accent the
position; in fact, much oasior than I first anticipated. In
acch case I have fully explained the situation, etatin~ that I
mi-:ht be ten niles cway at "the tlno the firo started, and possi-
ily befcro I ooulc reach it that it rould be under such headway
that it probably would tal:e a day or trro to got it under control.
If a ?lro VJarden \ma at hand he woulc1 have authority to ^et a
orov tog&ther and thus save hours of work, as well cs nuch

If a nwi waa not e'Pire We.rden anc" otood back ant", waited
for the Hanger to cone cJ.ong, he \jould bo sure to hf.ve to go as

well as his employes,' if he had any,' and thus Iiours would "be
lost through his not going to the flra at once0

A number of good citizens who have been appointed
?lre Wardens have agreed with mo on this pfiint and I have no
fear but what they will be on hand if a fire starts anywhere
in their locality, especially since I "have not asked them to
go any long distance out of their way0

I think that all the Hangers can work up additional
help in this way if they will dig into the right olass, and In
time we will have the woods full of ?ir« Wardens as our assis-
tants.

Banner Hountain Looiuut tfotoa

"I, Bonjanin ?• Howe, wovecTup to my Summer home upon
tho top of Banner Hountain en Juno 1, to watch over the Forest

f>.r fires.

• .

The first fow days wore very hot. Thon it jot oool,
and the rain oamo down, find the wind blow hard and 'cold. Thon

picked up my kitchen and took it in the bod-room, which Is the
6x7 tent (too largo), end pllod Into bed to keep warm the rest
of the day. I souse tiraoe have ray blanket around ne to keop warm.

Could not have c flro tho night of the 15th. The wind
blew so hard thct it took off my lid — that is, the orjivts from
over the T6wer. I picked Up ray bed rad ray srme -daughter, Lillias
E. T. Howe, \Vbo was with me, on£ went to the hi^h timber the rest
of tho ni.sht. Then it clecrod off end is nice weather

I have had 360 visitors up to July 8th. This Summer I
an going to got a oebin -••• maybo0

Benjamin Franklin Ho wo,

•

Lookout.

P.S.: 'The Big Cannon is all CMC- to look through. Good for from
1 to 1,500 ujilcb,"

-o-

Suggestions for Posting Pire Signs

By
George lie Noyes

The business of posting fire warnings should re-
ceive the samo oeroful consideration that is demanded in the'
"bringing of r.ny other class of advertising "before the public.
The primary ifec/is to have the signs so placed that they will
not only be seen, but road cjid re-read by campers, stockmen,
hoboes, as well as everybody Who smokes or is lilcoly to use
fire in the woods. They must be so placed that people vrt.ll
read 'ohom whether they feel that Tray or note

In ordor to accomplish this end, it is not sufficient
to simply scatter thorn along the main roads, but branch roads
and trails should be thoroughly 'posted, for these are the ways
largely frequented by fishermen, hunters, end campers, A cer-
tain amount of discrimination must, however, be used in plac-
ing them. To 'simply post them along at certain intervals IB
not aufficiont, for c. very small percent of those Tfoioh are
thus casually placed will ever be noticed. ?or instance, one
placed r.longside a sloping piece of road "/here there is(no
shade Cr level spot at rfcich a traveler might stop to rest will
seldom, if evor, be read. Therefore, care should bo taken to
select possible rosting places as well as places which are
suitable for camping.

A watering tank is a good, place to have signs posted
conopicuously since the passenger's eye will light on them'
almost unconsciously while waiting for the horses to drink.
Lilrowioo, those nailed up at a road-side hotel or saloon will
comnroid a large share of attention which may help to Justify
their existence. And ?-~ain there are trees along the road
vhioh from their aize, isolation, 6r other peculiarity are sure
to nttract the 070 of the passerby, and incidentally direct
it to the si^n r.ttached thereto. A dead snag with its smooth
white trunk, or bettor still, one that has beon charred by fire,
nc::es a j^ood bac'.cground for the ~ellow sipjns. and tho presence
of the effect of fires Trill give tho warning greater significance,

A tree on the outer sido of a "bend in the road has
an advantageous position in that the warning catches the travel-
er^ o; 'ore ho reaches it from either direction, end the
notice will "bo rood "before it has "boon passed by, When placed
sruaroly on the side of a straight road the sign will not be
seen until one io directly opposite* On this account it vould
soea advisable to fa6o the signs alternately in opposite direc-
tion? along the rocd. In this 'tray the traveler Ts attention
\7ill bo a-utrc.ctecL at a existence, hia curiosity aroused and the
impression wo are striving for, gained.

In this connection I believe that a variety of fire
warnings r.lon~ the ordor of modern advertising methods would
prove more effective than a out 'and dried eirjn vrhich tonds to
monotonous to the traveler.

EDITORS IIOTE; In connection v.lth the above article we wish to

state that the monotony of the out and dried

signs has been apparent for some time, and that quite recently
the District Forester called on Supervisors for suggestions of
signs along the lino of present day advertising. A good variety
was suggested by this Forest and these, in connection with other
Poroets" should result in something entirely different in the way
of fire wrrnlng airrns then wo have heretofore been using.

-o-

Ranger Wilson has the following suggestion to malro re-
garding merging hatchets:

"For the lest three or four seasons I have been experi-
menting with oup marking hatchots to see if they could be made
more eifective. The short handles were not good and the long
ones were too long, and a poor excuse whem-cut off. At last I
tried the experiment of putting a boy's axe handle into one of
them enc. the results V7ere far bettor than I expected. ifhis
handle is light, well shaped, and not too long to carry on a
saddle horse. It makes & first class light brush exe and when
it coinos to marking timber the handle is long enough to save
bruising your hand. Anyone wishing to try this experiment will
find that these light axe handles are the right else to fit the
mar!d.ng hatchets with very little trimming down".

-o-

SILVI CULTUR3
-o-

• •

A Supervisor^ sale of 790,000 bdn ft* of Jeffrey
Pine and White Fir was made in Kay to the Verdi Lumber Company,
Sales have 'also been made for 900 cords of Black Oak wood to
J. Zenacoo, and I2CO cords to Sherman Marsh*

A specimen of Pea Chaparral (Pickeringra nontana) was
found by Forest Assistant Mills hoar Nevada City. Dr. Jepaon
of the University of California says that it has never before
been reported this far south in tho Sierra Nevadas.

A fine (trove of Tan Bark Oak (Quercus densiflora) has
been reported at the Delhi Jii no near Horth Bloomfield. ' The
trees ere from 60 to 100 foet tall. The wood is fine, straight
grained, splitting li?ce ribbon, raxfi io used in that locality for
making axles and mine rollers.

Cordvrood voluno tables for Red Pir hr.ve been completed
by Forest Assistant Taylor. Supervisor Redington notod the iteff
in our labt issue rogi.i-ding the preparation of these tabloe end
wrote asking for a copy when thoy were completed.. Ho was ro-
ferrod to the District Office whore other Supervisors can doubt-
less obtain thorn is they so dcsiro«

In viow of the large amount of Lodgopolo Pino and Pop-
lar on this forest for which there is little demand at present,
the following description in the Deerlodgo Ranger of the manu-
facture of oxcelsior from these species is of interest:

"An interesting visit was mr-.do to the Kontana Ilattre&e
Company's Plant a few days ago, while getting information for tho
report of wood consumption of the Butto market., In this plant
there is a department for the manufacture of ercelsior* The TOO
thet is used in this plant 'is principally Lodgepole Pine and n
smcj.1 cuount of Cottonwood. In ort'er to get tho best grade of

excelsior, the wood must be straight grained and clear of
knots. It must be out green and then seasoned and out in six-
foot lengths* At the plant it is again cut in eighteen-inch
lengths which give six pieces of eigh teen-inch timber. The
following manner is the method of making excelsior:

First, remove th6 bark; then place the wood in a clamp
that has an automatic feed. The knife and spur-bit work on an
upright piston. The spur-bit is an arrangement made of steel
vrith teeth about one-sixteenth of en inch long and fiv<S inches
in width. This marks 'the wood, and the knife follows, shaving
off the wood into "long, feathery strings. One cord of wood
vrlll make about 1,200 pounds of excelsior of the first grade and
about 400 pounds o? the second grade. There are only two grades
made at this plant. The excelsior is baled by machinery for
shipment. A bale vdll weigh approximately seventy-five pounds.
The plant consumes about 300 cords of wood a year, producing an
average of twenty-five bales per month.

-o-

HEADQUARTERS 5 2 W S

District Engineer Walter Huber spent a few days on the
Forest in June, investigating several water power propositions.

Assistant District Forester Lo A'. Barrett and Supor- '
visor Bigelow made a tour of the Forest the early part of July,
being in the fiold rbout tr/o weeks.

G. M. Hunt of the Office of Products is in charge of
the treating and distillation plant at Uorth Bloomfield. Mrs.
Hunt is T/ith him and thoir ocxnp undof the pine trees is as cozy
and home-like as anyone could desire.

Maurice S. 'Macy, Assistant Ranger in the Sierravllle
District last Suamer, has resigned his position. He will en-
gage in ranching in the San Joaquin Valley.

Several designations have come to our notice recently
which wo have failed to classify. Some of these interesting
medifidations of our filing scheme are: "OO-Tahoe-Fire-Tin Fire
Signs" ", "00-Operation-Uni forms-Corduroy*1 , "O
ation".

•

/

Deputy Supervisor Pratt took a two weeks1 trip the
first part of May thrdugh tho Sierravllle, Sierra City, and
Downioville Districts • He was chiefly engaged in getting a
line on the timber sale business for the oeason.

The interest which the monitors of the fair sex take
in our work is often very gratifying. Recently a member of
our force was commenting on the largo amount of timber sold
during Hay on the Forest, in the presence of a young suffragite.
"Really" , said she, "What do people want with so much wood this /
hot weather?".

Forest Assistant Taylor, who is in charge of the
reconnaissance otovr engaged in estimating the block of Red Fir
near Slorraville, left Nevada City on June EO to plan the sea-
oon's work on the ground.

Ranger Merrill recently "made a mineral examination
of two sections near Oranltevllle. His report will be used
as the basis of en effort to clear up the status of these lands
v;hich are heavily timbered.

The cartoon in this issue was drawn by Assistant Ran-
rjer Poore to illustrate his experience in mending fence at the*
Webber Lake Station this Spring. It is a story without words,
which nay be very aptly used in 'connection with the experiences
of another Ranger told 'in verse. We are indebted to Mrs.
La Rue for tho stencil.

i

A 'pitiful wail comes from one of our back number con-
temporaries, v;ho seys he canrt use the tin fire warnings for
poclrot handkerchiefs or dish towels. For his benefit we vrould
suggest that they can b« employed as 'fans in the hot weather, as
ash trays, dust pans, pistol targets, end in a variety of other
useful ways.

•

As an illustration of the unexpected, the fire record
to date is interesting. W« usually oxpect our early fires in
the Caraptonville and Challenge districts, but this year thoy all
occurred oA the east side of the sunmlt at an 'elevation of from
5,000 to 6,000 feet. 'Only a few small fires, nost of thorn loss
than r.n acre in extent, have been reported so fcr in rrhat we
consider the dangerou» fire belt of the Forest.

DISTRICT HEWS

According to reports, ab6ut B,QOO people -will visit
Gold Lake and vicinity this Summer. San B. Lush has had over
400 letters asking for acoomonatlons at hie roaort.

Ranger Walton has surveyed 6ut two acres near the
hoad of Gold Lnke'for a Suxnmor resort, of a oommorolal nature,
for Chas. Preeraano

Assistant Ranker J» 17. Poore has been kept busy re-
pairing telephone lines* Lately he has worked on the Squaw
Valley, Lake Tahoe and Trucked Station lines.

Assistant Ranger Geo. £. King reports that black
caterpillars are cleaning up the White Birch brush, leaving
patches that look liko a forest fire had gone through it.

The Rangers on the Foresthlll district have repaired
25 miles of old telephone line and built about five miles of
now line this yoar. Assistant Rangers Campbell and Sutcliffe
have been recently' working on a flume to water the pasture at
Sugar Pine station.

Although the rainfall was below normal during the
\7inter in the Sierra City district, yet the late rains have
made a splendid growth of food, anft the outlook is foy A fctnnoi1
grazing year* The mosquito and rattlesnake erop is •xoellent,

three snakes a day being the ranger's average.

•

Gold and Salmon La!:«« hat* been Btockod with 80,00«?
Loch Laven and Eastern Brook trowt. and aa the former grow to
15 Ibs. the disciples of leaea IfaJlton can have good sport in
this region in e fen j'ears.

The Porest Sorvlce Launch "Ranger" was put into the
waters of Lake Tohoe on June 21, Supervisor Bigelow superin-
tending. The launch Trill be in' charge of M. W. Edmonds, who
will camp at Kent Rr.nger Station. He will always leave uord
at che Tc.vern eo to v/here he can be found and a message to that
point v/ill *oo delivered as soon as he lands at any point.

The'Truokee Ranger Station has been painted "by
Ranger Dooley, the roof red and the sides dark browni At
last reports he was contemplating making a meat safe, a china
closet (Rangers always have ohina — they get it from mush
packages), and other comforts of a "bachelor camp.

.Charles Bonta and Lawrence E» Overraeyer have been
appointed Assistant Forest Rangers and assigned to cooperative
protective work under cooperative agreement '.vith the Crown
Columbia Paper Company. They "began their duties on June 10,
Bonta being stationed at the Beartrap Cabin near lake Tahoe,
and Overmeyer at Sawmill Camp, vfcere a pasture is being fenced
for his stock. On account of tho dry season the Papdr Com-
pany intends putting on another patrolman the middle of July. '
YJ. C. Williams, 7*0 passed 'the Rangers' examination last Pall,
has accepter" this position.

Nine fires have occurred In tho Sierravllle district
to dato. The largest one, an eighty acre fire, Spread from
the right-of-way of tho Southern Pacific Railroad, probably
being set from sparks from an engine. Ho assistance was ren-
dered by the Railroad Company.

There was a small firo on the shores of Lake Tahoe
which delayed the dinner of three Forest officers for a riiile.
This fire proved unique in that several ladies gallantly assis-
ted in extinguishing it with the aid of a garden hose and Lake
Tahoe water.

•

Extract from Service Report of Marc Edmonds, Captain
of the Launch "Ranger":

"Went out to middle of Lake for a view. Wind came
up very suddenly. Had to fight for shelter. Got soaked
through. Got to mooring at 5 P.M. Cleaned onglne. Got
seasick from oil fumes end violent motion."

The grazers are rather backward in the Truckoe region
on account of the late season. Tho feed has just started and
is yet of poor 'quality. Ho cattle came in the district until
after the 20th, and several bands of sheep will not be in until
about July 16. Several Nevada owners who are usually across
thevf/ashoe Mountains by this time of year, hr-ve not showed up
yet.

. * '

•

.-«,.i. ,

///

L X

THE TAHOE
(A Quarterly Publication)

— oOo —
VOLUME II November 1912 KUH3ER 2

"It Was Hot Like That in the Olden Days"

Truly we are living in progressive ' tiroes. If \vo cannot
fully comprehend the fact all by ourselves, it only remains for
us to review the events in the past campaign and we got the idoa
immediately. Y/e are likewise reminded of the change in the af-
fairs of men when wo pay our grocery and meat bills. Then, of
a truth, we are brought face to face with the realization that
times have changed since we wore boysc Then a balloon asoensic_
was a momentous event, and the bicycle a favorite method of con-
veyance.

Not long ago, hoary mountaineers about Emigrant Gap were
startled from their Rip Van Winkles by the appearance of n flying
machine in thoir midst, and now the brute creation no longer
stands in amaze and terror as benzine buggies buzz by. People
are evon becoming accustomed to a Forest officer in our progres-
sive times, and some begin to realize what his p.dvont is all about \
Ho longer are there raanlfos tat ions of curiosity or alarm when he
appears, and the impression that he really does work has gained
wide credance.

likewise, are different than in the oldon days when
a badgo was apt to impart rather Of a cooky fooling* It moans
Just as much to us as it over did, but the cockiness has been
superceded by horse-sense as regards the position of the other
fellow. In those early days wo were so busy with petty details
that nuch of the larger things escaped our notice, and if they did
intvude themselves on our nindo , HO were not prepared for thorn.

:t we are selling millions of feet of timber without
batting an eye-lash, establishing nurseries, planting trees, and

-1-

making all aorta of invootigatlons that tend towards roal
conservation. Tho roal objoot of our work is "becoming ap~'
parent and although wo aro of ton up to our noolie'in routine,
yet wo arc not ovor our heads like wo used to bo, and oan see
ahead of us, tho goal of our endeavors.

In a word, Intensive management Is now a realized
faot, and wo aro emerging from tho stress of preparation with
a produot roady to bo developed to tho highest point of use-
fulness. Y/c have boon tho builders, end whether wo have
buildod well romains to bo provon in tho yoarB to come.

-o-

"Ho who would do some groat thing in this short
lifo must apply himself to ?.ork with euoh a concentration of
his forces as, to idle epootatora who live only to amuse thom-
aolvos, looks liko insanity" — Parkraan.

"Don't bo prejudiced against all now ideas be-
cause they invariably ourpris* you" -- Hoehin.

-o-

Cono»rning Piros

Everything considered, wo have had tho most suc-
cessful fire season we havo ever had. Tho oonditiono this
year v;cre Just as bad as last, yot last year wo had a burned
area of 3907 acres compared .to 455 aoros this yoar. This in-
dicates that our system is becoming better perfected, also
that tho missionary work rre are doing is having its effect.
What are wo goins to do towards overhauling the parts of our
machine this "7intor, and remedying its defective pertSf

Tho office is Going to do a ^hole lot and ex-
pects you to do your share, 00 bo prepared to revise your
ideal plans e.nd prepare wall maps to illustrate it.

-2-

?iros by Districts

A

Aero

and Under

Dovade City 3

Crrrntonville 1

Challenge 2

Dovmievillo 0

Sierra City 0

Siorraville 10

Forosthill _2

Totul lf»

B

10""Acroa
and Under

2

5

1
1
0
8
JL

12

Under (?100

0

1
0

1

JL
9

Over 10 Acres

2

3

Damage
£100 to
$1000

Dana 50
Over
$1000

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

_0

_0

0

0

As ua.4-1 tho Camptonvlllo Dlotrlct proved th« rrrontoct
dangor spot on tho ?orost, tho region botv/oon Ccmptonvillo and
Sen Juan bolnc tho scone of tho Class C fires in tho district,
nost of thorn boln=f inconc.iary in character.

Tiros Foa^it Cutelde ?orest Boundary

llevo.da City

Challon^o
Dormioville
Sierra City
Siorraville
Foroothill

0
0
0
0
C

&

Total

0

1

2

0
0
7

_1
11

1

1

1
0
0

2

n

•••

5

!Tho greatest <?waa<>o was done by fires outside the
Forest, tho onoe at .,'orn Hill, San Juan, Dobbins Crook, and
Badger Hill doinj: domarte ranging between ClOO and $1000. All
thoco fires nero provontod from ontorin^ the Forest by the
diligence of Forest officers. Thet vio f.ld not hava larger
firea is largely due to our lookouts on Bi^nner, Pike County

-3-

Peak and Sen Juan. Thero was 374 aoros of Government lend
burned ovor this year, 165 acres of this being classed ao
timber lr,nd. The oc-cimr.tod damage to timber was >60, the
value of reproduction boin$ ostinatod at $350. TTighty-one
acres of pri/ate land within the Joroot '••as burned over,
twenty-five dollr.rs wor-h of timber boinn; destroyed.

Hydro-Electric Development

on
South Yuba and Bear Rivers

The Pacific Gas fc Electric Company has a hydro-
electric ^reject of colossal proportions under way on South
Yuba and Bear Rivers, part of it being within the boundaries
of this Forest. The following account of the work being done
was compiled from several articles v;hieh appeared in the Com-
pany's magazine for Aagust:

On July 3, 1912, , work was begun on a project

which has been under contemplation for some time and which was
recently made possible by the purchase of £20,000, Tacific Gas
& Llectric Company bonds by J. Piermont Morgan. The Company
has lori£ controlled and used to a certain extent a system of
twenty reservoirs within the catchment area of the South Yuba
River. The system \?ill now be greatly enlarged by the con-
struction of e. dam a short distance down stream from Lake
Spaulding, an old raseroir site about two miles northeast of
Smart Station, on the Southern Pacific Rrilroad, at an eleva-
tion of 4000 foot.

This dam will create a reservoir having a sur-
face area of about 70? acres and a storage capacity of 3J.OOO
million gallons. The <viitershod directly tributary to the
reservoir will annually discharge 60,000 million gallons into
it, or double its stort.go capacity.

The roc!: required for the concrete for the

dam -/ill bo quarried out of the bluff over-topping its souther-
ly abutment. Lumber "or construction worl: is baing sawed at
the old Birco & Smart sawmill. It ie estimated that the reser-
voir site hos on it at least a million feet of saw timber, all
of which will be utilized. A considerable part of this timber
is located on Government land of which there is approximately
90 acres embraced in the reservoir site.

-4-

The reservoir outlet will be a solid rock concrete
tunnel 4,427 feet long* This tunnel will conduct the water
to tho upper end of a concrete lined canal 8£ miles in length,
having a capacity of 16,000 miners' inches. The canr.l will
conduct tho water to »• point about throo miles northeast of
Tov/lo Station on tho Southern Pr.cific, to a regulating reser-
voir IOIOV.TI ns tho "Drum Porobcy". 7rom this rooorvoir will
loud tv;o riveted stool pipe lines, 6300 feet long and 72 inches
in dimeter at tho uppor ond to tho power station 1,350 feet
lovrcr in elovctlon on Bear River. Hore the water v/ill be di-
eted e gainst oi>hb water whirls, each *Tith a capecity of
9000-JIP. The prooeure i:t tho nozzle of the 7-inoh stream up-
on tho v;atcr v;hool buckets will be 585 pounds per square inch,
or nocrly throo times the high steam pressure used by the big
locomotives of tho Southern Pncific Company.

Dlectrio power from the plant v/ill be transmitted on
a c'ouble circuit stool tower lino nearly 115 miles to the
Corrncny'a cub-ctation at 'Cordelia I'arln County, thence to San

faol and, through this, lon^- distance transmission power will
bo supplied to all sub-stations along the lino end to the cities
around the bay.

The vork is beinj energetically carried on at tho
preset; o time, 1400 raon and 500 head oC stock boin^; engaged in
clearing -che right-of-way from the sito of tho por/or house to
that of the storage reservoir. It will ta'.co at least two
yoarn to build the SpaulCln? Dam which will be one of the hijh-
63 1 in tho world. AdditionrJL power plants to that in Boar
Rivor T ill be con&tractod further down stream, oo that when tho
entiro vork ic con^lotcd, tho Pacific Gas & Slectric Coroppny
will have increased its hydro-electric power service by upward
of loe,OOC-HT.

-o-

-H-

COUTRI3JTJ;D ARTICLES

— oOo —

Obscrvationo on Grouth of Hcd Fir and
Yellow Pino at :ii -h ::icvr.tion8

3y

V. H. Babbitt

It lo probable that in tho noer future thoro will bo
r. sale iir.fo for tho bolt of roj fir tinbcr lyinj botv/oen .fob-
's :r Ln'rc MIC" tho north boundary of this Povost, to nrnufc.c-
turoro of \--.por pulp. Thie bolO of rod fir is lar-rdy nccle
up of ovor-rer.turo timber vrhioh is dotoriorr.tir.rj each yoc.r and
tho eystonj unOor • aich it •••ill bo out is c. taattor of f»roet in-
terest to tho rrrftorn oi' L'his dlotrict.

I bolicvo thr.t it is tho policy to roerlc thic clrec
of vinbcr un«?.or tho "Group" C'/stora, to prevent \7ind throw and
ir.buro roprocuotion. Tho soodlin.^s of red fir, aocorcTin^ to
ny obocivr bions, jrro-..- very olO'vly. I hnvo oounto^ fifty yocr
rin;o on one no Ic.r^or then ny thur-ib, onr smile r onoe v;ore
proportionr.toly old. Tho eoof.lin-rs p;row : ."R.tor in openings,
but cv^n the tiny trocc v;ill be foxmd to be vory old, p;rorin£
very little in -ho firnt tvonLy years, Conjetition of root
s;rotora8 nu-.y recount ."or r .^ront dor.1, but I believe thr.t I rn
ri -hL in oti oing that it ic tho nature of tho tree to develop
slowly r.t firsit end that it 7.111 bo at loant fiCty yoars be-
fore reproduction ^-.111 ootublich iteolf after euttin/jt

Tho o:ctrorao olovstion or tho tract is oirht thousand
feet, but tho Icrrror portion is 'aetvoon si^: and seven thoucand
feet in elovr.tion. There r.re occr.nionrl yollo\v pine trees
.'TO--. -ing, with tho stand of red fir at seven thonopud feet end
fheno trees loo!- thrifty r.A?. n.-.'.T oo«? lunhor. They r /ocr
to 3i-o • i-.ic, fact EO the rod .'ir &i Lho erano elevation and year
rin.^s counter1 iron) troeo cut fit Yubc Gap shoi; thtt tho rcte of
• "th ic --ood. One troo -thct contained 1'ivo tho ME and feet

">cr hac" T-i'0\.n thirty- t\^o inchoa in seventy-five yoars rnd
o-'ioi --vod t\ oiroilrr r-ror/'ch rato.

-6-

An ovon moro ra^id rate of growth was noted on
stunps noar Lov/iG Hill ct nn elevation of ovor six thousand
foot, but in ir.nrlclng a ccle for oordwood, some tine ago a
Jorost officer was criticized for not roarl3.n<? tho pine clean,
tho thoory boing that fir was tho boot treo for the elevation.
This \7oulcl bo tru6 if reproduction could be established within
a reasonable time, v/hioh does not seem to be the case. The
coodlinftS of the yellon pine soern to grow ec fact at seven
thousand foet ao they do anywhere and I beliovo that every ef-
fort should bo raatf.e to replace tho rod fir vith a rotation of
yellow pino raid thr.t tho pine woulcl nature and be replaced by
the rod fir without groatly retarding it.

I believe that v;o vould have better success with
seeding yellow pino on those high, damp table-lands than we do
at lower elevations as it is the drouth that kills the eeedlingu,
and that wo should experiment even if with only very small
areas such as oroi bo planted by 'a ranger in a few hours. Of
course, in applying this theory, many areas vould be found
whore the second growth of fir had attained diameter of six
inches or over, after wftiioh it grows very rapidly when the
stnnd io opened up, but I know that there are lerge areas
where the pine belt may be extended. I boliove that by leav-
ing all of tho pine as seed timber, that the above rotation
would naturally follow. If a sale is raado in the red fir belt,
I would like to see the pine favored on a portion of the area
cut-over at least. Splendid opportunity oan bo afforded for
studies of rotation and growth at any rate.

Note ; Whilo surveying boundary north of Mt*Rose, Assis-
tant Ranger Hoc din and I observed that where tho mountains had
been stripped of all pine large enough t6 make fire wood, dur-
ing the boom at W.- shoe and Virginia City, and quite a few large
rod fir left, that pine reproduction had seeded the entire
tract and these seodlings were on on average ten feet hipjh,
while fir seedlings had scarcely made a start, although the
cutting extended to above 7,000 feet elevation.

A Xylomotor Tjct

By
R. Y». Taylor

The? use of red and v/hito fir in paper raekin^ has
oponod a now market for thoso two inferior lunbor epecies.
The practicability of thoir use hcs been settled r*lthout a
doubt.

TJic Crovm Columbia ?.'/:r Company has c. mill at
Flo.-iston, C. ll^orr.ta, -ftiich uaee annurlly about 30,000 cords.
All 'cinds of general ;:rappinT pcpor including thin, fruit 'Tap-
pers ere made. The pulp is "not 700 A enough for the higher
grades of pr.per but when it is realized v:hat a vp.st amount of
wra_>pin~ paper of all kinde is used r.r.c thrt the supply of
other pulp mi.teriel is rep idly dirai niching, it -111 bo seen
that thure is bound to bo in the course of a fev yenrs, a steady
demand for rer' and white fir.

Ii ; ni,icipation of tho demand for pulp "rood, a recon-
naioeance vme carried on this Siunp'or in the fir region of this
Forest, rreut of Sierrr.ville. I ctocd of estimating in board
feet end cpplylng the 500 board feet cord equivalent, it '•as
thought best to ''otorralne more accurately the cord ne&sure.
?(•*• '-hir. purjoae 25 cord.s of mixed red anc1 r^hite fir ";ere
not surod in e ^:loi>>oter in the rroocl ^ard of the Cro'^n Coluabla

F Paper Company et Ploriston to determine accurr.tely the cubic
contents of an &vero.<?e cord of split fir such as is uset* at this
mill.

The vrorl: was carried on tho first pert of !!.•?. The
Xrlorneter consisted of a Talvrnizcd iron tank 4ir foot hi^h e.n<*
2-k feet nide, graduated on the inside. The tank vas filled
Tith T^r.ter up i-o t certrin mark on the -jrad;iated ccele, eooh
stick i:i noroed oe.;f*rr.toly, end the rise of iho Tater, equivalent
to chc volume of the ctlck, noted. The cords -»ero piled after
the sticks had boon measured, mulclnj each one as near 4'x4': r, '
cs poseible. Hotoc 'ore tuken upon the emount of baric, rot
and crook in each fctick, in case it should be deetred to com-
pare thio rood irith other cord' -ood of the er:ne species.

It wns found that the avora^e of the 26 cords con-
tained rppro^imntely 00 cubic feet. I fo not !oio~- if other
measurements have been ".r.^o oT similar corc.wood but I thir.l: 00
cubic Toot is eli -htl7 lees thrn the contents rivon for cord-

-8-

wood of other species. However, not a prect r.r.ny }I"lonoter
meesuroracntB of thic nature hr.vo bean nc.de in thie country
thore ere vory few sources for comparison.

This converting factor of 80 cubic feet nr.s applied
to n cubic content ( -i: 'loter- total height) volume tnble made
upon thir- "oi-Owt end p. cord wood table obtained. ~>e -111 thus
be r.ble to obtain e very fnir oordv:ood estimate of the red end
white fir.

This Xyloneter toet, put to a prcoticc.l uoo, is a
comparatively ne-w thin;*, but i't tends to shor thr.t the stan-
dards and !aci,hoda of \:ooC. mensuration ere bound to be plrced
upon a more accurate basis. It is only e small but P. vory
interesting beginning, and it is hoped 1/hct ".*e ill eoon have
fi^uroe iron other local itlos for r. cort^-rison. T>.e liylomoter
was a rather simple and orui"o instrument, but it served the
purpose woll.

I'.' extensive -.ork was to be carried clon^ chese lines,
It noulcl be bettor and cheaper to have p. Ilyloneter in ^ioh
several sticks, if not a ^ole cord, could be raoecurod, at once,

-o-

Lo^ing in Gorvny

3y
I7m. H. Sallaher

In rainy respects luraborin- methocs in Gornony are
similar to those employed in parts of Ilevr England where good
markets and second growth timber have caused the introduction
of the small and portable mill. As the virgin stands rrrR<"-
ually disappear in tho v/ost, vro ory anticipate the 8G~.o condi-
tions and the rrrarual adoption of sinilf.r methods. A glimpse
at ^ermnji lojj^ng and milling yrill Ihoroforc (rive us a funeral
idoa or ho-; our OTTO -cinber ^ill be hrrr'led in^fifty or e hun-
dred years.

Timber ie felled in Germany curing the .'inter nonthe
from Uovorabor to "arch. L&bor is employed in p.-n'i cultural
pursuits during the Sucuaer and is rifftctitt to obtain, and
furthermore the — ork in tho woods is noro easily carried on
during thb tiae that the leaves are off the hcrdwooda. Fell-

-9-

ing io clone by "Holahcuers11 or vrood chopper a employed by tho
Government. Troes r.ro eoldom marlceA except for thinninjs
in stands t.t a very critical ago or -^hcn some ra5icc.l r!o •
parturor from che orcUncry method is nc.de. r.aturo timber
is ar.*r.;-c clean cut an<? tho non und eratc.r 1 the ordinary-
thinning so vrell that occaoicnal inspection of thoir rorl: is
sufficient. The art of thinnin- correctly is of ~reat im-
portance r.s LO percent of tho total voarly cut on a forest
ofton CO-DC L'rors thorc. Thoy are r:a(".o every five to ten years
in all stmds after they are twenty years old . tfoodchoppers
are paid by the arrlount and character of vood produced r.nd the
difficulty of the rorlc itself. They receive 2.00 to 5.00
nar::8 (a ru r": is r." ,'roninrtoly CBf/) por day, averaging about
3.00 r.arl:s, xrhile rronon receive rbout half as much.

In hilly country or -'here the raar".:et is poor, the
trees are out in the ordinary manner, stunts flush "dth tho
grcand or three or four inches hi~h. 'There tho c^r-'rot is
Sood1 tho interoctin^ nroceae of pushing 'Che trcos ovor is used
in order to uproot uho utuap rhich is rlso arid. A stout
pole about tv;enty feet long vrith a sharp iron point is plr.cod
at an cnjle of r.bout 45 degrees against tho troo to be felled.
Tho point is ja'obed into tho bark to prevent slipping c.r.d the
butt one is placed on Lhe socket of a rr.chine lyin^ flat u^on
the Around. This resembles an ordinary lifting ^rck, rorlring
on ratchets, oithor -i ch a Ion-; lover as tho orclinr.ry ^ack, or
tTlth i ~carec! crank. A few roots are cut on the near side of
the troo and then preesure applied by means of the ;Jac!r till
the tree is throrm over. TTTC such machines "ill easily throw
over r tro-foot oalc or pino.

After foiling, tho top is lopped and correthor r-ith
the branches is ••orlcor' up into the most profitable mc'iorial.
IB order to.^rovont dcna^e by insects "foich ^ould soon riddle
the -ood, r.nd in order to raalre drying moro rapid, ell conifers
are peeled, Tho trees r.re dra3":ed out to the nearest road by
hand or ena'rod by horses, ("opondinj on tho 'oi^'it of r;ho iinbor
and tho chnrcctc5r of -ho country. Cn level ground "hi-h
wheelers" »-.re effoctivoly employe-" on Ir.r :e trees. The rrener-
al pr ctloc is to cnr^ie o\r: ;ho ontiro tree, after tri'T.ir~ the
brrjiches o.^f, nnd thon -or:: it into -^.3 different products en
the road.

In scaling, -he r.ir'dlo dirmotor of ihe sr.VTlc^s
timbers is obtained -'i^h crliiorc cr.<* thoir con^cnta
in "I'eetnotors" or cubic rioters. Pile-" -ooi? of rJ.1 •'o-
Bcriptione is aerxurod in "Hundnetcrs" (a "P.unr'motar" oontcins

-10-

about ( .7 of n cubic noter of solid woo* or "Post ic-jor", and
is o'uivr.lent bo 1/4 of a cord r.;;.roxim; Laly) . I/ror^ er/.'lo^,
v/oodiilo, or ninin- timber i stcri^cd 'Tith i: ut-jol die Yrith a
number in ."inures r.bout r.n inch hi -h &n<" i:,o con Lents rn'" do-
ccri-'-ion -entered in r. notebook. The ar.torir.l is no- ror.dy
ror cr.le rnr furt'ior "or!z is not r'one by the Govcmnent,

A troo bojins ;o bo ifiorchrntcble ^vhon one or tr/o
in rir.metcr, such nr ccrii.l fir/ in;; ror.c'y nrr'.rot :"or uce
ae bocnpolos, vinoyr.r*" otakcc, or core": cor'. Irr-or treeo f.ro
r.i.Cc into polpVOOi, corfi^7^od , chr rcorl ooc' , ninin T timboro,
•oolos, br.r:-ol-e vfvoo, otc. r o^onf'ir.- o--, '-he c ^ocior ,-n'? size.

t ijs i r/ le.-vcu i re f,tlf "or . noninrl can, -*ivcn r.' e~jt
or conowi^ct burned, doponc'inr or. iho di^ir.nsc to n r'.;ot.
3t'JL:nc cro .old ..c cord' ood. Sprace baric iB sol^ .o trnnories
cticz;!!^ no _>crt oi /ic treo is lo.'t in tha -oo^s unlooc the
ir. Jr.r rietrnt ?.om rrilrorr'e or to ns.

The r.cco reoeivocf nt o'urrlly vc.r;* -rrorily :.nf* c.ro
i"i • Ticult vo con c re "i:.h our o n. The cubiorl norcv.ro is
usc<? in^tor:' oJ our corn 'licr tod f-.nc cumborsone borr-f. foot

;o~i. All lo~s rre grafted into one or noro clrsses fc'cnd-
in- uoon their froo'on :"ron ^nots rn'' ttrai -'itnecs nv1 diTfcr-
cnt -rices cro received .Tor di:":"oro;\t r:icoo. A 103 'hose
firnoter ic 24 inches ill brinj; sovor.'-l tines r:. nuc'i par
cubic nctor r.s one-1ioee fic._neter is 10 ir.oheo. An or- lo^
of who beut uclit.7 E<1" in firnctcr t-Jic1 16' long ia c jetiriicB
eolr :"or »o hi"h cs y5C'.00. The rvorr-e jrice ;>cr C'.i'jic nctor
ror or'; over 60 cen-inetors in ficmotor is 140 nr.r:;s, :7or Lhrt
bot ccn HO rnr" iX) centirnetors T.5 nrrl-.s. The tvarr -3 ;prico of
;?ine is 20 rarr'cs per cubic nctcr. Cor'V-oor" rvorr-os rbout 7
nc.rl:8 ^er runrnoter, or ,7.0: .->or core"..

A coMjloto flyetera of rocifs lo :"ound in evor^ :?oroc';.
ijt^e^e" or cu in rorxc are .?oun«" up cvev/ valley r.-r? if the
rid :es on oi'«hor eic'e are hi-^h, one or nore run horisortrlly
alor :' c alo^os, usur.lly r.t dintrnces oT r.bout e rur.rtor of
r. mile ? pert. The^ :ro -rectlc: llv d' f^'B nrcrdrnizc^d in tho
vrll3.ro; are never crtc- -or th; n 8 percent (usually 5 or Ices),
and ro.or.blc Vne ."inost i:uto -lobile rorr'o in Cc.lifornic. Tho
nrin rorc's ore connected by sloo^er "Verbin^un^s^o^o" or con-
necting rorr'.s •:hin1i rre coactltes 12 percent or ovon more, not
n. caf'-nmizcc7 , b'.it very -ell surveyed ent* constructed. In flat
country the "Schnoloon" or c iTision linos '^ot eon oon /rrtnonts
from the ror^G ; nd i;ho "IIr.uj'Sr/c~et1 rre nuc',-. " • . xch

a rocr cyc^crn is ro :crded ts very ecior/uiR.1 in or«'"er *-hr ii a
•Ie.vorr".ilc Trice nry be receiver1' Tor t'.io

-11-

V/uod iQ left in whe Forast till Spring or Sxumner
to become dry and li.^ht. It io romoved by the roepootlve
ourehaoera who have either bid for lar~e ruantltiee or pur-
chaaed omr.llor amounts in private oalc^ Cord'TOod, poles
and snail tir.bore /.re ronovo^ in v^/jone. Trcac '•hich p.ro
to tnr.lce sawlo.jB are removed "hole. They ere loaded by c;~3t~
hooks or by a "oroaohaul" T/lth one horae, upon tTO pair of
wheels --hioh arc placed at r vriyln;: Metcnoe depending upon
tho length of the material. ?or lon/f 60 or BO foot ste-is
-I--.-"- BCJ bo 40 or 50 foot ; part. The rocds ere DO perfect
thrt raore ohr:n t- o hort-oe nro ncv^r -e-.uired ovon for the
hor.viest lords. "or a fivo-mile hrul t-^o tripe r. day r.re
made, the lond ofton being throo or RCBTJ four cubic meters.

Sorwm snvTmills are RB vc.riod as our O-TI. Larrjo
nille ere very seldom soon, exir.tin- only in n few lo.r^e
lumbering con'.ors. 3one ere very 3mr.il. The loill ie by
no merino rare '~hero the o~nor starts tho CD" on a lo^ and
then iair.cs his COVTS in ti^ie to preprro for the second out.
The noe'c orc'in; ry out is c esirll 'titcr-povrer concern eraploy-
inrj 6 to 12 mon.

The -inber, ~hen it r.rrives r.t the mill, is stored
in the yard till deeiror for te-.-lnj. The 10:17 cteas are cut
by hand to tha ezsct len^i/h deslrec t,o that no -irinrain"; in
the mill io needed. The lojs rro brought into tho nill on
emr-ll trucks or may bo rolled into c pond and drn3-red in frith
the chain haul as is used in mnny of our mills. The caw
rrorks vrith B slow up nr.C. do~n stro.'re on Lho f-rdlir.r -anssaw
principle. Ono or nore blades fro ueod depending on the
pov7or ;;vaileble, thoujh thoy ere usurlly Buifioiont to raclro
tho t"osirod nunbcr oT cute in n 105 without r- ceoonr trip.

All lojo ere sirwod through and through, t:inoe the
eraount of clear lumber to be ob'jtxinod by turning is prroti-
cully ne.-li-iblo. In fact it may be or.id -hat ortrc:noly
little clear lumber IB producer! in Sor.iwiy. Clear hr.rd'vood
timber goes into veneer or hi :h-pricod furniture. Clear,
so-Tt-v/ood is mainly imported from !"!ue8ia or the United. States

Tho moot modern mills frequently edfjo thoir boards
imne ietely after ending, but »>o curious custon still pre-
vails in nost cm<:ll mills or removing the 105 to the yerd
ezactly as it TG cut. It is Vie re piled .131 vhin yi,ic:or8
to dry. ouch u .-arc*, -rotents r curious c.-pe&ranco irii;h its
"lumber piles" -which p.t first -Irrco rppocr ;o bo piles of
lo-js, bat on clocer inr/oc'-ion they r.ppear oval innjcrr* of
rounC rnc". r.rc eeon co '.>e uned-cc bocrds lylnj jue. rs vhoy
lay in the log. ~uch pilon nrc lo-t till therou^hly dried

-12-

until m * rdar is received for boards of a particular width
and thiclmccB "hen «,hoy r.rc li-.boriously brought "ore!: to the
mill / nd converted lni;o the docircd uuvtoritl.

AB raij-h'fc be expected, on absolute minimum of *w
mctori 1 io scon in the 3crnua mill. On the other hand, the
loss in Ir.bor throxi-h poor mo shot's c.n<*. crulp!2or>t IB innenae.
A "oil e^uippe*" m*5 rarnr ~«<* "ill is errtro"!oiy rare an'' no'.hlnp
comperes rlth our eotbblishraonts of tho highest rsji!:. Although
rro ?:rc ir.r behind tho Serroans in the con^lete utilization of
the ;ii3bor, '^e nry oongratuleta ourselves thci '~o r,ro e.'ur.lly
inr rhor/ or vhora in o*ir rnochod of exploitation fine*, mr-nuft.c-

turin^.

-o-

SILVI CULTURE

There io e. heavy crop of yellow and Jeffrey pine
oones this year, but a lorvj eer.rch had to be rarde bo "ore 2f
pounds of 7*iito fir, r*iite pine and red fir oould be {^
rhich T7C.8 .^roaised for experimental purposes. Realtor ^rb-
bitt hr./ no trouble jjettlng 70 pounds of Jeffrey pine seed
rftich is 20 pounds in exoeos of the amount Go";ed for by the
District rorestor.

Iluch to our surprise und gratification, the
Cyproos soor. planted at Ttocl: Croe'.c Ir.st 7all jenninfted end
thoro fire nor -uito p. nunber of -ood-sised soedlin^s ovlfent,
ill bo intercstin- to find out Aether they ^111 become
or not. ft oul-' be jrest to hr.va some cypross
on ohia forest.

The e^crinontal plant conducted by tho Office of
Products rt ;he 31cjmfield Rrn-rer Str.tion is still in oporc-
:ion. ..'e p.re indebto- to Ilr. ^Hunt 'or sr-mplcs of oil <?la-

from ou~»:r pine, yollo^1 pine, ir.cense cedar, ant"
".•hi to :"ir needleo anc' tvi^s, rluo sections of -/ood treated
various ^resorvrtivos.

The cover picture ehorre sone oT tho red fir
Juct couth o" the Yubr. Crp H. nror Str.tion f.nr1 • hich -'c.8
coverc<* by the reoonnr:iflSGnce .^Q-rty thic Sum nor. "''.is pr.rti

T ' *

-13-

cular -oicco runs about 75, < -00 board foot to the rcre.

£.11 inJ lections it ron't bo lon^ until there "ill bo a e'oraanfc

for vhic --inbor for pulp.

ronenclaturo io gqnerr.lly r. source of -rouble • ith
tho orc'inrrv individual. An r.rjyunont recently r-roso con-
ccrnin: tho rjenoral torn "Yellor.- Tine". A lumberman

ined Authority fron hearing r.n o::port -r.li en -ho nr.tter.

How Tine is divided into trro clanLOs", oc.ic". he, "Ycllon
Tine cne Tondcroea ?ino".

In order to BO cure accurate rinu-os on o
costs, c vorv tlotr.ilo Buiif.y of lu'iborin-: nothoc'.s r.nd conte
ia boin- "un'.e bhis Bor.son throu-hout the District on every
?orest "here tlnber ^E.lcs aro oarried on. The norl: on tho

.oe has boon concentrated on tho operDuions of tho Vor(*.i
Lunber Cow.-rny, Dcvieu ~5ox •": L:irabor Company, rnc" H. ^. ITichols.

Cipeciaeno of white rnc. ro«' fir brrjiches affected by
a fungous ^ro-fth v.-oro collcotod t'liL riumroer enf* cent to tV:
Dictri'ct Office for identification. Dr. :*oinec!;e identified
the dicocso aa F rust funcuc (?erioerr.\iuiD colunncre) or a re-
late form, and stated thr.t it hce not, co far, been reported
in America. One form of tho disecce on -he Treat elope of the
Siorrrs appoprc on the huckleberry.

Planting is no-r? c°in" °n near Truclroe and I'oroathill,
the yellor/ pine, su~ar pine, end bigtree stoc>: hr.vin-: nrrivod
from tho ?il3rim Creok nursery in 7000" condition. Sone £00^-
inf; "eo c"ono at the higher elovctions ^ere — e h&vo had our
^re&test aucoess. A two-year old Jeffrey pino r.rsa erzsrained
this I'all at Corey Station, shovred nn abundance of
ich ~ive every evidence of pullinr throu-h.

Tho series of studies of out-over cirniie rhioh
initir.tod last oimner hac boon of.rried forT.t:rd thie cor con.
Cur erlo rreas _precor»t tarry ('ifCorcnt foreot ^ypes and o. eciol
conditions, roruirin^ different nc vhods of troatnont. A
Irnowlodjc of t'xo best raothods of ntrIcin-3 r.duptod to each parti-
cular o£.o» con only be secured through e olooe F i.udy of oach
area before cutting and at poriof.io intorvals after cutting.
A report on «hc condition of oach aroa Tith reference to all
the fp.ctors influencing reproduction, is ITT.C"O ~s loon aftor
losing as possible and chis ic ^ollo'Tod up by examinations
mr/e overy throe or four "oars.

There is a rroup of sir .eetern Junipers, ^ro--ir..~ as
shade troes at the honie of /. red "51inncn of oierravillo,

-14-

California, tho largest of vhich is twenty-fivo feet in
hei~ht riv t- 'olvo ' inches 3. . - Tho linbe ere trinr-:* up
r.'oo-jit tv.'olve feet, -./hero the tree ie oi^ht inchoc in ci-c-

r :\r.C the SToac* of limbo is over v;nn:y Toct. Tie
other trees rre nor.rly ao Irr^e and the ~roup nr.":os r.n cl-

ient lc\?n ehr.co. *.r. 31innc.n states thc.t Pro:". Lcraon,
••ho "orr.orlT o^rncd the vr.rn, planted thoBo trees thirty ^

i.nd vh^t he ezporinented several ^etra befcro ho e.iccoocTeA
in 3e-t-';inT them to clo -oil. ~'.TJ thrived onl^ r.Ttcr £:oir
nr.tivo soil from tho mountains, cnst o-r the rr.nch, hr.,a ^n
hcalod for them So ^row in. Thoeo treos rore Iccfcr" .I'jh
berries end the coed required this "o.ir :-*or e:r^3rincntr.l
purpooos '--^.B collected ."ro^i uhera.

In the trip which the 3uporviGor cxc" r.rn-orc ^t.Vj
end Tloc'din ncdo ovor tho eastern slopo of tho .r.c'ioo "'oun-
tcins durin- ;ho nonth of August, sr.nples of vhrt * r.s thought
to be Abioc'nr^niricn -ore secure." r.ncl ror\:p.rc'ed to _'r. :^i-x-
vrcrth, ta ohis troo haf never boon reported Cron jhr.t Iocr.lit7.
I» riry.ocl out, however, that '.ho c;-eciroons vrare :Tron the Vu-ota
Fir (Abies shcstonsis) TJhich vms even a rcror find. Pinus
r-lbicuulis vras also found on the cumnit between Lclce Tchoo rvnd

".oe City, at nn elevation of rbout 9,000 feet. Sanolee
were ';r:ron and the treoc roportod, cs it ras ^motm So --ro?/ in
this locality, Docutiful bunches of poicon Lcr'spur rore
noted r.nd collected, sone of the spi'iee bcin-* three foot tell.

-o-

IKPROVEMEHTS

Undor the ouporvision of T/hittvun, a houea an? bc.rn
r-ro bein-r conetructod r.t Crl: Valley RS.

A houoe TVUG conetructed at the Sardine T,S r.nc posts
to contitract a fonco in the Spring.

Ouarc1 ./111 a built a lo-j br.rn nt Tadpole -/hich 'rr.s
neodcd bcdly. Ho clso out tho ooleo for ?. lookout cabin on
Duncan ?ec.!c.

T.ir.: hr.s built a dan to turn R portion of tho -r.tors
ol the Ilorth Yuba on the I'.r.nshorn R3. Just Tit until next
and soo the crop of hay he raises.1

-15-

Koyos hce .-iipo enough to brir.-: -..T/;er from n spring
to tho houco at the ~.ur.!:er Hill RS. This • ill be put in nert

A tclophono line betnaon Su-jC'.r Pine RS anfl lo-ra. Hill
completed in July. ?hie lino is ro?ro:d.mr. ooly 9 miles
Ions rnd is conccructed of ,-9 -'ire. \nojhor line bet-. 'eon
Torocthill r.nc* Yoa.:ce Jin TTUS constructed in -e vtombor. This
line iL- rbout 4 nileo long r.r.c1. is sloo ooneiructed of /9 nire.

A t'*o-room houso and a ftoof bc.rn em". oorral ^/ere con-
structed unr'or t'ia cu^orvirlon oT .rnjer .IcInbCBh et *)i~ ^ond T^
?hifi is tho first "."m^or her.drur.rtere to be built in thio dis-

ict and Ilclntoah and /ill Campbell now hrve c hr.ppy home axray

.-•in the noise of "joijrcnt 3np.

.o hcvo recoivec.' fivo portable phones from the 7ro.->er-
ty do^ot. The br.yonotc can bo uco ' r"or e^earin^ bear '"hon not
in uoo tie ground rods. Don't use it for a spit to fry your
steaks cs it -111 <3«u; the temper and rpoil the 7-;-ear as e.
weapon*

Guard Howe on Conner Lookout movod Into his ner; Iuxl2
ci.bin in ieptombor. It TTGD necoocary to com.'- rue t thir; Lnrll
ccbin xo store tools am" protect IIo-?e from the or.rly an<" late
rains, end his ::itchon from stray cows r.n<" si-^ht-seors. JToyos
VTC.C h«ad carpcnuor.

A telephone line between Hall's Ranch R3 end
a diotance of approximately 10 miles, was oons tructed of ,;12
•viro. Thie line connects yt. Plenoant and Scales with rirnp-
tonville and ?Tevrda City, nnr. onds close to the northern boun-
dary of the Torest. An iron lookout phone vms placed on Ilol'r.
hon Piidje, tho lookout point for l.he Irr.ndy City country.

A telephone lino between Bloonfieli" ar.c Cr.n tonvllle
vie lliller'c linnch a riotanco of 21-V niles TES cornpletod in
September. Tho lino rvns constructed of "9 vrlre end connecta
r.artin'8 Canp, lliller's Ranch RS, Cr^lc ."lat lookout, and C. np-
tonville -i'oh Hovr-fc City. A ten-point s^/itchboard has boon
installe' at ITortJi lloonfield.

Tho telephone line between Cpjaptonvllle anc1 ?i':e County
Lookout, -Jiich -ill connect -ri th the precont lino to ChrJL-

ia norr in courco of conctraction and if vrep.thor pomits
\rill bo complotod during this nonth. The lino is bcln,^ con-
si: uctod of M-12 vire end "ill be e.b»ut 9 nilee lonj, comoctlng
Oleaaon's hoac quarters and the -?i'co County ?oa.\ lookout

-16-

with Cfjnptonville and Nevada City. A flvo-point srrllchbccrd
will be installed at Onotonvillo.

A new telephone line botrroon the Tmc!cee R3
Truckce, n distance of 3-V nilna, ^7a8 completed in ie vterabor.
A lire between the Truciioo RS cm? Chafer '.'111, a distance cf
sir railee, v.-as completed on October ID. A lir.e bat' oon'Srua;?
Vulloy RS r-nc" 3oartrn? HS wee completed by 3ontr. <-.nr. Overaeror
in ^cptomber. 2he telephone line botrroon Ilortie Lookout and
the 3roc'cx7r.y lior.d telephone box, wee conctructed by Ovormoyor
and Jameo Poore during .'.uruet. Thooe lines -ere all oon-
structud with .,:S \-ire. An iron loolrout phone we inatr.lled
on 'lartis loo'cout. By Jhe cons ^ruction of these linec, the
:or at Truckoe RS hr>.8 direct comr^raiop. tion rith the Crown
polumbia Pa^or Con>r.ny's ;»itrolraen, Xont's H3 and the resorts
on our Lake Tthoe telcnhono line. Tventy-oiprht miles of line
between Truol:eo and Cierravlllo to be constructed ne::t year
v.'ill conneou this system rrith the District Hen^er ot r.iorra-
villo.

-o-

H E A D C U A R T L P. S H E './ 3

The register on Banner Lookout showed that
porsona ..:ero on the torrer this Summer.

*

Assistr.nt Rcnger Janeo J. Poore vras trancferred
to -;he Ilono Torest on Au^uot 24, TThere he TTUB rrivon a str.tu-
tory position. Later he vnu: transferred to the Trinity Tor-
ost.

?oreet Clerk LaRue returned Tron the District Of-
"ico on October 3 after a detail of over t*:o weoks. . 'roo
c.11 accounts, our Accounts -rill be bettor accounted for on
account of cho vleit oi our Accountr.nl io the Office of
Accounts.

yorost '.esi8tr.nt Coulcon, nho hts been en.^afjcd in
reconnaiocance rxirk all ounnor on teiiporery detail, uill be
employer, on planting at Hoc!: Croo?i the greater part of IToveobor,

-17-

-

A joint RtJiQQT Mooting of the Lldorado ant Tehoo
forces will probably be held at "«vado City in Jc.nurjry, the
e:caot dato to be determined later on edvice _'ron the District
Forester.

Swift lerry, Poroet lijctrainer from the District
Office, racco an extended trip in October visiting the timber
sple nnd planting r.reao on tho Forest in corpr.ny Tith "o^nxty
Liu^erviscr Prett.

J. Alfred Ilitcholl, Forest Zxaniner "rora the Dis-
trict Office, was on tho Forest the first part of JTovonber,
hio object bein~ to gather growth figures on sujar pine end
cedar in tho vicinity of Camptonville r.nd Bloonfield.

C. Gtowoll Smith from the District Office recently
visited the evjorimontal plant at Bloonfield end ajjreoi? to £ive
the Inhabitants of that place tho extra treated posts for
fencing. He did not have tho herfi luclc with fires that he
uour.lly has on the Sierra, although we tried harA 'io find ona
for hin.

Deputy Supervisor ]?'. "!. Hafley, who is tho crecic.1-
ist in this district on telephone vork, is on the Foreet look-
ing over and otandardizing our telephone system. Acaistc.nt
Render ^or^e^o of Bloonfield accompanied Ilr. Kcfloy on the
majority of his tripe, the idea loin~ to raa'ce him the telephone
trouble hunter for the Forest. Ilr. Hafloy is now in the
Forocthill district anf *7lll shortly complete hio wor": on this
Vorest.

The Gold Lalce Boad is now en assured fact. Tho
Forostor has r.llotted ,^140 JO as our share in the nork and, cith
the 4CoJ set osico by Sierrc County, thoro nlll be a sumciont
amount to construct the eijht miles of road necoocary to con-
nect rrlth the roar" built by Plumas County. 3y means of this
road tho distance to Giorra City, DovTiievillo nnd othor potntsnM
in Sierra County from -che T/cetern Pacific -Till bo greatly les-
sened.

Assistr.nt "lander Ooor.^o ... Pooro, vihile
while pine conos, fell fron a hoijht of forty feet. He T?r. a
able to ~ct to his otation, but fearing thr.t ho hr.r suffered
internal injuries, wont to orvn Trc^icicco to consult a -^oci?:l-
ist. Ko has nor TirrcLicr.lly recovered fron ';ho offsets of his
fall, anc* io ct riierravillo on -rr.zinj or!:. *-ie sclrry for the
37 days absence fron duty will bo paid unror the Coafconsaticn
Act. Under tho old reflation ho ' julc hrvo lost 7 da:/s ' p

-1C-

Hangar ."hlttun aubnittod the folloxrin* succinct ac-
count of oono "Voinje" in his ci strict:

"On Sunday, lujust 25, six Chinese fron Tr..rr.v-

tonvillo .-jnve n feast to their departed r*oad in the Crnptonvjllc
cemetery west of to-7n, learin~ their fire unorrtinj^uished to i:oop
tho dovil away. I extin-uieher". their firee rnd rrrccte" thoa,
'rnd took thera before Justice of Peace Trr.sor. Ah Sinj plecd
• Ity, as bein;: Lha leaf.er of the r.ffr.ir, and vrcs fined fifty
nhich he promptly paid."

The second trespass case r.<?ainot the 31uo Chrr.nol '
^ Company TCS settled vithout trial on r. -:ilf;il basis,
settlement boin^ rmc\o Tor fr.^ie.^es in the cum of .'.1M.02 r.nd
Vv7.26 costs, b;' the Preoif'oni; of the Conpr.ny4 This trespc.88
occurred in the 7all of 191 J upon the Polo Clrim • hich v/co*lo-
cr.tecl a<*. joining en;" bolow the channel beln^ norlio? at the lunZcor
Hill lline er^rossly for tho purpose of obtuinin- «inber for use
on other clnims not conneotod in conmon vrt'jh it^ r.nt" innit'ontr.l-
ly as r diunpinr ground.

The first cutting '-as settled on MI innocent bcsls, it
beinr ascumei* that Uhe ti'ospr.seer out timber "ithout full rer li-
zation of his error. The refusal of the Superintendent of tho
Company to settle on tha occasion of tho second troepces, how-
ovor, ceased it to be placed in the hf.r.tfs of the United rtctos
Attorney General. The President of tho Coopany vcs cunnoned to
C:.n Trancisoo to appear beforo the United ^trtos Court, but be-
fore any pleadings had benn mr.de to the complaint, he mr.Cc full
settlement to tha United States District Attorney for the vr.luo
of the finished material tThere found, and the timber left en th<
ground in top lorjs.

-o-

A Little of This, and a Little of Thr.t

Wilson recently had cause to cclebrptc tho p.rri-
val of an oleven pound boy e.t hio horae. If no cthor nane hcs
been selected, ye Editors hunbly surest "'.Voodrov;".

Lecnc'or used to E-.?lr. across the Hellespont In orfer to
see an efPinijy on the vorthor ahore. tTo rttrection of this
kind v/2.8 re'.uiro" by a certain ncraber o;? tho TrucJreo District
telephone crew who owom the Truc?:oo Hivor rith c rope nttaohod

-19-

to a \7lre.

Mount Lola near Webber Lalze WRO name?, in honor of
Lola Monte z, the celebrated S anish dancer, the greatest of
her c'cy. In the early ray a she visited Do-Tiioville, which
T.a thon one of tho f;reat gold camps of the 3trte. After
hor tour of oho United Stctea she married ch«* cro\-n prince
of Bulgaria, cjnd her descendants t.re no*7 probr.bly jcking it
hot for the Turlra.

Jasper Hunt, onnp tenr'or for Jra. Preenan,

nine cinnamon bear this summer 'Tith one mule as bait," Jas-
per's mule thus prove'' aa faithful in doath re in life.

Assistant Hanger George .'.. Poore mec'e a lar^e col-
lection of thb forage plants aroun? /ebber La?re thiu Suranor,
v/hich forms a welcome addition to our herbarium. 'uite a
number of specimens wer« sent in during the 3ura Tor by the
?orcst officors.

.lion I'.olntosh anc. llille -ero canpec' at Soda Oprinr^a
this Surn-aer, the fornor's faithful sadr'le mile, aftor" ("rinli-
ing copious droughts of soda water, left camp during the ni-;ht,

for the first time in its career, and waa aevarol miles
tonerda .'jni grant Gap before it TUB recovered. If soda water
haa this effect on c mule, v/hrt r.ould be the result of giving
it cor^ethin.^ stronger? Je leave furt-ier investigation along
this line to vhe Bureau of .Yniroal Induotry.

The Gold Lake iarjion is rapidly gaining in popularity
as a ourmer reaort. During tho oumraer the boundariea o-J tho
Government Irnc. near l;he L£.l:e rere run out in orc^er to deter-
mine the amount of ITrcionc.1 Toreat lent* cvcilable to moot the
increasing donand for specie! use in that locality. Two
ypeoiol uee pernite have recently been granted Tor rocorts, one
near Gold Le^te and one on Sardine La!:e. V,'ith the opening up
of the Gold Lal:e ^'agon road a great inpetuu vTill be jiven to
sutruer travel ir this region.

• • •

. The Editors are very -rleid to get I'.r. Gallaher'a article
vjhich '.Taa >roniaed before he left on Ilia trip. Some liber-
ties vcro taken in publishing the extract from c lo'jtor from
him in tho le.et issue, but it U&B thought that the topics
treated, though unrelc.tec1. in ohr.rr.cter and not intended for
publication, Trould interest overyone on the Porest, and this
provod to be the case. Ur. Grllahcr is in India nou r-nd wo
hope thc.t tho temple bells cr.<* hecthen idols nao.e of mud rill

not so engross him but that he *vill toll ue sonething rbout
foreatry aaon- the Hindoo*.

How is this for e hard lucli story: —

During the month of Auj.ist tho ':ierravlllo RS
pasture end bern was turned into n horee-pitel. Arc1st:.nt

-er Joy 'a saddle horse 8prninod r* knee end his pc.c!: horse
YTBS out by a -Tiro fence, DO thr.t both v/ere laid up for re-
pairo. 3f.Voitt's driving horce -r.c co bo.fly out by barbod
vrire that he ill be of no further use this Sunnier. Tho cad-
die horse .jot a soro back, P nule ^ot the ccretchee, and the
b.^rd-luc:: nnre bro^e r lej t.nd hr.d to bo shot. Sumor hac it
thct \,ho buclcin.j colt ^roeeod into servioe by Joy nfcile his
other horses ^ero laid u^, has made feather pillow upholstering
the stvle for chcirs at hio home

The rollowing is an extract from an early day classic
found in the archives of this office:

"Your gracious epistle of tho 7th instant xvas ruly
received cnc. its contents carefully noted.

It --ould bo a £rca* pleasure anc* honor to serve
as Sender on the famous Tahoo Porest but becauce of unforeseen
end unr.voif'r.ble circurjstr.nces, it secncd Tise pjid proper to the
Uniter Ltr.toe Civil Service Coroniseion to grant rae, some '.'eelrs
ajj, a tetnorary suspension of olir-ihility until some tine in
Juno.

Rejrettin- my present inability to be of service
to my dear Uncle Sam, I remain -- etc."

It is related of "H«*d Dog" that in the early days
when it r/as rich in -old but poor in all else, the torm bonstec'
of quite a population, and vjantin/r bo receive and forvmrd mail,
they eotrblished a post office. 7h3 only article they could
find in ccrap vlth TThich to stamp letters TOS an old out of a
dog. It wac decided to use this strnp on all the letters r.nd
its use, \7ith re," in Ir, Tinr.lly lead to tho adoption of the nnr:
"Red ^o".

-21-

\7hwn the Ranger's Peet Get Cold

In the Spring the Render's foot be~in to tingle rnd.

30 1 narra
For the "Wanderlust" is on him, and ho feels the

mountain ohnrm.
The birds are singinj gaily, and the hills ere ~ettinc

fjroon,
And he knows the trout are leaping in overy mountain

stream.
The days are setting longer; the flowers ere all in

bloom,
So what's tho use of rraitlnr; in some stuffy Hmrjer

roon?
He gently sounds the "Boss" on the subject near his

heart.

Has he "Heard how lon<j before "Hrovm's sawmill 's r»in3

to start?"

He tal'ce about the brush that he vns pjoin^ to burn

last Pall,
And wonders how his fences are, and if they're dorm

ct all;
And how his ccbin stood tho snow, end if it needs re-

pcirv
And about the trail he'd like to "bruoh" if he were

only there.

He overhauls his outfit hr.lf a dozen tires e. day,
Till the "Boss" t£.\as pity on him and sends him on

his nry.
For the "Wanderlust" io on him, r.nd he feels the

mountain charm,
And it's hard to hold, a Ranger when his feet jet rjrna.

Tho sunmor passes ruiclrly — tho Rrn^er 's on the £°»
He dreads the thou^jht of /inter vrhcn he'll have to move

below.

He gets his share of pleasure;'. , as **ell as plenty work,
Por e Hrjagcr's jobs are rocny, arid he 's seldom Icnown

to shirk.
He feels at home in cattle conps, tho tourists are his

friends,

"And I don't cere a rap", he 0^.78, "if thinner never

ends".

?or his feet are rairn cue1, tingling, there's music in

the air,

His hone is '/here he hrji^o his hat, and ho foesn't have

a cr.ro

But £lon:$ about Tovember there comes F sudden

Tao sheep are moving southward; the cattle leave the

range.
And the Rrn^-cr feels a lon~ing, and his thoughts bejin

to roam,
Ant ho drearas about the office, and the dear ones all

ut home.
Tlie mind ie busy schonlng how he 's join^ to get

"called in".
The "Boss" has euro forgot him, and he things it is a

sin.
The "V/nnderlust" has left him, and he do eon1 1 feel BO

bold,
Tor he's like all other mortals irhen hie ,foct -?et cold.

— A. R. IV —

-c-

THE T A H 0 E
(A Quarterly Publication)

— ooo —

VOIUlCi II April 1913 DUMBER 3

— oOo —
Editorial

The true value of things is best realized
riowod in retrospect. How that wo have settled down to
our regular duties a rain, we have ample opportunity to size
up calmly and Judiciously r. recent momentous event. The
Rnngers Mooting, as Georgo Ade, the philosopher in slang,
would say, was "All to the mustard", "A Pippin", or "Lolla-
palotza".

The Rangers were thoro with their thinking caps on,
and absorbed wisdon like sponges. But withal, they were not
clams. They opemd up at overy opportunity with a rapid
fire delivery, and generally the oueries had weight behind
thorn. ' Progrocslviam was in the air alon?r vlth the tobacco
smoke, the amount &f -.'hich TOO a good inc'ex of the hard think-
ing goln^- on. V/e are proud of the bunch. The mentality
and ginger it displayed argues well for mighty good ncrk on
the Tahoe the coming field seasCn.

The Meeting was not cut and fried, and therein lies
the secret of its tuccoss. It wno everybOdyT8 look In. The
District men wore entirely in harmony with the feeling that
prevailed. The District Forester started things off right
with a talk that made everybody sit up and take notice. It
was oharpcteristic of llr. DuBois, straight to the point, and
it found its mark.

Br. Heinecke had the boys with him from the start
and that is saying something when it comes to fungi. Mr.
Barrott had a stranglcheld on hla subject. Mr, Woodbury came
do^n to brass tacks in his talk, and Mr. Hatton was ri^ht
there, as usual, with a convincing and well thought out fl

-

poelticn of hie specialty. The District men are all ri^-htJ

So there is nothing in the retrospective view that
gives us any regrets. It ras the beat Mooting we ever had.
Way wo evor have tho same spirit in the Meetings to come as
charaotorized this one.

The Limit of Efficiency

Man's work often outruns the capacity of the indi-
vidual man; and no matter now -jood the organisation, the
capacity of an individual man usually dotorninos the ouccoss
or failure of a particular enterprise -- not only financially
to tho ovmors, but in service to the community. Organization
oan do much tc make concerns more efficient. Organize tl ens
can do much to mako larger units possible and profitable. But
tho efficiency oven of organization has its bounds. Ther» la
a point v;hero tho centrifugal force necessarily exceeds the
centripetal. And organization can never supply the combined
Judgment , initiatlve7 enterprise and authority which must ooue
from the chief executive officer. Haturo sets a lirr.it to his
possible achievement. As the Gorman say8: "Caro la takan
that the trees do not scrape the skies".

-— - Ljuis D. Brandeis.

-o-

\7ork

V/ork we all must, if we mean to bring out and p&r-
f«ct our nature. Even if we do not '.-ork with our hands, we
must undergo equivalent toil in some other direction. 60
business or study which does not present obstacles, tasking
to the .Pull intellect and the will, is worthy of a man.

William Ellery Channing

CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES

— oflo —

Remarks and Suggestions on Grazing

By
George E. Pvoro

Thore is a great deal of inquiry "by grazing men why
the Forest Service does not Bead depleted rangos and "barren
areas. V/e can say we have not reached the experimental stage
and I think it would prove a very expensive undertaking con-
sidering the rnmll grc.zing fee charged. On this Forest there
is nraoh patonted land, railroad and private. Naturally tho
best grazing areas are patented, so it is up to tho permittee
to do n«nt of the seeding at c.ny rate.

While ne havo no data of the number and kind of stock
grr.zed upon theso rrngos yocrs before the inauguration of th«
i'oroflt Service, we are informed by stoolonon of that time, among
whom some c.re present day permittees, that the rangos then
produced rrach nore feed and uupported more stook. This yoar
a permittee told ne that forty years ago his present range
would support nany more sheep than it was new doing and that
other rar^os he was fnrailiar svith presented tho same condi-
tion:.;. Ho explained that upon certain portions of his range
he hr.d not grazed for one or two years and that it had not
inproved it tc rny appreciable mount. To a great measure
this can be accounted for. The principal forage in the
locality consists of herbaceous perennials, which at the
altitude, require three years or more tc reach a state af
valuable productiveness. This permittee and others realiz-
ing tho fact thnt \;hero is r.o plp.usible reason why their
permits v.lll not bo granted indefinitoly, so long as they
abide by tho rules n-d regulations of the Forest Service, are
looking forward towards increasing the foragf of their range,
as well as to increase the number of stock grazed. They
woulc* purchase oeod r.nd do seeding themselves. They esk,

What shall I plant? V.Tint is bost to plant, all things con-
sidered ? etc. etc. There has been some, experiment ing done
by a few permittees, but \-lth little success, generally duo
to mothers employed, oareloscnouB and laol: of time. 2rom
talks \vlth some grazers I have concluded that oorno anxiety
begins to arise concerning thq 'uturo carrying capacity of
their ran JOB.

The following remarks ere Intended merely as sugges-
tions which it is hoped Trill be helpful in solving methods
applicable to the Tr.hoe: Careless and unintelligent ex-
periments should be discouraged. They lord to Indefinite
conoluolons and failures will discourage others and v/ill re-
tard progress in increasing the prof uotivneoe of the range
alon~ this line. Therefore I believe experiments should be
conducted by the 7orost Service r.t rangor stations trhon suoh
ranger station is so situated no to compare geographically
and meteorologically with P. certain grazing 'd.ictrict.

Experiments should be conducted by Mongers. r.oono-
raical and practical nothods ehould prevril. Desired infor-
mation can be had f ora the Department of Agriculture rnd otheu
sources re^ardin^ ndaptibility of a species end method of
carrying &n experiments. Several different spooios should be
experimented with during the sonson. I believe they f.hould
be conducted under roost suitable conditions at orch ranger
btrtion, or not at rll. Careful seleotions of plot, culti-
vated, soere'! at proper time with tostod seed, r.nd ample
protection am' cere aftorvmrds. H:c^erioent3 r.hould continue
for t* o yor.rs for uinuals; three Or nore for biennials and
peronnirls. At the Brne time experiments r-hould be conducted
in a different rncnnor by simply 80"ing the seed broadcast in
;vcrP7e ground v;hore it can bo rrazod end let it take cr.ro of
iteclf. This '-111 prove o' economic importrnce. 6 to 1«
pounds of seed of r species ould be 3U'f.ricient. Any P.rnger
ie :ny c-riculturist at all con conduct thoee oy.^eriiionts
and keep a record and necesocry dota. Iluch ntuc:y should bo

von tho enterprise. It is rn ercy natter to ;cln velueble
inform! tion from liccrrturo rnd correspondence re^rrdlng
succeocful culture methods and other reliable data. The aim
is to avoid unprofitable prolininr.ry experimentir . Once we
hr.ve been successful v;ith a species --o nrn call In thcao on-
torTirising grazers rndi ahow results. It \7lll serve as a
significant hint to those -ho have ambition and courage to
select an area upon their range end carry on culture methods
in a more practical manner. Wo cm instruct them in methods
employed, requirements, etc.

Tha high prioe now obtained for beef , mutton,
on<? wool is on Incentive for increasing ther»oarrylng
capacity of a range. An interest must bo created first.
The tforoat Service will have done its prrt in conducting the
experiments. If it is to bo done it chould not bo delayed.
It may take several years to prove its worth and. for reasons
already montionod experiments should be conducted by the
Porodt ;,orvioe. \7hile it is tho general desire to experiment
with valuable forage of other ctatos and Ir.nc's, our notive
herbs and grnssos should not be lost si-^ht cf. It is hard
for a koon observer to make accurate and reliable observations
on the range with a view of recording facts. A wise nove
woulf be to experiment vvith important speoios at rnngor
stations along vrith other species under favorable conditions
and deduce tho cold foots.

These romar!:s end suggestion* i*ro chiefly meant to
a ply to those rr-n^oc situated at or near the crcat of the
Sierras; at the hor.dwators of tho rivers whore there are
numerous basins and noadows.

Some information ragardin^ ooil, climate, etc. will
to briefly stated. The grazing periods are short ow ing to
tho heavy snowfall. Vegetation puts forth as Boon P.S the snow
nelts end urfinarlly matures rapidly. Tho nights are cold
and frosty. There are few hot days, but many windy onoo.
In distances of 10 end 3j miles the changes in climatic con-
ditions are highly remarkable, principally due to eltitudlnal
variations most noticeable towards the \vost. Couth and east
slopes are the most productive, though this docs not alwrys
hold true. The principal soil of the Forest is andosite and
rhyoUte lavas in various stages of decomposition. The for-
mer predominates by great odds. Many analyses made in dif-
ferent parts of tho Pordst show that tho mineral salts essen-
tial to plant life are quite constant.

These lavas rest on other igneous and sedlnentary
rock, mostly upon sedimentary, which predominates in tho whole
region. Exposed rreas of sedimentary rock that hr.ro been
weathered and decomposed uouclly furnish soil oT poor ruallty
unless there is associated vith it lava and decayed organic
matter. Ilasses of Igneous rook often r.re good grazing areas.
An example mirpht bo cited of n. */oll known Innd nark, Jin^llsh
Mountain, which is a good sheep rrngo, especially the eastern
slope. In many instances largo masses of p-r/nltio rock nre
rabidly disintegrating. The result Is good soil, either re-
maining in levol and protected places or carried by some a/^cnt
into crevices and depressions producing good vegetation and a
multiple of varieties. Some etocljaon explain that tho roaocn

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ro.^otation Is loss nbuni«nt thnn in fornor yonrs Is due ti
close yearly cropping anc1 no flec«;'ed verotnulo matter to en-
rich the soil. There ic no <*oubt roTirfinr; tho truth of
thiu atr.tc~ont, but to • hnt extent we ''o not :3;ow, et;?ecl>J.lj
up*n thcuo ranges,. Thoro rocains enou -h unr'eoonpoeed sell
to furni. h tho earthy constituents indefinitely. It aor.irn
then tho principal vtluo o.f thin orrranlzablo rortter "foul"" bo
ita nitrogen content ^hich ia readily fluoimllctod \rhen cvif
in proper oorobinntiore.

They R!HO any thc.t uh« trcimr-lin^ yenr aftor year hne
a harmful of foot. This I fu not believe holde ^oo^ upon tho
upper rnnfjon unloou tho trr.r'.plinj; hna been wXieoolro np in
oorri.lo, oto., for it is offset by froozinr; i'n<* thawing thloh
tn'.ccB place many tl^.oB flurln~ a eoricon. There io trnn.illujj
thot I'OOB to hnrw rni* thp* coourn r/hon etocl: nra u^ on ti rryi^a
too oi.rly, oopociully ohoop. Tho florn io varlefl. Afl Boon
te the one" molto cone put forth vMlo othoru oiu t t vriplo-.io
ata.^oo of '{jorrainf tion rhen grazed at thin utr.re, nn? if the
coil iu clayey rnd plcetlo It *.lll boojr.o uo p&f>kofl na to
pr.rtir.lly suppress tv.e vc .-otr.tlon alrcuf.y nfivnnocfl. : .re: ;.lnoot
t-t.olly tho rent that has not ttarted, thereby •'.'urn i chin 3 little
vo rotation for r yocor.c' rirnslr-c. Much oan be t<ni.^ on the
aubjoot. It ic hoped that othcra Till ^Ivo t)\oir vi.i'Rt thoao
in tho I'oreat :orvloo cjiO more onoablo tu ontcr Into
.• nc5 'ivo facto.

A Method of Ketiruiting fringe Cnrryinr: C:kpaolty

Dy

Prnnl: A. ',/llson

The f auction of how to oftl^^tci tho c'rryir.-; <;<i..-:city
cf r. r; r»;-;e JH\B boon tho thome of cunai 'orntle Ai^caiifiun.
Lret ooroor. th^ UiHtrlot Cfflce sent o oiryilr.r lott;r tj tho
Su;)orvii;or8 nu'.cin ; when for epcr.ifti roforte nlon^ 1/Me lino
from ?kKr.(;er8, on -.A>11 loiov/n ran^roo, 'l';h r. <*ororipClon of the
syotomo used In obtaining <*cta for thoco rej'ortd.

I'ron tho reports rooolvod it vrne found thrt oaoh
Ranjor used BOJIO B7::tc!E ef comparison. Then tho

.

arosa, \/hat is thio comparison? How ccn it be described
and standardized?

In the past Y;O have submitted grazing reports at the
end of every reason shov/inf* the crrryinr; capacity of each
rnn^c, estimated by different systems, rod out from the
v:nt of stock aotut'.lly grazed, condition of range after
-rr.zed, and comparison with other well knov-n ranges.

The average rrngor can estimate the carrying capacity
of u range very closely, but vhon ho is rskod ho-.? ho did it or
how anyone else should be instruct©' to do the srmo work, he
thinks u . hilo and -ivos it up. Some sr.y that grazing rcocn-
naiscanco ccnnot be done r.ccuratoly until the forage value uf
oach plant is known. Others any it cnnnot bo d«ne by anyone
who has not had experience in stock grazing.

Admitting thc.t the kno'in value of each plant would be
of sor.e value, it ie not absolutely necrsoary to have this
Imowlod^e for rrnrro reconneiseance vhen several different
plants nre considered torcthor as r. type. It is also a
demonstrated fact the t come Of the bent grazing reconnaissance
is done by nen who novor herded sheep for a livlnnr.

After considering the rifforont clfnres cf fore^e on
the Tf.hue Forest no decided to standrrdize our reports by
dividing fort je into r few well known types. The types
adopted 'rrero ns rcllov/s: ^ood 3rowco , Modiura Irowee, Good
Graeo, .:lediun Grass, lleado^ and Sn^o Brush. The next etop
was to make o ^razinr legend with a color for oach type, and
wr.ste brush and barren creas ?.'hero there is little or no feed.
Thic -ives a stanc'r.rd method of raap;in.^ ranges and a chance to
orlimate the area of or.oh type in a rrn^e. Then by corrrprrison,
the keynote of r:mp:o reconnaissance, we can ta!:e the kno^n
carryinr capacity of kno"n sections of a type rnd rscertain
\vhat thet type should crrry vn each cootiont in untried rrn~es.

If we have no idea of the carrying capacity of rny
particular type it is easy to hr.ve a section grazed v/ith a
given pnount of i took rnd r.ocortain the time that it tr.':oe to
feed it. Unc'or the old system v^e cctirrate " that n section
would carry a certain nunber oi' stock Tor t'-e seocon. Undor
the noxv i;y£tera we estimate how lon.^ a section 'rill carry an
avorr. -o band of stock. Under the old system v/e mi^ht ask
every stocknrn no meet how many stock a section vx»uld crrry
for a socson r.nd r-l^cys receive the sf.ie reply "I d&n't loiow".
Undor the no'v system \ie ccn esk the ctoc':rn-n or herdere how

. . : •.

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lone a section will carry one band of Bheep and immediately
receive the reply that it took so many days to food it.

When we know by aotunl grazlnrj how long a section
will carry a given amount of etook TTO heve accurate dnto
fjr caparison with unfod ranges to 50 1 their carrying
capacity.

Then ooroparing tho value of ono typo \vlth another
we have definite <?oto to estimate the carrying capacity of
any ran^ro in thet vicinity. V/o fully realize that tho typoc
uoed in thin system and their forage value might not n^ply
to other Forests, but think that the theory of estimating by
fee' types and by tho number of days feed per unit 10 aound
and can be applied under any conditions.

Porcupine Devastations

B7 -

¥. H. Babbitt

It occurs to me that some among tho onomies of our
trees are not getting their fair share of advertisement.

Porcupines are doing an cstonsihlng amount of dnmago
to reproduction and young timbor on this district and I would
liko to otir up r.ll of our force against these pestr. I nm
sorry to report that at least one of those animals TVDS opr-red
by a Forest officer this Spring becanye he looked o» "heiploss
and innooent". licet guilty parties do not look the part, but
that is a poor reason fur letting them off. I think it the
plain duty for every Forest officer to kill one of these
animals whenever an opportunity offers.

I have Icopt v/atch on porcupine work all Summer and
have noticed fifty youn^ trees, averaging thirty feet hl^h
and 10 inches D.3.H., that have boon killed or ruined along
the Lemon Canyon road this Spring. I have also noticed that
tho dcnage is usurlly done to trees fjroTvin,^ In openings, where
no dou>jt tho br.rk, owlnr1: to the extrr. amount of sunshine, is
uwootor and vhoro from bur standpoint tho roprod-iotion is most
c'-ooirod. It Is vory eG^ravntlnf* to ric'e over on old burn thrt
seems to be re-etooklng when vlov/ed from a distance, only to

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find that 9(^o of tho treoa hare "been ruined by porcupines.

\7hilo riding between Jackson Croek and hie canp at
Wobber Lako last Fc.ll, Assistant Rancor G. E. Poore countod
5-k/ treoa that hnd been killed or ruined by porcupines during
tho Spring and oarly Summer, and thoae conditions exist ovor
the Creator part of this district.

These animals, rs most people know, travel and feed
p.t ni^ht and it is only by luck that one runs across then
during tho Say, unless ho has a dog that Trill hu%.t thon up,
but if thoee of our rangers that oport dogs "would givo a
little of thoir time to hunting them in tho Spring whon thoy
first come out, I belie vo that the time so spent would be
more than Justified. If you value your dop, caution should
bo used in netting u pup to hunt porcupines, forest Guard
liarcon's shopherd will probably die from tho effects of a brush
with one of these ir.imals. Host dOgs , however, soon learn to
bay the porcupine v.lthvut mixing it, and if attention is paid
to thorn whon they bark about a vlllow thickot . one generally
finds P. porcupine r.nd a little encouragement will keep tho
do^ hunting. lir. G. E. Poore has killed puito a number of
porcupines with tho assistance of Sharkoy, hlr colley dop,
and has novor had to pull a quill.

Porcupinoa oould be poisoned, I have had them como
to salt bacon rinds nailed to trees, but I do not think this
moans chould bo reoortod to, as squirrels and many blrflo rill
aleo talco tho bait and whon one cets out poison, ho novor
knows vAiero tho flamage vdll stop.

Some day tho Sorvioo will hire hunters nm\ extermin-
ate thouo animalu, but in tho meantime let us do our beat to
protect tho trees nhen tho opportunity offers.

Porcupines have sadly misled some of our technical
mon in the post and nay continue the demoralizing practice
in the future. Ono youn^ tochnio, oxc.nlning n chee •> drive-
way, reporter* that ohoep were damaging roproduotion by br.rkinr;
thorn, in sono cases even climbing into the lower limbs to do
so. Luckily he <?ifl not notice tho barbed plaoec 24 or 30 foot
abovo the ground.

The Himalayan Forests

3y
Win. H. Gallaher

'tfhen a Californian asoends the outl/ing hills of the
Himalayas rjid reaches the region of coniferous forests he
is first impressed by the remarkable similarity in eltitu-
dinal types or timber belts to those of the Sierra Hevada
mountains. This is even more striking when he examines each
tree species and correlates it with some corresponding tree
of our mountains. This resemblance is so close that a brief
comparison rill give a fairly accurate picture of the mountain,
forests of northern India.

The traveler as he approaches rad climbs the first
range of Himalayan hills passes through a hardwood zone which
may be said to roughly correspond to the outlying oak, ohp.p-
arral and dig^or pine belt of the Sierras. He thon enters
the chir pino (pinus lon^ifolia) belt. This tree IB very
similar to yello^ pine having a straight clear bole, long
needles, three to a fasicle, yellow bark, medium sized cones,
and grows in open stands which look much like the mature yel-
low pine forests of the Sierras. It usually occurs in pure
stands or in mixture with Ban (Quercus incana) Aiyar (Pierie
ovalifolia) and Burrans (Rhododendron arboreum) .

Above the chir pine lies the deodar (Cobras Sibani)
belt. While there is no tree in the Sierras which corres-
ponds exactly to this species, kail pine (Pinus excelsa) is
usually found mixed with it. This pine is almost an exact
replica of the sugar pine having five needles to a fasicle,
loivr horizontal branches, drooping cones, grayish brown bark
and soft, easily worked wood. Its most noteworthy character-
istic is its reproduction which unlike sugar pine cones in so
densely and is so well distributed as to almost exclude the
more valuable c"eodar. The deodar belt may, then, be said to
correspond to the sugar pine zone snd the deodar which has
easily worked, aromatic, and extremely durable wood may be
likened to the incense cedar though there is no outward re-
semblance between the two. In the upper part of the zone
the kail pine gradually .jives way to spruce and fir, the
deodar conoiderably outrenging the pine especially on cool

north slopes -vhich prove favorable to spruce and fir in
India ts well as in our count r .

At about 950G foot elevation the deodar gradually
disappears and the fir or spruoo type makes its appearance.
?ir (Abies '.('obbiona) an? spruce (Picea morinda) are the chief
components of tho type which may be likened to the re? fir
belt of the Sierras. At present it ie a virgin selection
forest unmerchantable on account of inaccessibility. At
10,500 to 11,500 foot it ~ives way to the IDiarsu ("uercus
somicRrpi folia) belt which has no prototype in Anerica, and
strange to say is composed of a thick leathery leaved ever-
green oak occurring in heavy moss covered etrjids of no prac-
tical value.

Tho chlr pine type is managed uacer tho eheltemood
system *:hich has been found best adapted to intolerant spccieo
of this character. The timber IB romovec in t*-o to four
cuttings, the number depending upon silvicultural needs and
lo.-ging conditions. In case four cuttings are made 15 to 20
trees por acre are left after the first cut, 6 to 8 r.fter the
second, 1 to 2 after t'-.e third, and all removed on the fourth.
This number is necessary on account of fire danger, two cuttings
bein~ r.11 that ero nooesoary for reproduction. 7he sooond
cutting follorrs the first after about 4 years r-hile the tro re-
maining ones remove the chelterwood when the fire danger has
lessened, i.e., when the young trees are lar^e enough to resist
fire. The policy at present is towards a reduo-lon in the num-
ber of cuttings oincc fire, '-hen it does occur, is usually so
fierce that old as well as young trees are destroyed. Under
thla policy 7-8 trees per acre are left after t.'-.e first cutting.
Li ht burning is systematically carriec' on over larre areas in
order to improve forage and to protect the tracts being regen-
erated.

The cover picture shows the excellent chrraotor of
reproduction eec-arec". Originally about 14 trees per acre were
left on this area, the second cut havin3 been made two years
ago leavir.rr 2-3 trees per eore. Reproduction at present is 16
years old. In the background can be seen the eteep mountain
sites '.Thich have been systematically terraced by the natives
* ith what raust have been an imnense expenditure of labor. These
terraces are irrigated and yield 3000. crops of rice, wheat, dh&l,
an£ other -rsir.a.

The deodar ie nuch m -ro tolerroit th>x. the chir and
since it occurs scattered through the foroet associated with
kail, fir anc< spruce, a group celection syutera ie

lince fir and spruce era "order peucr.t market conditions un-
merohantable. o foiling cycle or period in r;hich the e-tlro
forest is cut over is usually about 40 yearc. Therefore occh
working circle is divided into about 40 compartments, one of
7,-hich is cut over each year. Branches are sometimes pilel r.r.d
burned in this type whereas in chir pine the tops ere merely
topped. Hail pine gives much trouble since it ^rorg ^ush
fester than deodar especially vrhen young. Systematic cleanlnrs
uro made every ten years and all kail '"hioh is suppressing
healthy deodars is cut down or girdled or if not directly e'oova
is pruneu of branches to a distance of 6' to S1 above the top of
the deodr.r. '-."here other trees are found intorferin^ rith either
deodar or lcr.il they are out or girdled. Formerly cleanin.ra
•rere vory heavy, but the present policy is more lenient tofards
kail ?toich grorvs much faster than deodar thoujh not profucin^ so
valuable a wood. On the "hole kail v.-ould be an excellent tree
to plant in all sur-ar pine sites in the Sierras ar.d for this
reason is a most interesting tree to the Americrn forester though
looked upon vrith c.isfavor in India.

Most forests are veil covered with an excellent evs-
tem of trails. These are very \ ell constructed, rsany in fr.ct
beias alnost roads and are used as export roads for tinber. The
trees are sawed bv hand in the Broods into rallroac. ties or lon,^
dimension stuff which is carried to the nearest drive.ble strecrs
on the backs of coolies v/ho oarn 4 to 6 cents per day. A rriv-
able stream, however, need contain very little rater since a
method of driving called telescopic floating is employed. Ar.y
stream may be driven no matter how steep provided iCO to ICO
miners inches of water are available. A ruc"o trough is con-
structed of ties laid do-.7n in the bee" of the stream more ties
boin^r continur.lly floated dorm to form the front end of the
T.ume. '.("hon the entire amount to be exported has thus been
built Into a roujh trough the rear end is takon up and .floated
fo- n to be added "to the "front end and so on till a lar-e stream
or river ir roache".

Pire lines of two kinds are made, first, narrow lines
1® to 2J feet wide along well traveled trails and secondly large
lines 100 to £00 feet t:i<*e alonp- the crest of rid^os.
must be r^one over every year, the grass cut and burned and
the reproduction cut out.

