LUMBER INDUSTRY
VOL. I.

lerican -timber in foreign Markets* Vol.

Al.^1897.
1 Influence of Forestry upon the Lumber Indus •

try. By Overton W. ^ri_cef 1902.
1 Sawmill Statistics. U. S. F. S. Cir. 107.
A Record of Wholesale Prices of Lumber/ Based

on actual sales made F. 0. B. ^ill

for Each Quarter of the Calendar Year

1910. 'U. S. F. S.
^Record of 7/holesale Prices of Lumber. U. S.

F. S. Based on actual sales made F.

0. x>. for January, February and

March, 1911.
Vs

cord of Wholesale prices of Lumber. Based
on actual sales made F. C. •*. Mill
for April, Hay and. jjune, 1911.

A

Record of Wholesale Prices of Lumber. Based
on actual sales made F.. 0. B. Mill
for July, - Tist and September, 1911.

Record of Wholesale Prices of Lumber.

Based on actual sales made F. 0. B.

for Each Quarter of the Calendar Year

1911.
Record of Wholesale Prices of Lumber. Based

on Actual Sales made F. 0. B. for

January, .February and March, 1912,
{V Record of Wholesale Prices of Lumber. Based

on Actual bales made F. 0. B. Mill fpr

July, August and September, 1912,
xV Exports of Farm and Forest Products, 1909-

1911, by Countries to which consigned.
^.«&JL."tiV<,

U, 8, *5=». Bulletin No. 96, 1912.
Amounts and Kinds of \7ood Used in the Manu-
facture of Boxes in the United States.
The Uat1! Assfn of Box lianufacttirers ,
In cooperation v/ith United States itept
of Agriculture. By jT cTlJellis, U.S.
F.

333433

SPECIAL CONSULAR REPORTS.

AMERICAN LUMBER

FOREIGN MARKETS.

VOL. XI.

Issued from the Bureau of Statistics, Department of State, in 1894.

Reissued, with. Supplementary lieports, from the Bureau of

Foreign Commerce, Department of State, in 1897.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1897.

» •

.* • • .' •' -;

VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS.

The following statements show the valuation of foreign coins, as given
by the Director of the United States Mint and published by the Secretary
of the Treasury, in compliance with the first section of the act of March 3,
1873, vlz: "That the value of foreign coins, as expressed in the money of
account of the United States, shall be that of the pure metal of such coin of
standard value," and that "the value of the standard coins in circulation of
the various nations of the world shall be estimated annually by the Director
of the Mint, and be proclaimed on the ist day of January by the Secretary
of the Treasury."

In compliance with the foregoing provisions of law, annual statements
were issued by the Treasury Department, beginning with that issued on Jan-
uary i, 1874, and ending with that issued on January i, 1890. Since that
date, in compliance with the act of October i, 1890, these valuation state-
ments have been issued quarterly, beginning with the statement issued on
January i, 1891.

These estimates "are to be taken (by customs officers) in computing the
value of all foreign merchandise made out in any of said currencies, imported
into the United States."

The following statements, running from January i, 1874, to April i,
1894, have been prepared to assist in computing the proper values in Ameri-
can money of the trade, prices, values, wages, etc., of and in foreign coun-
tries, as given in consular and other reports. The series of years are given
so that computations may be made for each year in the proper money values
of such year. In hurried computations, the reductions of foreign currencies
into American currency, no matter for how many years, are too often made
on the bases of latest valuations. When it is taken into account that the ruble
of Russia, for instance, has fluctuated from 77. 17 cents in 1874 to 37. 2 cents in
April, 1894, such computations are wholly misleading. All computations
of values, trade, wages, prices, etc., of and in the " fluctuating-currency coun-
tries ' ' should be made in the values of their currencies in each year up to
and including 1890, and in the quarterly valuations thereafter.

To meet typographical requirements, the quotations for the years 1876,
1877, l879> 1881, and 1882 are omitted, these years being selected as show-
ing the least fluctuations when compared with years immediately preceding
and following.

To save unnecessary repetition, the estimates of valuations are divided
into three classes, viz: (A) countries with fixed currencies, (B) countries
with fluctuating currencies, and (C) quarterly valuations of fluctuating cur-
rencies.

655A 1 ™

tv

VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS.

A. — Countries with fixed currencies.

Countries.

Standard.

Monetary unit.

Value in
terms of
United
States
gold.

Coins.

Argentine Republic*....

Gold and silver...

Peso

10.96,5

Gold — Argentine ($4^82 4) and V£

Austria- Hungary f

Belgium

Gold
Gold and silver

Crown

Franc

.20,3

Argentine ; silver — peso and di-
visions.
Gold — 20 crowns ($4.05,2) and 10
crowns.

Brazil
ChileJ „

Gold ....

Gold and silver....

Milreis
Peso

•54,6

.QI.3

ver — 5 francs.
Gold — 5, 10, and 20 milreis; sil-
ver — J£, x, and 2 milreis.

Cuba.. ..

do

do

($4.56,1), and condor ($9.12,8);
silver — peso and divisions.

Denmark^

Gold

.26 8

peso.

Egypt ..

do

Finland .. .

. do

ters).
Mark

silver — i, 2, 10, and 20 piasters.

France

13-85,9).

Germany

Gold

Mark

21. 8

silver— 5 francs.

Great Britain

do

4 86 6i

Greece

and half sovereign.

HaitL

. do

Gourde

06 «

mas; silver — 5 drachmas.

Italy
Liberia

do
Gold .

Lira

Dollar

•19,3

Gold — 5, to, 20, 50, and 100 lire ;
silver — 5 lire.

Netherlands^ „

Gold and silver

Florin

Gold 10 florins • silver 1A I &Qd

Portugal
Spain

Gold

Milreis
Peseta

i. 08

*% florins.
Gold — i, 2, 5, and 10 milreis.

Sweden and Norway...

Gold

26 8

tas.

Switzerland

Gold and silver

Franc

Turkey
Venezuela

Gold
Gold and silver....

Piaster ........
Bolivar ^..

•04,4
•«9,3

silver — 5 francs.
Gold — 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500
piasters.
Gold — 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 boli-
vars ; silver — 5 bolivars.

'In 1874 and 1875 the gold standard prevailed in the Argentine Republic. Its currency does not appear
in the statements again until 1883, when the double standard prevailed, and the peso attained a fixed value of
96.5 cents.

f On reference to the table of " fluctuating currencies," it will be seen that Austria had the silver standard
up to and including the quarter ending July i, 1892. The next quarter (October i) inaugurated the gold stand-
ard (j^note under table of " fluctuating currencies ").

\ The gold standard prevailed in Chile until January i, 1890. The value of the peso has been the same
under both standards.

§ The Netherlands florin, as will be seen in the " fluctuating " table, became fixed in value (40.2 outs) in

VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS.

B. — Cotintries with fluctuating currencies, 1874- go.

Countries.

Standard.

Monetary unit.

Value in terms of the United States gold dollar on
January i —

1874.

1875

1878.

1880.

1883.

1884.

Austria-Hungary*.

Silver

do

Florin
Dollar until
1880; bolivi-
ano there-
after.
Peso
Haikwan tael....
Peso
... .do

$0.47,6
.96,5

-96,5
1.61

-96,5
.96,5

$0-45,3
.96,5

•91,8
1.61

.96,5
.91,8

$0-45,3
•96,5

.91,8

$0.41,3
•83,6

.83,6

$0.40,1
.81,2

$0.39,8
.80.6

Central America...

do.-

Colombia

do.-
. ..do

•96,5
.91,8

4-97,4

•43,6
•99,7

.83,6
.83,6
4-97,4

•39,7
•99,7

.81, a

.81,3
4-90

.38,6

.80,6
.80,6
4.90

.38,3

Egyptf-

India.. ..................
Japan ..................
Mexico

Gold..

Silver
jGold

Poun d (100
piasters).
Rupee

} Yen...
Dollar

• 45,8
f -99,7

•43,6
•99,7

1 Silver..
do.-

.87,6
.88,2

.81,3
•65
• 73,3

.86,9
•87,5

.80,6
.64,5
.7«,7

1.04,75
•40,5
.92,5
.77,17
.87,09

.99,8
•38,5
.91,8

•73,4
.82,9

• 99,8
.38,5
.91,8

• 73,4
.82,9

•90,9
.40,2
• 83,6
.66,9
•74,8

Netherlands J
Peru

Gold and silver..
Silver
do

Florin.-
Sol
Ruble.-

Triooli

do—

Mahbub of 20
piasters.

Countries.

Standard.

Monetary unit.

Value in terms of the United States gold dollar on
January i —

1885.

1886.

1887.

1888.

1889.

1890.

Austria-Hungary*.
Bolivia

Silver...^.

Florin

$o.39,3
•79,5

$°'377£

$0-35,9
•72,7

$0-34,5
.69,9

.69,9
.69,9
.69,9
4-94,3

•33,2

-99,7
• 75,3
•75,9
.69,9

•55,9
-63

$0-33,6
.68

.68
.68
.68
4-94,3

•32,3
•99,7
•73,4
-73,9
.68

•54,4
•61,4

$0.43
• 85

.85

.85
•85
4-93,3

.40,4
•99,7
•9X»7
•92,3
•85
.68
.76,7

Dollar until
1880 ; bolivi-
ano there-
after.
Peso

do

Colombia

do.......
. . do.-

do..-
do

•79,5
•79,5
4.90

•37,8

4-90
• 35,7

•72,7
•72,7
4-94,3

• 34,6
•99,7
.78,4
•79
•72,7
.58,2
.65,6

Egyptf-
India
Japan

Mexico
Peru
Russia.-
Tripoli

Gold..-

Silver
f Gold „
(Silver..-
do.-
Silver
do......

Pound (100
piasters).
Rupee

1 Yen.—
j

Dollar

•85,8
.86,4
•79,5
.63,6
•7i,7

.81
.81,6

.60,1
.67,7

Sol
Ruble

Mahbub of ao
piasters.

•The silver standard prevailed in Austria-Hungary up to 1892. The law of August 2 of that year (set
CONSULAR REPORTS, No. 147, p. 623) established the gold standard.
•(•The Egyptian pound became fixed in value at $4.94,3 in 1887.
{The Netherlands florin fluctuated up to the year 1080, when it became fixed at 40.2 cent*.

VI

VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS.

C. — Quarterly valuations of fluctuating currencies, 1891-

Countries.

Monetary unit.

•891.

•892.

Jan. i.

April i.

July i.

Oct. i.

Jan. x.

April x.

July i.

Oct. i.

Austria-Hungary *

Bolivia.
Central America...

Chinaf -

Colombia..
Ecuador
India
Japanf
Mexico
peru ^. ,
Russiag
Tripoli . .

fGoldc
1 Silver
Silver b
Silver \
i Shang
IHaikv
Silver i
do-
Silver r
Silver j
Silver (
Silver s
Silver r
Silver i
Silver t

rown

florin ...
oliviano.
>eso
hai tael.
ran tael..
>eso

upee ......
ren..
lollar>...
ol „..
uble
nahbub..

$0.90,3

............

.6x,6

•9*

1.01,3
.61,6
.61,6
•29,3
• 66,4
• 66,9
.61,6
• 49,2
•55,5
.X8,3

*o.38, i
•77,i
•77,1
i.i3,9
1.27

.77,1
•77,i
.36,6
.83,1
•83,7
• 77,1
.61,7
.69,5

$0-36,3
•73.5
•73,5
i. 08,5
1.20,9
•73,5
•73,5
•34,9
•79, a
.80

•73,5
•58,8
.66,3

$0.36,3
•73,6
•73,6
1.08,7

I. 21

•73,6
•73,6
• 35
•79,3
.80
•73,6
.58,8
.66,4

$o.35,7
• 72,3
•72,3
i. 06, 8
1.18,9
•72,3
•72,3
•34,3
•77,9
•78,5
•7«,3
•57,8
•65,2

$o.34,
• 69,
.69,

X.02,

«.'3,

.69,
.69,
.32,8

•74,5
•75
.69,1

•55,3
•62,3
.13,8

$0-32,8
.66,5
•66,5
.98,2
'•09,3
•66,5
.66,5
•31,6
.71,6
•72,2
•66,5
•53,i
.60

•«3.3

$0.32
.64,9
.64,9

•95,8
1.06,7
• 64,9
•64,9
•30,8
•69,9
•70,4
•64,9
•51,9
•58,5
•13

Venezuela 1

Countries

Monetary unit.

1893.

1894.

Jan. i.

April i.

July i.

Oct. i.

Jan. x.

April i.

Bolivia
Central America

Silver boliviano
Silver peso
("Shanghai tael

$0.61,3
•61,3
.90,6

I. 01

•61,3
• 6i,3
.29,2
.66,1
.66,6
•61,3
•49,"
•55,3

$0.61

.61
.90,1
1.00,4
.61
.61
.29
.65,8
.66, a
.61
.48,8
•55

$0.60,4
.60,4
• 89,2
•99,4
.60,4
.60,4
.28,7
•65,1
.65,6
•60,4
•48,3
•54,5

$0-53,1
•53,i
•78,4
•87,4
•53,i
•S3,1
•25,2
•57,3
.57,7
•53,i
•42,5
•47,9

$0.51,6
• 51,6
.76,2
.84,9
•5i,6
• 51,6
•24,5
•55,6
.56
• 51,6
•41,3
• 46,5

$0-46,5
.46,5
.68,6

•76,5
•46,5
.46,5

.22,1
•50,1
•50,5
•46,5

• 37,2
•4i,9

Colombia.

Ecuador . . .................. ..

I Haikwan tael
Silver peso
do

India

Silver r
Silver j
Silver d
Silver s
Silver r
Silver n

Mexico

ollar

Peru

ol

uble

Tripoli.. .

lahbub...

* Austria-Hungary had the silver standard up to August, 1892 (see note to "fluctuating" table B).

f China (silver). The Haikwan tael is the customs tael, and the Shanghai tael that used in trade. Con-
sul-General Denny (CONSULAR REPORTS No. 43, p. 516) says : " The value of the tael varies in the different
ports of China, and every port has two taels, one being the Government, or Haikwan, tael, in which all duties
have to be paid, and the other the market tael, the former exceeding the latter by some n per cent."

| Gold is the nominal standard in Japan, but silver is practically the standard. The fixed value of the
gold yen is 99.7 cents.

gl'he gold ruble is valued at 77.9 cents. Silver is the nominal standard, but paper is the actual currency,
ind its depreciation is measured by the gold standard.

| The Venezuelan bolivar became fixed in value (19.3 cents) on January i, 1893.

FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The following table embraces only such weights and measures as are
given from time to time in CONSULAR REPORTS and in Commercial Rela-
tions:

Foreign weights and measures , with American equivalents.

Denominations.

Where used.

American equivalent.

4.422 gallons

Are

Metric

Arobe

Paraguay

Portugal

Argentine Republic

Do

Brazil..

Cuba „

Do

Do . ...

Spain...

Do

Venezuela..

Cuba Spain and Venezuela

Arshine

Russia

do

Artel •••

Morocco

Argentine Republic and Mexico ....

Barrel

Malta (customs)

Do

Spain (raisins)

100 pounds

Russia

India

Sumatra

Bu

Butt (wine)

Spain...

Caffiso . .

Malta

Candy .

India (Bombay). „

Do.

India (Madras)

Morocco

Do

Syria (Damascus)

Do „

Turkey....

Malta

Mexico and Salvador

Catty

China

Do...

Japan M

1.31 pounds.

Do...

Java, Siam, Malacca..

1,35 pounds.

Do

2.12 pounds.

Central America

4.2631 gallons.

Centner .

Bremen and Brunswick .

IJ7*5 pounds.

Do

Darmstadt

110.24 pounds.

Do-

Do...

Do

Prussia . .

Do

Sweden

Do...

Vienna

I23 5 pounds.

Do..

Zollverein

110.24 pounds*

Double or metric.

220.46 pounds.

Chih

14 inches.

Coyan..... ...

3,098 pounds.

Do..

Siam (Koyan) „..

2,667 pounds.
VII

VIII

FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Foreign weights and measures, with American equivalents — Contitmed.

Denominations.

Where used.

American equivalent.

Cuadra

4.2 acres.

Do

78.9 yards.

Do .

8.077 square feet.

Do

35.3 cubic feet

112 pounds.

2.6997 acres.

Do

1.599 bushels.

Greece ....

Half ounce.

Japan • ••

i inch.

(See CONSULAR REPORTS No 144 )

1 5745 bosheli.

Do

Chile t

Do

Cuba

1.599 bushels.

Do

Mexico

1.54728 bushels.

Do

D«

full fanega, 118 Ibs.
7.776 bushels

Do

3 888 bushels.

Do

1.599 bushels.

Spain

16 gallons.

Feddan

1.03 acres.

Frail (raisins)

50 pounds.

Argentine Republic. ......... ................

2.5096 quarts.

Do

Mexico

2.5 quarts.

Fuder

264 17 gallons.

o 88 gallon.

Metric

do . .

2.471 acres.

Hectoliter:
Drv

do

2.838 bushels.

do

26 417 gallons.

Joch

Austria-Hungary

i 422 acres.

j£en

4 yards.

Kilncn-am fldlo^

Metric

do

0.621376 mile.

Klafter

Russia . ..........................................

216 cubic feet.

5 13 bushels.

Korree

3 5 bushels.

Last

85.134 bushels.

Do

82.52 bushels.

Do

2 metric tons (4>48c

Do

Prussia

pounds) .

Uo

Russian Poland

11% bushels.

Do .

4 760 pounds.

Li

China •

2,115 feet.

Libra (oound)

Castilian . .

Do

Do

Do

Chile

i 014 pounds.

Do ~

Cuba .

Mexico.-

Do

P«ru

Do
Do

Portugal

x.oiz pounds.

Do

Liter

Metric .... .

i 0267 quarts*

Greece

Do ..

Guiana — Illllltli<llliii

1.0791 pounds

FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

IX

Foreign -weights and measures, with American equivalents — Continued.

Denominations.

Where used.

American equivalent.

r ~a(4

England (timber) •

Square 50 cubic feet

Costa Rica

unhewn, 40 cubic feet;
inch planks, 600 super-
ficial feet,
if acres.

Marc ...

Bolivia

0.507 pound.

82^ pounds

Meter

Metric

Mil

Denmark

4.68 miles

Do

Prussia . . .

0.63 acre.

Oke

Egypt

2.7225 pounds.

Do

Greece

2.84 pounds.

Do

Hungary ... .

Do

Turkey

2 85418 pounds

Do

Hungary and Wallachia

2.5 pints.

Pic

Egypt

21 J^ inches

Picul

Borneo and Celebes

135.64 pounds.

Do

China, Japan, and Sumatra

*33% pounds.

Do

Java

135.1 pounds.

Do

Philippine Islands (hemp)

139-45 pounds.

Do

Philippine Islands (sugar)

140 pounds.

Pie

Argentine Republic

0.9478 foot.

Do

Castilian

•.91407 foot.

Pik

Turkey

Pood

Russia

36.112 pounds.

Pund (pound)

Denmark and Sweden

1.102 pounds.

Quarter..

Great Britain

8.252 bushels.

Do

London (coal)

Quintal

Argentine Republic

101.42 pounds.

Do

Brazil

Do

Castile, Chile, Mexico, and Peru

101.61 pounds.

Do

Do

Newfoundland (fish)

112 pounds.

Do

100 pounds

Do

Syria

125 pounds

Do

Rottle

Palestine

Do

Syria...

Sagen

7 feet

Salm

Malta

490 pounds.

Se

Japan

3 6 feet.

Seer

India . .. ... .

i pound 13 ounces

Shaku

10 inches.

Sho

do

i 6 quarts.

Standard (St. Petersburg)

Lumber measure

165 cubic feet.

Stone

British

14 pounds.

Suerte

Uruguay

Tael

Cochin China

dra).

Tan

0.25 acre.

To...

do „.

2 pecks.

Ton

Space measure

3 94783 bushels.

Tondeland

do

1.36 acres.

Tsubo

6 feet square.

Tsun

China

i 41 inches.

Tunna

4 5 bushels.

Tunnland

do

i 22 acres.

Vara

Argentine Republic

34.1208 inches.

Do...

Castile

o 914117 yard.

Do... .. M

Central America.. ...

38.874 inches.

FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Foreign weights and measures, with American equivalents — Continued.

Denominations.

Where used.

American equivalent.

Vara.

33 367 inches.

Do

Cuba

Do

Do._
Do

Mexico
Paraguay

33 inches.

Do

33 3.84 inches.

Vedro

Russia

Vergees .. ...

Verst

Vlocka... ^. ..

Russian Poland ~

41.98 acre*.

METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Metric weights.

Milligram (y^Vjr S1^™) equals 0.0154 grain.

Centigram ( T^ gram) equals 0.1543 grain.

Decigram (T^ gram) equals 1.5432 grains.

Gram equals 15.432 grains.

Decagram (10 grams) equals 0.3527 ounce.

Hectogram (100 grams) equals 3.5274 ounces.

Kilogram (l,ooo grams) equals 2.2046 pounds.

Myriagram (10,000 grams) equals 22.046 pounds.

Quintal (100,000 grams) equals 220.46 pounds.

Millier or tonnea — ton (1,000,000 grams) equals 2,204.6 pounds*

Metric dry measure.

Millimeter (yjjVff liter) equals 0.061 cubic inch.
Centiliter (T^ liter) equals 0.6102 cubic inch.
Deciliter (T^ liter) equals 6.1022 cubic inches.
Liter equals 0.908 quart.
Decaliter (10 liters) equals 9.08 quarts.
Hectoliter (100 liters) equals 2.838 bushels.
Kiloliter (l,ooo liters) equals 1.308 cubic yards.

Metric liquid

Millimeter (y^ liter) equals 0.27 fluid ounce.

Centiliter (^ liter) equals 0.338 fluid ounce,

Deciliter (^ liter) equals 0.845 8J11-

Liter equals 1.0567 quarts.

Decaliter (10 liters) equals 2.6417 gallons.

Hectoliter (100 liters) equals 26.417 gallons.

Kiloliter (100 liters) equals 264.17 gallons.

Metric measures of length.

Millimeter (^-y meter) equals 0.0394 inch.
Centimeter (TJff meter) equals 0.3937 inch.
Decimeter (-^ meter) equals 3.937 inches.
Meter equals 39.37 inches.

FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

XI

Decameter (10 meters) equals 393.7 inches.

Hectometer (loo meters) equals 328 feet I inch.

Kilometer (1,000 meters) equals 0.62137 mile (3,280 feet 10 inches).

Myriameter (10,000 meters) equals 6.2137 miles.

Metric surface measures*

Centare (I square meter) equals 1,550 square inches.
Are (100 square meters) equals 119.6 square yards.
Hectare (10,000 square meters) equals 2.471 acres.
655A II

CIRCULAR.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,

Washington, December 15, 189S.
To the Consular Officers of the United States:

GENTLEMEN : You are hereby requested to prepare reports for publication showing
in what manner the lumber exports from this country may be increased.

The following interrogatories cover the principal points upon which information
is desired :

(1) What are the native woods? (If any of these are of an uncommon variety
describe them.)

(2) What are the kinds of lumber used and which are preferred?

(3) What is the amount of lumber imported from other countries? (Name the
countries.)

(4) If any import duty is laid upon foreign lumber, what is the amount?

(5) What are the prices of lumber?

(6) Give a general description of the climate of your district?

Information is also desired concerning the extent of general building, shipbuilding,
and railroad building in your district.

All suggestions concerning the methods to be pursued to extend the foreign trade
(already considerable) of this country in lumber will be of value.
I am, gentlemen, your obedient servant,

EDWARD H. STROBEL,

Third Assistant Secretary.

The foregoing circular was sent to the following consulates, given in
the order of the publication of their replies :

Africa: Madeira (Funchal), Sierra Leone, South Africa (Cape Town), and Zanzibar.
America :

Dominion of Canada: New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Halifax).

Mexico: La Paz, Mazatlan, Nogales, and Vera Cruz.

Central America: British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala, and Salvador (San

Salvador).

South America : Argentine Republic (Buenos Ayres), Brazil (Rio de Janeiro),
Chile (Valparaiso), Colombia (Barranquilla and Colon), Dutch Guiana (Par-
amaribo), Ecuador (Guayaquil), West Indies (St. Thomas).
Asia:

British Asia: Ceylon and India (Calcutta).
China : Amoy, Canton, Hongkong (British), and Tien-Tsin.
Japan; Nagasaki, and Osaka and Hiogo.
Java (Batavia).
Siam (Bangkok).

Turkey in Asia: Palestine (Jerusalem) and Syria (Beirut).

Australasia: New Zealand (Auckland), New South Wales (Sydney), South Aus-
tralia (Adelaide), Tasmania (Hobart), and Victoria (Melbourne).

3

4 CIRCULAR LETTER.

Europe:

Austria-Hungary: Austria- Hungary (Triest) r.ud Bohemia (Prague).

France: Bordeaux and Marseilles.

Germany : Bavaria (Nuremberg), Bremen, Frankfort-on-the-Main, and Hamburg.

Norway: Christiania.

Portugal: The Azores (Fayal).

Russia: Riga-
Turkey in Europe : Constantinople.

United Kingdom: Birmingham, Dundee, Falmouth, Glasgow, Hull, Leeds,

Liverpool, and Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Polynesia: Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu), New Caledonia (Noumea), Samoa (Apia).

The following consulates, to which the circular was also sent, have
failed to report up to the date of going to press:

Antwerp, Archangel, Bathurst, Bergen, Bogota, Bombay, Callao, Gore"e-Dakar,
Gnaymas, Kanagawa, London, Managua, Monrovia, Montevideo, Saigon, San Juan
del Norte, Santo Domingo, St. Martin, and Singapore.

DYEWOODS.

On December 20, 1893, the consuls of the United States in Brazil,
British Guiana, British Honduras, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Haiti,
Honduras, Jamaica, and Mexico were instructed to report upon the
dyewood industries of their respective districts. Eeports, in answer to
the instruction mentioned, were received and published in Consular
Reports Nos. 162 and 166, for March and July, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS

AFRICA.

MADEIRA.

NATIVE WOODS.

Of native trees the til is the largest and handsomest. It has shin-
ing, deep green leaves. The wood is brown, marked with dark veins,
and is susceptible of high polish. It is in much demand for furniture,
boxes, walking sticks, and souvenirs generally. Newly cut, til has a
disagreeable odor and can be used only when well seasoned.

The vinhatico is a fine tree. The wood is red and much used for
furniture. It is often called Madeira mahogany.

The aderno grows to the height of 60 feet and is used for cask staves.
The wood is white.

Azevinho and perado are closely allied trees, and are common species
of holly. The wood is white and is used for inlaid work. They attain
a height of 15 to 20 feet.

None of the foregoing trees are found elsewhere, except in the Cana-
ries. The pao branco is a handsome tree, attaining a height of 50
feet. It has a hard white wood, and is in much demand for keels of
boats. It grows readily from the seed. It is not found elsewhere except
in the Canaries 'and Azores.

The folhado is a fine tree, attaining a height of 60 feet. In summer
it is full of white, sweet scented flowers. Its wood is tough and of
light weight. It is of great interest to botanists, belonging to a genus
of which all the species, except this, are American.

These are about all the native woods that are used for manufactur-
ing.

KINDS OP LUMBER USED.

The kinds of lumber used and preferred here are spruce, and white
and pitch pine.

5

6

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

IMPORTS AND DUTIES.

All the lumber used here comes from the United States and Nova
Scotia.
The import duty upon foreign lumber is as follows:

Kinds and sizes.

Duties.

Local tax
(additional).

Balks, beams, and boards, 75 millimeters thick, by not less than 35 centi-

Cubic meter.
$1.40

Cubic meter.
$0 20

Sawn into boards 35 millimeters thick and 75 millimeters wide ........

2 80

321

4.00

6 00

001

*

3 per cent ad

valorem.

Balks, beams, and boards are those imported in greatest quantities.

PRICES AND CLIMATE.

The prices of lumber here are from 2 cents to 6 cents per superficial
foot, 12 by 1 inches. I give a general description of the climate, as
taken from "Climate and Eesources of Madeira," by Michael C. Grab-
ham, M. D., F. R. G. s.

Madeira has a mean annual temperature of 67.3°; the average heat of summer
is hardly more than 70°, whilst the mean temperature of the winter season is always
above 60°. The extreme heat of summer is seldom more than 77° in the hottest part
of the day, whilst in winter the lowest possible temperature is hardly under 50° in
the coldest part of the night. The range of temperature during the day and night
is likewise marked by the same moderation. Varying from 5 to 15° and averaging
9°, the mornings and evenings are almost always cool and refreshing, and the
decline of temperature is constantly gradual and continuous, without any sudden
depression at sunset.

In the winter season we have our greatest atmospheric dryness, and the solar rays
are not then excluded by any dense shield of watery vapor. As the spring advances
the moisture of Madeira is increased, and the solar rays are greatly intercepted ; but,
eventually, in the summer the northeast wind arises, in latitudes far north, and
reaches this region in moderate dryness.

I should remark that in Madeira the dampest atmospheres occur during the warm-
est weather. We know nothing of the cold damp of northern climates, nor has any
fog or surface mist a place in this climate.

The annual rainfall is 29 inches ; I believe that estimate to' represent fairly the
average amount, and moreover, it closely coincides with the deductions of others.
There are, however, considerable variations; in some years the whole amount has
not reached 20 inches, while iu other years it has exceeded 40 inches, but an amount
between 25 inches and 30 inches may be looked for with tolerable certainty.

It is by no means clear that the annual fall of rain has been affected by the
destruction of the forests.

Here I may state that in Funchal there has been no change in one hundred and
thirty years, and that the recorded rainfall is now exactly what it was when the fall
of rain was first measured. The rain usually commences in October in heavy show-
ers. The autumn rains are variable in amount and duration. After a few days, a
period of fine weather is to be expected; but November and December are generally
interspersed with rain days. The winter rains are quite tropical in character, the
water falling in dense intermitting showers, and generally unaccompanied by wind.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 7

In December, 1867, one of my rain gauges, holding 2£ inches, filled and overflowed
in a single night. The month of January is often without rain, and then is, per-
haps, the driest and pleasantest month of the year. Sometimes, however, it counts
many days of rain. February, likewise, is uncertain, and has been in my experience
the wettest, windiest, and most unsettled month. March usually brings much fine
weather, but rain sometimes falls on several days. April and May are spring months
with occasional showers. June is almost invariably cloudy. July, August, and
September are cloudless months of unbroken sunshine. The wet weather of Madeira
is seldom lasting, and in the entire winter there are few consecutive rainy days.

Annually there are eighty days in which rain falls. The fall of snow upon the
mountains generally happens in January or February; it seldom lies long upon the
hills. Snow is seldom seen upon the mountains lower than 3,000 feet above Funchal ;
and it has probably never been known to lie nearer in altitude than 2,500 feet.

GENERAL BUILDING.

There is nothing doing here in the way of general building. In the
line of ship building nothing but small boats are constructed.

We have one short railway, of about 3 miles, from the city to the top
of the mountain.

THOMAS C. JONES,

Consul
FUNCHAL, February 21, 1894.

SIERRA LEONE.

NATIVE WOODS.

Native woods used in building here are oak, whismore, brimstone,
teak, mahogany (two varieties), rosewood (fine quality), and black
walnut. These are durable woods that will withstand insects and
weather.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The native woods are used in the framing and outside works, and
American pine for finishing. The nicest finish is obtained by using
rosewood.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

During the year 1893, 855,971 feet of pine lumber were received at
this port from the United States. No other country sends lumber to
Sierra Leone.

DUTY AND PRICES.

The import duty on lumber is 7J per cent ad valorem, invoice price.

The present prices of lumber in this market are: Sawed lumber ?
lineal measure, 1 inch thick, board measure, $40 per 1,000 feet; clear
pitch pine, planed on one side, $GO; if tougued and grooved, $80.

8 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CLIMATE.

The climate is variable. The rainy season begins about the middle
of June and lasts until about the middle of November. The rainfall is
notsteady. It averaged about twelve days in a month in 1892. In Sep-
tember, 1893, it was seven teen days. In 1893 the rains were a little over
the average. The temperature ranges, the year round, between 75° and
95°, rarely getting above 95°, and always falling at night to $0° or a
little below. The climate is damp and unhealthy near the seaboard.

GENERAL BUILDING.

For general building the material commonly used is stone, of which
there is an abundance here. It is soft and porous when first dug out
of the ground, but hardens by exposure. It is of a light brown color,
and lighter than brick. The architecture here is of the old Spanish style,
the main entrance being, in some instances, in the back of the house.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

As regards the methods of increasing the lumber trade here, compe-
tition is needed. There are only two firms here dealing in lumber,
which is but a branch of their other mercantile business. A lumber
dealer here with sash and door and planing mill would find a good trade.
There is nothing of the kind here; no machinery in the colony but
"sewing machines," and those are English. There is no shipbuilding
nor railroads in the colony. There are no Americans here to introduce
American articles. The American goods here are handled by French
and English merchants, who know but little of the United States and
its people.

BOLDING BOWSER,

Consul.

SIERRA LEONE, January 30, 1894.

SOUTH AFRICA.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal native woods of South Africa are as follows: Yellow-
wood (2 kinds), black and white ironwood, stinkwood, olyreuhout (olive),
assagai, white pear, kerschout (candlewood), white alder, etc. None of
these woods grow in sufficient quantities to cut any figure in lumber
problems, except the following : Yellow wood, which somewhat resembles
poplar, though it is harder and has a cross grain, and stiukwood,
which is more like our American walnut, and has many colors and
shades when polished.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

As regards the kind of lumber used and preferred here, I would s;i\
that poplar, bass wood, pine shelving, and walnut take the lead.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 9

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

I have 110 1 been able to learn the amount of lumber imported, but
nearly all that conies is from the United States and Australia. In con-
nection herewith I attach a clipping from the Cape Times of the 8th
instant :

Those who are interested in the promotion of the Colonial timber trade will be
somewhat alarmed to hear of the arrival from Australia of a cargo of timber, much
of it consisting of wagon wood and other forms of manufactured timber which can be
produced in the Colony. The cargo was brought by the ship Esempio, which arrived
here from Hamelin on Tuesday, and consisted of 1,638 pieces of timber, 5 bundles of
pickets, 2 bundles of laths, 2 bundles of shingles, 1 bundle of spokes, and 16 bundles
of felloes, for this port, and 3,612 pieces of timber for Port Elizabeth.

DUTY AND PRICES.

The import duty is 4 cents per cubic foot.
The prices of lumber are as follows :

Yellow-wood planks (native) per cnbe.. $0.60

Stinkwood planks (native) do .84

Walnut, 1^-inch board per M.. 126.00

Ash, 1-inch board do 61.00

Poplar, plain, 1-inch board do 40. 00

figured, 1-inch board do 80.00

CLIMATE.

The climate of this district is hot and dry during November, Decem-
ber, January, and February 5 occasional rains in March ; a good deal
of rain in April, May, June, and July, while August, September, and
October (spring months), are delightful in every way. No snow or frost
ever comes, and flowers are in bloom all through the year. The northern
part of the district (in the South African Republic and Orange Free
State) enjoys a little cooler weather during the winter months, but is
flooded with water at this season.

GENERAL BUILDING.

There is a good deal of general building all through the district,
and some railroad building west from Beira to Salisbury, though the
number of miles to be finished this year is only 45. I know of no ship-
building.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

Considerable wood has lately been ordered from the Puget Sound
district for use at Kimberly and other inland points. The removal of
our tariif on wool, which is largely produced here, will doubtless stim-
ulate this section to purchase American products in return, and Amer-
ican interests in mining and trade generally are already large in this
locality.

10 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

D. Isaacs & Co., of Cape Town, have kindly supplied me with prices,
etc. They employ about 200 men in the manufacture of furniture, and
import directly from the United States.

C. H. BENEDICT,

Consul.
CAPE TOWN, March 12, 1894.

ZANZIBAR.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods used in building are mangrove and cocoanut.
Besides these, there are the mango and a small fir.

IMPORTS, DUTY, AND PRICES.

Very little lumber is imported, and that little comes from England
and India.

There is no import duty on lumber. The price varies greatly, and
depends on the supply and exchange.

CLIMATE.

The climate is tropical, Zanzibar being 6° south of the equator.
There is a long and a short rainy season, and a hot and cool season.
During the latter, the thermometer averages about 80°.

GENERAL BUILDING.

There is no ship or railroad building, except that at Tanga, 75 miles
north of here. A railroad is now being commenced 5 all materials for
its construction come from Germany.

All houses, except native swahili huts, are built of coral rock and
lime. For ceilings and roofs, mangrove poles are laid across and coral
rock and native cement filled in. Doors between rooms are unusual.
Outside doors are mostly made of teak, brought from Bombay. Native
huts are made of a framework of mangrove poles tied together the
spaces between poles being filled in with mud; the roofs are of cocoa-
nut leaves.

There is not a single wooden house in Zanzibar or vicinity. It would
be impossible to live in them on account of the heat.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

The quantity of lumber used is so limited that it would not be
profitable to export from the United States to this place.

J. W. ALLEN,

Acting Consul.
ZANZIBAR, March 22, 1894.

AMERICA.

DOMINION OF CANADA.
NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA.

I inclose circular from the house of Hon. J. B. Snowball, Chatham,
New Brunswick, relating to the lumber trade in the maritime provinces
for 1893. Mr. Snowball is a senator representing New Brunswick in
the upper Dominion house, and issues a similar circular yearly, which
is generally copied into the newspapers as authoritative on the matter
to which it relates.

DARIUS H. INGRAHAM,

Consul- General.
HALIFAX, January 11, 1894.

[J. B. Snowball's Miramichi Wood Trade Circular for the year 1893.]

CHATHAM, NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA, December SO, 1893.

The winter of 1892-'93 proved the most favorable for log-getting of any we
have had for many years, consequently we had a much larger output for the force
employed than was anticipated. Spring freshets were poor, and driving expensive.
About 10,000,000 superficial feet of logs were left in the brooks.

Notwithstanding the favorable season, the export from this port fell off 12,000,000
superficial feet from last year. And while the exports from St. John were 10,000,000
more than in 1892, still the exports for the province show a decrease of 13,000,000.
The increased export from Nova Scotia is caused by the excessive quantity of birch
deals shipped from that province.

The present winter is the most severe experienced here for twenty years. Snow
is now deeper all over eastern Canada than any time last winter. Operations in
this district were entered into on a limited scale, and with an anticipated produc-
tion of 25 per cent less than last year, but the severe weather is likely to reduce the
production below this estimate, and next year's export from this port must be small.

The proposed United States tariff, if adopted for wood goods, will have an indirect
beneficial effect on the trade of this section of New Brunswick. Freight rates from
eastern New Brunswick to United States ports are so high in comparison with those
from St. John and Bay of Fundy ports that our trade in that direction is about nil,
excepting in laths and shingles, but under the proposed tariff the export of a consid-
erable portion of the southern and western portions of this province is likely to be
attracted to American ports, leaving more of the transatlantic trade to be supplied
from this section.

11

12

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

France, Spain, and Mediterranean ports have taken a larger portion of our exports
this year than formerly, and if tke "favored nation" treaty is ratified, as it will
probably be at ouoo, between France and Canada, a larger portion of our export is
likely to go to that country, to the great relief of the English market, and with a
fair prospect of better prices for spruce.

Thestock of merchantable deals wintering here is 7,600 in St. Petersburg strndards, *
against 7,000 standards last year and 11,000 standards in 1891. Logs are 4, 000 stand-
ards against 3,000 last year.

Shipments from Miramichifor twelve years, from 1882 to 1893, inclusive.
[Superficial feet.]

1882 117,000,000

1883 149,000,000

1884 108,000,000

1885 87,000,000

1886 72,000,000

1887 68,000,000

1888 73,000,000

1889 110,000,000

1890 88,000,000

1891 72,000,000

1892 95,000,000

1893 83,000,000

Exports of Miramichi lumber, 1893.

Wliither exported.

Num-
' ber
vessels.

Tons.

Deals, scant-
ling, ends,
and boards.

Palings.

Spool wood.

Great Britain :

Ayr

1

604

Super, feet.
556, 059

Pieces.

Piece*.

1

332

346 679

3

1,787

768, 585

793 083

5

5 619

5 716 990

1

586

553 000

Cardiff

3

2 252

1 982 000

Fleet wood

2

1.738

947, 695

898 025

3

L841

711, 301

1, 486, 400

1

739

50'} 439

1

374

381 386

4 800

15

18 190

19, 650, 298

13 600

2

1 1*4

952 076

2

1,839

1, 603, 073

1

439

445 000

4 800

Peuartk Roads

1

1,143

954, 000

2

1 340

1, 150 203

2

1,298

1, 138, 678

Silloth Dock

2

1,105

1, 076, 296

Whitehaven

1

421

400, 314

Total .

49

42, 791

39, 333, 633

2 407 625

1 296 522

Ireland:
Arklow

1

248

272 634

Belfast .

19

17, 350

16, 747, 673

159 353

1

251

265 358

Conway

1

490

432, 242

Dublin

8

6 037

5,495 108

Dundrum

2

508

533, 331

Dundalk

1

320

355 904

Londonderry .

3

2,279

2, 120, 127

4

2 135

2,099 353

Newry

1

936

904, 346

Tralee

1

528

444, 723

Waterford

2

1,274

1, 180, 078

Total

44

32 356

30 850 877

159 353

France :

1

932

819, 490

=

Marseilles

4

2,377

2, 192, 231

Cette \

1

1,159

1,382.672

Marseilles 5
Port Vendres

1

598

569 846

Total

7

5 066

4 964 239

* Standard equals 165 cubic feet.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
Reports of Miramichi lumber, 1893— Continued.

13

"Whither exported.

Num-
ber
vessels.

Tons.

Deals, scant-
ling, ends,
and uoards.

Palings.

Spool wood.

Spain:

3

2,150

Super. feet.
1, 953, 229

Pieces.

Pieces.

Rilhan

1

426

418 343

2

1,358

1, 264, 063

1

289

285, 695

Cartagena I

2

1,642

1,348,802

Mazarron 5

1

832

746, 336

1

192

168 023

Total

11

6 889

6 184 491

Africa:
Mostagnem \

1

641

608, 082

Oran 5

1

780

722 172

Total

2

1,421

1, 330, 254

Distribution by ports of St. John shipments, December 1, 1892, to December 1, 1893.

Whither exported.

Number
of ves-
se}s.

Tons.

Deals, scant-
ling ends,
and ooards.

Timber.

"Bristol

3

3 728

Super, feet.
3 472 852

Tons.

1

1,843

2, 422, 400

6

3,734

3, 573, 604

11

14, 477

14,462 277

6

6,953

7, 004, 811

54

40, 490

38, 968, 156

70

33

47. 055

42, 788, 326

5,224

12

16, 269

2, 845, 616

Penarth f o

13

14, 879

13, 082, 537

Scotland • -••

7

6,621

5, 746, 545

6

9,066

8, 426, 545

Wales -. ••-

14

15, 984

13, 859, 665

Total

166

181, 099

156, 6581, 334

5,294

Shipments from St. John to transatlantic ports for the past sixteen years.

Years.

Total deals,
etc.

Timber.

Total deals,
etc.

Timber.

Birch.

Pine.

Birch.

Pine.

1878

Super, feet.
188, 168, 610
153, 279, 357
215, 485, 000
210, 281, 730
201,413,717
181, 517, 9B2
164, 829, 825
152, 543, 026

Tons.
7,989
11,548
16, 035
5,134
7,576
11, 778
14, 006
13, 7g9

Tons.
2, 493
3,237
2,441
1,734
3, 332
3,883
3,836
3,686

1886

Super, feet.
138, 934, 392
118,450,590
153, 184, 187
180, 167, 488
132, 608, 516
122, 242, 682
146, 529, 309
156, 653, 334

Ton*.
7,354
5,197
4,721
7,221
1,311
5,004
10, 200
5,294

Tons.
4,313
1,587
457
487
4,317

1879

1887

1880

1888

1881

1889

1882

1890

1883

1891

1884

1892

1885

1893

14

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Total transatlantic shipments of Neio Brunswick, 1892, compared with 1803.

1892.

1893.

Ports.

Kiim-
ber of
ves-
sels.

Tons.

Deals, etc.

Timber.

Num-
ber of
ves-
sels.

Tons.

Deals, etc.

limber

Miramichi

134

103 565

Super, feet.
94, 907, 523

Tons.

228

113

88, 523

Super. feet.
85, 230, 472

Ton*.

164

165, 207

146, 529, 309

10, 250

166

181, 099

156,653,334

5,294

Bathurst

17

10, 746

9, 866, 015

24

18

11, 810

10, 176, 000

102

Dalhousie ( including
Campbellton)

48

25, 615

22, 568, 604

805

32

21,054

17, 610, 241

341

Richibucto (including
Buctouche)

29

13,877

13,002,512

22

11, 188

10, 557, 663

Shediac

23

11 278

10 156 333

25

13 099

11,763,215

Sackville (including Baie
Verte)

24

13 775

14 576 566

21

14, 395

13, 382, 475

Outports of Moncton,
Hillsboro, Haxvey,

16

13 712

13 542 940

g

7 040

6,870 085

Total

455

357, 775

325, 149, 811

11, 307

405

348, 208

312, 243, 485

5,737

The transatlantic shipments from the Province of New Brunswick
for the past ten years were :

^Superficial feet.]

1884 333,000,000

1885 292.000,000

1886 276, 000, 000

1887 250,000,000

1888 277,000,000

1889 369,000,000

1890 293,000,000

1891 253,000,000

1892 325,000,000

1893 312,000,000

Shipments from Nova Scotia, 1893 >

Ports.

Number
of vessels.

Tons.

Deals, etc.

Bireh

timber.

Outports of Amherst:

10

6,467

Super, feet.
1

Ton*.

6

6 860

> 17 300,000

Tidnish

9

9,281

Halifax

64

39 45fi

34 35*> 656

990

1

524

415,108

39

44 426

40 7(12 496

Pictou ...

20

12, 990

6, 888, 000

4,616

7

4 823

4 315 680

5

2 935

2 593 698

Sheet Harbor

2

1 403

1 31H 092

3

1 460

I 279 900

Total

166

130, 625

109, 252, 930

5,606

Shipment of deals from Nova Scotia to transatlantic ports.
[Superficial feet.]

1883 77,918,000

1884 69,159,000

1885 79,647,765

1886 87,280,125

1887 82,959,589

1888 85,070,005

1889 92,605,488

1890 99,512,924

1891 78,603,742

1892 87,861.398

1893 109,252,930

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 15

MEXICO.

LA PAZ.

NATIVE WOODS.

Lower California, being divested of natural forests of pine and other
timber, such as could be made useful for mining, shipbuilding, the
manufacture of household articles, and for house material, is entirely
dependent upon the Pacific ports and markets of the United States for
•applies.

The native woods, existing in some of the valleys of the peninsula,
are of no importance and can not be made available for any building
purposes. The soil and climate are not adapted to timber-growing.
This, together with the scarcity of rains and the lack of running
streams, precludes it from ever becoming a timber country.

Boxwood, vainoro, sorrillo, yellowwood, Brazil or dyewoods of sev-
eral kinds, ironwood, palo bianco, torote, and several others, found
chiefly in the valleys, form the nucleus of the principal woods of the
country. Some have fine grain, capable of high polish, but the trees
are too small in size for the timber to be of any utility. Nevertheless
the high range of mountains, running through the middle of the coun-
try, is more wooded than the lowlands. Palm trees of majestic heights,
oak, pine, and fir, as well as the Hueribo, a gigantic tree and a species
of cedar, can be seen in the gulches and crests of the mountains, which
offer so many difficulties as to be out of reach for all practical purposes.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The imports of lumber are exclusively from Oregon, Washington,
and California. Eedwood, pine, and white cedar are the kinds imported
and preferred. About 2,000,000 feet of lumber are required to meet the
rearly consumption.

PRICES.

The following are the wholesale and retail prices per foot of lumber:

Cents.

Ordinary lumber of different dimensions 4£ to 54

Planed of different dimensions 5 and 6

Pine flooring of different dimensions 6 and 7

White cedar of different dimensions 10 and 12

DUTY.

The import duty on pine lumber is as follows: Pine flooring, $1 for
100 square meters ; white planed cedar, 2 cents per kilogram j all others,
common redwood and pine lumber, are on the free list.

16

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CLIMATE.

The climate of this district is salubrious, the thermometer ranging
from 60 to 90 Fahrenheit.

GENERAL BUILDING.

House and ship building are not carried on very extensively here.
Mining and other industries consume the principal portion of the lum-
ber imported.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

The lumber trade could be extended considerably if parties interested
would establish a branch house in this city. The business people here
do not take enough interest in the lumber trade, and during half of the
year the market is without proper assortments.

JAS. VIOSOA,

Consul.
LA PAZ, January 19, 1894.

MAZATLAN.

NATIVE WOODS.

There are hundreds of varieties of almost indestructible hard con-
struction woods in the forests of this section, which, as yet, are not well
known in the United States. The following is a list of a few of the
most common:

Alamo,

Alizo,

Amapa (black and white),

Array £n,

Asta,

Binol Blanco,

Brazil,

Cabo de hacba,

Cocoba,

Cedro (white and red cedar),

Ebano (white and black ebony),

Gnayac&n,

Gnasima,

Higue>o,

Huinacxtle,

Haba,

Huamuchil,

Lignum vitae

Mangle,

Mesquite,

Mora,

Nogal,

Pine,

Palo fiero,

Palo Colorado,

Palo dulce,

Roble,

Tecomate,

Tepemesquite,

Venadille, etc., etc.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The only lumber used here is that imported from the United States.
The reason American lumber is used exclusively is that all native
woods close to the coast are very hard, while the sawing is done by
hand, with very poor tools. The pine ranges, which abound in lumber,
are inaccessible on account of the want of easy communicatation.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 17

IMPORTS, PRICES, AND DUTY.

Bed and white pine are the only kinds of lumber imported, and these
sell well. The price of lumber at present is from $70 to $76 per 1,000
feet, the duty being only $1 per 1,000 feet. The high price is due to
exchange.

More lumber would be consumed, and its price would be less if ship-
building and railroad-building were going on, but the only consump-
tion is for small carpenter work.

CLIMATE.

Nature has done for this district all that could be desired in regard
to climate. It is truly delightful, being one of the most equable that
can be found on the continent, its atmosphere being unsurpassed for
purity.

The dry season, which lasts from November to June, is the coolest
part of the year, the barometer maintaining an average of 78° F.j the
rainy season is somewhat warmer than the dry season, but is so tem-
pered by the clouds and rain that a wonderful uniformity is maintained
throughout the year, the thermometer rarely reaching 92° F., and then
only for a short time.

ARTHUR DE OIMA,

Vice- Consul.
MAZATLAN, January 31, 1894.

NOGALES.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods are common pine, black and white oak, mesquite,
iron wood, and cedar. The pine is only suitable for lumber.
Pine and redwood lumber are mostly used.

LUMBER IMPORTS AND PRICES.

Lumber is imported from the United States only.

Common pine sells for $35 per 1,000; flooring, $42; redwood dressed,
$45 to $55, and shingles, $5 per 1,000. The above prices are in Ameri-
can money.

CLIMATE.

The climate of this district is such that outdoor work can be per
formed during the entire year, and it is considered very healthful.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

Nearly all the lumber use in this district comes from California and
Washington, via Guaymas.
605A 2

18 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

GENERAL BUILDING.

Qnite a number of buildings are now being constructed in Nogales,
but there is no construction of railroads at present in this district.

EXTENSION OF TRADE.

With the excessive American duty removed on lead ores, and the
return to an ad valorem duty on cattle, I believe that Sonora would
become a much greater purchaser of American products in the future.
There are merchants in Hermosillo and Gvaymas who purchase from
$100,000 to $500,000 worth of merchandise annually, yet very few of our
commercial salesmen go beyond Xogales, thus leaving all this immense
business to be secured by our European competitors.

EEUBEN D. GEORGE,

Vice- Consul.

NOGALES, December 30, 1893.

VERA CRUZ.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods are: Mahogany, ebony, cedar, almond, hazel, bal-
sam, passion flower, guachichil (a hard wood), also, laurel, weeping
willow, manchinille, birds-eye, violet wood, rosewood, lignum vitas,
primrose, sopota both white and black (a wood of fine grain), indigo.
Annatto, Brazil wood, logwood, green ebony, mastic, mangrove, fustic
tawney wood, mountain hyssop, archil, madder. All these woods grow
in this consular district, but only a few of them are much used.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The kinds used are: For building purposes cedar, mahogany, and
yellow pine. The pine conies from the United States and is preferred
to native lumber. My observation leads me to suppose that cedar and
mahogany are used, where heavy timber is required, and pine where-
ever inch lumber is used. More pine is used than cedar and more
cedar than mahogany. Some of the other woods are used in the manu-
facture of chests and fine furniture, but these are too expensive for
ordinary use.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

There is no lumber imported from any foreign country but the United
States, and all lumber from there consumed here, comes from Piisca-
go ula, except that used in the manufacturing of soap boxes, which
comes in shooks from the port of New York, being put together here,

There is quite an extensive trade in this kind of material.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 19

PRICES.

The prices of lumber in Vera Cruz are: Pine, rough, wholesale, $36,
retail $45 per 1,000; dressed, tongued and grooved, wholesale, $37,
retail, $50 per 1,000. It is generally $5 to $10 per 1,000, higher at
other ports in this district. These prices are in Mexican money. The
Mexican dollar at present is worth only 55 cents American.

CLIMATE.

The climate adjacent to Yera Cruz ismoistand hot, and,forabout seven
months of the year, unhealthy. There is a difference of opinion as to
the climate north and south of this port, but I would say moist and
warm, but more healthy. Forty to 50 miles inland from the coast
the climate is mild and all that could be desired; about 80 miles
inland Mount Orizaba is seen covered with snow at all times of the year.
Thus it will be observed that in this consular district we have, within a
less distance than 100 miles, land level with the sea and the highest
peak in North America, with climate corresponding to the different
altitudes.

GENERAL BUILDING.

House building, on a small scale, consumes considerable of the pine
lumber brought from the United States. The ship building carried on
here consists of the making of sailboats and rowboats only, the largest
not exceeding 60 tons burden. The construction of the Tehuantepec
Eailway is now under way, there being something like 125 miles com-
pleted on the Atlantic side, with, perhaps, an equal number of miles
on the Pacific side.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

I can make no suggestions that would help to extend the lumber trade
tween the United States and this country; for I notice that all the
umber imported comes from the United States, and unless the natives
an be induced to build better houses and more of them, or Americans
come, take land, and settle here, the trade in American or any other
kind of lumber will not improve.

CHARLES SCHAEFER,

Consul.
VERA CRUZ, January 30, 1894.

20 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CENTRAL AMERICA.
BRITISH HONDURAS.

NATIVE WOODS.

It is difficult to suggest in what manner the lumber exports from the
United States to this colony may be increased, as nearly all the lumber
used for building purposes at present is American. The native woods
used in building houses and boats form but a very small item in the
total, because, until very recently, only one sawmill was in operation
here, and that was mainly used by the firm who own it for their own
private purposes. Two new sawmills have been erecfced in the past
two years, and they bid fair to compete with the United States for a
share of the lumber business, as there are undoubtedly many fine varie-
ties of woods suitable for all purposes to be found in the forests of this
colony.

Of cabinet woods, besides the well-known mahogany and cedar, there
is an abundant supply, as will be seen from the inclosed list of woods,
which is by no means an exhaustive one.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The kinds of wood principally imported are white and pitch pine
and cypress, all of which are used in house and boat building.

IMPORT DUTIES AND PRICES.

No lumber is imported from any other country than the United
States.

A duty of $1 per 1,000 feet on rough and $1.50 on dressed lumber is
collected by the Government.

Lumber in the rough sells here for $50 per 1,000 feet and dressed
lumber at $55 to $60.

CLIMATE.

The climate of this country is generally very healthy and although
yellow fever, cholera, and smallpox have, on one or two occasions, vis-
ited its shores, these diseases have never originated here, but were
always brought in, and were readily stamped out. The types of these
diseases, when they have existed here, seem to have been much milder
than in other countries, especially the first-named disease. Vaccination
is compulsory and hence but few of the inhabitants of towns died from
smallpox during its last visit in 1891, when it was brought here from
Peten, in Guatemala, the deaths being confined almost entirely to the

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 21

Indians, whom it has hitherto been found difficult to reach for the pur-
pose of vaccination. This, however, has been to a very large extent
remedied and a more thorough system has been established. Cholera
has not been known in this colony since 1866 and on that occasion it
was brought here in a ship from South America. The following extract
from an article written by Alexander Hunter, esq., late colonial sur-
geon, will convey a fair idea of the climate of this country:

The characteristic features of the climate of British Honduras during the greater
portion of the year are a most equable temperature, with strong easterly breezes
in the summer months or dry season; an absence of rain for three or four months
from the end of January ; and in the winter months cold northerly winds, which
are generally dry and bracing; and land winds, fortunately not continuous, which
usually bring a great deal of moisture from the neighboring collections of water,
and much rain. Exposed to the full influence of the trade winds, the whole coast
may be considered as unexceptionally healthy during their continuance, while the
temperature does not vary more than 6° or 8° during the twenty- four hours. The
atmosphere is dry, indeed it would be difficult to point out any place in the West
Indies in which the humidity is so inconsiderable. During the rainy season, the
commencement of which is variable, there are sometimes short periods of calm, in
which, although the temperature is not appreciably heightened, the feeling of heat
is great ; but, fortunately, these calms are of rare occurrence and of short duration.
The rainfall is variable; but from observations extending over a period of twenty-
five years, the general average for a year is found to be between 40 and 50 inches.

The country around Belize is swampy and covered with dense mangrove bushes;
but as these swamps communicate freely with the sea, and as they are constantly
being filled and emptied by the flow and ebb of the tide, the malarious emanations,
which under other circumstances would be sure to follow, are prevented by the
mechanical, and perhaps chemical, changes which these collections of water undergo.
This circumstance, combined with the frequency and strength of the sea breezes,
forms the principal reason for that remarkable immunity from miasmatic diseases
which the population enjoys, and which is all the more extraordinary when it is
considered that all the essentials for the evolution of these noxious emanations
exist, viz, heat, moisture, and decaying animal and vegetable matter.

GENERAL BUILDING.

House building has increased to a very great extent during the past
ten years, especially among the poorer classes who, by means of the
fruit trade which was established between this colony and New Orleans
some thirteen year sago, have been enabled to erect their own dwellings.

Boat and schooner building has also increased to a great extent from
the same cause, though the growing state of the logwood and other
industries has contributed thereto.

Bail road building has not been engaged in, and it is difficult to say
whether British Honduras will ever be blessed by the civilizing influ-
ences of the iron horse.

JAMES LEITCH,

Consul

BELIZE, March 5, 1894.

22 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

THE WOODS OF BRITISH HONDURAS.
[Printed inelosure in Consul Leitch's report.]

The rise and progress of the colony of British Honduras has been indissolubly
connected with the fortunes of its trade in timber and dyewoods.

Sub umbra floreo, in allusion to the mahogany tree, is the motto gratefully chosen
by the colonist; but it is to the humbler denizen of the forest, the logwood shrub,
that the colony owes its first recognition and early celebrity as a British plantation
or settlement.

The chief industry of the colony is woodcutting, which has now been carried on
for over two hundred years, and as a result much of the finest timber within easy
reach of the principal rivers and their creeks has been cut down ; but there are
still vast tracts of virgin forests in the interior, abounding in some of the finest
timber trees to be found in any part of the world. The difficulty is that they are
beyond the reach of rivers, and, until the iron horse is introduced to solve the prob-
lem of bringing out our woods and stimulating the production and export of the old
staples of the colony, must continue so. However, the fact remains that the quan-
tity of wood exported maintains a fair average of the transactions for the last hun-
dred years.1 Indeed during the last ten years the average shipments have been more
than doubled. The improved price of mahogany in 1883 stimulated its production,
but the export, as in the case of logwood, depends upon market prices.

Mahogany (Swietenia mahogani). — The best qualities of mahogany come from the
limestone soils to the north of Belize, those from the south being deficient in density
and fine grain. In the present century a tree was cut, by a Mr. Charles Craig, of
Honduras, the trunk of which yielded a log of 15 tons weight. It measured 5,168
superficial feet, squaring 57 inches by 64. The log was trucked out by Mr. Craig,
and the limbs of it would probably when "manufactured" — that is, prepared for
shipment — more than pay all expenses.3

Reliable returns are not procurable further back than 1802, when 2,250,000 feet
are mentioned as the quantity exported; 1803, 4,500,000 feet; 1805, 6,481,000 feet.
In 1824 it had kept the same figure; in 1840 it was reduced to 4,500,000 feet, but
there had been overexportation in the few years preceding, and stocks had accumu-
lated in the home markets ; in 1837, for example, there were shipped from Belize
8,500,000 feet. The same mistake was made in 1845-'46. In the first of these years
the returns show 9,919,507 feet, and in 1846 the enormous increase of 13,719,075 feet.
A portion of these annual quantities was wood cut outside of the limits. The
depression in the years 1848, 1849, 1850 is not difficult to account for. In 1874 the
the quantity had come down to the old figure of about 6,000,000 feet, and in 1878
lower still, 3,146,582 feet. The cost of cutting down and getting ready for shipment
is about from $40 to $50 per thousand feet.1

Cedar (Cedula odorata). — Growing with the mahogany, it is a member of the same
family. The export of this wood from the colony has greatly increased within the
last few years. In 1876 the number of feet shipped was 18,923 ; in 1883, 469,144 ; in
1884, 348,341; in 1885, 277,111; in 1886, 132,498. In the colony the trunks of the
largest trees are hollowed out to make dorays and pitpans, for which purpose they
are admirably adapted on account of the light and durable character of the wood.

Logwood (Decandria monogynia}. — This wood really comes next to mahogany in
export value. It is found in rather moist lands, and grows luxuriantly in the
swamps to the north and west, where it forms immense thickets.

The stem is crooked, and grows 16 to 24 feet high, seldom thicker than a man's
thigh, the branches also crooked and irregular, thorny; leaves winged, and flowers
pale yellow. The trunks are perpendicularly ribbed, and when cut down the outer
white or sap wood is removed, leaving only the reddish or dark heart wood, which is

~ l Gibbs's British Honduras. • Honduras Observer, 1843.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 23

cut into convenient logs suitable for shipment. It is claimed for Honduras logwood
that it is superior to that grown in Jamaica and St. Domingo, and that its market
value is fully 40 per cent higher. The yield of this wood is almost inexhaustible, as
it seeds freely, and can be recut in ten to fifteen years. Its original value was £100
per ton, then £40; in 1825, £16; and it is now quoted at £5 to £7. Its export from
the colony in 1713 to 1716 was 5,740 tons; in 1824, over 4,000; in 1874, 9,210 tons,
The average for the last ten years has been 16,000 tons.

Its production for shipment requires less capital than mahogany, and is frequently
undertaken by small capitalists employing small gangs, who pay a royalty for cufc
ting on the estates.

It is brought down the rivers in "bark logs," or floating cradles made of the cab-
bage palm, and in dorays, in which it is also conveyed along the coast.

Amongst the other woods of the colony are —

The Sapodilla (Achias sapota). — This is a most durable wood, difficult, on actoum
of its extreme hardness, to work, but it does work up handsomely in furniture. The
tree grows tall and free from branches, and one variety bears a sweet fruit with a
rough rind, the naseberry, the seeds of which are used as a diuretic. It ia much
used locally for uprights and beams in house carpentry, but owing to the greas
weight of the logs can not be floated down the rivers to the ports. If this liUnculty
of transportation be overcome — say by the introduction of railways — ihis wood
must find its way to European and other markets in much larger shipments than is
the case now. At present it can hardly be said to be exported. Tbtjre are two
varieties, the black and the red, one rather scarcer than the other and not half so
lofty, although about the same girth. It is a tree which grows abundantly in
Honduras.

Rosewood (Dalbergia sp.). — A very heavy, rich, dark-reddish wood, very desirable
for cabinet purposes, and plentiful in the colony, growing to a, height of 5>0 feet,
with a girth of 36 to 38 inches. Owing to its weight it is difficult to transport by
water, an obstacle to the exportation of many of the native furniture woods yet to
be overcome; about 150 to 200 tons are probably the average exportation. The so-
called Bastard Rose is a distinct variety, the wood of which w-rks up much redder
in color; and there is another illegitimate of the family, the MX, found in the colony.

Sam or salmwood (Jacaranda sp.). — A brown, very durable wood. On account of
its being avoided by all kinds of insects, it is much appreciated for lining ward-
robes, etc. It would, therefore, be very suitable for specimen cases for collectors of
natural history objects, especially entomological specimens. The tree grows 50 feet
high, with an average diameter of 2 feet. It is not exported.

Ziricote is by some considered a description of rosewood. Mr. Moms, director of
Botanical Garden, Jamaica, who made a professional tour through the colony a
)w years ago, at the request of the colonial government, states it to be scarce, but it

abundant in the northern district. It is only exported in small quantities. The

ime authority classes it amongst other timbers of the colony as yet unclassified

id unknown to commerce.

Fustic. — A yellow dyewood ; is well known to commerce and the trade ; the Morus
tinctoria. It is used locally for furniture work, and about 100 tons are annually
exported.

Poisonwood. — Of so-called poisonwood there are apparently three varieties, but
"Chechem" is simply the Indian name for all kinds of wood locally so designated.
The trees are so named on account of their secreting an acrid juice which, dropping
on the skin of the woodcutter, blisters it ; and a local authority, a writer in the Colo-
nial Guardian, reviewing the preliminary exhibition in Belize, describes the "Che-
chem" as a kind of Upas, to be under the shade of which for any time inflames the
skin of the face and the eyes. The writer calls the wood of the same tree the " King
of Woods," but he means of cabinet woods. The trees of the black variety are large
and umbrageous, and both kinds grow abundantly in the region, the height averag-

24 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

ing between 80 and 100 feet, diameter 24 to 30 inches. The white variety of "Che-
chem" appears to be the largest in its growth.

Santa Maria (Calopkyllum calaba). — Very suitable for shingles and heavy machine
work and buildings ; its seeds also yield an abundant oil adapted for lamps. It is
unsurpassed for shipbuilding. Height, 80 feet; diameter, 24 inches. The woad is
hard and durable, and is used in the construction of mahogany trucks.

Mahol (Paritum datum). — Yields a darkish-green wood of great value, as also the
celebrated Cuba bast, an article of commerce prepared from the inner layers of the
bark.

Balsam (Myroxylon tolifera). — Average height 40 feet and diameter 20 inches. It
resembles both mahogany and sapodilla, the latter most in color of the wood. Both
the gum and bark are used medicinally.

Bullet, or Bully Tree. — Height 60 to 80 feet, with a diameter of 18 inches. Plenti-
ful. Wood not very workable, and therefore not much used. Tree yields a resinous
gum.

Timber-sweet. — A low, stout tree, bearing a yellow berry ; 25 to 30 feet in height, 24
to 30 inches diameter. Wood light; not used.

Madre Cacao (Erythrina umbrosa). — A plentiful tree. Height 40 to 50 feet, 15 inches
in diameter. A fine hard wood, much used in house posts, and also as a shade in
cofi'ee and cacao plantations. Mr. Morris suggests as a preferable shade for cacao
the India-rubber plant, giving more shade and very profitable to the planter. Grows
easily from slips.

Bastard JRoseicood. — Plentiful. Grows to 40 or 50 feet, 12 inches in diameter.
Wood takes a high polish and is very tough.

White Maya. — A very tough wood, and takes a polish. The tree grows 60 feet, with
20 inches in diameter.

Calabash (Crescentia cujete). — A pretty growing tree, with the leaves peculiarly
arranged on the branches (subpinnate). The edible pulp of the large round nut is
hollowed out, and drinking cups are made of the shell.

Cabbage-bark Tree. — Grows plentifully, 40 feet by 15 or 20 inches ; the wood hard
and durable, used in house building and in the composition of trucks or spokes, &c.

Cinnamon, Wild. — Plenty of it ; 30 feet by 16 to 18 inches diameter. Bark only
used.

Buttonwood. — Extensively usedl ocally to burn ; is occasionally introduced as a vari-
ety in inlaid-cabinet work or veneering. The tree is not above 20 feet by 16 or 18
inches thick, and grows in swampy places. Used for ships' timbers.

Salaam. — A hard, durable wood, little known. Locally used for furniture, inlaid
work, and capable of taking a fine polish.

Blackheart. — The tree attains a height of 30 feet, with a diameter of 12 inches.
Wood hard, yellowish-brown in color, with a deep-colored heart. Takes a high
polish.

Billy Webb. — In local use only. Height, 30 feet; diameter, about 24 inches. Used
in constructing mahogany slides and trucks. It is plentiful, and an exceedingly
tough wood.

Grandy Betty.— Grows plentifully ; 40 feet by 12 inches. Wood not in use. Leaves
used for a decoction.

Boy's Job. — Plentiful ; 30 or 40 feet by 18 inches. A tough, hard wood; not in use,
except the leaves medicinally and for snake bites.

John Crow. — Plentiful; 35 feet by 16 inches. Not used.

Pigeon Plum.— Plentiful ; 40 to 50 feet by 12 to 15 inches.

Allspice (Pimento) (Eugenia pimenta).—A. favorite wood for walking sticks. Its
seeds are known and appreciated as a spice everywhere. The tree grows plenti-
fully in the colony ; 50 feet in height and 20 inches in diameter.

Fiddlewood (Citharexylum melanocardium). — Grows abundantly. A straight tree
with copious foliage and branches, 50 to 60 feet in height, 5 feet in diameter. Little
used.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 25

Dogwood (Plscidia erythrina). — This is a tree of the genus Cornus, of which there
are several species, exceedingly hard, called, also, dogwood. Javin is a variety of
this wood with an Indian name. The trees grow large and straight, 80 to 100 feet,
24 to 30 inches diameter, and the wood of both is used for rollers of native sugar-
mills, etc. Javin is slightly the hardest.

Granadilla. — Not to be confounded with the vine granadilla bearing a luscious
fruit. This tree grows 80 feet high, and is 2 feet thick. It produces a hard, dura-
ble, finely grained red timber, and is abundant in the region. It rises 50 feet with-
out a limb, and is therefore a conspicuous forest tree. The wood is used in furni-
ture and house decoration.

Iromvood (Laplacea hcematoxylon). — Every timber region has its own ironwood.
This is an exceedingly hard, dark reddish wood, with a very fine grain. Tree 25 feet
high, 10 inches in diameter.

Polewood. — So called, as it is used for poles to propel canoes and rivercraft in shal-
low places ; height, 60 to 80 feet, 10 to 12 inches diameter. Grows straight and reg-
ular and is a little used in house carpentry.

Axmaster. — A tree the woodman takes his hat off to or gives it the go-by when he
can. A dark wood taking a shining polish, 40 feet by 18 inches diameter. Not much
used ; the tree blunts the ax and the wood resists a nail.

Lignum vitce.

Fix orpij.—Tvro bastard varieties of L. vitce, evidently. The fruit is scarce, and is
not used when found here, at all events. It attains a height of 40 feet, and is 12
inches thick, as a rule, when grown. Plentiful, straight-bodied, 40 feet in height, 10
inches diameter. Timber used for fence posts, and the twigs make very lasting
thatch.

Teabox. — A slender tree, not used, producing an edible berry and leaves, of which
a decoction, "bush, tea," is made. Thirty feet high, 10 to 12 inches diameter.

Prickly yellow. — Plentifully found. A straight-growing tree, 30 feet in height, 5 or
6 inches in diameter. Wood used for hoe and other agricultural tool handles.

Silly Young. — A large tree of 100 feet growth, producing durable house timber,
which is also used for slides to slide mahogany and cedar logs.

Goodluck. — A fine hardwood, looking like dark-brown satin when polished. Prob-
ably a variety of the salinwood.

Redwood. — A strong-bodied tree of 60 to 80 feet growth and 12 inches thick. Wood
hard and durable, used for fence posts and in house building, and lasting well.

Turtle lone. — A ponderous and hard wood, light yellow, taking a fine polish. Grow-
ing to a height a little under 20 feet; diameter, slight; very tough, and something
like logwood.

Wild Provision (Pachira aquatica). — A common tree in moist places and river banks,
bearing a fruit the size of a small pumpkin, the seeds of which are edible. Used for
fencing posts, etc.

Crdboo or Crabeio (Byrsonima spicata). — A common tree, bearing a small, acid fruit,
in size between a black currant and gooseberry, which, when sweetened, makes a
pleasant, wholesome drink. The bark is also locally used medicinally.

My Lady. — Grows nearly 100 feet high and 18 inches to 2 feet diameter. A yellow
wood, taking a fine polish ; used both in house carpentry and cabinetwork.

Mangrove, Red (Rhizophora mangle).

Mangrove, black (Rhizophora sp.).

Mangrove, White (Laguncularia racemosa). — The manggi of the Malays. It grows
along the seashore and river banks, rooting in the mud, the seeds germinating even
while attached to the branches. The cays or islands in the Bay of Honduras are
densely covered with it. The wood is used to burn and the bark as an astringent.
It is also used in htfUse building and occasionally in cabinetwork, also for ship-
building, in which it has a great local repute, furnishing " knees " that require little
molding into the necessary shape. Average growth, 30 to 50 feet; the black is the

26 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

lowest in stature. Red mangrove, 60 to 80 feet; white, 80 feet; black, 50 feet.
Diameter of all, 20 inches.

Mayflower.— This is a deciduous tree, and takes a fine polish ; has a profusion of
purple blossoms in May, and is a handsome tree, wide-spread, and growing to 70 or
80 feet. Used for yokes.

Botan (Palmetto) (Sabalsp). — The leaves are nsed for thatch, the stem for staking
and piles ; 60 feet by 5 inches.

Bullhoof. — Plentiful ; 80 to 100 feet, 24 inches diameter. Grows straight ; not used.

Task Nick. — A beautiful cabinet wood.

Oak (probably Quercus virens). — A short, scrubby tree, 30 to 40 feet, 12 to 15 inches
diameter, of which the wood is not used. The bark is used in tanning.

Walknaked (i. e., with its bark off}.— Plentifully found, growing 40 to 50 feet high;
a tough, unworkable wood; not in use.

Bribbi. — Plentifully found, growing about 50 feet. An umbrageous tree, with an
edible berry. The wood is not used much.

Cabbage-palms (Euterpe montana, Areca oleracea, and Oreodoxa regia). — The moun-
tain cabbage, the trunk of which is used, especially by Caribs, in constructing
dwellings and for logwood rafts, called "bark logs."

Cabbage palms (Oreodoxa oleracea). — White and red varieties, both growing 80 to
100 feet, diameter 12 inches ; outside very hard, and taking a good polish. Very dur-
able; used in house building.

Cahoun Palm (Attalea Cohune). — The tree averages 55 feet in height; valuable for
its oil-bearing nuts.

Cocoanut Palm (Cocos mucifera). — The use of this familiar tree of the tropics as a
furniture material is, perhaps, not generally known ; it is very prettily polished; 60
to 80 feet.

Tnberuce. — Much used in constructing canoes.

Crammali. — The bark of this tree is used medicinally and the tree as a furniture
wood.

Yemery or Emery. — Much used for canoes.

Gombolimbo (Symphonia «/).).— A tree of 60 to 80 feet stature, 20 to 24 inches diam-
eter; plentiful, and yielding a gum. The leaves are used as a decoction.

Samun or Ramon (Tropltis americana). — Its foliage makes fodder for cattle, but is
only used when bread nut can not be obtained. It is abundant, growing 50 feet high,
20 inches diameter; wood not used.

Cockspur (Acacia spadicifera) is armed with formidable spines, one at the base 01
each leaf and branch, 2 inches long.

Wire Beer (Psidium sp.). — A wild guava; plentiful; height, 40 feet; diameter, 8 to
10 inches. Wood not much used.

Water Wood. — Plentiful, at a height of 50 feet, growing straight; wood used for
dwelling houses.

" Knock-me-Back." — A small tree of 25 feet elevation, found in swampy places grow-
ing plentifully. Wood used in house building. At the end of each leaf there is an
extension into a prickle or thorn, hence the local appellation.

"Drunken Bayman." — Abundant, but not used; grows straight, 60 feet high, with
a diameter of 20 inches.

Wild Tamarind (T. indica).—A. most umbrageous, handsome tree, the fruit of which
is well known, covering a wide space, and plentiful in the colony, 80 to ICO feet in
height. The wood is used for doreys, pitpans, etc. ; also for truck wheels.

Bread Nut (Brosimum alicastrum) .— Grows 80 to 100 feet by 24 to 30 inches. Fur-
nishes good fodder for cattle.

Glar.sy Wood. — A tall, slim tree, the wood of which i« very tough. It grows 60 to
80 feet high, 12 to 18 inches in diameter; used for beams and wall plates in house
building.

Iguana Blossom.— A. tree so named from its being frequented by a genus of lizard—
Iguana tuberculata of Laurenti — which, being herbivorous, feeds on the blossoms.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 27

The original Carib name is guana, and these Indians, or their mixed descendants in
Honduras, eat the animal which is common to tropical America, hence the tree is
often corruptly similarly named. It is looked upon by some as a mere variety of
madre cacao.

Negrito. — A straight grower, with a resemblance to a pine, 80 feet in height, 20
inches diameter. Its stem is used for masts of vessels.

Cashaw (Prosopis juliflora). — A fodder tree common in the West Indies and neigh-
boring countries, but requires caution in using. If an animal is fed on the pods
when the seeds are germinating the germination is continued in the animal's intes-
tines, and if not relieved of its last meal the poor beast dies. Breeders of stock
therefore eliminate it from their pastures. (Morris states that Prosopis yields also
a gum resembling gum arabic, and the wood of it is hard and durable.)

The Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a favorite plant on account of its edible
seeds, which grow peculiarly, namely, at the end of the beautifully colored
swollen stalk. The tree belongs to the sumac (Rhus) family, and the fleshy stalk,
besides being eaten, makes a pleasing preserve and also a pleasant drink. (Morris :
Prosopis yields also a gum resembling gum arabic, and the wood of it is hard and
durable.)

Satinwood. — A hard lemon-colored local variety of a well-known furniture wood,
which emits a slight fragrance, takes a lustrous polish, and is a great favorite with
cabinetmakers and furniture connoisseurs. The origin of the name is obvious, and
the local species grows to a height of 30 feet, with a diameter of 2 feet. That it is
inferior to its Indian congener few who view it worked up in articles of furniture
will consider. It is plentiful in British Honduras.

Beewood.

PALMETTOS, CALLED HERE " PIMENTOS."

The Salt-water Pimento (Bactris sp.). — Much used in staking wharves, resisting well
the action of water, 40 feet by 4 inches diameter. Blossom used to stuff pillows,
cushions, etc. The palmetto is plentiful and much used locally.

The silver pimento is covered with long spiky thorns. Tree grows 20 feet high by
3 to 4 inches diameter. Wood tough, and used in house building.

WITHES, OR LIANAS.

Locally known as "Tie-ties," and very useful to the woodmen and hunters, often
supplying the place of rope and string. These parasites climb the tallest trees, and
hang in graceful festoons or drop perpendicularly from the branches of their sup-
porters. They vary in thickness from less than that of a little finger to that of the
thickest part of a man's thigh, and are frequently armed with formidable thorns.

Water Tie-Tie. — So called from the circumstance that in the driest weather the
thirsty traveler, if he is experienced in woodcraft, can obtain water from it by
rapidly cutting off a section of the parasite by two quick cuts with his machete, and
holding the section perpendicularly.

Chew-Stick Tie- Tie.— Twigs of this vine are used by the natives of all the races in
the colony as a substitute for the tooth-brush and powder of more highly advanced
countries. It is also used in place of yeast to start fermentation in making ginger
and spruce beer, etc.

The Pine (Finns culensia).— It is estimated that about one-third of the area of Brit-
ish Honduras at present known is composed of pine-ridge country.

The chief plant of the pine ridges of the colony. The timber is used only to a
small extent, locally, for building purposes, owing, it is said, to the difficulty experi-
enced in sawing it. The wood is heavy, and if seasoned properly might be very
durable. For railway sleepers, the pine wood should prove most valuable; and if

wmills were provided, much timber now imported could be supplied from the

itive woods, and large quantities of pine might be profitably exported.

