POHS3T3Y PAMPHLETS PHILIP? DIE ISLAHDS Vol. VII Partial List of Genera and Species, Philippine Plants. Manila Daily Bulletin - Anniversary Uumber, February, 1919, . - Library 3PECIS5. PHILIPPINE JrmAGRlCULT i^talVtRfiTr OF CAUFOHN 1. 2. Z. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Acacia confusa Acer cun'anii " philippintun Aoronychia laurifolia Adenanthera intermedia Adina Bernard oil n mult i flora Adinandra elliptica Aegiceras corniculatum " floridum M florlbundus Aegle glutinosa Agathis alba Aglaia argentea " badia " bicolor " bordenii " brachybotrys " clarkii " cumingiana n currani i diffusa elaeagnoid.es elliptifolia everetteii glomerata harms! ana laevigata luzoniensis llanosiana macrobotrys parvi flora n 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. j , 33. Aglaia turezaninowi 34. AgrostiBtachye pubeacena 35/ Ahernia 36. Ailanthus 37. Alangium braohyantun 38. " longiflorum 39. Alangium meyeri 40. " salvifolium 41. Albizzia acle n lebbek. . " lebbekoides " marginata n pro car a n retuea • saponaria 48. Alchornea javensie 49. Aleurites moluccana 50. " trisperma 51. Alia Bant bus glaber 52. n luzonicus 53. Allopnylus groeeedentatus 54. " timorensis 55. Al pb.it onia excelsa 56. Alohonsea philipoinensis 57. Alsofila e 58. Alstonia macrophylla 59. " pancinervia 60. " scholar is 61. Alyxia luzoniensis 62. Amoora aherniana 63. " cumingiaaa 64. Anacoluea luzoniensis •«'IA • , ae£: '' &$&a B ^ 3; ]; :; j ! < : < ( <, < ; < , 4 I < ; 3 ' 4 I 3 ; 3 ; 3 ; U. De Poli IMPORT and EXPORT Cable Address "ILPODE" P- 0. Box « A N 1 1 * p i Phone 1422 MANILA, P. 1. 1,35 209 Estero de Binondo EXPORT Hemp - Manila and Tagal Maguey - Manila and Cebu Knotted Hemp - In hanks and in reels • Shells - M. O. P., Troca and Caracoles Gum -Copal and Elemy Hats-Buntal and Baliwag Tobacco Leaf Stripped Tobacco IMPORT General lines Distillers of the famous Oriental essence: the fragrant Ylang-YIang. ! 1 . ; AAAAAAAAAAAAAl Please mention the Manua Daily Bulletin when writing to adrertisert. 18 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN Cable Addresi— WEHALD, MANILA AGENTS MINDORO SUGAR COMPANY San Jose, Mindoro, P. 1. SUCCESSORS TO THE MINDORO SUGAR Mi THE SAN JOSE ESTATE WELCH FAIRCHILD AND COMPANY INCORPORATED SUGAR FACTORS AND EXPORTERS New York Ageitt WELCH, FAIRCHILD & Co., IDC. 138 Front St. San Francisco Agenti WELCH & Co. 244 California St. Pltase mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertise™. 17= ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 19 The Pacific Commercial Company GENERAL EXPORTERS OF ALL PHILIPPINE PRODUCTS Hemp Tobacco Copra Shells Sugar — raw and centrifugal Philippine Hats Manufacturers of Manila Cigars OFFICES MANILA NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO KOBE, JAPAN SHANGHAI, CHINA SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA Pirate mention the .Uonifa Dai';/ Bulletin when writing to adrertisert. 20 MANILA DAIL7 BULLETIN I I I I I I I H. E. HEACOCK COMPANY MANILA'S LEADING JEWELERS OPTICIANS STATIONERS i i I i i i i i i i i i i i i I i i i i i I i i i • i i i i i DEALERS IN— FINE JEWELRY DIAMONDS WATCHES LEATHER GOODS SILVER WARE ART BRONZE STATUARY OPTICAL GOODS NICKEL WARE CUT GLASS CHINA STATIONERY ETC. WHOLESALE— RETAIL MAIL ORDER DEPARTMENTS 121-123Escolta Manila, P. I. i i i i i i i • i • • • i i i • i i i i i 'r ROBERTS INCORPORATED 52-54 Escolla Manila, P. 1. MANILA'S MOST FASHIONABLE TAILOR \\ 7 HEN you arrive in Manila you will want clothing that will be comfortable and stylish. Make it a point to come direct to us instead of hunting around the city for a tailor's sign. Cur tailoring has come to be recognized in Manila as stand- ard in elegance and material. Our styles are always modern and up-to-date and are the coun- terpart of the latest New York styles. Cool weaves such as PALM BEACH, ALPACA, MINERVA CLOTH in all the newest shades. HEADQUARTERS FOR- MANHATTAN SHIRTS HANAN SHOES DOUGLAS SHOES WICHERT & GARDINER SHOES HOLEPROOF HOSIERY KNOX HATS Largest KODAK STORE in Manila. Printing and developing. Photo Supplies. mention the Manuti Daily Bulletin wtitn wnutiy tu ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 21 Viuda de Pedro P. Roxas Herederos de Antonio Roxas Echague 741 Manila, P. I. SUGAR MANUFACTURERS IMPORTERS =and= EXPORTERS SHIPOWNERS REAL ESTATE PROPRIETORS COMMISSION =and= INSURANCE AGENTS SUGAR CENTRALS Central "CARMEN" Central "LOOC" Calatagan, Batangas, P. I. Looc, Batangas, P. I. P. 0. Box 1459 Telsphone 2C42 "'mini Please mention the Haniia Daily Ifuiletin ichtn writing to advertiser*. 22 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN EARNSHAWS Slipways and Engineering COMPANY SHIPBUILDERS ENGINEERS BOILERMAKERS COMPLETELY equipped for the undertaking of big shipbuilding and engineering projects, for extensive repairs and for all general shipbuilding, engineering, and drydocking with slipways capacity for 4 vessels at the same time. Conveniently located in the Port Area in Manila, in the very heart of the shipping center. Operating our own foundry and machine shops for the repair or replacing of broken parts. Steel, iron and galvanized tanks for storage purposes built and erected. Telegraphic Address: "MEARNSHAW" Manila. 213 P. O. Box 282 INNER BASIN, No. 60, 2nd Street. Telephones 4391 PORT AREA, MANILA, P. I. Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin u-hen writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 23 illlllll ll'Jf The Producers' Warehouse Ass'n Manila, P. I. Proof against FIRE -TYPHOON -EARTHQUAKE Capacity: 1,000,000 Cubic Feet Absolutely safe storage for everything We arrange for incoming and outgoing freight; handle storage for provincial and local trade. Specializing on loose and baled hemp. Equipped with electric hoists and hemp presses. Handle all classes of goods imme- diately and satisfactorily. Economical rates. The best warehouses in the Orient. WAREHOUSES On the river at the Intendencia Building Pleate mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to adrertitert. 24 MANILA DA1LT BULLETIN Cable Address: 'MANDERS' HEAD OFFICE: San Francisco BRANCHES: Manila Shanghai Hongkong South America Central America GENERAL MERCHANTS IMPORT-EXPORT COMMISSION OVERSEAS TRADING COMPANY MANILA BRANCH Hongkong-Shanghai Banking Corporation Eldg. Til Please intention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANN1VERSAR7 NUMBER 1919 23 fcAAAAAAAi •vwvwvvvvv i! ! : i i S. M. Berger Co. 177 Juan Luna Manila, P. I. P. 0. Box 65 1 Cable Address "BERCO" ALL STANDARD CODES USED Commission Merchants •r=: and _ IMPORTERS of General Merchandise from all parts of the world. EXPORTERS of Leaf Tobacco, Hemp, Cocoanut Oil and other Philippine products. MANUFACTURERS of high class Philippine Cigars. . NORTON — and= HARRISON COMPANY MANILA, P. I. Rooms 410 to 418 Kneedler Building LUMBER OREGON PINE CALIFORNIA REDWOOD PHILIPPINE HARDWOODS PAINTS & OILS JOHN LUCAS & Co.s House Paints W. P. FULLER & Co.s House Paints PARAFFINE PAINT Co.s Preservative AMERICAN MARINE PAINT Co.s Ships' Bottom Paints MALTHOID ROOFING American Encaustic Tiles Extensive suppliers of building materials to the leading contractors in the Philippine Islands. GENERAL IMPORTERS = and = EXPORTERS I I I I I I I I I I I Pirate mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertiser!. 26 M AN I LA' D AIL 7 BULLETIN Illllllllll 1 Standard Import Co., Inc Manila, P. I. Cable Address: 'VIDABO MANILA" P. O. Box 1299 New York Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition Western Union Bentley's INDENTORS and WHOLESALERS Hardware | Steel Tools Brass Goods Paints Auto Supplies Plumbing Supplies Shoes Cotton Goods Notions Machinery Supplies Hosiery Oils Embroideries Ribb ons Some of our agencies: Firestone Tire & Rubber Co: Carriage Tires L. J. Mutty Co., Boston California Glove Company West Coast Kalsomine Co. Ivory Handle Co. Union Brass & Metal Mfg. Co. Mack & Co. Correspondence is solicited from those manufacturers who desire reliable repre- sentation in the Philippines for such articles as are of general use among the peoples of this country and climate. We will gladly advise you in this matter. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 27 LEON J. LAMBERT President JOSEPH E. M ALLOY Vice-Pre». & Mgr. N. Y. Office CHAS. H. CADY Vice-Pro. & Mgr. Manila Office HENRY P. MALLOY Sec.-Treas. Correspondence Invited CAPITAL AND SURPLUS P578.953.00 ORIENTAL REPRESENTATIVES FORj OVER-SEAS MANUFACTURERS your Service TX7E are open to con- tract with Manu- facturers of standing whose lines do not con- flict with those we represent. We are fully equipped, and cover the Philippine Islands thoroughly. If you con- template entering our field, we suggest that you write to our New York Manager as he no doubt will be able to furnish you with the information you desire. ****»» *~* HEAD OFFICE: MANILA, P. I. *_*_*_.*_* * * * = HPHE following are some of the lines we represent: Cotton Piece Goods Towels Old Dutch Cleanser Cudahy's Laundry Soaps CB!. Metal Polish William's Toilet Soaps £& Toilet Preparations Red Wing Grape Juice Preserves C8. Catsups 3 in 1 Oil Bicycle Playing Cards Eagle Pencil Co.'s Products Miller Bros. Pocket Knives C&, Pens Sanfords Inks C& Pastes BRANCHES C& REPRESENTATIVES THROUGHOUT THE ORIENT BANKERS: International Banking Corporation Aeu York, San Francitco, Manila and London Philippine National Bank Manila — New York MANILA 129 Calle Juan Luna Cable Address "LASCO" CEBU, P. I. ILOILO, P. I. CODES: A. B. C. 5th Edition. W. U., Bentley's, Century and Private Codes NEW YORK 72 Leonard St. Cable Address "LAMSALES" Pleate mention the Manila Daily Bullftin when writing to ctdrertii fir 28 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN ATLANTIC, GULF «- PACI Cable Address:— "DREDGING" Excelsior and all standard codes ENGINEERS Operating extensive Structural Steel Shops and Foundry, Ma- chine Shops, Slipways, Forg- ing Shops and Galvanizing Shop. Builders of Bridges, Wharves, Tanks, Lighters, Derricks, Piledrivers, Cane Cars, Sea and River Walls. Manufacturers of Bolts, Nuts, Washers, Rivets, Ship Spikes, Track Spikes, Oil Factory Equipment, Sugar Mill Equip- ment, and Dredge Equipment. Owners and Operators of ex- tensive Floating Plant, includ- ing Oil Tank Lighters and I i. Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 29 FIC COMPANY of MANILA TELEPHONE 2050 P. O. BOX 626 CONTRACTORS Pumping Equipment capable of loading 2000 tons Bulk Oil per day from Factory Tanks to Ship's Tanks. Carrying on hand Large Stocks of Steel Bars, Flats, Angles, Channels, I-Beams, Plates, Reinforcing Steel, Tool Steel and Cold Rolled Shafting. Agents for: California Corrugated Cul- vert Co. American Rolling Mill Co. Leschen Sons & Co. Wire Rope. Plans and Specifications prepared. Correspondence solicited. Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertutn. 30 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN Manila Trading & Supply Co. IMPORTERS & GENERAL MERCHANTS Representing: Fordson Tractors Ford Automobiles Smith Form -a -Trucks United States Tires Robbins & Myers Motors, Generators, and Fans General Fireproofing Go's Allsteel Office Furniture Remington Typewriters Dalton Adding Machines Barrett Adding and Calculating Machines Monroe Calculating Machines American Adding Machines Roneo Duplicators Alpine Safes Reliable Safes Shaw-Walker Filing Supplies Carter's Inks Eberhard Faber Pencils Sentinel Check Perforators National Blank Books Spalding Athletic Goods Parker Bros. Shotguns Pope Bicycles James Kirk's Soaps Wilcox Combs Shawknit .Hosiery Monogah Glass Ingersoll Watches McFadden Emeralite Electric Lamps —and other leading American lines Manila Trading & Supply Co. Wholesale and Retail 155-159 ESCOLTA Manila, Philippine Islands. 17= Please mention the Manila Daily Itutletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 31 Charles T. Stork & Co., Inc. • Manila Office 7 Calle Soda Main Office Tribune Bldg., New York EXPORTERS-IMPORTERS "Where America trades, Stork also trades" BRANCH OFFICES:— San Francisco, (Handsford Bldg.) Kobe, Japan Semarang, Java Rotterdam, Holland Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic Havana, Cuba REPRESENTATIVES IN:— Porto Rico China French Indo-China Brazil South Africa IMPORTS Chemicals General Merchandise Railroad Machinery Engineering Supplies Automobiles Trucks Auto Accessories EXPORTS All products of the Philippines. Thoroughly organized for Overseas trade. TEAL COMPANY 937-947 Ongpin Manila, Philippines SPECIALIZING ia MACHINERY including AGRICULTURAL and MILL MACHINERY MARINE ENGINES and EQUIPMENT AUTOMOBILES TRUCKS TIRES ACCESSORIES IMPORTING STEEL PRODUCTS CHEMICALS GENERAL MERCHANDISE Correspondence with interested manufacturers invited Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. 32 MAN I LA DAI L7 BU LLE T I N I Macleod & Company, Inc. | I Chaco Bldg., MANILA, P. I. g London New York Chicago Seattle Cebu Vigan Baybay PRODUCE AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS STEAMSHIP AGENTS AGENTS FOR American & Manchurian Line American & Oriental Line Ellerman & Bucknall S. S. Co., Ltd. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. Andrew Weir & Co. The Bank Line Limited American Bureau of Shipping (American Lloyds) The Board of Underwriters of New York Commercial Union Assurance Co., Ltd. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIL. Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertiner«. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 33 Babcock & Templeton, Inc. Founded 1911 P. O. Box 1222 Cable Address "BABTEMP" MANILA, P. I. IMPORTERS and — EXPORTERS Incorporated 1914 CODES: Bentley's A-l A-B-C 5th Edition Western Union Private Specialists in MANILA HEMP ns COCONUT OIL Philippine Coconut Grove. Quotations cabled C. I. F. any port in the world on any Manila product. TO EXPEDITE BUSINESS, STATE — 1 — Cable Address 2— Codes 3 — Bank that will open L/C 4 — Quantities desired 5 — Unit of weight for quotations, i. e. tons, kilo, lb., etc. HEMP We quote landed weights C. I. F., if you have official government weighers, otherwise against Philippine Government Weight Cer- tificates and Grading Certificates. COCONUT OIL Landed weights, port of entry. Basis of 5% Free Fatty Acid. STATE — 1 — Have you tanks or tank cars for bulk shipments? 2 — If not, shall we ship in barrels or steel drums? Extra charge for drums. OTHER PRODUCTS WRITE FOR PRICES ON — CENTRIFUGAL SUGAR CIGARS GUM COPAL HAND EMBROIDERIES LEAF TOBACCO PILI NUTS COPRA COPRA MEAL Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to a*lvertisers. 34 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN Fernandez Hermanos Merchants 6 Plaza Moraga Shipowners Importers Exporters MANILA P.O. Box 805 Cable Address: "FERNANDEZ-Manila" CODES: A. B. C. 5th Edition, Western Union, Bentley's, Lieber's & Private. Agents for the NORTH BRITISH & MERCANTILE INSURANCE CO. ATLAS ASSURANCE COMPANY, Ltd. Risks accepted at current rates. Cable Address : "Fernandez-Manila" General Managers for the COMPANIA MARITIMA * OPERATING Inter-Island line of steamers. Regular trips to principal ports in the Archipelago. Steamers with good accommodations for passengers, excellent cuisine and service. All vessels electrically lighted and cooled. Cable Address: "Maritima-Manila" General Managers for EL VARADERO DE MANILA Established 1884 Engineering and Shipbuilding. Foundry shops and slipways at Cavite. Cable Address: "Elvadema-Manila" General Managers for MANILA COMPANIA DE SEGUROS Risks accepted and bonds issued at current rates. Cable Address: "Fernandez-Manila" General Managers for PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING COMPANY Now the Owners of the Engineering Department of GERM ANN & CO., INC. Engineers and contractors for building, installing and repairing of all kinds of industrial and agricultural machinery. Installation of electric lights, apparatus, tele- phones and power machinery. Electrical supplies of al descriptions. New shops with modern apparatus. Cable Address: "Philenco-Manila" 936 Calle Raon, Santa Cruz, Manila. Pletue mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 5 li YNCHAUSTI & Co MANILA'S LEADING SHIP CHANDLERS A company established in 1854 to supply the need of the shipping trade. This we have done consistently and satisfactorily.^ Shipping men enjoy doing business with us because it is a store in which they are made to feel at home. HARDWARE OUR ROPE FACTORY 'With the completion of the in- stallation of modern machinery we will be ready to market the high- est grade Manila hemp rope in all sizes. Correspondence is invited from all interested parties for future deliveries. INTER ISLAND SHIPPING Operating a fleet of fast, modern steamers for freight and passen- gers for inter-island traffic, touch- ing at all the principal ports in the archipelago. Regular sailings from Manila. GENERAL MERCHANTS Cable Address "YNCHAUSTI' 845 Muelle de la Industria BRANCHES AT Iloilo Sorsogon Gubat Aparri Till Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin u-lten writing to advcrtucrf. 36 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN YANGCO, ROSENSTOCK & Co., Inc. GENERAL MERCHANTS AND IMPORTERS 363 RAON MANILA P. O. Box 400 Cable Address "YANROSCO" Codes— W. UM A. B. C. 5th Ed. and Bentley's. AUTOMOBILE DEPARTMENT SOLE REPRESENTATIVES IN THE PHILIPPINES FOR Studebaker Corporation of America Chandler Motor Car Co. (Cleveland, Ohio) Premier Motor Co. (Indianapolis, Ind.) Templar Motor Corporation (Cleveland, Ohio) Stewart Motor Corporation (Trucks) — • Buffalo, N. Y. Exclusive Service Agents for the Phil- ippines for the Stewart-Warner Speedometer Corporation IMPORT DEPARTMENT IMPORTERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF "YANROSCO" Brand of Pure Chinaware Porcelain Dinnerware Semi-Porcelain, Plain, and Decorated ware Heavy Hotel Service ware Glassware of all Kinds Flat Silverware in Sets or in Open Stock Enamelware, Kitchen and Toilet Sets "YANROSCO UNI-LITE" Gasoline Lan- terns "Monogram" Shoe Polish Importers and Distributors of Automobile Accessories of all Kinds, Automobile Tires, Tubes and General Supplies for Repair Shops, Garages, etc. "A company that has full faith in the future of the Philippines and is building its business with this future in view." YANGCO, ROSENSTOCK & Co., Inc MANILA, P. I. Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. IP Luzon Brokerage Company, Inc. CUSTOMS BROKERS MANILA, P. I. Cable Address-"LUSTEVECO" P. 0. Box 582 J. P. Heilbronn Company Manila's Leading Paper Dealers r APER-PRINTERS' SUPPLIES Supplying every class of paper that is required by the printing trade or in commerce. Carrying a complete line of printers' supplies, from presses to periods. Always on the alert for new and attractive material for our custo- mers. Cable Address-"PAPERTRADE". 233 Calle David, Binondo. Manila, P. I. Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. 38 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN SAN MIGUEL BREWERY Capital fully paid up - - - $3,000,000.00 Directors F. ORTIGAS E. BRIAS Presidznt - - - R. J. FERNANDEZ Vice-President V. GENATO Treasurer - - - E. ZOBEL Directors J. P. STELLA M. TUASON P/1ILIPPINE ISLANDS. "THE BEER THAT MADE MANILA FAMOUS' THE OLDEST AND BEST BEER IN THE ORIENT "GOLD RIBBON" "LIBERTY MALT BEVERAGE" "RIZAL" A. SORIANO Assistant Manager A. BRIAS General Manager A. G. ZOBOLI Secretary Please mention the Manila Daily Jiulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 39 The Philippine Net and Braid Mfg. Co. Incorporated 1913 343-345 Juan Luna, Binondo, Manila P. O. Box 326 Cable Addres>: TAGAL or AGUINALDO MANILA Codes: A. B. C. 5th Ed.; Bentley's, Western Union and Private Telephone 8585 Factory Concepcion, Malabon, Rizal IMPORTERS of Cotton Twine Chemicals Drugs & Pharmaceutical Goods Dental Instruments, fixtures and Supplies Cigar Ribbons Hats & Hatters' Supplies Gunny Sacks Tin Foils Gums & Glues Shellac Weaving Machines and Accessories Silversmiths' a d Watch Repairers' Tools, etc. MANUFACTURERS of Fishing Nets Tagal braids, Native Textiles Hemp Hats, etc. EXPORTERS of Philippine Hats and other native products Correspondence solicited Satisfactory reference will be given on request Parsons Hardware Company Inc. § Ong Pin Street No. 509-519 MANILA, P. I. P. 0. Box 422 Cable Address: "Parsons-Manila" Codes: Western Union A. B. C. 5th Edition Lieber's Importers- Jobbers- Agents-General Merchants Import Specialties Galvanized Iron, Bar Iron and Mild Steel, Steel Plates Builder's Hardware. G. I. Pipe, Nails, Spikes, Leather and Shoemaker's Supplies, Ship Chandlery, Carriage Build- er's Supplies, Cement, Pumps Belting, Rubber and Asberstos Mechanical Goods, etc. Sole Agents in the Philippines for THE B. F. GOODRICH Co., Rubber Tires THE PACKARD MOTOR CAR Co., Chainless Motor Trucks, Automobiles DU PON'T FABRIKOID Co., Artificial Leather SHELDON Axle Co., Axles and Springs W. P. FULLER & Co., Paints HALL'S SANITARY PAINT AMERICAN SHOE POLISH, Shoe Polish TRIUMPH CYCLE Co., Bicycles CAILLE PERFECTION MOTOR Co. (Marine Engineer.) Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertiser*. 40 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN LUZON OIL REFINING ESTABLISHED 1917 COCONUT OIL MANUFACTURE Factory Raon Extension, No. 904 MANILA, P. I. P. O. Box 1092 Cable Address— "RAMOS" NIPPON BAZAR No. 22-24 Plaza Moraga IMPORTERS and DEALERS A complete line of JAPANESE GOODS American Correspondence Solicited MANILA, P. I. P. O. Box 396 Wholesale Department: 411 Reina Regente -i Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 41 ^ AW YONG CHIOW SOO Barraca No. 4 Manila, P. I. Importers of Goods from America China and Japan Exports of Sugar and Hemp Tel. 966 P. O. B. 1354 TAN BEE KIM 7 RENTA ST. Telephone No. 1237 MANILA, P. I. P. O. Box 174 Cable Address: "BEEKIM" Codes— A. B. C and Western Union r iv/r t> (~\ TD qp -p TD i ivi sr w ix A .c, ix Exporters and manufacturers of fine Philippine Hats for men- EXPORTER General Merchant hats that men want and look for. OWNER OF NEW ERA HAT FACTORY Proprietor of Correspondence is solicited. Address— Bee Kee Umbrella Factory Peregrino Uyboco Manufacturing high grade umbrellas General Manager Pleate mention the Manila Daily Bulletin uhen writing to advertiser*. 42 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN IIIJ CHOA TEK HEE I 413 Reina Regente Manila, P.I. | IMPORTERS | COMMISSION MERCHANTS | We solicit direct connections with manufac- turers of hardware, viz: Wirenails, galvanized iron sheets, horse shoes, barbed wires, gal- vanized wires, paints, oils, carpenter tools, etc. etc. REFERENCE 1 International Banking Corporation 1 Tan Liuan & Co. IMPORTERS | AND - 1 EXPORTERS | MANILA, P.I. [ 224 Dasmarifias P. O. Box 1252 r.illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIN Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. Philippine American Oil Co INCORPORATED COCONUT OIL MANUFACTURERS 105 Duque de Alba Manila, P.I. Nieva, Ruiz and Company 38 Plaza Moraga Manila, P.I. GENERAL MERCHANTS IMPORTERS EXPORTERS SHIPPING BONDED WAREHOUSES B Pleaff mention the Manila Daily Bulletin ii-hrn writing to adrertwers. 44 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN Do you recognize this label? arutfactured. Graded, '* Xureauaf Onternal {Revenue MANILA CIGARS £ It should be on every box of cigars that you buy. This label is the guarantee of the Phil- ippine Government that your cigars are hand- made, under the most sanitary conditions, from the best Philippine tobacco, and have stood the most rigid inspection by the Gov- ernment. Manila cigars are as mild and cool as the gentle zephyrs inblown from Tropic seas and as perfect in workmanship as the most expert fingers in the world can make them. There is nothing 'just as good' as a Manila cigar. Look for the guarantee of the Philippine Government on every box. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED Address: Bureau of Internal Revenue Manila, P. 1. or Manila Advertising Agcency 546 W. 124 St. New York Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 45 LUTZ ^ COMPANY Iloilo MANILA Cebu New York, 299 Broadway Zurich, Switzerland GENERAL IMPOR TERS—EXPOR TERS INSURANCE AGENTS P. O. Box 604 90 Rosario Street Cable Address: "ACELUTZ" Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. 46 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN i- WM H. ANDERSON & Co. ESTABLISHED 1904 MANILA CEBU Importers - Exporters - Commission Merchants AGENCIES Exclusive for the Philippine Islands Colgate & Co., New York Chesebrough Mfg. Co., New York Lanman & Kemp, New York Libby, McNeill & Libby, Chicago Swift & Co., Chicago Cluett, Peabody & Co., New York W. O. Horn & Bro., New York John B. Stetson Co., Phila. The Truscon Steel Co., New York Green Island Cement Co., Hongkong et al. et al. V\7"E are interested in all classes of merchandise and maintain offices in the U. S. with address— Wm H. Anderson & Co. j 11 Broadway, NEW YORK Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 47 1111 ERLANGER & GALINGER, Inc Roxas Building Manila, P.I. IMPORTERS EXPORTERS OFFICE SUPPLIES Adding and Listing Machines Cash Registers Duplicating Machines Desks Safes Steel Filing Furniture Typewriters MACHINERY Architectural Machinery Crude Oil Engines Electric Lighting Plants Hoisting Engines Stationery Engines Marine Engines Propellers Manufacturing Machinery Pumps ELECTRICAL GOODS Motors and Supplies Telephones and Telephone Supplies GENERAL MERCHANDISE Heavy Hardware Sheet and Bar Steel AUTOMOBILE Tires and Accessories Motorcycles, Tires and Accessories Bicycles, Tires and Accessories PHONOGRAPHS AND RECORDS Sporting Goods One of the Pioneer American firms in the Philippine Islands. Importing some of America's best prod- ucts and exporting Philippine Products to some of America's best houses. Ple- « 85 B-.J g -.2 sa a a S ° £• L/C 2* O o o o A MODERN HEMP PLANTATION AT THE PRODUCING STAGE 066 zz » £££-3c- 3 a l|l&lsllli§8 !gf * wi^oScnvcfl^Jj - (5£s I ti s s.s ^ i; S ci; .-° oS'C » y ^ '•^ ° w 4> r to to SiSXtiiS: Quality and grades. The quality of abaca is determined by four characteristics, name- ly, strength, color, cleaning, and length. The tensile strength of abaca is more of a basic characteristic, and its possession to a normal extent by any fiber is essential to proper grading. Any fiber which does not possess an average normal strength is dis- qualified and excluded from the list of standard grades proper, irrespective of its color, cleaning, or length. This character- istic, therefore, while extremely essential, is not a determining factor in the sense that it is not commonly measured or compared between two adjacent grades. As a matter of fact, the tensile strength of abaca does not perceptibly vary from one grade to an- other above or below it, but rather between one group of grades and another. Color and cleaning are probably the most important outward characteristics by which the grading of abaca is generally performed. Within the same group of grades which em- brace fiber of uniform cleaning color is prac- tically the only determining factor. Owing to the peculiar construction of the abaca plant, and also to the diversified method of clean- ing the fiber in the different fiber producing districts and often among different producers in the same district, several groups of grades had to be established according to the extent of cleaning, and also several grades within the same group according to color. In other words cleaning is the factor which determines the group of grades within which a certain fiber should come, and color is the factor which determines the grade within each group. The length of the fiber is neither a charac- teristic of each grade nor of each group of grades. It is entirely governed by the ex- tent of the growth of the plant and by the position of the leaf-sheaths of the stalk from which it is extracted. From one to three grades of each group, are made up of short fiber. It is only in rare instances where a fiber of certain grade of the cordage standard is disqualified on account of insufficient length. As a matter of fact, insufficient length in any grade is an invariable result of harvesting immature stalks or harvesting dwarfed and worthless plants. The grading of abaca for export is per- formed under Government supervision and inspection, the number of grades and the designation thereof being prescribed by Government regulations. The number and designation of the standard grades are as follows: 1. Standard Grades for Tagal braid fiber. Letter Name of Designation grades AA - -- Tagal one BB - - - - Tagal two CC Tagal three DD Tagal four EE Tagal five The fiber in the above grade is never, or should never be, under 6 feet in length, and the color ranges from light ochre in the grade "EE"to white andlustrous in the grade "AA." These grades are exported practically en- tirely to Japan, where the fiber is used in the manufacture of several types and quali- ties of hat braids. The manufactured ar- ticle is mostly exported from Japan to the United States. 2. Standard grades for cordage. In order to explain as briefly as possible : :jS * * * * * * » * The grades marked with (*) are almost invariably made up of short fiber produced from the outer leaf-sheaths of the abaca stalk. Yield and value. From 400 to 500 abaca plants are usually planted to the acre. Each plant consists of several stalks, three of five of which can be harvested annually. The annual yield of fiber per acre varies consi- SECOND PROCESS Or EXTRACTION. PULLING THE FIBER RIBBONS UNDER THE KNIFE ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 53 FIRST PROCESS OF FIBER OF THE LAYERS EXTRACTION. SEPARATION OF THE SHEATHS DRYING ABACA FIBER IMMEDIATELY EXTRACTION clerably, but under normal conditions and by proper treatment an average of one-half ton of dry fiber can be obtained. The quality of the fiber also varies considerably depend- ing on the knife used, the amount of care taken in cleaning the fiber, and the care in handling it prior to and after extraction. The average quality or quantities produced, however, should be those for which the type of fiber in the particular district concerned is best suited and for which there is at the time the strongest demand and best prices. These conditions vary widely, as a result of the differing requirements of the consuming markets, and also because of the ignorance of the bulk of producers of the qualities most in demand at a certain time. This last fact is mostly responsible for periodical oversup- plies in certain grades and a corresponding shortage in others. But taking, as a basis of calculation, the average production of a plantation of the grade "F" current, valued at an average price of P400 ($200) per ton during normal years, the average annual gross income from one acre of land would be about 1*200 ($100). The cost of bringing to maturity one acre of land planted to abaca is estimated normally at P100 ($50). The annual cost of subse- quent cultivation is estimated at 1*10 to t*12 ($5 to $6) per acre. The cost of harvest- ing, fiber extraction, and marketing of the product ranges from 1*175 to 1*200 ($87.50 to $100) per ton, or 1*87 to f»100 ($43.50 to $50) per acre. During normal times the net income will be about 1*90 ($45) per acre per annum. Uses of abaca. The chief uses of abaca are in the manufacture of marine cordage of various sizes and grades, oil drilling rope, binder twine, trawl twine, tarred lathe, and tagal braid and textiles. The manufacture of marine cordage takes the bulk of abaca fiber, perhaps not less than 75 percent of the total production. The grades of the fiber used for this purpose depend on the grade of the rope made, and also on the country where the rope is manu- factured. The United States uses the grades C, D, E, F, SI, S2, I, and the softer type of J, hence these, with the exception of the last grade, are generally designated asU.S.grades. Of these grades, however, the bulk of demand BALING GRADED ABACA FIBER FOR EXPORT THREE QUALITIES OF TAGAL BRAID MANUFACTURED IN JAPAN FROM MANILA HEMP is for the grades E, F, I, and J, more particu- larly the grades F and I. Great Britain uses the grades S3, G, H, J, K, L, and M, but more especially the grades J, K, L, and M. These grades, therefore, are commonly called U. K. grades. Of the cordage grades pur- chased by Japan S2 S3, J, and L form the chief ones; Australasia buys a limited quan- tity of the grades D, E, F, I, J, K, and I., while British India buys small quantities of J, K, and L. In recent years the United States has been using about S0(/c, Great Britain about 33%, and all other countries about 17', c of the total production of abaca. In the manufacture of oil-drilling rope only the higher grades are used, perhaps little or none under "good current.'' The use of abaca in binder twine has re- cently been declining due, first, to the scarci- ty of the middle and higher grades of abaca and their consequent rise in price; and, sec- ond, to the increase in the production of heneqiien and other sisal fibers, which are more uniform in quality than abaca, and which, though not as strong and durable as the latter, yet are strong enough for binder twine. Probably less than 10 per cent of the total supply of abaca is now being used for binder twine. Trawl twine is made from abaca of the grades midway or above. For this purpose the fine and soft fiber is particularly required. Tarred lathe is made of the lower grades of the well cleaned (soft) abaca, and such ropes are used for hauling lumber at the saw mills, and for other similar purposes. The manufacture of tagal (hat) braid is of a comparatively recent, origin. As pre- viously mentioned, only the. highest grades of abaca are used for this purpose and Ja- pan is practically the only buyer of such grades. Some European countries buy these high grades, knotted and twisted into hanks, (Continued en fate 6i) 64 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN Philippine Public Schools BY W. W. MARQUARDT, DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION SINCE this article is to be brought to the attention of Americans in the United States.it is desirable to emphasize at the outset two points which are matters of common knowledge in the Philippines but concerning which very erroneous impressions exist in the minds of those in America who are not thor- oughly conversant with Philippine affairs. Due perhaps to the fact that the present sys- tem of public instruction in the Philippines was instituted by American teachers and super- intendents, and that this system is still main- tained with their assistance, the impression that the United States Government extends financial support to the Philippine public schools prevails in the minds of many Ameri- cans. As a matter of fact every cent spent for public education in the Philippine Islands has been furnished wholly from Philippine revenues. The schools have been supported entirely by appropriations of the Insular government, by municipal taxation, and by generous voluntary contributions in the form of cash donations, free labor for the con- struction of buildings, and gift of buildings and land. The second point about which there is a wrong impression is the language of instruc- tion in the public schools. Few Americans who have not come in intimate contact with Philippine affairs know that in the public schools of the Philippine Islands English is the language of instruction. The reasons why all instruction is in English are obvious. The people of the Philippines speak many dialects, so a common language is necessary for economic progress and political develop- ment. The poverty of the dialects requires the teaching of some other tongue as the com- mon medium of communication. At the time of American occupation Spanish was neither spoken nor written by more than ten per cent of the entire population, so that the adoption of English as the language for the public schools presented fewer difficulties than the adoption of Spanish. Moreover, A CHAMPIONSHIP GAME OF INDOOR BASEBALL, WHICH IS A FEATURE GIVEN GIRLS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS English being the language of democracy is fast becoming the commercial language of the world, and particularly the commercial language of the Far East, a field where Span- ish is declining in importance as a business asset. The building up of an English-speaking Filipino teaching staff is a distinctive achieve- ment reflecting credit on Filipinos as well as on Americans. A large percentage of Filipino teachers have had little or no actual training in regular normal schools or in other special schools for the preparation of teach- ers. Each year,' however, one thousand teachers are selected from all over the Islands for attendance at the Teachers' Vacation Assembly in Manila. Atthe assembly, which is THIS SEWING CLASS IS INDICATIVE OP THE PRACTICAL NATURE OF THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING GIVEN GIRI.S IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS held in the Philippine NormalSchool, emphasis is placed on primary and on intermediate methods, on physical training, and on the latest developments in industrial work. When the teachers who attend the assembly return to their provinces, they in turn be- come instructors in the division normal insti- tutes, in which nearly all of the teachers receive at least four weeks normal training each year. This training has been of the greatest importance in the improvement of methods of instruction. The institute train- ing is augmented by participation in pro- fessional reading courses, by close contact with supervising teachers, by visiting days, by the observance of the work of model teach- ers, and by teachers' meeting of various kinds. The facilities for training teachers are constantly better. The Philippine Normal School has sent forth more graduates during the last three years than during all of the other fifteen years of its existence. The Philippine School of Arts and Trades and the CYntral Luzon Agricultural School are turn- ing out teachers of woodworking and teach- ers of agriculture in larger numbers. Most of the teachers sent to the Department of Mindanao and Sulu are graduates of the Central Luzon Agricultural School. The sending of five hundred Filipino teachers to isolated sections of Mindanao and Sulu is one of the most significant features in the problem of unification or nationalization of the many diverse elements of the population. The number of Filipino supervising teach- ers increased from 200 in 1915 to 294 in 1918, while the number of American super- vising teachers decreased from 120 in 1915 to 41 in 1918. The number of Filipino high- school teachers increased from 61 in 1915 to 176 in 1918. In 1915 there were no Filipino superintendents and there was no Filipino in the directorate of the Bureau of Education, ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 K THE ATHLETIC FIELD AT TEACHERS' CAMP. BAGUIO. WHERE TEACHERS ASSEMBLE EACH YEAR FOR CONFERENCES AND RECREATION Today the second assistant director of the Bureau of Education is a Filipino and six provinces are in charge of Filipino superin- tendents. All public schools in the Philippine Islands are included in a centralized system under the administration of the Director of Educa- tion, who is directly responsible to the Sec- retary of Public Instruction. In the 4,706 public schools in July, 1918, were 570,669 pupils in elementary grades; 16,221 pupils in high schools; 13,744 Filipino teachers; and 356 American teachers. Most Philippine school activities are classi- fied either as academic, as industrial, as phys- icaj-training, or as social activities. S'o one of these branches is neglected or over- emphasized at the expense of others. The elementary and the secondary courses are patterned largely after those in America. Adaptations to local conditions have led to the development of special features which differ- entiate the work in Philippine schools from the work in American schools. As agriculture has been, is now, and always will be the basis of Philippine prosperity, instruction in agriculture receives full at- tention. In 1918,4,023 school gardens and 103,780 home gardens were planted by pupils under the supervision of teachers. There were 4,322 pupils enrolled in poultry-raising clubs and 1,260, in pig-raising clubs. Most of these pupils kept record books showing the cost of operation of and the net profits from their home enterprises. In this way, lessons in business management and in thrift were taught, and the schools were brought in touch with the home as never before. Financial support and trained instructors are the primary needs of agricultural educa- tion. The Central Luzon Agricultural School at Munos and the College of Agriculture at Los Banos are now turning out trained farmers. The Philippine Legislature ap- propriated for 1918 funds large enough for the Bureau of Education to establish during the school year 1918-19 three agricultural schools with farms of 3,000, 500, and 575 acres, respectively, In addition to this ap- propriation, funds were alloted for the en- largement and for the development of three of the farm schools already established. These allotments made 1918 a red-letter year in the history of agricultural instruc- tion in Philippine public schools, and this is only a beginning. The budget for 1919 carries appropriations for the establishment of three more provincial agricultural schools. Provinces not having agricultural schools are interested in the. establishment of farm schools and Bureau of Education officials will not be satisfied until every province in the Islands has at least one large school in which farming is taught. The following extract from an article pre- pared by the Director of Education for the statistical bulletin of the United States Bureau of Commerce and Industry indicates the importance of the place occupied in the course of study by industrial instruction: "INDUSTRIAL INSTRUCTION "Industrial instruction occupies an im- portant place in the course of study. About 17 per cent of the total time in primary grades and about 18 per cent of the total time in the general intermediate course is' devoted to this form of instruction. In special inter- mediate courses and in special types of prim- ary schools about half of the time is devoted to industrial work. The following gives an idea of the value of the commercial output of the public schools for the school year 1917- 18 Embroideries, $12,500; lace $9,000; crochet, $4,500; sewing $28,000; cooking $3,500; basketry, $33,000; hats, $1,500; AN EMBROIDERY CLASS IN A PUBLIC SCHOOL SHOWING HOW VOCATIONAL TRAINING BECOMES AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE INSTRUCTION GIVES GIRLS ATTENDING THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS BOYS ATTENDING A VOCATIONAL SCHOOL ERECTING A CONCRETE BUILDING 56 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN products of loom weaving, $3,500; bamboo- rattan furniture $3,000. A large number of other articles were made in small quantities. "The value of the gross output of trade schools during the last three years follows: For 1915, $61,418.81; for 1916, $79,142.04; for 1917, $106,485.12. These figures include only the cost of material and do not give a definite idea of the total value of work done by pupils. "Due to war conditions, the tolal value of embroideries exported from the Philippines increased from $162,456 in 1914 to $1,561,- 214.50 for the fiscal year July 1, 1916, to June 30, 1917. A part of this increase was undoubtedly made possible by instruction given in the public schools. "\Var conditions have not been favorable for the production of all commercial articles in the public schools, however. The great increase in transpacific freight rates has made it unprofitable to export articles the value of which is not relatively great as compared with weight and with bulk. Excessive cost of transportation has thus made it necessary to abandon the making of larger and more bulky articles. "The Bureau of Education through travel- ing industrial teachers has fostered house- SCHOOL-MADE BASKETS A CLASS IN A PUBLIC SCHOOL. THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS 5,000 SCHOOLS WITH A TEACHING FORCE OF 12,000. PROVIDING INSTRUCTION FOR 600.000 PUPILS hold centers, the members of which engaged in the making of embroidery, lace, and other articles of handicraft. The Bureau of Edu- cation gave up the supervision of these centers as soon as they were developed to a point uhere they could deal directly with business houses. "During the last year the value of school production of articles of handicraft was $86,- 270.50 and the value of production of house- hold centers was $11,782. Articles to the value of $92,200 were sold thru the general sales department of the Bureau of Education, and local sales amounted to $5,852.50." During 1918 war activities found an im- portant place in school work. During the fourth liberty-loan drive employees of the Bureau of Education bought almost as many liberty bonds as did the employees of all other bureaus of the Government put to- gether. Forty American and eighty Filipino teachers applied for commissions in the Phil- EXHIBIT FROM THE PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL GA PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS RECEIVE DAILY PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE FORM OF GROUP GAMES. FOLK DANCES AND CALI9THEMC EXERCISES \ SCHOOL EXHIBIT OF VEGETABLES FROM ONE OF THE 1.00(1 !