Grazing is an important factor on most forests,
very successful system is employed in handling sheep and p-oats

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in connection with the re-ron oration of cut-over arena. Dvery
cut-ovor area is first heavily grazed for 2-3 years, fchd sheep
tearing up the ground and trampling do-on the dense under^rOTrth.
Then the crea is closed to grazing and reproduction hc.8 an op-
portunity to oono in. In about 7 years the eroa is again
opened to gracing, the "brush and grass rhlch has accumulated
is again trailed down, and spots v^hlch did not successfully
oood the first tine have a oooond opportunity. This alternate
opening and closing of the area to grazing is continued, till the
vfoole tract is successfully regenerated when grazing la allowed
continuously though not so heavily ivs ifoen for the espress pur-
pose of Trepatlng a suitable seed bed.

Other problems such as fire, game protection, super-
vision, patrol duty and the like are handled in much the sane
manner as in this country, though much work IB possible rrlth
thoir cheap labor which would be ir^posslble here. Ordinary
day labor costs 3-10 cents per day and forest guards receive
£3.60 to s?5.00 per month. This makes it possible to employ
a lar^e force at a nininum expense, end the result IB clearly
seen in the intensive methods of silvloultural cleaning, fire
break construction, trail building and losing methods. Kever-
theless one ccn probably gain a clearer impression of the
character of the work that "'ill prevail twenty years froa now
in our own forests by a short visit to India than tn^where else
in the world.

Forest Assistant Oallaher while digging among the
office archives recently nede the discovery that the creation
of the Tahoe dates back to the days of Porty-nine. The first
timber reservation xvas made in the vicinity of ?erc"i, Tovada,
before Lincoln ~as Presi'.ent, and wac entitled a United States
Timber Reserve. The timber in this reservation res held for
the use of the troops stationed near Reno in the early days
when the presence of hostile Indians demanded e Icr^e protec-
tive force In this vicinity. Since no record of Ir.rge fires
or insect rtoprodations on this area has been found in the of-
fice rre conclude that the efficiency of the Porest steff must
have boon ner.r 100; j and Supervisor Bigelow hee beon rendering
what patrol methods and cost keeping a^stem were in effect to
produce this excellent record.

Forest Sanitation

By
John S. 3oyc«

In the broadest sense a tree <?isoaao may be do-
fined as any disturbance of the normal functions of a treo
and this may be caused by funrl, mistletoes, insects, im-
poverished condition of the soil, poisonous gases in the
air, and nuneroua other agencies. However, for the pur-
poses of this erticlo, fun^l anf mistletoes alone rill be
considered as the cause of treo diseases.

Forest tree diseases oaueed by fungi and raistle-
toas may, fron a practical standpoint, be divided into tr-o
classes — first, those '•Jiich destroy our present capital
of tinber and second, those reducing our future oepltal.
3«th cvnbsos of disease vitally affect our revenue from the
tiirber on the Hation*.! Forests.

The tinber on the Tphoe Ertional Forest affords
excellent examples of both classes of dlsoaoe. Among the
diseases destroying the present or.pital of timber may be
mentioned the stringy brorm rot of '-hite fir caused by
Lchlnodontium tinctorum (the Indien ?aint fun.r-is), the dry
rot of incense cedar caused by Polyporus amarus, the dry
red rot of yellow and su^ar pine caused by Pomes larlois
(the Chalky Quinine fun TUB), the rod butt rot *f cestern
yellow pino and Doubles :7ir oausod by Polyporus sohvrelnit-
zii, and the ~hite pitted rot so common in Douglas fir and
western yellow pine ccueed ^y Trenetos pini (the Hins -cr.le
fungus). This lest is nlso founr1. in sugar pine. There
are cortain othor tree dicoEseo -hich clostroy the present
caritr.l of timber by r.otunl killing of the trees, but as
yet none of theso hf>ve proved tw bo of any importance in
the mountain pine forests of District 5. Such c diseaoo,
h«wever, throatens to entirely orrdioato all the chestnut
troos in the east.

The clseaaoB mentioned are all more or leoo repre-
sented on the St. ffothard Sole ''.inin^ Com. any 'c oale near
Rorth Bloomfield and an idee of the actual lose in dollars

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.. .••> fc
• .:?8jt."- ;

"

and oonta caused by such destroyers of our present capital
of timber may bo obtained by v/orking up Deputy Supervisor
Pratt1 s figures on this sale. He estimator1 the timber on
a cutting area of forty acres and applied a cull per cent,
this being 10$ for yellow pine find 20$ for Douglas fir, rhlto
fir and inoonse oodar. How at tho stumpage rates in the
contract ($2.50 for yellov; pine, .*1.50 for Douglas fir, and
$1.00 for vJhlte fir and inoonse cedar) , the loss would amount
to $252. tO for the entire forty acres or 06.30 an aore. The
figures are, of course, based on estimate but they aro at
least suggestive.

The reduction of our future capital of timber, on
tho othor hand, is not eo tangible or self-evident to the
casual observer, but it is a factor that is none the less
to be reckoned with and one about r-hioh we, as yot, know
far too little. This reduction of the future capital of
timber ib caused by a reduction of annual growth in a tree
or stand. Such a reduction is, vdthout a doubt, brought
about by a certain forest fungi and the mistletoes which,
while they do not actually destroy the wood in a tree, sap its
vitality to such an extent that it cannot make the growth of
which it is capable under healthy conditions. Among the
fungi causing euch conditions on this Forest may be mentioned
Gyranosporangium blaialeanum producing the witches brooms on
incense cedar, Peridermium sp. forming the pronounced swell-
ings on the branches of various species of pine, and the
fungus which is partially defoliating as many of the lodgepole
pines in the neighborhood of Lake Tahoe. Tho mistletoes,
while they are not fungi, certainly sap the vitality of any
ttee en which they occur. The true mistletoes, (Phoraden-
dron sp.) are found commonly on oak and oometimes on incense
cedar on this Torest. The false mistletoes (Rhazoumofskya
sp.) are common on western yellow pine, lodgepole pine, and
other conifers, and are of course well known to every one.
Even the manzanita is not exempt from mistletoe attack since
Phoradendron flavesoens, the cQnnon mistletoe on the oak,
was found gowing on a manzanlta on the road between Nevada
City and North Sloomfield.

A study carried on by Dr. "oinecke noar Iai:o Tthoe
in the winter of 1910 showed that loss on lodgepolo plrjes
infected with a needle disease actually amounted to 63:/> of
the noodles. Sinoe the foliage of a tree is tho "factory"

in which tho raw food is rrorked up into the proper form for
nutrition and storage, it oan readily bo seen that such a
serious loss of foliage must be followod by a severe lesson-
ing of the food supply of tho troe and a consequent decrease
in the rate of groTrth. Sections from a western yellow pine
pole infected with a noodle fungus on the Trinity illustrated
this to a nicety. Tho tree had boon suffering for the last
seven years. During the seven years previous to tho at tacit
of the noodle fungus, a growth in increment of approximately
.85 inches in diameter was made while for the seven years
during which the treo was diseased the growth vras only .3
inches. ,/hen such a disease is provp.lent in a largo stand
the actual loss of increment each year will be considerable.

Now you aro doubtless beginning to ask, What oan
be done about this? A start has been made in the intro-
duction of the Forest Sanitation Clause rvhich was first In-
corporated into a timber sr.le contract on the Sierra National
Forest in the latter part of 151C. The clause has been
modified since that time until it now reads as follows:

"In order to check tho spread of forest tree dis-
eases and to eliminate from the forest snags and doad trees
which are a menace in tine of fire, we agree tr cut all
trees marked for cutting and all snags or dead trees upon
tho cutting area whether merchantable or apparently unmer-
chantable.

Trees felled under the above clause shall be opened
up sufficiently to satisfy the Forest Officer in charge of
their condition and any portion of euoh trees which r>re mer-
chantable in the Judgment of the ^orest Officer shall be re-
moved from tho roods, scaled, and pr.id for."

This clause makes it possible for tho Forest Of-
ficer marking a timber sale to remove all diseased trees down
to a certain diameter limit, anc. old snags, thus leaving the
cutting area in a fairly healthy, sanitary condition when the
sale is completed. Old snags, besides being a serious fire
menace, are veritable brooding places for vood destroying
fungi anc. insects and Should be removed under all circum-
stances. This stipulation in the contract makes it possible
•so cut out all diseased trees even If they c'o not yield one
log. Such trees are a constant menace to the future stand
and should be removed.

Ranger Babbitt has dovlsed a method which he
describes In a recent issue of tho Tahoe, of getting rid
of old snags Tliich certainly is en advance in fire protec-
tion and forest hygiene. It is probably not generally
known Just how closely fire protection and forest hygiene are
inter—related. Of couree it has been an accepted fact thet
timber rots followed fire, the spores of the wood destroying
fungi gainln- entrance to the hoartvood through the fire
scars, but there had been no definite figures to show to
vrhat an extent fire is responsible for such a condition. A
recent study mp.de on x*iito fir in Oregon in which a number
of trees infooted -.vith otrlngy brown rot (caused by Eohin-
odontium tinotorum) were o^araine^ , showed thr.t fire scars,
frost cracks and lirjhtninr soars, in the order named, were
nostly responsible for the introduction of the fungus. The
trees in xvhioh the rot could be directly traced to fire
soars numbered c.s many as those in which the rot, could be
traced tofroet cracks or lightning soars combined, while
those in •jfr.ich the rot was traced to pin knots or unlcnown
causes were so few as to bo practically negligible. Every
fire that is checked before it has time to fl.o any damage
netttuj not only an actual saving in timber at the present,
but n big reduction in the amount of "cull" when the timber
is finally sold and a consequent economic sating both to the
Government end the purchaser.

An opportunity afforded to every Hangor to prrotise
forest sanitation is in the handling of free use permits. In
marking trees for free use it is often possible to have trees
ber.ly infected with mistletoe, showing nconohsn on the trun.;,
or presenting general unhealthy tippeo.rp.noes, tclcen out by the
usor and in this way to afford the remaining trees a better
chance for healthy normal growth.

3y adequate fire protection, by oradioating dis-
eased trees t:nd snags in our timber sales, by taking advan-
tage of the free use privelege as a means of ridding the
Forest of undesirable mecbers, .by destroying snags whenever
possible ami by unceasing watchfulness on the part of every
one for all inculcations of abnormal conditions in the Forest,
we rill, in the future, bring our Forests into the proper
sanitary condition essential for tho maximum production of
sound timber end we, aa business men, must not be satisfied
until this condition is reached.

•

•

I Ott

r ,

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3 I T, v I C U L T TJ ^ L'

A rovinion of o.ir tl-obor octimnto ruide in 1909
Indicator, th; t <-o have eovcnxl billion font nore of timber.
The ootirfirto v'hioh nco ' orl:ed out o,- rofully by the tjoes by
tho Diotriot Ixancers moot of 'horn hava boon on their" dla-
tricta oovornl years, ie considered rtuoh more authentic than
tho previous figures.

I!r. Ttoyce rooontly found r, raro and intereeting
specimen, a epecioo of ^horadendron, nletlotoe pro'-in-r on
rannzanlta, on tho rood betroon Honnebeo House nnd .TK".:O City,
tho oooonc' of ito 3:inA collector"1 in California. Acsistant
Rcn-^or :iorv;ofje also mado his heart ^lad by proBentlnp him
with v/hat he thought to bo n petrified funjjus.

Poreet Aaoititant Oellaher hoo boon requeoted throur-h
the V/ruliin-rton OfTioe to "or!i up hio etufy of Conpr.r* tive
Returns for publioation in tho T.oviow of ?oreot Dorvice In-
vosti.rationa.

There •'ill bo ooneic'ernble r'oln^ in the ti iber sale
business thin Summer. Besides the Marios lox t: Lumber Cor.pr.ny
Dale which 'TOO in operation lact eoaoon, two other concerns,
The California Lumber Company am' l.ho Ver^i Lunber COITI nny,
*rill be cuttinrr Gcvernnent tinibcrr on uho erct si(*a* The .".o-
hawk proposition involving el-rhtcon million feet has been
xvorlcod up in anticipation of n pros^ectivo salo.

The Forest Suporvicor recently j^ave a trllt on the
ocoacion of the plr.ntinnj of a Rofv/ood. on vhe lllvh iJchool rjroundo
by the freshroan class.

The roconnaieonnco ostinctos for Irst "tiriraer have
boon completed by Poroct \scif; trnt Trylor. An area of 40,017
acres rmc covered, the estlnatod praount oT timber bein.^
95J,17CJ,6;»J bd.i't. or an averr.rjo wf 23J,600 be. ft. per'noro.

.1 ' .

HEAD 7 A P. T I, 3 S -I E '1 3

or babbitt ta\.oo exr-on^ion to rn r.rticie ap-
pearing in tho :jc.cramonto Tee on I!t roh 14 which stated n!fo
inot; noo IB on rooord of 11 -htnlnq; ovor starting r. cro- TI
fire"t Hfj states the Long Valley Flro, Levies Mill Fire,
Sold Li.ke "ire <.nfl Ijv*lish Reservoir Klro of 1910 were til
crov-n firos, somo of thorn bad ones, and r.ll fit; rted by
11 ^htning. He further states that on the net clopo of the
Siorrr.s noot of the fires stftrtod that vay, and bcrnr. ? nd
built* in^s are frequently struck by li :htnin$f \;hioh IB as
ooraraen at 3000 ao rt 0000 feet olevntion.

The Secretary of Coramfroo r.nd Labor has approved
en ad-1 it local olc:ira for ooraponaaticn on account of the rerp-
poaronoe of the injury to Assistant Hanger Foore. llr. Tooro
^vue injured lest September by fallin : Iron a tree and ro-
turned to duty on October 29. He v:or!:;ed up until the ond of
L'overabor ';hon he v^r.s furlouf>hed. Tho -onnd ha<? not thorough-
ly healec] rnd Ur. Poore returner tw "ork, co that it coon
roa^por.red end he '-me unrblo to do 0117 ^»rk all Winter. Thie
addition.- 1 compensation Till entitle hi.n to three months full
pay at his rogjulrr arL- ry.

The District Office hos started the issuance of a
monthly circular letter of Prurcreecive Idees. This lottor
rrill c»ntoin ohe Prorressive Ir^eaa oy. "Short- Cuts." evolved
by individual rkan>orc or Forests, and is another ctep in the
direc-ion of standardization oi Forect '."or]c. Almost evory
one of you have worked »ut somo "short-out" which you have
of r.OLl stance in your • ork, ant^ if you crn lorn your
tu tho other fellow it rn; y help to lighten his burften
as well as advance the cr.uso of efficiency. If you have r-ny
ideas to su^r ;est they chould bo sent thic office not later
than tho firct of each month, eo thrt choy can be forvarc'ed
to the District Poroater for iscuanoo in the monthly letter,
is published on or c.bout the 10th of each month.

Ranger Herril! vlll bo on detail at the, Pic trie t
Office for at least six weeks beglnninr: April 15 for duty In
fhe Office of Operaticn.

Forest Assistant Mills: '111 return to Eovada City
on April 1, after a thre* months detail to the Feather Kiver
Experiment Station at Qulncy.

Now that J^aquin Miller Is no longer alive, we hope
that the general public will b*T;in to sit up and take notioo
of our bard who io gtod for an effusion any old time and en
any ild occasion.

Rangers V/llson and 3nbbitt were on <t3tall in the
Supervisor's office a portion of the Winter months v/here, among
other things, they made some practical contributions to the
efficiency doctrine.

Assistant Rangers Holbig and \7nltcn cleared out the
dead timber along the telephone lino t« Worth Bloomfiold this
Winter. V/a^ton had a narrow escape from a "widow-maker"
which laid him up with n bruised arm for several days.

Forest Assistant Taylor and Gallaher are at present
at Keddie on tho Plurauu national Fcrost where vith cevoral
othor Forest Assistants under the direction of ,".r. Ilnr^jlin
of the District Office they are trying out n now system of
re oonnai sconce.

Mr. J. C. Boyce, Assictant to T)r. Melneoke, the
Consulting Pathologist of District 5, and Deputy ouporvisor
Pratt recently spent several days on the calo to tho Ct.
Oothard Mining Company ner.r Bloomfield, obtaining data tj
assist in tho eterminntion of cull factors.

It is a matter of pride that the only tdlophono
lino to tho upper country v/orkinr out of i:ov."cr\ City after one
of the heavy storms this Winter raa our tree line to f.iorra-
villo. This lino constructed of £9 7/lro passes throu-h iO

.

miles of r. hl^h snorv country and has boon in operation all
Winter.

Assistant District Torestor Kep.rley pnd Incpoctor
of Records iiley spent rbout a nonth on the Tahoe the first
pert of the year TOrking up a Coot looping System. The
Die triot Poroster r.nr" !Tr. Thorny con -ere in rovada City a day
or so in connection \vith the r/ork. The Supervisor who
served as a member of the Committee made P trip to Srn ^rnn-
oisco in early llrroh to ascist in the preparation of the final
draft of tho propcsod scheme

F«rest Assietrjit V/i lllam H. 3{.llah«r has returned
from his trip r.round the -orld, f.r.d reported for duty on
re •• 26. He mp.de rn extensive tour of Inland , Trance,

Gornrny", Cr'itzerlfend. , end India, returning via China, Japan
and the Hawaiian Islands, end devoted considerable tlna to tho
study rnd observation «f Poroctry v^iile abroad.. ./a aro all
glad, to cee "Bill" with ue c.^ein. He rill be an^aped in mak-
ing a Silvicultural working ^Irn for tho Siorraville District
"hich hpc practicrlly til been covered, by reconnaissance.

The Rnngero ileoting has cone and. -one and all th«
Ranker:, hare on detail for the vlnter have returned to thoir
hoadrurrtore — so has our_cj;oo]: of sup _">lle 8 . Our supply
re orn shows evidences^ of a~hard ./inter. " About all that is
left is e fov pieces of broken boxes. Every one took ed.vRn-
tagti of his environncnt and. took everything else thr t was
loo eo. lut or rll these depredations and dovaatr.tions, the
brilliant ctunt o^ one Ranker t;tanr!c out alonw. 3y sone hook
cr crook ho obtained the ':oy to the stock r»om, r.nd nrintrined
his rosi-'ance there "to the exclusion of a home olseThore" fwr
throe c"r.yc nnd nights. Durinr thio tine he* collected r.ll the
empty cry ^ood.s boxes in torm, chrrterod r specirl car on tho
llorro-v 3'ia^e to Colfax, r.nd - our ctookroom no^ tells

the rout of the tRle.

Ascictr.nt Rrjijer Poore T^PE recently oalled tv
Auburn as r '-itr.osc ct tho herring in the Sf.llor "ines Cone.
case, rnd brings brck unnist; .':t.blo evidence of whore this
property \-ont. Ro says up in one corner of the court r%ou
thoro wnc a Ir.rTro blackboard, becrlnrr the folltTTlm; lo^onft:

TUS

AS-; *

f

A Committee on Forest Ctandnrds composed of :'r.
Herdley, Mr. Bigolow and Rnngors Ilerrill, babbitt rnd .Vilcon,
has boon appointed to raa^e a ctu<?y on the Tahoo during the
coming field season. The field r.onbers of the Committee r;ill
record (1) the Jobs performed in retail and tho tine consumed
on er.ch Job; (£) miles rlclren, time cwneumod, average rate of
travel per hour and avoru-re number of miles ricdnn per Job;
(3) tho monthly itinerary charted on a map for the purpose of
determining whether the average mileu riddon per job can be
reduced by oaroful planning on the part of the Ranger. Front
this data it is hoped knowleflrre will be secured of the amount
of work a man can in reason be expected to perform, in such
shape that these standards will to F^roe decree, at least, be
applicable to other men and other conditions.

Detailed diaries will be kept on letter size force
find will bo written up at the end of each day's v:ork, and rill
b<» fcrvrardod monthly to the Supervisor top-ethor rith a map of
the dictrict on ^hioh heo boon charted routes traveled and
Jobs performed during tho month. The diaries vill show the
time of starting p.nd finishing a««h Job or step in tho eay'a
work. In handling correspondence, for example, they * ill
show the number cf letters vrritten ''n<? tirre consumed. Tho
time of oach distinct Job will be recorded in hour:, and
minutes, giving for short Jobs the exnot minute af starting
ana finishing, when poecible.

The Cost Kobpin^ Commlttoo -hi oh net on the
during January and February produced a vory thorou-rh end
interesting treatise en C«Dt Accounting in the Porect oorvice,
find evolved an excellent workable sj-stom which was recor.^enc'.ed
for prioption as standard throughout the "ervloe. The treatise,
after defining the purpose of Cost Accounting brirTS out the
fact thnt the effect cf Sheet " /'" is conclusive evi^onoe that
oven faulty <?eternination of Unit Costs of vork has ; marked
cffoct in ctimulnting economy and efficiency and that "1th
Creator nccurpoyeuch coat nyotem vrill find increasing use-
fulnoL-s. It is thought that ^th reliable cost ro:crts tho
Forostcr, District Foroetor, Sti^>orvisor anrt Mbtriot Rpnger
will hove r. much better measure of efficiency th«n it IB
passible to havo 'rithout such reports, nnrt that inspection,
ouperviuicn end help can be placed rfre intelligently If jon-
ciitionb are revealed by r.rtftpuato cost recor" .

. Du Bole' idea of r. ranger's
press ion on receipt of tho new Cos
He opine Syfiton. Ho haa Juot rc-

ccivod tho new Sor^ico -loport fomfl.

The treatise then proceeds to point out ^ho nhcrt
comings of tho present system, some of vhich are t-o rollovo:
It dooc not shovf coct of fire protection ION? ooot por
II. o." odBiBiaterlng timber caloe and no provision ia mado for
charging supplies obtr.ined .from Supply Do pet as pr.rt of the
Cost. It vns the opinion that tho int-truotions covering
.Mstribution of time uro co vague th; t uniformity la not 'es-
oured • here uniformity is oceentlr.l am' lhat the Lyctora Is
inconsistent in the accuracy sought. Tine.Ls chr.rrrad by
hours to <"if rcror.t crpticno. Vat thio oohrarativo accuracy
is i-nored or r.brndoned • hon tho figures aro rrbitrr.rily
proceed into a 240-hour month.

These fruits have all bo'in taken oaro cf in th*
proposer. .-'.yi;toin. In \.-orkinrr U"> the data for the treatise
carorul attention wr.s -iven to ovorr criticiora that hrd boon
mace of tho present eyetom, anc* tho rrnjjere on detail to the
office ore consulted fully in on* or to secure clearness in
pro poring tho T.rmial on Cost r.nd I'inanolal '.coeuntin'r.

The proposed scheme vhich is a Ion;? stride in tho
ri^ht direction, was constructed elonr tho lines t>f :yctom»
advocrtod by cpocinliets in bcientific manr moment, efficiency
on~incorin^ and cost accounting. 7,'e earnestly h«*v-e for its*
adoption, effective July 1.

Here is a chance for any Walllncforfis who ror.y be
in our midst. Tho following letter r.-ce recently received
by Assistant Ranger "ing, but ho does not feel erur.l to it:

WU. S. Forester,

Do'.Tniavnie, California.
Tear Sir:

Du you laiow of onny timber Holders van tin 7 c lona
for Sa>.TJills and *:.?.. to >jct tinber On the roarkut. If so I
can pipes a lone fron f^G.OOO up to fl.OOOv •": ovon r.ore
as lonj as the oecurtyc -.-ill Stand tho lun,«U from 3. to 5.
yoers. Ore more now ry commie sin is 21/S)i fore rotting
the lor.o « I '7ill alov/ you one 1/2 of wno' r* for Dotting the
timber J: I ".'ill fornich all 31aakfl to i)o fill out. you can
^ot a conmiscin contract In ry name and have your Per cent
aecinofl to you anc". cend contracL to me as this may make you
scno nice side money. In cr.co yoa r.r:;/ ^ow of c. Inrro track
for calo at r. "•> r -t'n I may be able to sell It -- coromisci^
ia 10% & you cro to chrro in it — Xoep thie in ninr< ft it
may Lear to oonothin-j If not p.t once, & Lat me *iere Soon as
you hnvo c. lino on a lone timber. Hoot have crusers roport
ie a topc^raph. "f p. Uhcving siac land and timber and Oblire,

etc. etc. n

The Rangers' Heating

The Ranger Heating's over, and. we've all returned

to camp
And the wisdom we'vo imbibed seems to give our

brains a cranp
Yftiat we haven't learned of fires isn't • orth a

single thought
And the fungi and such tree posts, we can pick

then up red hot
Per <re saw them on the blackboard, on£ ro've learned

their every twist
So their days are surely numbered, for we'll slap

then on the wrist
And that able word "efficient" re can juggle out of

sight
For we saw it turned c.nf. twisted baclrwards, forwards,

left anfl right.

'.That we do not kaow of timber woulc. be hard to show

us now
?or 've chewed upcn this subject 'till there are

wrinkles on our brow.
Wa watched it from the seed, 'till it grew a nighty

tree
Aud we found out haw to sell it, an<? how to give it

free.
We know just how t« cut it, lop the limbs and pile

the brush
And when it comes t» burning, Just leave the Job to

us
Estimating fascinates us so , we've nearly ceased to

rwvo
For 'Te 're busy niappinr binbor in our cabins by the

stove*

Ucw "Reports" has been a subject that has turned cur

dark hair gray

But *re put the 'cibosh on it in a sin-rle happy day.
'./o '.aiov -ha^ an affidavit must state a solemn fact,
And net thr.t "Ton Jones thinks that Bill stolt*

Jack orcithTs hatw

t -0'

'

T7c kcow just what a trespass is, and what1 8 a

squatter's right
And the value of water na a power to make electric

light
Y/o can classify even sections till wo can say them

off by rote
But there Ts a few odd numbered sections that seem to

get our goat.

Tfo thought all there was to grazing was to keep the

stock in feed

And get thorn plenty water, and all the salt they need.
To see they do not trarap the range, nor stray on

others' land,
And count the stock, and run out the range, for oaoh

and every band.
But we all know now that grazing moans far more to us

than that*
We must prow more grass and browse food too, and got

it on a map,
Then show the stockmen how to grow two hoad Instead of

one
And thus cut down the price of meat, instead of -rith

a gun

A. R. Ivey

THE TRINITY FORESTER

^____— _— — -- — .- — — — — — — — .

Vol. 1 - \7oavervillo, California, October 1, 1911 - Ho. 5

With the exception of the follc-wing changes the
personnel remains the same as that given in the September number
~f the Trinity Forester:

Laura E. Williamson, Forest Clerk, Leave of absence Sept. 25
Ruth G. Trimblo, Temporary Clerk, Appointed Sept, 25

District 1

R. H. Solomon, Forest Guard, Appointment terminated Sept. 50
District 2

Royal G. Trimble, Forest Guard, " " "16
District 4

Fred FOBS, Forest Guard, • " "30

W. R. licArthur, Forest Guard, ?

District 5

H. J. Kohnenberger, Forest Guard, • • SO
District 6

John C. Grahan, Forest Guard, • 50

W. I. IfcHeil, Forest Guard, 30
Jarrett W. Irving, Forest Guard,

Joseph H. Martin, Forest Guard, 30

District 7

Via* A. Thomson, Forest Guard,

A. Pickens, Weaver Bally Lookout, 23

Reconnaissance Party

J. R. BrufT, Field Assistant, 30

D. E. Harrower, Field Assistant, 23

-1-

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n

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EDITORIAL? A.1 !' CCMMUNTS

The Prize Although it i« now stale news that tho firot prize
In fire protection was won by the Trinity in

August, yet we want to again congratulate each member of our

force for having mode this rooord possible,

The prize is a shon-il elaborated in green, with the

letters "Firo Protection Prizo, let CJlaoe" on the shovel blade.

The records of the month wore as folios:

let claea - TRINITY - 12 fires; total area burned over 96 aoros.
2nd claoQ - KOKTZRSY - 1 fire ; total area burned over £ aof<».
5rd class - UOEO - Ho t iree .

Our record for September, as far as known, is
as follows: Glass A, 2; Class B, 8; Class C, 3; area burned
over 37 7/8 aores.

Ho doubt it was a souroe of keen satisfaction
to all Forest officera of this Forest to learn of our winning
first protection prize for the bust fire record for August.
A record of thirteen fires with 9G aoros burned is certainly
a contract to last year's strenuous times during a similar
period. We are now beginning to feel that perhaps we have
laid the corner stone of genuine fire protection. To perfect
and carry out a uound fire plan on a Forest of this oisje and
danger means that wo nrost direct thought and energy to its
ccnoeivement and fulfillment* Our ground plan of protection
must be built onto from time to time* Improvement of system
and detail must ever continue.

Don't forget that the element of personnel also
rill figure largely in this as in other matters. T*ie combined
efforts uf a dozen earnest men in their relations with the
public v;ill accomplish much in creating a favorable public
sentiment. Let no opportunity pass to win a convert and make
a friend for the Service,

To have tho oonf idenoe and good will of the poople
in our Forest means t.h^t the fight is more than half won. Pire
protection we mua'.. havo, otherwise forestry is useless. The
price of safety means organization, system, vigilance, and
continued of fort on our part. The people's property in our
charge is worth millions of dollars today. The interest on
this capital as well ac the capital itself depends largely on
our efforts. Let us do our level beat.

-2-

Herbarium Although tho horbfcrlttn oollecti.cn Buffered

a serioun^looa last eunraor In the firo which
destroyed Ranger Garrott7o hours, much hao been dona toward
increasing the collection this year. Over one hundred
specimens, including fifty grasses and other ground cover,
and fifty of shrubs and trees, have been prepared for ship-
ment to the District Office. With, tho addition of . other
specimens not yet sorted over, there should be fttloast one
hundred fifty speolmona f»ont away.

Rangers Cray, Garrott and Chamberlain sent in
a few speoinene and it is hoped not only theos rangers but
others will aesiat the office force in adding to the collection
next year.

Local We aro glad to state that this month it was
Contributions necessary to omit some articles because of

the mraber of contributions received. Now

that the fire season is over there is time for good thoughtful
articles on the various phases of our work. Many of theso
discussions would be concerned with improvement work or fire
fighting* or timber ee.le&. The ranger, however, because of
his close association r/ith the forest, has especially good
opportunities to observe the relations of plants to each other
and to their environment.

Scientific) forestry may aould like the class
room, but it is only tho application of knowledge based upon
observation of things as they actually are. V/e hope, there-
fore, that oach ranger will present the conclusions which he
has reached as a result of certain observations* In this
manner tore will be gr?<dually accumulated a great mass of
data concerning our own Porost.

Another The efficient Poreot officer not only does
Invention! hie work well but he realises the value of
uoing Ma haad. Assistant Ranger Dox and
Guard Thorne n?ade a noat Ingenious reol and box for rolling
up the emergoncy tole^hone lino to Weaver Bally Mountain.
Not only was the work done erpeditlously but the ooilo are
regular and compact,

Reading Course Assistant Rpjnger Evoroet has received a

nice letter of consaandatlcn from the District
Forester on the work done in last year's reading COITTSO.
Besides l!r . Cvorest1* rapors, answers on the reading were
received frorr. Rangers Gray, Chamberlain and Garrott. which rer*
almost equally praiseworthy. The supervisor, in hie various
letters, has already presented the necessity for and value of

-3-

this reading course, BO that nothing can be added here.

Reconnaissance During the summer days we are apt to

lose sight of real forestry work while

being so busied with the improvement and protection work.
One of the essentials of any business is the knowledge
of its assets, and without a knowledge of the Forest
resources no plan of management can be made* In a general
way the quantity and location of the timber is known, but
there is required the more oxact knowledge obtained through
reconnaissance.

After the quantity and condition of the

timbor and a map have been obtained, there are still necessary
figures and data concerning the growth of timber in order
to prepare a working plan. The first one of these steps -
the reconnaissance work - has been carried on by party during
the past two years, and it is with a great deal of pleasure
that this number is devoted to this phase of our work. The
personnel of the parties has been good, and we feel that the
work has been done in an honest and able manner.

Our Since our last issue there have been received in
Exchanges this office the following news letters: The

Stanislaus Review, The Mono Ranger, The Apache
Bews, and the Modoc Reviow. Each of these has excellent
articles, some of which we would have included in this issue
ha4 there been space.

RECOKHAISSANCE 0£ THE TRTHITY

The first work done on any part of the Trinity was
that by Forest Assistant I. F. Eldredge on the Hoopa Valley
Indian Reservation in 1908. The following is taken from
his report:

"In all, a territory of approximately 230 square
miles in extent was covered at a cost of about $21 per square
mile, including all oalaries, traveling expenses and the
office work in the preparation of the report. The extreme
roughness of the country, distance from supplies, and severe
climatic conditions during the winter months, together with
the fraudulent character of the Land Office surveys throughout
the country traversed, are accountable for the comparatively
high cost of the e>iaminaticn.

The field party, in addition to myself, consisted of
Forest Assistant Cte.Virneau, Lumberman W- T. Andrews, Forest

-4-

Agent N. B . .Fckbo, two touipcrary assistants employed as
topographers ; and :ch Indian packers, rodmen, canoe men,
cooks, otc«, as wer'< neoded from time to time.

The estimate of the stand of timber on the
Reservation proper is based on an actual count on about
three per cent of the timbered area and the estimate is
necessarily approximate. The valuation survey strips
were located through typical country and no offort was
made to run parallel lines.

The ostinato of the Extension and the Lower
Allotments is based on the actual count on five per cent
of the timbered area* In making the valuation survey,
the strips were run in quarter-mile parallels with the
river as a base line, so that each row of allotments was
bisected by the line. The estimate is nothing more than
approximate and no important financial transaction should
be based upon it.

The maps are the first topographical maps and the
only accurate maps of the country covered. The original
Land Office surrey through the entire tract was an absolute
farce. With the exception of writing up elaborate field
notes, by far the larger part of the work was never done at
all. Occasional corners were found but they seem to have
been put in at random and often have no connection with any
other corner. Largely for this reason but few of the
allotments were actually surveyed out, when the allotting was
done, nearly all of them being merely located on papor.
It is impossible to locate, on the ground, from the Land
Office description, fully seventy-five per cent of the
allotments, since the corners and the sections in which
they purport to be were never put in. However, the
aMotments can bo located very well by using the river
as a base from which to start, as was done in this work."

During August 1909 Forest Examiner Louis Margolin
spent about three weeks in obtaining an estimate and taking
the data for a topographic map of a prospective sale area of
twelve sections on Grizzly Mountain. Mr« Margolin worked
alone and obtained hio topographlcf.l data by pacing and using
an aneroid, the estimate being based on sample plots.

July 1, 1910, Forest Assistant Jotter and a party
consisting of Guard 0. M. Evans, and Field Assistants H. W.
Curry and F, 11. Nottage, together with Assistant Ranger
wm. X. Garret t, began the first reconnaissance work by party
on the main Trinity.

There were covered during the three and one half
months of work 80,000 acres of government land, largely with

a five per cent strip survey estimate, though for a part of

the area a traverse survey with sample plots was used.
There were also mapped ana roughly estimated 25,000 acres

of patented land. Since the area estimated is but sparsely

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,. .'•'<'• ... 3 -' -'-.V y'i

'"•••"•''''••V • "r "'•'

•»

gprin/rled with Bection corners, the usual method of surrey
was by carefully running into each unit a base line on which
there were established in the center of each row of forties
a monument from which the strip surrey was later started,
^e tho topography was very irregular and the exioting
/overi-'nent naps practically worthless, a chain was used in
measuring distances. The following table is used in making
the proper allowance for advances due to changes in elevation:

Oh.

oc

>

50

75

100: 1H5: 150: 200

850

50C

400: 500

POO

2

Q

1C

.-"•

46 : : :

•
•

4

n

m

5

11

20: 32: :

•
•

6

2

8

13: 20: 50:

•
•

8

2

6

10: 15: 22: 40

-

•
•

10

2

4

6: 12: 18: 31

49

72

135: 229

12

: 10: 14: 2fl

40

59

103: 178

t

15

: : 11: 20

32

47

85: 126

!

20

: : : 15

24

35

C3: 98

: 144

30

: : : 10

16

23

43: 64

: 93

40

i

: : : 8

12

17

31: 31

: 48

Tills column giveo chains actually measured
First row of figures (25, 50, etc.) gives difference
in elevation.

Body of table shows the necessary advance.

Two men, and a large part of the time three, made
up the j:c.rty, one man acting as topographer, the other as
silviculturist. The third man, in a three man crew, watched
the chain and assisted both silviculturist and topographer.

A careful system of keeping notes in silvics and
topography was used, valuation ourvey book Ko. 333 being
used for the former and Form 874-15 in a loose binder for
the latter. A section per day was averaged for the working
*. 1-19 of three men, and little office work was done during
the year. It seems a loss of good time to devoto the days
of field work to office work, yet it was found all but im-
possible later in the winter to & t through with the office
work before the next season began.

The total cost of the work was $1500, resulting in
a cost per acre of one cent by traverse and of three oants
by regular strip survey 5fi estimate.

Cost per acre
Cost per forty
Cost per section
Cost per township

The days spent in reconnaissance field work may

-€--

.031
1.24
19.84
725. 24

be cl : T:

npass survey C4

)vinc cc.: 1C

Travoree 3Urroy 18

Office uork 7

Sundays 18

Securing data for tables, etc. 5

Tho area osti mated was extremely rough and
inaccessible, v.'ith many brush covered slopeo all combining
to tring up the cost per acre, as well as to reduce the
average per day.

y 15, 1911, reconnaissance was begun on the area
to the north of Hayfork Creek and has up to the present been
carried to the source of this creek.

One of the very pleasant features of reconnaissance
work lo the opportunity to associate with bright young nen
from the various forest schools. This was particularly
the cane this year, when six colleges were represented by
the following nen in the party:

Forest Assistant Jotter, Ohio State University and
Univoruity of Michigan; Guard 0. M. Evans, University of
Llichican; Forest Aociatant Howard de Forest, Prlncoton and
Tale; Field Assistants liarry Tales, Roy Holeman and Rufuo
Holland, University of California, J. Russell Bruff, University
of Nebraska, David E. Harrower, State College, Pennsylvania,
Otto W. Fflueger, Ohio State University.

The territory covered was similar to that of last
year and the methods differed little, except where the nature
of the country and the experience of the past year suggested
changes for the botter. The topography of part of the area
and the experience gained in mapping, showed that chaining
need not be done entirely, so that pacing is usually done in
coming back to the base line. Instead of a regular chain,
a stool tape 66 feet long io taken, the fears that this tape
would' broak having proved groundless.

Trro man parties, sometimes three or one, as the

occasion demanded, do the work. The topographer carries
a form 3C5 township plat and on this shows streams and
ridges, the contour lines be ing put on a four-inch map at
camp. Elevations are taken by the aneroid and courses of
streams and ridges carefully notod. The map is considered
a most important part of the reconnaissance work, for while
typos and stands may change, only an upheaval will require a
new map. A four-inch to the mile scale map is made since
a map of this scale can be used for any purpose. The idea
is constantly kept in mind that this map is not alone for
the reconnaissance work, but is to be used for any of the
various purposes that require a map.

The silviculturist carries a form 525 township
plat on which he keeps record of hio forties, a form 328
on which he puto the cover, ar,i a form 321a for the diameters

Ir'J

5 .

and height clasces, as well ao brief notes, from which the
section ia later written up.

Volume tabloo are arranged in site classes, based
upon measurements of height and diameter taken in the
locality. By comparison with heights and diameters given
in the "Handbook" a volume table is nade for the various
species of the different regions.

The four-inch maps, together v/ith the cover, the
estimates per section, and the section write-up, are all
prepared in the field. This nL nter the final maps will be
prepared, the estimates figured, and a description written
of eaoh large logging unit.

There have been covered approximately 200,000
acres of government land. The full report at the end of
the season will give exact figuros and costs, "tfork will be
carried on by three or four men in camp until about
December 1 or 15, when the storrau will no longer permit
of work being done to the best advantage. Rangers will
be used whenever possible in the reconnaissance party work,

but the work of protection and improvement seemo to require
constant supervision, so that it may be possible for a short
time only this fall to detail men to the party.

During good weather, while final maps and reports
are being prepared, one or more of the permanent men will
work the area near the supervisor's office. One or more
men will also visit the district rangers and attempt to
work out the area near oach ranger headquarters during the
winter, with the assistance of one or more rangers. This
will permit the ranger to become familiar with reconnaissance
methods as well as make possible a modified form of winter
work.

E.V. Jotter.

Logging in Michigan and Kentucky

Logging operations fit the topography. In
Michigan the country, a glaciated one, varies only from
large stretches of level lejid to gentle or moderate slopes.
In Kentucky the surface is broken by mountains and dsply
cut rivers, making numerous "coves" and escarpments.

All but one trail of the great white pine forest of
Michigan has been cut, and now the hardwoods, mainly maple,
oak, bass, elm, birch and hemlock, once thought of little
value, are boing logged. All the larger mills are located
or. t.he Great Lakes, narrow gage railroads running back to
these tracts in the interior of the State. The camps are
usually light board affairs made portable. Crews, largely
foreign, average fifty men, who will get out and load 25 If
per day p.t : 5.00 per M. Wages average $28 per month and board,

-8-

.

The foreman gives to each cutting orew a 'strip11
on which to cut. This crew is usually made up of three men -
a chopper who notches the tree and, after it is felled, chipa
into the berk the length of the logs, usually 12, 14 or 16
feet; the sawyers who fell the tree and cut it into the
proper length, and the swampers who then come in, cut away
the brush to each log, trim off any limbs and make the log
accessible for the skidding team. This team drags the logs
with tongo to the wheel road, making bunches of three to
four logs. Tho "big wheels", ten to twelve feet in diameter,
are then run straddling the bunch of logs. After letting
the tongue of the wheels point skyward, thus chaining the
logs to the large 12 x 12 axle, the tongue is drawn down and
the logs are lifted from the ground, swinging freely. They
are then taken to the bank, piled on inclined skldways and
loaded on the logging oars. The loading is done either by
the cross-haul or loader. With the croBS-haul a chain is
\. rapped around the log and one end fastened to the car. To
the other end a' team io hitched and the log is rolled onto
the car. The loader is a sheer leg arrangement for picking
the log up, with hooks in eaoh end, lifting it onto the car,
a man at each end guiding the log with ropes. About 2 M is
loaded on each car. The logs are then hauled and immediately
milled*

When the first light snows fall, "draya" are used
to get the logs to the banking ground. These are stoilar
to single bobsleighs, with a spiked cross piece. The logs
are rolled with cant hooks on the drays, chained, and half
drawn, half dragged to the bank. In winter the sleighs are
used and loads of many thousands of feet are easily hauled in
this way.

In Kentucky a large part of the work is done by
contract as labor is less reliable. Felling crews of two
men get from $ 0.75 to $1.00 per y. On the more moderate
slopes oxen are uoed to skid the logs to the banking ground
at the bottom of the coves, but on the steeper slopes horses
are used for they must often move rapidly to get away from
the danger of rolling or sliding logs. The logo are then
cross-hauled onto the oraall cars which run on a pole road.
Poles five to six feet are cut and Joined at the ends and
a road similar to a railroad is made. Tho wheels of the car
have a very large concave flange to fit the poles. The cars
are then hauled by mules down the coves to the railroad on the
main stream where they are loaded on the oars by a steara-
loader and taken to the mill.

0. 12. Evans.

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Rooovjnci seance on the Gil p. For oat

On the Cila National Forest of southwestern New
Mexico, reconr-c.iasance in the usually park-like woods of
the liogollon Lloun tains is interacting!/ different, from

>:h work in the denser forests of the Trinity. The
:-:cEollon3 present tvro main sorts of woods, the mesa forest
of western yellow -.ine on comparatively level land, and
the forest of DoUglM fir, ISngelmann cpruca and white fir
of the hi^h llogollona, whero there are stoep elopes, clif Ts
and canyons.

As the region is practically unourveyed, a base
line wao run from an established section corner with compaao
and chain, by a crew of four. This advanced through the
territory to be estimated by whatever route the topography
and location o? the timber made desirable and was roughly
plotted as it progressed, by figuring latitudes and depart-
ures in the field, with a traverse table. The entire
course was blazed on both sides of the line, and at twenty
chains of actual advance, north or south, or oast or west,
as the ce.ae night be, stations were established on the
middle lines oast and west or north and south, of the various
tiers of forties. These stations were marked by stakes
inscribed with the number of chains of distance to the
nearest boundary of the forty, the designation of the forty,
and often tho elevation as read by the aneroid of the base
line crew. The stakes were made moreconsplcuous with pieoee
of red cloth, and wore also numbered consecutively in eaoh
separate township.

The ostimating, mapping, and sllvloal work, was
lone by one mzui crews. An estimator would be asoigned two
stakes and a run in a given direction from them. with a
Forest Service compass, Jacob staff, aneroid and special
note boolt, ho wovla start from one stake, run out through
the center of a line of forties, say to some divide, offset
t?/enty chains to the center of the adjoining tier of forties,
and run back to check in on his second stake. Dy means of
his compass and aneroid, he sketched in on the plat repreoonting
the forties of a section on one page of his note book, the
streams, ridges, end other topographic details, along with fifty
foot contour lines. On the opposite page he filled in
corresponding e~aces v.-ith his estimates, and, at the ond of
his work on any one section, wrote a brief silvical description
of what he had seen of the section as a whole.

The estimate of the timber was obtained by taking
from one to three sample acres in a forty. These might be
strip acres, on*) chain wide by te-n long, or two chains wide
by five long, or a circular acre. In any case the number

-10-

•

of trees on the sample acre was cotmted and the average
tree guessed at by diameter and height. With a volume
table the contents of the sample acre wero computed. The
otand for an entire forty was obtained when the end of the
forty was reached, by considering the number of acres on
the forty that were stocked, and according to the showing
made ty each sample acre taken. The totals in thousands
of board feet were recorded by species.

Probably the most important factor in securing
a fair decree of accuracy in thfe work was the sample forties.
A few tines during the summer, at the beginning of the work,
and later when a distinct change in the general type of
forest encountered gave a new set of conditions, representative
sample acres were laid out with compass and chain. The
toundarios were blazed and then the contents per acre and per
forty guessed at by all and recorded. Kext strips one or
two chains wide were run through the middle, north and south
and east and west, with all trees on the strip oallpered.
After the running of each, new guesses were made by all, both
of the stand per acre and per forty, and recorded, then the
calipered strip was figured in the field with the volume table.

VThile calipering the individual trees, guesses
would be made of most of the diameters before reading the
calipers, these guesses bo ing made at varying distances.
Then, perhaps, further strips would be run through the
forty, five chains in from the corners, two o trips running
through oast and west, and oven a further two, north and
south, as the irregularity of the stand and the results
of the work demanded. With this went the revising, as
thb individual deemed necessary, of oach former estimate
before the figuring of the succeeding strip. All this of
course being tempered by the Judgment of the head of the
party, who conducted such work, as to the degree of exactness
to which it was desirable to carry the operation.

This account refers wholly to work done by the
writer in the summer of 1910 as Field Assistant working in
the base line orerr and at estimating.

Howard de Forest.

Reconnaissance as 1^ gee It

Reoonnaisnanoo is great work, though it is hard.
1*11 admit that at first the only redeeming features I
recocnized were tho huge meal at evening and the rest which
followed. Kow, however, my viewpoint has changed somewhat,
and I consider something besides the purely physical aspect.

To be away fron all that is dirty and sordid, to
rise early and work late, to live close to Fature - in this
alone there is enough to make reoonnai usance worth while.
V«hilo we may fight throu^i brush and sweat torrents, there

-11-

•

. . ; .

:. .V I

'

'
' • .

-

always cones that moment when we reach a rushing, icy,
mountain stream, and then all our wooa are drowned in that
one sublime draught. We may toil up the steep side of a
big mountain, with the slide rock playing havoc with our legs,
yet when we roach the summit there is always a rest and a
Tiew off over the endless mountain ranges,' perhaps far to
the east we see the towering, snow-capped Sierras. And the
day may be long and we may return to camp completely tired
out, yet we find rest, then - yes, roat and a grand old Teed",
Of course there aro cotalii trivial occurrences which
detract from the enjoyment of the work, but these are far
out-balanced by the many interesting, and attractive features.
In short, this summer in the reconnaissance camp has been
one of real benefit to me - benefit both physical and mental.
I have certainly enjoyed the work.

D. E. Earrower.

Comforts and Necessities for the Reconnaissance Man

One of the first essentials for comfort in the woods
IB a good bed. A nan must sleep well to be able to walk
over hills all day. A good comfortable bed may be made
with fir boughs. There are a number of ways of building
a bough fced. The essential thing is to get the most spring
possible from the boughs. One way is to take two small
logs three to four inches in diameter and a little over six
feet long, and lay them on the ground about four feet apart.
Then place two short logo at the head and foot, thus forming
a rectangle. Then lay rather large fir boughs cross ways,
with the under side of the needles upward. Beginning at th«
head thatch with smaller boughs, putting the butt ends xantl«r-
neath, thus bringing the finer needles at the top of the bed.

The main fault of a bough bed is that it takes

considerable time to build and then in a couple of days all the
spring is gone and it must be made over. With such a bed
a canvas cover may be used to hold the blankets in place.
A piece of ten-ounce duck about 6x7 feet will be noded.
Fold over, bringing the two edges together and fold up about
six inches at the foot. Thenfasten snaps and rings along the
sides and at the foot. When the blankets are inside such a
bag and the adges aro snapped together, a good sleeping bag
is formed. The canvas also conies in handy to wrap around
one's duffle when moving caep.

While the first cost is rather large, air beds
are very convenient and for those who spend most of the time
in the woods they are probably the moat economical in the

run. They are always ready and don't have to be remade

-12-

every few dayo as do bough beda. They are also wat -n'-proof

and BO protect one from tho damp grour.«l. Air beds may

be purchased at a cost of about twenty-fiv? «r thirty dollars.

Another form of bed which ia vo:y oosnfortablo and
more permanent than a bou^h bed can be made by building a
frame work of poles up from tho ground. Then veave rope
back and forth* to form a net on top of which beupfts nay be
laid arri then the blankets.

In the evening one wishes to do a little reading
or writing and it is then that on-3 appreciates a good light,
for a camp fire is certainly a failure ac a light. The
simplest form of light is a candle stuck to a board, but if
unprotected the slightest breath of wind will blow it out.
A food device for a camp light is to ta'*:. a gallon fruit can,
out a round hole in one side about threo inches in diameter,
ther. make a hole In the bottom throurti ttoili the candle nay b«
pushed, but fitting too tightly for the oanule to slip through.
The wallo of the can will protect tlie lij^ht from th« wind
and also serve to reflect the llf,ht through the holo. Hail
a stick to the oide of the can me1 the lit$it can bcnoved aa
needed, then held by the stick punned into the ground. For
one who deeiros a more elaborate affair, a folding lantern can
be purchased at a cost of about t'.ro dollars and a half.

In the matter of personal equipment every one hae
his own ideas. Since one is walking all the time the feet
deserve the first attention. A person chould havo two good
pajr of high boots wnll hob-nailed, about four pair of light
wctler. socks, and about four pair of the heaviest woolen socks
obtainable* A pair of 11 ht .-noccaoir.o about tho hei/£:t of
an ordinary shoe will bd found very convenient to wear about
oaap evenings and on Gundayo. Khaki isprobarly the most
serviceable and lightest thing tc wear In the field* For
a BUrr-nor's wear one would need about two shirts and two pair
of trouuore. A light narrow brim felt or linen hat 10 the
beat for fielJ wear. An extra flannel shirt and sweater is
liandy for oold weather. Toilet articles oar. be carried beat
in a c^-oth roll with pookete made for the purpose. A email
pillun is mi£hty handy at night.

The working outfit is on important part <f camp
life but. it is tc-o broai a subject to take up here.

B. S. Yates.
Winter Iteoonn-a i a sar.i; o ^_ti -^-ne ^asta PC rent

When the subject of winter reconnaissance was dls-
cunced at the aupervioors* aeotlng last December, considerable
doubt was expressed by most of those present ao to its
feasibility. During the previous winter, however, a con-

-13-

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•t«*I Vrr.r.K-;.

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eiderable amount of surveying had boen done on the onow on
th* ta Forest and Supervisor Ilamnatt felt quite oonfldent
that reconr.aisnonce work could be successfully carried on
during the winter.

During the sunn<?r it had been i-npossible to detail
any of the rangers to reconnaissance^ work as they were all
extremely bus;* with their protection work and other field
work. It is quite important that the rangers be familiar
with reconnaissance methods and work, and this winter work
furaiohed an excellent opportunity for them to gain this
experience at a tine when there was but little work needing
their attention in their districts. A large part of the
winter work was carried on in a reguin where the underbrush
is so dense that reconnaissance work is practically impossible
during the summer. The winter work will also aid materially
in coinpleting the reconnaissance work of the Forest.

This winter reconnaissance was carried on by two
crews of six men each - fire rangers and a forest assistant.
The crew of which I was in charge worked in the northeast
portion of the Forest, working from tho Forest boundary south
to a divide up to which the other crew was working from the
south •

We raised our tents at our first camp on January 8,
"and the next clay it snowed" . We had three oanpe altogether
during the winter; at the first two we were in a country of
lava rock without fresh water and our water for drinking and
cooking had to be hauled from a well five miles distant* For
this purpose, and for convenience in bringing in supplies,
we kept with us at our first two camps two horses and a wagon
(and later a slod). The trips after water and supplies
were confined as far as possible to days when it was im-
possible to do field work on account of soft snow or storms.
The team, was also used in going to and from work when tho
work lay at a considerable distance from camp, as there
wao a large amount of level country at our first two camps.
YThen the snow became deep It was found quicker to walk to
work rathern than to ride where there were no roads broken.

w V7as melted for water for the heroes, and to considerable
extent for our own use ao T/ell. V/e had three tents: one
1<? x !<'', was provided with a board floor, and used fbr our
bunk house, and was kept very comfortable by a heating store;
another tent 12 x 14* was our meas tent and kitchen j the
third tent, 16 x 10' was tho stable. The rangers took
turns at cooking, acting as cook for a week at a time, and
doing no field work during that week.

During, the first week the snow was very shallow
and we worked without snowshoeo* After the second snow otorm
we started to use sno'.vehoea and oor.tlr.ued th cir use during
the r&mainder of the work. '/e had fire pair of web shoes

-14-

and two pair of dels. The web shoes wore beet euitr,j to
our a O3t, of our work ras done by pacing. After
the nen heed all bocome familiar with the raethodu of work
ar»i with pacing on snowshoes, we worked in orev/a of two men

, ootinintinr of a oorapasoman and tallyman. The compaes-
man wr>3 equipped with a standard compass and Jacob staff, an
aneroid barometer, a tally register, a map book form 521, and
run the lines, did the pacing, made the topofrarhic nnd
> maps and took the oilvical notes. The tallyman used
calinera to take diameters until he became orpert, and then
carried a diameter tape to mako frequent checks; he v/ao also
equipped with a standard Forest Service hypsometer, and a
tally book form 335. and tallied the trees on a strip two
chains wide by epocies, dianeter breast high and number of
lo£s, and also assisted in the preparation of the sllvical
notes.

fter a man had spent two weeks as oojipassir.aj;,
he chanced and acted as tallyman for an oaual period, and
vice versa, in order that each man might be familiar with all
the details of the work. On days whon it was impossible
to do field work the oompassmen transferred the topographic
and t:Tpe maps and the silvic al and field notes to forms 322,
and the tallymen entered their estimates on these forms.
In this way the rangere all became familiar with the office
work as well as with the field work, and at the end of the
season the only work left to be dene in the supervisor's
office was the combined map on township plata 303 and the
general report.

Pour strips, running through the center of each tier
of forties, were run across each section: the strips were two
chains wide, so that lOf? of the area was covered, Hie tracks
of the compassnien in the snow made it very easy for the tally-
can to fallow the line ?/ithout keeping watch on the compaasman.
When the men had become familiar with the work, each crew was
expected to cover a section a day. The country in which
we were working was well surveyed so that we could check on
the large majority of section and quarter corners. A supply
of fire warnings was carried along and at every corner found
a fire warning was posted, usually on a bearing tree facing
th? corner. Even when the snow was very deep, the wind would
scoop out the snow around the base of the troes so that the
marks on line and bearing trees could usually be seon even
though the corners were deeply buried. When we worked along
the boundary, a supply of boundary notices was also carried
for posting whore we checked on section lines or corners along*
the boundary,

\Vorking on the ssiow necessarily made it impossible
to obtain silvioal notes on the seedling reproduction, the
soil, hurruo, litt/er, ground cover and underbrush and grazing

-15-

conditions. That part f the area which is fairly open
can be gone over in the summer by one or two raon rapidly
and this data supplied. On the area covered by dense brush
this will be more difficult.

From our first cair.p our work lay in a region
which forced the wintering grounds of a band of antelope
and of the mule tail deer, and it was not^ommon to see as
many as twenty deer during tho course of a day's work. At
this camp too we were near a settlement, and a couple sleigh
rides to dances at the school house several milos distant,
a party &t our nearest neighbor's, and a chicken dinner given
one Sunday in camp to our friends were among the social events
of that period.

Tho snowfall in that region was unusually heavy
last v/inter. Our first two camps had boon selected with the
expectation of working there with little snow, waiting until
the snow had settled in the mountains, but we had lasting
snow on the plains as v/ell.

Our third camp was up in the hills and was moro
difficult* V/e took our equipment by team as far as snow
would allow the horses to go. then the horses were sent home
for the balance of the season and two sleds were constructed
with the skis for runners, and we pullod our equipment five
milos, up to our camping site. Hore we had a good spring
of water but had to dig dotm over five foot to reach it. To
pitch our tents on the jrroxuid we had to clear off from three
to five feet of snow in a sheltered spot. While we were at
this camp we had a blizzard, during which it snowed five days
almost constantly and added several feet more to the depth
of the snow. Our work lasted until we were called to Slsson
for the ranger meeting the latter part of March. Prom our last
camp we hauled our equipment ten miles to the nearest railroad
point, but this being down hill and them across a wide stretch
of level land was not very difficult.

The other reconnaissance party lived in cabins, as
they had much deeper snorr than we did at our first two camps.
They hauled in their provisions on sleds made for that purpose
along the lines of the sleds used in Alaska. Their methods
of field work were oimilar to those described for our camp.

We f ound our quarters in the tents could be kept
very comfortable throughout the winter, and the work was
healthy and enjoyable. The reconnaissance experience will be
of great benefit to the rangers in their work, and the amount
cf work accomplished during an oxpeptionally stormy winter
proved not only the feasibility but also the success of winter
reconnaissance on the Shasta Forest.

-16-

The following table is one talcen from a report on
the Chacta winter reco:i:aiBsance, 7;hich I have received
sinco ry transfer to the Trinity.

Aroa estimated 20,480 acres

Area mapped only 7 , 500

Kucber oections worked on 52

Cost of field work $1,744.60

Coet of office work at Sisson 35,40

Total cost 1,730*00

Cost per acre field work (based on cruised

areas only) ,0852

Cost per acre, office , .., •001'?

Total .0868

Division of time in field.

Days •£ Cost

Field 112 24.4 '^425. 75

Cooking 66 14.5 253,00

Travel , novin/3 camp.

and getting supplies

Holidays
Stores

Office

Sales and telephone use

*rinual leave

Sick leave

124
41
97

6

9
2 )

2 )

27.0

9.0

21.0

4.1

471.00
157.15
566.50

71.50

0^
J. D,

§1744.60

Cofftnan.

VITTS on sscor.i.Mi's-Ai'.

I tl Ir.: rccornrissrnce jivo? r. bc^inrer ir. forestry
€. better ic*es of the ;;rcct forestry v.orld cm" the big work
to co c'or.o then r.r.;- other trork or study coil:' ^ive. TV ere
IB !-• difficult eifo to the v.crl;, out rleo e very *"loesent end
ir ting sice; tho interest varying from : ooEt^t bet.een
insect. . one for liio, the other for t rood reel, to e viev?
frorr L } ijh »-eak of c nvltitucc oi forertoc hilln ritli hero
there fi cnov/ corvei cone or ran^e.

One Kay cerry corcrecs or.c drr-.^ ohoin or estimate
tor until his limbs ere rtiff enc feet blistered, but he
a.--, arrieciete ct ni^ht lie- ted of green fir tou.fjrs, whose
cruRhcc r.cec.les oenu uy sv.eet ir.cer.so, or.6 the lov rrurmiring
of the rinos cs only those \.h.o heve h.ac such an orerience can.
One may fine cliffs unii chesrs in hio run v;hich c.etein hira till
a crri. hour, tut the jrooc n,etl from Uncle Sca'o r.ell eu-rplied
leicer is e Joy r.rich only hungry c.en l:now. One may force
hie v.ey through 8 mile of scrub oat and iror.zenit? brush,
et tires ,-;oinj on all lours in orcor to cove ct all, but when
he reaches the high Livice v.ith its rood of tell '•ines enc. firs,
rcsses into the censy circle anc. refreshes himself at a cold
svrir.j, tie contrast in.Ce to the rlefoure of vall.ing the fire
neeLle cermet, listening to the v:hir of e jrouse's T.injs. the
elcrn: note of c it.our.tein cuail or t? o crash of p buc/. cs he
Blunges covm the steer slore. There riay 'oe e hclf day of
rroupht re one clir.bs e steer, cry, south elore, or a rcak of
five or oix thousand feet olevction, but cones th? finding of
a cole Doivntnin trooh gurgling over the smooth rocks ert.
drifting the v.hite eend cornverc, end the reoching of the
hijhest "oint v;here tho cool urper oir currents llorv enc
the r ultituco of rnaks, riches end s^urs. rhich fro:.. belo\
seem to te all .'ur.bled in confusion, can be seen to unite in
rourinj t>cir sy rings cr.c brooks tovarc c. con.n»n utrean.

In E fef. nonths of cruising ir, the foroct ore sees
tho orrlicption enc jreat need of the coiencoc. To rot
acouclr.tec. vrith the trecc enc errube toten.1 is eoeential;
the roch fori.^tione snr. eoile require geology; the diaeesed
enc tving tieee call lor entomology; there iruet be e phyeicel
reneon for e dintinct lino between tr.c e-ecios ol trees or
for the sui.der. cvcr.^e from v.oorland to brush; an rbscr.t cook
rr.c rot close journey f'ec.er.c a ! nor led. ^e of coneetic ecience £

the crt of ,1-tc! in^: t>c ecionce of undorett-ncing rnd
oireclir.rj rcen ic ar. Tnrortant aBBet of c forerter.

V.'ith ill these intereets and rroblers before ?ic.
the nev. Tr.sr, is often tcnrted to ttk« time end inquire into
th.err v.? ile ir the field.'

R. F. Holland.

A ote - This v.r.p icoeivcc. er.c ir.se. tec into tvis
i sue too _j;te to '.umber tith the other rtrec.

( Editor)

Reconnaissance in District 4

The followhg Interesting notes arc by one of •
men in charge of reconnaissance in District 4:

"On this job we have been estimating by forties
and mapping en a four-inch to the mile scale, contour
interval IOC*. On thie map we locate not only main forest

• es, but also characteristic stands, distinguish commercial
and non-coi.imercial stands, take notes on logging, accessibility,
lumbering costs, soil, surface, and oilvicultural notes.

We have been working between 8000 and 9000 feet
elevation but the next move will take up away ab've 10,OOC.
Gome peaks run over 4000 and are so steep and rugged that I
think triangulation for napping and irregular strips for
the estimato will be most practicable. V/e use the Forest
Service standard hypsometer for obtaining elevations of
points triangulated on. By careful compase and hTpsoraeter
work we can uasily keep the per cent of error under two, which
is good for rough country.

As a detailed system of records io being kept, we
can tell on short notico how much time ia given by each
man to novin^, mapping, estimating, camp office (map and
estimate) and miscellaneous, also how much of oach type and
how many M feet are done per month. A separate sheet showing
salary and expenses Is kept and by a little clever manipulation
we know how much per acre or per M the work is costing."

Topographic Surveys

Their Belation to and Value in Logging Operations
The Use of Maps

The following taken from the July 1 number of
the American Lumberman ia a summary of the paper given by
W. W. Feed, Superintendent of the Oregon and Eureka Railroad
Company, Samoa, California, at the Pacific Logging Conference,
Vancouver, B. C.:

:"r. Peed did not advocate topographic surveys as a
panacea for all business ills. While sanctioning them In
practical form, he declared that some of the new "efficiency"
articles were old principles in a new garb. He could not
define a money value for topographic surveys in connection
with logging work. He found three main divisions governing
the success of logging operations, classifying them in the
amount of timber per acre, the physical character of the
territory to be logged, and the transportation facilities-
all interdependent.

The speaker went into details of determining the
amount of standing timber and much of the character of tho

-17-

ocvj.tr/, and its neans of transportation, and declared that
"v/ith the topo/-ra:hlcal map you undoubtedly secure a better

•>f tlie relation existing between two different points
thor. can be done by personal investigation without spending
a decl'iedly unwarranted amount of time". He deprecated
gcir.p int,o the logging business before a cruise is made of
lands under consideration before buying them. Ho illustrated
the value of topographic maps by comparing then with
architects' plans for a house or building, and was emphatic
in corjr.endinf conmon sense in the planning of logpinf
operations and an intelligent understanding of such maps

thfir practical use. He recommended a thorough study
of costs in comparative form and dwelt upon the value of
"reliable, immediate, adequate and permanent records", and
warred against dependence upon naps or plans not absolutely
correct*

llr. Peed tyent into details of output of machines,
of estimates and of unity of methods, and declared that he
knew of no method "that would better fulfill the conditions
than a £ood mop properly handled". While he acknowledged
that the preparation of a good map involves some oxponse it
would not be so great "as would appear on first thought and
will undoubtedly under almost any condition be warranted."

Trailo and Brush Disposal

I am not accustomed to writing articles for
publication, but will make a trb.1.

The Ruth and Zonia telephone is complete and is
in fine working order, the line being thirteen railea in
length and well constructed. I congratulate Ranger Gray
in his good judgment in his choice as foreman, as Mr. Wm.
Vann accomplished lots of good work each day.

Prom my experience in building trails through short,
dense brush, the best implement is a good mattock. First,
have it sharpened by a blacksmith and not tempered too hard
so it will beak by striking rocks, and soft enough so you can
easily sharpen with file* Any one can easily carry a file
with him. By keeping your mattock sharp you can brush out a
trail in good shape, and it will be free from sharp snags that
would be liable to cripple your saddle or pack horse for all
sunner- However, a trail brushed in that way and six or
eight feet wide will offer great advantages in checking forest
fireu should a fire come in that section of the country, and
besides you have done something to be proud of. I have
built considerable trail of this kind while on patrol and
lookout duty, and I believe it to be the most practical way.

Assistant Ranger Box has cy idea of piling brush
except in regard to windrows. I believe the windrows should
be nade short and not to exceed four feet in height. Then

-Ifl-

light your fire on the up-hill end, and if the windrows
be very long, Bhould the wind change and come down hill, the
heat »-oul-I be so great it woulcT do great damage to the young
growth; if the windrows are short and low down of course the
fire would not be so large and the heat would not be so intense.
Do not in any caoe allow the bruoh to lay longer than one
winter and one summer. Should the brush lie two winters the
bark becomes loose, the sapwood begins to decay and becomes
spongy, so the first shower of rain or damp and fogf^' weather
seems to eoak it and it becomes so wet it is hard to obtain
good resulto %.:hen the burning time arrives. In piling limbs,
I novld suggest, pile them straight with each other and then
when burning they will settle down and burn clean. If cross-
piled they are not liable to burn clean.

S. A. Shields.

Hewa from the Ranger Districts
District No. 1

I have noticed in a number of places where petty
burning is being carried on by a number of persons, setting
snail fires along roads and trails, in every instance the
turned area not exceeding six square feet, with the exceptions
of two places. One was in the Salmon range of mountains on
Grizzly Croek whore a party of geological surveyors had camped,
a cabin being* burned and a number of trees scorched by the
intense heat, and another on Chaparral Mountain where one acre
was burned over.

During the month 01' August and September seven miles
of telephone line was completed and two boxes installed. This
line is an extension of the Trinity River Telephone system,
from Northfork to the Yellowstone Mine.

August 27 the wire was delivered on Blue Ridge
for a forty-acre pasture, and Guard Adams brushed out the
right of way for the fence. Through some mis -understand ing
however, the staples were not shipped and work was discontinued
for the present,

August 29 the wire was delivered on Hayfork Bally for
a forty-acre pasture. The first few days of September were
devoted to the survey of the East Pork and Backbone Trail which
is to be cooperative work between Trinity County and the Forest
Service.

Y/ork on all Improvements was closed down
indefinitely until r.ore funds are available, or until the
projects may be conpleted with guard labor.

Four days were devoted to the survey of the Trinity
River Trail at Schnider's Bar, Since September 25 all the
guards in this district have devoted their entire time to
the improvement of trails.

Two days of this month were spent in the examination
of two June 11 claims.

E. r;. Brannan.

District No. 2

During the month of September we have had two
small fires v/hich burned over an area of a little more
than one acre.

Royal Trimble and Sam Jackson, Guards, have
finished the cleaning up of the Cold Springs Telephone
line and the Short Cut trail, a distance of twelve milea.
Guard Jackson and Ranger Woodnams gathered six pounds of
incense cedar seed this month. Twelve milee of the Eltapom
trail, extending from Hyanpom throu$i Eltapom towards Burnt
Ranch, have been graded at the worst place o and brushed out
to the width of eight foet, and the brush burned. This
work was also done by Jackson and Woodhams.

Messrs. Trimble, V/oodhame and Bush have brushed
out the Kinzey-Deer Creole Ridge trail about ten miles in
length and to the width of oight feet. Ward and Griff itts,
Guards, have burned the brush and finished the work on the
Indian Valley patrol trail, a strip ten miles long and eight
feet wide. In addition to this these two guards have kept
active patrol and lookout of fires, built a confer table frame
house on the Indian Valley Ranger Station, and sowed the
enclosure of si:: acres to timothy for pasture.

llr. V»oodhar.s had the misfortune of getting his horse
shot while on patrol, and barely escaped being shot by the
sa~e bullet. lir. T/oodhams was leading his horse at the time
and a hunter shot the horse in the forehead, blinding the
right eye of the animal.

We are pleased to be able to report that E. R.
Garrett is improving rapidly. He can get arouni now a little.

Y/m. X. Garrett is on duty again, after recovering
fron his broken leg.

If. X. Garrett.

District Bo. 3

During the month of September we have had one fire,
which burned over an area of fifteen acres and cost 04.50 for
temporary labor. This is the largest fire we have had during
the season.

During September twelve and one-half miles of
telephone line from Peanut to tho McCampbell place
have been built, and also four miles of line from the
McCampbell place up the East Fork of Hayfork. The
California ?.Iedicinal Springs Company is going to extend this
line on out to the Deer Lick Springs cm Brown's Creek.
It has purchp.eed the material and made arrangements to have
Forest Guards Smest Duncan and Ivan Cuff construct the line
when they have finished with the Forest Service work.

Tho ton-acre caoture on thf> Carr Creole Ranger
Station -ill be finished by tho 10th of October.

J. "V. Pat ton.
-20-

District Ho. 4

Them have been no firea In this district during
September.

The work on the Tedock trail has been carried on
by two con v/ho have been improving the trail by cutting
out the steor grades.

There is now being constructed a blacksmith shop
at the V.'hite Rock Rangar Station by two temporary nen and
Foreat Guard Buckl* . This shop will be completed In
about two v/eeks.

Several miles of the telephone route for the
telephone over V/hite Rock Ranger Station to the Yola Bola
have been looked over as a preparation for later work
on the line. I hope to put up several miles of the
telephone this year since six and - half miles of the wire
are already on the ground.

The emergency line near Yola Bola lookout has
been working very well. The other evening, however, a
bear having become entangled in the line, played serious
havoc with its usefulness by twisting up the wire quite a
bit and stripping the insulation for oeveral feet.

Harry Everest.

District No. 5

During the month of September we had two email
fires, one on September 13 which burned over an area of
three and one -half acroo, and another on September 22 which
burned over one-eighth of an aore. The first mentioned fire
occurred on private land, the second on Forest land. A
light rain falling on Septeraber 25 has eliminated the fire
danger in thio section temporarily.

All hands aro now for a few days wording on various
inprovonont projects. In September we have completed the
Had River-Zenia Telephone line, fourteen miles in length. »
Five miles of new trail have also been built along the South
Pork and Grizzly Mountain Sumnlt. We repaired several miles
of old trail.

The timber to be used In the construction of the
dwellin^ on the Mad River Ranger Station is now on the
ground and work has been started. Ranger Shields ie getting
out timbers for the barn at the Grizzly Mountain Lookout.

Guard Ilohnenberger, whose appointment terminated
Septenber 50, has loft to take a position in Han Francisco
for the winter. All the other guards will be retained
until October 15.

J. T. Gray.

» i'.r. Gray oont in an excellent map showing the route

of this line GO that it can easily be tranof erred to the
office mups. (Sditor)

-21-

District 17o. 6

The one fir* in this district, September 22,
burned £ aore. On September 25 there was sufficient rain
to wot the ground so as to eliminate the dangor of fire?
in this distrit for the balance of the season.

Guard Martin has brushed out the Four Mile Trail
from South Fork to top of ridge abovo Four Mile Camp, besides
making norae needed changes and cutting out the logs obstructing
the trail*

Guards McNeil and Frazier are building a trail from)
Red Hill to Brett Corral on Trinity Summit. V/hen completed
this trail will shorten the distance from Willow Creek to
Trinity Gunurit approximately two miles and ^rill avoid climbing '
a big mountain.

Fourteen miles of telephone line froir. Hawkins
Bar to Quinby will be completed during September.

Guard Graham has taken dorm the telephone line
from Panther Creek Hanger Station to the Chamberlain place
on Redwood Creek.

P. A. Graham.
District No. 7

One fire for September is our record. This
occurred on railroad land* The expense of fighting it
being paid by the railroad company, we are able to .call it
Class B.

Work has progreosed in a very satisfactory manner
since our last letter. Seven miles of trail have been
completed along the summit of Trinity Mountain for a fire
patrol, and the construction of more trail up the Stuart's
Fork has been vigorously carried on by a crew of three good
men, to the amount of *135.CO worth of labor. This trail
will not be completed before another fiscal year on account of
lack of money.

Assistant Ranger Box and Guard Thorne made a very
successful trip to Weaver Bally for the purpose of talrinr up
our temporary telephone line, and moving the lookout man's
equipment to winter quarters. The boys ran into the first
snow of the season, but with true ranger grit proceeded to
coil up the wire, snow or no snow, and made a record trip
out of it. They left VTeaverville at 11 A. M. on the 26th,
arrived at Picken's camp at East Weaver Lake at 5:50 P. M.
The next morning they coiled 2 2/3 miles of wire, packed it
out to where the horses could be driven, returned to Picken'a
camp, packed up everything and moved camp to the old D&y and
Kafley sawmill site that ni£ht. The next morning they picked
up the remaining mile or wire, loaded everything onto the
horses and arrived in Weaverville at 1:00 P. II. Our lookout
man got through Saturday, September 83, Just a little earlier
than sone of ua figured he would, but say, boys, be a little

-22-

oful about discussing this matter with the nupervisor.
V.'e took advantage of the storm on the 25th and
cleaned up some of the bnish. Guards Viles, Thomson and
elf burned the brush on the Silipo nale area.

District 7 has made two small timber sales this
•nonth, one amounting to $43.75 and the other $54.00. We

VQ another 50,000 ft. sale in sight, and a possible
1,000,000 ft. sale for another summer to the Trinity Dredging
Company. This does not sound so bad to the boys of District
7.

Guard Thorne has his flag flying from the top of
his lookout tree at Buckeye No. 1. The tree measured 190
feet ir. height. The flag is flying twenty-five feet above
the tree top. This tree, with Mr. Thorne standing in its
top, holding to the flag pole, would make an excellent
picture.

C. A. Chamberlain*

PERSONAL

Mr* Ho-.tard de Forest, who has been working with
the reconnaissance party as temporary Forest Assistant f
has been permanently assigned to the Trinity Forest as
Forest Assistant. Ur« de Forest is a graduate of the Tale
Forest School and is well trained to take up the scientific
study of forestry.

Miss V/illlamson left September 24 for a visit to
'ier parents at San Luis Obispo. During Miss Williamson's
absence Hiss fiuth Trimble, of Hyampom, will be employed as
temporary clerk.

Deputy Supervisor Oof fman left Weaverville on
September 18 for an extended trip within the Forest. He
.ias been with Assistant Ranger Garrett and expects after hie
present vioit with Ranger Graham to spend a few days with
Assistant Hanger Brannan.

Assistant Ranger Ballard R. Garrett was stricken
.rith partial paralysis while in Eltapom Creek Country.
..1 though seriously affected for a time, he is now recovering
.'jxl hopes after a period of convalescence to be again on active
luty.

Forest Assistant Jotter and Mrs. Jotter are to be
Congratulated on the arrival of a boy September S.

Assistant Ranger Wm. X. Garrett is again in the
aaddle, although his broken leg has not entirely healed.

Field Assistants Bruff and narrower

liave left the reconnaissance party for their respective
'lomes. Mr. Bruff will continue his studies in forestry at
the University of Nebraska, and Mr. Harrower takes the same

-23-

Ur-iiiJ

>.i

*..*>P •'••."•;•;.

' ..

. . vi..;.-*i •'

• , ..-. .' ••'

"

course of study at the State College, Pennsylvania.
Liot of Publications received oince September 1

Forest Service Publications
Calif ornia Tanbe.rk Oak. Bullet ip 75

Grazim rxnd Floods, a Study of Conditions in the Monti
national Foreot, Utah. Bulletin 91

Colombian L'aho^any, Its Characteristico and Its Use as a
Substitute for True Mahogany.

Consuription of Wood Preservatives and Quantity of ".Vood

Treated in the United States in 1910. Circular 188.

Relation of Li£ht Chipping to the Commercial Yield of
Taval Stores, by Charles H» Eerty, Bulletin 90.

Othor Publications

A review of the Laws Forbidding Pollution of Inland Waters
in the United States, by Edwin E. Goodell, U. 0. G. S.

Kinaral Productions, County Maps and Mining Laws of California,
Bulletin 60. Issued by the California State Mining
Bureau, San Francisco.

T/eir Srporiment3, Coefficients and Formulas, by Robert
E. Horton, U. "J. G. S.

The Quality of the Surface Waters of California, by Walton
Van Winkle and Frederick M. Eaton, U. S. G. S.

California Hydro^aphy, by Joseph Barlow Lippinoott, U.S.G.S.

Methods for the Examination of Bituminous Road Materials,

by Provost Dubbard. Bulletin 33, Office of Public Roads.

The Comiion ilole, by Theo. H. Scheffer. Kansas State

Agricultural College Experiment Station, Bulletin I6Q.

Th« I-ocket Gopher, by Theo. H. Scheffer. Kansas State

Agricultural College Experiment Station, Bulletin 17?.

Twenty-first Biennal Report of the Board of Fish and Game

Conani so loners of the State of California, for the years
19C9-1910.

-24-

.. • .

Gar.3 J,i-*8 for 1911, A Sunmary of the Provisions Relating to
aeons, Shipments, Sale, Limit a and Licenses, farmers'
-letin 470.

A Cuide to the Birds of the Pacific Coast, by C. A. Stebbins,
Eul. 2. Publications of the State Normal School, Chico.

Pood of the Woodpeckers of the United States, by P.E.L. Seal,
Bui. 37, Biolocical Surrey.

i!eadow liice in Relation to Agriculture and Horticulture, by
D. E. Lantz, Biological Survey.

Sone Benefits the Farmer may Derive from Game Protection, by
T. S. Palmer, Biological Survey.

Birds that Eat Scale Insects, by W. L. UcAtee, Biological Survey.

The Game Warden of Today, by W. Williams, Jr., * •

The Blue Jay and Its Pood, by P. E. L. Beal, • •
Destruction of Wolves and ^Coyotes, by V. Bailey, "

Ilawka and Owls from the Standpoint of the Farmer, by A. K,
Fisher, Biological Survey.

The Headow Lark and the Baltimore Oriole, by P. E. L. Beal,
Biological Survey.

Deer Farming in the United States, by D. E. Lantz, Farmer's
Bulletin 350, Biological Survey.

Seed-eating Mammals, by N. Dearborn, Cir. 78, Biological Survey.

Breeding Droucbt-re Blatant Forage Plants for the Great Plains

Area, by A. C. Dillman, Bulletin 195 Bureau of Plant Industry,

Forest Kuraerieo for Schools, by W. M. Moore and E. R.
Jac«:3cn, Farmers' Bulletin 423.

-25-

AN OFFICIAL ACCOUNT OF THE SAN BERNARDINO FIRE

In view of the many conflicting newspaper reports
on the recent Can Bernardino fire, District Forester Coert
DuLuis, who is in general charge ofthe National Forests in
iforriia, has issued the following authentic account:

The fire started about noon on Tuesday, July £5,
fron on unknovm cause, on the west side of the road up
Waterman Canyon. Within an hour and a half, three Forest
rangers and seven citizens had reached the ground and
brought the original fire under control with less than two
and a half acres burned over. A separate fire, starting
from a brand, blown from the main fire, had also been
detected and extinguished. Another spark had evidently
Jumped across the road from the original fire when it was
burning its hardest. This spark smoldered but did not show
up in flame or smoke until some fifteen minutes after the
first two fires had been brought under perfect control. The
ten men on the ground attacked this third fire promptly and
except for the high wind then blowing, they would have had no
difficulty in conquering it.

Cases are very rare where fires escape from control
after being reached by the Rangers as promptly as this San
Bernardino fire. When the Rangers and fire fighters had this
third fire almost under control, a furious gust of rrind came
up the canyon, scattered fire all over the hillside from the
one half acre then burning, and forced the men to run for their
lives* Except for this extraordinary wind, which eye witnesses
say was a small hurricane, the fire would never have escaped
and would have represented little more than a figure in annual
fire reports and other statistics.

After the fire escaped, it burned with uncontrollable
force during the remainder of the afternoon and covered over
500 acres by 6 O'clock Tuesday evening. Realizing that help
was needed immediately, the ranger in charge when the fire
escaped prornptly telephoned to San Bernardino for men. Right
here the protective system broke down. Naturally -no Forest
officer was in San Bernardino and no arrangements had been
made in advance for the immediate dispatch of volunteer fire
fighters or organized bodies of men in caee of fire. The
men telephoned for by the ranger were not sent. The small
force of r.en on the ground fought without help twenty-one
hours, or until 11 o'clock on Wednesday, July 26. Recog-
nizing the hopelessness of the situation, two rangers then
left the fire line and went to San Bernardino for men. The
orportunity to conquer the fire had, however, been lost for
lack of help during the first twenty-four hours. During the

-26-

oecond and third days of the fire, rangers an'l fire fighters
labored unceasingly to control the blaze. They succeeded
except in the head of a fork of Cold Water Canyon where the
fire was burning fiercely on very steep ground covered with
a dense growth of nonzanita and thorn brush and where there
was very little dirt to use in fighting the flanes. Forest
officers and fire fighters who have been over this ground
report that the difficulties confronting the fire fighters
at this point can not be understood by any one who has not
actually* been over the ground. Friday night, when the fire
had been burning for a trifle over three lays, a fire line
was almost completed around the lower end and sides of the
fire. Before the circle could be closed, a high north wind
started to blow and scattered fire in new directions, undoing
nuch that had been gained "luring the previous day's fight.
The north wind blew for only two hours but in thin time fire
was so scattered that when the normal southwest wind again
started up the firo was able to spread rapidly, despite the
desperate efforts of the hundreds of men then on the line.
North winds blew again at intervals during Saturday night,
Sunday, and Sunday night. Each time the north wind blew, the
fire wao blown backward into positions from which, when the
southwest winds returned, it could make uncontrollable runhea
up the steep front of the San Bernardino range. By Sunday
night the fire had spread to such size that the task of working
the enormous length of the fire line was not completed until
Monday, August 7, almost two weeks after the fire started.

When the fire started, lir. R. H. Charlton, the
Supervisor of the Angeles national Forest, was on one of his
regular trips of inspection and field supervision. He promptly
got in touch with hisoubordinates who were in charge of the
fight, but since they repeatedly reported that they expected
no difficulty in conquering the fire, Mr. Charlton did not leave
his regular work for several days. Deputy supervisor Long
was in Los Angeles in charge of the Supervisor's office when
the fire occurred. When the fire had boon burning twenty-
eight hours he realized that the situation was grave enough
to demand his personal attention and immediately started for
San Bernardino to take personal charge of the work.

The organization of the fight at this fire was about
the same as usually effected when large stubborn fires are being
fought. On occasions of this kind, red tape is never a bar to
prompt and effective action. At this fire men were employed,
supplies purchased, and ovory sort of transportation arranged
for both men and supplies without the dealy of any system of
requisitions or approval of higher officers of the Service.
The standing instructions to Supervisors and Rangers are to
incur any liabilities necensary for the controlling of any fire
on National Forest lands. At no time in the history of the
San Bernardino fore was there any hesitation IB securing men
or curplioo because nf the expense or lack of authority of men
on the ground to incur it.

-27-

is fire v/au the opportunity

to uco c- Jioporting icon and equipment. This

ver. 1 node of . ortation was used wherever
noc- ;c.rpa were 3:ept well supplied with provisions

and : ont hungry cnly when they v/ere unable to got to the

Although no preparations had been made for the
enploymont of such lar^a bodies of men, numerous ingenious
sy. of organizing s'nall crews, isouing and dispatching
ordero end handling men at camps were devised and adopted,
not "ceding the strain of the fight.

Lion v:ere employed at the standard rate of pay for
pert of the country. 25(4 per hour was allowed for time
conox'jnoJl g°inS from San Bernardino to the fire, for all time

::t on the rire line/ or in traveling between the fire camps
and the fire line, and also for returning from the fire to San
Bernardino. The statement that straight tine at 25f per hour
fron the start from San Bernardino until the return was un-
authorized and did not originate with any Forest officer. It
ia obvious that the standard Forest Service syotom of paying fire
fighters by the hour would be nonsensical if payment were to be
made for twenty-four honrs a day.

Back-firing, when possible to practice it, is
one of the most effective methods for fighting forest fires.
Jhis ejetein was used whenever conditions of wind and slope made
it safe, and miles of back-fires were set under the instructions
of Forest officers. Back-fires are exceedingly dangerous
weapons, however, arid vrhon indiscriminately or unintelligently
used, are certain to opread the fire instead of aiding in its
control. One of the most serious handicaps the Forest officers
had to contend with was the setting of unauthorized back-fires
by settlers who wanted to protect their own property but failed
to take precautions against spread of the fires they had set.

Instructions against back-firing were usually
rnspected by settlers and threats to use fire arms was not
necessary and was not at any time resorted to. Some dis-
astrous back-fires v/ere sot when no Forest officers were near to
prevent it. On« sawmill man back-fired around his property
although he wae not in the path of the main fire. He then
started up his mill in disregard of possible damage his back-
fire night do to others. Forest officers and fire fighters
had to leave their work on the main fire to fight this back-
fire but before they succeeded in bringing it under control it
had, on account of the high wind prevailing at that time, run
over two miles and Joined the main fire.

On August 3, while the San Bernardino fire was still
at its height, a disbursing agent was sent from San Francisco with
a largo eum of money to his credit in the U. S. Sub-treasury. He
arrived in San Bernardino on the morning of August 4. Only
straggling fire fighters were then in town awaiting payment and
it was not until the night of August 5 that a Forest officer
could be spared from the line to come Into town and OK the time
checks of the fighters.. The disbursing p.gent started writing

-<2S-

checks on the morning of August 6 and kept it up until August
ir, at which time he had paid all of the labor accounts except
few odd bills that had not been presented. Settlements of
fire accounts in this case, as in all others, take precedence
over all other bills.

The total cost of controlling the fire was in the
neighborhood of $£5,000.00. practically all of which was paid
by the Forest Service. The total area burnod over is a
trifle under 19,000 acros. Two-thirds of this aroa is devoid
of timber but was covered with a growth of brush of very great
value to the water-using industries of the San Bernardino
Valley. The damage to timber is less than would be expected -
not over 5^T of the mature timber and only half of the young
timber between ten years of age and maturity being killed.
Seedlings under ton years of age were, of course, consumed.

An investigation will be made to determine the best
method of repairing the damage to the watersheds burned over,
but ao yet no plans have boon nade for planting the denuded
hillsides.

At several different times, officers in charge of the
fight ao well ae mountaineers who have had life long experience
at the fire fighting game, believed they were nearing the end
of the fifJit. That their expectations of success wero not
realized was duo to the freakish winds. The judgment of Forest
officers is only human and all experienced fire fighters recognize
the difficulty of contending with high winds or forcasting the
outcome of efforts to control a fire when a strong wind is
blowing. Every specific charge against the men in charge of
the fight has been carefully investigated by an officer from
the San Francisco headquarters, and they have been entirely
cleared of any suspicion of inefficiency.

Supervisor Charlton and Deputy Supervisor Long have
had years of experience in fighting brush fires. They have
been particularly successful in keeping fires out of the Forest
under their charge- Last year the Angeles' record for prevention
and prompt control of fire was the best in District 5, comprising
California and Western Nevada.

Causes beyond the control of these men or the rangers
who assisted them were alone responsible for the failure to
extinguish this fire in its oarly stages.

As coon ao it was found that there was no possibility
of ordering out troops, (the authority for which was requested
by the District Office), emergency bodies of fire fighters,' each
20 to 25 strong, were assembled at Bakerofield and at Bishop
and held "under arms" for two days. Luckily these were not
noeJed, but if the need had arisen at least 100 men under the
leadership of six experienced fire fighting rangers would have
been rushed to the scene from nearby Forests.

The people and commercial organizations of San Ber-
nardino, Rodlands, and Riverside gave splendid cooperation in

-29-

bringing this fire under control. They are entitled to the
sincere thanks of the Department and the people of Southern
California who are benefittod by the protection of the San
Bernardino Mountain Range.

A number of valuable lessons can be learned from
this fire. A study of its history indicates the need, firat
of all, of closer cooperation between the people of Southern
California and the Forest Service. If citizens and employers
of labor will organize themselves into protective associations
and agree in advance to send help immediately on receipt of
notice that help is needed on a fire, assurance can be given
that the history of the San Bernardino conflagration will not
be repeated. The construction of trails, fire lines, the
purchase and storing of tools and other equipment at strategic
points, the employment of additional patrolmen - all these meas-
ures will help, but the appropriations made by Congress aro not
large enough to do everything at once that should be done.
The people of Southern California must cooperate even more
liberally than they have in tho past if fire is to be kept
out of the mountain ranges.

RECONNAISSANCE

We call his work reconnaissance:
A shorter, uglier word perchanoo,
Would better oerve the new man's uoe
To circulate hio heartfelt viewa.
When first he hits the higher hillo
And eufforo pedatory chills.

At first each separate "forty" seems

A mile across; each "corner" gleams

A diamond in a world of night:

The tyro thinks: "Thio run's a fright,

I ' 11 never see the camp again -

My Kingdon for an aeroplane!

His legs are stiff, his feet are sore,

He carries bruises by the score;

Each day's a crises in hio life,

An aeon of unending strife:

And evon ao at night he dreams,

She cook, with "Breakfast ready", screams.

He curses out the "rotten chick",
And figures he's clean out of luolc,
Nursoo a grouch exceeding glum
And wishes he had never oome;
Like Job, his last despairing cry:
"1*11 curso the government, and die! "

But as the season wears along

He finds he's growing hard and strong,

The steepest peaks with glee attacks

And gaily, skillfully he tracks

The elusive contour to its death

Nor pauses once to gasp for breath.

His attitude is altered quite,

The work's a cinch, the world is bright,

He has a glance for towering trees,

For rocks and streams, the mountain breeze

For him is musical, he'd fain

A-cruising all his days remain.

And when he's ordered back to town
And on some district settled down,
He'll say: "This ranger Job's all right,
You get to sleep in bed at night,
But I'd sure like another ohanco
At working en reconnaissance."