:

28 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

GUATEMALA.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal woods of this country are red cedar, mahogany, cypress,
and a pine used for framing purposes, somewhat similar to the Oregon
pine, but vastly inferior.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The principal woods imported are California redwood, for finishing
purposes, and Oregon pine, for framing and flooring.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

There is no lumber imported from any other country except the
United States, the amount of lumber from there being over 2,500,000
feet per annum.

DUTIES AND PRICES.

There is no import duty on lumber.

The prices of lumber vary from $90 to $120 (Guatemala silver*) per
1,000 feet at the present time, according to the rates of freight, which
fluctuate more or less on account of competition.

CLIMATE.

The climate of Guatemala is as a rule salubrious. It is very warm
upon the coast, but becomes much cooler in proportion to the altitude,
and on the table lands of the city of Guatemala the climate may be
described as being very even.

GENERAL BUILDING.

As regards shipbuilding, there is none. There is some railroad build-
ing going on in the Republic, a line being in course of construction
from Puerto Barrios, on the gulf side, to the city of Guatemala.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

Referring to the methods to be pursued to extend the lumber trade
of the United States with this Republic, I desire to state that the very
high rate of exchange, high freights, exorbitant port charges in the
shape of landing and pier charges, customs duties, etc., are very much
against any increase of this trade.

D. LYNCH PRINGLE,

Consul- General.
GUATEMALA, January 4, 1894.

* The Guatemala dollar (peso) was valued at 51.6 cents by the U. S. Treasury on
January 1, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 29

SALVADOR.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods are as follows : Balsam, from which the balsam ot
Peru is obtained, and which is wholly a Salvadorean product; cahoba
(mahogany); red cedar; ceiba, a 5-leaved silk-cotton tree; cola de pava,
an inferior kind of volador; conocaste, a very large hard- wood tree,
used for railroad ties, flooring, etc.; granadillo, brittle and speckled,
worked mainly into canes, etc.; guachipilin. a solid, strong wood, used
for ships ; lignum vitae ; laurel, different from ours, in the bark it resem-
bles our oak, it is springy and easy to work; mora, a fustic; madre
cacao, a durable wood, which petrifies in damp ground; nispero (the
medlar tree); nogal (the walnut); pin o, the common and pitch pine;
pochote, a species of cedar with thorny bark; quebracho (break-ax), so
called from its hardness, used for fences, etc. ; quita calzon (trowsers-
tearer), used for construction; roble, an inferior kind of oak; ron ron,
resembles the guachipilin, but is rougher ; tatascame, called the low
climate tree, grows in great altitudes, and is used for beams, etc.;
varillo, a hard, fibrous, dense-grained wood, good for building timber ;
volador has a white bark, but is not a birch, used in the manufacture of
primitive cartwheels; zapotillo, the sapota tree; ebano (ebony), very
scarce; copinol, a yellow, strong wood, out of which the native sugar-
cane mills are made.

In addition to the foregoing, there are the tropical fruit trees and,
chief of all, the coffee trees, from which, however, nothing is made in
the shape of lumber, except walking canes and some other small arti-
cles. Some of the foregoing woods are known under different names in
the adjoining countries.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The kinds of lumber used and preferred are:

Native. — Oedro, couacaste, cahoba, pochote, guachipilin, and laurel.
Foreign. — Oregon pine and California redwood, and spruce (ceiling)
from Canada, imported by way of Europe.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The quantity of lumber imported is about 700,000 feet from the United
States (California) and about 50,000 feet from Canada (via Europe),
though it varies greatly from year to year. Our trade with Salvador
has largely increased within the last two years.

This republic has an area of only about 9,600 square miles, while its
population is 700,000, or about 85 to the square mile, which is twenty
times as dense as that of any other of the Central American States.
This makes timber land very scarce, and what little there is of it is

30 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

often inaccessible, because of the lack of roads, so that it is generally
cheaper to import lumber than to buy it here. There exists, however,
some prejudice against our lumber on the ground that it can not with-
stand this climate, but this prejudice is unwarranted and is passing
away.

DUTIES AND PRICES.

There are nominally no import duties laid upon lumber, but by an
order of the president, recently issued, a "loan " of 25 cents in gold is
collected on every 100 pounds. I am endeavoring to have this order
revoked.

Lumber is worth in the country, at the place where it is sawed, about
80 pesos ($37.20) per 1,000, taking cedar for a basis, and by the time it
reaches the markets of the principal towns, with the present facilities
of transportation, from 100 ($46.50) to 150 pesos ($09.80) per 1,000.
American lumber can be laid down here, without the profit, for 80 pesos *
($37.20) rough to 100 pesos ($46.50) finished.

CLIMATE.

The climate of Salvador is tropical, but on the mountains and pla-
teaus, upwards of 1,500 feet above the sea level, it is healthful and
agreeable. From that height down toward the valleys of the interior,
or toward the coast it becomes hotter and correspondingly unhealthful,
particularly in the beginning and toward the close of the rainy season
(May and October),

GENERAL BUILDING.

In the principal towns, in the time of peace, there is always building
going on, although not to a large extent. The houses are, however,
all of wood, owing to the frequency of earthquakes. No shipbuilding
is carried on, except the repairing of small boats or launches, which
are brought whole or in pieces from the United States. The railroads
in course of construction are those of La Ceiba-Santa Tecla, 6 miles,
and the Ateos-Santa Ana line, 40 miles. These are propressing slowly.
Two new lines are proposed, one from La Union to San Miguel, and
the other from La Liber tad to San Salvador, each about 35 miles long.
The Government is building a custom-house, hospital, and barracks
at Acajutla. A California company has a contract ($160,000 in gold)
to construct a bridge across the Leinpa Eiver.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

So long as Americans study the wants of this country and fulfill
them, so long can they contest the lumber trade here. The natives do

*The peso was worth, accouUng to U. S. Treasury valuation, 46.5 cents ou April 1,
1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 31

not know how to assort, care little how they season the lumber, and it
is almost impossible to get from them good dimensions. The one thing
to be feared by us is the reinstatement of exorbitant freight rates.

ALEXANDER L. POLLOCK,

Consul.
SAN SAL, V^ADOR, March 5, 1894.

SOUTH AMERICA.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

NATIVE WOODS.

In regard to the native woods of the Argentine Eepublic, I have
to state that I have already furnished the Department with a full and
detailed report. It was published in Yol. x, No. 34, p. 849, of Consular
Eeports. It not only gives the distribution of the forests of the
country from Tierra del Fuego northward to the region of the tropics
(latitude 20° S., longitude 58° W.), but it describes the peculiarities
and uses of the various woods, including the belts on the eastern
slopes of the Andes, the subtropical trees of Salta and Gran, and the
immense timber resources of the Gran Chaco, Misiones, and the
Argentine Mesopotamia, together with the estimate of the future
lumber trade of the Argentine Kepublic. The statements and descrip-
tions of trees in that report are as applicable and apposite to-day
as when they were written, and they include the specific gravity
of the most important trees; so that, instead of rewriting the facts of
that report, I suggest that it be made a supplementary report hereto,*
containing matters of considerable interest to those who are now

iking information on these subjects.

The number of species of trees in the Argentine Eepublic is stated
exceed 500, though of course many of these are mere shrubs or
irborets. Of the more important woods, over 100 species were exhib-
ited at the recent Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and these

:hibits, being sections or blocks sawed from the trunks, and in most
>es polished, have been presented to the Philadelphia Industrial

Ixhibition, where they can now be seen in all their marvelous beauty;

id I presume the catalogue which accompanies them includes full
lescriptions.

Of those native woods wnich have, up to the present time, been more

merally utilized either for constructions or for cabinet work or indus-

:ial purposes, the following are the most important :

Algarrobo. — The zone of this useful tree is very extensive, since it

ibraces the following provinces and territories : Corrientes, Santa F6,

*The report referred to will be found immediately following this report.

32 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Catamarca, Cordoba, Jujuy, Salta, Mendoza, San Luis, Eioja, Tucu-
man, Entre Bios, Santiago del Estero, Ghaco, Formosa, and Pampa
Central. Its varieties are the white, the yellow, the black, the red, the
gray, and the violet. Its size differs according to the variety, its height
being from 5 to 12 meters (16.4 to 37 feet), and its diameter from 12
inches to 3 meters (9.76 feet). Its uses are varied and important, being
used greatly in carpentry work, in the turning lathe, in cabinet work,
in shipbuilding, etc. Its fruit constitutes an important part of the
food of the poorer classes in the interior of the Eepublic. It is also fed
to cattle, and they rapidly grow fat from its consumption. A drink
called la aloja is likewise prepared from it, which is very intoxicating.
The outside bark is employed for dyeing purposes, giving a bright red
color. The wood resists the action of sun and water without cracking,
and with the application of a little oil, is almost indestructible.

Red quebracho. — This valuable tree is found in the extensive zone
formed by the following provinces and territories : Salta, Santiago del
Estero, Cordoba, Santa F6, Corrientes, Chaco, Formosa, etc. It grows
to a height of 15 meters (49.25 feet), with a diameter of 1J meters
(4.923 feet). The color of the wood is very dark red. Its uses are
various and valuable. As sleepers or ties for railway tracks, it is
preferred to all other known woods, and the railways of the country,
with the exception of those which have iron sleepers, are constructed
with this class of timber. It also possesses very powerful tanning
properties, and for that purpose it is employed in all the tanneries of
this part of the Argentine Kepublic, the amount employed at present
reaching 50,000 tons per annum. For this purpose it is also exported
to Europe in great quantities. In the form of posts for fences it is
also greatly employed. It is also used for turners' work, and for
columns, beams, heavy bridge timbers, etc. It is used everywhere in
the country, both on account of its hardness and its durability. It is
likewise susceptible of an exquisite polish, and is extensively used for
cabinet work, for doors, window sills, stairs, etc.

White quebracho. — This variety, also greatly appreciated, is found in
the following provinces and territories: Salta, Catamarca, Santiago
del Estero, Santa Fe, San Luis, Cordoba, Eioja, Tucuman, Corrientes,
Chaco, and Formosa. It grows to about the same proportions as the red
quebracho. The color is a yellowish white. It is employed for various
purposes, such as shoe lasts, carriage and cart spokes, hubs of wheels,
carriage and cart beds; also in all kinds of turners' work, in all which
works 4,000 or 5,000 tons are annually consumed in this city.

Cedar. — This valuable wood is principally found in the territory of
Misiones, though to some extent cedar forests exist in parts of the
provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Tucumau, Corrientes, and Catamarca. The
trees reach to a height of 15 to 28 meters.(49.21 to 91.86 feet), with a
diameter of 1 meter (3.94 feet). Its color is bright red. Owing to the
easier and cheaper transportation by means of the Parana Eiver,

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 33

nearly all that is used here and all that is shipped abroad is brought
down from Misiones. Lately considerable of this wood has been sent
to the United States. It is employed here in the construction of
doors, windows, lattice work, wardrobes, counters, etc., and is greatly
appreciated.

Nandubay. — The forests of this valuable timber tree are mostly in
E ntre Kios, Santa Fe, Cordoba, San Luis, Corrientes, and the terri-
tories of the Chaco and Formosa. Its great use is for posts for wiro
fencing, owing to its great specific gravity and its durability.

Cibil. — The Cibil is found in the following provinces and territories.
Jujuy, Salta, Tucurnan, Catarnarca, Corrientes, Chaco, Misiones, and
Formosa. There are three varieties, the white, the red, and the black.
It grows to a height of 20 meters (65.62 feet), and its diameter is little
less than a meter for the largest trees. In the provinces the bark is
used for tanning purposes, and its wood is employed as beams, bridge
timbers, and for domestic purposes. It is rich in rubber gum, but no
efforts have yet been made to utilize it.

Gayaibi. — This tree is found in the zone formed by the province of
Corrientes and the territories of Formosa, Chaco, and Misiones. The
varieties are the white, the gray, and the black. It attains to a height
of 12 meters (39.37 feet), and has a diameter of one half meter (19.68
inches). It is greatly esteemed by the natives. It is used for tool
handles, and also for oars, masts for small vessels, cooperage, cabinet
work, etc. It is flexible and yet very strong.

Laurel. — Laurel is found in the following provinces and territories:
Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, Corrientes, Catarnarca, Chaco, Formosa, and
Misioues, and presents three varieties — the white, the yellow, and the
black. It reaches a height of from 10 to 20 meters (32.81 to 65.62 feet),
and its diameter ranges from a quarter to three quarters of a meter
(9.84 inches to 2.46 feet). It has exquisite veins running through the
wood, and quite competes with walnut. It is extensively used for cab-
inetwork j also, owing to its great strength, for naval construction,
and for the wood parts of agricultural machinery.

Walnut. — The walnut (nogal) is found in the zone formed by the fol-
lowing provinces: Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, Mendoza, Cordoba, and
Eioja. There are two varieties — the black, probably originally imported
into the country, and the native, or white, which is a very light brown
color. It is used in the interior for cabinetwork.

Rosewood. — This fine wood ( polo de rosa) grows only in the territory
of Missiones. It reaches a height of 15 to 20 meters (49.21 to 65.62
feet). It is the usual rosewood of commerce, takes an exquisite polish,
and is principally used for cabinetwork and furniture. Yery little,
however, comes to this market, as the foreign variety can be procured
more readily and much more cheaply.

Mahogany. — This valuable wood (jacarandd) is found only in the far
northeastern part of the country, and principally in the territories of the
665A 3

34 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Chaco and Formosa. It grows to a height of 5 meters (16.41 feet), and
its diameter is about 18 inches. Owing to its scarcity, it is not greatly
used here, the imported article taking its place in this part of the
country.

Tipa. — This tree grows principally in the following provinces and
territories: Jujuy, Salta Tucuinan, Corrientes, Chaco, and Formosa.
There are three varieties — the white, the red, and the yellow. The
trees grow to a height of 15 to 25 meters (49.21 to 82.02 feet), and it
attains to a meter (39.37 inches) in diameter. It is employed for vari-
ous purposes by carpenters, and in the fabrication of yokes, plows, and
the handles of tools and agricultural instruments. There is quite a
demand for it also for cabinetwork, as it takes a beautiful polish.

Palo bianco. — This tree, whitewood, as it is called, is found in the
following provinces and territories: Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, Santa Fe,
Corrientes, Chaco, Formosa, and Misiones. There are eight varieties,
according to slight differences of color. Its height ranges, according to
the variety, from 3 to 15 meters (9.85 to 49.21 feet), and its diameter is
only from 10 to 60 centimeters (3.94 to 23.62 inches). It is used for a
variety of purposes, and is best known in turners' work and the
wood of iron machinery ; also, for chairs and fine furniture. Its grain
is very compact, and varnish produces upon it a beautiful effect.

Palo amarillo. — This tree, yellowwood, as its name signifies, is
found in Corrientes, Santa F6, Tucuman, Salta, Jujuy, Catamarca,
Chaco, and Misiones. It attains to a height of 12 meters (39.37 feet),
with a diameter of half a meter (19.68 inches). It is variously employed
in turners', carpenters', and cabinet makers' work, and is much appreci-
ated.

Palo moro. — This is the Argentine mulberry, and is found in the fol-
lowing provinces and territories: Salta, Corrientes, Misiones, Chaco,
and Formosa. Its height varies from 10 to 20 meters (32.81 to 65.62
feet), and its diameter from 50 to 75 centimeters (19.68 to 27.56 inches).
The color of the wood is bright yellow. It has a fine, compact grain,
beautifully veined, and, when varnished, produces fine effects when
used in cabinetwork.

Virard. — This wood is embraced in the zone which includes th<
provinces of Corrientes, Catamarca, Jujuy, and Tucuman, and the terri-
tory of the Chaco. Its height varies from 14 to 25 meters (45.10 to
82.02 feet), and its diameter from 60 to 75 centimeters (23.62 to 27.56
inches). Its color is a very dark brown. It is employed in carpentry
and in wagon and carriage work. It is not very abundant, and it
brings high prices in the market.

Calden.— This is found in the provinces of Entre Rios, Corrientes,
Cordoba, and San Luis, and the territory of the Central Painpa. II
reaches a height of only 3 to 12 meters (9.84 to 39.37 feet), and a diam-
eter of 30 to 70 centimeters (11.81 to 27.56 inches). Its color is bright
red. It is a useful wood, and is not only employed in carpentry but its

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 35

bark is used for tanning purposes and its chips for dyestuffs. It is
also used for fencing and for railroad fuel.

Tatane. — The zone of this tree comprehends the provinces of Salta,
Jujuy, Tucuman, Corrientes, and Santa Fe, and the territories of Chaco,
Misiones, and Formosa. Its height varies from 10 to 16 meters
(32.81 to 51.66 feet), and its diameter from 20 to 50 centimeters (7.87
to 19.68 inches). Its color is a golden yellow. It is employed in car-
pentry, cabinetwork, and turners7 work in the places wher^ it grows.
But little of it reaches Buenos Ayres.

Virapitd. — This tree is found in the following provinces, to wit:
Santa Fe, Corrientes, Chaco, Formosa, and Misiones. Its height is from
16 to 20.meters (51.66 to 65.62 feet), and its diameter from 20 to 40 cen-
timeters (7.87 to 15.75 inches). Its color is a silver-gray. It is used
in carpentry work, cabinetwork, and turners' work. It is especially
sought after for axles and spokes for wagons and carriages; also for
beams and sleepers, and its chips are made use of for dyestuff.

Pacard. — This tree is found in the zone formed by the following
provinces and territories, to wit: Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, Santa Fe,
Corrientes, Chaco, Formosa, and Misiones. It attains to a height of
from 10 to 20 meters (32.81 to 65.62 feet), and a diameter of from 1 to 2
meters (39.37 to 78.74 inches). The color is very dark red. It is used
in carpentry work, and from its dimensions is admirably adapted for
beams, joists, sleepers, etc. It also makes beautiful flooring, window
frames, turners7 work, and furniture.

Espina de corona. — This tree, the u crown thorn," is found in the
province of Corrientes and in the territories of the Chaco, Misiones,
and Formosa. It reaches a height of from 10 to 15 meters (32.81 to
49.21 feet), and a diameter of about 1 meter (39.37 inches). The color
of the wood is yellowish gray. It is used in carpentry work, and espe-
cially for fine furniture.

Molle. — This fine tree, with its several varieties, is scattered through
the following provinces and territories : Salta, Jujuy, Cordoba, Cata-
marca, Tucumau, San Luis, Mendoza, Corrientes, Pampa Central,
Chaco, and Formosa. Its principal varieties are the white, the red, the
black, the udel inonte," the sweet, the violet, and the Peruvian. It
varies in height from 4 to 10 meters (13.12 to 32.81 feet), and from 25
centimeters to 1 meter (9.84 to 39.37 inches) in diameter. Its color
varies from a dark gray to a black brown. The tree has valuable
turning properties. The wood is variously used. From the fruit of the
"molle dulce" is made a liquor called aloja.

Guayacdn. — This tree is found in the extensive zone formed by the
following provinces and territories, to wit: Salta, Tucuman, Catamarca,
Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, San Luis, Santiago, Cordova, Corrientes,
Chaco, and Formosa. There are 2 varieties. Its height varies from 4
to 15 meters (13.12 to 49.21 feet) and its diameter from 10 to 40 centi-
meters (3.93 to 15.75 inches). The color of the wood is black. For

36 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

turners' work, for moldings, and for veneering it is a magnificent wood.
It is sought after for walking sticks. It is one of the hardest woods in
the country and its endurance is wonderful.

Palma. — The palma is found in the following provinces and terri-
tories, viz, Cordova, Entre Eios, San Luis, Santa F£, Corrientes, Chaco,
and Formosa. There are several varieties, the red, the white, tuid the
black. It grows to a height of from 6 to 22 meters (19.08 to 72.18 feet)
and has a^diameter of from 25 to 30 centimeters (9.84 to 11.81 inches).
The color varies from gray to gray black. In the Chaco and Corrientes
the tree is greatly used, being employed for roofing of the "toldas,"
"ranches," and nearly all other rural constructions. It is also used for
bridge flooring, for fences, for joists, and for telegraph posts. There
are great forests of this tree along the Bernujo Eiver, in the Chaco.

Uranday. — This tree is found in the following provinces and terri-
tories, viz: Salta, Jujuy, Catamarca, Corrientes, Misioucs, Chaco, and
Formosa. The varieties are the white, the black, and the curly. II
grows to a height of from 15 to 20 meters (49.21 to 65.62 feet), with
diameter of about 1 meter (39.37 inches). Its color varies from a silver-
gray to a gray black. It is used in the woodwork of all sorts of tools
for handles, for brushes, for moldings, etc. It is also employed fc
joists, beams, sleepers, posts, etc. It is hard and durable and is greatl;
esteemed in the country.

Lapacho. — This tree is principally found in Salta, Jujuy, Tucumai
and Misiones. The varieties are the yellow, the white, the red, th<
curly, and the black. Its height is from 15 to 30 meters (49.21 to 9S.<
feet) and its color varies from a greenish gray to a gray black. It
used for the spokes of wheels, for which purpose it is claimed to
the best wood in the world. It is also a beautiful wood for cabinet
work, and is greatly used for turner's work and fencing; likewise fc
dyestuff's. It is regarded as one of the most valuable trees whi<
grow in the Argentine forests, and there is a general demand for it.

Guayabo. — This tree is found in the zone formed by the following
provinces and territories, viz: Santa Fe, Entre Eios, Corrientes, Chac
and Misiones. It grows to a height of 15 meters (49.21 feet) with
diameter which varies from 50 to 75 centimeters (19.68 to 29.53 indies)
Its color is red, with veins of yellow and black. There is a variety al
of a bright gray color. It is admirable for cabinetwork, for fine furni
ture, for turners' work, and for veneering. Its bark is used for tanniiij
purposes. Its fruit is very aromatic and is used for jellies, deserts, etc.

Inga. — Forests of this tree are found in the following provinces and
territories, viz: Entre Eios, Santa F6, Corrientes, Misiones, and For-
mosa. It presents two varieties, called the bitter and the sweet in.ua.
The "bitter" attains to a height of 10 to 15 meters (32.81 to 49.21 fed),
with a diameter of 40 to 75 centimeters (15.75 to 29.53 inches). The
"sweet" reaches to a height of only 4 to 6 meters (13.12 to 19.78 feet) and
a diameter of 20 centimeters (7.87 inches). The wood of the first-named

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 37

variety is brownish gray; of the second, greenish gray. It is used iu
turners' work. The fruit of the tree is edible.

Palo de lanza. — The u lance wood " embraces the zone formed by the
following provinces and territories, viz: Solla, Santa Fe, Misiones,
Chaco, and Formosa. It grows to a height of 15 meters (49.21 feet)
with a diameter of 50 centimeters (19.68 inches). The color of the
wood is a bright gray. It is used for turners' work, for chairs, for han-
dles, etc.

Petcriby. — This tree grows principally in the provinces of Santa Fe
and Corrientes and in the territories of Misiones and Chaco. Its
height varies from 15 to 18 meters (49.21 to 58.22 feet), with a diameter
of 30 to 50 centimeters (11.81 to 19.68 inches). The color is a bright
brown, very similar to walnut. It is used for cabinetwork, for furniture
and other carpentry work. It is also employed for beams, joists, etc.

Chenar. — The zone of this tree is quite extensive, being found in
greater or less quantities in all parts of the country; but especially in
the folio wing provinces and territories, viz: Cordoba, Jujuy, San Luis,
Santa Fe, Tucuman, Santiago, Pampa Central, and the Chaco. It grows
to a height of 5 or 6 meters (16.44 to 19.68 feet) with a diameter of 50
centimeters (19.68 inches). It is used in all kinds of carpentry work.

Palo ribera. — This tree, "river wood," is quite abundant in the ter-
ritories of the Chaco and Formosa, and especially along the Bermijo
Eiver. It attains to a height of 12 to 18 meters (39.37 to 49.21 feet), a
diameter of 50 to 80 centimeters (19.68 to 31.50 inches). It is not yet
very well known in Buenos Ayres, as it is rather inaccessible to the
woodchoppers. Its color is rather unique — dark cinnamon, with red-
dish veins. When polished it presents a magnificent surface, and,
combined with other woods, in cabinetwork, produces beautiful ettects.
When better known, it will evidently be sought after.

Alamo bianco. — This is the white, or " aspen," poplar of the United
States. It is found all over the Argentine Republic, and, as with us,
it is used for all sorts of purposes. Being about the only light wood
in the country, it is employed in carpentry work, for packing-boxes,
for common furniture, for broom handles, and for many other purposes.
It grows without any attention, and immense plantations are every-
where to be seen. It is especially used by estancieros for belts of tim-
ber around their habitations, to break the force of the wind and thus
protect their flocks.

Alamo Carolina. — This is nothing more than our ordinary cotton-
wood, which grows with such wonderful luxuriance on the low banks
and islands of the Mississippi River. It may be indigenous to this
country, but I think the tree was imported from us by Dr. Sarmiento,
when he was minister to the United States. On the prairies and
pampas of the Argentine Republic, on account of its rapid growth, it
is greatly appreciated, and is regarded as a much better wood, owing
to its heavier body, than the white poplar. As it is easily worked, it
is used for all sorts of carpentry purposes.

38 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Willow. — This tree grows very generally all over the Republic, and
especially along the water courses. It covers the islands of the Delta
of the Panama River. It furnishes nearly all the firewood of the city
of Buenos Ayres. Every three years it is cut for that purpose, and
new trees spring up from the stumps. It is likewise used for common
furniture, for turners' work, for wooden shoes, etc.; and as it flourishes
with a rapid growth in the timberless regions of the country it is
regarded as one of the most useful trees of the Republic.

SPECIES AND VARIETIES, AND THEIR EXPLOITATION.

I have thus, according to request, enumerated thirty-six different
species of native trees, all indigenous to the Argentine Republic; and,
as has been seen, some of these species have several distinct varieties,
the whole number amounting to at least forty, so that really the above
enumeration includes not less than seventy-six varieties of Argentine
woods. The catalogue might be still further extended; for many other
" unusual" varieties are known to exist, though I am not just now able
to describe them.

It will be observed that many of these woods, not having yet been
properly classified, still bear the names given them by the Guarani
Indians or the early Spanish settlers. Likewise it will be borne in
mind that it is only in the far western, northwestern, and northern
portions of the country that the timber plantations of the Argentine
Republic are to be found — in many cases over a tnousand miles from
tide water. The Atlantic side of Patagonia is a desert; the territory
of the Parnpa is in great part destitute of trees, and the Province ot
Buenos Ayres and the southern portion of that of Santa Pe" are also in
the natural state without other vegetation than the grasses, though
of late years vast artificial plantations have been made in all directions
through the interior. Furthermore, it is be considered that all the
woods I have enumerated above, except it may be the willow and the
poplars, are what are called " hard " woods, whose specific gravity in
almost all cases is greater than that of water.

With such classes of woods to deal with, and with the great forests
of the country so far removed from the seaboard, especially from Buenos
Ayres, which is the great receiving and distributing focus of the Argen-
tine Republic, some idea may be entertained of the labor of getting the
timber resources of the interior to market. Yet the exploitation of the
timber trees of the upper provinces and territories, especially along the
Parana and Paraguay rivers, has been going on with more or less per-
sistency for a great many years; and the choppers and the sawyers,
without government officials to molest or make them afraid, have used
their privileges with so little care and consideration that in some parts
of the interior, especially along the water courses, the havoc and whole-
sale destruction have been shameful. So little respect, indeed, was
paid to the national forests that, a few years ago, the government

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 39

enacted a law prohibiting the cutting of timber on the public lands
except by special permission which had to be paid for, and then the
work was required to be done under special conditions. Though the
timber thieves still get in their work in the remote places, there is now
more system and somewhat more care displayed in getting out lumber.

NATIVE ESTIMATE OF ARGENTINE WOODS.

As showing the estimate which the more intelligent portion of the
Argentine people place upon their forest riches, I translate the follow-
ing from a recent issue of the Buenos Ayres Nacion :

Our national forests present a superabundant element of riches; and, if wise laws
are made to protect their production, in a few years the Republic will be able to get
along without importing foreign lumber and be prepared even to export all kinds
which are suitable for city or rural constructions or as auxiliary to other important
industries. Among the five hundred varieties which have been catalogued there are
many woods of great value; and there is no object or use or necessity or industrial
purpose which can not be supplied by some of the classes of these woods. At pres-
ent, however, it must be confessed that these great forest riches are but slightly
appreciated by the majority of our people. What a wonderful source of wealth
they would be if they were the possession of some more enterprising nation ! The
greater part is of spontaneous growth and owes nothing to the hand of man, which
from time immemorial has, on the contrary, done all it could to destroy what nature
has provided for the country.

Science, reason, and common intelligence condemn the manner in which the for-
ests of the nation have been exploited. Without entering into details, it is suffi-
cient to say that the damage and destruction under the present system are greater
to' the country than the profits. Everybody sees the manner in which, despite the
law on the subject, the natural forests are being ruined, but how few apply the rem-
edy against the devastation which is going on.

THE SAWMILLS AND SAWYERS OF THE COUNTRY.

The number of sawmills in the country are now numbered by thou-
sands, and they are quite generally distributed, not only along the
shores of the upper rivers, but in the interior provinces. On this sub-
ject I translate from a recent number of the Buenos Ayres Prensa the
following :

There is one industry in the Republic which at least can count on an extraordi-
nary number of establishments of every magnitude, from the least with a single mule
power (movido porla perezosa mula) to those of the largest dimensions, stocked with
the very best machinery which the world affords. We refer to the sawmills of the
country. There is no province or territory, whether in the north or the south, which
does not count on a large number. It may be stated as a fact that the woods of the
country furnish labor for a larger number of artizans and laborers than that of any
other industry. In the Province of Santiago del Estero, no less than 5,000 workmen
are employed in no less than 200 different establishments, most of them in the Sierras,
getting out quebracho sleepers for railways, white quebracho beams for constructions,
woods of other descriptions for cabinet work, and joists and scantlings and boards
of other timbers, besides the large amount of fuel for the numerous railways of that
vicinity. In the Province of Tucuman there is even a larger number of lumbermen
and a larger number of establishments. In the Province of Cordova the working up
of the algorroba forests sustains a still greater number of sawmills and employes,

40

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

which throw upon the market monthly millions of "breadths and lengths" (Pierrit*
y cabazales) bedsteads, knees, square knees, and various other products of the algor-
roba and other hard-wood trees. The Province of Santa Fe, not only in the neigh-
borhood of its cities, but in its various colonies, has a large number of sawmills and
carpenters; and especially in that portion of its territory which adjoins the Gran
Chaco, there is a large population whose principal occupation is working the red
quebracho forests, as it is from this province that the greater part of the quebracho
chip, used in Europe for dye woods, are obtained. In the province of Entre Rios,
likewise, there is a considerable number of well established mills, besides a still
larger number of moving circular sawmills, which are now penetrating to the very
center of the immense forests of that part of the Republic, turning out all kinds
of lumber and hard wood. And the same is the case in the Province of Corrientes,
where there are extensive forests of quebracho and other choice timber. But in the
territories of the Chaco, Formosa, and Misioue, the lumbermen and the sawmills are
especially to be found. The amount of capital invested in the lumber trade, in those
parts of the Republic, reaches to millions of dollars ; and the establishments there are
commensurate with the vast wealth of timber of the most valuable varieties, which
are to be found there. The lumber business of the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, Rioja,
Catamarca, San Louis, Mendoza, and San Juan, though of much less importance,
owing to their distance from a marketable outlet, is yet very considerable, as all the
lumber of every kind and description which they use is furnished by their own
forests. Here in the city of Buenos Ayres, though the lumber and woods must all be
transported here, there are thirty-nine sawmills and seven hundred and forty-three
carpenter shops. Besides there are numerous similar establishments in the cities of
La Plata, Chirilcoy, Tigre, San Fernando, Bahia Blanca, San Nicolas, Campana, and
other places.

THE LUMBER INDUSTRY.

I am not able to state — for no census Las ever been taken — the total
number of workmen and laborers engaged in the lumber industry of
the Argentine Republic; but the following table, which has been pre-
pared with considerable care, gives an approximation of the number of
persons thus employed for the year 1892 :

Place.

Number.

Place.

Number.

City of Buenos Ayres

12 000

Province of —

500

Bueu os Ayres .... . ... ......

6 000

500

Santiago

5 000

500

Cordova

5 000

Territories

Tucuman

4 000

Chaco

750

SantaF6

5,000

Central ...

500

Entre Rios

3 000

800

2,000

Misioues

750

1,000

Para pa

250

gan Juan .... ...

1 000

250

1 000

Salta

1,000

Total

50 800

ANNUAL LUMBER OUTPUT.

In regard to the output of the lumber industry in the interior prov-
inces, it is not possible to give any figures. That there is an exchange
of trade between the sawmills and the provincial centers of population,
which in the course of the year amounts to several millions of dollars,
is evident from the fact that all the houses, habitations, galpones, barns,

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 41

fences, corrals, and the ordinary furniture and carpentry work of the
people are entirely constructed from timber of the native fon ,N
While the cost of transportation, except it be along the great rivers
precludes the exportation of the native woods, the same rea.o,, ,,„.!
vents the use in the far interior of the soft woods of other oonntriei
Buenos Ayres is, however, advantageously situated in this respect]
since it is enabled not only to receive the valuable cabinet woods of
the Chaco and Misiones by means of chatas and other river craft, but
also, at moderate freights, the pines and spruces of North America
The quantity of hard woods which find a market here in Buenos A \ i , s
is increasing every year, as the industries of the place find additional
use for them. The receipts for 1892, according to the custom-house
returns, were as follows :

Class of woods.

Hardwood:

Logs number of pieces..

Slabs ,lo

Sawed do....

Cedar square meters . .

Various cabinet woods do

Quebracho woods do

N andubay :

One-half posts number..

Posts do....

Quebracho blocks kilograms . .

Total

Quantity.

Value.

108,208
330 074

$324,624

039 (j-{4 g;«i

1 198 174

1, 387, 930
254 448

1,110,334
114 501

386 755

193 387

1, 577, 175
785 544

473, 152
392 772

23. 416, 669

468,333

4,318,187

INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN BUENOS AYRES.

These figures are for a year in which there was unusual depression
in the industrial establishments of this city, and I am sure, with the
return of the normal condition of business, the figures would double
the value. But of course it is not merely the native woods which are
worked in this city. The immense shipments of the soft woods from
North America contribute materially to the total quantity used by the
workers in wood in this vicinity. The latest statistics (1887) in regard
to the number of such establishments in Bueuos Ayres are:

"Woodworking establishments.

Number.

Woodworking establishim-nta.

Number.

Carpentry shops

651

Shoe lasts

H

Steam sawmills
Walking-stick, etc., manufactories
Trunks
Wood-hemp shoes

36
10
16
62

Bird cages
Mechanical carpentry shops
Furniture factories
Parasols and umbrellas

:.:
301
11
]4

Billiards
Carriages and wagons

6
84
5

Coopering establishments
Turners' shops

28

T373

Building establishments
Brooms

57
33

Since the above date, the number of these various establishments has
greatly increased, and there are now to be added to them a n
boat yards, where all classes of water craft, from whaleboafe
sized steamers, are constructed and fitted out.

42

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

EXPORTS OF NATIVE WOODS.

In regard to exports of lumber from the country, there is as yet very
little to be said. As we have seen, while the upper territories and
provinces are an unbroken forest of primeval proportions, in which are
to be found hundreds of varieties of hard woods, susceptible of the
very finest polish and presenting the most exquisite colorings, yet the
country is almost devoid of the soft woods of commerce. There are
pines in the territory of* Misiones and along the eastern slopes of the
Cordilleras of Patagonia, but they are quite inaccessible to market.
Years hence, with the development of the country, they may come to
the front. At present the only woods which are shipped abroad are
the hard woods of the upper Parana. Owing to their specific gravity,
it is impossible to float the logs, and so they are brought down in chutes
or are loaded from the banks directly in sailing vessels bound for
Europe. The first movement towards the export of Argentine woods
was made in 1875. Since then the annual shipments to foreign markets
have been:

Year.

Export
value.

Year.

Export
value.

1875

$29 171

1884 . - .

$390 848

1876

10, 541

1885

339, 022

1877

57 090

1886

326 623

1878

14, 943

1887

330, 214

1879

58 793

1888

781,793

1880 ..

36 403

1889

799, 257

1881

272 613

1890

1 411! 2->4:

1882

222, 358

1891

2, 145, 510

1883

257 887

1892

1, 066, 819

It is evident from these custom-house returns that the greater por-
tion of the lumber and precious woods of the country are made use of
here at home. The value of the forest exports for 1891 amounted to
about 8 per cent of the total exports. In 1892 it amounted to about 4£
per cent of the total exports. The exports of these years embraced the
following items:

Value in—

experts oi lumoer, wooas, etc.

1891.

1892.

Vegetable carbon

$299 484

$•'." 4 $5

CetYarwood . .

72 825

44, 8«2

173 835

Nandubay posts

• 4 633

5, 862

181 152

27, 079

Nandubay half posts

110 121

34, 917

Quebracho-
Slabs

630 419

87 864

Blocks and chips

615 209

529, 847

57 827

"1 !>ii|i

Total

2 145 505

1 066,819

All these shipments went to European ports, except a small portion
of the cedar and of the quebracho, which was sent to the United States

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

43

as ail experiment and to try the market. I do not think, however, fche
result of the ventures was at all successful.

Speaking in general in regard the business of exporting lumber and
hard woods from the Argentine Kepublic, it may be said that it has not
been profitable in the past, and it has to be managed on a different
basis to reach to any great proportions in the future. The great draw-
back to a successful prosecution of the industry results from the fact,
in the first place, that even the most accessible forests are so remote
from tide water that the cost of freight is out of proportion to that
for which the hard woods of Central America and portions of Brazil can
be sent to market. It is true that, at certain seasons of high water
ocean-going vessels can be loaded far up the Parana, and even Para-
guay, and thus convey their cargoes, without breaking bulk, to their
trans- Atlantic destination. But in many cases, the lumber has to be
brought down in small craft, or latas, and reshipped, thus making
another handling necessary. And in the second place the appliances
for handling logs and heavy timber on the upper rivers are so primi-
tive and the laborers so inefficient that the getting out of it is very
expensive.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

As long as the people of this part of the Argentine Republic, for
ordinary carpentry and building purposes, are able to procure the pines
and spruces from North American ports with as little trouble and
expense as they have been doing in the past, it is not probable that
there will be very great attention paid to the heavy hard woods of this
country. Of course the shipments of North American soft woods vary
according to the demands of the trade. When everything is " boom-
ing " the requirements of the country are greater than when there is
general stagnation in business. The crisis, which has been so severe
for several years past, has been especially felt in house building, house
furnishing, estancia fencing, and general construction ; and the receipts
of lumber from abroad, which reached their highest figures in 1889, have
since then shown a great contraction.

The following table, which I have in great part compiled from the
official returns, shows the value of the importations of lumber into the
Argentine Republic since the year 1870, inclusive:

Year.

Value.

Year.

Value.

1870

$2 352 701

1882

$2 019 216

1871

1 702 403

1883

2 424 682

1872

2,341 01?

1884

3 803 751

1873

3 257 545

1885

4 751 942

1874

2 932 114

1886

5 368 610

1875

2, 071, 974

1887

6, 627, 130

187G

621 497

1888

5 699 657

is; 7

1 058 904

1889

8 389 533

1878

617 647

1890

5 120 087

1879

- i 187 732

1891

I 832 213

1880

1 080 897

1892 . ...

3, 20 J, 707

1881.. ..

1 663 634

1893

2 949 433

44

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

It is hardly necessary to state that a very large proportion of the lum-
ber imported into the country comes from the United States. The
returns of imports for 1893 by countries have not yet been published
by the statistical office, but I give below those for 1892:

Importations of pine lumber for 1892.

Country.

Quantity.

Official
value.

United States

Sq. meters.
6, 683, 846

$2, 788, 521

Italy ...

5,261

2,151

Great Britain •

141, 783

59, 814

27 998

11 479

184, 026

65,419

75 131

21 818

Total .

7,118 045

2 949 202

Importations of woods for 1892.

Country.

Quantity.

Official
value.

Country.

Quantity.

Official
value.

Walnut:

Square
meters.
2,982

$2, 982

Cedar:
Germany. .............

Square
meters.
10

$4

61 062

61 062

Brazil

192

63

United States

4 475

4 475

160 381

61 537

7 234

7 234

Italy

2 461

2 461

Total

160 583

61 604

9

9

Oth r\

Total

78 223

78 223

449

359

cS

19 066

7 217

Oak:

United States

12 227

9 770

Belgium

2,831

2 265

377 651

75 946

United States

11, 360

9,088

Uruguay

18 610

7 769

183

164

Total

428 004

101 161

Total

14 374

11 517

The total number of square feet of lumber imported into the Argentine
Eepublic in 1892 was 7,799,229, of a total official value of $3,201,707,
gold.

The custom-house returns do not distinguish the different kinds of
pine which are embraced in the above figures for 1892, and I have no
means of finding out. For the year 1893, however, I observe from
Norton's U. S. Shipping List that the pine shipments to the Eiver
Plate were as follows: 32,377,000 feet of white pine, 42,116,000 feet of
spruce pine, 43,497,000 feet of pitch pine, and 972,000 feet of Oregon
pine, and probably this is about the usual proportion of each.

DUTIES ON IMPORTED LUMBER.

All ad valorem duties on articles imported into the Argentine Repub-
lic are liquidated according to their values as fixed by a custom-house
or valuation tariff. The duty on all lumber, no matter what maybe
the variety, is 25 per cent, except for un worked white pine or spruce,

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

45

iii which case the duty is only 5 per cent. I quote from this tariff as
follows :

Kind of lumber.

Official
value.

Duty.

Cedar .

. . . . square meter

$0 30

Per cent.
25

do

20

25

White pine or spruce:

do

41

5

Worked - ....

do .

50

25

45

25

58

25

Walnut '

...do...

1.00

25

do

80

25

ifaliogany .....

do

1 70

25

do

50

25

Veneering of—

do

13

25

do

.70

25

Nandubay—
Posts

.... ' each

45

25

Half posts

do ..

.30

25

Pickets

do

13

25

It will be seen from this tariff that while the Canada white pine or
spruce unworked pays a duty of only 5 per cent on a valuation of 41
cents per square meter, the hard pine of the United States is required
to pay a duty of 25 per cent on a valuation of 45 cents per square meter,
a discrimination which on its face appears very unjust to the shippers
of lumber from the United States, and which has already created no
little comment down here.

In the case of pine lumber there is allowed 6 per cent for breakage
and rot; for other kinds of lumber in boards, 3 per cent, and for veneer-
ing, 5 per cent for breakage.

For unworked lumber, valued by the square meter, 25 millimeters are
allowed, and for worked lumber 22 millimeters. In the case of veneer-
ing no allowance is made. For lumber which comes as u deck load,"
no allowance is made for its wet or damaged condition.

PRICES.

The prices in this market for imported lumber depend, of course, a
good deal on the supply and demand at any given time. A large num-
ber of arrivals together or in quick succession very perceptibly influ-
ences the figures for which cargoes can be sold. The scale of prices at
present, as given to me by Messrs. C. S. Eoberts & Co., are as follows:

White Pine.— Deck load, $30; No. 8, $41 to $42; good shippers, $51
to $52; selects, $68 to $69 gold per 100 square meters dispatched; six
months' credit.

Spruce Pine. — $26 to $27 gold per 100 square meters dispatched; six
months' credit.

Hard Pine. — $41 gold per 100 square meters dispatched; six months'
credit.

Oregon Pine. — $28 to $30 gold per 100 square meters dispatched; six
months' credit.

46

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Walnut. — $195 gold per 100 square meters dispatched and delivered
ID buyer's yard; six months7 credit.

Oak, — $80 to $95 gold per 100 square meters dispatched and deliv-
ered; six months7 credit.

CLIMATE.

In so vast an extent of territory, with the varying levels of its sur-
face, there is necessarily considerable variation in the climate. While
the extreme portions of Patagonia reach to the Antarctic regions, with
a corresponding depression of the temperature, in the northern parts
of the Kepublic a perpetual summer reigns, without, however, the
intense heat of the tropics. The climate of the central portion corre-
sponds very nearly to that of southern Europe. The name of the capi-
tal is an eloquent testimony in favor of the climate in this part of the
country. The pure, invigorating atmosphere produced such an impres-
sion on the first colonists or conquerors, under Mendoza, that in addition
to the indispensible saint's name they affixed that of "Good Airs"
(Santa Maria de Buenos Aires), a designation which all the pampa prov-
inces fully deserve. This part of the Argentine Eepublic, however, is
not a perpetual spring, much less a perpetual summer. The seasons
here are quite clearly denned, and if the mercury seldom reaches even
to the freezing point, it is none the less a fact that the bleak winds and
.cold rains of the winter months not only make heavy clothing and
warm fires exceedingly desirable, but not unfrequently kill the fruit
blooms of the peach and other fruit trees.

According to the meteorological reports of Dr. Tome, the distiguished
American scientist in charge of the National Observatory at Cordova,
the following is the mean monthly temperature of Buenos Ay res, the
thermometer used being the centigrade, the readings of which can be
reduced to those of the Fahrenheit by the usual formula, F=f C.+32.
I also add the mean monthly readings of the early barometer in milli-
meters.

Month.

Fahrenheit.

Centigrade.

Barometer.

Degree*.
75 63

Degrees.
24 24

Millimttert.
758 37

74 19

23 44

759 14

March

70 25

21 25

759 92

62 43

16 94

761 99

May...

56 62

13 68

761 81

52 05

11 14

762 73

July

49 68

9 82

765 42

53 15

11 75

762 69

56 64

13 69

763 04

62 35

16 85

761 31

68 36

20 20

760 °5

73 29

00 QA

757 88

Mean

62 80

17 11

761 10

106 04

37 80

780 00

"Minimum . •••••

36 60

2, 00

742.00

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 47

These computations were made from observations taken in 1880, but
they are equally good at present, owing to the very slight variations in
the daily readings for any year.

In regard to the seasons, it will be borne in mind that, being south
of the equator, they are exactly opposite to those of the United States,
viz: Spring, September, October, November; summer, December, Jan-
uary, and February; autumn, March, April, and May; winter, June,
July, and August. The seasons, however, run into each other so
imperceptibly that in reality the year here may be divided into two
seasons; the warm, which extends from October to April, inclusive,
i. e., seven months; and the cool, which extends from May to Septem-
ber, inclusive, i. e., five months.

GENERAL BUILDING-.

In regard to the construction of the buildings of this country, the
houses, in the early days of its history, met the necessities of the people
in a very primitive way. No particular consideration was given to the
modern idea of comfort. Very little wood entered into their construc-
tion. Mud bricks and a very poor article of mortar were the principal
ingredients, and the style was the old-fashioned one-story, shambling
house, with a flat, or "azotea," roof, also of brick, constructed after the
manner of the Moorish dwellings of early Spain, with a court in the
center. As this was before the era of coal shipments from England,
and there was little wood in the country nearer than the Gran Ohaco,
they made no fireplaces or other provision in the houses for fires; and
the inhabitants, in a comfortless way, when the winter was upon them,
huddled around an iron Eraser a of smouldering charcoal set in the mid-
dle of the room, or went without fire altogether. But with the opening of
the coal trade with Great Britain, and the utilization of the upper river
forests, there has gradually been a great change in the architecture and
conveniences of the houses of Buenos Ayres, and during these late
years, in their general appearance, in their internal arrangements, and
in the use of fireplaces, grates, stoves, and furnaces the houses remind
one of the dwellings and business blocks of the cities of the United
States.

As to the extent to which general building is carried on in Buenos
Ayres at the present time, it may be said that this branch of industry
is at present somewhat depressed. There is no activity in house build-
ing, ship-building or railway-building. In all these interests the coun-
try for the last three or four years has been so severely affected by the
financial crisis, which has not only caused the Government to default,
but many business men to go into bankruptcy, that there has been a
decided let-up in all classes of construction. Indeed, during the
"boom" which preceded the crisis, building of all kinds was so greatly
overdone that that branch of business was among the first to feel the
effects of the stringency.

48 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Eailway construction is quite at a standstill. Last year only 639
kilometers of track were laid, the total number of kilometers in the
whole country now being 12,920 (8,028 miles), representing a total capi-
tal of $429,582,917.

Shipbuilding never has amounted to much in the Kiver Plate, and
the few river craft are of no great significance. Still there are several
shipyards where extensive repairing, refitting, and refurnishing are
done, and these always seem to have " plenty to do."

Housebuilding, especially here in Buenos Ayres, during the years
from 1886 to 1890, had a great development along with the great activ-
ity in real estate. The number of transfers of real estate in 1890 in
this city was 9,340, embracing 9,700,971 square meters, for the aggre-
gate sum of $80,862,716 paper currency, equal to about $25,000,000
gold. For some unexplained reason the annual municipal statistics do
not state the number of building permits or buildings erected each
year, and hence I am not able to give any figures on the subject ; but
a very large proportion of the transfers each year are made with a
view to the erection of buildings upon the lots. There has been no
census of Buenos Ayres since 1887, and at that time the following were
the building statistics of this city :

Brick houses 24,065

Wooden houses 2,084

Mixed houses 7,613

Public edifices 193

Houses in course of construction 489

Total in 1887 34,444

Assuming that 500 is the average number of houses annually erected,
it would appear that the present number of distinct habitations in
Buenos Ayres is about 37,500; and as it is claimed that the number of
dwellers to a house in this city, including conventillos or constructions
for the poor, is 15, it follows that the present population of Buenos
Ayres is 562,500. The number claimed by the municipality is 582,000.

House- build ing, however, as we have seen, is not the only use to
which North American and native lumber and woods is applied. A
large quantity is consumed in paling and picket fencing ; in the manu-
facture of chairs and other furniture, now made here in the styles of
France, England, and the United States, but which, owing to the
increased duties recently placed upon foreign furniture, it is no longer
possible to import without a loss; in the manufacture of dry goods and
packing boxes; in the manufacture of barrels, hogsheads, and other
coopers' work, though there is still a very large trade in American
"shooks;" manufacture of shoe lasts; of all sorts of turners7 work;
of carriages, carts, and wagons; of boats and naval construction and
repairs; and for a thousand other objects, for which with the growth
of manufactures in this city the multiplied necessities of life call into
requisition the different varieties of wood and lumber.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 49
IMPORTERS OF AMERICAN LUMBER.

Iii concluding this report, it may be well to state that the most im-
portant and best known importers of North American lumber and
dealers in native woods are the following:

C. S. Roberts & Co., Calle San Martin, No. 76.

Thomas Drysdale & Co., Calle Moreno, No. 438.

J. & J. Drysclale & Co., Calle Peru, No. 440.

Shaw Bros., Calle Piedras, No. 76.

J. Shaw & Sons, Calle Venezuela, No. 860.

George Bell & Sons, Calle Defensa, No. 649

C. S. Bowers & Co., Calle Cuyo, No. 472.

Lahnsen & Co., Calle Peru, No. 23.

Shaw, Miller & Co., Calle Alsena, No. 471.

Warden & Co., Calle Belgrano, No. 573.

And the list might be further extended. All necessary information
in regard to the methods pursued here in the lumber trade, or in regard
to the disposition of cargoes will be readily furnished to the lumber
dealers and exporters of the United States upon application by letter
to any of the above-named houses.

E. L. BAKER,

Consul
BUENOS AYRES, March 3, 1894.

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT.
THE WOODS OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.*

BOTANY OF THE COUNTRY.

As yet there has been no complete scientific exploration of the vegetation of this
country; but the subject has occupied and is still occupyingthe attention of anum-
ber of well known scientists, srme of whom are making their investigations under
the special patronage of the National Government. Of course the fruit of their
labors in regions so remote and so wild can not be gathered in a day, but already
no little headway has been made in the botanical survey of the country, and most
important results, not only in the collectioa of specimens, but in the classification
of trees, have been obtained. It appears that the first systematic study of the vege-
tation of the Argentine Republic was made by Dr. Lorentz, who was called from
Germany to fill the chair of botany in the University of Cordova. He was suc-
ceeded in the same chair by Dr. Hieronynms, also of Germany, who has made the
most complete collection of woods in the country that is to be found anywhere, and
who informs me that he has now in press a report of the results of his studies.
This, of course, is not yet accessible, and hence I am not able to profit by his labors.
The information which I have embodied in this report has been obtained from a
" report on the vegetation of the Argentine Republic," by Dr. Lorentz ; from the late
volumes of M.Martin de Moussy, in French, on the " geographical and statistical
description of the Argentine Republic;" from a work on "the Argentine Republic,"
in German, by Sr. Ricardo Nap, formerly in charge of the Argentine national statisti-
cal office, and from information which I have derived directly from Prof. A. P.

* From Consular Reports No. 34, 1883.
665A 4

50 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Burns, an American now resident in this country and in charge of the national pow-
der establishment at Kio Cuarto, all of which sources of information are supple-
mented by my own observations in various excursions through the different parts of
the country. It is proper, however, to state that there are still many portions of
the Republic, especially the formations of the Gran Chaco and Misiones, about
whose flora very little is yet scientifically known, while much of our knowledge of
other parts of the country may be only superficial.

DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS.

I would premise by stating that the distribution of forests in the Argentine Repub-
lic is very unequal. While some parts are thickly covered with timber, other por-
tions, though abounding in rich and succulent grasses, are entirely devoid of trees,
corresponding in this respect to our Western plains. Other parts, again, are almost
without soil, and sterile, exhibiting only the scantiest manifestations of a stunted
vegetation, while still others are covered to a more or less extent with boskets of
low shrubs or brushwood. Extending, however, as the Argentine Republic does,
from Cape Horn on the southern extremity of Terra del Fuego (latitude 56° south,
longitude 67° west), almost within the antarctic circle, to the regions of the tropics
(latitude 20° south, longitude 58° west), the great diversity of vegetation in its
45,392 square geographical leagues of area can well be understood. On this account
the surface of the country has been divided by some naturalists * into not less than
nine different formations, corresponding to the species of flora which they afford,
and to the physiognomy of their vegetation in general. While noticing these dis-
tinct groups it is not, however, necessary to do more than give a very general
description of them, since some of them contain nothing which can be dignified
with the name of timber. For the purposes of this sketch, which has nothing to
do with the classification of the flora of the country, much less with their struc-
tural composition or physiological .peculiarities, but simply with " the products of
the forests," i. e., their economic uses, as affording timbers, fiber, dyes tuffs, tanning
materials, etc., it is much more convenient to follow the geographical divisions
which naturally present themselves, since thus their localities can be better identi-
fied and understood.

TERRA DEL FUEGO AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS.

I begin, then, at the southern extremity of the continent, which includes Terra,
del Fuego and the numerous adjacent islands. In regard to this region, which has
never been fully explored, I am able to present but few data, for the reason that so
little is yet known as to its flora. It is, however, reported to be most densely cov-
ered with forests, composed almost entirely of beech wood (Fagns lietnloidcs) and
winter's bark. This beech keeps its leaves all the year, having a foliage of a pecul-
iar brownish-green color, with a tinge of yellow. Prof. Darwin, who visited
Terra del Fuego in 1832,t says it is almost impossible to find an acre of land not
covered by the densest forests. He described the country as a mountainous land,
partly submerged by the sea, so that deep inlets and bays occupy the place where
valleys should exist. The trees, which covered the mountain sides from the very
water's edge, reach to an elevation of between 1,000 and 1,500 feet, and are succeeded

* Prof. Lorentz divides the vegetation of the Argentine Republic into the follow-
ing formations: (1) Formation of the Puna; (2) subtropical formation; (3) forma-
tion of the Chaco; (4) monte formation; (5) formation of the Pampa; (6) Putsigo-
nian formation; (7) formation of antarctic forests ; (8) Paraguayan formation, and
(9) Mesopotamian formation.

t A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World, by Charles Darwin, M. A., page 210,
et »eq.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 51

by a band of peat with minute alpine plants, and this again is succeeded by the line
of perpetual snow, which, in the Straits of Magellan, descends to between 3,000 and
4,000 feet. There is but little level laud, and where this happens to be the case, the
surface is in many places a mere bed of swampy peat. Indeed, even within the
forest, the ground is concealed by a mass of slowly putrefying vegetable matter,
which, being soaked with water, yields to the foot.* On the eastern side, however,
there are some open meadows fit for pasturage or cultivation.

FORESTS NORTH OF THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN.

These magnificent forests extend northward from the Straits of Magellan along
the Andes on both slopes to about 34° of south latitude. In fact it is not yet known
definitely where they do terminate on the eastern or Patagonian slopes. Besides the
almost impenetrable forests of beech trees, there is a thick underwood, consisting of
a species of Berber is and other antarctic species, and the same thick layer of turf, which
is so universal in Terra del Fuego. Indeed, excepting the timber and the turf, the
vegetable kingdom produces here no useful objects whatever. Nevertheless, in the
hands of an energetic and laborious people, these forests of beeches could be exploited
and made a source of untold wealth ; but civilization has not yet penetrated these
primitive regions.

EASTERN SLOPES OF THE SOUTHERN ANDES.

Further north, along these eastern slopes of the Cordilleras, in the neighborhood
of the sources of the Rio Negro, there are forests of stately pines and wild apple
trees, and it is here that the Patagonian Indians have their permanent settlement,
in the midst of wide, open plains extending out from the sierras, well watered and
clothed in most luxuriant grasses. Capt. Musters, who penetrated these forests in
1869, speaks of them as "uniformly dense;" the trunks of the pine trees reaching a
height of 60 to 100 feet, and entirely bare of branches for two-thirds of their height. t
His descriptions, however, of the woods and rivers are too superficial to give us a
clear idea of the flora of these regions. The Argentine Government is now explor-
ing all the country along the eastern slopes of the Andes, with a view to opening it
up to settlement and improvement. A report on the vegetation is now in press and
will soon be issued.

*Prof. Darwin describes an ascent he made of one of the mountains of this
country, from which I take the following: "I was anxious to reach the summit of
Bank's Mountain to collect alpine plants, for flowers in the lower part are few in
number. We followed a water course till it dwindled away, and we were then com-
pelled to crawl blindly among the trees. These, from the effects of the elevation
and of the impetuous winds, were low, thick, and crooked. At length we reached
that which from a distance appeared like a carpet of fine green turf, but which to
our vexation turned out to be a compact mass of little beech trees about 4 or 5 feet
high. They were as thick together as box in the border of a garden, and we were
obliged to struggle over the flat but treacherous surface. After a little more trouble
we gained the peat and then the bare slate rock. We obtained a wide view over
the surrounding country; to the north a swampy moorlnnd extended, but to the
south we had a scene of savage magnificence well becoming Terra del Fuego. There
was a degree of mysterious grandeur in mountain behind mountain, with the deep,
intervening valleys, all covered with one thick mass of forest. The atmosphere,
likewise, in this climate, where gale succeeds gale, with hail, rain, and sleet, seems
blacker than anywhere else. In the Straits of Magellan, looking due southward
from Port Famine, the distant channels between the mountains appeared from their
gloominess to lead beyond the confines of the earth."

t£e« At Home with the Patagonians, by C. G. Musters, pages 113 to 160.

52 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

FORESTS OF TliK CORDILLERAS OF PATAGONIA.

The line which separates the plains of Patagonia from this fertile mountain region,
with its wealth of timber, is very sharply defined. Beginning at Cape Negro, Ma-
gellan Straits, at latitude 53° south and longitude 75° 50' west, it runs west-north-
west to the northeast extremity of Otway Water, following the channel of Fitzroy
Passage and the northern shores of Skyning Water to longitude 72°, and then ex-
tends along eastern shores of Desolation Sound and Kirke Water; running thence
due northward towards Lake Viedora, Lake Argentina, and Lake St. Martin, which
are, respectively, the sources of the rivers Santa Cruz, Sheuen, and Chicos, which tra-
verse the territory of Patagonia and empty into the Atlantic Ocean. Beyond these
it continues northward to the sources of the Rio Negro, which waters, with its nu-
merous branches and affluents, a large territory stretching along the base of the Cor-
dilleras towards the province of Mendoza. Seiior Morena,* who has explored
the Rio Santa Cru/ to its head waters, speaks generally of the "immense virgin
forests" which he found at the base of the mountains. But the entire region of
Patagonia eastward of these timbered districts is a succession of sterile plains,
which rise from the coast, one above the other, like terraces,t uniformly about
300 feet high, and are traversed occasionally by ravines and flat-bottom depressions,
some of which contain salt lakes. These wastes stretch away in dreary uniformity
without a break to the far horizon, presenting a barren landscape so grim and so
monotonous as to fill the traveler with a feeling of awe. The formation of the land is
tertiary, resting on porphyry and quartz, ridges of which often protrude through the
surface. In some parts they are capped by layers of lava. The soil is sandy and covered
with water worn stones, with here and there an isolated tuft of grass, withered and
gray, whilst a peculiar gloom is further added to the melancholy of the scene by the
somber hue of a straggling, stunted bush, thejume (Salicernia), which grows in con-
siderable quantities, and which is described as a fit offspring, in its blackness aud
ugliness, of such uncongenial soil.} Further than this, if we except the calafate (Her-
beris axifolia), also a miserable thorny shrub, which, however, would anywhere else
be admirably adapted lor live fencing, there is nothing on these arid plains which
can be called timber, though in the valleys of the rivers, especially those emptying
into the ocean north of 40C of latitude, there is a species of willow (Salix humboldti-
ana) which grows to very large proportions, and, in the absence of anything better,
is used for building puposes.

THE TREELESS REGIONS OF THE PAMPA.

The river Colorado, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean in latitude 39°, is the
northern boundary of Patagonia, on the north side of which begin what are known
as the Argentine pampas, § the soil of which is a complete contrast to that of the
former region. They occupy the entire area of the province of Buenos Ayres and
extend into those of Santa Fe, Cordova, San Luis, and Mendoza. They seem to be
uniformly level, but these boundless plains rise gently in every direction from the
sea, at first at the rate of about one foot per mile, and then more, until the lai -^c
plateaux near the Cordilleras attain an elevation of 2,000 feet above the level of the
sea, and ultimately terminate in the high parks of the Andes. The character of the

* Viaje d la Patagonia Austral, 1876-'77, por Francisco P. Morena, p. 460.

t Darwin accounts for the regularity with which these plains rise one above the
other by the supposition that the land has been raised in a mass from under the sea,
the upheaving movement having been interrupted by at least eight long periods of
rest, during which the sea ate deeply back into the land, forming, at succssive levels
long lines of escarpments, which separate the different plains.

t" Wanderings in Patagonia," by Julius Beerbohm, 1876, pp. 22 and 105.

$ In the language of Quichee Indians "pampas " means level.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 53

soil corresponds to the inclination, as though the continent had been formed by some
great flow of waters depositing bowlders and rocks near the mountains, then dis-
tricts of pebbles and water-worn stones, then coarse gravels and sands, and lastly
the finer sands and clayey deposits which cover the great alluvial plains, and which
are evidently the debris of the crystalline rocks of the mighty range of the Andes
leveled and sorted by the action of water. The surface of all this vast area is cov-
ered by the richest of succulent grasses, but normally it is without a tree or a
ligneous plant. It is a magnificent pasture ground, but its flora is poor and monot-
onous. It is remarkable that a soil on which timber grows so luxuriantly when
planted should from time immemorial be so totally destitute of forests. The only
exception is that in the sierras of Tandil, 200 miles south of Buenos Ayres, there is
a region of dense brushwood called carmamoel (Colletia cruciaia), which grows about
the height of a man, and which has no leaves, but is covered with sharp thorns in
the shape of a cross. And another exception consists in a strip of woods which
extends from the latitude of Buenos Ayers down along the Atlantic coast composed
principally of good-sized trees of the tola coronillo and espinillo, which are used for_
various economical purposes. As a proof that the soil of the pampas is perfectly
adapted to arboreous vegetation, I would mention that in various parts there are
now extensive belts of cultivated timber, among which is the peach tree, which pro-
duces both fruit and fuel; also several species of the Eucalypins, the Robinia, the
Paradise tree, and the Lombardy poplar, all of which grow with facility and rapidly,
and are used not only for shade but for many economical purposes. There is one tree
indigenous to the pampas which I should mention from its singular character. I
refer to omber ( Percunia divica). At a distance it is one of the most attractive objects.
It grows to immense proportions, with gnarled roots and knots projecting up and
around the trunk in all manner of fantastic shapes, and affords a wide-spreading
shade of dark velvety leaves, a most refreshing resort for the siesta of a weary trav-
eler; but for the rest it is utterly worthless. Its wood is really not ligneous, having
neither fiber nor consistency, and resembling punk or a sponge more than anything
else. These trees, if trees they may be called, do not grow in forests, but only singly
and isolated, here and there at long intervals, being landmarks on the far horizon —
sentinels, as it were, of the pampa.

THE TREES OF THE EASTERN SLOPES OF THE ARGENTINE ANDES.

Where the pampas approach the western mountains, all along the outlying slopes
of the Cordilleras of the Andes, but distinct and isolated from them, and extending
northward to the confines of Bolivia, there is a formation partly composed of open
forests and partly of shrubs and ligneous plants, which the scientists have designa-
ted by the name of the Mont6 formation. It embraces a great part of the western
slopes of the seven Andine provinces, to wit, Mendoza, San Luis, San Juan, Rioja,
Catamarca, Jujuy, and Salta. Prof. Groesback, in his celebrated work, the "Vege-
tation of the Earth," calls it the " Chaiiar Steppe," from the arborets of that name
which are so generally distributed through it. The trees which constitute this
formation consist principally of species of prosopis, mimosa, and acacia. They are at
first found in rather diminutive forms, and bristle with scattered branches provided
with thorns or thorny leaves, but as you reach the higher elevations, where the
"Puna formation" proper is found, the extended plains and broad valleys are
thickly wooded with immense specimens of the same type of trees, growing far up
on the mountain sides. In some parts, and especially in the sierras of San Luis and
Cordova, these forests are so beautiful and picturesque in their arrangement that
they look like artificial parks.

Among the most noted of the trees which characterize these everchanging land-
scapes is the algarrobo (Prosopis alba), specific gravity 0.740. The size of this species
varies, according to locality, from mere bushes to quite lofty trees, branching, how-
ever, at a short distance above the ground, with thin tops of feathered leaves.

54 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

While the timber is much esteemed for construction, its fruit, which is a pod of
sweet pulp, is an excellent food for cattle. The natives also make a species of bread
out of it called palao, and also extract a liquor from it which when new is quite
refreshing, but after fermentation is very intoxicating, and hence is a favorite bever-
age at some of their social meetings.

The nandubay (Acacia cavernia) is a small tree, whose hard and heavy wood make
it much sought after for fence and telegraph posts. It is said to be almost indestruc-
tible, neither air, water, nor earth having any effect upon it. It produces a fruit
which contains a great deal of tannin, and is also employed as a black dye. Specific
gravity, 1.100 to 1.221.

The Acacia molinifornm bears a fruit also much sought after by cattle, though
most of the species are characterized by such enormous thorns that in some parts
the woods are almost impenetrable. I would add that a gum exudes from these trees
which I believe could be made into gutta pereha if the proper processes were
employed.

Another very important tree found in this formation is the quebracho, the most
frequent variety of which in these forests is the white (aspidosperma quebracho).
It is of middle size, with oblong, thorny leaves. It forms great forests in some dis-
tricts, and its timber is very useful for various purposes, and latterly has been
applied in the xylographic art. It takes an exquisite polish. Specific gravity, 0.880.

The moyes or molles is also a valuable evergreen tree and exceedingly beautiful in
its appearance. One species produces a fruit from which is prepared a sweet, aro-
matic, refreshing liquor; another variety bears a berry from which incense is manu-
factured, and still another is used for tanning purposes, while a fourth variety
(alvarillo del campo) is noted for its savory and refreshing fruits, which are very
similar to plums, and only the more agreeable because they contain a certain after-
taste of bitter almonds. Specific gravity, 0.520.

The chanar (Gurliaca decorticans} is found everywhere throughout the submoun-
tainous regions, and its wood is much appreciated on account of its firmness and
durability. It produces a sweet and savory fruit, and has the peculiarity of annu-
ally renewing its bark. Near the tropics it attains large proportions, though its
trunk is irregular. Specific gravity, 0.568.

GIANT CACTI FORESTS,

There are many other trees in this formation, but they are small and have no value
for timber purposes ; and also a great variety of shrubs and brushes, to say nothing
of vines, 'parasites, epiphytes, airplants, etc., though they do not come within the
scope of this sketch. I must, however, refer to the family of the cacteos, which are
as strange in form as abundant in distribution. They attain to immense propor-
tions, some of them reaching a height of 40 feet, with trunks in proportion, and
their wood is used in different industries and also in the mines. In a late visit to
the northern provinces I passed through a forest of these gigantic cacti. It was one
of the strangest and most weird sights that can well be imagined. They stood in
groups. Here they frowned upon us spherical and spirated with formidable thorns
nearly a foot long, and yet from their grooved sides radiating most delicate flowers;
there they rose in tall fluted columns like ancient ruins, or with their long-jointed
arms in menacing attitude, looked like giant witches beckoning you to stop ; and
yonder through the vista they were trailing like huge serpents over fallen trees or
coiling in the crevices of the outcropping rocks. The largest species is the ccreua,
the flowers of which are white; those of the opuncice are orange color or yellowish
red, while the serpent-formed cactece have lively red flowers. One species produces
the tunas or "figs of Algiers," some breed the cochineal insects, the cultivation of
which is now carried on to some extent in Tucuman, and which, if proper methods
were adopted, could be made of great importance to the country. At present the

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 55

natives gather the eggs of the insects and make them into dry compressed balls or
cakes, weighing about a half pound each, which they sell for $1 apiece for commer-
cial purposes.

THE GREAT SUBTROPICAL FORESTS.

We now approach what is designated by Moussy as the " tropical" and by Prof.
Lorentz as the " subtropical" forests. This formation is the garden of the Argen-
tine Republic, and presents to us landscapes of such magnificence and fertility
that we seem to be wandering in an enchanted wilderness. It exists in the high
table-lands on the eastern ranges of the Cordilleras and their branches, whose waters
are drained by a thousand streams and water courses towards the Parana and its
great affluents. These plains and watersheds are all adorned with the rankest of
tropical forests, which pass to the northward beyond the confines of the provinces
of Salta and Jujuy into the territory of Bolivia, thus reaching to the latitude of 21°
south.* Nearly all the varieties of trees which characterize the preceding forma-
tions are here found in more accentuated proportions, while it is rich with the mag-
nificence of a hundred additional species, many of them so covered with eplphitea
and airplants that it is sometimes difficult to discover the verdure of the tree to
which they are attached ; and both trees and plants producing flowers of many bril-
liant colors. Gigantic lianoe twine around the trunks and drop their air-roots to the
ground, while their branches reach out and involve the branches of other trees in
the vegetable mesh. Sometimes trees are seen growing upon other trees, their roots
buried in the dust, which through centuries has been accumulating at the foot of
the branches. On one occasion, in climbing to the heights of the Sierra Aconquija,
in the vicinity of Tucuman, I undertook to penetrate this wealth of vegetation
which fairly filled the gorges leading to the table-lands above, and where for ages
the sunlight has been shut out from the earth by leagues upon leagues of arboreal
giants; but the wild and tangled mass of undergrowth disputed every foot of
approach, and I had to relinquish the attempt.

It seems almost impossible to exaggerate the wealth of timber which is found in
these high latitudes. There is hardly a tree but possesses some special value for
particular purposes. There is in the University of Cordova a very rich display of
many of the varieties, being sections taken from the trunks and polished. They
uniformly exhibit an exceedingly fine grain, embracing every shade of color, from
the richest rose to the deepest green, from the darkest ebony to the lightest cream,
some with most exquisite veins and others with manifold variegated hues. In any
/ther country than this they would be esteemed as precious woods, equaling and
rivaling those of Central America or Brazil, but they are at present so remote from
market that for commercial purposes many of them are yet almost valueless. I

*On crossing the Rio de las Piedras, a river of the province of Salta, we entered at
once the territory of Oran, the extreme northern limit of the Republic, which lies
just above the tropic of Capricorn; our path still lying through dense forests,
whose stems were frequently rendered completely invisible by reason of the close
clasp of the thick and tangled mass of creepers which, in full flower, not alone from
summit to base, but roofing the lofty vault with superb campanulate rounded heaps
of blue, white, violet, and rose, emitted overpowering but delicious perfumes. * * *
Our course was soon arrested by another river, the Santa Maria, and on reaching its
further bank we entered the densest forest I ever saw ; not the cathedral-like colum-
nar-stemmed trees, rising 70 or 80 feet without a limb, and then surmounted by a
branched, leafy, floral dome, such as I had seen in other parts of the country, but an
impenetrable mass of entwined, gnarled, fantastic plant development, confusing
trunks, branches, foliage, and flowers in one inextricable melange from top to bot-
tom. Two growths contributed to this effect; one superior, of massive size and
impending, the other inferior and consisting principally of wild orange groves, etc. —
(White's Note Book of a Naturalist, vol. xi, p. 307.)

56 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

could hardly undertake, within the limits of a sketch like this, to give a detailed
description of all the trees composing the magnificent forests of the province of
Tucuman and the valleys of Salta and Oran, so admirably fitted, as they are, for the
purposes of the engineer, the builder, the cabinetmaker, the shipwright, the tan-
ner, and the dyer. I can only assume to mention a few of the most important, so
far as Prof. Lorentz and others have identified them; though in some instances the
scientific names may not be entirely reliable, since in the different parts of the coun-
try the same popular name is given to trees which differ very materially and some-
times have nothing in common save the indigenous name. Besides those which I
have already referred to as especially characterizing other portions of the Republic,
but which are also found in this zone, I would mention the following as the most
common and most magnificent :

The laurel (Nectandraporphyria), which is a very beautiful tree, with a huge trunk
and a dense crown of pinnated leaves, growing to the height of 60 or 70 feet.*
There are several species, all of which are abundant and valuable, especially for
cabinetwork, and one of which contains camphor in its leaves; it rivals ebony in
color and polish. Specific gravity, 0.580 to 0.845.

The tipa (Maclicerium fertile), also possessing a splendid form and rising to the
height of 150 feet, with a straight trunk, which branches about 70 feet from the
ground. In the spring it is covered with papilionaceous flowers, producing a
beautiful effect from a distance; easily worked; used for railway plant. Specific
gravity, 0.660.

The nogal (Fulgans nigrd), very similar to the European walnut, and producing an
edible fruit, and, on account of the ease with which it can be worked and the fine
lustrous polish it takes, it is much used in cabinetwork. Specific gravity, 0.538.

The ramos, two varieties (Cupania uruguensis and C. vernalis), greatly resembling
the nogal in appearance and uses, but very hard, indeed almost impermeable Spe-
cific gravity, 0.576.

The cedro (Cedrela braziliensis). There are several varieties, all producing a most
beautiful wood, soft and easily worked, and therefore in great demand, being used
for furniture, and resembling mahogany in its polish and the rich veins which it
possesses. Specific gravity, 0.480 to 0.740.

The mato (Eugenia mato and E. uniflora), two magnificent species of the Myrtacce,
with myrtiform leaves and edible fruit of the size of a cherry. The wood is rich in
its colors and is used in decorative carpentry. Being tough and flexible, it is also
much used for poles to carriages. Specific gravity, 0.890.

The palo de San Antonio (Myrcinc floribunda), a tree of majestic proportions in the
primitive forests, and producing excellent building timber. Specific gravity, 0.695.

The lanza (Myrcene marginata), also a very majestic tree, and takes a beautiful
polish, thus making it desirable for furniture. Specific gravity, 0.738.

The lapacho (L. bignor^acce), belonging to the genus Tecoma, a tree of great dimen-
sions and very beautiful. It would be almost impossible for the vegetable kingdom to
present a more imposing spectacle than these gigantic trees when their branches,
dark and leafless during the winter, are covered in the spring with millions of yel-
low or rose-colored flowers, which precede the sprouting of the leaves. The wood
is of a green color, hard, heavy, and solid, and susceptible of a very fine polish. It

*Mr. White, in his Notes of a Naturalist, says: "Throughout the forests of Tucu-
111:111 the laurol is everywhere found, sometimes forming extensive forests, in AV'JIOSO
recesses numerous freebooters found, of yore, shelter and safe concealment. Imagine
gigantic trunks, some 9 feet in diameter, jostling one against the other and rising
perpendicularly 70 feet, crowned with an ample and elegant nimbus. Beyond the
mere grandeur and poetry of the scene, the centuries that these patriarchs have
scored their bark, what an inexhaustible commercial and medicinal wealth for future
139.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 57

is greatly appreciated in all kinds of constructions. It has the property of becom-
ing petrified upon exposure to the air, sand, or water.

The bark possesses coloring material, and several different dyes are made from it.
Specific gravity, 1.072.

The palo borracho (Chorisia insignes}, a very singular tree,* with a swollen, oval-
shaped trunk, covered with blunt, quadrangular thorns, digitated leaves, large
white flowers, and the fruit full of a species of white cotton of little coherent
fibers, used for making cloth, lampwick, etc. The form of this tree is one of the
most singular to be seen in the country.

The urundey, a species of bignoniacecv, a very abundant tree, and produces a most
excellent wood. It is imperishable, polishes exquisitely, and makes beautiful furni-
ture. There are two kinds: the black with white veins, and the white with jasper,
black, and yellow veins; thus producing a very unique veneering. The wood is
used for joists, pillars, columns, and ship-timbers, and is the best timber known for
railway ties and sleepers; also excellent for axletrees on account of its resistance
and inflexibility. The tree reaches the height of 100 feet and a diameter of 8 feet.
Its leaves are lanceolated, and its bark, which is not very thick, is preferred for
tanning hides. Owing to the difficulty of transporting them, the lumbermen do
not fell the largest trees. Specific gravity, 1.092.

Palo bianco, a large tree whose wood is of a straw color, whereas the bark is
whitish. In spite of its great height and circumference large timber cannot be
procured from it, for the reason that the trunk is deeply fluted, having somewhat
the appearance of a Corinthian column. Its wood is very highly grained, and
resists friction with such persistence that it is considered the very best material for
ship-blocks. The wood is aromatic and similar to mahogany in its color and quality.
Specific gravity, 1.010.

The titans', of which there are two varieties, the white and the yellow ; much used
in the construction of line furniture. The bark possesses a piquant juice. The
tree attains to the height of about 50 feet and is about 1 to 3 feet in diameter. The
wood, which polishes beautifully, has the advantage that it neither swells nor
shrinks according to the state of the temperature. Specific gravity, 0.650.

The cibil (Pipldaemia eibil). There are several varieties of these acacias, the
white, the red, etc., all of which, though found elsewhere, reach to large propor-
tions in the subtropical forests, attaining a height of 40 feet and a diameter of 2
feet. The bark is rich in tannin and is in great demand for that purpose. The
wood is very hard and takes a lustrous polish. Specific gravity, 0.854 to 0.956.

The espinilJo (Acacia cavenia), a different tree from the shrub of the south, but a

* Proceeding over some low hills, a very peculiar looking tree presented itself,
which the natives call palo borracho (drunken tree), but the Indians call yuchen,
standing about 50 feet high and spreading from the crown branches covered with
digitated leaves, dotted here and there with large white flowers whose naked stems
before branching expand into one immense egg-shaped form fully 20 feet in height
and 24 feet in circumference, sounding hollow when struck, and whose bark is cov-
ered with hard, short, quadrangular, blunt spines. The specimen I here saw was
certainly full grown, and this remarkable tree is only found on elevated, rocky
ground. The inhabitants of this province (Catamarca) and Santiago, scoop out the
spongy center and use the hollow barrel-like stem as a storehouse, whilst in some
parts of South America the stems are cut in half, and form capacious Dutch-like
canoes. The seed-pods, likewise of egg shape, and about the size of the human fist,
contain abundance of cottony fibrous down, from which are manufactured cloth,
candlewick, and pillows, which latter, besides being delicately soft and springy,
have proved beneficial to consumptive patients. When they get matted, exposure
to the sun soon renders them once more puffy and elastic. (Cameos from the Silver
Laud, by Ernest William White, F. Z. S. London, 1882.)