•! III.H -,c MOOL GARDENS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS W1IKRK 100,000 PUPILS RECEIVE DAILY INSTRUCTION IN FOOD PRODUCTION AND FOOD CON- SERVATION ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 57 LIBRARY. PHILIPPINE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES, MANILA. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE PHILIPPINES OWN 1.2X) SCHOOL LIBRARIES ALL OF WHICH ARE AVAILABLE FOR THE USE OF THE PUBLIC In 1917 military training was made com- pulsory for secondary students. Uniforms were adopted, but were not required. In- struction in military training is given prin- cipally by Philippine Constabulary officers. The students are interested; they are devel- oping a better physique and a more manly bearing; military training will make them more valuable to their native land both in time of peace and in time of war. For a number of years, physical training has played a very important part in the school curriculum. Group games and calis- thenics have been prescribed for all of the pupils, and specialized competitive athletics have been engaged in by chosen athletes. The effect of physical training has not been confined simply to the improvement of health to the strenghening of muscles, and to the acquiring of skill and dexterity. The lessons of fair play, the effect of team work, the devel- opment of leadership, and the democracy of the playground have all been inculcated in the minds of the pupils through their par- ticipation in athletics. Before 1916 specialized secondary courses (normal, commercial, trade, and agricultural) were given only in Insular schools. In 1917 ippine National Guard, and hundreds of students offered their services as privates. Red Cross Day at Teachers' Camp on May 7, 1918. netted a total of $2,500 for the Red Cross. During 1918 nearly every public-school teacher in the Philippine Islands joined the Senior Red Cross and 215,154 pupils joined the Junior Red Cross. More than $100,000 was given by teachers and by pupils for Red Cross work; many thousands of garments were made by schoolgirls for refugee children in France and in Belgium; and thousands of warm garments were sent to refugees in Sibe- ria. During the Christmas Red Cross mem- bership campaign, each division superin- tendent acted as secretary of the provincial campaign committee, and in each munici- pality a municipal teacher served in the ca- pacity of secretary of the local committee. Thus the full force of the public-school system was thrown solidly behind the Christ- mas drive and the result was more than satis- factorv. PARADE OF ATHLETES AT THE ANNUAL MANILA CARNIVAL ATHLETIC MEET WHERE WINNING TEAMS OF ORGANIZED ATHLETIC ASSOCIATIONS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE PHILIPPINES COMPETE FOR INSULAR CHAMPIONSHIPS A SECTION" OF THE FINAL CORN EXHIBIT OK AN EXItN- SIVE CAMPAIGN CARRIED ON BY THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE PHILIPPINES TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION «F CORN AND EXTEND ITS USE AS A HUMAN FOOD SCHOOL BOYS CHANGING THE TEETH IN A CIRCULAR SAW AT A SAWMILL OWNED AND OPERATED BY THE STUDENTS \riliNDIVU THE CENTRAL LUZON AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, WHICH IS ONE OF THE TWENTY-SEVEN VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS OF THE PHILIPPINES WITH PRACTICAL AGRICULTURAL COURSES MANILA DA1LT[ BULLETIN ONE OF THE 4,000 SCHOOL GARDENS CULTIVATED BV PUPILS ENROLLED IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS normal courses were offered in six provincial capitals. In 1918 the commercial course was established in one provincial capital; agricultural courses, in three provincial high schools; and the domestic-science course, in ten provincial high schools. For the devel- opment of additional normal schools, ap- propriations aggregating $200,000 were in- cluded in the budgets for 1918 and 1919. During 1918 the governments of Guam, of the Straits Settlements, and of Penang started employing Filipino teachers to give instruction in industrial work and in English. Approximately a dozen Chinese commissions and several Japanese and Korean commis- sions visited the Philippine Islands during 1917-18 to inspect the school system. The hiring of Filipino teachers in foreign lands and the visits of these commissions indicate the position which the Philippine educational system holds in the Far East. The two most significant factors in con- nection with the attendance in the public schools are the increasing number of pupils in the higher bourses and the constantly increasing proportion of girls to boys. For several years the revenues of the Bureau were practically at a standstill. During this time, the number of pupils enrolled in the primary schools was maintained at approxi- mately the same figure, but the average daily attendance increased steadily. During the past five years, however, the attendance at intermediate schoolshasincreased abouttwelve per cent each year and the attendance at secondary schools has increased from twenty to twenty-five per cent each year. This increase in the higher grades without any diminution in lower grades was made possi- ble largely by the payment of tuition fees in intermediate schools. Now, however, the improved financial condition of the country makes it possible to increase the number of primary pupils to an unlimited extent and at the same time makes it possi- ble to maintain all intermediate and all secondary schools at Government expense. The continually increasing proportion of girls to boys in the higher grades is another source of intense satisfaction. During the Spanish regime co-education was not known in the Philippines and the education of girls was even more neglected than that of the boys. Although the women of the Philip- pines hold a far higher place in society than do the women of any other oriental country, the idea of co-education was somewhat re- volutionary and it was some time before it was generally accepted. Even after its acceptance, it was found difficult to keep the girls in school until they finished the primary grades. Statistics show, however, that dur ing the past five years the attendance of boys in intermediate schools increased 82 per cent while the attendance of girls in- creased 222 per cent. In the high schools the attendance of boys increased 250 per cent and the attendance of girls 267 per cent . It is believed that the introduction of second- ary domestic-science courses will result in a similar increase in the attendance of girls in the high schools. One of the most apparent results of the school training of girls of the Philippines is shown in the constantly in- creasing number of women in the employ- ment of the government and in the employ- ment of business firms, the latest develop- ment along this line being the employment of women as conductors on omnibuses in Manila. Filipino pride and Filipino confidence in the public-school system resulted in the ex- penditure of an additional $500,000 in 1917 for further extension of work among the pagans and among the Mohammedans who constitute ten percent of the population of the Islands. The budget for 1919 increased the appropriations for Philippine public schools by $1,200,000. On December 5, CLASS IN SURVEYING. ONE OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL VOCATIONAL COURSES 0NE OF THE 104,000 HOME GAKDENS OF PUPILS ATTENDING THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS MANILA DAILY BULLETIN 1918, the Philippine Legislature voted $15,- 000,000 in addition to the regular appro- priations to he used in placing free elemen- tary schools within the reach of every child of school age in the Philippine Islands. The expenditure of these funds covers the next five years and is distributed so that by the end of 1923 there will be teachers, buildings, books, and equipment enough to give for all children of school age in the Islands an ele- mentary- education. No expression of the wishes of the Filipino [>eop!e, who are solidly behind this measure, could show as high confidence in the schools established under American guidance and maintained by Philippine resources as the passage of this far-reaching measure which will not only double the number of pupils in the schools but will increase the salaries of municipal teachers at least 30 per cent. This action dispels the many doubts expressed on many occasions as to the continuance of the American system of education after the ideal of Philippine independence has been achieved. The system of education established in the Philippine Islands by Americans is des- tined to remain and to exert its influence thruout the Far East. The Filipino people can be relied on to continue, with the help of American teachers, the most important work that the United States has undertaken in the Philippine Islands— a work unique in conception, successful beyond expectation, and influential in the development of the Far East — a work that owes its past, its present, and its future to the cooperation of Americans and Filipinos. A SCHOOL r,IT!L LEARNING TO =EI A TABLE FOE THE FAMILY MEAL WHICH IS A PART OF THE PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION >;IVF.N r.IRLS IN THE PCBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE PHILIPPINES TIIF CHAMBER OT COMMERCE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANOS OFFICERS AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1919 From left to .ri<«) Vicente Arias, Hon. Gregorio Nieva. Manuel Cuyugan, Macario Lira Manapat, Vicente P. Genato, Vice Pre«idi-nt. Vicente Madrigal President. Leon Ancbeta, Secretary. Catalino Lavadia. Rafael Roces. Mauricio Cruz, Angel Ansaldo 60 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The Development of the Sugar Industry BY C. J. H. PENNING HARROWINTG (OLD METHOD) The sugar cane and the industry to manu- facture sugar from cane were brought to the Philippines by Chinese, as different names of implements and processes used in the manu- facture of sugar are of decidedly Chinese origin. When Magellan discovered the islands in 1521, he found a small sugar industry, which was quite similar to the Chinese in- dustry and also produced a sugar similar to the fine grained Chinese sugar. Therefore there can be little doubt that the sugar industry is of Chinese origin. During the Spanish regime little attention was paid to the development of the natural resources of the islands. Also practically no assistance was given to the hacenderos. The real importance of the Philippines as a sugar producing country dates from 1849 when the Spanish governor general put the island of Negros under the jurisdiction of the clerical order of the Recolectos. This order encouraged the sugar industry and another encouragement was given by the Crimean war. which caused the price of sugar to soar and made the cultivation of sugar cane and manufacture of sugar for ex- port profitable. Notwithstanding the bad roads and means of communication, the incompetence of the planters, the lack of capital and the very primitive mills and factory equipment, the su- gar industry grew in importance and reached in the last years of the Spanish rule a maxi- mum production in 1893, with 216.686 tons. Through a financial crisis and later because of revolutions and riots the production de- creased in 1901 to 52.274 tons, but increased, again under the beneficial rule of the United States. In 1910 the production was again 116.346 and has since increased gradually, reaching 383.848 tons in 1917. The following are the crop totals for 1917: Area cultivated hectares. . . . 185,931 Crude sugar kilos 362.338,084 Panocha do 23,460,746 Molasses liters 1,969,496 Basi do 7,016,842 Average price in Municipal Markets: Crude sugar, per kilo Panocha, per kilo Molasses, per liter Basi, per liter Total values: Crude sugar Panocha Molasses Basi Crude sugar Panocha, per kilo Molasses, per liter Basi, per liter P0.098 0.103 0.082 0.086 P35.525.048 2,414,648 162,014 602,996 P0.098 0.103 0.082 0.068 In above table "crude sugar" includes sugar in bayones, in pilones, and in bulk. Panochas are small cakes of unrefined sugar. Basi is a beverage produced from fresh canejuice. The greatest difficulty to a quick expan- sion of the sugar industry has been the pov- erty of the planters and their dependence on the money lenders, and until American CALAIfBA SUGAR SSTATE CENTRAL AT CANLUBANG, LACUNA A MODERN TRACTOR rule, the lack of roads to convey their prod" uct to shipping points. • The small rural factories are all badly installed and very uneconomical, losing great quantities of sugar through bad ex- traction and the highly primitive juice treat- ment in open pans and earthenware pots. The bulk of the sugar in the Philippines is still made into so-called "muscovado." The cane is crushed in small cattle- or steammills and a great amount of sugar re- mains in the milled cane (begasse), which is burned to boil the juice in a series of open cast-iron pots, arranged in rows on brickwork. A high extraction would in many cases make the bagasse unsuitable for firing under the pans. The flames pass also through a small boiler to generate the steam for the engine driving the mill. The juice runs into the pan furthest away from the fire and is ladled over from one pan to the other, until it arrives in a pan right over the fires. Here the juice boils hard and most of the water is evaporated. When the boiling is sufficiently concentrat- ed the contents of the last pan, are quickly ladled into a low wooden box and stirred un- til the heavy liquid crystalizes, as it cools. On the way in the pans the juice is treated with milk of lime and the impurities are skim- med off and in some cases filtered and the clean juice returned into the pans. This sugar is put in mat bags called "bayo- nes," and classed in different grades as follows: No. 1 polar zing 87" or higher No. 2 polar zing 85° to 86.9° No. 3 polar zing 82° to 84.9° No. 4 polar zing 88° to 81.9° No. 5 polar zing 76° to 79.9° No. 6 or "corriente" are all sugars below this. In other cases the concentrated juice is ladled into earthenware jars, called "pilones," conical in shape and containing about 125 Ibs. of sugar when crystalized. The molasses drains away from the crys- tals through a hole in the bottom, which is covered with begasse when the pilon is filled. Pilon sugar is classified in three qualities. The first is from the top and contains little molasses, the second is from the middle, whilst the third consists mostly of molasses. The pilon sugar is roughly refined. The top of the pijon is clayed first and thereby washed. The best part of the washed pilon sugar is then remelted, treated with white of eggs and recrystallized. A third way to prepare sugar is to let the syrup crystalize in half shells of coconuts. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 61 PLANTING SUGAR CANE The resulting lumps of sugar are called "panochas" and are sold in the native mar- kets. The weight is from 1 to 2 pounds. Nearly one-fifth of the sugar for local con- sumption is sold in this form. tract of land on the island of Mindoro former- ly belonging to the friars and the first large sugar mill was erected there in 1910, the company cultivating its own cane. It proved difficult to cultivate such great stretches of land under administration and gradually hacenderos where encouraged to come to Mindoro and lease tracts of land from the company and to cultivate cane, which was bought by the company under agreement with the planters. These planters generally brought their own laborers with them from Luzon, Negros and Panay, Cebu. This first mill which is capable of crush- ing 800 tons of cane per day was followed by another large mill on the island of Luzon on a large track of land formerly belonging to the clergy by an American corporation and situated near Calamba. This mill crushed the first crop in' 1912. having a great amount of cane under own cultivation besides milling great quantities of cane from individual planters. LUZON SUGAR CANE EIGHT MONTHS OLD TRANSPORTING CANE BY GASOLINE POWER This mill has extended considerably and is at present the largest on the island and capable of crushing 1,800 tons in 24 hours. The next large sugar mill to be erected was the central at San Carlos. This factory was a central proper, having no land, but crushing cane under an agree- ment between the mil! owners and the plant- ers. This factory, which, for the Philippines, was an experiment, proved highly successful from the point of view of the planters as well as of the millowners and opened the eyes of planters and of investors to the great ad- vantages of such an arrangement. The planters of San Carlos found them- selves in a few years not only out of debt but men of substance. This example made the planters in other districts look out for capitalists willing to put up a central under an agreement like San Carlos. This is shortly as follows: The planters bind themselves to cultivate a certain acreage of their farms yearly with cane and to deliver this on the railway wa- gons supplied by the millowners. The millowner undertakes to transport this cane to the mill over tramlines supplied and operated by him, for which a right of way is granted to him over the farms, and to crush the cane, guaranteeing a minimum extraction. The sugar manufactured from the cane and the resulting molasses are divided be- tween the millowner and planters, according to the agreement made, but usually on a 50 50 basis. It is needless to say that these processes are next to medieval and, except for India and China, the Philippines is the onlv im- portant sugar-producing country where they have survived. American occupation did not improve the position of the planters during its early years. especially as the people distrusted new" ways and were still dependent on their money lend- ers for financial assistance. In 1902 the U. S. government made a re- duction of duty of 25 per cent on all sugar from the Philippines, imported into the States. This however did not improve the situa- tion very much as "muscovado" sugar is difficult to refine and therefore most of the Philippine sugar was still consumed by China. A greater "help was the Payne-Aldrich bill of 1909 providing free entry 'for 300,000 tons of Philippine sugar annually into the United States. The Underwood Bill has since admitted all sugars produced in the Philippines free of duty in the United States. The Americans were the first to realize the opportunities which the Philippines offered for the establishing of large sugar centrals. The first large central was erected by Americans who made a contract with the Government for. the purchase of a large A PRIMITIVE MILL 62 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN HONOLULU IRON WORKS CO NEW YORK HONOLULU HABANA MANILA MANUFACTURERS CONTRACTING ENGINEERS CONSULTING ENGINEERS :FOR: COMPLETE SUGAR FACTORIES & EQUIPMENT H. I. W. FACTORIES OPERATING IN THE PHILIPPINES: Calamba Sugar Estate 1,800 Tons San Carlos Milling Co. 1,000 Tons Mindoro Sugar Co. 800 Tons North Negros Sugar Co. 800 Tons San Isidro Central 250 Tons H. I. W. FACTORIES BUILDING IN THE PHILIPPINES: Central del Carmen 1,500 Tons Central Azucarera de Baiz 1,030 Tons Central Azucar era de la Carlota 1000 Tons WE GUARANTEE THE SPECIFIED CAPACITY OP OUR SUGAR FACTORIES THE GUARANTEE CAPACITIES HAVE BEEN EXCEEDED IN ALL OOR FACTORIES IN THE P. I. TELEPHONE 1629 MANILA OFFICE CHACO JBOILDING THE OLD WAY THEN.I.W.WAY Pirate mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advtrHteri. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 63 At the same time other modern factories of smaller size were erected on Xegros, Luzon and Panay, i. e. : A factory built on the Roxas estate, and a factory built by the clergy near Calamba, both on Luzon, a factory at Tigbauan on Panay and several factories on Negros, one at Talisay and one at Bago, these being build by Sr. de la Rama without help from Americans or Europeans, one at Hinigiran by Senator Guanco and one at Kabankalan by Lizarraga Hermanos. All of these have sugar plantations and factories combined. During the war the high prices of sugar made investors willing to venture in new enterprises, in spite of the high cost of ma- chinery, especially as the end of the war seemed far off in 1916. Mr. M. J. Ossorio ordered a central to be put in the Manapla district North Negros and later the Pampanga Sugar Mills, placed their order for a factory to be erected in Florida Blanca, Pampanga province, Luzon. In 1915 a law was passed authorizing the National Bank of the Philippines to give practically unlimited credit for the erection of sugar mills against mortgages on machi- nery and farms and the first central, thus financed, partly consisting of old machinery, was ordered for the Isabela district and was soon followed by orders for a string of large new centrals, most of them for Negros, and ranging in capacity from 600 to 1,500 tons of cane per 24 hours, and all designed for doubling. All the planters are now con- vinced that the only way to prosper is to have a central to crush the cane, especially as the bottom is dropping out of the ••mus- covado" market in China, the Chinese prefer- ring the centrifugal sugar of about 96 per cent 'polarization. As the price of living and labor and fire- wood has gone up, many planters cannot produce "muscovado" in their little mills at a profit, in spite of the increased price for "muscovado" fixed by the United States Government, and to facilitate the erection of centrals was the only way in which the sugar planters could be saved from bankruot- cy. The following list gives the centrifugal sugar factories at present working or build- ing in the Philippines and the principal items of their equipment: 1. Cia Aiucarera de Bais. — Bais. Negros Occi- dental. Managers Cia. de Tabacc* de Fil. Capa- city, 1,000 tons cane per day Building. Honolulu Iron Works Co.; caneknive«. crusher. *>-roller mill. 34.t78; 4 Sterling boilers, IV effect; 3 Calandria pans; 14 crystallisers; 14 40-inch centrifugals; 8 filter presses. 2. Rernia Sugar Factory. — Honda Blanca. Ca- pacity. 90 tons cane per day. Began operation 1918. Closed down, 3. Canlaon Central. — La Castillana. Negros Oc- cidental. Manager, Jose Gomez. Capacity, 100 tons cane per day. Geo. Squier Mfg. Co., crusher, 6-roIler mill. 18x32 inches; 2 watertube boilers. Ill effect; coil vacuum pan; 3 A 30 inch centrifugals; 3 filter- presses. 4. Calamba Sugar Estate. Canlubang. Laguna. Manager, F. Dumas. Capacity. 1.000 tons cane per day. Began operation December. 1914. Ho- nolulu Iron Works Co.; 2 sets cane knives; crusher, 12-roller mill 34x78; 7 multitubular boilers; 1 Ster- ling. 2 IV effects: 4 calandria pans; 22 crystallisers; 21 40 nch centrifugals: 18 filter presses. 5. Carmen Central. — Calatagan, Batangu. Man- ager. J. M. Genato. Manila, P. I. Capacity. 300 tons cane per day. Began operation February. 1914. McN'cil; crusher, Q-roller mill. 26x42; 3 multitubulair boilers and Bibcock Wilcov Ill effect and IV effect; 3 vacuum pan?; 10 crystallisers; 17 30-inch cantri- fugals; 10 filter presses. 6. Central Beam. — Cabancalan Negros Occi- dental Manager, Lizzaraga H»'rmanos. Iloilo Capacity, 500 tons per day. M-'NVil; crusher, 9- roller mill, 24x42-inches; * multituhula'r boilers IV effect. 2 <-nil pans: 10 crystailisers; 4 Jo-inch and 4 3O-inch. centrifugals; 6 filter presses. Alcohol dist'llery attached. 7. De la Kama Central. — Bago. Negros Occidental Manager, R. de la Rama. Iloilo. Capacity. 300 tons cane per day. Crusher, 9-roiler mill 26x58- inches 6 multitubulair boilers. Ill effect; 2 coil pans. 6 crystallisers; 3 40-inch centrifugals; 6 niter presses. 8. Dinalupihart Central. — Dinalupinhan. Bataan. Manager, P. C. Whitaker. Manila. Capacity. 125 tons cane per day. Began operation December. 1913. Aitken and Co.; crusher.J-roller mill: 3 multi- tubulair boilers. III effect; coil pan: 2 20-inch cen- trifugals; 3 filter-presses. 9. Guana) Central (Uagdalena). — Hinigaran, Neg- ros Occidental Manager, S. Ortega. Capacity. 250 tons cane per day. Began operation 1913. Geo. Squier Mfg. Co.; crusher. 9-roller mill 20x36; 3 multitubulair boilers. Ill effect; Coil pan: 6 crystallisers; 6 30-inch centrifugals; 4 filter presses. 10. Isabella Central. — Isabella. Negros Occidental. Building. Assembled; Caneknives, 9-r->ller mill 26x56-inches 4 Sterling boilers. III effect; 2 pans; 8 crystallisers, -8 40-inch centrifugals; 4 filter presses. 11. Kennedy Sugar Factory. — Isabella. Negros Occidental. Manager, F. Kennedy. Capacity, 90 tons cane per day. Began operation 1917. Assem- bled; crusher. 3-roller mill 20x36 2 multitubulair boilers; open train evaporator; coil pan; 4 30-inch centrifugals; 1 filter press. 12. La Carlota. — La Carlota. Negros Occidental. Cia. Azucarera de La Carlota, La Carlo- ta, Negros Occidental. Capacity. 1.000 tons cane per day. Building. Honolulu Iron Works Co.; caneknives, crusher, 9-ro!ler mill, 34x78; 4 Ster- ling boilers. IV effect; 3 calandria pans: 14 crystal- lisers. 14 40-inch centrifugals, 8 filter presses. 13. J/oao Sugar Co. — Negros Occidental Man- ager. Welch Fairchild & Co., Manila. Capacity. 1,500 tons cane per day. Recently organized. 14. Uindoro Sugar Co. — Manager. R. E. Wright Capacty. 800 tons cane per day. Began operation. January. 1914. Honolulu Iron Works Co.; crusher. 9-roller mill 36x84; 6 Sterling boilers. IV effect; 1 vacuum pans. 11 crystallisers; 16 40-inch centrifu- gals; 10 filter presses. 15. Muntimlupa Sugar Factory. — Muntinlupa, Ri- zal. Manaeer. C. Young. Manila. Capacity. 100 tons cane per day. Began operation 1911. Crush- ers. 3 roller mill. 18x30-inches; 2 multitubulair boilers. III effect; coil pan, 2 24-inch and 1 30-inch centrifugals; 2 filter presses. 16. North Negros Sugar Co. — Manapla, Negros Occidental. Manager, F. E. Greenfield. Capacity. 800 tons of cane per day. Began operation July, 1918. Honolulu Iron Works Co.; 2 crushers. 2 9- rollers mill 26x54-inches 4 multitubulair boilers; 1 Sterling. 2 III effects; 3 calandria pans; 18 crystal- lisers: 10 30-inch and 4 40-inch centrifugals; 6 filter presses. 17. Nuna Apoloma Sugar Factory. — Valle Her- mosa. Negros Occidental. Manager. De la Vinia. QUADRUPLE EFFECTS AT CALAMBA CENTRAL 64 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN SACKING AND WEIGHING APPARATUS, C.M.AMBA SUGAR FACTORY Capacity, 90 tons cane per day. Began operation in 1917. Assembled; 3-rol!er mill, 26x48 2 multitubular boilers, open train evaporator; coil pan; 1 30-inch centrifugal 1 filter press. 18. Palma Central. — Hog, Negros Occidental Manager, Salvador Serra. Capacity, 200 tons cane per day. Began operation 1916. Assembled; 6-roller mill 20x36-inches; 3 multitllbulair boil'-r?, III effect; coil pan: 3 30-inch centrifugals. 19 Pampanga Sugar Factory. — Florida Blanca. Pampanga. Manager, Smith Hell & Co. Canaci- ty, 100 tons cane per day. Began operation 1<>17. Assembled; crusher, 3-roller mi'l. 18x36 inchi •<; J multttubulair boilers; 2 water tube boilers, <>;irn train evaporator; calandria pan; 4 crystalliscrs; 5 30-inch centrifugals. 20. Pampanga Sugar Mills. — del Carmen Pampanga. Manager, R. Renton Hind. Capacity, 1,500 tons cane per day. Building. Honolulu Iron Works Co.; cancknives, crusher, 15-roller mill 34x78-inches 5 Sterling boilers, IV effect; 3 calan- dria pans; 18 crystallisers, 18 40-inch centrifugals; 10 filter presses. 21. Philippine Sugar Development. Co. — Calamba, Laguna. Capacity, 300 tons cane per day. Be- gan 'operation March, 1914. 22. Saint Luis Oriental Sugar Factory. — Manaog. Pangasinan. Manager, Thomas Rox, Manaog. Ca- pac.ty, 90 tons cane per day. Began operation 1910. Ass'embled; crusher, 6-roller mill; 3 multitllbulair boilers, III effect; coil pan; 6 30-inch centrifugals; 3 filter presses. 23. San Antonio Central. — La Carlota, Negros Occidental. Manager, Antonio Urquijo, Iloilo, Capacity, 150 tons cane per day. Began operation 1913. Assembled; 6-roller mill, 20x36 and 24x42 inches. 2 multitubulair boilers, IV effect; coil pan; 4 30 inch centrifugals; 3 filter presses. 24. San Carlos Milling Co. — San Carlos, Negros fugals; 10 filter presses. 25. San Isidro Central. — Cabancalan, Negro5 Occidental. Manager, Juan Vidaurrazaga. Ca- pacity, 250 tons cane per day. Began operation February, 1914. Honolulu Iron Works Co.; crusher, 6 roller mill 20x36 inches; 2 multitubulair boilers, III effect, coil vacuum pan; 6 crystallisers; 5 30-inch centrifugals; 3 filter presses. 26. Talimy Central. — Talisay. Negros Occidental. Manager, R. de la Rama, Iloilo. Capacity, 100 tons cane per day. Began operation 1912. Crusher; 6-roller mill 20x30-inches; 3 multitubulair boilers, III effect; coil pan; 2 crystallisers; 3 30-inch centri- fugals; 2 filter-presses. 27. Tutigan Factory. — Tutigan, Bohol. Capac- ity, 50 tons cane per day. Began operation 1918. Cloud down. From this list it is evident that all the large centrals are, as could be expected of American manufacture, most being of Hono- lulu Iron Works Co. manufacture. Al! these mills are similar in type to the Hawaiian factories, built by the Honolulu Iron Works and which are so successful in operation. Some of the earlier centrals were slightly out of balance, as it proved that Philippine canes were easier to crush than most of the Hawaiian varieties but the Honolulu Iron Works soon adjusted their factories to suit the local conditions and the results in most of the large centrals are now equal to those attained in the Hawaiian factories and the guaranteed capacity has in all instances been exceeded. The Honolulu Iron Works, in their desire to adjust their machinery to Pilippine condi- tions and requirements, have also designed another type of factory, more suitable for the tropical climate of the Philippines and better able to withstand typhoons or earth tremors. This type, which is an improvement to the general type of factory, as seen in Java, is expected to be built shortly. English and Scottish machinery is only installed in the smaller mills and it would therefore be unfair to make comparisons between American and foreign installations. The modern sugar factories usually make MODERN TRANSPORTATION1. CAI.AMI1A SUGAR ESTATE OLD METHOD OF HAULING CANE TO MILL 96 degrees test sugar for the American refine- ries. Some of the small factories have recently tried to make washed whites or plantation whites, for local consumption. There is no reason why some of the cen- trals should not be able to make a success of this, applying the single or double sulputa- lion process as in Java, Natal. and Mauritius. These processes require, however, a very sharp chemical control and are even then often disastrous to part of the equipment, whilst the output of the boiling house is con- siderably reduced. Whether or not it will be advisable to make plantation whites in a central depends chiefly on the existing equipment and the location of the factory. The same applies to the remelting of "muscovados" in the sugar centrals. Phis has been a paying proposition in some factories and a failure in others, and is en- tirely influenced by the following factors: 1. Buying of "muscovado" and selling of centrifugal sugar. 2. Cost of surplus fuel. 3. Location of factory. 4. Proportion of capacity between crush- ing plant and boiling house. FACTORY PERSONNEL The great difficulty in a quickly expanding industry is always the lack of trainer! person- nel. From pastel by }. PINEDA, Manila AN UNCROWNED QUEEN ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 65 The Philippines are suffering and will suffer for several years from lack of properly trained engineers and chemists to operate the new centrals. The result is that often "one eye is king in the land of the blind" and salaries high. It is necessary to have first class men in charge of first class installations and it will be necessary to import several experts from other countries to manage and operate the new centrals. Experience is necessary, combined with scholastic training, to make a successful operator. Several Filipinos are already studying engineering and chemistry in foreign coun- tries and in another few years they will have acquired the experience necessary to operate large centrals. There can be no doubt that there is a great future in the Philippines for anybody who has made a special study of, and has worked at, the manufacture of sugar from sugar cane. LABOR In normal conditions labor is sufficient, although not abundant. In harvest time there is the usual shortage, as practically all the cultivation and indus- tries are dependent on hand labor. There is, of course, a lack of trained factory labor, but this is improving gradually. As more laborers pass through the exist- ing centrals, more get a preliminary training and in the course of years there will be no lack of factory laborers, whilst the field labor can be lightened by the use of mechanical implements. At present, however, there is no doubt that the sugar industry would greatly benefit by the importation of foreign artisans and laborers, Chinese or Japanese. At present the pay of day laborers is around 55 centavos per day, for women around 25 centavos. CANE CULTIVATION The varieties of cane grown in the Phil- ippines are about 5 in number and of various colors, including yellow, green, pink, red and very dark red. The Bureau of Agriculture has introduced several varieties far superior to the native ones, but the Filipino planters are slow to adopt these as they are more difficult to crush and the lanky canes produce not so good a crystal in the "muscovado" process. The building of centrals will, however, change this as it is to the advantage of the planters to have a large tonnage per acre and the crushing and making of sugar crys- tals are no concern of his. SOIL PREPARATION The soil is plowed 2-3 times as soon as the wet season is over, mostly with very primitive single mill board plow drawn by one carabao. After the plowing, a harrow is used to break the ground well up. On the large plantations steam plows are used or large tractor plows whilst recently the centrals do a lot of plowing for their hacenderos with small and large tractor plows, to insure that a sufficient area is plant- ed for the requirements of the central. PLANTING Planting is done by hand using the tops of the canes, cut in lengths of 6-8 inches called points. These receive a preliminary soaking in water and are planted in furrows made with the same primitive plow, at distances of 30 inches up to 6 feet and using 3 points to the meter. The planting is usually started early in December and continues for about 5 months. The points are stuck in the ground under an angle of 45 _degrees and usually pushed in the ground with the heel. If the soil is too hard, a pointed stick is used to drill a hole. No watering is done.'weeds are kept down by ploughing between the rows, or by hoe. The cane is entirely dependent on the rain- fall which varies somewhat from year to year. Manuring is practically unknown. HARVESTING t Harvesting is done entirely by hand. The cane stalks are stripped of the leaves and cut off, near the ground. The tops are cut off for planting or cattle feed and the cane transported to the factories by carabao sleds, carts or railway. In a few instances the cane is hauled in motor trucks. RATOONING The cane is ratooned or not, according to the location and in few cases more than 3 times. To increase the stooling the first shoots from the ratpons are sometimes broken down. Some cultivation is done between the cane rows with plow or hoe. DISEASES AND PESTS The canes in the Philippines are practically free from contagious or infectious diseases. Those diseases that have appeared could al- ways be traced to negligence in cultivation. There are very few wild animals and dam- age from that source is negligible and there are also no small animal pests of any importance. Generally speaking, cane growing is not handicapped in the Philippines. QUALITY OF CANE The quality of the canes differs largely, according to the locality and the weather conditions. Generally speaking, however, one may say that the Philippine canes are as good, if not bet- ter, than any cane raised in a similar latitude. The dry season starts from one to two months before the harvesting begins which per- mits the cane to attain a very high purity after 12 months. Purities of over 90° are not rare. The average purity runs about 80 to 85, the sugar content between 12 and 16 per cent. CRUSHING SEASON The crushing season varies according to the locality. On Luzon, crushing starts in the latter part of November, on Negros generally not before December. The season generally lasts from 4-6 months, except in the north of Negros, where it is possible to crush 8-10 months with satisfac- tory results. The Bureau of Agriculture has recently issued its Bulletin No. 39 "Cane Production and Sugar Manufacture in the Philippine Islands", compiled by Mr. C. W. Mines, sugar expert of this Bureau. This Bulletin deals with every detail of the industry and gives the fullest information to everybody interested in the growing of sugar or the making of sugar. FUTURE There can be no doubt that the cane sugar industry will develop in the near future with giant strides, both through the expansion of the existing or building centrals and through the building of new centrals. It was already possible, without the help of irrigation or intensive cultivation and with most primitive installations for manufacture, to produce sugar which could compete in price on the world markets, and that in spite of bad means of communica- tions and the indebtedness of the planters. Now, with the assistance of practically unlimited capital and guidance for planters to increase yields and combat diseases, there is no reason why the Philippines should not come into the foremost rank of the sugar- producing countries. A few years ago the sugar industry of the Philippines was more than 30 years behind in development, compared to the Hawaiian Islands and Java, but now it can be their equal if not their superior. Scientific cultivation, seed cane selection, manuring and irrigation can increase the yields at least two-fold. The sugar bureau in Iloilo, a branch of the Bureau of Agriculture, has worked for years to instruct planters how to increase their yields, but few have availed themselves of the advice, — lack of money often being the principal reason and ignorance another. Several planters refused to manure their cane, as they considered that the long canes yielded "muscovado" of a lesser quality. The erection of the centrals will put the planters in a better financial position and the central will encourage everything leading to increased tonnage per acre. There is a decided tendency in the areas where centrals are erected to increase the yields and improve the qualities of the cane. Irrigation waters are available in abun- dance, and although labor is not abundant, this is also the case in Cuba, which island is handicapped by lack of irrigation and yet produces more sugar than any other country in the world. The area of lands capable of producing sugar on Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Negros, and Cebu, is merely scratched and the total area is in excess of Cuba or Java. A future sugar production of one million tons per year is not impossible for the Philippines. Hemp Industry (Continued from page 53)* or rolled on bobbins or spools. About 3 per cent of the supply of abaca is used for tagal braid. Recent development of the industry. From the early history of the abaca industry until the present time the production of fiber has increased steadily. Unfortunately, how- ever, this increase in production was not the result of, nor was it accompanied by, any general improvement in the cultivation of the plant or in plantation management. Un- til a short time ago, and in a large measure even at the present time, the bulk of pro- duction is the product of small plantings in which old and crude methods of cultivation and fiber extraction have been used. Un- der such conditions, therefore, it is not sur- prising that for a long time it was the be- lief that the cultivation and production of abaca was not an industry that could be profitably carried on by the use of system- atic and modern methods of agriculture. Since 1903, however, several large planta- tions have been established in different local- ities and improved methods used in the cul- tivation of the plant and in general manage- ment. The results have shown that the abaca industry can be made one of the most profitable branches of investment for the tropical agriculturist. The abaca plant re- sponds freely to careful and methodical treat- ment by a considerable increase in the yield of fiber, and the carefully extracted fiber commands a steady demand and a high price, even during the so-called dull periods of the market. As a result of this investigation there has recently been a tendency toward the substitution of modern methods of cul- ture and management to replace the former wasteful and antiquated practices. The opportunity for the extension of the abaca industry of the Philippines, not so much in an increase in the area cultivated or an increase in production, but in an in- crease in the yield of plants and an improve- ment in the quality of the product, is very promising. With but little or no danger from insect pests or plant diseases and with but little or no competition from other coun- tries, abaci is an eminently safe crop and affords one of the most profitable branches of agriculture in the Philippines. 66 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN HISTORICAL PRE-SPANISH Early Philippine history fades away into the history of Chinese foreign adventure and commerce, trading having been carried on between the two countries for a thousand years prior to the Spanish conquest. SPANISH Magallanes discovered the Philippines in 1521, about 100 years before the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock. Spaniards settled Cebu, 1568. Legaspi occupied Ma- nila, 1570. British captured Manila, 1762. AMERICAN United States occupied Manila August 13, 1898. Treaty of Paris signed December 10, 1898. Filipino insurrection began February 4, 1899. First provincial government organ- ized (Pampanga), February 6, 1901. First American Civil Governor, William H. Taft, July 1, 1901. Philippine Act passed July 1, 1902. Jones Act passed August 29, 1916. GEOGRAPHY The Philippine Archipelago extends from the Batanes Islands in the north to the Tawi- tawi group at the southern end of the Sulu islands, ^.distance of 1,152 miles. The archipelago is composed of 3,141 is- lands, of which 400 are inhabited. DEPTH OF SEAS Interisland: Average, 75 fathoms; maxi- mum, 500 fathoms. High seas: Maximum depth is on southern coast of Mindanao, 5,000 meters, or about 3 miles. Jolo sea: 4,069 meters. Coast line: 11,444 miles. Manila Bay, circumference, 100 miles. DIFFERENCES IN TIME Manila is in advance of — London 8 hrs. 03 min. New York 12 hrs. 59 min. San Francisco 16 hrs. 1 1 min. Washington 13 hrs. 00 min. AREA OF ARCHIPELAGO Square miles. Total area, land and water 832,968 Land 127,825 Water 705.115 COMPARATIVE AREAS Square miles. Philippines 127,853 British Isles 120,973 New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva- nia, and Delaware 104,970 Japan 147.649 Luzon island is as large as Denmark, Bel- gium, and Holland combined. Mindanao is about equal in area to Por- tugal. DISTRIBUTION OF AREA Square miles. Forest land 72,000 Commercial forest 61.000 Cultivated 14.000 Grass lands 20,000 Unexplored 14,000 Forest lands contain some 747 native tree species; 50 to the acre in some parts. Min- danao has 423 varieties. Over 200 varieties come to the Manila market. One-half of the forest land is virgin. CULTIVATED LAND Acres. Rice 3,000.000 Hemp 1,236,000 Coconuts 680.000 Corn 1.070,000 Tobacco 145,000 Sugar 445,000 Maguey 76,000 Cacao 2,600 Coffee 2,000 COMPARATIVE CULTIVATION Japan and the Philippines: Japan with 14- 000,000 acres of arable land produces crops to the value of 1*2,000,000,000. Philippines with 7,000,000 acres produces only t*200,- 000,000. POPULATION Total from latest (1917-18) Philippine Health Service records: 9,500,000. Christians 8,730,000 Mohammedans 275,000 Non-Christians and Pagans. . 595,000 Japanese 42,800,000 PROGRESS OF POPULATION IN PHILIPPINES 1735... 