W. P. Lawson.
.' •." Oila ITevrs Letter.

^

Till? TRINITY FOR?STT?R

._.,._....._._.•_.*•.. _••_••<•.». _««»«»_-*«» — -*~ — »•••• — •W*-»^M~«*«»«» — — — ••-••

Vol. II - \7oav*rville, California, March 1, '12 - Ho. 1

PERSOHJTEL
IJJ - v.'eaverville, California:

Y/. A. Hues tie, Forest Supervisor.
J. D. Coffnan, Deputy Forest Supervisor.
E, V. Jotter, Forest Assistant.
H» de For«ot, Foreot Assistant*
0. I!. Evans, Forest Guard.
Laura C. .'illiair.Bon, Forest Clerk.
Rnnnerioh, Forest Clerk.

AGSIGKED ?0 DISTRICTS:

Ho. 1 - II. T/. Erannan, Asst. Forest Ranger, Big Bar.
No. 2 - Yrn. X. Garrett, Asst. Forest Ranger, Kyanpom.
JJo. 3 - J. vr. patton, Forest Ranger, Peanut.
Ko. ft - Eiuard 21ngren, Aast. Forest Ranger, Knob.
Kc. 4 - Harry Everest, Asst. Forest Ranger, Ilnob.
IIo. 5 - John T. Gray, Forest Ranger, Ruth.
I>. 6 - Frank A. Jraham, Foreet Ranger, Chinaflat.

. 7 - Clarence A. Chamberlain, Forest Ranger,

Minersville.
l.'o. 7 - Reuben P. Box, Aast. Foreot Ranger, 1'inersville.

.rtnn'i ':•••:"

\r

.. .'"•3 ?•••;•-] r-

•; ...

'Jhe follo-,:iup changes in personnel have taken
place olnce the October issue of this magazine:

Laura S. '..'illianson returned from leave of
aboence November 13, 1911.

Z.uth G. Triable, Temporary Clerk, appointment
terminated November 11, 1911.

Slsie C. Shoup resigned December 19, 1911.
T.egina Emmerich appointed December 20, 1911.
District It

TVa. J. Adama, Forest Guard, appointment term-
inated October 15, 1911.

Juliuo Lrannan, Forest Guard, appointment term-
inated October 51, 1911.

David W. Haas, Forest Guard, appointment term-
in&tfld October 15, 1911.

Allan L. Peterson, Forest Guard, appointment
terminated October 15, 1911.

J. R. Sorenson, Assistant Ranger, appointment
terminated October 31, 1911.

District 2:

Howard H. Griffitts, Forest Guard, appointment
terminated October 15,

Samual Jackson, Forest Guard, appointment term-
inated October 4, 1911.

Edward L. '.Vard, Forest Guard, appointment term-
inated October 4, 1911.

William H. Voodhams , Assistant Ranger, appoint-
ment terminated November 1", 1911.

2.

r.r, •-..•Y'-ttl-.":*.1

.'. p. .!., , , , J, -v. . , . . .t

. . .• •

,.;,*»««.» ..

"J

Chtrloa H. Crowe, forest Guard,
terrlnatod Cspterber 30, 1°11.

Ivui A. Cuff, Forest Guard, arpointnent term-
inated October 31, 1911.

..meat E. Duncan, Forest Guard, appointment
terminated Ootober 1!5, 1911.

-, c. 3uno&K, Koreot Guard, appointment
terminated October 15, 1911.

flllbort J% Jnotfion, Aasistant Format Hanger,
appointment tWRirsitad October 15, 1911.

Qdxmrd E. Snlth, Foroot Guard, appointment
terminated Ootober ID,

district

D. Buofelew, Forest Guard, appointment
t«9*inated Ootober 31, 1911.

AlT% Tracy, Faroat Guard, appointment term-
irjat%d Kove-bor IS, 1911.

John 2% Watson, P or eat Guard, appointment tern-
i»*ted October 4, 1911.

District

Albert P. Gray, Forest Guard, appointment term-
inated October 15, 1911.

Oaomr 0. Hays, Assistant Forest Ranger,
appointment terminated November 16, 1911.

Joseph Hutchens, Forest Guard, appointment
terminated October 15, 1911.

Samuel A, Shields, Assistant Forest Ranger,
appointment terminated November 16, 1911.

District 6:

Charles W. Beebe» Forest Guard, appointment
terminated October 17, 1911.

Albert A* Frazler, Forest Guard, appointment
tferrinat-ed October '31, 1911.

v:% Larson, A-esLat'snt Forest Ranger,

r .-.-

District 7:

George Thome, Foreot Guard, appointment torr
.ted October 31, I'll.

Druoe P. Vileo, Forest Guard, appointment
terrinatod October 31, 1°11.

r.ooonnaiasance :

Rufun Hurn Holland, appointment terminated
October 31, 1911.

Tranaf erred to Statutory Roll:

Edward Blmgren, Assistant Forest Ranger,
appointment offoctive October 1,

— o—
EDITORIAL.

i«'e havo junt hoard of the death en February 14, of
Ballard Ti. Garret t who has been ill since laot fall.

Thn news io received vrith sincere regret and the
csnbera of the force en the Trinity national Forest here-
with extend their sympathy to the family.

!'r. C-arrett began worl: as a Forest Guard in IOCS
anl v:ao at the tine of hio siclmeos a Deputy Forect Rangor
at nyarpom on this Forest. Here he v;&3 v/oll lilred by tho
- ^p]e and in the performance of hio dutieo ranged as a
loyal r.nl faithful officer.

T? io office haa recently received two more sectional
units for the 3ibrary boolroaae. In our library there are
r.o.i over fifty voluries dealing with forestry and related
cuL^ects, and thirty-two of the regulation binders filled
with Foreot Carvice and other Government publications.
Katr-rally. the Foreot Service does not go to the expense

4.

of rjrovic : litory.tiu-o for th<? cole -M-C^O of

fillicf a V . -c. All prof seo Ions :

' to hear- in tou:- -ho new idr.: -it

". I :.t physician, what a^r Tint, ;.oo

.tion". I :.t physician, what a^r Tint, ;.ooo
not ta licalc d;n.linf v/ith hit? earocial to.
c.ro nor.o or ua too old to loarn, nor c\o v;o Irnov It
all; nor on t>-o other hand can it bo caid that thore io
no tir -.- . 3no hour of careful rea^ins each cluy \.'ill ro-
cult in a croat total at thfi on;» of this "'inter.

..hilo it nay not bo v-casible to invoct in nuch
literatvvrs, "leaoe boar in :rir.d t./.ut om- library afforda
7 orTortvr.itios for otutl;' in forestry.

List of publications rftooivaa arA not previously
noted:

•

Eul. 100 - The Crator National Forest, Its P.osoiirces and
Tlieir

Glr. 11C - Treataont of Artificial Tree Flantationn.-

Secrect.

<LC - Tioad Material Roaoxirceo of I'inr.oaota.- Cooley.

»

Cir. 102 - Freventlon of Sap Stain in Lumber. -Ylaiss-Earnim.

" 167 - Manufacture ami Utilization of Hickory, 'lOll.-

Hatch.
Bui. 152 - L'cabiea of Cattle.- Kictanan.

" "3 - Forestry in ITature Study.

" GH - Light in Relation to Tree Growth.- Sen-Crave s.

p 90 - deforestation on National Foreots.- Co::.

" 1C2 - Idontification of ITorth American Oal: '.Vooas.-

3udv/orth-:foll.
103 - Oiotir.£ul8hing Cliaracteristics of ITorth

American Gurrrooda.- Sudworth-iTell.

" 109 - Ctroncth Valuer, for Stnuctural Ti^bora.- Cline.
':rl - The Use of Concrete on tho 7arm.

Report of the Forester, 1911.
Report of the Solicitor, 1911.
Instruct ior.c for Cooperative Observers.- Voore.

('./oather Luroau, )

" : :

' .e grazing questions :

moat of th« r*n have- i I the licj-mal very carofully
and tv.at th< • Ised regulations are v/ell understood.

.1* . it in not considered an abaoluto re-
ent. that thooe quentions bs ar.c-verod, I ve is a
feelin.-, nevertheless, that the raon v/J»o *>.ave anavered
f one are moot inter en tod ifl their v;orlCi. It io

ly certain fr.at a careful etudy of this T'anual
na':e3 a r •• -ji better qualified i/i his pocition afl T.anp;er.

• • ractical nature of this year*a education
couroe and its ai:.licatior. to everyday work nake it
core definitely valvablo tv.an a study of a raoro technical
:ure.

\,'e hope that the ar.awera on r.ra-:inr v/ill soon t*
received from all the Dangers.

BQBHAKQES:

The i'ollo./ins news lettere have teen
since our last appearuno«» TJvJy are all e:r<
interesting! as v/ell us h/»l?ful, ffinoG We have received
sore valuable point orO fl»OB theif

The Apache Hews.

The Alarco Adviser.

rhe Coeur J'Alene Forester.

The Stanislaus Review*

The Sierra Ranker*

The Modoc Review.

The Pike ITews.

The Tahoe.

The Plxirias ?Tews.

The Bl Dorado ange.

The Gila Newsletter.

The Cliff dwellers' Echo.

The llono Ranker,

The Lassen 'iaeazine-

The Datil Tri Monthly «

- o -

We do not fool like apologizing for the Jolayed
appearance of the Trinity Forester, since it is our
declared policy to publish this paper' about every othor
month unless there is too much other work.

This month it wat necessary to cut down cores of
the contributions and to postpone publishing aor.e
articles, ft hope to dncl'Jde* '.hoee in our next publica-
tion, together with a i"&v 01* tho point o brought out. in tho
I.ajigera'

S Frr.3

?;• 17. A. n

3uporvlBOraf Meeting. Can Francisco

It ROftn without naylnp that ouooeas In fire prO-
teotion PS in anything else worth while, rceans organiza-
tion and ayetem. At present one of the ohief difficult!©!
to be ~^et With in th* organization Of AH effective patrol
Qyotor, ifl that of BoOUring ir.en who art fitted for the
work. TO (ret the greatest sfficiency means that every wan

t do hit beat. TO talte inexperienced and untried men
from everyday affair* io apt to result In impaired efficiency.

For a fire patrol organization to reach ito higheot
etate of usefulness evwy man must bo active, keenly alert,
trained to the v.-ork, and responsive to discipline. Such a
perfect organization at present, seems out of our reach*
Our forest W6rk in not Intensive enough to carry an ideal
protective organization* Only development can remedy this*
Under our OUrfent condltiona, a small regular working force
must be addod to heavily, by a fire patrol organization,
for a few raOnths of each year.

Tlif problem that confronts the Supervieor la how to
accomplish nartltnum protection at a raininturc cost. If I were
asked to outline briefly, what T?as needed for a perfectly
cafe fire protection plan for a heavily wooded forest, T
would say to begin with,- a trained body of mounted nen,
Organized and equipped for firo fighting and patrol* These
men to bo Stationed in Mtnall eqUadB at strategic point* all
Over the POTOst; a oystOtt) Of trailn and roaJe so devised
that the men could be moved rapidly In any direction, at a
dements notice; lookouts for the high peaks with a few
stationed on lower elevatione Where more detail is necessary;
riding patrol from the equipped stations to cover the routes
of travel and most dangerous areaa. The whole scheme to be
tied in with a properly devised telephone system which will
pornit of immediate coinnunication throughout; sufficient
supplies, horsefeed and fire fighting equipment, to be kept
at the stations to provide for both regular and emergency
use. This arrangement of men to be divided and operated
by districts, the whole to be commanded from a properly
located center.

This approaches military methods but it is my be-
lief that the Forest Service can never hope to £uarantee
absolute fire protection at reasonable co 't, in hot and
dry climates without the cooperation of th« tfllitary arm
of the Government.

7.

...u oV; .it., 0110

r.oii operating duriv. ' c'iro £ chould

saf« -cret.

The Trlnit' " " 1, 8:^,

acres Tt is 41 ' Into ...-•' iota

ar.d has nine The 1- district haa

an area 01* approxir. the smallest,

of approximately t?i but TMIO tion

each district v.ers iu centrally Docatvid. A

eye tern of trun!: tel- . • thaeo hea&guarteri all ko-
gethar .v.io >_-r.it,» '--v^- " •OMBOnioation »vith tho

Super-; ^cr r- .-f:' To make t>.o trurt ,-inec« work properly
it was n£3os»r.iry to bring th^ai t-.> ons centor i^nd to es-

tabii&U a.u 43cchos.u^. Tlie lookout reaks and patrol at at lone

. .

are being connected r;!th the ma in '.line a "by cparis, as fast
ao means .vlii permit. E-vor.tuaily tho taleplicne ayatez will

'

.

be completed, brin^in/? ' i- itro'l. stiticn and neceoaary
lookout into tslepnone ccmnuniiaticn.

S«vcn rain lookouts on high paaka have been
definitely decided upon, - uix of which wrre in actual use
last season » Theee command the oritire Forotit. A low
secondary lookoutu will be ostabllchad giving clearer detail
on valuable stands of timber on which tho fire risk io great.

Small, strong cabins e.re boing built directly en top
of the mountains for the lookouts, as rapidly as the money
is available . In addition to the standard telephone set
installed, the lookout is supplied with a Forest Servlc*
standard ccmpauo, field glaAn anu map of the Forest. Aleo a
small supply of fire fighting equipment for emergency \is«*
At those lookouts where the store kaeper would not deliver
food supplies, a Forest Guard haa been detailed to do so
when necessary. A lookout point IB never left unmanned.
The lookout should ba thoroughly familiar with the country
he overlookj .

Taking crcj-i t.ouiitry 4>:iot.a uc c. i ire witlt tho com-
pass, from diffarftn-i 3 fcw :- I -s worked o'lo well on the
Trinity.

l ttc.. . vo be<F w;ih ihe objeot

of providing, as ae «•.- riding hoad-

quartorn. 5uli . ita&o hac beon t: c ^l«

and trails, v. ".-.on and
horec

Sr... - •' .*t

•03 ai c.a f

h a

1L .fir a . &«8

:. ic$, > plioa.

From throe to oi:-: of these patrol stations have
selected for each Rancor ;i :trict, with the District Ram.er'B
headquarters a more or less geographical center. This ^.akee
each different ranger headquarters a central point of control
and tho telephbne system has been devioed to make telephone
coran-unicatibn within each diotrict ao direct as poasible*
A large au^ply of fire fighting equipment is kept at the
District Ranger's headquarters and from $50 to *100 worth of
food supplies* where there in no ntore td draw upon* Th*
reconnais nance party wan supplied with a fire fighting equip-
ment an^. were in readiness to become fire fighters at a
moment's notice.

Telephones have beoh Inatalled at important ranch
houses and «tores> which has strengthened the plan rnaterially,
Local mall contractor* with star routes are giving valuable
assistance by reason of telephone privileges being extended
to them, aiding them in their private business.

In carrying out field improvements construction it
was planned in every instancei vhere possible, to so time
this work that the temporary men employed could be used as
fire fightere should they b* n&bded*

Orders for improvement naterial were placed somewhat
in advance of tho beginhin£ Of the fiscal year and the
material gottsh on the ground as quickly after July 1 as
possible. Only enough meh were employed on each project
to carry tho construction '-/or!c through the dangerous fir«
period. Men oo employed were paid wages that enabled them
to furnish their own camp outfit^ and they were in readi-
ness to becoir»e fire fighters at any time* The importance
of working this into a protection scheme, should be given
the fullest consideration, its value of course depending
on the size of the improvement allotment*

As stated before, a well organized body of men la
necessary to the success of a fire protection plan. How-
over, a fea men, no natter hou well trained, organized and
equipped, cannot successfully protect a largo area where
the fire risk in great* We already have these few men in
our regular permanent ranger force* On such a Forect as
the Trinity, the question io how to get the largest force
in the field during the period of the greatest fire risk.
After carefully reviewing the entire situation, a nurcber
of men was decided upon that could be provided for under
our Gonoral E-pense allotment* There were five six-months
men, beginning May 1, seven five-months men beginning
June 1| twenty-one three-months men beginning July 1§ fi*»
two-niontha men beginning August If u field force of 38 inert
added to our nine permanent men* Thin gave a total field
force for the Trinity for the thi»fle months beginning

July 1 of -1C wn uvl on .»u£Uut 1 of 47 men, 9 of whom
ver* en t'..e .it&tutory roll. Thlo was Sndeponuont of the
rr>ccnTiaiBjar.ce croxv and the nembera of the Supervisor's
oVice. Phi 3 total Included tl-g loolrovts, ar.d rr°vldod
a field force In each rangar district of froa six to eight
men, according to the riak of each rile trio t and the value
of the resource a.

The Immediate uuperviclon of the ren aosipTiod to
each district was Dittoed in the hands of the Uietrict
i.unfer. for put.-olmen, five Aosistant Rangers wore
secured fron the Civil Service register, for six months
service each, but for shorter periods the list ^aa of no
use. LiOOAl man were finally secured who were Billing to
be employed for the ohort ^oriocls and furnish thoir own
personal eqviipment of saddle horse, yaclc horne, «tc.
r.ach i atrolinan was aeoigned a station and required to ride
a definite route.

Proti oone of the stations as many as three patrol
routes w«re laid out on the higher ridges, in a circle,
ancl all o? them ovarlooklng that particular fire division.
These rides were made on alternate days.

patrolman's riding equipment v/ae a lipht are,
in a marking hatchet sheath, short handle shovel n&de by
sawing six inches off the handle of a Carter shovel and
trimming f/4" off the outer edge of the blade, and a half
gallon canteen. This nade a light outfit, not unwieldy
to carry, and still effective.

It was the duty of each patrolman to report to the
District Ranger before leaving quarters in the iroming and
on his return, as well as at any other time luring the day
whenever a ^hone -.vas reached. The part of this system
that Joes not harr.onize is that patrolmen were out of
telephone coraounication while riding. There oeeros to be
no way of avoiding this at present, but where the number
of nen is very limited, the advantage of patrol more than
offsets the disadvantage of being out of telephone com-
munication a part of tho ti^e. At least, this applies in
a broken country where men can ride on the hirher" elevations
which obtain a good view of surrounding country. It fre-
quently happendd last season that the patrolman discovered
fires before they were seen by the lookouts. TjOokout
patrol on the Trinity has proved superior to any other.

10.

. •- •

.. . . -. •' • , c- .-,* *. . .'-

'• r * :"

*' --'f ' . ^1"

,,.

• ' .. .. ••.*'•

... " ,

•" ' : '•

A few residents ani settlers, favorably located,
were permitted on our telephone aye ten, for the purpose of
supplying aa far ao pooaible, a recerye force to aid our
patrolmen when necessary. This wdo ebnetiir.es unsatis-
factory aid "but has wor.'ted rather well on the whole.

Such a system of fire protection built onto the
regular Forest force necessarily interferes seriously with
administrative work and at the oeaeon of the year when the
field vor): should be done. Under thir arrc.nger.ent the
District Ranger must be in control, and keep in close
telephone touch with the situation. Perhaps this can be
remedied when such intensive use of our Forest is made as
will permit of separating the protective and administra-
tive work.

— o—

INSECT INFESTATION IN HAYFORK 7/ATERSH2D.

A v-rr:' serious infestation of the ywllovr pine
!er by Insects has developed in Ranger District !Io. S.
hoavieat infestation occurs over the plain and hills
of Hayfork Valley, but extends also up into the yello-.: pine
timber on tbe higher slopes of the Hayfork watershed.

In addition to the work of the insects, tho loaf
fungus Lophodermium appears to be at work on the yellow pines.

.? damage has not been examined by a plant pathologic t,
but canplen of the infected needles ar9 being cent to the
District Forester for examination and it is hoped that &
representative of the Bureau of Plant Industry will be aMe
to" pay a visit to the infested region during the spring or
summer. The needles killed by this fungus hang on the tree
for a considerable time after they die and 017 hundreds of
trees the needles have all been killed except those of last
season's growth; on such trees these dead needlos far out-
number the £reon needles, giving the trees a sickly yellow

earance. Like the innect damage, this fungous injury
is" moat pronounced in the Hayfork valley. T/idespread in-
Jury from this cause, observed in connection v;ith the large
number of trees killed by the beetles, has attracted th*
attention of all residents of Hayfork Valley and has oauoed
considerable comment as to the unhealthy appearance of the
stand.

This needle fungus, by partial defoliation of the
trees, will undoubtedly check their rate of growth. If the
funguo attack dies out it is very likhly that the trees will
resume their normal appearance and rate of growth within a
few yee.rs. If the attack continues year after year the trees
may possibly weaken sufficiently to induce an attack by
flat-headed borers or other enemies. The needle fungus alone
would probably not be sufficient to entirely kill the trees.
Further information as to the effect of this blight will be
available after the advice of a pathologist has been secured.

The most serious injury, however, and the one in-
volving the greatest loss of timber, is the work of the tree
destroying beetles. The chief agency of this destruction
ie the western pine bark beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis.
The adults of this beetle girdle the trees when they make
their egg galleries. The larvae feed in th* bark and change
to the adult state in the outer bark and then leave the tree
during the spring and summer and infest new trees. Yellow
pine trees of any size from saplings to the largest mature
trees are subject to attack. A good description of this
beetle and of its work and habits is given by ilr. Hopkins
in the reprint from Bulletin No. 83. Part I, of the Bureau
of Entomology, a copy of which should be in each Ranger's
library.

12.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE

• '.'"'•' '•:•:•'. ;-

' •''•(" .'.'

Control work io at the present tino being carried
on by the I-orest Service and the Southowi Pacific Company
on the Klamath national Forest in yellow pine infested by
Dendroctonua brevioomis and the flat~headod borer, The
method rsed ia to cut down the infeated trees during the
winter, 1-rp rff the bronchos and pile and turn with the
ir.feoted trunk. This will kill all beetles in small trees
and in the tops of large treea. Tho lower portions of
the trunkn of large trees are pooled in order to expose
and kill the beetles. Where stunps are also infested they
are likewise peeled.

Entomologist John H. Miller of the Bureau of Ent-
omology, who has been connected with the control work on
the Klafuath, vicited the Hayfork region during the 3ast
of February. He said the damage by barl: beetles and flat-
headed borers in the Hayfork valley was the worst he had
yet seen. A half -section was cruised near Big Creek Ranch
in the region of the heaviest infestation. On this half-
section 69 infested trees of a diameter of 12 inches and
over were tallied,- In addition to these thore were
approximately 200 trees below 12 inches in diameter that
were infested. While this average will not hold out for
the entire valley, yet it is safe to assume there are
1,200 infested trees on the plain and low hills about
Hayfork.

As Mr. Miller pointed out, the only way in which
to go about control work is on a basis of natural physio-
graphic units. After the infestation by these species io
brought under control over a whole watershed it should be
safe to assume that we can keep it under control there in
the future. To clean out the infested trees over a por-
tion of the watershed and leave the balance of the water-
shed infested would be like putting out only a portion of
a fire,- the infestation would spread back from the infested
area to the clean forest. For this reason, although the
heaviest infestation is in the Hayfork valley, it would be
folly to clean up that part of the watershed where the poor-
est of the exposed timber is located and allow the work of
destruction to continue on the upper slopes where the more
valuable timber is situated. In order to secure effective
control it will be necessary to cut out the infested trees
over the Hayfork valley and the entire watershed of the
Hayfork drainage area above that region^ extending to the
divide between Big Creek and Trinity River on the north,
to the divide between Hayfork and Browns and Cottonwood
Creeks on the east and south* and to the divide between
the Salt Creek and Post Creek drainage on the southwest.
This includes an area of approximately 164>000 acres.
Mr. Miller believes that an estimate of 2,000 infested trees
would be conservative for this area. In order to insure

14.

i tv

'—'•'•
r .• . "

-'

' '

g -,..it/.>V "•:

..• •..-.'• r- .'i.

*V .

^00'

'^ /-

effoctivo control, this who^o wai od

of infoste--'. trcoa '.ui'ir.fj ono winter. Tha v;or3: of t'.^ese
beetles /pes on at about the sane rate eaoh year BO that
it ia safe to aseur;<. that each year we will lose at least
2,000 yellow pine trees 12 inches and over in diameter
unless <_o:r.e steps are ta!:on to control the infestation.
The cost of cleaning out the infestation over tho entire
watershed during one winter would probably not amount to
the loss caused ty the beetles in two seasons1 work. If,
therefore, the value of the timber lost each succeeding
year amounts to from one-half to three-fourths of the ex-
pense necessary to clean up the region in one season, the
tremendous saving of timber which will be effected b7 the
control work can be readily appreciated. For this reason
we entertain strong hopes that the Bureau of Entomology
will recommend to the District Forester that control work
be undertaken over the area of the Hayfork watershed next
winter. On account of the large number of trees and the
large area involved it will not bo practicable to attempt
this control work this spring since it could not be com-
pleted before the beetles start to fly, and in that event
the work we do accomplish might avail but little. A small
percent of the infested trees will necessarily be overlooked
in this general clean-up but after the majority of the
infested trees are eliminated the small number cf infested
trees that will be present the next winter can be located
and treated by the regular force.

It is only recently that the importance of insect
control work has been realized, and even now it Is not
realized fully. On rrany Forests the annual loss through
insects approaches closely the annual loss through fires,
yet in the past we have been inclined to assume that this
loss was unavoidable and have ta^on it as a matter of course.
In tho future, however, it should be our aim to acquaint
ourselves with the nature and extent of this inject work and
to take all possible steps in preventing its continuance and
spread. It is quite important* to learn to dictinfuish by
the color of the foliage , the '.'ork of woodpeckers and other
signs, the trees which are infeoted. A record should be
kept in each Hanger District of the location of infested
treee, since this information r>ay be of value in control
work which we might be able to exercise ourselves if it is
on a cr.all scale. If the infested trees over 12 inches in
diameter run 4 or 5 trees to the section, it should be con-
sidered of sufficient importance to warrant a special
report to this office, together with samples of the insects
and their work.

Our awakening to the importance of this insect
damage has been so recent that at the present time we do
not know to what extent our entire pine belt iray be in-
fested. We believe that our reconnaia«»arce crew can secure
valuable information for us in this respect for the country
they will cover during the coining season. In addition, we
hope to be able to induce the Bureau of Entomology to detail

15.

.
«

:'»;;

an ezpert for on examination of the remainder of tho pine
bej.t of thia Forest during the coming summer, oo that if
any other extenjive areas of infestation are found hd nay
be able to ra'-e a working plan for tho Forest by v:aterBhed
units, by .:hich we cay in the course of severe.1 years of
control work put a otop to this large annual IOES of timber.

\7henever occaeioR presents itself, we should
endeavor to correct the false inprocsion that prevails in
the niruls of many and is often expressed by ther.j namely,
that tho prevelanoe of timber destroying inoecta is due to
the suppression of Forest fires. Injury by firo nncouragea
the entrance of destructive* insocto into the injured trees.
A ground fire would have no possible destructive effect
upon the bark beetle and flat-headed borers v^ileso it rrere
sufficiently hot to scorch the cambium and kil] the troeo,
also. The only fire hot enough to 1:111 these insects is a
cro:?n fire, which would destroy the forest as well* The
insects which would suffer destruction from curfaco .fireo
would be those living in dorm and decaying timber, v;hic!i
are not the ones usually that attack and hill the livo troeo.
Surface fires could have no possible benoficial effact upon
the control of the insects which are the chief agents of
destruction of our yellow pine, since these inrocts from the
egg state to the adult beetle live under or within the bark
of tho trees. The western pine beetle infests all portions
of the trunk of the tree, or if it neglects any portion it
is more likely to be that near the base of the tree, oince
~ar.y trees are infested by thio species only in the upper
portion cf the trunk: the absurdity of fires for Its control
will, therefore, be evident.

Every kind of tree, like every kind of animal, is
subject to the attacks of destructive agencies. There is
nothing reculiar In the fact that the yellovr pine has
insect enemies as well as our fruit trees. Thorp is no more
reason for sending a fire through a forest to kill bark
beetles than there would be to run a fire through an orchard
to kill insects which might be within the twigs or under the
bark of some of the trees. Such treatment would do a great
deal of damage to the entire stand and would do no harm to
the insects we are after. Any treatment to be effective
must be given to the individual trees.

Some insect infestations run through cycles, the
insects increasing in numbers very rapidly through a period
of years and doing a vast amount of destruction, and then
for some reason disappearing almost as ruiclrly as thoy
appeared. Others, like Dendroctonus brevicomis and
flat-headed borer, work along at about the sane rate or

16.

slightly Increasing rate year after year. The work of
thess beetles has been goinn on for a lon^ period; the
largo number of dead trees in all etngea of decay beare
evidence to this fact both in this and on other Founts.
The sudden realization of the extent of the darage In
this case is due in largo part to the preaenoe over the
Hayfork valley of the needle fungus, which created the
impression that the greater portion of the otand \?ao being
rapidly killed off by the same agencies that nere responsible
for the rreoent dead trees.

i
J. D. Coffman.

17.

'-f (-.-.-• . ..

WORKING FLAK:

This account alma to give some explanation of
Pore a t. \/or''.in.rr, Plann as described In two articles
written by r.r. Harrington >Ioore of tho Forest Gorvloo,
recently any-oaring in tho "Forestry Quarterly" and tho
of the Society of Ar.orloon Forentero."

These -rticles contain i..uoh more than may be
ten ov hero arid form a valuable contribution at the
present stage of development of the National Forests,
especially when conoidorsd in connection v/ith tha new
Service instructions on pages nine to twelve of the
ooction of tho National i«'orost Manual entitled "Poroot
Mrnn, oto." It relit it not be thought tliat the working
plan scheme ao given by Mr. Lloore represents a definite
rorD nor; in uno ovoi*v\vhere ty the Forest Cejrvice. On

contrary ao:re of thin,- chiefly the basis upon which
a F«.v?.3t n>ial-l be oonRif'.ered in oeveral diviaiono and
what tliece cliviniono nhall be called,- 13 not y«t s
fixed tliinr.

rain object of Forestry, ao all really in-
terfii;T.»j.l in it ):no,7, 13 t!>^ bunineno of BO running any
Forect t.;>at it will c.o noon aa pooaible be of cor.tinuouB
uoa to people .'}>.o need its products, 'Jn ?J.ll Forerts
ttr>Cer *•' •-' '-'oocllots and, of courao, on larf;e Government
foreots, it iu ;.ocec;;ary *,o : a''.o eove oort of a plan for
doln.f tJilr. . ITo tvsir.eoo large or oniall oan b« rxm
eucoo^nfully without .-ruiar,o".ont. Thin written up ochene
of "u::n^e"ent ie the V/orhin-- I lr.n.

Aoi'Io fron tho neceaatkry plana for th* protect 10:7
arid in: I'ovc-v'-n'- of tl-»j fore3*» RU'l tho Banner of rminlnj:
the bir.-.inoan, (adriniotratior.) t>-o nain fe.ituro of a working
flan la tli« tpc!:nical ono of so regulating the out of
tinier or. tJ-y foroot as to rra'rn tho forest rive a
"ou: • • 4. yiold", that is to cay, vroduo'i tlm>)cr ri. ' '
alonr, "Indeflnltelir as is said.

As the area dealt with is big, certain division*
of it are firnt r:ade. Those are:

• • ritfVr t'-\*' :':£.*

., ..••••.:.;.

• • *•:', ••• :*•• • • •

,.,•• • ::;'^:

* r •.* ' • • ' • •

1. V/orlring Ciroleo.

Different areas each of vrhioh can be node
to give a "sustained yield.-1 Thoy are not
circular, the •.vord"clrclot< boing, usod for
ether reasons .

2» Bloc'

Divisions of c. working circle.
3. Compartments

Divisions of blocks.

Theeo tor-ire aro not" fixed onoc yet. Occasion-
ally tho working circle appears under another name
entirely Compartments, in tho nonse in which the word
seems to be used by Mr. liooro.-- that is, aa a small
division of the forost, say a logging unit involving
only one year's cut, vriil probably not bo needed on
National Forests for ;:o-*o tiroo to oor"o, so nothing fur-
ther need be said of thei^i here,

Lot us consider the vrorking circle and the
block separately. The basis on v.'hich a Forest io
divided into working circles is made up of three things,
Theso are:

Geographic situation.
Markets.

Ability of the format area that 3t is
intended to include in any one
workinr circle to produce
timber right along, indefinitely.

By this, any area of a foreot forming a sort of unit by
reason of its topography, and supplying a certain market,
and able to produce timber right along would be made ono
working circle. For instance here on tho Trinity
Forest, the Stuart ;s Fork Block and Cottonwood Block,
of the present cystem of considering the Forest,- this
being an area ablo to produce a timber crop right along, -
sending, under advanced management, ito surplus over
local demands to Sacramento Valley markets, might fona
one v/orking circle. The oront working circles
are called diviu^oris. Thi3 then might be called the
Valley Division of the Trinity National Foreot.

Another instance roadl?.y coming to mind is that
of tho present Soath For]: Bl<. ich mipht alone be
the South ForV Division. A^in- -ta of Ranger
districts five, two sr.a -t of six, Might

form a wor' ' . frlalon

Or ih* Coaot fxvlbioa of tha Trinity National Pore«t«

I

•• ; '••

Those are nor, of course, surrgeuted
Thoy aro only rovrh ertw.iloa ^ivon to make tMs idee
irore real. •' ur-i roujrli because any e:caot example

woxild nrocl BOB9 blOwlad£B of tho rate of grov;th of the
Forcot In ItH '.ifforonb ptirto in order to taiov: <.v:mt It
in :;!• 1 ir:,-, bofore -'odding what parts of it would
rro'"-,o ti ber regularly as a crop, In ovfficient
quantity to juitify ooviiderinr thoeo parts aa ~o-arate
IT Us of t\e nholc foroot, each to bo handled different-
ly to r a';e it produce its crop.

the boundaries of any wording circle
enl larf/aly on topocrar-hy tbio is not the only factor
it ~uit lo rcreraborocl. In a flat Country it rirht not
enter into t!if» r-i'oblem. Two j arto of a foroet, both
oa^ablo 01' v-rov.".i;cing tinbor ri^ht along, supplying
difforont n?a:-l:eto, pornlblr oejarated ty diotlnct topo-
rr-Aphio bouivilarioa, mi^bt bo ->aUe trro different wording
c^roleo. The tiling, of priwo Importance ie tliat each one
vrill noM a Different method of rofulating tlie cutting
of ito tinber oo aa to nalre it :r^?uce tinber ri^it
along. In the future, -..-hen the ru'.nagercent of a National
Korost neoda to bo more intensive, etill other points
will be ooneiderou v'-.on divi^inp; o. foroBt into ;;orl-ing
circlen. TJ>e«^e will to Evch things ao different forest
free — yellow i ine typo, Dour-laa f ir-yellotr pine
pine type, etc.- alco different waya of cutting the
timber so as to ir.^Vo it rorrcU'co itnolf, called
"^ilviculti'ral orutora" — cl-;:.i* cutting, neleotion B
etc.— ar..l l'v Mr.d oi1 ;r "etc vented fron tho foroot—
saw tin»ber, r-ininc timbers, r*>v-.lv;ood, eto. :3n tho other
har.d on ooi.ie National r-'o;")3t3 today, any -.livieions into
wor'.-ir.r circles is \%nnocoocary. On these the division
into blocks made up of lo~- i:>r mits is sufficient.

The Block IB a division of a worlrinp; circle nade
to help in arranging t}ie cv.' tinp; of the tlrbrr. AJ ••
one workii:? circle mifjit Ve tlivi.-Jo'l into r-ev^ral blocko
each of w- ich would be cut over in a oinrle cxitting
period, cay of ten to thirty yearn, cloponding on the
anount of timber to be not out. ^e basis for divid-
ing a v.-orking circle into blocks la, thon:

Lopging units, or groups of these.
Topocraphio boundaries.

For instance, on the Trinity roroct, Bir CreeJc, Tc-rliep
Greek and Carr Creek Eight fora one block, or Dig Cr«fa
alone rnir^t forn one, smaller block. In the latter
it Kight b'- ^own as fii>: Creel: Eloc': an.-? ould Include
the whole area of tho Elf. Greek drainage..

••-. v J. ••;.<; I f
'••' -'0

••• .;:;••';<•••

' ^. • •'

• »; •: • '-"i.

-••.•.[^ -

«'; •? • : -••:-.-

,-f .

There* lo n st.-ong neconnity tMny for '
on all thio v,'hon firrt raking up a woHtinr Flwi for any
foroot. Before drawing up any wording plan, there must
be lmown~~

Frenent narlcet conditions.

Lines of transportation.

Outleto for timber.

1 robable changes din above three things.

No worklnr plan whatever IB a fixed affair. It IB nub-
Joot to revision \vhonever changed conditions demand
and. to 3orce extent It should foresee changes. Tate tho
example given by Mr. Moore: Suppose p.n area now
supplying or able to supply a certain market, forming
nov, say, one working circle. Suppose that there IB the
possibility of a ruilroad belnc built in such a wny ae
to ]una by this nroa on the side furtherest from ite
present rcar):et. In this case certain whole blocks, or
certain lopping units of aorr^e blocks, would become
easily marketed by the railroad. The point IB that now,
iu alvanoo, there ought to bo foreseen, more or lees
o"f\otly, another arranpanent,- larger lodging units,
7^^3f ibly conbinations of nor:e of the old logglnr unltn,
n.-t::lnr larger bloo'.ro, poasibly also making fewer blool:of«
to meet the new conditions. Honco there should now be
dec! Jed upon:

: locks of logging wilts for the present :rar?'et,
Blocl's of different and larger logging unite
for use In case the possible railroad lo
really tuilt.

Working plana can provide for accessible "'
of a for^nt — the -:.art where reconnaissance wo:*?: can
be done very thoroughly — in detail, and outline rough
rltxns for Inaccessible parts from the best iivailable
data, ouch as ocular estimates by Rangers, grazing naps,
any silvicultxiral information that can be pot, a:.',
later on, it ia probable that more Information can be
had, at least for a part of the procont Inacceosible
area.

As roconnainsance work ic now being carried on
to rnich a largo or.tont on National Popestn its place
In a forest working plan should be noticed. It is
i • ortant to understand it« relation to the other parts
of the complete plan. The estimates made are not, of
course, the baaio for saleo of timber - that Is on the
aoal&d amount, what io actually got. Reconnaissance
la a .-jort of ntock-taking, soeewhat like the stock-
taking, of a r.ood store-'.cooper around the firnt of the

HI.

yotr. H ie only ^omo-/!.; t li/:o thio I't'ovoe a good
1 1- } • .• :-ocrr*naiti3arioe, Venitea M-Q actual otoote-tu'cirp,
f *ir.ate, fi'rninhod a ive.HS of inforr'.ation oors-.-rn-

ing t:..» condition of tl-o ntock wv of the rlao* where
it is located. Tlifl working plans officer .houlcl always
oor. ider rai:--.T 'intriots, fire protection districts,
gra-7. in>* dlotriots, and J^ave theoo jnake up hie working
i -clop and Mof5'.:o no far aa 8tron<]; effort will peimit,
r.houlil nut, >i-"5wevor, naorifice the yrorkino; circle*!

. , ,

a:.l bloo':3 too much for the oa?C9 of these Vecauoo, aa
^national r'oroete are developed furt'iyr, theoe districts
are v^ry llaMb to b« oh£i)-:.'5ed, a:id a v./orfring plcn ai"8
tr> lock

In order that the rolatlon of one rart of a
woi'lrinr, l»lar. to another, and especially of timber re-

amsanoe to tho others nay b? eaaily seen, tliere
follows a brief outline of a plan, henoe parts four to

of vrt at follows, ivuortant a-a thcv are, are ^r
stated without any oubhee-ds or wcrdo of description,

Intro 'uotion,

'.ooatiot: f * relative importance of the foreot,
Status of the land — patented lands, etc,
Ur-aa, ''ottlononts, *ninin.-T, vtterpower, ^azinfr, etc.
History of the foroat.

Tlien tho follo-ving foj? nach ..or?:in^ circle.
Nae»o and area.
Anount of »or lone en it.
Methods of wor':.
Coot of work.

Fart I. General cluta.

'hysicnl f 3.

Soology, ocil.^, climate (Timber roconnaioeance)

Oocial ar>J indi'a trial condition?.

Forest deaorirtion (Tiabor reoonnainaance)

Use.

at io needed ."rora it by public,
of rerovinr Iv . etc,

Part 2,

L'aps ai:l estimates of timber. (Tlirber reoonrjalr"a:ioe)

.-lef description here. Maps &n.l esti*natea put In
. an append ir at back of plan.

. •I'.I.:-- ;.vJ.r<

t **' " t "

•^•••: , ' '.'f-/1^ .v.!«
• : A f:WrtC:'fA-.^.i ,

'. . 'iS'i'i-jt' V - '"*.

• • '"ii . " ^

. . '*v--;? -/,•.- A.:

- •• -: -

.•f ..- '
: r« '; •
•i^/..

Part. ?. Working rla" itaelf%

Objeotn of rcana£e*nont*

Silvi cultural n; ctenn to bo used.

That lo> ^ fithorle of cutting to
tVo format reproduce itself.

rarkln^ nilou* Vory important,

Bruch ainr-oaal*

Regulation of tho yield.

Uivl*>r th> j s a nunbor of bec^lnga, nil
of A very toohnioal nature and not able
to he explained In a ohort article.

Ic.rt 4. Planting plnr.

lai't 5. Administrative rlan.

lart ff. Pire-rroteotion lion.

i art 7. I em.ancnt-Iwproverent plan.

lart 0. Grazing plan*

Tlie rain fart of the worlrinr plan IB made aa
brief and clear ab possible, anythinr needing further
e.fj.lar.ation being treated nore fully In the append.ix
at t'-.e back. Here mi^it bo put tn\?h thlngo as growth
etx-.-'leo of different oy-ocia(3, oilvical notes on the
o- -cioa, oto.

Once more, lot it be understood that this ro-
.•?R»>rt8 in itL' dlvisione of a forest into working
clrclos an-.1, blocks, and the eraot moanlnca of these
words, and in its general fitting together of the
different i-arto of tho wor1.:, only one plan for a foroot
working plan.

H. de Forest.

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t ». '

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.1. -,.,,.<-' 1

LOGGING IN COLORADO.

To r.iva an idea of tb~ lorr.inp rothccls used In

: : Is of Colorado, I -/ill briefly describe an
ration vith wltioh I was connected in the suiair.er of
.

TJ-e will, like root Of the caw irills now operai
i.i in tho Cookies, IB a small ono of about 10-12
thousand b^r.rd f«*>t "per day capacity. It is located
r.ear Loa'vill<?, Colorado, on the northwest slope of
the Continental Divide at an elevation of about 0,500
foot,

As a rule about twenty-five men arc orployed,
ten in the rooJln, elrftt in the mill, two logging teara-
atern, two lumber tcanaterH, one oc.r loader, one cook
an<I 0:10 lli-iil: y.

•"': t.:o trsca or greatest irmortanoe in cutting
are the Fnclw.-r.rn evince and locl«repoie pine. The
c<:ttinG oro;7:i .-o .rint of two men who fell the trees,
t.a-ir; tlstw, ^1 tx O;A into lo.^o of the doeired Imigth.

ally t: res tw^-man crews r-ro kept buoy cutting
in ' oolo.

After il'e cv.f.ting crcwo hava paooed
two al-.illci-- , each vith ah.- , drny tho loga a rhort
ntajice an1. builA cl i-'./r^-.i. Ui.eos sk?.-1-.7aya are put in
j;l.-»cea r,o. t convenient for getting to with V.io log
road, '. hlle in t'soae nkiduayo, the logs ar: : caled and
mar • od by the B'oi-jat r.a:j(-;ei* \'ho cooeo to oanp about
tv/ice r. .,-fcek.

T -o log road e-.-'^wyors no" j roooed to cworap a
road to ' id'/ays to enable the logging teana to
got throi'gh. From the 3ki-I.vt.ya two four-hora^ tearca
haul the logs down to the nill. The log hauling io
done with a hoavy oled with p. four-foot bunk uron
rrhich one end of t}ie logs is placed anl aocvroly chained,
A load beinf; oocured, the logs e.re hauled -.lireotly to
tho nill lording.

The mill opcrateo with ntoair r^ar i»n^ *' roe
ci. • . • av:s are nu;. One largo ra-.» o" abctx'
'lii • ator cuts the logrj into th'.> lumber, A 3= all naw
1 • 'jaod r :;ing off bad ende and uloo for cutting
firovood. T:.- *h'r-J oaw, a nroxll rip rivr»t 1:« U3ed for
edging up boc.x*do .ith c'ofeoMvc or bar!: odgea,

r . •:<

11:3 ca-.rclrat is vhoeled out by hand as aro also
the Blabs. 'Jie olcbo are dumped on a fire which burns
nif,ht t.i.d day. bri'ch and slashings, which in many
localities r.rc piled, aro horo ooc.ttci*od v/hen cutting is
conploted. TIio luca in Uoi:y thin In to procure an even
layer of ..-.IruMr.f v, throughout tho out-over area and by
BO doing prevent oorio'Js surface erooion. This method
also furnioheo good protection for coodlings, arv\ all
the brush being near the ground faster decomposition is
made possible thr.n in ths case of unbumt y,lies.

J. rtunoel Bruff .

...-o —

NEWS.

At tho close of the grazing ceaoon of 1911 the
rr-nges, with but few exceptions, were reported to
bo in good condition. 1? early all the stock were in ex-
cellent ol:cpo \7i-or. thoy loft the Forest In the fall. The
fall narJ.et prices wore otill higher than thoso of the pro-
coding year, earning many ovmero to sell close, thus
reducing the herds, which had already been depleted under
the otrong market of 1910. Tho prevailing prices for
beef cattle ranged froa 7 to 10 oents, averaging about 9f
cents per pound on the hoof. Ho oales of sheep vere '.r
on the Forest, so tho price of thio class of stoc:: la
unknown. Stool: cattle sold for fron $30 to

\YhilG tho rainfall in 1011 for the Poreot aa a
whole v.'as rruoh belo'/ normal, the rain wag fort\matoly
distributed throu.gli the opring months in ouch a Banner
that the forage received the greatest amount of good. Al-
though tho Curator season was ao dry ao usual, ths tenper-
ature for the mo^t part was unusually moderate and cool,
which offset the drynesa to oorre extent and I'opt the range
in good condition.

3winp; to abundant forage and to the reduced
number of stock uoing the rango, due to heavy sales of
the prevlouo fall, a large anount of grass went to seed
throughout the whole Forest. Thia should prove of great
benefit to tho ranges in the future. In rany places
where overgrazing before the establishment of the Forest
had nearly killed out the grass, there are very encourag-
ing signs of the return of the native grasses.

A brief review of tho grazing business for the
Porost is contained in the following summary, which was
prepared for the annual grazing report:

'; :\

uto T^tal Acreage

GOT •': Tr-CUt Lend 1,523,042
Irivat 3 f,ur:vl ?04|856

Total "T,"r';7",r>c

Approximate Acreage Grazing Ltui<
Govemiront 72?, 133
Private
Total

Capacity (Estimated)

S & G

C & n

Government 12,020 24,000
Private 6,374 7,C70

Total Total

Cattle-Horses-C <i H- Cheep-Goata S & G Roge

Stftt11

t authorized

19C9

13430

o^AOO

permitted

1909

10^16 363

10579

127S5*

1475 14f!S*J

None

authorized

191C

:

10400

•

21500

400

permitted

me

8497 296

8793

10202*

150 10352

112

authorized

1911

9550

m

13250

425

permitted

1911

7C72 260

7932

10457*

414-8 14605

55

;c

& n 9550

RtOOttmended for 1012

s

& C1E250

I* /-\ r- r» A d K
lOge ^.^»O

C & R

- :-.

•' Horo

Oraae 1 un^.or P.eg

• C«*!

• j

1910

1455

2250

74

t

• V

G-19 1911

1535

1452

82

•

H «

G-

2

1910

455

801

•

II ft

C-

2

1 '11

7S9

P. 56

Number of P3:*Eitn lar.ued.

With fee
Reg. G-10

48

A
B
C

Clans of Porrcito 1911
C & R S db G Eogs

4750 2575 55

3152 12030

lumber of otock Sold for i'arket. Loeeea of Stook fron all Ce.uses.
Cattle-Korees-Sheep-RogB-Goats. Cattle-Koraes-^heep-Goats-IIogs
1910-3302 8 75 75 — 108 6 1284 — S0»
1911-24*57 6 — — — 80 8 350 75 25

• Ho accurate record obtained, covering the Ions of this claeo,

• In addition to the number stated above, pernitn for r.heop
were issued by the California and Shasta Forests for grazing
partly .,-ithin the Trinity Forest, an follows:

1909 1910 1911

California 4"oW TT350 7T?0~
Ghasta — — 2385

. LUntir., . •.•- •'.: on thio Foroot wan txlnoet entirely

• .1, boiiv confined to sno'lng ana ;-lant-

i:. . : in c' :-ral or ..-"-.l-chaparral aroaa In the

f.;l dlotricts:

iTo. 1 Bic Bar. Ho. 5 ?:&d River.
No. 8 Ho. villo?/ Creelc.

A Iriof Liiirmary Ko. ^ llo. 7 Stuart 'a Fork.

oC ths work lo

^jv : Cost Cost Av. Coot Total

YP JP SP DP Total Har.por Outside 'por Acre Coat

Acreage 4 1 l£ 1 7-?- Labor Lal:or (Including eoed)

J,t.-.. so\ni 948 1-3/4 22 3/4 $37.72 $13. CO £11. 38

g Seedllnra.

Plr.cky Culch Experiment No. 1 - Plantation.

Acreage, ,95 acre - yellow pine.

Eaii^er labor, | 13.34

Outside • nothing

Transportation, 1.50

Cost of plantation, 27.06

Cost per acre, 29.10

Trees set out, 1,000 - fl x 6, or

at the rate of 1,200
per aore.

Plena for ne:ct yoai* havo rot been approved tut will
probably cor.niot largely of planting transplants inrtead of

i:/-." _. Office woi*k is now being done on the en-1

titrates, reports and maps, and it IB probable
that all will be completed by Harch 1.

Ths follOv.'ing data is tahon i'rora the preliminary
report cvtrjittod in ITovccber before the close of the field
8eanor.j

Area covered, 158,400 acres,

Coat of field work, .< "! r&r ecro.
Total amount of green

timber estimated, 1,070,TCC II.K.E.TI.

Cost of entimating, f:. 00295 p.-r It. K.B.I!,

JI//-7-

ii

7/e would li)ce to call the attention of all Trinity
officers to the 24 per cent error. This lo not ao larg* aa
It. Eif,ht be but it can be decreased materially If not
entirely eliminated. We have all had abundant experience
in this calee of work and wo should have a clean record for
next quarter's report.

June 11, 1906. nettlernnnt Reporto in Lands fop
Quarter Knding December 31, 1911,

Colurwi 1 -• Nuir.bor of cases reported on by Supervisor during
the quarter.

Colxnm 2 - Number of cases returned to Supervisor for addi-
tional information.

Colunn 3 - Number of caoeo returned to Supervisor for cor-
rection of surveys and field notes.

Colunn • - Hunber of oases returned to Supervicor for correc-
tion Jf map.

Colmm 5 - Percentage of total reports returned for
correction.

Colunn 6 - Number returned for correction.

FOBSST. 1, 2. 3. 4. 5. 8.

...78

1

3

2

&4

6

... £

1

50*

1

... .161

1

2

r>*

3

... 3

3

100"

3

£ern

...25

1

4"

1

...11

2

4

55*

0

. .. 1

1

100*

1

...12

1

8"

1

... 7

5

71"

5

. . . '"0

2

2

7*

4

Sequoia

...16

3

19*

3

"hanta

... 1

1

100*

1

Sierra

...31

2

1

10"

5

otaniolaus

...21

5

4

33-

r

Trinity

...21

2

1

2

24»

5

...340

25

18

9

19*

50

:

ADD ITT Oil T? 0?: ICR. Th3 Fovont Suporvioor Day now be

found "ruidijig the Ship of State"

fron tho private office, ./hich was recently added to tho
upervioor'a head'ivartera. Thio office not only relieves
tho croY/dod jtate of tho other rooms, but rcririts the
privacy noooncary to tho proper oonduot of the Supervisor's
bv.olneuo.

(Szccrrts from AV3RICAN LU-IBUMIAH of February 3, 1912.)

LARGEST GOVERirfTKT
TIIX^R TRACT EVER
OFFERED FOR SALE.

One of the largest tracts of timber that the Govern-
ment hao ovor offered will be advertised by the Forest '>orvlce
shortly on tire drainage of the North Fork of the Joaquln
River in tho Sierra Rational Forest. Eight hundred million
feet are In the tract, consisting for the most part of sugar
Fine, .vV.ito fir and oedar. Its Oevelopment will probably moan
the construction of about seventy miles of railroad, A line
can be built In on the Southern Pacific at Friant. Because
of the large investment necessary the Government will offer a
twenty-year contract, v/ith two years' allowance for construc-
tion work. Tho minimum prices are: sugar pino i '3, yellow
pine $2.50, fir §1 and cedar $1. A nev? plan will be tried for
the read ju :•; tiaont of oturapage prices. A certain price is to
be ;;aid for the first five years. After that tine the read-
Juotttont will be ;Ade by the For eater every five years bated
on the current market value of lumber in that narket. The
award -.ill be made about the first of August.

FOI-;7!'JT -.T-3RVIC :

AT rnopni

Tho appropriation for t*-e Forest CTorvloe for the
next f local year ao recommended by tho Houee Oonnlt.toe on
Agriculture in the Agricultural Appropriation Bill reported
to the House or, Monday is $5,115,245, wMch lo ^03,370
less than eatinated. Tho appropriation for fighting forest
firoa io cut from $1, COO, 000 to $150,000. .........

Frovii-.ion of $200,000 is made for flfht.ing anl preventing
f erect firec in cases of extraordinary emergency.

29.

f :

'••

f

.••; ... i''^.':. •:*,:••••.•; .*••. • ft^

. : J-:"-:''-.^ ^.-;,v^:-.

1 •.: • . ,.. : .<,-:'<:\ ^'-.;v'v ••

•': • .'*. ;•**•••'"; V('"V:-'

' '

-

• : . . .

'-»;-,* &•

' .' . ,

. . '; •'•/ ":i-: •

• .'
• .' o

BIDS FOR STUMFAGE
TIKBKR.

Blia huvo Juat been opened at the Forest Service
for t'.e out ting of st.umpape timber unier Government
au\u»rvlrjion on the ^itgreaves anrl Apache Rational Foreots
and the Fort AI acV.e Indian Houervatlon, The cutting
conprioea 600,000,000 feet, 300,000,000 feet en the
Indian Henerration, and 300,000,000 feet on the two
National I-oreot3. TTv« only bid received wan from the
ITavaJo Lurabor & Timber Company of Holbrook, Arizona.
It offered *2.r>o for the firet fire years and $3 for
tl o aeooncl rive years a thousand feet. According to the
advert iseinent of the Department a lO^year contract was
desired. T*o yeare* allowance was nade for improvements*
WMlo tho contract has not been awarded It was stated on
flood axithority that this fcid will be accepted.

KILLED TIMBER SALES.

W« B. Greeley, Silviculture branch of the Forest
Service, in speaking of the killed timber which had
been sold recently, save the following figures: In
the last eighteen months the Government has sold 3$5
million feet in western Montana and northern Idaho. The
moot recent sale, two weeks ago, was a tract of 25
million foot on the Two ttediclno River, on the Lewis i
Clarke National Foreot. Thl" consisted mostly of lodge-
pole rl««» Douglas fir and Bnge Inarm spruce. Pifty-fivs
•Ullon feet was recently oold on the Gt. Joe Rirer in
Idaho. This HUB mostly white pine.

i .i.

evi

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NEWS F1IOM THE DISTRICTS.

Diotrlot No. 1.

All the s^are tine of the Guards Adans and
Rrtinnan in «:e nont.h of October was npent In turning
ferueh or. the riuritolit Gas 4 Elcotrio Oorcpary timber
sale areas, Froe Use areas. Trinity River telephone
right of way, and the J. W. Trimtlb and Gerald O1 She y
timber sales.

During the nonth of November, with one temporary
laV,' rer to assist me, we repaired 32 r.lles of telephone
line, ti«ing up all the lov places, and removing all the
- '«h ?ov.r.d touching the line. The brush was cut fron
3 miliH of the Trinity River trail, and brush and loge
rerr.ovw-i from 5 niles of the Corral Creek trail.

For the month of December I began the con-
struction •* a building t» *e used for a tod house
and V.acksmith shop, and a aled road for use In hauling
timber tr repair the Bic Bar Ranger Station fenoe.

FOHSST PLAlTTIHGt I have noticed that the planting area on

Corral Creek is infested v;ith a worn
that rosor.bles the wire, or out worn. Can anyone
suggeot a ronedy for this evil?

lUPROVE-tEKTt The month of January was devoted almost

entirely to the repairing of trails,

and tel«ph«ne lines which were damaged by the sleet and
ai.-v,7. The rest of the month was devoted to napping and
n»!;ing plans for the protection of the Forest fron fires.

H. W. Drannan,
Aset. Forest

District No. 2.

Assistant Ranger Hcodhams and I finlnhed burn-
Ln the brush ro the Altapor. trails and planted one-
half acre of yellow pine seed In the shadn of raks, as
w experiment, during October and the first half of
liovorjler. I male a complete report en all the grazing
ranren, and turned out five June 11 reports.

31.

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that the fire season is over I look upon
the • T'S -.:or!: vlth great oatl&faotioric. During the
tlmo -hen the fire conditions would pernit, we brushed
out forty nileo of trail to the width of eight feet,
which we nay claim givea uo thia important improvement
alsost without cost. v;e coaploteU. twenty niles of
telephone line and inotfelled four instruments at a total
ooet of $448 « 50* The freight cost over t^ree cents per
pourd on all the ratorial. V.'e completed a houoe and
barn on the Indian Valley Ranger Station with an outlay
of •UCb. These two buildings are fraae and the house
floored with sawed flooring which cost us $30. We
fenced tv/o 5- acre pastures at a cost of ?100, paying
three cents per pbund for the freight I have under way
a store house 12 li S4 feet at n?y headquarters and have
wire for four i.aaturee Of fivs acres each on the ground
ready for completing in the ejvir.g.

V/B got thr"oufji th» fit*8 flnaaon this yea* with
only five fii'*ii» I nAlrlbute tnie eucooss greatly to
the thoi<oU-,hheilB 6f Lie Jjdatihfa ttl* over 200 fire warn-
inc^ ih ?ohepiduoufl placee, ahd thtJ practice of seeing
oVery Cafcper ae quickly as' possiMb kft*t* they reached
%hl forest, and by the systematic patftVi fcnd the absence

* electrical showers during thi.s soasohi WIB five
firea cost us only £5.65 for supplies, and W£ Hfcre then
down to 17.1 acres at a total cost *or every thlhrt of

f

. 5C. We have approxinately 12 billion feet 8
ing timber in this district. District 2 claims
baroier fire record for the Trinity this season.

During January I prepared the fire and
provenent plan and the estimates for the various
Jects,

The Hayfork telephone line was repaired ahi I
snail bridge constructed ovor L'iddle Creek0 The .
remainder of the tirr;e was spent In waking some adffllli^
istrative site reports and general office work.

TJxa» X. Carre tt.
Asst4 Forest Rangeri

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District Fo, 3-

The greater part of January »".i spent 4.H Office
Wrrk of various kindfli .-nii-ilv the preparation &t Reports
fchci f.aps.

A field examination wao oado with DepHity Quper-
Viflor Coffman of tHd insect tnTeRtod timber Hear Hayfork.

The etornd Of 1-; mad' eoeddary several
tiffiaa to rsrav. '-lr:.Kg^ ftc; . Telephone Linos.

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Dlctrict ro. 4.

Owin<r to our belr.n short 1 ;od, not r.uch im-
prov*ront ror* rua 'one. Ovrin.** Octoi r aor.« trail work
vas done and t!-v tlac':rr-it.h shop at ' Mte Roc:: f.'tatlon
was oonpletod, acre of t.Ms woi*!c bein^ clone by
ar.d ei'f-rd Ictcr. About rl:: riles of inav.lated
wire fron .hit*. P.fct to "orth Volo rcla looltout
talron up ar.* s* >r*l at .Mte

the month of rovsrbor this district was
still ir. cor. . 1-." 3rabl*» danger fron fire, oring of ooi'.rso
to th» atr.or^lly dry aoaoon for tMa tine of t?*«> "ear.
Thi3 cla:; cr rrao checked on or about the elphth, when
sore rain f»ll. Ho'.-ever, th« o-«n rreather that ensued,
torether vlth t'ia few hotire of warns BUR per day soon
driei out all ex^osod situationo ?rith the rseult that
thor« was nore or lees fire danger during the latter
part oT the r.onth. Seven days in this north were devoted
to fir* patrol aivt three dayo were s^ent '.rith the reoon-
raiooar.o* r-arty near . Peanut. I enjoyed this work v?ry
»uoh (d«t*t l&ugji, Patton) and would like to have spent
ituoh rov3 tirse with then.

T!:ere is not rtuch of intoreet to relate in re-
etri t.o the harpenings in thio diatriot at this period
OT tj.» ye,-r, so I will have to nake it up \7ith something

The iiatriot differo from all othero, I believe,
in t!l> foroet. Th9 hea<?.rv.ar* era of our other r.anfrerc
ar» altumtei epproslimttly in the center of their
2i3trlot», which ia of oourae, as it nhould be. The
iorrest fcltitvrte in District 4 is in tho neighborhood of
35' C feet tr.d there are positively not slteo at al

le for t o establiohjnent of rorrAnent ^an^er head-
qxiartcra, £ven if BUch aitfia -./ere available, I doubt if
it vov.ld be wise to talra advantage of then t?ince tho
district is »o e::trerely unriottled. I tliink that throe
men f ---n the population all t^c- year around. It is ur.-
neceaoarf to eav that onor/B are usually vary heavy and
it ia nourly always r-ressnt until late in the »prlnf.
It ia easily to be seen then, that this ntate of affairs
is a great drejrback. As you all '/now, it IB a rr-^at
convenier.o« to lire in e.rcr.^st your r/em;lttee» arvl
other Poreot wcera. Eere in this district tho>»e are no
Foreat uoep« of or.y deoorir^ior (v?ith t;.e eroc-^tio?: of
the tK-*e before rcntioned, ar.-*. one cr 'hoei only is a
permittee) thmt llv in the district all the 7**r

33.

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and only one other tl-.&t . aintr.ins a euntter headquarters
within it.

Instefc'..! or living Jn the district. the permittees
ucir. - U in the 'juirjoor rrasing season reside itt and
arovr. '. tho Eald Hills, Cac Point, CottOiW60d» Kunterf and
tluff - nilea outaide the Forest. A trip Of p.n"-;here
bet-veen ZO and rO nilos is entailed in case a vidit be-
cores necessary to any one of then. ?a\e the ce.ae of a
Chronic ba «r every spring in the r.aynent (or non-
payment) of hio grazing fees; in r.pr-t districts it id
Usually poonible to pay a nan a visit with usually favor-
able results. Here, in such a case, it is write, write
and rewrite and then the case :ra" be straightened Ottt«
In all other respects it is the aarce '.''ay. In cace of
fires v?e are severely handicapped in having very little
help available, so we are forced to rely on a system of
unceasing vigilance for their prevention. In r.oct
district.3 it-ie roually paoalble tb accorj^lioh irrproveraent
work or sore fcind* Jigre of course, it Cannot well be done*
The iro;3t of my time in January wae put. on various kinds
cf office vork, connected with grazing work on tract book,
improvement estimates, base nap anl fire plans for the
coming season^ and I may oay that much milling over was
done on these larst. A.fow.dars were spent on miscellan-
eous executive duties in. the 'field ani sereral were put in
repairing the V/ildwood-Iiarrison Gulch line in Ranger
Patton's district*

Harry Everest,
Asst. Forest Ranker*
— o~

Dietrict Ko. 5.

D.uring the October and November period conpl^.er-
&bl« time rras c-ent in district adniniatrativo '*W»k» The
Kattcr of . c'-ing tl-.a revised grazing report coireMn/5
flOrje S^^.CC norea of alienated land in this diotMct was-
foutld to bo no email ta??c and toot rr.or^ tin* than vas at
fir»t e:—. ectod. In Oictrict 5 the grasln/* Btaaon closed
with the ranges in excellent condition ana it is hoped
that afl /rood reevlto trill be obtained aloftf these same
lines n(«}St season. There are only a few toall bands ot
cattle r«-.-«inir.g in the district for tht -.'inter, this
stocl: boleti^a to oettlers living in the district, th«
other stock having been renoved to their respective
winter ranges otatalde the I-'or-est*

During .the month cf Otftofeer an-' up until I'
ber 15 (Trhen all appointmonta for -short tern men termin-
ated) the officers in the district were busily engafod
in improvement work with fcn occaolonal fire ratrol, and

34.

4 aiccead&d in conplet ;ch need- rove-
i in 1 latrict, Esfore storms intervened

- •->;• S. . | Islets completed tho cuttlu/r
llttlr.;: of sufficient shakes, lumber, roles and

Dcensary to complete a barn at ITec.;- "r
•^'i.^n. :'r. Shields also franed the timbers
for his bc>rr. dr.^ it ie now ready to raise with the r-^-

v. of another field season, .if Distant. P.anper Kays,
wi'. :-ar? labor, completed a very r.ioe blacksmith

ol house at the Mad hiver Station, an:1 at
this station they also nade the foundation for a dvrell-

ich, v>.er. oo..--pletodt .-;ill ^rovldft a very nice
headquartwrs far this district. .;.g there will be but
ono ranker in tViio distriot c?urir.^ the winter months,
it I.T y-r.r'Hv 'j.-^oted that anv -jxtenalre inprovenont
work vill te c-v?: loted in the near f\:tur.9. is ho-od,
ho-.:ev*»r, t - ooncideraMe wort trill be ,'or.e toward com-
pleti? • hot* o « on the Itad River Ranj^r oration.

It *&fl * ' t that v;ith the September i^sue of
the Trinity i orester there would ar-?ew th« last aocorcit
of lorent flr^a for season, but rith different re-
sults for f ' . i strict, uurin^: the r^onth- of October

ilove.^ber ve rec I five different flr*OB in the
district, tut none of wiy con^equer.ce. Oiu* record I'or
coaler. -au eleven, -ten rrithin the Foreat, are? one
along tl: boundary, Ji'st outside.

£>urir.£ the ronth of January heavy snowfalls In
this refior. it imvo^sitle to do extensive field
work. ilov/ev?r, wa3 able to complete all the vork on
June 11 cases,- 2 cases being tai:e-:i up an;l dlPTrOae<S of
'.: ing the raonth.

Thre« day a were also srent on boundary survey,
and t.-~ lays on Inprovementa,- the repair of pasture

icen and trails* Some offlo* ^o;»P: xas talien up - all
the noct inportant - rorisin?; ar;^ corving for the
Rancor's and Supervioor'a files, reports on Fora 251
shoeing the graain^T capacity of 58,855 acres of alien-
ated land in this district. This vrork was covered
thoroughly, ucing all the data available and I feel
prepared to say the reports now stand in first class
shape for the next year.

Fire ylann for th* district -.rore also coo-
pletod, together with estimates for the various IB-
provem.onts "connected therewith. A few days were spent
on ir.iiviiual £razin^ cases, claims, free use, eto.

35. John T. Gray,

Forest Ranrer.

District ITo. ! .

T! '1 fiv foot of r.ed rill to Trctt.
ral on Trinity sxi-rit, a distance of £.^3irozinat9l
3 t"1. ! , was ,• tod 1 1' Eoebe, Frasier anJ. Larsen
before t cloce o^' ' field

Two r.ar.^er ;tc.tior.s rn Trinity A-varlt were sur-
veyed by r.eter a. One in on r.e-1 Car; I-ralrie
EC ill be '.nx-r. as the Red Cap Tuicer 'tat ion. The
ether is on t . end of Trinity ••ivirit and will be
knoim as the Trinity 'u silt Harder 'tatior.. The ?r-lnitr

t Ranker Station i 3 ono c • M ' st ^oints on
Trinit:' u-aait and i;: a rjool fire looltout. It is cy in-
tention to for.co this station bo Tore the bocinninf- of the
noxt field cciisoii, ucir.^ the v/ire ;urc/ae«d far tlie Box
r '.'tat ion.

All of t'.o tele: hone lineo in t':ia Jietrict were
repaired fo:' t" o rinter< In doinf: this x-or'r, --here
possible, I tool: out the solid ties and put in sliding
insulators instead,

I have 21 niles of telephone lines in this district
without a brac!:ot or bridle. This la in C separate lines -
the Few Hiver line of 12 miles, and the Iloopa line of 9
r.lles. The icf.oa that the nlaok in wire will run down hill
does not SCOE true, as on the Iloopa lino a few weeks aro
a tree on which the wire cus fastened fell along the road
causing the wire to bo in the :vay of a freight team. The
tea 'L.ter had driven into the rire before he pt/v it and
had the wire cut in order to get his team out. Although
the mountain is very steep, the encls of t'-e wire did not
pull more them 30 feet apart. From this incident and ot?:er
experiences that I have had -.fith telephone lines, : do not
believe that it i~ necessary to have a bracket or bridle
on any telephone line.

During the month of Jcjutary I rade settlonent of
Jesse ocott's cattle on Trinity FHinnit. This was the
only case in tMs district where there was any difficulty
in getting ar. application and making a settlement fcr
grazing during the • r.at rrazinr eaoon. Hade an examina-
tion of ' atocn loai bad: of Four : il» Canip for a lookout
station, i'ado axu^voy r.iii oxa--ination of Henry Ruokert's
Case. Thir, clears up all oettlcrt,:.t work in this district
to date.

Fran!* A. "rahair,
Forest Ranker.

r T •

District No. 7.

All the Guards' tools on Buckeye and Trinity
*-.1rs vrr« fr*?r«i In tc District Hcnfer'a head-
quarters bv the first of October, and the temporary
telethons line to I'eono was picked up by Assistant Ranger
£ox ari Purest Gu&rd Vil^s. Foroat Guard Viles was kcrt
on ratrol duty until October 14 on account of the dry
weather.

The first of November a nice little sale anour.t-
injr to $175 was made to the Trinity Dredging Company.
' . Jotter and I also cruised, in a rough way, a prospec-
tive nale area for a cne million foot sale; v,'hioh wo hope
to jrull off next spring. We found plenty of timber on
Govern-rent land and an excellent mill site 011 Uuclreye
Creek for a saw mill plant.

Lumber vas bought at Trinity Center for a barn
on Trinity '.our.tain Hanger Station, and hauled to the
eite after about two months delay. It being too late in
the oeaaon to build, I made a trip over and piled the
lumber In good shape for winter.

Our annual grazing report, accompanied by a report
en the grazing capacity of private lands, and tracings
shovrirr, thf> private lands, wae no small Job this "ear.
Assistant Ranger 3ox and T put in ten daya of what w« call
hard work on thin Job. Tie district being within the
railroad land grant an-?. v:ithln the Kinercville raining
district, 're certainly hai something to do. Our report
did not reach the '"upervioor's office on the c!ate set by
.":'. Hues t is; the Job being so much larger than we expected
it rould be, we did rot begin work on It scon enough.

Our fire Improvement plane went in on tine, or at
loaat if not on tiare, Deputy "u^-ervlsor Coffman Informed
us that it got lr first.

The Rew Year came In with a severe enor stora.
Snovr fell to the depth of pore than two feet, '?hlch made
fiel-1 work impossible without onowshoea. Accordingly,
Assistant danger Box and nyaelf set to work to clean up
eone of our office work which had been piling up since
the laRt fire season opened.

'*»e wrote up our field notes on our boundary survey,
sending the original to the Supervisor's office and keep-
in-" the copy for our own files. Got out an Improvement map,
grazing rcap, and corrected a oample Forest atlas sheet for
• i liatrict Office.

37.

=

< roarrroi^ed our office files, and on the r?rd
we started I or> again, but a hard rc^n "C'\o it
necessary to again actr.dor wor": until the ,£7th. Cn that
date we began <>'••' i* si'rvey of the Kiniboldt J'ining Corr-ony's

oer clair.J in earnest, e.r.\ have to rerort excellent
eucce.Ts in fi::din,r old lines and Government corners. We
have ;.x:t in e>i5;ht days surveying* averaged cne nils
day, reblazecl old lino trees found, and rebuilt all

vernrient corners four..! tl\at were in poor condition.
Wliers the original stake <-i&9 found fallen dorm and its

r location was marked by a round of otor.e-3., re' replaced
the stake, ;>iled up a few more stones, and paaacd on to the

:t. re the 3ta':o had rotted and f&llon and there v;aa
no zounc! of stones to ^ar!: its forrer location, TTO oet a
: in according to the field notes the proper direction and
distance fron the bearing trees, and by carefully scraping
avay the cromd, looh.ed for that part of the stake left In
the ground when it fell. r/e set two nevr ota'-.es in this
ranr.er. '.T.Rre no sta?:e or mound of stones remained, we set
new stai:e8, according to the field notes and bearing trees*
We have rade re^ bearing troes wherever v.-e found one fallen
down, but have nar!:ed both our stakes an* bearing trees
•P. £." so that anyone finding then will loiow that norae
member of the Forest Service did the r/ork. We have found
sixteen Government corners, oV some evidence of their. In
sone canes only ono bearing tree remained. !.«'e have
re-ostablisl ed nine cor::ers by putting in new stakes, mak-
ing new rounds of stone and narking up new bearing trees .
The lir.oo run have been arc carefully chained as two men
coul'l do the work without cutting brush-. On steep ground
the chain is broker, to half-chain, and a good set* of field
notes is being written, including notes on tisiber, reproduc-
tion, and forage. All cornero to clair.3 not conforming
to section or quarter section corners are raided by stakes
and mounds <~" utone for future reference. V/e have failed
to locate 'three quarter section corners - one Of them
had evidently oecn ained av;ay ~ one, we believe, had never
been set, since there voro no biases to be found on the
line after it r.aoood into bad country, and the field notes
did not fit the country we p&nood over - the third we did
not look fo;- very much because -vo did not need it in our
work. We have 30 to 35 iriles to survey and chain yet.

C. A. Char.berlain,
Forest Ranger.

38.

' r. or.-! : re. ration ar& te be oonrrttulated on
the urrlval of a fcirl th* zri;Ul< of January.

Forest Supervisor Hue;}tia rras on detail In the
- M'iet Offleo during tho laot nix -reoKs of 1^11, Mid
attended t!-e Suporviobra' r.eetinr. during

i'r. "Yann and l!r. de ?orert too?r annvial l«ave in
IBM t^ranciacc, '.*. l-^rana regaining in th-> District Offid«
^o 0 hio reoonnaisaanoe mapr-ing xmtil the Si^ervieore*
l!acting \rhioh he attended.

Coffran, !^r..de Poront an-" rlr. Hafley attended
the

Poreat Clerk Laura E» Wllliarson reported for
work November 15 after on oxtendtu vioit in G

RRnj*er Gre.y rraa ih the Offi<30 -iliTing iTOV^irber to
as -.ist in the preparation of the grazing report.

Although rather tardy, the Trinity Forester wants
to extond its congratulations to iir. and "-JB. (?oodyear»
trhoee Bedding tooi place Decenber CO. i.ra. Goodvoar nee

ip during t:-e year an<?. a half of service on the Trinity
proved hc-raelf to be accurate and conscientious in all
eha did* She says, ho-.rever, that ohe lilcea houfl»worfc
better th&r. oiTico "fork.

V.isa Retina .:r3nerioh hao been a^poi-.ted Clerk
to fill the vacancy caused by -Irs. ^-oodvear'o resigna-
tion. Mian -iaaerioh took the Civil Serviot orarination
lact fear, :vn ' haa beon Clerk on the ' edicln* Bow
rational tfor^et, Larawie, .'vo-.^inrr.

nan^«»' r at ton -/aa in the off loo on official
bvujlneaa durln* February.

r. J» "*» ."iller, Rntonologiat, ir> nov? on the
Trinity r . :irfl a itt • of the in.-»«ot infested tinb«r near
Hayfork.

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'

FORSS? CLSEK.

ho coul ' relate the iinds of r;ork

* fall to tl-.e lot of the' Force t ClorkT
r.ecorl t' e t'.:ir:£3 ti-at she1 icust do

'.:e count -3 her day'o ~orle through?

She opens the letters anti reads the mail

31 a Grazer's coaplalnt to a timber Bale:
I'he ta'-.ea dictation eo a natter of courso
fron the Janitor up to the head of the force:
She beam tho brunt of the office ire
and 'jeara a orile C.Q s?:e pol:eo the fire:
She lister.a ir. K-rpathy './her things go ?rong
Till frowns disappear and hearts gro / strong:

I not the leaot of her nan 7 trials
Is keeping in ninci all things in the files,
which filea she arranges day after day
For thosa vi-o ts. o out but von't ru^ a* 'ay.
Ac c our* t s anl ui-jbvrsenssnto irxxat be ':ept '.veil in hand
As for errors In that line no D» ? . vill atani,

. so the poor Clerk rui>t worry her bralna
An-?, get little than ''a for her efforts and r
She ma'.'.es out reports and orderc oupplioe
For tIMe foroo in the office and Hanger likewise:
She 3traightens out claima and helps on th*= nape,
F^econnais8ance, grazing, or boundaries, perhaps.
She cj-ts!7ors the telephone forty times daily,
..'eicones all visitors and tal'-s to then gailr,

though on her desk the worl: stands inee deep
ell nuot be finished before she can sleep.
The first of the year she turns her attention
to Accountability - too awful to mention!
Then follow the things which before I have quoted
Though dozens of things I have'nt yet noted.
Such as corrals anl fences and bridges and trails,
Telephone linen and groat timber oales:
Fire prevention for tree preservation
To help Uncle Sara promote Conservation.

She tends all these duties in a businesslike
So vrhen all's said and done no critic can say
she does'nt deserve, from tho hands of the ration,
The small sum she gets as due compensation.

Hlta A. Castle,

formerly Clerk.

TH2 TTIKITY FORESTER

Tel. II

Jeaverville, California, Jnly 1, 1912

•0.8

FERSOKKEL

Supervisor' o fffioe.

W. A. Buoatia,
Jehn D. Coffniui,
groat V. Jitter,
Laura rilliarau^n,
Regina Emmerich,
Olive Vanderh:>ff ,

Diatriot l.-Big Bar.

B. 1. Brannan,
Edw. Elmgren,
H. C. Dahlatrr.m,
Geo. B. Raid,
*=. B. Bitohcook,
Clement Carter,
Cxcil I. Wobtorberg,
John Adam Berber,
Erneat A. tfeldorf.

Dlatrict E.-Southfork.

Looknuta

Deputy Supervisor
F-rest Afiaiotant
Pornat Clerk

M
H

Operator Hayfork

District Ranger
Aaat. Rangor
Forest Guard

Big Bar
Junction City
JBig Bar
Weavervllls Weaver Bally
Helena

Hayfork Hayfork Bally
Biff Bar Ironsides
Burnt Ranch
(Aug. lot) Big Bar

de P^reat, District Ranger Hyamrom
illiam X. Qarrett, Asst. Hanger
Wm. H. 'Joochems Jr.,
Howard B. Sriffitts, " "
Edward L. fferd. Poreat Guard
Samuel Jackaen.
VTn. A. ^igton,
Jaahua Hitohoock,
Robert P. Elkina.
Antone Pranka, "(Aug. 1st)

-1-

-',...

I . '
- .".. • t

District 3. -Hayfork.

Jetmea W. Pat ton,
J. M. Dougherty,
Iven A. Cuff.
Ernest E. lAir.can,
Zc!w. E. Smith,
Js. C. Duncan,
Edw. T7. Levonton,
BenJ. K. Rand^lrh.
Charles Rourke.
Charles H. Crewe.

District 4.-Yola Bola.

District Ranker
Asst. Ranker

Forest Outre

Poenut
Hayfork
Petnut
Hayfork

Poanut

Heyfork
Ruth
Hayfork
Kncls

Harry Everest,
AlTe Tracy,
Pranlc D. Buckler,
John H. Watson,
ffm. R. L!c Arthur.
James A. ilevins,
Jasper 'aid,

listrlct Ranger
Asst. Ranger

Forest Guard

n H
w «
w

Knob
Hunters
Knob
Knob
Bee gum
Knob
"(Aug. 1st) Knob

District 5.-Uad River.

John T. Bray,
Samuel A. Shields.
Oscar 0. Keys,
H. J. Kohnenberjjer,
Benj. B. Iliff,
Albert F. Gray,
tTede H. Atkeson,

District Ran-jer

Ruth

Asst. Rrn-cr

Zen la

" W

Ruth

Forest Guerd

Kuntc

N ft

Ruth

H N

Ruth

n N

Ruth

District

Frank A. Graham,
David W. Hcas,
inc. I Kclleil,
Chaa T7. Bcebe.
Jos. H. Ucrtin,
Albert R. Fonto,
E%r«ld Barren,
Alfred 71. Bussell,

Creek.

District Ranger
Asst. Ban jo r
Forest Gutii d

ti n

Lookouts

Yola Bola

Piokett Peak

M
If

Chinaflat
Ohinaflct
Lenny
Chin&flat
Burnt Ranch
" Quinby
" Korbel
••(Aug.lst)Chinaflftt

District 7. -Stuarts Fork.

C. A. Cheraborlain,
Reuben P. Box,
Bruce P. Viles.
John A. Kolin,
John H. Cunnings,

District Render
Aast. Ranger

Forest Juard

Minersvllle

•

N

Grenite Peak

-2

'

.

ELITOEI.iLS .C: CJMLXII7S

w?o Have A oertalr. shovel reinted ^roen, and omt ellished

and in gilt wit), tho words "Flie Protection Iriee

To Kolc" let Cltss" hao Become BO luuch r rait of the

furniture of this office thet it v/oulfi bo very
oic> nissoa indeed if its rlace ever became
Yi.ce.nt, You v ere. ell rrouo to I.now thct.ihe
ty won If, tnt to see it } ere when you utftenrcc tr.o

liar, or Meeting, end '. e ell vant to Leer it throughout the
entire sunner of the present year am- see it hore again on
the occasion of the Ranker Ceetlng next yeer.

us nuat beT8n} nig S^ttlJ^ro^g^t^-^nf^fysifi^r^Pl^yii °f
on tye alert rnc alwayn doing ! is best rork. !7e are going
to 'eve reator conr ctitlon t>cn »e hrfi If.rt yetr, ai:d the
Sierra Forest hcs sent the follov.inj c!cllen-e: ""7e tre

.-:^in-7 to. heat rour fire, record this.^eer. if-Gofi vjill.let
'js.* 7e Kofewtrey Fill teat onr *ilo r-'.coVd Joi left cerson.

but ».c' <2o not intend to ellor the Sioira or any other Forest
to bott our 1912 record.

Cur Protection The other Forests have heen v?orl:in£

Plcn. efficient fire ^lar.s, ono the Trinity >re

not la.r£:ec behind, but >C-B boon "ei Meeting

more r.^trolmen tJ.Ji 2^it] iiis88: Wf 1J* -ro^eb^Un TIP !gc7£ral
mare the keynote of our flees for the fiscel y(..--r l;e/i.--ning
July 1, end every ot:-or interest >KS beor subon'i-.eteO Ao
far as rossible in the matter of cx^eno it tiros to .:Tive «,very
rossible cert to rrotection. -.'e \vill )pve one rcro r.err r.nor.t
lookout ftetion connected by j-hone, an6 p lool.cut rt»r pnd
instructions >ave been 7e-£red r! ich shcul» i^fc'.t our Icok-
out system noro effective thar in iVo rest. TI-U fire rro-
on soherre has been ccrefull laic oi:t, er.» rhila it is
rll ».e hore for in future years, it in t'-o most eff Act-
ive T,e could devise \.itl oui rae::ent e'rro^rie.tione and

.oven-.or.ts, ar u is Lettei tl au i.o ever ! at before. 'ill

:•:? '."ill it come uy to ejj-octi tione? The tnswer lies
rith every one of us incivi dually, en; colle^tivoly. If
every single -art of t1 «. itachinory docs >i:; «.uty fciUfully

Jisir.etioclly, ar.c te all vull together, oui flan
II Tori:, but a bioakoovTn in e single rf.it ma" r-ean t?-e

ion of the v.'holc cohere. I arc Bute every

ill do hie fluty. :.et UP rrove by our goot. record tMfi -;ear
ihet our success lest yecr vras not tic result of accident
01 jocr fortune, but •,vi.s brought about by a goor -Ian ef-
ficiev.tly carried out, end ror.eatet1 rit> Btill -ie»-'.or succesa
in l<ji£.

-S-

'he 1912 The l-istrlot Forester has written the
Protection Supervisors of Lintrict 5 as follows:

.tlon. "A Clrss-A fire is one that is discovered,
rerorted and put out Before it burns over
e few scuare roc's. In 1910 23> of the fires
- in District 5 were Clsss-A; in 1C11, C7>. That
r thu^o •saa an inoraaee of 14;, in the effeotive-
"i -i-ctcoi-'vc ?,oiU. All o\;r fires w?ulc be but

our jrDtoctivo eystec were 100^ efficient.
v.e aHlve oix Clscr-A'e out of every ten firen royoiteo
tnlp suu^uf? Evioercas of rrcreretion so far leed me to
believe thet there 10 ^oing to be the hardest '. ind of t try.

"The shovel is now on the Trinity, the hoe on the
Mofloc, anf the axe on the Inyo. Arc they £0ing to stay
there?

"This year the protection prizes will be awarded
-•the mortns of Jure, July, Au-riBt end Sep.t3!nber. The
sts V."* "grain been divided ir.to three cl-tses in order
all uay cccpete on an equfcl footing. They ore as
follows:

First Class Second Class Third Claso

Angeles California Inyr-
Cleveland Eldorado Kcno
Kletatb Kern Kcnterey"

Moooc
Sequoia
L& Barbara

Sierra
Stur.islaus
Tchoe
Trinity

Cleasifioation "For the purpose of this contest the

of Fires. Following cli-nification cf Tires, rhich it

in bel-'.eved will aid ia;>';oriaMj in rcaking

the ewords, res been aocp-tec and ehoulu be aoed in ell your
reports to this offics:

Class -A: area burned over not more than

one t-cie.
Class-B: arec buried over not more than

ten acres.
Cless-C: fires burning over nore than ten

acres.

-4-

Tt fires oil. -in • ting *n Nptiontl Toiest Itno
n rriv- t« le.ntls insire'the rarest bfrundaries rnc rJ.ni>
: M a. tin# nutsice but l/urnin - rerr>88 the beunder?

int*-* t>e yoi.'st. In othor worca. for the -ux^otw ol this
ntftst .^ry aroa buinod ever within the outsic'o bouncpries
M tr-- • ',:iul Forests will >>« onunto^ e^cinst t>-ct r«roflt.

•:n -«f The fnlloring throe factors v ill l<o tcJ:cn int«

(y>neic«rati*n In ar-erding the protection rrizee:

1. SL.allftBt eve rage tcreaj-" r«r fire.

2. Ei^hflst rerc«ntej5« of Class -A fir«s.

3. In oase of a tie. the reletivo fire

denser «f the forest K.B shown
on Sheot-.';. "

r District As en acdec incuceisent t»
.ar.tn It? craon^ the ranj-.er Cibtricts of thin

Forest the HRID*- ,?ooo naturod

rivalry th"t exists naong the Forests in the oattor of
cor.rotition for the Tiro ^rlze, the memheis of the Su er-
rlB^r'fi officn will rrosent to that ranker cistrict mc'cin-j
thp bf»st reoorc for the fire ceason, as a r6^112*^071* ornflment
for thnt dintrlct's hetdru^itors, tn enlrT.^ec fhotOAT6V> of
e f^rrat eceno or some suitable victuio \ hie' "ill l>e
e^urlly fitting, v/ell f rpraod , cn(" ner.tly merited to the
effort that it YKB won by that cistrict e.s e fire ;-

•?.* foi the best fire i eoord on the Trinity In the .ve.-.r
.?.. Tl o value of tMa frcaoec • icturc till be rt let st
fivo 'ollnrs. The biois of award v.ill be the i ocorc frr the

re fire season froc June 1 to its close, cnc the awric
11 he naCe ir. t?e cane ma;:rer £8 is follorec by th«
•t Forester in av. rcinj the s^rvol to the rirnin :
. r.B a) owii &w

:t of Kr. Brirctt's visit res en<07e<?

sistnnt Tistrict by rll of those vho hnd th« goo£
F^r^ster Bcrrett. fortune to be associetef with him

during Ms trir; 'e hts rirtioulfi-
^<J yov ers of nbfjerv.- tion, snr hel^ec ^11 >•» > io su •

Feihc'-s r t.iief resuroe of ' sue) feneitl m/ I tors
o:i<-oc >in~nuy be of inioiest:

r.vicer.tly To Relieves thft M:^ ith v.-itfout v rrke

£r. nothing" v von it comes to real lut.
' . since tl.e Tu n era whr a)'ov;«c the most f.r.r b^ '
v.or]. i r»o r.hec v^ero c «ejn.ed. uirvst efficient.

c_

• '

In oever<;l Liotricte he wt s r^rticulrrly impressed
by the rail luid out trails, the ^reftt quantity of brush
cut, and the t) oroujh manner vith rhich the Lirtrict
w*s rlecercee rith nlgns. 'Jx . Berrett believes in the
libeial use of fire rarnin.ji eno emphf sized the ccsirt l.ility
of ^oeting direction notli ee on *11 treila.

At tve stctiono he observed "trticulcrly the
oor.t'ition of tho vrrious tools, such rr s>ovelo, exes,
etc. As le eoid, nil tools should be • ut into rro-;er
condition £urir.x the T/intex before tl.o time mires to
be B- ont in field work. Fo ;ave s-eol&l credit to tl.oee
nen *ho ^ec. evor /t) ic^. in i ecc i ness.

Pe olseived « Iso the ,,enoj tl a*-rcsjrance of
R-.v.jei office ruDrto^s, £.r.(. ir.ic.fe cotir.ents" rewol. to tvo
olecredit oi one or i.vro rr.on.

T'.e M?trict lirr.^er is tiore oi less oonscioxisly
r^tteinef efter by his iroistnn t», er.c cr.T.ot Jurtly er cot
better results then those set by his otn s' e \( tr? . lioel-
irir.,j tVis fully, ^t seems ur to ecch ROJ: -er to set the
yaoe for his liS net no thet Tlon the next Lielrict
officer comes he rill find ell I-lstriots uf to t> o came
8tan<?a:d of eroellenoe in all natters.

The Loo'.out The ex^erienoe of lest year Justifies the
System. loo .out system end measures have been taken
to strengthen this fetture of the ; roteotire
plan so thtt rrtotically the entire Forest is now under th«
observation of two or more men. Ei.oh oi those has for his
equipment: a field gl&ss. comrass, iolnteo rule ano a mcv
of the Torest on a scale of one-half ir.ch to the :nile. On
this mar there has been drawn r.rouni each lool.out e TO-
tractor face civiced into cuodrents, Just eyectly li\e e
comrces .

In operation the lookout teJ'es t reec'inj on s
fire r?ith the compass and asks for a ret din,? by some other
lookout wvo sees the fire. He then locttes the fire by
usins a strit of iretal hinged r.t the center by e rivet
so that the two ends move freely. 3y riecing the Inner ecgs
of one of the free ends of the ruler on one lookoxit ot the
^r^per i-oint on the -rotrrctor circle end too inner ed^e of
t>e other end oi the* ruler to s>*ow t • e prorer reading from

-6-

the second lookout the fire is located et the inter-
seotion ^f the two anna of the ruler. Of course these
two arms have tc be allured back nnd forth to seoure
the rrrpor readings. This system is mioh raore nicrle
than the rrc tractor, can te used more quickly, and
requires in strings or marks to locate the intersect-
ing

Each fire is reported by each lookout on a
form which has boen Tinted on tho regular loose-leaf
sheet - Form 074-13 - and a full set of instructions
has been rrepr.red for the lookouts. The "Instruct-
ions to Lookouts" Is given on ethei rajas of this

Publicity Special letters to teachers, mining super-
Work. intendents and other large employers - mail

carriers, hotel keepers anl others, have
been ~rerared and r.re boing sent to each individual.