58 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

magnificent variety of the family of Legiiminosce, having no thorns and producing
an excellent wood for various purposes. Specific gravity, 0.766.

The mora, a very large tree, with heavy yellow wood, which grains beautifully,
and on being worked takes the color of the richest mahogany, and is greatly used
for the manufacture of the best furniture. The tree produces an edible fruit.
Specific gravity, 0.935 to 1.090.

The quebracho Colorado (Loxopterygium lorentzii). Quite a different tree from the
Q. bianco found elsewhere. It is very abundant throughout the northern portions
of the Argentine Republic. The wood is a deep red, and remarkable for its extreme
hardness and weight. It is almost indestructible. Since the discovery of the
country it has never been found rotten or decayed, no matter in what position, in
air, earth, or water, it might be placed. It forms a most important article of com-
merce, and, owing to the immense size to which it grows, upwards of 200 feet with
10 feet of diameter, is used for ship-timber, beams, spiles, joists, bridges, etc., and
makes most enduring railway sleepers and ties. It also takes an exceedingly fine
finish, and is greatly iu demand in carpentry work for doors, window-frames, cabi-
nets, etc., the luster being equal to that of rosewood. In wood engraving it takes
the place of boxwood. Specific gravity, 1.234 to 1.392.

There are nvmy other valuable trees of the largest size found in this part of the
country, among them the qnina-quina, which produces an aromatic resin, and whose
bark is used as a fever antidote and tonic; the cascaion, with a red and lustrous
bark; the palo mortero, very similar to the tipa already described; the pacay, the
sinquillo, the may ana itara, and others not yet classified, all of which furnish most
valuable timber, each one with some certain quality for certain uses, such as
building, turning, furniture, cabinet-work, etc., but I have no descriptions of them.
In the subtropical forests, which we are considering, there are also numerous smaller
trees, nearly all of them hard wood, bearing a rich 'foliage and exceedingly
ornamental; also a great variety of arborets, bushes, climbing plants, etc., many of
them exquisite coloring in their leaves and flowers, but it hardly comes within the
object of this sketch to mention them.

In the mountains of the Andes, beyond the chain of the Aconquija, and on the
plopes of the Cordilleras proper, is found in extensive forests the pine tree (Podicar-
sus auguftifolia). It is of medium height and of compact crown, but it is not simi-
lar to the European pine. The inhabitants utilize the timber, but there is no demand
for it, on account of its inaccessibility to the market, and it is at present of but
little importance in the economy of the country.

TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE GRAN CHACO.

Along the eastern borders of the subtropical regions whose forests I have been
describing, lies an immense territory, in some parts reported to be arid and waste
for want of water, but in others filled with a succession of rivers, and in time des-
tined to be one of the most valuable portions of the Argentine Republic. It is
called the "Gran Chaco." It extends from the Parana" to Bolivia, and is separated
on the east from Paraguay by the river of the same name. The last Argentine cen-
sus gave it a superficial area of 621,000 square kilometers, but as its limits have not
yet been fixed with the neighboring provinces, its real area can not yet be determined.
It is divided by the river Vermejo into two almost equal parts, one called the "Cham
Austral" and the other " Chaco Boreal," the last extending to latitude 20° south,
and hounded on the north by the Bolivian province of Chiquitos. The "Chaco
Horeal " is composed of an uninterrupted plain elevated about 400 feet above the
level of the sea, with a heavy soil of humus, and is divided into the most beautiful
forests with intervening meadows as if made on purpose for the raising of cattle.
The Austral or Southern Chaco lies between the Vermejo on the north, the Parana on
the east, and the province of Santa Fe" on the south. It is also completely level and
U richly endowed by nature, not only with a deep soil but with most magnificent

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 59

forests. As yet those vast regions are almost exclusively occupied by wild Indians.
A large portion has never been explored, and hence but little is yet known of the
interior with its treasures of vegetable wealth. Only where it skirts along the
Parana" and Paraguay rivers, with here and there a small clearing and settlement,
the nucleus of a number of agricultural colonies, has anything been scientifically
determined in reference to its timber resources. As far, however, as its fastnesses
with their succession of small rivers and watercourses have been penetrated they
are found to be covered with the densest forests of lofty trees descending down to
the river line. The growth may not be quite so noble and sky-piercing as that which
is found in the forests of Tucuman and Oran7 but it embraces, so far as is now known,
quite the same varieties and an equal abundance. And the region possesses this
immense advantage, that by means of the great watercourses flowing along its east-
ern borders and the smaller streams, including the Vermejo and Pilcomayo, which
penetrate its interior and which are found to be navigable for many hundreds of
miles, all its vast wealth of precious woods and valuable timber is rendered accessi-
ble not only to Buenos Ayres, but, as ocean ships can load along its banks, also to the
markets of the world, without the necessity of transshipment. As I have said, the
more elevated portions of the Chaco present a landscape like a park where clumps
of woods alternate with open meadows. The lower parts are covered with continu-
ous forests and an undergrowth which in some places is so dense as to make it impos-
sible to penetrate into the interior. But the woodchoppers are at work, and the
quantities of all kinds of precious woods which are shipped down the rivers are
becoming greater and greater every year, As yet the greatest demand in this mar-
ket is for the quebracho of both varieties, which finds a use in almost every kind of
construction. The algorrobo is also in great request, as likewise the nandubay, immense
quantities of the posts of which tree are used for wire-fencing on the Pampas.
Besides what comes to Buenos Ayres, however, there are ship loads after ship loads,
which are exported directly to Germany and France, and there made into the most
costly articles of furniture, or sawed up into veneering which rivals anything which
comes from Brazil or Central America. I have said that nearly all the varieties of
trees which I have heretofore described as belonging to the subtropical forests are
also to be found in the Chaco. There are also numberless varieties which seem to be
especially indigenous to that region. Among these are the following:

The bianco grande, a beautiful tree which grows to the height of 25 feet and is 18
inches in diameter. Its wood possesses a very fine fiber, and is used for mechanical
moldings, and also for cabinet work. Specific gravity, 0.720.

The carandd. It belongs to the family of the algorrobos. It grows to the height
of 30 to 40 feet, with a trunk of 18 inches in diameter. The color of its wood is
violet, very solid, and of an excellent grain, and valuable for furniture and cabinet
work. Specific gravity, 1.197.

The carapay (Acacia altramentaria), a large and beautiful tree. The bark is used
for tanning hides and is an important article of commerce. The wood is red, with
black veins, which polishes exquisitely and is used for fine furniture, cabinet work,
and veneering. The wood is very durable and is excellent for railway sleepers.
Specific gravity, 0.977 to 1.180.

The cuiru, one of the tallest trees to be found in the Chaco. It attains a height
of over 150 feet, with a diameter of not more than 4 feet. Excellent for masts, yard-
arms, rafters, etc. Specific gravity, 0.580.

The timbo. This is also a large tree, having a height of 70 to 80 feet and a diam-
eter of 3 to 3| feet. It is a soft wood of about the consistency of pine, though in
color it resembles cedar. It is greatly used and makes excellent flooring, weather
boarding, etc., having the good quality of not warping, though flexible and light.
Specific gravity, 0.425.

The palma (Copernica campestris}. Several varieties, and especially the black and
the yellow palm, are found in the Chaco, where they occupy large tracts in forests

60 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

by themselves. They attain to a height of 30 to 40 feet, with a trunk of 1 to 2 feet.
These varieties are also found in the province of Cordova. Fans are made of the
leaves, and its fruit is very sweet and much sought after by animals as well as men.
Sweetmeats are also made of the dried dates, from which likewise a species of rum
is distilled. The timber is not worth much, except for corrals and other fencing.
The effect produced by these immense forests of palm trees, with their trunks all
bare and their round thick crowns, all exactly uniform, is very picturesque and
inviting. Specific gravity, 0.960.

The guayaivi. This tree grows to the height of 30 to 40 feet, with a foot diameter.
It produces a very white wood with a black heart, and owing to its strength is used
for lance heads, oars, handles of tools, etc. Specific gravity, 0.907.

Besides these trees there are others equally well known, such as the mora, the
olmo or elm, the blanquillo, the cinal, the petertibi, but I have no description of them,
and others still whose Indian names, much less their botanical, I am not able to
give. Indeed, so little is yet known in regard to the ibrests of the Chaco, that
Prof. Lorentz still calls it a terra incognita, so far as science is concerned. The num-
ber of smaller trees, arborcts, shrubs, etc., which occupy that vast region have also
yet to be studied, though there is one, called the chaquar, of the family of Brome-
liacecK, which is a characteristic plant of great utility to the Indians. They make
ropes, house lines, and cloths of different kinds with its fiber, and especially shirts
or ponchos, which serve as cuirasses, being impervious to arrows; also fishing nets,
baskets, etc. They also eat its bulbs, and its fruit serves as a very piquant condi-
ment. The vinagrilla is another shrub which produces a pod as acid as vinegar.
The pirchuna is used for the manufacture of brooms. The alamisca bears a berry,
which is said to possess the in tensest bitter known. The avarillo produces a delicious
almond.

FORESTS OF THE ARGENTINE MESOPOTAMIA.

We now come to the Argentine Mesopotamia, as all that tract of country is called
which is embraced between the Uruguay and Parana rivers, extending from the
island of Martin Garcia, opposite Buenos Ayres, northward to the borders of Ih-n/il,
a region of over 1,000 miles in length, and varying from 50 to 200 in breadth. It
comprehends the provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes, the territory of Misiones,
and the Republic of Paraguay, as also the thousands of islands which dot the two
great rivers named. The vegetation of the shores of the Uruguay in great part con-
sists of forests composed of a palm tree called the coco yatai, also the coco anstralis
and other species of the cocoa-nut tree, also a bamboo called tacuard, and the inya,
a very large tree of the Mimosa family, while farther up the river, approaching the
"Misiones," are found the urundey, the lapacho, the tinibo, etc., but they do not attain
to a very massive growth until about the twenty-eighth degree, from which point
northward the vegetation exhibits an extraordinary development, quite correspond-
ing to that of Brazil. The shores and islands of the Parana* River, having a soil
less argillaceous than those of the Uruguay, present a different arboreal growth.
The delta of the Parana abounds in willows, one variety of which, called the
tarandi, is a very rapid grower, and is used for fire wood. There is also a most exu-
berant growth of wild peach trees and orange groves. The former is also used for
fire wood, while the fruit finds a market in Buenos Ayres. The oranges of the lit-
toral are rather sour, though they improve upon being transplanted. The bitter
orange, which also grows here, is used for the manufacture of a favorite beverage. Aa
we advance up the river the islands more and more exhibit the characteristics of the
Chaco formation.

If now we penetrate into the interior of the Argentine Mesopotamia, we will find
forests of the harder and more useful species, such as the talas, the chanurc*, the
algorrobos, the quebrachos, the vivaros, the naudubays, etc., all of which varieties line
the watercourses and fill the bottom lands of Entre Rios, and form to the northwest

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 61

the great forest of Montiel, which covers the sixth part of that province. The
province of Corrientes is even more woody, and with a more tropical development,
until we reach "Misiones" and the neighboring Republic of Paraguay, which offer
a wealth of timber, rivaling any thing that can be found even in the far-famed regions
of Oran, not only in dimensions, but also in the fineness of the grain. Most of the
varieties which compose the forests of the Gran Chaco are also indigenous to the
"Misiones" and Paraguay, while there are a great number of new species, many of
which having never been scientifically classified, still flourish under the names given
them since time immemorial by the Guaraud Indians.

During the recent Argentine National Exposition held in Buenos Ayres, there was
on exhibition a most magnificent collection of the various woods which are found
in the above regions, consisting of lateral sections of the trees, exquisitely polished
so as to exhibit the grain and texture. The collection was credited to Paraguay,
but it corresponds equally well to the upper portions of the province of Corrieutes
and the territory of Misiones, and as it embraces nearly or quite all of the valuable
timber indigenous to those regions, I give the list complete according to the names
by which the trees are locally known.

TREES OF THE MISIONES AND PARAGUAY.

1. Sapyy, a large tree suitable for various uses.

2. Ibyra-yu-qnazu, large and grows to a grand height with dense foliage; timber

valuable for building purposes.

3. Laurel amarillo, the yellow laurel, also an immense tree, beautifully grained, and

useful in all kinds of construction.

4. Quebracho, like that found in other subtropical regions, very hard and heavy and

quite indestructible; serves for various purposes.

5. Ibyrd-pitd, a large tree with very hard wood, used in carpentry work.

6. Cedro Colorado, the red cedar, a very light wood which is as soft as satin, employed

in cabinetwork, and resembles mahogany in its beautiful veins.

7. Timbo, a large and bushy tree with white wood, very light, and the natives make

canoes of it.

8. Lapacho piruzii, a variety which has exceedingly fine fibers, used for cabinetwork

and other constructions of the first class.

9. Lapacho, the same valuable tree which has heretofore been referred to.

10. Urundey-mi, a tree of ordinary size, but much used for various purposes in car-

pentry work.

11. Guayaybi, a small, flexible tree, used for handles of tools and other things.

12. Curupay-guazA, a tree of grand proportions, used for the manufacture of furni-

ture, owing to the fine polish it takes.

13. Curupay-ran-, rather a small tree, used for cabinetwork.

14. Urupiu pita, fine grained, and used for the same purposes as the preceding.

15. Yuqtteri-busu, ah immense tree, used in heavy constructions and house-carpentry.

16. fbyra-poroite, of ordinary size, but very fine grain, and useful for cabinetwork.

17. Urn pia-mi, a very large tree, whose timber is used for planking and furniture.

18. Camba-acd, a small tree with exceedingly hard wood; has various uses.

19. Espina de oorona, an immense tree; wooil very hard; in general use for heavy

timbers, but takes a beautiful polish, and valuable for various purposes.

20. Array an, of ordinary size, used in decorative carpentry.

21. Incivnao. This is the incense tree, so called from the pungent smell of the resin

which exudes from it; a very large tree, used for cabinetwork.

22. Gnabird, a large tree which bears a delicious fruit; the timber used in carpentry

work and for other purposes.

23. Iba-hai, a tree of rather large proportions, whose timber takes a, fine polish and

is useful in cabinetwork.

24. Yatayrd, large, but of little use.

62 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

25. Caohoveti- fjlaz u, the same.

26. Aquai, a large tree which produces an excellent fruit and whose timber is

employed for various purposes.

27. Ibard-r6. This tree likewise produces fruit and finds a general use for furniture

and carpentry work.

28. Granadilla quazu bears a fruit, but its timber is little used.

29. Tatar <?, a tree of ordinary size ; its bark is used for dyeing purposes and its tim-

ber for all kinds of carpentry work, having a beautiful grain which takes a
fine polish.

30. Corupicay, large and resinous ; makes beautiful furniture.

31. Tembetary -negro, a large tree with dark wood that is handsomely veined; used

for furniture.

32. Ingd-blanco, also used for furniture.

33. retereby, a large tree with wide-spreading branches, producing a heavy timber,

which is used in constructions and building.

34. Aratren- quazu, ordinary size and bears a pleasant fruit; not much used.

35. rbirayii-quazu, a very large tree, whose timbers are much used for heavy build-

ing purposes.

36. Yagua-ratay, of little use, though a hard, compact wood.

37. Taperibd, large and bushy, used also in heavy constructions.

38. Ibira-ptipti, the same.

39. Timbaly, very straight and tall — wood white ; used for beams, axle-trees, etc.

40. Navanjo-agrio. This is the bitter-orange tree ; heavy, and used for cabinetwork.

41. Tembetery-blanco, large, with very light wood of a white color; not much used.

42. Cupay, very large proportions ; the wood exceedingly fragrant, richly veined,

and used for cabinetwork.

43. Parapary, large tree, producing a very fine-grained wood, which takes a beauti-

ful polish ; used in all kinds of carpentry work.

44. Nandapd-mi, very similar to the above.

45. Guiray, the same.

46. Urundey-mi, a very large tree, close-grained, which polishes well; used for cabi-

network and other purposes.

47. Guiavi-saise. a large tree, which works easily and is used for many purposes.

48. Curupay-rad, moderate size; wood used for cabinetwork.

49. Ibyra-pita, a very large tree, whose timber is valuable and used for building

purposes.

50. Ibirayu-grande, grows to a great height, and is used for cabinetwork.

51. Incierso-amarillo, a tree of great proportions, which serves for the manufacture

of furniture and railway carriages.

52. Urundey-pard, a large tree, greatly admired for the beautiful veins of its wood,

used for fine cabinetwork and also for wood engraving on account of its
hardness and fineness of grain.

53. Taperiba-guazu, a tree of immense proportions, and whose lumber is used for

building and other purposes.

54. Guayaybi-blanco, not of very large size, but its wood is very flexible; useful in

carpentry work.

55. Ibyra-r6, rather a large tree, in general use for various constructions.

56. Laurel-negro, also a large tree, whose timber is beautifully veined, the wood

being almost black ; used for fine cabinetwork.

57. Tatane', a large tree whose bark is used for coloring, and whose wood is much

esteemed in carpentry work.

58. Iba-poroiti, a tree which bears a delicious fruit and whose wood, very fine

grained, is used for cabinetwork.

59. Iba-hai, very similar to the above; its wood is used for inlaid or mosaic work.

60. Caahobety Colorado, very tall and slender, whose wood is used for beams, axle-

trees, etc.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 63

61. Ibyra-hobi, also a tall, slender tree, and used for like purposes as the preceding.

62. Cunipay-liu, a large tree, whose timber is used for furniture and other things.

63. Campeche, of large size, and very dark-colored wood, which takes a fine polish.

and is used for cabinet and other work.

64. Palo de lanza, of ordinary size, but possesses a very fine wood, and is used for

finest cabinetwork.

65. Palo-rosa-colorado, the darkest colored rosewood; used for veneering and finest

grades of furniture.

66. Timbo-colorado, a large tree, easily worked ; wood used for making wagons and

railway cars.

67. Guayaibi-blanco, a tree of ordinary size; used for furniture, etc.

68. Guayacan, rather a small tree, but its wood is extremely hard and used for many

purposes.

69. Tatayiba, a very large tree with beautiful dark wood, which is used for furni-

ture, cabinetwork, etc.

70. Palo Tanto, of ordinary size; used for various purposes.

71. Iba pobo, a large tree which is much used for elegant cabinetwork, owing to its

beautiful veins.

The uncivilized names of the most of these trees may not be very attractive read-
ing, but it is almost awe-inspiring to wander through the immense primeval forests
in which these arboreal mouarchs stand as solemn witnesses of the centuries which
have passed since they began their growth.*

The valuable timber which they represent is almost too remote from market to he
available yet; but one is impressed with the bountiful provision which nature has
made for the future wants of mankind.

Those districts of the Misiones which border on the Upper Parana" river are, in
some places, especially distinguished by extensive forests of caoba, the celebrated
mahogany tree of commerce, as also the rosewood (palo dc rosa), so generally used
for veneering, though there are many other trees which take an equal polish and are
fully as handsomely veined. There are two species of the rosewood tree, known in
the country as the male and female. The wood of the first is the hardest and most
difficult to polish, and has no veins; while that of the other is much softer, is of
rather a more pronounced red color, with very dark veins, and furnishes to the
cabinetmaker a most esteemed material. The tree is of great circumference, and
its specific gravity is 0.700.

The cedar of the Misiones is principally found in that portion bordering on
Corrientes. There are three varieties, distinguished from each other by color of the
wood, but all equally adapted to the purposes of commerce. Specific gravity, 0.572.

The pine of the Misiones is generally found in immense forests by itself. It, how-
ever, like many of the other valuable woods of this regiou, hardly yet enters into
commerce, notwithstanding the excellence of its timber, for the reason that more
accessible forests offer other woods as an abundant compensation. Specific gravity,
0.410.

In the forests of Paraguay and Misiones is also to be seen the famous evergreen
tree (flex paragiiaycnsis), which produces the yerba-mnte, the universal beverage of
the natives, and the export duty on which, in great part, affords the national
revenue of Paraguay, the Government having the exclusive monopoly of the trade.

* Speaking of the arborescence of the Misiones, Mr. White, in his Note-book of a
Naturalist, says : "Although I had been accustomed to the vast and imposing forests
of Salta, Jujuy, and especially Oran, this region struck me as even more luxuriant,
not in such arboreal magnificence, but in universal density and impenetrability ;
indeed, the exuberance of timber is such that the very names of the trees are as yet
unknown to Europeans, and even the majority of those with which they have
become familiar are only recognized by their Indian vocables. (Vol. n, p. 421.)

64 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

In t-hese magnificent forests are also to be found orange and pineapple groves, as
likewise almost every other variety of tree and shrub bearing the delicious fruits of
the tropics. I am told that the orange is not indigenous to these regions, but was
introduced shortly after the Spanish conquest by the Jesuits, who, until their expul-
sion by order of Philip II, occupied all this portion of the country. The tree is
now, however, universally distributed. Some of the orange groves I have visited
in the neighborhood of Villa Occidental, Gran Chaco, and near Asuncion, Paraguay,
were indescribably beautiful, the enormous trees being bowed down by the weight
of their delicious golden produce, while the ground beneath was covered with the
fallen fruit. In the season the oranges are sent by boat-load to Buenos Ay res and
Montevideo. They are also used for distillation and for feeding pigs and cattle,
besides being largely consumed by the natives. Owing to the enormous quantities
produced, they have, however, but little money value in Paraguay, and over in
Buenos Ayres, a distance of over 1,000 miles, I have seen them sometimes sold for
about 50 cents a bushel.

THE FUTURE OF THE TIMBER TRADE OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

I have thus completed a cursory note, which I believe to be reliable, of the several
arboreal formations into which the Argentine Republic, with its immense extent
from north to south, is naturally divided, beginning with the antarctic forests of
beech, which occupy the greater part of Terra del Fuego and the lauds adjacent to
the Straits of Magellan ; noting the vast pineries, as yet wholly undeveloped, which
skirt the entire eastern slopes of the Patagonian Andes ; following these to where
tho "Monte" formation marks the development of the hard woods; describing the
principal trees of the great subtropical forests of Tucuman, Salta, and Oran; glanc-
ing at the wealth of timber which literally covers the immense unexplored regions
of northern and southern " Chaco," and finally passing in review the marvelous
variety of valuable woods which are found in the thousand miles of territory which
lies between the Parana^ and Uruguay rivers, called the Mesopotamia of the Argen-
tine Republic. The sketch or compilation is not intended as exhaustive of the sub-
ject. It could be very greatly extended, though there are still vast outlying regions
of forests about which little, if anything, is yet definitely known. The report, how-
ever, is sufficient to explode the generally prevailing idea that the Argentine Repub-
lic is entirely a pampa or prairie country and lacking in timber resources, an impres-
sion which has gained credence from the fact that the province of Buenos Ayres,
which abroad is generally taken for the whole country, is to a great extent destitute
of trees; and by the further fact, which seems to be an anomaly, that a very large
part of the lumber used here is still imported from the United States.

In spite of this, however, as I have shown, the greater portion of all the northern
and northwestern provinces is occupied by forests of timber, which not only in
their enduring qualities but in their fineness of fiber, smoothness, and beauty of
coloring will compare favorably with those of any country in the world. Indeed,
in their susceptibility to the highest degrees of polish, and in the striking varieties
andcombinationsof their tints, it is doubtful if any other country^ has woods that
fully equal them. As I have said, the full extent of this arboreal wealth is not yet
known, and we must still wait for a scientific description of a very large proportion
of the country which contains these marvelous timber resources. It is evident,
however, that in the more or less remote future, when the increasing population of
the Argentine Republic has come face to face with these outlying virgin forests, and
railways and a more extensive system of river navigation place a greater commercial
value upon the work of the woodchopper and the lumberman, the markets of the
world, which are just now beginning to realixe the undeveloped wealth which
these forests represent, will be astonished at the amount of precious woods and
valuable timber, suitable for every variety of work, which this country will be able
to supply. Europe is now driving the entering wedge in the mammoth timber trees

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 65

which skirt the shores of the Upper Parang and the ship-loads, which in the last few
years have gone forward to the cabinet and fine-furniture manufactories of France
and Germany, have so greatly exceeded the expectations as to their value as to
make them more anxious for greater supplies. Indeed it will not be surprising
if the tables will yet be turned, and even the United States, after having quite
exhausted her own forests in supplying the foreign demand, will, in time, be com-
pelled to look to the Argentine Republic for a considerable portion of its lumber.

E. L. BAKER,

Consul.
BUENOS AYRES, June 20, 1S8S.

BRAZIL.

RIO DE JANEIRO.
NATIVE WOODS.

The magnificence of the forests of Brazil and the variety of the
woods they contain would demand a far more extensive treatment ol
the subject than is admissible in an essentially commercial report. In
Amazonas alone, 30 kinds of timber for building and 13 for cabinet-
making are said to exist, while the rest of this vast country presents
an enormous variety of the most luxuriant trees, useful for their tim-
ber as well as for sundry other purposes. If they are not used as they
merit it is owing to the scarcity of labor and the want of proper means
of communication, making in the most cases the native dearer than the
imported woods. I will therefore only mention those commonly em-
ployed for building and other uses.

The^ero&a, the tupinhoa, for naval construction 5 the^ao brazil (Brazil
wood), the cabiuna (brown rosewood), the cedro (cedar), the massaran-
duba,ihe sapucaia, and the laurel are much employed in the lining of ves-
sels. The pdo d'oleo, the goncalo alves, the black and brown canella,
the licurana, and the iron wood (pdo ferro) are also used for ship con-
struction.

The peroba, the cedro, the vinhatico, ihepdo d'oleo, the jacaranda, the
pdo marfim (ivory wood), the pdo setim (satin wood), the ebony, the
licurana, and the ipe are used in cabinet and joiner work.

KINDS OF LUMBER IN USE.

The kinds of lumber preferred are the American and Swedish pine
and the native canella and peroba for construction, and the native
vinhatico jacaranda for cabinet and joiner work.
665A 6

66

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
IMPORTS AND DUTIES.

The imports of pine lumber at Eio de Janeiro were as follows during
the years 1890, 1891, and 1892:

From—

1890.

1891.

1892.

Cub. meters.
43, 788
13, (8t
2,832
1,296
90
12

Cub. meters.
70, 035
29,196
4,200
4,401
594
6,384

Cub. meters.
42, 870
11, 226
5,142

726
3
9

6

3

Total

61,704

114, 810

59,979

The quantities of beams, masts, etc., and cabinet woods imported are
not available, but they are not large. The greater part of the beams
and masts are imported from the United States and the cabinet woods
from England and Germany.

The import duty laid upon foreign lumber is as follows :

Description.

Duties on —

American
lumber.

All other
lumber.

Beams, trunks, masts, spars, etc. :
Oak and teak—
Up to 20 centimeters in thickness

meter..
do ..

Hilreit.
1.575
3.600
7.425
13.500

.832
1.800
3.825

7.087

.113

.507
29. 250
10. 575

Milreis.
2.100
4. 800
9.900
18.000

1.110

2.400
5.100
9.450

.156
.675
39. 000
14.100

From 40 to 60 centimeters in thickness ........

do .

do...

Pine and other unclassified woods —
Up to 20 centimeters in thickness

do

From 20 to 40 centimeters in thickness ........

do

do...

Above 60 centimeters in thickness . ........

An

Thethickness of the above woods, and the diameter of the trunks, masts, or
spars is calculated according to the averages of their extremities.
Boards and planks :
Mahogany, and other cabinet—

In thin slabs

do

Oak and teak

Pine and other, unclassified

do ...

Pieces of wood coming already cut, prepared, or adjusted for build-
ing houses or sheds, or for any other civil and naval purposes, pay from
the United States 33| per cent, from other countries 45 per cent ;ul
valorem; and any others from the United States 54 per cent, and from
other countries 72 per cent ad valorem.

It is impossible to reduce the duty into United States currency owing
to the rapid fluctuations in the value of the Brazil milreis.

PRICES.

The prices of lumber here, as elsewhere, are subject to the law of
supply and demand and, it may be added in this case, to the fluctuations

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

67

in the value of the milreis. The market prices, duty paid, are to-day for
pitch pine, 65 milreis per dozen planks, 14 feet by 9 by 3 inches,
white pine, 205 reis * per foot; Swedish pine, 60 to 70 milreis per dozen
planks, 14 feet by 9 by 3 inches. These prices are subject to 6 per cent
discount. To-day's exchange 9,a6 pence per milreis, or say 18| cents
United States currency 90 days on London. The market is actually
reported dull, with weak demand and the prices low. The stock oi
timber, paid for at more favorable rates of exchange, is large, and
retailers only cover immediate wants in view of the possibility of an
amelioration of exchange.

CLIMATE.

Brazil extends to the north beyond the equator and to the south still
more beyond Capricorn, and its climate is naturally varied. Hot
weather predominates, but is modified according to the different lati-
tudes in which it makes itself felt, and is influenced by the position,
but principally by the elevation, of the land. It is intense under tlie
equator (on the Amazonas), much less severe in the states of the center,
mitigated on the coast by regular breezes, and progressively reduced
to a mild temperature in the most southern states, but specially in Rio
Grande do Sul. There are two seasons in all that part of the country

)m Amazonas southward, inclusive of the state of Sao Paulo, the
dry and the rainy, while in the states of Parana, Santa Catharina,
and Kio Grande do Sul, four seasons are distinguished, but not so
strongly characterized as in the United States. In Miuas-Geraes,
[atto-Grosso, and Goyaz, the climate differs according to the elevation
ind the latitude of the various parts of these immense states.

GENEEAL BUILDING.

General building, it is feared, will not be carried on as extensively
luring the next lew years as was the case since 1889. Ship building

of no special consequence in this country.

The length of railroads in construction, under study and to be
studied, was January 1, 1892, in kilometers:

Roads.

In con-
struction.

Under
study.

To be

studied.

Total.

Railroads—

964

595

485

2,044

Subsidized bv the Union

2 048

5 965

12 337

20 350

Not .subsidized by the Union

1,174

2 132

6,731

10, 037

Total

4 186

8,692

19,553

32, 43J

* There are 1,000 reis in the milreia.

68 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

As will be observed by the statistical figures of the imports of Rio
de Janeiro for the three years from January 1, 1890, to December 31,
1892, American lumber is taking the lead over all other foreign lumber;
the only means to increase the lumber trade of the United States with
this country would, therefore, be to equalize, as much as possible, ocean
freight rates with the rates from European ports.

JOHN T. LEWIS,
Vice Consul General.
Rio DE JANEIRO, April 34, 1894.

CHILE.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods of Chile are rauli, roble, cypress, luma, lingue,
laurel, alamo, and alerce.

The two most important and mostused of these are rauli and roble; the
first, resembling our cedar, is used mostly in the manufacture of furni-
ture and also extensively in interior finish for buildings, it being sus-
ceptible to a high degree of polish, pliable, and easily worked by
machinery.

The roble is the most plentiful of all the woods here, and corresponds
to our oak, being, however, much finer grained, harder, and conse-
quently offers more resistance to machinery. The specific gravity of
this wood precludes the possibility of its being rafted, which necessi-
tates handling by rail; this in a measure will always prevent its com-
peting to any great extent with lumber imported from the United States,
as the forest section is very mountainous and, consequently, it is difti
cult to get the logs to the mills and the lumber from the sawmills. This
wood is better adapted to framework than any other purpose.

The one other wood worthy of mention is the cypress, which is well
adapted to the manufacture of railway ties, and is principally used for
that purpose, the supply, however, is small.

KINDS OF LUMBER MOST USED.

The kinds of lumber most used are Oregon pine and the native rauli
and roble, the Orv^on pine being most generally preferred.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
IMPORTS.

69

The quantities of lumber imported during the last three years wer*,
as follows:

Kinds and whence imported.

1890.

1891.

1892.

Cabinet woods :

2 409

8 000

220

. . . . do

568

do

United States

... . do

2 072 648

46 273

29 52f>

Total .

do

2 075 625

54 273

29 746

Dressed and matched flooring, ceiling, etc. :
Greit Britain

do

4 449

993

do

France ........ .... ...

do ...

United States

do

488 647

739 876

1 161 831

Total

do

493 096

739 876

1 162 824

Rough, for general construction :

do

2 312

244 948

75 942

Germany

do.. .

France

do....

22, 033

4,467

United States

do

5,755 217

3,811 010

9 862 555

Total

do

5 779 562

4 055 958

9 942 964

Veneering:
Great Britain

1 748

3 W6

653

do

5 251

185

2 438

France

do ...

219

United States

do

1 896

Total

do

7 218

4 411

4 987

DUTY.

The principal obstacle in the way of increasing our trade with Chile
is the import duty, which is on rough lumber 15 per cent ad valorem 5
dressed and dressed and matched, 25 per cent; veneering, 35 per cent;
and the fine woods for cabinetwork free. I may add that the present
system of appraising makes the import duty on rough lumber $10.47.
and on dressed and dressed and matched $19.46 per 1,000 feet, Chile
paper currency (a dollar at the present rate of exchange being worth
25 cents United States gold).

PRICES.

The prices of lumber are as follows: Oregon pine, rough, $110 per
1,000 feet; dressed and matched, $130, and half-inch ceiling, $80; roble,
framing, $70; and rauli dressed and matched, $100.

It is probably safe to say that the American exporter will always find
a market in Chile, as the forests, which cover an estimated area of
90,000 square miles, consist principally of roble, which, as I have pre-
viously mentioned, is not calculated to come in strong competition with
American lumber.

The product of the sawmills in most instances is transported by
carts to the railroads for shipment, and as the roads are very bad,
lengths of roble longer than 24 feet are seldom sawed. As the rauli
tree is a very short one, the lengths are never longer than 12 or 14 feet.

70 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CLIMATE.

A description of the climate in this consular district would be value-
less in this connection, as the lumber section begins at Malleco, about
400 miles south, and extends to the Straits of Magellan. The average
rainfall there is 106 inches, and the climate cold and disagreeable eight
mouths in the year, while here the rainfall is only 16 inches and the
cliinai-e is mild, comparing favorably with that of Los Angeles, Cal.

GENERAL BUILDING.

Chilian cities— Santiago, Valparaiso, and Concepcion — are growing
rapidly, especially the two former, which are in this consular district.
The demand for lumber is brisk and daily increasing. There is no ship-
building in Chile, and at present railway construction is at a standstill.

JAMES M. DOBBS,

Consul.
VALPARAISO, May 1, 1894.

COLOMBIA.

BARRANQUILLA.
NATIVE WOODS.

Colombia is a vast lumber producing country; in many portions of
the interior huge forests, many hundreds of miles square, cover its
face, representing woods of different values.

To name all the woods of Colombia would be to make an extensive
catalogue. The principal, however, are cedar, guayacan, carreto, roble,
campano, mahogany, ceiba, and brazil. They may be classified as
follows:

Cedar. — This is the most common wood in use. It is easily worked,
and possesses a bitter quality, which is a preventive against an insect
called the comejen, a species of wood ant, very destructive to many
other kinds of wood. In house construction, excepting for flooring
beams, cedar is universally used.

Guayacan. — This is the lignum vitae, and is very hard. It is used
principally for railroad sleepers, and thousands are shipped to Cuba, to
the Isthmus of Panama, and Central America. This wood resists the
penetration of spikes, and holes have to be bored before they can be
driven. It is of dark color, with occasional light streaks running
through it.

Carreto. — This is a light-colored wood, also very hard, and is destruct-
ive to carpenters' tools. It is used in timbers for construction, the ends
which enter the walls being usually charred or dipped in coal tar, as a

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKKTS. 71

preventive against rot. Timber of Carreto will last for centuries.
Being a handsome wood, capable of receiving a fine polish, it is used in
furniture, such as presses, counters, trunks, and household objects.

Roble. — This is a softer wood, of light color, and very tough. It per-
tains to the family of the oak. It is used to a considerable extent in
the manufacture of furniture.

Gampano. — Trees of this wood grow to an immense size and height,
and are hewn and dug out into canoes and boats of very considerable
dimensions. A well-made native canoe, sometimes 90 feet in length, is
really a work of art.

Mahogany. — This is a handsome wood of rich, dark color, but is infe-
rior in grain to that of Santo Domingo or Honduras. It is not exten-
sively used.

Ceiba. — This is a wood of rather a light rosy tint, and is used in the
manufacture of household articles.

Brazil. — This tree grows in some parts of Columbia.

Fustic. — The common fustic of commerce grows extensively in the
interior.

The working of timber into beams and boards by native workmen is
usually accomplished with the old-fashioned cross-cut saw, and a
species of uncouth pattern of the old Spanish ax.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

As to " what kind of lumber is preferred," that entirely depends on
the use to which it is put; as cedar for house construction, carreto for
timbering, and guayacan for sleepers.

IMPORTS AND DUTY.

No lumber is imported from any other country than the United States
Formerly quite a quantity of yellow pine was brought from some
ports of the Southern States, in sailing vessels entering the river, but
of late the very high rate of exchange (205 per cent premium), has
nominally stopped importation. When timbers of great length are
required yellow pine meets the want.

Undressed lumber pays no duty; dressed lumber (a board planed
and tongued and grooved), pays 1J cents per kilo.

CLIMATE.

The climate of this consular district is delightful. During the Octo-
ber rain and December "northers," I have known the thermometer to
go as low as 74° F., while during the warmer season, in the most fa-
vored part of this city — for instance where this consulate is located — I
have never seen it rise above 88°.

72 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

GENERAL BUILDING AND PRICES.

There is neither shipbuilding nor railroad construction in this dis-
trict. To-day rough lumber may be quoted at 18 cents per superficial
foot; dressed lumber at 20 cents, Colombian paper.
The outlook is not favorable to an increased trade in foreign lumber.

E. P. PELLET,
Vice and Deputy Consul.
BARRANQUILLA, April 25, 1894.

COLON.
NATIVE WOODS.

There are no native woods here for building purposes, the villagers
being the only ones who employ rough native sticks in the erection of
their huts.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The kinds of lumber used are yellow-pine scantlings and timbers
and white pine boards, planed or rough, in almost equal proportions.

A small quantity of California red pine is imported by the Panama
Bailroad Company, and used exclusively in the reconstruction of their
cars.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

All the lumber used here is imported from the United States.

DUTT AND PRICES.

There is no import duty on lumber entered at this port.

The prices of lumber vary very much on account of the constant fluc-
tuation of exchange. It is, however, safe to quote the following rates
for the present in Colombian silver per 1,000 feet,* viz :

Yellow pine, $70 to $75 for average sizes; for heavy timbers special
prices in proportion. White pine, $70 to $80.

CLIMATE.

The climate of this district from the middle of December to the mid
die of March is dry with prevailing north winds; the rest of the yeai1 it
is rainy and damp.

"The Colombian silver peso = 46.5 centa on April 1, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 73

GENERAL BUILDINGK

At present there is very little house building going on, on account
of the depressed state of affairs in general, and there is not now, nor
has there ever been, apy shipbuilding here.

The Panama Kailroad Company has 47 miles of laid track between
Panama and this city, but there is no railroad being built within this
consular district.

J. L. PEARCY,

Consul.
COLON, January 19, 1891.

DUTCH GUIANA.

NATIVE WOODS.

The following are the principal woods of Dutch Guiana: Jawalidani,
kakaralli, wallaba, blackheart, greenheart, accouribroad, purpleheart,
ironwood, cabacalli, mimusops (balata), cedar, lancewood, simiri, mora,
salic, deteruca, lignum- vitae, and mahogany.

IMPORTS, DUTY AND PRICES.

The annual imports of lumber amount to about $20,000, viz : From
the United States, $15,000; from British Guiana, $5,000.

The duty on lumber is as follows : Pitch pine, 80 cents per cubic yard ;
white pine, 60 cents per cubic yard; planks, 24 feet or more, 60 cents
per hundred; planks under 24 feet, 40 cents per hundred.

Present price of lumber: Pitch pine, $48 per thousand; white pine,
$40 per thousand.

CLIMATE AND PUBLIC BUILDING.

The climate of Dutch Guiana is divided into three seasons, two wet
and one dry. The (t small" wet season commences in December and
ends in April. The "great" wet season runs from April to July, and
the dry season from July to December.

The thermometer averages about 83° F. The average annual rain-
fall is 95 inches. For the last ten years it has rained, on an average,
on 204 days in each year.

There is neither shipbuilding nor railroad building in this colony.

H. LOVEJOY,

Vice- Consul,

PARAMARIBO, February 23, 1894.

74

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

ECUADOR.

NATIVE WOODS.

The following table exhibits a great variety of valuable woods found
in Ecuador, in the province of Guayas alone, and particularly about
Chougan, Balzar, Fama, and Puna.*

The table shows the local names, the color, length of log which may
be cut from a tree, and the number of years each is calculated to endure.

Several of these woods are unique cabinet woods. I have indicated
the general uses for which they may be severally employed, and in
another place some further particulars about some of them.

As far as I can find out, there is no timber here like our pine which
can be used to make the light planks in general use in house building,
etc. Consequently, pine lumber is imported here from Mississippi,
shipped from the port of Biloxi.

List of native woods.

Local names.

Color.

Size.a

Durability.

Fine cabinet woods :
Koble

Feet.
20

Tears.
25

Ked

20

25

Cabicu ....... ....

do

30

100

Cedro

do

30

16

Guasaneo ...

do

10

Everlasting.

Caoba

do

25

16

Caracoli. .......... .....

White and yellow ..

25

12

Sucbe

Gold

25

12

Posts and underground woods :

Coffee

30

50

Medera Negra ......... ...

Black

30

50

Alganobo

Coti'ee

15

Everlasting.

Matasama ......

Yellow

20

50

Hou ^-construction woods:
Moral

...do ...

45

50

Armarillo

do

45

50

Guacbapeli

Red

23

50

Laurel

Dark

25

50

Colorado ...

Ked .

55

14

Mangle

do

55

14

Bantano

Yellow

20

25

White

20

30

Seca

Yellow

15

30

Pechiche..

White

15

30

Gauy abo

... do

30

30

Guion . .

Ked

15

14

White

15

30

Yellow

35

40

Ked

45

50

Raft woods, Balsa

White

60

4

Ship timber, Maria

Yellow

65

30

a Size is the length of a log which can be cut from a tree.

The foregoing woods are all found in the province of Guayas, in
which Guayaquil is situated.

Of the woods in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Monchi, on the
upper coast, and of those in the southern provinces of Del Oro and

* Consul-General Dillard acknowledges his indebtedness to Senor Don Ignacio
Robbs for valuable statistics used in the preparation of this report.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 75

Toja, I have no sufficient information (the woods named are most likely
found in all those provinces), nor have I any information about the
woods of the Cordilleras, nor of those in the regions known as the
Ariunte — the virgin forests of the upper Amazons.

Guayacan. — This valuable wood endures alike in the open air as
under ground. On account of the frequency of earthquakes, most of
the houses are built upon great posts, which are sunk deeply into the
ground and are extended to the second story of the building. The
bottom parts of these posts are of guayacan, which extend 4 or
5 feet above ground and the upper part of the posts are of mangle,
which can be renewed when it decays. The two parts of the posts are
attached together by a most ingenious mortise joint. The guayacan is
used for all purposes where wood is used under ground or in water.

Mangle. — This wood is in universal use — for the upper part of posts
and for all the joists, plates, and studding of houses. Its lasting
quality differs with its situation. In the shade above ground it
endures, say fourteen years, and in the ground, sixteen years, but in
the open air, exposed to the sun, it lasts only three or four years.

Balsa. — The renowned balsas (or rafts) (the most unique water craft
in the world) are constructed of this wood, hence its name. This craft
(made of balsa logs, stripped of the bark and fastened together with
vines) has always been in use by the Indians on this coast. . The tradi-
tion is that the progenitors of the Indians, who inhabited this country
before the Incas appeared, as well as at the time of the Spanish con-
quest, reached the shores of Ecuador in balsas — most probably from
the Isthmus of Panama. At all events the balsa has, from time
immemorial, been the water craft of the Indians of Ecuador. They
float up and down the rivers and bayous (esteros) with the tide, trans-
porting their produce and returning home. Some build their cabins
on their balsas, which thus become their only homes. They do not fear
to go to sea in their balsas, for it is impossible to sink them.

The balsa wood is very white, soft, strong, and floats like a cork.

I regret that my lack of information prevents me from going into
particulars about others of the most rare and valuable woods mentioned
in the table. I write only of those which I see in use every day.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The kinds of lumber preferred are the guayacan, mangle, and imported
pine — each for its particular purpose.

Bamboo. — The bamboo is of universal use for ceilings in house build-
ing. The matter in the joints being carefully cut out, the cane, from 4
to 6 or more inches in diameter, is flattened out and made like a plank.
It not only serves all the purposes of tbe best quality of lath, but is
usually the only weatherboarding of the rear of houses. It is also
the flooring material for respectable country houses and for all native
cabins.

76 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

IMPORTS AND PRICES.

The lumber imported at Guayaquil during the year 1893 amounted to
1,600,000 feet, all from the United States and all dressed lumber.
E. Rohde & Co. were the importers. Very little lumber is imported at
the other ports of the Eepublic.

DUTY AND PRICES.

The import duty on lumber is one-half centavo (say one-fourth cent,
American gold) per kilogram, plus 30 per cent ad valorem.

Lumber sells in Guayaquil at from 7J to 9 centavos per foot, say
$37.50 to $45 per thousand.

CLIMATE.

This country is called Ecuador because the equator covers it — Quito,
the capital, being almost on the line, and Guayaquil being scarcely two
degrees south of it. The vegetation, however, is not tropical ; at least it is
not tropical in the great valley of the Guayas. The climate is hot, but
from May to December, the dry season, the heat is tempered by an almost
constant southwest breeze, the Ghonduy, and by clouds. For months
at a time, the sun will not be seen, although during that time, it does not
rain a drop. From December till May, the rainy and sickly season,
when it is not raining the sun frequently comes out with great force
right overhead, but during the dry season, there are weeks of weather
which one word will probably describe — delicious.

GENERAL BUILDING.

Houses are constantly being built in Guayaquil, but the amount of
imported lumber used in their construction is not very great. Ship-
building is limited to small craft. The river steamboats and the launches
used in the port are generally imported from the United States and put
together here.

Eailroad building, it is thought, will soon begin. There are only
about 50 miles of railroad in operation in the Eepublic — that which runs
from Durau (across the river from Guayaquil) to Chimbo, at the foot-
hills of the mountains. There is a short line in course of construction
at Mochala, and a survey has recently been made for the extension of
the line from Chimbo towards Quito. This is a great undertaking
which awaits capital and enterprise.

GEO. G. DELLATCD,

Consul- General
GUAYAQUIL, April 24, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

77

DANISH WEST INDIES.

NATIVE WOODS.

The following list of woods grown ill the Danish West India Islands
is given by Mr. Carl Berg:

Acacia macrantha.
Avicennia nitida.
Beurreria succuleiita.
Bucida buceras.
Bumelia euncata.
Condalia ferrea.
Ademanthera Pavoniana.
Mainea Americana.
Capparis cynophallophora.
Colubrina reclinata.
Creecendia aryete.
Eugenia floribunda.
Eugenia pallens.
Erithalis fructicosa.
Exterme caribean.
Coccoloba punctata.
Coccoloba niven.
Coccoloba uvifera.
Jacvivia arborea.
Libidibia coriaria.
Leucaena glauca.

Maytenus IsBvigatus.
Picrsena excelsa.
Pictetia squainata.
Pimenta vulgaris.
Piscidia erycthrina.
Randia acubeada.
Ranolfia nidita.
Swietunia Mahogeni.
Thespesia populnea.
Thevetia nevifolia.
Zantlioxylum flavum.
Zanthoxylum Clava Herculi.
Zanthoxylum Ocliroxylum.
Croton.

Acacia nudiflora.
Guafiacum officinale.
Canella alba.

Chrysophyllum microphyllum.
Psidium guava.
Sapota sideroxylon.

Besides the above-mentioned woods, which are used for building pur-
pose* and furniture (botanical names only are given), there can be
found about 350 varieties that are used for medicinal and other pur-

>ses.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The principal woods used here are pitch pine, white pine, and spruce,
the first being preferred for housebuilding, because ants, which destroy
the spruce in a few years and the white pine in time, do not touch hard
pine. White pine is used for house trimmings. Spruce is used but lit-
tle, if at all. Southern pine and oak, in small quantities, are used for the
repair of ships which touch here in distress. Nearly all these woods
are imported from the United States.

The native woods are generally of small growth, fit for building
boats, wharves, and small vessels. Furniture is also made of native
woods.

73

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The following statement shows the imports of lumber at St. Thomas
for the years ending March 31, 1891, 1892, and 1893 :

18

n.

1»

tt.

18

93.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

United States .

Feet.
634 218

$11, 035

Feet.
407, 791

$5, 611

Feet.
259, 133

$5 619

29 455

458

107 368

1 496

185

87

British West Indies ............

5,644

169

2,700

71

221

50

1 116

89

1 175

251

125

28

Total

670 433

11,751

519 034

7,429

259,664

5 784

DUTY AND PRICES.

The import duty is 3 per cent on declared invoice value of all goods.

Pitch pine is sold at $30 to $35, and white pine from $35 to $40 per
1,000 feet. Spruce and oak are imported by ship carpenters solely for
their own use in repairing ships, etc., and are not for sale.

CLIMATE.

The climate of the Danish West Indies is in general healthful, the
islands being situated in latitude 17° to 18° north and nearly in the
strength of the northeast trade winds, which blow nearly the entire
year, the thermometer in the winter months ranging from 70° to 80°,
and in summer, 80° to 90° F.

GENERAL BUILDING.

All the large houses here are built of brick and stone, with wood
floors, windows, doors, etc. Small houses are built entirely of wood,
with stone foundation about 10 feet high. Small fishing boats and row
boats are built of the native woods. No large vessels are built here.
There are no railroads within my consular district.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

As will be seen from the statement of imports, the United States
leads all other countries.

I can offer no suggestions, as I see no means of further extending
the trade of American lumber in these islands.

J. H. STEWART,

Consul.
ST. THOMAS, WEST INDIES, March 9, 1804.

ASIA.

BRITISH ASIA.

CEYLON.
NATIVE WOODS.

There are 156 varieties of useful timber classified in Ceylon, as will
be seen by tlie inclosed publication, List of the Principal Timber Trees
in Ceylon.*

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The timber (all wood is called timber here) imported in 1892 was
teak logs from Burma, to the value of $112,600; and from Great Brit-
ain, creosoted pine or fir railroad sleepers, value, $7,000. The quanti-
ties are unknown.

All timber is free of duty.

PRICES.

The timber mostly used here for house building and furniture mak-
ing is sold as follows: Teak, $1.23 to $1.33 per cubic foot, in planks and
scantlings; jack wood and nadun 1-inch thick planks, from 6 inches to
24 inches wide, from 5 to 10 cents per sauare foot; scantlings, from 58
cents to $1 per cubic foot; logs, from 42 to 50 cents per cubic foot;
satinwood, in round logs, purchasable from Government, 33, 55, and
67 cents per cubic foot, and for satinwood, sawn to planks, 11 cents per
cubic foot are added to the log prices. Ebony, in logs, $25 to $45 per
ton, according to quality.

CLIMATE.

The climate is humid. The rainfall on the west coast is about 100
inches per annum, and amongst the hills of the interior it is sometimes
upwards of 250 inches. The east coast is somewhat dryer, say 30 to 110

*Filed in Bureau of Statistics.

79

80 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

inches per annum, but imported lumber of any description is not
wanted there, as the forests abound in ebony, satinwood, and various
other valuable timber trees.

For fall particulars of rainfall, see Appendix B,* and as regards tem-
perature, the heat is absolutely and always tropical.

GENERAL BUILDING.

Wooden houses are very rarely built in Ceylon ; most of thebetter-class
habitations are of brick, and wood enters into their construction only
for the frames of the roof, doors, and windows, and occasionally for
upstair floors — teak, jack, and satinwood are mostly used for these
purposes, and there is no wood in the United States that could be
profitably substituted for them.

There is no shipbuilding and very little railroad building; and what
with native woods, and creosoted pine, for sleepers, and teak for
carriages, all of the railroad demands for lumber are fully supplied.
There is in fact an abundance of valuable timber always for sale; say,
ebony and satinwood, which, if properly handled, would pay for ex-
portation to the United States.

W. MOEET,

Consul.
CEYLON, January 27, 1894.

SEASONING TIMBER.

[Extract from the publication entitled List of the Principal Timber Trees in Ceylon, by A. Mendis
Lenanayke. Translated by Consul Morey.]

To season timber so that it may become one-fifth more durable than in its ordinary
state, observe the following instructions of Thomas Tredgold, esq., civil engineer,
Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers, etc., of Newcastle-on-Tyne:

When timber is felled, the sooner it is removed from the forest the better ; it should
be removed to a dry situation, and placed so that the air may circulate freely about
each piece, but it should not be exposed to the sun and wind. Square timber does
not rift or split so much as that which is round; and when the size of the tree will
allow, if beams are to be used the full size of the tree, it would be a good preserva-
tive against splitting to bore them through from end to end, as is done in a water-
pipe. It is irregular drying which causes timber to split, and this method assists in
drying the internal part of the beam without losing much of its strength, and at
the same time it would lighten it considerably.

On account of the time required to season timber in the natural way, various
methods have been tried to effect the same purpose in a shorter time. Perhaps the
best of these is to immerse the timber in water as soon as it is cut down, and after
it has remained about a fortnight in water, but not more, to take it out and dry it in
an airy place.

For protecting timber against white ants, to every gallon of water add 3 ounces of
croton taglium seeds, 3 ounces margosa bark, 3 ounces sulphur, 2 ounces of blue
vitriol. Immerse the timber until it ceases to absorb the water, and afterwards take
out and dry in an airy situation.

* Filed in Bureau of Statistics.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 81

INDIA.

NATIVE WOODS.

The most notable native woods for timber are the teak (Tectona
grandis) and the sal (Shorea robusta). The teak is indigenous to both
peninsulas of India. In certain localities the supply may be considered
inexhaustible.

Teak. — Teak reaches a girth of 10 to 15 feet, and has a clear trunk of
70 or 80 feet to the first limb. In British Burmah teak exceeds in value
all other trees combined. The sapwood of teak is white and small.
The heart wood, when cut green, has a pleasant and strong aromatic
fragrance and a beautiful dark golden color, which on seasoning soon
darkens into brown, mottled with darker streaks. The timber retains
its fragrance to a great age, the characteristic odor being apparent
whenever a fresh cut is made. Teak is a wonderfully hard wood,
exceedingly durable and strong, and, once seasoned, does not split,
crack, warp, shrink, or alter in shape. It owes its chief value to its
great durability, which is ascribed, probably with justice, to the cir-
cumstance that it contains a large quantity of fluid resinous matter^
which fills up the pores and resists the action of water. At the Karli
caves, near Poona, there is teakwood work 2,000 years old which seems
perfectly good at the present day. Teak lumber from different locali-
ties varies greatly in appearance, weight, and strength. Teak weighs
about 40 pounds per cubic foot. It is used in India for construction,
bridgemaking, sleepers, and for manufacturing furniture. It is exported
to Europe chiefly for building railway carriages, for shipbuilding, for
making decks and lower masts, and for the backing of armor plates on
ironclads. It is peculiarly useful for the latter purpose owing to the
resinous matter which it contains, acting as a preventive against rust,
the wood neither affecting the iron nor being affected by it. It is far
superior to oak in this respect. The trade in teak is very large and
important, and, notwithstanding the competition of other materials,
shows no signs of diminution.

Sal. — The sal tree (Shorea robusta) is one of the most valuable tim-
ber trees in India. The sapwood is distinct, is small in amount, and
not durable. The heartwood is brown in color, finely streaked with
dark lines, coarse grained, hard, strong, and tough, with a remarkably
cross-grained and fibrous structure. The fibers of successive concen-
tric circles do not run parallel but at oblique angles to each other, so
that when the wood is dressed the fibers appear interlaced. It does
not season well, but splits and warps in drying, and even when thor-
oughly seasoned absorbs moisture with avidity in wet weather, increas-
ing one-twenty-fourth in bulk and correspondingly in weight. During
the process of seasoning it dries with great rapidity on the surface,
with snperfioial flaws from unequal shrinkage. Sal, when thoroughly

82 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

seasoned, stands almost without a rival as a timber for the qualities
of strength, elasticity, and durability, which qualities it retains, with-
out being sensibly affected, for an immense length of time. The aver-
age weight of the seasoned sal is about 55 pounds to the cubic foot.
This timber is the one most constantly used in Northern India. It is
in quest for beams, planking, railings for bridges, doors and window
posts for houses, for gun carriages, for the bodies of carts, and, above
all, for sleepers for railways. In Assam it is used for boat building.
Owing to the fact that when unseasoned it is not floatable, difficulty
is experienced in getting the lumber out in the log. This is overcome,
however, by floating the logs either with the assistance of floats of
light wood or with bamboos.

Artocarpus. — The Artocarpus chaplasha grows in Burmah and East-
ern Bengal. The wood is brownish-yellow, moderately hard, even-
grained, tough, durable, and seasons well. It seems to get harder and
heavier as it gets older. It is used for various purposes, and is very
superior for use under water.

Bamboo. — The bamboo, while in reality a grass, forms the most
important portion of the minor forest produce of all forest divisions
and one that increases in value every year. It would occupy a volume
to enumerate by name all the uses to which the native bamboo stems
are put. To the inhabitants of the regions where the bamboo luxuri-
ates it affords all the materials required, not only for the erection but
the furnishing of the ordinary house. Certain species are more ser-
viceable for posts, others are more adapted for basket work, but with
one or two species every requirement can be met. It is cut up and
split into bands of every size and thickness, so as to allow of its being
manufactured into mats of any degree of quality, from the finest to
the coarse mats so extensively used for walls in housebuilding. Hol-
low bamboos are cut at the nodes lengthwise, and then opened out and
flattened into slabs, which may be used for the seats of chairs, tops of
tables, beds and other articles of furniture. The large Karen houses,
each of which constitutes a village in itself, being large enough to
contain 200 or 300 persons, are constructed entirely of bamboo. The
greater part of the people of eastern India and the Malay peninsula
live in bamboo houses. Bridges are built of bamboo in all parts of
India. If in good condition they may be ridden over with perfect
safety. The larger hollow species are used for aqueducts, water pails,
pots, cups, and other vessels. A single joint of a green bamboo is
often used for boiling the family dinner of rice. All sorts of agricul-
tural instruments are also made of bamboo and the appliances for spin-
ning cotton and wool, and also for reeling silk, are often constructed
entirely of this material. The Assamese make fishhooks of bamboo.

Teak and sal are the most important sources of lumber, while bamboo
is used more than all kinds of timber combined, for many of the uses
to which lumber would be applied in other countries. Teak is pre-
ferred in all cases where permanency is required.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

83

The imports of lumber at Calcutta, for 1892-1893, were as follows
from the different couutries:

Whence imported.

Cubic tons
(50 cubic
feet).

Vahie.

Teak:

1

Rupees.*
29

20

1. 540

gj-un

2 594

173 613

93

8 050

2,708

183, 232

Other timber :
TJnited Kingdom

1 499

109 291

22

1 526

Belgium

3

245

118

6 641

Italv

2

153

2

925

Sweden .....

510

27, 336

86

3 350

Zanzibar ..

483

15, 041

27

550

Natal

25

400

South America.

5

170

TJnited States

1 607

88 973

Ceylon .

2,779

89, 197

10

1 000

Java" " ....

9

240

Makran and Sonnianee

22

1,117

Straits Settlements

4 250

179 909

Siam

4

261

g

170

Australia

36

Total

11 561

525 841

Grand total

14 269

709 073

* On April 1, 1894, the value of the rupee, according to the U. S. Treasury, was 22.1 cents.
DUTY AND PRICES.

There is no import duty on lumber from any country.

In the Calcutta market the prices of lumber per cubic ton (50 cubic
feet) are as follows: Teak, 85 to 100 rupees ($18.78 to $22.10); sal, of
superior quality, 125 to 150 rupees ($27.62 to $33.10) ; sal, of inferior
quality, 60 to 75 rupees ($13.26 to $16.75); Oregon pine, 50 to 60 rupees
($11.05 to $13.26).

CLIMATE AND GENERAL BUILDING.

The climate of India is tropical. Up country it is hot and dry, and in
Bengal and eastern India, hot and damp.

But little lumber is used in building in Bengal, such as is used being
principally teak. Other timber would not be safe on account of the
white ants and borers, which eat out and honeycomb other timber in
every direction. The walls of the houses of the better classes are of
brick, with teak beams, the roofs being cemented. The native houses
are more cheaply built with walls of bamboo stems and matting, plas-
tered with mud, and thatched roofs.

84 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

The shipbuilding of India is practically of no moment. In railroad
building, there were opened to traffic last year 395J miles of line. The
total railway mileage of India is 20,272 £. The officials of the Indian
railways endeavor, wherever possible, to use iron for crossties and for
construction purposes, on account of the ravages of the insects.
Various creosoted and otherwise prepared woods have been tried, but
have not given much satisfaction.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

On account of the high freight rates, it does not pay to move lumber
about much in India, and it does not appear probable that much Amer-
ican lumber could be used in the interior. A small quantity can be and
is used in the seaboard cities, but the quantity could not, I think, be
very greatly increased. One or two shipments of Oregon pine have
been made to Calcutta, but a small amount gluts the market, and it
requires a considerable time to work it off. Iron beams are to some
extent supplanting even the native teak. There are some thirty regis-
tered stock companies, and a few individuals, running sawmills in India.
The value of their output is estimated at 12,031, 111 rupees ($2,656,765).
To this must be added about the same quantity of lumber got out by
hand. The mills employ about 10,000 persons.

VAN I/RER POLK,

Consul- General.

CALCUTTA, March 7, 1804.

CHINA.
AMOY.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods are nearly the same as in the United States, and
include pine, oak, cedar, cherry, chestnut, ash, whitewood, and locust.
Native woods well known in the United States are bamboo, teak, ebony,
ironwood, boxwood, and camphor wood.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

Pine is the favorite lumber, especially in the form of " Foochow poles,"
which are long trunks, stripped of bark and branches. Almost equally
popular is the bamboo. Teak is used, wherever the expense will allow,
in house and naval construction, on account of its resistance to decay,
to white ants, and to boring insects.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 85

IMPORTATIONS.

It is very difficult to obtain figures as to the importation of lumber.
So much comes into port in the form of dunnage, ballast, loans, ana
spare pieces — none of which are recorded by the customs — that n6
accurate estimate can be made. Thus, the Amoy customs reports of
1802 give the imports of hard-wood plank at 4,507, valued at $2,375:
imports under " sundries " of lumber are not specified. In the market
we have camphor wood in trunks and planks from Formosa, poles and
planks from the interior and from Foochow, hard woods from the
Philippines, Borneo, the Straits Settlements, and South China. Upon
the whole the importation of lumber can not be very large.

DUTY.

The duty on imported lumber and timber is as follows:

Kinds.

Duty.

Masts and spars:

Hard wood, not over 40 feet each..

Hard wood, not over 60 feet do. ..

Hard wood, over 60 feet do. . .

Soft wood, not over 40 feet do...

Soft wood, not over 60 feet do . . .

Soft wood, over 60 feet do

Beams,* hard wood, square, not over 26 i'eet and 12 Sin i.. s .square do.

Piles, poles, and joists do

Kranjee wood (35 by 1.8 feet by 1 frot ; do. .

Planks, hard wood (not over 24 feet bv 12 by 3 indies) do..

Planks, hard wood (not over 16 feet by 12 by 3 inches) do. .

Planks, teak 1 er ci i bic foot.

$4.00
6.00
10.00
2.00
4.50
6.50
.15
.03
.80
.35
.02
.035
Redwood per 135 pounds.. i .11

Soft wood planks, 6 inches and over in thickness, 5 per cent ad valorem.
*Five per cent ad valorem or optional.

CLIMATE.

The climate of Amoy is tropical and unhealthy. The city is a nest
of smallpox in winter and of cholera in summer. The weather is
never cold. Snow has fallen once in fifty years. In summer the ther-
mometer is at about 85° F. for five months. In winter it averages
about 60° F. The hygrometric conditions are peculiar. Sometimes
the air is so dry as to be unpleasant, while at others it is saturated with
moisture. In the latter state sugar and salt, if exposed to the atmos-
phere, become liquid, woolens become wet and moldy, leather is
devoured by fungoid growth, and floors, walls, and ceilings are covered
with water.

Wood shrinks considerably in the dry season, and expands rapidly
and powerfully in the wet season. For this rea on doors and windows
either rattle in their casings or are opened with great difficulty.

GENERAL BUILDING.

Although the housebuilder of China, especially Southern China, uses
brick, tile, stone, and cement in every possible manner, even going

86 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

so far as to construct 95 per cent of all floors of these materials, and
avoids the use of wood as far as he can, there is still a large and ever-
increasing trade in lumber. It is used in architecture, shipbuilding,
furniture-making, box-making, coffin making, church decoration, and
theater-framing. It is not used in house-framing or bridge construc-
tion by reason of storms and white ants; nor in sheds, wharves, plank
roads, fences, and railings.

Building never stops. Chinese houses are not made to last. Not one
in a thousand will last thirty years unless constantly repaired. They
contain from two to forty rooms each and are usually one story in height.
The foundations are cut granite; the walls cheap brick, covered with
mortar and kalsomined; the roof is tiled with red tiles; the floor is tiled
or bricked; the casings of doors and windows are generally granite;
the windows are barred with wooden, iron, or granite bars; the doors
are made of planks, with heavy cross pieces; the roof and beams are
made of poles; the mantelpiece is brick and mortar; the kitchen, stone;
benches,brick ; bathtub, cement or earthenware; and the washboards are
stone. When wash tubs are used they are of coarse earthenware. The
settees are usually granite slabs or brick piers. The chopping block is
of stone. In this way the use of wood in housebuilding is reduced to
a minimum. One two- story American frame house would supply enough
wood for 200 Chinese houses.

The reason of this odd state of affairs lies first in the prevalence of
fierce storms, especially typhoons, which would shatter a wooden edi-
fice in a few minutes; and, secondly, in the devastating power of white
ants and other insects. There is no remedy for these pests. When
they get into a roof beam the beam must come down and a new one be
used in its place, otherwise the roof may come down any moment and
crush the entire household.

In shipbuilding the Chinese prefer their own woods and their own
system to ours. Of a hundred foreign ships, condemned and sold in
this district, only one was ever utilized by the natives for maritime
purposes.

There may be a good field in this district for tea wood; that is, the
thin sawn boards with which they make tea boxes. At least 1,000,000
boxes are made here every year. They are made by hand and marketed
in shocks like shingles. A modification of the shingle machine would
turn these out at a much lower cost and produce a far better article.
If the woods would serve the purpose, I doubt not but that the
California redwood and the Oregon pine might be worked up into tea
wood and form a profitable commodity. If freights and insurance
added to prime cost destroyed the apparent profit, there might still be
a chance here for the ingenious shingle machines of the Pacific coast.

WILLIAM E. S. FALES.

Vice- Consul in charge.

AMOY, April 12, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 87

CANTON.

Nearly all of the timber used in buildings is brought from Borneo,
and is a heavy, hard wood, something like teak; it is sawed here as
required. From the adjoining province of KuangSi, some soft wood is
brought for fuel, and some for beams, door and window casings, boxes,
etc. There are no trade statistics available as to the quantity imported.
Little or no American lumber reaches this market. The destructive
action of white ants upon all kinds of wood, and especially upon soft
wood, is awful, and is a serious feature in buildings.

CHARLES SEYMOUR,

Consul.

CANTON, March 12, 1894.

HONGKONG.

NATIVE WOODS.

There are no trees indigenous to the island of Hongkong.
Its present well- wooded condition is due entirely to artificial afforest-
tation.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

China fir, for flooring, door and window frames, rafters, and scaffold-
ing. There are forty- eight varieties of hard wood imported from the
Philippine Islands, viz: Acle, agajac, amogins, antipolo, annbing, api-
tion, aranga, baucal, bauaba, bausalagque, bauoyo, baticulin, batitiuan,
betis, calamansaseay, calimbajim, columpit, camagon, culasi, cedar,
dalinoe, daugay, dingeas, doliton, dougon, guijo, ipit, labuan, lanete,
macasin, manguchapuy, malar uj at, malasaguin, malatapay, molave,
narra, psena, palomaria, palma brava, palo maria de playa, taughili,
tindalo, tindu-pantay, tucan-calo, tuog, supa, uban, yacal.

Of these Aranga, Molave, and Yacal are the only varieties in con-
stant demand for house, ship, and wharf building purposes.

Molave is especially adapted for rudders, stem and stern posts, and
piles, being practically weatherproof and not attacked by worms.

Aranga and Yacal are chiefly used for flooring, planking of wharves,
and the outside planking of ships.

From Borneo are obtained Yacal, Kruen, and Serayat.

Kruen is largely used for the sheathing and casing of electric wires
in houses.

Serayat is consumed in large quantities by the manufacturer of so-
called " camphor- wood trunks." The grain resembles closely that of
the genuine camphor wood, and when the Serayat has been steeped

OS AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

in a solution of camphor, dried, and polished, only an expert can dis-
tinguish between the genuine and the counterfeit. Teak, China fir,
and the genuine camphor wood are imported from the interior of China.
A small quantity of Oregon pine is brought from the United States.
This is at present used only for repairing ships and replacing masts
and spars. The quantity is comparatively small, the bulk of it being
brought by one vessel, a bark of about 800 tons, which makes one
voyage a year.

DUTY AND PRICES.

Hongkong being a u free port," there are no import duties and no
custom-house; hence it is absolutely impossible to obtain any statistics
of the amount of lumber imported from other countries.

Oregon pine sells for about $30 per 1,000 feet. The various hard
woods bring from 60 cents to $1.25 a cubic foot, according to quality.

CLIMATE.

We have practically only two seasons in the year, the dry and the
rainy. The first lasts usually from September or October to February,
inclusive, the second during the rest of the year. The heaviest rainfall
is usually in June, when the heat is oppressive. After the 1st of July
the humidity of the atmosphere greatly diminishes, and although the
temperature during July and August averages 80° to 81° F. (the maxi-
mum for last year being 93.9°), the heat is by no means unbearable
for persons properly clothed.

During July, August, and September Hongkong is subject to fre-
quent circular storms or typhoons, which usually arise in the Philip-
pines and travel northward up the Formosa Channel and the east coast
of China, occasionally proving very destructive to life and property,
particularly if they bend to the westward and go inland.

From October to January is usually the pleasantest part of the year,
closely resembling the New England autumn or Indian summer. The
lowest temperature recorded in 1892 was 44.2° F.

Although the city is built on a rocky hillside, malaria is very preva-
lent; but this is chiefly attributable to the entire absence (until
recently) of drainage. Under the present enlightened regime there
is no doubt that Hongkong should become, like Singapore, a recog-
nized sanitarium for those debilitated by malaria or bowel diseases.

W. E. HUNT,
Consul.

HONGKONG, February £2, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 89

TIENTSIN.

NATIVE WOODS.

There is really very little timber grown in the vicinity of Tientsin, or
in the Provinces of Chihli, Shantung or Shansi. A considerable
amount of elm, however, used here by the natives, for small repairs to
houses, junks, etc., comes from the country in the neighborhood of
Peking.

So far as I can discover there are no uncommon varieties of wood in
the large section of China north of the Yellow River or Hwang-ho.

For centuries there has been no recorded policy in China for the pro-
tection of forests. The result is that the country is almost barren of
timber, few trees escaping the woodman's axe sufficiently long to reach
maturity.

Sometime ago the viceroy of the Province of Chihli, Li Hung Chang,
who resides at Tientsin, realizing the situation, which was forced upon
his notice by undertakings under his control requiring large and heavy
timber, offered a bonus to encourage villagers in the cultivation of
trees, but the few attempts that were made proved futile.

China is, therefore, wholly dependent upon other countries for lum-
ber required in enterprises of any magnitude — a fact worthy of atten-
tion.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

For wharves, jetties, and many works on the Imperial Railway of
Northern China, requiring lumber of considerable length and thick-
ness, Oregon pine has scarcely a competitor. Its only rival is the
cheaper and commoner pine from Korea, used where medium sized tim-
ber is needed. In railway construction in Northern China, to the dis-
cussion of which I shall devote a special paragraph, Oregon pine is
used for all temporary bridge structures, for roofing, and for building
freight cars. Teak is the wood employed at present in constructing
passenger cars. Two cargoes of Oregon lumber, by sailing vessels, were
bought by the Imperial Chinese Railway Company last year, and I
am informed that another cargo is soon to arrive.

About eleven years ago Oregon pine was for the first time imported
direct from Victoria, British Columbia, and from Port Town send, but
previous to that time a considerable supply of this wood reached Tien-
tsin, via Shanghai and Hongkong. Even now it is so imported at inter-
vals.

So far, then, as soft wood is concerned, we may safely assume that
Oregon pine is safe from rivalry.

There is a large market here for hard wood, which market is
untouched except from. Vladivostock, Russia ; Sandakan, Borneo;

90 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Laquimanoc, Philippine Islands. The hard wood from Eussia is gen-
erally small, ranging in size from 12 by 12 up to 16 by 16 inches by 25
to 30 feet in length, and is known as hakmatak. But this hard wood
is not a dangerous competitor to the hard woods from Borneo and the
Philippine Islands, the Russian Government frequently refusing to
allow it to be exported, as it is in demand for the Siberian Railway.

Of Borneo woods the best is billian, and for strength and durability
this wood can scarcely be surpassed. It bears exposure well, and seems
almost indestructible. When newly cut, billian resembles oak, but
with age and exposure it becomes as black as ebony. Samples of this
wood have been shown me weighing 70 pounds per cubic foot. Other
Borneo woods imported are russock, kapore, and serayah. The last-
mentioned wood has a strong resemblance to soft mahogany, and is
used for all purposes for which pine is suitable, and for furniture.
Although serayah is soft, and therefore easily worked, it is very strong,
tough, and heavy, weighing, on an average, 43 pounds per cubic foot.
Borneo woods average in size 12 by 12 to 14 by 14 inches by 30 feet in
length. If the question of expense is laid aside, one can with difficulty
obtain Borneo woods 20 by 20 inches and 30 feet in length.

I am satisfied that, taking everything into consideration, the hard
woods preferred in northern China come from the Philippine Islands.
Of these, it has been estimated there are 30 varieties that have been
brought from time to time to Tientsin. The best-known Philippine
wood is the teak-like molave, which is grown from 11 to 22 feet in
length and 12 to 24 inches square. Special lengths of this wood from
30 to 35 feet can be obtained to a limited extent at considerable extra
cost. Molave is an excellent wood for resisting the action of the cli-
mate, which at times is very dry and at others very wet. It is also
especially valuable for work on the surface or underground, as it is
impervious to the action of the lime with which the soil around Tien-
tsin is impregnated. This wood, as well as another variety known as
bausalaque, is in general use for all purposes where an extra strong
and durable wood is required.

The Chinese use a considerable quantity of hard wood yearly for gen-
eral purposes and for repairing temples around Peking and in building
and maintaining in order the imperial mausoleums. Work on the
temples and tombs requires, not infrequently, wood 20 to 30 inches
square by 40 to 60 feet in length, and Tientsin merchants, whenever
they are able to supply such wood free from knots, cracks, and other
defects, religiously observe the privilege of naming their own price.

Large quantities of small, soft-wood planks are frequently imported
from Japan. These planks are very cheap. A Japanese soft-wood
plank measures approximately 7 feet in length by 12 to 14 inches in
width by 1 inch in depth, and is sold for 12 to 13 tael cents, or, at pres-
ent low exchange, 8J to 9J American cents.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

91

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

Hard wood. — It is extremely difficult to locate the exact source of all
the hard wood that comes to Tientsin, but it may be assumed that it is
mainly shipped from Borneo, the Philippine Islands, and Eussia. I
have not discovered that hard wood comes from other quarters than
those mentioned, although occasional shipments of Borneo woods come
from Singapore.

Soft wood. —The following table of the imports of wood for 1889,
1890, 1891, 1892, and 1893, made up from the imperial maritime cus-
toms returns, gives but an imperfect idea of the sources and quantities
of soft wood imported. A considerable portion of soft wood is trans-
shipped at Chinese ports, before reaching Tientsin. This is a source
of annoyance to the customs officials, who can not avoid making mis-
takes in separating the importation of native from foreign woods. A
strenuous effort is made to do so as is shown by the divisions in the
table. It is regrettable that this table does not convey a fair idea of
the trade, as the customs do not take cognizance of timber imported
for Government undertakings, of which the principal is the railway
supplies, for such enterprises are passed duty free. Shipments from
the United States destined for Tientsin could be more accurately
ascertained at the ports of loading. Soft-wood logs come from Korea as
mentioned above and a great number of soft-wood planks come from
Japan.

In 1893 the railway imported from Japan 44,991 sleepers or ties.
C. W. Kinder, esq., engineer in chief of the railway company, informed
me that Japan sends most of the sleepers, quotations from the United
States and Canada being too high, owing to the freight.

I am also well informed that a great number of the soft-wood planks
returned as coming from Chinese ports are in reality sent from Japan
and transshipped at Shanghai.

Table of imports.

Description.

1889.

1890.

1891.

1892.

1893.

Hardwood beams :
From foreign countries . pieces

5 912

137

From Hongkong and Chinese ports.... do. ...

579

2,447

1,565

539

18

Hardwood logs:

*33, 795

150

Hardwood planks:
From Hongkong and Chinese ports.... do....

1,086

102

Native wood from Chinese ports do

9 364

225

1 096

1 121

Softwood planks:
From foreign countries square feet. .
From Hongkong and Chinese ports do
Native wood from Chinese ports do

537, 506
1, 601, 504
553, 313

397, 104
1, 035, 918
557, 530

476, 982
1, 412, 363
626, 455

336, 061
862. 2!)1(
354, 01!) £

235, 708
1,629,181

Soft-wood beams and logs :
From foreign countries pieces..

1,607

923

2,850

From Hongkong and Chinese ports .. do

22 939

Native wood from Chinese ports do

4 846

Cubic feet.

92 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

DUTY.

The duty on importations of wood, except those destined for Gov-
ernment enterprises, which are duty free, is 5 per cent ad valorem.
This is not, however, the only charge that a cargo of lumber has to
bear. The bar at the mouth of the river Peiho, which vessels drawing
more than 11J to 12 feet cannot get over, necessitates lighterage.
Lighterage charges are heavy, being 2.75 taels *($2.10) per 1,000 super-
ficial feet, from outside the bar, and 1.75 taels ($1.34) per 1,000 super-
ficial feet from inside the bar to the foreign settlement at Tientsin.

Tientsin is situated 27 miles in a straight line from the mouth of the
Peiho Eiver, where there is a small settlement called Taku. The Peiho
is a narrow, shallow, muddy river, and the distance from Tientsin to
its mouth, by its meandering course, is about 50 miles. Tientsin is
closed to navigation during the months of December, January, and
February on account of the ice, which blocks the entrance to the Peiho
during these months.

PRICES.

If entire cargoes are taken, the prices are naturally cheaper than
those given below, which are current for lumber now on hand. It
should also be borne in mind that, owing to the recent heavy drop
in exchange, shipments made now can not compete by at least 30 per
with the stock on hand. Oregon pine 10 by 10 to 20 by 20 inches by 30
to 50 feet can be obtained for 37.50 to 38 taels ($28.69 to $29; tongned
and grooved Oregon pine planking is now quoted at 31 taels ($23.72)
per 1,000 superficial feet. Vladivostock hardwood is quoted at 23
cents per cubic foot; Borneo hard wood, 65 cents per cubic foot;
Philippine hardwood, 84 cents per cubic foot; Koean soft wood, 15.3
cents per cubic foot; Japanese planks, 9 to 10 cents each. Borneo :ind
Philippine hard wood, in sizes over 12 inches square, bring more accord-
ing to size than the prices above given.

CLIMATE.

Tientsin has a cold, dry winter, the thermometer falling frequently
to zero. The summers are extremely hot, with frequent intervals <»t
heavy rains, accompanied by great humidity, and the thermometer lias
been known to register in the shade as high as 110° F. The spring
and autumn months are agreeable in temperature, the transition from
winter to summer and vice versa being gradual. The climate is con-
sidered a fairly healthful one.

SHIPPING AND EXCHANGE FACILITIES.