837.182 1805 1,741,234 1826 2,593,287 1840 3.096,031 1862 4,734,533 1887 5,984.727 1896 6,261,339 1903 1917-18 9,500,000 CLIMATE Average temperature for 30 years: 80° Fahrenheit. Dry temperate months: November, De- cember, January, and February. Intermediate months: March, July, Aug- ust, September, October. Hot months: May and June. RAINFALL Maximum days of rain in July, August, September. Minimum days of rain in February and March. Dry season: November to May, inclusive. Wet season: June to October, inclusive. Typhoons: Frequent in July, August, September, and October. MOUNTAINS Feet. Apo 10,312 Pulog 9.450 Mayon 8,970 Halcon 8,865 Malindang 8,197 Canlaon 8,192 Sto. Tomas , 7,418 Data 7,364 Banajao 7,382 Pagsan 7,339 Isarog 6,450 Pinalobo 6,137 Cristobal 5,288 Bulusan 5,100 Maquiling 4,783 Arayat 3,564 Talim 1,519 Taal 1,050 There are 50 volcanos in the archipelago, of which 20 are active and 30 are extinct. The principal active volcanos are Taal, Canloan, and Apo. The principal extinct volcanos are Talim, Maquiling, Cristobal, Banajao, and Isarog. RIVERS Miles Grande de Pampanga 220 Pulangi, Mindanao 300 Other rivers of importance are the Agno Grande, Grande de Pampanga, Agusan, and Pasig. Mindoro has 60 rivers and Samar 26, none of them of commercial value. REAL ESTATE VALUES [1 pesos*0.50) Manila rM04,024.000 Provinces 392,180,000 MORTALITY (AMERICANS AND EUROPEANS) PER 1,000(1917-18) Manila 8.0 New York 16.5 San Francisco 15.0 Chicago 14.0 Glasgow 18.0 Belfast 22.0 No feature of life in the Philippines has been more maligned than the long-suffering climate. Every prospective tourist to the Orient has been treated to a ten-course menu of stock stories of the unbearable heat, the destructive typhoons, the fearful earth- quakes, and the general dreary dead level of death and disease that follows in the wake of the pestilential climate. Imaginative exiles have helped along this repertory by inventing lurid stories of departed exiles who woke up in the fires of the nether world and shouted for some one to shut the door and let it warm up a little. Climate, so far as the most of us are con- cerned with it, is composed of four elements. Temperature, humidity, purity of the air, and environment are the things that make a country habitable or otherwise. All the different varieties of climate on the globe can be made to order anywhere that the proper ingredients of temperature, moisture, and air can be got together. This may be heresy to those who live by exploiting the invisible virtues of some particular climate — the land under which they may have for sale — but it will stand the test of scientific demonstration. The climate of the Philippines, broadly speaking, is the most healthful and com- fortable of any portion of the Tropics in- habited by man. Compared in detail with the climate of New York, or Chicago, or St. Louis it has many points to the good, and really very few on the wrongside of thescale. There is a complete absence of extremes of temperature. Except at the highest al- titudes, frost is unknown; and in the hot- test places sunstroke is also unheard of. The limit of the upward tendency of the thermometer is 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The total annual variation is not more than 40 degrees. It is simply summer all the year, and nine months of it is very pleasant summer. December, January, half of No- vember, and February furnish the most de- lightful climatic conditions in the world. It is neither hot nor cold, but "just right" all the time. The very air breathes the luxury of nonresistance to nature; and if ever life is worth living anywhere, it is here. Toward the 1st of March it begins to warm up. The thermometer daily climbs a little higher, and there may be a week when the noon time is suggestive of those hot spring days in the States, when the unaccustomed heat is hard to bear. Sunset finds pleasant evenings and nights cool enough to sleep well. About June the rains begin, and with them comes relief from heat, for when it is raining in Manila it is always comfortable. The "wet season" is the most comfortable time of the year, and if one does not have to do too much provincial traveling, he has nothing to dread from the rain. Alternate showers, clouds, and clearings fill the months till November,, when the rain gradually gives away and the delightful "winter" comes again. Such is the year in Manila. This routine, however, varies somewhat in different parts of the Islands and with different years, but theaverage will not vary much from thisoutline. In a climate with as high average humidity as that which prevails in the Islands, the question of comfort is nine-tenths a matter of finding and keeping in a breeze. Even a gentle zephyr means perfect comfort, while stillness of air means torture with the temperature unchanged. And here is the great advantage of the Philippines. There (Continued on page 80} ANNIVERSAR7 NUMBER 1919 Some Industrial Possibilities of the ^Philippine Islands By DR. ALVIN J. Cox, Director of the Bureau of Science Being a Memorandum prepared for the information of the Secretary of the Interior. (The Philippine Bureau of Science;, Manila. P. I., has available for those interested detailed information regarding each of these industries. Inquiries may be addressed to the Director, Bureau of Science, Manila. — THB EDITOR.) A few days ago you requested a memoran- dum with regard to industrial, economic or sanitary information in the Bureau of Science which has to do with the development of the Philippine Islands which is insufficiently used and which should be carried further to make it of the greatest benefit. I desire to em- phasize the fact that there is extensive in- formation along many lines in the Bureau of Science which effect a large annual saving to the inhabitants of these Islands if it were utilized. Some of this has been published and is of permanent record, but the time of employees is so taken up with the regular work of the Bureau that there is still insuf- ficient publicity. The means at hand are entirely inadequate to put the people of these Islands in touch with the information of the Bureau of Science. The best, and, probably, the only way most to interest those to whom the introduction of new methods and of de- sirable modifications of existing methods is most important is by actual demonstration. All of the information which the Bureau of Science has been able to collect and work out along lines all tending to improve sanitary conditions, to develop the valuable resources of the Philippine Islands, and to develop both old and new industries — work which should be carried on at all times — has been accomplished after the regular routine work of the Govern- ment, consisting of hundreds of thousands of different examinations, analyses and jobs of every variety, and coming from every branch of the Government, has been attended to. Some of the subjects along the line in which you have expressed an interest are as follows: 1. Paper pulp. — In the paper-pulp in- dustry there has been an advance in the cost of all raw materials and there seems to be no immediate prospect of a change in the sit- uation. The great industries in the United States alone are demanding, and will con- tinue to demand, a supply of paper pulp much in excess of the consumption previous to 1916. The demand will tax the capacity of the mills there to the utmost. 2. Drying coconut by sulphur treatment. — This method of drying coconuts is exceeding- ly simple and consists, briefly, in putting the opened nuts on trays and subjecting them in a closed space to the fumes of burning sulphur for from twelve to twenty-four hours. After this treatment the nuts are put under a shed to dry, the completion of which requires four or more days according to atmospheric con- ditions. The on\y apparatus required is a wooden box of proper size, a few trays, and a 4-wheel car mounted on a wooden track. The box is made sufficiently tight only to permit the escape of enough gases to allow enough additional air to enter at the bottom to keep the sulphur burning. The box is 105 by 210 by 270 centimeters, being of suf- ficient size to accommodate about 1,500 nuts on 16 or more trays w.ien placed on the car and separated enough to permit free cir- culation of sulphur dioxide fumes. One end of the box is a door hinged at the top. The car has the simplest framework mounted on two pairs of cast iron wheels 25 centime- ters in diameter. The track should be about twice as long as the box, so that the car may be pushed in and out of the box and the load- ing and unloading be done outside. About 5 kilograms of sulphur are sufficient for one thousand nuts, and when these nuts are put on trays, they occupy about 2.5 square meters of floor space. There is no doubt an available supply of sulphur. I have estimated that the annual production of coconuts in the Philippine Is- lands does not exceed 431,387 thousand nuts. If all the nuts grown in the Philippine Islands were cured by the use of our sulphuring pro- cess, not more than 2,000 tons of sulphur would be consumed annually. In 1915 the United States Geological Survey reports that during the calendar years 1911-14 Japan exported to the United States 16,185, 24,505, 15,317, and 21,913 tons of sulphur, respec- tively. From this it will be seen that Japan annually imports into the United States alone ten times as much sulphur as would be re- quired for sulphuring all the coconuts of the Philippine Islands. Sulphur is also availa- ble in the Philippine Islands as shown in the Bureau of Science Mineral Resources for 1911. A demand would develop the Philip- pine sulphur resources, but even though no sulphur were available locally, it could be imported into the Philippines cheaper than into the United States. The average price of sulphur should not exceed 50 pesos per ton under normal conditions. In the tapahan method of drying copra it frequently happens that the coconut .meat begins to mold before the drying is begun, and before the drying has proceeded far enough to inhibit the growth of mold, consi- derable deterioration has taken place. In the sulphuring process the nuts can be sub- jected to sulphur fumes before mold has start- ed to grow. The action of sulphur fumes (sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid anhy- dride) is to kill all mold spores and to soften the cell walls of the coconut meat so that the moisture comes out readily. With proper organization and routing of the work, the labor cost when the sulphur method is used will not exceed that in the tapahan. Compared with the tapahan method the sulphur process offers the following advan- tages: (1) The copra is preserved and bleached by the sulphur fumes and yields exception- ally white copra. (2) There is no loss of oil during the pro- cess of sulphuring and drying. (3) An exceedingly uniform product is obtained. (4) A greater weight of copra is obtained from a given number of nuts. (5) The keeping quality of the copra is improved. (6) The process is exceptionally clean. (7) The oil expressed from the copra is practically colorless, is free from rancidity, is pronounced equal to, or better than, the best Cochin oil, and will sell for two or three cents a pound more than ordinary oil (at two cents a pound there is a difference of about 3.75 pesos per picul of copra). The disadvantages of the sulphur meth- od are: (1) A small outlay for sulphur. (2) A longer time is required for drying. The expense of sulphur is negligible and is probably more than counterbalanced by the increased weight of the product owing to the fact that there is no deterioration of the oil by organisms, not to mention the numerous other advantages. The length of time re- quired is more than counterbalanced by the superior product which will command a much better price when produced in suffi- cient quantities so that it may be manufac- tured into edible oils. 3. Papaya, gum. — A study of the proper- ties of papaya gum made from latex of Cari- ca papayi has resulted in improving methods for preparing this important commercial product. The results already obtained show conclusjvely that gum may be made in the Philippines which is equal, if not superior, both regarding color and activity, to any now on the world's market. The constant- ly increasing demand for papaya gum as a substitute for pepsin and the well-known fact that satisfactory gum is difficult to obtain assure a steady market for a high-grade Phil- ' ippine product. When I was in the United States in 1915, I discussed papaya gum especially with Dr. J. M. Francis, of the Parke Davis Co., De- troit, Michigan. He says it is impossible to get any unadulterated papaya gum in the United States. One very active sample which they received contained 48 per cent starch 50 per cent papain, and 2 per cent pepsin. Doctor Francis says that the consumption of papaya gum in the United States alone amounts to several hundred tons annually and will increase, if a reliable product can be obtained. American firms have been dis- couraged in this industry by the adulterated products. The American Digestive Fer- ments Co., New York City, is another firm dealing in papain. In 1915 I wrote to the United States Bu- reau of Chemistry asking them to endeavor to stop the importation of adulterated papa- in, and, when this is done, there will be no demoralization of the market. _4. Tanning materials. — The value of tan- ning materials imported into the United States has increased from 1,600,000 dollars in 1900 to 6,500,000 dollars in 1911, and tan- ners are becoming each year more depend- ent upon imported material. Bark from the better species of Philippine mangrove trees contains 30 per cent of tannin, and a net profit of from 50 to 60 pesos per ton can probably be made on tanning material de- rived from the mangrove swamps in the Phil- ippine Islands. The commercial develop- ment of the Philippine mangrove swamp areas, estimated at 207,000 hectares or 2 per cent of the Philippine public forests, is pos- sible. The exploitation of these mangrove swamps involves an economical disposal of the wood. This can be done if the tanning industry is associated with a firewood, piling, and distillation industry. The Bureau of Science has completed, and is about to pub- lish, results on the destructive distillation of Philippine woods, which show a compa- ratively easy method of disposal of wood at a profit and one which produces valuable prod- ucts such as acetic acid, methyl alcohol, tar, and excellent foundry charcoal, provided a suitable market for the products is established. 68 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The installation of a distillation plant would prove a decided advantage and stimulus to the tan-bark industry, for it could utilize all the wood in a certain area, and conse- quently trees of all sizes yielding valuable tan bark could be stripped. All the species of mangrove of any importance in the east- ern tropics are found in the Philippine Is- lands and the opportunity for a profitable cutch in-lustry is very great. The extended use of mangrove bark and more particularly mangrove extract is com- paratively a recent development, the use of both of these should be greatly extended in the Philippine Islands. Camachile bark used almost exclusively by Filipino tanners is costly and limited in supply, whereas man- grove bark is plentiful, cheap, and high in tannin content. The latter produces a dark- red leather and has been viewed with dis- favor by Filipino tanners. The Bureau of Science has demonstrated that good, light- colored leathers can be produced by combin- ing mangrove and camachile, and a consi- derable saving in the cost of tanning can thus be effected. Recent investigations by the Bureau of Science of a number of possible tanning materials have shown that at least two barks, Benguet pine and palomaria, can be utilized commercially and may assist in the conservation of the supply of camachile bark. Palomaria is more abundant and more readily secured on a commercial scale than camachile. 5. Leather. — The scope and possibilities of the tanning industry in the Philippine Islands may be inferred from the fact that about 4,000,000 pesos' worth of leather is used annually. More than half of this de- mand is met by importation. Large number of hides and skins go to waste in the Philip- pine Islands each year owing to the scarcity of tanneries which might utilize them. The tanneries which do exist employ primitive methods — practically without modifications, those introduced centuries ago by the Chi- nese— and the leather produced is of an in- ferior quality. The Bureau of Science had devised methods for preventing putrefaction of hides during the tanning process and has demonstrated that improvements can be put into effect in a Filipino tannery without modification of the equipment and with little increase in expense, which will yield about 32 per cent more leather of higher grade than that now produced. Leather produced by the improved process is firm, of a satisfactory color and grain, and free from the disagreable odor or evidence of putrefac- tion and other principal defects of native leather. Much of this work was performed in operating tanneries. It is my desire to extend this practical demonstration to tan- ners and thus enable them to judge the merits of various processes for themselves and to make improvements in their own establish- ments. For the present, ample inprove- ment may be made without greatly changing their equipment or without increased outlay. The work of the Bureau of Science on tanning should have a very beneficial effect on the Philippine tanning industry. 6. Philippine dyss. — Under normal con- ditions artificial dyes have largely supplanted natural materials. In some districts there occur natural dyes of sufficient brillancy, permanency, and quantity, to be very val- uable. They are employed in the dyeing of native fibers for the manufacture of hats, mats, baskets, cloth, etc. A number of these dyes have been investigated, and the results have been published. Intense cultivation of plants containing valuable color principles is necessary for success other than for local use. The two most important dye plants found in the Phil- ippines are the well-known indigo and sapan or sibucao. It is possible that the extra- natural indigo might be profitable at the pre- sent time, but under normal conditions it is hard to compete with the cheaper coal-tar product. The sapan, which grows in great abundance on Guimaras Island and parts of Panay, is a widely scattered tree in the Philippine Islands. Its valuable properties yield a red dye, and considerable quantities are annually exported to southern China. The Bureau of Science has shown that the wood contains Brazilian, the coloring matter found in Brazilian wood. By extraction with water this wood yields about 2 per cent of coloring matter. 7. Cane sugar. — The production of sugar ranks among the most important industries of the Philippine Islands, and Negros and Panay, particularly the former, are the most important islands of the Archipelago in point of sugar production. These two islands produce about 190,000,000 kilograms annual- ly, 90 per cent of which is muscavado or molasses sugar. As muscavado sugar, this represents an average value of 15,000,000 pesos and would be worth double this amount as 96° sugar. The Bureau of Science has shown that from 20 to 35 per cent of the sucrose of the cane is lost in many mills in Negros through the poor milling facilities and the antiquated methods of handling cane and juice. Since that time the Bureau of Science has assisted the planters to increase their extraction and better their product. Results have been published showing the financial loss due to harvesting unripe cane and to demonstrate that if this is avoided even in antiquated mills an actual loss can be converted into a material gain. Infor- mation on La fabricacion del azucar de cana, the melting and reboiling of muscavado su- gar, and the manufacture of 96° sugar by means of open kettles and vacuum pans has been published. As a result of the- work of the Bureau of Science, much raw sugar is now polarized before exportation and sold upon its sugar content where heretofore the val- uation was all made by the purchaser upon receipt. There are over five hundred sugar haciendas in Negros. It is my desire to in- crease the extraction and introduce more careful methods of handling the juice in these haciendas which should increase the produc- tion and improve the quality of sugar even if there be no increase in the yield or in the planted area. During the past season the Bureau of Science has had a traveling labor- tory in Negros by means of which the cane has been tested from one end of the island to the other. There is no marked difference in purity value or in the quality of the sugar produced. The cane has been almost invari- ably of good quality and the sugar from good to poor, depending upon the manner in which it was manufactured. In principle I am oppos- ed to the introduction of expensive machi- nery, in the Philippine Islands if the appara- tus already in use can be made serviceable, but it is very difficult to make better mus- cavado sugar. The installation of modern sugar machinery for the manufacture of cen- trifugal sugar is practically necessary. Cen- tral mills are a geat advantage, for their installation leaves the planter to attend to his fields and to problems of fertilization and irrigation. We have encouraged the use of guano from local caves, the use of which has greatly increased. Guano is a cheap and effi- cient fertilizer for cane fields. Planters who have been encouraged to fertilize and irri- gate their haciendas report crop increases of from 60 to 100 per cent. The Bureau of Science has been of considerable assistance to the planters by making reports on each district where cane is planted, and these were of assistance in two districts where cen- tral contracts have been let. When time has been available, reports on districts have been made, including information which will be of advantage to those who contem- plate the erection of central mills, such as the following: location, description of the land, topography; rainfall, water supply afforded by rivers, artesian wells, etc.; ship- ping facilities; quality of cane, yield of sugar; etc. Such information from an unbiased source will influence the investment of capi- tal where it is so badly needed. In those districts which are too small, the Bureau of Science has encouraged indivi- dual planters to manufacture 96° centrifugal sugar by making additions to their present installations. This can be done in many cases at an expense of about 30,000 pesos. To relieve the sugar market of large supplies of muscavado sugar, we have recommended the melting and reboiling of this sugar in the central factories now in operation. This has proved to be very satisfactory and has assisted both the planter and the manufacturer. 8. Nipa palm. — Almost the entire in- sular production of alcohol — about 10,000,000 proof gallons per year — is made from the sap of the nipa palm, which grows luxuriantly in a number of places in the Philippine Is- lands. Although extensive nipa swamps exist in the Philippine Islands, only a few are utilized commercially. The alcohol in- dustry has been investigated, and methods for improving the process of manufacture have been described in a number of papers from the Bureau of Science. The Bureau of Science has discovered that a more profitable manner of utilizing the sap of this palm is in the manufacture of sugar. This is an industry new to the world, and those large tracts of land in north- ern Panay and elsewhere in which nothing will grow but nipa should be utilized. Nipa sap can be made to yield sugar at a price comparable with cane, and these large areas which are now practically worthless may be turned into productive sugar districts. 9. Palm brandy. — The investigation of alcoholic beverages made from the fermented sap of nipa and coconut palms was under- taken over five years ago. At that time distilled spirits of 100 proof strength were placed in charred barrels. Every six months samples were taken for complete analysis. After a time the analysis began to show promising indications for a staple product. At the present time two casks contain bev- erages which no longer can be classed as "Vino de Coco" or "Vino de Nipa," but must be acknowledged to be "Philippine Coco Palm Brandy" and "Philippine Nipa Palm Brandy," and are beverages worthy of the name of brandy. The analysis shows them to be well within the requirement for a good quality of brandy. All of the con- stituents present to make up a good grade of brandy have come to an equilibrium. These beverages have a characteristic flavor due to their origin. Aging for five years in charred casks will produce a beverage from Philippine distilled spirits which in analy- sis, color, and flavor is comparable to the best grades of imported brandies. 10. Starch. — Starch has many uses other than for food. Starch finds use not only for food, but in calico printing to prevent the color from spreading, for dressing and finish- ing many textiles, for laundry purposes, as an adhesive paste, as a powder, as a source of alcohol, in the preparation of dextrine and starch sugar, and when sufficiently cheap as a binder for fuel briquettes. It occurs in practically all plants, but not in relatively large enough quantities in most of them to make its extraction profitable. An investi- gation of a number of starch-producing plants growing in the Philippine Islands has been carried on. Among these may be mentioned tapioca or cassava (Manihot utilissima roman), the native name being camoting cahoy; ar- rowroot (Maranta arundinacea Linn.); sin- camas (Pachyrhizus erosus Urban) ; the Poly- nesian arrowroot (Tacca pinnatifida Forst.); yams (Dioscorea; Amorphophallus campa- nul-atus Blume); seeds of Cycas circinalis Linn.; and the sugar palm (Arenga saccha- rifera Labill.). The most promising of all ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 69 these is the cassava, which grows in various parts of the Islands and produces large quan- tities of starch. Twenty-seven per cent of the weight of the material can be extracted by commercial processes. Cassava needs special treatment to rid it of a glucoside which gives free hydrocyanic acid. This can be done by careful washing, or the gluco- side can be rendered harmless by heating. No data are available on the yields of cas- sava in the Islands, but in Mississippi and Florida, on good ground, 10 tons of roots are obtained per acre. Plants about a year old, selected at random from the district in the neighborhood of Zamboanga, Minda- nao, averaged 11 kilograms of roots each, which, planting 1 meter each way, would give a yield of 50 tons per acre. If 10 tons per acre can be obtained in the southern states of America, with a possible growing season of eight to nine months, it would seem to be perfectly fair to figure as much for Philippine soils, with a growing season of twelve months. One acre of ground in the United States will produce 40 bushels of corn containing 680 kilograms of extract- able starch. One acre of cassava in the Phil- ippine Islands will produce at least 10 tons of roots containing 2,250 kilograms of ex- tractable starch. This, if converted into alcohol, would yield about 1,500 liters of 95 per cent alcohol. One concern in the Phil- ippine Islands is expecting to enter the cas- sava industry. Arrowroot contains from 18 to 22 per cent of starch. The machinery for making starch from tubers such as arrowroot or cassava is sim- ple, consisting of scraping and rasping ma- chines, a series of sieves, settling tanks, and drying plates in case a centrifugal dryer is not used. 11. Medicinal plants. — A very large num- ber of plants are used by Filipinos in the treatment of diseases. Datura, dita, sibu- cao, macabuhay, purging oils, and the fish and arrow poisons have been studied. A few of these are recognized as sources of various medicines in the standard pharma- copoeia. The active constituents of many medicinal plants growing in the Archipelago have been isolated and identified. The Bureau of Science is undertaking a survey of Philippine medicinal and poison- ous plants. The advantages to be derived by the people from the use of fresh native medicinal plants in place of those imported from abroad which are more or less in a state of decay is readily realized. It is important not only to investigate the medicinal prop- erties of local species actually used by Fili- pinos in the practice of medicine, but also to investigate local species not now used that are closely allied to those yielding drugs used in other countries. It is" also quite probable that during the course of these pharmaco- logical and chemical investigations certain medicinal plants of specific action whose therapeutic values are comparatively un- known at present will be discovered. There are a few commercial species of medicinal plants now known. The St. Ignatius bean (Strychnos ignatii Berg.) yields strychnine and brucine. The species found native only in the Philippines is commercially import- ant for export at the present time. The castor oil plant, croton oil plant, kamala, and datura (as a source of atropine) are very little or not at all utilized, although all grow very luxuriantly and are very abundant. On account of the war, many inquiries have been received recently especially concern- ing the cultivation of the castor plant. Tan- gan-tangan, the source of castor oil, occurs as a weed in and about towns throughout the Philippines, yet its cultivation on a com- mercial scale has never been attempted. There is no reason why this plant should not be grown successfully on a commercial scale and that we discontinue to import our sup- ply of castor oil. The same may be said of tuba or macaisa which yields croton oil, and other drug-yielding plants. The work of our medicinal plant survey is to discover the potential commercial medicinal plants of the Islands and encourage the development of the industry and the cultivation of certain standard drug plants by 'ndividuals. 12. Vegetable oils. — The vegetable oils of the Philippine Islands, other than coconut, are seldom discussed, though they are very important. Among these are lumbang, ka- poc, cashew, castor bean, cotton seed, physic nut, and pili. The production of lumbang oil and of pili nut oil is increasing and are of considerable importance. Other oils now little known will no doubt prove to be of consider- able commercial value. 13. Rubber. — Some rubber is produced in the Philippine Islands at the present time not only from introduced cultivated rubber trees of tropical American origin, but also from local species of vines. Recently we have received specimens of first-class rubber from the northern part of Mountain Prov- ince produced from an unknown species of vine. The sample of this rubber was shown to a representative of Behn, Meyer & Co., who says it could be graded as No. 1, plan- tation rubber which, at present New York quotations, is worth 1.58 pesos per pound. The representative in question was quite enthusiastic over the prospect. This prod- uct is worth of investigation, and rubber production in the Mountain Province could be developed successfully if the plantoccurs in sufficient abundance. The rubber industry could be developed extensively in parts of Mindanao outside of the typhoon region. 14. Rattans. — Many species of rattan grow in the Philippine Islands in abundance. The Malay trade-centers in Singapore, where most of the Sumatran and Bornean supplies are received, are well organized. The Phil- ippine rattan trade is in a very unorganized condition. I believe it to be true that the Filipinos actually buy back their own bejuco from Hongkong after it had been shipped there by way of Singapore. This industry needs thorough study. 15. Guano. — Guano occurs in limestone caves in nearly every province. Studies made in the past by the Bureau of Science show the guano from many localities to be valuable for fertilizing purposes. The Bu- reau of Science has encouraged the sugar planters to use this guano. It is beginning to be used to some extent among the sugar planters, who mix their filter-press refuse and ashes with it to put on the cane at the rate of about two tons per hectare. The guano can be delivered to any hacienda for about one fifth the cost of commercial fertilizers, and it has given admirable results. One planter in the Silay district increased his crop nearly 100 per cent by the use of guano. 16. Iron and iron ore. — Valuable deposits of high-grade hematite and limpnite are found in several places in the Philippine Is- lands. The three principal deposits are near the towns of Sibul Springs and Angat, Bu- lacan Province; Mambulao, Camarines; and in northeastern Surigao between Gigaquit and Cantilan. These deposits are undevel- oped, but they have been carefully examined by the geologists of the Bureau of Science, who report the measurement of over 500,000,- 000 metric tons of available ore. The iron produced annually from the Bulacan ores by native smelters amounts to over 100 tons. The Camarines deposit is one of the richest of high grade available and is ideally situated for water transportation of the ore. The Surigao deposit is one of the largest undevel- oped deposits in the world. Four hundred ninety-seven million eight hundred thousand metric tons of ore have been drilled and mea- sured in this deposit. The extent of the deposit has been determined, but only the richest portions have been measured. There are many nations who would be very glad to acquire the property rights of these depos- its, but they are conserved to the Philippine Islands only by Executive Order No. 63 of 1914 and the imposition of an export tax of 2 pesos per ton. When the Surigao iron is mined at the present rate of taxation, the Gov- ernment will realize about 1 peso per ton in taxes, which will amount to more than 500,- 000,000 pesos. When these deposits are worked they will develop an immense indus- try in the Philippine Islands. 17. Other metallic mineral resources. — The production of gold is steadily increasing. In 1915 the output was worth over 2,600,000 pesos and, in my opinion, for 1916 it will be increased by nearly 100 per cent. The copper deposits of Mancayan, Moun- tain Province, have been worked for years and are the largest known in the Philippine Islands. Large amounts of high-grade ore have been shipped out, and 500,000 tons of 2.5 per cent ore are available and might be profitably worked. Copper deposits are found in many other provinces, but little is known about them. Manganese occurs in Ilocos Norte, Panga- sinan, Masbate, and a few other provinces. Three thousand tons worth about 10 pesos per ton were mined in Ilocos Norte this year and shipped to Japan. Silver, lead, and zinc also occur in several places in the Philippine Islands and should prove to be valuable. 18. Coal. — Almost every island in the Philippine Archipelago and a majority of the provinces are known to contain coal. The data which the Bureau of Science has accu- mulated concerning the quantity and quality of coal fields enables it to make intelligent estimates of the recoverable tonnages of dif- erent grades. In quality the coal ranges from black lignite to semianthracite. Con- servative estimates show that there is "in sight" at least 3,500,000 tons of black lignite and 1,000,000 tons of subbituminous coal, while the probable tonnage is: black lignite, 26,500,000, subbituminous, 31,500,000; bitu- minous or semianthracite, 3,500,000. The possible tonnages are great. The largest an- nual (1909) production to date is 30,336 me- tric tons valued at 197,184 pesos. Owing chiefly to lack of development, the produc- tion has declined since 1909. There are sev- eral reasons which make the establishment of coal mining in the Philippine Islands dif- ficult. Two of the greatest of these are: first, the coal is not of superior quality and is liable to spontaneous combustion both in the mine and in storage; secondly, the coal seams of the best coal are sometimes faulted, and there is discontinuity of the seams. Be- fore the workof extensively mining the prop- er grades of Philippine coals, which are high in moisture and volatile combustible matter is undertaken again, it is desirable to carry on further work to ascertain beforehand the type of stationary and marine boiler furnaces most suited to such coals. With the present, high price of coal, any substitution might be marketable, but if freight rates become re- duced, competition becomes keener, and I would recommend against the development of seams except those of the bituminous grade which can better stand against competition. By developing the better grade coals, there would be a wider immediate use and there would be less decline in the consumption if normal prices were re- stored. It is probable that Philippine coals were all laid down at approximately the same time, but faulting has resulted in an increased pressure which improved the quality of the coal by the removal of moisture and volatile combustible matter. In the mining of better grade coals there would be difficulties en- countered on account of faults, but the prod- uct would be more marketable and the dis- continuity is not so great but that the coal seams may be followed. 70 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The 67-horsepower Otto suction producer- gas plant installed as an additional power unit in the power house of the Bureau of Science has been eminently satisfactory. The plant consists of a generator and a producer- gas engine with direct-coupled dynamo. The plant was operated exclusively and regularly on Batan coal for several months and used this fuel very successfully to furnish electric power. It will do the same with any other Philippine coal. The cost of producing elec- tric power will vary according to the location of the power plant, availability of fuel, facil- ities of transportation, etc. With Philippine coal we were able to produce electric power by means of the producer-gas plant at 0.033 pesos per net kilowatt hour. This is cheaper than the Diesel crude oil engine and, besides, has the advantage of using a fuel of local pro- duction. In the Philippine Islands it is pos- sible to mine coal cheaply, and from figures on file in this institution, it would seem that Philippine coal of good quality could be put on the market in Manila at a very much re- duced price to the consumer. 19. Petroleum. — Petroleum is known to occur in Tayabas, Cebu, Iloilo, Car.iz, and Leyte Provinces. Bondoc Peninsula in Ta- yabas Province has been studied in detail by the Bureau of Science and pronounced worthy of exploration by drilling. Samples analyzed show that the oil has a paraffin base and is practically free from sulphur. The Bondoc region seems sufficiently promising to warrant the Government spending funds for drilling in the most favorable localities on public lands, the location to be designated by the Bureau of Science. I have on file an estimate for drilling, an outlined plan for developing the oil fields of the southern part of Bondoc Peninsula, and several otH*er documents, which bring the status of the Bondoc Peninsula petroleum resources to date. In 1914 I drafted an Act making appropriation for drilling wells in new districts for exploration purposes, which carried with it the sum of 200,000 pesos or so much thereof as may be necessary for the drilling by the Bureau of Public Works and the necessary work of the Bureau of Science connected with the exploration of petroleum- bearing formations. With the increasing number of oil-consum- ing engines and the increase in transporta- tion charges, there is now even more reason for proving or disproving the existence of oil-bearing strata in the Philippine Islands. 20. Lime. — The status of lime manufac- ture in the Philippine Islands has always been far from satisfactory, although pure coralline and crystalline limestone suitable for the manufacture of lime occur throughout the Archipelago. The kilns which have been used are frequently simply holes in the ground. Lime is often made from sea shells which are poorly cleaned and consequently yield an impure product. The kilns are usually very wasteful in fuel and labor and make the cost of production of an inferior lime higher than it should be for a good one. The output is entirely unsuited for use in the sugar industry and for other chemical pur- poses and in the manufacture of lime prod- ucts. The lime produ:ed in the experi- mental kiln of the Bureau of Science is far superior to that heretofore obtained in com- mercial practice and is in every respect a first- class article. There is no reason for the im- portation of lime into the Philippine Islands, and the increased production of sugar by modern methods has so augmented the de- mand, that there is no doubt that it would soon equal the output of large kilns. The lime of local manufacture is burned in the crudest manner and seldom contains more than 25 per cent of available lime. In spite of this it sells for about 30 pesos per ton. All of the lime which the experimental kiln of the Bureau of Science has produced has had a market value of 50 pesos per ton. If good lime were available at a moderate price, there is no doubt of a demand. Probably at the outset the industry would thrive best if conducted in connection with a sugar cen- tral. This institution should have a corps of demonstrators for the introduction of new methods and of desirable modifications of existing methods in the Islands. A typical example of this need is found in the lime in- dustry. 21. _Hyirated lime. — Formerly in most countries lime was always sold as it came from the kiln as quick lime or calcium oxide. However, within the last few years slaked or hydrated lime has been placed on the world's market. This product is obtained by grinding quick lime, mixing it with the proper amount of water, and then rejecting the unhydrated portions. A number of hydrators for the manufacture of hydrated lime are in general use. These may be divid- ed into two classes: the continuous hydra- tors and the batch hydrators. The first class is the more efficient, but requires a con- siderable investment of capital. It is a ques- tion which process would be best adapted to the Philippines. Both hydrated and quick lime have cer- tain advantages. The former is immediately available for use, is easily handled in any sort of container, and is not affected by moisture in the atmosphere. The latter is cheaper, requires lower transportation charges be- cause of the absence of water, and is not so sensitive to the carbon dioxide in the air. Quick lime is used in the sugar industry, for lime which has absorbed carbon dioxide is absolutely useless for treating sugar juices. Considerable hydrated lime is at present made and sold in the Philippine Islands and should find extensive use for road building and water-proofing. In connection with our experimental lime kiln, it is the intention of the Bureau of Science to investigate the manufacture of hydrated lime. Data on the method of hydration best suited to the local conditions, and on the relative suitability of the two kinds of lime under tropical conditions, should be of eco- nomic importance. 22. Lime products. — In connection with a lime kiln the operation of a sand-lime brick plant and of a bleaching powder plant shows considerable promise. Conditions are very favorable in thePhilip- pines for the commercial manufactures of brick, building blocks, tiles, slabs, marbles, and ornamental stones from sand and lime. The cost of manufacturing and selling 9-inch bricks of the best quality is estimated not to exceed 13 pesos per 1,000, which, in compari- son with the price of other building materials, offers considerable margin for profits. In Germany alone over three hundred sand- lime brick factories are in constant operation. For many building purposes the use of sand- lime brick is more satisfactory than concrete. In connection with a lime kiln and a sand- lime products plant a chlorination plant could probably be operated advantageous!)'. The consumption of bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite, CaOCl-2) in the city of Manila alone, a large part of which is used by the city of Manila for the treatment of the Ma- nila water supply, amounts to 25,000 pesos per annum. I have not had time to inves- tigate this industry thoroughly, but in my opinion it shows very great promise unless the industry would be unfavorably influenced by climatic conditions. 23. Vitrified and other clay products. — The Bureau of Science is at present conduct- ing an investigation on the suitability ofPhil- ippine clays and shales for the manufacture of vitrified brick^ropfing tile, drain tile, etc. The Philippines need a satisfactory paving material which gan.tje produced locally. Im- ported road material cannot be used exten- sively because of the prohibitive freight rates. At present over 90 per cent of all streets in Manila are paved with macadam. Employ- ees of the Bureau of Science have scoured the country for suitable rock. Extensive test of all available material have been made and that now in use was adopted as the best on the recommendation of the Bureau of Scien- ce. Even were a first-class material availa- ble; a number of disadvantages are connected with macadam, among which may be mention- ed its unsuitahility for heavy traffic and the expense of upkeep. It seems probable that vitrified paving brick may be made from local raw materials, and if so the paving problem would be solved Recently much interest has been shown in a search for a cheap fire-proof material to replace nipa. It is possible that suitable roofing tile may be made for this purpose. The main difficulty is to make them suffi- ciently light for the ordinary supports. Although building brick and tile are man- ufactured at a number of places in the Is- lands, in some cases the industry is carried on by very crude processes. As a result, the product is usually inferior in quality because of the improper moulding or burning. In many cases bricks of good quality could be made by changing the process. The estab- lishment along Pasig River above Manila could make good brick by substituting the stiff mud for their soft mud process. The Bureau of Science has collected con- siderable data on Philippine clay deposits, and both chemical and physical tests have been made on a number of the raw materials. 