July 15 rr August 1 the Six Rules r ->et card
will bo sent to each user en this Forest.

Early this mrnth the circular "The Forest Ser-
vice Telephone", a copy of which is included in this issue,
will be sent to all of those who have Sovernment rhrnes
or connections.

Besides this there Is nav being considered, a
plan for offering a money prize f-orthe best essay or
article on fire protection. Thie competition will be
open to the school children residing rlthin the Trinity
Bational Forest and further details of this r
be given in a later issue.

-7-

•

y. .
A

., I .' • . . ^ .

. . *» . ", V ' "

• • . »i .<:• <f t- i-

.. • '"*> r '•-.

•>

-» •:

..»

• i -' i ' ' •

-•

.{:.-"<

In cddition to these speciel efforts eaoh For-
est officer la at all times doing hie utmost to educe te
the people of his District to a proper understanding of the
affects of fire in the woods. Not in an argumentative
way, but quietly, a tvcrd here woe there - it is surpris-
ing hot; much good can be accomplished in en unobtiusive,
tcctful manner.

".7e may rcake ever so elaborate a fire plan,
employ nuaters of petrolmen, locate eaoh fire quickly,
but not until favoroble public sentiment is aroused can
we hope to heve complete success in Protecting our for-
ests from fire. Anc so long as TO cannot have safety *
from fire v.e are not really practicing forestry.

Fire Cooperation. ~e feel that s^ocinl mention should

be ir.r.c'e thtut the Baysice Lumber

Company and the Sugar Pino Investment Company have each
agreed to pay the salcry of a three aonths man to be
itationed in the center of their respective holdings.
The Baysice man, k'r. Sliins , will be stationeo et Cold
Springs on South Fork liountain , end the Sujar Pine
Investment Company nan, Ur. Charles Crews, frill be
patrolling in the vicinity of WiUwood.

This shows quite conclusively tnet timber own-
ers believe the Forest Service system of protection pays
and that lumber men in California ere beginning to real ice

hat all fires, whether "light burning" or otherwise,
ocuse serious damage to the timber. Having secured the
cooperation af these companies, we hope the Pther large
tinter holders v.ill r.lso docile to give tVelr property
the -roteotion it recuires.

Borthwestern laoif- Recently 6£0 cores were atdet! to the
io Timber Sale. Trinity National Forest in the land

temporarily Kithorarn near Ccrlotta
in Ranker :ray's District.

The nrea wes about to be thrown open to the peo-
ple, end since there vere persons all reedy to file on it
ith the evident intention* of holding up the railroad for
;he timber, the area wes included within the national
Foreet.

Pernission has been secured from the Secretary
for the cpvence cutting of r.rrroximately 2,000,000 feet

or, the final prices of rhich rill ^e fired in
accorcfir.cft with the highest bids submitted in response
to en advertisement of the timber.

-p-

*

,

Pirea Horn and On the Trinity there rere four fires
Elsewhere. Curing June.

Ci-anchelulla l£ acres
Hyanron Creek 17
Canyon 'I rods

leer Hyatirozs, tree struck by lijhtnlng,
Ltoh fire, exoe-t the one In the tree, wca re-
fortec. to Forest officers by near-ly re no) ere Who also
rendered eceistr.nca In two of the fires.

The fires fid little <".are/;;e fine v ere ersily
controlled *1 though they may be sufficient to r.^J-e u»
lose the fire ahovel. All the raore roauon, t}<ereforo(
for special efforts In July, altl.oujh these Juno fireo
oennot, by cny rooer.8. be cttributed to ne^llgenoe by
any ?oreat officer.

On the Shasta Forest tr.o sonriotions v.ere
secured in June for violation of the rtate 7iro T^-VTB.
Two intoaioatod n.cc etc> ctarte^. a f lie near Trinity
Cantor; these vere oxtinjuiahcd by Henp-or I*oney before
thoy had arrea*'. very far. Tl-e men T.fho started the
f iree had rcne nrer into the Saorf aer.to Vrlley but
R n>cr Loney oecv.red ovidenoo Whic*- loa^ to tloir
arrest; thoy T?ere brought br.ck and taJron before Just-
ine of the Foaoe Coffman ct Carrville. Both jleed
guilty anc eech raid a flno of tvonty-f ive dollars.

a-.-t: t

> f \-.>.. : -i • : ••.-.••;':'•• j-

; . :, •'/ ' " '' •' ' 'f

: •• s. •

•;i:H':ia5tft;

•*•«;.'

•

i ' ; . :

RATIONS

The following table, in Ita firet two columns,
gives the reaults of long, practical experience by capable
persons in deciding upon e sensible, setlsfeotory ration
for r.en doing hard work* The first column jives the U.S.
Geological Surrey r&tlon which IB generally recognised as
standard. The second column gives e change froit this,
bein6 a list prepared more especially for fire fighting
crews in Idaho, and is the result of great experience
in and out of the National Forest Service. The third
and fourth columns give lists from two Forests in Mont-
ana. The fifty column gives the present Trinity list.
and the sixth colunn, the proposed Trinity list. Sug-
gestions for changes in the last are desired.

These lists are arranged In the standard manner
for ration lists. The basis is 100 rations. Thct is,
each figure given represents one hundred rations, and
eacr rrtion means one days supply for one men. For in-
stance, take the first item in the proposed Trinity list:
80 Ibe. of cured or canned iceats equals 100 rations for
one day. To get to 1 ration divide by 100. Thus 1
ration =.2£ » 0.8 Ib. of curec or canned meats per man
per day. uTo take a very simple csse, suppose ar.yone
wants to hnow hot; much flour to take alonj to supply four
men for ten cays. Using the proposed Trinity list re find
85 Ibs. in the list as the ration for 100 men fox 1 day.
For 1 man it would bo 85 dividoo by 100 or 0.85 Ib. For
4 iten it would be four tines this or 2.4 Ibs, for 1 day.
And for 10 days it would be ten times this lest aoount ,
or 34 Iba. for 4 men for ten daye. Of course in actual
practice this would be figured out quickly, like this:. 85

40

34.00

General Ration Lists.
100 rations. 1 ration = supply for 1 man 1 day.

U.S.: Idaho,
J.S. :Sel*ay

Uontaca: California

Black-:

Trinity

feet ;Lolo:PresentFropose

Cured, canned
meat & cheese
Fresh meat

(Ibs.)
( "
(doz.

60
100

80

180

60
40
18

54

8.5

80
18

-9-

•j.

.<

' ' • >

••• .,.;.. V" ; • .,.;. ;\.;;

• ' y

- '•,;,;,• •••••.-.. :,•• •

" • "=; . * '- f - • .' • :

'• '. '•* ' • w

-

• '\ i • -

t *

'

. . .. . .

• • - . « i f ., .••;..

-•-•- • -, .. ' ' '•''• •;

; •'>.'• • ,, ' • • .

'

• •'*••'•. • j

' .".'* ^i . *

-* •'. •"> '-.* /

• i •• »ij

•
•

Itontana

Califrrnia

U.S. : Idaho

Sltck-

Trinity

G.3. .Selwsy

foet

Lol*

Present : Prorosed

Lrrd (Ifco.

' 16: 10

10

10

7 : 10

Bread or flour (Iba.

80: 106

100

75

50 : 85

Bf.k. forcer or

yer.et ( "

6: Z

3

3

6 : 6

Salt

4: 8

6

5

7 : 6

Sugar (

40: 25

41

40

33.5 40

l!ol;y;s*n or

syrup (gal.)

1: —

1*

1

1 1

Cof-Toe (11)8.)

10: 10

a

8

C.5 10

Tec. chocolate,

or cocoa (Ibe. )

2: 3

ii

8

2.5 3

laik (oana)

10: 48

12

18

33.5 42

Buf.er (Ibe.

10: 15

17

10

13.5 16

Iriod iruit flba.

20: 28

20

10

13.6 26

Eice, beans.

meooronl ,etc. (Iba.

20: 35

25

16

22.6 30

Potatoes rtni

other fresh

yegetables ( Iba . ) : 100

200

115

100 : 67.

150

Bollta oat« and

cereela (!*•.): 15

10

10

8 : 15.5

15

Canned roge tablet' "V.

or fruit Toansj: 30

42

100

30 : 23.5

, 40

2pic?s (o«. ): 4

8

IE

1 : 6

1

flavoring

Trtracta (o«. ): 4

16

12

« t

4

Vinegar (qts.j: 1

1

--

• • •»

•

1

Per~er or BU0t«rA(os. ): 8

4

— —

4 : 6

A

Cetcur (ptkbottla

S

--

1 2

2

•

Onions (Ibo.

•
•

25

16

8 7

15

PioL-les (qta.

: 3

3

1

1 2

2

Halalnef seeaed (Iba.

•

•

7

6

Sago (Ibs.

•
•

1

Sweet chocolate (ibe.

•
•

7

8

Jelly end r»»-

serves (qts.):

6

Ford tack (Ibs. :

8.5

3

Crocker 8 (Ibs.):

2

Socp (bi.rs :

5

10

6

5

(cftkos :

7

:

,7 t «$. ;:

' )t.- •

.}• :('^q
: i "

(W: .:'
U» >W

' ::*

'

>

U.S.
3.3.

Idfhn,
Solaa,!'

idr n t «
Black-
feet

ma : California

: Trinity
L* lo: Present rFrofosfld

Matohts (bxs.)
•lea (Iba.)

3

1

1£

6:7 : 7
1 : : 2

iba.
Orle.
Ctns
lint. . ( rg<58 )
Bot*lea(rtn. )

474
2
40

56.0?
1
90

3

624£

l|

11£

386 5/8

it •

*••

4J»

18
^

3 £8^: 509 5/8
1*: 5.^
67 : 88
8i: 18
8 : 8

5oTesCu.etci cr >
. irsfS'ja? i
Cakoof " )

3
6

^.T

10

|
6

7 : 7

: »
7 :

Totel rrei j) t of ford
yer day ~or canriba.

5.4: *.8

6.9

4.8

4.8: 6.5

L rctisn lint like any of those above is e b&lenoed
affair, that ia; the different kindo of foofi mentioned cie sup-
roeed ta be noarly fill inoluood in tha bill of fp.re over any
cnnaiclflisble period anc thus give a man rlenty ana a good
variety of neurisMng food, the rifrht kind ?f fuel for him
when he IB ('oinv? hero work. Although a balanoec ration list
la thus aur.^tatd to be used ccraplet* this is really true
only \r. the sense th&t moat of the articles mentioned in the
list should be included in the bill if fare when the occas-
ion, -either a considerable number of men to be fed or a few
cpn to be fed f :r a considerable length of time - makes tho
use of theoe ration lists desirable.

In the case of the Trinity timber reconnaissance
orew of seven men with six consecutive months of field tori:,
th* yroyosed Trinity list osmrlete furnishes c vtried oiet
olesome food fit to meet* every reasonable requirement
of r>;n doing herd rork. A rttion list, however, is never
^ne that nniat be ordered absolutely oomylete from beginning
tc enfi every time it is uaed. Take the »-ro»csed Trinity
list for exair^le. The leter iteirs of laisins, chocolate,
Jelly anc rroearves, need not be considered In ordering
for a fira fi^ting crew. T> ea« itemo are in ti;« general
list tc } rtlr balance it for the reoonnaiesar.ne crews who
oust necessarily >«ve corraot food of ii^nt reight for the
lunches tho individual men cp.rry out fr^m cwrf. A very
useful Tuivose of any good ration list is both to furnish
a mcrr.orcnduia cf things to get and a single ^Isn for ceter-

ing vhat qucntities to jet in different ocaea. In
figuring quantitiea one vould , of course, take the nearest
amount that ia convenient to ordor. TV.us if a calculation

UT-Q out 48 Ibs. of flour one vvould orier a 50 Ib. sack.

-11-

•

.

On the other hand, however, in t fire eaei-:enoy.
there little <->r no time ocn be jlven to oooLing for a fen
aeala, anc in cases I'hexe tho men *n the Jib v. ill probably
be out elto.vethei only & few meals, or et lerst no longer
than thict lefcre goor square aeals ec.r bo luraiehed, an
entirely diflexent -reposition is encountered. Faio a
few >earty, ?«ll-lij.eo fooda. easily pre-aied must to used.
Obviously, ii you selected such articles from the foreer
retion lists pm left ^ut the other rrtiolea, your file
fi^hteiB. elton using ur tteir etro^th «>t f caxinsun rrte,
would ^et the roor end of il rlth a cnich rec'^oe^ ration.
Consequently, a fow sucv artiolon Vevo beon selected on
the ^ud^ement of several exrerienc:ed men anc these few
heavily increased In amount in ih.e retlon so ua to oa' e
up in quentlty ^i tt bta been loo>. i'. Vfriety. T>«
follcring rrtinn liac Is, tl.en, a-other ^ro- oaed one for
use in cesee wreie c fov. ^en rre to be led for a few it s
et rest. In other lords, as soon us it is -r&otioaule
to furnish the regular zation from th.e longer, general
list, go ahetc ar.c do it.

Eiaer^enoy Hit ion List.

ICQ rrtiona

Pork pnc Beans (1 Ib. size cans) 1^-0

Becon (Iba.) - !

Cr nee meats (1 Ib. siae cr.ns) — 20

3read arc flour (Ibs.) 100

Tomctnes ( z£ Ib. size cms) 1C'

Other 7« Tetrbles (1& Ib. siae cms) 30

Poteto^s (Us.) 60

Cnione (Ibe.) • - 20

Buf.er (ILo.) 3^

Cerej-ls (r..ush) (Ibe.)

Coffee ( .round. »-ut u^ in tins) (Ibs.) ;

Condensed r.ilk (bens)---

Sujt-r (Ibs.) - 40

5rlt (Ibn.) —

r in^ ^OFt'ei arc --erst (Us.)

Urtohes, rei lor (boxes) 12

Cone lea, at least ft. £ of no. ren x Ro. ( ays-

Socks . chear . medium veicht ootton. Ho. pen » ITT"" II

totals: -Tftr. — 55F" Bores 12
ouns 400 Cpnrlee

Socks

About 7.1 Ibs. of food *-er tey rer ran. 5u^.:estiono for
cl&r.ges ir. t) is aio cesircd.

-12-

.
I

-, • .

Surrly lists can easily be trade up from this.
These nay be figured ^ut in advnr.ce of the fire nnason
for froir two to eight con for from one to ebout four <*cys,
eaoh list jiven a eeparete letter, as; a, b, o, etc., a: d
copies of *11 these left at different stores whence they
may be nrcered by letter over the telephone. In oane
a longer stey on the fire line than t few dtys ia nooeas-
ery such articles t: are wanted can be ordered in proper
quantities from the longer, general ration list, or else
other supply liata lettered A, B, C, oto., to meet
theue longer oases may be pre-rared in ccvarca from this
ration list and loft at stores elon& with the o) ortor
supply lists. This making out cf supply liets can be
shortened by leaving out some end simrly ordering "double
small a" or "double larrbB", ooar.ing trice the quantities
given in supply list "s* or in suprly list "B".

Some fires there rill be emergencies whon it
will not be possible to -et food to the fire line for
et least a nunter of hours. It seems entirely feasible
to aeot this in advance by making sone use of the U. S.
Army ecer;onoy ration as *-art of the rejular oruipment
of fire guards. Each ol these rations rei^hs eijht
cunoes net end each is rut up in three cck.es of ecual
8ix*>, each cake rrapped* in tinfoil, end til three onolcsed
in rr. herr:.etio£.lly sealed tin \.itl key-opening tttuchjcent.
TFT.sr, ARE NOT IHTFJJIi:!' TO B7. 8QUA. E ITjJ.S. They ere in-
tended OiTLY foi use in emergencies when no other rations
ovn be tmpplie* for a short period. Day a day, and you
went aoffleU ing wholesome and nourishing to keep you

foing until the square rieel sets there. It is far better
han having nothing in your stnmaoh. T>is army emergency
retinn is composed as follows:

Chocolate liquor 45.45>

Huoleo-casein 7.27

Malted milk 7.2

Egg albumon 4.55

Pondered cane sugar 21.82

Cocoa butter 3.64

It tastes better when swallowed without reading
the table of contents .

P. de Forest.
-13-

RATIJK LI 7? s ,jr> COOKIE PUTT??.
Pood list for 4 rten 2 d&ya.

Tomi toea ----------------------- 4 o*na

Baoon— - ----------------- - ------ 4^=

Hec ----------------------------- 4-

Breed, oreokera, or hprdtaok -----

Cheese ----------------- — • ----- -

Su.rer ------------ -— ------------ 5.-

Syiup ----- ..... — ....... - ...... 1 pt.

Coffee -------------------- ..... - 1}

Cunt'oneac nsilk — - ------ - ------- - 2 ocna

Butter ------------------------ l;

Dehed beaua --------------------- 12 canr

Fo&ohea — - ---------------------- 6^ etna

Potf toea -------- - ------ - -------- 0;"

Onl^na ----------- - ---------- - --- \*

Sclt ............. --------- ..... - I,-

Cooling outfit for 4 ten 2

1 coffee f*»t i gal.

4 tin ou^a ^ pint*

6 " rl^tea.

4 Iron handle table '..nivoa.

4 " forka

1 butcher hnlfe, ecall eisa.
4 teaaroona.

2 tableRroonR.

£ frying ^cna. medium size.

1 T ?eh becin. tin.

1 towel.

1 bar toilet aoar.

1 snail lantern.

1 qt. coal oil.

1 pkg. riatohea.

Food llat foi fl sen 2

Bccon --- -

Ei'it. ------

Leid ----------------------------

ITcrdtack or craol.eia ------------ 10.

Cheese -------------------------- 4?

Flour ------------ ............ -— 10i

powder ---------------------

r --------------------------- 8»

-14-

•

Syrup

Coffee —

Concrr.aed r^ilk — f^oens

BuVoi 8^

tried a~y>leB — ' 2~

" f'runes 8*

nice 5:-

Brown beans — 6

Onions 6.

Pole to OB -— -10:

Oi. ned reaohofl ft oene

Per '•er—--- —

Selt — -

Tocetoes — — — A opne

Cooking outfit for & c^en 2 deys.

1 dor., tin fletna.

Q tin our 8 • b !"*•

8 iron handle taile Itr.ivon.

8 forl.s.

1 h.to-er l:.'.ife. small slr.o.

0 teaspoons.

6 trbleeroons.

8 li r je frying rana.

Z 1 £&1. stow kettles.

2 * "

1 orffeo ret, 1 ;rl. 8i«e.
E 2 qt. tin brains.

2 lar^e tin rans.
1 tin wrsh bee in.

1 brr leundry soar.
1 " toilet
1 jr. toreis.

1 yo. ur.blorched sheeting for dieh toreis

2 Ic tczna.air.all alee.
2 qts. ooal-oil.

matohee, 25^'

C. A. Cherborlain,

Poi 0 men 2

Dccon

Be'-:. Porder

I-rtcc beans

: t.ttcr- ..... - ......... ---------- Bj

Cakes, assorted ----------------- 6.7

Candloe ----------- - ------------- 3 c-nly

Conned Corn --------------------- 4 tins

Canned tomatoes -------- - ---- - --- 4 tins

Crackers ----------------- - ----- - 3. oertoon

Coffoo, ground ---- — - -----------

Cnrn meal -----------------------

tried arrles -------------- - ---- -

Tried r runes --------------------- 2,-

Flour --------------------------- 10,-

Han-1 ------------- .............. 14.

Lard ---- ...... - ................. 6^

llritohes ------------------------- 1 box.

Milk, eva*-orat«6 ------- --------- 9 tins

Oat neal-- ---------------------- 2i Its.

Onions ----------------------- - — 1&

Pickles ------------------------- 1 nt'

Per-er. black ---------- - ------- - -J-.

Pole toes --- - ----- - ------------- -15j

Raisins, bulk ------------------- 3i

Spit, table --------------------- i

Rice ------- ....... --------------

Soap ---- - ----- - --------- - ---- - — 1 cc>e

Su $or ------------ - ------------ — 4^:

?r eot chocolate — - -------------- E/

S..rup --------------------------- t gal.

Tec -------------- - -------------- fib.

R. 7.. Brancan.

Doto: I^r. BrLra;an also had a list for four men

day* anc for tvo men three days but lack nf
space prevented their inclusion.

Editor.

ISc7i:UJTIOLfC! TO LOOrO
Equirner.t.

Forest Service St&merd
compaBB with tripod or

Jccobataff .
?ieic glasses.
Forest nap.

Scale, Jointed in center.

This equipment shoulc eitl er l/o rith you et the
lockout, cr quiclJ.;* eco.esBillo. In addition there should
be a r:>ugh teble or box on "hioh thr nap may be laid while
are loocting fires.

Llethod £f Reporting Firea.

'..Ten "a nx*e is slated, loof to Tta bearing from
station by taking oereful cnmraas roedin^. In
tfi"! ng- this reading it is net absolutely necessary that
it be taken fron one j:oint only; sorrietiBeB a betttr /lew
rf the fire nay be had a few feet away. I rsecinuflly
t«t^rt this reeding, the prnbr.ble distance of tl:e fire
fr*-c yra, and it« approTimate l^ofti^n, t-> the Llutriot

.;er'c Lepoqnarters. ./henevor the Listriot Hcj»-.er
loaves his office for t).e field he v.ill let you Lniw t?
whom yru shall rerort during his absence.

^fter having notified the Ktnjer, you vlll cell
ur another lookout froc v.h.ose station the fire can be ob-
served, and request his reeding on the fire. You will
thor, take these tro reedir.^a and locate the fire definite-
ly by using as a protractor a rert of the circle inscribed
about the loo-kout point. T is is done as follows:

Suppose that ene reeding is S 40° ff frcm Hayfork
B«^ly, and another IB £iven from Dubakella as H 6CP U. By
taking the jointed rule, -lacing the insice edge *f one
ern so that it trill show the direction S 40° 7. on Hayfork
Bally protractor, and the inside edge of the other arm B*
that the cireotirn 5 60° W will be indicated on the pro-
tractor over Buhfckella, it rill be noted thet the inter-
secting point M' the two arms is in the HV.'J of Section
4, T 1 H. R 7 E, H M, or in Keufus Creek.

-17-

flow osii u~ rne Liirrr><rT"ivLA7«T, anc tren tr.e
rin«r, giving oaoh the Icoation of tho fir«.

Rooord en the frrfer forma all the fr>reg»ing cre-
ations an they are performed and wrltn your name together
with that, of the lorfcout.at the end.

If District i\«L.ig«rs defiire these forms nay alst be
u««d >y Mien in recording the cat* on fires reyorted ¥y
locXouta.

Also note in your diary any delay you nay have
experienced In getting the Huyfork tferotor or anyone alee.

General Directions.

At Vo close cf naoh day report to the District
Fcng«r'» headquArtcrs stating tbftt there are no fires, or
(flTins condition of suo) fires as may be in your rarge of
Tlsicn.

Notify the Su- crvisor whenever you think that any
fire aff.oars to be arrea£in£ rabidly. Often the aen at
a fire are not in tele;.- hone ooomninioation and it may be
possible with this information to sooure afoitional aid.

You tioulu al8i« thor^u^^-ly fandliftriise yourself
with tho uso of the Pcr^st Service Stauf Erd oorrrePB to
avtid pp«aible errorc in reading it then fir«a are seen by
ycu. T' is can bost be done by usin^r the con'-asj quite
frequently if you we not slrr.cdy ^rcficient ir. Its use.

Finally, it ia ncc«C8Riy for eech of you to
realiaa that y>u are a most iiupoxtant rert of OUT eneral
rrctective «ystem, and tl ct it la up to ;\>u to see ard
reycrt the fires in t' e territory unoer your observation.
Lust yoar the f-r-im^t discovery anc notiiioetion of fires
rrovented several larrve burns and saved much money and
time. Tie hope to be equally successful this year.

. i ' * •

T.A.Huastis
Finest Surervisor,

-18-

The Forest Service Telephone

(Post Alongside the Telephone)

This telephone is connected with the Forest Service system. Connection with this system is not a
privilege granted free, but is extended in return for very definite assistance by the user. The Forest
Service asks that you observe faithfully the Six Rules, and that you influence your neighbors to do likewise.

1 Be sure your match is out before you throw it away.

2 Knock out your pipe nshes or throw your cigar or cigarette stump where there is nothing
to catch fire.

3 Don't build a eamp fire any larger than is absolutely necessary. Never leave it, even for
a short time, without putting it OUT with water or dirt.

4 Don't build a camp fire against a tree or a log. Build a small one where you can scrape
away the needles, leaves or grass from all sides of it.

5 Don't build bonfires. The wind may come up at any time and start a fire you cannot control.

6 If you discover a fire, put it out if possible; if you can't, get word to the nearest U. S.
Forest Ranger or State Fire Warden just as quickly as you possibly can.

The fact that this telephone is in your home must be accepted by everyone as evidence that you are
a part of the general organization for protecting the Forest from fire.

During the season of 1911 I received a great deal of help from all of you, and I hope to have your
continued co-operation this year. This season promises to be particularly dangerous and I do not want to
neglect any opportunities for better protection.

In addition to your assistance in fire protection, 1 want to repeat what 1 have previously sent to you
ri-nitrding the use of the telephone. You can see how important a telephone is to us, and strict compli-
ance with these rules is necessarj :

The use of all Service telephone lines and instruments will be free to the public until the free
use becomes burdensome to the Forest officers, or interferes with the efficiency of the system
for Service use.

The excessive use of the instruments is not only detrimental to the prompt transaction of
Service business but seriously impairs the efficiency of the instruments. Therefore, it should
be avoided.

The lines are built primarily for the transaction of official business, and it is imperative that
this purpose shall not be defeated by excessive private use.

The following regulations must be observed in the use of this telephone, otherwise the effi-
ciency of the Government telephone system will be impaired and this telephone will be sub-
ject to removal.

1 When the receiver is taken down, immediately ask over the line, "Is the line busy?" and
hang up the receiver at once if the line is busy, unless in case of emergency.

2 No one has the privilege to the use of the line unless he replies when he hears the question
"Is the line busy?"

3 Do not use this telephone longer than five minutes for visiting during office hours.

4 The batteries weaken rapidly while the receiver is off the hook.

5 Common courtesy, as well as the efficiency of the service, demands that receivers must not
be taken down and left down when other parties are talking. This clause MUST be ob-
served; we cannot talk unless the line is entirely clear.

W. A. HUESTIS,

Forest Supervisor.

Printed Form for Use by L ol.outs.

1. Date -

2. Time fire sighted

o'ciocl; M.

3. Rva&ing

4. Probable location --

5. Dictacoe approximately -------

Miles.

6. Reported to ---------- - ------ -

7. Ctiilad up ------ - ---- —Lookout

ti. Who x&ve reading -------------

9. Located fire in --------- - ---

Creek or ---------------- rid^o

1*. In ---- J, Sea. --- -, T ------- ,

it • ————«• .

11. Reported Iroation tD ---------

end ------- at ----- — — o'olook

IE. Remarks:

Signed ------- - -------

------------ Lookout

Zh* Patrolman' s Equipment.

NOT? as the firo season is close at baud and f Ira
protection work will bo our moat important duty in tha near

- . I v.-ould like to suggest what I think the necessary
j-VLicnt a model patrolman should carry each day while on
fire patrol.

I base my idea on where a patrolman rices each
day from his camp tr headtfi&xtiers and not where one la
rsr.dering throughout the district camping rrhere night over-
takes him.

The first of importance is a good horse and rig
complete. Including yacdle bags. The tools he should
carry are a light short-handled shovel and a £$# single
lit ax with a thirty-inch handle. These should be oarried
b7 tying to the pommel of the saddle v,ith the handles point-
ing becX between the stirrup leathers, ax on one side and
sh.ovel <^n the other. Ee should also carry either a canteen
cr a sater-bag. I prefer the South African 2-fc gallon
water-bag fcr this work. He should hcve a gcod field glass
ard a good revolver strapped over his shoulder*. In add-
ition to this he should carry in his haversack or saddle
bags, a note-book and pencil, a copy each cf the State Fire
Liffs and Trea^ans Manual, a package of the first aid to
the wounded, pocket compass, a clean pair cf socks, and
enough grub already prepared, for at least two lunches.

-19-

.

Also tied on beHnd hie saddle he should oarry enough relied
barley for two feeds for hie horao, and an e*tr« r*ir of eld
shoes for use should he rxxn snto a fire.

As the ordinary 6aily patrol routes do not gener-
ally exooed tw«nty njjDaa. I "believe a horse oan oarry a mum
and this equipmurt rithovv; hurting him in tha leest and as a
rum never can tell *7he/,; air. at a he will have to Jvcp onto t
fire, cith thio outfit ha vou.ld be rreparod t-> to ouBinesa.

R.P.B^.

TEE USE OP FOriEF. Ill FELLING TRI1ES.

At the last Ranker Meeting there was some dis-
ousaion regaxding tire use cf rovoer in felling •nago. In-
fvrBMtion along this line was requested from the Klanath
y«r«st. There mujf-er had Veen used in fellinj trees in ocn-
neotir>n with inseot control work. In this r?rk fifty trees
wore felled wltV the use rf pr-wcer, and the following in-
f-rmatinn is taken from Mr. filler's report rylating to this
worl::

"Slant Jlr>. 1 and Mo. ?. was used entirely in
foiling. Tbe ooat of the average treo was
as follows:

4i fltiofca af rowfier ----------------- $.E5

Time -?f one nan (30 minutes at
Zfj oents rer hour ------------------ .15

Total

This method has a number of advantages in
felling the scattered trees:

1. It is n*>t necessary to oarry & numtar of
heavy tools fsa?/, wedges, hammer, etc..)
from one tree to another.

2. The shook >f th>» blast loosens the bark
near the base of the treo which assists
pome in the pealing.

3. It is possible by this method for one man
4-i-> perform alone the entire wrrk of fell-
ing the tree ani burning tha bi?rk. This
will be found of considerablo advantage
where Ran.*ers wish to remove isolated in-
fested trees.

Its chief disadvantages are:

1. Considerable experience is required to know
how to use the powder and secure the beat
results.

-20-

J* * -i tt

•

2. Powder la not always obtained in remote
places and It ia not easily transported
in bull:.

The equipment needed, besides the
pawc'er, cars, and fuse, is a good sized 2-
inoh auger and a light arc. Some knowledge
ia needed to know how much powder to use
and where to place the cherge.

It *as found best to assign the pot-
der work entirely to cne man with a helper*
As soon as a tree is failed the two men oan
work at the peeling and burning until this is
started. While the helper is completing
this the powior aao oan locate, bore and
shoot another tree.

The auger hole is bored in the tree
at a point about 20 inohee from the ground
and on a alight downward slope. The charge
is placed a little p»et the center of the tree"

Mr. Miller's conclusions are that a cross-out
is more acvarta^eous than powder where two or more
men are working together : thc-t two teen can fell a tree
with axe and saw as quiclrly and as cheaply as with pow-
der. The uee of powder is found to be adrentegeous
where one man must wor! alone.

Each Ranger has been furnished with tiro
pamphlets pertaining to this subject - Bureau of Plant
Industry Bulletin Ho. 239 "Cost anc Kethvds of Clear-
ing Land in Veetern Mieeh.irigton", (pe.$es 13-20), and
Farmerb Catalogue of the Du Pont Company, furnished
by Junkana, Hanna & Ryan.

MISCELLAHEGUS CIIPPIHGS.

7ASHIH3TOH, D. C. , June 4.- The Indian appropriation
bill ee reported by the Senate Committee contains two
new items of interest to the lumber trade. One is for
an appropriation of < 100, 000 for the prevention and con-
trol of forest fires on Indian reservations. The other
appropriates $20,000 to be immediately available, Tor
the purchase of c sawmill and logging equipment end the
emrloyment -of persons to log end manufacture burned timber
on the Plathead Indian Reservation in Montana, arc to pro-
tect the remaining timber from fire tna trespass. The ap-
propriation is to be reimbursed to the Government from the
sale oi lands and timber in the reservation . This amount
->f this appropriation vies estimated by Secretary Fisher at
the beginning of the session. The committee says:

-21-

• t

'!.".

' '••

""•' ••"•-• •*•:

•

• \.

r-,' 'V j7rf- ' -

...-»" 'I •'•.

f .. .- • .

;-.- - . « .. . . •"

. :i • "~ ^ • : ' •••

There is a Itr^e amount of fire-killed timber
on thia reservation wl ich is rapidly deteriorating
in vclue i ru muat be manufacturer at enoe, ether-
wise it r. ill be a total leas. Inaemuchan It will
aave the yrererty ol the Indiana, amounting ta
thousands of collars, it ia arpeient that it vill
bo a .Joed tuoiness proposition if this money ahould
be made available.

Aa-.erioan Lumberman.

Poreat Protootire Force Strengthened.

By an erder ieaued !ley 31st. Postmaster General
Hitchcock haa otrenghtened the foreet f ire-pravontive
force by rlrtcot 66,0^0 nen. Theae men are the rural
and atar mute ^trriera of the foetal Bervioe, who ar«
di rooted to ooererate with the Forest Rangers and State
?irc "cr'ena whenerer and wherever roaalbla*

Forest fires lest year destroyed prTOxiraately
^50,000,000 worth of froyerty. The Derartment of Agri-
culture has b*en anxious* te Increase in erery way the
efficiency tf its freventive Bervioe. Postmaster General
Hitchcock haa feund the way to offer assistance, and as
soon ea his plan wea found feasible the crder referred to
was issued.

American Lumberman.

The Sundry civil bill aa reported to the Houne
\y the ArToyriations Committee oerrlea $500,000 for r'°~
taoting fablic lands anc rreventlng depredations en public
timber and regulating the cutting of timber.

Amor loan Lumberman.

yire Prevention ^n California,.

Fort Bragg, Gal.. Juno 4, 1912,
The TimbermRn: In regaxd to the work we are
carrying «ut for fire prevention this year, will say that
oach member of the Association hao undertaken te build
trcila on their lends under the euperviHlon of this
Association, and ao far some twenty-six miles of now
trcils have been comrletod this yeer.

At a meeting of the bcerd of directors an
assessment of one cent *-er acre wea levied to cover costs
of patrolling, getting out fire rarning notices, and
general office supplies.

3. B. Unix,

President Redwood Fire and Protective Assn.

The Tisbernan.

-22-

. * '

HESS FF.Oii THE LISTRICTS.
District Bo. 1-Big Bar. May 16, 1912.

Since the last issue of the Trinity Forester, I
have been informed that the appropriation will be very
light for the next fiscal year. It isn't a wise flan
to abandon any ef the projects nor on vand. My solut-
ion of the situation ie for the Rangers to help each
other on all Improvements where they are receiving the
saae benefit as the other, such as cabins and pastures
on lookout stations where more than one District It
benef ittsd.

Improvements; Since the last publication, I hare oom-

plated a half mile of new trail, fifty
panels If new fence on the Big Bar Ranker Station.and
the toel-house and blacksmith shop that was started
last January but abandoned until the wftather settlod.
I hare now on hand, sixty new trail sijns that I
painted on rainy days that will pest nearly all the im-
portant trail and read crossings in my District.

Insects. The caterpillar plajue is not spreading BO fast
as in the early part of the season. I hare noticed small
groups of yello* and 0u»ar Vines that are being killed by
the bark beetle. The Infested trees ara identical te those
is Hayfcrk.

Forest Planting. An examination shows that the yellow and
p 13 sugar pine seed planted en Corral Creek

area , is germinating.

11 The locust trees set out on the Big Bar langer
Station are all doing fine ant promise to be a success.

June £5. 1912.

Improvements;. Assistant Ranger Elmgren and Guard Dahlstrom

devoted the first ten days >f June to the
sutting of the timbers for a cabin on reaver Bally Lookout
Station. The cabin will be constructed as soon as the
timber ie seasoned and the snow goes off.

The balance of the month Asst. Ranger Elmgren
has been devoting to posting fire warning notices, counting
stock that were entering the Fornst , fire patrol, and
getting the telephone lines in repair before the fire season.

-83-

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Guard DahletroB and myself have derated the greater
part of thi nonth in posting trail algna. and constructing
the Blue F.ldje Pasture fence which is almost completed.

Silviculture. The seed crop in District Ho. 1 Is a failure

although a few scattered trees of the different
species have a half crop of ooneo.

H.W.Brannaa.

District Mo .2-Hyamrom. June 1, 191E.

During the latter half of May the building of a
Y.&rn at the Hyamprm Hanger Station hes been the center of
interest far the District force, and for a goof part *f the
Valley as well. When the s hike s have been put on the reef,
doors hung, and SCMM interior rork done, thie improvement
will be completed.

Material for the new South Fork River telephone line
has been ordered, though the construction c? the line Trill
hare t: f.epond upon the orrortunit »es tho Base on aTforda.
Residents along the ±-;ute have ajreed to assist the Service
in packing in material and in construction work.

During the latter part of June or i«rly in July, *
cabin will be built at Blake Lookout on South Fork Uountaln.

Recently oome time has been ,?iven for the neoe*r*ry
repairs t* existing telephone lines in order t? fit them for
the protective work ef the coming mtmraer; a few Homestead
Applications have received field and sffioe attention, and
some Tree Use permits h>wre beon issued.

Supplies will shortly be racked in tc lookout and
patr«l stations and in connection with other work, some sur-
veying of pastures will be done.

The chasing up of a oouple of thunder storms over
Indian Valley hae taken a little time, luckily, without any
damage being discovered; and the opportunity was made use st
to connect the telephone system of this fire district and in-
stall the instrument for summer use.

Considerable office time has been given to going
over the fire protection plans for District 2 ann some time
in the field as well, has been used for this vx>rk.

June 22,1912,

The Eyanpom Ranker Station house is ready for the
walls anc partitions, the flooring and steirs having recently
been put in. The lateness of the fire season i&ay permit
additional construction werk on this project before summer.

-24-

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• • .. •. • '•

The materiel f->r the Indian Tall ey-Lime dyke spur
telephone linfl is arriving and this line v.ill be got unfiat
way at once.

Lookout and patrol etationo have been equipped
with fire cuypll«s BO thet the sending cut of the men who
will havfl char#« of these posts may be done at any time.

Recently several permittees in different farts
of the District have been seen and an opportunity thus
afftrdod for talking ovor matters of mutual interest.

H. de Forest.

District H». 3-Hayfork. June 22, 1912.

Assistant Ranker Cuff and Guard Duncan have been
busy repairing the telephone linen on this District. The
lines are n&w in first-class shape for the fire season.

• •• Messrs. Cuff and Duncan are at present bruuhing
•>ut for the line to be built from Hayfork to Douglss City.

ABB is bant Ranker Dougherty moved to Paanut lant
month, and wua stationed there in tents for a short tine.
He nov. has quct-cors in Hayfork.

During an electrical storm on June 5, a fire was
started on Chenc! elulla. It did not amount to much, about
one and a halt acres, and Bandar f&tton aaC Assistant I'.enjer
Cufi had a herd job getting there bofore it turned out. The
greatest dcrae.je done was to fee ton's shoe. Pet ton tranced to
snas -a hole in hie sh"o an<? then let a li?e coal get '.rdo
his shoe through the hole caused by the snag. CufT loean't
remember Just whet Fa^ton said when the coal got rext to his
ff)t and it is probably just «s v;ell thet ho GOOSE' t remember

the exact wordo for we would hate to cut out any news from
the Porestor.

Rancor Patten fas gone to Red Bluff to jet a lead;
(of grub, we suppose }.

J.U.Dougherty.

District lo. 4-Knob. Hay 15. 1912.

District 4 headquarters was recently visited by
J!r. L. A. Barrett, Assistant Lintriot Forester, and Super-
visor W. A. HuecMs. It ^as arranged at this visit to make
a change in the bvoncery tetr^en £iotrlot3 ^ and 4 by t«&iii«
about a tcwnahip 9i.'-? the tKuxh-casfceza portion of Tilr-triot s
and adding it te District 4. Th>a District haaflc'o.li-tera
being at Er.ob, it d-ec n^t aoen Dogiccl to expect a Fanger,
with hea^q\3«rter9 ^.b lenun'c.to c.-mH over around Lr >h tr. rer-
forro acmini%trativo v*ork rrhr^i emrtnor Rauper is stationed
there; honoe the ohixnge. This addition will be patrolled

-26-

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thia necoor by r.n eytra ..runic. Ik. Barrett ani myself
arent a day in the f iold "looking out this r«tr°l. Tht
gue.Tt \111 rrobrbly b« strtionod at the I'erriaon Gulch
C »ek Rancor ctation.

I am ylec.aed to knor thi t .Uva T*. ^.oy IB not;
Assistt-nt Kwieat Runjer in thia M>tiiot, commencing
hie cutica ;^-y 1.

?rank P. Buckler bpjan hie dutien under ap-
pointment on June 1 In thia District aa Aaaiatant
forect Render.

Trope men have cone faithful work in the Ser-
7ic* ee Ourrc.a for several years er.r. it ia ri^ht that their
sorvicos ehoulf" be reoo^nited.

?rrnk D. BUG! lew and Ma rlfo v.ent to *7hite Rook
Strtion errly in I!cy. Ilr. Buckler will bo busy reyair ing
fence, olearinj land, -lowing anc* aeeding lane* at this
etr.tl^n. ra well aa or.king tho cabin more suitable for
i esidenoe.

It ia to be re vretted that the Ilatriot **TT*T-
rii'tinna Tvlll be BO smell the next fiscal year, but am
horicg that District 4 will be allotted auflioient money
to extend our lino to Btlfit Ceap , neer Tomhecd, rhon it
will le ryactioally through the liatriot. Thia line win
be ooKiucncec somotime in June aa about six and one half
miles of Tire RTO already on hand ct .Mto Hock Station
am five miles more rre et Knob anc «111 bo raoknd out t«
the attti^n eprly in June. The riatence ia about t^ enty-
iivn raileB frotc ' hite Koch. T'J. Trecy vill make it p rcint
to look out the route for this line anC to do all the brueh-
in»7 out ^oasible to lijhten the Job when we -et ovei on that
sice.

Hany Evereat,

Notea oil FArea .

«*.ltor four yebre of reticnce enc ferneveranoe I
am r.t lact coistcnt Forest I;«njei . Although the acdition-
al salary is no ,*reat amount it r^ys for many little neceee-
eriea in lile the t ay fp.rcily would otherwise be coy-rived of.
->E IT I HIJFLY AP?r^CIA7£P.

the counting~!n of stock, irrrovement work,

.

enc the neooBBf.ry lire -rotection, I cheerfully see a busy
oeoa^n before me. I re. jet thrt tlr Tomhead sawcill will
not to in o-eretion thia seeaon sincr v;hen it la in orertt-
ion there ere elvr&ys o half cozen or so fire fijhters avail-
able at that riace". Hovever, the construction of a tele-
phone line from Thite Rock Station t^ Specie Ganr will be

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cerriod en this season - therefore the construction ore*
will be at our comand if v.o should need them - otherwise
we .voul<? have to c'erend on r^trolaon only, ea District 4
IB vory remote froc settlements.

I hpve read the lost issue of the Trinity Forest-
er vith jreat interest aa it contains much vclupble inform-
ation. I have taken asocial Interest in Ranker Petton's
article on Patrol vs. Lookouts. ?ir. ^atton's exrerlence
relctin^ to the value of lookouts <urln£ the einoky weather
la TTOoisely the sane cs my own but I will say that I have
found lookouts of service durin oncky reather by visiting
them alter fieri . Even if tho fire is on the opfoalte sif.e
of a smell rie ;e from lookout the litfht t.111 often ohow over
the tor of the rlv.re. The only Msadvontnje connected with
this --Ian ic the fece-tion in the cistance of the fire from
the lookout ,sl though a little experience develops fairly sood
Judgement in that respect.

I will role to en instance that occuired last llov-
erober after icy c^*" ointment as 1'oroot Oup.rd hc6 terminated.
I wr.r. .itlll r.t °.ar.dle Canr and e»oke one nomin^ to find the
Eiountrins so full of aroke I could not see ovei one nils. I
started on rgtrol feeling confident there VPS a fire not far
cv ay. After srendlnj K very unsuccessful day I climbed
T^nhead lookout c.t dark. The fire res quite visible on th«
Horth fork of Rec Bank Cieek, east of Klkhorn Mountain, out-
side of the Forest. I could not frve locrted this fire under
tv.-o ^678 ratrol. TVe acoke was so thick in S.P. of Coctonrood
Creek Canyon I could not tell there : as « canyon thore. It
pnsood ever the divlce c.t the heads of S.F. Cottonwood Creek
md S.I . of Trinity T.iver so as to ettrpot ottentlon in Iicn.:er
Sray's Diotriot, causing a telerhone oesseje to Ranker Everest
that there n»cs o fire somewhere about lloi-th Yolc Bola. Everest.
mt^lng e hurried trir to the couth side of Yola 3ola. found no
fire. If the telephone hac only ertended to Scodle Canr, I
c-^ulc hfive ssved Ranker Eveioct that lonf; lice.

Alva Trecy.

District Ho. R.-Liac hiver. May R, 1912.

The r»»^ conth hea been c evote^ oMefly to adminis-
trative 7.orl;, claims taking first ^laoe. Exarinetions and
rerorts v.ere or.c'e on five homestead final ^roof cases and
hearings Attended In the OCSOB oi throe squp.tter claims,
(timber lands).

TTork haa rrojressHC very nicely on the house at the
Itec Kiver Eanjor Station; *ight days were srent on this T ?rk
in \ hich time the frtne v.ao cor.utiuotec end tie building is
not; reedy for its roof ar.d finioving. Thio work v.lll -rob-
rbly "be delayed for some time inesmuoh as we r.re unable ,ot
present, to secure necessary luml.er from the lootl mill.

ABsirtar.t foroat Render S. A. S~ ielda v/ae ro-a-foint-
od A-ril 20 to this liatrict tr.t in no», enjcjec1 in repairing
telephone lines fenced furin^ tho * inter ertf In looking tfter
the stoc.. enter in-: t>e Forest. There has been but few stock
as yot (May fi) entered the Listriot from outsido rergee, *ro-
babl? from the fret that there ia ^lonty of e*rly feed on the
ren./ee outaice the "forest.

A rain sr*e hrn been rocently insttllod in this
District but arrived too Icto to record tie i ooent haevy rtin,
horever. from othor sour ooa 9" of rr. Infall ia reported as the
record fron « ril £8 to llay 5. Thin storm was much needed and
*. ca jrortly a^~recirtet by the &too.j&en cince it -ill ne doubt,
insure c hecv7 f o. «..je cro on t>e ranjre.

John T. Gray.

District Ho. fi.-Tillop Creek. Uay 1, 1912.

«

X repaired all .eie-hor.e lines in thla Listrict
for t: e auronei , excert tho line from Penther Croek P.tn^er
Stotion to the bounrary of liatrict 2.

Besices the repair of the telerhone lines most of
the time lor t> e -aat nonth has beon tolren up in making June
11 examinations.

Dcvid " . Haas hes been aauigne^ to this listrlct
to r.ssiet in eArainiatratlve and inn*royement rork, besides the
patrol anf fire ~rotootion r orl: during the fire season.

June 20, 1912.

The telephone line hue keen constructed from H
Camp to Johnson's Corral on Oiouse Mountain am* the line fron
the Panther Creek Ranjer Station to the main ric vre of th^ moun-
tain has also been finished. These telerhone lines rill give
patrolmen on Grouse Lfrunt&in tn oy-ortvu-.lty to rerort firea
without leavin ; the main ridje.

The brush on the Perigot timber ealo aree was burned
this ronth.

Assistant Poiest Ranjer Hnas ene. Surrd ItoHeil finish-
ed tho trc.il betveen the louglcs rtnch and Rcooon Creek end
beve ircred their canr to ?i inity Summit i/here tl«ey r m do some
more ..rail ^or' . Some ^osts r.m also be -TOtten out for the
TtBture on Trinity Sunmit.

Recent leins r.n<" tho Io-- y veathci hrve eliKinated
the fire cen?«r for tic ^resent , ir.f. I think that there will
be little further oar.jei of lire in this restrict until after
July 1.

Frr.nk A. Graham.

-28-

District !Io. T.-Siutrtfl for' . June 1, 191E.

Since our Irot lettei , Assistant Han: er Box arc
myself h*vo been busy surveying the Bumboldt Mining Comrany's
mineral claim, counting otock, surveying a il.jht of ..ay for R
trail arc telephone line across railroad sections to Granite
Fe»:k Lookout, end brushing out a trail te reck eur rire over
for our lookout line. ".e have . ut about one and one half miles
of trpil in ohare to use, and looked out enC birred fbout four
miles of the route foi our telephone line. If the enow r.ac not
prevented ua, we would have had bcth our trail and telephone
lice routes rofinitoly located rt tlia time.

TT/O r.en ha.'an vorl. on the Trinity Mountain Bender
Station tern l^cy 1ft and \ ill probably have it comrlotod by
the £5th. Our Buckeye b< rn built lest year "roved to be too
narro.. . it being only t; elve feet tide, so I instructed the
can-enter* to build this one fourteen feet wide. This
chcn.'e mcce it necessary to jet out tvo one sills and ten 70100
for floor 1oist3, and no/ necessitate the buying of a few
extra shores ar.d borrds, but I t1 ink the benefit in hrving the
tvo extrc loct in *.icth '. ill noro hfcn Justify the extra expense,

Our tolcyhone ;ire is ct Lo vieton now end &s soon" as
OUT trail to the foot of Oranite Teak is conrletod, re r<ill
rack ou the \ ire ant begin built i.-g tho line. '.a ex;ect te
ouilc this line tnt e tzail to the to^ of Granite Peak before
the fiiLt of July by r.ai^;er li.bor*

Since the Trinity reconnaissance crcr is to be
soettereo tMs set son, ^;e roult not object to ore or t* o good,
technical fellows lor.Cinj uo c heni* in f;he construction of
this telephone line BTK" trail. Hov cbout this, Ilr. ^u^ervisor?

Extra.

I rut one over on -Bslstant r:ar.-er Boar not lonj a^o
worth telling about. Our lookout telephone instrument an ivod
during his pbaenoe, uhicl vei^hts oomewVere eround fifty rounds.
I took it out of the Vox anc rl.en he cfine home told hin t) at
we hac received a sanrle rortible teler^one instruroont to be
used by jatrolaen, EJX" ir.vited him in to see it. On first
eight Box aaid, "STher, thtt'e c. hncir.or", but trhen he tried to
pick ix u- he seic , "Great r.tott, o man vill n«eC. e rack horae
to ^et that thing trounC \"ith". 01 oouroe its ur to Box to
treat.

June EG, 1912.

On June 1 Aesietent F.tnjers 3. F. Viles and John
Molin tnt Forest Guerd J. H. C'irrinjs leforted for f.uty ct
Dictrict Renjer's hetc'qua: tero. They were tiu-ned over to

-£9-

Annie tent Uan er r.. P. BOX. who hr.r been waiting their rr-
riral anr ?;ho h.ed a supply of ax«o. shovels, mattooks, end
picks ready for their use. Since their airivel a very
sube tp.r.tial ohofrlnj hre beon nwde in trail £nc* telephone
w«rk. The vJr&nite Feck telephone line has been oonctruot-
ed a dietr-r.ce of five nilcs. tie rijht of is:/ brushed out,
anc f e Irush ^ileo in ;ooc shtfe. An BOOT ;enoy telephone
line hi-.s be«n built fion th to* oi Bio^n's fountain to L.
P . ?oa e's cabin on the In 3rm..e ditch, r. distance of two
and r quai tor Dllos, and a short line built from the Costa
ranoto to '7. F. Junto. ns1 ylnoe on Rusl Creek, a fiatanoe of
one end i. quarter niles** Thones wore installed at both
nieces by the 1 irtrict I\ia^OTt whloh Beera to be working
woll. At ^resent , the boys *rc rerairinj the riinersville -
!7eavcrvillo line, which needed r faw ne insulators and
iruoh brue1 removed. Grate v/orl. was done on Granite leak
trr.il ur.< the trail follo^ln.; tho Trinity fountain tola-
phone route. To have much more improvement rork in oijrht
antl if the tverthor ooncitions continue fcvorable Pe ex^eot
to -rove thpt Lender labor is deeper to the Service than
temporary or contract labor; all points oonsicered and
thet their olase of \orh will i.vernje a surer ior quality.

C. A. Chamberlain.

This nonth Surervisor Huestis end ;^r. George Held
s^ent several days installing the lookout on "eaver Belly
Mounteln. The onei ;;ency riie for the ton-orary telephone
line haa been laic*, the trail brushed out, pnd prran^ements
ere toin mai.e to erect a cabin. I!r. Beid will be Lookout
this euorer, anc \ill rerort all fires to tha Surervisor '•
office.

!7o were oorry to hear thrt Assistant Forest
Ranger T.'ooc^vaice sufforec* en atte.ck of -tomeine rolsoning
this month, he r.ae confined to his bed- foi several days
but hr.o no., elnoet entirely recovered.

lire. 7. H. Halley and chilrren txve left for
Beiheley, where ohe enc Ij-. Hefley Till ne'-o their future
home.

Ilr. rvrns left on Kay 15 for tho Klaranth forost
where he hrs a teur/orcry aosijnnent to reconnaissance work.
It is -rr>br!>ly, however, thrt by .iuguet 1 this Till be
conrlcted am t>-at his .services orjn be secured for the
Trinity in the insect reconnaisoanoe work.

Deputy Porest Supervisor Crffnan srent three
ireelrs on the Klamath Forest rit'r I'cssero. BuxLe anc1 Tiller
stucying their rctvods ol ir.eect control toik. Incident-
ly, Mr. Coflnen bought two horses wMle on hie trir.

-30-

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Su-ervisor Euostis h.es now fully recovered from
the illness r?hioh forced hifl to abencon his trir. nith !>.
Bairett lest rconth.

Render Prtton eyent several « tys at Red Bluff
during the ^ast r.eck.

Mi SB Ruth Trimble is nor in the Forest office
doin^ Bone aimeojrarh and other ofiioe vori: thet has ao-
ouDuleled curing the fast fev ninths.

Ranjer Jarrett tool, annual leave for a short tri~
to the coast this month.

Pores t Supervisor Hueetio v, ill s^enc about ten
fieys .beginning July l.in I-istri»t 1 with Ranker Brannan.

Renjer 3ity arent cevercl days et J:\ire3ca at the
Hulott land case hearing.

-31-

"' -'- '

ouM all . -nt at <

' • ' ' • -r.j on I ion,

of iJean t\: -nior.a a.-.h nr.o of •.

lor.n for tv~ hntt.'r.-^rt r:1 hi*

'-. ^o •rcrtic-.^ th. h'l-iful "U£K*B-

ivrl, V'^ 11 hrtV« loot 09
'

.

: fcs thftt th^f ar^ ncr.tionod hor^, am', not pcause
any fear .of a lack of a^ ation of thoir In^or-

-o QTi the jiart of any on*.

road at the l.'ontir.g ^^.oi/ careful rnpara-
full of valuable Inf orruxtior. and 3U^gof»tibna*.
or tiiia iosuo rf the Trinity Pcrrntor tr
i-eccrd of thewo aera arc' «f the

ion an-A arc
the pu
-> a pf-rmariont

^etin^ for reviow arrt for rr.f Bronco.

that it irapoBnihlc to ^ivo the talk.* of thon.-> mer. v;ho
Mtiter o~tomporaneoualy or fi-oa noton only, appecially t.1 •«
very interesting talk hy Dr.

VJo

.^ In tho •KJ-''t- :>o •<; Poros-.t of-i'lcTo har.?
rjfSTIOH. inclin-a to f~rl thac thn Fcroot i->«rvico,

onphasizinft t -»o0ity for jomplcto

•'.rtj.al ".nforc<-»rcnt of tho Pish and Uar,;n lar/a, wa3
7.- aloua in thic r^^ard than t>-o otat«» Fi-h an ' GOEJO COP-
miHnior.. Th<- -Jtat.er-' i . -. mad*> Vy Fiah and
. o. LawB at th3 Aan/^er ..- ^tii.,-^, M;at ^;r had boon ir.."tructpd

.-. l.'«wbei't, Pmnia^nt of the ".tat.o Fi-.h and Gane Cor!n;: -
ior., tc -;>rodf>cut.o all viola.ti^ra aj-'" rna1:?,- no oxcoptioro in

form, should put an . *.o all feeling of a lack
rf >.v t>i» Fish and ^«i^ Cor-iBnion. As t.'r. ^a-'R
tat' • ' -}:oico or. thn --art of ^^14 Corini^Tion^rn

impartial a^-aloue -rcnocutior of all violations au
»pal. '.'ith thca^ ins tr \ict.i on a fron tvi.c Coinmi-, :ior. to
tr. orm men, For^yt officers rcod fool no lack of b*
^operation n. ... of the f'.tatc

°v-'c< - • :?H A rain ^age and naxinnara and minimum

thor-.on^f.^ro havn beon installed in tho
aU. yard at the V'oavorville offir.o, and a
daily .-«rord of rainfall, naxiruun and

:inlm*.jm toaperatur^B, » othor obocrration.3 is b«inr nadr
'-'• *r Bureau.

1.

Tl •> • ha<» also ^hipp^d throo artri-

rain ,-ngoj* to the T. For^t to 1?« %t

r rul-jh, H' o c».nc- iUith at Di^tri.^*. r.ttr.rrt'ra1
•iquArr.«rr. Th^ne statioi..-, together

Lll«, -ill «nablp the '•«athor Euroau t«-
rnoi"- *oc .Cation --ith '^^ar 1 *r th«» cltm.t-lr

's r^Kion tliar. it. ha.-> >-eon aM^ to obtain in the ;-a--.t.

J. id. DOUIIL^TY. t.al:c pl««iaur^ in "elconlr.^ to th<»

nerHOrnol of tMo Forest Assistant ?
. Jouc^ierty "hr» has reoertly Vv«*;r. traneforror'. tr
Irii.ity fr«r ^inilar : 01, on the Cleviiar/t ^ro

• a»Bignmont a-. Assistant r.ar.pei' tc the Clovrlor.d,
. Dr.urhTty held thn rpsition as'Fornst Clerk or. t?^ Ko
For->nt, ar.d pre-'ious to that *B Format Clerk en t>» Black

lie Forget ir. District 9. H*: also porvnrl in the U.
Arr.y ir. the Phili^pinr Islands from 1<?C2 to 1905. Hr

accompar.iM hy hirj wifo and small eon, and for tho pro-
is st.aticr.od at "oa^^rville. !r> r°cr«t that he cU--l not

two u*o!ta carlinr in order that he nri^h*. havo hc-i.
pr°. at oior *.ar.^or fietir.A and have had the opportunity

to hero ••••': aoquainte'l at oroe \/ith all tho other Hangors o»:

nrcBt. HA 13, howj»v«r, g.-.inirig a ^aat res-.-.oot f^r th"
l-rni" of the Ha<»t.Jn* and .4ACurlrig aome familiarity rn-}
ta proceedings by oporat-ir^ the nirceofyarh for tbio iso'
thH Trinity -Forester.

RANGER The lint of Civil 'jftrvi^o olip;ibl^B for
SLRIBL3 LI-3T. bhe position of AnslBt-.^nt. Forest Hang

has just beon received, an'?, according
ist, nine out of the fourteen men v»ho took the nx

at. 'laverville have paoeod. T!-.ese nen are ao
fellows:

Harry ".. Yateo
Ivar, A. Cuff
Brur« F. Viles •
John A. iolin
Fraricia D. Buokl^w
Howard H. Iriffitta
Davir1. '.'. Haas
Cyrus ','. Zel«lor
'illian

•f.

3 T TV" 7"

cc. ; FLAW i:

.

9st<*r

Jobx. H.

- value of the F^r'^'t Sorvice to thA
d ir. different ways- M't -..•ithout a c
H«.oount of this particular locality at hand th*
••t IB pretty hard to «xpr^Bi3, or. tho ct!r»r hand, r«^
toliarn ar.d r.onts ar" r.ct always proper rrcaouron of
vHTmy. J>8ir\*s there ar^ r.any diff^r-T.o^n T opinion ap
t"> what. «hsul\ h« inclxiclM ii. ou.ih a r.tat^ent. Loolsnfl a*.
from the hro«d poir.t of v^i^w, I believe th*»r« la no
^r: but. t.ho Poror.t service 3 a rontrituting tr tb-o

Ilo prir.ciplo of "tb.A gr^at^s*. ^oori to the
•nhnr ir. tho long r'jr..11 On "the other har.rt I

JKRt.anf.ttH r/hnro local conr.uniti*>3 Mi^it b« adversely
afi'-"*-^! or hir.air*'! frrtn acquiring t^wrorary aavar.tae
Ih0 v»ry tenporary r.atur^ rf Buch advar.tc-./* , ho^-f»vor,
it lar.^iy out -»f the running wh*»r. w*> oonnid*»r the br
pu>li.-. priroipl«p ar:^. th" larger public b*>nc.f ita. If,
«v»r, all Ic^al r.^rrnjrar.lti^B w«*r*j rostrirtAd ii. puVdt.Hi.ti
an I porrcar^r.t development th«r« oould he r.o valid <*x"ur!e for

has

ry

ell an

ir,
a

by th'- T.
import.it. re
thoux}.

arx^plar.tod all
th* railroad.

totvra un^<l to b
*^ n.ountnir.r. arid

rf *h'

• or
s

. But no or.-
rnilroad o-.--
-

(no*. n"i5t^

li!r«- tho^o ".oir.ir.£ ir - r
<"r> v^]ir VR

.c^.r, vir dJ8
:.ur. it . •
loj H *}_H v-iBtly greater
fl"-^.Kir.«c . . ^v^r.

ec :• »'j,'J. ^ra*" ai.d ir.t-.r- • • ••-

^^noKOJv^- r a, r.rr anyor.« qu^ I tb.o • \ty

i pi<->r^-»r : --vnlopinor.t cr »,)iy k;fna;*.r". T*»t 'h*»

-y adrar.t^^e of u r»n porpl^ ergagnd ;"»P a -" 1-°-

:tn -vao ion* ui-h r.b.o ad' railrouxle.

. -i lot of mar.util labor,
auto truck f-.he J-.crt»c, ai.d irai.v other

miidit b^ cit^ r- i f«w have

bv^t wli^r^ a lot nor^ p«>oplr and

profited. Ai.vthir(T '.'h.1--?i ^o? -
thf» permar.er.oy of ll- r^ - «s

purnuttn ar/.'

'ir.^ ira'>).ir.<»r"
-•vlec.tr J". ~ar ar.d
JBtra+jor.B of
lo:»t

ritj bA • r- n
jnut.eo t« stability ar.d
'ifcutionT or •

1-3

« t

nr!

iiviih'-")-: r-:±" he ^r- b^i.«ri ).r^.

•ii principle

i« Ir;
pro^roao. If ii. *» ->r f r.hy "or1: ' r --ice

- • r«"ill/:^ b* th: l*plft I an-.' ^nt

. , . ,- PUr ..rit-i 1.1 r • h -vo t*"1

a r'»cniMe, >r doin>' rrr 'or'-: vron/< <•••

r\-1 *.<< <-ur.d .v.>r:':?i^r.t — :une for its

- • rile institution.

: . • . ^rc.ry *5c *.a:;in-.^l advar.tRK-ja me.y h~ lo.-.t to H

;x»eflo. . r.ar.'t h«l? thc.t. oy ar<» lost r»eauso

• or oir.r.r*. h* ni&do to .'.rntrlVut^ to thr «;&•;! run

'

r.s <*-cnor»t«»ly ut. tho rr^ront valu^ of f.j^o
r-vi^c t*-» looal «ofmaur.it.t«» or ntaton, anri. cjorv-iriorir.*
viilu^;* froir. a cloo^r et.ar/ipolr.t.: tfcro^-fcurth« of ?. villloi-;
rirj.lure -\ra opcnt. j.r. California *»«i3h y^ar ir. th*> e.^'ini^tra-

'. of t.h« National roroito. "c-.t of thin PTO-»H Clm^.tly
ii.t.o t.hn rj-anr.elo of trc.c>. I .-.^VT hf.ar''. of ^x For0^*. officer*!
rrri.oy ^ottir.g v/>r" far a^ray fron him >,efor« it four"* a
b^siflog a lot, nf mor.oy apor.t ir. improveraonto ?»uch ».-. t
ro«*fl37 ^l^phor.^ linop t'icot:o dirict. p.or^to to tl"? i>c
T.OB-. ir.*.irr»tfnly aff"^to-\ y.y th^ ?or^ntP. 7h*» Triniv
.•.iRh^n many ill'.'atratior.s of au?h hor.efita-. Ta''r th*>
.J 1 rlo-a. t.h^ Trinity iliv^r and "o\\r tol^phone -3"-.t^r •
qtill Ye thinr:n im^rnanM of inot^ail of
t if it. had not ooor. for th« i«rvico.

;o ni/tfit mention tho roneirta -7hich ar

l«»« ry th« 9'J nor ">,^nt ^laurrp. Thin ir. tfcn 31 •
bM to ny«r "C,C" laot yoar e.nd -'ill incr
ao IHT;*« hlict< ^*> co- P jr. to o-y-TRtioi. and n^r-

•' i;'pno.\. ii. tir1-^ Mio r^-*pnuo« rroro th»» 3^.
• ior.vl -. prMu^t.fl vrill »j*patlw ^r-xTo^d, (an.1

'.cr.t), \vhn.t mi^'t havp %Trv*d
LA ".nui.r.irq r.-.rtit affftctoci ty I'at i • •
-quisitior. ai.d •xploi fcutioj, of ru" t1^]-»:' and

0-.' - : ; • r-.:ir".'«F. • .r . '

ay ruir.d.

• • • • hRr.ofits rr 1 -rr-

Jlation. !!3H^"-p

with UB !i. t; aluf to th- . r.r

• • •- -*.t«=T • -r\"* ' Wrr

" r,c ro:iourr>.^a that; t° ^ur> up ar.d rv^rntfck or

them. Of -our-r-. , I'll a^ln'i-

I.rr • 3 ^o'or,try with r ompl^t.^ pr*- • -> r«T -.-.-

•• rticirish. ii in tru: of no- • • .

- will >•' jrt-r~;;t<-d in l^rrtir.ft ' -lie VHr" fact of

Vr.' our rar '.ormal Condition and usc> aho-ys all

over • -"-ional Forent t>rp HC * ! ! r.£

mere lives' • • • rira-

hold . Th« total li\ > authorizecior >-^>- *M;; ••< -.r

Dip- • . • - -«f la<»t year- a: \ we f

fixr^- • IB.

Tlv .-•• . o .ir. to ti-"- public, ho'/evor, In the
oxoroia <v -VJ t>- or i t y . If vo u-v-^t, lo.-,e.l con '.Ationc
y and interfere -?ith local bu-.inca* T/O rant Jiv.tify

*.or perrcar:--!n*-, benefit, j: Or. the: othor

', I bolievo It io neooo^ary to aAJ'j.it our nanago v?nt to
;-il ncods of lors-il aoiTSiunitioB. I think thio oan no
•-iid Ttill adhon to the treat.1, general nrlnoiploo.

\!e ere horo to nonage thfi foo--lo'r. resources.
p. HfiJidlcy hau 'Toll etatod "The object" of For^^t ••vvragor.-ni
to oooure th* nartinuM not benefits for tho public t^rou^
^rotootion, utilization, dovclcjr'ont
thpsr- natural rcoourcoa.1*

Vou to eocuro eueh benefits thoro muat be
.ciny in administration - .thoro nuot Tsn regard for
pnr ox'ooncltturo of funds, Juot the namo as if "ou rr^r-f
hired to manage a corporation or a pri-atn busiiic-Ki.
so thoroughly inoonaeo re as to bear of oone public official
in charge of public funclo Just wasting then bocuuno thoy
arc public fundo - unions it i'j to hoar pnoplo remark: 'rcll,
tho Govornncnt ii payinj: for this anrl.I'n ,fr,oing to r^ct. out of
it all I can r/hethor I ^.n entitled to it or not. Undo Sam
ha3 lota of uor* ->y an.-; he io logitinato proy." A lot of
people think thio way about public affairs and public funds.
I flon't think the accusation c^xild to lodged againat nany
offioerr. in tho Foreat iorvico. «/hat I ''ant to say is that
membcro of thy Service are not wilfully cheating the t-ovcrr-
mc::t out, of its Juat dr.os. They \»ould roncnt «unh an
acnusat.ior. as a personal affror.t. But if ^e -.top M-d f-li.1;,
are we -Ui") that we are nalcirib the iccct of our 'f forts? On
tho other hand niggardliness or *5tingineoo is not of-onony.
V.'e inuut spend money to aave money. T'^.ere nuat alvayn bo a
oortiin Hi?.ount. of initial investment if -70 are later tc get
rotun.a .

Nov vhat have tlv valu»» to t^o corrnum^.y and cc.or.

-.tdainintrat.lon tr dc> "ith the plan Idoa? T ihoulO. say
they e.r' inseparable. No ^iecft of »vork otir be ^70 11 cloi.o or
economically dono unlt^js it in ^ell planijr"'. There Io :
question tbat t.hr-rr hcta been a lot of lo-t moticn: ir. the

•ic-3. The ':lan idea io Just a littln ^a'jier ai.c1 "in->l r
way of oayin^ "aoientiflc naimgonien*.,'' r/M.ch 'iaa bf >
frightonlrg HO nany of u--j in tM3 03~trict during the last
yoar or so. And what in 'scientific nanuge^crt?' T'-.ere fts
certainly nothing net/ about it.. It iu as old as baimar
activity. rt.r_ from tinn imroonorial have appllnd tho
principle, often unconncioualy, ii. t?,- acquisi*^or of gain.

;^eans the rroat»»ut -onsiM :-e mlt» from tlic ;
of a ,T,i.ven .-n-:ou..r nar^y or t'f'rt. If I • Muni

over to ono of you nei: a ranch vliich un.'.or nor.i'l o<y ^
of ' soil proiluotivt i" 'tM r

the if the v».ar showed moro of ar a- »r

f ul r>j TM r. •> ir if T

</ou . . . • .

• - -^ur na B <~rd. I v^imtVic.

"air-i rr that I •
e dr : -Ittlr- or iu •. I had in the >ari: to '-.POT-

. .

. i* : rt ;-.. ;cu -re'rahl" racl no clofinlto plan

y*u. IT 101 , ' ravi,Tp.r.co, >

• • -v-iotM' . • . il" . T'o. loo!: for ;

-> i rur "or: . ^rvico. *ui hour

tiBx- or a ollar ii. rr..- " \>-. v.^lrr. .•>;:> to Uncl." van if*
.t. ar* valuatl* au an hour fcf tiro br> lonfiir.ji: to any ''U.i-
;a nan «r a lollar of anyrr.c'n racnoy. ^ aro munagir.fC
«^pl«>f3 ^report". Th-^v ">av «•• money to cTo it. Vho"

'

Thr> value anf' ononcnrjr of .v-:pl"in^ tJ?« plan idea
" 11 shovn irt th«~. Oi'.triot t^e :'e.fit srasor. ii. ovii- flrn
r^ot.ion. It. 'a."- .v.rticulerly ^ill illuc.trat.od cr "our

t (?.a iho T; by t>i" protty ^rnen chovrl '.Ti*h ^hr yol^
oroupyir.i', <moh a oor.ipicuoue nlacr in "our office.
Th«»re '.?«r«» -CO raor~ fir^n in the Di-.trtc*. in 1~21 th-.\n in
1 UO hut tho lop-j in 1010 was 1C tinen .T^ator than ir. 1^11,

luo^ tiior« '7«r^ 17 ">-:r "cnt n^rt C^o* A fir^s in .I'll
thw. in 1P10. /iTid Cl-'.as A firoi "»ean hotter or^anlr.atior. -
k.t*r plat.;, for nwt.ij.^ the fire oitr.c-.tion. IT1" I'.?.r:/r«r "'ho
r';n out hin ;irotcotion pl^JV-J jo that tM ' "nar ^o car.
ro'.uco t:.-c --virago tir's •.?.>«?. oh It. ta'-os hin to r,«t. a1- work
or. a fir*? ejr.d put it out cvor t,h« aver&cp tin** it too1: hin
last vj'ir Ix. worltin.nr out ar.v c. ^lying th'i -Ian i^.oa or tho

;pl« of noifntii'ic Bwnagoment . Likotrino tb- Rangor
who plai.n hi-. «idraini"4-ratj»ro -^ork so that. }v; io not alvrayn
• rii.«?:ir.f,, but i^ 'Okir.pr ~arb trip ocur.t for all t

--MM^ to .-a.r it oouj , -o la"r ort M .

' irai'i r.t -pr' >ta o that tl?.ny -ill he M- oful •

Dars from no«: a . /«»11 an at, th<* ron^r.t, ho i~. a- -?'Lyl:.
; rinoi^l«» of «^onony in F:rfot adwini-.tratlon. I> J
to ttak*i tli*» ,-,rv:.Cj of r^al ^v.lu« tc tho

n r • ' ' ~"~tr T /•* "• • r\~z

Ri V • . _:«

y OJatr . or 1'arr" ""-r-

"l • -. . 'vli In tho l'.1 • "llvor ifioc\ naturo or

~~ : r~ ~":~T' • . -./pr's work ir. t:v fi^ld

r.HVirall:? nntailn cor.oi.Aor

J/..0 -..rrrk, unutxlly i^rr^ than ] /.arts, i\ru? ;*ir.A
riro -.oHOoti *ur>rcially - roor' than h* ;an attend to •

11 Irr.o*? tho iiannor in -'hi-.h ccrroc'fonclT.s" ar.il otl*T
ra<-*.or'» pi.1" *»p during ?.n •r.baono^ of .-. -rmjc or t'TO ir: tho
-id, in lact I at lr. ~Jor1

»uaid pile h.aii w. ur.fr rt-jncitf cut dncldgd tor/Aonoy to
lar.-:«»r anc. larf.^r, until, r-.t tl^ . of

v*sry clearly t.hat t.r <?^t hJ.' *>(Xi*.': "'orh oiran*^
Htt.nr/l to t.v.'> Current vrr1* that i ;or.in^ ii*. rirrht
x/ill Iro^p KJ.E fully rr.cupiod .iui-in/t t"-e "intoi.- nontho, r
if ; h'" o^vTity of th-' 'ir.tr.r '.'octh-0!* should ^rovrsrt ?)ir
I.,T ruch rutnJxV '"^r1!. ^n-1 fn.^.to th^t t.^in1:

tin pile of 'ittT ft.t. ti^-^a araitir.2 th^ .u^r:;
i. Jo tho faot that, cl.-rioal rrork ha-: Vonn t'^-U".^
- 1 ir rathrr lat.p in lifo, tho --Hjority In fart he.x'o
prr>>aMy r.«vnr heooni^ aoquair.t^d vith thin vind of rrrrl:
fir.u !t "oitnn 'irrevhat r^ard iu the l«arnir.£. Car; anv'thi; .
or.*, to help this r.tat*' ?f tffalrsf All tho D5"tric-.t

or tho Trinity i\avo honr furr.i .hod -'ith typf/ritorn,

In ny o T. --.a.so I ••*oi.'ry,noR<i 'Jniii^r nv w»ac*.l:J i.o

no i th»1 tho deoirT.blo re.t" of ;r;»r>').l i'r.113 fr.r -hort oi»
it It. r.ho'ild !•«» for quick Yo;-k.

A .'o-.r-.-l-;<l,-;« of .horthand i.'OUld "->o an inpoi-tarr.
i. oartailii.c t'io ar.our.l of t.ir-v- ^o-.-.u^r-- ' ir. ri'f5.r«
.ir.d would do away to r. KrpR* o::t^nt fith tbr. lor.^hai.1

improv^nnr.t plar.~, etc., for r.^nij^;. Tl>»- ">ra

could p rhapa fir.', opportune tins to o t.r a in a point - or
l-'rhapa tr/o poir.ta, in acquiring a ?oio^7l'»d^ of •/•ort':ai:d

»->iBts by -.rartininp t-ho touch m«tliod. "7-ilo or. th ' -Y-

T Traiit to rent ion an idee, of :- 'atton'n that "

;o of to T-P lact oeaBOn. T ar ,mro he will not mJnrl ard
I nhould th: ~.n appropriate tiro to uieoun^ it.

luiger i attor. '•'ill probahl^' /, v> vou ! a in

: Hh'-.po, it rar? th-at a Foi-cat Clrr!: >ould -'>-^!. r->o-
cssf.ry, vir.it tho'o' *:&: • ^1 lod '.r-

nn . ; -it thorn ir. -.rtting the accumulate;.", natter 11 •• o?
Cf. i • r:<c;.T.3 . ly I thir. ' ' H •^O''. id' a, >.'if rf

^y apply to tl.o.T*. • who Hr-> at ti'^os :

with off

The tir- >- ;

ir ill of ..-nur^o • . •

pr'vprti- jr. 01 • •-" 1" ><co\c

. :, -hil" in ••--.rt/v-r thi". d
at .-•11. 6f -01 -:oh mor* fi^.- "

. months t'vx. In the r ocular field *-.or.-or.

-iilabl" ir. th- -Tir-tor i'or thin v/ort

• to put • j.t vhinh 'ofls not cull for -'iatn

jor. for U; ~sal 5.n the "ir.tor. It :»•-. Pbvioun

IB littlo or no tir /in*s thn firo an:' im-

-f.nt «a .on for "or!: or. b«i<» rapn arxt otV-r r»aj>-*lng
'~*oric ar.d I bcliove t.M« -.• lft-.r. of -.Tor1:' it r\lnor;t r-rtiv 'one

Jr t}^ rintor fi'ou data ftcll etc*! durinr: t'-»o fi^l- Ov-^cnon.

-t I thin?: t3\tt. n.^rir.;; '"erne rn inp^rtar.t. it^ra in I
,-^rara of thj '/intor'n nork. Jyrin^. t*"' ^iinnor -Doc-.^on, 11*
o «;ar.«nr .' o/r;n hin su'-pliofl accoxu:to Ttrai^ht anri rtccf tM
of fir*-, TTork oonneotod /1th hii inprovrnortc .M ^oll an l:?op
the timo of temporary lalornro, it 3001-3 ahout ell that oar.
reasonably b? orr>ooto4 of hip, rs'.-^cially if he hao fir«o
from tine to timo, which '»•? nearly al"a^3 do.

* "rii_y._a_t j or. . vrhon *'e rono rlgj-t -To-Ti to it, '/hat

irr^vsetivrj of ita naturr - ia wt all a
OUCC083 unloon oarrioil JK; mirV-.r a ^roner 370 torn?
Bam« with i.angor'a offioo work, ^ackir.^: ^"rstora them in
boun-.' to ho ;«or« or loua Jhosjt notion. Thr Hanger's filer.,
for ii.otanoo, w:^at a BOVJ-OC of troubl" and ar.noyanc^
ar« if riot iirrar.g^d mulcr a proper -.y-.tcn. '."lio han not mor^

• l^'.o f luonfcly o\MBo4 hi; luok r.t not fir.clin^ a o-TtaJ.i.
ptt-p^r th.T.t v»p ir ^ur" is t>f= nort im irtant pn~^r th"-t ov-^r

r:« loio-'a ho r^c*>i\"K\ it ar. ' ro^omborc. Ju.^t. nr.<mgh of
it.ii nattjre to 'x^w nothin*? dcf irpti aY.rut it, ao ttU"t hav^
it. rni-h.«.;-n nftcr a -hilo Jv vill find It Mrriort ir. a heap
of -a TR t !ias b°ei. '\tv.r!: ivray for a further ^nruaal

at «jorje tim-: >•• f rrc rinall^ filing it. «. v.v. Tr.-itructior.fl
havo h*,«n ir,?,uo-l for t.3\o proy-r arrai L of o-ir ''ilii..:

cafi^;; ar/1 all ••; ^ riot arr<-inr.c-: r filr-- ii -.ordar. • ,

uhoulc? n'-t ruqy anrl O.o r.o aii'1 . t

cyanc'^. Iii >~ cans t?'>it i. "i"', "•

trrM-aao cacn op >xa7.iu^; a^. Ju^t^ont 1r. coia-.ootior.
ooi r;nn IB r.n-.oir.fi in ri^ht al^rx, four.'

^ooci irhiwo to prepare a asocial fodder v;ith c*-* ntirr.

This cur: bo !:'"jt. oi. the ficnk i;i t!'-<» rurrrnt

:ot or OfU; be f ilod. Ir. any ce.ie rf»f Bronco ia

jlitat^cl and on*> .OPR not have to sort out the r

paper- frcu a lot of othern . rur^ tr*? ri'jk of overlooking

".omethinR important, es^cially au they pay not ho denipimt

-tlik--.. I tli ink' it worth whilo to "*ntion t>at I
think ^rsf.t care ihoi ta:;on in filiu.<* t " ma'-e r,\ir^ fiat

a ir. T ' lar;«. T* i« TO «aav to

ono if. the oldor if in a hxrrry 'C if t-^n lLf>.t

io 1 • 'i* chancca are t><at. it j". loot

for gorvi. it &• to nw tha* • >at aid to . »t riz.rlon

-

of fill: ja'jeo to K litt-:--1. -i
Llai • .• • * .-•",' -^"i,

incor - '--o V-e nore

: h . ti'V rritb. bi

• } or!: -, cr. «>at .;\^lvoa and current
A-." "t ' laV-llo .

Card 0- inp, T thin':, to the fact t.'o.t the

- jro:. IfT^ToV1:* Lo -ork i : por" or long

Ittar.t, tV>o ;ororniio ~ard ton

* r.o ^ t the r.ttentior. it .rvo".. "y^tonsl ration

• rffj^'i top \ • • ot crn-lrt; T7it)?.out it. If ••'"! r.r^ not in
~.ior. r>l ••roni^r -, what ta':o*. it.> plac-;?

:. ro orrtain things tr ;'.o in t^^ future and
-•••; a rout 'h^r. "r*^ vrr.nt t.n .\o thorn, tut who:; t.bc tin<?
''Oi-'ea, oan T7e r:ncDbor Just v;hat it "a •> -T<* we.ntn to dr>?

or-jT-v^, r.r*, . It i.« iir.oo iMe to carry everything in ono'n

r" da" ao thin1' or" oopethir.g or tl^e i<?.oa
•c.-N3tT? fi-om a '.orvic^ publication, instruction:;, or a

rviior'c, letter, 'i/hat .'.o 1?e Jo vithout th« ;v^c*.ii.io c."rd
Yo;.? o rjati note-;, u«i;ally on'-.cra^a of ~apor, color- r.o
«bj' •••:,. Ta^iry ?.rc vw lithly to ho ^nattoro". to thf> four
•/in- In as tlio dayn p^o V.y.

*>y faithrull" attonrlin^; to o--r -roniso car:' box
artf r:u!:inn; it the first thing to d.o ii; t,h:; office ov^r1" ."P.",
we ar-r- •;ynt<-.ni~ir.g our vo-^i: and not ta':in chanr.ea on ovrr-
lookir.,7, -attcrs that -T havo thouj-jit it vorth whilo to tvV'1
of. : rrhao:; tho u".-Ji"viar.r ao':o for inf orriation and

r'-ito a ••onth a^ay. T^f .'.iin.Tor i^ possibly Traced.
or. -oo nap and i- .°j.niou3 to ^,ot it into tho T -or-

or'a of fir for data to be ta'-on from it ff'»r *

Ian. He coe~ not wi.t. tn rt,o;-> -'or1: on Mr» ' 'p» "° ^-r
-l^r.-:-; a "roai.^e o." :- o*: at t'-'- C~-lrcf\ dat^ an-" if

r" t-' : ox it -.'ill ~,ur.->ly do itn c".uty

hirc arid <7ill tell hir , .- t^^o tirr ror^T, t'-r.t the
visor ryai'.ta *-• !3"iov.- ^.o'-f ra, *,ra ca or ba£8

you -/ill nc';-<l for t>" conir.;; fii-e 'j^a'jnr. j.n '. i •" "<>v ronrv-.T
?ic::l ir&blo itom or. a liot of rations to fe^-d four

men t? . -3. 1^9, th« ; -ror , JA card bo-c -orlrs all rir.ht,

only we nuDt r.ot expect it to do all t'-« r'or1:.

— o —

R ' M::ADO,U.A.~.r '.R-.' .

t^Ioph«ncd iii
Rar./cr Jo'-x '.'.

In - one trur. ting a Han^rV. h?a;'.quartcrn, thr

• i t'ro ^anr.er of r^r..-*.ructi3n .ihculd clopond
: ly -ipon tho loc-litv in whioh the houno io t« bo huilt. .
to nay, th3 mo3t availaM - -v.tcrial should *c c«n-
-h a viavr to economy, tvhothrr it to ^f Ingo or a
tuiLling. A frej^^ .-jt.ructuro Ln ^rpi'oraM^ an.', it. should
:uilt. v/it.h arcplo Mpace t.^ arcoi-.odut^ the Hangar *o
•h an ^diti«r.al rcom for a visitinjr of floor.

This car. t*> ir.ost readily aocompllshod ry or
uilflir.g 1-J «r J3 otorlon ir. height. T^c froun-^ plan chould
provide for at loast fivn ror«r.a. At ^ach ilanr.cr'a hnad-
quartora an ^ffioo r^oir should l^o prrvidnd. A r^cm 12 x 1£

. or 12 H 14 ft. TTOUlrt ho anplo. Sunh a room -'ill gi -o
sufficient spacn for. tb<> fil^s, took r>r.:je, ilraftinjr tahl» ar.fl

ik, aiid ej-.y other n<*co»ioary artiriloo of furniture noodod
coia.ection therewith.

Tqclo *nd Tool Mai.y of the tool^, nuch a^
. iwtd hoon ar«» wMnly acatt

f i^ld nsnaeoii 'and should at the close of the
collcctod -;hoii practi",ahl« at the P.arpor'n ]?cad-
quart.rrg ar^i -;tornd. Dy **> doir.^ such toola a-^ nay nc-J r<~-
pairs >-v b« rctvlily repuirod. ThiR vnrk oan he c'.on" vorv
roadily durir.,^ th^ loon huny a^acoi. and the c-onr'.itior <^i
all tools will h^ kr.o'.i. a*, hh- >»r^nr:ir;F of th»> no::t fioLl
ai-j.ior.. To nr.k^ this poosible, a *,oni houso in oach rli-Jtrict
is vory osaential to tho propor handling of th« diffomnt

With a view tr» scononiy thia- ^'ir. he pr^porly huilt
ii. f*cr.r.r:cti«r. »7ith a v.'orknhop ^r anpi« oth'-r ^iinilar huildin^
Jii':in^, say 12. a 84 fen* and -livtdnd info ' r-o rooira uill
usually he foun(- laj»Ro pnoupfr. Ore room If? x 14 f^n* car. >o
Uflod as a vorkrihop vrhil* th" othor rrom 12 x 10 feot can be
supplied with shelves and will nal:r an ^xc^llont Ttore room
and tool houco.

r

' ' O

LESSONS AND RESULTS OF LAST YEAR'S
PROTECTION EFFORTS.

Forest Supervisor W. A. Huestis.

There was a nar':ed improvement in the fire record
of the Trinity for the season of 1911. This was due largely,
no doubt, to a more intensive system of organized fire pro-
tection.

A comparison of our annual fire reports for 1910
and 1^11 shows that we had on the Trinity in 1910, 51 fires,
coating 08»863; burning over 23,192 acres and destroying
$27,874 worth of timber. This year there ware 68 fires
costing §848, burning over 1272 acres and destroying
worth of timber.

Our average fire in 1910 burned over 45.47 acres and
in 1911, 18.7 acres- By omitting one large fire that burned
over 960 acres., our average fire for 1911 would have been
4.65 acres. Any one of our small fires might have been as
serious as this large one if they had not been promptly
handled. This largest fire occurred at a place where con-
siderable difficulty was experienced in getting to it and the
delay involved placed it beyond control for the time being.
One of the chief difficulties to be met with at present, ie
to nake a fire organization reach over the remote and inaccessi-
ble places. An effective and safe fire plan means that fires
must be discovered at once and promptly extinguished.

It is doubtful to my mind if an average of 5 acres
for each fire, represents anything like safety on a Forest
of even ordinary fire risk- Under some conditions a fire that
reaches the size of 5 acres nay become unmanageable. An
average of one acre per fire with the occurrence of fires
practically reduced to those from natural causes, is, I
believe, eventually attainable on the Trinity.

Last season an effort was made to dovetail every-
thing that could be of use into our fire plan. Circulars
were Gotten out to all users of the Forest, inviting special
attention to the fire clauses in their permits, and asking
that care be exercised in the uae of fire. Personal letters
were written to those persons of influence who were in a
position to aid. Forest officers took every occasion to
catttion settlers and transients against carelessness with
fire and the danger of burning up our ^7Oods.

Realizing that to obtain anything like satisfactory
results the largest number of ?ren possible should be placed
in the field during the period of the greatest fire danger,
our General Expense fund was stretched as far as possible,
for salaries. Twenty-one additional tenporary men were em-
ployed July I, and on August 1, our temporary field force

11.

was 38 men. Thin nuraber added to our regular force of 9
Rancors placed 47 nen In the fioLl dvring tvs period Jn
which they were raont needed. Our 5-monthc, 3-r.orths, ar.O.
r-r.onthB men were selected locally and wore for the trout
part ron who had an interest in the country.

I believe, the enployr.ent of local -en for abort
pericio of service, is a decided advantage if the right
TOP. can be had, since it hao a tendency to bring the
residents in closer touch with the airo anJ jrurrones of
the Forest Service. Favorablo local sonti* ent ic certainly
a valuable anoot in fire protection and this I have found
we can rrore easily gain by employing local ran for ovr fire
protection force, regardless of the Civil Corvico 15.st.

Our reconnaissance &nC ircprove'-ent wor1: was as
far as possible rads auxiliary to protection. ' ercbors of
tho reconnaissance party arrived at, tool: charge of, ancl
extinguished one fire in particular that otherwise v/ould
undoxtbtedly havo been a serious one, In another instance,
a patrolman, with the assistance of two Poroet Gervice
tra.il workers.. \?as barely able to control a fire that
burned over 20 acres. This fire woxild have been highly
dootructive if it had not been for tVese ter.-porarr ^en,
since there was no other help r;ithin a day'e ride. V7ould
it not be advisable in so«te oases, vhere cottiers cannot
bo secured ao fire fighters, to ctation several ^en to- %
gather,- one or two alrmye remaining at tho patrol station
within telephone call?

A comparison of our fire record for the last two
years shov/s 17 per cent of our fires in 1910 vere set by
lightning, while nearly 3C per cent in 1311 were fron the
oare cause. One electrical' storm in August started 17-
fireo in one district within two hours. These i/cre all
htuxlled,- the largest one burning over 10 acros before it
tfaa stopped, -..'hile thooe firea v?ere all controlled, t'^e
Dictrict ilanger stated afterwards that ?:e b«gan to thini
there were larf.,3 Jtoloa in our fire plan, the -.ray things
were "coining."

In another instance, about the riddle of one
afternoon, a younf, felloe, v/hile hunting, nilfully net out
four Tires all within half a raile distance. These firee
-ore reported air»O:Tt simultaneously by noveral lookouts
an^. were also seen by a rurrar yf rjatrol nen. Four Por«3t

V.e firoa lifferont direotiaM,

ar>2 although they v;sre set at - -ly (?.aj-ir;eroM3 f«riod
of the aurrjrc-:- in a hasardous plftco. they wore all under
control before dark. A.A soon nB t>.o firet? were *een to bo
under contro'1 , one o. tl:e officers took up tho trail of
the hunter . Ufficulty follovred hir about

throe niles to his how^; aecurinr evidonce rrh.ich lead to
h:'3 arrest

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SE RVICE

• ..r .