As a means of developing the lumber trade of the United States with
this section of China, attention should be given to what might be called
"useful tonnage."

*Uaikwan (customs) taels = 76.5 cents — U. S. Treasury valuation on April 1, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 93

Sailers that draw about twelve feet when the deck load is taken off,
n ml that can carry as many logs as possible, without a heavy propor-
tion of "broken cargo," or planks and laths (which latter always sell
badly and reduce the profits on the venture), and that are about 400 tons
measurement, are considered by experienced Tientsin merchants to
be handiest and best. A vessel of the above description with a 6-foot
deck load should bring 450,000 superficial feet to the bar, and 300,000
up to Tientsin itself, the vessel being lightened of 150,000 feet to
enable it to get over the bar.

There are no difficulties in the way of financing shipments, as the
prominent banks of China are represented at this port.

The following foreign houses interested in American trade are estab-
lished here: Carlowitz & Co., Collins & Co., Cordes& Co., William Forbes
& Co., Hatch & Co., Jardine, Matheson & Co., Mackenzie & Co., E.
Meyer & Co., Philippot & Co.," and Wilson & Co. The firm most exten.
sively interested in lumber here is William Forbes & Co.

GENERAL BUILDING.

Railway construction. — During the last year rails were laid to Shan
Hai Kwan, a distance of 180 miles from Tientsin, by way of Taku.
Shan Hai Kwan is on the Gulf of Pechihli at the eastern terminus of
the Great Wall, and the road is apt to stop here for the present as funds
are in great demand at Peking for the festivities soon to occur, on the
occasion of the Empress Dowager's sixtieth birthday. The first 80 odd
miles of this road to Shan Hai Kwan are under the control of the Chin a
Bail way Company and lead up to the Kaiping coal mines. These mines
are the chief reason for this road, from the mines to Taku. The remain-
ing 100 or less miles belong to what is known as the Imperial China
Kailway, of which Li Hung Chang is the director-general.

It is intended in time to push the Imperial Kailway beyond the Great
Wall in a northerly direction through Manchuria to Moukden and Kirin,
in the neighborhood of the Eussian frontier, a distance of about 450
miles from Shan Hai Kwan. This contemplated extension will require
many temporary wooden bridges.

It is the imperial policy to replace all temporary bridges and works
by steel structures and solid masonry.

The progress of railway extension in this consular district will be
noted from time to time in my general reports to the Department. As
the only railway in this vast Empire, its development will undoubtedly
be carefully watched by those interested in railroad construction.

The Kaiping coal mines above mentioned are the only considerable
mines in China worked by foreign methods and machinery.

SHERIDAN P. BEAD,

Consul.

TIENTSIN, February 27, 1894.

94 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

JAPAN.

NAGASAKI.

NATIVE WOODS.

Kiyaki, the hardest wood of Japan, resembling oak in fiber and capa-
ble of high polish, is used chiefly for fine work and for frames of ships.
It is becoming very scarce, the price within the past few years having
doubled. Hinoki, the finest kind of pine, is used in better class house
building, furniture, for lacquerware, and for building Shinto temples.
Sugi, fine cedar, principally used in house and shipbuilding. Aka
matsu and kuro inatsu, ordinary pines, decay rapidly under exposure
to the atmosphere; used in common work. Kashi no ki, a species of oak,
very scarce and small ; used only for finest work. Kuso no ki, camphor
wood; used for frames of ships, boxes, etc. Taki (bamboo), exists in
considerable quantities, and, as elsewhere, is considered the most use-
ful of woods.

KINDS USED, AND IMPORTS.

The wood most commonly used is pine.

The annual imports of lumber are about as follows: From Oregon,
$30,000; from Philadelphia, $49.50; from India (teak), $86,686 j from
China, $10,000; total, $126,735.50.

DUTIES AND PRICES.

The duty on imported lumber is 5 per cent ad valorem.
The prices are as follows :

Kinds.

Prices.

Sen. Ten.
30 to 1. 00

Hinoki

do....

50 2.50

...do...

60 1.00

do....

1. 00 2. 50

Akawku

...do....

50 1.20

do....

50 1.20

do....

Taki (bamboo):

each..

40

Small

12

Do

.... ......... .each..

11

The kata=14 feet long and 5 inches wide and thick; the yen=53i cento American; 100 sen=l yen.
*TJaed only for the extraction of its oil. None in the market.

CLIMATE.

At Nagasaki the thermometer ranges from 30° to 98° F., showing
marked differences from places in the same latitude in the United

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

95

States. The climate nearly resembles that of Charleston, S. C. Con-
tinuous hot weather begins about June and lasts until the middle oi
September.

GENERAL BUILDING.

With the exception of native junks, the only shipbuilding in this dis-
trict, to any extent, is done by the Mitsu Bishi Company. There is a
line of railroad running from Moji to Kumamoto, a distance of about
120 miles. There has been but little increase in railway mileage for the
last six years.

The Mitsu Bishi Company, who have their engine and shipbuilding
works at Akenoura, opposite Nagasaki, are the largest and, I believe, the
only importers of Oregon lumber, as yet, in this district. They import
quantities to the value of about 30,000 yen yearly, in lengths of 30 to
40 feet by about 3 to 6 inches ; this is specially prepared and ordered
six months in advance. The price for Oregon pine would be about $39,
gold, per 1,000 superficial feet in Oregon ; delivered here, about $50,
gold.

The Mitsu Bishi Company have built during the past year 3 steamers,
registered tonnage, 500 each, with triple expansion engines; speed, 10
to 11 knots; 1 vessel of 1,500 tonnage, triple expansion, 11 knots; and
one of 2,000 tons, triple expansion, 11 knots. All of these are of the
highest class, registered at Lloyd's 100 Al.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

Large quantities of lumber have been exported to China from Kiu-
shiu, but the amount is steadily decreasing. As far as the Island of
Kiushiu is concerned, the rapid destruction of the native forests is ren-
dering wood more and more scarce, with a corresponding steady
advance in price from year to year ; it is therefore only a question of
time when lumber, especially seasoned pine from the Northern Pacific
coast, will find a large and growing market in Southern Japan.

W. H. ABERCROMBE,
Consul.

NAGASAKI, February o, 1894.

OSAKA AND HIOGO.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal native woods in this consular district are pine, cypress,
beech, chestnut, oak, and the fir, of which there are many varieties.
In the production of lumber and timber for building, these woods sup-
ply almost the entire needs of the country.

There is one variety of the cypress family (the hinoki) which is

96 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

especially valuable and highly prized. The wood of the hinoki is gen-
erally very white, sometimes slightly pink, very fine grained, tough,
with little resin, and free from knots. The tree is found chiefly on the
mountain sides, and flourishes in a soil composed of granite or volcanic
rock. It has long been regarded as sacred, and is planted in many
places along the roadside, and forms beautiful avenues leading to tem-
ples. The trunks are straight, having a circumference of from 12 to 13
feet and a height of from 100 to 120 feet. The wood is used in the con-
struction of temples, for the ornamental decoration of the most expen-
sive houses, and is preferred for lacquer ware.

There is another wood called kiaki, which by some is said to belong
to the family of the beech, by others to that of the oak, but the grain
is not so fine as that of the beech and the specific gravity is less than
that of the oak. The tree resembles the beech in the color of its bark
and general appearance, and resembles the oak in the grain of the
wood. The kiaki is regarded as furnishing the best building timber
in Japan, but, being expensive, is used mostly for joiner work.

There are three varieties of the fir, which furnish the usual building
wood for houses, the sugi, inomi, and matsu; the latter, being the
strongest, is also used in bridge building. Extensive forests of these
woods are cultivated by private individuals, and as the trees grow
rapidly, the wood is much cheaper and more abundant.

It is estimated in official reports that of the entire acreage of Japan
23 per cent is covered by mountain forests, owned entirely by the Gov-
ernment, and 18 per cent by cultivated forests, the property of private
owners.

PRICES AND IMPORTS.

The price of the above-named lumber is as follows per square foot:
Kia-ki, 54 sen; hinoki, 54; momi, 20; matsu, 25; and sugi, 21.

At the present rate of exchange 100 sen (one yen) equal 53J cents
United States gold.

Imports of lumber in 1893.
Imported from — Yen.

Great Britain 481.46

United S tates 2, 071. 26

Canada 5,186.84

Germany 351.40

India... 482.54

The imports of foreign lumber at Osaka amounted to a little less for
the same period. Foreign lumber is used at both ports in relaying the
decks of foreign constructed vessels and in refurnishing their masts and
spars. A small amount of Indian teak and other high-priced woods
are imported for the manufacture of furniture.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 97

CLIMATE.

The highest maximum of temperature at Hiogo for the past seventeen
years was 96° F., but that was exceptional, as the mercury seldom
reaches 94°. The lowest maximum temperature during the same
period was 23°; this was also exceptional, as the mercury seldom falls
below 26°. The average yearly rainfall is 47.41 inches.

E. J. SMITHERS,

Consul.
HIOGO, February 1, 1894.

NETHERLANDS— INDIA.
JAVA.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal woods of Java are teak, iron wood, red wood, rasa-
mala, and cocoa.

Teak wood is of the same species as that of India, is of a dark yel-
owish color, with fine grain, and is the common wood used for all
kind of buildings.

Iron wood is very much the same as ebony; hard as iron, from which
it takes its name, and very heavy, sinking in water. It is proof against
all insects.

Bed wood is red in color, and also very hard, with fine grain. It is
not used much in Java for building purposes, as it is not a durable
wood.

Easa-mala is very much like red wood in color, but much more valu-
able, and is used for pilings for buildings where a solid foundation is
required, as it is proof against all insects, such as white ants, etc.,
which destroy most woods.

Cocoa wood is almost black, with yellow stripes. When old it is used
by the natives, but is of little value for building, as it soon decays
when exposed or when in the ground.

There are many other kinds of woods, but little is known about them,
as they are not used.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

There are two kinds of lumber used, teak and Singapore planks, the
former being preferred for its durability; the latter are used by theChi-
nesefor building, but they soon decay and are also destroyed by the white
ants.

665A 7

98 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

About 20,000 feet of Singapore lumber are imported monthly into
this district from the Straits Settlement and from Siain.

DUTY AND PRICES.

There is no duty on lumber. There are no regular price lists issued.
Teak is generally bought by the log and Singapore wood by the 100
planks. A teak log 9 feet by 15 inches sells usually for $3, and Singa-
pore planks for $25 per 100, the plank being 15 feet long, 1 foot wide,
and 1 inch thick.

CLIMATE.

The climate of Java may be divided into the following seasons : The
East monsoon, or dry season, from April to October, is dry and hot
during the day, with a temperature of nearly 90°, and damp and chilly
at night, when the temperature is about 80° j the West monsoon, or
wet season, prevails from October to April, when the temperature
ranges from 80° to 85° during the day and night, with a very damp
and close atmosphere and almost continuous rain. This season is gen-
erally much healthier than the dry season. During this rainy season
epidemics are unknown.

GENERAL BUILDING

With the exception of the Javanese houses in the country, which are
constructed of bamboo, nearly all the buildings in Java are of brick and
lime, the doors and windows being generally of teak.

Where buildings are constructed on pilings, the native woods, such
as rasa mala, or ironwood, are always used.

Vessels exceeding 100 tons register are seldom built of wood in
Java, but such vessels as are built of wood are always built of teak.

Where wooden railway sheds are erected they are generally of teak;
a few have frame of teak and Singapore wood for planking.

In former years cargoes of pitch-pine timber and spruce spars were
imported from the United States, but for a number of years such
importations have ceased, there being no demand for these woods.

Government warehouses built within the last few years are of iron,
or iron frames and roofing, and brick walls. Private warehouses are
built of brick, with tile or iron roofing.

All petroleum warehouses must be built of brick, and not less than
100 meters from any other building.

B. S. KAIRDEN,

ConsuL
BATAVIA, March 22, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 99

SIAM.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal woods found in Siam are teak, rosewood, ebony, taback,
and bamboo.

Teak is too well known to require a description. It is used exten-
sively in Asia and Europe in shipbuilding, and considerable has been
shipped from this port to San Francisco in 1893.

The rosewood and ebony are about like woods of this character found
in other parts of the world. The former is of the finest variety, how-
ever, while the latter is somewhat inferior in color and size to a first-
class grade of this wood.

Taback, in grain and color, is somewhat like the maple found in the
United States. It is, however, brittle and soft and is not considered
durable. There are other woods, but of minor importance.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

Teak and a common variety of lumber, imported from Singapore,
somewhat like pine, but very much inferior, are about the only varieties
of lumber used in Siam.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

It is impossible to give figures in answer to this question since the
customs returns do not show it. Lumber is received under the head
of miscellaneous goods and therefore may be classed along with any-
thing and everything. The quantity is not large however, probably
less than $15,000 worth annually.

DUTY AND PRICES.

The import duty laid upon foreign lumber is 3 per cent ad valorem.

The prices of lumber areas follows: Square teak logs and planks
range from 80 to 90 cents per cubic foot, according to dimensions 5 and
unhewn or rough logs range in price from $8 to $16 per log.

" Singapore planks or lumber" (so called, as it is imported from that
place, to which it is brought from the Malay Peninsula) is used here in
building sheds and cheap shanties ; the principal dimensions are 10 by
6 by J. It is sold by the 100 planks, or pieces, at from $4 to $5.

Eosewood is sold by weight, at from $1 to $2 per picul (133 pounds).

" Ebony," small sized logs — not pure black — is exported to China
only, where it is used for making chopsticks. It ranges from 50 cents
lo $1 per 133 pounds.

All the above prices, which are wholesale, fluctuate from 30 to 40
per cent, according to supply and demand.

100 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CLIMATE.

The climate of Siam, while tropical, varies, for its territory extends
from about 2° to 19° latitude north. The temperature in any part,
however, rarely gets below 60° F., and generally averages between
90° and 100° F.

GENERAL BUILDING.

The building in Siam is limited, and is generally confined to this
city. The upper classes among the natives build upon European plans,
while the lower classes live in small bungalows, built of bamboo.

Shipbuilding is not carried on to any extent. The largest ships con-
structed are lighters of probably 100 tons displacement. The most of
this kind of work is limited to building steam launches and rowboats.

EXTENSION OF THE LUMBER TRADE.

I believe it hardly possible to open up a market for American lumber
in Siam, except, possibly, in some of the cheap varieties, which would
necessarily have to be brought here at a low rate of freight, and it
should be impervious to white ants, which are very destructive in this
country.

Railroad building I have mentioned in a separate paper herewith
inclosed.*

EGBERT M. BOYD,
Vice- Consul- General.

BANGKOK, February 21, 1894.

TURKEY IN ASIA.
PALESTINE.

NATIVE WOODS.

Palestine, within historic times, has never been a wooded country.
At present there are practically no native woods suitable for building
purposes. The celebrated oak and terebinth, which once covered the
highlands with considerable forests, are now represented by a few
dwarfed specimens of their kind. The olive still lines the hillsides and
\ alleys, but does not furnish any building material, being used solely
in the manufacture of olivewood ornaments and trinkets.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

There is very little wood used in the construction of buildings of any
kiud. Stone, which is so abundant, is used for every part of the struc-

*Sce Consular Report No. 165, p. 224~

tt

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIQN MARKET^. 101

ture. A very few of the modern build ings' 'are havfrig' wotfdeh floors
and ceilings. For this purpose pine is generally used. There is no
reason why native woods should not be grown to an extent to supply
the local demands. The present administration cares nothing for tree
culture or economy of forests. On this account, 99 per cent of all lum-
ber used is imported from foreign countries or from other districts of
Turkey.

The native woods are olive, oak, orange, and fir, which are used
almost entirely for fuel.

Quite a box trade has grown up at Jaffa, boxes being necessary for
the shipping of the oranges grown there. The kinds of lumber wanted
for this, and also for the small demand for building purposes, are pine
and fir.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The value of the lumber annually imported at the port of Jaffa is
from $60,000 to $100,000. This lumber comes from Austria, Sweden,
and other parts of Turkey. Austria controls the great bulk of the
import trade, sending to Jaffa nearly three-fourths of all the lumber
entered there. From Jaffa it is distributed to such other places as
desire it.

DUTIES AND PRICES.

The amount of duty upon imported lumber is 8 per cent ad valorem.
The price ranges from $8 to $10 per cubic meter. From 6,000 to
10,000 cubic meters are imported annually at Jaffa.

CLIMATE.

The climate of Palestine is generally warm. There is a wet and dry
season. The wet season corresponds to the winter months in our
Northern States. The summers are very dry and hot.

GENERAL BUILDING.

There is some activity in general building, but there is no ship or
railroad building now going on in this district.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

2Sb American wood has as yet found its way into Palestine. This is
probably due to the long transportation necessary 5 but there seems to
be no reason why, with direct communication between American ports
and Jaffa, our dealers should not compete successfully with those of other
countries, and acquire their share of the lumber trade of Palestine.

EDWIN S. WALLACE,

Consul.
JERUSALEM, February «?, 1894.

102 AMERICAN 'LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

SYRIA.

SYRIAN-AMERICAN COMMERCIAL RELATIONS.

The general question of increasing the exports of American lumber is
of great moment in the timber- growing States, but special attention
should be challenged by a country as much in need of lumber as is
Syria and this entire section of the Orient.

The distance is, of course, the principal if not the controlling reason
why American enterprise has not been felt in the East; but the inex-
haustible supply, together with the cheapness of American lumber,
should recognize no barrier, and should create a demand and provide
a means of supplying that demand in any direction and in all countries.
No better time could be seized for this purpose than the present.

In the old days of sailing vessels there was considerable exchange of
oriental stuffs for American lumber, which came direct from the United
States and was highly valued here, but the modern facilities afforded
by English steamships and the more convenient French and Austrian
coasting vessels have absorbed nearly all commerce with Syria and
have certainly cut off direct communication with the United States.
Syrian merchants fear to open up business relations so far away from
home, where they are not known and where they do not know the par-
ties with whom they would be dealing; but it is entirely within the
range of strict business expectations to foresee that the closer rela-
tions fostered by the recent World's Fair and also nurtured each year
by the extending tide of tourist travel, will call for a full and friendly
interchange of commercial commodities between the East and West, as
represented by Syria and the United States.

There is wealth in abundance here among the well-to-do classes, as
represented by the Sursock Freres and by Tueni & Sons, who are leading
bankers, and by Moussa Freige, by Bustros & Son, and other large
dealers in eastern securities and goods. The largest dealers in lumber
jn Syria are Joseph Khasho & Fils and B. Audi & Co., of Beirut. These
men and their associates would readily take American products and
materials if brought here direct; or they would soon fall in line and
import for themselves if an experiment were successfully made and
they could feel sure of mutually beneficial and reciprocal transactions.
This class of merchants was not represented in Chicago, as they prefer
European cities for business purposes, by reason of partial residence
and years of custom ; but those well informed and observant Syrians,
of whom Khalil Sarkis, editor of the Beirut Public Opinion (Lisan el
Hal) is a fair representative, and who spent many months in the United
States in 1893, were so profoundly and enthusiastically impressed by the
resources and modern improvements of the country, as well as with its
immensity and general attractiveness, that they are and will continue

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS 103

to be influential and hearty factors in promoting personal and commer-
cial interchanges between Syria and the United States.

Syria presents no greater material need to-day than that which might
be fully met by American forests, and if the dealers of such great pine-
growing States as Michigan and Georgia would venture so far from
their base of supplies they could open up a new and valuable market
for their lumber, which can easily compete with eastern woods for
ornamental purposes, and for cheapness and lasting service, such as
flooring, ceilings, and general housebuilding, is unequaled. Northern
and Southern States could all find a demand for their rich and abundant
forest supplies in a land where lumber is scarce and where fine wood-
work is appreciated as it is nowhere else.

THE NATIVE WOODS.

Syria is comparatively a poorly wooded country by reason of the
continued use through centuries of the native lumber and the utter
carelessness of most of the changing occupants of the land in replacing
the forests as they were destroyed by time and the hand of man. The
famous cedars of Lebanon, which were the chief glory of the mountains
in the time of Solomon, have nearly all disappeared, and of the old-
time forests naught now remains except a few groves which adorn the
southern slopes and northern valleys of these historic mountains.

The special varieties of native woods known in this part of the Turk-
ish Empire are the cedar, nut, oak, apricot, mulberry, willow, poplar,
and pine.

The cedar is very rare and difficult to obtain on account of the pro-
hibition placed a few years ago by the authorities on cutting or destroy-
ing any tree, shrub, or spray in the Lebanon cedar groves.

The nut wood, which is valuable on account of its rich luster and
beautiful color, is used for making rare and fine household furniture
and for general ornamental woodwork. It is well adapted for carving
purposes, and is frequently set with mother-of-pearl and is also used
for coating objects made of common woods.

The oak is usually devoted to the manufacture of agricultural imple-
ments. It is too rare in Syria for use in general house building, and does
not compare with nut wood for ornamental purposes.

The apricot wood, which has a reddish shade, is of little use owing
to its poor quality.

Willow and mulberry are, also, of inferior quality, but are used in
towns for making objects of little value, while in the country they find
frequent use as window shutters, blinds, and baskets.

Poplar and pine beams, owing to their exceptional length, are spe-
cially used as horizontal supports for roof coverings in Damascus and
the mountain villages. Pine, oak, and wild cedar are also used in the
construction of the small boats used on this coast for hauling, fishing,
and pleasure craft. These woods make the native lumber, but other
varieties are imported.

104 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FORFIGN MARKETS.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The imported woods are fir, wild cedar, red pine, beech, mahogany,
nut, and pelissauder or ebony. The wild cedar and the fir are preferred
over all other varieties for building purposes, while the nut, beech,
mahogany, and pelissander are preferred for ornamental woodwork,
furniture, etc.

Fir constitutes the largest amount of lumber imported into this coun-
try. It is imported from Austria. Special care is taken with this fine
wood and with forests generally in Austria, and it is their boast, after
observing the waste of wood and the wholesale destruction of forests
in the United States, that Austrian forests will some day be supplying
the United States with lumber.

The annual imports of each foreign variety are approximately esti-
mated to be, on an average, as follows: Fir wood from Austria, 300
wagons or car loads j wild cedar from Garamania, 90,000 pieces; red
pine from Caramania, 25,000 pieces; beech from Anatolia and the Black
Sea, 10,000 pieces; mahogany, ebony or pelissander, and nut woods
from different parts of Europe, 40 cases, containing each 500 sheets,
leaves, or pieces.

IMPORT DUTIES.

The customs duty imposed on lumber imported from foreign countries
into Syria is 8 per cent ad valorem. Lumber is also subjected to other
local duties upon landing, viz, municipal duty, 2 paras (2 mills) per
piece j and wharf duty, 4 paras (4 mills) per piece.

PRICES.

Fir boards or planks, which usually measure 4 meters (4.3745 yards)
long by 25 centimeters (9.84 inches) wide, and 25 millimeters (0.984
inches) thick, are worth from 7f to 11J piasters (27 to 42 cents).

Wild cedar wood costs from 70 to 80 cents per piece. Bed pine is
worth from 53 to 67 cents per piece.

These two last varieties are imported in the shape of either rafters
measuring 5.468 yards long by 6.299 to 7.086 inches wide and 3.149 to
3.54 inches thick, or laths measuring 3.2S1 yards long by 9.84 to 11.811
inches wide and 3.937 to 5.905 inches thick.

Beams of fir or red pine imported from Trieste and Caramania,
measuring 6.56 to 8.74 yards long by 9.842 to 11.81 inches wide, cost
from $2.90 to $3.86 each, while the beams having 9.84 to 10.936 yards in
length and 13.78 to 15.748 inches in width, are worth $9.65 to $11.58
each.

Beech laths, measuring 4.374 yards. long by 4.72 inches wide and
4.72 inches thick are worth from 96 cents to $1.12 each.

The average price of a box of mahogany or nut wood containing
each 500 sheets is about $70, while the box of pelissander (ebony) is

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 105

worth about $200. These sheets or leaves measure as a rule 2.187
yards long by 19.68 to 23.62 inches wide.

Other kinds of native wood can not be subjected to even an approx-
imate value, having no definite measure and having endless shapes and
forms.

CLIMATE.

The great extent of Syria furnishes a variety of temperatures even in
the same season, but it may be said of the eastern coast of the Medi-
terranean that it can boast the most favored semitropical climate of
the East, if not of the world. No frost ever comes to the coast, while
the peaks of Lebanon, in full view, are crowned with snow all the
year. It is possible therefore for residents to obtain any temperature
they may desire. Tropical trees, fruits, and vegetables flourish in the
balmy air and rich soil; and while seaside residents resort to the neigh-
boring mountains in the hot and damp summer months for health and
pleasure, it is safe to affirm that this climate is as equable and healthy
as any similarly situated in the world. A perfectly pure and abundant
water supply from the mountains is the best safeguard for Beirut against
cholera or climatic ills, and this district is comparatively free from infec-
tious and contagious Oriental diseases. The year is divided into the dry
and rainy seasons; the heaviest rains falling in December, January, and
February; the annual rainfall varying from 30 to 45 inches. The ther-
mometer ranges from 85° to 35° F. on the coast and from 80° to 30°
F. in the mountains. The Lebanon slopes are temperate and agreeable
in climate all the year round.

GENERAL BUILDING.

The building up of Beirut, in the past two decades, from an old
Oriental town into a great modern city should designate it as the mir-
acle city of the Mediterranean. It may well claim a great future, for
its widening streets and rising halls now mark the site of what must
be one of the principal emporiums of the entire East, when its railroad
system is completed to the fields of the Hauran and possibly to the
Persian Gulf. Its people are alive to the situation, and general build-
ing and public improvements show the result of devotion and enter-
prise on the part of officials and residents. Nearly every house in the
city and in this district is constructed of stone on account of the scar-
city of wood, as already stated, and also because the immense mounds
of sand here are as convenient for mortar as the quarried bowlders of
Lebanon are ready for reunion into solid and shapely structures.

Shipbuilding is not a large industry here, but small sailing and fish-
ing boats are constructed in numbers for harbor and coastwise use.
The harbor itself is being very greatly improved, so that ships can
come into port and land their cargoes and passengers at any season —
something that is not possible in every port of the Mediterranean.

106 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

This magnificent and extensive harbor work is being done by a wealthy
French company, and the same company has the concessions for the
Beirut, Damascus and Hauran Railway, a line which is now being
rapidly pushed to completion and which will be in operation next year.
This railroad, the first in Syria, will not only furnish an easy approach
for tourists to Damascus, one of the oldest cities in the world, and give its
famous bazaars an avenue to the world's commerce, but will also open-
up the Hauran, the richest and most inexhaustible grain country in the
East. This system of internal improvements is under the personal
management of Count Edinond de Perthuis and M. Rene" Emond, who
are backed by abundant capital from Paris.

This new railroad runs through the most picturesque scenes of the
Lebanon Mountains and touches many of the thriving and beautiful
villages which are the health and pleasure resorts of Beirut residents
and even of people of wealth from Alexandria and Cairo.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

The wonderful growth of Beirut attracts many foreign importations.
Syrians welcome any improvements and machinery from the United
States.

If American capitalists would send a few ships direct to this port,
even at the risk of small returns at first, a rich harvest would be
reaped later on. Lumber, at lower prices than the Austrian imports,
offers a readier return than any other American product, because this
land is almost bare of forests; and direct shipments of the superior
timber of the United States should easily compete with European lum-
ber in spite of distance.

Syrian wools, silks, fruits, licorice, and the fine workmanship ol
Damascus could be taken back in return, and there is no reason why
a direct line of merchant steamships to Syria would not pay Americans
as well as Englishmen.

Acquaintance and confidence will stir the Syrian merchants to action,
and if they are once started and are assured that their wools and the
products of their silk looms will find a sure market they will be glad to
cross the seas and exchange products with the United States. They
are particularly anxious for lumber, cheap woods for flooring, ceilings,
and general building purposes.

THOMAS E. GIBSON,

Consul.

BEIRUT, February 15, 1894.

AUSTRALASIA.

NEW ZEALAND.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal woods are here mentioned in the order of their useful-
ness and value. It has been ascertained beyond question that certain
native timbers possess greater durability when grown in particular sit-
uations than in others. For example, north of the Auckland isthmus
a native tree, known as hinau, affords a small proportion of heartwcod?
and is therefore considered of little value ; in the province of Welling-
ton the proportion of heartwood in the same tree is large, and the tim-
ber is highly valued for its durability. The Northern rata (Metrosideros
robustd), one of the most useful woods in New Zealand, when grown in
moist places produces timber of an inferior quality to that grown in
ordinary situations, being liable to dry rot; in fact, the fungus is often
found on this timber, grown in moist places, before it is cut down. It
is well known that kahikatea (white pine), grown in dry places, affords
more durable timber than when grown in swamps; although, at the
same time, inferior to much of the swamp timber for bearing transverse
strains. This rule applies pretty generally to nearly all the native
woods grown in swamp lands here.

In view of the importance of having in all cases suitable timber for
public works, it is advisable that it should be cut down under the
direction of some competent person, so that unsuitable timber, whether
defective from having grown in situations not naturally adapted for the
particular kind required, or from not having arrived at maturity, might
be rejected at the outset, thereby insuring against poor material and
guaranteeing the most satisfactory results.

The names of the different trees herewith, falling as far as the order
could be maintained, are given as follows : English names first, native
names second, and botanical names third. In most cases the English
and native names are the same.

Kauri (Dammara Australis). — The kauri is certainly the finest tree
in New Zealand, and produces by far the most valuable timber. It is,
however, restricted to the northern part of the north island, and does
not occur in any quantity south of latitude 38°, although solitary trees
are met with a little further south. It attains a height of 120 to 160

107

108 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

feet and upwards. Clean symmetrical trunks may be seen from 50 to
80, or even 100 feet in length, varying from 5 to 12 feet and upwards in
diameter.

The timber has acquired a reputation above all other New Zealand
timber from its value for masts, spars, and other purposes of naval
architecture, which, about the commencement of the present century,
led to its being exported for use in the British dockyards.

In this colony, except for general building purposes, its use has been
chiefly confined to the north island, where there is abundant evidence
of its durability for more than forty years in some of the old mission
buildings at the Bay of Islands, the weatherboardiug of which to this
day exhibits no signs of decay. Kauri has been employed, in conjunc.
tion with totara, for the upper timbers of the Auckland wharf, the
largest work of its kind in the colony, and with most satisfactory
results. Braces, stringers, and tie beams are in good condition after
being eighteen years in use. Recently an old pier, built twenty-three
years ago, was removed, and most of the timbers, afterwards employed
in the construction of a railway in the vicinity of Auckland, were
found to be perfectly sound ; some, of course, were decayed.

It is used for ties in coal and gold mines, for tramways, telegraph
poles, and curbing for sidewalks, with the most satisfactory results.
An instance is given where it had been used for eighteen years for
curbing in front of the Government House in Auckland, and when
removed found to be perfectly sound. It is not so well adapted for
piles for marine wharves or bridges or jetties, as it is attacked by the
teredo as soon as the bark is decayed; and, although squared timber
will resist the teredo for a longer period, it is found that kauri is inferior
for such purposes to other New Zealand woods. A steady export of
kauri is carried on chiefly with Tasmania, Australia, and Mauritius;
it is, in fact, the only New Zealand timber exported to any considerable
extent. Kauri resembles the California redwood in nearly every par-
ticular, except that kauri is, perhaps, finer and closer grained.

Totara (podocarpus totara). — The totara is found throughout the
colony, usually attaining its greatest dimensions on rich alluvial lands
or on dry hillsides of low elevation.

Large specimens are found north of Auckland, but it does not occur
in abundance until after passing the southern limit of the kauri, viz,
38°. Although not equal in size to the largest specimens of the
kauri, trees are occasionally found from 8 to 10 feet in diameter, 4
to 6 feet being about the average size; height, 40 to 70 feet. From the
extensive area which it occupies, it has been more generally used than
the kauri, and is the chief timber employed for building purposes in
the province of Wellington, where it occupies a similar position to that
held by the kauri in the Auckland province.

According to experiments made by competent engineers it has been
demonstrated that totara ranks below kauri in point of strength, at

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 109

the same time it is scarcely, if at all, inferior to it in durability. The
general unanimity of opinion in its favor is remarkable, some consider-
ing it superior to kauri for general purposes, but this opinion is only
found where totara is cheaper and more plentiful than kauri.

For piles for marine wharves and bridges, etc., it is regarded by
those who have used it as one of the most valuable timbers known. In
addition to its great durability, it has the power of resisting the attacks
of teredo for a considerable period, especially if driven with the bark
intact. It is said, and I believe truly, that trees felled during the
growing season will resist the attacks of teredo for a longer period than
those felled during the winter months. In some quarters this advan-
tage is questioned, though it is positively stated by many who have had
long experience in this respect that totaro piles driven with the bark
on are absolutely free from perforation by teredines while the bark
remains intact. The heart of totara will resist the teredo still longer.
It frequently happens that when totara piles are driven the sap-wood
is attacked and thoroughly perforated, after which the teredo dies,
being unable to make any impression on the heartwood until it has
been subjected for a longer period to the action of the sea water, when
the mollusk resumes possession, and the destruction of that portion of
the wood exposed to its ravages is a mere matter of time.

It may be fairly estimated that kauri and totara afford more than
two-thirds of the indigenous timber employed for buildings and con-
structive works in the colony. Both are extensively used for general
building purposes and exhibit practically the same amount of durabil-
ity; kauri, however, is more easily worked and takes a higher finish.

Rimu (red pine). — A tree from 40 to 80 feet high; trunk, 3 to 5
feet in diameter. It is found throughout the colony, but in greater
abundance in the Middle Island and in the southern part of the North
Island. It is better adapted for housebuilding purposes than for con-
structive works. Whenever it has been exposed to the action of the
weather, except in housebuilding, it has given no satisfaction. Although
it can not be considered a suitable timber for outside work, its great
strength and the facility with which straight logs of large dimensions
can be obtained, enable it to be used with advantage for heavy beams,
girders, etc., under cover.

Kaliikatea (white pine). — This tree grows from 50 to 100 feet high
and upwards, with trunk 2 to 4 or even 5 feet in diameter. It is found
in nearly all the forests of the colony, but in greater abundance in
swampy districts. It is not regarded as being of any great value,
especially for outdoor work, but when used inside, if kept free from
contact with the earth and in a perfectly dry situation, it lasts fairly
well.

Matai (black pine). — Found throughout the colony, but not in any
considerable quantities in some portions of the North Island. It
usually attains a height of from 50 to 70 feet, with the trunk from 2 to

110 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

4 feet in diameter, and affords a timber of great durability, which is
used for a variety of purposes, such as piles for bridges, wharves, and
jetties; bedplates for machinery, millwrights7 work, house blocks, rail-
way ties, etc.

Miro (also called black pine). — Of similar distribution to the last,
which it closely resembles. It is easily distinguished when in fruit, as
the fruit is solitary instead of spicate. The cross section of the timber
shows the heartwood star-shaped and irregular. It appears, however,
to be specially adapted for use in positions where it is partially exposed
to the influence of sea- water, and under these circumstances exhibits
great durability. As a rule it is not esteemed a durable wood, except
under the above conditions.

Tanekdha (Phyllocladus trichomanoides). — A straight, handsome tree
50 to 60 feet high, trunk rarely exceedingly 3 feet in diameter; common in
hilly districts in the North Island, and quite abundant in the province
of Auckland. The timber is white, dense, and heavy, closely resem-
bling in everything but size, it is said, the best crown memel of Europe.
No particular tests have been applied up to the present to ascertain its
strength and elasticity, but it is believed to be one of the strongest and
most durable timbers in the colony. The wood appears to be specially
adapted for railway ties and highway bridges, etc. An instance of its
durability is given by a civil engineer, who says he has seen tanekaha
used in water- tanks at the Bay of Islands after being eighteen years in
use.

Cedar; Pahautea (Libocedrus bidwillii). — A handsome conical tree 60
to 80 feet high, 2 to 3 feet in diameter, producing a dark red close-
grained timber of great durability, but inclined to be rather brittle.
Found on the central ranges of theNorth Island, and sparingly through-
out the South Island, but never below 1,000 feet. This particular tim-
ber has been largely used in the construction of railways in the South
Island, with satisfactory results. It has been known to last in good
condition as piles in dikes and bridges and fencing posts for over
twenty years. For fence posts it is preferred to totara, but this claim
is evidently ill-founded. It is, also, largely used for the manufacture
of furniture.

Teatree; Manuka (Leptospermum oricoides). — This tree attains a height
of 40 to 50 feet, with trunk 15 to 30 feet in length and 1 to 2 feet in
diameter; wood, hard and dense, much used for house blocks, fencing
rails, and especially valued for small marine piles. This timber is
largely used throughout the colony for piles in the construction of
jetties, wharves, etc., where timber of larger dimensions is not required.
It exhibits greater durability in marine structures than when driven
for land or fresh- water bridges. When used for land piles it has been
found to decay at the ground level in about six years. On the other
hand, piles in marine works in Auckland and other parts of the colony
have been found to be perfectly sound after being twenty years in use.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. Ill

In one New Zealand district (Otaga)itis considered to resist the attacks
of teredo better than any other wood. In this respect I may remark
that experience has taught that the teredo is more active and conse-
quently more destructive in some sections of the country than in
others, so that the claim of superior resisting powers against the rav-
ages of this insect may not be well-founded. It has, also, been ascer-
tained that piles cut during the growing season resist the attacks of
teredo much longer than those cut in the winter.

Puriri ( Vitex littoralis). — This tree grows to a height of from 40 to
60 feet, with a trunk from 3 to 5 feet and upwards in diameter. It has
been appropriately styled the New Zealand teak; it is, in fact, closely
allied to the Asiatic teak, and affords a timber of great density and
extreme durability,closelyresemblingliguum-vit8e in general appearance.
In durability it probably excels all other New Zealand timbers. The
growing tree is subject to the attacks of the larva of the puriri moth,
which bores holes sometimes three -eighths of an inch in diameter, but
the durability of the timber is not directly affected ; it is never attacked
when once worked up. It has been largely used in housebuilding. In
some houses now considerably over thirty years old the wood is still in
a perfectly sound condition. Posts of the heart- wood which have been
in the ground for twenty years are still sound and good.

Black birch; Rutu-Tawhui (Fagus fusea). — The true black birch is a
splendid tree. It ascends the mountains from the sea level to 3,000
feet. The tree is usually from 60 to 90 feet in height, with a trunk
from 3 to 8 feet in diameter. In many districts it is abundant, and
forms a large portion of the forest. Its use is pretty general in upper
timbers for railway construction, bridges, jetties, mine timbers, etc.,
and has given uniform satisfaction. It has been used for piles in
marine works, and it is said to be very durable, offering great resist-
ance to teredo.

White birch (Fagus solandii). — This tree, as also the red birch (Fagus
menziessii), has the same distribution over the colony as the black birch
and practically the same general characteristics, so far as size, elastic-
ity, durability, and general usefulness are concerned. These woods,
black, white, and red birch, are so well known that a more extended
notice of their relative worth as building materials, etc., would prob-
ably afford no information that would be considered valuable.

Pohutukawa (Metrosideros lucida). — This tree is almost peculiar to the
province of Auckland, where it is abundant on rocky coasts, sometimes
attaining a height of 70 feet or more, but with a comparatively short
trunk, 2 to 4 feet in diameter, and numerous massive, tortuous arms.
Its peculiar forms, combined with its great durability, renders it spe-
cially adapted for the purposes of the shipbuilder, and it has usually
formed the framework of the numerous vessels built in the northern
province. For this purpose it is much esteemed, and is considered
superior to the northern rata ( Metrosideros lucida ), which in many

112 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

localities enters very largely into the shipbuilders7 trade. Hitherto it
has not been used much in constructive works, but its density and great
durability must render it valuable for the framing of dock gates,
sills, etc. It has never been known to be perforated by teredos,
except in the most superficial manner. It has an exceedingly rich,
deep-green foliage, and blossoms about Christmas every year. The
flowers are a beautiful deep red, large and rose-shaped, and very numer-
ous. It looks very fine when in full bloom. It is only found along the
seacoast of the North Island.

Ironbark; rata (Metrosideros lucida). — This is usually found in hilly
situations, but descends to the sea level in the extreme south. It is a
handsome tree, 30 to 60 feet high ; trunk usually from 2 to 5 feet in
diameter; often very short. The timber resembles the preceding, but
is less dense in texture and has the advantage of splitting freely. It
has been used in shipbuilding in the South Island, and has lately been
utilized in the building of railway freight cars, for which its great
strength and durability render it well adapted.

Rata (Metrosideros robusta). — This tree is almost confined to the
North Island. Height, 60 to 100 feet 5 diameter of trunk, 5 to 12 feet
and upwards. The timber resembles the preceding in its appearance
and is equally dense and durable, while it can be obtained of much
larger dimensions, so that it affords greater facilities for the con-
struction of railway cars, etc. It is used for shipbuilding, but for this
purpose it is found to be inferior in durability to the pohutukawa,
although it can be more easily procured in some situations. It will
doubtless in time be more frequently substituted. One peculiarity of
this tree is that it begins to grow at the base of another tree around
which it entwines itself like a woodbine, which it very much resembles
in general appearance. It continues to encircle the larger tree, embrac-
ing it so tightly that it ultimately kills it, after which the rata con-
tinues to grow, taking the place of the original by absorption — that is,
it assumes control and becomes merged with the old tree, which has lost
its identity.

Hinau (Elwocarpus dentatus). — Common throughout the country.
Used largely for railway ties, mine timbers, fencing-posts and rails,
and occasionally for bridges. One fault found with it is that it appears
to split too freely for the latter purpose. The timber is of a light dull-
brown color, very tough, strong, and durable.

Kowhai (Sophora tetraptera).— Found in all parts of the colony,
varying in size from a small shrub to a tree 30 to 40 feet high, with a
trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter. It is alleged that the timber closely
resembles the European laburnum, and is of great strength and dura-
bility ; but the supply of large timber is limited, it being often no more
than a bush. It is generally used for house blocks, railway ties, fenc-
ing-posts, rails, and piles. It has been found to be perfectly sound
after being in use for more than twenty years.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 113

Maire Tawliake (Eugenia Marie). — A small tree about 40 to 50 feet
high, 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Common in swampy land in the North
Island. Timber compact, heavy, and durable. Used for jettying, piles,
fencing, railway ties, etc.

Tawhero ( Weinmannia racemosa). — This is a small tree 30 to 40 feet
high, 1 to 3 feet in diameter. It is often called black birch, and is even
substituted for that timber, to which it is greatly inferior in strength
and durability. Its bark is much used for tanning.

Eewa-Eewa(Knigntiaexcelsa). — This is always considered a perishable
timber. It is used principally as an ornamental wood by cabinetmakers,
and iulayers, and workers in fancy and ornamental woodwork gener-
ally. It is a bright, yellowish wood, with large, soft grain, capable of
high polish. Generally useless, except for ornamental purposes.

Tipau (Myrsine salicina). — This has been used only in places where
good timber is scarce. It is not considered durable, although highly
valued for inlaying, veneering, etc.

Tar air e (Nesodaphne tar air e). — This is a very handsome tree 40 to 50
feet high, trunk 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Timber compact and capable
of taking a fine surface, but not durable when exposed. It is largely
used for shingles and is much esteemed by cabinetmakers because of
its softness, even grain, and high polish when worked.

Mungeao (Tetronthera calicaris). — A small tree, most plentiful north
of the Auckland Isthmus. Height about 40 feet. Timber close grained
and extremely tough. Utilized largely for the manufacture of ship's
blocks, etc.

Black Maire (Oleacunningliamii) and Maire (Santalumcunninghamii). —
These afford fine-grained timber of great density, and are extremely
durable. All are commonly called "Maire," alike by settlers and
natives. Black Maire usually attains the largest dimensions, and is
sometimes found 40 feet high or more. Santalum, of this species, is
the least of the group. All the different kinds are confined to the
North Island, and are most plentiful in the province of Auckland.
There are three different kinds of these trees, but two only are worthy
of mention here.

Kohe Kohe (Dysoxylum spectabile). — This is a handsome tree, with
the trunk 2 to 4 feet in diameter; heart wood reddish, tough, but not
durable. The wood is occasionally used by the cabinetmaker, but is
not as well known as it deserves to be.

TitoJci (Alectryon excelsum). — This tree is generally distributed
through the colony, except perhaps in the extreme south. It affords
a tough close-grained wood, well adapted for the purposes of the
machinist, but is not durable when exposed.

Kawalsa (Libocearus doniana). — A splendid tree from 60 to 100
feet high, the trunk from 3 to 5 in diameter. Up to the present the
timber has not, I believe, been generally used except for fencing, but
665A 8

114 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

there is no doubt in the minds of those familiar with it that it will
prove equally durable with its congener, L. bidwillii, already noticed.

Manoao (Daerydium colemoi). — This is a small tree 30 to 40 feet
high found in various parts of the country, but has scarcely been used
except locally for house building, although well known even to the
natives as being one of the most durable timbers in the colony.

Pukatea (Atherosperma novce Zealandice). — This is a striking tree,
frequently found 150 feet high, with a trunk of from 3 to 6 feet and
upwards in diameter. It is common in swampy places. Timber soft,
but apparently durable in water. It has been used in Auckland for
boat building, but is not greatly valued.

There are several other trees that might be mentioned, but so far
they have not been found to be of any commercial value, therefore their
inclusion in this report would not afford any useful information.

I am much indebted to a work published by Mr. Ashley Hunter, 0.
E., on the " durability of New Zealand timber." The work mentioned
is very complete, giving as it does in detail the durability and strength
of the different woods referred to. But the details are too minute and
elaborate to be included in a general report of this kind. I send with
this report 13 samples of the New Zealand timber which are most
esteemed for their commercial value and usefulness. *

KINDS OP LUMBER USED.

Kaure timber largely enters into all kinds of construction work in
the North Islands in preference to any other kind. It is admittedly
superior for general purposes, and is used in all kinds of building and
constructed works, from a window sash to the masts and spars of a ves-
sel.

For boat building, Oregon pine and spruce are occasionally used for
spars and sculls. For the latter purpose the best selected Oregon pine
only is used, and costs laid down here, duty paid, about 10 cents per
superficial fot)t.

Most of the American lumber used in this county is imported from
Melbourne and Sydney; but Oregon pine imported from either of the
above colonies costs, laid down here, about $6.30 per 100 superficial
feet.

American hickory and ash are largely used for coach building in
this country, and give the greatest satisfaction. Hickory and ash are
preferred to all other woods for coach and carriage building, and would
be more generally used if less expensive. It has been found impossible
to use the above-mentioned woods in the shipbuilding trade owing to
the cost being excessive. Small quantities of hickory and ash were
imported direct from New York last year, but just how much I have
been unable to ascertain. There is an average of one sailing vessel
a month leaving New York for New Zealand ports, in addition to

* Samples filed in the Department.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

115

the mail steamers, which make four weekly trips between San Francisco,
Honolulu, Samoa, Auckland, and Sydney. It is possible a general
agency for American lumber might be profitably established in this
colony, thereby avoiding the middleman's percentage in Sydney and
Melbourne, which materially increases the cost to the consumer here, a
result which naturally tends to discourage the use and importation of
American timber.

IMPORTS AND DUTY.

There is very little lumber imported from abroad to this colony.
Last year 45,540 superficial feet were imported from the United King-
dom, valued at $1,710. The duty on lumber is 48 cents per 100 super-
ficial feet.

PRICES.

The following price list which I obtained from the Kauri Timber
Company, of Auckland, will show the prevailing prices here. This
company owns the largest sawmill in the colony, and has practically
a monopoly of kauri timber.

Retail prices current.
[Subject to alteration without notice at the company's yards, Auckland and Onehunga.]

Description.

Sizes
sold by

Sizes
when
dressed.

Kauri timber, per 100
feet superficial.

First
class.

Medium.

Second
class.

Ordinary building timber, undressed, up to 24 feet
long, 1 inch or more in thickness, and not exceed-
in0" 12 inches wide . .

Inches.

Inches.

*. d.

12 0

11 0
9 0

s. d.
9 0

8 0

7 0

*. d.

7 0

6 0
5 0
4 6

9 0

8 0
10 0

Undressed boards up to 24 feet long, not exceeding
12 inches wide :

Rough lining boards 6 9, and 12 inches by § inch .

Wide boards, Qd. per 100 feet superficial extra for
every inch in width over 12 inches and up to 24
inches, over 24 inches by arrangement. Rough heart,
when in stock, 9s. per 100 feet superficial. Surface
planing, 1*. per 100 feet extra, and will finish & inch
less in thickness.

Flooring boards, seasoned: Planed, tongued, and
grooved •••!

4£ by li
6 byl
6 bylj
9 byl
9 byH

6 by £
9 by |

9 byl

4 by |
4 byl|
5i by |
5* by 1&
8* by |

4 by §
5* by §
sfby I

8iby J

J- 14 0

V13 0

14 0

13 0
13 6

11 0

10 0
11 0

Lining boards, seasoned: Planed, tongued, grooved, )
beaded, or V-jointed f

Rusticated weatherboarding, seasoned: Rusticated,
covers, 7J inches

Boat boards, specially selected, planed two sides :
g inch

The above prices are for timber in the yard.

N. B. -Special discounts to builders and contractors. Orders for lengths can not be guaranteed, but
will be supplied as near as possible. Orders for specially selected or strictly all heart, will be charged.
1*. per 100 feet superficial extra. First-class timber is free from shakes or large knots, and not over
one-third of any piece clean sap (free from pin holes). Medium is all or any part clean sap, free from
pin holes, but in special sizes not always available. Second class is all or part sap, with pin holes and
other defects. Orders for long lengths, 6d. per 100 feet superficial extra for every foot additional in
length from 25 feet up to 34 feet ; above that length by arrangement. Flooring and rusticated weather
boards, minimum length, 8 feet.

116 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CLIMATE.

Meteorological observations have been made ever since the founding
of the colony — at first of an irregular character, and made only with a
view of comparing the climate of New Zealand with that of other
countries. It was not, however, until 1859 that systematic observations
were undertaken by a Government department. There are over 60
stations at which rainfall and weather are recorded.

Temperature. — The climate in many respects, it is said, resembles that
of Great Britain. It is, however, far more equable, the extremes of
daily temperature varying throughout the year by an average of 20°
only, while London is 7° colder than the North Island of New Zealand,
and 4° colder than the Middle Island. The mean annual temperature
of the North Island is 57° F., and of the Middle or South Island 52°
F., that of London and New York, it is said, being 51°.

The mean annual temperature of the different seasons for the whole
colony is: In spring, 55°; in summer, 63° ; in autumn, 57°, and in
winter, 48°. The following are the means for the two warmest and the
two coldest months in the principal localities, with their differences
(Fahrenheit) :

Auckland, 69.6 and 53.1 ; Nelson, 63.6 and 45.9; New Plymouth, 64.7
and 49.03; Christchurch, 65.2 and 44.3; Wellington, 64.6 and 47.8;
Dunedin, 58.0 and 43.2.

The average difference between the mean temperature of the warmest
and coldest months for New Zealand is 17°.

The climate on the west coast is more equable than on the east, the
difference between the average summer and winter temperatures in the
northwest portion of the North Island being nearly 4° less than in the
southeast, while as between the corresponding portions of the South
Island the difference is about 7°. This is due to the action of the
equatorial winds, which impinge on the west coast. The extent of
their influence can be better appreciated by comparing the annual
fluctuations of temperature on the opposite seaboards of the Middle
Island. At Christchurch, on the east, the range is greater by 7° than
at certain points on the west.

The following official tables show the averages which have been
ascertained in respect of the temperature of the climate of New Zea-
land:

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURES OF NEW ZEALAND.
I. — General abstract.

117

Stations.

South latitude.

-£J3
00 y

Number of years of
observation.

1

Winter.

to

1

Summer.

Autumn.

Difference of the
warmest and
coldest months.

Averages
of yearly
extremes.

Yearly fluctuation.

II

r

6
p
I

°H

1

1
§

North Island.
Mon fonul

0 '

35 1

36 50
39 4
39 29
41 16
39 56

41 16
42 42
43 2
42 33
45 52
4G 17
45 2

O 1

173 28
174 51
174 5
176 55
174 47
175 6

173 19
170 59
171 31
172 39
170 31
168 20
165 39

10
20
14
10
14
3

11
10
9
12
17
14
3

OF.

59.90
59.54
57.56
57.56
55.58
55.90

54.86
52.34
46. 7G
52.88
50.72
50.36
51.01

op.
53.06
52.34
50.90
49.10
48.74
48.71

46.58
45.50
37.40
43.52
43.52
42.26
40.01

OF.

58.28
57.56
55.94
57.74
54.50
53.31

54.50
51.62
46.04
53.24
50.54
51. 26
50.92

OF.
66.56
66.92
64.58
66.20
62.24
63.31

62.78
59.18
54.86
61.52
57.20
58.10
64.02

OF.

61.52
61.16
58.82
57.02
56.66
57.12

55.76
53.06
48.56
53.60
51.80
50.00
52.31

OF.

15.12
16.02
15.66
19. 26
14.76
16.70

17.10
14.76
18.18
18.72
15. 30
16. 92
21.25

OF.

89.10
88.52
86.90
90.00
78.44
86.00

82.04
74.12
78.08
88.16
84.74
83.84
84.60

OF.

31.82
33.26
30.02
32.10
32.18
29.00

27.32
28.22
12.38
25.16
29.84
20.12
23.21

OF.

57.28
55.26
56.88
57.90
46.26
57.00

54.72
45.90
65.70
63.00
54.90
63.72
61.39

New Plymouth ...
Napier

South Island.
Nelson

Hokitik.i

Bealey

Christchurch
Dunedin

Queenstown

II. — Daily range of temperature.
[Difference of the mean daily extremes.]

Stations.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Tear.

North Island.
Mongonui

OF.

15.48

OF.
16.74

OF.

15.30

op.
19.08

OF.

18.18

°F.
16.92

°F.
15.30

OF.
15.66

OF.
16.92

OF.
16 02

op.

14.58

OF.

16 74

OF.

16 38

18 90

19 80

20 88

19 80

19 08

16 92

15 30

15 48

16 74

15 84

16 56

18 00

17 82

New Plymouth....
Napier

19.62

18.72

21.60
21.60

20.16
21.78

21.42
17.82

19.44
15.12

15. 84
14.94

15.30
13 86

14.40
15.30

16.56
15.12

18.00
18 00

16.74
18.18

18.54
19 08

is! is

17 46

13 32

13 50

12 42

12 42

11 70

11. 16

10 62

10 62

11 52

11 88

12 24

13 50

12 06

South Island.
Nelson ............

20.34

23.40

20.70

21 24

17 10

17.82

19 08

19.08

19 62

21 06

21 42

22 14

20 16

Hokitika

11 34

11 16

13 32

12 60

12 78

13 86

14 58

13 68

14 76

15 66

12 24

11 52

13 14

Christchurch
Dunedin

17.10
16.20

18. 36
15.66

16.56
15.66

17.46
15.12

17.10
13 68

16.38
11.52

14.94
10 44

16.56
10 62

16.02
12 06

16.20
13 32

18.54
13 68

19.08
15 30

17.10
13 68

Invercargill

22 50

21 78

22 50

22 68

18 00

16 02

17 64

16 92

19 44

22 32

21 06

21 06

20 16

Rainfall— The rainfall varies much at the different stations from year
to year. The following official table shows the rainfall for the last
three years :

Station.

1890.

1891.

1892.

Rainfall.

Number
of days
on which
rain fell.

Rainfall.

Number
of days
on which
rain fell.

Rainfall.

Number
of days
on which
rain fell.

Auckland ......

Inches.
46. 100
64.110
50. 411
45.230
14. 836
27. 984

176
129
162
165
104
155

Inches.
36. 040
43. 270
48. 940
35. 125
20. 575
32. 734

149
119
132
166
98
151

Inches.
41. 331
54.080
66.230
67. 656
27. 883
47.552

177
144
166
184
124
160

Te Aroha

Rotorua

Wellington

Lincoln

I>Tinedin ,.

118 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

The annual average rainfall at the 4 principal stations in New Zealand for the
ten years ending December, 1892, was —

North Island:

Auckland 38.881

Wellington 48.296

Middle Island:

Lincoln 26.190

Dunedin.. . 36.863

Daily observations have been discontinued at Hokitika, on the west coast of the
Middle Island, since 1880; but for ten years, 1871 to 1880, inclusive, the annual rain-
fall there averaged 122.990 inches; the greatest rainfall for any one of those years
having been 154.446 inches and the smallest 96.170 inches.

The greatest rainfall in any twenty-four hours during the year 1892 occurred at
Dunedin, 5.400 inches, on February 8.

The observations that have been taken show that the northern part of New Zea-
land is within the influence of the subtropical winter rainfall, the probability of
rainfall in winter in that part of the colony being twice as large as in summer.

In the south, however, the rainfall, though irregular, is distributed more equally
over the year. The chief difference to be observed is that on the west coast spring
rains prevail, and on the east coast summer rains; while in the middle of the colony
the driest season is antunm, and in the south it is winter and spring.

The contrast between the east and west coasts in the matter of rainfall is as
striking as the difference in temperature. Thus, in the North Island, Napier on
the east has only half the amount of rain that falls in Taranaki on the west. But
the Middle Island, with its longitudinal range of lofty mountains, exhibits this fea-
ture in a still more marked manner, for the rainfall on the west is nearly five times
that on the east. The excess of precipitation on the coast is clearily illustrated by
the distribution of the glaciers on the opposite sides of the range ; those on the
west slope have an excessive supply of snow, and descend to a line where the mean
annual temperature is 50° F., while on the east slope they descend only to the
mean annual temperature of 37°. The winter snow line of the " Southern Alps " on
the east side is 3,000 feet and that on the west side 3,700 feet.

Periods of lasting drought are almost unknown in New Zealand, and
only in two instances do the records show a whole month at any sta-
tion without rain.

Winds. — The configuration of the colony — its great length from north
to south, compared with its breadth, its extent of coast line, and the
division of the two principal parts by Cook Strait — renders it very
subject to sea breezes. As a consequence, in parts of the country
there is at times much violent motion in the atmosphere, and windy
days are prevalent.

Owing to the fact that most atmospheric disturbances pass from west
to east, with the center of the depression to the south of New Zealand,
there is a marked prevalence of westerly winds throughout all seasons,
but they are much modified by the form of the land. When the center
passes to the north of New Zealand, the result is that the northeast
winds impinge on the east coast, bringing rain, followed by cold south-
easters, with heavy storms of rain and snow during winter in the
south. The more common westerly winds begin in the north-northwest,
with very heavy rain on the west coast, and gradually veering to south-
west, when fair bright weather invariably sets in on that coast, but
the same southerly wind, sweeping along the east side of the islands,
brings heavy, strong weather, locally known as " southerly busters,"

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

119

which, from the shape of the coast, reach the region of Cook Strait as
southeast storms. All the other winds are either land or sea drafts,
with light, fine weather, or are moderate winds produced by the circu-
lation of the atmosphere around anticyclonic areas of high barometric
pressure, which are found to be far more persistent in their influence
than the fast moving cyclonic or low-pressure areas.

The number of days on which there were gales or high winds in 1892
at each station was as follows :

Station.

Number of
days on
which
there were
gales or
high winds.

Maximum
velocity of
wind in any
twenty-
four hours .

Date.

45

Mile*.

Te Arolia . . ..

20

o

65

805

Oct 25

Lincoln ..

9

647

Sept. 8

18

530

Mav 12

Wellington, by reason of its position near the narrowest part of Cook
Strait, is peculiarly subject to wind.

Thunderstorms. — Thunderstorms are most frequent when the changes
of wind are most suddenly felt, from the moist equatorial currents to
the cold polar currents of the southwest. On the west coast of New
Zealand they are most frequent in spring, except southwest of Otago,
where, during winter, thunderstorms are of almost daily occurrence.

Generally speaking, the climate of the colony is mild and pleasant.
In the Middle Island it is, however, considerably colder than in the
North Island particularly in the vicinity of the higher mountain
ranges, upon which snow remains the whole year round. The climate
of the North Island, or, at least, the northern portion of it, is semi-
tropical in its character. Vegetation and tree foliage appear to grow
without interruption throughout the various seasons. As a matter of
fact, there are no well-defined seasons, such as spring, summer, autumn,
and winter, in this part of the North Island. There is a wet season,
which is supposed to be the winter, but in this respect it would be diffi-
cult to distinguish between summer and winter, as it rains almost as
much in one season as in the other. Hence it is that there is scarcely
any perceptible cessation in the growth of vegetation in consequence
of the constant rainfall.

GENERAL BUILDING.

General building is not prosperous at present, owing to the depres.
sion that has prevailed here for a number of years past. But the pros-
pect is brightening, and indications are very encouraging that in the
near future the building trade will soon again assume a healthier aspect.

120 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Large vessels are not often built in this country, the shipbuilding
being practically confined to large- sized schooners and the smaller craft
generally.

Eailway building is very limited at present and has been since the
colony has ceased to borrow. There are no new lines projected, nor is
there any likelihood that there will be for some time to come. There
are, however, several extensions in course of construction or comple-
tion, but even these are not being pushed very vigorously, being largely
utilized for the purpose of affording work for the real needy and deserv-
ing laborers found in the ranks of the unemployed.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

I regret my utter inability to offer any practicable suggestions as to
the best means to be adopted to promote the sale of American lumber
in this colony at present. As already stated, there is a little demand
for Oregon pine, spruce, hickory, and ash, but I can not at present see
how sales can be increased unless the manufacturers of such timbers
are prepared to establish a general agency for the colony, and even
then they must be prepared to sustain a loss for a time. The woods
above mentioned are well known and their superiority fully appreciated,
but I question whether the establishment of an agency here, in conse-
quence of the limited population of the colony and the small demand
for such supplies, would pay. I merely offer the suggestion, but do not
recommend it.

JNO. D. CONNOLLY,

Consul.
AUCKLAND, February 24, 1894.

NEW SOUTH WALES.

NATIVE WOODS.

The following list embraces, I think, the entire catalogue of what are
now recognized as the commercial timbers of New South Wales, classi-
fied by competent authority. The first is the botanical, the second, in
parenthesis, the vernacular name :

Avicennia officinalis, Verbenacae (mangrove) : An erect, low branching tree ; timber
is valuable on account of its inlocked fiber; used for knees of boats, stone-
masons' mallets, and bullock yokes. Habitat, tidal estuaries, New South Wales.
Height, 20 to 30 feet ; diameter, 20 inches.

Banksia integrifolia, Proteaceaj (honeysuckle) : Timber coarse grained and tough ;
used for knees and ribs of boats, bullock yokes, etc. ; takes a good polish. Hab.,
open and scrub forests, northern and southern coast districts, New England, etc. ;
plentiful. Height, 40 to 50 feet; diameter, 1 to 2 feet.

Casuarina glauca, Casuarinae (swamp oak): Timber tough and strong; used for
shingles, staves, and fence posts. Hab., interior and coast districts; usually in
damp situations; plentiful. Height, 60 to 80 feet; diameter, H to 2 feet.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 121

Casuarina torulosa, Casuarinae (forest oak) : Timber handsome, sometimes remark-
ably heavy ; valuable for cabinet work, shingles, etc. ; excellent fuel. Hab., open
forests from Illawarra to the Richmond River, westward to New England and
Bathurst. Height, 80 feet ; diameter, 2 feet.

Cedrela australis, Meliaceae (red cedar) : Timber very valuable, dark red, and often
beautifully marked ; light, easily wrought, and durable ; much used and valued
for furniture, patterns, and all kinds of fittings in house and shipbuilding.
Hab., brush forests northern and formerly in southern coast districts; becoming
scarce ; efforts now being made to conserve and propagate this timber. Height,
up to 100 and even 200 feet; diameter, up to 6 and even 10 feet (exceptionally).

Dysoxylon Fraserianum, MeliacesB (rosewood) : Timber rose scented, red, strong,
closegrained, and durable; much valued for furniture-making, ship-building,
turnery, and indoor work, etc. ; one of the largest and best of indigenous timber
trees. Hab., brush forests northern and southern coasts districts; moderately
plentiful. Height, 100 feet; diameter, 4 to 6 feet.

Eucalyptus botryoides, Myrtaceae (bastard mahogany) : Timber strong and durable,
used for felloes of wheels and boat knees. Hab., coast districts. Height, 40
to 50 feet ; diameter, 24 inches.

Eucalyptus creba, Myrtaceae (grey ironbark) : Timber hard, heavy, tough, strong,
inlocked, and durable; used for poles and shafts of carriages, spokes of wheels,
railway sleepers, etc. Hab., open forests, northern and southern coast districts,
extending some distance inland. Height, 100 to 150 feet; diameter, 2 to 5 feet.

Eucalyptus longifolia, Myrtacese (woolly butt) : Timber strong and durable; used for
wheelwrights' work, fencing, felloes, spokes, shafts, house building. Hab.,
open forests, on rich alluvial flats, coastal districts ; plentiful. Height, 100 to
150 feet; diameter, 3 to 5 feet.

Eucalyptus niacrorrhyncha, Myrtaceae (stringybark) : Timber excellent for house
carpentry, flooring boards, fencing, etc. Hab., open forests, chiefly west of the
dividing range.

Eucalyptus microcorys, Myrtaceae (tallowwood) : Timber strong, handsome, and dur-
able; very useful for building purposes, and especially for flooring boards; used
also for palings, etc. Hab., coast districts. Height, 100 to 150 feet; diameter,
6 to 8 feet.

Eucalyptus pilularis, Myrtaccaae (blackbutt): Timber excellent for house carpentry,
ship building, and for any purpose where strength and durability are required.
Hab., open forests from Twofold Bay to the Hastings River, and extending a
considerable distance inland. Height, 100 to 200 feet; diameter, 3 to 8 feet.

Eucalyptus paniculata, Myrtaceae (she or pale ironbark) : Timber much valued, hard,
tough, strong, unlocked, and durable ; used for bridges, sleepers, railway car-
riages, beams, poles of bullock drays, piles, spokes of wheels, etc. Hab., open
forests, northern and southern coast districts; plentiful. Height, 100 to 150
feet ; diameter, 4 to 5 feet.

Eucalyptus populifolia (red box) : Timber hard, close grained, and durable ; used
for posts and building purposes, mauls, railway sleepers, etc. ; handsome wood
when polished. Hab., on dry, stony ridges, southern and western interior dis-
tricts; moderately plentiful. Height, 40 to 50 feet; diameter, 24 inches.

Acacia Cunninghamii, Leguminosae (bastard myall) : Wood close grained ; useful for
cabinet purposes. Very homogeneous. Analysis of bark — tannin, 9.13 per cent ;
extract, 1.15 per cent. Hab., northern scrub forests and New England; moder-
ately plentiful. Height, 20 to 30 feet; diameter, 9 to 12 inches.

Acacia decurrens, Leguminosse (green wattle) : Timber light, tough, and strong,
excellent fuel. Bark rich in tannin; varying from 25 to 35 per cent. Hab.,
northern and southern coast districts ; plentiful. Height, 20 to 50 feet ; diam-
eter, 6 to 9 inches.

122 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Acacia doratoxyion, Legurainosse (currawang) : Timber dark-colored, hard, heavy
tough, close-grained, and durable; used for gates, buggy poles, furniture, etc.,
and formerly used by the Aboriginese for spears and boomerangs ; leaves eaten
by stock. Hab., dry, stony ridges, southern, southwestern, and western interior
districts; moderately plentiful. Height, 20 to 30 feet; diameter, 6 to 12 inches.

Acacia homolophylla, Leguminosae (curly yarran) : Timber much sought after for
turnery work. Wood hard and fragrant; very durable. Hab., central and
western New South Wales. Height, 20 to 30 feet ; diameter, 6 to 12 inches.

Acacia melanoxylon. (R. Br.) LeguminosaB (blackwood) : Timber hard and close-
grained; considered one of the most valuable woods; much prized for furniture,
general cabinet work, carriage building, billiard tables, etc. The figured wood
is cut into veneers; when polished it closely resembles walnut wood. Hab., the
extreme south only of New South Wales. It is abundant in Tasmania and Vic-
toria. Height (in New South Wales), 50 to 80 feet; diameter, 18 to 24 inches.

Acacia Oswaldi, Leguminosae (umbrella bush) : Timber faintly scented, dark-col-
ored, hard, heavy, close-grained, and durable; useful for turnery and cabinet
work; a dense shade tree; leaves eaten by stock. Hab., open plains, Lachlan,
and other interior districts; not plentiful. Height, 15 to 20 feet; diameter, 6 to
9 inches.

Acacia pendula, Leguminosae (myall): Timber hard, close-grained; in an unpol-
ished state it preserves a peculiar fragrance of violets, and is in consequence in
much request for making glove, handkerchief, and other fancy boxes, and tobacco
pipes. Hab., central and western New South Wales. Height, 30 to 40 feet;
diameter, 18 to 20 inches.

Acacia penninervis, Leguminosae (hickory or mountain hickory) : Timber hard, mod-
erately heavy, close-grained, and durable; used for cabinet purposes, and the
bark for tanning. Hab., brush forests, northern and southern coast districts and
Blue Mountains; plentiful. Height, 30 to 40 feet; diameter, 12 to 18 inches.

Acacia salicina, LegurninosaB (koobah, or native willow): Timber close-grained,
tough, heavy, dark-brown, and nicely marked; takes a high polish; used in
furniture and cabinet-making. Hab., portions of central, and in western New
South Wales. Height, 30 to 50 feet; diameter, 12 to 18 inches.

Angophora subvelutina, Myrtaceae (broad-leaved apple tree) : Timber moderately
heavy, tough, and very hard when dry; used for wheel-naves, bullock yokes,
posts, and rails ; dresses and polishes well. Hab., northern rivers and southern
coast districts. Height, 70 to 80 feet ; diameter, 24 to 36 inches.

Aphananthe phillipiuensis, Urticeae (elm) : Timber light in color, close-grained ; used
for ceilings, linings, etc. Hab., northern New South Wales. Height, 80 to 90
feet; diameter, 15 to 18 inches; not plentiful.

Araucaria Cunniughamii, Coniferas (hoop or colonial pine) : Timber strong and dur-
able, but soon decays when exposed to alternate damp and dryness. Is largely
used, and as a cheap, soft wood yields spars 80 feet to 100 feet long ; pale in
color. Hab., northern New South Wales. Height, 150 to 200 feet; diameter, 24
to 48 inches.

Alphitonia excelsa, Rhamneae (red ash) : Timber hard, firm, and close-grained. Hab.,
brush forests of coast districts of New South Wales. Attains a height of 100
feet.

Banksiaintegrifolia, ProteaceoB (white honeysuckle) : Timbertough and strong; used
for boat knees and ribs, bullock yokes, etc. Hab., open and scrub forests, north-
ern and southern coast districts; plentiful. Height, 40 to 50 feet; diameter, 1
to 2 feet.

Backhousia myrtifolia, Myrtaceee (grey myrtle or lavewood) : Timber close-grained,
hard, and durable ; used for tool handles, mallets, and is suitable for turnery.
Hab., banks of creeks and damp situations ; northern and southern districts mod-
erately plentiful. Height, 30 to 40 feet; diameter, 12 to 18 inches.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 123

Backhousiasciadophora, Myrtaceae (myrtle) : Timber hard, close-grained; not gener-
ally used or known, but considered likely to be suitable for wood engraving,
turnery, etc. Hab., mountain scrub forests, northern coast districts; plentiful
in places. Height, 80 to 90 feet; diameter, 2 feet.

Ceratopetalum apetalum, Saxifragese (coaehwood): Timber fragrant, light, soft,
tough and close-grained; used for cabinetwork, boat and coach building.
Hab., in gullies northern and southern coast districts. Height, 50 to 70 feet ;
diameter, 12 to 24 inches.

Casuarina suberosa, Casuarieae (black oak): Timber useful for cabinetwork; used
for bullock yokes, mauls, tool handles, shingles. Hab., coastal and inland.
Height, 40 to 50 feet ; diameter, 18 to 24 inches.

Cupania semiglauca, Sapiudaceae (black ash) : Timber, hard, tough, close-grained,
elastic; not much used. Hab., brush forests, northern and southern coast dfs-
tricts; not plentiful. Height, 40 to 50 feet; diameter, 1 to 1| feet.

Cryptocorya obovata, Laurinese (sycamore, or she beech): Timber light, soft, and
durable ; used for flooring boards, staves, and inside house carpentry. Hab.,
brush forests, northern coast districts; not plentiful. Height, 60 to 70 feet;
diameter, 2 to 3 feet.

Dysoxylon muelleri, Meliaceae (turnip-wood): Timber red, easily wrought, and
durable ; used for cabinetwork, cigar boxes, and interior fittings, etc. When
fresh cut it emits an odor similar to that of a Swedish turnip. Hab., brush
forests, northern coast districts ; not plentiful. Height, 100 to 120 feet ; diameter,
3 to 4 feet.

Dysoxylon fraserianum, Meliaceae (rosewood) : Timber resembles " red cedar." It
is beautifully marked, and suitable for cabinetwork, etc. Fragrant. Hab.,
northern coast districts. Height, 80 to 100 feet ; diameter, 2 to 3 feet.

Daphnandra micrantha, Monhniacese (a yellow wood): Timber fragrant; yellow,
when fresh, close-grained, easily wrought, and takes a good polish; used for
cabinetwork, etc.; bark intensely bitter. Hab., brush forests, northern coast
districts ; plentiful in places. Height, 100 to 120 feet ; diameter, 3 feet.

Doryphora sassafras, MonirniacesB (sassafras): Timber is somewhat soft, but suitable
for the inside lining of houses and some kinds of furniture, also for packing-
cases; the wood is fragrant, and disagreeable to all kinds of vermin. Light in
weight when seasoned, and light colored. Hab., coastal districts. Height, over
50 feet; diameter, 24 to 36 inches.

Eucalyptus Baileyana, Myrtaceae (a stringybark) : Timber very tough, suitable for
tool handles, etc. ; not much used. Hab., open 4 forests, on ridges, north coast
districts; not plentiful. Height, 50 to 100 feet; diameter, 2 to 3 feet.

Eucalyptus microcorys, Myrtaceae (tallow-wood) : Timber of a greasy nature, strong
and durable ; used for flooring and general purposes, boatbuilding, etc. Hab.,
northern open forests, coast districts; plentiful. Height, 100 to 150 feet; diame-
ter, 36 to 72 inches.

Eucalyptus micro theca, Myrtacese (coolibah) : Timberlhard, heavy, and close grained;
useful in building, but not much used. Hab., plains, subject to variation, seldom
on the banks of running streams; Lachlan and Darling River districts, extend-
ing to the Barrier Ranges. Height varies greatly, sometimes little better than a
shrub to 50 feet.

Eucalyptus pilularis, Myrtacese (blackbutt) : Timber excellent for house carpentry,
bridge-planking, ships' decks, paving cubes, etc. ; is coming greatly into favor,
and is consequently used largely ; is a valuable species of Eucalyptus, straight
in grain, moderately heavy. Hab., open forests from Twofold Bay to the Hast-
ings River, and extending some distance inland. Height, 100 to 200 feet; diame-
ter, up to 15 feet (exceptionally).

Eucalyptus polyanthema, MyrtaceaB (bastard box) : Timber remarkably tough, hard,
and elastic ; used|for naves, felloes, and spokes of wheels, agricultural implements,

124 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

bridge work, etc. Hab., open forests, usually on banks of creeks and damp situ-
ations in the southern coast and interior districts; moderately plentiful.
Height, 50 to 60 feet; diameter 2 to 3 feet.

Eucalyptus saligna, Myrtaceae (flooded gum, blue gum) : Timber strong and durable,
splendid wood, in good repute for building purposes, as it does not readily take
fire, and is one of the straightest in the grain and easiest to work of the Euca-
lyptus timbers; it is alsojused for shipbuilding, ship planks, wheel naves, felloes,
etc.; timber varies; supposed due to situation and soil where growing. Hab.,
open forests on banks of creeks, and rich, moist, alluvial soil ; northern and
southern coast districts; plentiful. Height, 100 to 120 feet; diameter, 36 to 60
inches.

Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Myrtacese (red ironbark): Timber highly esteemed for
strength and durability, and much used for large beams, girders, sleepers, draw-
poles, fuel, and other purposes, in which strength and durability are required.
Hab., open forests northern and southern coast districts, and central districts,
New South Wales; plentiful. Height, 100 to 150 feet; diameter, 3 to 5 feet.

Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Myrtaceae (mugga) : Timber soft in character when com-
pared with other ironbarks; is not plentiful, being found in small belts or
patches ; chiefly in central New South Wales, Macquarie, and Bogan River dis-
tricts ; does not grow to any size.

Eucalyptus tereticornis, Myrtaceae (red gum) : Timber hard, heavy, close grained
and durable ; used for posts and rails of fences ; bridge, house, and ship building,
wheelwrights' work, etc. Hab., open forests, northern and southern coast dis-
tricts. Height, 80 to 100 feet; diameter, 36 to 48 inches.

Eucalyptus virgata, MyrtacesB (mountain ash) : Timber tough, durable, and elastic,
splits freely; used for staves of casks, shingles, poles, shafts of drays, palings,
rails, and rough buildings. Hab., open forests, southern coast districts and
Blue Mountains; plentiful. Height, 100 to 150 feet; diameter, 3 to 4 feet.

Eugenia Ventenatii, Myrtacese (myrtle) : Timber close grained and tough ; used for
tool handles, ribs of boats, and the flooring boards of verandas. Hab., brush
forests, Hastings, Macleay, Clarence, and Richmond rivers. Height, 40 to 60
feet; diameter, 24 to 36 inches.

Flindersia Oxleyana, Meliaceae (light yellow wood] : Timber strong, durable, fine
grained, and of good color; used in boatbuilding, cabinetwork, and to many
purposes to which cedar is applied; useful wood for fancy work, owing to pale
yellow color; resembles beech; suitable for hand-screen making, buggy shafts,
etc. ; not plentiful. Hab., northern brush forests, New South Wales. Height,
80 to 100 feet; diameter, 24 to 42 inches.

Flindersia Bennettiana, Meliaeeae (boguui-bogum) : Timber close grained, useful for
saddle-making, staves, etc.; not much used. Hab., northern districts, New
South Wales. Height, 70 to 90 feet ; diameter, 18 to 26 inches.

Flindersia Schottiana, Meliaceae (ash) : Timber hard, close grained, prettily marked,
and of a pale yellow color; used for shingles and staves and for cabinetwork.
Hab., Hastings River, New South Wales. Height, 30 to 60 feet; diameter, 18
to 30 inches.

Frenela robusta, ConiferaB (white or common pine) : Timber is very full of knots,
polishes well, and shows to advantage; has a camphoraceous odor; varies in
color from light to dark brown ; is very durable, and resists white ants to a great
extent; of a brittle nature; used for building in central districts, lining-boards,
and ceilings. Hab., central and western New South Wales. Height, 60 to 70
feet ; diameter, 18 to 24 inches.

Frenela Macleayana, Coniferse (Port Macquarie pine) : Timber light and useful ; used
for indoor purposes, weatherboards, deals, battens, etc. Hab., northern New
South Wales. Height, 20 to 30 feet ; diameter, 6 to 12 inches.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 125

Gmeliiia Leichhardtii, Verbenaceae (white beech): Timber strong, durable, and
easily worked ; prized for decks of vessels, flooring of verandas, etc. ; light
colored, and useful for turning and furniture-making ; one of the most useful of
our timbers. Hab., brush forests, northern and southern coast districts; not
very plentiful. Height, 120 to 150 feet; diameter, 36 to 60 inches.

Melaleuca leucadendron, MyrtaceaB (white tea- tree ): Timber hard, heavy, and
close-grained ; said to be imperishable underground. Hab., northern and south-
ern coast districts; plentiful. Height, 50 to 60 feet; diameter, 24 to 36 inches.

Melia composita, Meliaceae (white cedar): Timber soft, easily worked; wood from
matured trees is found to be fairly durable ; splits easily ; handsomely marked
and polishes well ; much valued for staves and the finer kinds of coopers' work ;
a beautiful flowering and foliaged shade tree; suitable for planting in public
parks in warm situations. Hab., brush forests, northern coast districts; mod-
erately plentiful. Height, 80 to 100 feet ; diameter, 3 to 4 feet.