24. Silk. — The Burau of Science has raised silkworms for many years for the purpose of shipping eggs to those who might wish to engage in the business. This is an industry which supports thousands of people in several other countries. The care of the worms is easily learned. There is no heavy work connected with any part of the industry, and it may all be performed by women and girls. It is peculiarly suited to persons with small capital. I believe the reason that the silk- worm industry has not been more developed in the Philippine Islands is because of the lack of means for reaching the people who would appreciate and profit by it. Demon- strators are needed who will introduce the work into provincial towns and barrios. 25. Fish. — This food which is next to agricultural products in importance in the Philippine Islands needs special attention. The value of the fish ponds in the vicinity of Manila is about 6,000,000 pesos. In Ma- nila alone fresh fish to the value of 5,000 pesos is sold daily. The Bureau of Science has insufficient personnel to devote much time to the improvement of fish culture and to the determination of the possibilities of artificial propagation of food fishes, although its vast importance is realized. Only a very slight improvement in the value of 6,000,000 pesos means no small gain. Black bass and mos- quito fish should be more widely distributed by the Government. Individuals will not do this on their own responsibility. Such fishes as anchovy, sardine, and herring abound and constitute a potential source of wealth. A great deal of study is necessary to deter- mine their distribution and the best means of taking and protecting them. The manu- facture of dried and smoked fish products is very important to the Philippine Islands, and there is urgent need of improving this industry. Salt is at hand in the Philippines for this purpose. There is much-needed demonstration work along all lines of fish culture and preservation of both fresh water and marine commercial products. 26. Window shells.— About 5,000,000 win- dow shells are used each year in the building operations in the city of Manila, a large pro- portion of which come from the beds in Ma- nila Bay. The demand for these shells in (Continued on page 77) ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 71 The Philippine Carnival THE MARDI-GRAS OF THE ORIENT ENTRANCE TO CARNIVAL, 1918 {{Once each year the Philippines becomes thejplayground of the Far East. In 1908 the first Philippine Carnival was held in Manila, and every year since then, with the exception of the present, when war conditions appeared last summer such as to justify its postponement, a successor more elaborate and more attractive has been staged in Manila on historic Wallace Field, during the closing days of January or the beginning of February, when the climate of the islands is at its best. The 1920, or Victory Carni- val, will be the greatest event of its sort ever held anywhere in the Orient. The carnival city yearly raises itself al- most overnight on the huge level field lying below the old Spanish walls, which form unique background for the ultra-modern pageantry of the Fiesta. In addition to the varied sideshows and concessions represent- ing every country of the east, there are at- tractions from the United States and Europe. No expense is spared in giving to the carni- val a beautiful setting and of late years the illumination effects have been as gorgeous, though on a smaller scale, as those wrought at great international expositions. AUDITORIUM WHERE TWO THOUSAND COUPLES DANCED NIGHTLY IN THE OPEN AIR, 1918 CARNIVAL MERALCO TOWER, 1918 CARNIVAL There are commercial and government exhibits in connection with the carnival, and on no other occasion is.it possible to gain at once such a comprehensive idea of the production and development of resources of the archipelago as that which is offered the visitor at the carnival city. In the evenings the carnival becomes the center of Philippine and Oriental social ac- tivity. A huge open-air auditorium serves for the elaborate nightly balls, and on its mammoth floor thousands of couples swing together to the strains of music furnished by the famous-.C^mstabulary and other military bands. P^ft&bly at no other place in the world will ofie "see an equally impressive cos- mopolitaqapectacle. The Manila visitor who can plan his trip to arrive at the Pearl of the Orient for car- nival time may well deem himself fortunate. 72 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The Philippine Embroidery Industry By LOUISE P. BROWN For many years the women of the Phil- ippines have known how to embroider. It was originally taught in the convents by the sisters who came from Spain, Belgium! and France _in the early days, and the native wo- men, with their patience and dextrous fingers, became experts in their workmanship. They embroidered intricate designs using a great variety of stitches, and also various patterns in the open-work known as "calado." In the early years, there was a trade es- tablished by some of the native men, in embroideries, selling their products only in the Philippine Islands. They would pur- chase cloth, draw a design by pencil and give it out to the women to embroider, afterwards peddling the product around the streets of Manila, selling it for the best price they could get. They dealt mostly in embroidered blouses and dresses, the workmanship on which was excellent although often the de- signs would be crude. If the design was good, it would be the material that was wrong. However, there was quite an amount of work completed and sold and a great many women in provinces close to Manila made it their daily work and trained their children up into it. It was the combining of these three essentials, correct materials, dainty and attractive designs and good workmanship, that started the embroidery industry as it stands to-day. Considerable quantities of these blouses and dresses had been purchased from the peddlers and shipped to the United States, but at that time embroidered blouses were not the style. There were heavy losses as a result, and it prejudiced the buyers in the States against Philippine embroideries to such an extent that it was difficult even to show the samples of the newly organized industry of embroidered hand-made lingerie. Lingerie being a mere staple article, not so apt to be affected by the change of styles, was the opening wedge that brought the at- tention of the buyers in the United States to the industry of the Islands. The French, who had always made the fine hand-made lingerie, had the reputation, the undisputed style and the entire market. There was a big constant demand for lingerie and a big future for the Philippine industry, if the Philippines could produce articles equal to the French. Correct materials were selected, correct shapes and styles made to fit the American women, and designs adapted that would please them. This was the type of merchandise that was first put on the Ameri- can market. It was greatly admired and highly commented on but there was a great doubt that it. could actually be produced and delivered, if it was ordered. The beginning of the industry was a real struggle. Not only was the market made and carefully developed in the United States, but in the Philippine Islands it was neces- sary to teach and train the natives to do the style of embroidery used on lingerie; to teach them to work in a systematic way and dev- elope organizations that would make it possible to manufacture lingerie in quanti- ties. The majority of the work is done in the homes, of the workers the same as in Europe. The work is prepared in a factory and then sent out to the country, embroidered and returned to the factory, to be cut and made up. There are thousands of women in the Philippines scattered all over the islands who are embroidering. In some parts they are more proficient in some styles of work, while other localities do certain stitches better according to what has been customary among their ancestors. As soon as the stores in the States realized that their orders on Philippine hand-made lingerie were delivered properly and the American women who bought it found that it was both correct in cut and suited to their A HOME INDUSTRY RAPIDLY DEVELOPING IN THE PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINE HAND EMBROIDERIES ARE UNEXCELLED taste, the industry started to grow, with the result that the factories have been kept busy keeping up with the increased demands. The French have never used as fine a grade of material in their cheaper grade of lingerie as the manufacturers in the Philippines — also the workmanship is of a different style. The stitches on the Philippine product are fine, the embroidery cotton finer than usually seen in the French merchandise and the Filipinos use a great deal of the open work, known as "calado" in their patterns, giving a very dainty lacey appearance. This "calado" previously was only seen in the most expensive French models. After the industry was started, the main attention was given to producing hand-made lingerie in quantities, and various factory methods were adapted to facilitate this. This eventually gave the American market a hand- made garment at a very much less price than it had ever had before. It was only the wealthy class that could afford to wear the hand-made lingerie ten years ago, but this new Philippine lingerie was within the reach of many others of small means. This creat- ed an immense new buying public. Figures from the Bureau of Customs show the growth in the export of embroidered hand-made lingerie from a small beginning in 1912 to a value of almost 4J£ millions in 1918. The war and the difficulty of getting the French hand-made lingerie, has hastened the recognition of the Philippine article, and the industry is permanently established. Em- broidery can be counted as a permanent ex- port of the Philippines. The manufacturers are producing all arti- cles of ladies and children's underwear and all qualities from the most inexpensive to the very elaborate with such wonderful work- manship as only the old convents knew and taught. They are also manufacturing in- fants' dresses out of the finest materials, children's frocks, handsomely embroidered net robes, elaborate tea cloths, luncheon sets and linens, in the Venitian cut work, Mosaic, and darned — in filet, — having adopted this style of embroidery from European patterns. The industry is just in its infancy, and a great future is predicted for it. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 How to Ship to the Philippines Being an open letter to the exporters of the United States By A. B. Crfgap, General Manager of the Luzon Brokerage Co., Inc. If this information is carefully impressed in your shipping department, there will re- sult a great saving to yourself and your clients in the Philippine Islands, in addition to the satisfaction that will be experienced by your Philippine connection which is sure to secure for you additional business. It is a positive fact that merchants of the Philippine Islands have been caused the loss of many thousands of dollars through either the lack of knowledge regarding simple re- quirements of the Philippine Government with reference to documents, or carelessness on the part of shippers in the United States. Customs regulations, especially those per- taining to documents required by the customs authority, are simple and, if followed by the shipper, no inconvenience or loss would be sustained by the importer. DELIVERY OF MERCHANDISE All merchandise imported into the Phil- ippine Islands is delivered by the carrier to the Collector of Customs at the port of de- barkation, and is delivered by the Collector of Customs to the lawful owner thereof, who must present, to establish this ownership, a properly indorsed "negotiable bill of lading" and the Collector of Customs is responsible under bond to make delivery to such lawful owner. It is, therefore, most important that the importer have in his possession, upon arrival of the merchandise, a properly indorsed bill of lading. Not having this, in order to obtain possession of his goods, he is compelled, first, to state under oath that such bill of lading has not been received, and second, in lieu of it, file a Fidelity Bond for the value of the goods including freight and an additional 10 per cent. These bonds must be furnished by a surety company recognized by the Philippine Gov- ernment, or cash. Individual sureties may be accepted but, the formalities, under the laws of the Philippine Islands, make this almost impossible. With one exception, it is hardly necessary to state what consti- tutes a negotiable bill of lading, and that is: Importers doing business in the United States and in the Philippine Islands very often con- sign goods to order, being of the impression that their office in the Philippine Islands may sign for their United States office. This cannot be done unless a power of attorney is given for that specific purpose, a copy of which must be on file with the Collector of Customs. Bills of lading of this nature must be returned to the United States for their indorsement, thus necessitating a bond for its later production, properly indorsed. It is very important that documents should accompany the shipments, either by the same steamer, or a steamer which proceeds the shipment. There is now being operated, established from the Pacific coast, a service from San Francisco to Manila, via Honolulu, direct, of twenty-three days. Undoubtedly, such a service will either leave Vancouver or Seattle. Obviously, documents which do not accompany these steamers will be from ten to fifteen days late, as the ordinary steamer is thirty days making the trip. In case of this kind, where the documents do not accompany the steamers, bonds will always be required at, not only, an additional cost to the importer but a considerable confusion in effecting delivery which must be made from the steamer's manifest which gives only the packages in general terms. CLEARANCE AND DELIVERY OF IMPORTED MERCHANDISE In order to obtain delivery of imported, merchandise into the Philippine Islands, there must be filed with the Collector of Cus- toms an entry, in duplicate, which must be accompanied with the bill of lading and two copies of invoices. The United States Tariff Law pertaining to the Philippine Islands prescribes, under section 16, the following: INVOICES "SEC. 16. That all invoices of imported articles, goods, wares, or merchandise shall state the true value thereof in the currency of the place or country from whence imported, or, if purchased, in the currency actually paid therefor, shall contain a correct descrip- tion of such articles, goods, wares, or merchan- dise, with true numbers, weights, and quanti- ties, in the tariff terms of this act, and shall be made in quadruplicate and signed by the owner or shipper, if the merchandise has been actually purchased, or by the manufacturer or owner thereof, if the same has been pro- cured otherwise than by purchase, or by the duly authorized agent of such purchaser, manufacturer, or owner. These invoices may be in four forms: (1) For dutiable merchandise whether coming from the United States or foreign ports, where the value is more than one hun- dred dollars ($100.00). U. S. currency, the invoice must be presented to a United States consul, vice-consul, collector of customs, or commercial agent of the United States, of the consul district, in which the merchandise was manufactured, purchased or shipped from. (2) If the merchandise is of the growth, product, or manufacture of the United States as provided for in section 12 of the United States Tariff Law pertaining to the Philip- pine Islands: "SEC. 12. That all articles, except rice, the growth, product, or manufacture of the United States and its possessions to which the customs tariff in force in the United States is applied and upon which no drawback of customs duties has been allowed therein going into the Philippine Islands shall hereafter be admitted therein free of customs duty when the same are shipped directly from the country of origin to the country of destina- tion: provided, that direct shipment shall in- clude shipment in bond through foreign ter- ritory contiguous to the United States. Said articles shall be as originally packed without having been opened or in any manner changed in condition: provided, however, that in having been opened or in any manner changed such articles shall become unpacked while en route by accident, wreck, or other casual- ty, or so damaged as to necessitate their repacking, the same shall be admitted free of duty upon satisfactory proof that the un- packing occurred through accident, or neces- sity, and that the merchandise involved is the identical merchandise originally shipped from the United States, or its possessions as hereinbefore provided, and that its condi- tion has not been changed except for such damage as may have been sustained." A commercial invoice having a certificate of origin made a part thereof and signed, shall be presented as prescribed by Customs Administrative Circular No. 626. "PAR. III. The original and duplicate invoices for merchandise the growth, prod- uct or manufacture of the United States, shall have the following certificate printed, written, typewritten, or stamped thereon: "I hereby certify that the above-described articles are of the growth, product, or manu- facture of the United States, or its possessions, and that no drawback of import duties has been or will be claimed thereon, and that this invoice is true and correct in all particulars." "This certificate shall be signed on both original and duplicate invoices by the manu- facturer, seller, or consignor of the merchan- dise, or by a duly authorized agent of such seller, manufacturer, or consignor, and both invoices (except for shipments by post) shall be mailed to the consignee of the mer- chandise for filing with the customs entry pertaining to the importation." (3) Importation of foreign merchandise the value of which is less than one hundred dollars ($100.00), a commercial invoice with- out the consular certificate is sufficient. (4) Importation from the United States where the value is less than ten dollars ($10.00) and the Collector of Customs is satisfied that the merchandise referred to is subject to "Free Entry", under section 12, the certificate referred to before is not required. Many exporters in the United States seem to be of the impression that foreign goods, which have been imported into the United States and duty paid upon their entry, are "free of duty" upon importation into the Philippine Islands. This is not the case. All foreign merchandise imported into the Philippine Islands is subject to duty regard- less of the fact that it may have paid duty upon entry into the United States. One of the greatest sources of loss of the Philippine merchants on foreign merchandise imported from the United States is from the fact that importers in the United States will ship foreign merchandise together with do- mestic merchandise in one invoice and fail to make notation of this on their invoices, and in the majority of cases, even certify that the entire invoice is ol American origin, or manufacture. In cases of this kind, the importer is subjected to a fine of from one to five times the duty which, in almost every case, at least the minimum, is imposed. In addition to this loss caused to the importer, by oversight or carelessness on the part of the shipper, the shipper is naturally placed under suspicion and all importations coming from him are most carefully scrutinized. It should not be necessary to call the ship- pers' attention to the necessity of proper pack- ing. It is, however, a fjct that shippers in the United States ship merchandise in the poorest containers of any shipper in the world. They do not seem to realize that this mer- chandise must travel many thousands of miles and in many cases be handled a num- ber of times. Their shipping department is in the habit of making shipments to local points with one or two handlings, which does not require heavy packing. It is strongly recommended that, in all shipments where the contents are of any appreciable value, an export packing be used. In other words, a packing which is especially heavy for for- eign shipments. Another very important matter is that of marking. Marks should be plain in big letters. If stencils are used, they should be placed at least on two sides of a package. Ninety eight per cent of unclaimed merchan- dise which is sold in the Philippine Islands annually, and which runs into thousands of dollars, is because the marks have been rub- bed off, or so mutilated that they can not be read, or that the merchandise has been pack- ed insufficiently and cannot be identified when it arrives in the Philippine Islands. If the requirements referred to herein are carefully followed, it will certainly result in a. greater volume of business for those ship- pers. Nothing will increase business more than the complete satisfaction of clients and the correctness of documents, and properly packed merchandise, is probably the cause of more business than any other factor. When competition is keen, prices are about the same from one importer as another and service alone will increase the business. 74 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN THE COMMERCE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS A SURVEY OF NINETEEN YEARS OF PROGRESS By Hiram Merriman, Secretary, The Manila Merchants' Association The most prosperous period of the Philip- pine Islands under the Spanish adminis- tration was from 1888 to 1892. During those years the foreign trade of the Islands averaged slightly less than 1*80,000,000 a year. In 1918 the trade amounted to 1*467- 000,000, or a six-fold increase. During nine- teen years of American leadership trade has certainly "followed the flag". The United States has naturally profited the most as a result of the increased trade. During the last years of Spanish rule the United States supplied but 3% of the imports of the Islands, slightly over 1*1,000,000. During 1918 im- ports from the United States amounted to PI 17,000,000, or 60% of the total importa- tion into the Islands. As soon as order had been obtained in the principal ports after American occupation they were open to commerce, and in 1901 the first Philippine tariff was put into effect, it being the same as the Spanish tariff with a few modifications. Both imports and ex- ports jumped immediately. In 1901 ex- ternal trade amounted to P20,000,000 more than the best period of Spanish times. In 1902 the trade was ^107,000,000 and in 1903 1*124,000,000. From 1900 to 1909, trade increased steadily, doubling in the ten-year period. The move- ment of trade was quickened from 1909 to 1913, due in large measure to the tariff law of 1909, which called for free admission of Philippine products with certain limitations; most of these limitations were removed in 1913. The two years, immediately preced- ing the war, 1913 and 1914, covered a period of depression to some extent in the United States, and in a larger measure in the Islands, due to poor crops and apprehensions on the part of business men as to the future status of the Islands. This condition in the summer of 1914 was approaching a critical stage, when the European War broke out, and for a time appeals were even made to have Con- gress provide a subsidy of 5P10,000,000 to tide the Islands over the war time depression. It was not until April 1915 that a change was noticed. At that time the increased demand for Philippine products was begin- ning to be felt, and a limited amount of shipping space could be secured. The sensational advance in the export trade of the Islands beginning in the summer of 1915 was anticipated by very few, and thus, the Islands have not bean able to reap the full benefit of the results which might have been obtained by foresight and increased production. 1917 and 1918 may be summed up in one word — prosperity. In some cases large profits have been taken advantage of and foundations have been laid for future development. In some lines the expansion has been too great and a period of reaction may be looked forward to. GROWTH OF IMPORT TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES The percentage of United States in Phil- ippine imports increased four-fold from 1897 to 1901, amounting to over 1*7,000,000. This, however, was negligible compared with the enormous total of the last few years. The largest proportion of this early com- merce was for the needs of American civil population, in fact the most important item was that of malted liquors. In the years immediately _ following, imports increased slowly, coincident with the growing Amer- ican population. All the imported staples used by the natives, canned goods, cotton goods, etc., were still in the hands of British and other foreign houses, which maintained branches throughout the Islands and with whom the American firms with limited capi- tal and little knowledge of local conditions could not compete. By 1906 only 16% of the imports were in American hands. During this year, however, the United States Congress passed a tariff law which provided for reciprocal free trade between the United States and the Philippine Islands. This was the signal for a revival in Phil- ippine trade on the part of the United States exporters and in 1910 30%, and in 1911 40% of the imports came from the United States. In 1909 imports from the United States were 1*12,000,000; in 1912, three years later, they were 1*48,000,000. 1913 was a period of depression in the Islands and imports from the United States dropped slightly (11%). In 1914 came the open of the world war, a consequent scarcity of ships and a falling off in both imports and exports was notice- able. Imports from the United States, however, increased and have continued to do so with heightened momentum. In 1918 importation from the United States was P117.649.222. FUTURE TRADE WITH THE U. S. The Mother Country now has a monopoly in both the export and import trade of the Islands and foreign competition is steadily getting smaller. The population of the Islands is now over 10,000,000. There are few local manufac- tures; many of the necessities and most of the luxuries must be obtained from abroad. Thus a large potential market is lying ready for tapping by the American manufacturer. This market can of course be developed only by increasing the foreign purchasing power of the people, which is measured in terms of exports. The problem of Philippine trade, then, is not merely of sending agents to sell American articles, but consists as well of encouraging Philippine production by tariff inducements favorable to Philippine articles of commerce; by encouraging capital to be invested in the Islands; and in the establish- ing of cheap and reliable freight service for transportation of these articles to the United. States. HEMP Hemp is the main stay of Philippine trade. Abaca (Manila hemp) comprises one- half of the exports of the Philippine Islands. The prosperity of the country largely depends on it. Hence it is gratifying to note that since American occupation the exports have increased from 70,000 tons to 170,000 tons, the export value a little more than doubling during that time. The United States, even before 1899, was the largest purchaser of the higher grades, but a large part went thru English hands. By 1918, however, most of American supply was shipped direct, the United States taking 1*75,000,000 out of a total value of P115,000,000. In spite of temporary changes in the market, abaca, being a Philippine monopoly, will always remain a staple article and in constant demand, which will increase as the world's need for rope products increases. Sisal fiber, coming mostly from Yucatan, can be termed a competitor of abaca only in the lower grades, and then only in the factor of price, and when not enough abaca fiber can be procured. COPRA AND COCONUT OIL During Spanish times copra, the dried meat of the coconut, was exported in fair quantities to France and used in soap making. The annual export was from 20,000 to 30,- 000 tons yearly. During the latter years of Spanish occupation renewed interest was taken in coconut cultivation, and numerous large plantations were started. Since 1900 the annual production in the Islands has in- creased four-fold, but only within the last few years has any appreciable portion been shipped to the United States. Just before the war the United States purchased about 15% of the annual export, but during 1917 two-thirds of the total, and in 1918 practical- ly all, went to the United States. During the last four years, however, copra exports have decreased, due to establishing mills in the Islands for extracting the oil. As far back as 1885 primitive mills were in operation but they could do little in competi- tion with factories of France and Germany, which controlled the soap trade of the world. Early trade reports of the United States Bureau of Commerce speak of possibilities of local extraction, but coconut oil manufac- ture in the Islands did not assume large proportions until 1916, when 15,000 tons were exported, valued at 1*7,000,000. In 1917 45,000 tons were exported, valued at 1*23,000, 000 and in 1918, 1 15,000 ts. valued at 1*63,000,000. All of these went to the U.S.A. There are now over forty companies in the Islands organized for the manufacture of coconut oil, with around 200 expellers for expressing the oil. The increased plantings of trees in the last few years give rise to an estimate of 200,000 to 250,000 tons a year as the export in the very near future. During the war, in addition to its uses as soap, etc., coconut oil has been used to make glycerine, a constituent of high explosives. There are those who think that now the war is ended th^ demand for coconut oil will slacken, but its increased use for edible purposes as vegetable butter for cooking and eating open up a market for it which is capa- ble of indefinite expansion. SUGAR The sugar industry in the Islands is of long standing and during the latter years of Spanish administration exports reached 280,- 000 tons per annum, which amount had only been exceeded once since that time. Most of this sugar comes from the Islands of Negros and until very recently was of low grade, being exported to China and Japan ports. Beginning with 1914, however, most of the sugar has gone to the United States. The establishment of sugar centrals for the production of sugar suitable for the Amer- ican market has paved a way for the revival of the sugar industry and large amounts of capital are coming in from Hawaii and the United States for building new centrals. CIGARS AND TOBACCO The Cagayan valley has long been the center of the Philippine tobacco industry, and in Spanish times the tobacco trade was in the hands of the Government monopoly. European countries, principally Spain and Germany purchased the tobacco leaf, few cigars being exported. During the last 20 years several campaigns have been conducted for the purpose of introducing Philippine cigars in the American market, but until 1917 very little progress was made. In 1917 284,000,000 were exported and in 1918 359,000,000 of which 80% went to the U. S.A. The growth has, of course, been a result of the war and if Philippine cigars are to re- tain their hold in the American market an extensive and persevering campaign must be carried out both in regard to introducing the cigars to consumers and in the improve- ment of quality. The Bureau of Internal Revenue is doing good work in both of these lines and a rigid inspection is made of all cigars exported from the Philippines. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 75 The Walls of Old Manila Among the many structural antiquities that abound in Manila the most interesting is, beyond question, the ancient system of forti- fications that surround the spot where stood the original Malay city of "Manila." The existing walls, bastions, redoubts and curtains whose proportions and magnitude are not realized by the casual observer, are construct- ed of Guadalupe stone and offer an excellent illustration of the designs and defensive methods of the times in which they were built. On the arrival of the early Spaniards in Manila in 1570 under Martin de Goiti, there existed on or about the site of what is now Fort Santiago a Filipino fortress surrounded by a pallisade and armed with twelve pieces of Moro artillery manned by Moro subjects of Rajah Lacandola, under the direction of a Portuguese adventurer. The landing of the expedition having been resisted, the Spaniards attacked and captured the fort. OXE OF THE OLD BASTIONS THE INTERIOR OF WHICH HAS BEEN MADE INTO AN AQUARIUM 41 guns, 29 of bronze and 12 iron the former, ranging from two to twenty-five pounders and the latter from three to thirty-two pounders. The garrison was ridiculously small compared with the armament and consisted of one Spanish company of infantry composed of one commissioned and eight non-commissioned officers and 60 enlisted men. The 41 guns were manned by one gunner and twelve artillerymen. There was also one company of native troops, Pampangans, 90 men in all, who performed the service of laborers. While the number of men in the garrison was ridi- culously small, the pay awarded them for their services was much more so, for the same report says that the monthly allowance to the warden was $66.60: to the lieutenant of the Spanish infantry, $15; the adjutant, $5.72; the ensign, $4; the sergeant, $3; the gunner, $4; the captain of the Pampangans, $6; his ensign, $2.50; his sergeant, $2.50; while the Spanish enlisted men received $2 and the Pampangans $1.25, all these amounts being in Mexican currency. Starting from the Fortress of Santiago the wall facing the bay is of thin light construc- BAGUUBATAN QATE TO WALLFD CITT The Spaniards went into the fight with the battle cry of "Santiago" and gave that name to the captured works as soon as they were in possession of them and from that time the place became the starting point of the system of fortifications that stand today a monument to the engineering skill of those times. The nature of the construction was deter- mined by the almost successful attempt made by the Chinese corsair Limahong to capture the city in November 1574, Sioco, the Japan- ese commander of the attacking expedition succeeding in breaking through the wooden pallisade into the interior of the fortress. Philip II, by royal decree, ordered the con- struction of a permanent stone fortification to guard against future attacks and uprisings. Permanent construction was commenced in 1590 under Perez Gomez Dasmarinas and continued until 1872, the principal part of the the work done by Juan de Silva in 1609, Juan Nino de Tabora in 1626 and Diego Fajado in 1644. In 1729 the walls were restored and sixteen years later were heightened. Fort Santiago was originally a castellated structure without towers and nearly trian- gular, biIF~underwent material changes from time to time as occasion demanded,.. An in- teresting official report dated 1739 shows that in that year Fort Santiago was defended with PARIAN GATE 76 ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 tion and merely a retaining wall for the ter- race of earth that forms the main protection. The moat formerly running from the river round the city wall was constructed after 1739 as an additional protection. At the end of the first stretch of this wall stands the San Diego Bastion breached by the British in their attack on the city in 1762. From that point the wall continues more solid in con- struction to the San Andres Bastion and then follows round the ancient city to the Pasig river where it completes a chain of seven bastions, and five redoubts, known as the Aduana, San Gabriel, San Lorenzo, San An- dres, San Diego, and Piano bastions; and the Parian, Recoletos, Real, San Pedro and San Francisco redoubts. The wall was pierced in seven places with gateways three on the river side and four on the land side. Only one of the former, the Isabela II gate remains, the others having been demolished in 1902-1903 to make way for public improvements. The Parian gate, built in 1782, the Real gate in 1780, the Santa Lucia gate in 1781 and the Postigo probably in 1609 still remain. Entrance to the walled city was, until 1852, possible only through these gates, each of which was provided with a drawbridge which was raised at 1 1 p. m. and lowered the follow- ing morning at 4 a. m. Up to 1880 the mural armament consisted of 370 cannons. In 1898 on the surrender of the city to the American forces of occupation 149 more or less modern guns were taken over, 28 of them rifled, 24 being field guns and 20 mortars and the remainder smooth bored cannon. \ The plans of the reconstructed fortifica- tions were prepared by Father Sedano, S. J., and the early work was carried on under his direction. What these original plans were has never been determined as, in one of the many disastrous fires that swept the city in in those early days of almost entirely nipa construction, all the government archives were lost. Only twice or three times has any portion of the original construction been un- earthed. In the early part of 1902 Colonel Greenough of the 7th Artillery, at that time commandant of Fort Santiago, reported the discovery of the socalled secret chambers and passages under the fortress. Bubonic plague was rife at the time, and the colonel, with the end in view of preventing its entry into the precincts of the fort, set about policing up the entire place. Every nook and corner received due attention. In one corner, in the apex of of the wall fronting the Pasig river, during the process of cleaning up, a large chamber was found, approximately 50 yards square. A spiral stairway leading down to below the level of the water was also discovered. When followed to its end it was found that it went below the level of the river into a large tunnel terminating in a doorway. This was prob- ably an exit from the fortress built prior to the time when the earthquake of 1645 materi- ally changed the course of the river, destroy- ing this part of the defensive works. Another part of a defensive underground passage way leading from the fortress to the San Diego Bastion facing the Luneta was dis- covered during an excavation in connection with the reconstruction of the Cuartel de Espana which stood on the site of the ancient Jesuit church. The workmen came across a remarkably well constructed archway that formed the roof of a tunnel about twelve feet wide that is believed to have passed under the old San Agustin Church, the Jesuit Church and out toward the polverin that formerly stood near the present Luneta police station on Camp Wallace. These discoveries led to fanciful stories of mysterious underground dungeons and tor- ture chambers, etc., and even skeletons and rusted implements of inquisitorial punish- ments were invented. The Renaissance of the Manila Cigar Colin Formerly Chief, Division of tfokacco InJastru, Bureau of Internal Revenue There is probably no product of the Phil- ippine Islands so well known to Americans as the Manila cigar. Tobacco has likewise been a subject of great interest to the local Government since the introduction of the weed into these Islands during the last quar- ter of the sixtenth century by the Spanish missionaries coming here from Mexico. For an entire century the tobacco industry of the Philippine Islands was a government monopoly, the state having control of the production, manufacture and sale of this product. In the field, there was a chief ap- praiser, styled "interventor," who had a force of subordinates known as "alumnos aforadores." The chief appraiser set the date when the first seed beds were to be sown and also determined the date of planting and the number of subsequent seed beds. The instructions of the Government went into considerable detail, going so far as to prescribe the number of times the land should be plowed, the dates when the plowing should take place, and the number of plants which should be set out per unit of land. This supervision was extended to the harvesting and curing of the leaf and its classification into the several grades. The regulations were enforced by severe penalties. As was to be expected, under such close supervision, the reputation of Philippine tobacco and Manila cigars secured an enviable reputation in the markets of the world, where their mildness and choice aroma were deeply appreciated. By 1881, however, the system of Government control had become so ob- jectionable to the planters that local upris- ings were of constant occurrence. Conse- quently, in that year, altho the monopoly was the Government's biggest source of rev- enue, it was completely abolished. It had been anticipated that a withdrawal of official supervision would improve the qual- ity of Philippine tobacco, by encouraging competition. The contrary was the result. The planters, freed from the former odious supervision, went to the opposite extreme. Being no longer forced to work and having verysimple needs, they grew shiftless and im- provident. Owing to the large European demand for cheap tobacco, planters could dispose of their crop, even tho poor in quality. Philippine tobacco continued on its down- ward course until 1909, when the Payne- Aldrich Tariff Act was approved, admitting Philippine cigars into the United States, free of duty. This date signalized a new epoch in the Philippine tobacco industry. It was anticipated that, with the tariff barrier re- moved, the entire industry would receive an impetus which would re-establish it in the world's markets. Thru the discussions on the Tariff Bill, the Manila cigar had received free advertising throughout the length and breadth of the United States. The American public was really keen to try out this cigar whose free entry into the United States was so bitterly fought by the tobacco trust. The dealers and consumers alike, expected a cigar equal to the Havana cigar at a ridiculously low price. Manila exporters made plans for getting rich ove.r-night. When the Tar- iff Act was finally approved, all available cigars were snapped up, new factories were opened, old ones were enlarged, and an un- holy rush began to turn out cigars. At first it looked as tho the renaissance of the Manila cigar was at hand, but very soon disquieting reports came from the United States. With no organization of the indus- try, with unrestricted competition, the ex- porters shipped enormous quantities of ci- gars to the United States which were unfit for human consumption. Other cigars of good quality were quickly destroyed by the tobacco beetle. American jobbers and dea- ers who had handled Manila cigars suffered heavy losses. The consumers were disappoint- ed in the product. As a result, within two ALL MANILA CIGARS ARE MADE BY HAND, A FACT WHICH MAKES THEIR WORKMANSHIP SECOND TO NONE. A CLOSE UP VIEW OF THREE CIGAR-MAKERS WHO ARE DOING THEIR BIT TO KEEP MANILA CIGARS POPULAR ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 77 years the Manila cigar was utterly discredit- ed. The exports fell off steadily for a num- ber of years, until the end of 1914, when only 59,000,000 cigars were sent to the United States. At that time the Government be came gen- uinely alarmed. The Governor-General sent the Collector of Internal Revenue to the United States to investigate the causes for the slump in the trade and as a result of his report and recommendations, the Legislature, in February 1916, passed Act No. 2613, the Tobacco Inspection Law which aimed to remedy the conditions brought about by the discrediting of the Manila cigar in the United States. It has been a long and trying job to re- establish the name of the Manila cigar in the American market, but after 3 years of vigo- rous campaigning, the Manila cigar industry has won back the place which it held many years ago. It was in 1914, when the Govern- ment realized its duty to promote the indus- try which marked the true renaissance of the Manila cigar. The Government stands behind the Manila cigar and guarantees its quality. The tobacco planters are instruct- ed in proper cultural methods and an experi- ment station has been established under the joint auspices of the Bureau of Agriculture and the College of Agriculture in the Gagayan Valley. All leaf tobacco is classified and graded before it leaves the province of ori- gin. Factories operate under sanitary reg- ulations which make them second to none in the world in cleanliness. No cigar may be shipped from the Philippine Islands to the United States until it has been inspected by the Government agents and certified as standard. If the cigars so certified, deteriorate within 72 days after arrival in the United States, the Government backs up its guarantee by paying the cost of re-conditioning cigars, or if un- marketable, returning them to the Philip- pine Islands. The Manila cigar today holds a high place in the estimation of the American smoker. The mildness of the Manila product is its most noticeable virtue. The inveterate smok- HYGIENIC CONDITIONS FOR THE CIGAR-MAKERS CO HAND IN BAND WITH SCRUPULOUS CLEANLINESS IN MANILA CIGAR FACTORIES. MEW OF THE INTERIOR OF A WELL LIGHTED AND VENTILATED FACTORY WHERE CIGARS ARI HADE FOR AMERICAN SMOKERS er appreciates it because he can smoke many Manila cigars without the satiation which would follow smoking an equal number of other cigars. No longer is the Manila arti- cle a minor export product. As compared with the 59,000,000 cigars which were ship- ped in 1914, there were shipped in 1918 to the United States, 265,234,000 Manila cigars. During the last 5 years the growth, while phe- nominal, has been so steady, from month to month, quarter to quarter, year to year, that the growers and manufacturers alike feel con- fident of la permanently increasing market in the United States. As the American smoker is learning to discriminate between the good Manila cigars and the really high grade Manila cigars, the proportion demanded of the more expensive sizes is increasing. The elimination of the Customs duty has given ONE OF THE MANY THOUSAND GIRLS ENGAGED IS STRIPPING PHILIPPINE TOBACCO LEAF FOR CIGARS to the American smoker, a cigar comparable with the best imported smoke, at a price not exceeding the best domestic smoke. It is this fact upon which the Philippine tobacco industry relies for the permanence of itsAmer- ican market. Industrial Possibilities (Continued from page 70) other countries for making windows, lamp shades, and screens is steadily growing. The heavy demand for these shells may rapidly deplete the beds. The attempt has been made to introduce this mollusk at other places, and the Bureau of Science has planted some in a suitable place near Malabon. This work needs more care and extension. 