To accomplish intensive firo protection with
limited Tuaans in an undeveloped and more or loss inaccessi-
ble region is certainly a problem that cannot be Bolv3d at
once. The Trinity , like other Forests in District 5, ia
striving to overcome these adverse conditions.

Effort is made to combine all interests with fire
protection. The telephone system is planed to eventually
bring all important points within telephone co^runicstion.
Patrol stations, lookouts, and their necessary equipment
are selected and being fumishod as fast as neanu will -ermit.
An rrany men for patrolmen ann Icolcouta TJiil be employed *>e.ch
year as General Fxper.o-3 funds will provide for and only for
euoh periods as they are actually nooded, Thio I fin'4, la the
most important featuro of all,- to employ the largest number
of men possible v/ith the limited nonoy available.

The orgrjiisation of the nren and the systematizing
of their vrorir way nade as complete as ^osBible, There are
many little detaiJg that if properly taken into account
help to swell tho oum total of efficiency- The Trinity has
a large fiel ...over yot, before a sofa fire organization
io in effect, lonever, material advancement hr.s already beon
made in that direction and hao resulted in a bettor fire
record tLs.i:; forr: iy, largely due, no ;loubt? to inoro inten-
sive rcethode.

A briof cor^rariaon of ooatc and results on the
Trinity for the last two years may not be out of order.

The protection coat figures given for the seasons
of 1910 and 19ll, represent what it cost to carry the pro-
tection force of the Trinity for four months beginning June
1. This also includes the permanent Hanger force and
Deputy Supervisor for that period, but doeo not include any
other r.enbers of the Supervisorfs office or the reconnaissance
party. Ko improvement expense was included in thio cost.

believe these figures obtained in this way are fairly
representative for the Trinity.

By this calculation in i910; S6593 was paid out
in oalaries for fire protection, which represents a cost of
a little more than 1/3 of a cent pex' acra and slightly over
1/40 of 1 per cant of the value of tho Government timber
protected.

In 1911, $13.234 was spent in salaries for fire
Section at a coat of slightly over 7-3 cento ^er acre
and a trifle over 3 /20 of 1 per cent of the value of the
tovernront timber i>rotectyd. This is talcing the best esti-
mate v/e ho.-.-o to date, on the Governirent timber which at the
cu?«rent e Kho Tr' • ^ivts a value of over

24 mill". -.lued p.t over

seven n!3 , calculatica

although it IH rocelviw Mie j:i--e protection. The per aoro
-TOO ars on V Q basis of the ov.t.lro Foroot.

The ooct of suppressing fires an*, the valve, at
? rates, of the timber lost for 1910, amounted to
- thio after an outlay of *e59!3, In salaries for
fire protection. Insreasir.r; the r.-.rount of ;roteotion
salaries to !}l?,"34 decreases th- loss by fJre in 1^11 to
:"'1934. Tl-at In, by increasing the protection salaries by
about 100 per cent, the loss, whi?h includes t^e cost of
fire firhtinf, ar.ti the veluo of the timber destroyed, was
reduced "b;* nore than 13^0 per cent*

However, thio is only vorked out on a basis of two
years calculation, ar.-i -'ay not roprooent a true proportion
at all.

— o—

FROTJ3CTIOX.

By District Ranger
K. \V. Brannan.

The subjects to b* covered in Forest, protection
are:

1. Roads e,n-.l trails.

2. Tele 'hone s.

5.

i-tanger Stations

4. Lookout Stations.

5. Cooperation of Settlors.

6. Cooperation of Special Use and
Free Uae Remittees.

and Trails are the *nont important link in
the fire protection chain, if rro^erlr constructed, raking
all parts of the FOreat easy cf c.c-cess.

In District So. 1 there should bo a Trar,on road con-
structed -!0 as to traverse the entire length of the Trinit"
.":iver fron Helena to Gray's ilanch, following close to its
bed T'-erever poseible. The traila i:!:culi be conntructed as
to traverse the beds of all streams and all important
rid£es, so as to fom a circuitous route and ra.:e it r°sni-
ble for t^e range rider to cover hi3 er.t.ire ;iintriot each
day.

Tolerhoiies Tom thy second linJi in the fire pro-
tection chain, ur.d if properly eouir-ped flay a very ir-
^oi-tant part .Then \;nod f.n conjur.ctioii -jrith ror^s e.nd
trails. First the vain cr trunk line should follow the road
-n.T the rx.in j-trear.s, ?.n:' spur lines should fellow the
-rtant trails, to V? v.oed hy patrolron. TJ-.o lir«"

ol'-oulc". be

1 A

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE

hor. i.y bctwe-:

and

•n ..anf.T ut>j.t ior
1 IIOUBOQ ."i'17-.; t"le->hone .boulcl bo i;

F.ar.,;or statiom ar« connidcr^cl *y mr to he
in "tiv . •-• protection c'l.cin. It in nrc.o
er and Puar .v rop.-ortaMp

quart«ra by hins^lf H a amall <*abir. an;' paatur* or 11

field. k Format efficor should not Vc rorcpp.ll^'. to -,t
• av«m or ranch houoo, for t^o p -n-p: fir:'*,

•• room for V' : ^rk« ?.' . -vnr v

.-if» liberty In t--!« -^IK. .tior.oi • --in

ip. ot !x.c7inf, '.rtie.t '-onT.t Vie "ill bo
• , the«;« canps nhoul''. b« ch«" ith a vio«7 r»r -it-." -

T3 an short as ••o-i^iblo an-."1, .till c^vrr t.v^
.

Lookout, -jtation? .^lay a T«rir *.«r.t "art an!

are rorisi-'.nrncl by ne t« VP the fourth J. r.k, or t> ^ ^f.t
r ii.dB th« other throo lin y tog*»t.brr ir. our Tiro nrotoct:
tin ar.r' na':e-j it otrong- th^ two frllrv.-inj; H.n1:? a.-"> «->r.ly

r.*a an' havr to be ad juatel -rith arr>r'' ohan^co in
•.thor. Tbcoo lookout ntatior.0 to t« •••i-oprrly ^qui^:;
nh< a^h hav« a r.ompasa anc' havo ;<o-.c yv^rTOr. rho ur.-V.jr-

r^ uoe it, a pooJ firi; gla»of protractor j
tail^, r.he boTt nan the .rrvic'.- han, «?.r.d o. do-pn-'

: . . fire T70nH 1« ar.y houro ell ;hon it ii
1 *. of the loov.outc. In cosine t lor. 'it.h thi :• tb

i>o a :oo('. co1. for tat lo cabin, c. -.'oo \ .h«»cl, a ;
and a ^ood trail to th« ;pring /o tJ at. -)vcr • Mnlblo r>
V7ill ho dovotrd to 'uf.

Cooperation of t • .*tlnro: In t^i '' •. • 'r
«nt.t.l«rt? aro .o t^.\i ir. i.urboi*, ar. too vi.^iy

.ted to bf« dnpondnd upoj. at '".31 t. ir1' . In o;- near
-h oottlanjftnt th- ould b" ;-l.Hce I f iro f i.rht.ln.-'; i.ocl':

:Tiff<riont ouaiitities TO t>at -n •••H0r> of an ~prr;r~r.c"
•an bn 'IravTj 0:1, bi-- or hl'O -•(:•?- r>- <~ for

-»•« ii^.°r.' '.". . Tr. vsr"- -onoto M re -V"Mil '

r«i eraorgoncy oxrplien PA' -.'ro^isiorn ir. lini- a,

j'- :. m last until a supply car. to

by cpocial • t.tcoo

r bft'-n out for Mo i-paT^n I - . •

rrncl jr. th*» "irir.it." of a . or a fr^

t'o holdings, but. th^y va-
the

•tipraer .

•
.

.

•

-
4.8 in

of
• 'V.-.g cro fntirflly diffc

for f1r :-::cps not -ore
^H a rilo nco, ( a <ro <*>:i o

n tir-ber with no ur . ^
;ubdue, vrhile net r.ore than IT.

or. the other r.i.-V* r. fire -,-\v rtart in a br op
, th:> viry.' bo unfavorable aivT it >7"

re to yt^idle. Thorof ore , ir. vy n-inion, .1 rard
•Ion to ''.Qtorir.ine Jv-t -'J'.at ~^t!'Od uould a^yly r-ort
(•atlsfactorily in all cases. 7' :-od applied w.'.th ra'cceea
it ono fire rove a oon:-. lete failure at r-.nother to
nditionn. Tl-erofore, I 'Believe t -or or Guard nhould

follow anyone's yath or T.sth^l -arted out on rape:-,
or. arrival at a fire should be quici to cize up t>.9 n
tion, t'-.^ yonr.ibility nf using nati^al line- of .rttac1:,-
auoh as creeko, riice°> reads, trails, ditches, and s

be t'/.e .irsction of the vir.d a-.i-.l protection of valuable
stan \ 3 of ti.T.'-cr, etc.

It if> a very -tant factor in hand in r fir^e

••'ir"' far:ilic.r v«ith !''4.s District. I'e
shoul'l :-j-.o-.' all trailo, roads, forde alon^, streams, crc

'.itchea, cavj-ing croundo, sr.rin^s, stc. Also norot^-ing
of the f vo-Jt oovcr in the different Creeks a;r\ on the

'erent .i'f;es throughout their Jirtricts. i::-'OuLI a lool:-
out or -/atrolman reprrt a fire on a certain r' . -Jcs or croe
Che liietrict Rens^r should laio-; Instantly th<? nearest c

• route to ^et to i*, vhot'-er it 4n in a brush or tiPb-red
:oiu:try, i'^.tonted cr ^overn^ent land, th«> nee.root -rater, •

-1331' .-'atr'ct e'^oul'.' v-o well equi^^ed
..on? lines an:T trails, should also have -*ler. fire

tools, cantoors, --ater ba.in, er.c., located at ^i'fer-
;-ointu tl 'cut t!~e Dlntrict, also an errrpenor ourply
o-virionn for ruic': action. Eefore t^e oponir.f: of the

:.son t^o District .".an^or chould ' ake errc. ^.ts
i Ncal stores if auch r.re available, an

of ou^rlie^, to furnioh au^.plieo in case of ^ireo,
Isave e1 jrJero v»ith then irittl

\vill be filled immediately upon notice by tel«rhon»

should cor.^iut of pood mibctRntial
ctL. . i jraln. A goo: plan is to have
or.? orc'er at each otore; cay order'To. 1 would c>-
' rations for e •. a:id f.ro horses for three 'lays:
- C ratir.ic for firtoen r.en and fovx l-?r693 fivo dayn.

: ere he can hire ra^.ona arid tea-r.a, saddle
.ok anir/als, !n case it ie he

I

regular rtoro toam to deliver the goods, he will laiow whore
he can hire neons of transportation '.Tithout delay. Also
ohould >;eep posted on places whero men are employed, such as
nines, logging campo, sawmills and large ranches; the number
at each place should be noted to enable him to secure help
as quid:!;-' t>.a possible.

v/e have all kinde of firoo to battle with: some
nay be brush fires on flat or steep oovntry; others nay be

ic in open timber either on flat or steep country, and
of tires fireo occur in both bruah and timber, and owing to
the lifferor.ce of opinion in iron tho method that !! nay think
was the boss, tray not suit tho rest of tho boys r.t all, but I
ahairiTov/ endeavor to rtate what I thin1: in the bent rethod
of handling fires, ta'rinp; open timber on flat or rolling
ground firot.

If possible to got near a fire by wagon road,
transportation of men, tools and oupplioo ohould b»? by
wagon, otherwise by saddle or pac'i aninals: however, it is
always necessary to have a home or two at a fire for use in
carrying water and supplies around tha fire to the men.
Upon arrival at a fire no tine should be lost in selecting
a fancy camping tlace: anyvrhore where v'ater Ja handy, is good.
I think it io better to camp clone to the fire and pack water
than to canp at v/ater and carry both uater and grub to the
fire, even if it keeps a r.an bucy, for ren r.-uot have plenty
of water when fighting firao. The P.ar.rror in charge ohould
be firm in giving orders, but rcuot not short authority too
much to obtain good service fron rcen. Boat tools for fight-
ing fir^s are a ratter of opinion of the Ha-ipor: in mine"
I'll ta'/.e the shovel and axo; if there is no'brush or squaw
carpet at all, the ra^ce is very good, but as a tool for all
kinds cf fires I do not approve of it. "oes are of very
little use in ny estimation. The shovel nhould be a light,
full sized blade, with a good crook to the handle. Axe
should be a single bit and ohould not weigh over 3-J- Ibc. I
prefer the 2-£ gallon South African water bag to the canteen
for carrying v/ater. Should always havo the 5 gallon tags
for carrying v/ater on horsoo to camp where that is necessary
an'', around the fire line to the non.

Furnish every ram with a shovel and a bunch of
tches, and alternate with a^es and waterbags, no that
there will be one axe and one '.vaterbag to each tv/o nen.
The topography of the country, direction and rate the wind
is blowing, determine the best place to tackle the fire,
ays tao!:le the fire or. the looward side first. If in
o^en, flat country and wind is roderate, bepin your fire line
at ore' corner of the fire, and lining "our men out, taking
the lead yovraelf, befin far enough away to give your back
fire ti-.s to burn ovor a little space before the rain firo
arriveo, ancl if the uir.d in carrfins your firo at a great
0:03:, .o not attempt to fight it fp.ce to face but be sure
and £et a safe distance ah tad to ba{fin your line of

17.

• .

• : , LF.-

".:••' . orr. 'iipiutos
i , -r:ip« ^'Tifl,

op .1 tho fir . I favor •.cra-iln;" it a- my. Jrtail
a. tr ??!<•.': : ire and -atah to ^ • • • • t.N-> bao1: fir-
ot Jur lin«>. ;ln.r ?fw-»t. ervlce torch
• • r uso in bc.ei: firing, io ir. rr' Judgnsnt & -'orth-

rty, t-.Jirefop. i .-nui • furnish in r.
^1 ar.ci iota rf na+ c >,o t^o »"cn t'.ctailect to b;
In making fir? linr>:i avoicl an nuch as ~>oosiblo leaving
. ioa inci<> "our fire line, for rrfi.or. f-oy one? et on
"i and the '^ind come.T uii, i*ire*':i]l te ".cattor*/. all ovsr
ho coui.try. Cax^o '.hnula a.l"-o he ta'ian tt gacririco the
.jt at.- -f "^ur.^ ^ro./tli. houlv vOu r±±*oc utrlfeo brunh,
a*: Ui^ad, ^ickir.". r»ut th? "oat oner, places to

. nftor the Tiro IT l^oaO.o-.'. on th« leo^ar<? ai: • ,
Lt "our ornvr, ••>t..ilinf; --ovir bont -"rji to ta'- c'-'ar^o cf
, and rort-.in or. tho ot'.iar "ouroplf an'', brfin il:'.i:
JP fj.ro u-j. Gernrclly "on can va'-c "ovir lino-? falrl"
loao 01. the nir'.ou, and aftor you gzt aroun«* on tJ*3 --intf'Tar.1

ou can ofton ;-ut out tho fire br nal-inr. but o"r.ll
ia or ucinK dirt. If t>>o firo •»". r.nr.ll an-*. *rou ha.vo onl"

: , . .. • -.-! to pr» to canp, cock up -jo^e grub,
i] ODO .7atot'ba^T, caddlo u^ tho hornoa and bring it arour/.'.

.^ to the men, 'MBopinn ?-t a firo io out Cf the qv
.;, for r.lght i-; the best tine to firht ?iro and r/e do:.'-

tine ir. tho day tii^o for -jloep. Ko --»vorf if a "ire
-jtr^.ot be aubduod in one day ancl one nirht, vou runt get nor^»
. tho* ground -:o t!ie.t ono crew oan rest "hilo tbo o^
.

I thin1: thc.t. tha boot netha.l of han'.ling bru^sh
ires or. a flat country i3 in a li!-c nannor to f'e 0^0:1 tir1 p
firo, or4ly it iu necc .icjv to hr.vn nO;*c a-cenon aiT". le-.n Thovel
ion. r» good 'ie lino .houli be cut, -"or cencrrvllv tl'r blazo

2 a brush fire, for- ' a little find, ^11
cvoral loot. L.S.C.': Tiring is .rood, to burn up th? Aobris on
the ground, l-ut as it i ira^O'.oiblo to sot the nreen brush

bolieve it ^ayn to cut a good wj V- t-ire line an1 not.
30 much bac'tfiring, for the nail rr -ill it

if the wintl io blo-^i; .

In fitfitintf firpr, o:' o.ny 'cind on otcop couritr-,
th&^' are v -ir.il an" tac'-.let' • •', it,

has been -_->rov:;n t--«at - ••o^t --ptho* :' .•• tr "oiir lino

tad: f-.-or nc-tui'al ^lacr>. ' -n^rally t'^e fire cai:'::

-..rau^it, ii* not driv nd, "ill ov/oep up »

^oat npeed, but u^on reftchir. to? c- ri '.ge

lo-i cTo-./n; therefore, t--^ !;•• ->lace to •
• -e oner, t.ir^sr , .-e

' - rot, in ' ut

•i top an'. bac':fir«. I -r a 1:

•1'ge "roTi fir-? to »-

: •','!•

Ml it' vi~>u
Cum ihoul" be ta'-.on not to fret oo fa:- <-

inc coneo ••ill roll, Tor t.) -o cira^l" a

^ .._j.r.:"-i"j wher • roll c'om; ovs^ t' ri fir- lino

new fir«n. . • -ou -ave tho firo boa

r lep'.'arrt nip1*, a'.ilit "our crn«7, -taM-
t raar. to take charge, as I jtatoO in dcucribi
•r. tircbor fire^, r-n.l <->ach crow take down a niO.o mal:ing
Lii.fl and bac!: firing. T r, scheme in to id!:* --'otm

or ridge ii are available, ovon if you havo to

aoae timbor h. L'.oin>c --o. Follow I'ovm each aide
• below the fir then cut acrooo wv'.or It.

, if a <?ul^h or r io not available, rcavc ''our lino

<t ao •lonr.iblo, for i:T you ^o working in an?, out unifcr
ntuff will keep rolling acroao your lino antf give a
oublo. Pumiah nc.tor and iU">nlioo the na^o an
-jribod in fiphtinf; tho oncn timber firo.

I b^liovc ir. hanc'.lir.^ ar:y hinl of firon riangera
-:ld always, when' -poaoible, hire men ^7ho havo intcrccta in

ountry or nen who are vorking in losing carapB, nines,
aa'T.ill , or like places, for generally this clao* of men

ot Ia7.y and r/ill give better catisf action. ShouL"! avoid
•^ floating class or fellows who are al'/a"o hanging around
to'/ria.

— o—

FATiiOL VS. LOOKOUT.1?.
By Diatrict Ranger J. V. Patton.

Ii. the ouraner of 1906 I as rj.von tho '.ir;all rasl:
!:o r-^ing the fi.'C out of .omo 300, COO acroa of fOi-«»yt and
brush kr.o'.m as Jiotrict Ko. 3, Trinity latioral Forest.

.uguot 1, I'JCe, I ha^. ny canp c. ,hort distance fror*
top of Dulalrolla lookout. It. had occurr^1 ' * A ne t'mt
about all a r;jji woul?. have to do -.vas to sit up there arid
»hon he saw a fire go over and put it out. Thi? i«3 ''hat T
• Id o«*o from the lookout: tbe canvon -YOU!'.', be levrl full
' smoke; about 10 or 11 o'clock the 'ind rrould cone up and

ok*i rrou'lc" r.tart to raise? about ^ or 7 o'clock in t
•:0oii the ol Id be r.oarly all gc ! tho

oul''. be rabidly filling "p T-rlth r o^v, ' it rraa
^oldon that T could tell '/hetbor it. '.'&T np'v OPIO!:O conii
^m a fire or whether it was the old anoke coming back to

or 6 o'clock the country -rould be back to about
lame t-iat it --7au in the r.orninf, amoka

lier and voul'l obstruct, the vi -.he

il« i? • in

.H Ir.avi.-. -r ;--ea!:3 and ridcoa '-::po.« to

ty m
~ i

.u" 'v1- ir ' • '• * .' c- fnn da"fl it

t'-af • • rn.\- --a;' IT a »nan to tfll tf

: -t oanyon full of ;no'« r»R . r.r,

•eo, %o ,or':in:~ on t/>i ; t'*oory ctfrted

•oul . •-> high ; oint, air.o up t'-o i-->unt •••,

3p.b'.o looked t'-o t^.c c&t. ;o:-<;ti.riee

a firo, ' • Juct thrift -JUG' c.

In t'-G latter • art of .iUfivot t.Mn corv'.?.t?on c'.mr. '-
•i cloa.i-0'1. a-/ay, n I --ont up on Vic lookout

•• : f I OOV.V. ooe c, -'an ••o':-> r. c?po.r rji--'-»rrc

•. .trict, -30 T -03?. "od t'-c-.o it 'vn not n--:ooMaar" to go
oinid an'. loo?r ir ovsr- coj-r/on, a-, tb-.re cov.l I not -'O^

•c t>arj -it.'ovt, it ^ • --.con f.'-on t>0 lookout.
. -noon learned :urin£ tM~ 3ca".on aa t>at the rrav to
fin.' a -r^.ll firs dtirinc tbc ''anrcroua fire -.OA-.on
cc is full of nr*oko in b*1 ;-.atrol.

A)urin;. 1 •**••? I foun condition- t>e -,r.ne ao in l'v".
^ . . tho r?o .t V.Angarouo Tire ooa".on nothing couL' bo

llobod froa the lookout, ^ilc at other tinoo the
lookout T7AT a fyeat saving of riding.

In 1?CO t're -iave plan wao follo^ort. In l?r^ I had
one A- ore* n t r-tv\ . ;o built a tolc^hono lino up to th^J loo!.-
•out utatiOTi an.', the Gu?.;*cl as ^.tatione ' up thoro f.c loo'-out.
Po. or ton •' .0 could ico cvn:'"thinf that )v

.ii jnc fay l^o called up anc". r^ai:'. it VP-S ^o nno!:y on tho
oaot ~i -> o:" t' it oroVnC I>.rrir3On Gulch tJ-»at h> ooul.:

t toll T';9t.Hor t' •;;. -o 'a,': « f^r-s over there or not. I tol

•oul .-o over .Vn o;:.--c cvru.". ;ac. TT. nc*:t -'a-' '
re ortc-: that f -a -.'.out!-1 ."o,-1- country M^'. Ilr^for'- • totl:

:i ••: -o:-.o t'-at ho coul not ooo .-.n:*tvin^ ''.o-r thor , so
tl o only tM:..-" to .o «ras fr-.- }\in to go one T-IF.CS an^. look
an-.1. "or'--e to .TO to ths othor. ThJ. tl i-.^ 'ro-t up for

or.t t-/o or tVrc? "ec^-j, finally con itio-- c^anfort "o

o--'. bar!: „-) t'.->-- lookout iL'.oa.

*)•.-• l'lr T ^acl t-7o Tor cot C-'-r.-.V.a. 7" -.-. xn

'-.ci^on. I- .-t, ••>. -.rt o:T e:.t:-'er

lookout, o*^ '.trol to : vor •-. f TO r.o • light

ry both nicl't an-' c'.ay ^- fii»c?. bio" •••j'lt of t

• . -.11 r'.ro -oul'5 -ho-' up r.gain it t'-c
•-6 onoto fror rji ol" itCc—'.-r out on t^o rx-oan "n
a . .3 t ti o] iao up to an elo^a-

vn of ••^.-f-^ ~c I'oct i -irt o'T across t^s countr" in

a body, lo?.vin.r t'-o count, y un-'.er it --vji-roctl" clear.

bi in gr • , nach one r;«>ing

one ? it: "' <5n '

: litta • clou'.o 'O'-f .attlr

.-ound K »c--t

no . , Lai

heavy enough to hcl •'. this anoke In the canyons in tro forn
of dead drift smoke. This vas on ideal season for a look-
out to r.a're a reputation seeing fires as tho smoke was
conotantly on tho nove, and !! a-. not quite BUTO but that
tro reccrclfl wade by lookout during th.'.o ceaeon is responsible
for a groat doal of the favor given lookouts by * great
many Forest officers, whicli I consider a very ur.f ortxmr.te
thinf., as I have learned by experience that a lookout is
absolutely helpless a good port of the tire Atzrln^ the -nont
dangoi'oua fire ooason, ec^ec'.ally Just after an electric
otorir. when the air i3 full ox" haze and bir.oke and so^etirr.es
foe, which rcakea it itr.ponslble for hiu to locate R-?all fires
in the heavy timber ar.d oanyono.

During 1911 I had seven men bosidea myself,
of thene nen were given established routes to patrol, tho

1 >r t"o ir.cn and myoslf followed practically the nare idea
:-j in forPftr yoara. One vmo stationed on lookout, t,V9 othor
t ..o going where the smoke looked the th.lckect, ao I did not
see ray way clear to get around tho oat-ibliaVtod facts ao learned
by experience in former years,- tr.at the only vey to find a
fire in a canyon full of ai^oke ie to go in there. A Ten can
not do this by riding a route de3i«rnatecL to hir. by rsov.ecne
olse, neither can he Jo it from a lookout. Junt follrwinr %
an electric atorn in July, we had an ideal chance to try out
oi'r i.isas, as the air vras very heavy anl the canyono filled
up with 3i7>oke almost iimr.ed lately after tho fog, caused by
the atorr-'., had risen. Tho lookout was coun^G'T out fro?" tho
start. The two patrol nen following up the old plan were the
first Pen to five fires. The five patrol men on th* new plan
wore the firut ran to four fires. ?jovon fires that had

.it only the tree the liphtning atruok were rot oeen by
either patrol raen or lookout until they had gone out thera-
selveo. Later on in the seanon there were tines when the
whole plan Bested to hin^e on the lookout.

Thf- leosons learned for t!*.o past six years are:
• patrol iriun's Jisiriot Joining on t^«» Forest boundary
should be ov.aller tiian those joining ot'ner n&;ic-er Piatricto.
Had or.ly two Inat year - theoe should tf- divided in*© f:ree,
ar.i r.notl:er regular j:atrol nan added to tho force. Ad:: one
• -ran to th> force of last year, anO. I believe they could
.ale the flro eituA-^ion any ordinary season.

It was a great advantage to ::avfl tho foroo d.'.*'ided
into repi'.lar patrol tren, lookout^ and indt>7ercl-9^t patrol ~en
aa the Uld»pend«nt r.&trnl shifted itc "oight ^'hichover way
the circu^r;t&ncos warranted, doubling the force ar.'t ;--ort-
tires treblinr it. in that locality, leaving t.»-e helwico of
th3 District still guarded by patrol an-* lookout.

In jf^cocl clear rreathsr the lookout, relieves the
independent patrol ner. and the'- car. busy ther.aelvea at ot!ier
work.

21.

If the lockout's oupplieo got low, tho
pat.rol r.an can apeud the day on lookout BO that the lookout
.^ar. come down. Very few people realize how good it fe*»ls
to como down frora a" high rf)»k after having to nit up there
on ft rock for a month.

Dor.'t depend on the lookout to see throu(Ji a
nountain of rook, or fog or amoko. Sometimes haSo caused
from the summer h«at will rondor a lookont practically

IOBB in discovering small fires. This has occurred often
over Hayfork valley.

— o—

WHAT SHOULD THE EQUIPMENT OF A PATROL
MAN CONSIST OP? HOW MAY HIS EFFICIENCY
Bli INCREASED?

By Assistant Ranger Bdward Elmgreii.

In a patrolman's outfit a good bed la of fir«»t
importance so he can make his bed wherever night overtakne
him, eliminating a {jreat deal of needless travel and the
neoessity of returning to hoadwuartdra over night. Viewed
from th« standpoint of effioienay, one cannot afford to
ectmomizobcn this part of the outfit, since to keep always
at the highest peint of health, strength and efficiency
depend* In a great measure te a good night ^s rost.

Oompactness and light weight are important. Thie
applies equally to other parts of the equipment, suoh as
t«-nt, f»od, cooking utonaile and ether accessories.

The s«l««+loii of food io a eorioua probloa* Too
much means discomfort and fatigue - t»o little n«anB hunger
and perhaps privation. A good deal of labor oar. be saved
by not carrying what you won't use. Ky id*a ia to travel
light but right. Thero is a deal of difference in those
woods - Just aa much as between roughing it versus smooth-
ing it.

It would se«m that the Rangers under prosent con-
ditions aro not supposed to live in a very comfortable
atmosphere: To quote the worde of Stewart Edward White in
one of his magazine articles:

"Tho summer is their busy season. All the raeuii-
fold business ef tho Forest is pacing its swiftest. There
is fire fighting sometimes sixty weary hours at a stretch.

•Each year brings ita crop of new recruit? .* The
newcomer generally cherishe« r. hazy idoa that a Rcr. .-'c

2«
•

•"•• '-.. ••..';

•

chief duty ie to ride abroad pleasantly on patrols, to count
rings lr. tree stumps and to aoe that everybody obeys regula-
tions. Ton to one he la oct at otretching barbed irire, or
splitting cedar .^oots or digging holes, or handling largo
Jagged rocks. v.Mirn hie iva.xLs are all cut and skinned, his
nu8o4*3 sore and his bad- tired, he is called to ride a hasty
six hours to a large hot firo on a oido hill. There he vrorks
for two dayu In a broiling sun, over broiling coals, with
little r/ator and perhaps no food. He gets faint, finally
sick. He tolls thft head Ranger theoo gainful facts, and is
surprised to discover that he io expected, to go ahead anyway.
Other non arc wording methodically, as a matter of course,
when they are 30 dry that their tonguea swell, and so tired
that they stagger.

"When the fire Is corralled, all ride back hone
again. Our n«w Hanger goeo to bod to oleop it off. After a
few hours he is awakenod and told of another fire in another
direction - a bigger firo than the last. Ke is filled with
coi.oternation. ".Ve're dead!' he crios, ",Ve can't do anything
' 'We've got to,' la the reply.

•Of course this is tho rough end, but the rough end
of rangering prooonts itself of tenor than the smooth middle."

It a^pearo to ^e that when such occasions arise as
described by *ir. Whit4, a great deal of suffering and hard-
ship could be avoided by being always properly prepared for
Just such emergencies in the way of food, water and other
necessities before starting for the fire. And theh^ unless
tho danger is extremely great, work by reliefs and nlcep
and eat the same way - that, is, spell each other. I cannot
see where efficiency ia increased by working under full
pressure, without food, water and an occasional rest, until
a state of exhaustion is reached. The rcarimuin of efficiency
is not obtained when a patrolman or fire fightor is from any
oauoe below par in his physique; he breaks down under
influences whioh otherwise would have but little affect on
him. For that reason to keop always in good physical cor.dl-

ion by attention to the person, the shelter, clothing and
ii?t, and th» avoidance of unneceosary exposures and fatigues
becomes of prime importance.

There are, of course, ti^es when prolonged cxer-
or. beconea inevitable, but even then cool, deliberate
action, with occasional rests and something to cat before
you reach the point where you are all in, I think the proper
course to pursue.

23.

„

: *v- --t r

' • I

v Vv-vl^ :

: n.
'.' --. 0 -T-^ "•*• •

•'-. •..:. •••

' ' • • >

{ ,

1

.... .,__•

* or • ->*., --.- • ; rvr
( ••! : t>o tin** o.

- - '-in' of fra ' D l^r .
lav- r-t\y r.T'.ir. hr

«.-<-.-. • • rr >\r™ o-:...oil-- •

.il.-Mrl". 'ai- Ll ' R"

•_-t ~r.~ 3d mour.t.iin I'-"- *-f

hcnt ?<• • a • T^or. 'all in.'

.ir.o? DlT iri^r-cy -v.rr.ot hr • •-• -c+.ort
-V oqui -_Ad nr/'. r^'far*»l f>r *•".«> vrork :li.

hO8i?.»s hi- firo fi.'htlng Irrl^ronts - r.r«, -l.^-«i
rr.r.ih.ly a maoh^tto, 'hl^.h I o^r ilclor -in :.*

luttini- ^ruoh, - r.hn;l ., rr" 'lt,h hlr. hi- lt^.
r^f hiM nv°. --^noity cf. lining, nr ?.o to ho' ir/^fl^n

jrujw^a f^r th ti~- b- ing. v.rv r.rti^lc.
L tr h.. rsa.rri-'i ohculd h~ r -duccd t.r a zli , v l>?hf.

'hinh ffluV.v. it a»4 int^/rral --orticr. of rj, ^r^il"
ou*.fi*..

I*. ,*r.,r» -ithcut. Br.yi.nx ft) at '^ -
TJ-« • hopt cbtainahlc ahruM > . nrn. tor jrord.
r-,Tuln.-irr. nt.valry hora« r»tout fill", tv hill r
*. > • c. n i^lr.g rf har-.ly '«irtr, -.^ur-'. aii'1 "v.ll hr. d, ^ i.*l

^1 , fr- frrr. vision-. Vahi to, -i^.h fr r.-i
•,ioi. f,* nv.U:, vrs* or ^.Ilc^, -'ithout il-nlah ^r
,*tf -:r.H -' ; onitldr. c\n ' ^ith ..r."." '-mut.h and ,rr>.l*.
u;* >• rift -r. ^andn r.r/1 u 'uart'.r and

'n. * r ,tT7 i. ^-r c.ncl HC'" i-ourc-.n.

.-i«. i. n f_ '.i> \rs, hut p.ninal^ undrr

ar- •-. Iclorc . «.* authrriti.^a r'.-ortri-

.rn, .} r. ' fi^ld rvl : i*

• 'I. Ar-ivT, ohort-c^u-iJ^i, ohrrt-lc&gort, "Mr.-

. j.ii..T • *o irrr" ^-otu-ids arc -^ <-.ic^r>-d

' ' ' .• • Is .

TaM- i -ell -'HT

ut -.(. r --r.f. PX- i.j . ox i^ht. T!i load 'il.'

TC ; OUTA'S, ^: ^r han" tri

Ir four.o .11. " ra- • .•

r.': rr mom.tAii. trailp "11 an

•

^ i rr^ horfl^ I.T
flc ^r oatldl.' f^ h- ' . or cr

r;~ rmr.al -r f r 'nco. • . r,

.-it ho ai. arn>" . oCl'.llaiid or ol ' v-r-rr **r~ % r '

.-' . . • , .. :

a ' , -/art I

. • - -v ' '• •• ' ,

iror,*
', . -IT. i'<~ .-M-.J

; - n oC'.r^ r ".i.': hi » to"

3.-.. ' -U--j in
• • , r our p. fro-' <:*10 - tMnk

•.ir. t.r .-•• I i*. -ill stay placed bctt r ?.rr*
L ai > a horn ' >-:-.-.k.

Th . in a '.rv-ortant it.cp to eon-UV.r, for

ic .r~ o;' groat ooniCnr* to ^ rid or, w'.r.£
k. in a great : •' aaur ••• ondfl hin ability to -v.rforr

..-.t. amount c." fat i .sciiu , vhil^ a ^ard ridln>;
ic a ;.„!•- i ;ourri . of 'J.incoml'or*. Lut tvo ront.cur
tl" is a f«u«,3tiori ntirely n pwato from thr- natiaro
i-^r.c r.urfaoc,- tl • '-ortion cj'

i't, r-.or.t.Hot 'ith tl, .-. hor-.c'T hiiol;- *.?•!•: ir\'-;t ^c
• . j rov . it fit'3 the ar.inal1 bac^:, nay, a^ t.lh

R« /.Ov-rj tho 1'oot, t"ill PF.VC ~oro haska alno-.t im-
, L ..

.or pU-.f.inr, nc^rt to t?" ho.--? '3 rxv?,!'., }t5>ifl a-"1!
-ac!: iur.iral,) I ^cv of nothing bott'i' than
ilc cloth' tJv? rat^rial - ^uro bonc'n hair -
rr. it pcrfcrt.ly prrouo and cooling. -cro^irH.t.^cr.

is -.t. ^no'-. cva^^r?.f ' i~ t) us rovonto-^. i'rot" collect?.

.o mt boorono »-irc» a:V -.tiff, > •
- ir Ktftnosa 'u flexibility, botii of ••»hi".l.
litloi ; '30 . : • i&l to a -jaddl- 3lot.b. If in .

, into & solution of '7at.?r an-.J. borax, »llr ••-

to rur. t' rough tho hair, in all tl?at i-j

•lie cloth, Mfor^ placing r.it) r -MC!: or
: uaddl.-;. , I /ouL' rb* nedc'.lo Mw.' *, rr ri

ijnilc.r In si^.r, fni into si". t.:.;_.'.'7Jc3"..-3s acoor
. . cavalry r rulatic. . .inc. io blanket o -inr to

ir elr.*i Bitted to CO" »a in ir . ct. co;:t

• the animal1 n bank, it .-.t all Mnr--; fr(

-it.ioi., . -s;ibl.. to utilise both f

nkctD.

•jar,;- outfit • " o "C c.7 t'v* r<

-al all around ri.- (fo:- our 'Or1.:) !•?: The KiinbolrU. n

r!le 'ith aparojoo, han cover, -t'«o covr "OT"">lo' .

. this cai-. ~-\ L-'O t pjr'thin*', - t^l- bono wir

• . - out ' t' ' -.ije.

• . ^.- r> . • . n.

'J. . "-'•• ' ch a-7 tv'rO":

j^oul.,, rnitana, tl ! bo-.t

r roajor. , :

.

First: Tho IOOSP • .*' re-aino in one o-5Ot
•ut of tv . SJocond: The If U rut in n^t
twicv fvnr th cayuse. TMrrt: trloe ?nr; on th° off s;

loose. • to rl,\" 'vith, bvt i.u
• * birth*.., ith '.ireotior.i- to 7.1- 1 ut

1 ti/ht ovrr an:1 ut.dnr the box. Fourth: This
^t so oacily forgotten u.a the ol^; Governront r.t"l<i,
in arly everyone in tiire forgotn the third ,'ove.

The ordinary canvr.8 clforjas 'ire r.or»t excellent
tarjleo for carrying G.I •:' flour, dry groceries, or
Iro which will not he injured, when -nujaot subject to
3h rope or blo\;s frnn roj'rn by tliA trail, but thoy are
:ard on tim/ar^ or cooking ut^nnils, not to mention
oannnd goods or r^a-anwar'* . Dottor ronult;-- can bo oht'iinod
by uoir.A grub bor^s, co to opoal:, that into the alforjus.

" of tJie bo*c to consist of t,wo vriclthc l^ir.^od 1' r.
By *; theso covers bnok oj; to a light poplar ^u^fortln^r
har carried in the case, a rcost eat ijfactorv table a ^pror.i^ato-
iy Ul inchoo wid« by inches long is obtaino;'., for '•••hic'i
s»n oil clot.h can be carried. In on« hot 'jhoul1. b«» carried

up. utonoila, '?hich ohould all teloacopo together
paotly, and ouch articled as aro alwavc required in pro-
parir.r, and dioposing of a ineal, while in tho other bor ar<»
carried provisjor.s in bulk, thn canned gooclo, etc., to
bo drawn upon b|Jt occasionally.

Whether afodt or v/ith unine.lc> ric«, beano and
dried fruit, flour, salt, su.^ar, ooffno, tea and bacon are
tho staples of camp grocerieB and are cooontial. All ir^
visionn should bo carried in atronp. sacks, an«.i not in
T ba«t« or boxos - t]ioso sac}:s should Vo lai'^o and deep oo
• y iray be closnd by jerking a knot in the aaoli it:^;lf.

On a trip of any duration the follnning articloe
should bo included in the bodlin«r roll: A spare flannel shirt,
unlershirt, pair of drawers and haud'rorohief , v/ith two nairc«
of soc':3, a firat ai'! packet, noodlo bool: containing tlirend

i a for safety pinn and Hpare buttona, rr:atch I ox, towil,
soap, pocket conb and mirror; uhoea ar.d soc!:s should V
oarcl*ully oolected to fit. Jhoes t!:at. have air- air be-n
^rc'. r. iu tv several days unarjo aro brat, well hob nail«.i,
rf course, 'iorc provisionr for mending saddlec and straps
might bs nade an rvell. A few rivets, a sewing dovice with
heavy tlirtad, r^orie buc':sl:ir. or ratvliid^, c . With f>«-^o one

do a /r^tty good job of rc~G.lrir.fr ^i a broken rioin,^ or
pack rig. A folding lantnrn and a fow candles is a handy
contrivance an.' will ofter; be us- ' -ilally when compelled
to travel by night. A canteen which can b« carri-Bd on tho

-son or tiod or. the saddlo chould nevvir bo omittoci, as well
as a pommol slicker, not. only ao a prot-r,tJon fro*n ar - cca-
aional rainstorir., but can also bo utilized as a daar ••--•of
flooring lor the bod at nig; .

SO,

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE

So vice to guard the. face frori noaquitoa
should find a place in the pack, for ^uny wet raeadowa in the
mountains aro great breeding places for these ^

I ulso tMn'-: it advisable to carry a shelter
canvas of sor.e kind. Ordinary tanto of various patterns,
such c.s the wedge or oorsnon tent, the Sibley tent, or the
conical ,/all tent, are of no account in active field
service, or under any condition of travel whene the size
and v/eight of what one carries aunt be oonnidered.

For a Tnaxinum of convenience with ninirninj of
weight and bulk, kr.orr of nothing better than the George
shelter toi t r-anufaotured by Gordon & Ferguson. St. Paul,
Minnesota. First, the absolute simplicity of the tent ia
the test of its perfection. Seconc!, lightness of reight,
only weighing about rive poundo. It is a perfect shelter,
impervious to rain and wind. about 7x7 feet on the ground
and 7 feet in height, capable of sleeping three or even
four. Third, lies perfectly flat without a fold, and for
that reason ma-'os an excellent cargo cover. Fourth,
simplicity of erecting: The two rear corners of the tent are
pegged down, th? aides carried at right angles to the rear
line, pulled taut end pegged. The lifting rotje is throvm
over c. convenient limb or polo, the peak la pulled up snugly
and the tent ia pitched. Fifth, no natter how strongly the
wini blows, one ran can put up the tent unasoioted. Sixth,
the front of the tent ia perpendicular. It will not let in
rain, but it will take in all the warrth of the camp fire
when it io needed.

The most practical bed I know of, for a patrol nan,
or anyone else, for that matter, rfho fron necessity or choice
must sleep in the open, is tho Comfort Sleeping Pocket
manufactured by the Metropolitan Air Goods Company, Reading,
Massachusetts, '.'.'eight 14 pounda. It can, if necessary,
be strapped to the back of the saddle. When deflated and
rolled makes a bundle no larger than a pair of blankets.
Actual taots have proven it possible for most people to
sleep coitfortably in the open in a Comfort Sleeping Pockot
in rild weather without blankets. The price may be con-
sidered prohibitive by many, but from actual experience I
consider it the rost ind \spensable part of iny outfit.

._ O _.

— - Vj •"'

27.

3OI AH3S XS3HO J

aunnnoiaov JO j.N3WJ.uvdaa SHXVXS aaxiNn

TRAILS ATD I'

I^rar.k

•:'•. rost c thr, Forest is covcrnd by trt'.ilo,
or &1 .at has a way of "getting there," as yon might call
it, noot all of tho jo-called trails wore constructed by
;.-ro ra and campers a». '. littl'-' or no attcrtion was givon
. l«e, aa tha most availaMo tre.y '.van considered tho

But t- e tine has arrived w}-rr better trails on
•.ies

During the fire season so.-e progrosn io bei ulo
oach "par tovarii roakinr no-.' trails and brunhinr out *,'~.P old
In the fall, after the fire danger is ov-jr, th-*
can be gotten togot:i*>r an:1. sr»-»r now traili built.

Uiidcr no oonc'.itior.a a';ould a trail b* constructed
without naking first R survey with some inatrumont, Ikayinft
off trail grades ty the oyp eh^xild bo c'iscourapod, since an
.1 r-rai* cannot be made with the eye in a rough or broken
country. I believe that the Abney Hand Lnvol is tbo proper
instrument to use in curvoying trails, since the worl: can

clone quickly, oconoFically anc* accurately. In ordinary
country three i^on can naJ:c throo miles or preliminary survoy-
•«tr day. The -azciiaum p?ado of any trail ahould not be
•11 cer.t. In 3Ono instances , however, it 1." better
to . - it ?C ~er oent for a short Distance rather than to
:e ewitoh backs, as they aro continitallv filling

In most caoes it is better to survey do-.m hill in
off a trail, especially if you aro poinn to surv^
frore the top c.f a mountain to a cr^ek and follow the etroam,
to build a trail fror a saddle in a rMr,~ to t.^e t^p of
a mountain, tho survey muot start frora the da<lcll«» and work

ards thf top of tlie mountain. In making the preliminary
rvpy, lock th« country over carefully and take notice of

< necessar" pointa to be conr.idorecl, such as th<»
3 -,inc c*' «a and getting around rock cliffs, a*
mall oversight in tho survey will often cauee a ^r^at

^xtra work and expense. After tlie r.relir ir.ar^ nurvey
in rado and tho objective points are located, then fif?JT*o

.vhat the ftrado will havo to b-i in order to conner ra«
poj !.«•<?. This can be done by ruesning or -aeing tho distance

.••> approximate diiTeroiic^ In el^vati-an, a.-
ap; • dictance will usually bring tho survey ve.-
cl^r-o. Ur.d«»r no circurntan Id a trail £-'ftd» go down
hiil _ UT> a Fountain es thia will not only cause
.n& tr.tt unnece^dary distance aa -veil.

.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
> O REST SERVICE

In b: bo cut

-.9 to the ground • I •:'« lo

a f .. 1 ro. '_ap the trail,

u_dth to which a trail ad out oil

on t::e kind a . r,ht of tho brush. All 1
cut at lea:1 . ^t. Ho brv

•seback as tho 'crush falls in the trail to '. -0
: . cv.t u- ' . in one

ar ao alnoot i) 'possible to toll

had over been any brushing none. I tools to uae
11 construction are the axe, - ttoo , ovel and
for brushir.r out, r. li^ht - axe io the boot. A
~.h hook is c^od 'in very s-all brush and vineo.
and rrattock ohould bo ^eavy a. I -onr and shv : ; :. at
least 5 pounds each. In ^urcJ-anlnp mattocks get "-eld.
preference to punch eyed rr.attockp. :•»<» of
^ic'iu and r-attocks in trail construction should
diocorfased, as digging in hard »;ith a lif>* -.ttock
is like driving a > v/ith a tack ha- er - -ou Jo a lot
of -.-or-: ana recompile nothin' .

Tho plow ohould be a 10-inch sidehill plov/ Oo that
the •-•lo-.7in«t con be done do'Tn hill. On t^e JTa--fklnn Greek
trail, J. E. i'atternon uned a -lo-.- and o;ie irulo, and In o;
count r" tJur-ee ren averaged 80 rode of two-foot trail
day along a stee^ side hill.

A six-foot crosscut aar ID handy to havr- alor.f and
can bo « ;-acl:ed by V-endin.c it over the top of thb pack
and tieirr the ends to th« cinch ringo. Thin loo if
it •./ould bend the saw and injuro it, but v.-h«n the er.do are
unfastened it will be as ntrnir-'ht aa it wao \T>) * on the
t.

In rr.aking trails it is not neceecar:.' to do a great
deal of grading unless there is plenty of tim* and money for
it, unleos the slope is very oteep and rough. nec-
esnary to grade off the bad places oo that a saddle horse
can be rilden along the survey. On moat trails a-ong side-
hills I c^t the brush and logs out ant- if it teep
slo;-e I grade a trail 12 incheo '-vide and ir Lacea Just
nark the grad« irlth a rattock -:o that it can be followed.
In >-oi:;r ovar t! P trail a ve«.r afterwards it "ill be K
to tell whether it ratded or . .-s
ago t jelf 's'^rveyed a trail of lea and
brun'-.e-l it out. On about half of it w 11 the bad
gro >d off, t: -.'•> other half -aa left x^ntouched except
t'-s ve cut out, but as it v;as an o rade and
cut off - alf the distance, rre travelled it the. following
seasc: .out d'. ing a -e -.vork on it. Vast spring 3! had
four days lone on thie trail and at t ^9ent time it
is • -of tho graded trails, exr/ there ia nothing

L in '. . banlrn -i the

jdCQ» ^3 till?

• t: e one 1 •• .

r
•day.

Getter trails and :-oro Lo

.1 it <~ r::* in-oniion to
.*otec* . -o r.nz not onl

. but it anoiJts i -of *

ao -./oil.

??.3tvve:; *re r : :r. • :•• ."^ronce to a: er

ent c;:cept tvl^ '.•.!• :e lin?3.
•at ion L-IVJU: T en ov .'•:•! f '. .

stoc!. act'.: -.lly r.epded in patrol inl <?..".: :lr.i.;trativs • -.• . If
Cool oil, looted rastvroa of »-n urea or *~;0 acres nre
fioient. It la i.-i;ch bettor to ' ave t.vo f!

rrt t ill* r.a rr^-.r.y 4C-ac. TCS ••-: .--0
.:-t.

/ill T.ntx-roT s'-.oul-.l no clono to t>o station or
ti e £3; ent in f.;ettii:-: heroes ?.o waited. ""'•e ota-
tlon ni;o' , :iever rocir'ible, bo at t?:o un^er oi^o of t
.it 1 -lor to ro -lo'.-n hill 9* a !

.; aTter t"--
aing.

to cilir.b "-1

' ro V-

".e: hesides It ir -*1 o:.: al-
3 on top of the rowitain carl" in ' !

aft or h'.

-

On account of t"-.? snow, I believe tVat o
elevatior.o a !?o. 10 r.noot.h • ^ttor t" -riro.

The construction of a fence haa.Trruch to do v:ith 1 llity

ao t:-e -atorial of which i'- ir. r«dd« I havo a b-.rbed -:3re
far.ro arovn I tl-.e C-rcvea Trairie ;:an^er -'tat ion that. on-

.•ucted trree •••ourc ago and tl:ero have novor veen -o

of repair work done on it. 71: j olovat;
station ia aprro-irrately '1TCC f*et :r

.'e tl-o sno-/ falls 3 to 12 foot deon every "'^nter tn I vocally
liew vjitil !.:ay 1. '21 ".* 'vire in thio fe::co is fa3l -xl to
trseo o:*s 13 feet a^r.rt ae 1 x < M be-

tween the vosts, leaving a a; aco of •*.- -"net bot /o . In

'.reea to faoton \vire to, f,roat care a.'iould be ta>on
to i-ec a»:7 vary e^all or Isanin "~, will Ion

rrer.d io-.na v/l\en loaded ;?ith nnOVf ar it \;ill either
l.:ull slack in b) -e or breal: it. -.re

loose is worse tl-iin no fer.ce at. all. TTo ?encc- Id

icr:? t: :ji r-1 inches liif'', nor een the

noro t". an 10 3 for 3r:ooth -vire or 1?

ul-4. r.ot

ever 1~ fsot

handy pla<- ~. only 10 f3et. •*„. can

.

'
•• •-'C-

C;,' ''••-.:

- v .j" r " • •

''• J^- {••

' ' - '.' .'.•-•

• ', r

;-7

u£ .,;;?:.;:-;-

" • ' »s. .r^ . .* c

: .! '•': j''iO(-f , ,r '

.

: - - ' ' •'

:

':. :•• r ,..-• • «o .yr,'j •

•L iti;- -. .- ••••.. - .

• i •- ••;•-... •. i ••.-..

'•''-•.'".",-. • ' • ' .' '. " -

•'-"'. -' i

•••: •••'.-. " '

either be split or ar.'all ^olos l-£ inches in ->ter ir.uy be

•lar bo virod on with Mo. 14 wlro or
.1 on. o staples aro noel, tl .ot be

Lnta straight up and dov/r. -> praln

of • ~>od, ? . von in at ri;3it anpleo to '

•j thoy hold so r.uch better !.ll

.11 out. . it can be avoirJ.od, clo not -et a vo2t

II cor.e on tve vertical prain alie of

.

1 beliovo that outa^dsro, on--ooially fJtoclc ov/ners,
she e allor/ed to use Ranrer Station pastures when there

•lent feed to allow it, but I do' not Relieve t>iat
•)licy n'-.ouli bo or.corrarocl.

Trails and ^-astureo, as rell ao oth^r ir.prove.^ents,
tre essential on every Forest, but r.ir.ce the appropriations
are nr.all, only a srall amount of money can be need on these
?Ject". in/r it, therefore, nocer-.nary for root of this

.: to be Aon* by th? Ten urvier o.ppojntn>ont. Defore *
cor.Jtructlon o* any irnprovsment there are three things to
be cor.3ilered: 1. The valve to the Forest Service, 0. Cost

~ion, ". Jucirarison of its value to the "
Servic- .IiiC'.t ot:;cr ir.-rcver- >:if.3 needed in the District.

There lo a vaot .".ifferej:ce botreen

an in
is o

of probable vr.luo to t:it» Fcro.^t and one thnt
value; j: u.ny othor purchase or Investment.

.•:•.:! r station that 'in us?.?, t'./o" or three ti^oa a y

Jt "e .riven tl-o cane consideration as ona that is
use fire Beacon.

nt
ate

— o —

LATION OF !

TC i

By Di'itrict Ranger C. A. Chanberlair. .

Juot to wtat ext.ont the rrof-ctivo force may '
on i.T.i>rovMr>*r.t work, without impairing our firo protec-
tion, can beet be determined by a caroful study of each
r L'lstrict. Probably no two dintricts can be fwund

a conditions are oxactl" alike, cor.no-
r.ar-l and fast rule governteft a corcbinod protection

• t working plan oan be Dado, ^vhich will arply
all its s<w-.jn ^iatricts alike. I bf»linvr», however, that
xve a plan which can be successfully carried out in
District 7 whoroby we will b« able to £ive the Forest anple
protection, and at. the sane time turn off u creditable amount
of im; -nt work v/ith tho protective force.

Beforo givinp my rlan> I wioh to givr a littlo of
Diatrict'o oarly hi3tory. DiBtrlct 7 lion within th«
mineral belt Liuch of it.o eurfaco conniPte of rolling hills
covered with a heavy stand of timber, and in nany places dense
stands rf reproduction. During tho oarly nininc days rost of

•."'» waa prospected for mineral. Many trails worn
-i out, and in nome places fjradp work was dono, to got
eupplioj into the vuriouj foilches where r,old was founr1. . Th»
- of this work wao done In the sixties and seventies, and
as fast as a gulch was mined out it naa abandoned, r.r-d tho

i all >wod ro grow up to brush. The result Is that today
t.hfn^ ol«.\ trails aro in noro noed of repair, ^.'ith our pr*>-
t snail allotments for improvement ?/orJ:, thore is little
char.c* that ni^re than a small percentage of them will bo im-
paired in the n«ar future, uiiloss we hit upon some plan whoroby
w« ./ill ho able to do the work with the protective f<"»roe.

My plan is as follower Place a man on Granito Teak
Mi a romfortablo cabin, a aupply of food, a cooking ntov*
and funl. Install tho most subctantial telephone equipment
to b«=- procured; give him a map of the District, a compass,
and a ^ow;rrul fiold glass.

District 7 is divided :*ntc four natural fir» patrol
ts, iTTiOwii as the Buckeye I-:cuntain, Trinity fountain, Fact.
F' rk . Sfiarts Fork. Upon oach of tho first three units

build. a comfor^atlo headquarters for Guards, near a
cf /,ood we;.»r, if possible, and upon the tr-ps of th«
i"l<:gft*v_I would furnish a stnvo t<-> ratrolmen but

loicns. 1 v/ould then build telephone li;
length of tho most iinporta.it r»atrol routes, but

would not, imtull tole hono instrument* along thorn. I would
furnish oac) r iMoiznar. a portable t^lr>j-hone ir.utrunont, and,
puc.h "atrol ur.it, p. weatherproof telephone instru-'ont, and
'-:eop a supply of f iro fluting tooln at oaoh Guard's hnad-
quart.T:-. . I Tould plac^ f?o Guards U; or. r^oh of the first

na.-neJ units, ar.\ '/epp an Asniotant «:urgnr on tho laot
with headquarters at. the District Ran/^r's, whoro an-

.- - : ; ly of tools, and .-vn emergency supply of fooi ntuiVa
uli' bo kept.

I vrould have a nay of each fir a ; atrol unit, con-
structed in «uch a -Mnr.T fiat I rould ho r.tlo by t:-^ usn or
.3 to ': jp a check on my raen'i rovononts.

For instance, if ny T*!Hr. on Trinity I'ountain
t^uilding a trail fio;tr. the rld»ro botrrecn Dia ar.^. ^ittlo
Papoce© Croeka, I woul-1 plao« two ~ina on that ridge on the
map, with a miniaturo flag V«arinf the wordo "Trail '.'orlc"
and if my .T.en on Euokoye ..our.t.iin 'von on patrol, I TOU!/.

hhr>ir mo^omonta '?lth pins, r.r.'l flc-ft" bearing the rrordn
Going" or "lie turn", as the oaso r;ight bo.

Cy having, ny ren roport at regular places, and at
r - ular intervale, anl by riaclr.fi a pin to indicate tholr

it.inr. anrl the lirection of thoir travel, I ovll bo aMo
f tell at any hour of the day by looking at ny map, just
where ry nen wore, anc xrhoro to look for them in caao of a
fire. .'1th mon, tools and supplioe in placo, I
as follo^ra: Hav« all ro:orte madn to District

vdquarters. Have ny lookout man report oach norning tho
condition of the atmosphere - wNjthor clear or arofcy - and
require all Guards to report each norninr by tclo phono for
nr-lero. If tho lookout could oco tho .^ itrict clearly, I
rould have, ny Guards propare to build or hrunh out trailo.
I -/ould have then tnko out their r/oathcrproof tclophone
instrument to tholr placo of work, and by usinc in'^ulated
copper wire connect v/ith tho nc.in line at the nearest point,
anJ if nocosaary u -o the jaro kind of wiro for a £r°ur.d, and
if thry y;p»ro doing .•^rade work J:o^p tho instrument near
«i:ourh to hear tho boll. If the" ;/or« brushing out trail,
I ^7ould require onr of th^n to -mlk to tho telephor. ry
hour and report to District San^or'n headquarters. On clear
lays when tho Gx'ards were doing trail '-or*, I '-ov.li hr.vo
the Assistant Ran,c.or viait ono of tho unito to lay oot new
work, j.nc' to them working in the rirht plac^a, or ro-

. at hcadquarterc whil« I :\&»\* trips for t?iftt furpooo.
During such days an tho lookout could no* 9 District
cl'^arl", I woulc?. hav? ovory >^an po cut or. patrol rith tn-'t ruc-
tions to report hovrly. .'ith ny patrol t^l LiDOS,

rtable ir.ftrn- \ « --.-tiT.*^ - , this would
b« rosDitle. Should a f?ro br si^ht^d over or. Trinity
'.our.tain I \roull not allow * u 'aot F 's

to ru. r thor:, 1-avinr; lr coi^n*.ry aloro, h"t. I

roqv

• n

T70U il-01

Tor
a si" • -'

?r ronth,
to 0- • nur ber of

' .
trill *rol an* ?< -: '.

•

0:. oritr, '~"r, -T"l" 1

r of day o l'< .
;atrOi «.' I I on Irprov-

•h,
••o:»': cla:'3 l.r-^i . 74 .'r.-

O^' \: '3

-..

5 rcr
to totai or of nor': da?'s

'.Chtinjr fireo, f? davn on in-

t •

for loo:.' • , it "~"

T<. -r the ;-!ea-on --.---- -'lr'

- - r
Tc --:r of ; -.y.rove* - C31

rate r for te^-ora:

oh is *c. r irprov-ont work

reyron:.- i of the re* air

of •?,

under . be e about 17 r

durij: .-on, r.

a ; o for al 1

h a f ir ' r
not)-.;- .-9. On ' ' -.",

to ca" i "o
oaer.t :i allr •'• ar»

v;e 1- : by c :t or *-ir

dajr, and we ?.rc able to t a sr.c.11 protective

force di?: boo short e< feaon .

54.

r-or
.
* ; • "- Afl Lstai

• •', JUJ - -Mr -• .

all i :
-. to uo our pr<u.-r iv rorr -

p fair

< • irr.iir-

•

''-r:-- has is-, W0r<: , :.

Ja ailov: .-o -j Pr i->a*,i'ol. nr

. . !»• " "I

•i"iH thr • •: . .-., Jui- " •• -. • •
rcr ior c- > . r: ..

,, ...

•^rt^ STsSsa-sj1 si

Lnr nf -/^k

•.--•a UB ,-\ vvi.al of - IHVP ,, in-or^v

- TK

-* » ^'^K r-.ir.-acr.t.e '?-, ard V^ }-.

lay, givii.r UP „! c- -.if-... - . _

: • , J °

. ;hr^ n. Tho

^ i ha, a a^lnat '17"-;. ro

• :cr th,
»0-,; ir. tho ,

ir. '
?*- " f* '1COO re;

' • M

?Sa •

i'Oi

f f i f . f « f f (

3;-.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE

TRINITY ?.ECOyNAIS-3A!IOB.
Dy Forest Guard 0. II. Svans.

Our reconnaisaance \?ork io only o part of the
larger task of getting complete data for P. ocheme of
management for this Forest. Thio cchvce of management io
called a working plan. Tfco wor^inj; plan deals primarily
with two things: First, what we have - the forest, and
second, what we oro going to do with the forest.

The "what v;e have" part incl'^en ft full Aenorip-
tion of:

a. The topograj-uiy of the area.

b. The Vinda, amounts and coxyi.itiono of timber.

c. Young fxo\7th and reproduction.

d. The soil.

e. Logginc condition.

f. Mar 'veto.

g. Growth tables, etc.

The "what wo are coi^fe to do with the forest* part
deala with:

a. Tho kinds and amounts of timber to out.

b. HOY/ much we can out each year.

c. The best uses of the material.

d. Eow to cut ao as to get the best reproduction

of ths best opociea, etc.

In thir. District the -,7Orl: has boen divided into
five stops. Stop 1 was a rough estimate, by the Rangers,
of tl-.e stand of timber on eaoh District. This vras done in
1908, arid fceve a total stand for the Foreot of about
eleven billion board feet.

The Becond stop, in 1909, was a revision of this
first estimate, together with naps nhowing stand types, and
resulted in a otand of twelve billion board foot.

Step 3 v*as the division of the Foreot into blocko,
by i.'r. Louis Kargolin in 1909. These blocks will be units
of runagement and aro: The Stuarta Fork, V.'eavervJ lie,
. / River, North Fork Sub-block, South Pork, J'ad P.ivor and
the Ilarrinon Gulch Blocks.

'Jter 4 is our reconnaissance work, nr the gather-
i1: eilvical and topographical data by a 5 per cent
strip rmrvey.

: • r '•
1 '•••:. • .

•;•

f , • ;? ;' '•:: ,: - -••••••

i f •'• •'- -

'.-•-•••• •••',•

- .

' :•' .••', •
.: :- •••"'.

•• ' : •• * ..

j

7.1

'•tor 5 will be the ma'rinc of a wor%:ln£ plan for
each Blcc -.

Worl: Ac oompl i shed .

v.'e began tl'O reconnaissance v/orl: on Jur»o 15, 1°10,
with a party of fox'r, r.r.-.l by October '. had covorod 80,000
acreo of Forect 'Jecv'ce land v-'ith 00,000 acres of patented
lard. Thin area fell --a Inly in Orouoe, Eltapon, and
Corral Creoles. V/e foi'nd ^41, COO, 000 board foot.. Of
this aland apy,ro::ir:ately one-half was Douglas ^ir, one-
fourth vslla,/ pine, ono-tonth sugar pine and the balance
white fir aoi inoense oedar. Tn 1^11 we began with a party
of four on ..ay 15 - increased to eight on July 1, and
finished -,»ith four on liovaaber 28. '.7o covered 156, OCC acres
of Governnent land, trapped and got an idea of the stand on
44,000 acreo of patented land - a total of 202,000 acres,
including the drainage of Miners, Little, Big, Carr, East
Fork, Hay I ork, Brovais, S'iddle Fork of Cottonwood, and Upper
Salt Crooks.

V/e now have complete closer ipt ions, with the hinds,
amounts and condition of timber, by sections and units of
230,000 acres of this Forest (£4,000 acres of patented land
not included) rrith a stand of 1,950, COO, CCC board feet.
V'e also have contour naps (100* contour interval) of the
area, which a little more than covers the proposed Eurboldt
and Lantern Railroad Rale area.

Y7e spent last seaoon - 1?11 - l!ay 17 to N'ovonbor
23. On actual field trips 53 per cent of our tise.
Office \rork 20

Sundays ani holidays 15 " "
I'.ovlnc camp and travel 6

Checking estimates 4 "

Fire fighting, etc., 2 •

Total coot per acre was 2.8 cents.
Plans for Next Year.

V;e plan this no.xt neason t,o ntart in the Kayforfc
valley - rv.le Cree£ Unit - finishing Ranger latton's
District, then going around via Eyarnpom and wording up the
i»ou*.h r ;rlr River. \'e rill have a party of six or seven -
Jr. Jotter, 1'r. de For?3t, perhaps at .ir..?a ?.?r. Coffnan,
three student as?:.ntaiits, and nynelf. Then there is a
lonaibility of having a "bug" nan with us, fts there is

87.

:.. ••>-'-

'• ' '.

. inflect infestation ir. t>e aroa to bo worVed.

• h° ri tfular rororj-.ai3Bur.cj wor!*, ve plan t.o

, : of th* ;.ropooed d^^.gor sal 3 in

. -iir. 'o 01 sj

Tr.o rnethaln outline I at Ifu-.t year's l.-o^tinp; will b.e»
ilr-.-rvvo<~, I tl'.irik the r':a*..->r in vhob" D' strict w«
fl~ovld be at&>- rnd to tV'f- party frost of tho time,
. »xi:d tal:«j ,". r«^.lc.r part us a richer of

of tho ooor.i.ry'ie Inva.Vj'iMR
r<» he wouic- -. a moat active part in Cc-.rry uij

rlan, "ir.ri ther^ is no he t tor nay of got ti
-.<*!.;• »c*qiiuiut M wj.th all tho timc»»r in tfte 3iatriot
^r; r>..oc..r.-5 tsanc-n. There is no rr-neon "/h/ a:; Arn
. c^ulA not ba d^tailod to carry out i.he Diati'J.^t ^f
pro toot a "JIG . ^t> will haro an cmer^>rcy vh^no in carv so

.K-:r can V> re--.chvi at ariy ti.Tie. Thon tV<". roccn-
i tarty io ""J'l;1? <i for fire fir/t*.inz and will ?;ivo
ho-lp in oa&.i of fire. I boiiave th"' knowi'x':.<?«, hy the pc"?plo,

thcro is ri rarty vforVJ-i? iii the vicinity trill »;o r"r.r to
pr"v«r.t r,he dotting of fir^a. I rurth3r think cth »r Tuiii
or. 'Uli b*> d*> tailed to fit. reeonnaiHsar.cf* party for Rhort
and ufter the <iRn^=jrjup fife n.-riM.

— o —

; TTI1I3 IKFOR ATI OH /J50UT
TH., Tr?!i;JTY.

By For«ot Aosistant H. io Forest.

National forestry in th«» United Stut.bo is roll past
point, where wo p.rn content witli te^v/iug the tr'..«*>s alon« .
Today ,t W.TTIIO inf orirAtion covering a wide ran^o of Bujjbcta,-
.TI liuaberitig costs to th^ fur^i found cr. ja^. ?>r'8;.
-e than this io nrcessrry Leoauso '.-"! rant. oyflte:ia-»j^ jd infnr
mati?n. That is, whatever w-j find out about, any 3Utjoo*. must
be properly arran^«d, u.fferent subjocte aunt b" j)lur.->d in

rrlati'n to c*ich othor, the i)raoticr.i bearinRa of all
muet >P invt»8tigat«d, and ail this to *'r<~ '"ntt thit what wa-

nd out may servo v*rlouc practical purposes. For one
instance:- the location of certain general rco>: olassea on

:s Korest ir. relation to cfirt;.in general of soi] into

whi ^ocks diolnvegrato. with the car^biiiiits of these

soila ur.der f ii"f»?r oir^ '^tiona cf ttoisture* n'at, and

bacterial ^rowtli, to sustain different plant growtha, from
treea tJ fruit trees and vegetables.

38

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE

all oan - u.nd thin is an important poin*. - al-
. wo none of \ia havo any <v:p«rt Knowledge along rn;
IU.'-.T, we all oan still easily get th« lata ar.c. \a-5B

^.ialist who has special training on that
"icular cuhjpot for him to givo uo his oxp-^rt opinion.
—formation 'hor \7ill be faulty in nany renpeotu,

.ji to good onouMl to be ri£,ty xiooful, and It i:» the
t we car: do boiauai the Foroot Service aanr.ot have a lot.
of arttcialiata on each Forest all t.ho timo. With *ho holfl

•i spccialieta the b'crvico hftR got wo, ournrlvea, who are
not spaoiaiijtr o?Ji accomplish H n;*-at d^al. V.'o can ra':e it
truthfully said that the Poroet Service Joiows its ForoatB.

I don't ronai: that thi: pettlnr of information
T iv.- r should occupy tho moot prominont T-KZ placo in
schene nf thin go for any Forest. Protection fron fire
nth"»r eeriouo datoar,o, tba iirprovonT.ta hinging upon that
• .••V-. - . c; the natiicatin^ of the timber capital of tli«» Foi-^st,
euch Batters are, of couree, tho chiof oncH, asido fron the
actual buoineee of the Foreat in grazing or timber ealee, and

BO ••>!..

T.IP> chief toiut I want to mako ia Juat thie, that
we car. all of t-.o, V-raidea tliia regular work, often only in a
haphazard way, but yet in a way that ia bound to sum up to
a Mg total,- £<a held of tMnga that will, with tho help
of cthera, enable the Format Service to kno": thio Trinity
Forest theroughly, from tta r-'^.k and aoil e«truoture, ita
various kinda of plant and animal growth, up to ita eoononic
acti itioa.

We can have sjjcoir.ena here in this office of all
tree apcciee of the* Foroat, in bucl, in fl'^wor, and in
.-af, with apecimene of the wooxil and bark. Wo crji hire ala->
apecinena showing the variationa in form of leaf wf the ear.e
apocic* groxving ur.dor difl'.»ront conditions. We can have a
collection of all the forag* plirta, all those that arc Vrowce
planta, and of all plnnta poiaonoun to ntoc):.

V/e can hav all the bruah epeciea. In our gor.eral
hprbariuir. no can have iroat of the s'nallnr planta that go to
ma'.re up the ground cover. Thore will be new, uiznamod a^ociee
found in thia h-->tanically littl^ !aiov/r. region. Tndood ipore
than one new apecisa wao found laat avurw'-r . .'o can have
epecimena of the inaecta injurioua to treo £ronth in thia
•?at, ahowing the:n in their different life atagea, with
examples of the damage thoy do to tree growth. can have a
collection of the various fun«i fouir- hero. We can have an-
other of the rocka occurring on the Trinity. Anothor of the
aoiJs showing on a baao mip where the different rain cla^aea
are, and be able to toll afccut -vhat sort of soil ia
to be -ny ^arr of th? Foront, /ith oor:«>tnin^ concern-
ing ita ostpability for produc'.rt narketablr pr4<iuo<9, fi
mineral^ •- -ante.

Tow there arc cortaln things I don't ^an, and

r tr.~. I don't niean that all this "'ould
any o>:e of ue, or that any one of us woulr
0 do much of thio. Collecting stuff rar.frinK from
. • -il'l^ro woulxl be a litt?.o too nuch for rx-v ~no
1 • • . nothing elao to do. Nr»i+,lv - Y r
.-tonal collecting, ^ith special inutru- - for elid
tb«» o.i t tie bugn out of thv tart unl o labor at. o plant pr

v.ln r.: -tin/? r-apor dnd Mr; ircn --ornwu. No, I r.enn

Itin'l of collection that uaoe a J&oklnifa for th'. bugs
and a part of an oia magazine for TOBBIT.K plants. I do r.ean
t, aa I ae« it, any on^ of us who has & livo interest in
_a forestry game can flo a groat dnal along ione of thes«
in a -,7ay that in wholly incidontal to hie rogular work.

— o--

NOTSS PROM TI:J DI30IWSIO!f8 AT Til1?
RAKG21I VCSTIKO -• V.1KJH 16-20, 191:1.

Clerical Work;

Too cuoh time ia spont by Re.ngnrn in tht» porfornano*
of offioe work. Two sug/pcontions nero -sffiri^d and diecusacd
as to hor t)ie Rangrtrn could bo relieved of a large aisount
of thin work. The first auggestiori was t]-at they telephone
an niuch work as possible to tho slerks in the Hupnrrieor'B
ico to ho typewritten ther«. If it ia a r^pcrt v:hica
-iircs the Hanger's signature, it can bo aent. to him to be
i. If it ia merely an ar.awer to a lottwr from tho
-ioor'n office, a memo <*an b--> filod as a reply and a
of the memo sor.t to the Hangor.

second suggeotior was that it would bo more ad-
visable to havo a traveling Forest olerk who could visit th«
District Panders' headquarters at Intervals to assist him
when tViO uork piles ur>, arid also no«=. that his files are proper-
ly kept. Tho chiaf objection to this ia that even if a
traveling clerk could be pro^id^d the area he r*ould hJtvo to
crver is oo large that his visits would be at long intervals
and In the meantime too much work would bo allowed to elide
alongoraiting his arrival.

Visiting officers from the Supervisor's cffioe can
* the fileo in proper shape* and after that, with the aid of
the filing schem*», tho Rangnr« should bp able to keep then in
shape. Or.e Dietrict Rar.ger asked whether it should not be a
part of the qualifications of a District ReJiger to be able to
ta '•:•>> care of tho clerical work that is placed upon him at the
-sent tir.e.

The matter was placed in the hands of the n-cclution

rtoo and • ->llo*ing resolution was aub^ittod and
uoli* carri :

AC, The clorioal work in tho District r.an£ors'
icco I:T 1 ur .'e ar.rl uaos up much tim? t^at could be
i • -j to bottor advantage in f iold wor1:, to
. D, That -1 i ical work in Hanger a f offices be ro-
)d t.o tl. • .nininum, dictation being ta.'cer. over the t.elophone
.-,l.r .1 in the Uuporviaor 's office whenever practicable, and
al" -t a ol^rk visit the Oietrict Ranrore* headquarters as
>

'"iOTiH LI no a:

In the ai.^cuflaion of the scheme x>f t9lor.h?>ning in as
work an poseilsle to the Supervisor 'a office tho aur^oB-
wan offered that wo should have trunk lines from each
triot Hanger 'o hoad quart era to the 3upervioorfa office
trn* froir private phones so that Govern-rent. business couli be
discuBB-jd ii. privacy an- without c-or.tinual interruption.
While tliio vorild be an ajniravlo nchoce, at the prosont time
it is not altogether feasible on aooount of tho exponso
involved.

District Ranger B* Headqiiarters;

Aftor a diecuT^ion of this subject the following
rnBOlution "/as prepared and unanimously adopted:

RESOLVSD, That all District Rancors chould be fur-
nished nith (icvernnent hoadquartero, having sufficient living

m and oquip~od with a roomy office, and that they should
no*, be required to own, ront or lease their ovm quarters.

oupervisoral Via its ;

opinion prevailed that visits to the Dlntr.lct
TB by someone from the Supfrviaor's office in a auper-
viooral capacity are r,ot fade often enourh - that nore fre-
quent fie la inspection should be made. One suggestion nas
that a visit shoul ; bo nade in oach District at least every
thr** r.or.tha by someone from the Supervisor 'a office and that
sufficient time should be allowed to go over all important
matters.

Forage t

It was felt that a higher coat of living and of
horse feed in one vicinity over another should be net in soae
or.her -/ay than as an addition to salarv, and that a Ranger* 8
s-lary should es far ao poooible bo a r-eaauro of his work
and ability; otherwise, if the salary of a r in ruined

41.

i

to i^-ot higher coat of living at one particular otation and

transferred to another station, the hJ thor
HO~B ,7i*h hie, thuo wording A hard ah ip upon the Hunger
wno .'--a*' be assipr.M tr -.ho sane station at a lorror se.lary.
Fo^ this r»- It v;as f*lt that all forage should to paid
ty the. -rnv-Arn-nent in ord^r that no officer might suffer frcro
:i cauoo or. account of his location in a loop.lity whoro
d io exc*nuively high. The following resolution waa,
"q, unar.imouely adopted:

RESOLVED, That all forage necesear" in the per-
formance of a Forest officer's worlt should bo furninhed by
the Govr)rn;:f»r;t.

FIRiS

It waa voted ty the F:angpr3 that during tho d anger -
fire o^ason cither t^c Sxipervieor or the Deputy Super-
visor should remain at the Superviaor'a office. Xr. Hatton
stated that it is the opinion of the District Office that as
a rule Cither the Supervisor or Deputy Supervisor should

».in at headquarters during the fire season in order to
keep a grasp upon the situation for the wholo For«nt.

Should the district Ranger remain within roach of
tho telephone during the dangerous fire season, or should ho
fift cut ovor his District and aoong hie patrolmon and looi:-

CUtH?

After oonsidorable dobato tho following resolution
was introduced and carried by a voto of 5 in favor to 2
opposod:

RESOLVED, That the Dictrlct Ranger should rr»irain
within telephone call during the dangerous fire season.

The question of one District Ranger taking char.,
cf t.ho protection work of two Har.r.T diotricts during the
fire season while the ot.Nir District Ranker gives hio atirn-
tion to preosing adniniotrativo work v/as discuared, tut no
Ranger was in favor of this scheme.

Lookcut.s VR._ I'-atrols;

After cojisideratle discursioa ae to the Jieritn and
efficiency of lookouts and patrolinon and as to whether oither
be abandoned cr decreased in number in fav>r of the
the foil otring recolutlcn wan proposed and adopted:

a-5:*OLVSD, Tliat tho ^r^sent fire protection soheme
of major lookouts supplemented by patrol is the i^cet efficient
for this Forest.

42.

ijul/oi Et/mco;

It b^ satisfactory to r-a-/ Fire Gvr.rda

salaries an- furnish oubsi -Jtor.oe? r/.io queotion vraa

r.ut to a vote tr. defeated by 5 against and only one in
favor.

_^_ :

Advisability of : avir.-r Covernn«jnt o\moi otoofc to

?s for *iro ri~:.ter3 en3 irprov-nar.t crewe eo e,e
to be dopes*?. ent upon private ovmer3 ar.il nub loot to •
pos.v'.l'le inability to secure rao^: animals w^on needed. Ranker
I-aM-'V. tV-ln'-^ t1-? Govonr*?nt boul<5 navo roney in Jiln Motrlot
by .- n!i.-, its o'-n ar.ir.als. In ?o~o of the other Dintricto,
ho.7 vor, +••••.•> nchenie -/ouli Involve too grer.t f.n exper.oe in t*n
-keepin/; or stock, antf it •.roul'i very often bo inpooaible to
b tlv? stock to tho points r/here needed with eufficiont
idj ty.

for r«'ire Filters;

Assistant danger Eo-c'a reooran^n«iation tl^at nocJtn be
od for fire fighters 'VRS received >*ith .-aar-red approval
r..i:. t?.-3 lolloping reoolution v/aa unanimously aO.opted:

T:at aoc^s be incluled in eupplieo fur-
^sd for fire fig}>.toro.

l^n?. _ 1 D'.T.r.r-lt.g In. ;"ullin<; Snagot

The ur:e of dynamite alonj: fire line.T in foiling onaga
ich would othorvfiee be a fire r. grace '.7&a dir-.cuoned. :Mn
mra to >9 much ecoier and cheaper t!ian to c'Jt tJiem dotm,

-.3 reputed to have been uoed to nore extent on the
Kl-.r-ath Fores*, to Toll insect infested trees.

::r. Criffitts, vho has had none experience in the
me •->': -I..Tia-T?.to in clrr,rinc 1-nd, etatod that the top of the
D falls at t'.o I'lace -"here t>e tree stood artf. the l-utt ia

.1 to tho oide o/poaite to 'here the dynanite traa innerted.
V.'hile th-3 L'r.trict nc.-.^re -rore authorised l.v.ct ^ear to *-ur-
Q}- •.'.". r- ••) for v.o9 in th?.n .->anr.er, none of them baa &a
^ad c-ccc.eion to try o';t t?".'3 .^otho.4. . It wan suggested
t tJ-.e .::ianath Fc>re3t be aa'red for data regarding the uae
or .i:\.r.--:. to for trin riur-p^se and that this infort^atlon be oent
out to tho dangers on this i

Uae of J order for

::an;-,er v'tirrett advocated the urje of giant ponder
oiryjaling to ratrolmen -vhon it ia necessary to -sell thos
in on account of the aiacovery of a fire.

s.t; •..•:;:-••.•. 'O- V-.'-.a1-- .v •;•.••; r:0'";/ /, ;:;o;. :.";vp- F-

' • .u vO. ' .i r"i-.'- r* ' '' /. '.:

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•-;-•' - *; -\' -*' '..-•> .•-•"w..1V--" "•'•••« •;'/.'".-!- >•.••: ' -': '.":

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•.'••". , :•••.*•:•-.:.:•:;•:. •• ••-. p.]v=. -,-:i-? r^.^: •• ;••:.;.:

'/r.!: =;:;-.* -x''. -.• '. .•••.'.'••• " •'-: •.••?•.:':. •:i-.^^.-. (••

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t.4:."-' •••'.. "•>'•.'•;; x< -1.T n.-'j *••:•.:.''••• •rv..Vi".*>

I -. . •- ; :•.•. •'•-• •.--•:.--'.'••.'; \-:\- .. . . v : :;

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.'• ;'•* •. : "* •'. r

-,-:'••••; - ' •

Service Torches ;

A discussion an to the value of Forest Service
torches in starting back firos reaultod in a draw. Where
the littor ia very scarce a drop of oil from tho torch will
assist >?**a.fcly in getting a back fir* started. Where the
litter is very plentiful a back firf» can often bc» vpreacl **»
*aeily or possibly to better advantage with the uee cf the

I ,: yvjjfleni, rtork by_ Fire Guards t

It .is quite oeeential that fire patrolroon should
understand clearly the necessity for doing an much improve-
ment w^rk as possible, such as the brushing out of trails
ever whioh they patrol, changing to better grades whenorer
possible, posting fire warning, oto., in connection with
their patroling. There waa some discusoiori as to whether a
letter from the Supervisor's off loo to the Guards at tho
propor time would aid in securing better attention to this
matter or whether it nhould be left altogothor to the Diotriot
Ranger to instruct tho men and soft that th«y do this work.
No veto ?/as takon upon the matter.

Equipment and Supplies:

The matter of securing our supplies from sourc^u
outside the region of the Forest was discussed. Nine Rangers
vote! against this plan and only ono in favor of it. It is
-'eved that the local good will and the assistance of th»

YV-AI dealers in the delivery of goods on the Forest, especial-
ly in emergencies, more than offsets the saving in oaah to be
dbrivod from the purchase of supplies eutside. In addition,

ihere would be so many delivery points on account of the lack
•f transportation facilities through the Foroot from Weaver-
ville that no central storehouse could be established and the
neceeaity of providing pack outfits and storage at so many
points would entail considerable additional administrative
work as well as expense*

Disposal af BiWrfeney

The disposal at the close of the field season of
*»Qergoncy aupplieo which are liable to spoil before they oan
be used next season was a matter of discussion. Should they

hrtld ever at a risk, or dispooed of at public ualo-? The
amount and location of the supplies has conoiderable bearing
upon the course to pursue and each individual case will have
to be uAtdrmined upon its own merits.

'

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE

:

- v^od th.«.t t "a?.e

r.rct..-:»i-'*r 3.':al.- Co-
" pr.f OI-.VIOT *ool» nc2«-
vc*iu>*r I'i-oguon-ily ^^ trees
s cxi tc t..*-.o in.jvry of r# ••~o-
: v. no 11 t>«*;» • -.i &!+, J-,F.VO teen
tho prcper tooxo rai teon 710-
•

7\~. *cn vae p-xproi rclatirg to

IT tl^'^er is cl inlsrioi- qv^
cnr.lPl ty e^*0y "rinir.*; oj:^r-utic.-B:

it 'r. "".riorvlerr'a sal OB tr» cuillt.y of
-Uf>r nir'.»; **i -hs ftr.pr:i5.KC'ac-it of
.t *rv/er rutes ofc^a th'*
•or Miubf.-r 1:'. otanuc of Inferior quality.

• rnrvvt JJT an^o*

Dr. ;.:oinccko s*Htfc9 that rotoa an to snarg

ti'oes ir. r .>-» rorfc roulil bn very vr >>,

ei to cover tiie noir.ls ho ^a

.

<$'

Tho r v pine ns ; tho

'rroi • . SOB 3 r ;'

typr - oro

char. " . •

nt Ir.w T.-ae

•d tc 5^ re .--./.=>

*'3..?
oljr.ion r/us ci..'-i -.-I I-y e vt: fa-or to £ ij>->ce :

:\3 it has ': - r.at.ratoc1 ccncl'T iv-ly that

thft t.r»ro .-el is C" -rcar-OHt. hirxlrAjic^s to

. to it, D, That t.ti# r-tsr.c Pirh £

'/n be reou»st.9cl to eo» uv: tpr noc'io-.ary l*-»vi3?.a-
rnmcva "h^ ci'.-t-ed o-^a. ^.o tr«o B-iuirr'tl, 10 ch<9

cour:ti.*0 of Shasta, Trinity and Tehirca.

9^:

To inooura.«o -e of drad tins'c^r Candor froe use,
the folio-. ing rerolutior: wao adopted:

45.

:<r.>OLVKD, That in ordor to encourage tho use of
dead tn1. lK"ABi'd tinier, •-/here it will ansnor the needs o**
the -x- 4 1 i>-.-u.t fn-o ua-> bo restricted to euch timber, and tho
usual" charge to rcado for any sound greentinber used in such

Surveying;

A. oareful record of all known section oornera
•ulc< he k«>T>t by Di-j^rict Rancors. A dencription of each
r found av.d °>f tho boarir,* tryos nhcula be 'rcpt and

systematically. All 'in^vn corners should bn
• I oith^r m a base nap or on Forms 974-10 and 11 uaod
frr thtkt purpose.

The instructions on nag.es 51a to 51d of "Instruo-
tio.:3 f~r liakir.ft Fore,:t Surveys and Haps" should be carefully
followed and eeotion lin^a rr^r'rod in accordance therewith
they crons r.caia and trails.

Mr. Coff/^an su.^gestod following the scheme used on
th<* Shosta Foroat of narking soction and auartor cornorc br
poatinp a whito sign. A fire notice with tho blank or v/hito
aide out is tacked to a boaring troo or other treo near tho
corner. Foe ted in this way, they rzill always be rooo^rixod
wh«»n found aa indicating the presonor of a corner and if
placed in a conr.riauous position can very often bo neen to a
«reat distance, lending aid in locating the corr.nr and in
running section lines."

GRAZING.

Th' question of quarterly grazing repcrtt* vrca dis-
cuaaod and it was do0idod that an annual r^ro^t uroul.'! suffice
provid^i notea as to the condition of the ranges wore r-'Joorded
by the Rangers throughout tho season ev P.S to be avaii^Mc
for us9 in tho preparation of the annual report. The .T-.TJ. 3 wr-
ing resolution vras, therefore, adopted:

RStlOLVED, That quarterly grazing renorto on tho
Trinity Irrrent bo discontinued and an annual ^razin, rt/ be
submit, tod, rrjviiod that sufficient data ;>t by the Itangors
du.-j.rg the grazing season to prrperly enable them to cover
the grasinp situation in the annual report.

If there is occasion for additional grazing reports
or for report in tho s?rinp u *rlon^ rangea, they can b«
mad? by special report* or by letter.

November 1 tr 15 would seer to be a better ti~>'- for
the submission of thio annual report by the Rangers instead
of Spptonber 30, for the reason that at the latter date '
stock have not all left the Forest and it la

impossible to state fully thf» condition of th* stock and of
• rangr.c at tho tiaie t*-e stock leavos tho Forant. If all
r^r-^tn are in the Supervisor's off lc » Novor.ber J5 it will toe

lie for tho annual r-nort to the District Forester tb
te ;racle up before Decembor 1.

STATE LAWS.

Kr. H. L. Given, district attorney for Trinity
County, gave a talk relative to the Gtat* fire laws and the
State fish and ga'ne laws, and tho procedure theroundor.

An offender must be triod in the to-mshlp in which
offense ia cOnraitted, even though a Jxistioe of the neaco
in r.n adjoining townr;hip or county IB olowrr at hand. Under
r.r circunotanceo should he be taMen for trial out of the
county in which the offenso was e.rnanitted. Thorc are fivo
• -mhips in Trinity County, corresponding to the five eu'per-
vi'ioral" districts. The Justices of the peace within Trinity

County are as follows:

Supervisopal Dlstriot,

H. F. CJoffman, Oarrville, 1

H. D. B°.rt:tr, T7c averville, 2
Jai'ios FJ. Dockery, Hayfork,

£. J. Linok, Ruth, 5

\Vhen an anoot is made the offen-??r should be taken
^re the Juatloo of the peace in the township in which the
cfTonse wae cotnmittod. If there in no Justice of the peace
in that township, he should be talron beforo the nearest Justice
within tho county in which tho off^nsn was committed. In tho
case cf arrests in nuporvisoral district JTo. 4 where thor«
in no local Justice, tho prisoner should be brought to t
Justice in ,7oaverville.

In somo cases, to aavo a long Journey for *^
officer and prironer to the Justice of the p*iace, a plea f
guilty is received <rrer the phone and. a fine in.poead. This
is an irregular proceeding but may eoEetinee oe resorted to in
oases of extrer-c necessity. Or, if the prison ir ie wll .Inf,
to plead guilty and it is not convenient to bring him before
tho justice, time and expense nay soruetinjos be P^/OCI by
having the prisoner m&ie efi'idavit as to his guilt before a

uly county clork, rotary puMio, or sone other officor
qualified to ndninister oeths, and deposit with such officer
an c-r.ount suTficier.t to ofver- the fine until the matt?** ran

trcught to the attention of ths justice of the p^t..?1* -'ho

Jurisdiction in that district. Thig ie not r?g?:iar. but
if the prisoner la Filling to ma?:e such affidavit of gj'.lt
and put up the money it is a safe thing to do. ir tr*»

iey deposited is leaa than the Justice thin':u r.-jcersar*y,
or if the justice desires to iippoae a terra of icjvio er

he car. r^-u-r'-ot t:n off«r..;or» i'o one, -however, but a Justice
r or .•». J uil^o car. impose a sentence or fine.

The fine imposed runt amount to at least the ninircura
icrit«"i ty tho law. I" it cloee not, tho Juotice or judge
who i:-"-' "^ t'-p finn Is liable to the i:tato for a baannce
•ufflclant to Vi-ing the ^ine up to tho r.lniruw. Tho justice
, )owevcr, iaposo a fine and allorr tho off*r*er .». certain
l«n,^th of tino if. which to conr>loto the TVtyrofl'uU For most of
thoae offc-nsea the law Provides that either a fine or

or.rent, or both, ray be iriponed. A ter"a or impriaon-
ny ir, imposed in plaoo of a fine, or the offender can
be sentenced both to pay a fine and norve a terra of irprison-
t.

An officer ' ay arrest without warrant if an cff wnoe
is committed or attempted in his presence. Otherrrioo a
warrant muat bo issued by a Justice of the ^oaoo bofor^ the
arrest is rade.

Iflicn an offender brought boforo tho Juotioo of the
p^aoo ia found to be under the ago of eighteen yoero the
Justice of the ^eaco will certify the case to the Judp;e of
th^ eu; rior court. '«.'hon the case ootroo before the iudgo of
tshe superior oourt !;e can cither handle it hiT-*3elf under th»
Juvnil^ court law or return it to the justice's court for
trial under the ordinary procedure. If the Judge of the
superior court handles tho case hircsolf, ho may either placo

offender on probation under tho caro of no.T»e suitable
and reo-onsiblo party, or in extreme cases may commit the
youth to a reform school. If placed on probation, the term of
suoh probation is specified by the Judge: if the boy bohavea
hi:.'36lf during til 3 period the charge is dismissed at tho
expiration nf the probationary period, but if, while tn pro-
bation, new offenses are co?mittod, the youth io liable to
oer.ter.ce both for the oneinal and the new offenses.