Olea paniculata (marble wood) : Timber hard, close grained, and durable; heartwood
nicely mottled ; used for staves, and suitable for cabinetwork and turnery. Hab.,
brush forests, northern and southern coast districts ; not plentiful. Height, 40
to 50 feet ; diameter, 2 to 2$ feet.

Petalostigma quadriloculare, Euphorbiaeeae (native quince): Timber hard, close
grained, and durable; prettily marked, but not used. Hab., open forests on
margins of brush forests, northern coast districts; not plentiful. Height, 10 to
12 feet; diameter, 6 inches.

Rhodamuia argentea, MyrtaceaB (white myrtle) : Timber hard, finegrained, and dura,
ble; suitable for carving, turning, fancy, and cabinetwork, etc. Hab., brush
forests, northern coast districts ; moderately plentiful. , Height, 80 to 100 feet ;
diameter, 2 to 3 feet.

Syncarpia leptopetala, Myrtacese (turpentine myrtle) : Timber hard, heavy, and dura-
ble; used for turnery, etc. Hab., gullies, northern coast districts; not plenti-
ful. Height, 50 to 60 feet; diameter, 24 inches.

Syncarpia laurifolia (turpentine): Timber hard, heavy, strong, and durable; used
extensively for piles; used also for posts, shipbuilding, sleepers, and general
building purposes; a difficult wood to burn, and very durable underground.
Hab., in gullies, northern and southern coast districts, and Blue Mountains;
plentiful. Height, 100 to 150 feet; diameter, 36 to 60 inches.

Stenocarpus salignus, Proteaceae (red silky oak, beefwood) : Timber highly appreci-
ated and now scarce; used for making furniture, picture frames, walking sticks,
veneers, and the finer kinds of coopers' work. Color, red-brown, and somewhat
mottled; somewhat hard in texture, but easily worked. Hab., northern coast
districts and Illawarra, New South Wales. Height, 30 to 50 feet; diameter, 18 to
24 inches.

Tristania conferta, Myrtacete (brush box): Timber hard and durable, heavy, and
close grained; used for bridge and housebuilding, shipbuilding, plow beams,
wheelwrights' work, etc., and largely planted for shade purposes in towns.
Hab., open forest ridges, northern coast districts. Height, 80 to 120 feet; diam-
eter, 36 to 60 inches. Plentiful.

Tristania suaveolens, Myrtaceae (broad-leaved water gum): Timber remarkably
strong, elastic, tough, close grained, and durable; used for mallets, tool handles,
cogs for wheels, posts, etc. Hab., open and brush forests, northern coast dis-
tricts; moderately plentiful. Height, 60 to 80 feet; diameter, 1£ to 2 feet.

Tarrietia argyrodendron, Sterculiaceas (ironwood) : Timber white, close grained,
hard, and durable ; used for building purposes and staves. Hab., brush forests,
northern coast districts; plentiful. Height, 80 to 100 feet; diameter, 3 to 4
feet.

Vitex lignum- vitae, Verbenaceae (lignum-vitae, or white beech) : Timber valuable
and useful, durable, close grained, and does not shrink in drying, much used for
decks of vessels and veranda floors; suitable for turnery and cabinetwork,

126 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Hab., brash forests, northern coast districts; not plentiful. Height, 70 to 80
feet; diameter, 24 inches.

Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum, Rutacero (satin wood, a yellow wood): Timber
bright, soft, silky, close grained, easily wrought; used for cabinetwork, etc.
Hab., brush forests, northern coast districts, New South Wales; not plentiful.
Height 40 to 50 feet; diameter, 10 to 15 inches.

Castanospermum australe, Leguminosse (black bean, or Moreton Bay chestnut):
Timber resembles walnut wood; is dark colored, handsome, close grained, and
durable ; used for cabinetwork ; is coming into more general use than formerly,
as its qualities are better known ; a valuable timber and shade tree, and very
ornamental ; stock-owners destroy this tree, owing to their cattle being poisoned
by eating its seeds; the seeds are soaked in water, roasted, and eaten by the
aborigines. Hab., brush forests, northern coast districts; moderately plentiful,
height, 120 to 130 feet; diameter, 4 to 5 feet.

Dysoxylon Fraserianum, Meliacea? (rosewood) : Timber resembles red cedar. It is
beautifully marked, and suitable for cabinetwork, etc.; fragrant. Hab.,
northern coast districts. Height, 80 to 100 feet ; diameter, 2 to 3 feet.

Dysoxylon Muelleri, Meliaceaa (red bean) : Timber red, easily wrought, and durable ;
used for cabinet-work, cigar boxes, interior fittings, etc. When fresh cut it
emits an odor similar to that of a Swedish turnip. Hab., brush forests,
northern coast districts ; not plentiful. Height, 100 to 120 feet ; diameter, 3 to
4 feet.

Eucalyptus rostrata, Myrtacea3 (red gum): Timber strong, hard, heavy, close
grained, and durable; almost impervious to white ants and teredo; used for ship
and boat building; piles, flooring boards, weather boards, planking, railway
sleepers, bridges, wharves, and building purposes generally ; one of the best and
most valuable hardwoods. Hab., open forests, chiefly on river banks; and rich
alluvial flats subject to inundation ; Murray and Edwards rivers, and most of the
rivers of the interior; plentiful. Height, 100 to 200 feet; diameter, 3 to 5 feet.

Elseocarpus grandis, Tiliaceae (mountain ash): Timber, white, tough, soft, close
grained, and easily wrought; used for building purposes, etc. Hab., brush
forests, northern coast districts; moderately plentiful. Height, 100 to 150 feet;
diameter, 4 to 5 feet.

Gmelina Leichhardtii, Verbenaceae (beech) : Timber strong, durable, and easily
worked ; prized for decks of vessels, flooring of verandas, etc. ; light-colored, and
useful for turning and furniture-making ; one of the most useful of our timbers.
Hab., brush forests, northern and southern coast districts; not very plentiful.
Height, 120 to 150 feet; diameter, 36 to 60 inches.

Owenia cepiodora (onion wood): Timber valuable for cabinetwork; of a red color
and prettily marked, sometimes very handsome ; is durable; when freshly cut
it emits a peculiar odor. Hab., brush forests, northern coast districts ; not plen-
tiful. Height, 100 to 124 feet; diameter, 3 to 4 feet.

Rhus rhodanthema, AnacardiaceaB (yellow cedar) : Timber close grained and dur-
able; takes a good polish ; suitable for carving, turning, cabinet and fancy work.
Hab., brush forests, northern xsoast districts ; not plentiful. Height, 50 to 60
feet; diameter, 2 to 3 feet.

Of course there are many other timbers in New South Wales, but
believing it is the design of the Government to have reports cover only
the space necessary for information which is of practical use, I selected
those varieties now having commercial value.

Besides the above native woods, there are large quantities of pine,
fir, cedar, and redwood consumed in this and other Australian colonies,
though, owing to the prevailing dullness and the large stocks on hand,
the demand is very light.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

127

LUMBER MOST USED.

For uses requiring long and strong timbers, say for scaffolding, joists,
rafters, and the like, especially where uniform strength is needed with-
out too great weight, " Oregon pine," or what is known in the Pacific
States as " fir," is most highly prized and most extensively used. It
comes chiefly from Washington and Oregon, and in the rough state.

Eedwood is a favorite timber for inside work, as it works so much
more easily than the native woods and finishes as finely. It is imported
in the rough and dressed at the local mills.

As a rule the native woods of Australia are very hard and heavy.
While many of them take a very fine polish and can be richly finished,
they are hard to work and to handle. Ironbark stands first on Lloyd's
estimate as a shipbuilding timber.

For flooring the Kauri pine of New Zealand, of which there are con-
siderable forests, is regarded as very good, and is much in use, though it
is inferior to the fir of the Pacific States when the latter is sawed with
proper regard to the grain. The Kauri pine has little strength, as
there seems to be a lack of continuity of fiber, and it is certainly less
durable than fir.

There are complaints that the Oregon pine (fir) flooring, when worn
sometime, splinters or scales up, but that comes from its being sawed
without proper regard to grain. The Australians want the best of
everything, and I feel confident that the long, clear flooring of the
Pacific Northwest fir, sawed properly and dressed to, say 4 inches
in width, would take the market — when there is one.

For cabinetwork, carriages, carts, vehicles, and most machinery
the strong and heavy native woods are chiefly used, while for cooperage
the timbers of New Zealand and Tasmania are preferred.

IMPORTATION OF LUMBER.

The importations of 1893 were 8,118,925 superficial feet of dressed
lumber, valued at $271,036, and the importations were distributed as
follows :

Whence imported.

Quantity.

Value.

Whence imported.

Quantity.

Value.

Sup. feet.
1, 169, 123

£6 728

Sup. feet.
2.850

£131

743 674

7 522

3 180 969

14, 320

Queensland ..............

11 285

146

Sweden

1, 216, 590

9,430

South Australia

541 977

6 222

United States .*

1 055 6J7

9,197

New Zealand

166 838

1 404

Canadian Dominion.......

100, 000

*600

Total

8, 118, 925

55,700

Of rough or undressed lumber (all of what we in the United States
call "lumber " is here called " timber," and it is reckoned by the hundred
superficial feet instead of by the thousand) there was imported in the

128

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

same year 59,543,868 feet, valued at $1,720,396, and the importations
were distributed as follows :

Whence imported.

Quantity.

Value.

Whence imported.

Quantity.

Value.

Sup. feet.
431 248

£3 027

I>rnzil

Sup. feet.
2 219

£10

Victoria

3 812 164

14 676

China

47 522

450

708 334

5 907

840

10

South Australia

19 224 569

149 915

japan

64, 700

495

925 959

7,017

3,344

21

11 810 760

51 836

Norway -••

938 189

5 538

2 614 305

9 700

South Sea islands

10 706

149

Fiji

12, 135

15

United States

19,921,796

107, 493

984

3

3 000

g

Total

59 543 868

357 048

Borneo

11, 094

117

Upon careful inquiry I find that a great portion of the timber for
which South Australia has the credit, in the tables of importations, is
really from Oregon and Washington, and taken to the Broken Hill
mines in New South Wales through South Australia, entered at Ade-
laide or Fort Price.

DUTY.

There is an import duty of 3s. per 100 superficial feet, or about $7.20
per 1,000 on dressed lumber, and $3.60 per 1,000 on rough lumber.
This duty does not apply to ash, hickory, oak, sycamore, or sandal
wood, when undressed. On palings the duty is Is. per 100; laths, 9rf.
per 1,000; shingles, Is. per 1,000; pickets, Is. per 100 feet, superficially
dressed; doors, sashes, and shutters, 2s. each.

PRICES.

At present (March, 1894) times are dull, consumption is very light,
the stocks on hand are large, and prices are low. u Oregon pine,"
which means the Puget Sound, or Oregon, fir. is worth but 8s. per 100,
or say $20 per 1,000 in the local market, by cargo. Freights are now
very low, but 27s. 6d., or $6.87 per 1,000, and with a duty of $3.60 per
1,000, it leaves but $9.53 per 1,000 for the purchase of the lumber, and
the profit, insurance, commission, etc. This is a poor outlook for our
Pacific slope lumber trade in Australia.

Eedwood is worth about 12s. per 100, or about $30 per 1,000, rough,
and the demand is light.

lied wood shingles are worth from 65 to 75 cents per 100, with small
and rather decreasing demand.

The native hard woods are worth from $24 to $36 per 1,000, accord-
ing to kind and quality. This is about the price of imported hard
woods also, though good hickory is higher in small quantities.

It may be well here to remark that the prices above given for " Ore-
gon pine," $20 per 1,000, is low, but it is the price (given me by a custom
house officer and an American shipmaster) received for a cargo just
from Port Blakely, on Puget Sound. I incline to think this price

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

129

very low, possibly the lowest reached but no lower than given me by
local dealers.

CLIMATE.

Sydney is situated in latitude 33° 51' south and longitude 151° 13'
east. It is well known by all observers that the climate in the south
temperate zone is more equable and salubrious than in like latitudes
in the northern hemisphere, and while, owing to local causes, there are
great differences in the humidity of districts not widely separated,
there is a remarkable evenness of temperature ranging through the
seasons.

I think the following table taken from "The Year Book of Austral-
asia'7 for 1893 answers the question in a most concise form:

Climate of New South Wales during the year 1892.

[Contributed by H. C. Russell, esq., B. A., o. M. o., F. B. s., v. B. M. s., etc., government astronomer for

New South Wales.]

Stations.

Latitude, south.

Longitude, east.

Altitude.

Barometer at 32° and mean
sea level.

Temperature.

Mean 9 a. m. Cloud.

Prevailing wind.

Eainfall.

1
1
.9

1

,3

.3

II

.3

H
ll

I1

i

"3

i

i

H

?
1

II

+ 0

jii

0 1

36.6
30.32
33.24
30.3
35.12
36.12
35.32
32.18
37.0
33.27
34.45

34 3C
29.48
35. 52
32.47
33.36
32.35
32.55
33.18
31.25
33.51
35.8
30.2
29 35

0 /

147.0
151. 38
149. 37
145.58
150. 45
149.9
145.2
148. 33
149. 59
148.5
149. 45
152. 56
444. 56
151.10
148. 32
151. 35
150. 15
149. 35
151.50
149.9
152. 54
151. 13
147. 24
148. 10
150.37

572
3,278
2, 200
349
175
2,637
320
863
107
808
2,129
27
305
1,953
4,640
98
3,490
1,500
34
2,891
49
146
615
522
1,106

30. 039
30. 047
30. 070
30. 055
30.075
30. 038
30. 108
30. 092
29. 941
30. 068
30. 035

60.8
56.5
56.1
70.0
61.3
53.3
61.6
63.4
59.7
62.5
56.7
68 9

74.6

74.8
78.7
69.3
73.6
75.8
73.1
71.4
83.1
75.7
76.8

93.0
82.6
89.5
107.7
75.3
83.9
97.7
94.8
75.3
95.2
84.8
91.6
95.3
85.4
71.5
86.3
76.5
92.1
78.7
81.5
80.0
78.3
99.0
98.8
89.7
89.9
101.9
80.1

35.1
32.3
26.6
38.1
46.4
27.3
31.3
34.5
44.6
36.2
32.9
44.8
i36.5
36.6
22.8
33.9
34.9
36.0
47.1
35.4
44.0
46.5
31.1
40.0
33.7
32.3
32.2
43.9

24.9
23.7
28.9
29.5
13.7
25.7
32.7
27.4
14.9
24.6
23.1
24.2
27.0
20.3
19.5
25.7
17.9
24.9
12.5
17.5
17.2
12.4
32.1
24.8
26.6
27.2
33.7
19.1

4.6
4.9
4.5
2.1
6.0
6.6
3.5
2.7
5.S
1.3
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.9
4.9
4.1
5.7
4.4
4.9
4.2
4.2
5.3
3.8
2.4
3.3
3.8
2.6
4.1

E.
W.

SW.
NE.
SE.
NW.
SW.
E.
SW.
NW.
W.
SE.
S.
S.
NW.
SE.
W.
W.

s.

NE.
SW.
NE.
E.

N.
NW.
NNE.
S.
SW.

Inches.
29. 530
44.930
31. 290
8.150
57. 580
23. 760
16. 910
28. 600
41. 680
25. 240
25. 680
52. 840
15. 550
42. 420
56. 990
53. 690
49. 700
34. 250
71. 790
42. 270
80. 870
69. 256
20. 910
14. 490
37. 460
12. 910
7.890
58. 33U

103
116
117
37
128
112
75
90
127
86
89
111
81
99
159
126
132
87
215
121
0
189
88
64
79
66
37
120

+3
+40
+30
-53
+10

ts
ts

+18

^

+35
—12
+56
+33
+27
+49
+9
+27
+37
—10
—30
+28
+7
—32
—36

Armidale . .

Bathurst

Bourke

Cape St. George.

Deniliquin

Dubbo

Eden

Forbes

Goulburn

Hay

30. 020
30. 034
30. 067

63.7
60.8
45.3
59 4

73.4
72.9
74.9

Inverell........

Maitland

Mount Victoria.
Mudgee
Newcastle
Orange
Port Macquarie.
Sydney

29. 958
"3*6." 049

'30." 027
30. 053
30. Ill
30. 079

53.2
63.7
63.6
55.8
63.4
62.5
61.7
68.5
61.6
60.9
64.4
61.9

75.0
79.0
72.0

"84."6
78.1
74.0
67.0
73.0
73.0
56.0
71.0

Wagga Wagga .
"Walgett

"Warialda

Wentworth
"Wilcannia
Wollongong

34.8
31.31
34.25

142.0
143. 23
150. 56

144
246
67

30. 159
30.044
30. 040

GENERAL BUILDING.

There is very little building of any kind now going on in New South
Wales. In the rural districts there is little imported lumber used, even

665A 9

130 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

in prosperous times3 as local mills furnish native timber cheaper than
the imported article can be procured.

For fencing, the material is prepared by splitting the free grained
gums; for building, either brick or native wood is used; while for roof-
ing, corrugated iron is now chiefly preferred. This material is much
cheaper than slate, considerable cheaper than shingles, and with the
convenience with which it is placed, as well as transported, it is rap-
idly becoming the roofing material of the country . Even in the cities,
many fine buildings are roofed with it, and nearly all the porches, veran-
das, barns, and outhouses are covered with this not unattractive and
very suitable material.

There are practically no buildings going up in the cities of Australia
anywhere, nor can there be in the near future. I am informed that in
Melbourne there are 20,000 empty houses waiting tenants, and surely
of the 83,000 dwellings in Sydney there are a few thousand beyond the
necessities of the population. Most of the timber used in the mines is
from the native forests, though in former days there was considerable
Oregon pine used at Newcastle and Broken Hill. The demand at
Broken Hill still continues, as I am informed that several vessels dur-
ing the last few months arrived at South Australia with lumber from
the Pacific coast for these mines.

There is no shipbuilding proper in New South Wales, but for the
numerous small craft extensively constructed here, the long, strong,
and clear timbers from the Oregon pine are most available and consid-
erably used.

There is very little railroad building going on in this colony, and the
timbers used are wholly native. There are probably nowhere timbers
so durable or suitable for railroad ties, called here sleepers, or for
bridge building, as the local native woods. So me of these timbers have
many merits ; not only are they very strong and very durable, but some
varieties, notably iron bark, are almost fireproof.

For car-building purposes the native woods are well adapted. They
finish very smoothly, are strong, and take a fine polish.

TRADE OUTLOOK.

As to how we may increase our lumber trade with Australia, I would
first remark that there is little hope of increase until a revival of busi-
ness.

However, I would suggest that it is in our power to secure a greater
portion of the existing trade by beating our competitors in quality.
While laying no claim to special knowledge on that point, I have care-
fully examined the lumber from many of our States and from many
countries, and I feel quite confident that the Oregon pine (fir), carefully
selected from the forests of western Washington or Oregon and sawed
with judgment, will furnish a class of lumber which for clearness,

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 131

strength, and soundness is very far superior to any of the soft woods
that come from Norway or New Zealand. The dealers and consumers
here are good judges, and they want the best there is. With them it is
cold business.

Then it seems to me that owing to the hardness and great weight of
native woods here, our light, tasteless, and odorless spruce should be
used exclusively for fruit-packing purposes, whether the package be
a crate, a box, or a barrel. Considering lightness, neatness in color,
tastelessness, and all the qualities necessary for packages for eatables,
1 believe the Pacific slope spruce much superior to any other material
available for this market.

There is another suggestion I venture to make regarding a possible
increased lumber trade in these colonies, and that is a reciprocal
exchange of timbers or remission of duties. Our merchantable tim-
bers are soft; theirs are hard. Ours are suitable for cottages, build-
ings, floorings, scaffoldings, joists, shipbuilding, etc., while theirs are
superior for pavements, furniture, tine implements, etc. Sydney is
better paved than any American city, save Washington. It is almost
entirely paved with wooden blocks. A careful test of many years has
been made. Experiments with different woods, as well as various
metal and stone cubes, on the chief streets where there is the heaviest
and most continued traffic, have been made, and the wood pavement has
proved its great superiority.

It seems that turpentine, black butt, mahogany, and tallowwood
have proved the better woods for the purpose. As compared with
blue-stone cubes, the stone wears at the rate of 1 inch per year, and
the better woods but one-twelfth of an inch. Besides being much more
durable, they are less noisy, less destructive to vehicles, easier on
horses, and in every way more desirable.

Add to this the fact that they are also cheaper, and that a wood
pavement makes a drive superior to asphalt, and why should our people
not enjoy this luxury? There may be climatic objections in many
American cities, but there certainly are not any on the Pacific coast.

Considering population, the people of New South Wales are the
greatest commercial people on earth. They believe in trade. They are
anxious for a market for every merchantable product of the country.
I believe if our people would open up a market for the hard woods of
this country, if they would experiment with and finally use this New
South Wales paving material, which I believe to be the best in the
world in suitable climates, it would result in reciprocal trade and give
our lumber dealers the market of this country.

There are two other suggestions that I desire to make relative to our
trade with Australasia, a little outside of the circular instructions, but I
think not so foreign to the subject as to subject me to criticism, and
one is that our people should be not only very careful in the shipment
of all articles for this market, but they should be sure that every article

132 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

is as good as represented and fully equal to the sample. A few
unscrupulous or careless dealers have aroused a feeling of suspicion
against our countrymen, so there is a little prejudice to overcome and
our competitors are not slow in using the ad vantage given them. The
merchants of England claim these markets as their right, and the
national pride, if not prejudice, of these people predisposes them to
favor their own countrymen, while France and Germany are striving, by
subsidies and low prices, to increase their trade here, so that Americans
are compelled to rely upon the merits of their wares and the enterprise
of their agencies.

But what is more needed to extend our trade than anything else,
other things being equal, is that our strong exporting firms, mer-
chants, manufacturers, etc., should establish agencies in this country,
witTi active, wide-awake, honest, enterprising, Americans in charge, to
handle and display American goods and keep American ideas, wares,
enterprise, and inventions constantly before the people.

In transportation we have the advantage over any other country,
and our people should have, and will have when they deserve it, 40 per
cent of the trade of Australasia, instead of 3 per cent as now.

GEO. W. BELL,

Consul.

SYDNEY, March 27, 1894.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

NATIVE WOODS.

Apart from other characteristics, the trees of South Australia are
not as tall as those which are found on the northeast and west of this
territory. The eucalypti do not exceed 100 feet to 120 feet in height.
Among the twenty species of eucalypti which appear in the extra-
tropical parts of south Australia there are only a few varieties which
;ire held in special estimation.

They are commonly called red, white, and blue gum, stringy bark, and
peppermint. These are used for various purposes, such as building,
rough carpentry, wheelwright's work, and for fuel. The red gum (Euca-
lyptus rostrata) is very hard and solid, weighing about 62 pounds to
the cubic foot, and when properly seasoned is impervious to the white
ant; it is, however, most difficult to work up. The stringy bark (Et
obliqua) has its habitat principally on the hills. It sheds its bark in
long fibrous strings, which loosen and droop down as they become
detached by the newly-formed bark underneath. This process gives
to the trunks of the trees a ragged, untidy appearance. The stringy

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 133

1 ark grows so straight that the young trees are much used for scaffold
polos, spars, etc., in which length, strength, toughness, and straight,
ness are required. The wood of these trees makes excellent palings
and shingles because it splits evenly and readily. It is also used largely
for fencing rails and sometimes posts, but it soon perishes in the
ground, and the white ant destroys it rapidly. As fuel it is not good.
When dry it burns away fiercely; when green or damp it can with dif-
ficulty be got to burn at all, unless mixed with other more combustible
wood. The blue gum (E. dumosa) is valuable for all sorts of work, and
for fuel as well. The white gum (E. viminalis) is generally inferior in
durability; it does not resist white ants, and when green or damp it is
worse even than stringy bark as fuel. The peppermint (E. odorata) is
a hard wood, useful for ordinary purposes, and very serviceable as fuel.

The red gum is widely distributed. It is never far distant from water,
and its stately branches are almost invariably noticeable on the margin
of creeks and water courses in the north.

All eucalypti, indeed most Australian trees, are remarkable for their
naked appearance. The boughs in their gray outlines are always dis-
tinctly traceable through the foliage, which is smooth and shiny. From
a distance the leaves scarcely seem to depend from the boughs. The
trees for their size throw little shade, and the thick branches of some
varieties often drop off suddenly on a perfectly calm, hot day, to the
certain destruction of anything that may happen to be beneath. These
trees give a special monotony to the scenery of South Australia.

The wood of the acacia is useful only for cabinet work, but the
blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) has better qualities for purposes of
that nature. This tree, however, is common in the southeast, while it
is rare near Adelaide. It is more common still on the eastern side of
the border. Another species of acacia, the wattle of the colonists (A.
pycnantha), at one time neglected, but now largely cultivated, is valu-
able for the gum which freely exudes from it. Its bark, bought in
England as mimosa bark, is one of the best of the kinds used for tan-
ning purposes. There are other kinds of acacia which are also valua-
ble for tanning, but none are equal to the wattle.

The she-oak (Casurina stricta] is remarkable in appearance. Its
fronds do not shape as ordinary leaves; they appear as continuations
of the branches. It never reaches any. great height, and is almost
funereal in aspect. The wind rushing or sighing through these trees
causes a mournful whistling or wailing sound, according to its force.
All kinds of cattle eat the fronds greedily. The wood is tough and
splits tolerably even. It makes excellent spokes for wheels, handles
for hammers, etc., and is used also for turning work and in cabinet-
making. As fuel it is excellent.

The tea trees (Melaleuca and Leptospermum) mostly inhabit low damp
situations, and are to some extent valuable because of the durable
nature of their wood when used underground, or perhaps in water. It

134 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

is close-grained and hard, and when dry heavy. It is generally sound
at the heart. The wood of the native pines of this province (Frenela
robusta and F. rhomboidea) are not durable, and are little used except
for fences or for fuel. The Banksia marginata, or honeysuckle, is occa-
sionally used for cabinet work, and the Myoporum acuminatum,
although soft, is tough, and forms excellent knees for boats.

The late Dr. Schomburgk, director of the botanic garden, Adelaide,
from whose writings the foregoing account has been mainly derived,
remarks upon the absence of native edible fruits, " of which there are
Qone deserving the name except a few berry-bearing shrubs belonging
to the orders Epacridce and Santalaccce, Astroloma and Leucopogon,
the principal species of which, the native currant of the colonists
(Astroloma humtfusum} and the so-called native peach, with a succulent
per/ carp and a hard, bony, much pitted endocarp (the quondong), are
all 3outh Australia can boast of. There is also a deficiency in eatable
root-bearing plants." There is one of which little notice has been
taken — the muntree. It grows along the ground, and produces a berry
of a size somewhat smaller than that of the ordinary Barcelona nut.
The smell and taste are strong, and like that of an apple. It may be
found on the banks of the Inman and Hindmarsh rivers, on Yorkes
Peninsula, and in many other spots where sandy soil and moisture
exist. The shoot withers rapidly when separated from the parent plant.

One peculiarity of the eucalypti has not been noticed, and that is their
extraordinary vitality. As long as a strip of bark is continuous from the
ground up to the branches, the tree lives. Thus trees many feet in
diameter at and above the bole, hollowed out by the ravages of insects
or by fire, leaving cavities large enough to shelter several persons, live
and put forth their leaves as if nothing had ever occurred to inter-
fere with their growth. Dr. Schomburgk, however, points out that
when eucalypti trees die they begin to die from the topmost branches.
The leaves fall off, and nothing but dry twigs and sticks are left until the
end comes. The gum trees of all kinds are subject not only to the
attacks of insects which destroy them, but to the visitation of a vegeta
ble parasite called the mistletoe. It attaches itself to the branches and
hangs down in long pendulous vitiform bunches, and is not unlike the
mistletoe of the oak. When it attacks a tree the death of that tree is
only a question of time.

The sandalwood tree, which grows in abundance on Yorkes Penin-
sula, is short, but produces solid and strong wood. When freshly cut
down it has an agreeable odor, which lasts for a long time, but becoming
more and more faint as the trunk dries. It is useful for many purposes.
It also does duty as firewood. Those who have read in Eastern tales
about chambers being scented with burning sandalwood, and imagine
that a perfume of a pleasant nature must be the result, would be com-
pletely disillusioned by the combustion of our sandalwood. This wood
is known even in China as a deadly foe to mosquitoes. This is not SOT-

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 135

prising, for anyone who has had the good or ill fortune to camp by a
sandal wood fire in the bush will give his clear testimony to the fact that
the smell of the burning wood is bad. It is not too much to say that it
verges on the insufferable. Some specimens of the timber have been
sent to England, and some were forwarded to the Paris Exhibition in
1871, but they have not attracted attention.

After noticing the general features of the flora of South Australia
the author above referred to says :

Notwithstanding the little apparent difference in the formation of its surface, soil,
and climate, the flora of South Australia introduces itself to the observer in its
geographical extension by special and peculiar forms of plants in regions. These
are the forest land, scrub land, grass land, and the intra- tropical regions.

The region of the forest land in South Australia occupies most of the mountain
districts, and extends along thej>ase of the mountain chains. The forests have not
the fullness and lofty growth of those of other countries. The underwood is of
medium size, more open and less difficult to penetrate. The forests are of less
extent, and are intercepted by tracts of grass land. The eucalypti are the most pre-
dominant forest trees ; the stringy bark often forms whole forests in some mountain
districts, but is seldom seen on the plains.

The trees of the forests do not appear crowded, and seldom do the branches of a
tree reach those of a neighboring tree. The declivities of the mountain ranges are
for the most part similarly timbered, the trees sometimes extending to the summits ;
often only one-half or two- thirds of the remaining part being grassed, with here and
there copses of low shrubs, and stunted and much ramified trees. Often the whole
declivities are grassed without even a shrub or tree.

Another feature of the table-land in the hill districts is the appearance of occa-
sional hills clothed only with a covering of tussocky grasses, amongst fragments of
ironstone quartz and sand, destitute of all other vegetation, except small scattered
trees of the Causarina stricla, C. glauca, and the peppermint (Eucalyptus odorata).

The level table-land is generally covered with grass, but is deficient in shrubs.
Here scattered are to be seen the most stately and majestic specimens of eucalyptus.
Such table-lands have a park-like appearance, and the trees standing seemingly at
measured distances, single or in small clumps, as if planted by a landscape gar-
dener. The soil of these table-lands is, generally speaking, very rich and produces
abundant crops of cereals. The underwood of the forests is most represented by the
following genera: Correct, Alyxia, Prostranthera, Grevillea, HaTcea, Isopogon, Exocar-
pus, Acacia, JBanksia, Cassia, Calythrix, Pomaderris, Leucopogon, Leptospermum,
Daviesia, Dillwynia, Eutaxia, Platylobium, Puitenaea, and shrubby eucalyptus.

"The beautiful genus Epacris, which is only represented in South Australia by
one species (E. impressa,) frequently covers whole mountain ridges and declivities:
when in bloom the different shades of color of its flowers produce an effect not
readily described.

Among the most useful of the public institutions in South Australia
is the woods and forest department. It was established about four-
teen years ago, and was then called the forest board. Its organiza-
tion, however, was not very successful, and its functions were trans-
ferred to an officer as head of a department under ministerial control.
The change has proved to be beneficial, and forest planting in South
Australia has been attended with the greatest success.

For forest purposes the colony has been divided into 4 districts,
the northern containing 9 forests, covering 121,979 acres, the central dis-

136 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

trict includes 8 forests, 'containing 21,647 acres, the western district
has 10 forests, spread over 16,269 acres, and the southern district has
10 forests, with an area of 55,474 acres; altogether 215,369 acres. The
total area under operations in 1892 was 10,185 acres.

Young trees raised in the plantations are freely distributed, 372,1^2
having been spread over the colony in this way in 1890-791, and
322,383 in 1891-' 92. At the present time there are close upon a mil-
lion of young trees available for distribution. The actual expenditure
of the department for the fourteen years ending in June, 1892, was
£104,097, and the revenue derived from the sale of trees, posts, rail-
way sleepers, etc., amounted to £103,340. The small excess of £799
as expenditure over revenue during a term of sixteen years does not give
an indication of the value of the forests ' reserves and their contents.
Many thousands of posts for fencing purposes and sleepers for railway
construction have been supplied from the forest reserves, and the sup-
ply of available timber now growing in the forests is equal, without
further planting, to all the requirements which are likely to arise in
the colony for many years to come.

Many varieties of timber trees are grown in the plantations which
are suitable for purposes other than those of railway and fencing works.
Trees suitable for the manufacture of furniture and cabinet work of
different kinds are grown there in perfection. Among them may be
mentioned the American ash (Fraxinus Americana), which has suc-
ceeded beyond all expectation. Some of the trees were felled at the
early age of ten years, and the timber after drying, was made up into
various articles, such as buggy poles, tables, chairs, Indian clubs,
mallets for driving tent pegs, constables' staves, trapeze bars, wickets,
buggy naves, etc. Many of the samples were used for turnery, and in
every case the results were most satisfactory. The wood is reported
"to be unrivaled in toughness and adaptability for turning, as it
stands working to the very outside and to the smallest dimensions of
any timber without exhibiting any tendency to break off."

In 1891 "a consignment of the best American- grown ash was received
by Messrs. Marshall & Co., and their foreman, after comparing the
Australian -grown timber with it, unhesitatingly gave it as his opinion
that the Australian article was equal to the American or anything
received from any part of the world of the same kind of timber, being
a better color and tougher, and working up equal to satin wood, while
it never deadens from being polished, and always keeps its color."

The Pinus insignis has also been grown with the most satisfactory
results. It possesses the special merit of requiring less dressing with
the plane than any other deal, as a surface can be obtained much more
readily thereon. It takes a good polish, is very tough, and does not
split on exposure, which is a great advantage in connection with manu-
facturing purposes.

Mr. Gill, the conservator of forests, regards these results " as encour-

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

137

aging in the highest degree, giving, as they do, most satisfactory proof
of the progress already attained in the acclimatization of some valua-
ble exotic timbers, and also as indicating what may be expected in later
years when these timbers shall have been properly matured."

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The principal lumbers used are Oregon pine, which is preferred
because it is most suitable in every respect for building and for its
cheapness, and Jarrah and Tasmanian blue gum hard woods.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The amount of lumber imported is obtained from the latest statisti-
cal returns (1892), and the names of the countries areas follows:

Kinds and whence imported.

Quanti-
ties.

Value.

Kinds and whence imported.

Quanti-
ties.

Value.

Boards :
United Kingdom super.

Sleepers :
Victoria number. .

992

$250

209 500

$8,425

< 89 422

79 785

Victoria super, ft. .

183, 539

6,635

Western Australia, .do. . .

I 90,414

80, 035

New South Wales ... do ...
Western Australia .. do ...

17, 500
36, 600

1,270
1,170

Total do...

170, 828

160, 070

Tasmania do...
India ......... .do...

89, 500
800

1,445
25

Shingles:
Tasmania

16, 600

100

Canada do...
Russia do. . .
Norway and Sweden, do. . .

151,800
362, 400
4, 704, 200

4,870
13, 000
138, 370

Spars and quartering :
United Kingdom . loads. .
Victoria do...

125
217

1,760
3 225

Germany do...

100, 000

4,000

New South Wales . .do. . .

34

830

United States do. . .

3,785

35, 825

Western Australia, .do. . .

4,554

75, 175

Total do...

6, 028, 124

219, 085

New Zealand .do. . .
Tasmania do...

111
5,213

1,225
51, 135

Deals and battens :
United Kingdom.. loads*.
Victoria do...
New South Wales. ..do...
Western Australia .do...

254
71
2
1

5,640
1,100
30
15

India do...
Singapore do...
Canada do. . .

Norway and Sweden. do. . .
United'States do ...

9
34

443
9
6,337

125
590
2,505
135
92, 130

Queensland do. . .

15

525

Total

17, 086

228, 835

Tasmania do ...

New Zealand do...

1,046
1,124

8,420
16, 500

Spokes, in the rough :
Victoria number.

50

5

India do...
Singapore do...
Canada do...

31
25

8,062

460
250
81, 690

New South Wales . .do. . .
Tasmania do. . .

48, 193
1,300

2,380
30

Russia do...

990

16, 500

Total

49, 543

2,415

Norwayand Sweden .do. ..
Germany do...

10, 822
8

155, 935
115

Staves, in the rough :t

4 818

3 520

United States do. . .

3,785

46, 660

Victoria

21, 228

550

New South Wales

3,000

90

Total do...

26, 236

333, 840

Tasmania

89, 388

1,970

Laths:
New South Wales num-

United States

21, 161
40. 806

580
6,175

ber

2,000

15

Total

180, 401

12, 885

Tasmania number. .
Canada do
United States do....

152, 400
408, 000
222,750

375
645
675

All other lumber:
United Kingdom . .loads. .
Victoria do. . .

""333"

10
6,215

Total do...

785, 150

1,710

New South Wales.. do...
Western Australia, .do. . .

838
3,345

21, 420

59, 870

Palinga :
Victoria number

25 200

760

Queensland do...
New Zealand do. . .

377
1,015

9,395
14, 685

Western Australia, .do. . .
Tasmania do...

102, 800
659, 140

2,830
17,850

Tasmania do...

1,475
4
3 542

21, 870
40
21 235

Canada do...
United States do...

56, 400
30, 300

685
410

Germany do...
United States do. . .

30,429

40
458, 830

Total do...

873, 840

22, 535

Total

41, 359

613, 410

*The load equals 50 cubic feet of square timber; 40 cubic feet of unhewn timber; and 600 superficial
feet of 1-inch planks,
t No qualification of quantities given.

138 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Imports of lumber — Continued.

Kinds and whence imported.

Quanti-
ties.

Value.

Kinds and whence imported.

Qsr'-

Value.

Wood en ware:

$9 260

Wooden \<rare — Continued.
flon"rkon°r

$35

Victoria

10, 190

15

Uew South Wales

2 810

Belgium ..

130

995

145

151

Germany

1 295

1,301

United States

45,300

40

India

45

Total

71,717

Ceylon

5

Grand total

1,666 602

DUTY AND PRICES.

The duty on lumber entering South Australia, following the order in
the foregoing import table, is as follows: Boards, 36 cents per 100
superficial feet; deals and battens, 60 cents per load; laths, 24 cents
per 1,000; palings, 12 cents per 100; sleepers, free; shingles, 12 cents
per 1,000; spars and quartermgs, 60 cents per load; spokes, in the
rough, free; staves, in the rough, free; all other, free; wooden ware, 25
per cent.

The wholesale prices of lumber at Fort Adelaide are as follows:

Shelving per 100 superficial feet.. $6.36

Oregon pine per cubic foot. . .24

Jarrah per 100 superficial feet. . 3.65

Stringybark do.... 2.43

Cedar logs 1 do.... 4.86

Huon pine logs do 4. 86

Kauri pine do 6. 36

Red pine do.... 6.36

Flooring boards :

IJinch do.... 2.19

4-inch do.... J.70

I inch do.... 1.58

i-inch do.... 1.21

Deals, 9" by 3" per foot.. .17

CLIMATE.

The climate of South Australia, although occasionally somewhat try
ing in the summer months, is unquestionably one of the most agreeable
and healthful in the world. It has been compared with that of the south
of Spain. Its skies have been justly described as surpassing those of
Italy. The purity and dryness of its atmosphere are quite equal to
similar climatic characteristics which prevail in the best portions of
Algeria. In fertility of soil it is not inferior to that of the most favored
districts in those sunny lands. The enormous territory which is
embraced within the limits of South Australia proper, having an area
of about 380,070 square miles, or 243,244,800 acres, naturally includes
considerable climatic differences. The climate on the hills and on the
highlands is temperate and genial, anil not marked by an excess of
cold during the winter months. On the plains the summer weather is

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 139

most felt, for, as the winter and spring rains cease, they become dry
and hot and unfavorable to the growth of many plants which belong
to cooler countries. On the hills almost all the fruits and vegetables
which grow in Europe and in the more temperate regions of Asia, as
well as many that are indigenous to Africa and America, thrive splen-
didiy. The productiveness of the colony depends to a very great
extent upon the rainfall, and that varies remarkably, not only in dif-
ferent localities but in different seasons. Thus the rainfall at Mount
Lofty, 8 miles south from Adelaide, in 1889, amounted to 67.010 inches;
in 1859 it was 32 inches. At Parallana, in the far north, in 1888, it was
1.710 inches, and in 1885 it had been 20.405. In some parts of the
north, such as Lake Frome, only 5 inches were recorded. The average
rainfall in the whole of the agricultural districts of south Australia,
from Melrose to Cape Northumberland, in 1890 was 20.646 inches, the
mean from previous years being 21.476. The highest total was in 1889,
when 30.874 inches were recorded at the Adelaide observatory; and
the lowest in 1876, when no more than 13.434 inches were noted at the
same place. It is somewhat strange that the heaviest rainfall known
in the colony should not have been followed by something approaching
to a corresponding increase in the harvest; yet, in 1863, with a rainfall
in Adelaide of less than 24 inches, the yield was nearly double that
which was secured in 1889, when the rainfall was nearly 31 inches.
This noticeable discrepancy, however, may be ascribed to causes not
altogether dependent on the actual quantity of rain that descends,
The time of the year at which the rains set in, their duration, the tem-
perature which immediately follows upon the rains when they continue
late and come down upon the verge of summer, and the early visita-
tion of north winds, which in the summer are hot, have their share in
influencing the quantity of the yield. Other circumstances, not
meteorological, have also their effect on the harvest.

The observations of the rainfall which occurs in the various parts of
the colony are recorded at 368 stations. At several of these the daily
range of the barometer and thermometer are noted, with all the partic-
ulars, which accurately describe the meteorological conditions of the
place. These are forwarded to the central station, where, under the
direction of C. Todd, esq., postmaster-general and government astron-
omer, they are collated, tabulated, and prepared for publication. By
means of the telegraph, which extends from Adelaide to the Indian
Ocean on the north, to Melbourne and Sydney on the east, almost to
the extreme north of Queensland on the northeast, and from Adelaide
to Northwest Cape in western Australia, the Government astronomer
is able to publish weather forecasts, which being generally reliable
are alike interesting and useful to the public, and are eagerly looked
for in the columns of the daily journals.

From this it will be seen that this colony (as well as the other colo-
nies whose meteorological records are collected and made up on the

140 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

same system) is in a position to furnish daily accounts of meteorologi-
cal phenomena which occur over most of the continent that can be
regarded as authentic. The record of the rainfall dates back as far as
1839, when it was commenced by the late Sir George Kingston, formerly
speaker of the house of assembly, and who kept it up till within a
very short period of his death, in 1880. The record at the observatory
was commenced in 1856, since when its operations have been gradually
extended all over the province, so that its meteorological arrangements
are as complete as it has been possible to make them.

The postmaster-general and astronomer to the colony published in
1876 a paper which gave interesting particulars of the climatic pecu-
liarities of south Australia, as well as a detailed account of the observ-
atory and its appliances. Since the publication of that memoir the
climate of the colony has not sensibly changed. There have been
irregularities in the seasons, or rather irregularities in the special
phenomena of those seasons, especially of late years, which should, if
duly weighed by those who are interested in the culture of the land,
whether as fruit-growers, vignerons, market gardeners, or producers
of grain, largely influence the horticulture and agriculture of the
future.

In the memoir on the climate which has been referred to Mr. Todd
says:

The observations at the observatory satisfactorily represent the climate of the
plains for some distance north and south of Adelaide, but in the Mount Lofty
ranges, close by, the citizens can in an hour or two find a much lower temperature,
and twenty minutes by, railway will carry them to the invigorating breezes of the
gulf; and, except when kept back by strong easterly and northerly winds, the sea
breeze sets in soon after 10 a. m. and sweeps across the plains, tempering the heat
during what would otherwise be the hottest hours of the day.

The hottest months in the year are December, January, and February, when the
temperature on the plains frequently exceeds 100 in the shade. November and March
are also hot; but the nights, especially in the former month, are cooler, and the heat
is seldom of long duration, rarely reaching 100 in the shade, and, coming in suddenly
with a strong hot wind, is followed quickly by a change to cool, or even cold,
weather. A few hot days occasionally occur in October ; but, even in the hottest
months, especially in December, the weather is often broken by cloudy cold inter-
vals, with strong southwest winds, veering gradually to south and southeast. This
state of things will continue for several days, during which the wind from the south-
east will usually freshen towards sunset, a bank of cloud forming over the Mount
Lofty ranges, with cold nights, the temperature falling rapidly after sunset. The
duration of these southeastern winds appears to depend upon the weather on the
eastern coast, and the presence of the bank of cloud on the ranges, and the persist-
ence and force of the wind, often indicate gales and rain on the coasts of New South
Wales and Queensland, although the weather here may be fine and clear overhead.
As the easterly wind moderates it gradually hauls to the north, and alternate land
(easterly) and sea (southwesterly) breezes set in with fine weather, getting warmer
and warmer, till another spell of extreme heat is experienced. The heat is some-
times followed by rain, especially in the earlier part of the season, setting in with
the surface and light wind at northeast, but the upper current northwest. This is
usually presaged by aggregations of cirro-cumuli, which close up and form a bank

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOltUIGN MARKETS. 141

with a hard sharply- defined outline, gradually spreading over the sky, the clouds at
the same time increasing in density as they change their character, with scud form-
ing heneath. The rain increases as the wind veers to the northwest, and often
extends over a large area to the north and is sometimes accompanied with heavy
thunder and lightning, usually terminating with a gale from the southwest. The
same thing occurs in the winter; but the wind at that season hangs longer about the
west, often backing to the northwest, with heavy rain and wind. These are usually
our heaviest and most widely diffused falls, the rains from the southwest seldom
extending far inland.

The summer may be regarded as extending from October to March. After that
month the temperature falls rapidly, very rarely reaching 90 in the shade. * * *
The weather during April and a great part of May is simply perfection, and the same
applies to most of the winter and till the end of October. Although corresponding
to the autumn or early winter of Europe it is virtually spring, when vegetation^
refreshed by the first rains after the drought of summer, bursts into fresh life, and
the whole surface of the land is clad with verdure. Heavy rains frequently fall in
May, and the greatest downfalls usually occur in that mouth. The coldest months
are June, July, and August, but the mean temperature is not very low. The cold is
sometimes much felt in the winter months, because of the contrast it emphasizes
between the summer weather and the genial temperature which prevails in other
portions of the year. Frosts occasionally occur on the plains, and frequently on the
hills. Ice, perhaps a quarter of an inch thick, is occasionally noticeable in shallow
surface pools, but this rarely if ever survives an hour's sunshine.- Snow has some-
times fallen at Mount Lofty and on other high summits in the ranges, and at other
times a few miles north of Kooringa, which is 1,560 feet above the level of the sea.
Snow is, however, quite phenomenal in south Australia, and the drift does not
remain on the ground for more than an hour or two, whenever it does occur.

In writing on the subject of the course of the seasons and weather
forecasts, late Sir George Kingston gave the following as the results of
his observations extending over forty years :

The heaviest rain throughout the year may be expected with a wind at about
northeast, the rain commencing to fall gently and the wind light, both gradually
increasing as the latter veers around to the north, and thence to the north west, when
the violence of both wind and rain has much increased. After this the wind may be
expected to draw around to the west, when the rain generally ceases, or at least
rarely falls except in heavy squalls and showers, and the weather clears up. The
time occupied by a continuous fall of rain, as thus described, rarely amounts to
twelve hours. The wind will, however, frequently hang at about west, with a few
points of variation to the south and north for some days, during which period rain
occurs in showers if to the south, and more steadily in proportion to the northing of
the wind. The heaviest rains, assuming a tropical character, may be expected after
a hot northeast wind drawing round to the northwest, at which point an inch of
rain and upwards has often fallen within the hour, accompanied with heavy thunder
and lightning; or, as in October, 1854, the rain is represented by tremendous hail-
storms, the hail assuming the form of flat pieces of ice.

As regards the use of the barometer in forming a judgment on the weather to be
expected, I have to observe that the barometer invariably begins to fall with a north-
east wind, continuing to fall as the wind increases in violence and draws round by
the north, northwest, and westerly, at or about which point it reaches its lowest
figure. The barometer generally begins to rise with the least southing in the wind.
Now, although a low barometer thus agress with the heaviest fall of rain, it is
impossible to draw certain conclusions from it as to probability of rain or otherwise
unless, indeed, when the wind is violent, as then, even with every appearance 01
heavy cloudy weather, rain rarely occurs. Calm, murky weather, accompanied by

142 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

a low state of the barometer, is the most favorable indication of rain. I have fre
quently seen the barometer at its lowest point (as observed by me), 29.3, blowing
hard, and accompanied by cloudy weather, when no rain has fallen; on the other
hand, I have known some of the steadiest and most copious rains to occur with the
barometer at 30.2 and falling, the wind light or nearly calm.

I may add that generally during fine weather a land and sea-breeze alternates
during the twenty-four hours. After sunset the wind generally blows from about
southeast to east, dying away about daylight, and a light southwest wind springs
up about 9 a. m., but, failing to do so, the land wind towards morning draws round
from east to northeast by north to northwest, and west towards the af ernoou;
and should it hang to the north of east, with a falling barometer, it is a certain pre-
cursor of a hot wind.

It may not be uninteresting to add here that, when Sydney was visited by tre-
mendous storms and floods from the 19th to the end of July, 1860, the weather here
was then usually fine for the time of the year; the barometer was, during all that
time, above 30 inches and very steady, oscillating slightly each day, its whole range
not exceeding 0.2; the wind was very light, from southeast to northeast and
northwest. I did not record a drop of rain all that time, an unprecedented event
at that period of the year.

The winds, according to Mr. Todd, during the summer tend generally on all sides
to the heated interior, which may be roughly described as a vast plain broken by a
few ranges, none of which are of any great size or magnitude; on the south coast,
the wind being southeast and south varied by occasional southwest gales following
a hot wind from the northeast and north, whilst further north and round the north
coast, the northwest monsoon for some months before and after the summer solstice
presses down south with varying force, often making itself felt as far south as the
Macdonnell ranges an the southern edge of the tropics in the center of the continent.
North of the Macdonnell ranges the winds during the summer season are variable,
southeast and northwest winds alternating with calms, and heavy electrical
storms with rain prevail with increasing intensity northwards to the coast. South
of the Macdonnell ranges southeast winds prevail during the greater part of the
year, but in the summer they are often influenced by the northwest tropical current,
and then veering to the northeast and north will sweep over south Australia as a
hot wind, the birthplace of which seems to be, speaking approximately, somewhere
about latitude 26. Our experience of the climate of the interior of Australia is as
yet but limited, but the stations on the great overland telegraph now furnish accu-
rate daily reports of the weather, direction of upper currents, and rainfall. These
reports show that the prevailing wind, except during the middle of summer, is south-
east.

In connection with Sir George Kingston's " weather forecasts," the
following observations from Mr. Todd may be read with interest:

I have long been of opinion that the southerly dip of the monsoon largely influences
the climate of South Australia proper, as well as that of Victoria. In seasons of
drought, or when the summer in the interior is dry, the northwest monsoon rains
thin off and rarely reach the center in occasional storms. But when the monsoon is
strong and blows well home, the tropical rains and thunder will stretch right across
the continent well into the northern country of South Australia to within about
200 or 300 miles of Adelaide, and occasionally these tropical rains will reach the
south coast. A wet season in the interior will probably coincide with a hot sum-
mer in South Australia and Victoria, whilst a cool summer in the latter, where strong
polar currents keep the temperature down and the southeast winds are powerful,
will denote or coincide with a dry summer in the interior and a weak northwest
monsoon. The winter rains of the south, it may be remarked, thin off at about 3°
or 4° north of Adelaide, rarely penetrating to latitude 28, and summer rains are

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. ' 143

not to be depended upon far south of the tropics. Between those parallels is a
wide belt of 5° or 6° having an uncertain rainfall, subject to droughts, very
seldom getting rain during the winter, but mostly depending on summer thunder-
storms, the frequency and intensity of which, it is not improbable, may be found
closely to coincide with the magnetic cycle of eleven and a quarter years, which is
believed to determine the frequency of aurorae magnetic storms and solar spots.
This, of course, is conjectural, and is not to be accepted till proved by increased
experience.

From the foregoing a tolerably accurate conception of the South
Australian climate may be formed. There is one thing, however, which
deserves some notice here. In many published articles in newspapers
and magazines the hot winds of Australia, and especially of South
Australia, have been mentioned in highly colored terms. They have
been described as terrific, and have been dwelt upon as though the
climate of this province was somewhat worse than tropical. It is quite
true that hot winds are not pleasant; in fact, they are enervating, and
whilst they last are exceedingly exhausting to persons who are in a
feeble state of body ; but they seldom last for more than a few days, and
when the westerly breezes which succeed them set in, sometimes sud-
denly, all the bodily malaise which they may have caused quickly disap-
pears. They have, however, a most beneficial effect in purifying the
atmosphere. They destroy noxious germs which may float about in the
air, and otherwise do an immense amount of good. At the same time
their effect upon tender plants is severe, and all kinds of flowers and
shrubs which are not hardy or tolerably well protected from them droop
and shrink, and are slow to recover their strength until a much cooler
temperature prevails.

Even with the drawback of occasional hot winds, there is seldom
such severe heat in the summer as to prevent persons from following
their ordinary occupations out of doors. There are only forty-five days
in the year, taking the average of thirty-four years, 1857 to 1890, on which
the temperature rises above 90. The Government astronomer has noted
this fact, and states that this climate, " beautiful as it really is, afford-
ing as it does the great number of pleasant days on which outdoor
pursuits can be carried on with buoyancy of spirits is a wee bit dry, a
fact which vegetation on the plains in our summer season sufficiently
attests. The clearness or transparency of the atmosphere is some-
thing wonderful and owing to its dryness, except on hot wind days, it
is seldom oppressive unless one is lazy. Cricket matches are played
with the usual enthusiasm before crowds of spectators with the ther-
mometer ranging between 90 and 100 in the shade, and the writer has
ridden 50 miles in a day with the thermometer as high as 110 without
much inconvenience or distress; the secret of which is that these high
temperatures are always accompanied by such an extreme dryness of
the air that perspiration affords instantaneous relief. When a fierce hot
wind is blowing and the thermometer stands at perhaps something
over 100, the wet bulb thermometer stands at 65, and it is this which

144 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

enables persons to bear the heat of summer and carry on their usual
pursuits with less inconvenience and discomfort than is felt in damp
climates, where the temperature may be 15° or 20° lower but nearly sat-
urated with aqueous vapors, as at Port Darwin, where during the
rainy season of the northwest monsoon the thermometer may stand at
only 88, whilst the wet bulb indicates 86. Such an atmosphere, we
need hardly say, is far more enervating than the hot and dry air of the
Adelaide plains.77

One peculiarity of the Australian climate is the occurrence of drought.
Droughts are either general, that is to say, they affect the whole of the
Australian continent in a greater or less degree, or they are partial,
that is confined within limited areas. South Australia is probably
more subject to visitations of this kind than other portions of Australia,
owing, to some extent, to the absence of high mountain ranges in the
interior. The causes of these droughts have been very carefully inves-
tigated by the official heads of the meteorological departments in the
principal colonies, and as far as their observations have been extended
they are generally in accord upon the subject.

GENERAL, BUILDING.

General buildin g is at a standstill at present. Those houses now being
erected consist of a small class of residences of about four rooms, built
of stone, of which the majority of buildings are constructed.

The timber used in railroad building is grown locally, and is obtained
from South Australian Government forests, and consists chiefly of the
eucalyptus class.

EXTENSIONS OF LUMBER TRADE.

I can not offer any suggestion concerning the methods to increase
the lumber trade with this province, now already considerable.

CHAS. A. MURPHY,

ConsularAgent.
ADELAIDE, March 8, 1894.

TASMANIA.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal native woods of Tasmania are the various species of
gum (Eucalypti), the myrtle (Fagus cunninghami), the Huon or Mae-
quarie Harbor pine (Bacrydiumfrariklinii}, and the blackwoodor light-
wood (Acacia melanoxylon).

The gum timber is all hard and dense. As a rule it shrinks con-
siderably, and warps and twists, and for interior work is used for floors

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 145

alone. For this purpose it is exceedingly durable. It is used univer-
sally for frame houses, joists and beams, piles, and decking for bridges,
wharfs, etc. The Huon pine is a very valuable and durable wood, but
it is comparatively scarce and dear; for this cause it does not supplant
the imported timber. The light wood is used mainly for furniture and
interior fittings.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The lumber used, and which is preferred, is principally Swedish,
imported in the form of " deals," and tongued and grooved linings.
American redwood and shelving and Oregon pine are used to a limited
extent, and the Kauri pine of New Zealand more largely.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

In 1891 the total imports of timber were 5,335,000 superficial feet, but
with the prevailing depression and consequent suspension of building,
it is expected that the quantity will be materially diminished this year.

As much of the timber comes through the colonies of Victoria and
New South Wales, the original source of supply can not be given with
accuracy. Probably about 850,000 superficial feet came from the United
States, 3,235,000 superficial feet from Sweden, and 1,250,000 superficial
feet from New Zealand, in 1891.

DUTY AND PRICES.

There is no duty on timber 3 inches thick or over; under that pays
60 cents and $1.21 per 100 .superficial feet.

At the present time the values of all kinds of timber are abnormally
low : American red wood, $4.01 ; Oregon, $2.67, duty paid (60 cents) in
both cases; American shelving, $6.08 duty paid ($1.21); all per 100
superficial feet. The native gum flooring boards, tongued and grooved,
are sold at $3.04 per 100 superficial feet.

CLIMATE.

The climate of the island varies, owing to its mountainous character,
but it is temperate and equable throughout, the mean yearly average
range probably not exceeding 68° F.

GENERAL BUILDING.

General building has been fairly active until now. It does not seem
probable that much recovery will take place for some time.

Eailroad building is also suspended and is not likely to be resumed,
except in a small way; in any case, very limited quantities of imported
timber would be used in construction.
655A 10

146 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

With a population of only about 150,000, the trade in American
timber is not capable of much extension, but the expected development
of the mineral deposits may, before long, lead to expansion.

A. Gr. WEBSTER,

Consul.
HOBART, February 20, 1894.

VICTORIA.

BUSINESS DEPRESSION.

Tn the closing months of the year 1889 what is known as the "land
boom," which for the preceding three or four years had caused a large
increase in the consumption of building materials, collapsed, and as
importations of lumber, based on the same rate of consumption being
kept up, continued to eome in for a long time, the market for timber
has been suffering ever since from the accumulation so caused and the
absence of any revival in the trade to clear it off.

Carpenters or timber workers are in a very unhappy condition at the
present time. The managing partner of one of the largest timber houses
here says that not more than one-third of the business done in their
trade two years ago is being done now. In one large establishment
which gave work to 150 men in 1892 only 48 hands are now employed,
and these only at half time. To put it in another way, two years ago
the firm was paying £500 ($2,430) a week in wages, now they are pay-
ing under £100 ($486). The figures are representative of the condi-
tion of the trade generally. Moreover, in the boom time a crowd of
firms came into existence which are no longer in evidence — firms begot-
ten of prosperity which adversity as readily suppressed. It is calcu-
lated that at least 30 shops of that character have been closed in the
city.

Literally nothing is required in the trade in Melbourne, which
embraces half the population of the colony, but there is a small demand
for prepared timber from the country which keeps city mills slightly
employed. But for the country business and the butter trade, which
utilizes for boxes about 2,000,000 super feet of silver pine annually, the
timber industry would be at a complete standstill.

The timber required for the butter trade has to be imported from
New Zealand, there being, it is said, no sufficiently odorless wood in
this colony.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods of the colony are all very hard and not well
adapted for building, though admirable for other purposes.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 147

The following trees of the Eucalyptus tribe are the most important :

The red guin tree (Eucalyptus rostrata), the timber of which is one of
the most highly esteemed among the Eucalypti in all Australia, being
heavy, hard, strong, and extremely durable, either above or under
ground, or in water. For these reasons it is very much prized for fence
posts, piles, and railway sleepers. For the latter purpose it will last
at least a dozen years, and, if well selected, much longer. The late
commissioner of railways reported that sleepers were found quite
sound after being twenty-four years in use. It is not to be surpassed
in endurance for wood bricks in street paving and for tramways.

The blue gum tree (Eucalyptus globulus) furnishes a first- class wood.
Shipbuilders can get keels of the timber 120 feet long; besides this, it
is used for planking and many other parts of the ship. Experiments on
the strength of various woods, instituted by the Government botanist,
proved the wood of the blue guin tree, in an average of eleven tests,
to be about equal to the best English oak, American white oak, and
American ash. Blue guin wood is very extensively used by carpenters
for all kinds of outdoor work, joists and studs for wooden houses; also
for fence rails, telegraph poles, railway sleepers (lasting nine years or
more), for shafts and spokes of drays and a variety of other purposes.

The iron bark tree (Eucalyptus lencoxylon) furnishes a most valuable
timber, showing great strength and hardness, and much prized for its
durability. It is largely employed by wagon builders for wheels and
poles, and is also used by turners for rough work. It proved to be the
strongest of all the woods hitherto subjected to test by the Govern-
ment botanist, bearing nearly twice the strain of American oak and
ash, and excelling hickory by about 18 per cent. It is much recom-
mended for railway sleepers and extensively used in underground min-
ing work. It is likewise very extensively employed for the handles of
axes and other implements by Victorian manufacturers.

Besides the Eucalypti, the evergreen beech (fagus Cunninghami) and
blackwood (acacia melanoxylon) are the most important timber trees,
the latter especially being found admirably adapted for the manufacture
of railway carriages; also for furniture, which is almost indistinguish-
able from that made of the best walnut.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

In consequence of the native woods being hard, and therefore not
easily worked, it is necessary to import almost all the timber required
for building purposes.

148

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

The following table gives the importations of lumber for the past
eight years, and whence imported :

Year.

Baltic, United Kingdom, and Canada.

Colonial.

Flooring,
lining, and
weather-
boards.

Bed deals.

Spruce and
Baltic white
deals.

Kauri pine.

Red and
white pine.

Cedar.

1886

Super, feet.
54, 135, 023
26, 405, 838
51, 052, 077
49, 960, 908
56, 743, 271
36, 367, 258
23, 477, 951
13, 368, 894

Super, feet.
24, 026, 436
17, 259, 012
22, 063, 392
25, 118, 280
28, 072, 319
10, 039, 821
1, 197, 471
746, 914

Super, feet.
3, 755, 499
762, 795
2, 589, 675
3, 006, 263
2, 354, 118
3, 268, 213
2, 289, 093
1, 482, 008

Super, feet.
8, 951, 118
7, 888, 104
14, 493, 927
15, 551, 906
12, 914, 750
13, 845, 346
5,531,846
3, 838, 585

Super, feet.
90, 000
531, 300
2, 866 581
529, 900
715, 727
1, 723, 684
1, 707, 891
2, 523, 199

Super, feet.
3, 849, 577
2,921,141
2, 159, 183
1, 401, 232
1, 255, 753
989, 936
868, 681
47,620

1887 .

1888

1889

1890

1S91

1892 . ..

189J

Year.

United States and Canada (west coast).

Flooring,
lining, and
weather-
boards.

Red deals.

Spruce and
white deals.

Kauri pine.*

Red and
white pine.

Cedar.

1886

Super, feet.
31, 341, 179
24,515,087
55, 487, 694
35, 220, 629
35, 426, 131
20, 337, 733
13 603, 638
±,170, 760

Super, feet.
955, 779
1, 273, 590
1, 431, 957
1, 376. 109
1,767,797
816, 857
1, 286, 356
270, 948

Super, feet.

(t)
(t)
(t)
2, 508, 933
2, 979, 910
1, 680, 570
238, 057

Super, feet.
2,481,066
2, 098. 444
3, 973, 558
4, 939. 101
1, 173, 208
1, 478, 266
813, 162

Super, feet.
4, 068, 327
2,841,650
4,861,419
5, 332, 382
3, 337, 429
3, 726, 476
2, 119, 738
42,370

Super, feet.
401,150
450, 030
468, 450
380, 814
189, 933
244, 894
134, 064
17,245

1887 ......

1889 ...

1K90

1891 .. .

1892

1893

* As in the original. t Included in clear pine.

Laths, pickets, and doors from the United States, Canada, and the Baltic.

Year.

Laths.

Pickets.

Doors.

1886

Bundles.
167, 342

Bundlet.
158, 397

Number.
16, 457

122, 202

116, 255

6,627

1888 . .

132, 175

202, 400

9,774

1889

97, 622

194, 832

1,563

1890 . ..

86. 503

156,325

1,182

r>l 721

53 800

303

1892

17,344

51, 432

1,760

1893

1 740

3,000

501

DUTY.

The duties on timber in this colony may be summarized as follows :

Oregon (Puget Sound) fir:

12 by 6 or equivalent per 100 superficial feet.. $0.36

7 by 2$ or equivalent up to 12 by 6 do 60

Shelving and tongue-aud-groove sheathing (American), flooring, lining, and weatherboards

(Baltic) per 100 superficial feet..

Timber cut into shapes for making boxes per cubic foot..

Timber not otherwise enumerated, of sizes under? by 2J per 100 superficial feet

Laths.

.36
.12
.97
1.21
Pickets:

Undressed do... .12

Dressed per 100.. .12

Shingle. perM.. .18

.perM.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 149

Doors, skirtings, and moldings are charged heavy duties, intended
to be prohibitory.

The following descriptions are free of duty: Clear pine, sugar pine,
California redwood, undressed, linch thick and over; ash, oak, hick-
ory, walnut, whitewood, and sycamore, undressed; Baltic red and
white deals, 7 by 2J and upwards; Australian and New Zealand pines
of all sizes, undressed.

The duty on Oregon fir, 7 by 2J and over, was first imposed on July 29,
1892, and at the same time the duty already existing on sizes under 7
by 2 J was doubled, both at the instance of the local hard- wood dealers,
who contended that Oregon unduly interfered with their product.

PRICES.

The market price of American timber is slightly better at present
than during the past two years, and is as follows: Oregon, new stock,
$25.54 to $26.76; old stock, $21.89 to $23.11; redwood, $35.37 to $36.49;
sugar pine, $53.53 to $58.39.

I am informed that the stock of Oregon held by trade hands is very
large, and owing to the small demand for timber of all descriptions the
reducing process proceeds very slowly.

PUBLIC BUILDING.

Eailroad building is practically at a standstill for want of available
funds, and, except in station buildings, no imported timber is used in
railway construction.

Shipbuilding is not an industry in this colony; a few vessels have
been built of iron, and barges, etc., for the harbor trust, but exclu-
sively of local woods.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

The merits of Oregon timber, for which a decided preference is
shown, are fully recognized by the people here, and the demand for it
is commensurate with the building being carried on.

The result of my interviews with the timber merchants of this city,
as to what manner the lumber exports from the United States to this
colony may be increased, is, therefore, that the return of brighter times,
which is confidently expected in the near future, must be awaited before
the demand for American lumber can be increased.

DANIEL W. MARATTA,

Consul- General.
MELBOURNE, March 1, 1894.

EUROPE

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

NATIVE VS. AMERICAN WOODS.

From the very best information I can gather, this country is not quite
yet ready to use American lumber to any great extent. The American
lumber exporters should realize that here in Europe their only com-
petitors, especially for German, French, and Italian consumption, are
the Austro Hungarian lumber dealers.

Up to the present time, nearly all of the staves used for wine in
France and Italy, passed through the hands of the Austrian merchants,
and the same can be said of those used in the breweries of Germany.
The forests remaining in Austria proper, are nearly all used up, and it
is from the Hungarian portion of this empire that most of the lumber is
exported. The Hungarian forests are mainly owned by the Govern-
ment, and city and village communes.

About three years ago, the Government, which controls the cutting
of forests in Hungary, curtailed the number of trees to be felled, so that
at their annual sales less lumber was offered than was required for
home and export wants. Some well informed parties maintain that
this was a ruinous policy to pursue, as it not only fictitiously advanced
the value of lumber in Austria, but it compelled lumber dealers to look
elsewhere for a good portion of their wants, thus hastening the intro-
duction of foreign lumber, which might have been delayed some ten or
twenty years.

At the same time when this happened, many breweries were being
started in Germany and the demand for staves in Italy and France was
unusually great. Since then the prices of lumber have fallen. This is
undoubtedly due to a lesser demand, and to the introduction of Amer-
ican lumber.

"To sum up the matter," as a very well informed lumber dealer
explained : "We do not fear the United States for consumption for the
next thirty or forty years; we have also enough oak in this empire to
carry on a large export trade for ten years to come. At the end of
this time our supply will be so reduced that it will be impossible for us
to compete with the United States in foreign markets. The only way
150

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 151

that the Austrian lumber dealers can maintain their foreign business,
will be to acquire forests in the United States."

That there is much truth in the above statement is plainly to be seen,
inasmuch as from my personal knowledge I know of three different
firms who have sent their representatives to the United States to
acquaint themselves with the condition of the lumber trade and to buy
up forests. Although not yet exporting much therefrom, they are pre-
paring to do so in the future. The only kinds of wood, that Ameri-
cans could sell in this empire, are lumber for shipbuilding purposes in
the seaport towns of Trieste, Pola, and Fiume, and certain kinds which
could be used for veneering purposes, such as very fine grades of
oak, walnut, etc. It must be borne in mind that fine furniture manu-
factured here, is not made of solid oak, or other hard wood as in the
United States, but mostly of soft wood veneered. Pine thoroughly
seasoned and then veneered is used even for the best furniture.

The time is very near when the en tire European market will be com-
pelled to look to the United States for most of its lumber. Let us in
the meanwhile husband our resources ; let the destructive extravagance
in the extinction and waste of our forests, cease; our wealth herein is
enormous, but we have so much that we do not know how to value it.

Staves for the wine merchant must be split; the sides must not,
while the tops can be cut. Again, for beer purposes, both sides and
tops must be split, it being claimed that staves cut and not split make
leaky barrels. As wine barrels are usually laid on their sides, the
pressure on their tops is not apt to be great, and for this reason wine
barrel tops can be cut instead of split.

It is most important that American manufacturers should realize the
necessity of sending properly made goods to foreign markets. Some
years back the first shipment of staves into Switzerland made leaky
barrels, and to-day Swiss business men are afraid to purchase Ameri-
can staves, unless accompanied with a guarantee. And this additional
very important fact must be kept in view, that this trade, which is
bound to come, should be held by American merchants, and not per-
mitted to pass into the control of foreign corporations.

PRICES.

Great quantities of oak railroad ties are made here, the shapes mostly
furnished are 2.50 meters long, the top 15 to 17 centimeters, (meter =
39.37 inches; centimeter r£-0- of a meter), the bottom 24 to 25 centime-
ters in width, and 15 centimeters high.

Prices vary according to locality; the Hungarian Staatsbahn paid
for the last 30,000, recently ordered, 56 cents each, and for some smaller
ones, 2.20 meters long, 36 cents. Soft lumber ties are about 30 per
cent cheaper.

152 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

The prices of the lumber here in the Vienna market range about as
follows:

Pine timbers for roof, 10 by 13 to 16 by 18 centimeters broad, and 10
meters long, 13 to 14 florins* per cubic meter; 18 by 20 to 21 by 24
centimeters broad, and 10 meters long, 14 to 16 florins per cubic meter;
18 by 24 centimeters broad, and 6 to 8 meters long, 13 to 15 florins
per cubic meter. Pine boards, according to quality, 15 to 22 florins;
oak boards not assorted, 38 to 45 florins.

Staves for hectoliter (barrels which hold 100 liters), one-fourth hec-
toliter, 1 to 1.60 florins; one-half hectoliter, 1.50 to 2.30 florins; 1 hec-
toliter, 2.40 to 3.30 florins.

Staves for transportation : Barrels containing from 3 to 13 hectoliters,
2 to 2.10 florins per hectoliter. Staves for storage: Barrels containing
from 20 to 80 hectoliters, 2.20 to 3.40 florins.

EXPORTS OF LUMBER.

The following table shows the export of lumber from Austria-Hun-
gary for the first eleven months of 1893 :

Timber: Metric centners.t

Raw, hard 595,622

Raw, soft 8,059,049

Hewn, hard 322,709

Hewn, soft 788,737

Stave* 1,401,299

Railroad ties 481,690

Sawn wood, hard 810,930

Sawn wood, soft 5,780,531

Timber, not European 105

Total 18,240,672

Most of the above went to France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Switzer-
land, Greece, Egypt, Holland, Belgium, Bulgaria, and the British
Dominions on the Mediterranean Sea.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The following table shows the imports of lumber into Austria-Hun-
gary for the first eleven months of 1893 :

Timber: Metric centners.

Raw, hard 92,559

Raw, soft 151,714

Hewn, hard 27,330

Hewn, soft 35,029

Staves (from the United States direct) 39,727

Railroad ties (nearly all from Russia) 142,640

Sawn wood, hard (from the United States direct) 49, 635

Sawn wood, soft (from the United States direct) 135, 298

Timber (from the United States direct) 61,358

All other 33,470

Total imports 769,160

• The consul-general estimates the florin at 39 to 40 centa.
t Metric centner = 220.46 pounds.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 153

The lumber described "all other" was nearly all transshipments from
German ports, but it should be noted that the timber was not grown
in Europe.

MAX JUDD,
Consul- General.
VIENNA, February 21, 1894.

BOHEMIA.

NATIVE WOODS.

Bohemia is well supplied with forests of heavy trees, the Boehmer-
wald region being specially noted for same. The woods in Bohemia
can be divided into three classes : (1) Pine forests; (2) leaved, or hard
forests; (3) mixed forests. The prevailing species of the coniferous
trees are the spruce, fir, the pine, and the larch. Among these the
spruce predominates.

Of the deciduous trees the prevailing species are beech, oak, and
birch, the beech predominating. Among the mixed species are found
poplar, alder, elm, basswood, chestnut, aspen, and maple.

In Bohemia between 1,300 to 1,400 sawmills are operated, which are
driven either by steam or water power, the majority by water power.
Only few of the larger steam mills can be favorably compared with
American mills; the rest are small affairs, many of them having one
circular or one upright saw. The whole annual production of the
Bohemian forest is estimated at 6,250,000 cubic meters, consumed as
follows :

Cubic meters. *

Lumber 835,000

Building purposes 900,000

Fiber (for packing, upholstering, and under carpets) 600, 000

Railroad ties 220,000

Staves 60,000

Shingles 22,000

Parquetts (French flooring) 20, 000

Wooden wire (such as matches, etc.) 20,000

Building canal boats 16,000

Wooden shoes 6,000

Telegraph poles 4,000

Resonant purposes (such as violins, etc.) 1,200

Lead pencils 600

The balance is made up of firewood.

The leading kinds of lumber used are spruce and pine. The prefer-
ence is given to spruce. It is used for all kinds of building purposes,
furniture, etc. The pine is used for railroad ties. The principal lum-
ber market is the city of Prague, which is situated nearly in the center
of the country, on the river Moldau, and convenient to all the lumber

* Cubic meter=35. 3 cubic feet.

154 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

districts. Most of the timber comes from Boehmerwald, which is in
southwestern Bohemia, and the remainder from the mountain regions in
the northeast and narthwest of Bohemia. It is brought down on the riv-
ers Elbe and Moldau and their tributaries. Bohemia exports considera-
ble timber to Dresden, Leipsic, and Magdeburg, and certain quantities of
logs are yearly sent to Hamburg for shipbuilding. A good deal of the
lumber goes to Austria proper, and to southern Germany, mainly to
Nuremberg and Mayence. The transmission of timber and logs to
Germany is done on the river Elbe, except that to south Germany,
which is forwarded by railway.

Some lumber is brought into Bohemia from Galicia, which import is
explained as follows: A number of Bohemian capitalists own large
tracts of timber land, with sawmills thereon, in Galicia, and the demand
for lumber there is very limited, consequently it is forwarded to Bohe-
mia, where it finds a ready market and better prices.

Then again, the Galician Government sells yearly at public auction
certain lots of standing timber with the proviso that it must be manufac-
tured into lumber in that country. Such lots of timber are generally
purchased by Bohemian dealers at low prices. Besides, the labor in
Galicia is cheaper than in Bohemia, and they thus acquire cheap lum-
ber, which they bring to their Bohemian lumber yards.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

There is no lumber imported from the United States into Bohemia
direct. Some American black walnut is used here, mainly for veneer-
ing, but this is imported from Hamburg. I have visited a lumber firm
in this city that advertises American lumber for sale and inquired
what kind and how much they handle, and whether they import it
directly, etc. The information I have received was that recently they
bought a carload of American black walnut and pitch pine from Ham-
burg for a trial, but were unable to say how it was going to sell. It is
said that in Prague some years ago American walnut sold cheaper than
the Tyrolean walnut, but now it is the other way. The trouble with
the American lumber seems to be that its price is too high when it
reaches here in consequence of its indirect importation. It is bought
from middlemen either at Hamburg or Bremen, and in that way it
passes probably through three or four hands before it reaches the con-
sumer. It is admitted by the lumber dealers here that the market for
American lumber in Bohemia alone is not large enough to warrant
American lumber dealers profitable shipments. Still, I am of the opin-
ion that a good market could be opened for American lumber, such as
black walnut, elm, and others that are not produced here, by estab-
lishing an agency at Prague that would extend to the Empire of Aus-
tria-Hungary. The demand would be sufficient to warrant large ship-

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

155

ments, for the importation would be made direct, by which the costs of
the present system of importation would be greatly lessened. I am
satisfied that the trade would result in mutual benefit.

On account of the small amount of lumber imported into Bohemia,
there are no separate statistics kept.

DUTY AND PRICES.

All kinds of lumber, timber, or logs are admitted into the Empire
of Austria-Hungary free of import duty.

PRICES.

Statement showing the prices of spruce and pine boards per 100 pieces, 5.7 meters (6.233
yards') long, and of the thickness and width specified.

Edged boards.

Boards not edged.

Value.

Value.

Thick-
ness.

*Width.

Thick-
ness.

Width.

First

Second

First

Second

quality.

quality.

quality.

quality.

mm.

wintr*

mm.

mm.

13

132

$8.12

$6.48

13

132

$6.90

$5.68

13

158

10.15

8.12

13

158

8.93

6.48

13

184

12.18

9.74

13

184

10.55

7.71

20

132

11.39

9.94

20

132

10.15

8.53

20

158

13.80

11.37

20

158

12.99

10.55

20

184

16.24

13.80

20

184

15.02

12.99

26

132

15.02

12.18

26

132

12.99

10.94

26

158

18.67

15.02

26

158

16.24

12.99

26

184

22.33

18.27

26

184

20.30

16.24

40

, 263

54.81

44.66

26

211

23.55

19.49

40

290

62.93

50.75

26

316

40.60

34.51

40

316

71.05

54.81

26

342

44.66

36.54

53

263

74.30

58.87

53

290

85.26

66.99

53

316

93.38

73.08

80

290

120. 17

99.47

80

316

133. 98

109. 62

105

316

176. 61

144. 13

105

342

192. 85

156. 31

'26 millimeters = 1 inch.

The price of boards 6 meters (6.56 yards) long or over is 5 per cent
higher.

The following is the price of planks of different kinds, which are sold
per cubic meter :

Alder $10. 15 to $15. 43

Basswood 12.18 16.24

Beech 8.12 12.18

White beech 16.24 20.30

Maple 16.24 20.30

Oak.. 16.24 24.36

156

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CLIMATE.

The climate of Bohemia is humid and salubrious. The range of the
thermometer is given as follows (Fahrenheit) :

January 28

February 32

March 38

April 50

May 60

June 69

July 69

August 69

September 62

October 50

November .__.. 41

December 30

Average 50

The longest day in the year is sixteen hours ten minutes. The pre-
vailing winds are northeast and east in April, north in May, northwest
in June, west and southwest in July and August, east in September,
southeast in November, and southwest in December. The east and
northwest winds bring clouds and dampness.

GENERAL BUILDING.

The dwellings, business and farm houses are generally built of brick
or stone, and so are all other constructions. Very little wood building
is carried on in Bohemia.