27. Sponges. — Some Philippine sponges are of fine quality, but their reputation on the market may easily be injured by the ship- ping of poorly-prepared or improperly-sorted and packed goods. The Government should be able to direct spongers in their work, to assist them in marketing their sponges to the best advantage, and to prevent the marketing of inferior products. 28. Button shells.— The shells used for button making are collected from widely scattered localities. It is possible that these species of mollusks could be propagated in selected and convenient water areas. Ex- periments along this line are needed. 29. Pearls and pearl shells. — Several hun- dred thousands pesos worth of pearl shells are exported annually from the Philippine Islands. Very promising methods for the artificial production of natural pearls have been de- veloped in Japan. This requires water with a summer temperature and is profitable in Japan though carried on only during a part of the year. In the Philippine Islands the industry should be still more profitable, for the pearl production could be carried on during the whole year. This, in connection with the large size of the Philippine pearl- oyster shell, would mean a great advantage to the production of cultural pearls in Phil- ippine waters. 78 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The Lumber Industry of the Philippine Islands By Arthur F. Fischer, Director of Forestry The history of the lumber industry of the Philippine Islands during the past twenty years, if written, would show what this ever pioneering industry had to contend with — going into new,' practically unpopulated and virgin country and developing it. Heart- breaking experiences in the first years were met with especially due to distance from the United States as a source of supplies, inade- quate transportation to out-of-the-way places, and chaotic markets locally, coupled with innumerable other vicissitudes. Having sur- mounted these difficulties, the industry, as it exists at present, has gained the first place among typical "American achievements in the past few years, especially since 1916, is well deserved. The lumber industry, ranking among the leading industries of the Islands at the pres- ent time, has many additional achievements to its credit other than attaining its own present importance. In Mindanao, it has been one of the greatest pacifyiEg factors among generally turbulent people, by giving them permanent employment and the means, for securing a continuous and better food supply, changing in many instances a migrat- ory and shiftless people to a settled, contented and fairly efficient working community. Its civilizing influence has been exceeding greats It is no uncommon sight in the out lying mill, to see former members of the semi-nomadic, non-christian population using modern ma- chinery and becoming good citizens. About 1*12,000,000 ($6,000,000 gold) is invested in the more modern portion of the industry, while several millions more, of which no accurate data is available, are invested, particularly in animals, by the thousands of small licensees in their logging operations. In spite of a large decrease in exports, owing to the demand on shipping for other products and the heavy freight rates, al- most all the mills have continued to operate full time and in some cases overtime. Taking the seven larger mills, they produced 62,000- 000 board feet in 1918 as against 56,000,000 board feet in 1917. The total production of mill sawn lumber was 75,000,000 board feet as compared to 60,000,000 board feet in 1917. These figures are only for mills operating on their own license areas and do not include the lumber output of the mills operating in various portions of the Islands, which buy their logs from logging licensees. If all the production of licensees were figured, the total annual production of the Philip- pine Islands in 1918 would approximate 120,000,000 board feet. Even with this pro- duction, the demand could not be supplied and unheard of prices are prevailing for ma- nufactured lumber and will continue to prevail. In addition to the native lumber produced in the past year there was imported 6,308,- 700 board feet, practically all from the United States, of which a portion was re-exported to India and the Dutch East Indies. The local demand for lumber in the future will increase beyond all precedent, as the activity of other industries, particularly the production of copra and the establishment of coconut oil factories, has brought great prosperity to many of the small landholders and the tendency of these small landholders is to build wooden houses instead of the poor class of mixed material houses that has been the chief form of housing for the common people of the Islands. Public works pro- jected for the ensuing year are the most pretentious of any heretofore undertaken in the history of the Islands; the local de- mand alone should be well over 150,000,000 board feet for the ensuing year. FOREIGN MARKETS The shortage in bottoms and increasing freight rates seriously affected the ship- ments of lumber to foreign markets, with HIGH LEAD LOGGING AND LOADING a consequent reduction in the amounts of lumber shipped to China and the United States, but this condition did not affect the lumbermen to any great extent as they were unable to supply the local demand. Never- theless, efforts were made to get some ex- port out in order to keep at least some Phil- ippine lumber before the foreign buying public. Domestic bleached sulphite, delivered $5.75 to $6 . 50 Foreign beached sulphite on dock. . $6.50 to $7.50 Domestic unbleached sulphite, delivered $3.50 to $4.00 Foreign unbleached sulphite on N. Y $3.70 to $4.00 Foreign easy bleaching $4.25 to $4 . 50 Mitscherlich unbleached sulphite... .$4.00 to $4.25 Domestic soda fiber bleached, delivered $4.25 to $4.75 Scandinavian kraf t pulp $4.50 to $5 . 00 During the two years previous to 1916 the prices for the bleached pulps ranged from 2.10 to 3.05 dollars in January, 1914, to from 2.25 to 4.10 dollars in December, 1915. In view of the present high price and shortage of raw materials, it seems a favor- able time to emphasize the fact that we have here in the Philippines an unlimited supply of material fit for the manufacture of strong white paper pulp. For several years the Bureau of Science has been investigating the suitability of bamboo, cogon grass, abaca or hemp, and various palm fibers for paper pulp. With due regard to local conditions, the data collected show that even under or- dinary conditions an industry of great eco- nomic value can be developed. Careful surveys of some of the available bamboo fields have been made. Sufficient data with regard to the cost of the raw material, the quantity of bamboo available, and the cost of manufacture of pulp are given in Bureau of Science publications, showing that the bamboo soda-pulp industry can be developed for a possible export trade, in direct com- petition with chemical wood pulp at present quotations. The Bureau of Science has estimated the cost of manufacture of pulp from cana bojo, dividing such cost into the following items: (1) labor, (2) fuel power, etc., (3) chemicals and supplies, (4) repairs, renewals, deprecia- tion, (5) taxes, insurance, interest. All .of these items have been discussed in detail in the Philippine Journal of Science. Three TRAMWAY THROUGH CABINET WOOD FOREST ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 79 The amount of lumber and limber exported in 1918 as com- pared with 1917 and 1916 1918. RED LAUAN AND TANGCILE FOREST 50,000 BOARD FEET PER ACRE to four hundred thousand pesos should be sufficient to build, equip, and operate a soda- pulp mill of 20 tons' daily capacity. Such a plant built in a modern manner and effi- ciently operated will produce unbleached air-dried bamboo fiber at a maximum cost of 50 pesos per ton f. o. b. Manila. The opportunities for a very large export trade are exceedingly good, especially when shipping conditions and freight become more normal. The United States is at present the best market for the highest grades of lumber, and China will take practically all thecommon grades. A single order for common lumber for China during the past year called for 5,000,000 board feet per month, but could not be filled for reasons already stated. Ja- pan, New Zealand, Australia, the Dutch East Indies, Federated Malay States and India, have repeatedly inquired as to placing orders and inquiries have already been re- ceived from Europe for Philippine hard- woods. Cubic meters. Board Feet. Value. Cubic meters. To United States: Timber. 31 13.144 f 1 015 6.999 2.967,576 376 153 12 488 Total 7.030 2,980,720 377.168 12.488 To Hongkong: 169 71.656 10978 1 166 3.858 1,635,792 80 066 8 310 Total 4.027 1.707,448 91.044 9.476 To China: Timber 223 5,477 2,322,248 166084 6 453 Total 5,477 2.322.248 166,084 6,676 To Japan: Timber 26 10 4240 1 453 23 Total 10 4.240 1,453 49 To Australasia: Lumber 13 5,512 426 52 To Guam: Lumber 11 4,664 810 Grand Total . ... 16 568 7 024 832 636 985 1917. Board feet. Value Cubic meters. 1916. Board feet. Value. 5.294.912 T483.215 14.880 6,309.120 T 659. 186 Total 5,294.912 483.215 14.880 6.309,120 659,186 494.384 3,523.440 72.842 f 215.645 413 9.255 175,112 3.924,120 6,4743 92.949 Total 4,017.824 288.487 9,668 4.099.232 99,423 94.552 2.736.072 8.730 121.009 190 15,270 560 6.474.480 9.484 254.828 Total 2.830,624 129.739 15,460 6555,040 264.312 11,024 9.752 1.501 1.995 Total 20.776 3.496 Total 22.050 1,646 Total 12,186,186 906,583 40.008 16.963.392 1.022.921 GENERAL VIEW OF TBE CADWALLADER GIBSON LUMBER CO., MILL AT I4KAY 80 ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 equipment, etc. Stumpage is paid for as cut at the following rates: TYPE OF COMBAT PLANK PROPELLERS OF TANGUILE USED BY THE NAVY DEPARTMENT The principal woods exported have been tangile, red lauans and the various lighter colored lauans. The best grades have been used for high class interior trim in houses, furniture and cabinet work, especially in piano and phonograph cases, while, soon after war was declared, tangile was tested for aeroplane propeller blades and accepted by the Navy Department. The Philippine Islands contain approxi- mately 40,000 square miles of virgin forests with stands of from 15,000 to 35,000 board feet per acre; stands of from 45,000 to 65,000 board feet are not infrequent at elevations between 1,000 to 1,800 feet above sea level. About 20,000 square miles in addition are covered with forest, but are classed by the Bureau of Forestry as non-commercial, as the stand does not average over 2,000 to 3,000 board feet per acre. Over 99% of all the timber is the property of the Government and is administered by the Bueau of Fores- try under a system of licenses granted for from 1 to 20 years duration, with renewal privileges. The long-term license agree- ments (or concessions, as- they are popularly called), are only granted under certain con- ditions which specify the amount of capital to be invested, the minimum cut during sev- eral succeeding years, together with certain requirements as to logging and manufacturing First group • Second group Third group - Fourth group Per f 1.000 10.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 The bulk of the cut of lumber at the saw- mills (about 90 per cent, is of the third and fourth group. It is readily seen that stump- age is comparatively cheap. A big advan- tage to Philippine lumbermen is that stump- age does not have to be paid for until cut, thus obviating a big investment in stumpage before manufacturing can proceed. Long term license agreements generally cover an area of from 10 to 300 square miles, generally on tide water. Philippine forests contain wood from the lightest daluro (air roots of Pagatpat) used as cord substitute, to one of the heaviest woods in the world, mancono (80 pounds per cubic feet), and from pines similar to the yellow pine of the Southern States to the finest cabinet woods. The forests are the greatest single natural resource in the con- trol of the Government and this vast supply of useful woods, when known to the people of the United States, should produce a steady demand, as the Philippine Islands the only place in the tropical world where the lumber industry has been developed to a stage such that it can supply a steady and considerable demand. In conjunction with the extraction of lum- ber the so-called minor forest products, such as gum copal, rattan, dyewood and dyebarks, tanning extracts, gutta-percha, Manila elemi, wood oils soap barks, fiber plants, pili nuts, nuts, beeswax, medicinal plants and orchids, attain quite sizable proportions in not only local consumption but export as well, as can be seen from the following tables of export: 1918 1917 1916 Beeswax. . . . r 15,733 r 17,301 r 6,545 Elemi 9,828 29,525 34,939 Furniture. . . 13,141 37.422 31,444 Gum copal. . 138,821 188,940 211,593 Gutta percha 1,807 11,101 14,630 Pili nuts. . .. 588 • 1,058 14,434 Rubber crude 75,210 80,179 30.005 Sapan wood . 62,501 65,863 72.840 Orchids 3,667 11,437 12,015 Rattan 56,204 45,988 68,472 Cinnamon. . 404 1,691 Ilangilang. . . 22,999 56,587 Candle nut.. 116,988 333 Total... 517,487 546,138 498,608 A TANGUILE MILL AND LOG PILE Climate (Continued from page 66) is nearly always a breeze. It is said of Manila that at any time of the day or night, if one can get between a door and a window, comfort can be found, and this is nearly correct. There is much data to substantiate the claim that the climate of the Philippines has certain peculiar results upon the general tone of the system and the predisposition to certain diseases. Two things may ac- count for all of these phenomena. The "tropical diseases," so called, are the result of the presence of disease germs peculiar to the Tropics, and therefore infecting res- idents, but wholly independent of the cli- mate itself. Immunity from these germs is being constantly increased and the climate cleared of the charges of producing the diseases. The other and more serious charge is that long residence in the Islands causes a gene- ral loss of tone and letting down of the sys- tem that results in weakened ambition, faulty memory, and general sluggishness. So far as this is true, it is not due to any poi- son in the climate, but do the lack of a harden- ing cold season, when nature toughens up the entire system to withstand the increased exposure. It is also true that under the very favorable conditions all the year around, children grow faster and mature younger than in countries where four or five months of the year are so rigorous that the latent resources of the child are kept busy pre- serving life and health without doing much growing. Obviously, this feature of the case has both good and bad results. It is emphatically true that most of this "untoning" effect of the Tropics may be counteracted by the maintenance of sys- tematic and vigorous exercise. Where it is so comfortable to sit still, the tendency is to court the favorite book and shady nook in the leisure hours, when the far greater need is for a swim, a walk, or a game of golf or tennis. As a matter of common observa- tion, people who lead active lives enjoy good health, and have no complaints to make concerning the climate. Anybody, except an outdoor day laborer, can so arrange his program as to keep well and be comfortable in the Philippines. That is, he may keep as well and be as comfort- able as in any other country inhabited by the men who come to the Tropics. Since the American soldiers have learned the ins and outs of the dietetic and climatic conditions, they have enjoyed as good health in the Philippines as in the United States. Death is almost an unknown visitor among the Americans in the Islands. Part of this is due to the excellent precautions taken against such diseases as are liable to prevail, mainly owing to the fact that none but young and vigorous men come here. But allowing for all things, the fact remains that the aver- age health of the Americans in the Islands is good. A distinguished visitor to Manila remarked that of all tropical countries none afforded an atmosphere like that of the Philippines. "This air," he said, "has about it a caress," a soothing quality, that comforts and rests one after the day's work." This same quality has been noticed by many persons, and could easily be lauded as some magic quality that lent a superhu- man power to the climate. The facts are, however, that this genuine charm is due to just the right proportions of moisture and temperature in air that is free from im- purities or extremes of stagnation or high winds. These qualities would produce a charm anywhere at any time, but the trou- ble is that just these ingredients are not elsewhere to be found, and so far no one has been able to artificially .manufacture them. If the visitor wants to enjoy them, he will have to come to Manila to find them. GOVERNOR-GENERAL FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON. MAJOR GENERAL. PHILIPPINE GUARD. I @«&hK S63 ill ..'-.- »v~ HON. MANUEL L. QUEZON, PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINE SENATE. HON. TEODORO R. YANGCO. PHILIPPINES RESIDENT COMMISSIONER AT WASHINGTON. ' *!fc->,4i* • i --•- GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO, VICE-PRESIDENT OF RIZAL REFINING CO. AND PHILIPPINE REFINING CO ;>*uCfl v> - »- » 1 GENERAL VENAXC1O COXCEPCIOX, PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK. ^**—- ±- g 8 y r— >^s IJ JUSTICE. PHILIPPINE CABINET OFFICERS AND UNDER-SECRETARIES OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. RAMON AVANCENA ASSOCIATE JUSTICE GEORGE A. MALCOLM ASSOCIATE JUSTICE SUPREME COURT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. m — «C •••<*. ~ 4J|r^p;. • MRS. SOFIA DE VEYRA. WIFE OF COMMISSIONER DE VEYRA. A LEADER AMONG FILIPINO WOMEN. JL i iiinmr • •*' if* ' '- i — — iy~ •- -* T : . _~ , wi^t^ytw^tw™^.*^ »)»«.«. v^.^i'-f^, ^x. 4~ ifljft.^. • • . MIAGAO CHURCH, ILOILO— CARVED FACADE DATES TO 1774 ^iUy^r^^ '•* • v ; :- x *fJ. ^Y^* ^ xy . 7 XV? /.,/'^ >/Sjr , A- • , .. STE EL LIGHT TOWER AT APO REEF, MINDORO "LIGHTS THAT, NEVER FAIL"— A FEW OF THE 200 TAMGUIGUI LIGHT STATIO/N TANGUIGUr ISLAND. CEBU. BEACONS THAT GUIDE PHILIPPINE SHIPPING * ^^flNt in . Ni I ^ I : "-•'--;# GILBERT STEEL BRIDGE, LAOAG, ILOCOS NORTE SABAN7G BRIDGE, BATANGAS — : ^~ •~W*~-*-r~«~"«««" , - - -T«rw-" ^ : .. - [3 ; -,.- r-.~-" ' -'\ ^ i .••... ... i .••' i i i. — trw— *• £ *• ' ^"L '• "• • •• ••••• • ' .-/ "TWO GENERATIONS"— TYPICAL SPANISH AND AMERICAN BRIDGES '-"-r^ JSSjis^ "THOSE CHARMS THAT NATURE HOLDS—" 5=--3J :^-- =^ ^ -Jc.'==./-'"j— - — -J-. ,*. ,&t, -* • •*- 1 fir in TYPICAL GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE ISLANDS SOME INTERESTING PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1. T CALLED DUDIAN RHODODENDRON 2. DENDROBIUM SCHUTZEI 3. GIGANTIC FERN 4. TREE FERNS 5. FISH TAIL PALM 6. A PARASITIC FLOWER ON ROOTS OF VINES— THIS GENUS PRODUCES THE LARGEST FLOWERS IN THE PLANT KINGDOM 7. PITCHER PLANT, FOUND ON ALL HIGH MOUNTAINS IN THE PHILIPPINES 8. TRAVELER'S TREE 9. BUTTERFLY ORCHID 10. DENDROBIUM LINN 11. TERRESTRIAL ORCHID ^ -- -«T BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED BY DR. H. D. KNEEDLER. A PIONEER IN MANILA REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT rvffHrfor ,-^^J^.^H «?n! VIEW OF THE OLD MOAT, MANILA, 1900 VIEW FROM SAME POINT AS ABOVE. NOW A PART OF THE MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE — £-1 A- _A A. .. I . 1. MANILA HOTEL 2. HARBOR VIEW, TACLOBAN, LEYTE 3. MAIN STREET, CEBU, CEBU 4. THE PIER AT JOLO 5. THE WATERFRONT. ILOILO 6. SHIPPING IN THE PASIG RIVER, MANILA BAGUIO. THE FAMOUS MOUNTAIN RESORT OF THE PHILIPPINES. '4L^V ;_..-£.:== OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS MANILA MERCHANT1 S ASSOCIATION. *!•»*• ! • I • 1 [Mill ui r • B vr m n*. m ^t m ^± 1 • • • A FEW OF THE REASONS WHY LIFE IN MANILA •**== DEFENDERS CLUB, FORMERLY THE. &E.RMAN IS MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN IN OTHER ORIENTAL CITIES. - MANILA BOASTS HUNDREDS OF BEAUTIFUL HOMES AND FINE PUBLIC BUILDINGS. O^i c **." - .: — *>' ST*SiS&i sag v-4V BUREAU OF SCIENCE Ufrd JNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINE. S TWO BEAUTIFUL SAMPLES OF MODERN ARCHITECTURAL BEAUTY. ANN1VEESAEJ NUMBEB 1919 The Philippines and their Part in the Great War Based on Official Data Furnished by the Philippine Council of National Defense MRS. A. S. CROSSFIELD, FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE PHIL- IPPINE CHAPTER OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS F\K removed from theseatof war, affected very little in a direct way by the hostili- ties in Europe, the Philippine Islandshave played a part in aiding the cause of the United States and the nations associated with her in the struggle against Germany, that has been nothing short of remarkable. When the United States government sever- ed diplomatic relations with the imperial German Empire as a result of the resump- tion of ruthless submarine warfare, a fair part of the interned fleet of German vessels lay in Manila Bay. As was the case in Ameri- can ports, the German authorities, realizing that a declaration of war was imminent, issued orders which resulted in the imme- diate destruction, or attempted destruction, of the complicated driving machinery aboard the ships. It was to prevent greater damage to the boats than had been effected during the first night, when their crews received or- ders from the German consulate, that the Philippine Government took its first step toward active participation in the war. Through the cooperation of the civil au- thorities and of the navy stationed in Manila bay, these ships were actually taken over and placed in the custody of American naval and Philippine constabulary guards weeks be- fore the United States finally declared war upon Germany. As a result of this prompt action on. the part of the local government it was possible to place at the disposal of the federal authorities everyone of the German vessels within six months after hostilities had commenced, and at the tithe, it may truthfully be said, the ships were not less seaworthy than when brought by their masters in Manila Bay in order to escape capture at the hands of the British and Japa- nese squadrons. As soon as war had been declared the de- sire of the Philippine government to cooper- ate to the fullest extent with the United States in its prosecution was made manifest in many ways. But, as is usually the case following moments of the greatest stress and excitement, it soon became apparent that the greatest results could only be achieved through a 'definite co-ordination of effort. The adoption of the council of National Defense idea, as it had been developed by the federal government and various states of the union, offered the most logical solu- tion for local difficulties. \Yith the full support of the government at Washington, Governor General Francis Burton Harrison, in September 1918, took formal steps to orgnize the Philippine Coun- cil of National Defense, under the general supervision of which the war activities of the Philippine government have since been, and, until the signature of the peace treaty, will be conducted. While the council is today filling a most important place in the patriotic life of the entire Philippine community, much was ac- complished through the agency of patriotic Filipino leaders, American citizens, the Philippines chapter of the American Red Cross, organizations existing within the allied communities of Manila and other important Philippine towns, and through the initative of the Philippine Legislature before the council became officially existant. BRIGADIER GENERAL RALPH W. JONES, ADJUTANT GENERAL AND ORGANIZER OF THE PHILIPPINE GUARD DIVISION THE PHILIPPINE GUARD Almost immediately following the dec- laration of war the proposal to organize AMERICAN AND FILIPINO WOMEN SELLING LIBERTY BONDS. FOURTH LIBERTY LOAN 82 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN MISS TRINIDAD FERNANDEZ WHO WAS PROMINENT IN ALL WAR WORK CAMPAIGNS and equip a Philippine Guard Division of 25,000 men which could be offered to Pres- ident Wilson and the American people for active war service, was put forward by Senate President Manuel L. Quezon. The proposal was enthusiastically received by the legislature and other branches of the Insular Government. Without delay a bill providing for the immediate creation of the proposed organization was drafted, presented, passed by the legislature and signed by the Governor General. In the meantime Mr. Quezon, then in Washington, communicated the offer to President Wilson in person. Despite continued uncertainty as to the manner in which the federal government would make use of the troops offered, there was no hesitation in perfecting plans for the completion of the organization. In the summer of 1917, an officers' training school was opened in Manila, and through the co- operation of the United States Army de- partment of the Philippines, steps were taken to prepare an efficient nucleus around which a complete division could later be built. Further delays in ascertaining the wishes of Washington with regard to the disposi- tion of the guard and with regard to its federalization were encountered in 1918, due largely to the fact that cable communication was difficult, tedious and unsatisfactory, and also to the fact that the government of the United States during those months was completely absorbed in the problem of placing the men already in American canton- ments on the battle line in France. Enthusiasm was not lost, however, and by the latter part of the summer a second Offi- cers' Training School, of sufficient capacity to provide officers for a . full division, was organized. A three months' course of training for these officers was followed by assurances from Washington that federalization of the division, which in the meantime had been recruited to maintain its authorized strength, would be authorized immediately. Nevertheless, it was not until November first that the division was mobilized at the big cantonment erected on the outskirts of Manila, and where the division officers were undergoing training in the interim. It was not until November 19, 1918, that authority for federalization was received. By this time the armistice had been signed, but the division officials not only did not slacken their efforts to make the opportunity afforded by Washington count for the most during the months of federal training, but steps were at once taken to secure from the Phil- ippine legislature the necessary authorities for maintaining the division at full strength on an insular basis for sixty days after the month's federal service was ended. As a result, while the Philippine Islands, due to conditions over which neither its government nor its people could exercise control, was not able to place an official or- ganization in France, February 19, 1919, saw the mustering out of service of a divi- sion of well trained Filipino soldiers, each of them whose service was prompted by deep loyalty to the United States and a firm conviction in the righteousness of the allied cause. RED CROSS On April .6, 1917, the Red Cross organiza- tion in the Philippine Islands consisted of what was known as the Philippine Board of the American Red Cross, and aside from the supervision of relief work in connection with A COMPANY OF AMERICAN RED CROSS WORKERS, MANILA MRS. TERESA VAMENTA. PROMINENT MEMBER OF WOMAN'S CLUB AND DAMAS DE FILIPINAS public disasters of a local or Oriental nature its activities were decidedly limited. It immediately became apparent that the American Red Cross was to play a part in the war only second, if second at all, as that of the armies in the Philippines. To co- operate most effectively in this great work the Philippine organization was notified to be reconstituted as the Philippines Chapter of the American Red Cross. Red Cross membership campaigns and subscription campaigns, simultaneous with those held jn the United States, were launched in the Phil- ippine Islands. By the end of 1918, local chapter memberships had passed the 100,000 mark, while the junior Red Cross, organized among the children of the public schools with the effective aid of the Bureau of Educa- tion organization, on the same date boasts over 215,000 memberships. Funds were not alone secured through the membership and subscription campaigns. The 1918 Philippine Carnival turned over its profits to the Red Cross; various local organizations headed by the Manila Lodge of Elks, staged benefits which netted many thousands of pesos to the chapters' treasury. As in the United States the sporting frater- nity proved an important factor in aiding the Red Cross Work. Boxing, racing, tennis, and baseball were the largest con- tributors in the Philippine Islands. Some comprehension of the work which the Philippines Chapter has done during the periods of America's participation in the war may be got from the fact that up to December 31, 1918, shipments of Red Cross supplies alone from the Philippine Islands ANNIVERSAIiY NUMBER 1919 83 totalled, in round numbers, 359,000 surgical dressing, 93,000 abdominal bandages: 62,- 000 triangulars, 26,000 T's; and 47,000 of such wearing articles as bed shirts, pajamas, sweaters, cases, nightgowns, handkerchiefs, ice bags, operating gowns, bath robes, towels, operating leggins, bed socks, comfort bags, refugee garments bed jackets, helmets, chil- dren's dresses, children's socks, shawls, borlees, children's night gowns, baby jackets, women's dresses, women's drawers, women's waists, girls' dresses, girls' drawers, girls' waists, girls' nightgowns, girls' petticoats, house gowns, bed spreads, men's under- shirts, layettes, men's O.D. shirts and knit- ted garments. Work is now going on organizing the Phil- ippine National Red Cross organization un- der F. H. Garrett, who has been named general manager with headquarters in the Masonic Temple. OTHER RliLIKt WORK In addition to the relief work of the Phil- ippines chapters of the American Red Cross had made plans for their use, and, in so far as possible, it was the intention to man them with Filipino crews. In a way that was more effective, the Phil- ippines were called upon to contribute to the salvation of Russia, as a matter of vita! importance to the allied cause. To ac- complish this the Philippine Department of the United States Army was practically stripped of American troops, and the men from Fort William McKinley, just outside of Manila, are still on duty in Siberia. LIBERTY LOANS Four Liberty Loans have been floated in the Philippines, and we are now on the eve of the campaign for the fifth. To the four Liberty Loans the Philippines have subscribed approximately $20,000,000. In the first loan no allotment was made for the Islands but over $500,000 was subscribed. In the second loan the Islands were alloted $1,000,000, a total which was over sub- scribed by 75 per cent. A GROUP OF "FOUR MINUTE MEN," MANILA. OVER TWO THOUSAND OF THESE MEN RENDERED EFFECTIVE SERVICE IN WAR WORK CAMPAIGNS THROUGHOUT THE ISLANDS the Philippines played a large part both be- fore and after the entrance of the United Slates in the war, in contribution of funds for Belgium, France, and British war relief work. Through the cooperation of private citi- zens and the Philippine tobacco industry literally millions of cigarettes and hundreds of thousands of Philippine cigars were ship- ped direct to the American troops in France. At the same time, the Islands contributed liberally to the "ball and bat fund," or- ganized by Clarke Griffith, and in return that organization tendered to the Phil- ippine Government baseball equipment suffi- cient to meet the needs of the entire Phil- ippine Guard Division. OTHER MILITARY ACTIVITIES In addition to the offer of the Philippine Guard Division, the Philippine government supported its pledge of loyalty to the United States by the gift of a torpedo boat de- stroyer, and a submarine, both of which have been constructed in American ship-yards at the expense of the Philippine treasury. Although these craft were not completed in time to take an active part in the naval campaign of the United States, the navy In the third loan the treasury department of Washington announced that the sub- scription quota for the Philippines would MRS. ROSARIO DELGADO, VICE-PRESIDENT, PHILIPPINE CHAPTER, AMERICAN RED CROSS' be $3,000,000. This announcement, for the first time, came sufficiently far in advance of the opening of the drive to permit the perfec- tion of an efficient organization to handle the campaign both in Manila and throughout the provinces. The government and the Philippine National Bank, a semi-govern- ment institution, took the initiative in the preparation^ to make this campaign an over- whelming success. Provincial and municipal HOME WORKERS. MEMBERS OF THE FILIPINO CHAPTER OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS, MANILA 84 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN government officials throughout the Islands were enlisted as heads of provincial and municipal or local committees working in direct cooperation with the central cam- paign organization in Manila. The Americans, Filipinos, British, French, Japanese, Spanish and Chinese communities in Manila volunteered their own organiza- tions under the supervision of the central committee, and it was through their efforts that the total of individual subscriptions was brought to its final proportions. On April 26, "Liberty Day", which had been designated as an official holiday throughout the United States, was also observed in the Philippines. Enthusiasm was not allowed to wane at any time during the campaign and at the end of the drive, it was announced that the Philippine quota had been over-subscribed in the amount of $1,625,000. The total amount of the subscriptions in the third loan was $4,625,000, of which amount $2,098,350 was subscribed in the provinces, For over-subscribing its quota by more than 50 percent the Philippines was awarded an honor flag, which has since become a treasured possession of the Philippine com- munity as a whole. SECTION OF CAMP CLAUDIO DURING MOBILIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE GUARD DIVISION THE DEFENDER'S CLUB, FORMERLY THE GERMAN CLUB. NOW LEASED BY THE y. M. c. A. AND CONDUCTED AS A CLUB FOR ENLISTED MEN. SUPPORTED BY~SUBSCRIPTIONS FROM MANILA MERCHANTS Y. M. C. \. HUT AT CAMP TDMA- O. M'llIO DC-RING MOBILIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE GUARD DIVISION With the organization of the Council of National Defense completed, the machinery for handling the Fourth Libery Loan cam- paign proved even more effective than that which had been created for the third Loan Drive. Special committees representing the Coun- cil of National Defense and the individual or- ganization of the special loan committee were organized to cover literally every sec- tion of the Islands, every element of the Philippine community and all of its varied activities. A considerable amount of li- terature was prepared and sent broadcast throughout the archipelago. The Four Minute Men organization, under the direc- tion of the Council of National Defense was thoroughly perfected for the opening of the drive. Speakers in English, Spanish and various native dialects were commissioned in every municipality and barrio of the Islands, and accomplished wonders in carrying an educational campaign and a political appeal to the farthermost districts of the Archipelago. The quota alloted to the Philippines for the Fourth Liberty Loan was $6,000,000, just double the amount assigned to the Islands in the third loan. The campaign in Manila opened with a grand community rally. And on the first evening of the drive the people of Manila alone had subscribed $4,500,000. The maximum subscription on the first day was $500,000 and the minimum subscrip- tion recorded at the rally was $25,000. This beginning assured a glorious finish for the drive. October 12th was observed as "Liberty Day", and on the afternoon of that day the greatest procession that the Philippines has ever seen passed through the streets of Ma- nila. Patriotic demonstrations were also the order of the day in all of the larger towns throughout the provinces. Five days later the campaign closed, the Islands having subscribed $12,123,500 or more than double the amount of their quota. Of this amount approximately $7,500,000 was subscribed in Manila, the remainder coming from the provinces where 95 per cent of the individuals subscribing for bonds were Filipinos. FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSERVATION CAMPAIGN The entry of the United States in the world-war early in 1917 and the vigorous action taken by the administration through- out the United States to save up everything ANNIVERSAEY NUMBEH 1919 85 A GROUP OF OFFICERS, PHILIPPINE GUARD DIVISION that could help to win the war, especially the food supply, had its counterpart in the Philippine Islands at practically the same time. Realizing that the best way to help the United States in the struggle would be to economize and increase the Islands' food production, the administration here took the matter in hand with the result that the scat- tered efforts for a great many years, es- pecially by the Bureau of Agriculture, to increase the agricultural production of the Islands took a more vigorous turn. On rec- ommendation of the Department of Agri- culture and Natural Resources, the Governor General named a committee composed of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the Director of Education, the Director of Science, the Director of Health, and the Insular Purchasing Agent. This committee was charged with the duty of studying "the question of production, con- servation and supply of foodstuffs in the Islands." One of the first steps in the campaign was the institution of crop seed selection especially of rice, the government under- taking this work by establishing seed selec- tion centers in the provinces. But prob- ably the most far reaching attempt to in- crease the production of food in the Islands was the development of home gardening, in which the public schools have taken a very prominent part. A home garden contest for every province was organized and prizes offered. One thousand pesos was set aside for the province winning first place; five hundred pesos for the province winning second place, five hundred pesos for the municipality, township or district winning first place in the province; and two hundred fifty pesos for the munici- pality winning second place in the province. These prizes served as a direct incentive to the people to take up home gardening. The immediate result in this direction was at once made apparent by the increase in the total number of home gardens from some 20,000 to 67,289 according to the report of the department of agriculture for the year 1918. COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE As has been stated above, the Council of National Defence, since its organization, has been intimately connected with every phase of the war work and reconstruction activities in the Islands. The great achievement in the Liberty Loan campaigns was undoubtedly the crea- tion of the Four-Minute Men organization, but its greatest and continuing influence is at present being made felt through the me- dium of the daily news service which reaches every part of the Archipelago. It was early realized that in order to secure a maximum of cooperation in the patriotic work which the Philippines had projected it would be necessary to make the masses of the Filipino people understand that the issues which were being decided upon the battlefields of Europe were issues in which they themselves were vitally concerned. Al- most immediately after the organization of the council a daily mail and telegraphic service reaching every post-office and tele- graph office in the Islands was inaugurated.' Liberty Loan propaganda, publicity work for the Red Cross membership drive during the Christmas week of 1918, and informa- tion on the United War Relief Campaign were thus distributed throughout the islands. So valuable has this service proved that the daily telegraphic bulletins are being con- tinued indefinitely. THE PHILIPPINE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENCE. ORGANIZED AT THE INSTANCE OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR FOR THE PURPOSE OF COORDINATING AND SUPERVISING WAR WORK IN THE ISLANDS HON. FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON. CHAIRMAN; MEMBERS: GEN. H. A. GREENE, U.S.A.; CAPT. E. SIMPSON, U.S.A., HON. CHARLES E. YEATER, HON. SERGIO OSMENA, HON. MANUEL L. QUEZON, HON. RAFAEL PALMA, HON. GALI- CANO APACIBLE, HON. VICENTE MORENTE, HON. QUINTIN PAREDES, HON. FRANK W. CARPENTER, GEN. R. W. JONES, N.G.; QEN. RAFAEL CRAME, P.C.; GEN. VENANCIO CONCEPCION, MAJOR WILLIAM M. CONNOR, JR., U.S.A.. CAPT. HUGH STRAUGHN, U.S.A.; CAPT. R. M. SHEARER, DR. GEORGE W. WRIGHT, MR. C. N. DUFFY, MR. J. E. DELANEY, MR. JULIUS S. REIS, MR. T. J. WOLFF, MR. FRANCISCO A. DELGADO, MR. JOSE A. SANTOS, MR. CARSON TAYLOR, DR. ELMER D. MERRILL, MR. W. R. MACFARLANE, MR. J. HADDOCKS, DR. W. H. DADE, DR. W. W. MAR- QUARDT, MR. M. L. STEWART, MR. ALLAN B. BURKHOLDER, DR. J. D. LONG, MR. B. A. TIGH, MR. E. E. ELSER , MR. H. B. POND. 86 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN AMERICAN AND FILIPINO WOMEN IN THE FOURTH LIBERTY LOAN PARADE, MANILA PUBLIC SCHOOLS In Red Cross work, Liberty Loan cam- paigns and food production campaigns the results accomplished through the medium of the public schools of the Philippine Is- lands cannot be over-estimated. Working on the theory that thousands of homes which it would be difficult to reach in any other way could be appealed to directly through the children of the family attending the public schools, Dr. VV. W. Marquardt, Director of the Bureau of Education, placed at the disposal of the Council of National Defense, Red Cross officials, and the loan campaign committees the facilities which the school system offered for propaganda work in all parts of the islands. While most noticeable results were ob- tained in the organization of the Junior Red Cross and in the impetus given the food pro- duction and conservation campaign through school and home gardens and special courses in the domestic science classes, there can be no question that the success of the Liberty Loan drives in the provinces was due in a very great, if not the greatest, measure to the excellent work of the school teachers and their pupils. CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE When it became necessary for the Ameri- can Army authorities to develop gas masks which would proved effective in protecting the American troops against the poisonous gas used by the German, experiments re- vealed the fact that charcoal made from the shells of the coconut possessed absorbent qualities which made it the best material for use. Representatives of the federal chemical warfare service made America's needs known in the Philippines. And once again the Islands made immediate response. Tons of coconut shells were converted into charcoal, turned over to the military au- thorities and shipped to the United States for use in the manufacture of gas masks. ONE OF THE THOUSANDS OF HOME GARDENS TENDED BY HOY MEMBERS OF ACKIC TI.TI KAI. ( ] I I1-, It has been impossible in an article of this length to attempt any detailed account of the war efforts of the Philippine Islands, but if the reader is able to realize that in spite of numerous difficulties and the great distance which separates the Islands from the United States and the seat of war, the Philippines and their people put forth a united and decided effort to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States, and the cause of the allies, its purpose will have been accomplished. SOME OF THE FIVE THOUSAND FILIPINO STUDENTS WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE FOURTH LIBERTY LOAN PARADE, MANILA ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 87 A Golfer in the Philippines By Tom Nicoll When, a few years ago, it suddenly dawned on folks that Manila has a really fine golfing climate and that the way to get needed ex- ercise in the tropics is to let a golf ball lead you to it, the big question was where courses could be laid out. Granting that vigorous, outdoor-loving people were willing to shake off the tempta- tion to grow lazy in the tropics the next thing was where they should shake it off. There were a lot of them who wanted to play golf provided they did not have to go too far. They wanted to play every blessed day and they knew they could pretty nearly do it in Manila if they could only get to the course without traveling half the day in getting there and getting back. It seemed fairly hopeless to find a closed in golf course until it was suggested that the Spanish military engineers who planned the walls, moat and campo of the walled city of Manila probably had in mind at the time that the thing would make a fine golf course some day after its usefulness as a military' establishment should be over. Golfing enthusiasts took a trip around one day and it did seem as if those Spanish engi- neers had a head for golf whether they knew it or not. The whole thing was there. Na- tural hazards were there, beautiful grass MANILA MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE SHOWING PROXIMITY OP THE MANILA HOTEL TO FIRST TEE WHICH IS NEAR THB MONUMENT TOM NICOLL, GOLF INSTRUCTOR MUNICIPAL COURSE, MANILA greens and faiways were there, and the breeze was always blowing from the bay; and they figured that there woud be sure to be a charm for every hole in the midst of these old world memories. And so it has happened that a line of peaceful, white-clad pleasure seekers daily recreate in the shadow of those redoubts and grim battlements which were not to be approached by any man a couple of hundred years ago, and a barrage fire of golf balls rattles occasionally against the moss grown bastions. Those old walls may look down on the green Bermuda grass at their feet and see a lady with a club send a white pill sail- ing through the air as far as the engines of war in use in those days could send a solid shot. It proved to be correct that the charm of those scenes would add to the lure of the MANILA DAILY BULLETIN links and that the convenience of a course that could be reached in a few minutes would do much for golf in the Philippines. The Manila Golf club which had beautiful land at Caloocan at the edge of the city got in behind the new project to popularize the game. From the beginning, the course was made a municipal institution and it has been con- ducted on those lines ever since. By the time I arrived to take charge of the munici- pal course, it was already becoming very popular, especially for beginners. It was begun with only nine holes, but this was increased to 18 holes when territory along the edge of the waterfront was available and could be fitted. With a little more than a year to get un- der way, the municipal course has more than justified its existence and has received wide advertising as one of the most unique golf situations in the world. As soon as the after- noon breeze begins to dispel dull care in every nook and corner of Manila the golfers begin VIRW.ON THE BAGUIO COUNTRY CI.UB COURSE SHOWING IN THE PINE CI.AD MOUNTAINS OF BENGl'ET MANILA MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE, LOOKING FROM MANILA HOTEL MANILA MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE LOOKING TOWARD THE FIRST GREEN to appear on the Municipal course. It is pretty there, in the evening, with the sun slanting on the ancient battlements and in among the towers and roofs of the Walled City. There is a constant dull booming of bells and padres with flowing robes can be glimpsed at moments as they take their evening promenades on high terraces. The other courses near Manila are of the natural wooded type familiar in the States, but with the difference that the stately palms, graceful bamboo and massive mango trees lend a new atmosphere. Poor lies are exceptional on the 5,000 yard course of the Municipal links. The bunkers and traps are so arranged that while they make good play essential by the expert, they still provide alternatives whereby the poorer player can get the maximum enjoy- ment from his game. The_ private course of the Manila Golf Club is at Caloocan just outside the city limits. The course is 5,000 yards long with grass greens, wide rolling fairways and pos- sesses plenty of variety of play in the course of a round, having plenty of natural hazard to tempt the unwary. The clubhouse is comfortable and up-to-date, and visiting golfers, properly introduced, are always wel- come and are given the privileges of the course and clubhouse. The La Loma golf course is a private one of nine holes with sand greens. It is beau- tifully located just outside of Manila. With its situation and natural features it is quite capable of being developed into one of the • courses in the islands. The course of the Baguio Country Club is situated in the town of that name in the mountain province of Benguet. It also has rolled sand greens and nine holes. Among the pine trees that purr in the mountain breezes the hike over this course is one of greatest enchantment. The Pines Hotel has a course under con- struction in the town of Baguio. I had the •privilege of laying out this course and I be- lieve it has wonderful variety of holes. It has water and other natural hazards to tempt the player to go for it, but at the same time providing the alternative of a longer way around for the timid. It is planned to make this a public course which will indeed be a boon to the hundreds of players from all over the Orient who annually visit this health resort. It will have grass greens. There is also a nine hole course at Camp John Hay which, however, is generally reserved for the military and their guests. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 I have always been struck with the little nine hole course at Camp Eldridge, at the Los Banos military reservation. Visitors who go to Los Banos for its famous hot baths will find in its golf links a pleasant variety, as the hotel guests are granted the privileges of playing on it under certain conditions. All the larger cities of the Philippines have excellent golf courses and it would be diffi- cult indeed to find a large provincial town where a course of some sort cannot be dis- covered. The course of the Iloilo Golf and Country Club is near the town of Santa Barbara a few miles from Iloilo on the island of Panay. I believe that this is the prettiest and best natural nine hole courses in the islands. There are no artificial traps or hazards, nor are they needed, as the course abounds with natural features. The course is now so arranged that the order of going can be reversed so that a change of play may be obtained. The clubhouse is comfort- able and visitors are always welcomed. The Cebu Golf Club has a course just out- side the city on a tract of rolling land. It is hard enough to make good play essential without being difficult enough to be dis- couraging. The golfers of Cebu are all en- thusiasts and their arms are wide open for outside golfers who come that way. Zam- boanga on the Island of Mindanao has a course, and the various military posts have them. Golf has come to stay in the Philippines. The game provides an ideal form of exercise and recreation for the Orient. In Manila 120 monthly tickets were issued in the month of January on the. municipal course and an average of 80 single round tickets were issued daily. Especially after the establishment of the Municipal golf course, Manila people began to cultivate the game and now there are good players among all of the colonies of Manila. There is, of course, a part of every day when MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE, MANILA. EIGHTH GREEN AND NINTH GREEN few people would care to get out and play golf, although it is not unusual to see some enthusiasts staying at the sport far into the heat of the morning. In view of the fact that the Municipal course is only a hop, skip and a jump from the Manila Hotel, the Army and Navy Club, the Elks Club and any of the Intramuros hotels, the first breeze of the early afternoon does not reach the course much ahead of the enthusiasts from one of these places. Busi- ness men can be off from the first tee within a few minutes from the time they leave their offices. Well maintained roads leading out of Ma- nila make approach to the golf links by motor easy and pleasant. Improvements, have been made to the Manila North Road re- cently which, with the Naguilian Road, makes a good avenue from Manila to Baguio, a distance of about 175 miles. It can be done in six hours passing through picturesque prov- inces and old Spanish towns. The Ben- guet Road, the first branch from the Manila North Road is one of the most picturesque and difficult pieces of road construction in the Orient. As the auto climbs higher and higher, new vistas are brought into range, the China Sea almost constantly in view, and the old Spanish forts scattered along the way offer many opportunities for the use of the camera. Baguio is the health and holiday resort of the Philippines and the Sunday market brings the famed Igorot to the capital to trade . with the lowland Filipinos. In all parts of the islands, the sport of the play for the tourist is mingled with that of the most delightful views of typical Philippine manners and customs. The caddies are quick-witted, lovable Filipino boys who have learned their work with characteristic aptitude. HOTEL PINES r.OI.F COURSE NOW VXDER CONSTRUCTION. THIS NINE HOLE COURSE AT THE DOOR OF THE HOTEL PINES WILL ADD TO THE ATTRACTIONS OF BAGUIO- HOTEL PINES IN BACKGROUND TO LEFT. 90 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The Woman 's Club of Manila Miss Bessie c/1. Dvoyer They called it "The Society for the Ad- vancement of Women," and its members smiled at the name. Some of them had al- ready advanced sufficiently to do business in their own name, some were women with professional degrees, a few voted in their home States: all were representative of the best mentality of the feminine part of Mani- la's nationals. Why then the anachronism? Because women are aware of the conservatism of men, and with that sweet art which has ever won its way to things supernal, deemed it wise to have a decent regard for the opinion of man- kind— especially in the Orient. Carrie Chapman Catt, returning from a trip to lotus lands, slipped into Manila for a few days. She is not a woman given to viewing sunsets and mooning about old churches. Life is brief and Mrs. Catt had something worth while to accomplish. She called a meeting of women at the Manila Hotel, August 15, 1912. It was fitting that it should be at the Manila Hotel; for the hotel stands upon made ground, land rescued from the sea by the genius of American engineers. MRS. CONCKPCION F. CALDERON, VICE-PRESIDENT AND TREASURER, CHARTER MEMBER AND ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE WORKERS OF THE WOMAN'S CLUB MRS. C. S. I.ORINGIER, FOUNDER AND FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE WOMAN'S CLUB The women who met in that conference were builders too; they planned to rear a new cult of sex loyalty and progressive civic development, to recognize the spirit of re- ligion while discarding its livery; to unite in one organization all creeds, all races and adopt as their watchword the ideal of public service for the common good. There were twelve of them. (It may be remembered that there were twelve apostles of the risen Christ and that they rocked the earth.) So the Society for the Advancement of Women was formally launched. Meantime, Mrs. Charles S. Lobingier, an experienced Club woman, rapped more than thirty women to order on the 29th of the same month, and it was evident that Mrs. Lobingier and her gavel were intent upon immediate business. A committee on Con- stitution and By-laws was appointed. Like- wise, it was decided to found a Day Nursery. To accomplish this, funds were necessary and the treasurer could write the total receipts of the society without spraining her hand. Whereupon the ladies deployed and captured the trenches in short order. In other words they put on their fripperies and went out for donations to start that Day Nursery. It is a tradition in the Club that the wife of a prominent Army officer was caught washing windows in the new nursery, in her eager- ness to get things under way, while astounded house boys stood watching, opened mouth. The first year put the Day Nursery to successful test, and thereafter one each year was established. They have become a Manila institution and are located in the thickly populated native districts. Having sped its initial bolt and run up the victory flag, the women re-organized. The organization became a legally incorporated entity under the name of The Woman's Club of Manila. Meantime, Mrs. Lobingier, summoned to America, turned over the presidency to Mrs. L. B. Arnold, an army woman. Mrs. Arnold was not the only one. She found that to call the roll is to sound the name of practically every woman living at Military Plaza, or Ft. McKinley and not a few across the bay at Corregidor and Cavi- te. In fact, the army woman espoused the Club and accepted service on its committees or in its ranks with enthusiasm, completely refuting the idea that she is wholly absorbed by the interests of her caste. This administration saw the establishment of a woman's flower market, entirely run by Filipina women, close to the famous Bridge of Spain. It is a financial success but the club receives no profit whatever from it. Mrs. I. W. Littell succeeded to the acting presidency, and under her gracious direction, MRS. GAI.ICANO APACIBLE, FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE WOMAN'S CLUB ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 91 MRS. JOSEPH P. HEILBROSX. SECRETARY WOMXXS CLI-B 19 18- IP JO Civic and Penology Committees were named and Day Nursery work largely extended. In 1914,' Mrs. E. G. Saleeby came to the presidency. The year was fruitful of re- sult: a third day nursery was opened; three police matrons installed in the Luneta Police Station to care for women pending trial; an industrial teacher for the insane and feeble minded women supplied to San Lazaro Hospital and a woman's school, through the assistance of the Bureau of Education, opened in Bilibid Prison. A very signal success was scored by the Penology Commit- tee in securing legislation which established the profit-sharing plan in Bilibid and other prisons under its jurisdiction. At the in- stance of Vice Governor Martin, the Legisla- ture passed Bill No. 2489. It gives back to each worker fifty per centum of earnings, at the time of release or before to support of dependent members of family upon the re- quest of the prisoner. This is a long step and puts the Philippine Islands abreast of modern penology reform. Arrangements were effected with the Bureau of Labor to maintain a special section for women seeking employment, to be known as "Women's Free Employment Agency," and the work put in charge of a woman em- ployee; and an agreement was also made with the Director of Civil Service to certify, after three months, to the Director of Labor, lists of Civil Service eligibles who had not been placed in the classified service. This with a view to expediting opportunity to secure work for mercantile sources and to give merchants an opportunity to find equipped material through the Labor Bureau. A Little Mother's League was formed and did good service. The beautiful operetta "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," was staged as a benefit for the Day Nurseries, by Alice Widney Conant, with such artistic perfection as to call for a second performance and win the hearts of the children and those older children — their parents. At Christmas, each year, it has been the Club's practice to appropriate generously for orphans, defectives, delinquents and lepers, special committees being appointed to handle the varied activities. In 1915, the Club joined the Federation of Women's Clubs, U. S. A., and has been since represented, at the annual meetings, by some Manila member on a visit home. It is said that the veterans listen with unfeigned astonishment to the accomplishments of "sisters under the skin," ten thousand miles removed. The work of sending donations for Lafayette Kits began in this year and was kept up for the duration of the war; and the Club also adopted a French orphan, which it continues to support. It is hoped later to erect a monument to her, entirely the gift of her countrywomen. The idea of establishing Provincial Wo- men's Clubs was first broached by Laura L. Shuman, a charter member. Printed litera- ture in English and Spanish was sent broad- cast and club members began making provin- cial trips to interest provincial women. It was new and the appeal to the mother heart of womankind met with quick response. In 1916, Mrs. A. S. Crossfield was elected President. L'nder her guidance the plan for free legal aid for indigent women was un- dertaken by two young Filipinas, and no phase of the Club's work has been more zealously carried on. These women lawyers have given time and professional aid, without money and without price, to their less for- tunate countrywomen, the Club merely sup- plying moral support and necessary station- ery. In 1916.-31 cases were settled; in 1917, 42 cases; and in 1918, 103 cases, or a total of 176, in all. Twenty-six were fought through the Courts, 129 settled extra-judi- cially and 21 are still pending. The Club went on record also as favorable to the establishment of a Juvenile or Minors' Court and has every year since renewed its efforts to secure the court by petitioning and sending delegations to the Philippine Legisla- ture. In 1917, Mrs. N. M. Saleeby was drafted, in spite of her energetic protest for president, Mrs. Crossfield refusing re-election. The Civic Committee began an expansion that was like a harvest, to grow riper by the gleaning. The Municipal Board offered it 50,000 square meters of vacant land for vege- table planting and this land was taken over and assigned to schools and individuals, after soil analysis and irrigation possibilities had been investigated by the proper tech- nical experts. July 23rd the most sensational page in the Club's existence was written, when a special meeting was called to consider a letter ad- dressed to it by Elwood S. Brown, Secretary of the Y. M. C. A., relative to vice conditions said to exist at suburban cabarets. This letter had the full endorsement of the Board of Directors of the Y. M. C. A., also the Director of Health, Dr. J. D. Long. After a full discussion, a resolution pledging co- operation in the fight against vice was adopted. The position taken was abundantly justi- fied, when in 1918, the federal and civil authorities completely abolished the danc- ing feature in cabarets. On Occupation Day, August 13, the Civic Committee staged a Food Production and Preparedness Parade two miles long. In it every Department and Bureau of the Government was represented and all the other organizations of women and the major- ity of the large mercantile firms. It sig- nalized a campaign for home production of necessary food throughout the islands and swept down the Escolta and up the Bagunv- bayan drive like an army with banners. Out- side of religious processions, it was the first appearance of women in Manila in a public parade and it was proper that, as such, it should be in defense of the home. In 1918, Mrs. C. G. Wrentmore was elected President, and in her opening address called for patriotic response to the Red Cross MISS BESSIE A. DWYER, VICE-PRESIDENT AND CHAIRMAN- OP THE PENOLOGY COMMITTEE OF THE WOMAN'S CLUB throughout the year. At the next meeting the Club was addressed by Governor-General Harrison, Mr. John Switzer of the Pacific Commercial Co., and Col. John Bellinger, Department Quartermaster, U. S. A., on food production problems. The Club took its stand as against waste, and for abstinence from wines and liquors. In August of this year, Chairman C. N. Duffy requested the Woman's Club to manage the woman's com- mittees of the 4th Liberty Loan. Mrs. H. B. Pond was placed in full charge of the Club part of the drive. Work was auspi- ciously begun by calling a woman's mass meeting in the historic Marble Hall of the Ayuntamiento, on Sept. 28. It was address- ed by the Governor-General, Col. Hartigan, Mrs. Calderon, Mrs. Vamenta and Miss Dwyer and a large sum realized for bonds. Women from every rank of life were present, not a few nuns leading their pupils in possibly their first excursion into the realm of the new woman. They came with college and school colors flying and they poured out money, like water, for the cause. A woman's section of a great 4th Liberty Loan Parade was drilled by Army officers and marched, the .Filipina ladies wearing red and blue dresses and the Americans and Europeans white. They created a veritable sensation. Later in the year, the Club, moved by medical revelations and by humanitarian motives, began work along social hygiene lines and opened the fight by petitioning the Legislature to add venereal diseases to the list of contagious diseases that must be reported by physicians. Literature and posters were distributed and the gospel of the single standard in morals carried to the provincial clubs with the purpose of enlisting their support. The Welfare Board was requested to name five pensionados, three at least to be women, to go to the United States to study welfare work. The resolution met with success and young women will be named. (Concluded on page 94) 92 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The Old Churches of Manila While the ancient ecclesiastical struc- tures that abound in the city of Ma- nila and its suburbs cannot be con- hidered to be types of architectural art, when compared with the cathedrals of mediaeval Europe, they stand as monuments to the untold sacrifices made by laborious unskil- led friar craftsmen who were responsible for the creation in the face of difficulties un- known in our times, as well as lack of funds and the proverbial laziness of labor. They are, moreover, masterpieces of solidity that have defied the elements, and some of them even the destructive earthquakes that have so frequently laid low all around them. Only one of them, however, the church and convent of San Agustin, passed through the terrible ordeal of the earthquake of 1645, which left the walled city of Manila a mass of ruins. The years previous had been ones of peace and prosperity and Manila had become a city of stone, some of its buildings, as may be seen by the ancient ruins still abounding in many parts of the walled city, being massive structures. The only other church that was repairable was that of the Franciscans. It is said of this earthquake that it levelled mountains, filled valleys, dried up rivers and opened up new ones, caused some to overflow their banks and form lakes; made the Pasig change its course, and continued its work of destruction and terrestial change for over a year. THE CHURCH AND CONVENT OF GUADALUPE The. church of Guadalupe was in reality a shrine built on an elevation of the left bank of the Pasig river by Antonio Herrera, a lay- brother of the Augustinian Order, a nephew of the builder of the famed Escorial in Spain. It stands today a princely ruin on the heights of a ridge that slopes down majestically to the river near the quaint little village of San Pedro Macati, Rizal Province, but a short distance from the city. It was the shrine of I he famous image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, cast in, silver and stolen from the church in 1898 and never recovered. There is a curious legend regarding Antonio I 1 (.Trera. It is said that he joined the Augusti- CHIIRCH OF SAN SEBASTIAN (RECOLETOS) SHRINE OF NUKSTRA SENORA DEL CARMEN* nian Order as a result of a duel in which he killed his opponent. The legend has it that the King of Spain had, by royal decree, laid a proscription on duelling in his realm. Young Herrera, who was a favorite of the King, fought a duel in violation of the proscription and in punishment the King gave him the alternative of the death penalty as provided by the royal order, or entry into a monastery* and leaving the country. Herrera is said to have taken the latter choice and to have joined the Augustinians. Be that as it may, Antonio Herrera became an Augustinian and came to the Philippine Islands in 1600. He found the church and convento of San Agustin a wreck from the earthquakes and fires that had devastated the city, and set about to plan a permanent stone building. Juan Macias, an architect, had already commenced a plan for a new stone structure, but as the two could not agree, Macias was left to carry out his idea while Herrera was assigned the task of erecting the Guadalupe shrine. The work was commenced in 1601 and completed in seven years. The church and lower part of the convento were constructed of stone quar- ried in the neighborhood, and an approach in the form of a stairway with over 100 steps was hewn out of the solid rock. The ceiling of the church, like that of San Agustin in the walled city of Manila, was of solid stone. So well constructed were the buildings that they withstood all the earthquakes until 1880 when, owing to the decay of some of the wood- work, serious damage occurred in the violent seismic disturbance of that year. In 1882 P. Jose Corruegedo, O. S. A., repaired the dam- age. The entire structure was destroyed in 1899 by American troops as a military measure. THE CATHEDRAL The archdiocese of Manila was founded in 1595, 14 years after the arrival of Fr. Do- mingo de Salazar, the first bishop of Manila. The first cathedral was dedicated in 1581. The present building was raised to take the place of the magnificent structure ruined by the earthquake of 1863. It was dedicated December 8, 1879. The cathedral of 1581 was destroyed in 1600, rebuilt in 1604, and again destroyed in 1645. The third structure was begun the same year, that building resisting all subse- quent shocks, until that of 1863 which com- pletely ruined it. The existing building is noted for its ex- ceptional height. Its roofing timbers, espe- cially those of the dome, were the best to be had in Luzon, more than usual care being taken in their choice and also in their inspec- tion before use. The cathedral contains the remains of sev- eral men of note in Philippine history, an- cient, and modern, among them two Apostol- ic Delegates, Mgrs. Guidi and Agius; Arch- bishops Payo, Fernando Montero, Miguel de Benavides, Jose Segui and Jose Aranguren. There is also the tomb of Anda y Salazar. One chapel contains the remains of many men of note in the army and navy. SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH The present church and convent, the most solid structure in the Islands, is 329 years old, its foundations having been laid in 1599. It stands on the site of an earlier light mate- rial structure built in 1571 and burned down in 1574. The plans drawn by Juan Macias, an architect noted in his day, did not meet with the approval of Fr. Antonio Herrera who as a proof of his theory as to anti-earthquake construction, raised the majestic Guadalupe shrine as a model. His argument was con- CHURCH OF SANTO DOMINGO (DOMINICAN) BUILDING TO THE LEFT IS THE SANTA ROSA CONVENT vincing long before he finished his structure, and on an improvement of Macias' founda- tions he built the present pile, completing the work in 1617. San Agustin's is the only church in the Phil- ippine Islands known to be built with a crypt. Owing to the softness of the subsoil, Herrera realized that Macias' foundations would sink out of sight under such a heavy building as it was intended to construct, so he performed the feat of "piling" with solid masonry. An- cient records give only a bare hint as to the true nature of these foundations, but it is generally believed that they go to a depth of from 10 to 12 meters, and consist of pilars of masonry joined by heavy stone arches form- ing an immense crypt long since filled up with silt that has found its way by seepage through the outer retaining walls. A notable feature in the construction of this edifice is the massive stone ceiling over a meter thick. The terrific earthquake of 1645 opened a crack in the ceiling into which a hand could be inserted, but subsequent shocks so closed it that today it is almost impossible to insert a sheet of paper. This building has successfully resisted the seismic disturbances of 1645, 1754, 1852, 1863 and 1880, all of which were particularly destructive. The church and convent cover an area of 21,212 square meters. In 1635 a Spanish artilleryman, who had murdered his paramour on the street, fled to the high altar of this church for "sanctuary." The military authorities, however, violated this ancient right and the hapless man was dragged from his refuge into the square in front of the church and there publicly hanged. This church contains the tombs of Miguel de Legaspi and Juan Salcedo, his grandson. FRANCISCAN CHURCH The second substantial stone structure rais- ed in the city, it stands on the site of a light material church built in 1577 and destroyed by the fire of 1583, and covers an area of 28,- 590 square yards. In 1584 it was rebuilt in wood and tile and in the convent adjoining was installed the first drugstore in the Philip- pine Islands from which all the Archipelago was supplied for many years. In 1602 it was rebuilt in stone throughout, but while it escaped serious damage from the earth- quake of 1645, it was almost ruined by that of 1739. Reconstruction began jn 1740, since which time the building has withstood almost al! seismic shocks. During the earth- quake of 1824 the tower fell, and during that of 1863 a part of the roof caved in. Among the famous images on its altars is that of San Francisco, the patron of the church. This image had a remarkable history. According ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 93 TONDO PARISH CHURCH. ONE OF THE MOST HISTOR. ICALLY INTERESTING OF MANILA CHURCHES OUTSIDE OF THE WALLED CITY. to the legend, the padres traded off the image in 1630 to Alonso Cuyapit of Pace for another of more intrinsic value. "During that earth- quake (1645)" says Fr. Felix J. Huertas, the Franciscan historian in his Estado Geoerafico etc., page 14, "the image went by itself from the small altar on which it had been placed to a window that looked toward Manila, and falling on its knees on a small box remained crying four days and nights, and when replac- ed four times on its altar, by D. Alonso each time returned to the window." In September 1668, Governor Diego Sal- cedo was arrested by the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a heretic and confined in this church pending his transfer to Mexico. The church of the Third Order of San Francisco standing in the same square was first built in 1618, the present building dating from 1723. SANTO DOMINGO CHURCH This church is one of the largest and most substantial buildings of its kind in the city. The present structure is modern and stands on the site of the original church and convent raised in 1587. When the Dominicans arrived in the Islands, the land on which the Ayunta- miento, the University of Santo Tomas, this church and convent, and other continuous buildings stand, was a swamp and buta small part of it was terraplened. The Domin- icans bough the land for 300 pesos and had to take possession of it and take out the site in a banca. The first church was built in 1587 at a cost of 3,000 pesos. A stone structure was raised on the same site in 1593, but burn- ed down in 1603. It was built the following year, again in stone, only to fall in the earth- quake of 1610. Again reconstructed, it stood until 1864 when it wasdestroyed by the earth- quake of that year. The present structure was raised in^870. Thfs church is noted for its image of Nuestra Senora del Rosario carv- ed 300 years ago by a Chinaman who later became a Christian. To the "prayers" of this image is said to have been due the naval victory of the Spaniards over the Dutch in Manila bay in the early days, and she was looked to in 1898 to bring about the destruc- tion of the American fleet under Dewey, but somehow the combination failed. SAN NICOLAS DE TOLENTINO (RECOLETAN) The first priests of this order reached Manila in 1606 and immediately established them- selves on what is now the site of the Army Morgue on Bagumbayan where they built the church of San Juan Bautista, later de- stroyed as a military measure as the British in 1762 seized it and used it as a fort in the re- duction of Manila. The present church was commenced in 1612. Subsequent earthquakes, specially that of 1645 did much damage to the building but the present structure is substantially the original one. Among the famous images on its altars are Nuestra Se- nora de Consolacion and Nuestra Senora de Salus, both brought from Mexico in 1653. SAN IGNACIO Built in 1878 as a monument to St. Ignatius by Padre Juan Bautista Heras, S.J. Prior to their expulsion from Spain and Spanish possessions in 1768 the Jesuits had an ex- tensive establishment in the Philippines. While much has been said from time to time of the massive structures raised in the city and its suburbs by the Augustinians, Fran- ciscans, Dominicans, and Recoletos, little is generally known of the great work done by the early Jesuits. It was a Jesuit father who designed and directed the work on the first stone fortifications that comprise Fort San- tiago and much of the city wall. On the open space in front of the Delmonico Hotel in the walled city there once stood a church that was equal to any in the city today, raised by the Jesuits, but destroyed by earthquakes. This church was built in 1596 by Father Sedeno, S.J., who introduced the art of brick and tile making into the islands and the use of stone in public buildings. He was in fact the city architect. It was then re- built in stone throughout and withstood many severe shocks until 1873. The Jesuits were also the founders of the girls' college that after- wards became known as Santa Potenciana. Ever in the front rank of progress the Jes- uits were the first to introduce the use of electrical light and the telephone in the is- lands, illuminating Malacanang Palace on the occasion of a fiesta in 1878 and installing a telephone from the Ateneo Municipal to the Normal School. In 1859 after their re- turn to the islands the Jesuits purchased prop- erty on Calle Arzobispo where they built a temporary home, using the church of the Roy- al College of Santa Isabel for public worship. After the destruction of the church by the earthquake of 1863 they decided to build one for themselves. The plans were prepared by Felix Roxas, father of Felix M. Roxas, ex-mayor of Manila, and the corner stone was laid in 1878. The granite for the facade was brought from Hongkong and the marble used in the interior from Italy. The bells of the original church were installed in the new one which was completed in 1881. The statues and all the exquisite carving through- out this church was the work of Filipino sculptors. SAN VICENTE DE PAUL (MARCELINO) The most recent construction of its kind in Manila, the foundation having been laid in 1911 on land purchased in 1875. Built in Renaissance style of architecture, in the form of a Latin cross; the nave is 50 meters long and 25 wide at the cross section. The dome and towers are built on a hundred wooden piles. The building cost all told PI 00,000. The plans were laid by Francisco Perez Munos and the building constructed under contract by R. Loper. It is of rein- forced concrete throughout. Among notable things in the church is the magnificent altar cloth made by the sisters of La Concordia and valued at over Pl.OOO. The statueson the altars are among the most beautiful in Manila, and were carved by Filipino sculptors. TONDO CHURCH When the early Spaniards reached Manila they found two large settlements, one Manila Cper, fortified and dominated by Rajah So- an, and Tondo dominated by Rajah La- candola, Soliman's uncle, both of them Moros as were most of the leading men of both settle- ments. The evangelization of the people was at once begun by the Augustinians and the first mission to Tondo established itself on the site of the present magnificent church in 1572. A temporary church was raised and Alonso Alverdao was chosen the first prior of the district which then embraced Taytay, Cainta, Pasig and Bay, Laguna. Little is known of the nature of the several buildings that succeeded one another as the earthquakes continued their destruction except that prior to 1863 a pretentious building existed. The present church dates from 1874 and was the work of Padres Casimiro Herrero and Manuel Gonzalez, both Augustinians. Many of the most notable men of the Au- gustinian corporation have served as parish priests of Tondo, among them Augustin de Alburqueque, 1575, the author of the first Tagalog dictionary; Diego Mojica, 1577; Je- ronimo Marin, 1578 and Juan de Pena, 1579, all three indefatigable missionaries. Diego Munoz, 1581, the first Commissary of the In- quisition, and Cristobal Tarique, 1582; Alon- so de Castro, 1583, and Juan Dejgadillo, 1584, who had a part in the raising of the first per- manent stone church and convent. METROPOLITAN CATHEDRAL OFMANILA. REMARKABLE FOR HEIC.HT OF NAVE AND FOR HISTORIC TOMBS IT CONTAINS. 94 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The present church has three naves ami is of Ionic style of architecture, 65 meters long and 22 wide. It was Padre Mariano Gil, a parish priest of Tondo, who made public the existence of the Katipunan Society in 1896. MALATE CHURCH The quaint little church of Malate was built by the early Augustinians who founded the parish in 1588. The present church is a com- position of three structures, the facade raised in 1590 by Fr. Diego Gutierrez, the body built in 1864 by Fr. Francisco Chadrado and the sanctuary in 1895 when the church was restored by Fr. Nicolas Dulanto. The three cover a period of 305 years. Like Tondo, Malate had among its early parish priests many of the notable men of the corporation of whom may be mentioned Die- go Gutierrez, 1590, Diego Leyva 1598, Juan B. Hernandez, 1602 who made the first restoration after the earthquake of 1600; Juan de Penalosa, 1607, Juan de Montesdoca, 1608, Juan de Montemayor in 1614 and Luis Ruiz Brito in 1615. A massive convent formerly joined the church but was removed a few years ago to make way for the present clergy house and the extensive garden. OUR LADY OF LOURDES (CAPUCHIN) The most modern church in the walled city and one of the prettiest in the islands. It was built in 1910 in restoration of a former temporary church built in 1897. The plans were laid by the well known Spanish architect Perez Munoz. Part of the old structure, form- erly a private residence, was retained, the facade and interior of the church being of reinforced concrete. The interior is beauti- ful in its simple adornment. The statutes and all the wood carving was done by Filipino sculptors. The statue of Our Lady of Lpurdes on the high altar is a remarkable piece of work executed by Manuel Flores. Before this altar in 1898 prayers were offer- ed day and night for several weeks for pro- tection against the threatened bombardment of the city by Admiral Dewey. SEBASTIAN CHURCH The most unique church in the city. The present Gothic structure is "knock down" one constructed in sections in Belgium and VIEW OF RUINS OI-" AUGUST1NIAN CONVENT AT CIUADALUPE. RIZAt I'kOYINrK shipixxl f. o. b. to Manila where it was erected on the site of the ancient structure ruined by the earthquakes. It is of iron throughout, 55 meters long and 25 wide. The construc- tion was completed in 1891. The cupola is majestic in height, the stained glass windows brought from Europe, and illustrating events in the life of Christ, are the finest in the city, rich in tone and in the wonderful variety in the figures they contain. The first church was built in 1618 and re- constructed in 1866. BINONDO CHURCH Built by Dominican parish priests in con- nection with their mission work among the Chinese. The first church stood on the large block on Plaza Moraga, facing the Escolta an'd was known as San Gabriel. It was later removed as a military measure. The Domin- icans then moved to the other end of Rosario to where the present church stands. Several buildings were raised on this site owing to the destructive earthquakes. The present build- ing is of massive proportions. RUINS OF THE SHRINK OF NUESTRA SliNORA I)IC (il'ADALUI'E, ADJOINING AUGISTINIAN CONVENT Woman's Club (Continued from page 91) In 1919, Mrs. F. O. Smolt was elected President and in her opening address called for larger development. The response of the government to the Club has been generous. Realizing its in- ability to finance the expanding nursery serv- ice, first 1*5,000 was requested of the Legisla- ture, then 1*7,000 and 1*10,000 and for the past and present year, through the Welfare Board, 1*18,000. On this amount, however, the Club is to return 5%. The Municipal Board has shown an appreciative spirit to- wards the work done for the working moth- ers and donates the rent of the nurseries. This amounts to 1*4,320 annually. It is hoped in time, to secure model nurseries, either as gifts from individual philanthro- pists or as government buildings. A People's Kitchen will be tried out this year in Manila, the Welfare Board having allotted 1*5,000 for the experiment. They have also tinder consideration the setting aside of a sum of money to stimulate the activities of the 307 provincial clubs. Sev- eral important club petitions are awaiting legislative action, three from 1918: the juve- nile (or minors) court; the enactment of a recidivist law, the enactment of the inde- terminate sentence. The two for 1919 arc, abolishment of the cookpit evil in the Phil- ippine Islands and a petition addressed to the Mayor and Municipal Council, taking position against the re-establishment, in Manila, of a segregated social evil district. And so, full of good deeds and honors, we leave them. It is not a fashionable Club; it is a -working one. They lack even a Club House and are often troubled for ways and means but are unfaltering in duty and trust in Providence — a faith realized. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 95 The Coconut Industry of the Philippines By W. R. Babcock- mills. England, one of the largest users of the oil did not engage in the oil-crushing industry to any extent because their herds of cattle were smaller, and their owners not so readily adaptable to change in methods of feeding. The following table shows the imports by principal ports: The Philippines are so exceptionally favor- ed by nature that they have a monopoly of one great tropical product, Manila hemp, and are the largest producer of another great tropical product, coconuts. During the past two years war conditions have so accelerated the natural march of events that all its coconut products are now shipped in the shape of oil, whereas formerly they went to Europe and the States in the form of copra. Throughout the history of the Islands these two items have constituted the only products of the coconut tree that have entered its ex- ternal commerce. Coconut trees are found all over the tropics particularly in the South Sea islands and the Philippine and neighboring archipelagos. When Magellan, the first European, came to the Philippines, the tree was already growing luxuriantly throughout the islands, along the seacoast. According to De Candolle, it is very possible that the tree is indigenous to the Philippines, and that the Visayan islands are the focus from which were propa- gated the groves of the entire world. Until very recently, however, the tree and its products were used only for domestic purposes by the natives. The nut itself furnishes food and drink and a fiber for ropes, while the tree is used for houses and its leaves for the thatched roof. A certain amount of fresh nuts was exported to nearby Chinese ports but, except for this, it did not enter into commerce. In the first half of the 19th century it was discovered that the oil contained in the coco- nut meat was especially suitable and desir- able for the manufacture of soap. In order to transport the meat economically, it was necessary to extract it from the nut and it then had to be dried in order to prevent loss through the mold which attacked it when wet. The resultant product, dried coconut meat, is called coprax or copra, and large quantities were exported to Europe from Ceylon and India. In the late eighties, a British exporting firm in Manila, brought in some of this copra from Singapore as a sample to show the na- tives how to prepare the article of commerce. At that time other portions of the world had a start of nearly half a century but the climate of the Philippines is so favorable to the growth of the nuts, that it was not long before the Islands caught up with their clos- est competitors and they have now been for some years the largest single exporters of copra. The following table shows that while in 1905 Manila exported only 17 per cent of the total copra shipped from the main producing centers, by 1911, they were prod- ucing almost a third of the entire produc- tion of the world: The exports from the Philippine Islands for subsequent years were: Tons. 1913 82,219 1914 87.344 1915 139.092 1916 72,277 1917 92.180 [From Manila Merchants' Association Report.] In reading these figures it should be noted that other centers, notably Ceylon and Macassar exported large quantities of oil, desiccated coconut and fresh nuts in addi- tion, to their copra. A further point of in- terest is that Manila henceforth will figure very largely as a point of origin for the oil, but its export of copra and other products is likely to be negligible for some time. This is due both to the prohibition of copra ex- ports by the local Government during the war and to the fact that local oil mills can almost certainly pay a better price for the raw material than the exporter if, and when, the local embargo is lifted. The second great boom in coconut products came with the discovery by French and German scientists that the residual press cake after extracting the oil from the copra was an. admirable cattle feed. France, Germany and Holland invested large sums in erecting oil Year. 1897 19OO. Marseilles i 63.032 94 360 Hamburg 10,791 '1 034 London 12,137 27 537 1903 1906.. 