''Uth regard to search warrants, Kr. Given says
that r.o officer has a rirfct to search a man's house, tent or

-k without a search warrant. If a man's houso is entered
without r. r/arrant he nan a right to defend hineelf against
this ir.vr.eion and also to resist a search of his pack without
a warrant. If a house or pack is searched with a warrant and
no violation of the law is found the officer searching is
liable to a suit for danages. In case of a false arrest the

who swore out the rrarrant may be prosecuted by the
defendant. Thio, however, is not very often attempted, and
IB not liJiely to be of serious consequence, if good faith was
sfccv/n ir. u.'ting the arrest. The sheriff ta':eo this ris^

ry time he raieo an arrest. If an officer feels absolutely
sure that violation of the law *ill be disclosed upon search
of a r.an's jack, he does not ta':«s nuch risk by naming an
arrest under euch circumstances.

— o —

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE

.'• .M ^ ..... , ...» V « ^ .V . .

.•V-': 10 •«•.•:-• 'J.'1 ';: -. ':~xv.: -....:l '"• :••

• . • • • (.>'.. ''/• ' •• •* • -•'*

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r .n. .1 .... . ." .-, .«tV

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.,-1-.y..T-< -.--• :/-.r''V: .'* ...-.-••-•

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*,* . * *

;j r ; ' .t ' VA ii>i ... ! .-••

•* '

."• i -h -nd Game Commissioner 0. '•)• I-avra had Just rc-
turn^d f.-or, ?. I *uil in tJ"-; Sacramento offico of the Comnle-
sir\ , :..i acHroacod the retting relative to fish and i;ace
t.?cMon. Ho said le had recoi\ect vory poait/.yo ini,truo-
.;« fr^ -.ident Howbrrt of tho Fi»;h an£ Ga^e CortJlsaion

,'ocuto j.ll violations ur.i rxlro no exco^tioiiB in any
• or H! ape; even to prosocuto in caBce -.7hftr^ . r-i wan only
/B f fltr.t<L In rofu--<i to tl'-H atwitai** ta*'.on

'nh and Ga?ao Cf>?nai3^ioii RB to f.aagore ' efirvicoe, ho
3tat»d t :at che Goran iBcior. vloco not oa.j?cot the *»J'r./?3i'C to

Loct. Foront Sorvioe worK in order vo enforce tho ^ice laws
. a CROO co-'oa up or if thoy hctir of ono and have other
^ ir.cna which ^rovor.tfl their attenaJrig to it ^orsc-.ially,

y shoul;'. r.otli"y hi'., J'. Lawa, and p,ive him P. 11 tho informa
tion in their po- ooaoion and he will atcond to the matter.

V/r» should, of c urofl, ftivo I'r. Lars all the
i.rntanoo we can within the Forest. Ono ;-eaoo officer io
ur.dor oath to hr»lp another in caoo of need.

Tho Rar.goro may obtain from the Fish an* Gam* Com-
jion their e.'penboo Incurroc1. in Connection with tfP.ire CPBOB,
but by tr.e r->^ule.tiono of thn i?creat Servioo nupt accept no
diarn pay or cthor ronun^ration.

— o-*-
KI'^TORY OF l-'ATIOKAL FORESTS ANt) TK^I^

Talk before the F'onclay iTlght
Cluli, «Vea- err^l-l.c, California,
by Acr-i.-ti^rt DxClr.iot Foreetor
Jo.in H. Kattoja.

Intr/xluct i_on .

Some of the or.rlior fxnnrrjnccTTentB, I notody oa?.lc<S
for a diacusoion on genc^c.! forestry. That is a irotty bread
subject and too comprehonoivo to tr&at even briofly in the
course of an evening's talk.

I ahall, th'r^ifore, confine nyocOf to a short
r*>viiw of porje of the fcc*ors which ^eve r.on*-,i-.l"o-''toc< to
forest history in *hi3 '-'•n^.-.ry, a-.-1 i". - :.'*-j*<*- <.*• t^ie
r- '•-•.:• .: -• • <~i » ••-? ^ro-|:.r9'it. -ruiHt of

'.c Toiee; ^/ru -3 '.hey •*>

tr^ir T *o'. ec t ».^n TroTn fi

You are frictr.oall" o\!nd>cl > .*.

Naciv- ?r?r.tr, I 'er.ts, I i .JT cf

-nd wo • ia

~>whero, a-.'e ..OTUOUO with ""rrovontativcB of 1 ?al

rv "DAotroyera of human opportunitios". I am
-> nay that t-i?.s inprnusion is raj-i-ily going out of the
r» of the American people who havo hfmr and are moot
IT.' ' ly affcotod Ly th^ withdrawal of theao largo aroaa of
.in roeouroea.

iJu i or ^B try.

The forofct movement in thin courtry han aria^n out of
,'nfii.ite internal noorle, t*o inportance of which hue
not he'»r. hotter ex.TRisuod than in the word.o of former Iroeident

•The format problem* is, in rany ways, tho noat vital
: . L probler. in the United

wl.y is thia true? It i". true Vcaua« our
foropt rosourc^B arc InBepe-rably linked arid Trran^ed up v;ith
all th? oth.-^r important ro source a rjnd in-'uotrion in this Kreat
oouiitry. It is hard to concoivo of an Industry or resource
which io not ind.iroctly if not dir«ctly affooted by our

sts, vrhothor publicly or privately arned. Any injury to

or- roaources, therefore, mur.t noceoaarily refloot injury
to all othera oven re-notoly rolatod to them. *t la true bo-

. e our future timber supply io already a serioua problem.
It is true tecauao publicly owned foreota cover only onn
foufcth of the total foront aroa and only one fifth of tho
tinfcnr standing, while tho regaining four f ifthn ie in private
ownership, on vhich forestry i^ acarooly rracticod at all.

Thia loaves it up to the Foroet Service, not onl** to
utili/.o to tho boat advantago our naturo timber on the "National
Forosta, but to provide as far as poosiblw for a futtire cut
and at the sane tire, ty precept and oxauple, undertake to
convince private owners of the necessity anc! wisdom of con-
servatively handling thoir foreata.

A carHful inventory a few years ago showed that 90
r c.'-r.t of the foreota in private hands was -.'rvaatated by
destructive USA and tbe scourge of unchec'^d fires, while less
than one ; er cont was properly handled for successive oropn
or effectively protected from fire. Tho conservation of the
public forests io a large task, but it la the s-naller one be-
fore the nation. T*e larger tas': ia to induce ^rlvate ornera,
'' . 0,CCO of men, to ta'-e care of that they have. 'tth those

ts befor^ ua it ohould -na*:e little difference to ^rivate
or Stzfe public tln;b«r ir.teresta '/bother the proaent rate of

: tion, and vmato, an.", lo.ia, rill oxhaust our timber
-7 in twenty years or in fifty yeara, or a hur.dred years.
ubose periods cf tirta r.uet bo struck from the calendar.
country cannot affori, either fron tho otan-'^oint cf public
ros'. selTish private intereata, from the ctandpoint of

50.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE .

: '.o e+iir.a print of . to letv."> t.Vn th-re.

-9 tir'.*~ --u»-~lr -5" *' •-" BOVats '. •

•

Tc- • '

• •

»t. ' 07 t ' I' 3

. tr.e : rs

-, . at; I.

. •

)1 or iXV,- .,gf.

tor tue prcte-..-
:• :r.' ->lvlnj i'oi-r uvj-jAroi billion

Ca Ivj^er-.i^n n*x! to \oai*n tM^ lesccn uoll

• . :-.or'5 ?. <;r^-o v::.>7r,ry -I-.-, being

C'-.'-h t ^i:bor cvnc^ii v-:-:^ rtw
.. really «roanb uoii* p

i

Cv*. !}..-> on I r>r:J*r:r In this c^unLry Kil3 n-vor

. •• • ^7 i- u-.c-l" -o --of.p.lf, thn Ai n

' t; to ro°.^.J'.o th« h Ltfl.

, Pcr-uatry c-.n:1 0 oncer :
iat.lc. . «. f- pf'.r.,-; of ,;T'> Ay last

.!'Cl!-l'» iv.no n b^>

"T." you a>-« tr. i-.r. i'.illj'' auc-rrnMtul in your 1^
rrot^ct.ior '/orJ1.. *u arc ,.o ' tilxze your iv n.ir.elly,

;, livi.-s; prison foi- jc'ii- ,-rf>Vjjtst . if you ar*
to he t- . - :-, ir V"W are to p^aoo 1'

- • : • J •. <, th€ :-i:V"j.v-. a I- .l-rj'a nuat

r.o rc.'.lj •'•.o t.:-?o 1 t. that. li=>H, nrt 4n f( • . nt

- ry^ r^rir'U.n a~:cl pa-infi -n*. ?; V has

: o to . - ' ir. "orleHH 1 ^serva-

-.tr} ' '0 and

wn- .......... : of

-r*ca* sit .ri for hor^rt, vi oaain^ nprood

t -mo-. . • >iem j8."

•

-avo p;iven you roraethinf: of rr«3Pnt day forontry,
b';- velopna.-t. of I -y in t^.i

>TJ its «rrJ ir*r 'c?,^i*minn r.ighT& ho of i: t,

Gongroos, over a conturv arc (1 rs

, tr . ' f^r tho p-jrci-ae^ of tirbp" lar.in
ipply tro nooda of the 1-avy, and variouo later Acte mad«
oi:rilar provision for oetting apart foroat lar.A for thtn aiid
ot. : :>ecific purpoa«B, no attempt to socurw tho c' honeive

61.

ir.istration of f create on t- e public dor.-.aln was -ado until
1 1, forty yctirs ago, when such a bill .aa introlucod by
t'.-e For*- Second Congress. This bill failed of r.aauage.

In 1076, five "earn later, £2,000 was a -propriatAd
to employ a corapetont nan to investigate the timber conui-
tlonB in th« United States, and in If-'SS an Act was approved
creating tha Division of Forestry in the Department of Agri-
culture. This Division became the Bureau of Forestry July 1,

U, and employed nearly all the trained FOreetore in the
U.iited States. But the actual administration of forent
lands rcrainod with tho Department of tho Interior, which
Der-artaont had neither system nox trained mon to provide for
conservative forget management.

The necessity for Federal control over certain
f created aroas, in order to protect tho National timber supply

injure porrcanoncy to irritation projects in the -vest, was
responsible for a brier cection in the Act of T.'aroh 3, 1891,
eapo.Toring the President to establish forest reserves.

jident Harrison, on March £>0, 1691, first exercised thie
pov»er in the creavion of the Yellowstone Park and tirobor land
reserve.

But it was found that thero were »nany local

InteroBts depending uuon *»he reacursos of thy ^anlcr^il Koroste
(at t.K«it time called KCrosc R'. aervej) and n.in:r d'tficuities
arc3e through the lack of arlmi.itbtrativo fa-i3it.ee. xn an
effort to alleviate this condiciur.. th& National Acader-y of
Sciences was requested to recoiTiend a National forest policy
•h resulted in the Act of Jurio 4, 1397, uroer which, with
various subsequent amend •ncrtr.c, the National FOi-oote are now
adminie tercel. Tlie pf.rcio-1. amorxLT.ent wa^ the Act of

1, 1505^ nv^.ch cri-nafOi-red to tho bcorotury of

entire jui-isaicticn over the i^ationa.1 Forests
except in the matters rf aui'veying and pasjp.ga of title.

Our forest history in this country, then, dates back
a little over one fr.indred years, but took no dof ^ri-.o fon
until forty years a^o, and the era of t.ctaa.1 a. .it,
aa fe.r as our public foreii.8 are conocrr^'i, go«; : cacl. cnly
fifteen yoara. and really or.ly &r\ ei ; ^rr-s, c^r sir.sa the com-
plete tranofer of their ae~.?u .ii - ^011 to the ^ej-ar'^^r.t of
Agricx-lture in 1905. *'e ij^e, inueei, very :*c-.-g in f*ctaal
forestry, but in this brief r*riu* acic.t: iia.s be -n accor-pllohed.

Our ?Iatio:i»: Forestu, counc.-lr.j those in Porta R'.ca
and. Alaait, no- r.wi^r , tb & tctal ac; ' - Uncle
°v s. 1 ?/.>»•, tn<»r« are

: .""I I on acres,

- r.ting

• ii'.onto;'. ''a.r.d : trio 1 .ries.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
i • FOREST SERVICE

'•'

lha total forested circa of the United '^tateo le row
about 550 million acres, or approximate!? one fourth of the
total ar«a of continental United ^tatce, ">4^ p^r oor.t of r/Mch
in in National I-'orneto, counting extensive areas of barron
country above tinber line.

Cor.traste:'. with Gcnnar.y, we fln-.l that 52. C per cent
of her forest area is in public or stato control, and ?3 rcr
cent of +Ln or.tiro forested aroa of European Russia is
har.dld'l by tho Government. float of tho Huropean countries
h'Ave far out-stripped the Unit«rt States in forcntrv.

Aim of National :Qrooto.

V/hilo the advicability of establishing ?'ational
->sts has beor. quostioncd by some, tho Govomnont has had
l-ut one aiu in sotting these aroao aside,- tho best permanent
use of t.hn lar.ci by the yoopl^ and the provontion of waste ,.r
a:ay of its rouourcoo.

Theso usos, as you all know, are multiplied and
varied, and include luiaboring, raining, grazing, wntor power,
and r^iny others. Difforont states, or particular localities
in any on<» ^tate, way depend upon an;* or all of thoso differ-
ent, industries, but in any case tho resource of any sub-
ivision of the country, either by regions, states, or by
portions of a stato, ahouM be considered ao contributing to
ana sharing In the general good.

In cany portions of tho ^/ent, practically every im-
-.p.r.t industry dnpends, for its -resent oxistenoe and per-
petuity, upon the Forests cf the r,ountairje, and fcrojto can
STV.. £.11 thoso interests bost only r'hon placed ur^.^r a
management which will incxiro harmonious dovolopnent and tho

efiatn e;ood of all. T^ib, in sub-.tanco, io tho aim of
National Porostu, and tho foundation upon '"hich the wholo
theory aixi practico of the adnini-.trc.tion is based.

Foroot Protection.

The arch enemy of tho forest is fire. Fire is the
atost «in£le rlorent vorkinf ap.ainot t'^e realisation of the
principle cf rnaxiajun use and v?astc prevention. Con«prvative

-imates, prior to 1COS, showed that ten trillion ocres of
timber land w»ro destroyed annually in this country Vy flrea
alone; aiid leaving out of tho consideration the lose in hiunan
s and froporty, and the wat.*r and tlmTrer re6currt»e of the
Futvre, th-^ loy/^ar, oati *ato in tirabcr valuta py.c«"dcn, 01, an
average, f50,CCO,OOC each yoar since 1S70.

t?.

Thi t.rtal appropriation for tho «r.tire Department
of A/7 1 culture lut voar was a little less thai: ^17,000,000.
ThM trr l.h* Forest Service, to which the managownt and
prct- 3tJ n «f all our j-uMic forests are committed, fee leee
tr.an 3f>,OCO,000. The fire lone for one yoar at that tiF»o
woulc* r<iy the pr9«er.t running expenses of the Forest Service
tor ten years.

A careful atujy of the fire problem tlion ohowed
plainly the truth of tho old adage that "Everybody's business
•jae r.oh.dy's Vusinous", and thuo it oa*nn to paas that fireo
w«r^ seldom fought until private property or human lives were
endangered. Nor was it wholly a matter of indifference on

part r>f t.ho people who would naturally hr.vo heon noat
interested in extinguishing firea, for r?any of them occurred
beyon<1 the reach of settlements. It la not nec^neary for mo
tc tell this audicnco *>hat much of the 190 nillion acres of
territory oor^rod hy our ITational Forestn io beyond the

tch of settlements, and ^ould be wholly unprotected if Uncle
S«m did not provide the r*»ans of protection.

Lightning strikes vchoro it happens, and raanv campers
and mountain travelers, without survelllanoe, grow caroleso
in iiiverse ratio to the distance they get beyond the confines
r>f habitations. V,'ith muoh of our territory, then, only under
an r- tTic ion t and syatenatlo patrol during the danger season,
could it be hoped to detect and extinguish fires in their
inception. The old adage of "a stitoh In time aavea nine"
n«ver had truer significance than In the doteotion ai.d
suppression of forest

I an reaindod Juct h^re of an anuoin,? fire report

which came to ray attention some time ago. H certaiA F.'rest

fxc r reported a fir**, on the regular form used for tljese

">rts. One of tlio thin»H called for la the actual or pro-
bas le oause of the fire and >-hat action should bo taken
against the of fonder, if apprehondad. In this case lightning
was the offender; ir. othor words, the cause was not rithin
the scope cf human calculation and was what IP ordinarily
termed, in common parlance, an raot of God." The report was
endorse-!: "No action roconmended."

I want to icaks this broad et.atenont: The Forest
Service is aiming toward at solute protection fror. forest fires.
3o far *hls has not been accomplished, but absolute protect. ion
is the goal towarJ vrhijh the Cervico is striving,. It ij tJ-^e
watchword, the "ehiLbol^th" in our rational Forest oarriiiiBtra-

Of course, fire is used by the Service to clear up
dobris left in saw milling and oth^r opnrations, but thin is
done when the danger to remaining forest f,rov/t.h la 011

absent or at a minimum. Beyond thie the SJnrvice doon not go.
I want thus to ptat.o definitely tho policy of tho Snrvloe on
thi"? puMeet of fir->3, because I kr.ow there are pood people In
California who virw such a policy ao r:ost hazardous.

Host, people believe in life insurance. Wo believe
that money rper.t in forest frotection ie not dissimTlar to

In life insurance there Is tho ponoibility of out-
livtr.g an endowment policy, and th«re is the other poerihility
of not outlining it. But in any caao the principle of life
iiidurance in such that "toother we di* or livo, it in a pretty

I u-v.«at.mont for whoever receives th? benefit. One
particular tract of timber might escape a soriouo burn for a
decade or Icngor, or until it io harvested, but there IB the
lililier possibility that it night not, if left to take care
of itsnlf. The history of forest destruction ahowa plainly
that effective, or even inperfoct, protoction Is immensely
profitable.

550,000,000 of loss annually, since 1870, would have
paid for a lot of effective protection when wr» consider that
th3 Rational Korostc in thio country, vith their great bulk
of business outHide of fire protection have boon adr'iniotered,
and pretty effectively, tro, on loss than three cents per aero,

Light Burning.

But to return to the forest protection policy and
firo hazard?. A good many people believe that with complete
protection from fires, underbrush, debris, and younr r.'u^th,
will get so thick that nothing will stop a fire whrtr. it onco
ntarts. These people advocate what io called "li^ht burning*
or^ry tt7O or three years, to !:ecp dov;n tho accumulation of
inf lamictible material. One of the largest tinber o-Tiers in

State, Mr. T. E. Y/alker, not only advocates, but under-
takes tc practice this theory. A study of MB light burning
o^-irations in 1910 showed thut he had littlo or no regard for
the unmerchantable timber, and. ras concerned wholly with the
protection of his merchantable forest. Tr. the August, 1°10,
ber of the Sunset Magazine, thore appeared an articlo by
. George L. Hoxie on "Kow Fire Helps Pore i try." Hr. IToxie,
in thio article, ir.vokes the aid of fire in preventing uerious
conflagrations. Ho calls it a "servor.t ."

The people of this country may rest assured that the
rest Service stands ready tc adopt any sug^pntior.s ^h'.ch
will really aid in format "rot^ctic . In fact, one c

3ial piecop of work which will be done t^-r comir ^on
will b« a further study of tMa subject of lj , .It
has b^f^n 3t:;aiad brfor»=>, but the i^sultc so far ahOT -

to be v/holly <i. le with real tor- • 'ion

•

:
-

until tti-

ito no

'

.

rnl . not r
.
ionce or

'

• T

1). '

~'0

ol • '
you:

vor t'.>e -tats I -.TS

-:o • o-

Torect '

ctice 01"

xra
.

' tutes th*1 T?r !o

r.? It ia
:-e not a -jn

.

eastern • •:.

of tion of tho forcot to "brush or r

ropon

jt annually
n coneldcirod :

nted • :*o

ev our r . ;o

• idea o . /ut

•
-.leal . . -

bout • -ne

•
be dorecl at &:

.

oate
tive.

'
alon-.-

• .

:T

ola Mo

tmrning as f -:

.

03 ci: ••>-

• lie
Gov je.

Icv.-oct ere the

.50 per
acre.

"he

.al To.

of California, 'iro of over

*5,' - '^t

bur

• . . .

nuc' r burn

3lc.o:.in£-o ( coet

•ul:1 '. e : :.y be c":t or tlie

,h r-oi- .

Lot Uo c " "-e (^Mc'- ' 'ng

e caoo) t'.T-t • • '-.ose

' cont
:en if t" •-. f

volve :so of

..VJll r .' tVlP

rvj.ce xlifor: It

t>.e - Icaticn of

oroats i .-.oiblo at t;-.o rro-

"o,r

at Lttle less

- to obtain on -ubject,

total
. .-oad

•

.

rativo.

can

r.Ot

t v:e can
oo thoy do

•«d to root, • • on upon

.

•

o Tri: I o:u-.l fire

record for oason,

attributed to effective n. lo- ho:

lookout 7-oint:-?. -ol, o

oettlern, all tied in to a .

wor .

n via "r

veil eh cv TO by

an! fire loooeo in tho ooasono l^-ic LI.

com'ir>.?rod, the fire hazard :as 3/bov.l the r
Beacons, but in 1T11 a ctroful utudy before:

.iTtiniatrative unit. I/a • 3 fir

I'll tl'<?re were <*.C~ fires - 50 r.ore. -ver

In I.^IC "/ae 2£7,3CO ceres. In I"? I, 5G,80C - , or
298,700 acrcn less.

o uvorage area ~er fir 3 ir I"'!'! \-s.r . .-.ra.
In l'.?ll, 11?. 8 acres. In 1010 Cl::oo A :
per cent cf the total r.u:-:b«r: in 1"I?. ,
A firen are Draall one'/, Mf?iich ,-^re sstinr-
help or coct.)

tirbor burned in 1?11 r-^ovmt?'1 to
feet B. ?'., n--«ich, at an averaro • rxpo vaT

..". nado a rrono^ loso of ^91* ^00.
tMa lona \:a.o in Governnont timber; t
private. Tho ronay Iocs for the •preocdin
mora than 9i;3ht«on Mrr>3 aa gi'oat.

e:r: ^.o be oven cettsr crgav.lzod. Fire • -sn

snce ovar all other rational I'ov-
to of the fun-la avtilaMe for '

In thin ccrinection I •.v.r.t to ea*- t

rst Gvard ctayir," -i-ott" ^Ic
^1 joint, di^rinf f--? : , \or. '•

bsin.f, If.3y or not earn: -irv.

is trore urdsr Qi-dero out i

'.nto a c-arof'-ily Ian a:.

.in-: tl-at • • . . - * P. fci 0:10 -y pi

ofter. : r.o bo mo:v • tl u travel, ••

the ficer

•t&; !;• . - .

to return

aro no./ cleaned bv fire nr.c.i year -.r co ! ion
with tiirbcr eai'.1 operations, an:! thia ar'ja %ill
r.any fold vrhon .-.one of th3 larf? oaloa n.r.- beinf
ar- .-ted.

58.

J.'/o:.-:oqI

.. LI ••:•: • .
i [j :;.;

» "': rl'**' "'

•;; .;. •-; • : KK
..l:^.--
:- •

for: -TV.:;

I .-.'/ 1 ••:• ; ' •

0-V ; L

; — .::.' o ' :•-;; .-v- ;:/
; orf.'; -s ': SaoJ!
l^&t&js ^ - :... '. :'.' r. ••••;•?:;;.• -

.•.•••••-//• -•..

.. ''.

X

. •

•• I .

,::-:o;:j.::-
'• ' 50

y.ocently, ever a billion feet of rational
tir.hor ha'; boon odv-artioed in addition to the billion feet
advertised here on tlio Trinity on application of t?*e

Kunboldt and Eaotern poodle last I

In contrast to thi- -, only t'ree ?vr>«>r
in t: e ;>ino r. :!l fir forests of California ~<ade
any rroterrfl ^f syn ter.at1. cally bvt-'iing their alanhlnpa.
'^laflhinfs constitute ono of the BiOit serious fire r.-o'-.aoos
Tvith vrhioh the public or private tinker corners Jiave to d
rho roreot Service is "raotically tho only orr"-^»i-ation in
tl « 'tato -v^ich uses fire for cleaning ur f-.is dangerous
refuse.

3ut the lir;*,t hx'i-ninr t'ieorr i3 intended to ftrn
tr> f -root l:«n-'.a in oneral, a:vl not ::loi-.e to out over i.-inJa.
It -:or.to •••-lateo t'rat at i\ certain t'mo of the year, say in
t: e c ring CT fall, ~!ion conditiono are not CD favorable for
>ieavy" f ire.->, that fires be allowod to run at will. T~- ol^.
I::-\ian fire-:, hovrev«»r. t:o often rofer-'od to br tvdvooatoa of
t' : oter, ;racticaily wiped out younp, gro-.7th, -n-J t'-ia la

Trt-kt the » ervico lo bore to foster and "rotes t. They also
did an ivr^n.ia ar-ount of •larmge to trfttvire tltrber, an.i in
rany inntanoen entirely deatrpyed it, leaving extr.neive _arean
of : : --.-.'-. or cha; arral now wholly devoid 01* traes. On the
I'ationc.! -"x-esta r.ione in California, tb^re are fully 2,OCO,099
acrer- Z? *:-.ls brush, tb.<? vault of t':e so-called "oervant
fire." I cannot ?oint out too forcibly t'-» ::.a-*c.pe t.>-r\t even
i -lit buiv-.lng ioos to yo\'::r growth upon which t!»e f-«rect8 of
f •"- "e

Although a fir* ray run throurh the format and do
no -r«vit harm, tree provto i»? ••'.Ivava o):3c:red a.-.d

f ' ; rey to injurious diseanos and .Vi:-;ccto. ?Mo
da.TAge i^ r;;.t uoen by the canual obaorrer.

In aontraot to thi^j, a roo*»nt ir.'.jrootion of t!.o
Liltr.ore Forest In ilortb Carolina, which has beer, under
e^tcr.rive f-.T<?3*. var.Q^syent for twenty five -/earn nov, r/ith
ccr-^lete protection from firea of all >indn, shows reoultn
jcrfectly aet-sniching an compared with outside lands V.:Joh
have not been protected. 'Ve have a thirftr, vi^orouo forest,
free fror, .i-ease, ar.'i r-:-o-iucing, 3t a paxi^iuni rate. T'-»
e:it*-'".olo;;iat or t.*-e forest yr.tholr^'-lot covl1. tell you c-ri-
nr of ' .:.-->rniouB da-«Mige done br firg in -.a"ir.s tho vay
for t' 036 :>tl-er injn'ies.

brvnh ?!era_ce .

Ji'3t a r-ord about tl'o tr*\-<h r^erace. K • are "e
roinc to ;ot ri-'l of it? '."ha^s t.uer« brvnli fleldo r.ro ir.
.he vicinity of forests, voun.'r *rees rill o7rlng up x-.trler
then thro'a^h natural prooesaeu. In ouc",, localities the best
rray to kill ov t i,: i criish .io to v-.rotoct frorr» fire and alloir
t;\e trees to ehade it out eventually. The root caaval

;. :.

••' • : . , -V '

• . • .•:,.'• ••••• •"- • • '• ,

• .; ' * -•-'••,- . , • t . .;

• • • .-' .!- •••••''-•

r ; ••• ••

. . ; fi ''-I S'^j ' :'<H>:'

;• • - . ,;/v<-r •• ...,: •:.,;-. .

; • ; '" -'." '.. ' ' ' '">:.'.-••*'*'. W ..-• •• '•'

•.. :.'v-;-.i!v- V' ..'
.,.•••

•-.. •• "if '- '

•- •,'•*" . .

.•'....••<

observation will show th:i + * • >-.r.f, Jvxr*- eno .

fr-ovnci litter r.ccurulatos ?.•; aided to the noil 00 slovr-

•ay ta .ace about s.3 rarL.U" n.n *^o litter

ROOURttlftteSi thuo ftdSinc Blovrly tr- •';,• soil content. ?'ree
in .-.-'urv.'. litter are r.-t -oarlv so* oerious o.- • ard to control
fires in brush, or cro'.m firea Ln ;he forests.

cit«d
ti":e -

an

an

com-

Che laaho fires in 1^10, bavo toon
'hat v?i}l V.ar-.'cn tc any fcv?ct in
- leto i"::-e irotection. Tbocn fires ^r-uli nevsr
ive hca.V-t.7 t.-ioy did if . • t*.ny of ^c^ hac» not rtarted in
i;-,aoce3Clble rlacos, and the I'-ioi: of finds, trails, toler-houe
oo-nuii4.cation c:nd r.o:i -J\^T it i"/ o.-o-Ltle *-o got at them in
tho heitjiin. ri">y burned until a hu^rf>:ane otrvck than,

W-j cannot '"O.T". Vire fror ntartinp, ijv.t •rith --
o»»5anir£tion ana ny.-ton -je c«i ::ger. fires fror rxwriinr; and
doin- tl.a untolA J.a-^a/50 Hiioh the yaaro ainco 1070 have
recorded.

California F^rect.s.

Prora on-i-^eveuth to on/>-oixth of Lho total area o."
Cali-romla beara utar-'la of tlr.ber that oan pro-erly ve called
forests. California ranks third azr.ong the tinber bearing
Btatoa of t.he naMon, with wi eat.iriated rreeent otanc? of
"61.4 billion feet board • e&nure, of TrMoh aboT.t 123 billion
is in National Forests, rational Parks, ''ilitary Ijonervatlone,
uiireaerved public lands, "r.uian Reoervatior.o and timber orned
by tl:o sJtate.

tetweon nc i*;\-3 l'"T billions *.a in t>.e Uational
Fcreats. I^e r.^st, S50.4 billion feet '.o ^rivatsly ov.r.eti.
IJiio rerreser. te a tott\l ^tvir-ape value within t:«e ?ta*,e of
at ioaDt "",^0,00^ t.^ au," no*hJjig of the valuo of tl-.e land
itaalf a:^d the other resources beairloo tiabnr.
thcu-.:ar..i feat jf tVia ti'-hor buried, the etur^ase owner -ay
lose 2, but the people lose Ac in v;af;ea and i:. eta for

suypliec. Because of our peculiar climatic c • onn, of
ull the unuoual ar.i conplicatevl forect problems in tr e ytate,
tho r^o.-t ^re.-.Tir.^ is that of fire control. VYhat are te go-
ing to do about it?

— o—

60.

-..' .••;• SS :r.::.o

' -. •:• /;•:;••."• :::•;'.;•

-. I . . .. .

.

•••. : ••?.•;*• « <• '••".' '«!.••' • *-.-• ••• •' • •.•.•••... •.

• '..' '',",' ' '- • •' ' ' ' '•••—.•'•..! .••• _'.

•
.'...'**.'• "\ i> •'..' \

.v :.?. ••-.- .

• •• /- — : . S»_ .

.; •

, •-•: iJ-:£,::;t1 c. -c/..f>r! ;.•.:•;'>:;:'•

• :-:;' • ;:--v:i -v-;-. >i"';.' . i>;: •.-. - -

•• ,:^ ,;,,-• .-• •.. ;..,-;-;

• •' • .- •• ' M**^ • • •:•• '. ' • 'ifu<-i ,

: ' '.C * •'.:•• ' Or.: ;-j': ,

-Hj i..-u5 : ..r.L-

The V-:'./vit«. ..i.-..'^ol* in a vory v/elooro aJd.'tion
our oxoliar.G* list, and we !io: e it "ill v-e r. ?re>i r*r.t
visitor. .9 -'..«h to oongratxilate tYo -"^asta upon It*
.••/ interesting ur.d attractive Initial

Itanijor John T. Cray's ah-Her.ce fvo.-> V-e l:anr,or
dvis to tho dee*i snow on ^outh Trr>: ;:o«jntainf
wnn x'<jrv muoh resetted by -11 '/-renwnt. "'« ^ope for
hatter I"o3: r.ext ti-?.

:-. .

rac' ot t'-oro »'••* nic^t r.r t!;o ^an-^^ot t'%ar. coul1
l^eeri r^.-le br & tribe of Avaohei;. .: crMpa fT. .'.einec'e'o
accounts "or this.

F-.>roct Aool3tant '1. '*. Jotter 19J?*. ''enrcrTille for

ai-. rfeo'.o1 ?•; tf.il In ti^e Di.rtrl.-jt Offloo. -:-r-j. Jr.ttcr anrt
c J;T acoon-y^aniocl hir '•.? Sen Kranoi^oot and t.'*en tler.arte.l for
a vi'*lt v-i*ii <t«e, Joi-ter'o par«nte ?.t the?r hor*,
Cincinnati.

ATtsr the olocto of ti f- ianj:*r '..^otir-g, :"r. Tatton
fi oi-i ; erv i s or Huostts r.al9 a nfcort trip Into 'rfvcj^-.ots.
o evert* ir.?^ot lnfoBta*.5on ^ v..'«.t.

Dr. Jelnooico r-3'r.a.lne^. for «. fev. da-/-, after the
x"..%nrer •etinst and i-.oo.'; u trJr to I-ayfork «rlth Uer>ut7
Su^rvisor Oo-rfr-on to stiul^ Wie neerlia fur.tfvo ci: -oaae In
t-.r.t vloinlty. I7--3 * ;ctor ? ro;.'i3*s *,o :-ef;m to the
r for 6, longer v'sit later In U.c

.m urch IT and 14, frr? •* •"•var:1. •'-. .'. '.vans p
tl-rough the throeo vf tlv* r ^>raat. H^fl^r*t,cvnt Oiril • crv^.oe
oxanination at uod liluff .

O. to

v:e«lc vith a ^<5v*;rc cold, *^\t -aa on ''.t-o!: ''.n-in *.'..-» .
of t)-;.o wee"; onj. ir r-or v.'.s:;.ting .^ftr»r;

Lrunr.an ro;-ortr t';at t-:
ths tortois9-3bell K'.tt^rfly, w*-<.ch .yer-.- c^ nurr.r>ro\io i;
5-.X!ii^-.«i' on t'.a .^nc" ln\ah ar- the hi/tier olevatiorr, a'

wcvl: on *.ha blue >rv^h and -c"jr.t.;>.ln ^ahcsronr on tl-.e -ar~or
alope.i and l^or .ilevttlone In '-^

•• : :'f.--..

'•• -

.nee field -
to start "a" 1
a coo'.:. Irior to that date I ate t'-e

on t:-.s c.rra of i .o-.-oced -ale t.o
. 7 .

l!r. :.vans has sr :ey

to enable reavlftru to decinlior tho fin - a.^na of

-ret we did not d ore t-o

• until after toe had "been cut to

duplicating the Y70r "V hove,

benefit haa been derived from the ^ereg to - n" Trr '
added difficulty in reading them.

I" the Lord \7ills, and if o\\r ot^r.orra;}
"office boy" do not £O on a Rt.rT.cc, -e her 'tor- a
nornal oize iusuo of the Trini' .-os'ver r.cxt nr -r,
if we do r.ot succeed in that, err ta inly in June,
get too buo" v.'ith the fire season. v.'e would ll':o to r- -
ceive contributions fro:n the- ..angern for publication ^
in addition to t>.e Jictrict Kanf.ors' ne've letters.

A i:03£T<IT SAiri rK'

yn of re.ttlecna''ea vma foiuid on t^r-

of otuarts , about f • arda up rive-r fro. 3-
tion of iiule Croelc, in the SE 1/4 of' Section 79., T ": :;,
R 8 U, !., D .

The da" they were (li^covorod (Ar-ril *?) vmo

exceptionally r.'arr: o^rir.r, clay- and t'r-o ana'/ea hal P
crawled out to enjoy t::e weatV.er an'i nere lyi: iled,
generally two and throe v;ithin a foot of one ar.otl-.er.

den itself •••ay «:;tend several :-•

into the l*ill, or perhaps onl? a fow feet, . of
covrco, upon the diotanoe undargroiUid to whicli tho c
and loose roc;: ex*.ond. It crops out on t"*o tan1-: ol -ta
Perl: in a place probably r.ot pore thr.:. ---t sqvare,
in a loose, aha'ce-n formation of -iorp}r'ry, :•. . re
the f i^Jit too': place, in which t -o::« -rattle:
their livec. of the tvfc-nf -one, eirhteon */oul
from two to t>ree feet in ler.pth, -.vhile the? other tvree
v>-ero about twelve ir.c'-ee lc: .

a rattlen vrere not oov . 30-?t on o::e verr
large fellow, which I;ad ten rattlea and a button. should
-:e fr^ • e to ton rattlea on tho • en large oneo

•

•

I-.'

• •

'.;.•

..-•• ':' '•

-

,— ••' '-

•"•: '• '"->r

r

would be a fair ootirrate, vhlle each of tVo little boys
had only ono rattle and a button.

While in the hotteot of the fight several large
ones got away crawling back into tho rooks and dozens of
the young ones were lo- t. I actually believe I saw more
than fifty snakes, and I don't believe had a single
drink that day.

;.. P. Sox.

This account, ;?<?nt in b^ Hanger Bor, v;as
accompanied by the follovrir.g letter:

•hr. Coffinan:

"I e^ eendinp, you the rattlesnake
dope as per \*our request. I've 'r.c-ard of
"buggy" Rangers and "Deputy Supervisors
over around Hayfork, but they even get so
bad at Tinereville that tVtev have "Snakes"
in their boots. You would sure have
laughed to see ~e killing unakes. I had
my big 30-40 army rifle, "a hoe anrt a good
green saddle, and 7. would thrash the
dic!:rns (ITote: thio is not the word used
br J-r. Sror) out c.r then with the stick,
chop *h«5n -.rith t!>o hoe, am), if one looked
too big I'd turn old "Punfcin Slinger" loose
and blOT? him Into eternity.

Very sincerely yours,
Bosoo tho Snahe I!ater,
Per R. P. Box."

Notification hao Just been received fron the
Dintrict 1'oroeter that t'.e na'"e of Alva Tracy has been
added to the Hanger eligible list, with the highest
rating en tho \Veavarville list.

88.

FOREST!

THL

Vol. V • i:o.8
. Quarterly Bulletin
at the headquarters

of the
SIERRA NATIONAL ?OIC3T

lUrthfcrk
Oalifornla

August 1, 1915

3dit«r
Paul C. Rodingtrr

Asaoolate I'ditors
Chester ^. Jordan
Ernest G. Dudley
D\7lght C. 3ir

PLHSOHJO,

Sierra National Forest

Paul G.

;?tar I'.. Jordan
Ernflst C. Due. ley*
Dwight C. Birnh
J.T.Shinn
M.B.Fulham
Raysond Tyler

Supervisor Korthfork, Calif

Deputy Forest Supervisor
Fore s L F.nar.iner
Forest "icaniaer
Forest Clerk
Clerk (3fcT)
Telephone Aerator

San

Shaver "

IT or thi or k M

ft IT

rt il

r. :'.oJftod
J.C.'/erly ,
John ."I&ne
J.C. .cstfall
".J. son

7hor.-:.s Ir.i cher
. .

"-.B.Ieylrr

C.I .Iiooth«
C.L.Cray

George T'.
.- 11. Clark

Mariposa

Forest Ranker in
Asaiotant I orest Rang
Forest ^'irenan

it n

n »»

Lookout

Telephone Operator

Sugar Pine district.

Forest Ranker in Charge

Forest Ranker

Fcrest Guard

Forest Firecan

Lookout

Toi-est Firer.an

n »t

Telephone Operator

Jersey df.le
« •«

Chowohil.i.e Itc.
3i£^al Ik. Region
Jersey dale
Signal Peak
I^riposa Sta.

Cakhurst, Calif.
n n

Clever lld.Ste..
lliani Station.
De.^dwood Peak
Jleltie lleadow
Bass Lf.ke
Oeldiurst , Calif .

assigned, in c/.r.rge Forest Service exhibit,
^position.

th.rrk District.

. .'/of lord
D.3.:*.r.inwaring
Claud« I'.cKenzie
T.T./.llen
..rtaur "enry

Johnson
Lincoln Herri nk

Porest Ranker in Charge

Assistant "crest Ranger

Assistant Porest Ranger

Porest I'irenan

Lookout

Lo ekout

I1 or os t fireman

1'orthiork
.1

Azalea Meadow
Plr.cer 3tation
Shuteyn Peak
Cf.stle Pe&k
llortliiork

Prank
C..". Barker
l'..C.Ce.they
Charles Heroed
Pehr Olssori
Thorr.t'.s ?ar]:er
J.E.Dillwood
Dona I-rio«

Pine Rjiclge Distriot.

Porest Ranker in Char£«»
Assistant Forest Ranker
Assistejit Porest
Porest Fireman
Porest Tireraan
Lookout

Porest Tireman
Telephone Operator

3iw.ver
Ca.sor.ds
llono Station
Shaver
Dc.ulton 3'ca.
Bald Mountain
Jose

Roy Boothe,
. .- ;inson
ill Bau^hnan

Ray ::ills

:..Bash

Kings River District.

District Ranger in Gl
Assistant I'oresic Hanger
Assistt-jit "orest Ranger
Porest Pirercan
Porest Tirenan
Telephone Operator

Ookenden

Peterson's
Cak net Sta.

, Calif.

ED; ..LS

Campers' Registers. Now that we have excellent naps and coop-
ers' hand-books to give out to c. seeking

public, »ne of the old obstacles in the way of getting travel-
ers' naraes in a register maintained ct a ranger station has
disair^rjflfi. './e have something to offer In exchange for the
name. I!any hundred's of travelers have already registered at
the stations where we maintain station registers, and by the
end of the summer It is safe to say that the rnutbrr will run
into the thousands. Mth campaign ammunition which we have
never had before, with an inducement to stop at a station
which will a;v«al to ninety out of a hundred travelers, the
scope and effect of our personal appeal work should be jreat-
ly enlarged. Incidentally the regioters will give us a most
valuable nailing list for publicity literature.
Sign Boards. The sign board .;r«blem on a Poreot s*

greatly frequentec. by mountain travelers

as is the Sierra is a big »ne. forest officers, when consider-
ing what sijns are needed most, should loek at the problem from
the viewpoint of the man who wvuld pause in uncertainty at a
point where a dim oow-trail leado away from the blr.zoned path.
He must ior^et that he knovrs every foot of the country, and
think in terns of one who doesn't. Good sign-board work will
do more towards easing the worrying traveler's mind than any-

.ing else we can do. People who travel and see such things
advettise them, and this encourages others to wend their way

'c has heretofore been, perhaps, a mysterious and
avoided region. The calls which have been r.ede on the Super-
visor's office for signs during the last year show the ranjer'8
appreciation of the problem and his attempt at its solution.

Fire Protection. Pour fire protective Associations compris-
ing over two hundred settlers, 90 £ er bet-
ter of all who dwell within or near the ?orest north of the San

iver, have entered into cooperative &r>Teement8 with
the 1 crest Service to safeguard their brush fires and to assist
i preventing and suppressing forest fires. This bodes well for
:ire record this year — not because the officers of the as-
tions have afiixed their names to the agreencnta, but be-
.use the members of the associations are enthusiastically in

r of fire control . Before Icng, a man outside of the asso-
ciation who thinks he can continue to handle fires rhen and

-1-

wh^rc he pleases, will bfi fllntlr.ntly persona non^rata with
5 of his fallow men, and that is a i>es whTSV. • •

->tlng mortal wcs to bo plaocA in for any lone period

ffr* attire The P^rc at Scrvioo celleotion of photographs
.<. has but a fow depicting forest fires, and no

pictures or slides arc BO cuch in *cmnnd

•t a-r work ivS thca« dealing with this subject. Every fi«14
• o. tc itakc: a big reputation for himsalf ts a
, if he «an reir,r;rtb or to pack his earccra iro.

.'t want firos, but wo must IcRii&lly expect a fow, snd
ov .o, largo or snail, offers an oppcrtur.ity

ws. Th. \^scolatlcn burnings in the north iistriots wi

rang- ra in attendance a jrcat chr.noo tc so«urc srmc
i1 i oc ncs, and it is ainooroly hoped that the su~ocs-
o:. will mot bf; i.vor: d. The best jointure ser.t in wi

adcrr, the oovor cf the next Ranger.

CCH7RIBUTHD ART I 01E3
A. Glinpso at Ta.yl« r^o "Baolc Country

'by
Chostor 2. Jcrdni..

On July 12, all preparations having been :-.adc fcr ii 12-
day trip into the baok pour.try, we bid everybody at ; Ills
' adcw gccdbyi; and set cur ni.urse straight cvtr thf. trp «f
Shutoye fcr the Korth ?ork of thf. San Joa^uin. Arra.'

•:ts had benn nudr t(, r.oct Ranger and Mrs "..effcrd at hilly
Brcvrr. i'.radcw, but fir scno rcascn which '.lufford has net as
y- \ abl<.. tc HXplain, he failt.r t, rc»«ih that pla- . It
is h&ri tc believe that he was lest, but . lrs.'.«offcrd's attempt
^lear hir. by explaining her nisundcrstanding in regard to
route whinh she trunsnittc-d to us cvor the tolcphcno, is
rathe. r shadowy. I knew something was wrong when we arrive i
that rceadow and found ni,t cvc;» a horsetraok cf the party
-' lef <\arq> some hours ahead cf us. However, wo vrastcS

;le •M-V- in waiting and went on to the peak which for tho
irat tir..; saw without its white ocvcr of snow. In this

• Tower sat Art Henry solcnnly scanning tho
fur fires. He reported that ;ip to that date tho r.on-
had net brer, broken by the discovery of a single sreck .
I servof with a very niwo lunch by :irs. Henry ,

7m thu ether side of the mountain to Crizaly Meadow

H '^ US.

days w^r( spent in th . lito, locking cror grae-

irna, then we pu: • Graveyard M^adcw

latr - -:Kl-r nrdyfington ar. . Godwin ar-

M

bringing their ar.i>ctitra but n> *• a, expecting tc find the
latter a r.' tw.lv-.. r.ilos further dcwn thr trail that night.
First a: -tmcst it wasi dinner thoy wanted, and from tho

way they wr.do£ ii.- :j.Brcwn's hct bread wo w« re Icf to be-

tt; th-->y had risen frcn thoir lust meal without ln-
ishing it. had planned to go from Graveyard to Koll'a

Half- . but wcro advised by the others to Icavo that plane
for u fut\iro tina.

with th< '..'Affords and the camps of stockmen
in Gruvo-ard, ;".rt3. Jv.rdan and I pusher en to Oliver tfoadvW
where we spent the night with Hanger Clark, leaving next r...rn-
f\r Gro.-m Mountain. There we overtook Ranger Robert "oiCon-

rting a band of shocp to their range on the llorth Perk
f th<- .qiiin. After seeing the band to their range, wo

went on foot ever the upper end of the Northfcrk. This side
ci ::v.Lyoll was a solid field of snow for about four nilos sc
th<it part was left un visited, but on the rest of the rango we
fcur.d r.oro fo< d than the sheep nan possibly uao this yoar.

After lucking cvor the sheep ranges, we went on tu the.
'> rral range, to ornsidor the poison areas. There we found
quantities of the- Oiouta, or "..'atcr Hcral(.ok srcwing among the
Lows in the western part of the rango, and *ftcr oarcful in-
•igaticn dc.oided that more oattlo had died from outing this
than fron any othor plant en the range. Sheep were grazing ever
ha p.ison-infesteu arnas with apparently no bad effects, and

•> as if tho solution of the poison plant problem is sir.-
$c ah*cp those areas.
P« r throo days in tho high country we had lightning and

stcrms, with pelting kail in the afternoons. There is
a oan:>r. c.xoopt that cf Xings River that has anything over
th JVrk cf the San Jcoquin fcr ruggt.dncss. It is cvm
r snako.s - unless they all nod at *,ur avrrroaoh.

>.wurd hrn,., :-.n the road leading out frcn Jaok-
s, .id after riding a saddlo-hcrsc cvor it, I decided that
an who oan drivo a team over it o^n honestly bo called a

«; --'^rr*v6iad Oncush tL a&00^t Bcrt Hoskins- hcspi-
at eltic that night, g.ing on the next day past tho
Lee .io's Camp, where wo stopped 1< ng cncugh to help
- S 2lU?lc °f ^hiol^8 that had born bothering Mrs.
:y *hcir 3Jatcrs 3*111 *c troubling hor whonVxt wo

nUMwBn^Ruv tsajuanainf'^

tt * a ?ipl?80 ^ Suporvioor Remington before ho oft

3tuth p

Seeing the Sierra in the Springtime.

by

Don C&rlos Kills

• r is the subject of my story, for though I ar.
the pleasant task of working up the northern por-
tion of my Sierra trip, weather exercised so controlling
ar. influence upon my Joumeyings oo to be a controlling
factor .

The place ia California, golder. California, tha land
of sunshine; tho time, the first of iOay. Lnng since had
the sr.ews c-f winter ai;d the season of rain disappeared. I
knew this to be true , because the railroad prospectuses
and the long-tine residents of the 3tate said so, and I
had boor, adequately assured from all sides, at the San
I-'ranoisoo of fie* that wow was the ideal time for my visit.

I had been ur.fertunate thus far in my selection *f
weather in which to visit the Forests. Because of the snow
and the extreme cold, most of the activities on the Coconi o
and Tusayan had been closed, except the Backus University

r sale whioi. I took in on the Coconino, and Ranger .ay's
tnuriats a:id Indians at Grand Canyon. 1-ith the temperature
ten c.iid fifteen degrees below zero at /illiams and flagstaff
wher* r.y Itinerary required me to change trains in the wee
srr.a' hours, I conclude? that I would better proceed further
a ruth.

n I reached Presoott, rains had set in such as had
been known before in the hiotory of the Southwest. I
I two days, hoping that the cllwite would let up so
: might see the Presoott Forest, but it only grew
worse and the r^ads were impassable. I had to be content
with the view it it which I obtained from the trein window.

had hc.Tjec1 to take the auto-sta^e irom Phoenix to the Roose-
vplt Lam, but the stage could not run because the ro&d was
made up mainly of swollen , rushing arroyas. The Roosevelt
Roaervnir was soon thereafter filled to its capacity and
running OVPT — and the State of Arizona had just been
vctod 'dr-"I I can never a^ain put any stock in the phrase
Bub-hunid Southwest'.

-3-

..ftcr vhese disappointing e.cperienoea. my last hope
in the renowned and eminently dependable clinc.te of California,
and ny hopes \vere partially confirmed by a two-hxmdred mile
automobile trip through the Cleveland, and the Ilt.Lcwe trip on
-geles, both in ideal weather, and a very exciting thoxigh
duaty trr^y up ..rroyo 3eoo, in whioh Supervisor Charlton, oxir
driver, left no atone unturned or no part of our anatony un-
jolted. I felt that In this state I had at last an eqiu.ble
oli.:.^. Xowevor, I would play safa, before going into the 7or-
eata further north. I would wait until late spring, when the
sun shone seven days a week, when the streams would be full
iron, the melted sn«ws, when the early summer wild flowera
would bed.eo]' the hillaidea in a profuaion of color.

11, r.s you rr.a ' remember, I returned from the southern
half of tlin i oreat, drenched, but I had nothing on the ..'oreat
itself, for it liad been going through the drenching process
for a wee}, prior to my invaaion and continued the experience
for a week after I swan ashore. rlo'vev*yr, I did not oonaider
a moment allowing a little ''unuaual" weather to detain ae
fror. enjoying the wondera of the northern half of California's
blue ribbon Porest, and was cuite prepared to start northward
next da-:'. 3ut ny trusting diapesition was tocmed to receive
another jolt. The blinding enow, whioh like a London fog (or
to get nearer hon«, like the San Tranoisco variety) hid all
the landscape from my view beyond the garden sate on that seo-
ond day of Hay, convinced me that I ahould not be able to a«e much

of the Torest while the atom was In progreaa. I apent a
restful Sunday indoors and a profitable Monday and '.Tuesday near

the heat registers of the Supervisor 's office, learning at
very close quarters how a Poreat ia run. The atorm cane to an
end on "ednesday, and my kindly and patient guide, the Deputy
jv.perviaor, le ne forth a^ain. '.'e made Treane Plata that af-
-noon, by an eaay ride, and llariposa Station the next night,
after taking in aeveral 7oreat honeateads, the Crane Valley
power development and the focthilla of an entirely different
oo tn try fror. what I had aeen aouth of i:orthfork. The snow had

l3a_r>ee.refi froa our course aa rapidly as it had appeared, and
Ranger Holeocl had assured ua, over the telephone, that at Jer-
seydale, at least, we would find the prodigal arm. Sure enough
mornins it did shine, and right jauntily we three, Iloreod,

or dan and I, lode forth. I think I had raved over much in Ko-
leod's hearing the night before, of the unaurpaaaed aoenio
beauties of the Upper San Joaruin Valley and of other aplendora

4-

of che southern oierra 1'orest. Ilia pride in hia own district
was evidently aroused. K« would show us a view whioh he was

lief everything I had seen. In order to reaoli a
vantc_;e point iron whioh to witness the -j.^orane and fron
whioh'l would also "be able to see a lar^e part of the I'.aripo-
sa Ranker District, and also to enable ne to inspect an im-
portant factor in fire protection, we made undoubtedly the steep-
ascent which I had ever attempted en horseback, and at
its end reached a fire-line whioh MoJ.eod had under -process of
construction, a '.Tide, olear break piled ten and fifteen feet

1: with brush whioh was later to be burned, '..e followed the
firo break up hill and down dale, regardless of ^rado, and it
was hard going in the nev/ly plowed earth bristling with shc.rp,
freshly-cut stumps and snags. But the prospect of the scene

miaed us at our journey's end spurred me on. I>"rjv» tir.es
already had I fceen rewarded for a particularly arduous climb
the vista from the summit, ar.d this vras to be an especial
treat after an especially hard climb. Keanwhile, I had tried
not to see the clouds feathering, or the mist vhioh "as rapidly
stealing in around us, but turned up ny ooc.t ooll&r and hoped.
••;as third in line — a bad third, as I usually wao rhen rid-
over rou£h country with these seasoned veterans, and Pat
was kept busy riding-l*- running back to see if I were still
ocning. ",rhen I did reach the top, my friends had already dis-
mounted, and IIoLeod was standing like irapol.eon in the pasa of
..Ips. But how dejected! He pathetically wcved his hand
rd whet I assumed, was the panorama. "The view was off
there", was all that he said, and I thought I detected a minor
note ii: his voice. Cur vision could not pierce five feet into
o mist.

"father may interfere with a Torest officer's vision, but
not with his industry. The mist turned to rain, but we upheld
the traditions of the oervioo that ?.iteraoon by di£Sin6 a <puar-
•cer of a mile of post holes and toting the posts to the:n. I
generously and unerringly picked out all the rooty places in
which to dis ny holes, so of course seemingly dug less than
ay share. I can assure you that I did not do less than my
shar« of toil. 3teween the four of us (Duncan hid arrived on
t;-.e scene), we managed to earry ten posts a trip. Cnoe or trwlo«
carried as many as two.

The last day of my stay in the Forest was devoted to an
'.er.pt to reach Signal Peak Lookout. Again the late snows
stood in the way. Rangers I'.oLeod and Duncan and Lookout Snith-
er had started from their homes about four in the morning and

at the beginning of Signal Pee..1: Ror.d, at about ten o'clock en

:j bright, bilroy, C&liiornia !Is.y morning, after beating my
way through a blinding snovr end hail storm, the trio were hud-
dle cl ercund a crackling camp fire coaxing a little warmth from
it. The road to the summit was found impassable to horses or
to men without snowshoes, and since neither we nor the horses
were so equipped, we were forced to abandon the attempt to
reach it.

3 ugh I confess that I felt somewhat raw when I first
entered the lorest, two weeks before, I was conscious cf being
very knowing when I emerged among the tourists from the l.cat
vioiting the Yosemlte. Hor the? seemed to envy ny weather-beat
a:id even mud-stained clothes and marvel at my wondroxts wood
Icre. \nd as for horsemanship, I nonchalantly picked out the
fiercest looking brute in the bvjaoli on which to make the trail
trip to Glacier Point. He was so spirited that he almost broke
into a nm when spurred.

I was fortunate in being able to spend much more tine on
the Sierra than -jas permittee! ne on the other forests which I
visiteC, and while the Torent officers everywhere that I have
beei: have extended all possible courtesies, those on the Sier- <
ra took full advantage of the chance I afforded them of spread-
ing tueir kindness thicker over s. longer period. Through their
generous efforts, under p.ll circumstances some of which were
decidedly trying, I was enabled to acquire a knowledge of
Hationsl 7orest Conditions, and an inspiration whioh will be In
valuable to ny work and has already proven nost helpful to m«
and, I hope, to the public with whom I 9*me in elose and fre-
quent contact at the Expositions.

.3.8 fcr the wetther. It was at least consistent.

The cover illustration is fron a photograph taken by Mr.
. .Godwin of the Signal Peak Lookout, some two months after
Mr.Lllis failed to reach the Peak. In the course of the trip
on whiah the fire pack outfit was tested on the Sierra, Mr.
DuBoiB, Supervisor Ayres, Kr. Godwin and Supervisor Redington
inspected the equipment of the Lookout Tower.

-6-

re ranger after the i'irst Rair.a in Late Stunner.

by

. ' >Lrod.

I have noticed fnr several years that after the first
rains w© havp had a one bad fires as late as the last of

cver.ber. The explanation seema to HP in the faot that
these firat rains wash the dirt and dust frerc the ground
never whioh then dries in the wanr. sun. This quiak dry-

oauaeH th*» pine readies and oak leaves to eturl up and
lie rr.oro 1 ->psely , creating a druft-way between these and
the lower protmd e«rert and thus a fire oatohes very oasi-
nd truri.ls at a ^r*=at rate of Bpt:c.d. Cf oourse thu
shorter ani th«> nights o-^clwr at this time, but
.{iTo thu ebevc oonditiolui to oontcnd with, the
ammability is as groat as at any time during tho fire
season. Csually , too, at this time tho Guards and short

Hangers have gone off duty, tir.d somctiircs oven tho
Lookouts arc off.

conditions , I think, do not apply to the grass

ln

JiEbertd slopes. In these sections the early rains
Bf. to rr.e wore of a detriment than a h«lp in the" fire
situation.

Land Classification

bj
D.O.Bireh.

The extensive olassifioation of the lands of tht> Sierra

?oareet has b^cn ooEpletcd, and has be<n forwarded to
ngt.n, being the first to ro»oh there. The following
will bo »f interest:

_,
Gross area cf ;?cr««t ". . 1,651,939.62 acres.

Alicnutol land . . 150,722.94
Listed Land . . . 1CM9P.43
Indian .llctroents 5.195.5: 166.116.07

i;et rational ?orost :r< a . .1, 485,822.75 "

- 7-

Areas of th* different Typva
n-

r Lund . . ... 869,289.92 a'jrca

dl&nd ....... FR.3ftl.37

Brush ............ 17*. 771. 72

Grassland (tfeadrws) .... 16.19R. 83

Barren ..... ....... 3F-3.526.13

Tctal Ncn-Listablu ..... I, *747UT?7?7

Aria loft for intensive examination, . . 8,821.2ft /..

a of listablu land ...... 2,023.40 A

a suspv.nde.!. until timber is out off SrO.vi A

Total probably stti table for ajrrio. "117554768 .

Th. olusai fixation of our forest landa haa boon one big
do in thv. direction of intensive forest rianagemont , and the
data ,-jith.ri.d will be of groat value in tin. preparation of our
7oreat working plan. Cno of the striking fasts aKut the prea-
r.t not f crest area ia that th^r*.. is only about 11, 50^ aorcs,
er Iv.sa than om. percent li.ft that ia auitabl^ for agriculture.
This moans t?.at over 99 per«^nt of cur present net national

:-..3t or a will be permanently put tc the highest foreat uao
to which it is adapt^S. if the- 669,209 acres ef timber land,

ia an area of 556,000 anres ef «oir35er«ial timber, and the
aindcr is a protection Tereat the ohief value «f which will

protect the headwaters and r*. pulato the- flow +f. eur atreans
^5r,oo<* aoxv.s that now supports a stand of oornr.er»ial tin-
c.r will be tho tiaber-produoing area of the future , and as
fast as possible the stand will be improved, to the end that a
r.crrial forest (the forester's ideal) may be obtained and kept.

Thv. o61"^01^1^ data for eur classification report brings tc
light the fact that we. knew comparatively little in detail
about eur elir^ito and soil. Each weather recerding ntation on

forest is gathering very iicpertant data to be used in the
future. We can learn a gr^at deal more about cur soils by stud-
•'. oursv.lv. s at ..very opportunity. Larv st effioer
r valuable infcrmatien by taking notes OB the quality,
d. j.th and consistency of the sells throughout the forest when
making the rounda cf hia district.

KET ;S

Tr. !Cay 9, noretary of \ericiilttar», Hen. David 7.
Houston, n'^oor. .nnied by the Solicitor of the Department of
.Iture, tlr.F.C.Oftffee, thA Associate Pcrester, Mr .A. P.
•ter, District Forester LxiBois of San ?ran»isco and ".".r.
-ill of St.Lculs, a personal friend of Ilr. Hcua-
, arrive-; in 1'rpsnc and went "by automobile fron there
t: 'ubprry. %.t Vaberry the Big Sandy Hanger Station vraa in-
>".tpd and the party entrained in Tcrd track automobiles for
cada, the terr.inua cf the 3.J.t i..K.H.line, stopping for
lunch at the railroad ncrr^any's aeotion hcrose at Uebstone. \t
nu.art.-i da, the power derelcpnent work of the Paoiiio Light and
Power Corporation was locked oTor and the special use work of
the 1 'creat Service gone Into. On the next day a trip was made
into Euntingtcn Lake Basin, the Secretary and ether fr-embers

the party wading through deep sncw to get there. The Tord
speeders oarried the party back tc '..'ebstone, where Deputy 3u-
rviaur Jordan and Ranger '.of ford . met thorn with

3es, and Torthfork was reached that evening Tla the Italian
3ar bridge and trail.

At L'orthfcrk, twelve nen sat down to iinn«r witl: the Sec-
retary, all cf the local officers having been invited to meet

. '7h, next day the office was visited by the party and au-
tor.cb-sies were taken to T'lpinnawasee where a four-hcree stage
was \vaiting that in the afternoon took the party to '..awi na
ovtr sortp of the rorst roads that have- ever been encountered
rr.emory of the oldest inhabitant. The next day v?as
n visiting the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees and in go-
into the Yosecite Valley where or.e nore day was spent
before the Secretary loft for San Prsxoisoo. Tho fcur days
were spent in as strenuous work af any Pcrost officer wculd
oer« tc indulge in. The Secrdary seeoed to enjoy the trip
aely, and wes particularly ploaocd to meet tho men or
the local fcree and tc find out the ocrdlal relations exist-
ing between the men and the usors.

vn Arril 27, the Predident signed a proolwnati*n elln-
inating a;-;rcxlr.ately 77tCOT aercs from the Sierra National
crest. A great proportion of this land was patented and

balance so intennixee with the alienate? land as to ren-
der its administration a difiioult problem. The land lies

•y-

t.

alcng t;-.e w. ^ary of the j. crest and its elimination
will takft a.vra • dangerous fire country.

-h foll<winfc stateiter.t of receipts for the fiaoal year
1915 will "be oi interest:

r Snlea
. «-r Settl. - : 1

Grazing

-rial Us*
or Power

7 tal

'.3 the total ar-ircpriaticn lor the administration of the
tft, including all Iraprovcnbr.ts, salaries, fire expanse ,
' control and every ether expenditure on the Sierra to-

45, £37. CO there is a balance tc the ftreuit of this
rest of .,10,177.36

Gross
Reooipts

Refunds

Hot
Hoooipts

..9.713.76

,118.96

.-9.594.8f

t 71. rs

—

71.^3

6,569.22

—

6,560.22

1,424.46

25.08

1,390.36

37,779.93

_.-

37,779.93

..55,538.40

.,144.04

,-55,414,36

Cn June 12, '.ssistant Ranger 3oothe handed in his resig-
nation iron the Service of which he has been a nember fcr nine
oars. KC.M gone tc ?n;sno to live, however, and though he
I be rcisseu frorr. the I'orost, can be Iccked tip in tcvm.

3 Jvj-.e 9, Ranger J.::.:-£rle.y , who has been in oh- rge ef
'tea.- .rk fcr the past yec.r c.ncl lie.3 served ch the I'ci
for seven years, resigned fron the Service tc ta]-e

for hi-solf. Parley's neny friends wish him success
' he 5'Ces.

Cn July 9 Assiotan-c P.&nger r.L.D

»-&«*• =1 s?st£s ^ arfe

. the

lid

••—»«• » ^ ^* ****.J >-JLW*_ l*l*L' J

-

.a part o± each -/car. Duncan leaves n
nirers In tho lervioe wl <_ vrlll be v-lad to knew
ho wil". re ail La ^ noun try and will wish him all sorts of
su.

rt Bo the1 n /laoo in the 1'ino Ridje 35i3triet has
brcn filler* by tho transfer cf *.ssistant Hanger Barker from
tho Xin^a River District, whc will be stationed at Bic Crook

:'tc.r. . .Parklnscn he.3 been anointed to the vacant
. lit-rn position and &s sirred to the Xin^s Itiver Mntriot.
• . nths statutory position vacated by Du:'.oaii he.a been
lt:d by the a jy> ointment of sointcjit Ran~cr Cla.ud«.: IlcICcn-
aie. llnllcnzie will net be trcn.if erred, hov;ever, as T.J.l'or-
-vn, wh(. has often helped the I'orest .Icrvloe diirin;: stinmors
1 be Icoato:" at the Chcv/oliil^a as 'unap pointed .'crest 1'ire-
^- the dan3er sermon.

The inscot ocntrcl •"crk fcr this year closed with June 7,
10 acres wert» ocvere<»f In the Chlqulto Sasin, vhero 367
trees were out containing 4b3,060 feet 3.K. , at a totr.l cent
.,43, including ranker aalarlos. !Ir.3!roh, whc '.-as in

the r-crk after Hr.Dndlo? wont te lc.r. Lioso, recom-
mends tltat a orew be sent in tc the Chiciulto in the fall to
clean up tho area ^crked, ~ettin~ the trees att&cked by thu
escaped broods of the spring.

\88istant Chief F.njir.ccr ,\" .l.'ororoos of eolvin.Tton D.C.
: jr. C. 3. Brother s cf tho District Office spent several
; on thin : crest dairinj the nldrio 01 Hay, gclns into the
Is cf the Power Development worh on the two bi^ projects.
rviaor 3erin;-ton and ^c-;uty Supervisor J rdan met then at
fli;: Creek.

On I^iy 22, the Ah-ahncc Valley Tire rrcteotlve ssccia-
ta meetinj noar Poise n Switch. \ Ir.r-c nxunbcr of
i attended, new officers -.."ere elected and the .\ssocia-
ec. to continue its agreement "ith the I orost Service
• another year.

Korthfork, on June 5, the members of tho fire prctoot-

thi- ITorthiork District net at a ^icnio
rest headquarters and much enthnalaon -.7a3 evident
?/- r! ^?tc«tive work, ilcv/ cliioer, elected
her

On June 11, the settlers of the Crane Valley and 1 resnc
lats re- ^t a -ilonio en tho shores ol Crane Valley
Lol-e &nd^ r \ the rrc.snc River : ire Protective '.ssooia-
tKn. Thi- I cut ure oi tho meeting "as an addrcso by rl«.n.
lumvr ,.c;:ur'v ^bor of Congress fcr this district. tfr.
Church stron^l'' urged cooperation with tho Government, and
pointed ..ut strongly the benefita cf Cooperation in ocirr.iini-
ty development. . rcr ICC people were present.

In oonneotion with one cf tho r»o»t enthusiastic ^
a that have ever been hold on this I' crest, the Laaripoaa
I'irc Trotcotive /.sscoiation held its annual meeting at th«
Cl-cwohillu sohoolhcuae en J>inu 12, the event boins in
turc of a ->ienio. Over 175 people were present. Tho J.asc-

titior. voter unanimously t, continue its ecrocncnt with the
Service for another year.

The -crail up Cascade Canyon was oin?lutc£ early in Hey,
and c^-ons up prc'Jably the finest series of cascades on any
strean in this portion of the 3iorras. trail haa al-
rcac.-' oeen travelec'. "oy hiuadreds on visitors at ^hc Pines .
.. cost ci ocnatrnotion ras ..520.00 of whifC: .218.00 was
ai\-ropriated by lladcra Ccimty, and .102.00 by the Tcrcst Serv-
ice. Rancor J.II.rarley ~as in charge of the construction.

I-ines furnished subsistence applies and a coo): for the
crew, at a total cost ci ...l:'5.Cf . This jrir«.;s the cost cf

trail u. to /445. CC which was •'ell c .$e&fofl en fovor mil. n
-.Thioh 'jcaides beinc cf interest end value to the traveling
public of pleasure seekers is of v?.lue tc thn stooJanen i.nd

cr s-o Service in that it outs oil seme miles in the
dtstc-roe from Crane Bailey tc Bcasore Xcado~ e.nd the regions
•end.

\.fter ^tettinj alcn<? fcr scnc years with a wa^cn tluvt is
rabidly a-proaohing the end cf the one-hoss shay, and rlth a

r.ess su-i'-estive of tho outfit of a iroe nipjer, the Sierra
aas pnroh£8eC a first class waccn and harness. Tiit. '-aeon wr.s
Ln Ircsno, en our specif ioati ens, is tainted -.reen and

SERVICE painted in white en each" side. The harness
i MM in I'f.dera and is the best kind of a stron~ -il&in har-

The blinders have ?.S. en thea. \ reiser need no
ashariet'. of driving the Gcvcrnnont team.

TLZr-

>~n July 4, Kiir.tingtcn Lodgo, located on the shore of
Huntingtcn Lake, was formally opened tc the public. Over
ir>0 ^-uBflts wore registered. The building is an extremely
attractive one and persona who visit this country will be
assuror, of a fine place to step. It is ur.der the immediate
ohcr e of Kr. 1,'loJa.rscn who during the winter time is .'Assist-
ant Ilanagor of the Kuntington, near Pasadena, California.

land occupied by the Lcdjo is covered" by the first 3C-
year tenure permit issued since the ,ot of Ilaroh 4, 1916,
was passt d.

Cn June 2, Professor Walter Ilulfcrd, Director of the
crest School at the University of Calif crnia, met Deputy
Supervisor Jordan at Big Creek and locked over tho
ty of locating a summer school for forestry stu-
dents near that plane. It has been lecrnec1 sinoc that

lulford has decided for this year to locate his
school elsewhere, because of the fact that logging was not
Lng en actively in tho Big Crook region. He promises,
ever, net tc pass up the Sierra another year.

Cn June 4, Supervisors Rcdlngton and Patterson ef tho
Sierra and Sequoia I crests respectively, were called, to
San rranoisoo to Beet State Snglnoor /.P.McClurc and repre-
sentatives of the Sierra Club concerning the expenditure of

ten tiiousar.cl dollar appropriation voted by the last
Legislature for the construction of a trail in the lUgh Sier-
ras to be known as the Jchn 15uir trail in honor of the late
Jchi; :iuir. The District Porestcr and Assistant District I-'or-
ester Headlcy wore present at tho meeting, and it was decided
that tho appropriation would be spent on the two Pcreats
above mentioned e.\ the rate of ai-prc^imatelj .,5000.00 a ye.-\r
for the next two years. On tho Sierra, tr.c work will con-
sist en continuing the trull frori Crcuso Valle-; up tho Middle
Pork cf llings River, through loConte Ccjayon and the I!uir PC.SS
Another crew, working on the San Jcaquln drainage , will
bridge Trcr.oh Canyon Creek at its junction with the South

v. Li the 3an Joaquin and will continue up tc the head of
Evolution Creek, clearing out and improving an old trail
seldor. used because of the lad: of a bAldge, and fallen into
disrepair.

Cn Jtne 5, Ilr .C.C.Bruner cf the Diotriot Office reached
.iork at noon. As the meeting cf tho Ucrthiork f*ire Pro-

•15-

teotivc AnscolcVfclon picnic was pcln^ on, ilr.Brtmner was ablo

neet a nunbcr of the Forest users thr.t afternoon. On Mon-
day he wcnx ever aoc(.ur.ts natters very thoroughly with the
nlork. Field visits by District Office men are certainly de-
sirable. Toroaxtcr .:. .3ruimcr Trill bo --.cu ratoed c.3 a ocn-
3oie;i cfiio«..r ;r"in^ vc !:eop the 1 crest aoccunxa straight
• net as the natural enemy ci the Held force, waiting for a
ohe.nco tc pounce upon every seemingly unimportant error or
iasion.

There have been ten fir OB en the Sierra this summer, to
date, burning over a total of about fiity-four aorca.more than
hall cf which was outside tl:o boundary, end a l«r.rge 1-art of

rest en patented land inside, tho I crust. August, however,
io alrays the heavy fire Bonth and every member cf the fcroe
is en the keen lockout for a oooke or -ohe rumor ci a smoke.

About fort? acres en tho 77 Corral Range is being fenced
-inst cattle. The poison, both Clouta and larkspur , is so
abundant that all plans for eradi option have been abandoned.
The Service furnishes the vrirc, and the grazing users the labor
for nonstructing this fcnoe.

Thu now folder map for 'the 3ierra Porost has been pub-
lished and the Sierra this year will probably use nearly 5000
cf them. Besides furnishing much information about the coun-
try and the game lavrs, they contain an accurate map cf the

:i icaoures of the Sierra Pcrest. These maps, an well as
the "Campers' Kand-Books" are in great demand by the travel-
ers who have been coming to the mountains in grei»t numbers
during the last month.

On J\ily 3, the Office moved tc the Ellis Meadow summer
oar.p .

fine now deck was installed in the 1,'crthfork office
en June 19. This hao been regulated by the railrcad time,

i all Icckcuts are given the time by this oleok every nora-
~ng. This will eliminate the discrepancies hitherto iound
ire reports.

Torest Sxar.iner Dudley is still at 3an Die^o, in charge
the Merest Service eat-.ib-' t of the Panama-California

'14-

en-position. hore s at thin date last year the 3iorra had
oe busy oal men, tl.is yoc-r onl-; a pfjrt of the time

of one technical nan. IIr.~ill has been transferred to tber'
3ar • B< oliioe, I'.r.r.-.dlc? lent to the San Diego Ex-

positicn, and Mr.Biroh sent to Shaver to do mlaoell&necua
:.gor wcr: . j.t teohiiiceJ. worh io done — such as ro-
rts on out-over areas, estimates of timber, oto.f in the
district aroxmd Ih&ver — will bo dene by Ilr.Siroh, but no

oial technical investi^c/ticn is bcia^ carried on this
sxinner on this Tcrest.

Jn June 28, District Porcstor DuBois c-.ccompanied by
Supervisor '.yres of the 3tanislaus, arrived at the I^r

.1. D.P.Godwin and Itncrvlsor Hedin^ton G°iBC north from
Hcrthicrk rcot them at this place, and several days were s^ent
in testing out the new fire peel: equipment. One of the sets

aists cf two water bags connected with a hand pump b? hose,
and the testa were made to find out Just what value an apparatus

this kind has in fire suppression. Several fires in dif-
ferent kinds of cover vrero set and suppression tine noted. I'ic'h
of vhese sets will be installed on iirornan stations In the twc
norw.ern districts thio summer, and b:; the end of the soason

3 hoped tc have mere accurate data on their eiiioienoy
eliioaoy and on the defects which practical experience may dis-
cloae.

The Oi^ioo of the Porenter has approved a requisition for
a wicle -carriage type-uritor for -cliio Ixrest. This will mean
both less nor]: and noator locking payrolls for the Sierra.

Rolled barley for fora^o for the horses of the ?orest of-
cera has been ordered upon competitive bids. In this way
icre barle7 for the money has been obtaiuec. than if each man
purc'-iasec" his own, barley bein^ laid down at V.:'oorry for
o.80, at :'ria:;t for jZI. 80, at C&sc&da for ,32.60 and at
r.cnd aiid Ilerced for ^24. 7C per ton.

On July 26, Supervisor Re ding-ton went to ZProsno for the

conferring en special use natters with Mr. O.C.V/ard
Pacific Light ?. Power C operation and the 3r.n Joaquin i

R.H. Compc.n7. ..hile in Iresno lir.Rc^iiG-ton aloo *attend-
tc tho matter of obtaining supplies for the John Iluir trail

15-

Cn July 1£, Deputy Supervisor Jr.rdan and Ilrs. Jordan
left Cilia Hc*4c« fcr a trip into the back country cf Dis-
trict "2 — t >.; ..r ."'inc. District. Danger and :irs. \.cf-

d acccrrpanied them thrcujh tiu- 1 art of their wr.y leading
aoress District 3, t/u. vjhclo party visitinc 'ihutoyo Look-
out . I'cst cf :f.r. Jordan' 8 time was spent with 1-ianger Mo
?.ic leeking over the sheep ranges on the 1,'crth Ark cf
... Jc.aruin and the. peism areas ^n the 77 Ccrral Range.

DI3TRICT_ __
Ilaripcaa District .

The weather has settled intc the steady ,dry heat of surn-
jr.er, but stcok still leeks fine.

The now telephone line from the '.ainc '.estfall oabin
alcnp tho Oounty road tc the Ilaripeoa Station has been
ocmpleted.

The Signal Peak Lcckout Station which was b&dlv damaged
during tl:i. winter is a£;ain in repair.

On Monday, Jnne E8, District 7orestcr DuBois and Su-
pervisor Ayres arrived from the Stanislaus Terest. They nore
Joinc'I tho next day &t tho Ilariposa 3tatien by Supervisor
Rcdington and llr.Gcdwln of the District Office. Krs.Red-
instcn, 1-U.33 Godwin, ia.as Trlbblc and Kiss i;ov>inan aoocn-
panled the party. Cn l.r.dnesday the new District 5 water pack
was given a the rough try-cut on F.n cxporipcnt&l burning
which jrovcf extrcrnely interesting. The HoLecd combination
fire tool was also giv^r. a good fair trial.

Cn July 1 the entire party Inspected the Signal Peak
Lockout where Thicas Saither had Just been installed as
lookout :ian (taking the place cf John H.Srcither, our
pioneer Lookout). jLT.Snither had not boon en the Job long
enough tc have roc<-ivcd his new uniform, but welcomed the
visitors who Inspected the 7/&tcr tram, and Trent over the
tower en the peak. It is tc be rc-ro'ctec1 that the Ccdv/in
locator was not yet in vrorldn5 crder, the n< v; trap having
been received only the day biierc, and net having boon
eriented perfectly.

3uporvi8cr .'.yres ';hrncr. te his Pilot Peak Lockout In
- 3tanialaus l\rest, who flashed hclicgraph signals
which were plainl^ seen and answered frtm Signal Pf.ak.

-16-

Thi party r. turn- d ti Ilaripcsa Station fcr the night
and vrcr.t on th r. .ct •• . rning to the lugar Pine District.

arc scrry tc report the rcaigna- ion of II. B. Duncan
will bv. /sTcatly itlsscd ir. thl Ilariposa District.

Sugar-J'inc Listrict.

rest officers, with the help of settlers, have re-
It the bridge across Hof.wccd Greek vhish was taJccn cut
a ycnr age by the floods, thereby opening the read from
thv head i f Crane Valley to Sugar Pine "ill and ether
pcints m rth.

AsBiatant Har.ger R.C.;ta:;enzi(. started baol: Jm;e E5
'-a Spring Meadcwa, tc meet the sheep ^f B.C. Bach
ar.d . sr»crt t'-.c.ir. ti, their range on "77''. He rcpcrts lots
snew on tin trails at that tir .

A trail crew oensisting of fcur men — O.C. Hurray,
La.wren<v Fhy, J. ..Trask c.r.d D.E.IIerrew, wh; started en

1, :.avc, epencd U;T the trail from the up-)er end tf the
Cauoadc Canycn trail tc Chi quite in gecd shape, &nd arc
• gel ing cut timbers f<.r the. bridge tc be built across
Ohiquito Creek.

Material for the Grarc-yMBft-Cl . vor telephone lino is
grcund and ocnstructicn will be=ln at once.

Ranger Clark tock the road tc the back oruntjy in th<
art cf July, tc take a l,ad of wire fencing t. tho

b3?l «JS!S:- % fcnoinC l3 tl- bo used arcund t

infested with poison of several ecrts, tc prc-
oo,: against it. Ball Bros., users of the range

fence, the dcvcrnntnt prcviding the £irc.
Bros, alsc plan tc. dig a lot of the larkspur out cf
rcLj*\c

£f

--17-

rthfcrk Dl.striot

Pn July 7, Pi strict Ranker '.eff<,rd ar.d his family moved
intc surr . uirtcrs at ,zalca Meadow. \asiotant Kangv-r
C.''cll« r.zic and ^ifc arc alsc oarrpod at Azalea.

.'.rtr.ur I-Xnry again teck the Shutoyo lookout, Juno 14,
and as always is giving satisfactory service. . Eo has hla
wlf^ and babies on the Mountain with him this surancr.

Olc Hohnacn racved to Cat Mountain fcr the fire scouen,
nnd ia ^ tho Job from daylight tc dark. ' hat Olc
the way cf smoke isn't there.

r< * c-hayc ^ four flrcs ln this Distriet tc date.

carted fron an Indian oanp-flro and covered cip-ht
1 a Vf1 ^°f08 uf brush-timber type; the second was sot

orush waiting to be burned later, near the
ranoncria, and burned across about quarter of an
- .-' .tne summer heat increased and things grew drier
r .iroa ocoar.c more sericus. and on July 30 a fire*
natxr.- near Purtymun'a burned ever 55 acres, only

"ant it

serious scrap occurred

, °d- -100

•

-18-

f r this 3i.aa, n.

r«..8irc-atitn of Hunger larley uorl? In June put us
badlv In the iulc. i.n telephone llni. maintenance. but we new
have'" the main lines rtpalroi* in gt-i d shape and ntot of the

Airs. !Th< ..Id tcli-i-Junc linco in the high ocuntry bxillt
with s. lid tiea -.brackets and insulators - wc»c in vary bad
.'c rat ever found with the opening cf spring;
:le those build last surrxr according te the proacnt stand-
ard -ore. else considerably damaged, several having d

.-rekcn wff, .-.nf". the inaiaatcrs split cither
.L vrei^-ht ef anf cut- lir.bs. We fcxuid i.nly
breken tree hc(ks." If the hocJts arc driven inte trees
with u slight downward slipc 30 tliat t]u. strain is
orosswisc, I believe they will all hold.

Plaoer St&tlcn is now a oubaidiexy switching stuticn,
the back ocuntry lines buing out-cff at thut pelnt , end ex-
tension bells installed.

C.: .Leslie, a cleric before July 1, ia now locking after
the. oamps and fires around Crane Valley 7>akc. Mth his Irish
•re^n beat, he can skim frer. end ti. end cf that lake — oays
he can cut curves all arcund the ether boc.tmon. That is all
right fer a smmncr Job, but if half I hoar is truo, he will
bo wanted badly in the effioo whor. the fire danger is over.

The rnain Chiquitc bridge which *,7as constructor, in 19C9
is beginning tc decay; the truss chords arc about roady to
drop, bheugh tho stringers which v/cro out from heart wood
ure still in fairly gocd shape.

Timbers fer this bridge 77cro out two years before they
tnrc used, and although raised frcrc the ground while scascn-
ing, would, I believe, have lasted longer if they had boon
in the spring and put into a bridge tho same' year. Ihc
bridge will be repaired this suranor.

Pine Ridge District.

Since the last issue of the Ranger, Claude X. Barker has .
ransferrcfi from the Xlngs River District to the Pine

-19-

~h value of the 31crra ::at:.nal .Yrcst as a recreation
mid is Growing rapidly, as evidenced by the increased num-
r of campers and tourists that arc visiting this part cf

rest this season. Sulphur I-Icadcw and the north shore cf
Shaver Lc.kx arc fully stocked with campers. The baso fishing
in thu lake has proved tc "be cxoollont. The popularity of

Lake is growing rapidly and the fact that llr.Munt-
ir.ftur. is talcing such a. personal interest in the promotion of
• roscrt business in the lake region will tond to put ocn-

into the hearts cf others who are in the notion cf
.ng into tho resort business there. The increased demand
ionoo lets around the lake Justifies tho expense of
surveying and ntaking out about fifty mere lets. Those lots
will be run out within a few days of the writing of tiicsc

08.

Plans are nearly completed for tho starting of work on c
rtion cf tho John Muir Tr&il that is tc be built from Pish
k tv. I'.uir Pass, "he first project will be tho ocnstruo-
titv; rf a bridge aoross Piuto Creek. Tho trail for the greater

rt cf the way between those points will follow the route of
an old trail which will be repaired and brought up to standard.

fire record, so far, looks very satisfactory. To dato
there have been but throo firca, covering a total acreage of
twc end three eighths acres, two of thorn Clans A. It is grat-

is to note that there have been a good many tourists who
have voluntarily ocrnplimontcd the Forest Service on the system
cf signs. There seems tc bo a general feeling of good will
en thu part of the traveling public as well as the users of tho
Arcst, toward the Service. .Vbcut 9C tourists have sto-ned tc
register botnoen tho 1st and 22nd of July.

The timber business in this District seems to be picking
in sr-ite of business depression. Ockcndcn :. BvxbccTa mill

be ready to run by the first cf August. Tho rcill that
' arc putting up is an extremely fine structure, which goes

that they are going inti the business to stay.
DaJcan and Heohdcrffcr's tray mill, whiah recently burnud,
ing rebuilt by Mossrs Dakan.Dunn . Smith, and they oxpcot

rate practically the entire year, by banking sufficient
tray bolts late in tho fall to last then during the winter
ocnths.

'.lr. . . rtin if ti.e San Jcar-uin Light , Power Ccrpora-
tiin rocontly viaitcd the Huntir.gton Lake and Tamarack Logging

ta with a viow cf 1. oat ing timber suitable for transmission
pc-lcs. Re actir.od vcr? enthusiastic cvor the prospect of get-
ting suitable poleo from this region at a very reasonable ocst.

-Ib^ut the first cf July, D.C.Bir«h and family moved to
.vor to assist District Ranger Prioo during the summer

r .8.

Tlatriot Ranger price loft fcr the back o our. try in com-
pany with Supervisor Rcdingtcn tc look over the work to bo

.n the. John Muir Trail, July £7, Hanger Bcothc meeting
thorn at LJulr Pass tc accompany the Supervisor through the
Ilings Hivcr District.

Elngc River District.

The unusual late storms of !!ay washed scrac cf the reads
and trails of this district somewhat . but benefited the graa
ing ranges groatly and increased the sncvrfall in the mount-
ains for furnishing water fcr summer irrigation in the big
Valley.

Trails in the lower portion of the district have been
in bettor condition than uauul this year, and it is
ilannod thio fall tc put in a system cf water breaks on tho
steeper grades and ple-ocs that vrash badly, to try to reduce
tho maintenance ocst.

An inspection of tho Blue Canyon Insect Control Area by
r. Hopping in Ilay showed that while there is still a heavy
itation in that area, tho work dcno in 1914, or the

conditions,, - probably both - have reduced tho cztont
infestation 65^. All infested trees *oro marked and given
focr fcr future reference. Infestoa trees were also
on a ohcok arcc sonc distance from the control area,
purpose cf ascertaining if possible whether the control
having any effect on the surrounding country.

Assistant Ranger Baugfc=an was detailed to the Sugar

or abcut a month from May £5, &nd ropcrts that
t; L.?S°I Ta?lcr oollcvos in giving hia ir.cn a ohwioo to

Mfaaiao* C2crj>i8cjtc keep then in good

loph^nc repair v:crk in this district was much heav-
in the loner country th&n usual, "but the lines In the
higher country wc.ro in very good shape. TYr the first time
since the line from Dlnko? to Crcwn Valley was constructed,
there wcro nc breaks in the lino wire, but of course a gcod
many brackets woru cff .

District headquarters wcro moved tc Dinkoy on Juno 15,
which is about a week later than usual.

Assistant Ranger Barker was transferred to the Pine
Ridge District whore ho is stationo.i at Cascade. Both ho
and Mrs. Barker arc greatly nisscd in this district and horo's

ine that the attractions of the butterfly lifo &t Big
Cruek will not raal-:o then ferret entirely their friends and
associates at Dinkoy and trimmer.

Considerable inproveracmt In the construction of pasture
fences is being rtado in this District. '.There some of tho
fences 77orc two and three wires with saplings fcr posts, they
CJTC 'coins brought up to a four-wire standard with substantial
cedar posts placed eight foot apart. It is planned to put
two more stays between cvory two posts of at least cno pas-
ture fence this fall., to see whothor or not the wiro will
stand tho effects of snow and zoro weather better when sup-
ported in this manner.

The cattle arc all on their sunner ranges, and over
head were oc\u-.tcd through Dinkey. Tho cattle that
tho Crown Valley, Dinkoy and Big Creek ranges
were not counted bring the total number graaod in this

is season close up to 5000 head. Ranges *re in
condition now, and with a few aunnor rains this should
> another good season.

Tho trail crew employed on the Crouso Valley Trail

sack on June 29, and arrived without serious i Is-
iaj> , 1 cugh It r:ust have looked pretty soricus tc one of

while he was hanging by tho pack rigging on the
fe J; cf/crnc falls in Cartridge Creek. luckily tho

n« ta"S POC1: ri^i»6- bcth hold until a tow rcpc was
n JC Jfrjjurro and hc ^s dragsod ashore, a wet,
iitr kinf ,?aok «i»l. :>.:om8trcn6 can also relate

~""

were exterminated and plenty of fish were caught. Tho orcw

;ists of ai;c ncn including the cock, c.nd two noro will
be added about .xigust 1,

0;: July 9, T.rr.cat JIc33dLna of :.nborry started work on the
Dinkey read with a crow ef so von men and six horsoa. The
money' appropriated by the I?resno Ccunty Supervisors will havo
been ci^cndcc. by the end of this week, and all tho pitches
that give automcbilists soricus trcublo will liavo been olim-

. jr..':cs3:ins and his men are entitled to credit for
having done a good Job with a limited amount cf mono-;, and
oarcpers and stcoknon that use tho read will undoubtedly ep-
•ociate the improvement .

c were paid a visit last week by nr.Rodington and Ilr.
Godwin. Business in this District so seldom brings a mr.n
in fren the r>u;-.cr visor's cr the District Ar ester's cffioo
th^t c certainly do appreciate it when thoy de ocmo.

Talso hcpos liavo already twloo been raised tliat the re-
mains cf Louis Margolin's bcdy had been fcnnd in Dinkey
Creek. The first proved tc be tho bones of an animal, and
the last, according te a report In tho . rcano Republican
has been identified as a man named UarkT. A.y c , a traveling
salesman of Presne. Tho place where tho skclotcn was found Is
one cf the most Inaccessible In the mountains, and a person
in distress in that vicinity certainly stands little chance of
getting any assistance.

PORES TRY A.JD RELATED ITEIS 0?

Tho death of Dr.Hclmcs, Director of the Bureau of Ilines,
is a groat loss tc Anorioa. Dr.Hclnos was long identified
with tho Geological Survay, his £roatest wo»k being in con-
nection with mines tnd mining. In recent years he has de-
votee hinsolf to making mines safer for tho workers under-
ground. A sketch of his useful lifo can bo found in tho
*'cw : orx OUTLOOK f~r July 17, in an itcn headed "Holmes • Hero".
It will be remembered that Dr.Helraes was at Ellis Llcadow with
Ur.Pinoliot in 1907.