There are no ships built in this district. Canal-boats are built at
Budweis and Worlik on the river Moldau. They are very lightly con-
structed, serving simply for one trip down the stream. On their arrival
in Hamburg or Bremen, they are sold either in whole or broken up, part
sold for lumber and the rest for firewood. I was informed that there is
very little freight carried back from the seaports to Bohemia, and that
it would not pay to tow the empty canal-boats back against the stream,
consequently they are disposed of as .stated. About 30 of such canal-
boats are constructed yearly at the above-named places.

The construction of new lines of railroad in Bohemia is now very
limited, only short branch lines being built here and there. Most of
the ties made here are used for replacements, and the yearly consump-
tion averages about 10,000,000. The ties are of pine or oak. They are
8 feet long, 5 inches thick, and 7 inches wide.

The price of pine ties is from 40 to 49 cents, and of oak 81 cents each.
The pine ties before they are used are impregnated with a preparation
of sulphuric acid in such way that the fluid is forced into every pore of
the tie, which is afterwards covered with tar. So prepared, they last
on the track from six to seven years.

JOHN KAREL,

Consul.

PRAGVE, January 31, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 157

AMERICAN AND HUNGARIAN OAK.

[From the Pester Lloyd, of Prague, of February 1, 1894. — Translated by Consul Karel.]

When, about eight years ago, the news leaked out that a French association had
decided to purchase a large tract of oak forests in the Caucasus, some fear was felt by
our home dealers in oak wood. That enormous tracts of oak forest exist in the Cau-
casus is well known, and the apprehension that the competition of this oak would
become dangerous to our home production was, therefore, justifiable. Fort-
tunately that fear passad away without having caused any other injury than that
the French association, with which an Austrian firm was also interested, met with
a decided failure.

The French association sent at that time several experts for careful examination
of the Caucasian' oak forests. The investigation lasted six months, and the report
of the delegates, headed by a member of a Vienna firm, was made in enthusiastic
language, describing the magnificent virgin oak stock, and praising the excellent
quality and grand dimensions of the oak trunks. The calculation made promised
vast returns, but the real outcome has been disappointing to those directly inter-
ested.

The fear of Russian competition is therefore disposed of— for the present, at least;
but a more serious danger is threatened from American competition.

The Americans are a practical people. Through premature alarm of the market a
depression of prices in oak wood would have been anticipated, and they desire to
profit by the high prices in Europe as much and as long as possible.

To begin with, official instructions* were issued from Washington to all American
consuls in Europe, directing them to collect facts regarding the production and con-
sumption of lumber, partisularly regarding oak timber, its peculiarity, and availa-
bleness. These instructions were carried out with astonishing thoroughness. Every
one of the more important firms dealing in oak wood in Austria and Hungary received
judicious interrogatories from the American consuls. In case of insufficient answers,
the consuls applied for further information.

The Americans went to work very quietly, guided by the information obtained
regarding the availability of the oak, and what followed? Reports came from
London, Antwerp, Rouen, Hamburg, showing that American oak was brought and
offered on the market of those places for fuel and sawing purposes. Our home firms
dealing in oak wood did not notice this competition, because at the beginning it was
of such small proportions. But gradually its importance began to be perceptible,
and at the present day there are considerable importations of American oak, espe-
cially the so-called " German coopers' wood."

Staves for a vessel containing from 80 to 100 eimers (the eimer = 14.94 wine gal-
lons) have been sold in Germany at 95.2 cents per eimer. The demand for barrels
for breweries was so great that our exporters, in consequence of the continual
increase in the value of oak forests, and in view of the fact that, for such large-sized
staves, the oak trees were becoming scarcer, were obliged to raise their prices. Sud-
denly there appeared stave wood of American origin on the German market. The
shipments from the United States to Hamburg increased and the prices went down
little by little.

***»*»*

A shipment of several hundred thousand so-called "French staves," of American
origin, arrived in Bordeaux. Thus American competition is trying to get hold of this
important line of business also.

In the English lumber market the shipments of American oak timber for sawing
are steadily increasing. In London, Liverpool, and Glasgow this oak timber, which

*The answers to these instructions were published by the Department of State,
under the title "The Stave Trade in Foreign Countries."

158 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

is of extraordinary quality and dimensions, makes successful competition with Vhe
Slavonian wainscoting. Last year it happened for the first time that more than 30
per cent of the Slavonian wainscoting production remained unsold, and had to be
8tored by the owners, partly on the docks in England and partly in Fiume, and
consequently the effects are already felt. In former years the wainscoting was
immediately sold at the annual forest sales after the timber had been bought from
the Government. It formed the quasi basis of the forest acquisitions, because in
that way the money was returned the quickest, but this year there are still several
lots unsold.

It is a well-known fact that our country has, during the last thirty years, experi-
enced many surprises from the United States. Not only have American grain, bacon,
and lard caused depression in our agricultural products, but in wood we have also
felt the burden of American competition, which is known, so far, only to initiated
circles. It is true that this competition concerned one kind of wood, which does
not play such a part in the world's market as does our oak wood; we mean the great
depression, about fifteen years ago, in the value of larch wood. From 1870 to 1880
the Carinthian larch wood was very much sought after and sold as dear as oak. For
certain purposes preference was given to it. The Imperial and Royal arsenal at Pol a
used great quantities of it annually until the American pitch pine made its appear-
ance and crowded out the larch wood not only from the world's market but from our
home market. The arsenal in Pola has been importing for many years American
pitch pine, which is superior in quality to larch, besides being sold in huge dimen-
sions and, according to our ideas, at extremely low prices.

The price of larchwood fell continually and the high-priced forest tracts covered
with larch timber in Carinthia have been so reduced in value that they are almost
down to the level of the common pine- wood forests, while formerly they were valued
five times as high, and even more. And now the United States appear very quietly
in the world's markets as a competitor with our oak, which causes great uneasiness

among our home oak trade.

*******

In consequence of the low price of land in the United States ; the fact that no labor
has been expended in forest production; the highly developed means of communica-
tion, waterways extending everywhere, which are the cheapest means of transporta-
tion, etc., the Americans have great advantages over us; therefore, it is evident that
this competition has all the qualifications of becoming a great danger to our oak- wood
export. This danger, on account of the extraordinary spirit of enterprise of the
American people and their unlimited individual liberty, is no longer theoretical but
actually confronts us. One Vienna firm dealing in German coopers' wood followed
carefully the transaction of the American oak-wood workers. A member of that
firm made a trip to the United States for that purpose. This firm took along 400
skillful and able wood-cutters from our maritime country. These men worked, at
what was there considered the very low price of $1.50 to $2 per day, the most choice
and magnificent oak timber in great quantities.

Another Vienna firm sent a representative to the United States for the purpose of
studying the oak-wood exploitation there. A Buda-Pesth house is on the point of
doing the same. All this is certainly praiseworthy, but what can a single individual
accomplish in such case? It would be advisable for all the Austrian and Hungarian
firms dealing in oak wood to unite and send an expedition on a large scale to the
United States for the purpose of studying minutely this dangerous competition.
The money question for such expedition would hardly be any obstacle, and assist-
ance from the Government, in the form of recommendations to the Austro-Hunga-
rian consuls in the United States, would not be wanting. If only a part of what is
said of this American competition is true the same fate which met our larch wood
will meet our oak. It is therefore for the interest of all the dealers in oak, and
especially for the Hungarian State, because it owns the largest oak forests, to fit out
such an expedition without delay.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS, 159

FRANCE.
BORDEAUX.

NATIVE WOODS.

The woods found in this vicinity are oak, chestnut, walnut, poplar,
maple, apple, acacia, fir, cedar, buttonwood, and horse chestnut. There
are no trees growing in this latitude of uncommon variety. Towards
the south in the vicinity of Nice and along the littoral of the Mediter-
ranean, are to be found certain tropical plants. These, however, serve
for decorative purposes only.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

In the vicinity of Bordeaux are found numerous pine forests. Great
quantities of hewn pine are used as supports in coal mines in France,
but very little is used for building purposes. The greater part of the
lumber employed for building in this, and possibly in other parts of
France, is imported from Germany, Austria, Italy, Belgium, Switzer-
land, Koumania, and Turkey. Norway and Sweden are also important
shippers of wood to France.

IMPORTS.

In 1857 the importation of lumber into France for building purposes
was valued at 9,151,000 francs; in 1876, at 41,978 francs; and in 1889, at
34,824,4^6 francs. Great quantities of fir come from Norway and
Sweden, and oak from Russia. The city of Bordeaux is a very import-
ant port in the lumber trade.

DUTY AND PRICES.

%

The duty charged on lumber per 210.46 pounds, is as follows:
Unsawn, 19.3 cents; sawn, thirty one-hundredths inch thick or over,
29.9 cents; sawn, less than thirty one-hundredths inch, 33.8 cents.

The price of lumber varies to such an extent in this market that it
would be almost impossible to give any definite figures. It is certain,
however, that the United States with its boundless forests and facili-
ties for working up and transporting lumber would find an excellent
market in this city. As a proof at hand, I may state that there are
already one or two houses selling no inconsiderable quantities of lum-
ber from the United States ; and for the "benefit of exporters, I attach
hereto a list of lumber merchants who I think would be prepared to
handle the American article.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CLIMATE AND GENERAL BUILDING.

The climate in this part of France is mild, though the winters may
be considered somewhat damp and rainy, and sometimes even rigor-
ous ; the summers, on the contrary, are dry and hot.

Although the Garonne Eiver, on which Bordeaux is situated, is a
fine, broad tidal waterway, the shipbuilding industry does not flour-
ish here. There does exist a shipbuilding establishment for the con-
struction of war vessels, but these, it is needless to say, are built of
steel.

My advice to American exporters would be to send a representative
to this city to study the condition of the market and offer the home
material at somewhat more advantageous prices than those paid for
European lumber used here. This could be readily done, and still
leave a wide profit for the American shipper.

LUMBER DEALERS IN BORDEAUX.

Name.

Address.

Arletfils

Beaumartin fils jeune —

Beaumartin (A)

Beaumartin (Gab1)

Blanchard

Boulaine & Cle

Bourbouley & fils fibres

Bourges &Troy e

Boutaux & fils

Bouyssou

Brodbeck

Camentron

Chabaud

Corbineau

Dalancourt

Dalbusset & Cie

Dortet

Daudel&O

Delpeut fils

Ducos

Dupuy

Durand & Videau

Durand

Eschenauer & Cie

Fleuranseau

Fillol

Girardeau

Labau

Lacbe" alne"

Lache" jeune

Lacouture

Lapeyre

Lataste & O

Leblond

L6glise &Cie

Marot

Marre"&Delol

Monier & fils freres

Pelletier

Fiuchon

Rue des Lauriers, 1.

Cbemin de Gessac, 2 et 4 (Talence).

Rue de Lauiourous, 6.

Rue Tnnesse, 35.

Rue Henri IV, 16.

Rue de Cursol, 22.

Rue Milliere, 50, and rue Lebertbon, 63.

Quai Descbamps, 52 (La Bastide).

Rue .Tean-Burguet, 13.

Rue St. Bruno, 69.

Quai Descbamps, 36 et 37 (La Bastide).

Quai Deschamps, 24 (La Bastide).

Cours du Me"doc, 30.

Cours de Cice", 59.

Boulevnrd de Caude"ran, 209.

Conrs d'Alsace-et-Lorraine, 17.

Cbemin d'Ares, 32 et 34.

Rue du Jardin Public, 197 a 215.

Avenue Thiers, 45 (La Bastide).

Quai de Queyries, 73 et 74 (La Bastide).

Rue Lagrange, 79 et 99.

Cours d'Aquitaine, 87 et 89.

Rue du Petit-Goave, 22 et 24.

Quai des Cbartrons, 24.

Cit6 Mouneyra, 5bis, 7 et 9.

All<5es de Cbartres, 59.

Cours St Louis, 59.

Quai I >csclinmps apres la Passerelle.

Rue Henri IV, 42.

Rue Henri IV, 96-98.

Rue du Port, 3.

Rue St. Bruno, 104, and rue Ligier, 9 et 11.

Rue Delord, 60.

Rue Poirier, 6.

Rue Lafaurie-de-Monbadon, 69.

Avenue Thiers, 19 (La Bastide).

Rue Reignier, 2.

Rue de Lacbassaigne, 67 et 69.

Rue Vital-Carles, 18.

Quai de Queyries, 36.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 161

Lumber dealers in Bordeaux — Continued.

Name.

Address.

Plantey
Purpan.
Redon . .

Reynaud fils & Dumont

Saint-Martin

Speii & Van Santen

Talbart Duclos

T^tard

Vigi^r

Viguier

Westerhuus

Quai de Queyries, 64-65.

Rue Lagrange, 147.

Rue Lagrange, 99.

Rue Calve, 43-45.

Rue d'Ornano, 145.

Cours d'Albret, 103.

Rue du Parlement St. Catherine, 18.

Quai Deschamps, 32.

Cours Journu-Auber, 44.

Ruai de Queyries, 80 a 83 (La Bastide).

Quai des Chartrons, 110.

J. M. WILEY,

Consul.
BORDEAUX, May 19,1894.

MARSEILLES.

NATIYE WOODS.

France does not consume for house-building purposes proportionately
tlie same amount of lumber as is used in the United States, but never-
theless her native woods by no means supply the quantity annually
demanded. Dwelling houses of every degree, and indeed structures
for whatever purpose intended, are in the main built of stone or, at
least in the construction of walls, of broken stone and brick and cement,
leaving an outer surface with an appearance as nearly as possible simi-
lar to sandstone. Even in the matter of flooring, particularly in south-
ern France, while hard and soft wood are to some extent employed,
the material generally liked and usually employed is the red hex-
agonal tile, common to southern countries. Joists, doors, casings, and,
as above stated, some flooring are of wood.

The native woods are walnut, white oak, evergreen oak, eucalyptus,
olivewood, some pine, and Corsican boxwood. The characteristic
features of these are, of course, generally known, excepting as to the
eucalyptus, a detailed report on which was recently sent from this con-
sulate to the Department.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The lumber usually employed in building operations is pine, most of
which is imported from Russia and Sweden. For the making of furni-
ture, an industry of great proportions at Marseilles, the woods preferred
are American, Circassian, and French walnut, rosewood, mahogany,
maple, whitewood, thuya, and boxwood.
665A 11

162 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

IMPORTS.

The following tables have been prepared, the first giving the total
lumber imports, in log and sawed, into Marseilles during the year 1893;
the second the imports from the United States for the same period:

Imports from all countries.

Oak : Tons.

Unsquared trunks 413

Squared, 80 millimeters thick and over —

Railway sleepers 868

Other 1,021

80 to 35 millimeters thick 573

Under 35 millimeters thick 170

Total 3,045

Walnut :

Unsquared trunks 157

Squared, 80 millimeters thick and over. , 1, 188

80 to 35 millimeters thick 1 97

Under 35 millimeters thick 1

Total.. ... 1,443

Other woods :

Unsquared trunks 411

Squared, 80 millimeters thick and over —

Railway sleepers 40

Other 13,175

Total 13,626

Sawn lumher :

80 to 35 millimeters thick and over —

Russian 5, 154

Swedish 4, 645

Other 5,767

35 millimeters thick and under —

Russian 2,917

Swedish 6,478

Other 5,719

Total 30,680

Claphoards :
Oak-
Austrian 7,309

American 163

Other 40

Other than oak —

Austrian 394

American

Other 256

Total.. .... 8,164

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

163

Cabinet woods, blocks and logs, 2 decimeters thick and over: Tons.

Box 423

Mahogany 248

Other 1,534

Other under 2 decimeters thick 1, 302

Total 3,507

Odoriferous wood 162

Dyewoods, in logs :

Brazilian 526

Mexican 1, 491

Haitien 1,844

All other countries 5, 061

Total 8,922

Paving blocks 212

Total imports at Marseilles 69,761

Imports from the United States.

Tonp.
Oak lumber for construction, squared or sawn, being 0.08 meter and more,

in section 1

Unsquared trunks 35

Squared wood :

0.035 meter and under, in section 1, 537

0.035 to 0.08 meter, in section 840

0.08 meter or above, in section Q} 209

Oak clapboarding 163. 5

Logs, fagots, and firewood 72

Cork 0.1

Charcoal from wood 6

Cabinet wood 0.2 meter and more in thickness :

Mahogany 4. 9

Other wood 15

Total 7,933.5

DUTY.

The followiDg table shows the import duties on lumbers of various
sorts, as fixed by the latest French tariff.

Duties on foreign lumber under the present French tariff.

Description of lumber.

Minimum
duty.

Maximum
duty.

Round trunks of at least 60 centimeters circumference at the foot

Squared lumber, 80 millimeters and above in thickness

Squared lumber :

35 to 80 millimeters in thickness

35 millimeters and less in thickness

Clapboarding (used solely for casks and packing cases

Poles, stays, etc., more than I,1,, meters in length and notmore than 00 centi-
meters in circumference (in this is included wood for cask hoops, etc ...

Exotic wood and boxwood

Wood for cabinetmaking :

In logs or sawn more than 2 decimeters thick

Boxwood, mahogany, and others

Boxwood, mahogany, if less than 2 decimeters thick

Odoriferous wood for dyeing

Cents.
12.5
19

24
34

14

06

Free.

Free.

Free.

19

Free.

Cents.

19

29

34

48

24

09

Free.

Free.
Free.

Free.

164 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

PRICES.

The appended table, prepared after obtaining prices from many deal-
ers, gives, approximately, the selling prices of various sorts of lumber
in the market of Marseilles :

Average prices of the chief kinds of lumber at Marseilles.
Walnut wood:

French per ton of 1,000 kilos .. $28. 90 to $38.60

Circassian do 48.25 to 67.55

American '. per foot. . . 10

Maple do .10

Rosewood per pound. . . 05

Mahogany per ton of 1,000 kilos . . 57. 90

Ebony:

Macassar do .... 48.25

Gaboon do .... 52.11

Madagascar do 67. 55

Ceylon do .... 86.85

Facaranda :

Africa do .... 34.74

Indies r....do .... 73.34

White wood (America) per cubic meter . . 231. 60

Boxwood :

Persia per ton of 1,000 kilos . . 77. 20

Corsica do .... 23.16

Oak, white :

French do 13. 51

Hungarian do 28.95

Oak, evergreen (French) do 15. 44

Olive wood do 13. 51

Eucalyptus do 13. 51

Thuya do 675. 50

CLIMATE.

The climate at all seasons is very nearly perfect. Winter, if indeed
any season here can be properly so denominated, is sufficiently mild
to remind one of early spring in the corresponding American latitude.
July and August are very warm, but there is generally a cool wind
from the sea, which renders life agreeable even at this, the most unpleas-
ant season in Provence. As to what influence these conditions exer-
cise over building operations it is difficult to estimate ; but there are
certainly pronounced effects, as in the use of tiles for flooring, the cool
surface tempering the excessive summer heat.

TRADE OUTLOOK.

Notwithstanding apparent hindrances, whether of natural condi-
tions, or unnatural, as in the case of tariff exactions, Southern France
must have a vast quantity of foreign lumber, and that the United States
do not furnish the bulk of it is solely due to the fault of her own mer-
chants and dealers. Sailing vessels are constantly plying directly
between this city and South Atlantic ports, in close proximity fco the
forests of Georgia and elsewhere on the Atlantic seaboard if by going

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 165

there business can be secured. Transportation rates by these vessels
has been reduced to such figures that the cost of shipment of lumber
from New York, or Savannah, or Pensacola to Marseilles and Toulon,
unlike formerly when it was the chief item of expense, is now often less
than that of transportation to the seaboard. The great difficulty in the
way of enlarging the American lumber trade here, and this unfortunate
impediment operates in the same manner with reference to American
commodities in general, is not that the market is lacking or in any
sense unwilling, but that there is a complete misunderstanding in the
United States of French business methods and habits, an error which
often goes so far as to seriously undertake to convert the French system
to American, rather than take advantage of situations as they are
found. It should not matter to an American that a Frenchman prefers
to weigh his wheat by old-fashioned "steelyards" rather than by the
carload in transit, moving at the rate of 20 miles an hour. And if he
prefers to buy wheat to-day at a fixed price at so much per bushel to be
delivered six months or a year hence, and is naturally skeptical of a
commercial system wherein the values of commodities in six months or
a year depend, not on supply and demand, but on the influence of
"corners" and "deals," we have only ourselves to blame that the
Eussian merchant, appreciating the situation, has well-nigh driven our
wheat from this market by taking advantage of this dissatisfaction
with the ups and downs of Chicago and New York boards of trade.
The Jdessa dealer sends a French-speaking agent to Marseilles with
instructions to sell wheat under the conditions prevailing in France,
not by the trade rules in vogue in Eussia. And in the same manner
the Eussian and Swedish lumber merchants come in person, learn the
situation, and make contract with the people in their own language.
The American, on the contrary, writes to his consul for the names of
people dealing in particular lines of goods. The names are sent, and
the American merchant writes a letter in English, inclosing a price list
beginning : " We quote, etc., so much per ft. f. o. b.," as if expecting the
Frenchman to learn English, and then master the intricacies of Ameri-
can trade abbreviations.

In a word, there is a large field here for American lumber exports.
Pine, poplar, and oak are used in certain features of housebuilding
referred to herein. The manufacture of furniture is an enormous indus-
try, and American walnut is highly appreciated and wanted for the
purpose. In a great manufacturing city like this, there are hundreds
of uses for which all sorts of lumber are required, but which can not
be enumerated here. At Toulon are situated the great shipbuilding
concerns of the French Government, and the bulk of imported material
should come from the United States.

To secure these markets American dealers should send here repre
sentatives who speak the language, with instructions to study the bus-
iness system of the people, and to sell in accord with it rather than
endeavor to bring the French to our way of thinking. Letters in Eng-

166

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

lisli are of no avail. An earnest effort in the proper way can secure
the lumber market of Southern France to the United States.

CLAUDE M. THOMAS,
MARSEILLES, May 19, 1894. Consul.

GERMANY.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The importation of lumber into Germany during 1892 is given as
follows :

Lumber, raw or cut only with the ax or saw in cross sections, with or
without bark, 54,174,000 marks ; lumber, cut in longitudinal sections or
otherwise cut than in cross section, 45,640,000 marks; lumber, cut or
sawed, but not planed, in the longitudinal section (so-called "kan-
tholz"), 40,200,000 marks 5 makingthe total value, 140,014,000 marks, or
$33,323,000.

Of the whole importation of lumber into Germany about 70,000,000
kilograms came from the United States.

DUTIES.*
The import duty on foreign lumber in Germany is as follows :

Description.

Non-treaty
countries.

Most fav-
ored
nations.

Lumber, raw, cut with the ax or saw in cross sections only, with or without
bark per cubic meter

Marks.
1.20

Harks.
1.20

Lumber, cut in the longitudinal section, or otherwise prepared or split, per
cubic meter

2.40

1.80

Boxwood, cedar ebony, mahogany and cocoa .. per cubic meter..

.60

.CO

Lumber, sawn in the longitudinal section, not planed boards, sawn beams, or
blocks (so-called "kantholz") ....... .. per cubic meter..

6.00

4.80

Cut cedar per 100 kilos .

.25

.25

6.00

5.00

HAMBURG, February 7, 1894.

CHARLES H. BURKE,

Acting Consul.

* Consul-general Mason, of Frankfort on the Main, gives the following statement of
duties per ton :

[Schedule A : Kates conceded to most favored nations, includes the United States. Schedule B : Gen-
eral rates of duty assessed on timber from nontreaty countries.]

Description.

Schedule.

A.

B.

Class 1. Wood, raw, or rough, hewn with ax or saw, with or without bark, and
oak staves

Per ton.
$0.50

.75

2.00
11.90

Per ton.
$0.50

1.00

2.28
14.20

Class 2. Lumber and timber marked in the direction of the longitudinal axis, or
]>i-( pared or cut otherwise than by rough hewing; barrel staves not included
in class 1 ; unpeeled osiers and hoops, hubs, felloes, and spokes

Class 3. Sawed lumber, un planed boards, sawed can tie wood, and other articles

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 167

BAVARIA.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal native woods of the Kingdom of Bavaria are pine, fir,
oak, red and white beech. Stone pine, white pine, larch, alder, ash,
maple, birch, nut, aspen, elm, and linden are also produced, but in less
quantities.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

Pine, fir, oak, and beech are principally used for lumber, the first
two being preferred.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

No statistics exist in reference to the importation of lumber into
Bavaria, but of pine and fir only very little is imported.

American pitch pine, walnut, and teak are largely imported into
Bavaria, especially for railroad wagons and furniture, and cedar in
considerable quantities for lead pencils.

Oak staves and oak boards, the latter for parquetry, are mainly
imported into Bavaria from Austria-Hungary, and nutwood from. Italy
and Switzerland.

PRICES.

The following prices are paid for lumber in Nuremberg, viz :

Pine, fir :

Unwrought marks per cubic meter. . 15 to 20

Sawn or cut do 25 to 30

Oak:

Un wrought do 40 to 70

Sawn or cut do 80 to 110

Beech :

Un wrought do 12 to 30

Sawn or cut do 30 to 40

CLIMATE.

The climate in Bavaria is moderate. The average temperature isras
follows: Spring, 46 J° F. ; summer, 64° ; autumn, 47°; winter, 31°.

GENERAL BUILDING.

General building was carried on on a large scale until two years ago.
Since that time it has decreased enormously. Shipbuilding in Bavaria
is of no importance, but much lumber is used for railroad building.
The largest railroad WBgon factory of Bavaria, " Maschinenbau Actien-
gesellschaft Number g," is in this city (Nuremberg), and I am informed
that this company consumes about 5,000 to 6,000 cubic meters of lum-
ber a year, one-half of which is native, the other half foreign, mostly
American, bought through Hamburg, Amsterdam, and Antwerp houses.

168 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

I was told that until recently (cedar for lead pencils excepted) liardly
any direct purchases from the United States were made by Bavarian
firms, but always through Hamburg, Amsterdam, Eotterdam, or Ant-
werp houses. The imports of these American woods are composed of
pitch pine, teak, walnut,- etc. Cedar has always been imported direct.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

From my information I am led to believe that owing to the richness
of the Bavarian woods a large import trade into this district of woods
which grow here in abundance can hardly be expected, but in other
kinds the American trade, already of importance, might be consider-
ably extended, either by communicating directly with large manufac-
turing establishments, such as the wagon factory before mentioned, or
by establishing branch houses or agencies at Hamburg and other sea
ports, and through these pushing the trade.

Another large railroad wagon factory in Bavaria is the Maffei'sche
Maschinenfabrik, in Munich.

SlGMUND DUNKELSBUHLER,

Vice and Deputy Consul.
NUREMBERG, February 8, 1894.

BREMEN.

NATIVE WOOD.

The native woods are common pine, German and Scotch fir, oak,
beech, poplar, ash, and alder.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

For building purposes Scotch fir, Indian and pitch pine are used-
pitch pine is preferred for flooring. Wagon makers and turners use
poplar, oak, beech, and alder. Cabinetmakers use German pine for
common furniture, but prefer Italian and American walnut and mahog-
any for fine furniture.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

quantity of lumber imported is about 200,000 tons (50,000 stand-
ards) per annum. It is imported from Norway, Finland, Sweden,
Eussia, German Baltic Sea, and the United States. All the pitch pine
used here, and some walnut, is American.

The importation of lumber in the year 1892 was as follows, in stand-
ards of 1C5 cubic feet:

Sweden .................................................................... 15,263

Finland .................................................................. . 8,153

Russia ..................................................................... 14,391

East Prussia ............................................................... 6,813

Norway .................................................................... 5,395

United States .............................................................. 4,705

Total.. . 54,720

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

169

PRICES.

Tlie following prices, duty included, are paid for lumber per standard
or 4 tons :

Norwegian $29. 04 to $38. 08

Russian 41. 65 to 60. 60

Finnish 36. 89 to 55.93

Swedish 27.37 to 55.93

American pitch pine 59. 50 to 64. 26

German Baltic Sea white wood 33. 32 to 57. 12

Scotch fir 35. 70 to 83.30

GENERAL BUILDING.

During the years 1891 and 1892 875 houses were built in the city of
Bremen, representing a value of 10,424,126 marks ($2,480,942).

There are several railroads in contemplation from Bremerhaven and
Cuxhaven, and some branches in Oldenburg. ~No railroads have been
built in this district during the last five years.

The following table gives the total number of vessels built in this
district during the years 1888 to 1892:

Tear.

Steamers.

Other vessels.

Total.

Num-
ber.

Tonnage.

Num-
ber.

Tonnage.

Num-
ber.

Tonnage.

1888

3

7
6
14
20

1,253
1,989
4,113
2,803
6,743

4
9
11
8
6

3,555
9,767
11, 163
10, 361
13, 048

7
16
17
22

26

4,808
11, 756
15, 276
13,164
19, 791

1889 . .

1890

1891

1892

There are six shipbuilding companies in this consular district, but
only a few of them are now in operation. The building of ships has
considerably decreased during the past year and several of the ship-
yards have kept up their work only to give employment to their men.
The ships so built were not ordered and are still for sale.

HUGO M. STARKLOFF,

Consul.
BREMEN, January 31, 1894.

FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal native woods are oak, white walnut, beech, white birch,
ash, the Lombardy and silver poplars, and, most important of all, three
evergreens, viz, the red pine (Fichte), the black fir (Tannenbaum), and
the Scotch fir, which is called in German " Kiefer." All these trees

170 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

are planted and grown under the admirable forestry system of Ger-
many, which has been described in detail in previous consular reports.*
There are no longer any primitive forests of any consequence in this
country, but the forestry laws, which make the State the guardian of
its woodlands, has been so effective that the supply of all woods,
except oak (a slow grower), is steadily maintained, and the German
wood-pulp makers are able to use native, artificially-planted timber,
and sell their product in countries which have the advantage of primeval
forests. Through the cession of Alsace-Lorraine in 1870-71, Germany
acquired one-fifth of all the woodlands of France, and obtained thereby
a vast supply of valuable timber. Of the above mentioned varieties
the most rapid grower is the silver poplar, which in good situations
attains at an age of 20 years a diameter of from 20 to 24 inches.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The principal kinds of lumber used are the following: Oak for floor-
ing, parquetry, doors, window casings, stairways, and the general
interior finishing of the best class of buildings, also for furniture and
the wooden parts of agricultural and other machinery.

Ash for flooring, paneled wainscoting, for railway and street cars,
machine frames, the handles of agricultural utensils, and for the cheaper
grades of dining and chamber furniture.

Walnut for furniture and cabinetwork, the same as in the United
States. The white walnut of Germany, although artificially planted,
is plentiful and cheap, but as a cabinet wood it is far inferior in beauty
and richness to the black walnut wood of the United States. The latter
is imported in considerable quantities for furniture, organ cases, and
tables for sewing machines and typewriters, which acquire thereby the
appearance of American origin.

Florida cedar is imported for the manufacture of lead pencils and
penholders. Of late years the cheaper grades of pencils and pen-
holders have been made in Germany from California and Oregon red-
wood, but these are specialties which employ only a limited quantity of
material.

Pitch pine from the Carolinas was used here in past years for window
sash and for cottage furniture, but it is said to shrink after manufacture
so as to make bad joints, and so far as can be ascertained it is no longer
used to any important extent.

Poplar is used for many kinds of boxes and packing cases, as well
as for certain parts of cars and carriages where lightness is especially
desirable.

Eailway ties are made of oak, beech, and fir, but at the present low
prices of metal wooden ties are being gradually replaced by ties of

* Special Consular Beports— Forestry in Europe, 1887.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

171

iron and steel. Few new railways are in construction, and the princi-
pal demand for ties is for repairs to the lines already in operation.

Building lumber, viz, rafters, sheathing for slate and tiled roofs,
doors, and window frames, painted wainscoting, and the underlaying of
parquetry floors, is uniformly of pine and fir. Frame houses, shingled
roofs, weatherboarded walls, board or picket fences, and wooden side-
walks are all practically unknown in German cities and villages, and
as iron joists and girders and fireproof stairways are now exclusively
used in all good buildings the use of lumber or timber of any kind in
building is reduced to a minimum. The trusses and framework of
roofs, rafters, and beams of sizes larger than 6 inches square are gen-
erally made by hewing with broadax, the straight, slender young
pines which grow so profusely in the Government forests.

Oaken split staves are used for wine and beer barrels and kegs and
for the large casks used in breweries and wine cellars. The smaller
staves, up to a length of 4 or 5 feet, are obtained in Germany or
imported from Austria- Hungary and Kussia. But large oak trees are
becoming scarce and costly in most parts of Europe, and the larger
class of oaken staves, those from 5 to 10 feet in length, are now imported
in considerable and steadily increasing quantities from Missouri, Arkan-
sas, and Tennessee. The best American oak staves are exceedingly
tough in fiber, clear and even in grain, and so far as can be ascertained
are uniformly preferred by all German coopers who have used them to
the large staves of European origin. There are but few large oak trees
left in Germany that are available for cutting, and their value may be
inferred from the fact that a single tree which was cut some months
ago in the Spessart, a forest region near Frankfort, was sold for 1,200
marks ($285).

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The amount of lumber imported into Germany in 1892, and during
the first eleven months of 1893, was as follows, in metric tons of 2,240
pounds.

Imports of

Country.

Timber,
round or
rough
hewn

Squared
logs.

Sawn
lumber.

Oak
staves.

Prance ..................... .... .. . ...............

Ton*.
12 928

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

13 134

4 8SO

Norway ...

4 082

32 042

.Austria-Hungary.....

720, 561

153 224

169, 509

32, 046

Kussia ^

1 038 114

352 504

218 537

2 159

Switzerland

1,558

2 273

United States

11, 972

4,382

53, 224

7,720

Sweden

40 288

296, Oil

Total . ,

1 802 349

550 398

776, 426

41, 925

172 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Imports first eleven months 189S.

Tons.
604 647

Tons.
101, 896

Ton*.
132 249

Tons.
33 366

Russia .. " " .

911, 875

394, 981

167, 471

2,308

Netherlands

10, 041

2,868

3 457

30 270

Sweden

38, 279

317, 631

United States

13, 186

4,376

40, 319

8,096

France

6,826

Total ..

1, 550, 032

539, 532

690 808

43 770

There were also imported in 1892 17,944 tons of boxwood, of which
9,760 tons came from the West Indies, 3,099 tons from the United
States, and the remainder principally from the East Indies and Africa.
In the foregoing statistics the difference between classes 1 and 2, i. e.,
"timber, round or rough hewn," and "squared logs," is this: The first
class includes beams, piles, and ship timber imported in the general
form in which it is to be used, while class 2 includes the blocks and
logs which have been squared to save freight and duty on waste mate,
rial, and which are imported for the special purpose of being sawn
into veneers or other forms of fine lumber for cabinetwork or building
purposes. The reason for this latter method of importation will be
apparent when the classification and rates of duty in each class are
explained.

PRICES.

The prices of lumber in Germany are based upon classifications and
methods of measurement, which are somewhat difficult to clearly explain.
The American unit of measure per "thousand feet," is not used in this
country. Timber is sold by the cubic meter, equal to 35.3 cubic feet ; and
sawed lumber is sold at retail by the piece and at wholesale by the hun-
dred pieces. This latter system will be illustrated by the following tabu-
lar price list, showing the wholesale rates at which pine and fir building
lumber are now offered for delivery at Frankfort by lumbermen who
have sawmills in the forests of Bavaria, Wurtemberg, and Baden.
These are therefore the prices with which American building lumber
would have to compete, exclusive of duty, if introduced into this mar-
ket.

The subjoined list shows the four standard grades or qualities, which
are designated, respectively, in German: "Eein," "ausschuss-rein,"
"gute,"and "ausschuss," which may be translated in their order as
"clear," "half clear," "good," and "culls." Under this grading or
classification of qualities, the wholesale price per 100 boards or pieces,

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

173

16 feet long, from 1 to 2 inches thick, and from 6 to 14 inches wide, per
cubic meter, are as follows :

Thick-
ness.

Width.

Clear.

Half
clear.

Good.

Culls.

Inches.

Inches.

1

6

$17. 37

$14. 75

$13. 09

$10. 47

1

7

19.99

16.89

14.99

12.37

1

8

24.03

19.75

17.61

14.99

1

9

28.08

22.84

20.46

17.61

1

10

35.22

29.03

25.94

20.70

1

11

41.65

33.55

29.27

23.32

1

12

48.79

39.74

35.46

27.13

1

13

53.55

42.60

38.31

29.03

1

14

58.31

46.88

41.88

31.41

it

12
12

69.02
83.30

54.74
64.26

44.50
53.31

33.79
40.69

2

12

111. 86

88.06

70.92

54.26

The subjoined price list is for units of 100 pieces, 16 feet long, but of
special thicknesses other than 1 inch.

Quality.

Thick-
ness.

Inches in width.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Inch.

$6.42
7.14
10.23
8.80

$7.85
8.80
11.90
10.47

$9.15
10.71
13.80
12.37

$11. 42
12. 85
16.66
14.99

$13. 80
15.70
20.94
18.08

$16. 42
18 80
23.56
20.70

$19. 04
21.42
29.03
23.56

Do

Good A. clear

Terms on all sales under the foregoing lists, three months' payment,
or 1J per cent discount for cash These prices would be equivalent to
about $30 per 1,000 feet for clear pine lumber 1 inch thick, 12 inches
wide, and 16 feeb long. Whether American lumber can stand the
freight and import duty, besides commissions, is the main question which
American exporters will readily decide. Oregon pine and redwood
from the Pacific coast have been imported to Bremen, Dusseldorf,
Cologne, and some other ports of the lower Rhine, but it does not
appear that any has come so far inland as Frankfort.

In respect to its pine lumber supply Frankfort occupies the advan-
tageous position of being the first large city on the Eiver Main, down
which are rafted vast quantities of logs and lumber from the forests
of Bavaria. Part of the logs are sawed in the woods where they are
cut, but a large proportion are peeled and rafted down in whole tree
lengths to Frankfort, where they are either hauled out and sawed or
the smaller rafts are joined together and continue their voyage down
the river to the numerous sawmills along the Ehine from Cologne to
Duisburg, or to Holland, where they are either sawed for lumber and
ship timber or are used as piles in the dike and dock constructions
which are constantly in progress in that country. Germany is thus an
exporter as well as an importer of logs and lumber, the exports under
two classes, mostly pine and fir, amounting in 1892 to 276,473 tons.

174 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CLIMATE.

The climate in this district is similar in mean temperature, rainfall
and general character to that of southern Indiana or Kentucky. The
extremes of heat and cold are, however, less marked here than in any
corresponding climate in the United States.

GENERAL BUILDING.

There is no wooden boat or ship building of any consequence in
this district. There are still many wooden vessels in service on the
Ehine, but they belong mainly to the older class j the new barges and
steamers, which carry most of the traffic on that river and its tributaries,
are made of iron and steel.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

In respect to th e hard and more valuable woods, the field which
is offered in Germany to American exporters is much more promising.

The American black walnut is superior to any cabinet wood found in
this country, and there is already a considerable import of that mate-
rial, chiefly in the form of rough-hewn squared logs, which are landed
at Hamburg, under the minimum duty of 50 cents per ton, and sold at
auction to dealers and consumers, who saw them up into the required
sizes and forms. The advantage gained by this form of importation
applies similarly to all other woods. The squared log, which is entered
at a duty rate of 50 cents per ton, would, if sawed into boards, be duti-
able at $2 per ton, or $11.90 per ton if sawed into veneerings. But, on
the other hand, few cabinetmakers are able to judge with certainty
from outside examination what the interior quality of a large walnut
or bird's-eye maple log may be, and many therefore prefer to buy their
walnut and other fine lumber ready sawed and seasoned. Black-walnut
timber for the German market may be of first or second quality, from
8 to 16 feet long, 6 to 18 inches wide, and 1, 1J, 1J, and 2 inches thick.
The same dimensions apply to ash lumber designed for furniture and
house-finishing purposes.

Oak flooring is largely used in this country, but the imported mate-
rial must compete in price with the home-grown supply and with the
oak of Austria and Eussia, and whatever business is done in this line
must be based on close profits. Oak or ash flooring is rarely laid
straight and parallel, but is cut up into lengths of 20 to 24 inches and
laid in " herringbone " or other simple patterns on an under sheathing
of pine. For this purpose the oak stuff need be only 4 or 5 inches
wide, and is readily furnished by small trees such as grow plentifully
in some districts of Germany. Oak lumber sent to this country should
be, unless otherwise specified, an inch thick, from 4 to 6 inches wide,
from 4 to 16 feet long, and seasoned until its weight does not exceed

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 175

4,000 pounds per 1,000 feet. The duty would be 20 cents per 100 kilos,
or about $3.63 per 1,000 feet. Eussian oak is imported and sold by the
Handelsgeschaft at Berlin, and in order to meet this double competi-
tion American oak lumber would have to be lauded at Eotterdam or
Antwerp for about $45 per 1,000, freight to destination and German
import duty being additional and subsequently paid by the commission
merchant or importing consumer. Ash lumber will have to be similarly
landed for from $35 to $40 per 1,000 feet. Veneerings of bird's-eye
maple or fine walnut and red birch have also been imported to some
extent and are much liked, but the high duty, $11.90 per ton, renders
them rather expensive.

There is also a steady and growing demand for American oak staves
of the sizes from 4 to 10 feet in length, which are used by coopers in
the wine districts along the Ehine and the Moselle, as well as in Baden
and Wiirtemberg. It is worthy of note that such staves for the Ger-
man market should be somewhat thicker than those of similar lengths
used at home. This is for the reason that European oak is less tough
and strong than American, and the coopers here have become accus-
tomed to thicknesses which Americans have found to be dispropor-
tionate and unnecessary. The German coopers are, however, confirmed
in their notions, and it will be well to concede half an inch of extra
thickness to this prejudice. Dressed staves of smaller sizes, in which
the item of labor forms a large part of the cost of production, can
apparently be made as cheaply in Germany as in the United States.

Carriage lumber, hubs, spokes, felloes, etc., are importedfrom our coun-
try to some extent, but mainly by parties in Berlin, who keep a large
stock and send traveling salesmen to sell supplies to carriage-builders,
who in case of large purchases frequently go or send a competent fore-
man to Berlin, where the wood is selected, piece by piece. It is quite
probable that a capable agent or local commission merchant in southern
Germany could establish direct relations between American exporters
and the principal carriage-makers in this section, but it would be
necessary to send only selected wood, every piece of which is up to
standard, for any defect in quality would be detected and soon break
up a direct trade with consumers.

For the development and maintenance of direct exports of American
lumber of any kind to western Germany, no agency would be so effec-
tive as an energetic, clever salesman, familiar with the German lan-
guage and local methods of business, equipped with samples and
authorized to receive trial orders from dealers and consumers under
specified guaranties and conditions. If prices and qualities were found
satisfactory, a trade could soon be established that would in the end
take care of itself. If the sending of such agents is not found feasi-
ble, the next best method would be to enlist the services of local com-
mission merchants, who should be authorized to make sales on the
terms of payment that are offered by dealers who sell native or imported
European woods. Exporters who may wish to open correspondence

176

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

with an experienced and capable commission merchant in this city,
who has already introduced with some success several kinds of Ameri-
can lumber, are referred to Mr. Erwin Boelker, No. 33 flochstrasse,

Frankfort.

FRANK H. MASON,

FRANKFORT, February 3, 1894. Consul- General.

HAMBURG.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods of the Hamburg consular district are oak, red
beech, red and white pine, alder, ash, and poplar. Oak is principally
used for ship, mill, and bridge building, while beech is generally
employed by house-builders and carriage manufacturers.

Imports of lumber into Hamburg.

Whence imported.

1892.

Average
value.

1891.

100 kilos.

Marks.

100 kilos.

Marks.

Building material.
United States on the Atlantic

47,429

328,770

Mark*.

198
1,597
131, 238
] 22, 000
57, 732
38, 665
189

2,050
13, 500
817, 220
555, 050
257,070
168, 610
1,280

107, 335
142, 027
76, 353
26, 682
1,024

619, 180
616, 070
316, 080
140,390
6,040

6
4
4
5
6

Norway . . ......................

-Russian Baltic ports

Other countries ................... .

Total by sea . ......... ......

400, 850
1, 217, 070

2, 026, 530
7,247,790

5
6

351,619
1,409,713

1, 814, 780
7, 870, 130

Prom the Upper Elbe and by railway
Staves.
United States, on the Atlantic

8,725
169
8,168
349
249

83,220
2,000
42,170
3,960
2,790

10
12
7
11
11

5,037
146
4,553
318
251

47,440
930
32, 310
3,090
2,490

British North' America .

Total by sea

15,660
15,421

134, 140
123, 370

9
8

10, 305
43,001

86, 260
344, 010

From the Upper Elbe and by railway
Boxwood.

10

1,565
1,191
388
103

100
39,640
16, 570
4,960
2,350

10

25
14
13
23

1,842
1,441
190
196

13,040
35, 190
4,180
4,900

Great Britain

Total by sea

3,257

63,620

20

3,669

57, 310

Walnut.
United States on the Atlantic. . .

1,133,100
14, 903
2,529
76, 319
15, 151
15,911
8,647
11, 392
3,096
1,362
993
503

2,136,740
35,700
3,140
271, 390
44,600
29, 370
26, 960
23,930
12,700
3,160
2,590
1,600

189
240
124
356
294
185
312
210
410
232
261
318

1,726,993
15, 138
2,169
84,784
12,804
39, 671
34, 151
23,610
755
133
3,817
1,105

3, 455, 070
37, 130
2,000
327, 010
23, 750
85,490
105, 860
83,380
2,560
510
11, 510
3,170

Britieh East India

Russian ports on Black Sea etc

Italy

Great Britain

Total by sea

1,283,906

2,218

2, 591, 880
4,480

202

202

1, 945, 130

8,276

4,137,440
17, 630

From the Upper Elbe and by railway

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
Imports of lumber into Hamburg — Continued.

177

18

92.

Average

1*

91.

Tfor cbm.

Marks.

value.

yfocbm.

Marks.

Cedar.

Coba

352 039

540 820

Marks.
154

375 539

505 820

120 162

104 300

87

136 267

102 010

TJnited States on the Atlantic

13 694

17 810

130

41 821

fiQ 7Qft

Mexico on the Atlantic

15 043

15 910

106

36 135

44 120

British East India

°4 871

6 510

26

2fi 3fi3

7 c-irt

Mexico on the Pacific

3,244

5 500

170

5 059

5 010

99

77 255

53 230

49 635

43 770

51 429

39 500

2 6^0

3 500

Great Britain

69 311

60 200

87

6 537

9 510

Italy

22 552

40 860

181

18 622

13 090

70

gq 675

35 900

5 814

6 550

13

3 788

4 100

261

200

177

1 114

400

650 672

876 760

126

848 178

919 160

Ebony.

2 843

68 780

24

4 371

86 740

German West Africa

281

3 340

12

279

4* 220

Other West Africa

3 147

33 390

11

2 242

27 840

British East India

923

15 600

17

142

3 390

German East Africa ........ . .

244

2 950

548

11 570

21

44

980

310

6,000

19

155

1 160

623

14 740

24

1 627

30 900

437

7 430

17

931

16 780

101

3,900

39

311

6,050

15

120

g

60

1 060

9,228

164, 870

18

10, 406

182, 070

Prom the Upper Elbe .....' .

39

690

18

32.

Average

18

91.

100 kgr.

Marks.

value.

100 kgr.

Marks.

Rosewood.

1 802

39 190

Marks.

22

402

14, 910

British East India

1 380

28 210

20

1 675

34 100

'594

26 05Q

44

755

34 130

147

4 710

32

622

18, 060

161

4,390

119

2,950

2

120

Total by sea

3 993

98 160

25

3 736

108, 660

Veneers.
United States on the Atlantic

75

7 050

94

45

5,840

398

50 480

127

592

73, 650

100

11, 060

111

145

34, 520

9

1 830

203

18

3,030

Total by sea

582

70 420

121

800

117, 040

From the Upper Elbe and by railway

647

63,430

98

983

114, 040

Guaiacum.
Venezuela .........

4 749

71 830

15

2,074

35, 400

United States on the Atlantic

531

7 070

13

424

5 520

13

2,478

44, 960

112

2 220

20

129

1 220

9

2,979

42, 800

Haiti

105

'530

5

2,060

13, 740

754

12, 770

17

1,177

19, 980

The Netherlands

287

4 540

16

88

1,640

19

268

2,840

Total by sea

7 179

107 340

15

11, 036

159, 720

From the Upper Elbe and by railway

47

700

15

46

670

665A 12

178

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Imports of lumber into Hamburg — Continued.

From—

18

92.

Average

18

91.

T^Cbm.

Marks.

value.

thCbm.

Marks.

Mahogany.

149, 666

386, 670

Marks.
258

208 320

532 090

West Africa ... .

120 035

223 380

186

145 768

817 610

76, 108

124, 100

163

95 787

195 230

21 024

50 120

238

89 777

251 690

"United Stites on the Atlantic

6 209

16 640

319

13 426

42 640

British East India

8 857

16 140

182

16 787

29 230

4,208

8 420

200

Haiti

875

3 230

370

Columbia on the Caribbean Sea

1,710

3 060

179

2 141

2 600

121

Madeira

1 142

3 700

993

2*500

Great Britain ... .

21 425

56 250

263

23 987

80 250

6,872

16 950

247

18 485

47 260

The Netherlands

2 089

7 950

381

449

1 230

Other countries

114

290

254

3 453

4 440

Total by sea

420, 333

915 800

218

618 374

1 507 870

During 1893 there were imported into Liibeck as follows:

From—

Standards.*

Value.

20 000

Maries.
3 500,000

Sweden

32 500

4 800 000

Prussia coastwise . .

10 500

1,500 000

Total

63 000

9 800 000

* Standards of 4 tons each.

During 1892 the imports of straight timber at Kiel amounted to
117,980 cubic meters, besides 436,880 kilos of sleepers. The timber
arrived from the following countries:

Cubic meters.

German Empire 37,823

Bussia 25,413

Sweden 53,534

Norway 226

The Netherlands 969

Denmark 15

Sweden and Finland supply rafters and pine and fir boards. Sta-
tistics of the importation of lumber into the port of Flensburg are not
obtainable.

CLIMATE.

The climate of the Hamburg consular district is by no means a pleas-
ant one. Easterly cold winds prevail in winter and southwesterly
winds, with much rain, in summer. Last summer, however, was an
exceptionally dry one, so dry that, owing to the partial failure of the
hay crop, the farmers were compelled to import hay from other coun-
tries, the United States being among these.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 179

GENERAL BUILDING.

Considerable house, ship, and railroad building is carried on in this
district, and in this respect I would refer to the enormous growth
of the cities of Hamburg, Alton a, and Kiel, the new North Sea and
Baltic Canal, with its many locks, bridges, and railways, and to the
shipbuilding yards of Hamburg, Kiel, Ltibeck, Mensburg, and Eos-
tock.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

I find that the general opinion of those engaged in the importation
of lumber from the United States is that the American dealers do not
pay sufficient attention to the desires and wishes of the German
importers ; that they very often ship qualities inferior to those ordered,
and are inclined to class as prime what the German dealer would call
only medium lumber.

In order to extend the lumber trade of the United States the ship-
ments of inferior lumber must be stopped, as far as practicable, so as to
allow prices to recuperate. At the close of 1892 the stock of walnut
logs in Hamburg was 1,400 ; at the close of 1893 it was 10,000. This is
sufficient to supply the demand for some time to come. Notwithstand-
ing this overstocking of the market, I am told that prime walnut logs
are always salable at fair prices, the larger the logs the better the
prices. Small logs are difficult to get rid of.

The low freights at which small sailing vessels carry lumber, and
especially sleepers, from Sweden to the North German ports, almost
preclude the competition of countries as far distant as ours.

CHAS. H. BURKE,
Vice and Acting Consul.

HAMBURG, February 7, 1894.

NORWAY.

NATIVE WOODS.

Southeastern Norway, where this consulate is located, was formerly
well covered with natural forests. Lumber has, consequently, for sev-
eral centuries past been a staple export. Norway, as a whole, is still
well wooded, and it is estimated that 77,000 square kilometers (24 per
cent) of the superficies of the country are still covered with forests.
But they have gradually become very thin in many districts, especially
on the high mountains and in marshy places. In the western districts,
along the extensive seacoast, the forests have now disappeared alto-
gether, and the only woods left are at the inner extremity of the deep
and narrow fjords, sometimes over 100 miles from the open sea.

180 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

In earlier times, when wood had no value as an article of commerce,
and when people had not yet begun cutting down the forests reck-
lessly, about half of the country was wooded and the forests covered
many sections now perfectly treeless. There were even forests of large
oaks and other valuable trees which have now almost disappeared.
The present decline in the forests is due to an excessive consumption
of wood for fuel, and fencing in land, as well as to large fires in many
districts.

The native woods of Norway are chiefly pine or spruce ( Abies excelsa),
fir (Pinus silvestris), birch (Betula odorata), and alder (Alnus incana),
The two first, of which the great forests exclusively consist, grow abun-
dantly everywhere in eastern and northern Norway, even up to the
seventieth degree north latitude. Trees between one hundred and
one hundred and fifty years old show a considerable size, but those now
felled and floated down the rivers to the mills are generally of small
dimensions, showing the rapid decline in the forests.

EXPORTS OF LUMBER.

The aggregate value of the Norwegian forests was lately esti-
mated at about $110,000,000, and they are supposed to give employ-
ment to nearly 14,000 persons. In 1892, for which year we have the
latest official statistics, the total export of lumber of all kinds amounted
to 1,894,586 cubic meters, consisting of planed and sawed lumber, hewn
timbers, pit props, and other round timber, staves, and firewood.

In the above figures are. however, included about 300,000 cubic meters
of lumber of Swedish production imported into Norway to be manufac-
tured in the mills and reexported to foreign countries.

The total value of the lumber exports in 1892 was estimated at
$7,461,120.

The principal markets to which Norwegian lumber was exported in
the said year were as follows :

Cubic meters.

Sweden 40,479

Denmark 40,372

Africa 56,809

Spain 37,487

Australia 24,659

Cubic meters.

Great Britain 1,232,123

France 136, 096

Holland 127,264

Belgium 116,687

Germany 67, 332

Though the forests of Norway, having no legal protection, have been
carelessly cut down all over the country, it does not seem likely that
lumber from the United States will be needed in the near future beyond
the small amorint now imported chiefly for the shipyards, and valued
in 1891 at $38,056, and in 1892 at $15,196.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

Pine wood is extensively used for house-building, fences, fuel, and
lately to a great extent in the manufacture of pulp for paper mills. A

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

181

great exportation of same for foreign paper mills has also lately
sprung up.

Fir is a harder and more expensive wood than pine, and is commonly
used in ship and house building and for furniture. The shipyards,
which have fewer wooden vessels on the docks year after year, still
import some foreign woods, such as pitch pine, oak, and teak, chiefly
from Eussia, the German provinces on the Baltic, and also from the
United States.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The lumber of all kinds imported into Norway in 1892 from foreign
countries is given in the official statistical tables as follows :

Sweden :

By land $1,097,567

By sea

Denmark

Finland

Russia

Germany

Holland

197 567

Great Britain

22 164

57 646

France . .

268

9 568

Swain

53

2 090

United States

.. .. 15 196

76 434

All other

214

53, 734

Total

1t 347 959

12,864

DUTY AND PRICES.

There is no import duty on lumber in this country, nor has any
export duty been levied since July 1, 1893.

The prices quoted in this market for the different kinds of lum-
ber exported can not easily be given, but those quoted in the offi-
cial statistics published for 1892 are, as I understand, correct, being
based on reliable statements made at the principal exporting places,
and prices have not on an average undergone any noteworthy change
since then.

More than 19 decimeters in length.

Per cubic meter.

Planed Inmber, all kinds $6.30

Sawed lumber :

Planks, deals, boards 4. 82

Boards of inferior quality 3. 59

Spars 3.75

Telegraph poles 3. 62

Mining timber 1. 87

Pit props 1.87

Hewn timber 2. 00

Balk, French poutrelles, and similar 3. 62

So-called Danish lumber 2.40

Packing-box shocks 4. 95

Staves, ordinary, sawed 3. 48

Staves of birchwood, sawed 5. 89

Logs for the manufacture of cellulose 1. 60

Small wood, cut full, etc 1.60

182 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

CLIMATE.

This district lies between the fifty-eighth and the sixty- second and
one-half degrees north latitude, and is bounded on the south by the
Skager-Rack and sheltered from the sea by numerous small islands scat-
tered along the coast and extending to the Swedish border. On the
northeast and west it is surrounded by chains of high mountains, some
of which rise to over 8,000 feet. The yearly mean temperature on the
coast is between 42 and 44° F., but declines to 41° in this city, which
is situated at the head of the long Christiania Fjord and has more of
an inland climate.

While the winters are generally mild on the coast, where the ther-
mometer has never gone below 5° above zero, in Ohristiania the mer-
cury has sometimes fallen to 22° below zero, and in the northern section
of this district it is often as low as 40°. But the cold waves are seldom
of long duration.

The greatest heat and cold are found in the inland districts, while
on the coasts the winters are mild and the summers cool. The mean
temperature of the coast within this district is given for the month of
July as between 57 and 63° F. In this city the summer heat some-
times rises to 90° F.

The difference noted in atmospheric temperature between the inland
district and the coast, also applies to the dampness of the air. The
average humidity on the coast is, as a rule, much greater than farther
up in the country. Everywhere the greatest humidity prevails during
the winter, and the month of May is marked by great dryness. The
amount of annual rain at Ghristiania is only 0.5 meter to 2 meters at
Bergen on the western coast, and it falls even to 33 centimeters on the
mountains to the north of this district. Heavy fogs often occur here
in winter. Neither wind nor rain is of great force or duration in this
district. Thunderstorms are of rare occurrence in this section of Nor-
way.

GENERAL BUILDING.

Wood is generally used for housebuilding, owing to its abundance
and cheapness, even in cities of some importance. In the principal
cities, however, Christiania, Bergen, and Drontheim, there are great
restrictions laid on its use and brick houses are now the rule. The
material used in the interior of dwelling houses, as for floors, stair-
cases, window casings, etc., continues to be wood. The roofs are
generally covered with tiles, and, lately, in the cities also with slate.

Shipbuilding has from time immemorial been one of the principal
industries of this country, and the interesting copy of the ancient
Viking ship of a thousand years ago, which was lately sailed over
from Norway to the World's Fair at Chicago, bears witness to the
great skill of the old Norse shipbuilders. At the end of 1892 the
Norwegian merchant marine numbered 7,506 vessels, of an aggregate

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

183

tonnage of 1,744,993 tons, manned by 58,631 seamen. The greater
part of these vessels were built in Norway, and the addition to home-
built vessels in 1892 was 105 vessels (78 sailing vessels and 27 steamers),
with a tonnage of 25,969 tons.
Shipbuilding during the last five years gives the following figures:

Tear.

Sailing vessels.

Steamers .

Number.

Tonnage.

Number.

Tonnage.

1888

37
56

98
93

78

9,369
7,096
12, 646
17, 442
17, 148

7
20
39
39
27

2,038
6,285
12, 142
12,028
8,821

1889 .

1890

1891 •

1892

In 1892, 14 steamers of 9,792 tons, and 110 sailing vessels of 58,352
tons were bought of foreign countries, at an estimated value of $663,568
and $1,120,508, respectively.

The Norwegian railroads, the greater part of which lie within this dis-
trict, had, up to June 30, 1893, a total length of 1,562 kilometers, of
which 950 kilometers were of narrow gauge (1.067 meters) and 592 kilo-
meters of wide gauge (1.435 meters). Their aggregate cost was about
$35,000,000. Eailroad-building is now going on in several districts of
southern Norway, and only a few days ago the Storthing voted about
$13,500,000 for the construction of new lines in different sections of the
country.

GERH. GADE,

Consul.

CHRISTIANIA, March 5, 1894.

PORTUGAL.
THE AZORES.

NATIVE WOODS.

Owing to the very limited quantity of lumber imported or consumed
there is little to report of interest upon this matter within the Azores.
The native woods are scarcely worthy of mention with the exception
of the "Faia," a small tree, from which the name of the island " Fayal "
is said to be derived. It is this tree which furnishes the firewood of
this island. Its grain and its natural color, somewhat resemble the
wood of the butternut. As this tree never grows to be much more
than a large shrub it is seldom used except for firewood. Some pine
is also grown here, but so small in amount and so poor in quality as
to be unworthy of consideration.

184 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

KINDS USED AND IMPORTED.

Northern or white pine and Southern pine are the principal timbers
used. The imports amount to about 200,000 feet yearly at Fayal, and
probably not more than 500,000 feet to all the Azores — all from the.
United States.

DUTY AND PRICES.

An import duty of about $11 per 1,000 feet, varying a little with the
dimensions of the lumber, is imposed.
The lumber is retailed at about $42 per 1,000.

CLIMATE.

The climate is temperate and equable and similar to that of the Ber-
mudas, but with cooler summers. The atmosphere is humid. The range
of the thermometer (Fahrenheit) during the summer is generally from
70° to 76° or 78° rarely rising above 80° or falling below 68°. During
the winter its range is generally from 60° to 64° or 66°, but during the
north winds, which are not prevalent, it frequently falls below this,
but rarely as low as 50°, although during the tempestuous weather
of the afternoon of the 10th instant, during a slight fall of hail, the
thermometer fell for a short time to 45°, but such an occurrence I am
told is rare.

GENERAL BUILDING.

Building operations are very limited. A few boats for fishing and
for communication with the adjacent island of Pico, are built here, but
rarely any larger boats.

There are no railroads unless the two might be so called that are in
use in the construction of the breakwaters that are being built at
Fayal and at St. Michaels, which are only a little longer than the
length of the breakwater upon which they are used.

The few buildings being constructed are of stone with the smallest
possible amount of wood finishings.

LEWIS DEXTER,
Consul.

FATAL, January 18, 1894.

RUSSIA.
RIGA.

NATIVE WOODS.

This is one of the largest lumber exporting districts of Russia, the
value of its lumber exports amounting to about $6,000,000 per annum.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 185

The native woods are : White wood of superior quality, being fine-
grained and mostly free from knots, and redwood (yellow), mostly of
an inferior class.

There are no uncommon kinds of wood; very little oak, save in Volhy-
nia, but some birch and alder.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The white wood is preferred for lumber, the red being used more for
sleepers and square timber.

DUTY AND PRICES.

The import duty is about $7.50 per standard of 165 cubic feet.

The prices at present are as follows, per standard : 3 inches by 12
inches and 11 inches, $35 per standard; 3 inches by 9 inches and 11
inches, $32.50 per standard; 3 inches by 8-7 inches and 11 inches, $25
per standard; 1 inch, about 10 per cent dearer.

CLIMATE.

The climate is somewhat like the Canadian, perhaps a little milder.

GENERAL BUILDING.

The building of small wooden sailing vessels on this coast is very
limited, and only wood of the country is used in their construction.

N. P. A. BORNHOLDT,

Consul.
EiGA, January 15, 1894.

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods in this consular district are ash, beech, chestnut,
cypress, hickory, lime, maple, oak, pine, poplar, sycamore, and walnut.
Of these only the pine (yellow and white), oak, and beech are used for
lumber to any considerable extent.

LUMBER USED AND PRICES.

All lumber is sold in the rough, but that suitable for dressing mostly
used is white and yellow pine, with some oak for flooring and natural-
wood finish. For frame stuff and rough lumber oak and pitch pine
are the most commonly used. The lumber on sale here is sawed quite
different from that in the American market. The white pine is sold in
joists from 2 to 3J inches thick by 8 to 12 inches wide, and of various

186

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

lengths, from 10 to 26 feet. These pieces are resawed by hand with
a whipsaw to the desired size for sash, doors, flooring, moldings, and
other finishing material. This class of lumber varies in price according
to quality and size, the larger pieces being preferred. It is sold by the
piece, but the price in square feet measure is from $16 to $19 per 1,000*
feet. The boards used for siding, partitions, and other purposes are
pine, both yellow and white, and are sawed about three- eights and
three-fourths of an inch thick by 10 to 12 inches wide, and from 10 to
16 feet long. When comparatively clear of knots they sell at $23.75
to $26 per 1,000 feet, according to length and thickness, but when
full of knots and of short lengths sell as low as $ 11 per 1,000 feet.
Frame material is generally sold in beams from 4J to 12 £ inches square,
of various lengths, up to 37 feet. The oak beams, best quality, sell at
$24 to $27 per 1,000 feet. The pine frame lumber is sold in similar
sizes and is resawed by hand for rafters, studding, etc., and sells for
from $22 up to $28 for best quality and long pieces. Pine flooring
dressed on one side sells at $28 to $32 per 1,000 feet. The best grade
is not entirely clear of knots and the cheapest contains some black
knots.

LUMBER IMPORTED AND DUTY.

The lumber imported is mostly from the Black Sea ports ; a small
quantity is imported from Sweden, but none from the United States.
That from Eoumania and Austria is preferred by the carpenters. The
latest official figures obtainable on the imports of lumber are as fol-
lows:

Year ending March 13 —

Pieces.

Value.

1891

4, 564, 868

$1, 139, 300

1892

8, 211, 051

1, 406, 527

The duty on foreign lumber imported into Turkey is uniformly 8 per
cent ad valorem. The Turkish Government charges a tax of 20 per
cent ad valorem for cutting timber in the forests of Turkey, and 12 per
cent ad valorem duty on lumber when shipped from one province to
another. These charges have greatly injured the production of home
lumber and the owners of forests are making an effort to get relief, but
with no apparent prospects of success.

CLIMATE AND GENERAL BUILDING.

This part of Turkey has usually a very temperate climate, but, at long
intervals, the winters are quite severe.

Owing to numerous disastrous conflagrations, the authorities of Con-
stantinople have prohibited the construction of wooden buildings, but
in other parts of the Empire no such prohibition exists, and wooden

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 187

structures are the general rule. There is a reasonable amount of gen-
eral improvement in Turkey, but very little shipbuilding and but few
railroads are being built. The railroads already completed are substi-
tuting iron for wooden ties.

TRADE OUTLOOK.

The prospects are not flattering for the extension of the sale of Amer-
ican lumber in this district, owing to prices and want of shipping facil-
ities, yet with a proper effort it might be made successful. Architects
with whom I have conversed, are of the opinion that American lumber,
owing to its uniformity, thereby saving labor, would be eagerly sought
after by the builders if once introduced in this market.

Owing to the prejudice against innovation in the lumber business
and the suspicion with which the native dealers look upon all foreign-
ers, together with the peculiar mode of selling by the piece, it has been
with the greatest difficulty that I have obtained sufficient reliable infor-
mation for this report.

LUTHER SHORT,

Consul- General.

CONSTANTINOPLE, April 26, 1894.

UNITED KINGDOM.
BIRMINGHAM.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods of England are oak, elm, ash, beech, poplar, fir,
walnut, chestnut, plane, holly, sycamore, hawthorne, birch, pine, lime,
willow, box, larch, maple, cherry, yew, aspen, and hazel.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

Timber is used chiefly in building and fencing, for shipbuilding,
wagon and carriage making, and the manufacture of furniture.

In building, oak is used for the better classes of work, such as stair-
cases, window sills, doors, lintels, joists, beams, etc. It was formerly
used largely for floors and wainscoting. Elm is used for purposes
which are to bear extreme wet and dryness, such as water mills, water-
works pipes, pumps, and coffins. Ash is used for spear handles, carts?
wheelbarrows, plows, harrows, axletrees, and oars. Beech is used for
many kinds of furniture, such as chairs, stools, and bedsteads. Poplar
is used for all sorts of white wooden vessels, and being very light, soles
and heels for shoes. Willow is used for basket making. Holly is a
very hard white wood with a close grain, and is used for dressing boxes

188

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

and other fancy articles. Walnut is largely used for drawing and
dining-room furniture of the better class. The lumber of the fir tree is
called deal, and is used largely for flooring, doors, windows, frames,
and in ordinary building no other wood is used for this purpose. Box-
wood is used for engraving upon, and the turner finds it most useful
for mathematical instruments, pegs, screws, tops, chessmen, etc., being
very hard and readily taking polish.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The chief sources of supply are the north of Europe, especially the
countries on the Baltic, Norway, Sweden, Eussia, Germany, and the
British North American Colonies and the United States. Considerable
supplies are also drawn from Belgium, Spain, and the West Indies.

Mulhall gives the value of the timber consumed yearly in Europe as
£190,250,000, and in the United States, £77,400,000. The consumption
per head in Europe is 41 cubic feet; in the United States, 58 cubic feet.
Timber and gold are, according to the same authority, almost the only
articles which have not declined in value in the last decade.

The lumber imported into the United Kingdom from 1889 to 1892 is
shown in the following table:

Kinds.

1889.

1890.

1891.

1892.

Hewn .. ......... ........ .......

Loads*
2 393,223

Loads.
2 278 171

Loads.
2 250 692

Loads.
2 469 139

Sawn or split ........................................

5, 319, 326

4, 778, 676

4, 379, 060

5, 090, 798

Staves .

170 086

156 003

129 987

136 063

Total

7, 882, 635

7, 212, 850

6, 759, 739

7, 696, 000

* A load equals 50 cubic feet of squared timber.

The total imports from the United States in 1892 were as follows, in
loads: Hewn, 165,418; sawn or split, 407,854; staves, 22,761; total
596,033.

PRICES.

Lumber and timber is sold by the load, the cubic foot, the square
foot, the foot run, the ton, the pound or the number of pieces, so that it
is difficult to fix a basis, owing to its lack of uniformity.

CLIMATE.

The climate is temperate and is noted for its sudden changes. There
is a good deal of rain and moisture in the atmosphere. The average
temperature in winter is about 40°, and in a hot summer as high as
90° and 92°, and in an ordinary summer about 75°.

GENERAL BUILDING.

There is no shipbuilding in this district, but there are extensive
wagon works such as the Midland Wagon Company, the Birmingham

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 189

Wagon Company. Timber is extensively used in the Black Country
here, that is, the district between Wolverhampton and Birmingham,
for supportiug the roofs of workings in pits.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

It seems to me from my observation and as the result of inquiries,
that more of our lumber might find a market here for use in making
furniture if close attention were given to the matter by our manufac-
turers, but the radical differences in tastes and customs would render
necessary a close study of the local conditions here. Most of the
wooden utensils used in housekeeping are made in the United States
and find a sale here at good prices.

GEORGE F. PARKER,

Consul.

BIRMINGHAM, January 30, 1894.

DUNDEE.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods are oak, ash, elm, beech, birch, larch, spruce fir,
and silver fir ; the first five varieties mentioned being hard woods. Of
these oak, ash, and elm are mostly used for agricultural implements,
wagons, carts, wheels, and van making purposes, for all of which they
are well adapted. Beech is used mostly for wheelwright work, such
as cogs for wheels and carpenters7 planes, and tools of various kinds;
birch is principally used by turners for making bobbins, spools, etc.;
larch is used largely for fencing purposes, and also by cartwrights in
making shafts, sides, and bottoms of carts, and although not a hard
wood, it is considered a very good wood for wear and strength; spruce
fir and silver fir are chiefly used for fencing and coal-pit sleepers. None
of them are of a lasting quality, and are only used for these and like
purposes which are of a temporary nature.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

Most of the wood used in this district comes from the Baltic and
neighboring ports, and these are generally known in the trade here as
"Baltic woods." Navigation on the Baltic is open only from May to
December, so that the full supply has to be imported during this
period.

From the ports of Archangel and Cronstadt is shipped a very fine
quality of red and white deals and battens, boards, etc., in sizes from
4 by 1 to 11 by 3; these are considered the best Baltic woods imported.

Norway sends only a very low quality of red or white deals or bat-

190

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

tens; its forests of goodwood having been exhausted, it now draws
large supplies from Sweden to keep its mills going.

Sweden sends large quantities of red and white deals and battens,
and also baulk timber from 6 to 12 inches square. The Swedish wood
can be had of very fine quality, and it is graded in quality from 1 to
6, the first four qualities being supposed to be entirely free from rot.
The sizes usually sent from there run from 4 by 1 to 12 by 4, and the
Swedish shippers pay more particular attention to the wants of their
customers than do any other shippers.

Germany sends red timber, in large quantities, which is rather coarse,
but of a healthy nature and strong fiber. Germany, also, ships large
quantities of fir for railroad sleepers, which are cut to size before being
shipped.

Woods from the United States are now largely superseding some of
the former, notably beams and wood for churches, halls, etc., and sawn
pitch pine logs which are of very fine quality and cut to dimensions
required. American oak, for wagons is also largely imported, as well
as all sorts of woods used in the manufacture of hubs, spokes, and
felloes. Canary, or American white wood, is growing in favor, and if
it could be got in longer lengths — say from 24 to 34 feet or upwards —
it would doubtless be used more extensively, as it would then be suita-
ble for ship decks, etc., the short lengths in which it is now being
received rendering it unsuitable for these purposes.

It would be hard to say which kinds of lumber are preferred, the use
of the various kinds being solely dependent upon the quality and price?
keeping in mind the particular purpose for which it is to be used.

Timber was imported into this district during 1893 as follows, in loads
of 50 cubic feet:

Imported into—

Hewn
timber.

Sawn
timber.

Total.

Imported into—

Hewn
timber.

Sawn
timber.

Total.

Aberdeen

7 314

41 143

48 457

Perth

1 199

6.073

7 272

Arbroath

468

2 873

3*341

Peteihead

697

9 169

9 866

Dundee ............

8 530

48 264

56 794

Wick

532

2,162

2,694

Ijerwick

81

473

554

Montrose ..... ....

2 532

22 690

25 222

Total

20 453

132 853

154,200

No statistics are available showing these imports by countries, but it
is estimated that of the 56,794 loads imported into Dundee, 4,500 came
from Canada and 5,000 from the United States.

PRICES.

The prices of lumber vary considerably ; during the past ten years
there has been a steady increase.

The following tables give the prices of the best qualities imported
into this district:

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 191

Russian:

Archangel —

First red, 11 by 3 per standard* .. $68.12

First red, 9 by 3 do.... 58.39

First white, 11 by 3 do.... 36.50

First white, 9 by 3 do 34.06

First white, 7 by 2| and 3 do.... 21.90

First red, 7 by 2| and 3 do.... 38.93

Cronstadt —

First red, 11 by 3 do.... 58.39

First red, 7 by 2$ and 3 do 40. 14

First white, 11 by 9 do.... 38.93

9 by 3 do.... 38.28

7 by 2i and 3 do.... 25.55

6 by 24- and 3 do.... 24.33

5 by 2 do.... 21.90

Swedish:

First red, 11 by 3 do.... 65.69

9 by 3 do.... 60.82

7 by 2| and 3 do.... 43.79

6by2i do.... 34.06

First white, 11 by 3 do.... 38.93

9 by 3 do.... 36.50

7 by 2£ and 3 do.... 25.55

6by2i do.... 23.18

Baulk timber —

White, 6 to 8 feet per load.. 3.90

Red, 9 to 12 feet do.... 8.52

Norwegian :

White deals per standard. . 26.86

Battens do 21.89

German :

9 by 11 red baulk timber, 29 to 30 feet long per load. . 11. 18

12" side, 26 feet long do.... 14.69

Oak straights, 18 feet average do 19. 46

Canadian:

Yellow pine, prime logs, 20" on side string measure . . 4. 86

Prime deals, 14 inches wide per standard. . 107. 05

Elm per load.. 17.03

Oak, deep-sided do 30. 43

American :

Pine hewn logs, 100 cubic feet average 12. 40

Pine sawn logs, 35 cubic feet average 11. 19

Prime pitch pine lumber, 1 to 1^ inch thick per standard. . 51. 09

Large canary or white wood logs per load.. 24. 33

Walnut (generally badly made) do 34. 06

Wainscot oak do 30.43

The foregoing prices are qualified as follows: Free on board at
Archangel, freight to Dundee $9.73, per standard; free on board at
Cronstadt, freight to Dundee, $6.27 per standard; free on board at

Swedish ports, freight to Dundee, $5.84 per standard ; free on board
in Norwegian ports, freight to Dundee, $4.86 per standard ; German

*The standard equals 165 cubic feet; the load, 50 cubic feet.

192 AMERICAN LUMBER IN ^FOREIGN MARKETS.

lumber prices include costs, freight and insurance; free on board in
Canadian ports, freight to Dundee, $10.94 per standard; American
prices include costs, freight, and insurance.

CLIMATE.

The climate of the east coast of Scotland is equable, and, generally
speaking, drier than that of the west coast, the average annual rain-
fall in this district for the past ten years being 26.05 inches. No extreme
variations in temperature mark the climate. In the year 1893 the high-
est reading of the thermometer in the shade was 86°, registered on
June 18, while the lowest was 19°, on January 6. The average tem-
perature in summer is about 60° and in winter 39°.

GENERAL BUILDING.

There are three shipbuilding yards in Dundee, from which there were
five launches during 1893, viz, three ships, a bark, and a barge, the
gross tonnage being 6,340. This was, however, a very bad year for the
trade, the gross tonnage for the year 1892 being 21,990. The prospects
at present, however, are brighter, and during the first two months of
this year orders for five vessels, representing a gross tonnage of 6,661
tons, have been secured, so that it may be counted on that a much
larger amount of timber will be used in this industry than during the
past year.

JOHN M. SAVAGE,

Consul.

DUNDEE, April 20, 1894.

FALMOUTH.

NATIVE WOODS.

The supply of native woods, elm and ash, chiefly, is about equal to
the demand. It appears, however, that landowners are neglecting to
plant as fast as the timber is cut, especially on the duchy properties,
where plantations and woods have been cleared and none planted on land
that is useless for other purposes— and where good ash and elm can be
grown. Others are planting larch fir, which makes rapid growth here.
Besides the elm, ash, and fir, oak, beech, chestnut, and poplar grow here.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The principal kinds of foreign lumber used are red and white fir from
Norway and Sweden ; yellow, red, and pitch pine, oak, spruce, mahog-
any, hickory, ash, walnut, birch, and elm from America, and mahogany
irom Africa. Other woods not so generally used are teak, maple, cedar,
lignum- vitse, rosewood, American whitewood, Oregon pine, kaurie
pine, and greenheart.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 193
IMPORTS AND PRICES OF LUMBER.

Lumber is imported from Norway, Sweden, Russia, Finland, Africa,
Australasia, East and West Indies, and all parts of America.
The current wholesale prices, landed, are as follows :

Quebec :

Yellow pine cubic foot.. $0.30 to $0.60

Red pine do 32 .40

Oak do 60 .68

Elm do 44 .48

Ash do 36 .48

Birch . do 32 .42

St. John do 28 .36

Nova Scotia do 24 .28

Deals and yellow pine :

First quality '. standard . . 97. 20 121. 50

Second quality do 72.90 80.19

Thirdquality do.... 28.56 29.76

United States :

Pitch pine, hewn cubic foot.. .24 .30

Pitch pine, sawn do .24 .28

Oak logs do 30 .48

Teak, East Indies load*.. 46.14 51.00

Greenheart do 29.16 34.02

Mahogany :

SanDomingo footofl inch.. .09 .14

Cuba do 08 .12

Honduras do 08 .11

Mexico do 07 .13

Cedar, Havana do 07 .09

Walnut :

Italy do 06 .10

United States do 06 .10

Maple (bird'seye) cubic foot.. .60 .84

Rosewood :

Rio de Janeiro ton.. 41.28 53.46

Bahia do.... 29.16 43.74

Lignum- vitae :

SanDomingo do 19.44 43.74

Haiti do 14.58 29.16

Timber :

Riga cubic foot.. .32 .36

Stettin do 32 .38

Sweden do 24 .30

Norway do 20 .22

Finland do 24 .28

Oak, Dantzic do 44 .48

Wainscot logs :

Riga do 96 1.02

Memel do 96 1.02

*A load of lumber is usually 50 cubic feet of squared timber ; 40 cubic feet of
unhewn timber; and 600 superficial feet of inch planking. (See report from JSTew-
castle-upon-Tyne. )
665A 13

194 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Deals:

First, Archangel standard hundred ..$80. 19 $87.98

First,St. Petersburg do 65.61 75.13

Second, St. Petersburg do 51.03 58.30

Wyburg do.... 41.31 46.17

Gefle do.... 48.60 53.46

Gothenburg do 46. 17 53. 46

Finland do.... 41.31 48.60

Prepared flooring:

Red, Norway do 43.74 46.17

Mixed white, Norway do 34.62 36.45

HOWARD Fox.
FALMOUTH, February 26, 1894.