1909 1910. 95.459 97.720 . 133,706 146 S64 48.5M 83.669 155.989 148 066 39.132 26.902 33.979 1911 185,108 Early in the twentieth century it was dis- covered that coconut oil could be refined so as to serve as a base for margarine and artifi- cial butter, and as a chocolate fat. Very important factories were established prin- cipally in Denmark and German Bohemia, henceforth to be known to the world as Czecho-Slovakia. The demand became greater than the supply and much interest was excited at centers of production in proj- ects to express the oil in the tropics, instead of shipping copra to Europe. As a result of their investigation of the situation, Mr. E. P. Thompson and Dr. Paul C. Freer, at that time Director of Science for the Philippine Islands, and a few associates built one of the first, if not the very first, modern mills out- side of Europe and the United States. This mill, the Philippine Products Co., was organized in 1905 and built in 1906 on the Pasig River in the Pandacan district of Manila, now the scene of a greater oil industry than was then dreamed of. TRANSPORTING COCOXLTS BY RAFTS Exports of Copra (From Lcwkowits, Chem. Tech. of Oil Fats. «Jc.) 1905 107,709 58.915 52,520 7,582 25.961 19,514 17,739 10.000 2,514 Java Ton btralts, (Singapore, Penangl Manila Tongan Islands Macassar Sangar Ceylon Zanzibar Mozambique Federated Malay States . . . German New Guinea .. . 1907 68,000 58.914 50,694 7.360 17.290 19,216 7.158 2,788 1909 72,000 74,192 77,699 14.834 19,164 39,226 7,873 3,665 6,268 8,653 1911 99,700 97.254 136,118 12,721 39,979 1912 89,048 81,709 142.793 11,120 37,642 29.942 9.332 3.309 7.771 11,130 33.637 11,319 3.411 8,103 9,553 Unfortunately this mill was burnt to the ground by a disastrous fire in 1908 so that the question of the relative advantage of manufacture in Manila and Europe was not definitely decided for the business world, and for some time the old method of ship- ping the copra persisted. Copra shipments could be made in bags which are a cheap container and subject to no appreciable leakage. Oil, at that time, had to be ship- ped in special steel drums which were return- 96 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN ed empty half way around the world. The European factory enjoyed better labor con- ditions and better facilities for manufacture. They had a market near at hand for the res- idual cake, whereas cake shipped from the Philippines was thought to arrive in inferior condition and was a dangerous fire risk for the steamers transporting it. Furthermore the European factory had a larger market from which to draw its raw material which was not so subject to violent fluctuation. It was clear, however, to Mr. Thompson, that there were compensating features to offset the advantages possessed by the Euro- pean and American mills and he persisted in this field until he interested new capital in erecting the second mill ever put up in the Philippines. This mill, the Philippine Vege- table Oil Co., known throughout the Islands as the "P. V. O." was erected on the north bank of the Pasig in Manila; in 1913 nearly opposite the site of the mill which had been burnt down. It has been in continuous opera- tion ever since, and has made large profits. The great success of the P. V. O. and its successors was due to the natural advantages possessed by oil shipments over copra. Bar- reled oil takes up little over half of the bulk space required for copra based on oil con- tent, and thus enjoys a lower freight rate. Oil can be shipped on any steamer whereas passenger vessels can not accept copra be- cause of the objectionable odor. There is less loss in handling the raw material and a better grade of oil can be turned out because the copra when fresh does not yield so high a content of free fatty acids; furthermore, for a given weight of copra a larger extraction of oil can be secured before than after shipment. Last, but not least of the many advantages of local mills, is the ability to ship oil in the ballast tanks of steamers or special fuel oil tank vessels. This was not contemplated in the early days of the industry but is now almost universal. The third venture in the Philippines was the mill built at Opon near Cebu, by the Visayan Refining Co., a subsidiary of the American Philippines Co. This latter com- pany was organized through the efforts of Dean C. Worcester, who had been for thirteen years Secretary of the Interior in the Phil- TRANSPORTING COPRA TO MARKET BY PACKHORSES ippine service. Mr. Thompson was active in the construction of this mill also, and it differed from the earlier mills in that it not only used the Expeller system which had proven so satisfactory, but also used improved hydraulic presses. The earlier French sys- tem had been to express oil with heavy pres- ses, and as this was a non-continuous process, it was slow, expensive, and required much labor. In the Expeller system the triturated copra is fed steadily in against a revolving screw which expels the oil through one ori- fice and the cake through another. While much quicker, it does not obtain so large a proportion of the oil as the slower press pro- cess. It is now general practice in many Philippine mills to use both systems, although during the war, when prices were such as to TIIF. CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST-CLASS ROADS THROUGH THE COCONUT GROVES HAS REDUCED TRANSPORTATION COSTS TO THE MINIMUM. AUTOMOBILE TRUCKS HAVE TAKEN THE PLACE OF PACK HORSES place a premium on speed rather than eco- nomy, the Expellers were used almost ex- clusively. Both of these mills were in full operation when the war started in 1914, and the re- sultant demand for glycerine, for edible vege- table fats, and for an oil which could be substituted for non-obtainable animal and other fats caused a great demand for coconut oil. At the same time, however, freight rates went to a point where it was hardly possible to ship copra so that the price of copra in the Philippines declined to a very low figure. With a low cost for its raw mate- rial and a full market for its products, the oil industry started on its bonanza days. When the profits in the industry first be- came apparent there arose a tendency to erect new mills. The first of these was the Phil- ippine Manufacturing Co., Tondo, Manila, which was already manufacturing soap. Car- rero, Vidal & Co., Luzon Refining Co., and the Philippine Oil Products Co. were also started late in 1916 and in 1917. Some of the new mills sold their product to the older established mills, leaving them the task of marketing the oil in the States. This meth- od represented a substantial profit but the biggest returns were secured by the in- dependents, who marketed their own oil. Aided by the exceptionally favorable market conditions great profits were made by all mills, and there was a rush to bring out new Expellers. The United States was at war and shipments were greatly delayed so that the new machinery ordered at that time is still coming into Manila in small batches "up to this day. Perhaps the most successful importers were those who paid fancy prices for second hand machines in the southern cotton seed oil mills and thus ob- tained prompt delivery. Those who could not enter the industry with their own ma- chinery became anxious at least to own stock in the established companies. The resultant boom in stocks was the first in Manila's history, and is a promising indication of the impending change from a purely agricultural to a partly industrial basis for -the Islands. It is a very good sign that the chief interest in this industrial activity was taken by the Filipinos themselves. Heretofore, the ex- ternal commerce of the Islands and its large scale industrial enterprises have tended to be in the hands of other than native capital. . . C« «.«* ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 This was in part due to the fact that until 1917, the only banks in Manila had been of foreign or largely foreign capital; but in that year was founded the Philippine National Bank which is operated with the assistance of Government funds and has greatly con- tributed to development of the resources of the country by its own people. Like all good things there have been in- stances in which this boom in stocks has been overdone. The rapid increase in the number of Expellers, from 16 in 1915 to over 200 at the present (March 1919) has caused so great a demand for copra that the price has risen to the point where only moderate returns can be expected for awhile. This will put a premium on efficiency, however, and in the end prove a benefit to the Islands. Since the production of copra may be expected to double every five years it will not be long before an adequate supply will be obtain- able. To show how the industry has grown from the single company of 1913, a list is appended of the factories organized and ready for operation as of March 31, 1919. OIL MILLS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLAMDS American Refining Co. Arandes, Francisco. Carrero, Vidal & Co. Central Oil Corporation Cooperative Coco Products Co. Cooperative Copra Extracting Co. Copra Products, Inc. Cristobal Oil Co. Eastern Oil Co. Fabrica de Aceite de Filipinas. Francisco, Evaristo. Franco-Philippine Oil Co. General Oil Co. Harrison, R. J. Hispano-Philippine Oil Co. Hog Cauayan Oil Co. Iloilo Oil Co. Insular Phil. Coco Oil Co. International Oil Co. Laguna Coco Oil Co. Luzon Refining Co. Madrigal, Vicente Magallanes Oil Mills. Manila Coconut Oil Co. Manila Oil Refining and By-Products Co. Misamis-Surigao Oil Co. National Coconut Oil Co. Oceanic Oil Co. Oil Development Co. Oriental Coconut Oil Co. Oriental Copra & Oil Export Co. Palanca-Choy Oil Co. Panay & Xegros Oil Co. Philippine American Oil Co. Philippine Mfg. Co. Philippine Oil Products Co. Philippine Refining Co. Philippine Takushoku Kaisha. Philippine Vegetable Oil Co. Poizat Vegetable Oil Mills Rizal Refining Co. Samar Products Co. Sta Ana Oil Mills, Inc. Tan Luan Oil Mill Zamboanga Oil Co. Escudero Oil Co. Visayan Refining Co. Of the above .mills only 18 were in full operation during October, 1918, the latest month for which official figures are avail- able. These 18 mills were equipped to produce 964 short tons of oil per day, but their actual output was only 523 tons, both figures based on a day of 24 hours. When all the mills in the above list are in full operation they will have a possible maximum production of over 1,300 tons per day or 455,000 tons per year. It will be many a year before this max- imum can be realized. The development of the oil business in Manila has been coincident with, and con- ducive to, progress in the industry in the United States, which has been the sole mar- ket for the Manila product throughout the war period. It was originally the custom to ship oil in strong steel containers which had to be returned from point of destination when empty. During the war it was impossible to obtain these steel containers in anything like sufficient quantity and circumstances forced the adoption of wooden barrels. These were shipped out from the Pacific Coast, knocked down, and assembled in Manila. The package was obtainable in very large quantities and at much less cost than the steel drums and the business has grown to very large proportions. It is estimated that during 1918 over 120,000 barrels were used. One barrel company has a large coopering and assembling plant located in Manila. A still better form of shipment was soon devised in the utilization of tank steamers. The Standard Oil Company owns several large tank steamers which carry fuel oil and petroleum from the Pacific Coast to the Orient but these usually returned in ballast. It was not believed feasible to ship vegetable oil in these tanks because of fear of contamination from the residue of the fuel oil. The Visa- yan Refining Company, however, believed they could overcome these difficulties and by cleaning the tanks with live steam, swab- bing them up with the copra meal itself, they accomplished the task, working a complete innovation in the trade. It was then neces- sary to provide proper facilities in the States for discharging the oil into storage tanks, and forwarding it in tank cars. There was a short- age, and still is, of both the tanks and the cars, but leading oil mills have begun construction of their own tanks in San Francisco and Seat- tle, and this difficulty will soon be a thing of the past In the meantime the largest users of oil in the States are also falling into line and equipping themselves so that they can handle and store the bulk oil. An interesting feature about bulk ship- ments of oil is that, while coconut oil in the Philippines or any tropical climate is a liquid, it becomes in a cold climate a solid fat slightly resembling paraffine. In order to discharge from a vessel's tanks oil which has solidified, steam pipes are run into the hold of the vessel and steam can be turned on when desired, thus melting the oil so that it can be pumped out. The following table shows by years until 1918, and by separate months for that year, how rapidly the industry expanded in Manila. Exports of Coconut Oil from the Philippines [Courtesy of Manila Merchants' Association.] Years 1907. Kilos 50.662 Value P101.324 00 1908 . . . . . .. 3.915,114 684,560 00 1909. 1,184,170 1910. 32 00 1911. . 1912 80 00 1913. 5,010,000 2 292,678 00 1914. 11,043 000 5,238 356 00 1915. 13464 000 5 641 003 00 1916 16 091 169 7,851 469 00 1917. 45 198 000 22 818 294 00 1918... . 115.281.938 63. 328.317. On The future of the coconut industry in the Philippines will be one of the bright spots of the country's history. The average rainfall throughout the coconut growing districts in a year is not far from 90 inches, or more than some districts of Arizona get in 30 years, * so that the production of nuts is more favor- ed than anywhere else in the world. It is unfortunate that the rainfall which makes such fine nuts at the same time makes it diffi- cult to sun-dry the coconut meat. As a result the Philippine copra is usually praised for its quantity and blamed for its quality. It is only a question of time, however, when mechanical dryers will be available and then the Philippine copra production will leave nothing to be desired. We are today only at the threshold of the development of the coconut industry. In this opening act, just ending as the curtain has been rung down on the World War, actors have held the stage whose successes rival the stories of the Ara- bian Nights. With the tremendous possib- ilities of the P. I. still scarcely touched who shall say that as marvelous a chapter shall not be written during the next decade? *Atimonan averages 106 inches per annum; Sorso- gon. 220 inches; Yuma. Arizona. 3.1 inches. FIRST REMOVING THE MEAT FROM THE COCONUT, AFTER WHICH IT IS CONVERTED INTO COPRA BY EITHER OF THREE METHODS — SUN DRYING. KILH DRYING OR MECHANICAL DRYING 98 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The Philippine Mining Industry The history of gold mining in the Philippine Islands runs back through the ages until lost in the mazes of tradition. Chinese writings of as long ago as the third century report gold as the chief product of Luzon. From Morga, a Spanish historian, we gath- er that, before the coming of Magellan, the Philippines carried on Commerce with China. in which gold, dye-stuffs and edible birds' nests were exchanged for cloth. In this connection it is interesting to note that the leading gold-producing districts of today are the same which yielded most to the primitive methods of the native inhab- itants in olden times. The Filipino miners (especially the women) handle their wooden gold pans with a skill unexcelled in the world. The Spaniards, always indefatigable pro- spectors, were active in the search for the Golden Fleece shortly after their occupation of the Islands. After Don Juan Salcedo con- quered the region known as the Province of Laguna he heard stories of enormously rich gold mines on the Pacific coast of Luzon and at once started in search of them. After great hardships he reached a place called Pa- racale and verified the reports of the richness of the deposits worked by the natives. There can be no doubt, judged by primitive standards, gold mining was for centuries suc- cessfully carried on by the inhabitants of the Archipelago. They had no machinery, no tools, no explosives and no pumps. But close to the surface — above water level — the native miner gouged out the rich stringers, pounded the ore into powder and panned off the free gold, just as he skilfully washed the top layers of the gold-bearing sands from the ancient river beds. The implements which the natives use — a washing board and a large shallow wooden bowl — are of great antiquity and forma prom- inent feature in the household utensils of all native villages in the auriferous region. Boulders and fragments of quartz with visi- By Frank B. Ingersoll. ble gold occur in many alluvial deposits in the Islands and it is not likely that the natives would have thrown them aside without en- deavoring to extract the gold. This they probably did in ancient times, as they do it even now, by pulverizing the quartz by hand and washing it as they wash the auriferous sand and gravel. For pulverizing the ore the natives use a species of trip hammer, made by attaching a heavy stone, serving as a head, to a sapling. A second stone answers for an anvil. After placing the quartz on the anvil the workman drives down the head, the elasticity of the sapling raising it again for a fresh blow. The crushed quartz is ground in an arrastre, con- centrated in a bated (wooden dieh) and wash- ed clean in a coconut shell. In this last ope- ration a soapy vegetable sap (gogo), squeez- ed from a green vine, is added. This juice seems to have the faculty of cleaning the "greasy" gold and prevents the fine particles from floating. The only feature of this pro- cess which was introduced by the Spaniards is the Mexican "arrastre," a block of stone moved by carabao power like a mill stone on a nether block. The charge of an arrastre is about 250 pounds. Float gold and auri- ferous pyrites' are lost in the process. It is doubtful today whether the natives as a rule are aware of the auriferous character of the pyrites which almost always accompany the gold-bearing quartz, sometimes in not incon- siderable proportion. Before the advent of the Spaniards in the Philippines the gold won by the natives found its way into China through the medium of Chinese traders who visited these shores in their junks. The mining sections close to the sea coast were also favorite raiding grounds for hordes of Moro pirates, attracted thither by the gold, even after the Islands were under Spanish dominion. One of the most interesting stories, and one which seems to have some foundation in fact, is that of Dona Panay, a rich native woman of Mam- bulao, Camarines Norte, who sent a petition BKNGUET CONSOLIDATED MINING CO. MILL AT ANTAMOK. to the Queen of Spain asking protection against the pirates and accompanying her re- quest with a present of a life-size hen and a setting of eggs, all of virgin gold. On the hill above the portal of the famous old "Ancla de Oro" tunnel in the town of Mambulao are the ruins of an ancient fort erected in response to the prayer of Dona Panay. Back in those days, according to accounts more or less reliable, the town of Mambulao, which lies on a sheltered deepwater harbor, was the second city of the Archipelago with something like 60,000 inhabitants. Today the entire municipality numbers perhaps 3,000 souls. Tradition indicates that at many points in the Philippine Islands the placers were origi- nally very rich; and this there is no reason to doubt. According to Morga the natives worked them with more energy before the Spanish conquest than after it. Spaniards coming from Mexico early settled in Camarines Norte and brought with them the Mexican methods of treating the ore. In Morga's time (1609) the reduced royalty yielded $10,000 annually, and Gemelli Carreri learned from the Governor-General at Manila that the product was $200,000, which is a reasonable figure since such a royalty was sure to be evaded in a large measure. Although Camarines Norte was the best known gold producer there was undoubtedly considerable of the precious metal turned out in Benguet and Nueva Ecija on Luzon, at Aroroy in Masbate, and in Misamis and Surigao in Butuan province. One of the most romantic episodes in the history of Spanish mining in the Philippines was the career of the famous "Ancla de Oro", a company which was organized to develop the vela real at Mambulao. This company planned to obtain access to the vein below ground-water level by constructing a sea- level drainage tunnel. The prospectus de- scribed the deposite of the "Benditas Animas" a claim which had been bought and sold as early as 1788. The vein was said to be "two palms" wide, the quartz of it being literally "bedizened" with gold until it "has the ap- pearance of the richest altar hanging," not only the vein but "the adjacent walls are also gold bearing". The document ends with the stirring appeal: "To those who love their country the oppor- tunity now presents itself to show that they interest themselves in her progress and wel- fare. One hundred pesos is the cost of a share, payable in four installments. Even if our hopes which are fundamentally so con- servative should not be realized the loss of one hundred pesos will bankrupt no one, so we have no doubt that all will take shares in the enterprise which is this day initiated. — Ma- nila, March 19, 1848, Isidro Sainz de Ba- randa." The tunnel was projected to run into the mountain for a distance of a thousand meters but actually penetrated but 75 meters, the difficulties encountered being too great to overcome with the crude methods and equip- ment of that period. The well preserved portal of their drainage tunnel may still be seen and is usually the first evidence of mining to catch the eye of those who enter the bay at Mambulao by steamer. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 99 GOLD DREDGE DIGGING CHANNEL THROUGH BEACH It remained for a. company operated by American and Filipino capital seventy years later to complete a drainage tunnel at exact- ly the same site of the old "Ancla de Oro" after three and a half years of persistent work, attended by heavy expense and serious obstacles. Activity in mining among the natives re- ceived a severe setback by the prohibition im- posed by the Spanish government in 1894. It was shortly prior to this time that Euro- pean capital (mostly British) began to make mining investments in the Philippine Islands. These were confined almost entirely to Cam- arines Norte. One British concern planned operations on a large scale. Several quartz properties were opened up and considerable expensive machinery brought out from Eng- land. Just when the project was getting fairly under way the Philippine insurrection of 1896 broke out. The English engineers in charge fled for their lives and the machinery and mine workings alike fell into disuse and decay. However, some of the machinery parts are still in evidence and have recently been made use of in operations. From the outbreak of the insurrection un- til the establishment of civil government by the United States in the Islands in 1901 min- ing languished. Nevertheless during the latter part of this period venturesome spirits — mostly ex-soldiers of the American army of occupation— were busily prospecting. Al- though they made efforts to stake and record claims by proceedings patterned after the practice in the United States, there was no legal recognition of such steps until after the passage of the Philippine Bill (the Act of Con- gress of July 1, 1902), which put a new min- ing code into effect. From that point there has been a steady growth in the mining industry, notwithstand- ing that there has been a scarcity of capital, a lack of transportation facilities, of reliable labor and of competent superintendence and insufficient and to some extent unfriendly laws, together with a want of appreciation both by the Government and by the people, of the importance of the industry. Although prospecting and development was actively going on during the first few years of American occupation, the gold output did not reach appreciable figures until 1907 when it amounted to 1*187,647. Thereafter there was a steady advance in production until it reached 1*3,01 1,755 in 1916. In 1917 it fell down to F2,816,638 while for 1918 it will probably be still slightly less. The recent falling off in the output is large- ly due to war conditions which prevented continuous operation from lack of proper ma- terials and supplies. Added to this there has been a decided letdown in the production from dredging. This has been confined en- tirely to one field — Paracale — where thealluvial deposits are being exhausted. Although at- tractive fields have been proven oy testing in other districts, war costs have put a pro- hibition on any new installations. At recent gold mining is limited to three districts — Masbate, Benguet and Paracale. In Benguet there is but a single quartz mill operating, while Masbate (Aroroy) has two. At Paracale five dredges are at work. The future of gold mining presents some difficulties, at least until operation costs have been cut down to something like normal. Conditions which increase the co=t of opera- tion often serve to change a paying mine into a losing one. This is we'l illustrated by the effects of the recent great war. The outlay for materials, supplies, labor and in fact for everything which enters into operation costs has increased tremendously. In other lines of industry the increased costs of operations has been met by increasing the selling price of the product. As the selling price of gold always remains fixed no remedy is open to the miner. His business which pays under (Concluded on page 108) GOLD DREDGER WORKING IN PARACALE DISTRICT. REPAIRING BUCKET LINE ON GOLD DREDGE 100 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN *The Philippines- America s Trade Gibraltar in the Far East If the United States is to retain the place as a commercial power that she has acquired during the progress of the great war, she, in common with the rest of the world, must turn her eyes to the vast markets and fields of undeveloped resources in the Far East. With the possible exception of Africa and Russia, the producing areas of the world outside of the immediate Orient have all been tapped, but in China, particularly, and in the non-Japanese islands of the Pacific lies the great opportunity of the next generation, a great opportunity because of the fact that the exploitation of resources will bring com- parative wealth to millions of Orientals who for the first time in the history of the world will become a considerable factor in the world's buying markets. The United States, through the benevolent policy which it has always pursued in the Orient, has acquired a position to profit by this opportunity that is not enjoyed by any other power in the world. American motives alone are not suspected as imperialistic. ^But no matter how great this moral ad- vantage may be, it will avail the American business man nothing unless he makes the most of other and more tangible advantages which are also his. The Philippine Islands, under the American flag or nominally independent after more than a score of year? of American rule, is potential- ly .the strategic base for American commer- cial operations in the Far East, and Manila is already recognized by the far-seeing man of business as the great distributing point for American manufactures in this new field. As these words are being written there is enroute to Washington a special mission, composed of some of the leaders among the Filipino people, both business men and those in public life. They will seek to secure from congress a grant of Philippine independence, but at the same time they will do everything in their power to bring about closer commer- cial relations between the Philippines and the United States. The point that it is essential for the Amer- ican business man to remember is that no matter what the decision of congress on the political status of the Philippine Islands may be, the opportunities which they offer to him, both in themselves and in their geographic relation to the vast and thickly populated regions that are soon to become centers of production for the entire world and markets for the products of the western nations, will not be changed. INTERISLAND SAILING VESSELS TRANSFERRING SUGAR TO STEAMER FOR SHIPMENT TO NEW YORK, ILOILO It is safe to predict that no political changes will be made that do not bring with them guarantees of stability that are more than sufficient, and it is equally certain that the altruistic policies of America in the islands have won for her a willingness on the part of their inhabitants to safeguard and foster the interests of her nationals for all time to come. The Philippines of tomorrow, equally with the Philippines of today, will be America's trade Gibraltar in the Far East. That Americans are awakening to this realization has been made manifest in many ways since the beginning of the European war. Port facilities at Manila have sud- denly become inadequate to meet the needs of the situation, and the Philippine govern- ment has been forced to extraordinary efforts to keep pace with the growth of our imports. New piers are being designed and before many months are past the port facilities of Manila will be among the finest offered by any shipping center on the Pacific. Already Manila is becoming the trans- shipment point for American products des- tined for India, the Straits Settlements, the Dutch possessions, and French Indo-China. A free zone to provide ample attractions and accommodations for the development of this important trade has been proposed and has the support of the government bureau of commerce and industry. That such a zone will be created in the near future seems as- sured. The advantages which Manila has to offer along these lines are not hard to find. In the first place Manila has direct steamer service to America, to Europe, to China, to Japan, to India and the Straits Settlements, to the Dutch Indies and to Australia. In this service American vessels are coming to play a more and more prominent part, and it will not be many months before an American mail line 17-day service between San Francisco and Manila will be realized. In the second place, Manila has its geo- graphical position. A circle with Manila as its center and with a radius of 1,700 miles, a little over half the distance across the United States, embraces a population of nearly 126,000,000, while a larger circle, with a radius of 3,500 miles, slightly more than the distance from New York to San Francisco, includes nearly half of the world's entire population. The vast population and undeveloped resources of China are practical- ly at the doorstep of the Philippines. The Malayasias are already trading with America by way of the Pacific, but with a return to normal conditions, as has been point- ed out by Walter S. Wheaton, in an article which recently appeared in the Pan Pacific, some of this business, principally that with the British Indies, will return to the Atlantic routes via Suez "except such of that business as we can arrange to care for from our first and last American port of call, Manila, which is only 1370 miles northeast of Singapore and correspondingly near all Indias and Ma- laysia countries, and which should be a dis- tributary point for American commerce in that portion of the world. Manila should be warehousing and gateway port, and that (Concluded on page 108) PARTIAL VIEW Of MANILA HARBOR AS IT APPEARED AT THE OPENING OF HOSTILITIES, AUGUST 1014 ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 101 o a ,c •^ -* -. .jifijlf c»T.9ut«-*3 •-So>>M;-'r-'Oo ajtacQH>P>>«oa _y IS c _o **3 JS £ --i. a I M 102 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN 117' IK1 119* R0° lei i8S- IM> 125* 126° \Zl" Uf no* 122' IUf «»' «• ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 103 Taking the Public into oar Confidence From small beginning — a retail Kiosko, almost as unpretentious as a push-cart vender — Walter E. Olsen & Company, cigar merchants, have grown by epochal stages to the largest exclusive tobacco corporation in the Philippine Islands. We came to Manila with the troops in the ''Days of the Empire", and it certainly is a pardonable boast that we have kept pace with the evolution of the country, from a disease-ridden land and op- pressed Oriental despotism to the present sanitary community and free democracy. For twenty years we have been intimately associated with the Philippine tobacco industry, and we are now in a position to give the public the whole benefit of our varied experience. Walter E. Olsen & Company is a corporation composed entirely of citizens of the United States of America. By recent purchases in Jan- uary, 1919, the Company acquired "EL ORIENTS", "HELIOS", and "LA GIRALDA" cigar factories. The consolidation of these interests with the original Olsen Company makes the present corporation, the largest cigar manufacturing entity in the Philippine Islands. "EL ORIENTE" and "HELIOS" cigar factories were purchased from the United States Alien Property Custo- dian at public sales, and LA GIRAL- DA cigar factory at private sale from local interests. The main factories and warehouses of the company are located in Manila and cover an area of fifteen acres. All of the buildings are constructed along the most sanitary, modern and up-to-date lines, making them the best equipped cigar factories in the Far East. Every operation is con- ducted under the most rigid sanitary arrangements, and every cigar comes to you as sweet and wholesome as Nature and human ingenuity can make it. You smoke it without misgiving, with keen relish and re- plete satisfaction, and in the ashes of consumption there remains nothing "KlOSKO H\B but the most pleasant recollection. We confidently come before the pub- lic with what we consider to be a super-excellent product — cigars to meet the taste of every smoker, no matter how critical. Cagayan and Isabela Provinces constitute the tobacco centers of the Philippine Islands, and it is in this region that the best and choicest Philippine tobacco is grown. It is here that the company owns and operates its own water and land transportation and tobacco packing warehouses, which are built of re- inforced concrete, are modern in every respect, and cover an area of sixteen acres. In these warehouses, and in those in Manila, we have tobacco stocks, under-going the process of ageing, of a total value of more than f*3,000,000.00. This reserve alone insures and guarantees to the con- sumer a constant product of high quality and certain value, as the stocks are of the very best, culled from past harvests. We are not content with having on hand enormous quantities of raw material. We do not permit the acquirement of further stocks to be a matter of haphazard purchase in open markets that are uncertain by reason of crop failures or poor in leaf due to improper seed selection or planting. The company main- tains a corps of expert tobacco buyers of many years experience, who keep in close touch with- every tobacco- raising section of any consequence. They are constantly moving from district to district, from planting time to harvest, keeping a close record of the growing crops at all stages, and they are thus able, even before the crop is harvested, to locate the choic- est tobacco for purchase. We are certain to acquire choice stocks, for our experts are tried tobacco men, who do not guess — they know tobacco, in the growing leaf and in the bare. With our raw material stocks as- sured, we turn to our production plants with the confident conviction of certain results. The blending of the tobacco used in our cigars is done by experts employed in our factories for many years, and their knowl- edge of the qualities of the tobacco grown in the different districts is the result of many years experience. The strictest attention is paid to 104 MANILA DAIL7 BULLETIN in a y. & Bi E - 0 u o c c t) 4J = s ti ••* rt 5 II •* "S cu ^ S .£5 x x o o m ca c S £ s -S P S1" '3 S o-0 £ •o >, -a M fe M 111 . s i-s o • o. a ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 105 factory sanitation, to the end that the product that reaches the con- sumer is an article that is cleanly in the extreme. The total capacity of the company's factories is sixteen million cigars per month — the result of the labor of over seven thousand people. EL ORIEXTE FABRICA DE TABACOS, one of the oldest es- tablished cigar factories in the Phil- ippines, was founded in 1883, immedi- ately after the abolishment of the Spanish Government tobacco mono- poly. For over thirty-five years, the products of this factory have en- joyed an enviable reputation that is second to no other factory- in the Philippines. For the greatest por- tion of this time, it has led all other factories in the exportation of its products to all countries in the Far East as well as Europe, where the "LA PERLA DEL ORIEXTE" is a slogan of merit, which you see on every box that leaves this factory, and we guarantee to keep it synony- mous with its present status, "The supreme cigar quality and value." HELIOS CIGAR FACTORY, es- tablished in 1890, has been an im- portant factor in contributing to the pleasure of smokers all over the world. It is in the United States, however, the home of critical and discriminate smokers, that the products of this factory have found their largest sale. Over forty-five million cigars a year go to the States to give comfort and solace to lovers of the fragrant weed. This factory did its share during the European War — shipping many millions of cigars to France, where they were very popular among the men who strove to make the world a decent place to live in. LA GIRALDA CIGAR FACTORY, established in 1888. This factory was amalgamated with the La Comercial, Aguila del Mundo, La Concordia, La Constancia, La Favorita, and La Perla del Sur Factories in the year 1904 and operated under the name of The Philippine Company, Ltd. In 1917 the main factory building was destroyed by fire. On the old factory site, we have erect- ed a new factory building — much larger than the old one — modern and up-to-date in every respect. We specialize in this factory on high grade cigars for the Export Trade. Its products have been particularly well received in the United States by a discriminating public, and orders re- ceived from other parts of the world are convincing evidence of the satis- faction with which the public receives this brand. The products of our factories are sold throughout the world. The epicures of America, Europe and the Far East have continued to purchase our cigars for many years. The ready sale with which our various brands have met is conclusive proof that the products of these factories are acceptable to the demands of the public. Our factories are open to the in- spection of the public. Every detail in the handling of tobacco and manu- facture of cigars, from the time the tobacco is received in the bale until the finished product is packed in cases ready for shipment, is gladly shown and fully explained. WALTER E. OLSEN & CO. Manufacturers of HIGH GRADE MANILA CIGARS 27 Escolta Manila Philippines THE OLSEN BUILDING The first re-enforced concrete building erected in the Philippines, on the site of the "Kiosko Habanero" 1906. 106 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN .§£ o .5 « " o e J 8-g Bk - 6 u a en _; o hi B! b! H o B 5 5 v S I 11 rt rt _. J -9 -9 — O T3 . U OJ o a > i sS tj *j rt III £§3 rt t- — :: -;; .•..-.-. ? : ' .. ' '" • " • .'1:\ SOME OF THE ELECTRIC SUPPLY HOUSES WE REPRESENT Philips Glowlampworks LAMPS - Cent Electric Co ury */ FANS AND MOTORS Pass and Seymour :== ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES " - National Metal Moulding Co. MOULDING United States Rubber Co, ===== WIRE ==== Calle Echague Telephone 800 MANILA : • irzvi P," M 1 fell (ijfij ^5^ its . ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 113 WICKS & Co.. Inc. ., 35 Juan Luna Cable Address "WIX" -:- -:- -:- Manila, Philippines EXPORTERS §f HEMP COPRA TOBACCO AND ALL PHILIPPINE PRODUCTS IMPORTERS sf IRON & STEEL PAINTS COTTON GOODS MILL SUPPLIES MACHINERY LUBRICATING OILS & GREASE MARINE AND FIRE INSURANCE Pltaie mention the Manila Doily Bulletin when writing to advertiser i. 114 M AN I LA D A I LY B U LLE T I N A. N. Jumdini^Bros., Inc. Muelle del Banco Nacional P. O. Box 765 -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- MANILA, P. I. Cable Address "J u r e i d i n i" Codes Used: A B C 5th Edition w GENERAL MERCHANTS IMPORTERS EXPORTERS Connections throughout the Philippine Archipelago for the sale of— TEXTILES SILK HATS SHOES SHIRTS HOSIERY and SUNDRIES. We are open to ne\i- agencies on such lines as are saleable among the people of the Philippines. CEBU Correspondence is solicited. YOKOHAMA Magallanes (& Plaridel Sts. P. O. Box 47 P. O. Box 155, Cebu 30 Yamashita-cho Philippine Is. Japan HiHiHHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlim Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 115 LEVY HERMANOS = ESTABLISHED IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS IN i«?i I ILOILO MANILA CEBU European Office: — No.32 Rue d' Hauteville, Paris, France LA ESTRELLA DEL NORTE LEVY HERMANOS Under the above trading name LEVY HERMANOS conduct a general wholesale import and retail jewelry business at Ma- nila (head office), Iloilo and Cebu. Their American Office is at 88-90 Gold Street, New York . Established in 1871, the house succeeded every other house engaged in a similar business and it is to-day the leading jew- elry firm in the Philippine Islands . ESTRELLA AUTO PALACE LEVY HERMANOS The Automobile business of LEVY HER- MANOS is known as "ESTRELLA AUTO- PALACE" with headquarters at Manila and branches in Iloilo and Cebu, sales agen- cies throughout the Philippine Islands and French Indo-China. The oldest and foremost motor concern in the Far East . We have only the best line in Motors, Trucks and Accessories. STORE AT 46-50 Escolta, Manila SHOWROOMS AT 536-568 Gandara, Manila msiiiiiiiiiiiti Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. 