It is with sincere ro^-rot that the members of tho force
of the Sierra will learn of the accidental death of John Mur-
doch Jr., last January. Murdoch cane to tho Sierra imnodiato-
ly after graduating from Yale Pore-. * School, fcr his tryout
as a field r.an. Me was oc;:t by 'Jr.Shinn to the 'Jhuteyc shal'o

-23-

camps of whi<5h there woro a number in 19C7. Camping at Billy
Brcwn Meadcw and gc±ng fron camp tc oanp, marking timber,
scaling an* making cutting reports, at the sane time ho stud-
ied tho problems of shako cutting frcn a scientific standpoint.
Late each Saturday afternoon ho usually showed up at the head-
quarters office at Ellis Uoadow, bringing his sheaf of reports
and eager fcr itail and for a few hours of companionship with
his fellow workers. Tc tho Service men who worked with him
and tc the shako makers his presence was always welcome.

The April issue of the Proceedings of the Society of Amer
ican Poresters, fror. which the fact of his death is learned,
states that after leaving the Sierra he went to the BlaoX Hills
i;aticnal Pcrest, later to Wagon Wheel Gap Experiment Station,
and in 1912 resigned from the Service to take up work with the
Massachusetts State Forester in which position he remained un-
til his life ended. Hot yet 31, an able and enthusiastic mem-
ber of his profession, his death narks a loss to Forestry in
Ar.crioa.

Vol. 13, Uo,2 of the Forestry ^uajctorly contains an article
by Professor Rcth on "The lTonnal Forest and the Actual Forest"
that is especially recommended to the men of the Sierra . Hot
every teacher of forestry can put the case as clearly as Hr.
Roth does.

It was on the Stanislaus national Forest that a sxigar pine
was out, in trespass, which scaled 18,933 board feet, and fcr
which the Government has recently recovered ;99.4O in settle-
ment at the rate of £5.25 per H ft. 3.M.

A much advertised story is the one by Eamlin Garland en-
titled "The Forest Ranger and the Woman" which Is appearing in
serial form beginning in the July 24 number of Collier1 s Week-
ly.

In a recent number of Ro or cat ion (May 1915) Forester
Graves has a splendid article entitled "The National Forests
and Wild Game'1.

The ITat 1 cnal Wo oI-Qr owor for April has a first-class
article by Ijr.Jardlne on tho "Possibility of producing more
and better sheep by improvement In handling on tho range".

It will be romenbcred that last year American Forestry"
-inted an article en tho worl: of a Supervisor on a national
crest, written by I4r .Redington. At the some time, Mr.Redington

-24-

, and later subnittcd, o series of

work of various members of o field foreo, of which ono, M
Shinn's en th* work of & Forest Clork, appeared in tho April
laauo of tho magazine.

Alien S.Pcok's article on "Prctcoting the Iv&tional For-
ests from I'ire", printed in "Safety Engineering" for April
is both tinely and full of suggoaticnaT

IBB SIERRA RAUGER

Vol.V - Ho. 3
A Quarterly Bulletin
Issued at the headquarters

of the
SIERRA KATKHAI FOREST

Eorthfork
California

HoT»mb«r 1, 1915

Editor
Paul G. Redington

Aflsooiate Editors
Chester E. Jordan
Ernest G. Dudley
Dwight C. Biroh

FORfiSTKY

.c

•"iVCHStTv Cf C

PBHSOinOIL

Sierra national Forest
Paul G. Redinp;ton Forest Supervisor

Sorthfork, Calif,

Cheater B. Jordan
Ernest G. Dudley*
Dwight C. Blroh

. . Shinn
H.B.?ulhaa
George ?. Leslie

I!c.loolr. MoLeod

J.C.V.'erly

B.T.;>.Ieod

tf. B.Taylor
H.L.Clark
. Clerk

A.II.^offord
.

Trank Prl«e
. Barker

Roy Beothe

3>epxity Torest Supervisor

Forest Examiner San Diego,

Forest Examiner, Horthfork,
Forest Clerk w

Clerk (Sccrj "

Clerk (3<':T) "

Mariposa Pi strict.

Porest Ra.-.ser in Charge, Jersey dftle
Assistant Forest Ranger
Telephone Cv orator "

Sugar Pine Diatriot.

Oakhurst
n

n

Forest Ranger in Charge
Forest Ranger
Telephone Operator

Hcrthfork District

Pcrest Ranger ir: CliF.rge Har-thfork
Assistant Forest Ranger

fine Ridge. Jiistrlot

Forest R&nger in Charpe Auberry
Assistant Torest Ranker Big Creek

Kings River District

Forest Rangi-r in Charge Trimmer

if
n

*In ahargo Forest exhibit, Pan«ijcs- -California Exposit

The Pire Situation In another part »f the RA3TC8H Is given

a summary of the essential facts con-

4eerning the fire season Just past. Several stand out sig-
nifioantlv. The decrease of nan-caused fires points de-
cidedly to the value of cooperation and publicity, rhe
hearty help received this year from settlers and users has
enabled us* to reduce our prevention expense by ^4000 from
last year's figures, and our suppression oost has dropped
from V-300 to less than y70C, whioh includes rangers* time.
In one of the worst potential fire seasons we have ever had,
the situation has been hrjadled by a force less by 25 men
than the average number of men enployed annually in the
preceding five seasons. The fire-line along the western
boundary was used vrlth remarkable success in the Marlposa
District for ten miles of its length, as a base to beck-
fire against flames which onrae up against the Forest
boundc.ry In a solid front. Our report time of on« minute
and six seconds per fire showed a decrease of seven minutes
and fifty-four seconds fron last year. The average travel
time was 44 minutes as against 71 minutes In 1914, and
the dlstanoe traveled was 5.5 miles as against 4.8 miles
of the year before. The rate of travel was one mile In
eight minutes as opposed to one mile In fifteen minutes
in the previous season.

An estimated area of 125,000 acres was burnt over just
outside the Purest boundaries. This, compared with the odd
four thousand acres of the some class of cover which were
allowed to burn over Inside (because of the small value of
the Government property threatened) , shows clearly the bene-
fits of organization and cooperation. Looking back, we can
say that we are not ashamed of the record, because It spells
progress. To the ranger, lookout and fireman force the
greater credit is due for the splendid results.

Quick Business. On August 16 the Supervisor was informed

by a lumber company operating within the
tierra Forest that because its annual out was showing a

shortage ever the estimates on its private lands, certain
overnment timber to the amount of approximately four nil-
ion feet was desired to enable the •ornpany to complete its

-1-

stipulate, cut at one of the oanpa. On August 17 th«
Deputy Supervisor went over the area with officials of
the company. Cn the 18th the facto were wired to San
Tranoisoo. On the 19th an emergency sale was approved
and money deposited, and by August 24, one week after
the examination of the area, all the tiaber - 4,400,000
feet - had been narked, ohutes laid in a portion of the
tiaber and felling had- commenced. The cutting was com-
pleted about October 23. The operator Informed the Su-
pervisor that In no private deal of the size could he
hope to get things done with the celerity which marked
this transaction. The strand of red tape in this case
was a very inconspicuous ribbon.

Criticism. The use of proper criticism at the proper

time and in a tactful manner Is one of
the best aids one has in securing better future results.
It oust be constructive, and conveyed In such a manner
as not to antagonize those at whom It is directed. Of-
tentlnes an officer does what he thinks is a good piece
of work. The superior officer visits him and though ap-
preciating the soundness of the basic principle whioh
the man to do the work, sees defects which had not
occurred to the performer. If commendation is given to
the subordinate first, for his aooonpllshnent , and then
tactful suggestions are made concerning the defects, all

. c.nd good. Both officers part as friends, the de-
fects in the particular job under discussion will un-
doubtedly be remedied, and future mistakes of the kind
wll be avoided. If, however, the superior officer
Jumps the man for the defective Trork without giving him
commendation for the bigger thing (of whioh naturally the
man is proud), trouble starts right there. We all know
what it leads to, in misunderstanding and discouragement.
The good work of men of loyalty, honesty and indtistry far
outweighs the poor work, and It behooves every man acting
in a supervisory capacity to renember this and to deal

ith his subordinates with patience and kindness and tact.
Remember that eeraroendati on for a good deed warms the heart
of the deer and that criticism delivered without rancor or
impatienoe and with a full sense of the relation of the
thing criticised to the other work done, is up-building
and leaves a good taste.

-2-

'»."e aolm^wledge receipt of the Coooninc
Sevier and Cache 'Dangers ' . These contain
a cf rr.lue and will go the rounds cf the men on this Forest.

" nslp. Defined by Webster as "To toll idle or

mischievous tales; tattle. * It is oom-

ly found where pecple, two or more, are gr.thered togeth-
er. It is encountered itost frequently In small communities
where, by reason of the sporadic visits of its greatest en-

ies — wnrk and a sound altruistic conversation — it

-.a a meat thrifty existence. Its sire is iilanesa and
its dar. is a mind unocerupi«d by unselfish thought. It is a
parasite on those human beings who ponder but little on the
i^naoiueneea of an unkindly or spitiful word. It begets
tr-.uble and again trouble; its wake is followed by nisun-

ratandlng and recrimination and there is no good in it.
Extinction is decidedly advisable but only possible by per-
sonal disaasooiatlon with It and by disapprobation 0f It
when encountered among others.

CCCTRI3UTED ARTICLES

Forestry Meetings

at the
International Exposition

by
Paul G. Redlngton.

Probably at no time in the past have so many Aroerlaeir
creators assembled, cutalde of Washington as were In attend-

the meetings at San Francisco on the Exposition
rrunds during the week beginning Ootober 18. All portloW
he country were represented and private, state and gcv-

coresters were present.

Cn the first day, the Society of American yoreeters1
three sessions, the first two being devoted to papers'
ponnemin* the American Jorestar, his ideals his
T0^™!' ^lhe r*^i<»>s existing between him and

-3-

7

length.

Cn the second day, the Western Forestry and Conserv-
ation Association leld its regular meeting, and some splen-
did papers dealing with the work of that association -and
results accomplished in its fire protective and publicity
campaign were read.

Cn Wednesday a Joint meeting of the American Forestry
Association and the Western Forestry and Conservation As-
souiaticn wus held, and on Thursday the series of meetings
was oonoluded by a session of the Pacific logging congress.

Forssters and visiting lumbermen were at various times
the guests of the San Francisco lumbermen, at luncheon , and
at an elaborate banquet at the Commercial Club. Throughout
the meetings there was apparent a spirit of cooperation be-
tween foresters and those interested in lumbering and fire
protection, and the trend of the meeting was decidedly of
a constructive nature. It was regretted by everyone that

.Henry 3. Graves, the Porester, could not be present. His
paper dealing with the relation of the G-overnnent to the
1 r.ber industry was read, however, and was received with
r.ucii interest.

Those who arranged for the meetings are to be congrat-
ulated and should be highly proud of the success attending
their efforts. The Proceedings of the Society of American
Foresters and the lumber trade journals will all, undoubtedly,
contain extended reports of meetings.

1'ha Sierra was represented by ex-Supervisor Shlnn, Dep~
uty Supr ai i* or Ian, District Hangers Wctfford, Priae and
la/lor, atui the writer. A man who took a prominent part in
he nyeciugs wus K.D.Langille who years ago was well known on
the Sisrra as an Inspector.

Meetings o± this kind oannot help but add considerable
Impetus to forestry, and should aid in widely extnnding the
cooperative spirit which alra.idy exists between foresters
and lumbermen.

-4-

The Fire Season at The Pines

by
George !•'. Leslie

The season at Ihe Pines, from u fire standpoint, has
been a most successful one , there having been no f irefl in
that vicinity, although the number of tourists hi.s far eac-
nrpded that of any previous year. Prom a publicity view
we also trust the season has been a beneficial one. The
Istration at The Pines resort, fron Ilay 1 to September
inclusive, was 956. During July, August and Septenber
the nunber of guests was 575 of which nuaber about 12? had
registered more than once. The number of visitors register-
ing at the ~irenanfs Station near The Pines during July,
August p.nd September was 374. To practically all of these

• folder maps, oanpers1 hand-books and game cards were
furnished, in addition to information concerning the Forest
trails, fishing and hunting and other items of Interest. One
party even asked where angle worms for fish bait could be
found, and we were lucky enough to be able to inform him.

The great majority of the campers around Bass Lake raid
guests at The Pines were fron the San Jo&ruin Valley, and
all were decidedly of the opinion that the general public
had received great benefits through the Forest Service, in
the way of making the back country accessible to tourists
by means of trails and trail signs, by fencing off pastures
for tourist stock, by protecting game, and most important
of all, by protecting the forests from fire. Also many of
them remarked on the easy access to the outside by means of
the forest Service telephone lines.

Ilany and all sorts of questions were asked, sone of
which to an outsider would perhaps appear to be alnost su-
perfluous; but they vrere not, for it was evident th&t they
were after real information.

The manner of locating fires WG.S one point of great in-
terest, t^nd several people spoke highly of the exhibit at the
Pair. Timber sales, the manner of marking, the disposal of
rush, protection of reproduction, etc., the forest home-
it ead privilege and the cruising of timber all cane in for
;helr share of questions. Some were more interested in the
ar.ount of timber in the Forest, how it was cruised, the

cord-wood, the erasing facilities, etc. All, how-
thoroughly in accord with the syster. of flra pro-

-5-

Th* V.ilue of a Ranger's '..'ife

by
Julia 9. Shinn

A pretty important question this, on the Sierra There
all the permanent force, the short tern men and a oajorl
of the summer guards are married men and know "by this tire
that their wives oan make or break them, ao far as the For-
est Service is concerned.

Perhaps under no other circumstances is a wife so im-
portant a factor in a man's success. In town, a mechanic,
a teacher, a clerk, «ven a doctor or a minister oan de good
work and live his business or professional life out without
his associates knowing whether he has a wife or mot. But in
a Forest she is a part of the game, or if not the geme short-
ly innes to an end, far no woman can live happily awtvy from
all nther interests if the one vital interest in her hus-
band's life has no value for her. A discontented wife inev-
itably forces a ranger's resignation.

Cn the ether hand, if she, too, realizes that the es-
tablishment of the Forest Service was one of the biggest
things ever done toward a fine socialism — a work by the
Hation as a whole for the good of its future population -;
if she realizes that upon the smooth running of the many
sirall wheels in the organization depends the effectiveness
of the whole machine; if she remembers that even one woman's
attitude ttward the Service in which her husband has a part
counts, in the community where she lives, she oan be of im-
.surable help. If her attitude is right, she need net do
a thing, though of course we all know women who do.

There was the ranger's wife who always let her husband
£•> to a fire as quickly as he could saddle his horse, while
she got previsions and a couple of feeds «f barley on a pack
norse, to follow if he were not back within a few hours.
There was another one who kept run of the many free use per-
mits issued by her husb&nd, and when he was in another part

his district marked the posts nr measured the cord-wood
so that the applicant need not lose time waiting. There
are the cany wives who answer telephones and wjtite down
memoranda of messages to be given their ranger men when they
return to the cabin; type— writ* reports and copy maps; paper
a room and rut up shelves when the improvement funds for
the cabin have been exhausted; answer Forest iatters when
their men are in the "high country" and scne applicant for
a privilege wants information at cnoe. The Sierra _P full

-6-

of suoh woman and of fragrant memories of others like them
who have pone elsewhere.

Alas for the Sierra, there have been a few ef the other
kind. There was the one that refused to go to "bed if her
husband wua away ever night, and so was a nervous, hysterical
wrook when her ranger got bt.ak, dog tired, from his fire.
There was the ene who could not resist repeating bits of of-
ficial information that she knew were not supposed to be re-
peated, just to show that she knew things. There was the one
who tagged her husband, a drag on his efficiency, because she
was s« lonesome at home. There was the «ne who was too self-
appreciative to associate with other Forest women. There was
the one who was so "pison neat" that the Forest users planned
to do their forest business with the ranger as the chance
care, along the trails, rather than risk the slight frown
that a muddy footprint brought, or the shaking rug that fol-
lowed a visit before the visitor was out of sight. There
was the woman who thought her husband wasn't appreciated or
given a chance or a rise in salary that he deserve?, and so
kept him discontented. lUtioe the past tense. They have all
in tine brought about the resignation of their husbands free
"the finest thing In the world" — sometimes the loss t* the
Service of a most effective man.

Ftr those of us who are left, there remains the high
faith in the Service and its value. In the rangers and their
work. The old p»em that was dinned Into our ears when we
were small holds good as applied to this Forest work. You
remember the lines:

ttWho sweeps a room as to Thy law
Hakes that and the action fine.*

Just as truly, who lays a pipe line, «r mends a trail,
or stretches wire as to the great law of social service as
carried out In the Forests, has done something worth while.

the wife who rests him when he is tired, helps hin whem
Is busy, sympathizes with his ideals and his ambitions
fcr his district, is »f inestimable value - his "friend and
fellow-worker". .

-7-

The Present Status of our Inseot Control \/ork.

by
Dwlght C. Birch

The -roblero of oor.tr oiling our tree-killing insects
is by no neans solved yet. Just c.t present there is be-
ing carried on an intensive study of the areas that have
thus far been worked, to find out the effect of the work
that has been done, and to see what will happen if no
more work is done on then for several years. Other oheok
areas amounting to aboiit 3000 acres have been established.
Cn these areas there has never been any control work done.
The object is to count, each year, for four or five con-
secutive years, the number of trees killed by insects and
the volume of timber lost thereby. An accurate map is
rcc.de of each check area and the location of the infected
trees is marked. Each Infected tree bears a designation.
Phis map will give us valuable date, as to the nature of
the progress or spread of our infestations from a given
center.

The results thus far show that an average of 36 mer-
chantable trees per section of land is killed each year.
The average volume per tree Is conservatively 1000 feet
b.m. This is a loss of approximately 55 feet b.m. per
aorft, and for our entire pine type represents e, loss of
fifteen million feet annually. Figuring the stumpage
value at an average of )2.00 per Iff feet b.m. - which is
low for our pine, cur annual monetary loss through in-
sects is y30,CCC . This less is silently going on, and
from our past experience promises to continue until we
refixioe the Infestation by main feroe.

Six Months at the Panama-California Exposition.

by
Ernest G. Dudley

Did you ever travel in southern California when it
'rmed If you did, yeu learned that y»u wore In ^ex-
^eptional weather conditions." Mrs .Dudley and I arrived
San Dleg* during such a period. IJo one knew that ex-
fifteen years before I had entered that city with
uch a storm et r.y heels'. If only people w»uld t&ka

-8-

But aa to my work here, yes, I've had a snap. l!y hands
are so soft that one rdnute on the fire line would put me
i;i tl-.e hosi-itcl. I said snap - if you consider laok of ex-
ercise a snap. My first three months vras spent in learning
how to go at" the job in front of me. I had to attract the
attention and hold the interest of visitors. The point was
how to do it. I wolce up nights telling & big crowd of four
or five people how we fight fire and why the Forest Service
Is a necessary part of the ITr.tionol Government.

It worked out into a study of human nature, and when I
learned how to take people of different types, I found how
tc hold their Interest. Kipling hes a few verses entitled
"Ladles", and each verse ends : ''and I learned about women
from 'er." I learned about mroi frora *im and fer.

Lly first education a*me at the hands of a rabid conserv-
ationist. His Indignation because we sell timber and allow
grazing was intense. It took ne an hour to convince him
that forestry Is a business and not a sentimental proposi-
tion.

A fond mother brought her son in to me to talk forest-
ry and art as a business — o&tch the art — and when a new
Forest Assistant appears on the Sierra who wishes to paint
half the day and study trees the other part of the day, and
live in a log cabin meanwhile, you will have that son with
the artistic soul. His mother says he must have a dignified
profession and that the rangors' life is nso ^oetloal" -
emphasis on the so.

The next encounter worthy of mention was with an Oregon
Lawyer. TThat a grafter I felt like before he got through
th me'. The curse of the West is paternalism", he said,
the forests and waters to the states, so that thev
developed." I waited patiently for fifteen minutes,
'imply ocianse z oouldn.t get ln a word edgewlsei Heanvrhiie
le crowd oolleoted, scenting a fight or an argument, I
suppose. I atterrpted to answer a few of his statements, but
he beocne as belligerent as all Suro^e. Immediately several
allies volunteered support of my cause, but rer.embering Pres-
ident Wilson's plea for strict neutrality I managed to avert
hostilities. By tMs tine our states rights man severed
di^lomatio r- ^ ^.r.c took his passports.

These 'V ar.toictoa simply illustrate a, bi

«"»'*&

visitors to me when their creations become toe deep. I hr.ve
e:cpl.'.ined *--e formation oi petriiied wood over and over, be-
cause a piece of It in the San Joaquin Counties "building in-
terests people into asking c^uesticns and Mr.Safford of Fresno
or l£r. Griff in of Iladera send the questions to me.

Personal anecdotes have been nunerous. One young lady
exclaimed: "I am Just crazy r.bout Forest Rangers; I love those

rling buttons so1." She asked ne where I was from, tind I
told her all of the rangers on the Sierra were married.

Another said : "I br.ve been spending the sunnier at Jer-
sey clc.le and know the rangers so well." I aslred her if they
wera married on the Sierra. 3He sc.id "Oh, yes; but they are
avrfully nice." • Suspicious . Suspicious. How about it,
llariposa District ?

Another time I waa told that the Forest Service had
ta]:en ranches for ranger stations near Uorthfork, Made re,
County. Yes, I learn a lot every day.

The Dudley Hot! on Picture Company (not related) is
educing a film with the hero a ranger. My 6115118 1 advice
was asked concerning the clothing - when done and thus not
tc be changed — and I an invited to attend the first pro-
duction er.d censor it.

lir. Roosevelt, Hr.Taft cjid Hr. Bryan have all been in.
'Teddy" showed much enthusiasm over forestry.

I will trouble you with only a few lines more and these
.ines will be in regard to the interest displayed in forestry
by woman. She is on inquisitive character, you know, <md she
cones in here browsing arount for knowledge about her country
and its government. Quite often she drags lir. Husband along.
She meekly asks him what ray erosion sodel is. "'Oh, that's a
new way of irrigating* says hubby. But the inquisitive wife
holds back and gives me a questioning look. I let I-Ir.Husbr.nd
down as easy as I can, but the flc.sh of spirit in inqxiisitlve
wife's eye suggests to me that wonen who want the ballot are
going to vote as they think best, and my experience here,
meeting then from many states, convinces me that we want to
Interest women in forestry, then give them equal suffrage
and we will get more support for our work. The first is easy

have given twelve v.'onen data for preparing papers to be
read before women's clubs and they are all intelligently in-
terested. The second — well, I am not In politics.

This is a short story of my sunner's work. The smell of
the pines , the smoke of the fire line , and ordinary forest
work has not been in iny lot. I have not caught a trout or
fried a bit of bacon over an open fire, but on two Sundays"

-10-

I have gone out on the briny deep and braved "mc.1 de nor"
for the iun of catching yellow- tail, barrt.ouda and Span-
ish Ilaokcrel. Lqst trip four of us caught twenty-three
big follows and I was honored with eight. The largest
weighed £3 pounds and fought 21 minutes before it was
IcJidod. \7hon you come to San Diego, dcn't miss that
sport. You forget your troubles and become ten years
younger.

Fires and Causes:

1915 Fire Statistics

compiled by
George ?. Leslie.

Campers 3
Lightning 4
Brushburning 5
Incendiary
Railroad

Miscellaneous 5

Unknown 14

Total

Proportion of Class A fires
Total acreage burned, outsldef ost.) 125,000

inside 6,308

'Average acreage per fire, inside 191

go. Acres
Timber fires, Ilational forest Land TT~ 61v

Average 5{. acres
Brush fires , 1,'ational Forest Land "14 4047

Average 282 acres
Timber fires, private land, inside 3 160

Average 53 acres

Brush fires private land insido 5 2038
.vcrage 408 acres.

Cf the acreage burned over inside of the Porest, eight
ires, Covering 6135 acres were allowed to burn until it
res seen that valuable property was threatened. They were
then stopped with but little expense. This lecves 25 fires
with an average of 7 acres per fire for the season u-o to
date.

£?hree of these brush fires extended to private land inside,

lanage to Timber land, IIe.tion.il Toreat, ..15.00
" to forage 49j4J

Total 64.40

Average danage per aore .0157

Dar.age to private land Inside, 250.00

Average damage per acre, private land .114

Total Coat, National Forest Fires . . . ..J535.84
" Private land, inside 136.49

Total .... tj674.33

Average coat per fire 20.43

On eleven of the fires, whore accurate data was
available, the average report time was 1 min. 6 seo.;
the average travel time was 44 minutes and the aver-
age distance traveled was 5.5 mi* ;.-.-..

The decrease in the number of nan-caused fires under last
year's figures was 27.

At the present writing, October 30, the fire season is
not yet closed, it being the longest season on record.

DEWS

Deputy fiupervlsor Jordan went north on August 14 for
a general reconnaissance of the Ilari^osa 3)istriot. While
he was there, the Iladera Sugar Pine Company sale was ne-
gotiated, and he went over the area, telephoning In
necessarv information. After completing the other work
he had planned in the district, Mr. Jordan returned to
Corthf ork on August 25.

On August 25 a telegram was received fron Grazing In-
spector Douthltt stating that he desired to go over the
back country ranges of the Sierra. Reply telephone direct-
ed him to proceed to Big Creek where Ranger Price met him
and started him back on a two-^weeks trip.

Supervisor Eedington left the Ellis Keadow Camr. on the
morning of August 28 for a trip over a portion of the Iluir
trail route, to inspect work done this season in the French
Canyon unit and to plan for next year's work further north.
His way took him south to Iluir Pass and north to Isberg Pr.ss.
Incidentally he observed the condition of the grazing ranges,
trails, sign work and other high country forest activities,
returning after a very strenuous trip en September 15.

During the Supervisor's absence - on September 3 - the
headquarters office was moved back to Northfork for the win~
ter. So often has this process been gone through with that
it caused scarcely a day's interruption of office work.

Cn September 5, Deputy Supervisor Jordan drove to Auber-
ry to meet l!r. Hodge of the District Office who was on a fire
protection inspection trip. Mr. Hodge spent the next day, La-
bor Day, in the office in the forenoon, going over sign work
with I!r. Jordan and in the afternoon went to Crane Valley , on
the Pines truck, to visit Fireman Leslie's Publicity Bureau
and sign-making shop. He left this Forest the next morning.

lir .E.R.Davis of the Pacific Light and Povrer Corporation
came from Fresno to Korthfork in the course of a trip from
Los Angeles to San Francisco , in order to see Supervisor Red-
ington and go over with him the detr.ils of the desiiei exten-
sion of time *n the work at Big Creek.

Deputy Supervisor Jordan started September 18 for his

-12-

last trlj of the season Into the high mountains. His
course tock him to Clover Meadow, Rot's Headow, Fish
Creek Vr.lley, Crater Creek and other points in the water-
shod of the 1'orth Fork of the 3e.n Jo&quin, mainly on grazing
r :e reconnaissance, though parti'/ on general Inapeotion
and on Hair Trail route lockout. An early snow caught
him one night; he had the pleasure oi helping put out two
1 ;*h tiling-set fires, caught all kinds of fish and had a
miscellaneous lot of other experiences in the course of
his duty.

On October 5, National Forest Examiner Hopping reachofl
thfork. ready to £0 over the insect control areas. Forest
Examiner 31roh rode across from Shaver the same day and met
L'r, Helping at the Forest office. Together they started for
the Chiquito and Rook Creek areas the next morning, going
"'Highly over the area worked ti.is spring, the area part-
vorked and adjoining areas not v/orked at all, foi com-
parison. They returned by way of the >/hite and Friant in-
sert oTitrcl operations, reaching Hor thfork on the night of
October 14. They noted that the V/hite e.nd Priant 1,-ght
Ing done in connection with insect control seemed to
been especially disastrous to polo and sapling stands

pine. Possibly if this burning had been done more

— in snail aroas at a tine, less damage would
beer, done than is now apparent on the approximately
> acres burned over.

The emergency sale of approximately four million feet
of timber to the I-Iadera Sugar Pine Company, on which mark-
ing began August 22, is now olcseu. This sale brought
something over yl£,000 Into the United States treasury.
Sole conditions have been carrie . out by both parties to
the contract with so much care that no delays and but very
little friction have occurred. To be sure one complaint
was made, when on September 13 the llenager for the Conrm-
ny telephoned in that the so&le was over-running the mill
tally by ten percent, but when Lumberman Elliott aheck-
scaled carefully, and went ov-»r all the scalerfs and tally-

'igu-es, it was found thit vhe e-i&TL* had uniermn
about two peroert, as the Leo?.ri£.l 0 uauui:^ £jes, Bven

; j frames oan rn^ce ^iBxakes. Only "Unole Joe" is in-
fallible.

-13-

'"

Retumlnr fron the trip to Sugar Fine to meet »J&l"

of \£i -J?uoia at Fresno, for consultation on *»£ JgJ1!?'

dington therefore rode back to 3ug«-ir : ine, arriving in
tine to go to Tresno with E.H.Cox in his auto.

The demand for grape-stakes raid tray shakes is now good.
Many free use permits and sicall timber sales have been cade
lor grape stakes , and the tray mills report a lively r.arket

or their product. Split stakes and vertical-grain tray ards
are winning big favor among the grape -growers.
to their greater strength and durability. The interesting
t ting "oehind this demand for stakes and trays is the

.t the Associated Raisin Company has been shipping immense
orders of raisins to Europe.

The fire folder map, of which hundreds were distributed
this summer, has been amended for next summer's edition, the
nap being changed by the addition of new trcils and public
pastures. A conspicuous symbol will distinguish all public
pastures, and another will be printed on each ranger station.
The printed matter will be changed by the addition of some
material and by the change of game laws to bring them up to
datfl.

During the nonth of September the Pish and Game Com-
mission planted 86,000 Rainbow fry in the Itorthfork. above
Bass lake, and 100,000 each of Rainbow and Loch leven fry in
the vicinity of 31 g Creek and Shaver, where the disposition
was as follows:

Stevenson Creek 6000 Rainbow

Baoon Creek (which feeds

Shaver Lake) 2, COO

Balsam Creek 40CO

Alder Creek 2 00

Pitman Creek 4000

Home Camp Creek 40 GO

Euntington Lake E4COO

Huntington Lake l.OCCO l^ch Levsn

-14-

• will be noticed that the planting k&3 been done moat
erte; ively in the region of our resorts where the fishing
wll] 3 enjoyed by the greatest number of people. The value
nf t Forest for recreation has been groatly increased by
the ting of these 226,000 fish.

eoause oi various changes and readjustments in the
apreeient between the San Joaquin Light and Power Corpora-
tion .nd the Government, no oiarges had been paid by that
COIEI ^y for its power propositions, nor had final agreement
been igned until this ^ear. On September 1, however, pay-
as made of accumulated charges amounting to .,5,995,24
-. September 14, permit was issued covering the entire
we- project — reservoirs, conduits, power houses and
tranr.ission lines — operated within the Forest by the
San oaquin light « Power Corporation.

n September 23, a letter was written in the District
Foreter's office asking this jforest to forward a small
quar.ity of the foliage and fruit of Pinus sabiniana to
the Yiiversity of Toronto. Ranger Mainw&ring was asked to
obtan tie specimen, and he cut the top from a young Dig-
ger ine. The specimen "held four perfect and mature cones,
your* cones about two inches long, staminate flowers, and
svfc healthy ffcliage . Prof.TThite of Toronto, in aoknow-
Ing the receipt of the shipment writes: "This specimen
ved in splendid shape. Please allow ne to thank you
heartily f.>r your courtesy in this matter. It is, in-
. a splendid specimen, and probably one of the best mu-
: specimens in existence."

The year's work on the Jchn Muir Trail, an appropria-
fnr which was made by the State of California last win-
has been completed. The sura of 03250 was allotted to
?orest by the State Engineer and it was all spent,
crew or. the Middle Jerk of Kings- River in charge of
vester Dehl and working under the generc.1 direction of
~-;er Bocthe has progressed steadily through most diffi-
territory tvward th* mmmt of Palisade Creek. The

ra cr»v77 In Ranker Price's distj-io* norrleted fifteen
mi^es of trail from Ilulr Pass to the mcfcth ot a^oiw-fci r»n
>ek DTI the South Pork of the 3an Joaquin River, and

in coraslaalon a line suspension bridge across Jrenoh

-15-

Canyon near its ^unotion with the South Pork. Ke^rt year,
If funds aro available, It is hoped to complete the trail
from Palisade Creek up the Middle Pork of Eings River to
Muir Pass and to start in on the trail from Blaney Mead-
ow over Selden Pass and down Bear Creek.

The uniform ooraralttee reoently appointed by the Dis-
trict Forester, after having ascertained the sentiment of
the field men on the question, held meetings in San Prcm-
oisoo October 18-25. ninety-six percent of the odd 325
field men heard from favored the wearing of a uniform. The
committee made its recommendations aonoerning the kind of
uniform to b* adopted, and adopted rules for its wear.
This report will soon be sent to all the field men.

It will be renembered that the last number of the Ran-
ger called for a good fire picture for the cover illustra^
Ton of this number. The most striking one received was
fron Ranger Soothe . The fire, while not serious, waa a
wonder fully picturesque one. It occurred in the canyon of
Middle Pork of Eings River, when Boothe and the Super-
'Isor, finding the temperature much lower than had been an-
icipated when bedding for the trip had been selected,
Built a camp fire In the night and were later wakened by
the brilliant light caused by the flawing up of a white-
arked pine (P.albioaulis) to whose foot their fire had
crept. Boothe had enough presence of mind to photograph
the blaze before making it safe.

The registration at the ranger stations this summer
taled 1437, the largest number being 374 at Mr .Leslie's
oanp near the Pines, and the next largest at the Signal
Lookout to which guests at Wawena sometimes olinb.
til o the men keeping registers report that the traveling
io was glad to register, feeling that in that way they
easily lowt«d i* anything important happened

The t^tal registration at the hotels within the Porest
where people stay for some length of time, was approximately
4000. In addition there was a registration of about 20,000
at Miami Lodge and Waweaa, mainly transients on their way to
or from Y •samite Valley but seeing something of the Forest
wh«r« thp Htage r«ads go through as fine timber as there is

on the Sierra.

—16—

TV*

•

DISTRICT Ui:\V3

The new log oabrarat>^Srfny ^tttfon is about completed,
and it will be a big improveaent in that part of the dis-
trict. We have also finished a seven-aore pasture in this
neighborhood of three plain twisted I>o.l2 wire strands whioh
will be very useful to us.

The stockmen on the Granite Creek and Meroed ranges have
completed a pasture fence at the Duncan Meadow to hold their
stock while gathering in the fall. At this early date, they
do not see how the? ever got along without it.

For our Signal Peak water tram we have an eleven gallon
galvanized bucket, a new oar, a larger drum and gear wheels,
BC the worry about water Rt this lookout is a thing of the
past.

The stock coming out of tho back country ranges is look-
ing extra good and the stockrien are ver? nuoh pleased witli
their condition.

Up to date we have had fourteen permitted fires this
summer in the Mariposa District, controlled by the Tire
Protective Association. They have done excellent worlr. We
expect to have more of these fires if the weather oontinxies
dry.

Sugar Pine District.

The fire season is practically closed for 1915, and
with very little damage, if any, done to timber in this
ranger district. Only one fire occurred on whioh money
had to be expended for temporary fire fighters and sup-
plies, and in that case the expense was only _;8.00. This
was necessary for the protection of the lookout tower on
Deadwood peak as the fire occurred after Mr .Gray, the look-
out had been released.

One srall fire was located and put o\it on Green Mount-
ain an September 21, whioh fron all indications UA 1 osen
started by lightning .

The construction of tLe Chiqulto Bridge on
moth trelL :a well iii.ler wr.y. and rancer3 Taller and

flxprot to have it finished by the tine this goes to
print.

Ranger Taylor has Just returned from the big ?air at
3a., ."'roiioiaoo where he and Mr a. Taylor have been for the
;-ast te.: days. Urs. Taylor stopped over in Iladera to visit
friends, on the return trip.

The !!adera Sugarpine Company has closed down
operations and will close the mill for the winter on llov.l
The ?orest Service had tLe pleasure of selling them over
four million feet cf timber on which they finished their
season's out. Bill Parkinson was the efficient man in
charge of the sale.

The small shake mill working on down timber — large
logs left by the original lumbernen — in the ?resno Big
Tree Grove, has turned out sor.e of the best shakes and
shingles that have ever been me.de on the Sierra.

The Adams Kill — officially the Ahwahnee Saw Mill —
at the head of Crane Valley, has had a very successful run
and is moving to a new site to finish up its orders. This
mill is operating almost entirely on small timber sales
under Regulation S-22.

Borthfork District

The fire situation in this District is practically
the same as it haa been during the midsummer months, tne
only favorable change being the cooler nights.

The average monthly temperature for the sunmer months
on Shuteye has been as follows:

August, 72-1/3 decrees
September, 61-2/3
October 59

On account of the damage done last winter to the ttoik
on Shuteye, four trips have been made to date with water
for the lookout man/ l!r. Henry's analysis of the water
the Billy Brown He a do? apring 3howL- that it ia excellent.
but he n.ake3 no mention of the hill.

-IB-

The last handful of snow disappeared from Shut eye by
August 4, and owing to the shortage of water, Mrs. Henry
and her children were compelled to wove back to Morthfork
on August 21.

August 17 to 20 Rangers Wofford and HoZenzie were on
Sfcuteye getting out the timbers to be used as cribbing for
the new wnter tank which will be installed on the mount&in
early next year. All material is now on the peak and we
hope to be able to Insure the Lookout an abundant supply
of snow water for the summer of 1916.

Cle Johnson, the Oat Mountain lookout nan, moved down
on September 30; Guard Herri ok was let off duty September
27.

Rangers Ualnwaring and MoIIenzle have Just completed
their post work on Peckinpah Ridge. We now have 1000
posts for pasture fence repairs on stations in the
vicinity of Korthfork, besides pests and rails for a
new cross fenoe at Ellis Meadow to replace an old one
of barbed xrire and boards now in use there.

A number of free users are busy hauling their shakes
and posts down the mountain. The growing demand for free
use posts has forced some of our patrons back as far as
the Shuteye Tray Ilill.

The Shuteye Tray Hill closed down about the middle of
August beoa'ise the tray market seemed weak. Since closing
however l-!r. Roberts fr^a disposed of all his trays and says
he could easily have placed several oar-leads more.

The Logan bridge across Chiqnito Creek has been re-
paired. Within the next year or two it will be necessary
to replace the old pine stringers with cedar ones. The
bridge was constructed in 1910.

of the stock Is out of the back country, and reported
as coning out in good condition.

Work on the UerriiLan shake sc.la and on the sales of
dead shakes to Bogard end to the Stout brothers . ••» is
about completed.

-19-

Pine Bldge District

Since the last issue of the Ranger there has been a
great improvement made in the baok country trails of this
district. The Muir Trail has been corn let ed fron Muir Pass
to below the month of Evolution Creek on the South 5*crk, and
a £*od ouble bridge has been built across Prenoh Cannon.
Kaiser Pass - Lower Hot Springs , the Prenoh Canyon
othpr main trails have been repaired.

The Ookenden-Byxbee saw mill has closed down for the
winter. This mill was constructed this spring end out a
little i-rre than one million feet of lumber during its short
season. Lumberman J.C.Elliott Inspected this sale In October
and did some check- seal ing. Cn the 127 logs so scaled he
found a difference of only 4.; between his and the sealer's
figures. Mr.F.lliott ocmmended the so&ler as also the nan-

-.ent of rhe sale inasr.uoh aa he found no merchantable
Lnber left in legs and tops, no avoidable damage done to
;ir,brr left standing or to second growth, and the brush
carefully and safely piled.

The Dakan and Hoohderifer mill, destroyed by fire this
spring, has been rebuilt and will probably run all winter,
under the new management known as the Big Creek Tray and
Shake Kill.

During the summer a fine tower has been completed on
Baldy, built on the plan outlined in the Pire Protection

ial . Lookout Parker now nao unobstructed vision in all
directions.

There has been a large number of special use permits
issued this sunnier for residence lots at Huntington J.ake
and vicinity. All the lets at the Lake were resurveyed
and field notes kept so that in future there will be no
difficulty in relocating missing corners.

One hundred cans of trout were planted In this district
bhe I'iah and Game Commission this summer, eighty-eight In
Elustington Lake and its tributary streams and the rest near
Shaver.

We have been except ionallj? fortunate this sumer with
f!r*»s, havin had no large ones and but few snail ones.

--£

Forest ~:car.iner Birch and fanily have returned to i.orth-
forl. /r^:-. Shaver whore llr .Birch has beer, stationed this sum-
aer.

Assistant Harder Cat hey and wife left Shaver on October
12 for Ilarii-osa County.

Mrercen Charles Mercer of the Shaver Hanger Station and
John Dillwood of Jose Ranger Station have gone off duty be-
cause the fire season ought to be over. Lookout Parker came
down from Baldy for the winter on October 16.

listriot Ranger Price and wife left October 16 for San
Pranoisoo where the visited the Exposition for about ten
days.

Kings River District.

Supervisor Redington visited the Kings River District
early in August, and, accompanied by District Ranger Boothe,
inspected the work being done on the Iliddle Pork section of
the John "uir Trail. This is undoubtedly the hardest piece
of trail construction yet undertaken on this Forest, but the
soenlo attractions that will be made accessible to the pub-
lio on the completion of the trail are certainly worth the
aeeningly high cost of construction. Mr.Redlngton took some
beautiful photographs while on this trip that prove this
statement without further argument.

The wire was not stretched up p.t the Crown Rook public
pasture this year, but the posts are set and the wire on the
ground ready to be stretched the first thing in the spring.
The wire was left up on one of the pastures at Dinkey with
stays brtweer. the posts naklng the distance not core than 2-i-
feet between supports. If this experiment proves satisfact-
ory in keeping the snow and zero weather fror, slacking the
wire, we will be able to profit by It in the construction of
public pastxires in the high country.

While hunting with a man nar.ed Charles Campbell, of
Recdley, Ned Baird, one of the trail crew, accidentally
shot and seriously injured Campbell. The bullet struck
CacpVellrs rifle barrel and exploded, several of the

fragments entering his am and log. A doctor from Bi£ Creek
went in and administered first-aid treatment at Island Camp
where he met the trail orew carrying the injured nan out to
Dinkey on a stretcher. Only one who has helped to carry a
nan on a stretcher over a mountain trail can imagine what a
Job it is to carry him fifty miles over some of the roughest
trails in the Sierras.

District Ranger Beothe accompanied the Samples while they
gathered their cattle from the Blue Canyon Range In September,
and the only fire in the Kings River District t» dr^te was put
out while en this trip. It had burned over about ten acres
!.• ar Tehlpite Dcme. This was a lightning fire and h&d evi-
dently been burning slowly for two weeks or more.

R.S. Armstrong reached Dinkey on October 10, on his way
out from the trail camp where he had been cooking for the
crew. He had not been feeling well for some time, so con-
cluded to come out with some friends who happened to be com-
ing through the Middle Fork at that time. The rest of the
orew wao brought out by Ranger Boothe on the 18th, and most
of then were pretty glad to get out. Three to four months
ir. a oanp with only a half doaen or so visitors gets to be
an old story with most of us.

The new tool-room and office building at Dinkey Sta-
tion is about completed except for the shingle stain.
There is & baaer.ent underneath, about 10T x 12', to be used
as a st»re-room; the tool-room In the back is fitted with a
work bench, and there is a pl^oe over the office room for
fire tools. Wo are trembling In our boots for fear the Su-
pervisor will o»nfisoate this office and establish his own
headquarters here when he sees how classy it is.

Once more the semi-annual moving act has been completed
and we are settled at Trlnr.er but it doesn't look much like
winter d^wn here yet. The well is dry and if it doesn't rain
pretty soon, it looks as through the river might also go dry.

-2£-

FORESTRY AND RELATED ITEiS OF INTEREST
Luring the sunner Forester Graves visited the Alaska

It 'is with pleasure that the name of E.E.Oarter Is
a^ain seer, in the Jleld Prograna. Hr. Carter left
vice somo vears a£O to teach in the Harvard Forest Sohool
but returned to the Washington office this summer.

Volune XIII of the Forestry Quarterly contains an ar-
ticle on hardwood planting in the Owens Valley, by L.Z.
Larson. The lack of hardwoods on this ooast is so great
that anything *n the subject is of especial interest.

This year sees the opening of tho first Sohool of For-
estry in China as a Department of the University of Hanking,
with three Chinese graduates of American forest schools as
instructors.

Permission has been given by the Secretary of Agricul-
ture to P.C.Redington and C.L.Hill to publish privately
their "Useful Hand-Book".

Bulletin 243 of the Department of Agriculture on
Cone Beetles and their injury to sugar pine and western
yellow pine, is written by John M.lliller, well known on
this Porest where he was a ranger before his transfer to
the Bureau of Entomology. A number of copies of this
bulletin have been requested for distribution tn the
Slerrafe district rangers.

The California Agricultural Experiment Station with
headquarters at Berkeley has issued a bulletin on 'Irriga-
tion and soil conditions in the Sierra Nevada foothills'*
which should be of value here.

"California's Magazine" for July contains a nunber of
articles en forestry, including one by District 7or ester
EuBois on the national Forests of California.

"north Woods" for August has an article by W.T.Ooz
on "Aeric.1 forest patrol", and the "National Monthly" for
August has one on "Sinecures in the Porest Set-vice **. Both
these articles cover unknown territory and should be of in-
terest.

TEL bILRILi IL^GEH

ToJ.V ~ Mo. 4
A Quarterly Bulletin

is:-uefi at the headquarters
of the

FOREST

Horthfork
California

February 1, 1916

Editor
Paul C. Eodington

Associate Editors
Chester I. Jordan
Ernest C. Dudley
Dwlgjit C. Biroh

-

FOfi&STK

or SAO;
or CAuro

Paul 6. Redirect on
Chester E. Jordan
Ernest C. Dudley
Dwigh-; C. Blroh
J.T.Shinn
JI.B.Fnlharc
George F. Leslie

Malcolm

J.C.'.Terly

E.T.lloIicvi

U.B.Taylor
E.I. Clark
Pearl Boothe

A.K.Wofford
E.S.Mainvraring

PrarJ: Prlne
O.K. Barker

pBHSomre:

Slorra Ka-ional Forest

Forest Supervisor Horthfor , Cai.ll,

Depi, ',j Forest Supervisor

Forest Examiner n

Forflst Examiner

Format Clerk

Clerk (S&T) " "

Clerk
Eariposa District

Forest Ranger in Charge. J«r»eydale
Assistant Forest Ranger
Telephone Operator

Pine Distri«t

Forest Ranger in Charge
Forest Rancor
Tel«phont Operate^

Sorthfork Distrlot

Forest P.arr^ jr In Charg*
Asslstar. c r rest Ranger

Ptn«

District

Forest Ranger in Charge,
Assistant Forest Ranker

Oakhurst

n

Horthf oxk '
n n

Auberry

n
n

Kings

r District

Roy Booth'

Forei"1 Ran-;'-r in Charge

EDJTQPTAT.3

The Annual Estiratse and On all tho HatiTnal Forests of
Analysis of Diaries. California during the months of

Janujtry and P*bmary the Dis-
trict IAIWTB are netting to the Supervisors' off lorn *o
fco OTPT 3n detail their eatii^tes for aen and Improve-
ments during the noreing fiscal year and to analyze, through.
a ilnse study of their diaries, the work performed by them
durlrg tho oalpndar year 1915.

Thn ImproTamert estimate work has brought ant a t^-eat
need, riz, that there should be readily available for ov--
ery officer on a national ror»st, up-to-date, exact data con-
cerning the availability, Initial and transportation oost
of thn hundred kinds of material oeedAd In oaintenanoe and
ocnat runt ion of permanent linproTeiwnts . The Sierra has jjct-
tnn oat a handbook of useful information whi oh partly oov«r«
this nood. Howe-vcr, a looal Forest book giving not only the
*lnd of Information whirch the Sierra handbook attempts to
supply, hut in addition ooat data of naterlals, Is urgently
needed to enable rangers to present aoourate, domprehensivu
estimates to the Supervisors1 of floes. The rugsestlon Is
made that every Supervisor will find it to his advantage to
hare suoh a ooet book made up.

In order to show olearly to the Distrlot Porester th«
need for men to handle administrative work, the Supervisor
must know how many units of eaoh different kind of forest
work have to >e looked after ill anjt one ranger district.
A Forest Sheet \7 la therefore a necessity.

The analysis of ranger diaries ha« been most Interest-
ing, and will BO doubt result in profit. Th« Supervisor
more thoroogbly understands how a rang«r spends his time,
and the rangpr oan draw valuable deductions from the anal-
ysis; lan see where he spent too icaoli time and where too
little. A question most frequently asked by outsiders of a
Forest offio«r 1«: Tfhat does a ranger Ao ?'r If the ques-
tioner «ould se« the analysis sheet in which (on the Sequoia
and the Sierra) were listed 60 definite ranger activities
exclusive of all permanent improvement work, b*» would have
no difficulty in answering hi a own query.

The Ranger and Ten years ago, a prophecy that in fifteen
the Antorrobil*. years an automobile would be a n«c«»sary

adjunct to the work of a forest ranger

would have beer, received with scorn end riCioule. How it la
safe to say thau in five years 50','': of the rasters in Call-

lornia will -nm automobiles either for personal or official
nse or for boi .

Or. +h" "o.-ests south of the Stsoxistaus, ranger auto-
mobiles aie a rHMnmon sight. With vlte o.xte7ision of new roads
and the impr overeat of existing o^oc la the mountains, with
the urgent necessity of makin£ ono's Time count for the
most, the aufcoEcbile is bound to be a large factor In In-
creasing the efficiency of the ranger, and better than that,
is going to allow him to see his public oftener and get in
closer touch with it.

While the horse will always be needed, he must share
with the automobile the privilege of packing the ranger
around.

OOHTRIBUTED .UEPICI.RS

Bemlnisetenoes of my Visit to the Sierra

*7
J.L.Coffman, Deputy Supervisor, Trinity national Forest,

It was with a great deal of pleasure I learned in HOT-
ember I was to have a detail «n the Sierra Forest, for amors
the National Forests, the Sierra stands out to me, as
to nany others, as one of preeminent Interest and pic
ness, due perhaps to the wide publicity it has received
the interesting stories and articles written of it by Stew-
art Edward White, Ilr.Shinn and STtpervisor Redington. Fur-
thermore, a short visit to this Forest during the simmer of
1908 had given me a slight acquaintance with Its magnificent
forests and splendid soenery which I was very glad to renew
and enlarge.

In view of the fact that my visit was made in Deeem-
ber during which month there was considerable snow and
rain, I feel that I was fortunate to have been able to
spend a good portion of my time in the field, enabling me
to see some of the most interesting activities of the For-
est.

Wy visit began with a trip to Big Creek over the pic-
turesque and sinuoua San Joaquin ," Eastern railroad which has
the Tanalpais railway beat to a finish for crookedness. At
Big Creek I was amaaed at the magnitude of the generators
of the Pacific Light i Power Company whose power houses and
power lines are a marvel of electrical engineering and effi-
ciency. Frcr; a talk with one of the officers of the Company,
who had been on the project free the start of construction
work, I learned at first hand of the cordial relations which

-2-

had ezistod between the Company and the Forest Service from
the very start, and of the splendid manner in whioh the Tor-
est officers had handled their special v.se and timber set-
tlement v:ork so as to facilitate the work of the Conpa:iy in
every possible way In Its efforts to ruoh the work th.tr onj£i
to completion.

It "untington Lake and at Big Creek there are wanderful
opportunities for the further development of the ^OLT-T homo
business in a region of great beauty. When I an trying to
induce people to take out summer home permits on the ^.ririty,
I will be careful to keep them In ignorance of the Big Czeek
and Euntington lake areas until after our permits have been
Issued and the summer homes built. Then pe.r.ia>8 ^he ir.TeTi-
ment made will be suffioiont to keep the permittee from aban-
doning it In favor of a summer homo on the Sierra!

On the return trip from Bi£ Creek, .latin;; Supervisor
Jordan demonstrated his skill as a pilot of the official ''Jin
lizzie" speeder over the snow-oovered and serpentine railway
traclis.

later I had the pleasure of accompany ing Mr. Jordan over
the fire break alon£ the Porest boundary from the northern

the Porest to I-orthfork. In this, as in so many other
lines of work, the Sierra hao led the way.

Prom my studies in the office at ITorthfork and ny
talks with Messrs Redftngton and Jordan, I gained an insight
Into the fire organization, cooperative fire protection asso-
ciations of the settlers, the cooperation of the cattle asso-
ciations, timber sales and other Forest activities. I was
struck with the remarkable saving ua.de in the last two years
In both fire suppression and fire prevention costs, due large-
ly to the organization of the settlers into cooperative asso-
ciations working with the Service instead of against it.
As in the case of the Pacific li^ht : Power Company's oper-
ations under Pores t Service Permit, so in the recent timber
sale oi nearl;? five million feet to the Iladera Su^ar Pine
Corrpany, the striking features of the transaction were speed
and efficiency to a remarkable degree and elimination of all
delays due to unnecessary red tape. This, IB fact. Is char-
acteristic of the Sierra, and combined with the sympathetic
cooperation of tLe Porest officers with the residents in all
work looking toward the development of the ooaraunlty, has re-
sulted in the most cordial relations between the Service and
the settlers, permittees and tiaber purchasers. ~s District
Tor ester DuBois concisely put it on a recent occasion, the
atmosphere of the Sierra 1 crest is one of pro^ressiveness -
of jein^- abreast of t::c tines lu every line.

-5-

I foci that my detail was well worth while, as the many
valuable ideas I have gained will undoubtedly be of great ben-
efit in my work on the Trinity. I hope the idea of study de-
tail s willjbe retained : a change of surroundings and a visit
to another Torest of widely different conditions with its con-
sequent exchange of ideas cannot but result in benefits which
I believe will fully repay the expense.

In conclusion, I wish to than1, all the officers and la-
dies of the Sierra who helped to make my visit such an agree-
able one. I have Just one regret: when Jordan found out I
could not play pool, nothing would do 'out that we have some
gar.es, and ho took great glee in the fact that he hc-d final-
ly found some one whom he could beat. How anyone who has
played pool with Jordan (Don Carlos Ellis please note) will
understand ray humiliation at this oonfessioni

"Talking Joints."

by
Ernest G.Dudley

We have all been pressed for a short description of
the life and work of a forester, we have all experienced
that tongue-tied feeling for c moaent.

lu the 3ierra Ranker of Just a year ago, I was guilty of
a short editorial wrTtten as a general suggestion about hav-
ing certain data in our minds which make good "talking points" ,
I will aG.'ain be guilty of talking on the same idea.

In the first place, if asked a general question like the
one I begin with, try and size up your questioner , and then
put yourself as nearly as you can in his position. Ho matter
whether you think him a business man, a professional nan, a
rancher or stockman, or a teacher, first show what the For-
est "ervioe is striving for, by a description of the life and
work in your district. At the same time, develop the connec-
tion between the general everyday life of communities near
the Torest and the work as it is carried on. Show how the
present generation is a gainer, 'out at this point don't go too
heavy on the gain of future generations — you might get In
wron~ at the start.

HOY; if you have decided that your questioner is a business
man, you must have bare facts. You want to know hoT many cat-
tle v;ero grazed tlio last year, and what money was paid in by
their owners. Use your head. H7o all know the rate per head,
all you need to know is the number of stool:. Do a little mul-
tiplying. Your results carry more weisfct. Know the last

finauoial statement for your Porest; you oan then estimate
the 25.' which eventually goes into tho oounty treasuries,
and the 10^ which builds roads and trails.

Be able to tell in a general way, if It is kno'.r. ,
the Government wealth in your own forest in timber, wator
and forage. Havo such figures as you oan remember iroa t'.ie
roiestcr'a yearly report. Givo that business man oold facts
and iigures. Ho eats them.

The professional nan gets much the same treatment
with the addition of something of the theory of forestry .'..'e
show him why we are doin:; certain things and what oercaln re-
sults we czrpeot. The professional man has a wider ravine of
reading and study than any other type of questioner, anc1. ho
rcoiates vori: done ior future returns probably more than
any other class of men.

The stocLman is a business man, but when he finds
you oan tall; stool, out come the cigars, and if ho is from
the Southwest, almost invariably ho will tell you that tho
I crest jervioe saved the oattle industry in the southern
Rocl.ics. He tolls you how the oattle men laiev/ that they
were destroying the ranges, but that each man was afraid of
his neic^abor and did not dare reduce his herd to alloi? the
ranges to recover. The Torest Service treated them all
ali!re, and now ho tells how the ranges carry more stool: and
turn them ofi in better flesh.

Last but not least comes the schoolteacher. How
Set busy. I orestry is established , and is a lusty child
oi less than 'twenty. '.Thile it needs all available support
right now, to fortify it doubly for the future, get tho idea
into the schools. Hot forestry alone, but soil erosion,
flood control and everything which conservation stands for.
The teacher, through nature study and geography, later
through economics and engineering, Instills these Ideas Into
the growing generations while their minds are receptive, so
here's your chance.

I haven't touched the idea of recreation yet, nor many
other phases, but I have no doubt that if a ranger's diary
showed three hours devoted to teaching a pretty school teach-
er the theory of reconnaissance , special use, diameter tapes,
and in fact any phase of It but the Biltmore stic!:, during
her summer vacation, he v/ould be marke.7. down as showing Im-
provement. This has happened on tho Sierra many times with
most £ratifyin£ results.

But after all, why conserve the rain ? '"hen I loft San
Diego they had lured ::Zat-:ield" to make it rein, and I:ve
been back on the Sierra just thirty-four days, and I '.a ready
to talro oaiih . "A 1 :e' ?s C- rain.

Some Construction Economies.

Improvement accounts and estimates for a number of years
though they may seem dry to those not in tho Service, tell Inter-
esting tales to the clerk. In espoolal, they describe certain
interest ins economics and suggest others. Per e:sample, when
lists of supplies for the Grouse Valley trail construction this
lant summer were being made up, Ranger 3oothe, bent on leaking
the allotment go as far as possible, telephoned: ''Dclil c.nd I
think we can burn oliarooal in there, and save packing In black-
smith coal. 3c only one sack of ooal was packed in. Iho char-
coal burning was a success, oven at that elevation where the
best wood that could be obtained was the pinon (i-inus monophylla)
Report of trail work showed, also, that with proper protection
i winds, ooal or charcoal can bo made to go nuoh farther in
- -'orge than without protection.

.'.s an example of the other sort — economies suggested by
their absence — note this account received from a District
Ranger:

June 1, 20^ nails, 2 pair strap hinges

5 nail, .1.00-, two door locks ..'1.50
7 doz. window catches, 15 / 8d nails
14 30" 8d nails, ton mill files.

and that was onl? the first part of the account. Hail items
appeared seven times . ''".That is the trouble with thought
tl:e clerk. Did he fall down in his nail estimate (for all the
account was chargeable to one building project) and that not
once nor twice ? If I were doing it, I beliove I'd buy at least
the commoner sizes by the keg, and keep data about the r^Uc.ntity
of other sorts used so that once a year I could buy nails
and have that thing off my mind. The time it takes to make a
purchase every time one goes for the mail Is appalling In the
aggregate."

On the Sierra, we have been fortunate In having a medicine
sl.cll, an altruistic young doctor having bestowed certain drugs
on the lorcst when he loft the mountains. Hence with each crew
going into the high country, there is sent a -icdioine chest con
taininlng simple remedies for the digestive troubles and colds
that mcj occur, permanganate of potash for snake bites, first
aid packets and a first aid manual. Those things can now be
purchased with Government funds, but the Sierra is lucky enough
to have acquired the habit, and it is a genuine economy, a sav-
ing o± time and temper thus to be able to cure a slight ailment
before it becomes a greet one and tal cs a man off the job.

The Ranger1 a Detail

*y
Roy Boothc

I am glad to have this opportunity of discussing my
cws of the ranger's detail to the Supervisor's office
for the purpose of analyzing the in on*'; hi 7 service reports
(forras 26). I thin!: the nan roepoarilxls for the idea has
started snrething worth while. It will Certainly be bene-
ficial to the Service because it creates in us an incentive
to do our work more economically and efficiently . In fact
it places the men on something of a competitive basis, and
shows in figures at the end of the year Just what it coots
each ranger district to do its work, as well as the anoiuit
of work accomplished with a given sum of money and force of
men. If it is beneficial to the Service, so will it be to
the men. After the ranger spends three or four days with
the Supervisor analyzing and chocking up the work done in
his district during the past year, he probably has a clear-
er conception of the actual administration of his own dis-
trict than he has evor had before. He sees which things are
costing the Service more in proportion than they should, and
can try to reduce their cost on next year's sheet. In this
connection I should like to suggest that as the work is
classified and entered en the i?ork Sheet, the district ran-
ger be given a copy for future reference, also a blank form
so that as he makes out his forms £6 and examines and ap-
proves those of the men of his district, he can classify and
enter the costs on the " ork Sheet. In this way he can keep
a check on costs as compared with the same months of the
preceding year. This plan would also reduce the time and
labor necessary to classify the activities as shown on the
foras 86 in the Supervisor's office at the end of the year,
and allow more time for the discussion of the different an-
gles of the work, estimates, etc.

At the risk of getting into deep water and perhaps earn-
ing the ill will of the inventor of "Job to job", I also
offer the following suggestions: As I interpret the manual,
there can be very little time charged to "Job to job travel".
Travel time of the ranger is almost without exception connect-
ed with a special project or activity against which it is
properly chargeable. IThe only object in separating travel time
as I understand it is for the purpose of comparison in differ-
ent districts or perhaps forests. T/hy, then, wouldn't it be

-7-

rcoro effective, and certainly moro simple, to e.rtor all time
In reel ink on tlic forma £6. Tor Illustration: - ranker
goes to caasiine a tract applied for undor the lot of Juno 11,
and spends sin hours In traveling to and from the job and three
hours In looking over the Job. It wctu.a nua!:e It easy of re-
cord if he entered the travel time In his diary, so that when
ho cade out his ZTorz 26 he jould show va black ink , charged
against settlement, 9 hours; and in rod ink in the sane spaoe
he could enter a small figure 6, to denote the amount of time
spent In travel.

I realize that much wiser heads than mine hare figured on
the problem of recording time of Job-to-Job travel, but even so
it is not always clear to ne Just what should be charged there
and why, while this double entry scheme seems so simple that
there could be no confusion for the ranger provided his diary
was full enough tc enable him accurately to prorate the time
where several activities were served in .one day's travel.

My Sojourn on the Sierra

by
Margaret 3. lailhain

When Deputy Supervisor Jordan, in an ungulded moment
Jokingly remarked that as Mrs.Pulham was leaving the Forest
It was up to her t$ write a reminiscence of her sojourn on the
Sierra national Foiest, he /little thought that she would
take him up and -that he would be oompelled, out of respect
for her feelings to publish the article in the Hanger. (There
seems to be a misconception here. The Editors.!"

By soujourn on the Sierra. It has Indeed been a very
pleasant and profitable one. Dot only has the association with
the officers connected with the Forest Service been very en-
Jcyablo, but the kindness and courtesy shown by all the people
in this little oommunity have combined to make my stay on tills
Forest a time to be remembered, and it is with deep regret ;that
the tics formed hero are severed. I say severeC, but I moan
only in so far as actual contact Is concerned. Heedless to say
ray tiiouc&ts will often revert to the hills, and when the coast
winds bloT7 and the foe drifts in over the Bay, I will think
of the clear skies and bright sunshine and of my fortunate
friends on the Sierra (By that timo the storms of January will
have heen forgotten.)

Uhilc I have not had an opportunity to travel over the
Forest much and sec wi own" eyes the Improvements it the
different stations, I have had the Inrgrovortent Invqnlqr./ to

wrestle with, and with due thanks to the Property Auditor, I
think I have every Improvement vividly Impressed cm ny memory.
I arc euro I would recognize every house, barn, tool—house or
fence at any of the rangor stations, and as for the telephone
lines, roads, trails and bridges, - Just ask no, and I will
tell you what they are made of and h*w constructed.

The work has boon, to say the least, very Interesting and
ir^ver monotonous, for while there is a great deal of everyday
routine work, thcro is also something new and diverting coming
up every day, and as there are eight telephone lines coming In-
to the office, cue can readily beliove that that helps some to
relieve any monotony that might occur.

The Sierra National Forest as a whole will always have a
place in 3iy heart, and tho memory of the pleasant days spent

th my fellow workers, both In a business and in a social way,
will remain fresh for all the years to come. I am proud of
this Forest and proud of the fact that I have been, even In the
smallest way, connected with It for tho past two years and a
half.

HE.UX1U.JRTEE3 HEUS

The ciuostion of installing a satisfactory water system
for tho special uso permittees at Big Creek has been consid-
ered for some time. On Uovombor S.Deputy Supervisor Jordan
net with a number of the permittees and an Informal agreement
was rrxide for a cooperative project. On December 3, Mr. Jordan,
Clerk Leslie (who is an even better engineer than clerk;, and
Deputy Supervisor J.D.Coffr-an of the Trinity all went to Big
Creek, and this time an accurate survey was made, with the
transit, of the proposed pipe-line route. Mr.Ieslie then
napped it, permission and additional funds were obtained from
the District Forester, bids for pipe sent out, and all in all
the project seems in a fair way to be completed during the com-
ing summer.

Deputy Supervisor Coffman, after this introduction to work
on the Sierra, was on this Forest, either in tho office or in
the field, for a month, after which he went to the Sequoia For-
est with llr.Redington, This is tho first of the Interforest
details inaugurated by the District Forester, and the Sierra
feels it has profited by the interchange of theories, conclu-
sions and plans. Tho Impetus ^Ivon by a man with a fresh view-
point was decidedly worth vhilo.

-10-

On November 22 the juperviaoi- completed and mailed hie
report en the construction of the JIuir* Trail within this
Poreat . It v/c.3 illustrated with fifty-one photoGiv.pha, the
major!!:;: bci..j JL-.r.odlnG'ton'a own panoramic viewa, though
scmo v/cre Rancor Bootho'o war? . '."iio of Loothe'a, ahowing
the mo;-, drilling in root acroaa whiol: the trai? must pass
is used for the cover i Una oral; ion of the R'JJGER. The report
was made to tlie jtate T~n~ineer \7hc expressed moat cordial ap-

ooiation of botli tlie wor!: c.nd tlie report. L oo'jj wcs then
scr.t to tlie Siorre. Club wliioh will print a part if -;not tho
wl.olo of it in tho BUIiETIN.

-'ith the approval of tlie District rorester, Ur

» haa aont out acveral hundred oopiea of a oiroi\lar
lottor to !Tho He i sab or B in and near thia "oreat, telling
wl.at tlie jcrvloe ia rcad^ to do and wliat it alv/e.ya naa dono
for tao aowtlera, euc. invitinc; ooopoi'atiou. One feature of
the letter WEB tlie offer to dia3c..iiuat3 jliror.shout the Por-
est and by notioo on the liiatrlot forester 'a biillotin board
inforrjc.tion aa to lane"., a took or produota for a^lo by people
living within the "orcst. Thla lottor, whiph TTS.B ^iven wldor
publicity by tho courtesy of tho Trcano RT. IDJIC-i" which pub-
lialie'"1 it in full, haa been very well received , and already
two aettlcra have liatod lc.nd and improvement a for aale,

Ihe ri^'ht of s. Toreot ofi'ioer who haa an appointment
from and weara the bad^e of the Scc.te "'iah and Came Com-
misaion, to aoaroh the wa^on or paol: of & man auapeotcd of
talring out cf tho Tercet ^ame Irilled out of aeaaon, haa
been ao frequently diacu.aaod, tliat a letter waa recently
written to -aaiatant Commisaionor Ucr^uaon aaLin^ if auoh
& aoarch , without a aoaroh warrant, waa lo^al. Mr.rorgu-
ao'a reply follcwo:

Under Soc.l of Jcc.642 of the Political Code
which defines the duty of the Tioh and Cai/ie Com-
raiaaioncra and their dcpv.jioa, it ia provided that
the '.isl. and Cc.iie Comaiaaionora or their re;,-ular
aalariec". deputiea or aasiatents ahall inapeot all
bx'.ildinj-a other tlian dwellings, and all rcoeptaclca
other the..-. ':'. e olothinc actually worn by a poraon
at the time of inspection, vhero same or fiah may
be atorocl or placed.1

I do not I^iow whether the Toreat ofiicera would

-11-

fall under the section quoting regular salaried deputies;
but since there are no honorary deputies except the For-
eat Service officers, and since we have always the old
proposition to fall "bad: on, which is that If a man re-
fuses to submit to inspection or search we have the right
to arrest him for breaking the game law, and thereafter
seaaoh even his person, I thinh you would be safe in pro-
ceding to make anyone show you his pack.

The changes in organization made by the State IT-ish
a:.d Oaiae Commission, while their wisdom is not questioned
are greatly regretted personally by the men of the Sisrra.
I!r.:er:uson, while in charge of the Iresno Division now to
be abolished, has done so/iany things for this lorest —
not only in matters pertaining to fish and same, but In
a dozen lesser ways, from looking up the financial stand-
ing of a timber sale bondsman to telephoning a time-table
to a I?orest visitor, that the Service men have been only
too glad to do all in their power to help him In his work
and incidentally we have learned much of the value of
that work. The following quotation from a letter received
in November from LJr.Iferjuson shows his appreciation of
this cooperation; we would find it hard to show ours:
"Permit me to extend my very sincere thanks
for this evidence of your prompt and active cooper-
ation." You have not only done all that we had
any right to expect, but have gone much further. The
friendly relations between your Service and ours Is
the most pleasurable and satisfactory feature of my
public work.

The Sierra - In especial, Mr.P.edington who originated
the idea and Rangers Price and Bcitoaw who did the work -
had the pleasure of helping to increase the Joy of the
Fresno children at Curistmas by getting out a lot of Christ-
mas trees at Dir; Creek . Th« San Joa rj.il n .'. Eastern and the
Southern Pacific P.e-.ilways carried the£ free of charge, and
the Tresno Playground and Recreation Committee was thereby
enabled to have mountain firs — real Christmas trees — In-
stead of cypress, for instance, as some of the other San
Joacjiin Talley towns used for tlieir municipal Christmas
trees.

The suinnar^ of receipts and expenditures for the fiscal
year 1915 ou this I' crest has bee:: received. It shows a grat-
ifying surplus of . 70VC.C1 in receipts over expenditures. To
protect and i::.^rove the 1,4£3,CG6 acres of the Sierra and to
administer the timber sc.log, -M-.ior power uses, special uses,

grazing and other activities within the Sierra oost us some-
thing over three oents an acre.

Although the "oldest inhabitant" inststs that he "don't
jes1 remember seein1 seoh a lon^ rainy spell senoe '61 • tlio
year of the flood" , the records kept at Borthf ork show that
while the report for January 1916 was ES.C9 inches, that for
January 1S14 the year we cut the lire line on the boundary-it
Traa 23.98; for January 1911 - the first month of Ur.r.edinG-
ton's life on the Sierra and a month he spent largely out of
it was 22.68; and in 1909 it was 23.15.

On January 3, Ranker Prank Irioe left for Los
there to be in charge of a party doins special reconnaissance
or. special use propositions for three months. Mr. Trice's ez-
nerienee at 21 fj Creek and Hunting on lake should stand him in
good stead there, and the experience gained there should be of

to this I'orest .

It is with deep regret that the death of two men is an-
nounced, both of whorr. were at one time rangers on this Forest.
Cn December 2, 1915, George Eollister met with a fatal aooi-

in the course of his duties as a ranger on the Santa Bar-
bara Forest. Ee leaves a wife - Ranger Mcleod's sister - and
two children. Ranger Eollister scaled timber on the first-
sale rade in this I'orest to the Hadera Su^ar Pine Company, and
was a good, all-around man in those days of a small foroe when
each nan had to make good or something suffered.

The other death that comes very near to the Sierra Is
that of Sylvester Dehl, one of the early-day rangers here in
he ITorthfork District first, and later in the Pine i'.idge :
triot. Mr. Delil was a man of marvelous physical strength which

knew how to use to the best advantage. Ee was of especial
talue to the I'orest in construction work, ifter leaving Cal-
'ornia some years a^o, he farmed in Illinois for a time, but
returned, and' last summer was in charge of the difficult trail
'rr: up the South I-ork of Since Pdver. As a friend and as an
able aan, Sylvester Dehl will^be ^nreatly missed on tliie Poreet.
•' , also, leaves a wife and children.

DI32RIC2 HK/3
Marip"osa District.

Owing to the continued storm, it has been impossible
to accompli si. duel vrork during the past month, telephone

'-

.

have held u-: re-^arLabl-7 well during the stormy wea'-;!
ga vinds. I- goin" over the lines, it was found

-15-'/-

the standard linen had lield up la good shape and are an
improvement over the old lines.

The stockmen oi "this district expect to hold a meet-
ing In the near future.

The Standart Bros, are oqa deal with other parties
to buy up all the timber in this locality and build a new
Kill and logging road. It is hoped that the deal will
GO through. If it does, they anticipate buying govern-
ment timber tributary to their holdings.

On December 28-29 , Deputy forest Supervisors Jor-
dan of the Sierra and Coffman of the Trinity visited
this district. They rode over the fireline while here.
Our Deputy Supervisor is fond of riding in the rain.

Mr. Bernard ilane, one of the old-timers here and
a stoc:man of the district who was always in sympathy
with the Service, diei* in Deoenfoer.

Sugar Pine District

The heavy wind and snow of the past month have put
coat of our telephone lines out of commission. Only the

line from ITorthforl; to headquarters is in use, the snow

^ deeper in the valley than for many years past.

District Banker Taylor was called in to the Super-
visor's office on January 16 to wort over the annual es-

ates with Deputy Supervisor Jordan, analyse the moath-
1 sv^snaries and check them with the diaries for this
district, and plaa work for the coming; /ear. - detail to
the Supervisor's cilice for a reck or tw« every winter
I think would be a ireat help to all the raa^evs. ' hat
t'.iiak you, pals ?

lirs.II.C.Iaraaore one of the pioneer settlers in this
vicinity, passed away on January 4, at the age of 74.

The switchboard which has been at Burford station
for the past three years, has been moved to the Iloleod
place near Oakhurst, rhere Ilrs.Creston 3oothe nor* performs
tl.e duties ci telephone operator.

-14-

*

?orthfork District

January ISIS has differed greatly from January 1915. In
deed we have had more snow during this January than we usual-
ly have in a whole year. Heavy snows occurred on the 10th
and 28th, with so many lighter falls "between that the ground
has been white most of the month.

T7e hope not to be snowed in, here at Northfork, many mere
winters. Certain strangers In the neighborhood are said to bo
railroad engineers looking up the earlier surveys for the
VThite and Priant lumber Company who anticipate dotting in the
nct-too-distant future, and must first consider railroad pos-
sibilities.

The heavy snows and a hard wind storm put our telephone
lines out of commission pretty badly. !Tnc difference between
the bracket lines and the standard swing lines was very notice-
able, the standard linos enduring the strain much better.

During the big snow of the 28 of January, small game suf-
fered considerably. O.uail and rabbits froze to death, and many
quail -jcro noticed who were so cold they could not fly.

Range stock In the vicinity of llortlixorl: arc in bad
shape. Some have died 01 cold end starvation and owners report
that they may lose half of their cattle.

Dolly, one of the Government span, had a badly swollen
caused by "calking" herself — striking her -fore leg with
the calk of a liincl sho*. 3omo infection seems to have gotten
Into the wound, and the leg was swollen hard from hoof to body,
Fortunately she was at JLuborry, and the needed medicine could
bo gotten cuiokly from Presno '03- train. Sho Is In good shape
again.

Pine Ridge District

District Ranker Price transferred his headquarters from
the summer camp at Shaver to the winter office at _uborry, on
Hovcrber 3.

District Ranker Price and wife spent the latter part of
1'ovcmber and tl:o first -art of December at Cascada while Price
end Barker built tlte ncv;

-15-

:'.ss latent Rancor Darlrer and wife moved from Cascade. to
.'.uborry about tho middle of December and arc occupying the
District Ranger pottage at Ul^ >aud:' during LIr.iTicc's detail
to tho southern -orosts for special uso reconnaissance.

The heavy snow storms of tho laat montli oauacC a groat
deal of damage to t.'io forest telephone linos and added tc tho
wim". of January 27 reduced thorn to tho worst condition they
have been in since they were constructed. Our summer repair
worl; in tho bach. country bids fair to be pretty heavy, as
a great raauy trees fell in the pine bolt. Roads and railroads
suffered clso. Tho snow at Cascada has been aboxvi; throe
feet deep .

Acting as District ranc;ert Assistant Ranker Bar!;or was
called in to the Supervisor's office for analyzing' and ohocl:-
in{, rcports^and diaries for the wor!: sheet of the _:ino Ridge
Llstrict. He reached the office on January 10, In spite of
rain, snow and washod-out bridges, stayinc; a wee]; for thio
wor1.: .

Kings Riypr_ ristriot

Banger Parkinson is scrvinc; a si^ months detail at hard
labor on tho Cleveland I-orest. Ho came baol: to the Sierra
to spend the holidays and brought Mr. Soarooy, his District
Rancor, toshow him a real Porost. The j were only able to
^ec a distant view of the upper country, though, as everything
was covered with snow up in the timber.

The Indian Service, under the supervision of Mr.Tirtue
at the ?ule river -Gonoy, has opened an Indian school r.t
the old Sycamore Ranker Station. They expect to malic a num-
bor of improvements there if the attendance at the school
Justifies them.

.-.P.cdington made a business trip to the Zings River
listriot In Uovcnbcr and li'o.P.odinpton and thoir little son
Ldward accompanied -hla for their first glimpse of the Trim-
ner country.

cr Soothe spent several days in December trying to
locate a corner on the Township lino, near the old loris

-16-

Ranch, but only succeeded in satisfying the interested
parties that the corner had been destroyed, if Indeed it
had ever been placed there. The survey had been nt.dc
about 60 years ago and many things might have happened tc
e. corner In that time, especially in this case whoro the
field notes do not call for eny bearing trees.

Prospects for more business in tho "ings r.ivor dis-
trict for 1C1G are bor.inning to loom up. Jay Robinson
o:r ects tc start e tourist business at Linl:oy with hotel
store, pac. train, ecc., Rumor has it that the Erosno
Plume aud "umber Company cirpcots tc operate again this
season, and newspaper reports are appearing frequently
indicating the public sentiment that is in favor ol do-
velcpiug the Pine Hat Reservoir site. In fact, & movo-
mont has already been started to effect an organization
of tho districts that will be bcuciitted by the reservoir
project, so that they can bo in a position to get busy
with the preliminaries for launching the scheme. In the
mean time, wo have got to get busy and f icv.ro out c.
sc'.ieine whereby tho Thermal ranger house can be converted
o a house-boat and floated ashore, as its present site
will be covered by several feet of water, according to
the survey.

Thermal jtation house ia being rcpapere^. this stcmy
weather, and begins tc loo!: r_uitc li!;o e. new houso, as far
as the interior is concerned. 3y the time we get thro:
with the Job, we will be read" to hsji;, out our shingle as
professionals. (You may notice that I a:n not tailing all
the responsibility on :jy own sho;ildors — and why should
I when the job is being done by & partnership firm ?)

seasonal rainfall to date - January 24 - is more
^ !"• inolios, and It is raining hard while this is beiiig
;e-writton. i'he average for the month of Jr-nuar:' , 1016,
to date, Is about half an inch for each twenty -four hours.

Lisiricc /.anger 3ooi;he wont to Uorthiort ior & waet's
detail, reaching the Supervisor 'a oiiice on the morning of
January 4 and spending i. woe!: over the diaries, monthly re-
ports and wcr!; ol^eet ol tl.e Zings River District.

-IV-

FORESTRY ^Dp RELATE) ITEII3 OF IHTSRD3T.

Tho lost number of the Porest ^uartcrlj (Vol. ZIII Mo. 4)
reports in full the address v$ T.B.iZTTlaf, Assistant Professor
of Forestry at the University of Toronto, before the Canadian
Society of Porest Engineers. The address is an admirable one,
and is to some extent applicable also to the United States.
Although the people of the Unite C States hare come to a fuller
appreciation of the need of technical experts In all of its
scientific projects such as Forestry, irrigation, improvement
of waterways, hi^h^ays and sanitation, It Is still true of a
trained forester here as in Canada that fie must "on the one
hand convince the nation of the vital connection which exists
between national prosperity and the conservation of forest re-
sources, and on the other he must demonstrate his fitness for
handling the Nation's forests In an efficient manner."

The January issue of American Forestry contains an eye-
opening article by Ur. Graves on the Forests of .ilaska. Hot
California - nor Oregon nor T.'ashington - has a monopoly on
the fine conifers of the west coast, as both illustrations and
tes-fc of this article show, Her axe all the Porest fires with-
in the main United States. And the Forester proposes to take
care of those Alaska forests. If you doubt it, glance at the
illustration of big timber on tho Tongass. Wo all know Mr.
Graves was a good fighter, but we did not expect to have a pho-
tographer catch him In the act.

There Is also an inter cs\;ln£ article in this number on
the national Parks, by the Honorable Franklin Lake, Secretary
of the Interior; and one on the Sequoia Dational Park by Mark
Daniels. Indeed It is such a fine issue that once more rangers
are rercindc'l that these ma^-azincs, though they oomo to the Su-
pervisor's office, are for tho whole force, and a number will
be sent to any member, on request. m

The national" Wool Grower for January is tho "convention
number,'1 and a very practical and Interesting* lot of address-
es arc given in full. President Eaccnbarth, in the course of
his address gives muoli credit to tho Department for its exper-
iments In connection with the brocflin~ and fcef.in;; of lambs,
and c±vcs much praise tc the Forest Service for its management
of sheep grazing problems. Ur.'ulll C. Barnes of tlie Service tells
of the experiments on the forest ranges with Improved systems
of herding, deferred use of part of the range and other cooper-
ative work. F....Ellcuwood of Red Bluff, California, one of the
mcsi progressive and successful of California sheep men, gives

-17-

in detail his system of rco^iaGoincnt . altogether it is a number
of the '.."ool Grovjcr that is of interest not only to sheep men
but also to those rancors who come in contact witl. the sheep
men of this Forest. It is stLggostoC. that any ranger desiring
to liiforc himself on ^ucstions of shocp and range management
request the oifi<jc oopy of the "./ool Grower.

District 5 has no longer the distinction of having Issued
the only fire protection manual. District 1 has now issued
a similar ranual, vfitii special instructions suited to tho con-
ditions of that .District. ;. oopy of this manual" has boon sent
to eacli district ranker, and they will find a comparison of the
two fire hanuals of intercut.

• •

TIic r-obrv^ry number of tlio 3an Joac^ulu light :.- Tower
nc.jC.zlnc priivcs as its leading article a pftper by LJr^Redin'c-
ton entitled ;'?ho 5an Joa;.uin Talloy's^ii ."el glib or" ^ai^d 11-
lustracod by vlows aloiis tiic liuir nai

Zanrloe 1. Benedict

Associate Editors

Chester E. Jordan
C. Birch

. ft

* *

THE 3IEBBA RAHGEB

Vol 71 • Ho.l
A Quarterly Bulletin

Issued at the headquarters
of the

SrCBRA HATIOHAL J?OEEST

Horthfork
California

May 1, 1916

Editor
Zatzrloe 1. Benedict

Associate Editors

Oheater E. Jordan
DirLght C. Blroh

liaurirse A. Benedict
Chester K. Jordan
Ernest Q. Dudley"
iXright C. Blroh
J.T.Shlnn
George P. Leslie

Maloolm HcLeod

J.C.Werly

E.T.Uclood

77. B.Taylor
H.L.Olark
R.C.McZenzie
Pearl Boothe

A.K.tfofford
E . S . LSalnwaring

Prank Prlo©
O.K. Barker
W.E.Parkinson

Boy Boothe

EER80HB

Sierra Bational Porest

Porwst StcperriBor ITorthfork» Calif.

Deputy Porest Supervisor " "

San Diego,
Horthfork

Usona

•

Pore at Czamlner
Porest Examiner
Porost Olerk
Olerk( stenographer)
Karlposa District

Porest Ranger In Charge
Assistant Porest Ranger
Telephone Operator

Btigar Pine Dlstrlot

Porest Ranger In Charge
Porest Ranger
Porest Guard
Telephone Operator

Horthfork District

Porest Ranger in Oharge Uorthfork
Assistant Porest Ranger

ftekhurst

IT

Tl

tt
n
n

n
n
n
it

Plae Ridge District

Porest Ranger in Charge
Assistant Porest Ranger
Assistant Porest Ranger

Kings River District
Pcrest Ranger in Chargo

Auberry

n

Big Creek

Trimmer

n
n
it

*In oharge Porest Exhibit, Panama-California Exposition.

EL_IT . EIAL3

In Appreciation. Paul G. Bedington, after five years of di-
recting the destinies of the Sierra Nation-
al Forest, haa moved Into a larger field of labor, and while
all of us knew this move was inevitable at some time, we, liked
to pat off the evil day as long as possible. It seems but a
few months since I met Bedington at th« end of his stage trip
from Frlant, and I look back on our work together with a feel-
ing of pleasure and appreciation. The Sierra and District 5
havo lost a man who has been foremost in shaping large and far-
reaching policies, who was enthusiastic and optimistic under
all circumstances, and who embodies in a very large measure
those qualities that have become so necessary in the make-up
of the Ideal American Forester. The Sierra Ranger desires to
extend to him its appreciation of his work here and Its con-
fidence in his future. Good luck to you "Bed".

The 1916 Fire Season. Before another Issue of the Ranger is

cut, the fire season will be in full

swing. The stage is all set and out parts are letter perfect.
Time and circumstance only will show how far our foresight has
root the situation. The Sierra has never received the fire
prize. Y7e believe our system has been just as good as that of
other Forests , but we may be mistaken in this and It behooves
us tc put our best thought and action into the game to bring
our record to the top. It la not impossible nor improbable,
but It means careful thought and quick, decisive action,
believe that it can't be done is to get into a rut that will
lead us to ruin. There is an ancient maxim that "where there's
a will there's a way," that can be aptly applied to this situ-
ation. It's up to us. Let's hang up a record that can't be
touched.

Y/hat are we worth ? A former supervisor of tMa Forest recent-
ly received a letter from a friend visiting

in Alaska who was ra*st enthusiastic over the work of one of the
rangers on the Tongass, but indignant over the smallnees of his
pay check. ?TWhy, he's worth twioe that!" wrote the visitor.
"Of course he is", was the reply. "So are a majority of the
rangers on this and all other Hational Forests. They expect to

-1-

give two dollars worth of service for every dollar they get.
What do you take them for — money grubbers ?n

This Is mighty true. There's not a decent fellow on
the Job that counts his hours or stops his day's wook when
ho thinks It matches his day's pay. Hot everyone outside the
Service realises that It Is, In a very real sense, a profit-
sharing concern; that wo are working for ourselves, knowing
that our children's children will reap the benefit In pro-
tooted forests, protected water supply, protected pastures,
protected playgrounds*

OOBTHIBUTIID ABTinr.Tgs

A Last Word
Paul G. fiedlngton

Bven after twc weeks in Hew Mexico where there has been
a plenty to do, I somehow cannot yet realize that I am, to
all intents and purposes, physically disassociated from Cal-
ifornia and the Sierra. Our reception here was most cordial
and the start has been auspicious. I feel that I shall like
the w*rk and the location very much, chiefly because of the
patent friendliness of everyone with whom I have come In con-
tact. Every once In a while there cornea a sneaking feeling,
however, that I ought to get down to the office before Jor-
dan doos, to start the furnace fire, or that it Is time to
close up shop and gc for the mall. I suppoee because "time
is a great healer" that the real homesick feeling will not
be so keen a few months from now. One thing, however, will
always remain and that is my appreciation of all that my
five and a half years at Northfork brought to me In the way
of friendly and profitable association, officially and other-
wise. I shall see to it that I do not get out of touch with
those associations and I would indeed be forlorn if I did not
feel that from time to time it is going to be possible for me
to personally see you all again.

My very best wishes to all go with this.

-2-

Horse Insurance

by
A.K.Wofford

Let us all stay with the horse insuranoe plan. The
proposition looked pretty g cd to us at first, when assess-
ments were light and several Sierra »en were paid for their
horses , but recently assessments have "been many and higher
than at first. As a result a number of the men are dropping
out • which looks like a pretty poor policy. Ho one ex-
pects to get some thing for nothing out of this. As in all
nutual insurance propositions, a nan expects to put Into It
all he ever takes out. It «nly means that Instead of having
to dig up tho wh«le price of your horse when ho dies, you
have paid - nr will pay - for him in small Installments.

I believe, however, that instead of assessing each man
the same amount , regardless of the value of his horse , It
would be a fairer way to prorate the assessment according to
the valuation put upon each horse at the time he was Insured.
Let the own«r give not only the name, odor and age cf the
horse he wishes to Insure, but the value, certified to by a
Committee as It now is upon the death of the horse. That
would at least lower the assessment of the man who now thinks
the insurance pretty steep for a cheap animal.

Special Use Reconnaissance in Southern California

by

Prank Price.

A winter spent in southern California I This sounds like
all play and no work, but I hope that the following statement
of facts will help to dispel the Illusion.

I left ray headquarters on the Sierra on January 1, and
arrived In Los Angeles at 8 P. K. January 2. Hever having been
in such a larg*>. city before, I of course followed the time-
worn oustrtn and walked up the itiddle of the street with a suit-
Plane In each hand until I found an electric sign proclaiming
that that particular building was the Hotel Rosslyn. After
BOKO argument with the night clerk and a tussle with the bell
boy to k«ep him from getting away with my grips, I was finally
put inta * large Iron cage and hcisted to somewhere near the
top of the building where I was shown a room which I was told
I could occupy for the night.

At R:3C the next morning I reported to Forest Supervisor

-3-

Charlton at his office In the Federal Building, and there I
also met Forest Examiner Uorrow who was In charge of special
use work in the field; Deputy Forest Supervisor F.H. Smith,
chief of party on the Angeles, and Hanger Robinson of the
Stanislaus wh* was detailed to speoial use work on the An-
geles. Mineral Examiner Friedhoff, who was to hare charge
of the party on the Cleveland Forest, did not arrive until
later, so It was decided that those present should get to-
gether on one project on the Angeles before dividing the
three parties, and in this way get a general idea of the
work, aa w-fill as establish a more uniform system under
which to wcrk.

The first project, the San Dixaas Canyon, was worked
out under very unfavorable weather conditions. Due to
the almost continual storms during the month of January, the
different parties did not get started to work on their re-
spective Forests until almost the last of the month.

And while speaking of storms, I night say a few words
in regard to the protection of watersheds from erosion In
that part of the State. The slopes are steeper and more
broken than those of the Sierra, and the soil is looser, so
that erosion tends to be very great during heavy winter
storms. To prevent this, thousands of dollars are spent an-
nually on both the Angeles and the Santa Barbara Forests, by
the Service and by owners of property in the valleys below,
In building fire lines and trails with which to protect the
brush cover of the slopes. Should a large fire destroy this
cover, untold damage would result from the torrents of water
that would, each winter, descend upon the many fine orange
orchards and residences along the foot of the range. This
damage cannot be entirely eliminated, as shown by the heavy
losses caused by stora last winter, but it is materially
lessened by the brush cover.

TThile working down there this winter, I often wished
that we could transplant some of our Sierra pines, firs and
cedars to a spot near Los Angeles or Santa Barbara, where
their shade woifLd be onjoyod by sc many people during tho
warm sunner months. On the four areas over which I worked
during the winter on the Angeles and Santa Barbara Forests,
oaks were the only shade trees, and while they ma!:e excel-
lent shade , they are found principally along canyon bottoms
or along streanis, and the area available for special use

lots IB generally very limited. In most oases they are
quite a distance from the large centers of population but
are eagerly sought by those having ways of getting to them.