GLASGOW.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods of Scotland cut but little figure, as they do not
come in competition with any of our timber and lumber.' The native
woods are Scotch pine, larch, fir, and beech. They are used only in
limited quantities for cheap articles; the timber is short, small, and
knotty.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

In shipbuilding, part of the masts are of pitch pine, which is also used
for flooring of decks, and for ceiling and sheathing. Elm is sometimes
used for ceiling and sheathing. The deck houses are generally built
of white pine and teak and the cabins are lined with various woods?
teak, principally, in my observation. As nearly, if not all, the ships
built on the Clyde are now made of iron, the consumption of lumber
and timber in shipbuilding has materially decreased, compared with
the time of wood shipbuilding. Oak is used extensively in the build-
ing of railway carriages; 80 per cent of the oak imported is used for
this purpose.

White birch is preferred for spool wood by the thread manufacturers.
This comes mostly from Maine, and since I have been in charge of this
consulate every American vessel reporting to me has been loaded with
this wood. The American birch seems to be considered of the best
quality and the most marketable. The birch from Sweden, Norway,
and Nova Scotia is inferior to ours. Large birch spools, or bobbins,
manufactured in Sweden and Norway are used here. These might be
displaced by the same size of manufactured spools from our birch. The
thread-makers generally prefer to buy their spools ready-made and
direct from the manufacturers. Some sycamore, or plane, and ash are
also used in the manufacture of spools.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

195

All the houses here are built of stone, and wood is only used in the
interior, pine, principally. Oak and maple are used in public and expen-
sive private buildings ; hickory is used only in mechanical appliances
and golf sticks. White wood or poplar is used for cabinetwork ; the
only superior wood which displaces it is red cedar, which is more expen-
sive. The pine most sought after conies from the western coast of the
United States, and is called here Oregon pine.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

I have had some difficulty in getting certain information upon this
subject. The collector of customs here could not give it, unless he made
a special compilation. I find, however, in a return to the House of
Commons of trade and navigation, the quantity of lumber and timber,
and value of the same, imported into the United Kingdom for the eleven
months ending November 30, 1893, which I here give:

From—

Hewn.

Sawn, split, planed, or
dressed.

Loads.*

Value.

Loads.

Vahw.

322, 281
610, 794
206, 202
136, 139

$2, 365, 191
3, 958, 386
2, 460 531
2, 771, 300

1, 267, 306
1, 850, 512

$12, 822, 886
18, 861, 400

United States

301, 395
983, 479
92, 509

3, 991, 680
10, 726, 573
2, 332, 020

British North America

* A load equals 50 cubic feet of squared timber; 40 cubic feet of unhewn timber; 600 superficial feet
of inch planking.

The following statement shows the amount and value of hewn wood
and timber imported during the first eleven mouths of the years given:

Year.

Loads.

Value.

1891

295 290

$4 000 038

1892

393 780

5 308 426

1893

301 395

3 9^1 683

Our principal competitors in hewn timber are Sweden and Norway,
Russia, Germany, and British North America, in the order named ; and
in manufactured lumber, Sweden and Norway, Eussia and British
North America, in the order named.

It will be noticed that 1893 falls below both 1891 and 1892, percep-
tibly 1892, in value of the imports from the United States.

The timber and lumber from Eussia is principally white and red fir.
It is used for flooring ceiling, and sheathing, and is considered inferior
to American pine.

The timber from Germany is mostly fir also, but none of it comes to
the west coast of Scotland.

The timber and lumber from Sweden and Norway are also fir, of much
the same character and quality as that from Eussia.

196

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

As far as this part of Scotland is concerned, our chief competitor is
British North America. The supply from Canada and the British
possesions consists of yellow and red pine, oak, elm, ash, and birch. It
is shipped in the log, and also in deals, battens, and boards.

I find from the published statements of some of the principal lum-
ber-dealers that the import of lumber into the Clyde from British North
America for the following years was as follows:

Kinds.

1891.

1892.

1893.

Quebec :

Ions

20 723

31 022

14,908

Red piiie

do

2 686

1 756

1 909

Oak

. do .

3 573

4 578

21 02

Elm

do....

3,243

3,627

1 899

Ash

do ...

1 456

2 566

2 113

Birch

do

5 832

10 917

9 107

Deals and battens of all sorts

pieces..

1,347,520

32, 551

1, 874, 801
4 810

1, 822, 774
2 367

This table includes all the lumber shipped from Canadian ports, and
therefore all lumber produced in the United States, but shipped at
Canadian ports. How much, if any, there is of such lumber can not
be ascertained here.

There has been a great falling off in Quebec staves. The importa-
tion from the United States was 999,348 pieces in 1892, and 817,785
pieces in 1893.

Staves from the United States have practically taken the place of the
Quebec article. Large quantites of staves are, however, brought into
the Clyde coastwise of which no account is kept.

The imports into the Clyde in 1893, as compared with 1892, show the
folio wing percentage decrease: Wanyand square yellow pine logs, 50; oak
logs, 50, although the imports from the United States show an increase;
elm and birch, 15 each; sawn pitch pine, 25; ash, which comes mostly
from the United States, shows a slight decrease; canary white wood
and poplar, 1,059 logs in 1893, a decrease of 118 logs.

Walnut, which comes entirely from the United States, shows an increase
of 33 per cent over 1892, but the wood was of an inferior quality.
Maple, which was almost entirely from the United States, shows 330
logs for 1893, an increase of 26 logs.

The imports of pitch pine for the last three years were as follows :

Tear.

Hewn
logs.

Sawn
logs.

Pieces
deals.

1891

2,390

38, 310

60,635

1892

2 457

77, 518

57,920

1893

1 909

56 717

23,956

It has been impossible to get any figures as to the quantity of lumber
imported from the United States into the Clyde, except in the few
instances which I have given, but no doubt the import in 1893 was

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

197

smaller than that of 1892. The following table shows the stocks of
timber on hand in the Clyde ports for several years.

Comparative statement of stocks of timber, etc., on hand in the Clyde ports, from Greenook
to Glasgow, inclusive, from 1889 to 1893.

1889.

1890.

1891.

1892.

1893.

Quebec :

658 043

692 691

585 107

853 265

fi74 Q"V7

783 569

452 673

2(53 679

496 067

186 409

133 249

gg' 9gg

52 153

77 751

Oak logs . .... .... ...... . do

378* 836

289 658

217 087

284 326

242 252

Elm do

123 776

78 130

87 231

124 638

Ash do

92 658

24 362

26 912

28 724

40 *MW

Hickory do

1 632

8 366

4 857

5 629

13 176

15 845

13 676

15 216

1C 4QS.

Pine deals :
.First quality do

468 803

163 486

155 320

293 571

q-i -I A -I n

Second quality .. do

160 560

89 646

27 992

104 510

109 417

Third quality do

411 878

182' 972

197 691

212 334

Fourth quality ... . . do

421 028

449 105

226 937

267 329

ion icq

171 075

423 239

35 961

313 849

188 103

Red pine deala ... do

67 563

187 866

52 745

131 768

1 20 11 *»

St. John and lower port:
Spruce deals . . . do

230 307

151 045

249 026

177 568

•JOB ann

Pine deals do

204 693

121 897

251 g93

173 572

135 324

73 225

83 75?

46 900

106 748

R'S Ififl

Walnut logs . ................ do

22 165

1 789

37 686

18 503

32 085

7 701

130

30 004

10 271

11 660

Greenheart ..... do

19 745

2 302

16 637

62 309

7ft 04.1

769 803

822 447

492 601

711 722

564 516

Teak planks . . do

26 937

28 442

11 499

15 370

00 QA-I

Pitch pine :

275 867

440 001

228 167

294 400

10Q 77!

964 722

858 691

272 126

911 400

739 545

Planks do

15 794

26 006

15 297

74 121

n'ton

Oak planks . . . do

64 731

29 501

25 134

83 262

33 437

Kauri pine, logs and planks do
Mahogany ... ....... .. logs

17,651
50

174, 999
534

141, 653
380

90, 315

480

93, 923
fi7A

Staves:
Pipe ..milles..

14
43

14

47

4

4

14

«J7

8
18

PRICES.

Wany board wood:

21-inch (average long lengths)

20-inch (average long lengths) $0.58 to

18 and 19 inch (average long lengths) ....
Short timber :

Prime, 20 and 21 inch, average

First-class, 19 and 20 inch, average

Second quality, 18 to 20 inch, average

White pine :

Prime deck planks, 50 to 55 feet, average .

Good, fair average, 35 to 50 feet, average .

Fair average, 35 to 45 feet, average

Sqnare board wood, 35 to 40 feet, average

Red pine, 40 feet, average

Oak:

Prime quality, 65 to 70 feet, average

Second quality, 65 to 70 feet, average

Plank

Elm, 45 to 60 feet, average

Birch, 18-inch, average

Walnut lumber

Logs, 21-inch, average, prime

Per cubic foot.

$0.62

).58to

.60

.56

.58

.56

.58

.51

.54

.28

.36

.48

.52

.30

.36

.23

.27

.34

.36

.36

.39

.66
,42
.46
.42
,36
60

.75

.48
.52
.46
.46

.85
1.60

198 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Ash : Per cubic foot.

14 to 15 inch, average $0. 42 to $10. 48

17-inch average .54

Canary, whitewood, or poplar, 14 to 15 inches 40 .48

Maple .36

Pitch pine :

Hewn, 90 to 100 feet, average 26 .30

Poor quality, 65 to 70 feet, average 21 .24

Sawn:

40 feet, average .25

35 feet, average .24

30 feet, average .23

Deals 18 .24

Staves : Per 1,200 pieces.

Heavy hogshead, 1 inch, average $126. 52

Prime hogshead, 1 inch, average 109. 49

Barrel, 1 inch, average , 65.69

4£ feet pipe, 1 inch average, (good quality) 180. 00

Deals, first quality : * St. Petersburg standard.

Broad $97. 00 to $134. 00

11-inch 97.00 117.00

Nondimensions 53.00 68.00

Ends 80.29 94.58

Deals, second quality :

Broad 80.29 88.80

11-inch 73.59 80.29

Nondimensions 53. 53 68. 13

Ends 50.18 56.73

Deals, third quality :

11-inch 45.00 48.69

Nondimensions 31.62 40.14

Ends 34.00 40.14

Deals, fourth quality :

Broad 36.79 40.14

11-inch 33.44 36.79

Nondimeusious 30.10 32.84

Ends 26.76 30.10

Red-pine deals :

Fine 40.14 45.00

Ordinary 30.10 40.14

Spruce deals :

Regulars 30.10 36.79

Nondimensions 26.76 33,44

CLIMATE.

Glasgow is situated as to latitude in 56° north. The climate of this
city and the west coast of Scotland is decidedly a moist one. The
rainfall is large, and a week without rain or Scotch mist is an excep.
tion. It is cooler in summer and warmer in winter than New York.
There is but little snow except in the mountains, and many shrubs
thrive here out of doors that would be winterkilled in New York City.

•Hundred, or 165 cubic feet.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 199

There is a great deal of fog both in summer and winter, and a per-
ceptible dampness most of the time.

GENERAL BUILDING.

General building of stores and dwellings for the last year has been
up to the average. The city is growing rapidly, and many new build-
ings are in process of erection.

One of the great industries of Glasgow and vicinity is shipbuilding.
This industry has been depressed for the last few years, and for the last
year the depression has increased. It is stated by a careful compiler
that the outlook for building on the Clyde is about the same for 1894
as it was in the beginning of the season for 1893.

With the contracts lately secured and the vessels now on the stocks
the tonnage on hand is estimated at 188,000, compared with 208,000
January 1, 1893, 274,000 January 1, 1892, 297,000 January 1, 1891,
and 322,000 January 1, 1890.

There is some railway building going on in western Scotland. An
extensive subway for tram cars has been in process of construction
under Glasgow for the past two years. The cars will probably be pro-
pelled by a stationary motor.

The Caledonian Eailway is also building a branch about 20 miles
in length, a portion of it running underground beneath this city. A
railroad is also under process of construction into the western High-
lands from Helensburg, opposite Greenock, to Fort William, about 75
miles in length.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

There is complaint made generally by lumber importers here that
exporters from America — the exporters of British possessions as well
as the United States — do not send lumber of the quality promised
before shipment or up to the standard upon which advances to ship-
pers are made. All shipments should be fully up to the samples shown
or promises made as to the quality.

Importers here are afraid to deal with new men or to enlarge their
orders beyond old and tried firms with whom they have had dealings
and whose honesty they have proved.

American lumber has no serious competitor except some kauri pine
from New Zealand, and that not in large quantities, but of very super-
ior quality, so the contest for the Clyde markets lies in reality between
British North America and the United States. It may be that the
former has a larger supply of first-class pine from which to send its
product abroad ; and it has also another advantage in that its people
are of the same nation as Scotland, for Canada is largely peopled by
Scotchmen. A third advantage to Canada is our want of American
bottoms in which to convey our lumber.

200 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Still, as far as spool wood, staves, and white pine are concerned, the
preference among dealers here is for the timber of the United States,
and in oak, maple, ash, and white wood we now have the lead.

If our dealers will make renewed efforts to enlarge their trade with
the western coast of Scotland and will always send a quality of lum-
ber up to the standard of the orders given, I think our trade can be
materially increased and very speedily.

Depending upon America for her principal lumber depot from which
to draw supplies, Scotland furnishes an inviting field for the enter-
prise of our lumber exporters, and I am satisfied that, with the proper
energy and with honorable dealing, our people ought to hold their
own, at least, with Canada in the lumber markets here.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

I am much indebted in the preparation of this report as to prices
of lumber and stocks on hand, as well as other items in relation to the
lumber trade, to Messrs. Edmiston and Mitchells and Allison Cousland
& Co., lumber importers of Glasgow.

ALLEN B. MORSE,

Consul.
GLASGOW, January 18, 1894.

HULL.

NATIVE WOODS.

The district within my official observation is not a wooded country,
and yields but little timber. The land for the most part, especially in
the Holderness division of Yorkshire, lies very low, and is not very
favorable to the growth of timber. In and around Hull there is much
humidity in the atmosphere, and the whole district is much exposed to
the northeast winds.

With regard to native woods, the only timber that seriously com-
petes with America is the English oak, which is considered to be of a
hardness and durability superior to any other, unless it be the Ameri-
can live oak, which, however, is never seen here except as a sample.

KIND OF LUMBER USED.

The kind of lumber from the United States which is most in use in
England is pitch pine. It is extremely resinous and hard. It is used
for piles and in building, but not to any great extent. Pitch pine,
although more durable without creosote than Baltic wood, does not
take creosote so well. This is attributable to the quantity of resin in
pitch pine, which has what local experts call "more nature in it" than
Baltic timber.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 201

American oak is largely used in the construction of railway car-
riages, and is chiefly cut into scantlings.

Oregon timber is chiefly fir. It is very large and, in the opinion of
local timber merchants, has valuable properties, but they say it is too
expensive for general use in consequence of the high freight.

Fancy woods from the United States, such as birch and walnut, are
largely used, and there is nothing in England to compete with them.

Canadian yellow-pine timber and deals are largely consumed, but not
to the extent of former years. Baltic woods are being greatly substi-
tuted for them by reason of their nearness and hardness, and the
increased cost during late years of the Canadian pine. Canadian birch,
walnut, elm, and oak are used to a considerable extent.

The substitution of iron for wood in shipbuilding has interfered
very much with the use of North American shipbuilding woods. This,
however, applies almost altogether to Canada, inasmuch as the quan-
tity of American wood for shipbuilding purposes is very small, so
small that the leading timber merchant in Hull spoke of it as scarcely
worth mentioning.

The use of pitch pine has now become so general that the trade in
balk timber with the Baltic has shrunk into comparatively small com-
pass. The import of pitch pine is entirely from the United States, and,
as it is now used in building and for a variety of purposes, there is
every likelihood of an increased consumption.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The import from the United States is very much larger than formerly,
and continually increasing, whilst from Canada it is not so large as it
used to be. This latter fact is accounted for by the use of Baltic woods
in place of the more expensive Canadian woods. The forests in the
northern districts of Canada, which consist almost entirely of pine
timber, have been so much thinned that timber has become more valu-
able as standing trees.

The Baltic, the White Sea, Canada, and the United States are the
great sources of supply for the timber market in Hull and the district.
The United States are holding their own, displacing the Baltic timber,
and the Quebec red pine, which has almost ceased to come. The latter
of all other woods is most like the pitch pine.

The woods most commonly used in this district by English timber
merchants are ash, oak, and elm. As before stated, in East Yorkshire
the country has been almost cleared of wood, and the same remark
would apply to North Yorkshire. The chief imports are from the Bal-
tic, and consist of red and white wood. These woods are generally
used for building purposes all over England. The imports of Ameri-
can pine and spruce are much larger on the west coast than on the east
coast — the latter being small in comparison. As far as pine is con-
cerned, its qualities and uses have been already indicated. Spruce is

202

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

imported on the west coast principally because of the great industries,
such as the cotton and woolen industries, which require packing cases,
etc. On the east coast the country is mainly agricultural and the
consumption of timber is chiefly for building purposes, for which the
Baltic woods are preferred. The latter are cheaper and said to be
more suitable. The Baltic woods come in longer lengths, and for build-
ing purposes are considered to be more durable than either pine or
spruce. The oak most used is from Sweden and Odessa.

Formerly a quantity of lathwood used to be imported from Quebec
and St. John's into Hull, Liverpool, and Bristol, but of late years little
or none has come. The only reason given for this is that the Eiga
and St. Petersburg lathwood is considered to be better.

According to one authority there is very little hard wood used in
Hull. In yellow-pine deals the trade is likely to decrease in the local
market for the reason that the prices are being considerably advanced
on account of the increased consumption in the United States, hence
there is a demand for pine deals from Sweden. Pitch pine finds an
increasing consumption and is likely to further increase, according to
the authority just alluded to, because it is so cheap.

The Hull Chamber of Commerce gives the total imports of timber
during the last ten years, as follows:

Tear.

Hewn
timber.

Deals,
battens,
etc.

Staves.

Tear.

Hewn
timber.

Deals,
battens,
etc.

Staves.

1884 . ..

Loads.*
92 087

Load*.
320 815

Load*.
1,319

1889

Loads.
159, 863

Loadt.
452, 650

Loads.
3 312

1885

93, 235

367, 447

1,879

1890

162. 681

383, 135

1,595

1886

101 912

325 432

3 221

1891

165 107

371 607

1 895

1887

119, 565

351, 892

5,696

1892

174, 045

412, 269

1,605

1888

124 045

388 321

2 557

1893

107, 862

407 758

3 680

*A load equals 50 cubic feet of square timber; 40 cubic feet of unhewn timber; 600 superficial feet of
wide planking.

The imports of deals and timber have shown a marked and steady
increase except in the year 1893, when, from several unfavorable con-
ditions, the trade received a severe check. No sooner had the Baltic
trade opened than the dockers, timber men, and deal carriers struck work
at the instance of the Dockers' Union. This strike (a report upon
which I transmitted to the Department of State*) lasted some seven
weeks, during which time a large proportion of the seamen refused to
sign on. The dockers' strike was followed by an extensive strike
among the coal miners, which paralyzed once more the whole trade of
the Humber ports. The timber trade suffered in common with all the
other trades of the port with the result that there was, during the year,
a total reduction of 66,000 loads of hewn timber as compared with 1892,
and sawed timber deals, etc., fell very considerably from the same
causes. There is, notwithstanding, every reason to believe that the
import trade will completely recover in 1894.

Published in Consular Reports for November, 1893, No. 158, p. 368.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 203

GENERAL BUILDING.

Concerning building operations in Hull and the consequent con-
sumption of wood used in this connection, it would appear that, taking
an average, there are 800 houses built per annum. In the construc-
tion of these Baltic timber is used. An increase of domestic buildings
is not anticipated, that is to say, to any extraordinary extent. The
town council has formulated a new and more stringent code of build-
ing regulations, which will tend to check speculative building and
increase the cost of construction. Wooden buildings are likely to
become fewer and fewer under the new regulations. Moreover, wood
paving, which has been largely used in the streets, now appears to be
discouraged by the municipal government, and seemingly there wilt
not be much extension in this direction.

Since the construction of the Hull and Barusley Eailway, which was
opened in 1884 or 1885, there has been no railway enterprise of any
moment, nor is there any probability of new undertakings or extensions
for some time to come. The acquisition of the dock estate by the North-
eastern Eailway will result in the immediate renovation of much plant,
which must involve considerable orders for wood. At the same time,
with regard to warehouses on the estate, there is ample accommodation
for present requirements.

In shipbuilding, wood becomes less and less in demand. Iron is
almost wholly used except as regards fittings. The fishing fleet of the
port, which aggregates over 400 vessels of different sizes, consists
almost entirely of steam trawlers constructed of iron. The result is
that very few wooden craft are built. Even the small river and dock
vessels, called lighters and keels, are being built of iron. The tendency
is wholly in the direction of iron and steel for shipbuilding purposes.

Having regard to the distance of the American ports, the difference
in the rates of freight, and the fact that in the lumber trade with the
north of Europe steamers are becoming increasingly employed, it is
difficult to suggest any means of stimulating the development of
imports from the United States. It is purely a question of competition
which can only be determined by the prices which may rule for the
time being. As before mentioned, there will in all probability be a
demand and preference for the fancy woods from the United States.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TEADE.

The two great staple trades of Hull are the seed-crushing and timber
trades, and the port has hitherto enjoyed preeminence in both, so far
as the northeast coast of England is concerned. Hartlepool has for
some years been a keen rival, and Hull merchants have been much
aggrieved by the preferential charges of the Northeastern Eailway
Company in favor of Hartlepool. This company, however, has acquired
by purchase the docks owned by the Hull Dock Company, so that the

204 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

whole of the water acreage of the port is vested in the railway proprie-
tors, with the exception of the Alexandria dock, which is the property
of the Hull and Barnsley Eailway Company. Under the altered cir.
cumstances, and seeing that the Northeastern Company has now such
a vast interest in Hull, it is anticipated that, so far as local facilities for
developing the timber trade go, the dock and railway owners will do
all they can to promote an industry which forms such a great and
integral part of the commercial life of Hull. On the score, therefore, of
dock accommodation, shipping facilities, and railway charges it may
be taken as a fact that there is no prospective discouragement of the
timber trade. It is thought by some authorities, and those of the very
highest standing, that the Manchester ship canal will eventually rob
Hull of no inconsiderable share of its timber trade with the West Rid-
ing of Yorkshire and the midland counties. The diversion of traffic
would affect in a corresponding measure the Humber ports, Grimsby
and Goole, although the latter port is not a great timber-importing
place. It is, however, impossible at present to say with any degree of
confidence what influence the canal may have upon the timber trade.
Much, of course, will depend upon the action of the local railway com-
panies, and the purchase of the Hull docks would suggest that the
Northeastern, which is a very powerful company, will adapt itself to
the altering needs of the port.

BYRON GL DANIELS,

Consul.
HULL, January 23, 1894.

LEEDS.

NATIVE WOODS AND KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The native woods are ash, elm, poplar, larch, beech, sycamore, and
oak.

The kinds of foreign lumber preferred, are Baltic red and white wood,
and Canadian pine and oak.

IMPORTS AND PRICES.

I can not give any estimate of the imports into this district. Large
quantities come from Russia, Finland, Sweden, and Canada.

Woods are sold by the standard, which is 166 cubic feet, sawed into
planks. Baltic white wood will vary from $30 to $50 per standard,
according to size and quality; red wood, from $37.50 to $82.50, accord-
ing to size and quality; and Canadian pine, from $45 to $125. Quebec
oak, about 75 cents per cubic foot in the log; pine, about 50 to 60 cents
per cubic foot in the log. Baltic lumber is principally sawed.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 205

GENERAL BUILDING.

There is only the ordinary building usual in an English city, all of
orick or stoiie. Wood is used only for interiors ; hence much less lumber
is required than in countries where wooden or frame houses are com-
mon. In general building Baltic wood is mostly used and a great deal
of the very cheapest of it in the poorer houses. There is no railroad-
ouildiug going on in this district, and, as this is an interior point, of
sourse no shipbuilding, though there are a few canal boats built here.

EXTENSION OP LUMBER TRADE.

I should say the best way to increase trade with the United States
should be for the mill owners and lumber dealers to send a full line of
samples with the lowest prices to the lumber merchants of this coun-
try. There is an impression here that the American oaks are not of
first-class quality, and very little is known of the long-leaf or yellow
pine of the southern part of the United States, the Norway pitch pine
being in common use and near at hand to the ports on the east coast
of England and Scotland, through which ports it is distributed to all
interior points.

NORFLEET HARRIS,

Consul.

LEEDS, March 7, 1894.

LIVERPOOL.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods used in this district are very numerous, but very
few come into competition with woods from other countries. The chief
native woods are oak, ash, sycamore, elm, birch, hickory, and fir.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The most extensively used are oak and fir, and they are also the
most valuable woods; the former are used for railway carriages, build-
ing, etc.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The following table, calculated at the end of the import seasons of
1891, 1892, and 1893, shows the quantities and descriptions of lumber
imported at this port during the years named, and the countries from
which imported, but do not include furniture woods:

206

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
TIMBER. DEALS, ETC.

Kinds and countries.

1891.

1892.

1893.

United States:
Oak

.cubic feet. .

273 947

374 441

do....

1, 768, 000

1, 2G5, 000

1, 276, 000

.standards. .

2 506

3 108

3 182

.cubic feet

3 885 000

4 990 000

3 092 000

. . . .pieces -

82, 000

61 000

114 000

cubic feet

150 000

183 000

Walnut

do....

238, 000

300, 000

311 000

British North America:
Quebec—

cubic feet..

857 000

1 142 000

1 173 000

Wany board

do....

73, 000

15, 000

4,000

Oak
Elm

do
do....

128, 000

223, 074
110,000

286, 940
94 000

^8jj

do

21 000

27 000

53 000

Deals pine spruce

.standards. .

27, 767

32, 005

28 577

New Brunswick and United States spruce deals
Birch lo^s and planks

do....
cubic feet.

54, 160
657, 000

61,445
1, 085, 000

69, 031
1,003 000

do

73 000

15 000

4 000

Other ports—
Pino

do

4 000

25 000

1 000

do . .

363, 000

497, 000

661 000

Baltic:

do ...

413 000

210, 000

117 000

9 847

8 501

8 982

Flooring boards

do .

15, 684

13 928

15 352

1 511

3 109

3 897

Oak staves ... . .

iniile

130

111

257

fathoms

313

503

234

East India teak

cubic feet

163 000

207 000

161 000

Green heart and mora

do....

196, 000

192, 000

117, OUO

FUENITURE WOODS (1893)."

Kinds and country.

Quantity.

Feet.

Average
feet per log.

Mahogany: Honduras.
Belize

logs

7 184

2 174 747

302

Do

curls

338

27 772

7 522

2, 202, 519

Do ...

5

161

Total

7,527

Cedar:
Belize

151

43,194

Do

5

508

286

Total

156

43 702

Mahogany: Mexico, etc.

1 719

879, 600

511

Tonala

do

874

219 254

251

Do

10

2,304

Minatitlan

l()-rs

9g6

100 399

351

Tlacotalpam

Y'oB--

82

23, 946

292

do

51

17 579

344

3 022

1 243 082

1 837

551 054

1

Do

*126

56 820

309

Do

52

4 054

5 o:(7

1 855 010

Do

'226

12, 417

5 263

1 867,427

East Indian

29

19 353

667

414

228, 536

552

do

287

86 100

300

Do

112

7 815

Laguna

62

96

6 263

2 209 231

Panama

do

75

fgg}

Do

897

fm

Total

7,235

-

*As given in a printed statement transmitted by the consul.

t Tons.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

FUKNTTUKE WOODS (1893) -Continued.

207

Kinds and country.

Quantity.

Feet.

Average
feet per log.

Mexico, etc.— Continued.
Cedar:

74

31, 354

423

Mniatitliin ..

do ..

66

29, 266

443

do....

6

3,312

552

do

61

6 224

102

do ...

11

6 065

551

218

76 221

...do...

67

*60i

Do

do

542

Total

827

Cuba.
Mahogany :

633

51. 420

81

Do

curls

29

964

884

78 603

89

do

360

39 349

109

do

316

48 543

153

do....

1,239

82, 474

66

do....

1,753

142, 026

81

do...

67

9 057

135

Total

5,281

45° 436

Cedar:

1,089

76 477

70

. .. do

100

19 218

192

do

41

5 656

138

Santa Cruz

do

1 003

76 200

76

do

276

21 600

78

Total

2 509

199 151

San Domingo.
Mahogany :

1 939

185 714

95

Do ... .. .. ....

] 111

10 180

Porto Plata

. . lo^s

979

196 053

200

Do

do

476

36 944

77

Do ...

900

10 019

City St Domingo

232

13 019

56

Do

50

813

5,687

452 742

City St Domingo (round) ..... ... .. ...

. . . logs

148

*21

Do

do

40

* 9

Do

do

391

*20

Total

6 266

:

Africa.
Mahogany:

lonrg

4 423

1 920 908

434

do

3 732

1 662 442

448

Grand liassam ..

do

1 212

415 467

343

. do .

515

164 155

318

do...

317

84, 911

267

Sundry ports .... ......

do

1,136

437 552

385

11 335

3 685 435

do...

543

241 222

From Axirn etc .

do

11,878
202

4, 926, 657

414

12 080

Sundry ports (round) . ...............

do

121

*143

Total

12 201

Cedar:

...do

15

(6, 799

453

Do

do

1

*2i

Total . . .

16

Tons.

208 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

PJEUCES.
Statement showing the prices of lumber and timber at Liverpool in 1898 and 1894.

Description.

February 3, 1893.

February 3, 1894.

Canadian.
Yellow pine timber:

cubic feet

$0. 30 to
.48
.36
.24
.28

.60
.36
.48
.36
.36

.30

.32
.24
.18

42
.42
.20

97.33
72.99
41.36

28.58
25.54
24.33

291.99
170. 32

97.33
68.13
.06

3.03

$0.60
.64
.52
.32
.36

.68
.52
.52
.48
.48

.38
.44
.30
.24

.48

.54
.24

121.66
80.37
43.79

29.19
27.97
25.54

316. 32
218.99

107.06
75.42
.08

3.48
.73

$0.30
.48
.36
.24
.28

.66
.36
.44
.36
.36

.28
.32
.24
.18

.42
.42
.20

97.33
72.99
41.86

28.58
26.15
24.93

291.99
170.32

97.33
68.13
.06

3.04

to $0.60
.64
.52
.32
.36

.73
.52
.48
.44
.48

.32
.44
.30
.20

.48
.54
.24

121.66
80.37

43.79

29.79
28.56
26.14

316. 32
218.99

107.06
75.42
.08

4.38
.73
17.03

.30
.28
.24
.48
.48
51.09
34.06
24.33

279.82
170. 32
107.06

170. 32
145.99
121. 66
111.92
77.86
68.13
107.06
68.13
38.93

121.66

58.39
38.93

.14

.14
.12
.13
.12

.... do

do .

.... do

do

Oak:

do

do

do.

^gh

do

Whitewood

do .

Birch:

...do .

Quebec . . ...................

do

do

do

Masts, calliper measure:
Red

(Jo

Yellow

do

do

Deals) Quebec, yellow:

...... per standard

Third quality ...... . . .. ....

do

Deals, spruce:
St John Bangor etc ...... ........

do

do

.. . do

Staves,' Quebec' standard :

per standard mille

Staves, "W. 0. puncheon :

Second quality .... ....

. do

Handspikes:
Hickory dressed .......................

dozen

do....

Lathwood ............. .................

. . .per fathom 4 feet

12.16

.26

.24
.20
.42
.36
48:66
29.19
21.89

243.32
145.99
97.33

145.99
131.39
111. 92 '
102. 19
72.99
63.26
97.33
58.39
34.06

72.99
38.93
29.19

.11
.11
.10
.07
.05

17.03

.32

.28
.24
.60
.50
51.09
34.06
24.33

279.82
170. 32
107.06

170. 32
145. 99
121. 66
111. 92
77.86
68.13
107. 06
68.13
38.93

121.66
68.39
38.93

.16
.16

.14
.15
.12

12.16

.24

.24
.20
.30
.36
46.22
31.62
21.89

243.32
145.99
97.23

145.99
131. 39
111. 92
102.19
72.99
63.26
97.33
58.39
34.06

72.99
38.93
29.19

.07

.09
.08
.07
.05

American.
Pitch pine:
Hewn ..................................

per cubic foot

Plaiiks

do ...

Oak logs

do....

do

Teakwood Kast India

per load calliper

do....

Staves :
New Orleans-
Wine pipe, extra heavy

Hogshead extra heavy . ........

per mille..
. . .. do

do....

Boston, New York, and Philadelphia-

...do...

do

do....

do ..

Second quality hogshead ....

do

do ..

Light barrels

do ..

Culls

do

Baltimore, Norfolk, Charleston-

do ..

do

Barrel

_.-*•...

Furniture and fancy woods.
Mahogany :

I)0

...........:;. do

Cuba

...do...

do ..

...do...

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 209

Statement shmving the prices of lumber and Umber at Liverpool in 1893 and 1894— Cont'd.

Description.

February 3, 1893.

February 3, 1894.

Furniture and fancy woods— Continued.
Cedar* Havana etc ................. -nprr font, of 1 itiiVh

$0.08 to
.48

.12
19.46

.06
24.33
.60
•52
53.53
21.89
19.46

2.43
1.21

.32

.36
.30

.40
.30
.32
.24
.24
.20
.44

.97

.60
.85
.18

80.29
60.82
46.22

65.69
51.08
41.36
41. 36
48.66
46.22

34.06
29.19

19.46
13.38
23.11
3.04

34.66

28.58
24.33

27.98
20.67

36.49
18.24
1.21
24.33

900. 30
900. 30
97.33
97.33

$0.09
.73

.18
29.19

.10
97.33
1.21
.56
68.13
26.76
43.79

3.77
1.82

.36

.44
.36

.44
.36
.38
.30
.26
.22
.48

.03
,73
.97

.28

85.16
65.69
51.08

72.99
58.39
46.22
48.66
53.53
51.08

38.93
31.62

21.89
15.80
27.98
3.65

35.27
29.19
26.76

29.19
21.89

38.93
19.46
1.33
31.62

948.96
948.96
121. 66
102. 19

$0. 07 to
.48

.08
19.46

.06
24.33
.60
.44
29.19
21.89
19.46

1.82
.97

.32

.36
.30

.40
.30
.32
.24
.24
.20
.44

.97
.60
.85
.18

80.29
60.82
46.22

G5. 69
51.08
41.36
41.36
48.66
46.22

35.06
29.19

19.46
13.38
23.11
3.04

35.27
31.62
24.33

27.98
20.67

36.49
18.24
1.21
24.33

900. 30
900. 30
97.33
97.33

$0.10
.73

.14

29.19

.10
97.33
1.21
.48
58.39
26.76
43.79

2.43
1.46

.36

.44
.36

.44
.36

.38
.30
.26
.22
.48

1.03
.73
.97
.28

85.16

65.69
51.08

72.99
58.39
46.22
48.66
53.53
51.08

38.93
31.12

21.88

15. 8C
27. 98
3.65

36.41
32.84
27.31

29. IS
21.81

38.93
19. 4<
1.33
31. 6J

948. «
948. 9(
121. 61
102. 1!

Batinwood :

Walnut:

per foot of 1 inch

Circassian burrs

per ton

Sequoia (California redwood) . ....

do

do ..

do

Lancewood spars :

do

Miscellaneous.
Timber:

Dantzic :

...do

Middling and common ...

do

Memel :

... do

Middling and common ............

do

Stettin °

do

Swedish

do

do

do

do...

Wainscot logs :
Kiga and Memel—

do

Brack . ..

do

do

do

Deals redwood ........................

do

Archangel and Onega, red —
First quality . . ..........

........ per standard

do

Third quality .... ... ......

. ... do

St. Petersburg:
First quality ... . .. ..

Second quality ...................

do

do ..

TJleaborg ..................

do

do

Whitewood—

...do...

Seconds ..... . ...... . . ....

do

Palings :
Spruce,
5 feet by 1 inch

. per 1 200 pieces

41 feet by f inch

do

Baltic

Boards, whitewood, C. I. F., per standard
Flooring, planed —
First and second quality, mixed . .

Red unplamed

Lath wood, per fathom, 6 "feet wide, 6 feet high:
Dantzic —

4 feet long .. ........

St. Petersburg and Rigna—
8 feet long

4 feet long ........................

Handspikes, birch
Treenails locust....

per dozen.,
per mille of 21 inches. .

rmiUe of 1,200 pieces.,
do

Oak staves :
Dantzic, crown, pipe .............. pe

Memel

Bosnian, barrel ...........

do

Black Sea

do

665A 14

210 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS,

CLIMATE.

The climate of Liverpool, though variable, is remarkably mild, com-
pared with that of other places on the same parallel of latitude. The
variation in temperature is not very great, railway and river traffic
being carried on with little interruption all the year round, and the river
is never frozen over in the severest winter. Neither extremes — heat or
cold — are experienced, but the atmosphere is moist.

GENERAL BUILDING.

Wooden ship-building at this port has been very light during the year
1893, only 5 steamers, ranging from 5 to 20 tons, having been built, 4 of
which were for foreign governments and one for the British Govern-
ment. There were also 6 wooden barges of 20 tons each, built of pitch
pine for the British Government. Some of the launches were of teak
and some of pitch pine.

The railway carriage and wagon industry centers in Birmingham,
where the principal works are located, and there is practically nothing
done in this consular district in carriage or wagon building.

The timber business for the year 1893 was equal to the previous one;
but a want of confidence was shown in sympathy with the unsatisfac-
tory general trade of the country. Imports, with few exceptions, were
not excessive, the greatest excess being in spruce deals.

AMERICAN WOODS.

Pitch pine. — The aggregate import has shown a considerable falling
oft' during the year 1893, having been 37 per cent below that of the
previous year, which was the heaviest on record at this port. The
consumption compared favorably with the import, though less than the
previous year. Still, stocks held over were rather excessive.

Hewn wood. — The season opened with a heavy stock of this wood,
and although there was a large consumption, prices ruled very low,
and the present stock, which consists chiefly of ordinary-sized wood, is
heavier than for some years.

Sawn timber. — There has been a marked falling off in the import;
but the consumption was large — much of it, however, of a forced char-
acter; consequently, the stock held over was much smaller than on the
previous year, but the trade complain that the stock is still excessive.
It is hoped, therefore, that shippers will make an effort to curtail the
production ; otherwise, dealers here say it is hopeless to expect the
market to assume a healthy tone in the near future.

Heals. — These did not meet with very ready sale in this market; in
fact, there seems very little demand for them and with few exceptions
those imported for stowage purposes are sufficient to meet the demand.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 211

Boards. — Boards of prime quality and cut to special sizes are getting
more in favor here, and an increasing business has been done at what
are stated to be fairly remunerative prices.

Oak. — The importation of logs has been large, chiefly from New
Orleans and Mobile. Some of it was of fine quality, but the bulk is
stated to be of medium to common quality, and therefore claimed by
the dealers as difficult to sell, with the result that much of it had to be
stored in the yard. Where sales were effected, very low prices were
obtained. The stock is heavy.

Planlcs. — The importation of planks was heavy, and consisted largely
of " wagon scantling," the business in which has increased very con-
siderably of late years; but the demand has been languid, although the
prices for prime quality and good specifications have been fairly main-
tained. Common quality was difficult to handle, and the prices ruled
low. The opinion here is that the manufacture generally has improved ;
but the people in the trade suggest that more care should be taken in
shipping prime parcels free from culls. The present stocks of planks,
including a large proportion stored in outside depots, amount to about
400,000 cubic feet, which is considered much too heavy.

Boards. — During the year boards arrived freely. When of good
quality and cut on the quarter, they met with fair sales. Other descrip-
tions than this are not wanted.

Wainscot billets. — These have ceased to be imported.

Satinwood. — The import was moderate, chiefly from Mobile and New
Orleans. It did not, however, meet with ready sale, and the prices
were very low.

Whitewood. — The importations of whitewood were larger than the
previous year. Logs and planks of really good quality sold freely at
fair prices, but at the close of the year logs declined in value. An
increasing business was also done in boards, principally of the best
quality, which are most in demand here. Stocks held over are moderate.

Hickory. — Several parcels were brought over, which, when in the
round log with the bark on and fresh, commanded what is claimed to
be fair prices, viz, from 36 cents to 60 cents per foot.

Ash. — This wood was imported more freely, and found fair sale at from
30 to 48 cents per foot. Only the fresh wood of good size and color is
in demand here at all.

Cherry wood. — The importation has been very limited, and realized
about 66 cents per foot. Consumers like this wood, and if regular
supplies could be depended on, it would find greater favor with them.

Staves. — The total import of all descriptions from the United States
has been 3,182 mille, against 3, 169 mille during 1892. There has been a
demand throughout the year for New Orleans wine pipe, hogshead, and
barrel staves, and stocks on hand are more moderate. The W. O. W. L
were freely imported from Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, especially
towards the close of the year, the consequence being that stocks have

212 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

accumulated to a considerable extent. Thereis poor demand, and prices
have fallen, with a tendency to further decline.

Walnut. — There was a very heavy import of walnut, but much of it
was of small to medium sizes, and stated to be of poor quality, and con-
sequently brought low prices. Good-sized wood of the best quality was
in active demand, and commanded throughout the year full price.

8atin walnut. — This was imported in moderate quantities from New
Orleans and Mobile of good size and quality, and a few parcels of
round logs from Newport News of inferior quality. The sales, how-
ever, were poor and prices low.

Mahogany. — Of the furniture woods imported into this port mahogany
is by far the most extensiv e. The greatest quantity comes from Africa,
as shown by table heretofore quoted. Complaints are made, how-
ever, that shipments have been sent along quite regardless of the wants
of the trade. The rapidity with which this business has increased is
simply marvelous; hence my reason for referring to it here. In the
year 1890 only 257,000 feet (superficial) were imported; this year there
were not less than 4,984,000 feet came forward, which is nearly equa1
to the entire import from all other countries. Next to Africa comes
Honduras as a mahogany- shipping country, the import therefrom
being the heaviest for several years and nearly double that of last
year, but it all went into consumption and left the market bare. Good
quality, straight and sizeable wood, always meets with ready sale, and
the prices were fairly maintained.

JAMES E. NEAL,

Consul.
LIVERPOOL, March 6, 1894.

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.

NATIVE WOOD.

The native woods of this region are of the usual hardy growth of
this latitude, and are principally oak, ash, elm, pine, willow, poplar,
sycamore, etc. ; but little native lumber is made in England.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The lumber principally used here is pitch pine, white and red fir, oak,
walnut, and deals.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The chief importation of lumber into Great Britain is from Norway
and Sweden and ports on the Baltic, and for this part of England, the
east coast, notably the Tyne ports, Sunderland, Hartlepool, Hull, and

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

213

Grimsby. The quantity of lumber imported into the Tyne for the year
ending December 31, 1893, was as follows:

Kinds.

Germany.

Russia.

Norway
and
Sweden.

United
States of
America.

Canada.

Loads.
3,794

Loads.
10, 626

Loads.
44,228

Loads.
2,683

Loads.
3,619

1,566

173

83

877

17, 510

3 984

4 849

54, 155

2 553

12, 474

16, 844

9,685

NOTE.— A load of lumber is usually 50 cubic feet of squared timber; 40 cubic feet of unhewn timber
and 600 superficial feet of inch planking.

PRICES.

The average prices of the sorts mentioned are: Deals and battens,
from £5 to £8 8s. per standard of 165 cubic feet, known as St. Peters-
burg standard; planed boards, about £8 8s. to £10 10s. per standard;
square timber, depends on size of log; pine, average sizes, Is. 6$. per
cubic foot up to 2s. 6d. for large size; railway ties, sold by size, about 6s.
per 72 running feet.

GENERAL BTJILDINGK

This consular district is one of the most important shipbuilding dis-
tricts in the United Kingdom, but the material used is exclusively iron.
No important structures of wood are ever erected in England.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

The trade here is a very old-established one, and the dealers are well
aware of all the world's sources of supply. The cost to deliver here is
the principal question to consider, and in this the sea freight cuts the
chief figure. For the class of lumber here mentioned the long Atlantic
voyage can not be expected to successfully compete with the shorter
one from the adjacent ports of the Baltic.

WM. S. CAMPBELL,

Consul.
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE, February 15, 1894.

214 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

POLYNESIA.
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

NATIVE WOODS.

The koa is tlie only native wood which has any commercial value.
This wood is comparatively rare, and is used for furniture and decora-
tive purposes.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

The kinds of lumber used here are Puget Sound fir, spruce, and cedar;
California redwood, oak, ash, and hickory.

IMPORTS AND DUTY.

All the timber used here is imported from the United States. About
15,000,000 feet are imported annually.

There is no import duty on American lumber. A duty of 10 per cent
is exacted on lumber from other countries.

PRICES AND CLIMATE.

Puget- Sound fir sells for from $18 to $20 ; spruce (clear-surfaced),
$37, and cedar, $80 to $100 per 1,000 feet. Oak and ash (for carriage
work) costs $160, and hickory $200 per 1,000.

The climate is mild and pleasant.

GENERAL BUILDING.

There is no shipbuilding in this* coun try ; there is, however, a small
amount of ship-repairing.

Eailroads are built from time to time on the various plantations on
the Islands, and are used for conveying the sugar cane from the fields
to the mills.

ELLIS MILLS,

Consul- General.
HONOLULU, April 28, 1894.

NEW CALEDONIA.

NATIVE WOODS.

The native woods of New Caledonia may be classed as follows:
Ornamental and fruit trees, among which may be included all the
palm kind.
The orchidaceae are numerous in the woods of the colony.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 215

Useful woods for building, furniture, or mechanical purposes are
numerous, but being mostly situated in places difficult of access form
but a small item in the local industries. The coniferous sorts, which
are to a small extent worked, are the kaori (Dammara moorea), which
is the giant tree of the colony; the Araucaria cookii^ which give straight
but knotty spars from 30 to 40 meters; the Araucaria Ruleii, which are
found in the southern part of the island, and attain about the same
size as the Araucaria cooTcii, the Storckellia prancheri, white, rosy-
grained, used for joinery work; the Intzia melibcei of the Isle of Pines,
very good for furniture.

The hard wood kinds, used in ship and house buildings, are numerous;
the Melaleuca glaberrima, and Malaleuca leucodendron are examples.

The principal hard redwood trees are as follows: The Pleurocalyptus
deplancheij good heavy wood of a density of 1.165; the Spermolepis
tannifera, the Grevillea gillivragi; the Stenocarpus haurifolius, a beau-
tiful furniture wood; the Weinmannia parviflora, denominated white
oa.k — its bark is rich in tannic principles; the Calophyllum montanum
(tamauon), one of the most useful trees here, is used in cabinet-making.

There are numerous other species, but they are of little importance
in a commercial sense.

IMPORTS OF LUMBER.

The lumber preferred is that from the United States — Oregon and
Washington, from which the largest quantity of wood employed in this
colony is imported, say 2,000 tons yearly.* In 1893, however, there
was no direct importation from the United States, as the stock on hand
at the end of 1892 was considerable.

New Zealand supplies about 200 tons of kouri annually, and New
South Wales about the same quantity of hard wood (blue and red gum).

PRICES AND CLIMATE.

The different sorts of lumber from all countries are sold here at from
90 to 120 francs ($17.37 to $23.16) per ton.

The climate of New Caledonia is tropical, but moderate and healthy,
resembling the climate of the Hawaiian Islands.

GENERAL BUILDING.

The colony is making fair progress in housebuilding, bnt very little
in shipbuilding. There are no railroads yet.

EXTENSION OF LUMBER TRADE.

The only method left to be tried here for the extension of the trade
of this colony with the United States in lumber, as well as in other Amer-
ican goods, is the establishment of an American house of business at

* The ton mentioned in tMs report is the French cubic meter=35.3 cubic feet.

216 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Noumea. In my opinion there is a fair opening for such a house here,
more especially if direct communications with the Pacific States were to
be created.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. A. Jeanneney, who has lived in this
colony for several years as a Government officer attached to the trans-
portation department, and one of the most scientific men of New Cale-
donia, for much of the information, contained in this report.

L. LE MESCAM,

Consular Agent.
NOUMEA, March 15, 1894.

SAMOA.

KINDS OF LUMBER USED.

There is very little domestic lumber used, there being no mills here,
and any that is made is sawn out by hand. The favorite building
lumber is Oregon pine and California redwood. New Zealand kauri is
preferred for boat building.

IMPORTS AND DUTY.

New Zealand is the only other country besides the "United States
from which lumber is imported into these islands. The total imports
for the year ending June 30, 1893, amounted to 86,000 feet.

The import duty on lumber is 2 per cent ad valorem.

PRICES AND CLIMATE.

Bough lumber sells here for about 4 cents per foot; surfaced lumber
from 5 to 7 cents.

The climate of this district is hot and damp. We seldom have three
weeks without rain. The dry season, if it can be called so, is from
May to October. During the other months storms may be expected,
sometimes gales, and occasionally hurricanes.

GENERAL BUILDINGS

Considerable building goes on here all the time. There are always
one or two houses in course of construction, and repairing is constantly
going on. This climate is very severe on buildings. The wood, where
near the ground, or exposed to sun and rain, rots in about three years.

No shipbuilding is carried on, but many boats are built every year.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

217

NATIVE WOODS.

The following is a descriptive list of Samoa* woods:

Name of
tree.

Quality.

Color.

Diame-
ter.

Height.

Use.

Remarks.

Ifiai

Soft

Whitish yellow

Feet.
3to4

Feet.
40 to 60

Edible nut (chest*

Ifilele

Hani

Mahogany

3

60

Furniture and dye

nut).

j/iulu

Medium

Lighter mahogany

3

60

do

Jfis-ui^a

Hard

Darker mahogany

3

60

... do

Fetau .....

Hard,

Red. \ellow, and

2

20

Boat knees veneer

curly.

white streaks.
Light gray .. ..

1

30

and ornamental
work.
Furniture and

Hard

Gray . • . .

4

80

veneer,
do

Soft

Red'dish

2

20

No use . .....

Masame

Hard

Reddish brown ...

3

50 to 60

Furniture ........

Red cedar ....

3

60

do

Pan

Hard

Dark pink

3

60

War clubs

Good for carving.

Fan

...do

Gray and yellow .

3

20 to 30

Knees, stems, and

Milo
Tauanave...

...do....
Medium

do

Variegated, dark
and light streaks
Brown, red, black,
and white
streaks.
Blood red

3
3

3

20 to 30
20 to 30

50

timbersfor boats.
....do

....do

Good for orna-
mental work.
Makes nose and
mouth bleed
when working it.

Tuleilo

Hard

Reddish

3

50

.do

Soft

White

3

60

Firewood

Splits well

Ma-ilili

Hard

Yellow

3

80

Boat building

do ...

Black

4

80

Gateposts .....

Does not rot in the

Tava

do

Dark

2 to 3

60

Furniture ......

ground.

Vi ...

Soft

Light

3

70

No use...... ......

Fruit tree.

Hard

Pink

3

60

A HI

do ..

Red

1

20 to 30

Wharf piles . .

Bastard sandal-

Tavae

Medium

Light yellow ...

3

50

Boat boards ...

wood.
Similar to white

Soft

White

2

80

Shingles

cedar.
Similar to white

Hard

Rosewood

1

18

Dye fi rewood

pine.

Aloalo

do

Light

1

30

and piles.

W. BLACKLOCK,
Vice- Consul- General.

APIA, April 24, 1893.

SUPPLEMENT.

The following reports are reprints from the regular issues of the
monthly consular reports, and embrace everything relative to wood
and timber published by the Department subsequently to the issuance
of the foregoing Special Consular Reports, American Lumber in Foreign
Markets.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN CHINA.

Consul-General Jernigan, of Shanghai, under date of December 9,
1896, says an important article of import at Shanghai is American
lumber. To date, this has principally consisted of pine lumber from
the States of Oregon and Washington, though considerable redwood
from California also finds an appreciative market, as does timber from
British Columbia. The eastern part of China is almost denuded of
trees, causing the native supply of lumber to be very limited. The
regions back of Fuchau furnish considerable, not suitable for building
purposes, in a foreign sense, but affording the means of a large traffic
between the natives. It is from the Fuchau regions that the wood for
making coffins is mostly obtained, the superstition of the Chinese per-
mitting only certain kinds to be used for this purpose. From Hunan
and other parts of western China large quantities of pine are cut and
rafted down the Yangtze River, but as a rule it is of a very inferior
quality. Some wood finds its way from the interior to Canton. Teak
and other varieties of hard wood are imported from the East Indies,
Siam, and Burrnah, and some pine timber comes from Japan. Recently
a lot of railroad ties were brought from Japan to Tien-Tsin. The rapid

)wth of Shanghai, and more especially the building of large cotton
lills and silk filatures here and in other cities, have largely increased

le import of pine timber during the past two years. This will appear

>m the following table:

18

94.

18

95.

Kinds.

Quantity.

Value in
United States
gold.

Quantity.

Value in
United States
gold.

Hard-wood, beams

. . cubic feet

286 036

$141 414

344 396

$137, 758

3 086 805

44 450

4 380 371

63 078

Hard-wood planks
Soft-wood planks

..cubic feet,
.square feet

447, 557
13 643 944

161, 121
196, 473

501, 468
18, 769, 599

180, 528
270, 282

Teak planks

24 878

11 942

20 353

9,769

Poles

Musts and spars

pieces.,
do

5,139
2 774

2,056
221 920

9,872
127

3,949
20, 320

Teak logs

cubic feet

33 598

16,127

947

203

219

220 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

One of the largest lumber dealers at Shanghai furnishes the following
statement of sales of pine lumber made by the principal lumber firms
for the years 1893-1896:

Square feet.

1893 6,000,000

1894 6,000,000

1895 12,000,000

1896 14,000,000

The customs returns for 1896 are not yet published, but it is estimated
that between 20,000,000 and 30,000,000 square feet of timber were im-
ported during the year just closed and that there were about 11,000,000
square feet on hand. As stated, the greater quantity of the lumber
comes from the United States, and the quantity imported amounted in
1896 to 14,000,000 square feet and in 1895 to 9,149,789 square feet. In
this connection, these important facts may be noticed : The mills for
whose construction the greater quantity of the lumber was imported
are now completed, no extensive building operations are planned for
1897, and the figures given above show the market fairly supplied for
ordinary demands. Dealers express the opinion that on this account
the imports for 1897 will be small, but nevertheless the lumber market
of China will rule favorable for American lumber, and with the more
extensive introduction of western machinery and the consequent need
for proper buildings the demand will steadily increase. The opening
of China by railroads and the spread of western civilization will make
more substantial and comfortable houses a desideratum, and the con-
struction of such will require the use of foreign timber. Houses of
foreign style have already become so popular with the natives at Shang-
hai that Europeans who are called here in the discharge of their duties
find it difficult to secure houses for their families, and rents have, since
1894, advanced about 20 per cent. Much building is now being done
to meet this need, and if the demand for the current year should not
be so large as formerly, I should advise a careful study of the lumber
market.

I. B. JERNIGAN,

Consul- General.

SHANGHAI, December .9, 1896.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN DENMARK.

The conditions in Denmark seem so favorable to American lumber-
men that I deem it best to say a few words on the subject. In the first
place, the local supply is wholly inadequate to the demand, and Den-
mark depends on outside sources for her timber. In fact, it is the effort
both of the Government and landed proprietors to cultivate and not
cut down the forests.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 221

The lumber trade is principally supplied from Norway, Sweden, and
the United States. American white oak is held in the highest esteem,
here, being far superior to the Danish article, which is scarce and poor
in quality. One firm which I consulted carries only American oak,
and is of opinion that this particular wood has splendid chances in the
markets of Denmark. It is more in demand than any other American
wood. Walnut, poplar, and pitch pine have also good chances here.
Elm and ash are not so much used. They have been imported, but are
of no importance now. Boards, planks, and sawed lumber are generally
preferred and have the quickest sale.

All lumber shipped for sale in Danish markets should be thoroughly
dried and seasoned, and American dealers will find it to their interest
to bear this fact in mind. For instance, it is said that green walnut
logs must be kept two years before using. Oak is used for furniture,
shipbuilding, and house building, and should be shipped in planks and
boards unless otherwise specially ordered. Walnut is used for furni-
ture, and should always be shipped in boards. Pine is used for ship
and house building ; poplar for veneering, billboards, and furniture, also
in the manufacture of pianofortes and carriages. Poplar is also used
largely for stoppers to beer kegs, liquor barrels, etc. There is much
demand for this wood, and it may be shipped in boards or logs. Maple,
I think, also has a future here for veneering and inlaid work.

There is no duty on oak imported into Denmark. Other woods pay
a duty of 13 ore (3J cents) per cubic foot.

The opening of the free port of Copenhagen affords a good opportu-
nity to American dealers. Lumber shipped in bulks can be stored at
low rates in the ample yards of the free port and from there be dis-
tributed to the various ports of the Baltic, according to the demands
of trade.

The free port being considered foreign territory, there is no duty on
goods entering to be reshipped on sale. Only when sold for use in
Denmark will the customary duty be exacted.

The following are some of Ihe principal lumbermen in Copenhagen:
Th. & O. Brochner, Store Kongensgade 63; A. Chr. Hensen & Co.,
Agents, Osterbrogade 3; Aubertin & Co., Norrebrogade 177; West-
phal, Thedin & Co., Norrebrogade 209; Emil Mottlan, Norrebrogade
116. American dealers can correspond directly with these firms as to
prices, terms, etc.

EGBERT J. KIRK, Consul.

COPENHAGEN, Uecember 12, 1894.

222 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FRANCE.

Consul Germain, of Zurich, writes September 25, 1895: I have the
honor to inform you that my report on u Swiss Market for American
Woods," printed in Consular Reports Fo. 175 (April, 1895), pages
509-515, has been copied and published by several French and German
trade journals, and thus circulated among interested European parties
in that line. I am in receipt this day of a letter, which I inclose, and,
translated, reads about as follows :

MAUBEUGE, NORD, FRANCE, September 23, 1895.
Mr. EUGENE GERMAIN,

United States Consul, Zurich, Switzerland:

We know that you have made a special and very complete study of the question
of American woods. Would it please you to cause useful information to be given us
to facilitate our wood importations ? As the first important point, we can inform you
that our firm can, if need be, furnish a guaranty of 1,000,000 francs ($200,000). This
is said to indicate to exporters that they can be at full ease as regards our solvency
or responsibility.

Thanking you in advance, etc., we remain,

LEGRAND & JEANNESSON.

This letter, if given publicity, would, I believe, result in business to
some of our wood exporters.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN SWITZERLAND.

In looking over the Swiss custom-house statistics I find that, although
most of the cantons of this mountainous country have extensive and
fine forests, they are not sufficient to supply Switzerland with the neces-
sary timber and lumber. In fact this country imported last year (1893)
18,200,099 francs ($3,502,619) of wood and manufactures of wood, while
the exports of the same amounted only to about 4,000,000 francs
($772,000). showing a surplus of imports over exports of over 14,000,000
francs ($2,762,000), in which amount the United States participated
only with 189,679 francs ($36,608).

It is evident that the United States could secure a greater share of
this Swiss trade, and in order to find out how the Swiss market could
be extended to our products in this line I addressed communications to
some of the interested parties, viz, dealers and importers in wood and
manufacturers of boats, carriages, furniture, etc., housebuilders, etc.,
asking their opinion. I now beg to submit, for the benefit of our peo-
ple in that line of trade, what parties here say regarding the kinds of
wood required, prices, etc. I also add a tabulated statement showing
the total Swiss imports during 1893 of the different kinds of lumber,
timber, etc., compared with the imports from the United States during
the same period, the principal sources of supply, and customs duties.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

223

Imports of wood and manufactures of wood into Switzerland during the year ending

December 31, 1893.

Article.

Total im-
ports.

Imports
from United
States.

prtaoi^r's^kS

Firewood :
Hard.

Francs, t
1,811,553
1, 110, 327
;(81, 293

Francs, t

Germany

Francs, t
0.02
.02
.02

.02
.10

.15
.15
.15

.40

.70
.70

.70

.10
~50

2.50
5.00

.50
5.00
1.60
1.00

3.00
6.00

12.00

6.00
3.00
12. 00

10.00
12.00
16.00
25.00
38.00

50.00

30.00
30.00
40.00

12.00
30.00

25.00
50.00

Soft

do

Germany and Nether-
lauds.
France ....

992, 039
626, 586

494, 946
1, 094, 369
413 694

Timber, rough, or cut with the ax :
Hard

9,792
18, 872

do

Soft

Germany and Austria.

Other oak wood, cut in longitudinal sec-
tion, except veneers.
Lumber (boards, laths, and shingles) :
Hard

1, 303, 296

304, 342
3, 185, 514
336, 434

100,615
85, 085

181, 150
33, 250

71, 270

320

9,120
41, 240
5, 229

5,900
53, 240

2,800
500

Germany, Austria,
France, and Italy.

Germany and Austria.
Austria

Soft

Beams and railway ties other than oak..
Cabinet wood :

Central America

United States

Veneers :

France

Cork wood :
Ron a1 h -

Italy

415, 200
114, 896
57, 880

234, 892
206, 580

58, 170

25, 740
192, 630
195, 650

495, 830
259, 875
248, 930
647, 400
490, 250

82 880

France and Spain

1,001
520

86H
20, 900

1,080

Manufactures of wood :
Planed but not finished

Finished, but not painted or carved,
and without metal.
Rough but with metal

do

Germany and France. .

Parquetry:

Unfinished

do

Cooper ware (including staves, finished) .
Furniture and parts of furniture :
Common wood —

Germany

2,970

1,080
2,700
1,750
5,500

Germany and France . .

J>ent not upholstered

Painted, varnished, or veneered. .
Polished

Germany ....

. . do

Carved upholstered etc

Germany, France, and
Italy.
France

Other manufactures of wood :
Painted, polished, varnished, etc
Moldings ornamented

293, 975 825
. 145,670

Germany

do

Picture frames, etc., ornamented
Baskets, etc. —

280, 686

127, 320
251, 275

201, 000
199, 200
448, 407

1,872

do

Germany and France. .
German v •

Fine

Brushes, etc —
Hough

Fine • - -

""i.'eoo

do
Germany and France. .

Other articles

Total

18, 200, 099

189, 679

Total, United States currency

$3, 502, 619

$36, 608

100 kilograms = 220.46 pounds.

tl franc =19.3 cents.

Duties are paid on the gross weight.

Switzerland's exports of wood and manufactures thereof amount to
4,126,826 francs ($796,477), of which amount the United States had
49,676 francs ($9,587), mostly consisting of wood carvings.

224 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

SHIPBUILDING.

The manager of the Maschiuenfabrikeu von Escher Wyss & Co.,
Zurich, a world-renowned concern for machinery of all kinds, ship-
building, etc., writes:

We use teak, pitch pine, aiid yellow piue. The requirements for teak wood are
limited, and would hardly ofter inducements for direct imports, but of yellow and
pitch pine we consume several carloads at a time. We are buying these goods in
boards, laths, or square-cut blocks, the latter of which we cut ourselves according
to requirements.

Regarding American woods, we do not purchase same on account of the low figures
but for their superior qualities. Yellow and pitch pine are mostly used for ship-
deck laths; some little also for cabinetmakers' work. The price of pitch pine is
rather lower than that of the native larch wood ; the same contains more pitch, and
can be bought in long, clean blocks, but is not so fine as the former.

We are buying these woods at Genoa, Antwerp, or Hamburg. We could only make
direct importations if small shipments could be forwarded at as cheap freight rates
as large ones, and prices made delivered, at our railway station, subject to inspection,
as we must be very particular about the quality, and it would not pay us to send
some one to the United States to buy and inspect these woods before shipment.

Messrs. Treichler & Co., Zurich, boat builders, another prominent
firm, write:

At our wharf we are using the following kinds of wood : Mahogany, Spanish cedar,
cypress, pitch pine, yellow pine, white pine, Canadian spruce, and teak from the West
Indies.

For yacht building in England, yellow pine is mostly used (planks and laths), it
being lighter than pitch pine. The price of pitch or yellow pine should not exceed
200 francs per cubic meter ($40 per 1.308 cubic yards), delivered at Zurich. The
quality should be an excellent one, as, for boat building, only wood free of knots and
in every way faultless can be used. In order to reduce the freight charges, the woods
should be delivered in planks 6 to 10 meters long (1 meter — 39 inches), with a
minimum width of 0.35 meter, and from 60 to 150 millimeters thick, or in logs or blocks
of as great dimensions as possible, and ax-cut.

An excellent wood for the manufacture of small boats is known in America under
the name of " white cedar," and is used there in- great quantities. We take a special
interest in this kind of wood, which up to date is being furnished us by Hamburg
and Bremen importers.

It is getting more difficult from year to year to find selected fine woods in Switz-
erland; other industries besides ours (such as are compelled to use fine, clear, and
durable woods) will be compelled to use more American woods. There is no market
for second qualities, parcels of which have from time to time been brought over.

Messrs. Treichler & Co. are willing to undertake the sale, on commis-
sion, of yellow and pitch pine, white cedar, and Canadian spruce, if
American wood exporters would make trial shipments to Switzerland,
and they can at any time furnish satisfactory references.

WAGONS AND CARRIAGES.

Mr. J. C. Geissberger, Zurich, carriage manufacturer, writes:

American woods for the manufacture of carriages have for years been imported
into Switzerland, but in an indirect way only, through Berlin, Hamburg, and
English commission houses.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS, 225

This has reference to hickory woods required in the manufacture of wheels, as
hubs, spokes, and fellies. The hubs are imported either in a rough state or finished;
the spokes are imported ready for use, and so are the fellies (finished, bent, and
assorted in sizes to meet requirements).

For the other parts of our carriage manufactures, we also use walnut, acajou, and
white wood, in boards of 10 millimeters (0.3937 inch) thickness.

As to prices, we have to pay the following figures, delivered : Hubs, in the rough,
made of American rock elm (sets of four), 9.40 francs ($1.81). Prime hickory spokes,
1| inches, 40 francs ($7.72) per hundred; H inches, 42.50 francs ($8.20) per hundred;
1-g- inches, 45 francs ($8.69) per hundred; If inches, 47.50 francs ($9.17) per hundred.
Prime hickory fellies, bent, 38 to 50 millimeters (1.5 to 1.97 inches) thick and 90 to
95 centimeters (35.43 to 37.4 inches) high (set of four), 13 to 15 francs ($2.51 to $2.90) ;
38 to 50 millimeters thick and 110 to 140 centimeters (43.31 to 55.12 inches) high (set
of four), 15.65 to 19.40 francs ($3.02 to $3.74). Walnut planks, 3.60 to 4.80 francs (69
to 93 cents) per square meter (10.7642 square feet) ; acajou planks, 6 to 10 francs
($1.16 to $1.93) per square meter; white wood, about 2.25 francs (43£ cents) — all
delivered free 011 board at Zurich and duty paid.

Mr. Geissberger is ready to import direct from America, if prices and
terms are made satisfactory.

WOOD MATERIALS FOR FLOURING MILLS.

Mr. A. Millot, Zurich, writes that his requirements demand almost
exclusively pine and beech woods, and these he uses in considerable
quantities, other kinds of woods not being used to a large extent. Pine
boards cost here 55 to 60 francs ($10.61 to $11.58) per cubic meter, and
beech boards 75 francs ($14.48) per cubic meter.

LUMBER DEALERS.

Messrs. II. Gintzburger & Co., liomaushoru, write:

We have imported Florida pitch pine in an indirect way; we are, however, ready
to make direct imports if prices are satisfactory. We can handle a shipload at any
one time. The woods mostly required are red and white pine of first quality in
boards of 5 to 6 inches in width by 1 inch thick ; also in larger dimensions. We
are also buyers of other Ararieties of wood.

•Mr. Gottfried Baumann, Zurich, writes:

As far as I know, the consumption of American woods here is restricted to walnut,
mahogany, palissander, and pitch pine. The latter has been brought in direct of
late in the shape of lumber. I hardly think that American wood could be imported
with profit for building purposes, because native timber, sawed with angular edges,
is sold at Zurich at about 37 to 40 francs ($7.14 to $7.72) per cubic meter (35.316 cubic
feet). Something might be done in American oak, but only in thick planks of first
quality, at about 75 to 80 francs ($14.48 to $15.44), delivered at Zurich. Large quan-
tities of this article are being imported from Hungary.

Special attention is called to the communication of Messrs. Gebrueder
Masera, at Winterthur, a large lumber firm making direct imports of
American pitch pine, etc. They write as follows :

It is our opinion that American wood exporters could largely increase their sales in
Switzerland, especially if they would oft'er such varieties of wood as can be brought
into competition with the native woods. As long as American exporters seek a mar-
ket for expensive woods only, no satisfactory results are obtainable, even if the
065A 15

226 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

quality is superior to that of the native woods. The wood trade of this country
demands a great deal of the cheaper varieties.

The only American wood generally known here is the pitch pine, and we dare say
that the increase in. the imports of this wood is due to the efforts of our firm, made
for years past in this direction. Unfortunately, prices are always much higher than
those for similar native woods, and, for this reason, their use is limited. In some
cases, pitch pine is preferred on account of its suitable dimensions, or where wood
containing a great deal of pitch is required for special purposes. This wood will
always find a good sale for parquet iloors, but only in the better qualities, and if
prices could be lowered a little the sales could be much increased. Second qualities,
as have sometimes been sent here, are not wanted, and it is in the interest of Ameri-
can exporters to ship only first qualities if they want, to increase the demand.

Other American woods can be used, provided the qualities are as good and prices
not higher than that of woods most in use here.

Switzerland imports great quantities of oak boards from the most remote sections
of Hungary, etc., unfinished parquetry especially. The freight charges on these
shipments are just about double the freight charges from America to Switzerland,
when sent in shiploads. If, therefore, the American oak wood can be used for par-
quet flooring, as we suppose must be the case, and the raw product can be bought
as cheap in the United States as in Hungary and Russia, the American product, no
doubt, will find ready sale in large quantities.

The native beech is also much used for parquetry, being as durable as oak and
one-third cheaper. If America furnishes a wood similar to our beech, which is very
hard, sales would be still more extensive than in oak wood.

As to dimensions and quality of oak and beech friezes, they should be as follows :
Thickness, 27 millimeters (1.06 inches), with at least 1 to 2 millimeters surplus meas-
ure;, length, mostly 60 centimeters (23.6 inches), or between 50 to 70 centimeters
(19.7 to 27| inches), with 3 to 5 centimeters surplus measure; width, mostly 12 cen-
timeters (4.7 inches), or between 11 to 12 centimeters, with 3 to 5 millimeters sur-
plus measure. The quality required is the perfectly air dried, clear of knots and
spots, and of even color. The cuts must, of course, be strictly parallel. As to
prices, oak friezes will command about 40 to 50 per cent more, and beech friezes 30
to 40 per cent less, than pitch-pine flooring, delivered, freight and duty paid, in
Switzerland.

There is also some demand for a cheap soft wood for flooring, which must also be
perfectly free of knots, at a price not to exceed the price of first-class quality of
native pine, which is sold about two-fifths cheaper than pitch pine.

I would suggest that American exporters address Messrs. Gebrueder
Masera, this firm being the largest of Swiss wood importers. They are
ready and willing to give any information desired regarding their own
requirements, or on other woods needed here as lumber, for the man-
ufacture of tables and chairs, box lumber, staves for hogsheads, etc.

STAVES.

Statistics show that Switzerland imports annually about 000,000
francs ($115,800) worth of rough staves and finished cooper articles.
The staves most in demand are of the smaller sizes, varying from 34 to
7~ centimeters (13 to 20 inches) in length. Hungary supplies most of
them. These staves are split and trimmed with the ax, and not sawed :
they vary in width from 4 to 1 1 inches.

\V. Weiss, Thalacker, Zurich, is the principal stave importer in this
district.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 227

RAILROADS AND STREET PAVING.

For railroad building, wooden ties are gradually being replaced by
iron ties, the latter being cheap and more durable.

Swiss cities have begun to pave their streets with wooden blocks,
and, if results prove satisfactory, the use of wooden paving blocks will
be increased.

HOUSE FINISHINGS.

During the two years 1893-1894 not less than 1,180 new houses have
been erected in the city of Zurich alone, and although not much timber
is used, stone and iron being the principal materials, a large quantity
of wood is worked up for finishing purposes, as, for instance, for par-
quetry flooring, sashes, window frames, stairs, etc.

Parquet floors are very extensively used in this country, such being
found in almost every house in Swiss cities. There are quite a number
of factories in Switzerland that make parquet flooring a specialty for
home as well as for export requirements.

Messrs. Haldirnann, Wissler & Co., Gloldbach, Canton Berne, write:

We think that in a few years some of the American woods will play an important
r61e in the Swiss markets. So far the Swiss parquetry factories have been getting
their supplies from Hungary, mostly, however, through Genoa, Antwerp, or Ham-
burg commission houses.

Pitch pine, cut in longitudinal sections (long friezes), sells in sizes of 25 to 33
millimeters thick at 90 to 95 francs per cubic meter ($18 per 1.308 cubic yards)
delivered free on board track at Swiss stations.

Some American oak is also imported from time to time. If American exporters
are desirous of competing with the Hungarian oak, they must sell the Swiss par-
quetry factories friezes, 25 to 33 millimeters (0.98 inch to 1.3 inches) thick and 30
centimeters to 2 meters (11.8 to 78.4 inches) and more in length, at a price not to
exceed 100 to 155 francs ($19.30 to $29.91) per cubic meter, according to quality and
dimensions, delivered and duty paid.

Other American woods, such as mahogany, hickory, walnut, etc., are
imported for the manufacture of furniture.

Mr. Ferdinand Haldimanu is the president of the Swiss Association of
Parquetry Manufacturers, and this gentleman is willing to give inter-
ested parties all the necessary information, with a view to enter into
direct trade relations, especially in the line of oak friezes, samples of
which he solicits.

CABINET WOOD FOR FURNITURE FACTORIES.

Messrs. Wolff & Aschbacher, furniture makers of Zurich, write:

American woods mostly imported into Switzerland are walnut, oak, palissander,
mahogany, rosewood, etc., all being delivered in the shape of logs, lumber, or planks
with angular edges.

We are aware that there are still a number of other American woods fit for the
manufacture of furniture, and up to the present time not imported, but are said to
be rather cheap — that is to say, they are sold at about the same prices which we
have to pay here for our native woods, namely, 130 to 220 francs ($25.09 to $42.40).

228 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

It would be well for exporters to send samples of furniture panels with crossettes,
the panels to be about 15 centimeters in width to 20 centimeters in length (5.9 to 7.9
inches). This would give us an idea whether they would answer our purposes.
We do not import direct, our requirements in American woods being small, but we
purchase, as needed, from importers.

Another firm says that unfinished furniture, as frames, etc., in the
rough might be imported to advantage, and asks for catalogues of such
material.

Eegarding household and office furniture of American make, the
transportation expenses and customs duties are against us. yet some-
thing might be done in the line of fine furniture, which, as a rule, was
for years imported to this district from Paris, but owing to the pro-
hibitory tariff now being imposed on goods of French origin, the
imports of such articles are restricted, and I am confident that business
could be worked up with the American article.

From some of these communications it may be readily seen that more
American woods are imported into this country than appears from the
statistics, the bulk being bought from German or English importers;
but if American exporters would make an effort to establish direct rela-
tions with dealers and large consumers here they would not only save
commissions, but no doubt largely increase sales.

It would be well to mention to American exporters that goods sent
to Switzerland must be accompanied by a certificate of origin, and that
the customs duties, which are specific, are collected invariably on the
gross weight.

EUGENE GERMAIN, Consul.

ZURICH, January 11, 1895.

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT.

While gathering the necessary information on American woods in
Switzerland I entered into correspondence with several Swiss firms .
working up American and other woods, and incorporated a synopsis of
answers received in my report. To day I am in receipt of a communi-
cation from the Swiss furniture firm of Meyer- Mueller & Co., Winter-
thur and Zurich, which reached me after my report had gone forward.

This firm being a prominent concern, I give a translation of their
letter:

Answering yours of January 5, we beg to inform you that, up to date, to our
knowledge, no ready-made American furniture has been introduced into Switzerland,
but we are of opinion that unfinished American furniture in the rough (in pieces)
could be introduced to advantage.

We have seen several Swiss furniture manufacturers who visited the World's Fair
at Chicago, and from these we learn that American furniture manufacturers sell
unfinished furniture and ship it knocked down. We think such furniture would tind
a ready market in this country, and could be finished in Switzerland to suit the
tastes, as to color and finish, of the SWISH people.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 229

We would therefore thank you to put us in communication with one or two first-
class American furniture factories, with a view of making arrangements to try the
venture and get a trial shipment.

The kind we manufacture are parlor, sitting-room and bedroom, and office furni-
ture. As to our responsibility, we refer you to the Zuercher Bankvereiu, Zuerich,
and the bank in Wiuterthur.

EUGENE GERMAIN, Consul.
ZURICH, February 1, 1895.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN URUGUAY.

The lumber trade of the United States with Uruguay and the
Argentine Kepublic presents incongruities which can not but be harm-
ful to the lumber interests of our country. To prove the truth of this
it is necessary only to show the difference between the prices received
by the lumber mill and the price the consumer has to pay for it here
and to explain the reasons of the extraordinary difference.

The best means of demonstrating the above will be by giving an
exhibit of a cargo sold here, with such explanations as will enable any-
one interested in the matter to form an opinion for himself. Before
proceeding further it is well to state the range of prices at which pitch
or yellow pine lumber has been offered and the figures at which this
lumber is generally sold to the consumer. The lowest offers known to
me as made from the United States to the importers here is $19 per
1,000 feet delivered in the port of Montevideo or Buenos Ayres, and
the average price paid for pitch pine by the consumer is from $40 to
$50 per 1,000 feet.

These Governments levy a duty for the privilege of allowing this
lumber to be lauded here almost equal to the amounts which the miller
realizes for the original value of the raw material plus all the work
and expenses of preparing it and getting it ready for shipment ; this,
too, in the face of the fact that this country produces no timber which
could take the place of our pine; that it must be purchased from us,
because it is needed and is the cheapest in the market in spite of all
the additional charges put on, thereby furnishing these Governments a
source of revenue on an article the export of which destroys our pine
forests uselessly and leaves the lumber manufacturer poor.

The following exhibit is of an account of sale for a cargo of pitch
(yellow) pine lumber sold and shipped direct by the mill with inter-
vention of their representative here :

Account of sale of a cargo of pitch pine per bark , for , Montevideo.

Feet.
According to M. M.'s invoice 564, 149

According to measurement of public measurer here, as per contract 564, 116

Less reduction for sap, short measure in some dimensions, and on deck
load 34,988

Net.. .... 529,128

230 AMERICAN LUMBER IX FOREIGN MARKETS.

529,128 feet, at $25 per 1,000 feet. $13,228.30

Freight, at $12 per 1,000 feet, according to charter party 6, 129. 70

Total T.I

Discount at 8 per cent on $6,000 paid in cash by buyer on account

of freight, six months $240. 00

Measurer's bill, 25 cents per 1,000 feet 141. 02

Discount on note of buyer, at six months, at 7 per cent per

annum, and other expenses, stamps, telegrams, etc 463. 49

844. 51

Net total 6,254.09

This amount was paid over in cash by telegraphic transfer in Xew
York the same day of settlement here, with deduction of $10.45 for
cable expenses to bank.

The lumber trade here has so far been practically divided into two
distinct branches, one being the importer, the other the dealer. The
importer buys and contracts probably in conjunction with his New York
commission merchant when and wherever the opportunity is most fav-
orable, using capital to the best advantage in the markets at home,
picking up bargains whenever lumber manufacturers are forced to
make sacrifices, etc., and selling in cargo lots afloat, at time of shipment,
to the lumber dealers here, who keep a regular stock on hand for dis
tribution to the consumer.