116 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN WHEN the good ship "Salvador" dropped anchor on July 8, 1887, off the shores of Manila, her list of passengers included one Carlos R. de Ber- todano, C. E., representing "The Manila Railway Company, Ltd." of London. It was his privilege to be the pioneer in Philippine railway construction, in that he was the engineer who blazed the way for the Manila and Dagupan line. After two years of service, ill health prevented his further stay in the islands and on September 3, 1889, Inspecting Engineer Horace L. Higgins be- came his successor. Mr. Higgins continued in the management and direction of the road until January 8, 1917, when ownership was acquired by the Philippine Government. Events in both the construction and early operation of the road offer data of historic value to the Philippines. The original fran- chise for the Manila-Dagupan line was grant- ed by the Spanish Crown, as publicly pro- claimed in the official Gazettes of Madrid and Manila on July 17, 1886, and March 24, 1887, respectively. Land for the present Manila terminal was purchased at a unit cost of P0.24 per square meter. Contrast- ing this with present day prices of PIS and 1*20 for adjoining property, the rapidity with which real estate values are enhancing may be appreciated. On July 31, 1887, the inauguration of work and laying of the cor- ner stone was marked by impressive ceremo- nies participated in by His Excellency, Gov- ernor General Emilio Terrero, church dig- nitaries, civil and military authorities, and a concourse of people. The official dress prescribed for the occasion was "Prince Albert coat and silk hat," a requisite that would effectively bar practically every Amer- ican in the Islands from attending a similar function at the present time. The entire line of 195.39 kilometers from Manila toDagupan was completed and placed in operation on November 24, 1892, having occupied approximately five and one half years in building. It may be of interest to record a notation in the Company's files to the effect that the native labor of the Phil- ippines was found much more efficient and economical than imported Chinese labor. The estimated cost for the project was i*4, 964,400 as against an actual cost of 1*7,899, 000, or slightly over 1*40,000 per kilometer. During the period of construction, and for ten years thereafter, all material and supplies used on construction were declared exempt from the payment of customs duties and, as additional government aid, the Philippine treasury guaranteed 8% interest on the in- vestment for two years of the construction period. Beginning with 1893 the road was operated for an uneventful period of five and one-half years. In May 1898, and simultaneous with the destruction of the Spanish Fleet by Ad- miral Dewey in Manila Bay, the revolutionists destroyed the road at various points and thereby seriously interrupted subsequent ope- ration. In July of the same year the English consul, on behalf of the company's London interests, lodged a formal protest with the Spanish authorities against further inter- ference with the operation of the road. Re- lief was denied by the Spanish Governor- General on the ground that to operate the road would in effect "aid and abet the in- surgents." With the American occupation on August 13, 1898, the roadbed was restored and traf- fic resumed, only to be again interrupted early in February of 1899 when hostilities opened between the American and Filipino forces. The United Stajes Quartermaster Department proceeded to operate that portion of the road falling within the Amer- ican lines, and as these advanced from time to time the English management moved its offices, first to San Fernando and later to Bautista, keeping well within the insurgent lines. All employees of the road operating within the insurgent lines were given a mil- itary status by the revolutionary govern- ment, the rank being in keeping with the im- portance of the position held by each indi- vidual employee. Later, however, the rev- olutionary authorities decreed that only Filipinos be employed in the operation of the road. As a result, Mr. Higgins, manag- ing director, was conducted through the insurgent lines at Calulut and delivered over to the United States military authorities. The other English employees were permitted to embark at Dagupan on a steamer for Ma- nila. Upon the restoration of peace the railroad management found itself confronted with the task of reconstructing destroyed bridges CENTRAL STATION, MANILA. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 117 PACO STATION. MANILA. and roadbeds involving a large outlay of money. Also a considerable part of the rol- ling stock had been wrecked and station build- ings burned along the entire line. Of the improvised station buildings some still remain to be constructed. Heavy indemnity claims were filed with the United States Govern- ment to cover the damages sustained as a result of the war. These were finally adjust- ed through the granting of additional fran- chises and government guarantees that help- ed to restore the company's financial equi- librium. Following this an extensive con- struction program was financed and from 1906 to 1913 the company extending its lines both north and south. This activity resulted in the present system of 1,000 kilometers of road now in actual operation. It developed, however, that large sections of the new kil- ometerage were not highly productive in revenue, although it is now apparent that this condition will not prevail for long. In view of the rapid economic development of the country, it is safe to predict that prac- tically all of the completed lines wj^I be ope- rating on a dividend-paying basis in the near future. With the advent of the European war and other adverse conditions the company again found itself financially embarassed and after extensive negotiations the road eventually passed into the hands of the Philippine Gov- ernment. When the Government acquired ownership in January, 1917, it took over a deficit of one and one-half million pesos. This indebteness has been liquidated to the extent of over one million pesos through the net earnings of 1917 and 1918. The outstanding stock with a par value of PI 1,567,000 was purchased by the Philip- pine Government for F8,000,000. The obligations taken over include a long-term funded debt of 1*53,900,000, represented by 4 per cent and 5 per cent bonds and an un- funded debt of P9, 127,000, representing Gov- ernment loans. The directorate under Government owner- ship has recognized the necessity for an im- mediate betterment of the yards, station buildings, and equipment and the necessity for a further extension of its lines as an aid to the economic development of the country. A number of the most important station build- ings were extensively repaired during the BICOL EXPRESS LEAVING PACO STATION 118 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN ARTESIAN WELLS IN RURAL DISTRICTS HAVE DONE MUCH TO IMPROVE HEALTH CONDITIONS. past year. Manila terminal facilities were improved through an increase in trackage and the car movement accelerated by more than 45 per cent. A daily passenger express has been inaugurated for both the north and south lines stopping only at the principal stations and affording a means for rapid long distance transit. For the purpose of moving seasonal crops more expeditiously two hun- dred freight cars and ten locomotives were placed on order early last year involving an expenditure of one and one-half million pesos. Delivery of these is expected during the early part of 1919. With the improvements al- ready made the Company's revenues during 1918 increased more than two and a quarter million pesos over any previous year. A train-messenger express service was installed on all the principal lines with the result that express receipts for 1918 exceeded those for 1917 by 80 per cent, aggregating a total of three quarter million pesos. Of the contemplated extension projects the one of greatest interest to the general public will no doubt be the elongation of the Legaspi lines to Naga and the main line south to the Guinayangan river. With an auxiliary water line between Pasacao and Guinayangan this will offer a twenty-four hour service be- tween Manila and Legaspi and will afford special 'facilities for the tranportation of passengers and express for the Bicol prov- inces. Plans for financing this project are in the course of realization. The lines as now operated offer travelers and sightseers an opportunity at a moderate cost and within a limited time to observe at close range practically every phase of pro- vincial life in the tropics. For the northern trip the Baguio Express leaves Manila Sta- tion daily at 8.00 a.m. The first important stop is at Malolos, the seat of the first Fili- pino republic. Enroute the traveler passes first through a densely populated community of small fanners dedicated to the planting of rice. Here the land holdings are so lim- ited in size that no machinery is employed in either the planting or harvesting of the rice crop. After Malolos the line extends through the heart of Pampanga, a sugar producing province where cane fields are largely in evi- dence. Modern sugar centrals are projected and in course of construction which will materially increase the already heavy traffic over the company's lines. The extent to which this may develop is best realized when we consider that the Pampanga acreage to the growing of sugar cane actually exceeds the total cane acreage of the Hawaiian group. Continuing his journey the travler paseses through Tarlac and Pangasinan, the granary of the Philippines and the source of the Com- pany's greatest revenue. At Mangaldan the Benguet Auto Line connects with the "express" and lands the travelers in Baguio well before dark. If he chooses however he may continue to the railroad terminal at Bauang and then proceed to Baguio over the scenic Naguilian Road. This course takes him through the tobacco fields of La Union, second only in extent to those of the Cagayan Valley. Of the branch lines the Cabanatuan ex- tension is by far the most productive in rev- enue for the Company. This line will even- tually extend into the Cagayan Valley thro Nueva Vizcaya. With the construction of the Cabanatuan Branch, the province of Nueva Ecija had an influx of settlers, be- came second in the production of rice and promises to surpass Pangasinan in the near future. Travelers can now make the trip to Cabanatuan without change and return to Manila the same day. In the harvestingofrice modern machinery is here used and ex- tensive areas are cultivated in single tracts making the trip of special interest to tourists. The main line south offers a special attrac- tion for tourists in that the route extends through a veritable coconut forest embracing the provinces of Laguna and Tayabas. A daily service is maintained on this run, the "Bicol Express' operating between Manila and Hondagua on the Pacific coast. Con- nection is made with the Pagsanjan and Batangas branches, both including points of special interest. While the southern lines have operated at a loss in past year, results have been more encouraging with each succeeding year and with extensions planned for 1919 and the increasing prosperity of the copra and hemp producing provinces satisfactory returns on the investment are an assured fact. For the first time in its history the railroad is operating with a substantial financial gain. The Filipino public has been quick to voice its appreciation of the betterments already accomplished under government control and with the keen interest displayed by the leg- islature in the further extension of improve- ments the railroad promises to become one of the prime factors in the future develop- ment of the country. MANILA TERMINAL YARDS ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 119 MAP OF THE MANILA RAILROAD COMPANY s LINES SHOWING LINES IN OPERATION AND WATER CONNECTIONS SCALE 120 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN LA INSULAR FABRICAdeTABACOSy CIGARRILLOS, Incorporated ESTABLISHED BY EXCMO. SR. DON JOAQUIN STA. MARINA IN 1883 MANILA'S FINEST CIGAR AND CIGARETTE FACTORY For years we have been manufacturing cigars and cigarettes for the most discriminating smokers. Only the finest leaf from the famous tobacco dis- tricts of Isabela and Cagayan Valley are used in our products. -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- INSPECTION All cigars are subjected to the most careful inspection in our own Factory. All leaf must be in prime condition be- fore worked up. -:- -:- -:- -:- Strict government supervision, in addition to our own inspection, insures that only the cigars in the best condi- tion are allowed for export. -:- -:- MANUFACTURING Manufacturing in our plant is done under the most modern sanitary con- ditions. Medical examiners are always present to guard against unhealthy operators. -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- Sanitary convenience are located in all parts of the factory for use of em- ployees. -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- PACKING In order that all "LA INSULAR" cigars may reach the smoker in the fin- est condition without loss of flavor or fragrance, special care is taken in the packing. You pay for a GOOD cigar and you expect it to meet with your approval. "LA INSULAR" cigars will delight you. -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- OFFICE AND FACTORY Binondo Square Manila, P. I. CABLE ADDRESS "LA INSULAR", Manila Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition JOSE PEREZ STELLA MANAGER ENRIQUE CARRION GENERAL MANAGER RECAREDO PANDO MANAGER Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertiser!. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 121 ORIENTAL BREWERY & ICE Co. =MAN1LA, PHILIPPINES = THE BREWERY on the Pasig River THE BOTTLING WORKS San Miguel O-B The Beer That Satisfies Brewed in the most mod- ern brewery and ice plant in the Far East. PALE PILSEN BOCK CULMBACHER (Negra) REINA DE FILIPINAS THE OFFICE Calle General Solano Address Communications to Oriental Brewery & Ice Co. MAIN OFFICE --57- 75 Gral. Solano MANILA, PHILIPPINES inil Illllllillilllllllllllillilll Pleiue mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertitert. 122 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN u »v»v»^^VA*v^v»V'»vv^*^^^llVV»v^^^^ Philippine Cigars of the Highest Grades La Prueba Cigar Factory Calle Gunao 102-1 12 Cable A ddress: ' 'PR UEBA ' ' Manila, P. I. Standard Codes We Want you to know Philippine Cigars at their best Dealers in high grade imported cigars will find the "LA PRUEBA" line one that will meet the favor of the most discriminating smokers. Specially noted for their MILD— MELLOW— AROMATIC QUALITIES EXPORTERS §f LEAF TOBACCO T Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 123 THE LARGEST EXCLUSIVE AUTOMOBILE ESTABLISHMENT | IN THE FAR EAST I REPRESENTING : THE WHITE COMPANY THE WILLYS OVERLAND, INC. THE CADILLAC MOTOR CAR COMPANY THE NASH MOTORS COMPANY THE BRISCOE MOTOR CORPORATION THE SCRIPPS-BOOTH CORPORATION THE KELLY-SPRINGFIELD TIRE COMPANY THE FEDERAL RUBBER COMPANY THE FISK RUBBER COMPANY THE BACHRACH MOTOR COMPANY, INC, Manila, Philippine Islands Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertiitrt. 124 MANILA DAIL7 BULLETIN = Manila's finest cigars The cigars illustrated here are our leaders and are made from the choicest leaf grown in the most famous tobacco district in the Philippine Islands — the province of Isabela. Only the most skilled workers are employed in the making of this line, every cigar hand-made and under the strictest sanitary supervision. Our factories are clean, cool, and comfortable — conditions that are essential to the best work. In addition to our own corps of inspectors the government of the Philippine Islands also inspects closely. The finished product is perfect in class, workmanship and flavor, cigars that will meet the instant favor of the most ciitical American smoker. Ask for them. LA FLOR DE LA ISABELA Cable Adress: Established in 1881 "Tabacalera" MANILA, P. I. P. O. Box 143 ISABEU I Pleate mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertiten. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 125 The 'Philippine Vegetable Oil Company PIONEER IN THE PHILIPPINE COCONUT OIL TRADE IN the old days before the war changed our notions, it was considered droll that an Eskimo should dine on tallow and blubber. When we heard that certain Icelanders could relish a cake of soap without anything to wash it down we laughed considerably. But all this merriment suddenly 'ceased when it was discovered that the world's stomach was crying for fats, and the vegetable oil boom in Manila took its place as one of the world's greatest commercial romances. The humble coconut tree, which at one time was good for nothing but confectionery- store sweets, puffed out its chest and stepped forth as a savior of the human race, and the Philippine Vegetable Oil Company, now one of the greatest industries of the islands, em- barked in an enterprise, the magnitude of which was not dreamed of. This industry had been developed in the Philippines for five years previous to the World War, but the oil was used mostly for the manufacture of soap, and the fact that this had only the limited use of getting dirt off the features of a few who wished to be without it did not favor the creation of a plant that would cover 110 acres of 1 nd. The idea that this oil, which was good for the manufacture of soap, should also be good to eat was queer, but the world needed fats and copra consisted of from 0.450 not to exceed 5% fat acid. Another, and more direct demand for the oil contained in copra was the need of gly- cerine for the manufacture of munitions. Copra contained from 8 to 14 per cent gly- cerine, and the result was that glycerine prices on the New York market careened OFFICE BUILDING moonward with the boom of the first big gun in Flanders. Now the only market that the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co. could ever find for their product before the war was in Marseilles, France, and here was an American market for the first time. So the directors of the Manila copra con- cern went and got an engineer and told him to get up some plans that would provide for a million dollar plant or a two million dollar plant or something like that. It made no particular difference how much it was going to cost, they said, but hurry. New York was howling for glycerine for munitions and the world was likely to starve for fats. And so the architect hurried. New machinery was ordered from the States in large quantities and the company placed agents throughout the Philippine Islands with orders to buy everything that looked like a cocoanut. Additional ground was secured at the plant of the company in Santa Mesa and preparations were made on a large scale to get vegetable oil to the market with the least possible delay. The plant grew like a mushroom. The old method of shipping oil in drums and barrels was discarded, and the company prepared to pump the oil directly into oil barges and from these to tank steamers in the bay. The matter of getting the .oil barges up to the plant on the Pasig river seem- ed troublesome, so the company managed to get hold of machinery to equip a dredge, and this was set to work in the shallow places of the river channel just below the plant. One day it suddenly occurred to the en- gineer in charge of the construction of the plant, that something might go wrong with the city power plant some day, and it gave him a cold chill to think of the possibility that the big grinders and cookers and ex- pellers and filters might lie idle for want of electricity. RIVERSIDE VIEW OF WAREHOUSES AND FACTORY' 126 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN ENTRANCE TO FACTORY "Got to have our own power plant," said he. "Can't be dependent on somebody else for our juice when we begin having tons of copra coming in here every day." Big generators were ordered from the States and were installed on their arrival in a huge building that had been made ready for them. And it was along lines of com- pleteness and independence that the big plant grew until, at the present day, every- thing it needs for the handling and transport of its product is its own, from the engines, that puff up and down in the yards deliver- ing cars of copra, to the very ships and tank cars that deliver bulk oil to the buyer in the United States. And it was not long before those tank cars were delivering bulk oil in quantities, although not in the quantities that were required. From soap factories it went to manufacturers of cocoa-butter and from those to salad-oil manufacturers and from these it found its way into glucose factories and on up the scale until it had filled wants that had been un- dreamed of. It was needed for its glycerine in the making of munitions and then the cake became the basis of the most scientific cattle feed in the world and then they began to utilize it as fertilizer with astonishing results, and still there was no end to the demand for the stuff. Following the first great demand for the vegetable oil there were dozens of factories started in Manila, but many of these, because of their lack of the independent production features that were incorporated into the P. V. O. from its inception, found it hard to compete when the price of the raw material rose high on account of the increasing de- mand for it. The P. V. O. was prepared for this contingency, however, and the per- fection of its plant, which had been designed for this very eventuality, was equal to the emergency. The result is that the P. V. O. is still grow- ing by leaps and bounds while many of the smaller competitors have dropped by the wayside. For a nine-year-old infant-industry the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co. is the huskiest- looking outfit that Manila possesses. It covers 110 acres of land and its huge build- ings can be spotted from any vantage point of the city. Its great administrative build- COCONUT GROVE IN LACUNA PROVINCE ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 127 ing raises its head high above the surrounding district and is imposing in Philippine archi- tecture and hard-wood workmanship. The company has agents scattered to the four winds wherever there are cocoanut trees and these buy and ship to Manila all the copra that can be handled. The heart of the cocoanut district is in San Pablo, Laguna, which is about 90 kilometers distant from the city and a beautiful sight from the road which winds up and up from the mesa. So vast and unbroken a field of the trees is hard to find anywhere in the tropics, and as the breeze bends the heavy fronds of the plants all in one direction, it might be the waving tresses of some dark maiden of the tropics streaming over the crest of the moun- tains and reaching to the valley. When the copra reaches thelfactory in sacks and is sent to the grinders by a system of endless chains, it has been "touched by human hands" for the last time. When, after passing through the cookers, then to the expellers, then into the filters for its last refining, it is pumped into the oil river barges, pumped into the tanks of the company's steamers, and pumped either to the company's storage tanks in its United States properties or into the company's tank cars for shipment to manufacturers of the States. This new system saves a tremendous amount of labor which was performed in .the days when the oil was barreled. The company still maintains its own barrel factory on a small scale for the storage of the oil for • Philippine consumption. The daily capacity is 168 tons' an 1 it is -seldom that the capacity had not been reached during the last four years. Another small adjunct of the plant is a soap factory which does not pretend to go outside of the islands for its trade. This soap is handled by an English house in Ma- nila. Foundries, machine shops, power plant and even the eating house for the employees STORAGE TANKS WAREHOUSE are located on the premises in order that it will not be necessary' to depend on out- side plants for anything. At different times of the year the company employs more than 1,000 men in its Manila plant alone, and these, for purposes of con- venience and facility as well as economy, are fed in the company's huge dining pavilion. An abundance of wholesome food is furnished to the employees without cost, which, to the workers, is one of the attractive features about being employed there. The visitor who makes a tour of inspection over the plant is not surprised at the huge total of the yearly exports of the company. When he sees an array of 24 great steel tanks with a capacity of 10,000 tons of oil, sees engines steaming up and down the yards handling the company's own cars and placing them in positions for unloading, glimpses long rows of warehouses and a dozen great buildings he can readily believe that he is viewing one of the greatest establishments of the kind in the world. The power plant generates 3,800 amperes of electricity and this current operates all the machinery and lights of the whole establishment. A chemical laboratory was established several years ago in connection with the plant with the intention of making a re- search of the possible by-products of copra. Some progress was made in this line, but the urgent demand for the vegetable oil precluded for the time being all other considerations. FILTER ROOM 128 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN MACHINE SHOPS AND This will no doubt be resumed at an early date in order that the cocoanut may yield to science even greater treasures than those supplied by the fast acid and the glycerine. At present the refuse of the copra is utilized as fertilizer and makes an excellent cattle feed. FOUNDRY WORKERS For both of these purposes the product is sent out in the form of cake, and, used in con- junction with feed of other varieties, it has been found to possess fattening qualities su- perior to any other cake. The chemical laboratory of the plant, how- ever, continues daily activities, not only in the analysis and perfection of the oil, but in forward-looking oil enterprises that have not as yet been scratched. Every nut that grows in the Philippines possesses peculiar qualities which hold out great promise of commercial treatment. In a room adjoining the well equipped chemical laboratory are piles of nuts of the old contrivance whe ein a carabou walk- ed around a mill which was constructed of heavy stones. This method is in use at the p esent day for p oduction of certain oils on a small scale, and when the P. V. O. people enter the field methods of production will see a great revolution. Much of the present machinery of the mill can be utilized for the production of other oils and there is no doubt of the demand for them. The present difficulty is with the se- curing of laborers to bring in the nuts. This, on account of the difference in the way they g ow from the cocoanut plant, has interfered with gathering them on a large enough scale to justify extensive additions to the plant. It is certain, however, that some method will be devised for securing the nuts in proper quantities. Principal among the nuts that promise to further enrich the Philippines is the Lumbang, nut, which, it has been ascertained, contains the basis of high-grade varnishes. This has a valuable market in the United States. The oil from this nut is also the basis of many quick drying polishes for which manufacturers of hard-wood furniture have an active de- mand. The nut is very much smaller than a cocoanut and therefore the labor of gathering it presents the same relation to the labor of gathering cocoanuts that the gathering of coffee-beans has to the harvesting of pine- apples. L DRIERS AND COOKERS YOUNG COCONUT PALM IN FIRST YEARS OF BEARING of every description, which are being experi- mented with for the purpose of ascertaining their commercial values. The activities of the P. V. O. will be enlarged to include the production of several other important oils within the next year and the foundations of this work are being laid now. As far back as the oldest Filipino can re- member the people have used oil extracted from nuts for illumination. This oil was se- cured by Chinese, principally, who made use The Philippine Vegetable Oil Company has done much during the past three years to stimulate the planting of castor beans and it is certain that the production of castor oil will develop into an important industry and will in the future rank as one of the leading exports of the Islands. Naturally the development will be slow as the farmers have never culti- vated the castor bean and must learn how to take advantage of the best methods of culture and of harvesting the beans. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 129 Edward Chesley UNCROWNED KING OF THE INFANT OIL INDUSTRY IN these ripping democratic days when it is customary for crowned heads to gather up their doll rags and hide themselves to some secluded spot far from the haunts of man, Edward Chesley would not give any- body his heartfelt thanks to call him the oil king of the Philippines. It might be all right to call him a master electrician or a successful inventor or even an organizing genius, but if anybody should offer Chesley a crown because of his success in the cocoanut oil business during the past two years they would have as poor luck as Mark Anthony did that time he was trying to induce Caesar to decorate himself with a golden hat in the market place in Rome. "No king stuff for me," Chesley would say with modesty and decision. "I merely was lucky in knowing something about oil machinery at the moment when oil machinery was the most important thing in the world outside of big caliber guns!" And so, for want of an appropriate honor- ary title to bestow on the most prosperous oil man in the Philippines, we will simply relate some of the remarkable things this clever man has accomplished since gushers of vegetable oil were located in the Philippine cocoanut groves and men were running hyster- ically up and down the Escolta in their efforts to devise a way to box it or bottle it or put it up in parcels of any kind to get it to the United States where they needed it. Six years ago Chesley was an electrician in the navy located at Cavite and they say- that anybody at all could have a chew from his plug of tobacco, for the asking. Knocked around the place in overalls with a pair of pliers shoved into his hip pocket and pieces of insulation sticking to his raiment here and there; and he didn't have any more money left than the next one when pay day came. When it came to the settling of those little fifteen cent affairs on pay-day he was in the thick of it. He could always shake a guy down for six bits or whatever it was because he always paid it back strictly on time, and there you have one of the secrets of the success that attended all his efforts when the oil business began to hum. With no intimation that any introspective mind might have that this man was to some day be in danger of coronation as an oil magnate when he went over to the Philippine Vegetable Oil Co., then the first plant of the kind in Manila, to help install the machinery he being at that time a mechanic and electri- cian of no small note. He installed the machinery, and made such a success of the thing that, when the Visayan Refining Co. was organized a few months later, he was selected as the assistant engineer as a matter of course, and he went from that to Manufacturing Superintendent, still with that pair of pliers protruding from his hip pockets and things sticking to his overalls here and there. It was here that the ability of this common- place individual to make a machine earn its pay was manifested in the most striking instances. The expellers which were then in use were wont to do about as they pleased and Chesley could see that production was lagging because of technical deficiencies in these machines. He worked on the blamed things and fussed with them night and day, fitting new parts^into them that he__made himself in the machine shops. He ate his lunches beside an expeller and, figuratively, he took an expeller to bed with him at night until he knew all of its fault and where they could be remedied. Every expeller in use in the Philippines at the present time embraces his inventions and improvements and production at the Visayan was nearly doubled by means of a few little simple ideas that Chesley had put into action. Then he came to Manila and established a mill of his own. This was a new sort of thing for him. He could sit down and reason with a piece of machinery until it would do what he wanted it to do, but the task of making people with capital see his schemes was another sort of game, and, to tell the truth, it was here that he nearly gave in. Still a man with half an eye could see the logic of his plan fora mill that would give a maxi- mum of production for a minimum of expense, and there were two men in Manila who had a half an eye and then some. The Chesley, Conde Co., in which Chesley had one-third interest, was the result of Chesley's maiden effort at financiering, and within a year each of the partners to the con- cern had cleared more than a million and on the strength of this success they bit off a little more and chewed it too. The Chesley, Conde Co. increased its capitalization and incorporated as the Cristobal Oil Co. with a capital of four millions, with the unassuming man in the greasy overalls at its head. No matter what the manners of the times permit us to dub this man, he certainly, from that time on, had a finger in all the oil affairs that were worth it. He dipped into the Phil- ippine Archipelago Oil Co. and when it sold for PI ,200,000 to Carl W. Hamilton it had not so much as turned a wheel. This property is now known as the Rizal Refining Co. and the organization that Chesley put into it to begin with is a large part of the success it has attained. Hamilton at the same time bought the Holland American Oil Co. now called the Philippine Refining Co. and Chesley's fingers were in both of the Hamilton enterprises to the extent of one quarter stock. So this man who had once gone among his friends in quest of "two bits till pay day" at Cavite could watch his mechanical devices and his dollars working for him to the tune of hundreds of thousands per year. A dozen men were waxing wealthy through methods which had been perfected just at the right moment by Edward Chesley and nobody begrudged the returns he was receiving for his own part in the great oil adventure. There are very few lists of donations for the many causes that the war has brought for- ward which do not display the name of the former humble electrician up close to the top with figures opposite that would scare a person. He is sponsor for all sorts of charities and government loans and his philanthropies cover the city of Manila. As assistant to the president of the Rizal and Philippine Refining Company he has his hands full and he is constantly at work on some technical mechanical point that will contribute to the greatest boom industry that the Philippines have ever witnessed. 130 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN Rizal Refining Company Offices: 1035 Isaac Peral Cable Address: "RIZRECO" MANILA PHILIPPINE ISLANDS P. O. Box 1624 Tel. 1199 Factory: 41 Nagtahan Codes Used: EXCELSIOR WESTERN UNION BENTLEY'S Buyers of Copra Manufacturers of Cocoanut Oil Copra Cake New York Office 50 Broad Street r.l Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. I? ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 131 Philippine Refining Co., Inc. Manufacturers of COCONUT OIL COPRA CAKE Purchasers of COPRA Off ice- 1035 Isaac Peral Manila, P.I. Cable Address: "PHILRECO" Tel. 1291 P.O.Box 1624 Codes: Bentley's Western Union Excelsior New York Office: 50 Broad Street Please mention the Manila, Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers 132 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN mill! VISAYAN REFINING COMPANY | PLANT AND GENERAL OFFICE: OPON, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS New York Office 50 Broad Street | MANUFACTURERS 1 COCONUT OIL "A" The finest oil on the market made from fresh, sweet, sun-dried Cebu copra 1 COCONUT OIL "C" Especially adapted for economical soap making. Highly recommended for use in Marine lights. MANILA OFFICE Masonic Temple Building EXPORTERS Cable Address "VISRECO" SELLERS VISAYAN COCOLENE A pure, odorless, tasteless oil, manu- factured from sweet, ripe coconuts. Replaces lard or any substitute for lard for culinary purposes. Especially recommended for pies and cakes. An excellent oil for table use whether used alone or admixed. Please mention the ManHa Daily Bulletin- when writing to advertia 17= ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 133 Mills and Main Office on Pasig River at Calle Jesuitas, Santa Ana, Manila. Santa Ana Oil Mills, Inc. 1 Manila, P. I. Prctident MAURO PRIETO Vice-Preudent ANTONIO M. HERAS LIM-GENCO MANUFACTURERS and PRODUCERS sf Coconut Oil Copra Cake Copra Meal PURCHASERS sf Copra Lumbang Peanuts and Tangan-Tangan Beans Cable Address: "SAOMI" Code: Rentier's EXPELLER ROOM Illlllllllllll Pltaee mention the Manila Daily Bulletin irhen writing to adrertiter*. 134 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN The Poizat Vegetable i Oil Mills J. M. POIZAT, Proprietor. MANILA, P. I. MANUFACTURER OF COCOANUT OIL Telegraphic Address: "Poizatoil, Manila" CORRESPONDENCE INVITED Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSAET NUMBER 1919 135 COPRA PRODUCTS, INC. Capital, fully paid up PI, 01 5,000.00 (Philippine Currency) Cable Address "COPRINC" Manila P. O. Box 1654 All Codes MANUFACTURERS and EXPORTERS of PHILIPPINE COCONUT OIL and COPRA CAKE GENERAL OFFICE and MILL AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVES Calle Beata, Pandacan LUTZ and Company, N. Y. MANILA, P. 1. 299 Broadway, Barclay Bldg. Pleaie mention the Manila Daiiy Bulletin when writing to advertisers. 136 ^^Kl^^J^AJJ^^^.L^S^JJ^ - : Cable Address:— Code:— ^ "CRISTOBAL" Bentley's i I CRISTOBAL I I OIL COMPANY, INC. I SUCCESSORS TO CHESLEY, CONDE & COMPANY VEGETABLE OIL MANUFACTURERS Monthly Production — 1200 Tons General Office and Factory g • 15 CRISTOBAL ST. | 1 MANILA I Philippine Islands V Manager GREGORIO ARANETA " ^ = iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM Please mention the Manila Daily Bulteun when writing to aavenwtrs. MANILA DAILY BULLET. IN 137 THE KOSTER COMPANY FOREIGN MANAGERS CALIFORNIA BARREL Co. 208 MASONIC TEMPLE MANILA, P. I. P. 0. BOX 541 TELEPHONE 1205 BARRELS ARE OUR SPECIALTY OIL ALCOHOL MOLASSES TOBACCO GINGER WINE DISTRIBUTERS FOR H. W. Johns- Manville Co. ASBESTOS PRODUCTS Cooperage Machinery Tools Supplies of every description Oil Mill Equipment Press Cloths Filter Cloths General Importing and Exporting Head Offices: San Francisco, U. S. A. Branch Offices: Soerabaja, D. E. I. Agencies: Shanghai —China Hongkong — China Dairen —Manchuria Yokohama — Japan n Please mention the Manila Uaity Bulletin when writing to advertisers. 138 MAN I LA D A I LY BU LLE T I N EASTERN OIL COMPANY INCORPORATED Calle Cristobal Manila, P. I. I MANUFACTURERS Cable Address: Codes: "TEOCO" A.B.C. 5th Ed. MARCH, LIEBER'S COCONUT OIL COPRA PRODUCTS Please mention the Manila JJaily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 139 \\\\\m GENERAL OIL COMPANY INCORPORATED 1918 Manila Philippine Islands Daily output (24 hours) 32 TONS OIL From high-grade Philippine Copra Factory Office 100 Soler 30 P. Moraga Manila Tel. 2128 P. O. Box Factory Tel. 1586 8587 I! Please mention the Mam&a Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. 140 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN i.1! = Office 207 Roxa* Building Manila, P. I. Phone— 1860 Factory _^ Invernes, Sta. Ana : Manila, P. I. = Phone— 1872 := Laguna Cocoanut Oil Company Vegetable Oil Manufacturers Baldomero Cosme President and General Manager Pedro E. Llamas Secretary and Assistant Manager REFERENCE! Bank of the Philippine Islands Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. iJJ MANILA COCONUT OIL COMPANY MANUFACTURERS sf Coconut Oil Copra Cake Prices quoted C.I.F. to any port in the world Cable Address General Office "VELASCO" Manila 130 Calle Nueva Codes: A. B.C. 5th Edition Bentley's MANILA TllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllH: I Pleate mtntwn the Hanila Daily Bulletin ichtn writing to ndvrrtitrrif. 142 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN ORIENTAL COCOANUT OIL COMPANY 99 Calle Cristobal, Paco Cable Address :— KENNEDY Inc Manila, P. I. Codes : — Bentley's ABC, 5th Edition PRODUCERS AND EXPORTERS OF Pure, Philippine COCOANUT OIL and Copra Products Correspondence invited from interested parties P. O. Box 662. Please mention tin Manila Daily Pullttin when writing to advertisers. \r. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 143 PHILIPPINE OIL PRODUCTS CO. Plant at Calle Tanque — Paco,. Manila President Ariston Bantista Vice- President Jose Escaler MANUFACTURING AND EXPORTING COCONUT OIL COPRA CAKE ^ Cable Address :-"POPCO" Codes :-Bentley's and A. B.C. 5th Ed. |i Office-100 Calle Tanque. llllllllilBI Pliatt mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertitert. 144 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN i Philippine Manufacturing Company i INCORPORATED 1908 Manila, P. I. MANUFACTURERS OF VEGETABLE OILS LARD COMPOUNDS AGUILA LAUNDRY SOAP FILMA LAUNDRY SOAP SALT WATER SOAP TOILET SOAP PARAFFIN CANDLES STEARINE CANDLES GLYCERINE FERTILIZERS SUGAR and RICE BAGS COPRA BY-PRODUCTS Gable Address: "PHILMACO" Codes: Bentley's Western Union A.B.C. 4th & 5th Editions P. O. Box: 1163 Telephone 8503 y^VUR Soap products are manu- factured from pure coconut oil and are absolutely neutral. They require no special direc- tions for their use. As they contain no harmful ingredients they clean the most delicate fabrics without injury and leave no odor. Our toilet soaps are refreshing for the toilet and bath and do not irritate the skin. Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when icritini! to a-dvertisers. ANNIVEBSARY NUMBER 1919 145 THE PIONEER LINGERIE MANUFACTURERS ESTABLISHED 1882 AMERICAN VNDERGARMENT CORPORATION MANILA, PHILIPPINES Executive Offices: 954-946 R. Hidalgo P. O. Box 1491 MANILA, P. I. The world's largest manufacturers of HAND-MADE LINGERIE STRICTLY HAND MADE TRADE MARK A mark of high-grade embroideries that has distinguished the PHILIPPINE ISLANDS PHILIPPINE FACTORIES MANILA Santa Ana Pasay Singalong Santa Cruz ASSOCIATED COMPANY AMERICAN VNDERGARMENT COMPANY Newark, New Jersey United States of America SALES ROOMS HERALD SQUARE THE CITY OF NEW YORK United States of America Cable Address: "VICMEYER' All Standard Codes Please mention thv Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertiser*. 146 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN Dainty Philippine Lingerie and Blouses Hand Made Reorganization and expansion dur- ing the past year has put us in a better position than ever before to attend to the needs of our rapidly growing trade. As our American trade demands only the best of Philippine Hand Em- broidered Lingerie we are devoting our entire energies to high class work only. Designed and supervised by talent- ed American experts who have for years catered to the fastidious taste of the American Woman. We are prepared to book orders in quantities and shall be pleased to communicate with interested parties. . and Irving Place 209-223 dial. Solano Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertiser*. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 147 EH CO BRAND LADIES' HAtfD-MADE PHILIPPINE UNDERWEAR V7O other country in the world produces such •wonderfully delicate needlework as that em- broidered in the Philippine Islands. Its fame has spread throughout all the world and, to-dtty, it is more eagerly sought than any other high grade embroidery. Our workshops in Manila are ideal for the best work — large, well-lighted, cool, and clean. Our models are the newest and best from the fashion centers of Paris and New York. Our new facilities enable ns to book orders in large quantities and ensure prompt deliveries. EVERETT HEANEY and Co., Inc. 498-504 Broadway New York City Uptown Salesroom — 7270 Broadway — Wilson Bldg. Factory: Manila — Philippine Islands EHCO EMBROIDERY COMPANY Pltote mention the Manila Daily Bulletin tchen icriting to odvertinrt. 148 MANILA DAILY BULLETIN mrnm SUNSET SOAP DYES THE MOST WONDERFUL DYES IN THE WORLD . SIMPLEST CHEAPEST MOST SATISFACTORY WILL DYE ALL FABRICS— silk, wool, cotton, linen, or mixed goods, whether the sheerest crepe, the flimsiest georgette, or the heaviest winter materials — the same shade and depth of color, including the trimming and button-holes, in the same dye-bath. No need to take gar- ments apart. -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- SUNSET colors are boiled in to stay. Will not crock, fade or wash out. No streaking. Will not harden wool. -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- SUNSET removes grease spots and cleans thor- oughly as it dyes. -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- SUNSET SOAP DYES come in cake form. They mean real economy and the infinite satisfaction of dyeing a garment just the shade desired without staining the hands or soiling the utensils. The cost is a mere trifle. No fuss. No bother. Simply dis- solve the dye in boiling water, and it's all done in thirty minutes. No cold process can make color fast. No matter how many things you have spoiled with other dyes, SUNSET will nev- er disappoint. -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- SUNSET SOAP DYES come in 20 colon: PINK NAVY BLUE = SCARLET LIGHT BLUE ^= CARDINAL SKY BLUE = WINE OLD BLUE = OLD ROSE PURPLE LIGHT BROWN DARK BROWN YELLOW GRAY SAND HELIOTROPE ORANGE BLACK LIGHT GREEN DARK GREEN MUSTARD | WATSON A L DRUG Co., Inc. | 138 to 144 Calle dunao -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- -:- Manila 138 to 1-4-4 Calle Qunao Sole Distributers for the Philippines 1 EXQUISITE EMBROIDERIES PHILIPPINE HAND MADE WHOLESALE and RETAIL BLOUSES Beautiful blouses in Georgette, net, voile, pearline. LINGERIE Pineapple silk robes made and unmade, Pearline robes in simple or elaborate designs. . .Luncheon sets, etc. TROUSSEAUS In linen, pearline, batiste, Georgette, and crepe-de-chine CHILDREN'S and INFANTS' WEAR Original and exclusive designs. The Shop For Real Discriminating People ELAINE ELSER 600 M. H. del Pilar MANILA Philippine Islands Please mention the Manila Daily Bulletin when writing to advertisers. ANNIVERSARY NUMBER 1919 149 2 > « i ^/JT^UBMOWM (To \7V 1L ^^ 1L2J ii^, Vb=^ W A\l v^-^vL^'o 4 Cj?v <^vSc