Our first area on the Santa Barbara was about sixty
miles froir. Los Angoles but several parties were out at the
tract to make application for lots before we had finished
the survey. There were approximately 9C lots in this tract,
and as it was located on a bench on the slope of the mount-
ain and was fairly level, the area was laid out very mush
as a town site is surveyed, with blocks, lots, streets, etc.
Other areas were either canyon or river bottoms, and the
lots were more scattered, many being Isolated.

Our last area was on the Santa Ynez River, perhaps 25
miles north of Santa Barbara. Many nice lots were located
there, as the land along the river is fairly level and the
oalc timber Quite thick and forming fine shade.

The problem of supplying water for the special use areas
is as great in the south as it is on the Sierra. Many of the
streams become dry during the summer and water has to be eith-
er developed or piped from quite a distance.

I found the special use work very interesting, and feel
tha'i; my time for the three months was well spent. The oppor-
tunity of exchanging ideas, of observing the administration
of the various Porest activities under conditions differing
froir. our own, must have one result — the enlarging and broad-
ening of one's mind, and thereby the caking one of more service
to his own Porest. But the most pleasant part of the time was
that spent In forcing new acquaintances among the members of
the Service bnth in the field and In the office at Los Angeles
and at Santa Barbara where every courtesy was shown us.

Winter Sports at Huntington Lake.

by
Claude K. Barker

About eighty people, most of thorn members of the Commer-
cial Club of Fresno, attended the \rlnter sports at Euntington
Lake in February. The party experienced various modes of trav-
el before reaching their destination. The trip from Fresno to
Cascada was by the San Joaquin ii Eastern Railroad; froiz Casoada
they were taken in stages for two miles , then transferred to
snow boats. These snow boats were built on the sano principle
as a flat-bottom row boat, and were drawn by four or six horses
hitched tandem. In the snow boats the orowd was ta!:en over
eight and ten feet of snow to Huntington Lake Lodg*.

-F-

-•

The days and an hour or mere each evening were spent
tobogganing, skiing, snow-shteing and snowballing. The
toboggan slide was about 15CC feet lone and furnished great
sport for all the guests. There was some pretty good skiing
done - and some not so good7-but the snow-balling was every-
body^ fun. Tlje crowd was also greatly interested In the
motion pictures taken of all the snow sports. Each evening
there was music, dancing, singing, story telling and card
playing at the Lodge.

After three days of these sports, the guests returned
to Casoada and took train for Presno, all so well pleased
with the outing that It seems probable this will become a
regular annual proposition.

The Way It Is Done.

Chester E. Jordan

This year the District Porester, as you Lnow, had an
analysis made of rangers* diaries, to ••"•'nd out Just how the
time of the men is spent, and to deduce from that the mot-
her of men needed to carry on the work pioposed for the coo-
ing fiscal year. This first stop was carried further by ap-
plying imioh the same idea to the Supervisors1 annual estim-
ates. He called the Supervisors Into his office, In small
groups, each armed with his diary analysis and his estim-
ate of needed Improvements as worked up in careful consult-
ation with his district rangers.

This preparation of an annual estimate for a Hational
Forest Is one of the most important factors In Forest man-
agement, largely because each separate phase of the work
has to be considered before a Supervisor is at all certain
of the proper force of men and the amount of Improvement
work necessary for the proper administration of his Porest
It is the first step in that "budget system" of expending
public moneys which is so much In the public mind these days.

The estimates brought In by each Supervisor of a group
were gone over one by on«, each iten being considered from
every possible angle. As the different supervisors meet
different conditions In handling worl: of the sarr.o class, here
was room for much discussion and exchange of ideas. Sone

-6-

of the Supervisors took advantage of the experience of others
and made many changes in their estimates both In figures and
In projects.

It is by much discussion of of a plan or syster. that many
ideas are finally consolidated . This means that In the end
the rocney allotted to the forest Service is spent In the way
that will brin£ about the greatest results according to the
combine?. Judgment (1) of all the rancors of a Porest with
that of a Supervisor; (2) of all the Supervisors of a Lls-
trict with that of the Wstriot Forester.

The Cover Illustration,

The cover illustration shows former Supervisor Redington
and his yearlong force. This was talien on April 10, two days
before lir.Redin;7ton left the Sierra and four years later than
the photograph which formed the cover illustration of iTo.l
Vol.11 of the RAI1GEB. A comparison of the two pictures is
Interesting. All but three of the men in this photograph ap-
pear in the earlier one. Those three are D.C. Birch, IPorest
Examiner, and G. P. Leslie, Clerk (recent additions to the For-
est force) and tf.H.Parliinson who was unable to be at Uorthfork
at the tine the earlier picture was taken. The rangers look
a little older (witness the tops of several heads) and a little
less worried - note the happier expressions of Taylfcr, LIcLeod
and Uainwaring. But though he also looks happy, Mr .Redington
appears decidedly thinner than in the former illustra-
tion. It has been suggested that he looks happy at the pms-
pect of leaving the Forest that has worked him so hard.

The most marked difference, however, is in the number of
men. Aside from the visitors, there are twenty-five Sierra
Forest officers shown in the first picture; ir the second there
are but fourteen. Even counting out the two summer men —
I/un^an and Gray — who appear in the first picture, there is
still a startling difference in numbers. The Forest is Being
run with fewer yearlong icen than in 1912. This economy is
isade possible partly by the better means of travel and commu-
nication that have been built up, but partly because of the
change in policy . Instead of holding a considerable force of
men all the time, the Forest now has only a scall force of
picked men yearlong, and a largely augmented force during the
season of greatest fire menace.

-7-

HEW3

"The Zing Is deadl Long live the Elng!n la the import-
and piece of headquarters news, and that can hardly be called
news to the men of the Forest force. Mr.Reding'ton left April
11, something over five years after his first coming to the
Sierra, and HEr. Benedict arrived April 25, approximately two
years after he had left the Sierra far a detail on the Cal-
ifornia Rational Forest. Although Mr.Redlngton's departure
la keenly regretted, the arrival of Ur. Benedict Is hailed
with the acclaim given the long^lost brother. Mr.Coffman,
Deputy on the Trinity, and the guest of the Sierra last win-
ter, has been cade Supervisor of the California to succeed
Kr. Benedict.

Assistant District Forester Raohford was on the Sierra
the first week in March and expects to be in the office again
shortly to go over all the records carefully.

•n April E6 Ranger Boo the telephoned to headquarters
reporting that the bridge over the Horth Pork of Kings Hlver
near (TLiff Camp had been carried out by the winter Ts weight
of onow. This bridge was built by the Service and the cattle
men in 1906 and has been of great service. However, a party
of raining men, k«pt from reaching their claims by the lack of
this bridge, returned to Trimmer and offered - through Banger
Boothft - to supply fmor workmen and do all the packing If th«
Servioe would purclia.se necessary material and oversee the bull*
ing of a new bridge on the «ld site. The telephone message
fror. Booth* was transmitted in the form of a telegram to the
District office, and the next day a reply telegram author-
ised the expenditure of $160 «00 for materials. This was on
Saturday. On l!«nday marning part of the material for the con-
struction of a good cable bridge was bought frort the Power Com-
pany at Big Creek and the rest wan shipped by rail from Fres-
no to that point, the f»ur itnn and the pack train was started
and R*y Boothe, with Mr .Leslie were on their way to oversee
tho job. The Sierra IB fortunate In having a clerk like G.P.
Leslie who can draw a bridge plan in the office, itake out
specifications for the naterial, then put the plan in his
grip and start for the site to help the district ranger build
the bridge. As we go to press, May 16, the bridge Is probably
completed.

-8-

Sinoe the last issue of the HANGEB, grazing applications
hare "been approved for this season amounting to 14,464 head of
oat tie and horses and 12,700 sheep. This Is over 500 more
oattle and 5Of<~ more sheep than came Into the Forest last sea-
son. It looks as If the Sierra's "business was growing stead-
ily, and with the Increased timber work this year we will be
able to keep up our end in District 5. In this connection
it will be of interest to the men of the forest to note the
increase in Forest income as shown by the following statement
sent out by the Sari Francisco office:

OOICPASATIVE RECEIPTS STA1

IT — DISTRICT 5

Bet Receipts.

Items

P\Y.T9l5

".Y.1916 '

Tnorease

Amount" : %

Timber Sales
Timber Settlement
Timber Trespass
Grazing
Grazing Trespass
Speoial Use
Water Powor
Fire Trespass

;58775.40
774.29
43€3.33
35461.81
169.93
14162.06
36155.75
88.40

V62609.79
825.69
r 10637.72
39529.36
585.05
15838.45
65590.21
107.02

9

,3834.39: 6.52
51.40: 6.64
6334.39:147.20
2067.55: 6.52
415.12:244.29
1676.39: 11.84
29434.46: 81.41
18.62: 21.06

Totals

I..151890.97

£195723. 2€

....43832. 32: 28.86

Supervisor Benedict and Deputy Supervisor Jordan appeared
before the Boards of Supervisors of Uadera and Fresno Counties
the first week In IJay and laid before then: the needs of the For-
est In connection with tourist travel in the mountains. Madera
County promptly voted $300 toward the upkeep of the high country
trails in that county; Fresno County agreed to give #400 toward
a rruch-neede^ bridge across the Middle Fork of Kings River at
31-pson Meadow. These two counties have for several years
cooperated with the Service In worL of this kind.

.». -•. .»

A septic tank has been constructed and a modern sanita-
tion syster- installed at Bridge Station for tlie houses of the
Supervisor and Deputy and lor the office.

-9-

The amounts remitted to Mariposa, Isadora and Fresnc
Counties from the receipts of the National Forests during
tho fiscal year ending June 1915 were as follows:

Mariposa . . . . A, 01 9. 26

Madera 3,467.75

Fresno 11,984.41

This addition of something over ^16,000 dollars to the
school and road funds of these three counties makes up In
a measure for the taxes the oounties would othervrise receive
fror. land now withdrawn from entry.

DISTRICT 1C373
Ilarlposa District.

The rainfall for February and March was 14.72 inches,
including six Inches of snow. But the nights have been
comparatively warm and the feed is growinG finely so that
stock Is in very good shape.

^ — —

The Granite Creek and Devil's Gulch Trail is being com-
pleted , read;' for use this summer.

Mr. J.G.Elliott of the District Office and Forest Exam-
iner 3ir«h of this Forest have been in this district since
early Karch cruising timber near the 3tandart Mill. They
expect to be here for sone time still, as there is a large
body of timber to be worked over, and inquiries as to stand
and quality of the timber have been made by prospective
buyers .

Ranger Werly was calle-" to the Sugar Pine District for
a couple of weeks to assist in the fireline work, and since
returning to this district he has been wor:d.n£ with lir.EL-
liott during a temporary absence of Mr .Birch.

Bangers Clark and Iiolenzie were working on tho fire
line in this district ten days during April.

The rangers fro:: this district, with their wives met
tho other rangers of tho Forest at Borthfork on April 8 to
bid Mr .and l'jr3.Redin(jton goodbye. V/e are all sorry to see
Ur.Redington leave us, but are f;lad of his promotion and
wish him good luol: and siiocess lu Ms ncv hone.

-T

Sugar Pine District

The fire-line orow , consisting of Rangers Clark,
Tferly and IlcHenale rebxrashed and plowed the fire line
fron: Chiiia T/ell to the T7av7ona Road, a distance of five
miles. After completing this section they went to the
Uariposa District to clean out the fireline there.

The Fresno River Plre Protective Association called
a meeting on April 15 and disorganized. Lack of interest
shown by the raembers was £iven as the reason for disorgan-
izing.

rn Ilaroh 6 there was a (tail meeting of the stockmen
of the Sugar Pine District, at Coarse Gold to tallw over
grazing matters and to organize a stooknen'o association.
The attendance was large and a grest deal of enthusiasm
was shown by everyone present. Forest Supervisor Reding-
ton and Deputy Supervisor Jordan from Northfork, Assistant
District forester Raohford from tho District office and
Rangers Clark and Taylor from the Sugar Pine district at-
tended this meeting. Mr.Rediugton and Ilr.Rachford each
gave a talk on the advantages of an association, after
which the stoolnnen proceeded to organize the Madera County
Livestock Association, electing officers and appointing
committees. The meeting then adjourned to meet again April
1, to discuss and pcoept as far as satisfactory the by-
laws to be submitted by the committee on bylaws. The mem-
bership enrollment was twenty-six.

Tho Uadera County livestock Association met on April 1
at Coarse Gold to adopt bylaws and regulations to govern
the association. A number of subjects pertaining to graz-
ing were discussed, then adjournment was taken till their
next semi-annual meeting.

On April 5 a number of stockmen, users of the back
ranges, met at the Cox ranch to repair the road running
from Crane Valley to Soquel and Jackass 1'eadow. They put
In six days, building half a mile of new road and repair-
ing the old road aa far as Board Banoh Creek, the Forest
officers agreeing to repair tlie road from that point to
Beasore Mountain.

-11-

E.C.Bissott and Conpany expect to start operations at
their shako and shingle mill at Uelder Grove as soon as
the snow is off so they oan get in.

A crew will start baok Hay 20, weather permitting, to
rebuild the Northfork bridge, the old "soldier bridge" hav-
Ing gono out last winter.

Northfork District.

We of the Korthfork District wore very sorry to have to
give up llr.Redington, but if he had to leave us wo are glad
to know it was for a higher position. However, we know of
no one wo would rather have to take his place than Mr. Bene-
dict. Let us baok him -op with all there is In us.

The forage crop on the lower ranees of this district
are about normal for this time of year, "but _cacd rain bad-
ly. On the Ohiqulto the forage is below norft-il i>ecaus<r~tr£
lack of moisture. The last he%vy rain that fell at North-*
fork did not reach the Chl^uito.

Although there was an unusually heavy snowfall this
winter, well above the average, the snow hao melted fast
and is now decidedly below normal In depth for this time
of year.

The Forest Service telephone line to Ellis Meadow is
broken down badly, partly due to poles rotting at the sur-
face of the ground, partly to the" falling across the line
of six large trees besides numerous tops and 11rp]>s«

The telephone line within the Chlruito Basin , from
lo^an to a point about a r.ile north of Placer Station, a
distance of about three niles, Is in even worse shape, for
the region seems to have been struck by a cyclone of the
Eaiisas type. T7ithin a radius of one :-ile fron Placer Sta-
tion there were fully fifty 'trees uproote -.\ or broken off,
showing that there was a heavy wind while the ground was
wet. Inspection of the Chiquito linos shows, however,
that the swin^- linea stood up fifty percent better tlian
the solid bracket construction,

-12-

Tho sprlnf: trail work is "being pushed. About £55.00
has been spent on the Pines-to-Dam trail which MeKenzle
reports as in fairly good shape for travel now. KoKenzie
and Ole Johnson are working at present on the Chiruito
trail, cutting out the down timber which put trail as well
as telephone line out of commission, muoh worse than in an
average winter.

James Roberts is preparing to start his tray mill
operations at Shuteye, with a full crow, as soon as lie can
get in. There is still a good deal of snow there, but he
hopes to get his men in by the middle of May,

The Pines Lumber Company is preparing to uv.ke a big
out this 'year, for the size of tholr mill.

Mr.Roush states that the Peckinpah Mill Company will
have a crew of about 75 men — several more than usual. It
looks as if there might bo a prospect of a sale to that com-
pany either in the latter part of this summer or early nert
year.

Pine Ridge District.

John J.Terrel, Special Indian Agent, was in the dis-
trict during several days of March, on Indian allotment

work.

Rangers Soothe and Parki.-.son were at Auberry four days
the first week in April, helping Price and Barker repair
the line froc Auberry to Tollhouse. This is a metallic
line and had been constructed with the lines too close to-
gether so that they were apt to twist in a wind. The wire
had to be spread in many places.

Ranger Price and wife returned from Santa Barbara on
the first of April. Price had been engaged in special use
reconnaissance in the south for three months.

Ranger Parkinson and wife have moved to Big Creek where
Parkinson will be in charge of the Ockenden-Byrbec sale this
surjmer .

The grazing ranges of this district will be stocke*" to
their full capacity this year, a number of new owners of
small bands ha vine been granted permits.

Kings River District

Deputy Supervisor Jordan spent several days In this
district in March settling certain range "boundary disputes.

The inseot infestation in Blue Canyon is not ao heavy
this year as for several years past, but strips of very
heavy windfall will make ideal breeding conditions and we
nay expect an increase next year.

Soothe and Parkinson spent several days the first week
of April helping repair the metallic line from Tollhouse
to Auberry without which the Kin^s Hiver District is entire-
ly cut off from the Horthfnrk of floe.

On April 5 the small house on the Thermal Addition
burned to the ground. Fire caught on the roof, and was
not discoverec till the house was past saving. Fortunately
no ono was hurt, although the furniture and personal belong-
ings of Ranger and LIrs. Parkins on and their parents were
danagod or destroyed.

District Ranger Soothe spent several days in April
riding with the cattle men in their annual roundup.

On April 20 the district ranger made an inspection
trip to the summer headquarters at Dinkey. He found that
the unusually heav^ snow hacl broken down two porches on the
Forest buildings and had smashed both house and barn at the
oattlemenTs camp, spoiling considerable hay and barley.

Jay Robinson of Dlnuba, for some years a professional
packer, has applied for permit to establish a store, hotel
barn and feed yard at Dinkey. Prom that point as a base,
he expects to make pack trips with tourists. A moving pic-
ture coispany Is already planning to go back with him to get
a desirer background of high peaks and snow.

Estiirates are being made for a bridge over the Middle
Pork of Kings, near Simpson Meadow. The old ford is not
usable early, and often during the suamer is impassable. A
bridge would be of groat value, not only for forest adminis-
tration but also for the traveling public.

-14-

JOKE3THY kin) RELATED ITEMS OF INTEREST

The Division of Forestry at tho University of Calif-
ornia has grown rapidly since its organization euoh a short
time a^o. Its teaching foroe now consists of two processors
and three assistant professors. Special courses for rangers
are to be given next winter, including general lectures as
well as field work in surveying, napping, mensuration, pro-
tection, silviculture, administration and the construction
of improvements. There will be a special course f»r lumber-
men, in logging. The course will extend over twelve weeks
and will begin after the first of January. If any ranger
can afford the time, suoli a course would be of great help
to him in his work, and like all education in one's chosen
profession would enhance his interest in his work. The
admission to these courses will be based en two requirements:
(1) Age — 18 years or over; (2) field experience sufficient
to enable the student to appreciate the instruction and to
get proper benefit from it.

Proi'essor Roth whose "First Book of I'orostry" is well
known to the men of this Porest , has issued a book entitled:
"Forest Valuation." This book will be a first class refer-
ence book in every forest library, and to men of Forest School
training will be invaluable because of the clear manner in
which the subject ir set forth.

The Department of tho Incerior has published a pamphlet
on "The Forests of Yosemite, Sequoia and General Grant National
Parks", written by Gary LeRoy Hill formerly Forest Examiner
on the Sierra but now in the Office of Lands at the District
Office. The pamphlet is beautifully illustrated and is written
In the well-ordered style that makes all Mr. Hill's work so
readable.

A circular letter of timber sale policy and procedure
hao been sent to all ?or6sts in District 5. This was
In the San Francisco Office, and is the best thing of the
ever gotten out. It covers all previous statements and in-
structions on the timber work, and so saves the field man
tho brain-racking strain of trying to remember or to dig out
of tho files some previous decision of great importance, when
he is working up a sales case. The sales policy file may
now t»e oonaidered obRcJ.«jti, and. if haelefl

-15-

:-:'s/\ :•.',••

•> » .^ » fc'»

*•>*' .X'^T •-» • .

I'arrual and thia circular, a aan can know exactly what he
ronds. Moreover, It is at onoe detailed and oompaot —
nothing loft out, but no unnecessary natter left In. It
is of decide^ advantage to anyone rorking with either
sales or any oth^r branch of work in the timber, to see
conclusions set down in a form comprehensible to anyone.
But while thia circular has good, clear-out, well-
basted material, it cannot be said that no more changes
will ever b* necessary. Instructions must Uhange with
progress , and it will always be desirable to gather per-
tinent data and send it In to the Distriot Cffioe. It
ia folt, however, that as good a piece of worl; as this
must long be used in its present shape, and will not be
materially altered unless the change has first been thor-
oughly tried out and decider', to be of marked advantage.

Dr.Sudworth has written and the DepartiflBtnt of Agri-
culture has published as its Bulletin 327 a 43-pa^e*^!-
lustrated book on the spruoe. and balsam fir trees of
the Rooky Mountain region. This good piece of botanioal
work should be filed in each rangerfs library, beside his
"Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope."

The Katlpnal_T7oolgrower for February contains an ar-
ticle on range grasses b~y A7V/. Samp son, in which the various
foxtails are described. This Is followed in the March mem-
ber by an article on the brome grasses in which they are
classe by forage value. As most of these foirfcails and
bromes are native o^ at least established in this Forest ,
it is of special interest to grazing rangers to read these
articles.

The series of articles running in American Forestry
on tr^e sppioies has been most interesting. "Why should not
some Californian offer that magazine a similar article on
the Sugar Pine, its beauty, its value, its Tferled uses.
Another on the Big Tree should add to that Series which
it is hoped will be published in book form Same day.

Claude L'.cKenzie Jr. opened eyes en this world, In Pros-
no, Llaroh 4, but shortly after made It plain that he pre-
ferred the Sierra Kational Forost as a place of residence.
He Is flourishing now at the lloddin Ranger Station.

Ltrs.Shlnn spent the month of March in Uiles, Oakland,
Sai: Francisco and Cklah on vacation.

The entire force of the Sierra, with their wives,
mot at Southfork as the guests of Mr. and Mrs.Redington
for dinner on the night of March 8. A number of the
babies and certain of the grandncthors and grandfathers
helped to swell the number to over forty and to fill the
hctel diningroom pretty completely. After a delicious
dinner which as usual - the Soutlifork people itanaged to
serve with no great apparent effort, Deputy Supervisor
Jordan rose, and with a short speech handed to Er. Reding-
ton the golden Service badge which ;the men of the Forest
gave him in appreciation cf his work hero and as an expres-
sion of their affection and admiration. Later In the even-
Ing the entire neighborhood gathered at Eorthiork hall as
guests of the rangers in a farewell dance in the course
of which tears and laughter came pretty close together. It
was with much regret that the people of the Sierra Eational
Forest saw the last of the Redingtons.

Forest Supervisor - or rather District Forester • • Bed-
ington and Mrs.ReCinfton arrived at Albuquerque, Hew Uterioo
on April 15. Edward and Redstone (the dog) were partic-
ularly glad to descend fron the train. After two weeks fu-

ile search for a house, Urs. Reding ton and Ddvvard decided
to go east to Evanston, Illinois, for a three months' visit

til Mr.RedingtonTs father and mother. Mr.Redington will
spend the larger part of his time during the spring and
sunner in the field, getting acquainted wi«h the men and
conditions of the Southwestern National Forest District.

Supervisor Brnediot and family motored into Horthfork
about noon on April 24, putting up at the Jordan Annex till
their household goods arrives, April 26. Ur. Benedict is
planning a series of trips, renewing acquaintance with the
Forest and its people.

Culler. Birol: Jr. arrived at Presno April 29, and

is compelled by the exigencies of the situation to remain
there for a few weeks. However he will transfer his quar-
ters to the Sierra some time this month.

Raymond Tyler who has been very ill, is recovering,
thanks to Dr.Pettis and the good clean air of the Sierra.

Mrs .Wof ford, who has not regained her strength since
her illness of last fall, is to spend some time in a rresno
Sanitarium under the care of Dr.Pettis who hopes to return
her to the Sierra in good shape.

Ranger Roy Boothe is the latest to Join the ranks of
those owning Ford machines. Heroically regardless of its
shiny new surface, he used it for an express wagon to take
some of the bridge materials for the North Perk bridge from
Caseada to Dinkey. Ranger Parkinson used his machine for
the same purpose thus hastening the completion of that much-
needed structure.

The luck of some people doesn't seem to desert them
even after they leave the Service. George Cavln, for a
number of years a ranger on the Sierra, had made a fifteen
cent purchase at one of the Fresno drug stores, and been
given a ticket entitling Mm to a "chance" on an auto. Cf
course the auto came to George. Some of us could have bought
out everything in that drug-store except the fifteen cents
worth, and drawn a ^lank.

Hr.H. J.Tompkins, formerly Forest Assistant here but for
tho last six years in the stream measurement work oarriec". on
by the Service and the U.3.G.3., has moved his headquarters
from Berkeley to Los Angeles. This is a matter of regret to
the people of this forest, most of whom usually managed to
see sonethirtG of ILr.and Krs.Torpklns and their Sierra girls
whenever on leave at the Bay.

H.J. Brown, formerly Forest Assistant on the Sierra, Is
the proud father of a young son.

T7. H.Parkinson, for three months on the Cleveland Nation-
al Forest this winter, returned to the Sierra April 1 —
auspicious date for the Sierra who gladly welcomes her best
srwiler, but rather a joke on tho Cleveland.

-18-

-."

SIERLA RjJJGER
Yol. 71 - Ho. 2
A Quarterly Bulletin

Issued at the headquarters
of the

SIERRA IATIOHAL 70HE3T

Horthfork
California

Aucust 1. 1916

Editor
Maurice A. Benedict

Ag a opiate Editors
Chester E. Jordan
Lrl^it C. Blroh
Julia 7. Shlnn

PERSONNEL

Kourloe A. Benedict
Chester E. Jordan
Ernest 0. Dudley*
Dwlght C. Birch
Julia T. Shinn
George P. Leslie

Malcolm Mol-eod
J.C.T7erly
E.T.McLeod
Thomas 3ra4fchcr
Walter Days
Thos. Ferguson
Lee Lewis

W.B.Taylor

R.C.McKenzle

C.V/.KoKenzie

Creston I Boothe

E.C.Shaler

G. Jewett

Josephine Caylor

A.K.Y/offord

E.S.Mainwaring

H.L.Clark

E.T.Allen

L.Herrlck

D.E.lIorrw

Sierra national Forest
forest Supervisor Horth-fork
Deputy Forest Supervisor

forest Examiner
Forest Examiner
Forest Clerk
Clerk (Stenographer)
Marlposa District

Range r In Charge

Assistant Forest Ranger

Telephone Operator

Lookout

Fireman

Fireman

Fireman

Sugar Pine DjLstrlot

Ranger In Charge

Forest Guard

Forest Guard

Ui reman

Fireman

Lookout

Telephone Operator

Horthfork Distriot

Ranker in Charge
Assistant Ranger
Forest Ranger
Fireman
Fireman
Lookout

San Diego
Horthfork

Usona
w

Signal Peal:
Murphy 3'catlon
Swoetv/atcr
Chowohllla

Oakhurst
Clover Meadow
Bur ford Station
Mlarri 3tation
Crane Valley
Deadwood peak
Oakhnrst

Korthforh
Horthfork
Northfork
Placer Station
Jforthfork
Shut eye Peal:

In charge lorest B^hi'oit Panama-Call lornia Exposition.

Pineridge Dl_atrlet

Prank Prl^e
O.K. Barker
W.H. Parkinson

E.r.Tuiiy

C. P. By an
R.S.Rob ins. en
Th os,. Fergus on

Rangrsr in Charge

Assistant Ranger

Assistant Ranger

Porest Guard

Fireman

Jese Basin Pireiuan

71reman

Plrercan

District .

Roy

iroiaaxi

Ockenden
Big Creek
Die Creek
Ooltenden
Shaver Station
Jose Baa in
Baulton Mdw
llono Kdw.
Shaver Station

Dlntey Station
3)inl:ey Station

loyalty. The esprit du corps of the Porest Service has

been one of Its greatest assets and the Sierra
It seems to me, has always had more than its share — due
largely to the Intense enthusiasm and loyalty of former
Supervisors Shinn and Redington from whom we absorbed a
generous quantity. There Is no factor In any work that
goes farther to promote efficiency than loyalty and enthu-
siasm to the work In hand. Ours is not an organization
that depends upon di&nlty and aloofness to command respect
for superiors In office, but rather we are drawn together
by enthusiasm for the work, Its present and Its future.
We have worked shoulder to shoulder, Forester and Guard, to
establish a national Institution that affects the whole na-
tion vitally.

Now that we have become an Institution, we are
apt to forget these hard and trying times of opposition
and to lose the close personal touch of former times. There
is something wrong when any man In the organization goes so
far as to criticise his superiors publicly. If he does not
agree with his superior's actions, constructive criticism Is
absolutely necessary and Is welcomed. But to be an effective
organization we must weed out the men who offer only the other
brand.

The Fire Season. July has come and ^one with only eight

fires on this Forest, on a total acre-
acre of 266.35, practically all of this being in brush
where no attempt was made to reduce the acreage. It cost
a total of ylSS.OO to put these fires out before they
reached timber. August Is the month of extreme danger
but we are going to beat the July record with a smaller
force than we have had for years.

Preparedness. A bridge over the Dorth Pork of the San

Joacuin went out during the winter storms,
another over the South ~I?ork of tho San Joaquin and a third
over the Berth Pork of Ulngs. They had to be replaced at
onoe to make it possible to use certain cattle ranges to
which stock had been allotted. These bridges were known to

-1-

toe defective, but this office had no estimate of the ooat to
roplaoe thorn. In fire protection a lack of similar Informa-
tion would have been a sign of extreme Inefficiency. To cor-
rect this weakness, there has been assigned to Deputy Super-
visor Jordan the task of preparing a complete Improvement
Plan that will ahow in detail all Improvements needed for as
long a period In advance as can be reasonably forecasted. To*
you rang«rs on the Job, every one of you, this means that
your minds must be constantly alert to noto neeCed Improve-
ments in your districts, so that Jordan can discuss them with
you and can correlate them in a detailed and comprehensive
plan for the Forest.

Save the Odds and Ends. Strangers, especially foreigners,

shake their heads over the waste

on our western forests. We eigji, ourselves, when we hear
of the winter suffering in large cities and remember our
uncounted cords of waste wood. Telling ourselves that it is
the fault of our "magnificent distances" , that the transport-
ation cost would far exceed the value of waste wood even in
our nearest towns, does not help much.

These foreigners, especially the Swiss and the Russians,
tell of the winter work of their peasants with carving tools
and of the valuable toys made from small pieces of wood.

How of course the time is many generations off when
a sufficient population will live during the winter in our
Forests to follow any such lead, but certain items of waste
are even now being turned to use. Years ago posts were made
from what had been the waste redwood of the "Old California
Mill" . This year more of that "waste" has been manufactured
into shakes, and the refuse of the refuse — the waste from
the post making — has been worked up into grape stakes.

As for toys, one of our neighboring towns, lidera, has
a mill devoted largely for some years to the making of doors
and windows, mouldings, Inside finish and casings, which this
year has tried manufacturing toys froa the odds and ends that
accumulate at a mill, and has made a great success of it.

!7hat is a Porester ? It would be good for the soul of each

individual in the Service to read' ?.E.

Olmsted's article In the llay TBBEHMAH. Tfe are too prone to
bond to the wind of opinion and need to be told that "the for
ester's worl: is in the forest" and that "his highest duty and
most difficult work is this problem of using a natural resouror
without destroying it."

-8-

i

TRIBUZED ARTICLES

Special Use Problems

by «

Dwlght C. Birch

During the past two years, the Sierra Forest has
seen a rapid development of the special use business. T/lth
this development has come a new set of conditions and prob-
lems of policy to solve, and the one great problem that has
called for more thought, perhaps, than any other is tho
basis of charge for the various classes of special use per-
mits.

The principle of makinc a charge based on a unit
area of land (as a pure land rental} has worked well for
those who lease lots for summer residence purposes only.
The sites suitable foi* residence purposes are classified
according to their accessibility and" the desirability of
the location, and a rental charge is made according to
their value. But in granting a business concession to a
store keeper , hotel keeper or transportation company sev-
eral questions enter that are not easy to settle at once.
The natvjre of the business nay be such that a very large
income may be derived from the use of a small area of land
while the man next door may need a large area to carry on
a much less profitable business. Our experience has been
that each concessioner thinks the price he i^ays for his
concession should bear some relation to the amount of in-
come he has from his business. So why should we not adopt
something of the plan used in making charge for a water
power permit and base the tax on the net income ? The
principle is theoretically sound but putting it Into puac-
tioe Is somewhat difficult. The important point is that
the charge on any business concession represents a certain
very small percentage of the net income from the business,
and under present conditions , the judgment of the Porest
officer should not go far wrong In placing this arbitrary
charge on any one class of business.

Another serious question is that of placing a re-
striction on the number of concessions in any one class of
business. This seems necessary in certain cases to provoj;;
cut-throat competition and to insure good service. To offse
the criticism that a monopoly is granted, the ?orest S

-5-

should adjust the prices to be charged, and see that they
aro reasonable.

The government should talro the lead in opening up
areas that are of value for special use purposes. Oonsid-
edablo revenue is derived from the special use business and
a proper dovelopmont-invectnent Is financially sound ao
well as a big service to the public. Good roads, trails and
tourist pastures are the first essentials and in suitable
locations lots should be laid out for summer residences re-
sorts and other related linos of business.

In regard to water supplies, it has been the erper-
ienoe of this Poreat that Government ownership gives the
greatest satisfaction and the investment lo easily retired
by the inoreaoec* number of permittees on account of the bet-
ter water supply. Further than this, the Government is not
in a position to do rmoh in the line of developing rooort
areas.

Pur-Bearing Anioals on the Sierra

by

17. E.Parkinson

(In view of the facv that war prices on furs are very
high, and that therefore ouch trapping nay bo done this win-
ter, some notes on the fur-bearing animals of the Forest
are printed. Mr.Parlrinson probably knows aore about them
at first hand than anyone else on the forest. The Editoro.)

The Sierra national Joreot is peculiarly adapted tc ';hc
requirements of a rfeo.-'c variety of fur-bearing animals, aid
I shall try to touch on the habits and value of some of tlie
principal ones:

\7e have one variety of the lynx, or bob-oat. In tire
foothill country and ac far up as the great pine forosts
they are rr.it e numerous. In appearance they differ consid-
erably from the true northern lynz boin£ smaller and of
coarser, shorter fur. Their pelts are worth hardly more than
one tenth as ouch as those of the true lyin. Above an elevi.
tion of. 5000 feet they are few in number but are almost a
f.iird larger. This lynx is alnost a third larger .
entirely fleoli eaters subsisting on rodents and game tir
especially <juail, rabbits and squirrels. In the alghtr i>-
titudes he lives mainly on pine squirrels (which should
dear him to the forester) Tory occasional!;' he manajes to ',
a young fawn.

Tho big aqusin of the lynx, the California Lion - known in
the eastern state* as panther, In the northwest as Cougar and
in South America as the puma - is too well laiown to require
description. He preys largely on the deer but will only eat
his own kill, so is hard to catch except with dogs. He has
stringy, hairy "fur" of no value except for rugs. The aver-
age specimen weighs 183 pounds and measures seven and a half
foot from tip to tip. They are not numerous on this Torest
except near the Yosemite Park boundary where the protected
deer attract them.

Despite the general impression that 'inert are two kinds
of bears an this Forest, there is really but one - the little
brown bear. The few dark or black ones are only freaks. Every
one wants to kill a bear. Wild stories of the fierce nature of
cinnamons and grizzlies oause all bears to be much sought by
the collectors of fame and glory, but this brown fellow Is the
most timid of our fur-bear in# animals. like his northern
cousins, he hibernates, but may aorne out during an? mild spell
and return to hio lair when the cold closes dorm a-jain. Ee
feeds upon carrion. Insects, nuts, grass and berries. Now and
then when a favorable opportunity •omes his way, he takes toll
of a band of youno1 pigs but no other kind of livestock suffers
from his depredations. Hia fur is fairly fine, ancl a pelt
brings from" ;10 to ^25.

Coyotes I pass over because they are so well known. They
help keep the deer down, but the fur, especially of those in tho
higher mountains, is fine and soft. A good pelt brought from
310 to C;25 in Hew York, cured, last montli. A green hide used to
brine t*3, but costs twice as much n«T7, because it is in demand tc
line the ooats of the soldier boys in tlie trenches.

He have two distinct foxes, the grey and the re~. The limit;
of the grey is 5000 feet while the lower limit of the red is 7000
The latter stays just as high ao he can get in summer coning dovr>-
to 7000 in winter. The red fox freaks more here than further
north. The red fox "freaks" more often than he produces pure
reel fellows. Zliese freaks are called "cross foxes", though not
a orosa between two species. The silver and the black arc both
freaks from the red, and are both rare on the Sierra. 1 caught
one pure silver in 1913, a very fine red and several "cross11,
but never a black. There is a tradition amons trappers that
the reason for the scarcity of black foxes is that the mother
kills them because they look so oddly unlike the rest of tho
litter when they are born. T.Tiatevor the reason, they are cer-
tainly rare. Before the war denand raised prices, a gre-; fox
skin sold for /I. 50, a rod for J5.00, a good cross for 025 and
a silver for from C-100 to 01500. Naturally my one silver ->elt

-5-

spoiJbed before I cot It <mt of the mountains. The silver fox
is v;orn by the ncbility as well ao the royalty of Ihirope.

Of course you all know about the *oon — plenty of them
in this forest and not so bad for a ohea^ fur If ta!:en In the
«olcl season. It is worth fron vl.50 to $3.00.

Badgers are moro numerous in the higher reaches of this
Forest tlian Is usually supposed. Their pelts are v/orth from
one co two dollars each, the hair beinc; uae exclusively in the
manufacture of shaving brushes.

The otter, a valuable fur-bearer, is found en the main
streams of this Porest — the Merced, San Joaruin and Hings —
besides on those of the mountain lakes that are well stocked
vrlth fish. ?ish Is his only food and he prefers to do his own
fishing, refusing to take bait of .any kind, though a water anim-
al he travels long distances by land. He is web- footed, and you
simply cannot wet even a dead one. The fur is fine and dark,
usually bringing from $12 to /SO a pelt, raw.

The "mountain beaver" or "blue beaver" is an Interesting
little creature of no market value for fur. He is very shy,
working at night to collect his barlr and roots. Ke has a shorter
tall than the mustrat but Is about the same size.

Cf the weasel tribe, we have on this Porest the weasel proper
che mink, civet oat, marten, ring-tall, fisher and wolverine,
listed in order of size. The weasel is about the size of a small
squirrel; the wolverine weighs about 50 pounds. I have caught a
number of each of this tribe on this sorest. The -'isher is the
most valuable, the skin being worth s)E5. The marten brings 315,
the wolverine ;AO, the mink $5, the skunk $1.75, the weasel -
white - ;.75; ring- tail 0.50 and civet }.E5 Of course these are
"befo1 de wah" prices. The whole tribe is peculiar in its weapon
of defense, Mother Nature ha vine provided each of them with scent
glands, no two alike but all offensive and effective. ?hat of th'
wolverines is perhaps the worst but I won't be positive — it is
merely a matter of taste, or rather snell. They are all 3AD. But
aside from the otter and the best fozes they are the highest
priced furs to be found on this Porest, and all are now in demand

HEADQUARTERS HEtfS

Assistant District fforester Headley, Chief of Operation for
District 5, reached Horthfork on L&y 10 and staid on the Sierra
for several weeks. Mr.Headley has not before spent so much time
on this Porest. T-hile here he not only went over the plans for
future development, and the personnel files, but inspected the
Euntington lake and Casoada special use areac, and the proposed
rite of the Siapson Ileadow bridge. Incidentally he saw mu^li of
the way In which the forest is handled, both from the Su->e —\ J

-6-

f

and iioa taose of the two southern District Rangers.

On the evening of Uednesday July 12, an entirely unex-
pected guest arrive-' at the Supcrvisear1^ office. This was
Hr.J.G.Palok, the Property Auditor. Mr. Talok staid at the
Horthfprl: office for two days firmly refusing to fight fire,
inspect oaaps or otherwise depart from the strait and narrow
path of his duty which lay entirely with the care and records
of the non-expendable property. The two days were more than
warm, hut Mr._alei saw everything in the Office attic, in the
blacksmith shop, in the tool house. He saw every entry on the
records. Moreover he saw eacli item that should been on the
shelves or hoolrs but was not — and yet such was his personality
that the visit was delightful. Another time it IB hoped there
will be fewer notes necessary, and that the Sierra property
custodian nay enjoy Mr.raleL^s good stories without having a
part of his brain busy trying to guess who toot the Abney level
without mentioning; it.

3Inoe the last number of the RiJTCER went out, Supervisor
Benedict has been over the larger part of every district of the
Forest.

The Cache, the Sevier and the Cooouino Forest publications
reach us with regularity, and to the list iiao now been adde-* the
Log of the lab, issued by the Madeison Laboratory. This will
prove of great interest , as the doings of the laboratory are
not known to many of us.

It is with regret that note is made of the disconti i.ini-oe
of the 3an Joaruin light and Power lAgazine. The streams sup
plying this great Company's power are all within the 31erra
Seruoia ?orescs, and the work that power accomplishes as well
as the personnel of the power-houses and offices have been oi
constant interest to the" force of the two forests. It is sin-
cerelv hoped that the Company will feel able to publish the nag-
azine again when the present "tightness of money" has somewhat
relabel. Is this one of the iteina in our war account ?

Assistant District Tor ester 'Joodbury, with Mr. Ralph I-Ir
entered this Porest earlj in July, discussed insect control -jx.
tors, visited the Ockenden-^y^bee a^~. 31; Creek Tra7 2o
timber soles, then went across the mountains to tlie In^o unc.

o Torests, returning via tlie -ioga Road a: if. Yosenite
to Sugar Pine and later to Uortlifork. This Is the fl;
in many years .^oodjur;- has combined business wit
ure on a trip across this Torest.

The Income from the resources o:T this Torest during the
last fiscal year was >70,915.14, while the allotment for all
forest expenses, salaries, improve:.:ents and fire suppresolon
was y59,334.27. This balance of 31,580.67 looks good. Aside
from the saving made by s'trict economy - which after all was
not large because from the days of Olfford Plnohot the two
most Important words In the Forest bible nave been economy
and efficiency — the two greatest factors In forming this
balance have been increase-" timber sales and inoreaoed wacor
power development . ?f the total timber sale income in Dis-
trict 5, ,,1C 1,839. 43, this Forest is responsible for 021,749.36
or a little more than one fifth. The Plumas, with timber sale
income of )£8,543.53 is the only Forest selling more timber
than the Sierra. Figures certainly talk, and as more and more
people realize that the Forests, besides preventing timber
waste, furnishing froo a large amount of timber to settlers
and farmers, protecting the water sheds for the sake of the
irrigation systems and the power plants, providing summer pas-
tures for the growing pf beef and making accessible thousands
of acres of wonderful recreation grounds for the people of the
hot valleys, is producing an income, they will rejolo« in suoh
a glorious possession ami offer prayers of thanks for the fore-
sight of the men who urged the reservation of these areas in
the public domain.

It has been noted all up and down the western foothills
within this Forest that quail are unusually abundant, and i'h\>:
in spite of an unusually severe winter.

DISTRICT HEflS
Mariposa District.

On June 17 there was a joint meeting of the Stookaen'o
Association and the Fire Protective Association at ChowcMlla
Station, Supervisor 3ene let and wife being present. The at-
tendance was good, much interest being shown in both associa-
tions. After lunch had been served under the pines by the
ladies of the associations, the meeting was called to order.
Manv topics of interest were discussed and new officers were
elected by both associations. The vote for the continuance
the fire protective asoooiation was unanimous and several *
names were addec1. to the necibership.

llr. Benedict and wife spen't the evening of the 7. It''
part of the following day at llariposa Station befor.

to Uorthfork.

The Sicnal Pea.1: Lockout went on duty June 15, reporting
two fires on the Su~ar Pine holdings on the 16'ili. The
Choweliilla, Sweetwatcr and Signal Peal: division guards went
on duty July 1.

The Devil's Guloh and Granite Creel: trail was completed in
llay, approximately two miles of new trail beins constructed.
Tills trail is a convenient short out for stockmen and others
wls'-iing to cross Devil's Guloh and opens up the country to the
Heroe" River.

A fire starte three miles outside the Forest on July 12,
on the west side of Dclong Creek, burning over approximately
3200 acres of brush and some grass land. Then on the evening
of the 13th , fanned by a strong wind, it Jumped the Chowohilla
river in two places, and began burning over Forest land on
Miami Mountain, burning 160 acres of lightly timbered land and
80 acres of brush before it was under control.

The grass and hill feed on most of the ranges is below
normal on account of the dry spring, but cattle are looking
fairly well.

Sugar Tine District

On June 8 Ranger Taylor left with a crew of five men for
the Horth Pork of the San Joa<iuin to rebuild the bridge across
that stream which went out during the winter. Assistant Ranger
R.C.MaKenzle was in charge of the work. It took fifteen days
to get out timbers and build the bridge which Is a 52-foot
span constructed on the king and queen truss plan. The cover
illustration of this number of the RAHOER shows the bridge un-
der construction. It replaces the old "soldier bridge" con-
structed years ago while this part of the rarest was a part of
the Yosemite national rark.

The 01 ever Meadow public pasture has been abandoned and the
fence moved to Soldier Headow. The construction o£ the fence
at Clover, we regret to acknowledge , was an error of Judgment,
water supply failed early, and the feed was not nearly as good
as at Soldier lleadow. The mlstalre has been corrected, alchou.
at some cos c . 'ao-jher time this district looks before it

77 Corral Public Pasture was "built and ready for use
on July 21.

On July 17 District Ranger Taylor left for the back
ranges on a grazing reconnaissance crip, meeting Deputy
^Supervisor Jordan and party at Keltic Headow. They made
an extensive survey of the ranges, taking three weeks
for it. 7eed is above average and stool: doing finely.

Now that the Appropriation 3111 lias passed, the trail
crew will start at once for the back country. I7e exrpeot to
have a first elaso trail down the Horth Pork by the middle
of September.

Ranger Taylor made a flying trip into the back country
August 14 to lay out work for the trail crew, returning the
16th. IT-i advises all uniformed rangers to follow the Dist-
rict Office suggestion of wearing e. red bandanna around the
3ervloe hat, as hxiaters are more plentiful than deer.

Korthfor!: District.

In order to teat the effect of the maximum sunnier heat
the Office foioe did not move to 31113 lleadow thio summer,
"ortunately with the exception of three short hot spells It
has been a pleasant summer.

The fire season to date lias not been a bad one in this
district, four Class J. and one Class C-l being the record.
However, the opening of the deer season may Increase the
risk to some extent. The large brush fires on our west bound-
ary have been conspicuously absent so far this year.

Range stock is in fairly good shape for thio time of
year, but as there were no late spring rains and no summer
showers at all the ranges are drying up fast and will be
ver short by the close of the grazing season. Several of
the stockmen plan to gather their beef cattle by September 1
and there is certainly good beef on the ranges.

The timber sale business in this district Is slightly
below normal this summer. However, Roberts' tray mill is
rca*:ing a fair out ancl ?li .I'erriman is cutting out a small
shake sale, vliilc 3ogard Brothers and R.D.Langworthy a
\7orking on shake sales fron dead timber.

.' r .

Oil July 13 Deputy Supervisor Jordan and District P.c
V.7 of ford made an inspection trip through C'.iiquito 3?.3in and
vicinity, oheoldLn^ up the condition o'i various por/.Tanent 1m-
\rovements and of grazing ranges. The bridge across the San
Joacuin at the mouth of the C.iiquito was iTound to be In need
of repair, one of the sills bein£ Quite rotten ao was alao
one end of the middle stringer. The sill and stringer will
both be replaced before wet wer.ther oeto in.

The bridge across the Chiqxiito was aloo in bail shc.pef
needing; two new truss timbers and a new middle stringer. Pour
nevr truss timbers were put in last fall, the other tr/o being
considered good enough to last some time, but these two must
now be replaced.

Pine Ridge District .

To date only one fire has occurred in this district anu
it burned, over only about half an acre. Although some of tiio
credit Is due to luck, I believe that much more is due to the
publicity methods of the Service . This system could be im-
proved If each of us put in his share of work. Let's got
busy.

tn June 10 work was startefi on the Huntington Lake water
supply system. Two separate systems were installed, supplying
water to the special use areas of Huntlngton Lake. Two-Inch
pipe was used, 1 line taking 6700 feet and the other 1830 foot
of pipe. An unlimited supply of water for domestic uoe is now
available for all lots that have been surveyed.

Gene Tully and faaily are at Shaver with us this year.
Gone is handling the grazing and tourist work In the bad:
country. It seems like old times to see his cheerful counte-
nance around.

On June 26, the Summer School of the I?resno Normal opened
at Euntington Lake with an enrollment af approximately 150 stu-
dents. During the six weeks that school was maintained the vicin-
ity of Huntington Lake assumed the appearance of a small oi . .
Many hiking trips were indulge f. in by the students, some of whom
ollmbor Zaiser Peak, or went to Termlllon Vallev or to the Lower
Hot Springs. At the request of Superintendent McLean, address-
es were made by L.H.Hhiteinan and O.A.Kupfer of the District
Office. All the students soenocl to have hacl a jolly time ec vel'

-11-

as i. profitable sohool soooion, and there Is BO doubt that
the Fresno Nor.^1 ounmer school oession at Huntlngton lake
will become a permanent Institution of state-wide interest.

During the past two months the Movies have been very
much In evidence both at Cascada --nd at Huntlngton Lake.
The Fox Film and the Universal people have both had crowds
here, the former fifty-sis, the latter 24. It is claimed
that for variety of scenery that can bo screened the vicinity
is unsurpassed.

Ranger Barker spent the first ten days of June as the
Deputy Supervisor's right hand man, helping build a new
bridge. This was constructed on the slto of the old one
which went out during the winter.

Leaving Shaver on June 18, Supervisor Benedict and Ranger
2rioe spent a week In the high country of the Pine Ridge Dist-
rict. A number of (prazlns ranges were carefully c°ne over and
data obtained for two proposed improvement projects.

Kings River District.

In May lir.Headley visited this District and went into
the Middle Fork canyon to estimate trail cost , decide on
the location of the proposed Simpson Headow bridge and get
a firct-hand Impression of that tourist region.

Ray Mills Is the District Ranger's chief assistant at
Dinkey this summer, repalringf enoes , telephone lines, etc.,
within reach of the telephone when the District Ranger is
elsewhere.

On June 10 the official headquarters moved to Dinkey
for the summer. Kore down timber - and consequently more
daca-go "to telephone lines and trolls had occurred during
the winter than at any other season since the Dinkey Camp
was establishe'".

Jay Robinson started a resort and packing business thii
year at Dinkey. At the same time he io doing all the pac
•lor the Muir Trail and the Simpson Meadow Bridge projects.

The trail crew under the able direction of Ranker J.K.
Hughes, left Dinkey July 1, and by August 10 had covered

-12-

t

about ten niloa of heavy trail repairs, « one emoted four miles
of new trail part of whioh required much heavy blasting, and
built a suspension bridge access the Kiddle Fork at Simpson
Meadow.

The time of Fireman Blalre , stationed at Dinkey, has been
utilized durlngthe absence of fires In building a much-needed
tank house, cleaning and protecting the spring and putting up
a wagon shed.

On August 1 Supervisor Benedict oarae to Dinkey to go over
the trail work, and staid to see the Simpson Meadow Bridge com-
pleted. While on the Middle Pork, he, with Ranger Hughes and
District Ranger Soothe, walked t* ttuir Pass which is at the end
of the stretch of Muir Trail construction work planned for thle
year. They were out two nights on the trip.

i

Fresno County funds to the amount of 0600,00 have been
spent in changing grades on the Dinkey road. As a consequence
the auto travel has Increased to an average of four or five a
day. This would seem to warrant the placing of a few cans of
fry each year in Dinkey Creek. Pishing was fairly good early
this spring, but the stream was soon fished out.

On the opening day of the deer season, a fine buck was
killed by a near-by camper. -That ? Oh yes, of course.

Ho fires in the Kings River District to date this summer.

JORBSTHY AHD RELATED ITEMS OF IHTBRE3T

The American Lumbermen for June 17, 1916, contains a resume"
of the brief1 filed f or ~T!he~t7e stern Forestry and Conservation As-
sociation with the Po'.eral Trade Commission, on the v..lue of
loGSeC.-off l^nd. After coins over oho subject very thoroughly,
Secretary Allen concludes: ;iV<hlle o.grl cultural lands are prop-
erly re^.rde of Imp ortc.no e , there is : Iso necessity for earnest

tent ion to reforest '.t ion, either by the ftate or the Govern-
ment, or through 3t..te lo.ws making it possible by the individual,

Here in the beet cf the California yellow and sugar pine
belt, the cutovcr l^.nd is c.t too great ^r. elevation for suoooar-
ful agriculture, and forests grow but slowly. Reforestation
hardly a project to be undertaken here by the individual, bu ;

-13-

surely cipher . or N^tion^l Cpvernaent should luider c.l:e It

for -the a-l:Q of the future population. Little outover Ic.nd la
.ciacsae.'.. ;-t tforc tl .. 1.85 ^.n ..ore, but the tarres ovor. »t
rate, .re stoaity dioin upon the Iraaber ooinpanieL,. It would
see.a th-' 1 IT bill could be introduced in Coa^reoa providing
for the purchase oi logge- .'-off l.Mid :.t il.OO .n acre", moat lum
bcr oo.r^.-niea \7ould &OU'.dly ^v^il themoelvos of olie oh. uoo to
get rlf. of uii:irodx\ctivo ^roi>orty, v/lille the Hr.tlon oould well
r''. co buj : t the low prioo :.nd reforest.

Landgo^e /-rohitecture for ..-.i»rll lists t. tenrjilns txoup
of rtioles" on ^oiresta e.nd ilc.tional Parka by ;aen iuoicle .nd
outside of the Service. One by E._-. Sherman of the Tfc.ohiiig-
ton r-oreat Office , entitled "The Forest Service nd the Pres-
ervation of IIo.tur.-l J3e-.utytf j.nd «vn other by the fc.nou3 le.m'-
3Ooi>e v arohiteot Frederick ICY/ Oliaated on "The distinc-

tion bewveen IT.-.tioiv.l ?ar!^3 and Hationc.1 Forests" should be of
eapeo-ial v-lue and interest to uo.

The Timberrac.n xor June Illustrates a new fire finding
m..^ orlcinatod bj? Prof 033 or Xrurpp of the Torest School

t Diucbury, ;\.33. , and trie . out last sunner on one of the
national Torests. It soems to be a doclded laproveraent ovor
o\u- present fire-loc^tin^; maps.

Tlio 3t.ne nv-nber of the Tiubera^n hac a moat intereoting
icle on the forest resources of Serbia. The \nriter believes
th,.t the forests of Serbia, onoo a clear outlot to the lledlter-
r .nean is secured, will supply a Ic.rge part of the south-Euro-
.n rjar!:et. The article is effectively lllustrc-.ted.

The Au^-uot Timberrac-.n lllustr-.tos the hydroaeroplane used
by a volunteer fore's S~"f Ireiaan nec'.r Trout Lake, T/iaconsin. The
machine lias an average speed of 62 miles un hour in the air
and 40 miles e-n hoiir in the water, with a oliiabinc c.p...oity of
1000 feet in throe minutes. At a height of 1000 feet the ob-
server can survey 200,000 acres of forested Ic.nd . TThile
ohi3 ri :• never bo prr-.ctloc.ble in the cross-currents of a aoun-
t. inous forest, It is a long way in -dvc.noe of the "josh" poems
of a few ye^rs ugo which suggested air ships for fire patrol
men.

-14-

PERSCilAL ITEMS

Uhen Mr.IIc^cLley visited the Par eat in tt..y, he rrs.a ao-
oonpaniod by Ills wife and young son Robert who camped in
the Supervisor Sa guest tent for several weeks. ISrs. Jordan
and Kra. Benedict entert.lne" the women of the ranger foroe
and of the neighborhood during that time, so that we all
had the pleasure of meeting Mrs.He.^dley personally.

Krs. Jordan and Krs. 77of ford went into the high country
with their husbands in the letter part of July. Both of
then are such good campers well accustomed to doing their
share of saddling and packing as well as everyone's oharo
of the camp cooking that they are a decided Forest asset.
Mrs .Uof ford is entirely recovered from the illness report-
ed in the last Ranger , ao her appearance on returning from
this trip amply proved.

During July, August and September Hrs.Ie'rl Boothe,
regular telephone operator at Oc.khurst will be c.t lilr.ml
'tioii with her husband who is sto.tione-" there for the
suiter. Hiss Jc^phine Caylor t:-.!res her pla.ce at the Oak-
hurst switchboard.

The time of Lincoln Herrlol:, forest flreut.n for the
Earthfork-Southfork district, is being utilized between
the infrequent fires at the switchboard. Mrs.Herriok re-
mains in Presno except for occasion:-.! flying visits, but
their dr.u£hter Llary has been at Southfork for c.ll her
school v^.cc.tlon.

Krs.E.L.Olr.rl-r's mother hc.a been spending some weeks
with her at the Sight Rod; Station.

Robert EHoppenberg, Mrs. Benedict fs brother* reached
Hortlifork about the first of August. As it hup^o.ie^ the
Service had immediate noe of r. men to replace one *.:!io
ii .d rosi^Tied. lir.Zloppenberg wc-s therefore oent on the
next day to join Tou Ferguson - son of Andy Terguson - in
fire petrol work in the bc.c?: country. *7hen not on fire
duty tliese men ere putting in long liard d/ ys -t trail re-
pairing.

PHOur.fi, r ^

FORK Y

TUtt

THE SIERRA RilTGEB

Vol. 71 - Ko.3

A Quarterly Bulletin

issr»d at the headquarters

of the

SIERHA KATI01UL FOREST

California
November 1, 1916

Editor

Z£aurl«e A. Benediot
Associate Editors
Chester Z.Jordan
Dirtght a. Bir«h
Julia T. Shlnn

Maurice A. Benedict
Choster E. Jordan
Ernest C. Dudley*

Dwlght C. Birch

Julia T.Shinn
George P.Leslie
H.Leslie

PER30NHEL
Sierra Katlenal
j treat Superrlsor
Deputy Forest Supervisor
Merest Examiner
Forest E^anaiuer
Forest Clerk
Clerk (Stenographer)
Telephone Qiierator
District

Malcolm Uol-eod
Jesse C. TJerly

Enma I.UcIeod

!7. B.Taylor
Pearl Booth*

Audle E.Peftord
E . 3 . Kainwaring
H.L.Clark

Fran!: Prlo«
C. 2. Barker

*In charge Forest

Ranker In Charge
Forest Ranker
Telephone Operator

Sugar Pine District

Ranger In Charge

Telephone Operator

Horthfork District

Ranger In Ohar3«

Forest Ranger

Forest Ranger

Pine Ridge District

Ranger in Charge

Forest Ranger

Pan-ma-Californla

Borthfork
Horthfork
San Dlec;*
Nortliforl:
Hortlifort
Northfork
Nortaforlr

Usona
Usona
Usona

Oakhurst

Northf ork
Horthfork
Horthfork

Auberry
Big Creek

River Dlatrlct
Roy Booths Ra^G«r in Charge Trimmer

The "crest force has shrunl: from the 37 of the
simmer to the 18 of the winter force, fire danger being-
past and most of the timber sales close i down. Lnaber-
raan Elliott will be on the forest until December 15, on
timber surrey.

EDITORIALS

progress or ? When the Poreot waa young and the admin-
istrative work comparatively snail, we

had from 20 to 25 year-long rangers, and couldn't see how
we opuld get along without then; "but now, when we r.re sell-
Ing .)35,tOC worth of timber a year, have numerous special
uses, mere grazing, more free uoo and settlers1 sales, In
fact with administrative work more than doubled and the
maintenance of our improvements almost swrunplng us, we are
getting alcng with ten year-long men and throe si^-rronths
men. Ho wonder the ranger is getting uneasy for ^ear a
mechanical, gas-driven ranger will be invented that will
take the place of the old guard that is left. He loo!:3
in the Held Program and sees n«re and more mra added 'io
the Washington and District Offices, but he must sit up
nights trying to keep the Supervisor from taking away
the only man he has. What's the answer ? Are we running
towards paper forestry ? Are we practising economy and
losing efficiency ? Axe we giving the Forest proper admin-
istration ? What is £0ing to happen to our inprovemeuts
which we value at v?5,000 If we cannot put time and money
Into their upkeep ? Is the public going to stand for such
rigid economy ? And will not our grip of the whole situation
be gradually lost?The editor has s«me very definite opin-
ions »n these criticisms «f J-orest administration as prac-
tised, but before errpresslng then, he would like to open
the J&1IGER to a wholesome discussion of the subject by the
men wh» have had very little hand In formulating a policy
whioh they must carry out.

Fire Study of the protection problem on the Sierra has
shown us that

1. The employment of a large number of patrolmen does not
materially reduce losses.

2. The travelling public is not a serious fire risk.

3. The Icssea remain more or less constant and are high or
l«w as the incendiary is active or inactive.

4. Unusual situations sometimes arise that cannot be fore-
seen and must be met at th« time of their occurrence.

-1-

With all our study and planning, we are at aboxit the
same place every year, and it soema that In order to pro-
gress we have got to take a new line of action. Ue know
that there are only two causes for fires , one human and
the oilier lightning. Lightning la not a serious factor
and io taken oare of easir.y by our organization.

Human elements are constantl/ changing, but outside
of the incendiary and ar unusual sircunctance wliiah ooraes
under e.n ener3«»noy and i3 handle d as such, our ojrganiza-
ticn 80*3 TC them without difficulty.

Then with but this one serious factor, ffhy is it that
we cannot make noticeable progress ? The fonnfttion of fire
associations has solved the incendiary situation in some
localities and has been a failure in others, depending on
the reception of the principal of regulate? burnings by
the individuals in each community, ft is an elusive prob-
lem because incendiarism is a condition of nind which us-
ually is not d:acovered until after Icsses occur, and then
only in an indefinite sort of way by the process of elimin-
ation. "luiet will reign in a district one year , and the
nerrfc It will be seething with incendiarism. V/hen the caus-
es are sifte " down, it will always be found that our methods
of administration or personal enmity is at the seat of the
trouble. Some of these causes are:

1. Desire for levenge on a neijhbor or

2. Desire to produce forage

3. Desire to Improve hunting.

4. All-around cussedness.

There is a possible way to combat each phase, and to be
successful it is seldom wise to control them by forxie alone.
I believe it is possible to foresee some of these 6utbrealcs
by knowing the people well enough to know what is troubling
them and making it a point to correct the trouble before it
reaches the stage where it results in tiober losses. You
rangers can, by being alert to what Is said and thought in
your districts, often head off an outbreak of this year or
the ne^t. This is real prevention, and v/hlle it is not so
spectacular as tracking him with hounds and catching hire
with a lighted match in his hand, it is far more worth-
while .

-2-

Past and Present
Improvements on the Sierra National Torest

Cheater E. Jordan

T7e all know that "permanent improvements'1 play suite a
part in forestry, although they are not of suoh importance
thc.t forestry would be at a standstill no Improvement appro-
priation beins nade for any one year. If the sane thing
should happen for many consecutive years, l^vever, the prac-
tice of forestry would have to stop.

Improvements liave their importanee in every branch of
the forest work, from silvl culture down. A great part of
the rangers' tine in the past lias been devocecl to this class
of work, for the reason that it has been absolutely necessary
if the Torest Service was going to care for the needs of the
public and open up the forest resources. The Improvement
appropriation has always been inadequate, so In aany oases
it has been necessary to spend an entire sub-allctnent for ma-
terial -nd - during the time of year when administrative work
was light - do the construction work ourselves.

Y7e have been going through two stages in improvenents :
the past has been the time of make-shift construction - tem-
porary work; the present end the future are to see more per-
manent work. At first Improvements were nade where the c'.e-
mand for them was greatest at the time. Bapld charges wore
being made in organization and in policy, and it was not deemed
advisable to nake very permanent improvements until conditions
were mere settled. So fences were built wi^tli the leasjr amount
of material possible , trails and tele. hone lines were laid out
over the routes of least resistenoe, and other improvements
followed the same general style of cons'truo'tion and even so
only those were considered that were absolutely necessary for
the handling of what was then the most important business of
the .-crest. 3uoh things as piping water into dwellings, or
installing bath tubs or any other of the accessories were not
even mentioned. And yet, knowing the conditions, the men were
content.

However, tlxat preliminary stage has been past for some
time. The emergency needs have been caret! for, ar.d there Is
now opportunity to consider per^ianenoo in all improvements.
-"hen the annual escirxvtee are nade, all improvement projects
are very carefully considered with regard to their relative
importance. Standards havo bee:; -&C.e for nearly all branch-
es of the vor!:, and as repairs become necessary on iorvu-?.y-
oonstructec. projects, the*; are brought nearer to the

standard of pernianenoe .

I the forest r4aoxirces continue to be developed, there
ocme new needs for Improvements , such as the laying out of
special use areas, with needed water syotems, roads, etc; the

.in:; up of new toxirist areas, e: .tail lag the oonscrx'.otion
of trails and bridges and the fenolnc; of px\blio pas cures.

Because of the pressure to produce the "jest result in the
least tine c^.cl at the lowest cost, a narlre. progress has been
.ac'.e in all lines cf improvement \/or3r. \7ithout a doxibt, the
Jorest Service has established the best tree line telephone
avstem ever user", due to the oonotant meeting of actual con-
ditions.

Our trail construction shows a decided advancement.
""ien *./or:. is be^un now, on «i main trail, only as inv.oii ol it
is plc/Aiied for each year - including the blazing anil sisn-
boardln^ - as available funds will permit, considering, nazimum

>.de and standard width of tread. Uhen a trail la built un-
der these requirements , it is a pleaeure to all r/ho corse across
it, both during coiiStructlon and nhen it is in use afterwards.
Gradually this type of trail is o'jenius up much scenic country
that lias been hidden fron the view of the average tourist. Our
special use irr-rovenents are r,alvin£ it possible for great num-
bers of people to have suraner ho::es In the liic;h nouiitainsj the
construct ion of solid trail bridges allows the mountain travel-
ler to cross creek or river though the strean be running full.

Eie ?orest telephone lines, thov.£h built prir^rily to ln< w
oreaoe the efficiency oi Porest administration, are a c^oat con
venience to the traveler who wishes to 3:eep In touch with his
faaily or business aiiairs.

Thus net only the 3er-ice, but the public that has busi-
ness dealings with the Service, and tLe people who o«ne to the
1'orest for recreation, all share In the benefits derived from
the "permanent improvements" that ai-e steadily Increasing in
number ancl in value on this forest.

fhe Tray Mil Industry of C alif ornla

bj

Dc7ight C. Biroh

The early fruit growers of CaliforrJ.a devloe^ the schene
of drying fruit 90 trays na.Ce of split su^ar pine shakes. Such
trays were 3C Inches wide by 56 Inches lcn£. The uneven e'^es
of the split she^os did not E&2:e a tlglit enough tray tc i.«\ent

the leakage of raisins, so that with the growth oi the raisin
Industry a strong, close-fitting tray was needed.

The vertical-grain saner tray: Tills tray was tlio answer
to the raisin growers1 demand and was put on the market about
1898 by the Humphrey 3ros. in Iresno County. Since that time
the demand f»r this class of tray has rapidly increased until
at the present tine - according to E.G. Dudley who made a care-
ful study of the Industry from the growers' standpoint - about
2,000,000 vertical sawn trays per year are neefecl in and about
Tresr.o County.

As the raisin industry has centered around Presno Coxinty,
the tray mills, which are dependent on the raisin Industry,
hare most all located In the Sierra national Torest which is
naturally the local source of material for the wood-using In-
dustries of "resno County and neighboring counties.

In 1896 the Humphrey Lros. starte " 'that first tray raill
on what is known as Pine Ridge. Their average output wao
about £50,000 trays a year. At present there are five tray
mills operating within the Forest, with an annual output of
1,500,000 trays a year. This accounts' for about -three fovjths
of the sawn trays demanded. Most of the remainder are slash-
grain sawn trays inade by the bos factories. The slash-^rain
boards are not nearly so strong as the vertical-grain, and their
popularity , although their initial cost is less, Is decidedly
on the wane«

Utilization in a tray mill is attended with a great deal
more waste than is usual in saw mills. The timber must first
be split into bolts about 6" ^ 12" and 26 inches long, practic-
ally free from knots. Thus the lower c,Tade of timber cannot b«
used at all on account of the many knots.

The problem of handling timber sales to tray mill operators
has been rather a perplexing one on account of this poor utiliza-
tion. The waste product is fit only for fuel, and the expense
of getting it to market prohibits its use for fuel. The system
of marking has therefore had to be changed from the usual practice
in marking saw timbor. About 40$ of the stand Is taken out,
and only the first grade trees are cut. The practice of good
silviculture, however, is not neglected, and the decrease in
the grade of timber left en an area is made up for by the In-
creased stumpage price to the tray mill.

Three of the fl^e tray mills operating on the Torest are
operating under timber se*le contracts and a fourth one has ap-
plied for national Torest timber. It seems probable that the
regular output of trays from National forest timber on this
forest will average at least 1,000,000 trays per year and with
close utilization will represent a out of 2,750,000 ft. 3. .

-5-

ier year.

The fostering of the tray mill Industry oi California
Is left to :".e . orest Service. The problem of supplying
tale local demand and at the sane tine setting the most
conservative use of our timber i3 by no means an eaay one.
The local demand io fron a real need ..hat should be supplied
"out at the same time met in a way that will obtain the great-
est possible permanent sood.

Special Use Business at Hunting-ten Iia2:e

by
Claude H. Barter.

•

The past summer has seen a rapid advance In the epeolal
use business around Hunting-ton lake, the beautiful artificial
la?:e, five miles Ions and froia a third of a r.lle to a mile
wide, formed by the damming of 31^ Greet for power purposes.
TTlthln easy reach of "reono and about 70 X) feet above the hot
valley, it Is becoming the favorite location for summer hones,
between twenty-five and thirty new perr.its hav-i.ni been isoued
tils year. .'; good water ays ten has been installed for the use
of the Homal School, the tent camps and the summer hones.

But it is not a^ays eas> to locate people on lots possess
ins al1 toe good points desired. In one case, a full day was
spent with a would-be permittee who wanted a "home on a rocky
point . '..'hen a rounj; roclry point was reached, the home-builder
waiite'' a good siiooth place for a house and yard on it. 3\it
thoxigh the search was continued till nightfall, we load no suc-
cess in finding a rou^h roclcy point that r/as snoot]i on top.

IThlle showing another party lots, we happened to atop on
a meadow. Uhile standing there, the nosqiiltoes nearl" ate us
up. Lt once the applicant decided tl--at' he r.iust have a r.ee.dow
v/here there were no noscj-iitoeo, ior hia lot.

The n«rt lot desired v;ac one ri Jh a '.reat oan^ bl j- trees
c. it. IJ was eaoy enough to locate several forested lots, but

Another hard lot to xind wao one with large timber And a
swiitly running itream very olose. The swift water was desired
because the applicant ''cou^a sleep so well" where ^ie cox^.^d hear
riinninc water er.d the ai^hin^ of the trees. "Then the bep^ lot

. . the above speciiications was ohown hir: , he 'could neyer
g-^and to be near such a roart"ur.d 'It must be terrible a;r.on£
those trees -Then the wind blcwsl"

The John Hair Trail
by

Roy Bootk*

1916 ITuir Trail Crew has completed another season's
successful work 1» tho Kiddle Perk of Kings River Canyw.,
whore a section of the John ttuir Crail is boing *uilt Toy
Stutc funds under tho dircotlon of the Jorost Sorvioe. Ban-
ger J.li.Eu£hee was in charge t£ a wxw tff thirteen men includ-
in£ the e/ook, working fre» July 1 ttf September 30. Dearly
half of this time, hewcrer, was spent in doing seme hoafy re-
pair w»rk on the old Tchipite Trail , e-ons trusting ab*»t four
ailcs of trail between tho old fcrd and tho Simps »in ilradpvr,
and putting up a c«,blc bridge, aerees the Middle P^>rk Jmst
bol»vr tho noadow. The balance of tho tine was spent In con-
tinuing tho new trail frttn a point one nile belcw Palisade
Creek where work was left off last season to within about
two niles of Hulr Pass , a distance of approximately twn nilce

Kext season th« Sierra (Hub oxpeots to rlslt the-l^.ddl»
Pork Canyon, going In orer this trail fr*» the terirlnus of the
San Joaquin and Eastern, by Blaney Eot Springs, Hmir Pass and
Orouae lleadow and canting oirt Tiy Tohipite and Mnk*y.

Tlie scenic attractions to be found along the rcmto of tlw
Ifuir Trail are probably not equalled on any other high ncuntaln
trip of the sane length in the state - or perhaps, for that
matter, in the United States. Starting as it does at the
beautiful Yosealte Talley and ending at Bount \."hltney, the
highpst pilnt In the United 3tates , practtloally* the entire
route la through errantry of unsurpas8c<l scenic beauty. It is
hard for the nlnd of a forest Ranger, aoonaatomed as we hare
been tc aisall appropriations and scheming and skimping to
streteh the« out tc their utmost Capacity, to grasp Buoh a
"big Job as this and Justify the expenditure of BC much *c:-jey
as will ultimately be required to eoapletf the Job as planned
by the State Engineering Department.

Conaiderable publicity has already ' been giren this
trail, and much ncre will b« necessary in order to Interest
enough people in the high mountain country to warrant the ex-
penditure of the lar^e sums necessary to construct and to
maintain in good passa^Ls rendition a trail through this Icng
stretch of exceptionally rough •ountry. A •ondltlcm that will
tend to hold down to a small figure the number of people using
bhe trail each season is the ntamber of stock - b^th saddle and
pack, - needed for a satisfactory trip through country cf this
character. Trcm two weeks to two month* should be taken for it,

-7-

and this mfiano a comparatively large ratio of stock per per-
son — Kountain at oak, small and vfiry, not Valley stock unused
to steep climbing and rarefied air. However, here's hoping
that a a toady eontinuous appropriation will be forthcoming
from the State Legislature for the construction and maintenance
of this won d*rful trail. Some way will be found to get people
orer it.

Th» Morning After

It will be remembered that after the earthquake and fire
cf 19C6, an irrepra&sible San Franciscan bragged Joyously in
rwrsft of the "damndest, finest ruins "that ever w«»re. Something
the sara* feeling is in the air this noralng of the 19th of Sept-
ember at Northfork, now that the five large fires are under con
trol leaving some 6000 acres black and sir.oklng, with a coat to
the P.?.:?. fund of about $8CC. Por three days we have not seen
the sun; every nan and boy and several women have been fifditlng
fire, and the rest of the women and children have been doing
th*> chores and cocking for fire fighters. Splendid work has
been done without complaint. Two I/urge trucks brought fifty
nen from Jresno to help, and the local Jitneys have been going
day and night. The stores have been bought out of many things
and individuals have emptied their store closets. To «ap th«
climax, the pr'fftf Jhipjandrri^i District Fiscal Agent himself has
ocoe dc*m from San Francisco with his money-bags to pay off men.

flow there is no denying that Idaho and Montana, even the
Shasta and Ang«les Forests have had bigger, more costly fires,
but as for Sierra, this has been the "damndest biggest fire
that ever burned."

The leasons Everybody le telling everybody else what they
are. fbe district ranger vows he will not clve permission to
burn again till anow flies; the stockmen swear the settlers did
it; the settlers insist that the stockmen shall be followed by
volunteer detectives.

Of course, except where lucky settlers have bands of peats
or con afford to complete- 'the 'Clearing begun by fire, and plcw,
the brush will some ^zp thicker than ever, for the accumulated
ae«ds are new heatefl to the sprouting point. All the young oal:a
trying to force their way through the brush, eventually to shade
out, are killed, and many a fine old oak is seriously damaged.
Of course, too, this shallow mountain soil that hao bee:: long
aocumulai;iri£; a little hurras is all burned out, and the now un-
protected steeper slopes will vraah down to the granite. jjut no
lives were lost nor hcr.^s bumei — and it was a fjlorious fire,

-8-

HTUDQIUBTEBS HR73

This forest was visited by the following Service men dur-
ing the last quarter:

Oharles H. Squires of Washington, In cliar^e cf claims and
occupancy.

Robert 7. R. Reynolds, of V/ashln^ton, In charge of entry
surveys

Paul C'.Redington, District forester, District 3.

The Supervisor spent ten days with the State Engineer and
the Ilather party, going over the route of the Uulr trail from
the north for1..: of Mono Greek to Simpson Meadow. Part of the
trip frori Evolution lake to Palisade Oreek was made on foot.

The Deputy Supervisor was in the field sir weeks on range
l::s^edtlbn and the preparation of the Improvement plan. He
visltett the Pine Ridge and Kin^s River districts.

Considerable activity In timber sales lias necessitated
field Work by I r. Birch and the Supervisor during October, llr.
Herrran Peterson has applied for fifteen million feet alon^ the
Seai Joa,C;iiin .". laSfcer;:. Railroad neo.r Dewn; the Big Creek Tray
and Sliaka Kill has also applied for a new sale adjoining their
present cutting; E.H.Presoott of Tresno, now owner of the old
Porteraci: lands, haa applied for about 50 acres of tray timber
near his holdings v and Tranh Hauert has applied for a Billion
feet near 3eld Mountain.

Torest E^aclner Birch has been in charge of the liadora
3uc,tU' Fine Sale until October 1, when they shut down for two
weeks on account of the stona. Ranker -7erly asoisted Birch
in the scaling on this sale.

The Supervisor Inspected all Olasa C and D sales during
the c;x

The Supervisor waa called to ITresno and I lad era e^rly in
September to help the respective County DoardD of Supervisors
prepare applications for appropriations under the re Coral ^ld
Road Act.

_____ »

The Chowchille Ranker Station has been turned over to:.ncra-
rily to the Hoao Builders Club of Ilariposa County for a club

~9

Iv use and general public meeting pluoe.

Mr.C. J.Blancliard and rir.H.T. Cowling of Washington spent a
few days in August taking moving picture* of Special Use activ-
ities around Oasoada and Huntlngtou Lake.

After the first storm In October, all of the fore* were
busily engaged In buminr; brush on all timber sales, free
use areas and Improvements. At this time It looks as If we
would present almost a clean slate In this activity.

The cover Illustration shows Ranger Barker anxiously
watching a brush pile on the Ookenden-Byxbee sale, to see
If his torch flame has started a real fire In the damp
trash.

Ten thousand travelers1 maps of the Sierra were received
from TTashinGton during September and October. These maps are
eagerly received by yores fc users.

DISTRICT NEV7S
Hariposa District

The last fire guard went off duty In the Uarlposa Dis-
trict September 30, when a welcome shower put out the fire
In Devil's Gulch. lireraan ^erjuson said it was worth a lialf
month1 a salary to know he did not have to fight fire there
again this season.

~rom September 5f tc Hovember 1 we have had 8.33 Inches
of rain at Uarlposa Station. Several inches of snow fell at
Signal Peak and the stockmen have been Quite bus? gathering
their cattle in the upper ranges,

The weather has been very moderate and feed is well start-
ed. Stock goes out of the Torest In fine oondition this year,
and if we have another rain soon the feed in the foothills wiU
be far enough advanced to carry the stock well Into the winter.

The annual Pair at Jerseyda^e was held September 8,9 and 10
and was of much interest. 2he "orest Service had a rest room
there, with a collection of fire tools, maps, si^-ns, an exhibit
of "Slaber-des troylng insects and two large albums of photo-
graphs showinc various Forest activities and views of our finest

-10-

forest and mountain scen»ry. Y7e also ran In a temporary 'phone
line for the benefit of the public.

The Mountain units of the Uadora County Parm Bureau held a
I/air at Ahwahnee on October 6,7. The weather was not favorable
for a large attendance , but the exhibits of fruits, vegetables
grains, etc., were many and fine. The Service exhibit was dis-
played here also, and in addition souvenir specimens of Bi^ Tree
wood about the sl«e of a post card were given ou*» These were
nacle fron redwood taken from a fallen monarch in the Presno
(Helder) Grove, within the Sierra . Forest. Supervisor Benedict
District ITorester Redington , Deputy Supervisor Jordan and Rob-
ert ELoppenburg, Ui .Benedict's brother-in-law, came over from
Korthfork October 8. Their presence at the mountain Pair was
appreciated, and it was certainly nice to have IIr.Redin£ton with
us a^ain.

We have been <iulte busy the last two weeks trying to clean
up the free-use slash and the timber sale brush. Conditions
were favorable for this work until the last few days when It
burned too well and work was stopped.

The Prod li. Clark sale hao suspended operation for the winter.

Ranger Werly, who was scaling; on the Sugar Pine Sale, has
been on sick leave with blood-poisoning In one foot. He Is Im-
proving however and able to discard the crutches.

Hanger MoXeod will be the one lone ranger In the Karlposa
District this winter.

Sugar Pine District

A new trail down Korthf ork Mountain on which work was be-
gm\ August 25, was completed September 22, there being a frac-
tion over a^mile of new trail built. TThlle the trail is not
all on a 10>j grade, it is a big Improvement over the old trail.

An experiment Is being trleA out in this District this
year with pasture fences In the higher altitude. Posts havo
been solidly planted el^ht feet apart, and stays put in be-
tween the posts. Ue hope such a fence will withstand the weight
of winter snows, and we will avoid the necessity of taking down
and putting up our back-ooxmtry pasture fences every year.

-U-

The heav? snow whiah fell on the first of October
oauseii a loss to many stockmen. Kany oattle perisheC In the
storm, while those that were caught and won through looked
worse than when they went In in the spring.

There was a notable increase in the number of tourists
and campers in the mountains of this District the past sunnier
and a great appreciation was shown by the traveling public
for the Service naps and other literature, as the public
register kept at Clover Ranger Station will attest. There
were 200 names on the register as against 30 last season.

Ucrthf ork District

Thanks to the Rain-Maker I On September 28 a light
shower lessened tho fire danger considerably, though we
had several lightning fires following this storm. But on
October 1 tho real fire season closer cane, gladdening the
force of the Horthfork District. Ue had experienced the
worst fires during September that had occurred since the
birth of the district, and we don't yet feel inclined to
talk about fire records. Ue did our best — and came out
with the worst record everl

I think one theory is proven by the big September
fires, and that is the light-burning theory for brush-
covered areas with little or no pine timber, and for the
edge of the timber belt adjoining the brush areas.

This fall, since the big rain, has been an exceptionally

Sod time to burn tiiiber sale slash, and vre have taken advan-
go of it to the fullest extent, completing the last burning
the first week in llovember. This is the most thorough clean-
up we have made for eight or nine years.

Tinber sales in this district are all completed for the
season.

There is a rumor to the effect that the '"'hite and rriant
Lumber Company will begin operations in the near future,
•utting their vast holdings in this district. Tills will
probably mean either a railroad from T'riant or a spur from
the San Joaquin := Eastern Railroad by way of an incline from
Hooker's Cove.

- 12 -

The repair work on the San Joaquin Hirer bridge and
the logan Clii^xiito Bridge has been completed by the ranger
force since the last publication of the RAlfGLR.

The condition of the grazing ranges was below the average
at the close ci tlie surraer oeason, xthanks tc the lacl: of late sp
spring and summer rains. About 5C> of the stockmen on the dis-
trict did not sell any beef at all, but there is good prospect
for green grass on the winter ranges.

*

The Government team and wagon have been conderme* and
sold at auction, Banger Hainwarlng buying then. We wore
sorry to see Dl«k and Dolly go. They made a c°°* strong
willing tenzn. But we are glad Ranger Mainwaring got then.

Pine Ridge District

The fire season ended with a plunk on October 1 when a
hoavy fall of snow in the high country and a general r&in over
the fire hazard belt relieved us of all fire danger. The non-
par of fires in this district during the past summer was a
little larger than usual, but a large percentage of then was
in Class A.

There is every prospect of a salo of tinber to Ilr. Herman
Peterson, former owner of the Peterson Ulll on Pine Ridge.
Mr. Peterson will probably operate along the San Joac^uln :•. East-
era railroad, above Dawn.

A sale of 500, 000 ft. 2.H. has Just been made to the
Pacific Light '.: Power Corporation. This timber will be used
In the construction work now in progress at the lake and will
be sawed by the Company's mill.

The Pacific light ancl Power Corporation Is working about
500 men at Huntlngton lake. The three big dama are to be
raised fifty feet, thereby greatly increasing the storage oapacl
ty of the Lake.

On September 29 Deputy Supervisor Jordan and Ranger Price
left Shaver for Lower Hot Springs and Blaney Meadow. Camp was
nade at Blaney on the evening of October 1 and upon a7.'aJ:Aning
the nezt morning they found everything white with snow, eight-
een inches having fallen during the night and more oozing.

Leaving carap after lunch we plowed our way up to the j'rench Can-
yon bridge and removed the flooring for the winter. The snow
was three feet deep at the bridge.

Tliere being no feed for the stock, we left Blanoy the
following noraing and rede to Mono. Bven here there was al-
most a foot of snow, henoe no horsefeoC. As It was still
stomy the next morning, we broke canp and started for lower
altitudes .

inly a few of the cattlemen had drive:: their stool: to the
winter ranges prior to the storm, and ouch difficulty was en-
countered la gathering and driving over the sunr.it. Bfctrreen $
three and four feet of anow fell on the main trailofwr Zalser,
making the work very disagreeable.

Kings River District.

State Engineer I'.cClure visited the Muir Trail job on the
Middle 7ork about the 20th of August, He and Supervisor Bene-
dict walked via Hulr Pass from evolution Lake to Siopson Meadow
while Kr.Tully accompanied the llather party of Jark officials ,
railroad men, etc., via Hell-for-stire Pass and Orown Valley
to Simpson Meadow.

Hr.KcClure was well pleased with the country throu^i
which the trail is being built, but desires a higher standard
of trail. In no case should the maximum grade exceed 15 ,';, no
grade should be lost that can possibly be helped, and a wider
tread should be maintained.

Deputy Supervisor and Hrs. Jordan visited the Kings River
District and with District Ranger Bccthe covered the district
pretty thoroughly, including all the cattle ranges , the lild-
dle ?ork canyon and the Hulr Trail, A hiking trip was taken
to the head of Palisade Creek, looking over the proposed route
of the trail which will ultimately go up this way and down a
branch of the South Tork of Kings. He made it to Doo.Hogue's
oanp about 6:30 P.M. , where he and Ranger Glees Crow were In
camp with a sheep nan from the Inyo who had brought over a
bunch of sheep to finish out the season. Their camp looked
better to us than the soft side of any of thoae granite bould-
ers, and we spent the night very comfortably. Both llr.and Mrs.
Jor^dan enjoyed th«» experience of getting their first golden
trout , besides some real scenery.

An eleotrlcal storm on August 28 started a nunber of fires

-14-

in tho Kings River District. 171th the exception of one that
started on the south end of Patterson Mountain, well down in
the Eorthfork Canyon, none of then did an? danage. The Pat-
terson Mountain fire, however , broke the record in this dis-
trict for area burnee and for cost of suppression. The fact
that it started in a section not covered by our loo?:outs, the
character of the country and the Ion;; distance iron nen end
supplies are held by us to be responsible.

The Mulr Trail Crew cane out Just in tine to escape a
soaking on the tail end of the Job. Part of the crew, in-
olxiding the cook and his \vlfe who were traveling slowly with
burros for pack stock, lay over near Grown Talley fer the
rain to lot up and were caught in about three feet of snow.
They had to wait a woek raore for tho snow to settle so that
the burros could travel,.

The past season was an unusually successful one fron the
car-ipers1 standpoint. A large nunber of people caue as far as
Dinkey i:i nachlnes, and sone of then were oar-ief. on beyond bp
Robinson1 a ^ac!. train, llany succeeded in ba^lnc *5ie Unit of
deer | nore than twice the usual ntmber of antlers bein;; seen
on their way out by tho racers.

Rodders and T-ink, old-time stock raisers in this District
have sold out to the Johnson Brothers. It was reported that
J.T".fiio0 had sold out ranch and cattle, but the report haa not
been verified to date.

District headquarters noved down fron: Dinkey on October 4,
about two weeks earlier than our usual tine icr nicrating.
Tiinre waa a foot on snow on 'the ground at Dinhey that nomine
but since thon It has all aelted off in the Good weather that
f oil ewe e.

District Ranger Soothe went to the Pine Hid^e District
October 19 tc help Rangers Price and Barker run out sone lota
in the special use areas*

-16-

f

Personal It ens

Ranger Taylor is a grandfather. "Eow what do you know
about that!" Time waa when a ranker noetinc looked like a
gathering of hlfc'h-echccl alumni except that the rangers were
immensely nore serious than school "boys. The current criticism
of the force was because of its youth, and. one manager of a
lumber company is said to have said to one of the older in-
spect ora: "Thank the lord for a man at last; I'm tired of deal-
ing with boys." This first Sierra grandchild -4s named Bar-
bara Hoskins and saw the light of day October 5, 1916.

Thfl Sight Hock Station also boasts a new baby, Alethea
Maurine Clark, bora Septeraber 2, 1916; and Marian Evelyn Boothe
whose mother is a telephone operator at the Oa^Aurst Service
switchboard and whose father, Creston Boothe, devotes every
summer to keeping fires from starting In th$ Jdlarci region,
arrived on Au^-ust 30, 1916.

So the foothills of the Sierra have three more children
Growing up who will know "TThy is a National Porest".

The Supervisor, Deputy and Ohjpf Clerk cf the Sierra, to-
gether with III .Shinn and Mrs. Jordan went to Presno en
the night of October 27 to hear Gilford Plv.chofc speak. All
five of then were in the Service while Hi .pinch o't was Porester,
and welcomed this opportunity to see their former chief. After
t'.e political meeting - which soerae'7. to the Impatient five
merely incidental there was an hour of "good old talk" over
old times and new -times in the Service, and all walke to the
train with !i:.?inchct and hie Secretary. Queer how silent the
walk back to the hotel was.

Clerk Leslie is about to leave the Sierra. nlf ye have
tears — * Only we are all mighty glad tha't tlr.Ieslie has a
chance at a much increased salary tc return to the work for which
he was especially trained. He will be en^a^ed on road engineer-
Inc In District 3, where ra-.ReCington, formerly Supervisor of
the Sierra, is now District Torester.

Ilr.Refiington, called to San Francisco from Albuquerque, on
official business, took a few days off, en route, to visit his
eld Forest. Heedless to say, Horthfcrk was more than glad to
see hir- a^aln, and only gloved that there were so few possible
raeals in seven days to which they coxild Invite him. He took in
the Ahwahnee "air on Oc'tober 8, wl'th Supervisor Benedict and

Deputy Supervisor Jordan* the three gentlemen belns appointed
judges of e^]?lbi%s. To be euro the mere fact that they knew
firs iron pines did not give them the seeing eye that distin-
guishes onions fron leeks or cabbages from kalo, but their
judgments were accepted, nevertheless.

Inasriuoh as Hr.Blroh aeons deemed tc spend the greater
number of his days away fron home, rather than leave his
wonenJrind at Bocthe Station, three quarters of a olio from
the nearest nei£h bor, he moved them tc the "ranklin aotta^e
at Borthfork for the winter.

All the summer eanps have been deserte except the Cas-
3tation whloh will for the first time be occupied all
winter. So much speelal use work will be golus or. this year
and the Power Coqpany will be employing so nan? men there,
needing privileges, small tlnber sales, etc., that it seems
wise to keep Mr. Barker a I; his post all winter.

Banger T'er&y has been moat unfortunate this summer,
having to work tinder tryl:i£ eonditlons of 111 health. EC will
probably have to have a disability furlough for the winter
during which time his doctor expects tc make him entirely over.
It is surest e«" that VTerly le»rn to talre care of himself, even
though he does but one nai'.'s work In a day when he returns In
the spring.

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