It will be easily understood that the importers are very few in num-
ber in any one of these countries, and that it is to their benefit to keep
the dealer as much as possible in the dark regarding the import lum-
ber trade, and thus subject to themselves. With this object in view, a
lot of customs and practices were inaugurated, which made it almost a
matter of impossibility for an outside manufacturer or dealer in lumber-
to sell direct to the dealer here on account ot the numberless vexations
he was subjected to. Unless he knew and avoided these obstacles, or
had some one here who could do this for him, he would come out loser
at the end.

These practices apparently favor the actual dealer, but, i n fact, the
importer has been the one benefited, because they gave him entire
control of the importing business and proved to be his safeguard
against outside intrusion.

The methods of sales to dealers here are about the following: The
lumber is sold and delivered on six months' credit from the time it has
been officially accepted by the dealer, according to the various other
customs hereinafter mentioned, viz:

1. The dealer is expected to be notified by wire immediately when
the ship bringing the cargo he bought from the importer (or seller) is
ready to sail, so as to give him time to dispose of all he can to his cus-
tomers during the time of the voyage, a matter of not less than sixty
days.

2. All lumber sold is supposed to be dry, clear of any sap, splits,
knots, and other i'aults— in other words, according to the custom hciv.

AMERICAN LUMBER TN FOREIGN MARKETS. 231

it is supposed to be faultless. If any faults are found in any plank,
beam, etc., the proportion thereof is assessed against the seller by the
public inspector appointed for such cargo.

3. All lumber, before it is accepted by the dealer, has to undergo an
inspection and measurement by a public inspector, who is jointly chosen
by seller and buyer, or each one has the right to name one separately.
These inspectors measure the cargo and assess the percentage of reduc-
tion to be claimed, according to the lumber standard of this port, from
the seller. According to this standard, no cargo can be brought here
without some claim against it, the lowest amounting to about 4 per
cent; but if it goes over 10 per cent, the buyer has the privilege of
rejecting the entire cargo. Such inspection is paid for half each by
the buyer and the seller, and amounts to 50 cents per 1,000 feet.

4. As all the lumber is sold delivered here, the freight, of course, has
to be paid by the seller, which means a cash outlay of sometimes more
than the manufacturer gets for his lumber. The rate of freight runs
on an average from $10 to $14 per 1,000 feet, $12 being a fair average.
Of course, arrangements can generally be made with the buyer to pay
the freight on delivery of the cargo, but in any such case he will claim
the percentage (discount) for the advance so made of said freight, and
it goes toward reducing the a tual price at which the lumber is nom-
inally sold. It is the same with six months' time notes which the seller
receives from the buyer in payment of the purchase. These notes can
be discounted so long as the buyer is considered good, but this further
reduces the actual price supposed to have been realized for the lumber.

Next comes the Government with its duty, which amounts to $8.25
per 1,000 feet on pitch or yellow pine and about $15 on white pine, and
is calculated as follows: On a valuation fixed by the Government on
pitch pine of $30 per 1,000 feet for import purposes, no matter whether
it has cost in reality perhaps only half of that, a duty of 20 per cent is
charged, and, besides, about $2.25 per 1,000 feet additional custom-
house charges.

It will be seen that the freight and duty alone on pitch pine gener-
ally amount to $20 and more; consequently, the dealer here, in selling
to the consumer at from $40 to $50 per 1,000 feet, has a margin of from
$20 to $30 to be divided between the lumber manufacturer, the importer,
and himself.

The manufacturer, in consideration of furnishing the actual material,
being under the heavy expense of manufacturing, making all the
advances until the article is marketable, and. finally, running the risk
of losses of all kinds, has to con tent himself with about one-third of this
division, and is satisfied if the New York commission merchant offers him
at home this much. The importer, together with his commission mer-
chant, running hardly any risk, satisfies himself for the outlay of his
money for the time being with about one-sixth of this and grows inde-
pendently rich on it, leaving to the actual dealer here the balance of

232 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

three-sixths, with which the latter party is able to make himself quite
comfortable.

That the importer, the dealer, the freighter, and the Government
here are doing well on a business of this kind, goes without saying, but
our manufacturer at home, having commenced business as a young man
on a piece of timber land, and having worked hard all his life, finds
himself when he has grown old, poor and without any resources, as the
land from which the timber has disappeared without benefit to him is
valueless without it.

What steps should be taken to remedy these hardships falling upon
the producer in this branch of industry, are for him to decide; but it
would seem that a direct connection between the manufacturer and the
actual dealer were preferable to the way this business has been done
so far; or, still better, if the parties interested in the lumber-milling
business would join together and establish rules of their own in order
to protect themselves, and at the same time guard against the useless
destruction of the timber wealth of our country without compensating
benefit.

EDGAR SCHBAMM, Consul

MONTEVIDEO, April 30, 1896.

ASPEN WOOD FOR MATCHES.

The manufacture of matches in Germany, which has risen to be an
industry of importance, employs pine, poplar, aspen, linden, and birch
woods. Of these woods, aspen has proved itself indispensable in the
manufacture of matches by reason of its natural qualities and the ease
with which it can be worked up. It is distinguished by its large struc-
ture, ready combustibility, freedom from knots, and uniformity of sub-
stance.

The flame of a match, as is well known, is conveyed to the wood from
the igniting composition by sulphur, as in the case of lucifers, into which
the splints are dipped. In the case of Swedish matches the sulphur is
substituted by paraffin. The sulphur, where this is used, remains on
the outside of the wood and dries at once. The paraffin, however,
must penetrate into the wood, partly because the matches would other-
wise stick to each other, but principally because the paraffin becomes
fluid again at even low degrees of heat and would penetrate the ignit-
ing composition and render it useless. For safety matches, therefore,
a wood is required which has light and spongy pores, as found only in
the aspen, whose bright white color further gives it an agreeable appear-
ance. Poplar has a gray color and is brittle ; birch wood becomes yellow
and is seldom obtainable in stout logs. These woods are also slow of
combustion. Pine and fir woods take up little paraffin, owing to the
resin they contain.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 233

In order to keep the pores as open as possible, and also to work up
the wood to the greatest advantage, the aspen splint is produced by
flaking. Aspen possesses the quality of being flakable to a very high
degree. The flaking is done by causing a knife to revolve round a log
which rotates on its own axis. The wood is divided into ribbons of the
thickness and width of a match. These ribbons are laid evenly, one
above the other, and cut into square splints. In consequence of the
uniformity of the annual layers, aspen wood produces perfectly homo-
geneous ribbons or splints. This is not the case when other kinds of
wood, like fir, etc., are flaked. The absence of all structure or grain
further enables aspen- wood to be flaked into thin shavings, which are
worked by other machines into the familiar match boxes. Just this
fact that both match splints and box shavings can be produced by one
machine from one material calls for the employment of aspen wood.
Attempts have been made to flake fir and pine woods as substitutes for
aspen, but it is not known that any results of importance have been
obtained. The reason why the last-mentioned woods can not be flaked
is, probably, because of the difference in the annual rings between the
spring and fall wood — that is, between the inside of the ring and its
extreme outside the difference is too great. The fall wood is too solid,
the spring wood too soft, and the annual rings are of varying thick-
nesses, according to the location of the tree, while, even in the case of
pine, the knife is apt to slip and cut ribbons of unequal thickness. In
the case of aspen wood each ribbon is like the other, a circumstance
which is of the utmost importance for the further processes.

Match manufacturers require that the aspen wood should be free
from rotten pith and, as far as possible, free from knots — free from pith,
otherwise the wood can not be fixed in the flaking machine ; free from
knots, because the wood round the knots is decayed. The wood should
further be straight grown and of loose texture. The aspen is available
for match making as soon as the trunk has a diameter of 8 inches. The
demand is greatest for trunks with a diameter of 10 to 20 inches. To
attain this size a period of twenty- five to sixty years is necessary, accord-
ing to the nature of the soil, position, etc. Trunks from twenty to thirty-
five years old are preferred to younger growths for the reason that the
method of manufacture produces the same amount of waste, whether
the trunks be small or large.

The match factories which employ aspen wood are mostly situated
in Silesia, Pomerania, Schleswig-Holstein, Bavaria, Rhine Province,
Alsace-Lorraine, Rhine Palatinate, and the Duchy of Anhalt. These
factories use on the whole 4,000,000 to 5,500,000 cubic feet of aspen
wood annually, of which about 3,500,000 cubic feet are imported from
Russia.

The Silesian factories, mostly through dealers, procure their wood
from Upper Silesia, Poland, -Galicia, and Hungary. To procure
wood from the districts of Konigsberg and Gumbinnen is unprofitable,

234 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

because the freight is considerably higher than from Cracow or the
Tatra. Eegnlar direct purchases in Upper Silesia are not possible, for
the reason that there are no large compact stocks of trees, and the
various individual forests only produce a few carloads each, which are
too dear when account is taken of the personal attendance requisite to
purchase. The cubic meter (35.316 cubic feet) of aspen wood, delivered
iree at railway station, costs from 17 to 26 marks ($4.05 to $6.19),
according to quality — aspen of 25 to 50 centimeters diameter, 26 marks
($6.19) ; of smaller diameter, 20, 21, and 24 marks ($4.76, $5, and $5.71).
The wood from Poland, Galicia, and Hungary is not essentially dearer
than the wood from Upper Silesia. Where grown it costs 10 to 14
marks ($2.38 to $3.33), and, although the customs duty has to be
added to this, the higher price is compensated for by the superior
quality of the wood. The freight rates are various. Ten thousand
kilograms (22,146 pounds) contain about 12 to 14 cubic meters (424 to
615 cubic feet), the freight for which from Upper Silesia would be about
50 to 60 marks ($11.90 to $14.l.'8), and from Poland and Galicia, about
120 marks ($28.56).

For the factories in Pomerania the principal sources of supply are
Eiga, Kovno, Libau, Windau, and St. Petersburg, where dealers do a
lively trade. The wood is felled in the forests, brought down to the
sea, and shipped when water communication is open. It is sold in the
form of logs from 3 to 7 meters (16.4 to 23 feet) in length, with both
ends cut smooth. The ports through which aspen wood is imported
are Konigsberg, Danzig, Kolberg, Eiigenwalde, Flensburg, Liibeck,
Amsterdam, Antwerp, Stettin, and Bremen. The prices for Eussian
wood vary according as the wood comes rafted or unrafted to the
market. Unrafted wood costs delivered in Bremen, including the
customs duty of 1.20 marks, 25 marks ($5.95) ; rafted wood, 21 marks
($5). Such prices, however, are only good for contracts for the whole
year; in other cases they are about 10 per cent higher. The freight
rates by direct steamer from Eiga are 16 to 18 pfennigs (3.8 to 4.3 cents)
per cubic foot, and from Kovno, via Lappieneu-Konigsberg, by lighter,
about 10 pfennigs (2.4 cents) per cubic foot delivered in Danzig. The
prices are advancing from year to year.

The factories in Anhalt use native wood partly, from the neighboring
forests, and partly Eussian wood, via Stettin. The price is 28 to 30
marks ($6.66 to $7.14).

For Westphalia the wood is shipped in steamers from Eiga to
Amsterdam and thence by rail. The cubic foot delivered in Amster-
dam costs from 71 to 86 pfennigs (17 to 20£ cents), according to quality.

In Alsace Lorraine the wood is taken from native forests, but it is
no longer very thick and can not be flaked, but must be planed. The
stocks have been freely felled in the last ten or fifteen years, and no
care has been taken to replace them. In consequence of the enormous
expense the wood of East Prussia is out of the question for the Alsa-

AMKKICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 235

tian factories, which are, therefore, in a very difficult position. Prices
here have risen 10 to 15 per cent in late years and are still rising.

The factories in Schleswig-Holstein procure Russian wood via Libau
and Konigsberg. The freight rates from the former city are 5 marks
($1.19) and from the latter 6 marks ($1.43) per cubic meter (35.316
cubic feet). The price for wood, duty paid, is 20 to 21 marks ($5.76
to $6) per cubic meter.

In the Khiue Palatinate Russian wood is partly used, which costs 34
marks ($8.09) per cubic meter, duty paid and delivered free.

The factories in the Hundsriick use aspen wood from the forests in
Nassau, Bavaria, and the Eifel. Russian wood is too expensive. The
wood is procured in logs of 2 meters (6.5 feet) in length.

In Bavaria, where the wood is also becoming scarce, native wood
from Upper and Lower Bavaria is used. The wood is furnished sawed
in lengths of 2 meters (6.5 feet), as logs of such lengths enjoy lower
freight rates.

The rapid decrease of the native stocks of the aspen, and the subse-
quent enhancement of the prices of this raw material, together with
the difficulty of obtaining it, led a number of chambers of commerce to
memorialize the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry and petition him
to cause the foresters in whose districts match factories are located to
pay more attention to the growth of the aspen. A similar representa
tion has been made by parties concerned to the French authorities.
The Russian manufacturers seeing their advantage over their German
and French colleagues, were not slow in petitioning their own Govern-
ment to prohibit the exportation of aspen wood.

This European scramble for aspen wood can well be settled by sup-
plying these factories with wood from the United States, where the
aspen is yet an ubiquitous tree, used but little for mechanical purposes.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MATCHES.

In connection with the above, the following tables, showing the value
of matches imported into and exported from Germany in 1893, will be
of interest:

Imports.

Sweden .' $30,762

Austria-Hungary 6, 010

Belgium 2,678

Italy 2,676

Total 42,126

236 AMERICAN LUMBER IX FOREIGN MARKETS.

Exports.

To—

Value.

To-

Value.

Europe, Asia, and Africa :
Netherlands

$65, 688

America :
Central American republics

$21 268

60 014

Brazil

11 186

Greece . ....

23, 800

Haiti

9 282

Dutch East Indies

22 134

United States

2 G18

Swit7erland .

14, 756

Chile

1 666

British East India

11 900

1 190

West Africa

10, 710

952

Great Britain

10 472

952

Austria-Hungary

9,282

Ecuador

714

Italy

8,568

Uruguay

476

Turkey

1,190

West Indies

238

Total

238, 514

Total

50 549

Other countries

4,874

Grand total

293 930

ANNABERG, March 22, 1895.

THEODORE M. STEPHAN,

Consul.

AUSTRALIAN WOODS FOR STREET-PAVING.

At the present time, when this country is recovering from the recent
financial cyclone, and when the business outlook is daily growing more
promising, it is not inappropriate to consider by what means the com-
merce between the United States and the Australian colonies can be
increased to mutual advantage.

It has occurred to me that a large and profitable business can be done
between the two countries by the shipping to the United States of
wood blocks for street-paving. The advantages to be derived are
manifold.

Wood pavements are admittedly the best in the world, and of late
years they have only been abandoned in the United States owing to the
fact that no wood of native growth could bo found that would stand
the wear and tear of the heavy traffic in our large cities.

In this country one is compelled to notice and give the palm to the
street pavements made from blocks of red and blue gum, a wood grown
in this country, which have proved to be equal to all requirements.

I have noticed, in this city and in Sydney, where strips of the wooden
pavements have been joined to a stone pavement and where both have
been subjected to the heaviest wear, that the wooden pavement has
worn even better than the stone, and, where the two pavements join,
the edges of the wood blocks are not even chipped or worn.

It is a pity that our country, which is so far ahead of other lands in
many respects, should be so far behind in this matter of street-paving.

Can we not adopt the Australian wood blocks to advantage ? If a fair
trial could be given by some of our cities, I am sure that it would result
in the adoption of Australian timber for street-paving in the United
States and thus open up a new industry between the two countries.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 237

Perhaps the very best timber obtainable for this purpose is the Tas-
manian blue gum. This has worn here for six or eight years. In all
that time no repairs have had to be made, and the pavements are as
good to-day as when laid.

The Tasmanian government is interested in the matter, and have
taken active steps to place samples before our contractors and municipal
authorities.

An American exporting and importing firm doing business here, with
a branch in New York City, recently visited Hobart, the capital of
Tasmania, and laid the matter before the premier. They were most
courteously received, and at their suggestion the premier caused to be
shipped to them in New York samples of these blocks, which can now
be seen at the office of Messrs. Trowbridge & Terry, 531 Broadway.

While these hard woods are plentiful here, it must be remembered
that the cost of freight, etc., would bring them to New York at a price
probably no lower than cedar blocks can be obtained at home; but
consideration must be given to their durability and vast superiority.

It is not unlikely that in view of opening up this trade with the
colonies and at the same time benefiting our own land, arrangements
might be made to admit these blocks free of duty.

The demand at home will be endless and the supply here inexhaust-
ible, and the benefits resulting from the adoption of these blocks
apparent. For instance, all sailing vessels coming to this port from
the United States are, in nearly all cases, obliged to go to other ports
seeking return cargoes. Should the wood blocks be accepted and used
in the United States, these vessels could all get return freights here,
and thus the trade between the two countries would be profitably
increased.

DANIEL W. MARATTA,

Consul- General.

MELBOURNE, January 12, 1894.

A VALUABLE TREE IN NEW CALEDONIA.

From time to time I have received requests from citizens of divers
Southern States for seed of the niaouli tree of New Caledonia. This
tree (Melaleuoa leucodendron) is the characteristic wood of this coun-
try. It blooms in January and June. Its wood is of a reddish color
and hard. It works well, more especially for wheelwright purposes. It
has a suberous or cork-like bark, and replaces cork in some of its
usages. The leaves are employed for medical purposes ; when distilled,
they give an essence which is a powerful antiseptic. It is generally
admitted that the exceptional salubrity of New Caledonia is due to the
essence of this wood The vicinity of swamps is not dangerous to
health here. It is probable that the above facts are known to some

238 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

residents of the United States, hence the requests for seed which have
reached nie. I send a small parcel of the niaouli seed to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture through the United States dispatch agent at San
Francisco. The seed is still mostly attached to the boughs in its pods.
These should be bruised before planting. Each pod contains a large
quantity of seed, which are very small and shaped like a coniraa.
They should be sown in the spring in hotbeds of light earth, well
watered at all seasons, and always kept from frost. The young plants
are ready for transportation in fifteen months after sowing, when no
more care is necessary in climates not subject to frost.

L. LE MESCAM,

Commercial Agent.
NOUMEA, Hay 14, 1894.

LUMBER IN COSTA RICA.

The native woods principally utilized as lumber consist of two or
three varieties of cedar, as well as several cheaper and less durable
woods unknown in northern countries.

Of imported lumber, pine is the only kind used in any quantity, with
some oak brought for use of the railroad in its repair shops. The
principal objection to pine and other foreign lumber is that in a very
few years it is attacked by insects, which eat through the stoutest
pieces and completely destroy them.

The value of lumber imported from the United States during the
year 1893 was $3,816 in American gold.

There is an import duty of, say, 2J cents in American currency per
kilometer (2.204G pounds) on lumber such as boards, rafters, and for
construction purposes generally.

According to a Government decree dated July 28, 1890, all lumber
for construction imported for use in Port Limon is free of duty tillJuly
29, 1895.

Cedar is worth about $6 and mahogany about $8 (American money)
per ton of 40 cubic feet.

In view of the small demand for foreign lumber and the condition of
general building at the present time, there is very little to be suggested
in the way of extending trade. Sawmills are being erected in different
parts of the country, and native woods are well adapted for most local
building purposes.

HARRISON B. WILLIAMS,

CQH8UL

SAN JOSE, July 2, 1894.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

239

LUMBER IN QUEBEC.

Consul Philip B. Spence, of Quebec, under date of January 8, trans-
mits a circular prepared by J. Bell Forsyth & Co., showing the supply,
export, and stock of timber and deals at that port in 1891, from which
the following extracts are given. The figures cover up to December 1.

Description.

Supply.

Export.

Stock.

White Pine:

Feet.
838 246

Feet.

Feet.
( 1 656 993

W^aney .

2 288,663

\ 3,468,600

\ 1 610,571

59 835

146 120

282 084

Oak . -

1, 276, 869

937 840

699, 205

Elm

528, 761

128, 880

244. 145

Ash

183 626

134 929

99 659

Birch

131, 191

189, 920

13, 242

647 408

479 700

63 624

3, 447, 856

3 462 800

579 774

Total

9 402 455

8 948 789

5 249 297

The circular says :

We note with regret a continued decrease in the business of the port. The grow-
ing scarcity of some descriptions of timber and the advanced cost of others have
reduced the supply on the one hand and limited the export by diminishing the con-
sumption on the other.

The concession of the use of steam in taking on board timber/ obtained by the
shipping merchants from the ship laborers, in connection with steamers, has resulted
in the transfer of an increased proportion of the export carrying trade from sail to
steam, and has to some considerable extent checked the tendency to send timber
from Montreal by steamer in preference to shipping from Quebec.

The market this season for South American lumber has been fairly active, both
direct from the Province of Quebec and via Portland, Boston, and other North
American ports. From the ports of the maritime provinces the spruce trade to the
Argentine Republic has been unusually active, and from Montreal heavy shipments
of pine to same destination were made near close of season. Prices range as follows :
Spruce, $11 to $13.50 per 1,000 feet, B. M., according to specification; pine, $17. 50 per
1,000 feet, B. M., for common to $50 for clear.

Owing to the depression in the United States, the lumber market there has not
been as good as expected, still all good lots of spruce suitable for that market have
realized about the same price as in 1893, and manufacturers expect an increase of at
least $1 per M. for the 1895 cut.

Freights opened at about 16s. Clyde and 18s. Liverpool for sail from Quebec, and
at 40s. for deals by steam from Montreal. Timber rates remained without any
change till advanced insurance toward end of season prevented timber shipments
except by steam, for which the rates ruled from 62s. to 70s. per Petersburg standard
intake, according to port of discharge. Steam freights from Montreal were greatly
depressed during the greater part of the season, and for some time rates previously
unheard of, such as 30s. for Glasgow, Avonmouth, and Liverpool, with 35s. for Lon-
don, were current, closing at some advance, especially for Liverpool.

PHILIP B. SPENCE, Consul.
QUEBEC, January 8,

240 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

LUMBER TRADE OF THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

In the dense jungles that still cover a vast portion of the Malay
Peninsula and the adjacent islands there exist many rare and valu-
able forest trees indigenous and peculiar to this region. Of these I
shall proceed to enumerate and briefly describe the nine best known
lumber-yielding varieties.

Seriah (liopea). — This is a tall, handsome tree, with wood of a light
red color, resembling coarse cedar in grain, much used in house building
for joinery work, but not suitable for beams and joists.

Mercanti. — An inferior variety of the preceding.

Jelulong (dyera costulate). — This is a large tree, with soft, white wood,
used for models, cases, and work where strength and durability are not
essential.

Darrou (sideroxylon sundaicum). — A heavy, close-grained wood, resin-
ous and aromatic, which, though well adapted to carpenters' work,
does not resist exposure to the weather sufficiently well to admit of
being used to advantage in external constructions.

Balan (not scientifically determined). — A fine, large forest tree, <K) to
100 feet in height and 3 to 6 feet in diameter, with hard, heavy, close-
grained, tenacious wood of a light brown color, much used for joists
and beams and for all purposes where strength and durability are
required.

Tampinis (sloetia sideroxylon). — A close-grained wood of rich brown
color, susceptible of a higli polish, and closely resembling mahogany ;
most highly prized for joinery and building purposes on account both
of its great durability and of the fact that it is not affected, as are other
woods, by the ravages of the white ant, so destructive to timber in
these latitudes.

Karangie (dialum indicum). — A tall, handsome tree, often found grow-
ing to a height of 60 feet, with a diameter of I feet. Its wood is hard,
dark colored, durable, and often finely grained. It is used for furni
ture, and, to a certain extent, for building purposes.

Damnrlnnt (canarium species). — One of the great Malayan forest
trees, especially plentiful in the neighborhood of Penang, where it is
much used for house building. Its wood is light colored, close grained,
and lustrous, and is admirably suited for beams and joists on account
of its great transverse strength and stiffness.

Mirabou (afzelia palembanica). — A large, majestic, leguminous forest
tree, with tough, stiff, durable, beautifully grained wood, susceptible of
nne polish, and well adapted to furniture making.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 241

The kinds most extensively handled as lumber in this market and the
prices per ton of 50 cubic feet are the following:

Seriah * $14 to $25

Mirabou 30 to 45

Jelulong 15 to 20

Darrou 20 to 25

Balan 25 to 35

In addition to the above, there is considerable teak wood imported
here, mainly from Bur man and Siani, which commands on the spot
from $40 to $65 (Mexican) per ton.

The value (in Mexican dollars) of the exports and imports of the
Straits Settlements of planks and timber during the year 1893 was as

follows :

EXPORTS.

Kind.

Singapore.

Penang.

Malacca. Total.

Planks

$492, 788
382, 450

$99. 094
35, 245

$425

$592, 307
417, 695

Timber

Total

875, 238

134, 339

425 1,010,002

IMPORTS.

Kind.

Singapore.

Penang.

Malacca.

Total.

Planks

$181, 108
141,337

1
^48,468 $8,542
47,499 ; 6,672

$238, 118
195, 508

Timber

Total

322, 445

95,967 j 15,214

433, 626

From the above tables it will be seen that the lumber exports of the
whole of this colony exceeded the imports by $576,376 (Mexican). The
imports of lumber here are mainly from Burmah, Siam, and Dutch
India; the exports to Arabia, Bombay, the Malabar coast, Hongkong,
China ports, French Indo-Ohina, German New Guinea, Mauritius,
Siam, Sumatra, and North Borneo. There is no import duty imposed
upon lumber of any description in this colony.

The climate of the Straits Settlements is moist and tropical, with an
annual rainfall of from 88.48 inches to 126.29 inches, an average mean
temperature of between 80.5° F. and 82.1° F., and no perceptible change
of seasons throughout the year.

At present there is but little being done here in the way of general
building, and shipbuilding is confined to the construction of launches
and native junks and to the repairing of steam and sailing vessels.

In the Straits Settlements proper there are no railways. Those con-
structed, or in course of construction in the Native Protected States of
the Malay Peninsula, are as follows :

State ofPerak. — A railway from Port Weld to Taiping (8 miles) was
opened in 1885; an extension to Kanumberg, opened in 1890; to Uln

* These prices ari- quoted in Mexican dollars.
665 A 16

242 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

La'petang in 1892, and a survey is now completed as far as Kuala
Selama, The Kintu Valley Railway has been begun, and is expected
to be completed by the end of 1894. This road will extend from the
port of Telok Auson to Ipoh, a distance of 50 miles.

Mate of Salangor. — A railway from Klang to Kula Lunipor, a dis
tance of 22 miles, opened in 1886, is one of the most remunerative roads
in existence. It pays 17 per cent on the original capital, with a work-
ing expenditure of 46 per cent of the gross receipts. An extension to
Kawang, Seraudah, and Kuala Kubu, a total distance of 38 miles, is
under construction.

State of Sungeillf/oiny. — A railway 24£ miles in length, from Port
Dicksoii to Seremban, was opened in 1891.

Considering the vast sources of supply which it has so much nearer
at hand, I do not see that there is any opening in this market for the
extension of trade in American lumber. I believe, however, that our
sawmilling machinery might be introduced here to advantage.

E. SPENCER PRATT,

Consul- General.

SINGAPORE, July 2, 1894.

LUMBER IN WESTERN INDIA.

NATIVE WOODS.

The principal native woods are teak, rosewood, and walnut. Kose-
wood, or black wood, is largely used for yokes, cart-wheels, plows, knee
timbers for boats, handles for knives, etc. It is also used for cabinet-
making. In its wild state the tree attains a height of 60 to 80 feet,
with a girth ranging up to 20 feet. It is fine-grained, strong, and
heavy; weight per square foot, 50 to 54 pounds.

East Indian walnut generally grows very fast, attains a height of 50
to 65 feet, and a girth of 6 to 10 feet; weight of wood per cubic foot,
40 to 60 pounds. It is used for picture frames, sugar-cane crushers, oil
mills, etc.

Teak i> one of the most valuable woods used in India; it does not
warp, and the white ants, which are most destructive insects in India,
do not touch it. The wood lasts many years, and changes in appear
ance as it grows old. In an old Hindoo cave, about 90 miles from
Bombay, there is a ceiling lined with teakwood which is said to have
been in position twelve hundred years. Teakwood is mostly used for
shipbuilding, construction of houses, and cabinetmaking. It is the
best lumber to be found for making furniture.

GENERAL BUILDING.

In the Presidency of Bombay there were 154J miles of railway under
construction in the official year 1892-93, and 1,256| miles surveyed and

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 243

under survey. All the railroad companies have their own car shops
and build their own cars. Iron sleepers are largely used in place of
wood. Locomotives are imported from England.

There is no shipbuilding of any consequence; only small steam and
sailing craft of not over 200 tons burden are built.

Buildings (with but few exceptions) are of stone, and the majority of
the large public buildings, and many business and private houses, show
fine architectural skill. As a rule, they are large and airy.

CLIMATE.

The climate here is tropical. The seasons are divided as follows:
December to March (121 days) is the cold season; April and May (61
days) are hot and dry ; June to September (122 days) is the rainy season,
and October and November (61 days) are hot and damp. The tempera-
ture ranges from 70° F. to 98° F., rarely above 92° F. Humidity ranges
from 69 per cent in the cold season to 88 per cent in the rainy season.
During June, July, August, and September (the rainy season), which
is called the "monsoon" period, clothing, leather, and ironwork are
damaged or destroyed by the action of the elements, unless the greatest
care is taken.

PRICES OF LUMBER.

Blackwood or rosewood per ton, at Cochin, $15 to $22; other ports,
$6 to $12. Cut in the forest, prices are from $3 to $15 per ton. The
rate of transport to coast (floating in streams) is nil.

Teakwood per cubic ton : Burma teak cut lumber, 1 by 1 inch by 3
feet and upward, $16; 2 by 6 inches by 3 feet and upward, $22; beams,
$17.50 to $28; logs (per 10 hundred weight) $2.50; Singapore teak, beams,
and planks, $18.

Norwegian deal boards, 6 by f inches by 12 to 24 feet, $21 per cubic
ton; Hull deal boards, 6 by 1 inches by .12 to 24 feet, $21 per cubic ton;
American deal boards, 6 by 1 inches by 12 to 24 feet, $21 per cubic ton.

CUSTOMS DUTY.

The duty on timber from foreign countries is 5 per cent, to which
must be added a city (Bombay) custom duty of 2J per cent.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.

The imports and exports of teak into and from Bombay during the
fiscal year ending March 31, 1892-93 were as follows: Imports, 70,914
cubic tons, valued at $807,918.98; exports, 8,490 tons, valued at
$144,487.50.

Imports and exports of all other timber, in 1892-93 were: Imports,
7,846 cubic tons, valued at $55,583.23; exports, 1,553 cubic tons, valued
at $13,633.62.

H. J. SOMMER, Jr., Consul.

BOMBAY, June 22, 1894.

244

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

TIMBER INDUSTRY OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

In my former reports I have made frequent reference to the wonder-
ful timber resources of the Argentine Republic. They consist entirely
of hard woods, susceptible of the finest polish, and specially adapted
to cabinet and other fine work. For years they have found a consid-
erable market in Europe, though the expense of developing them — as
they are found only in the far interior provinces and in the Chaco
regions of the Parana and Paraguay rivers — prevents them from com-
ing into more general use. In the last few years, also, there has been
much inquiry for red quebracho chips and extract, for tanning purposes,
and it is believed that a large business could be done by enterprising
capitalists in meeting this demand. The timber industry, however,
during the past year has shown no increase in activity, though ship-
ments to Europe have been quite steady, while the home consumption
of these magnificent woods by the wood manufacturers now located
here is beginning to assume considerable importance. In the following
table I give the value of annual exports of Argentine hard woods from
1875 to 1895:

Tear.

Value.

Year.

Value.

1875

$21 171

1886

$326, 623

1876

10 541

1887... ,

330, 214

1877 Jl

57 090

1888

781 793

1878 .

14 943

1889

799, 257

1879

58 793

1890

1 413,224

1880 .

36 403

1891

2, 145, 510

1881

272 613

1892

1 066 819

1882

222 358

1893

1, 618, 220

1883

257 887

1894

1 511 145

1884

394 848

1895 (9 months)

1, 603, 203

1885

339, 022

The exports of the extract of "quebracho Colorado" for the first nine
months of 1895 — the first time its export has appeared in the custom-
house returns — amount to the sum of $238,042. The exports of red
quebracho chips or chunks (rollizos) in 1893 amounted to 63,297 tons,
valued at $632,970; in 1894, 74,358 tons, valued at $743,582; for the
first nine months of 1895, 127,330 tons, valued at $1,273,298, thus show-
ing the increasing demand for this timber for tanning purposes. Nearly
all these shipments were destined for Great Britain.

Besides this foreign demand for the red quebracho, the demand
for it at home continues to increase. In addition to the use of it for
cabinetwork, furniture, doors, sills, window frames, etc., the immense
timbers are employed. for sleepers, beams, joists, bridges, and other
like purposes. And now the streets of Buenos Ayres are being paved
with red quebracho parallel-opipedons with most satisfactory results.

Several years ago a movement was made to send the red cedar of tin*
Misiones to the United States, and several cargoes were shipped, but

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 245

the expense of getting the timber to the banks of the Parana Eiver and
thence down to tide water, to say nothing of ocean freights, soon proved
that there was no money in the enterprise.

I have heretofore referred to the company organized in this city to
bring the woods of Terra del Fuego to Buenos Ayres. I understand
that the project is being worked with some success. The timber
received from there has the name of " caique." It is easily worked, and
excellent for furniture. Here it goes under the name of "guindo." It
is destined to have a good demand.

The manufacture of furniture here is an established industry. It
began in 1890, when a prohibitive tariff was put upon the machine-
made furniture of the United States, and it has so extended that now
all the best styles and qualities of foreign furniture and cabinetwork
are turned out in this city.

E. L. BAKER, Consul.

BUENOS AYRES, January 24, 1896.

TIMBER RESOURCES OF SPAIN.

But little attention is paid in Spain to the cultivation and care of
forests, although they are sorely needed in almost every province, not
only to supply the requirements of commerce and trade, but also to
adorn the landscape, to invigorate the soil, and to preserve the crops
from the devastations of droughts and floods. As a rule, such forests
as do exist in Spain are remote from the littoral towns and cities, and
they are, therefore, of comparatively small value, except as fuel for local
purposes, inasmuch as the railway facilities for transportation are
small and the freights are high. Eich as Spain is in nature's gifts, she
will always remain undeveloped so long as she fails to bring the pro-
ductive regions of her soil into rapid and cheap communication with
her cities and towns and with the rest of the world. A country in
which the trains run only 15 or 20 miles an hour can never compete
with a country in which they run 30 or 40 miles an hour; nor can a
country in which the freight rates are practically prohibitive compete
in her own littoral markets with countries that can ship to them prod
uce and goods at easy and advantageous rates. The distance from
Barcelona to the French frontier is 103 miles. To cover that distance,
it takes the express train nearly six hours j that is to say, the train
goes at the rate of about 17 miles an hour, and Barcelona, be it remem-
bered, is the largest port of Spain. Furthermore, it costs more to
bring goods from Saragossa (about 200 miles from Barcelona) than by
ship from England. If ever Spain realizes the importance of rapid
transit, there is absolutely no reason why she should not take a good
position among the wealthy and prosperous nations of the world. The
wealth she has always derived from her colonies has made her indiffer-
ent to the wealth that work and intelligence could secure from her own
soil, and she will doubtless remain indifferent until she is forced by

246 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

necessity to become introspective and develop her peninsular resources.
She will then be able to cut down her importations very materially,
especially those of minerals, cereals, and wood. Her importations of
wood amount now to about $7,000,000 annually. Of that sum,
$2,500,000 is paid for staves, most of which come from the United
States. The remaining' $4,500,000 is employed in the purchase of
pine from Finland, Sweden, and the United States, lir from Canada,
beech from Hungary, elm from Austria, mahogany from Mexico, walnut
from Italy, and from the storehouses in Havre, Bordeaux, and Mar-
seilles considerable quantities of cedar, ebony, and sandalwood.

That a great variety of trees can be easily grown in Spain may be
inferred from the fact that the following species are to be found here
and are apparently thriving :

The palmetto (el palmito), found in Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia, and
Catalonia.

The spruce fir tree (pinabete), a tree very common in France and
Germany and very useful in building, is found in Spain in only Aragon
and Catalonia.

The pine (pino) is of six kinds in Spain — el pino piuonero, used in
naval construction and in carpenter work, and quite abundant in Anda-
lusia and Castile; el pino silvestre, which grows to a height of 90 feet
and is seen in the north and west of Spain; el pino negro, a wood
easily polished, growing in the north of Aragon and Catalonia; el pino
negral de Cuenca, which grows in nearly all the mountainous regions
of Spain; el pino carrasco, which is not so tall as the other kinds, and
which makes good boards, being found principally in Murcia and Valen-
cia, and also in Catalonia and Aragon ; and el piuo negral de Segovia,
a dark pine, very common throughout the peninsula, but not very strong
or elastic.

The elm tree is of two kinds — Ulmus campestris and Ulmus inon-
tana — and is seen in many parts of Spain in valleys and near rivers
and in the promenades of some cities. The wood is hard and elastic
and is used in making carts and machinery.

The white poplar (alamo bianco), a very common tree in all parts of
Spain and much used by carpenters.

The yew tree (eltejo),hard and compact, and found in Sierra Nevada,
in the Pyrenees, and in Asturias. It is used by ebonists and turners.

The black poplar tree (chopo), light in weight and serviceable as poles
and handles and in the manufacture of paper. This is one of the few
trees that are cultivated in Spain.

The beech tree (haya), which grows to a height of 120 feet and
forms large forests in the mountains of Navarre, Asturias, Logrono,
Leon, and Santander, and grows in Burgos, Saragossa, Lerida, and
Vizcaya.

The chestnut (el castano) is useful in making staves, boards, doors,
and windows. It is seen chiefly in Galicia, Asturias, Santauder, Vaz-
congadas, and Catalonia.

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 247

The oak (el robla) grows in every province of Spain, and is a favorite
for naval work, machinery, furniture, carts, casks, and barrels.

The cork tree (el alcornoque) is a great source of wealth to Spain,
and forms large forests in Geroua, and is abundant in Cordova, Alge-
ciras, Tarifa, Malaga, and Estremadura. As the forests of Gerona are
near the coast, immense quantities are easily exported from there.
During the year 1895 the exportations to the United States alone
amounted to $305,884.90 from Gerona and to $208,015 from the other
cork districts of Spain. Some of the forests are natural and some are
cultivated ; all thrive equally, and are probably the finest in the world
of their kind.

The evergreen oak (encina) is also a very common tree in nearly all
the provinces of Spain. Its wood is hard, compact, and strong, and is
used in small piece work.

The birch tree (abadul). although ordinarily found in cold climates,
grows well in the Pyrenees and is seen as far south as Madrid. The
wood is used for domestic utensils, arid its branches make good hoops
for casks and barrels, as does also the wood of the hazelnut tree
(avellano), which nourishes on the eastern coast of Spain.

Wood that can be easily polished is also found in the various prov-
inces of Spain, such, for instance, as the walnut (nogal), juniper (ene-
bro), white mulberry (la niorera), wild olive (acebuche), the pear tree
(peral),the apple tree (manzana), the orange tree (naranjo), the almond
tree (almendro), and the lemon tree (limouero).

As yet no great efforts have been made to test the eucalyptus tree in
Spain, but there are some fine specimens of the globulus species in
Catalonia, and also, I hear, in Malaga.

France is the only continental nation that seems to attach sufficient
importance to the advantages to be derived from the cultivation of
trees, and her experiments with the eucalyptus have already attracted
some attention here, and seem destined to encourage the Spanish peo-
ple to take a livelier interest in enriching and beautifying the vast
tracts of their territory that are as bare of foliage as are "the lone and
level sands."

HERBERT W. BOWEN,

Consul- General.

BARCELONA, November 15, 1896.

WOOD INDUSTRIES OF SPAIN.

There is so little wood in Spain that the small boy knows nothing of
the joys of whittling, and develops no ambition to become a carpenter.
The result is that the carpenters are few, and their shops are not well
provided with modern tools and machinery. From molds and lathes,
scarcely $600,000 worth of goods are turned out a year in all Spain.
The best shops are in Barcelona and Seville.

248 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Iii Barcelona there are also many furniture factories. Beds and
chairs are produced in large quantities, and the common kinds are very
cheap. Much wood is imported into Spain for ornamental articles, and
also considerable expensive furniture is procured, entirely finished, from
France. The most famous woodwork in Spain is that of images, which,
for centuries, have been carved here with signal success, and are always
in great demand in the South American republics.

So far as I can learn, Barcelona is the only Spanish city that pro-
duces billiard tables, balls, and cues. They are not worthy of compari-
son with the same articles manufactured in the United States, but they
have to serve their purpose because of the high protective duties.

Spain being a great wine country, barrels and casks are made in
large numbers. Most of the staves come from the United States and
Austria. The wood for corking purposes is produced in Spain. She
has large cork forests. In the provinces of Gerona and Barcelona
corks are made annually to the value of about $8,000,000; moreover,
$6,000,000 worth of cork wood is annually extracted from the forests
in those provinces. In Andalusia there are also extensive cork forests,
but American purchasers would do well to secure their corks from the
province of Gerona, as there orders can be more rapidly and satisfac-
torily filled.

Very little attention is given in Spain to cultivating forests, and yet
the constant freshets and inundations throughout the peninsula should
make the advisability of planting trees apparent. Lately, some desul-
tory attempts to introduce the eucalyptus have been made, and very
likely in time this wonderful tree will be found to be worth more to
Spain than are any of her colonies.

HERBERT W. BOWEN,

Consul- General.
BARCELONA, August 24, 1895.

WOODS OF PARAGUAY.

Of next importance to the yerba industry in this country is its tim-
ber. Immense forests of various classes of woods are to be met with
in all parts of Paraguay, whether it be inland or on the shores of the
two greater rivers, the Alto Parana and Paraguay. These woods are
chiefly exported in the shape of squared logs, and are transported con-
siderable distances, often as much as 40 or 50 miles from the interior to
the railway, or sent down the rivers in rafts or large barges. They are
now finding ready markets in Itosario, Buenos Ayres, Montevideo, and
Europe, more especially in Germany, Belgium, and France. They ma\
be divided into two classes, viz, hard woods (madera de ley), which do
not float, and soft woods, whose specific gravity, as a rule, is less than
that of water.

The hard woods are chiefly used by the railways for sleepers, bridge

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 249

work, and general railway cons traction ; the lighter woods, with the
exception of cedar and petereby-negro, are sawn up into planks, chiefly
in Asuncion, and in South America, to a great extent, take the place
of pine, which wood, being imported from Europe and North America,
is expensive.

The hard woods of this country will compare favorably with any
wood in the world in durability and strength. It is well known that
some of them, after being under ground or in water from fifty to seventy
years, or even longer, are found to be perfectly sound, with only a slight
superficial corrosion, and for this reason there are now large orders
from Buenos Ayres and Montevideo for wood of this class for piles,
which can be supplied at a less cost than pitch or creosoted pine.
There are other hard woods, close grained and yet elastic, which com-
pare favorably with the English oak and the American hickory, and
others, again, which resist the wood borers and are uninflammable.

As regards the soft woods, the chief export is cedar (cedro). Para-
guayan cedar is far superior and commands a higher price than the
cedar found in the northern parts of the Argentine Eepublic. It is
richer in color and more durable than its bigger-growing brothers to be
found in Tucuman and in the Argentine and Brazilian Misiones. The
best cedar hitherto exported to Europe has come from Cuba, but the
supply from there is now practically exhausted, and the revolution has
put an entire stop to its exportation for the present.

Petereby-negro is a wood whose value it is difficult to overestimate.
It takes a fine polish, is handsome for furniture, and is of great dura-
bility. It is highly scented and extremely light. Some of the most
beautiful pieces of furniture I have seen have been made of this wood.
In appearance it is not unlike American walnut, and it is also to be had
with a wavy grain (crespo).

Among'the various palms which are to be found in great quantities
in the Paraguayan Chaco, I must not forget to mention the red and
black palms. They are extremely hard and will often turn the edge of
the best-tempered ax. The black palm makes a magnificent veneer,
taking a beautiful polish, and when in water or under ground it is
practically everlasting.

Large quantities of a small brush-like tree called espanillo, and
another called algaroba (the latter scarce), are cut up into posts and
sent to Buenos Ayres for fencing ; and although sometimes they are not
more than 2 or 3 inches in diameter, they will last under ground forty
or fifty years.

I give a list of the principal woods and some of their various uses:

Curupay. — A hard, red, heavy wood of great strength, lasting for
many years underground or in water. It is chiefly of this wood that
piles for docks and bridges are made, and a large demand exists for it
for sleepers. The bark is used for tanning. Its price, put in Asuncion,
is 45 cents (gold), 34 inches (Spanish yard) by 10 by 10.

250 AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS.

Curupay-ria. — A species of curuptiy of greater weight-bearing power,
but inclined to <?rack when exposed to the sun.

Urunday-mi. — All that applies to curupay applies to this; also the
price.

Urunday-pard. — A hard wood of little or no value. I insert this as a
warning to purchasers not to confound it with urumlay-mi.

Tinibo. — A light wood, not unlike cedar in grain, and as it often
grows to an immense size, it is much used for dugout canoes and
troughs for water and treacle. It is used also for shingles for roofing.
But little of this wood is exported.

Tatajibd (Sp-mora). — A hard, yellow wood, used for sleepers, but, in
my opinion, overrated on account of its decaying when in moist earth.

Tatand. — A. handsome yellow hard wood. It makes an excellent
veneer, is very durable underground, and resists insects and fire. It
would be difficult to overestimate this wood. It is much sought after
by shipbuilders for shoulders and stem and stern posts.

Guayabi. — Very flexible and elastic ; greatly used here for bullock
yokes and ax handles, being preferred to the hickory of North America.

Petereby bianco. — A light wood; of little use except when cut up for
rough boxes.

Petereby negro. — One of the best woods in the country. It is much
used for masts on account of its great length. The price of this, put
in Asuncion, is 55 cents (gold), 34 by 10 by 10 inches.

Palo santo. — Only found in the Paraguayan Ohaco. Much used for
its chemical properties and for fancy work in lathe turning.

Quebracho negro. — The king of hard woods. The signification of the
name is aax breaker." There is no wood known to surpass it for dura-
bility and longevity either in earth or water. It is sent to Europe for
tanning purposes. It fetches as much as $10 (gold) a ton in Buenos
Ay res.

Quebracho bianco. — Has almost the same properties as the other, but
is of no use for tanning. A tonic is made from the bark, said to be
beneficial in pulmonary diseases.

Lapacho. — Erroneously supposed to be what is known in Brazil and
other parts as greenheart. Immense quantities of this are shipped to
Buenos Ayres for railway and shipbuilding purposes. It is a greenish-
yellow wood, which does not readily crack, and is of immense strength.
It is not good for piles or damp soil. The "crespo" or curled class has
a beautiful appearance, and makes handsome, but heavy furniture. I
would warn purchasers of its extreme inflammability. Its price in
Asuncion is 35 cents (gold), 34 by 10 by 10 inches.

Ibyrapyte. — An overrated wood much exported to Buenos Ayres for
railway carriage and shipbuilding. It is heavy and hard and imper-
vious to the direct action of water, but unless very well seasoned warps
considerably.

Ivirard (bitter}. — One of the best woods of the country ; close grained,

AMERICAN LUMBER IN FOREIGN MARKETS. 251

not unlike oak in appearance. It has this great advantage — it does not
crack and is invariably sound in its heart. This wood is used by the
natives for the hubs or boxes of wheels and fellies, and these native-
made wheels are, as a rule, made without iron tires, proving the extreme
hardness and durability of the wood, for the roads in Paraguay are of
the roughest description. This wood I can with safety recommend to
shipbuilders, carriage makers, and carpenters; it is durable, strong, and
easily worked. The price, put in Asuncion, is 55 cents (gold), 34 by 10
by 10 inches.

lviraro-mi. — A fine, closer- grained class than the above, somewhat
scarce, therefore commanding a high price. It is invaluable for engrav-
ing blocks.

Incienso. — The sap of this is the incense of commerce, but for some
reason there is no trade in it except for local purposes. Of late there
has been a demand for the wood for parquet flooring, on account of its
scent, durability, and hardness. Price, 45 cents (gold), 34 by 10 by 10
inches, but seldom to be had more than 12 by 12 inches square.

Pah bianco. — One of the commonest and tallest trees of Paraguay.
This wood takes its name from its bark and not from the color of the
wood, which is whitish yellow, with a strain of black. Although heavy,
it is largely used here and in Buenos Ayres instead of pine. It is
practically everlasting when not exposed to wind and weather. It has
this great advantage — dry rot and borers never touch it. It is easily
worked. Price, 35 cents (gold).

Cedro. — The price of this wood is rising in leaps and bounds. It is
just now particularly in demand on account of the Cuban revolution,
and it would be difficult to exaggerate its value in the immediate future,
as the quantity now left is very limited. For durability and for retain-
ing its scent it is thought to be superior to any other cedar hitherto used
in the manufacture of cigar boxes and receptacles for the preservation
of apparel from the depredations of insects. The price, put in Asun-
cion, is 60 cents (gold), 34 by 10 by 10 inches.

I have delayed forwarding this report on account of the nonarrival of
samples of the woods I describe. The minister of the interior ordered
samples to be sent to the consulate free of charge, but as yet they have
not been delivered.

SAMUEL W. THOME, Consul.

ASUNCION, June 5, 1896.

INDEX.

American lumber in foreign countries:

Africa— 1'age.

Madeira 5

Sierra Leone 7

South Africa 8

Zanzibar 10

America —
Canada:

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia 11

Mexico:

LaPaz 15

Mazatlan 16

Nogales 17

Vera Cruz 18

Central America :

British Honduras 20

Guatemala 28

Salvador 29

South America:

Argentine Republic 31

Brazil 65

Chile 68

Colombia 70

Colon 72

Dutch Guiana 73

Ecuador 74

Danish West Indies 77

Asia-
British Asia:

Ceylon 79

India 81

China —

Amoy .* 84

Canton 87

Hongkong 87

Tientsin 89

Japan —

Nagasaki 94

Osaka and Hiogo 95

Netherlands-India :

Java 97

Siam 99

Turkey in Asia:

Palestine 100

Syria 102

I

II INDEX.

American lumber in foreign countries— Continued.
Australasia —

New Zealand 107

New South Wales 120

South Australia 132

Tasmania 144

Victoria 146

Europe —

Austria- Hungary 150

Bohemia 153

France :

Bordeaux.... 159

Marseilles 161

Germany 166

Bavaria 167

Bremen 168

Frankfort-on-Maia 169

Hamburg 176

Norway 179

Portugal :

Azores 183

Russia:

Riga 184

Turkey in Europe 185

United Kingdom:

Birmingham 187

Dundee 189

Falmouth 192

Glasgow 1 94

Hull 200

Leeds 204

Liverpool 205

Newcastle-upon-Ty no 212

Polynesia —

Hawaiian Islands... 214

New Caledonia 215

Samoa 216

Pitncipal native woods (only the woods most important to commerce are
named, though numerous others which could not bo included without
making the index too voluminous are referred to by the consuls) :

Acacia macrantha (Danish West Indies) 77

Accouribroad (Dutch Guiana) 73

Alder-
Bohemia 153

Bremen 168

Hamburg 176

Norway 180

Algarrobo —

Ecuador 74

Argentine Republic 31

Annatto (Vera Cru/) 18

Apricot ( Syria) 103

Aranga (Philippine Islands) 87

INDEX. Ill

Principal native woods— Continued. Page.

Araucaria Cookii (New Caledon ia) 215

Ruleii ( ) 215

Archil (Vera Cruz) 18

Armarillo (Ecuador) 74

Artocarpus (India) 82

Ash—

Bavaria 167

Birmingham 107

Bremen 168

China 84

Dundee 189

Falmouth 192

Frankfort-on-Main 169

Hamburg 176

Leeds 204

Liverpool 205

Newcastle-on-Tyne 212

(Mountain), New South Wales 126

Turkey in Europe 185

Aspen (Bohemia) 153

Azevinho (Canary Islands, Madeira) 5

Balsam —

Ecuador 74

Salvador 29

Bamboo-
China 84

India 82

Japan 94

Siam 99

Banksia —

New South Wales 120, 122

South Australia 134

Bantano (Ecuador) 74

Basswood (Bohemia) 153

Beech (red and white) —

Bavaria 167

Birmingham 187

Bohemia 153

Bremen 168

Dundee 189

Falmouth 192

Frankfort-on-the-Maiu 169

Glasgow 194

(Red), Hamburg 176

Leeds 204

New South Wales 126

(White),New South Wales 125

Osaka and Hiogo 95

Turkey in Europe 185

(Evergreen), Victoria 147

Birch-
Bavaria 167

Birmingham 187

Bohemia 153

Dundee 189

IV INDEX.

Principal native woods— Continued.

Birch— Continued. Page.

(White), Frankfort-on-Muiu 169

Liverpool 205

(Black), New Zealand Ill

(White), New Zealand Ill

Norway 180

Riga 185

Bird's-eye (Vera Cruz) 18

Blackbutt (New South Wales) 121,123

Blackheart (Dutch Guiana) 73

Blackwood —

South Australia 133

New South Wales 122

Tasmania 144

Victoria 147

Box (brush) (New South Wales) 125

Boxwood —

Birmingham 187

China 84

La Paz, Mexico 15

(Corsican), Marseilles 1G1

Brazil wood —

Brazil 65

Colombia 71

La Paz, Mexico 15

Mazatlan.I 16

Vera Cruz 18

Brimstone (Sierra Leone) 7

Cabacalli (Dutch Guiana) 73

Cahoba (Salvador) 29

Calden (Argentine Republic) 34

Calophyllum inontanum (New Caledonia) 215

Campano (Colombia)... 71

Camphor wood —

China 84

Japan 94

Canella (Brazil) 65

Canelo (Ecuador) 74

Carreto ( C olombia) 70

Cascol (Ecuador) 74

Cedar-
Argentine Republic 32

Bordeaux 1 59

Brazil 65

British Honduras 22

China 84

Colombia 70

Dutch Guiana 73

Ecuador 74

Guatemala 28

Japan 94

(Red) , New South Wales 121

(Yellow), New South Wales 126

(White), New South Wales 125

INDEX.

Principal native woods — Continued.

Cedar — Continued.

New Zealand , 110

Nogales 17

Salvador 29

Syria 103

VeraCruz 18

Ceiba—

Colombia 71

Salvador 29

Cherry (China) 84

Chestnut —

Birmingham 187

Bohemia 153

Bordeaux 159

China 84

(Moreton Bay), New South Wales 126

Osaka and Hiogo 95

Turkey in Europe 185

Chefia (Argentine Republic) ... 37

Cocoa (Java) 97

Cocoanut —

Samoa « 217

South Africa 10

Colorado (Ecuador) 74

Conocaste (Salvador) ,» 29

Coquinto: Ecuador 74

Cypress —

Chile 68

Guatemala 28

Osaka and Hiogo 95

Turkey in Europe 185

Deteruca (Dutch Guiana) 73

Ebony —

Brazil 65

China 84

Siam 99

Salvador 29

(green) Vera Cruz 18

Elm —

Bavaria '. 167

Birmingham 187

Bohemia 153

Dundee 189

Falmouth 192

Leeds 204

Liverpool 205

Newcastle-on-Tyne 212

Tien-Tsin 89

Eucalypti —

New South Wales 121,123,124

South Australia 132

Tasmania 144

Victoria 147

Eugenia palleus (Danish West Indies) 77

655A 17

VI INDEX.

Principal native woods — Continued. Page.

Exterme Caribbean (Danish West Indies) 77

Faia (Azores) 183

Fau (Samoa) 217

Fetau (Samoa) 217

Fir —

Bavaria 167

Birmingham 187

Bohemia 153

Bordeaux 159

(German and Scutch) Bremen 168

Dundee 189

(Ked, black, and Scotch) Frankfort-on-Main 169

Glasgow 194

Liverpool 205

Norway 180

Osaka and Hiogo 95

Fustic —

British Honduras 23

Colombia 71

Salvador 29

VeraCruz 18

Gauyabo (Ecuador) 74

Goncalo Alves (Brazil) 65

Guachipilin (Salvador) 29

Grevillea Gilleviaji (New Caledonia) 215

Greenheart (Dutch Guiana) 73

Guachepeli (Ecuador) 74

•Guay acan (Colombia) 70

Guayacan (Ecuador) 74

Guion (Ecuador) 74

Gum (red) (New South Wales) 126

Hickory —

Liverpool 205

New South Wales 122

Turkey in Europe 185

Hinau (New Zealand) 112

Ifilcle (Samoa) 217

Ifisauga (Samoa) 217

Ifiulu (Samoa) 217

Ironbark —

New Zealand 112

New South Wales 121

Victoria 147

Ironwood —

Brazil 65

British Honduras 25

China 84

Dutch Guiana 73

Java 97

La Paz, Mexico 15

Nogales 17

New South Wales 125

South Africa 8

Ivory wood (Brazil) 65

INDEX. VII

Principal native woods— Continued. Page.

Jawalidani (Dutch Guiana) 73

Kakaralli (Dutch Guiana) 73

Kaori (New Caledonia) 215

Kauri (New Zealand) 107

Kiyaki —

Japan 94

Osaka and H ioo 96

Koa (Hawaiian Islands) 214

Kowhai (New Zealand) : 112

Lancewood (Dutch Guiana) 73

Lapacho (Argentine Republic) 36

Larch —

Birmingham 187

Bohemia - 153

Dundu 159

Glasgow 194

Leeds 204

Laurel —

Argentine Republic 33

Brazil 65

Chile 68

Ecuador 74

Salvador 29

Licurana, Brazil 65

Lignum-vitse —

Dutch Guiana 73

Mazatlan 16

Salvador 29

Vera Cruz 18

Lime, Turkey in Europe 185

Linden (Bavaria) 167

Locust (China) 84

Logwood —

British Honduras 22

Vera Cruz 18

Maalili (Samoa) 217

Madder (Vera Cruz) 18

Mahogany —

Argentine Republic : 33

British Honduras 20

Colombia 71

Dutch Guiana 73

Guatemala 28

(Bastard), New South Wales 121

Salvador 29

SierraLeone 7

VeraCruz 18

Maire (New Zealand) 113

Mangle (Ecuador) 74

Mangrove —

British Honduras 25

New South Wales 120

Samoa 217

Vera Cruz 18

Zanzibar 10

VIII INDEX.

Principal native woods— Continued.

Maple— Page.

Bordeaux 159

Bohemia 153

Maria, Ecuador 74

Mastic, Vera Cruz 18

Massaranduba, Brazil 65

Melaleuca leucodendron, New Caledonia 215

Milo, Samoa 217

Mimusops (balata), Dutch Guiana 73

Molave, Philippine Islands 87

Mora, Dutch Guiana 73

Moral, Ecuador 74

Mulberry, Syria 103

Myrtle—

(Gray), New South Wales 122

(Turpentine), New South Wales 125

Tasmania 144

Nandubay (Argentine Republic) 33

Nut (Syria) 103

Oak-
American and Hungarian 157

Bavaria 167

Birmingham 187

Bohemia 153

Bordeaux 159

China 84

Dundee 189

Falmouth 192

Frankfort on Main 169

Hamburg 176

Hull 200

Japan 94

Leeds 204

Liverpool 205

(White and evergreen) : Marseilles 161

New Castle on Tyne 212

(Forest), New South Wales 121

(Swamp), New South Wales 120

Nogales 17

Osaka and Hiogo 95

Riga 185

Sierra Leone 7

Syria 103

Turkey in Europe 185

Olivewood (Marseilles) 161

Pacara (Argentine Republic) 35

Paod'oleo (Brazil) 65

Pechiche (Ecuador) 74

Peroba ( Brazil ) 65

Perado (Canary Islands, Maderia) 5

Pictetia squainata (Danish West Indies) 77

Pine-
Birmingham 187

Bavaria.. 167

INDEX. II

Principal native woods — Continued.

Pine — Continued. Page.

Bohemia 153

Bremen 168

China 84

Glasgow 194

Guatemala 28

(Red and white), Hamburg 176

Japan 94

Marseilles 161

Mazatlan 16

Newcastle-on-Ty ne 212

Nogales 17

Norway 180

Osaka and Hiogo 95

(Hoop),New South Wales 122

(Black), New Zealand 109,110

(Red), New Zealand 109

Syria 103

Tasmania 144

Turkey in Europe 185

Pinus insignis ( South Australia) 136

Plane (Birmingham) 187

Pleurocalyptus deplanchei (New Caledonia) 215

Pochote ( Salvador) 29

Pohutukawa (Auckland) Ill

Poplar —

Birmingham 187

Bohemia 153

Bordeaux 159

Bremen 168

Falmouth 192

Frankfort-on-the-Maiu 169

Hamburg 176

Leeds 204

Greencastle-on-Tyue 212

Syria 103

Turkey in Europe 185

Pukatea (New Zealand) 114

Puriri (New Zealand) Ill

Purpleheart (Dutch Guiana) 73

Quebracho (red, white) : (Argentine Republic) v 32

Rasamala (Java) 97

Rata (New Zealand1) 112

Rauli (Chile) 68

Redwood —

British Honduras 25

Java 97

Riga 185

Roble—

Chile 68

Colombia 71

Ecuador 74

Rosewood —

Argentine Republic 33

Brazil.. 65

X INDEX.

Principal native woods — Continued.

Rosewood — Continued. Page.

British Honduras 23

Siam 99

Sierra Leone 7

Vera Cruz 18

New South Wales 121

Sal (India) 81

Salic (Dutch Guiana) 73

Sandalwood (South Australia) 134

Sapucaia (Brazil) 65

Satin wood —

Brazil 65

British Honduras 27

New South Wales 126

Seca (Ecuador) 74

Simiri (Dutch Guiana) 73

Spermolepis tannifera (New Caledonia) 215

Spruce —

Bohemia 153

Dundee 189

Stenocarpus haurifolius (New Caledonia) 215

Stinkwood (South Africa) 8

Swietunia Mahagoni (Danish West Indies) 77

Sycamore (Turkey in Europe) 185

Taback (Siam) 99

Tallowwood (New South Wales) 121

Tanekaha (New Zealand) 110

Tauanave (Samoa) 217

Tawhero (New Zealand) 113

Teak-
China 84

India 81

Java 97

Siam 99

Seirra Leone 7

Tea tree —

(White), New South Wales 125

New Zealand 110

South Australia 133

Til (Canary Islands, Madeira)

Tipa (Argentine Republic) 34

Torote (La Paz, Mexico) 15

Totara (New Zealand) 108

Turpentine (New South Wales) 125

Vinhatico (Canary Islands, Madeira) 5

Violet-wood (Vera Cruz) 18

Wallaba (Dutch Guiana) 73

Walnut-
Argentine Republic 33

Birmingham 187

Bordeaux 159

(White), Frankfort-on-the-Main 169

Marseilles 161

(Black), Sierra Leone

Turkey in Europe 185

XI

Principal native woods — Continued.

Wattle— Page.

New South Wales , 121

South Australia 133

Weinmannia parriflora (New Caledonia) 215

Whismore (Sierra Leone) 7

Whitewood—

China 84

Rija 185

Willow (Syria) 103

Woods of Argentine Republic 49

Yellow-wood (South Africa) 8

Zacal (Philippine Islands) 87

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORTS.

American lumber in China 219, 220

American lumber in Denmark 220, 221

American lumber in France 222

American lumber in Switzerland 222-228

American lumber in Uruguay 229-232

Aspen wood for matches 232-236

Australian woods for street paving 236

A valuable tree in New Caledonia 237

Lumber in Costa Rica 238

Lumber in Quebec 239

Lumber trade of the Straits Settlements 240-242

Lumber in western India 242, 243

Timber industry of the Argentine Republic 244, 245

Timber resources of Spain 245-247

Wood industries of Spain 247

Woods of Paraguay 248-251

INFLUENCE OF FORESTRY DPON THE LUMBER INDUSTRY.

BY

OVERTON W. PRICE,

Assistant Forester, Bureau of Forextri/.

[REPRINT FROM YEARBOOK OF DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR 1902.]

CONTENTS.

Development of the lumber industry 309

Some results to be secured by conservative lumbering 310

Elimination of the large sawmill 3^

Development of a trained class of forest workers 311

Influence of forestry upon the prices of lumber 312

Conclusion 019

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Ps, 2*6

PLATE XXX. Fig. 1.— Whip sawing in the Kentucky Mountains. Fig. 2.—

A modern sawmill in the Sierras, California 310

XXXI. Cut-over Red Fir land 310

XXXII. Fig. 1.— The result of lumbering and fire in Minnesota.

Fig. 2.— Logging Red Fir in Washington 310

in

THE INFLUENCE OF FORESTRY UPON THE LUMBER

INDUSTRY.

By OVERTON W. PRICE,

Assistant Forester, Bureau of Forestry.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY.

The development of the lumber industry in this country is without
parallel. It now ranks fourth among the great manufacturing indus-
tries of the United States, and represents an invested capital of about
$611,000,000 and an annual outlay of over $100,000,000 in wages. It
affords through its three great branches — the logging industiy, the
sawmill industry, and the planing-mill industry — a means of livelihood
to considerably over a million persons. The annual value of the prod-
ucts, which has multiplied nearly ten times in the last half centuiy,
is $566,000,000. But although the rapid development of the lumber
industry has had far-reaching results in furthering every branch of
manufacture which depends upon wood, it has been fundamentally
unsound in principle. The settler who cuts and sells trees without
forethought from land fit only for forest growth has not enriched
himself in the long run. The havoc which has been wrought in the
forests of the United States has turned trees into money, but has put
the balance on the wrong side of the sheet by rendering vast areas
unproductive. It is the history of all great industries directed by
private interests that the necessity for modification is not seen until
the harm has been done and its results are felt. This fact has
been emphasized in the lumber industry — in the earlier days by the
instinctive feeling of the colonist against his natural enem}-, the forest,
v and later by the remarkable inducements offered by lumbering for
present profit only. . The first settlers had two objects in view in their
attack upon the forest — the one to clear land for their farms, the
other to procure wood for their buildings, fuel, and fences. As the
tide of colonization rose, and as the uses for wood in manufacture
increased in number and extent, lumbering rapidly assumed the
proportions of a business enterprise, and from supplying only per-
sonal wants it became profitable to supply also those of others.
With an apparently inexhaustible supply of timber available, and with
an insistent and growing demand, the lumber industry came to offer
remarkable opportunities for money making. Step by step with its
development improvement in tools and machinery took place. The
changes that enterprise and ingenuity have wrought in the American
sawmill are no less wonderful than those which have taken place in the

309

310 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

American locomotive. From "whip .sawing," in which the boards
were sawed out by hand, to the modern steam sawmill, with its rail-
road (PI. XXX), its planing mill, and its cut of nearly half a million
board feet per day, is a long step — but it has not taken much over
fifty years to accomplish it. In effective methods for the harvesting
and manufacture of lumber the American lumberman has no superior,
nor is he equaled in his disregard for the future of the forest which
he cuts.

SOME RESULTS TO BE SECURED BY CONSERVATIVE LUMBERING.

It is natural that the lumberman should not turn eagerly from a
system whose only aim is to secure the highest possible present profit
from the forest to one which includes provisions for the production
of a second crop upon the lumbered area. Under conservative methods
lumbering becomes a legitimate industry for the production as well as
for the consumption of its staple. It no longer offers, however, the
short cut to fortune which it proved to be so long as an abundance of
timber rendered the old methods of lumbering possible. It is difficult
for lumbermen generally to realize that the time for practical forestry
has fully arrived. But signs more significant than any existing statis-
tics point to the imminent failure in the supply of certain timbers
in the United States. From the data available, there is no way to
foretell accurately the time necessary to exhaust this supply of mer-
chantable timber at the present rate of consumption. A good many
estimates of the merchantable timber standing have been made, some
of which have already proved fallacious. To predict accurately how
long it will be before the United States is confronted by a timber
famine would require first of all a knowledge of the composition,
qualit}7, and condition of the forests, which it would take many
years to obtain. At present such an estimate is of little practical
value. We do know that the supply of timber of many kinds is fail-
ing, of other kinds is almost exhausted, and of others is practically
gone; that Black Walnut is no more to be had except in small quan-
tities and at enormous expense; that first-growth WThite Pine is grow-
ing rapidly to be a rarity on the market; that where the supply of
spruce for pulpwood and for lumber for the next ten years is to be
found is a grave question before the lumbermen to-da}T. The list of
woods accepted as merchantable lengthens from year to year, species
hitherto considered valueless being harvested more and more willingly
as the result of the exhaustion of more valuable kinds. In spite of
steady improvement in tools, logging outfit*, and mill machinery, all
tending to cheapen the cost of lumbering, the price of lumber inciva>e-
steadily and rapidly. These are facts more significant than predic-
tions in terms of years of the life of the lumber industry. The exact
period for which the existing supplies are sufficient is a matter of

Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1902.

PLATE XXX.

FIG. 1.— WHIP SAWING IN THE KENTUCKY MOUNTAINS.

FIG. 2.— A MODERN SAWMILL IN THE SIERRAS, CALIFORNIA.

Yearbook U S Dept. of Agriculture, 1902.

PLATE XXXI.

Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1902.

PLATE XXXII.

FIG. 1.— THE RESULT or LUMBERING AND FIRE IN MINNESOTA.

FIG. 2.— LOGGING RED FIR IN WASHINGTON.

INFLUENCE OF FORESTRY UPON LUMBER INDUSTRY. 311

detail. The vital point lies in the crisis which the lumber industry is
approaching in the exhaustion of the material on which its existence
depends. (See Pis. XXXI and XXXII.)

ELIMINATION OF THE LARGE SAWMILL.

The general application of forestry to forest lands owned by lumber-
men will probably result in the gradual elimination of the large saw-
mill and the substitution of those of moderate size. The mammoth
milling plant will be rare when only second growth is left to supply
it, for the area of timber land sufficient to produce the logs necessary
to run such a plant is enormous. It is reasonable to expect that the
mill of moderate size, supplied by a forest whose production is equal
to the mill's annual capacity, both under the same management, will
become more and more the rule. The very existence of the enor-
mous mill is the result of an abundance of timber resources, which
exist no longer except in a very few sections. In Europe the long-
continued application of conservative measures in lumbering has
resulted in a distribution and type of sawmill little known in this
country. Sawmills of large size do not exist, but in their stead small
sawmills, for which water generally supplies the power, are distributed
throughout the country wherever the local demand is sufficient to keep
them running. Their annual cut is for the most part exceedingly
small, according to our standards, and sufficient only to supply the
wants of the immediately adjacent country. The mills saw largely on
order, and the fact that their construction is permanent and their mo-
tive power cheap enables them to run intermittently without loss.
The results are upon the whole exceedingly satisfactory. The man
who wants lumber gets it promptly, and without pa}Ting an added cost
for long transportation. The antiquated construction of European
sawmills is often such that the American lumberman would find in
them but a proof of his superior ingenuity; but the European distri-
bution of milling plants has its strong advantages in several ways.

DEVELOPMENT OF A TRAINED CLASS OF FOREST WORKERS.

The general application of conservative methods in lumbering will
inevitably result, as has been the case in Europe, in the development
of a permanent class of men trained to forest work. Under present
methods this result can never be attained to the same degree. The
lumbering in one community is generally so short-lived that there is
neither time nor necessity to train up a body of men on the ground to
carry out the work. The result is that Maine and Michigan woodsmen
are found working in the hardwoods of the Southern Appalachians;
loggers from Wisconsin and Minnesota are helping to cut the redwood
on the Pacific coast; and in each of the great timber regions there is a
mingling of lumbermen from several of the others. The effect has
been to develop, by constant labor at their trade under widely varying

312 YEARBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

conditions, a force of men who are unequaled for enterprise and skill
in their profession; but the system has very largely failed in what is
of infinitely greater importance to the permanent welfare of the lumber
industry — the upbuilding throughout the country of a stable rlass of
workers in the woods, locally trained and carrying on their work each
in his own community. The advantages of such a condition lie in an
equitable geographical distribution of labor, in the wholesome influ-
ence throughout the country of a class whose means of livelihood is
forest work, and in the fact that all the operations of lumbering may
in this wa}^ be conducted more cheaply than in any other.

INFLUENCE OF FORESTRY UPON THE PRICES OF LUMBER.

The effect upon the prices of lumber which will result from the
application of forestry to the lumber industry will be strongly marked.
The wide fluctuation characteristic of lumber values to-day is much
more the result of conditions within the industry itself than of varia-
tions in the demand for the product of the forest. The uncertainty
of available supplies, the lack of true proportion between stumpage
values and lumber values, the speculative features which the industry
now presents, have all tended to produce an exceedingly unstable and
abnormal fluctuation in the prices of lumber, with a marked disposition
toward rapid increase. Under forestry the speculative element can
not exist. The cost of producing timber, plus a legitimate profit,
will be the basis upon which the value of it will be fixed. The annual
output of the country will be no longer a matter of conjecture, and a
steady and normal range of prices for lumber will be the inevitable
result.

CONCLUSION.

The influence of forestry upon the lumber industry is not a matter
of conjecture. The details will have to work themselves out, but the
broad results of conservative forest policy on the part of private
owners are plain. The lumber industry in the United States is
approaching a crisis. There is no more doubt that conservative meth-
ods will be applied to lumbering in this country than there is of the
development of irrigation, of regulation of grazing, of the application
of improved methods in agriculture, or of any other modification to
which private as well as public interests point the way. Hou long
it will be before the results of practical forestry make themselves gen-
erally felt it is impossible to foretell; but the fact remains that there
will be established in this as in other countries in which conservative
lumbering has followed wasteful lumbering a legitimate and perma-
nent industry, characterized, as has been stated, by conditions under
which speculation can not exist. Prices will continue normal and
steady, and the quantity of timber produced will be the main factor in
regulating consumption.

Issued June 29, 1907.

United States Department of Agriculture,

FOREST SERVICE— CIRCULAR 107.
fjTaMw .smOJfaf

GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester.

SAWMILL STATISTICS.

A compilation of the reports received from over 10,000 sawmills
in the United States upon their operations in 1905 gives the accom-
panying table, in which are shown the proportion of lumber kiln-
dried and the proportion surfaced, the amount of slab wood sold, and
the proportion of logs cut on lands belonging to the sawmill opera-
tors. No figures along these lines are available for New York, and
nftne are given for several of the States in which the cut was very
small.

The States in which the largest proportion of lumber is kiln-dried
by manufacturers are South Carolina, with 51.3 per cent; North
Carolina, with 36.5 per cent; Florida, with 35.9 per cent; Alabama,
with 34.8 per cent; and Georgia, with 30.6 per cent. In other States
the amount is less than 30 per cent. Altogether, 1,642 mills reported
the use of dry kilns.

A large amount? of the pine cut in the South is kiln-dried in order
to reduce its shipping weight, and this is especially true of loblolly
or North Carolina pine. Kiln-drying is practiced to a less extent in
the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast States, and very little lumber
is kiln-dried by the sawmill operators in the hardwood region or
where the cut is principally by portable mills. For the country as
a whole, about 15 per cent of the lumber cut is kiln-dried at the mill.

A much larger proportion of the cut is surfaced at the mills than
is kiln-dried. Of the mills reporting, more than 3,900 surfaced a
portion of their cut. For the country as a whole, at least 35 per cent
is surfaced before it is shipped. In this respect Iowa leads, with 77.2
per cent surfaced ; but this is because most of the lumber cut in that
State is in a few big mills along the Mississippi which operate
exclusively on northern pine. Aside from Iowa, the States in which
the larger proportion of the cut is surfaced at the sawmill are Texas,
with 71.7 per cent; Louisiana, with 60.3 per cent; Idaho, 59.4 per
cent; Montana, 55.2 per cent; and Arkansas, with 50.6 per cent. In
all the other States less than half the cut is surfaced by the sawmill
operators, and, as in kiln-drying, a relatively small proportion of the
total cut is surfaced in the hardwood regions.

Some 4,000 mills reported sales of slab wood totaling 3,503,287

cords. Washington leads in this respect, with 559,231 cords, followed

by Michigan, with 523,518 cords ; Wisconsin, with 368,478 cords ; and

Virginia, with 213,522 cords. It is probably safe to assume that this

983—07

slab and waste v/ood brought on an average $1 a cord ; hence its sale
was a considerable source of revenue to many mills.

The percentage of sawed logs which were cut from holdings of saw-
mill operators is shown in the last column. Considering only the
important lumber-producing States, it is interesting to note that the
proportions of output reported as sawed from logs cut on the lands
owned by the sawmill operators range from 97.4 per cent in Cali-
fornia to 34.5 per cent in Washington. The lumber companies in
California do their own logging largely on their own holdings, and
get but a relatively small quantity of logs from other sources. In
Washington most of the logging is done by firms which buy stumpage
and deliver logs to the sawmills for a fixed contract price, so that in
this case the operator of a mill may own little or no timberland.

Sawmill statistics, 1905.

State.

Mills re-
porting.

Average
cut.

Per cent
of lum-
ber kiln-
dried.

Per cent
of lum-
ber sur-
faced.

Slab wood
sold.

Per cent
logged
on own
land.

Number.
326

Mfeet.
2 589

34 8

37 3

Cords.
127 536

79 g

4G6

3 194

28 4

50 6

42 909

77 5

California

175

6,066

9.5

34.6

39 f 88

97 4

Colorado

52

1,091

23 5

3 880

65 2

Connecticut

93

751

2

5 1

19 110

87 6

Delaware

29

4°3

8 8

3 860

96 5

Florida .

128

5,360

35.9

33 8

35* 550

85 4

Georgia

349

2 042

30 6

• 27 3

26 945

92 4

Idaho

54

3 939

12 5

59 4

7 608

36 4

Illinois

174

684

7

27 5

20 282

34 6

Indiana

461

764

2.1

5 9

168* 426

58 7

Iowa

30

4 316

77 2

33 520

31 9

Kentucky

4->6

1 091

2 1

15 5

25 245

47 9

Louisiana

236

9.720

28.6

60.3

66* 242

85 5

Maine

373

i,9?y

1 1

23 7

186 202

45 8

Maryland

114

1 436

26 1

32 2

20 664

94 2

Massachusetts

• 251

1,007

.3

25.3

39, 934

65 7

Michigan

437

3,935

4.5

16 6

523 518

62 9

Minnesota

174

11 068

1 i

39 8

165 001

36 2

Mississippi

355

3 f,60

29 3

34 6

33 509

82 6

Missouri

225

1,610

11.6

36 3

19 291

79 7

Montana .

23

8 230

3 4

55 2

13 573

44 2

New Hampshire

278

1 226

2 3

21 5

29 606

61 9

New Jersey

66

268

13 3

9 540

82.6

North Carolina

671

1 610

36 5

22 4

68 931

68 5

Ohio

Ml

613

16

11 3

101 239

51 1

Oregon

319

3 958

15 5

46.2

190, 536

53.8

Pennsylvania

714

1 957

2 1

13 4

176 689

73.9

Rhode Island

16

878

7 7

1 210

78.6

South Carolina

905

2 275

51 3

25 6

33 415

88 4

South Dakota

15

'767

.2

18.1

1,923

94.1

Tennessee

495

1 093

4 7

17 1

40, 734

60.8

Texas

165

5 636

26 0

71 7

10 234

85.4

Utah

21

173

18 2

245

98 1

Vermont . . .

287

929

4 7

40.1

56, 154

52. -S

Virginia

458

1 562

24 0

22 2

213,.V_'2

89.9

Washington

557

7 033

15 2

35 4

34.5

West Virginia

285

2,361

2.4

14.2

18/267

67.6

Wisconsin

407

6 249

2.5

37.3

50.4

Wyoming .

14

311

2

24.1

81.1

Total

10 4(10

3, 503, 287

Approved :

JAMES WILSON,

Secretary.

WASHINGTON, D. C., June 3, W07.

O

FORESTRY LIBRARY
JUL13 1953

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
BERKELEY

.

\U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE I

RECORD OF

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER

(PER 1,000 FEET B. M.)

Based on actual sales made F. O. B. Mill

for
APRIL, MAY and JUNE, 1909.

PREFATORY NOTE

The Forest Service has two main purposes in collecting and compiling this record of f. o. b.
mill prices: first, to have a continuous statistical record of such prices of the various commercial
woods; and, second, to show, in contrast to market prices — which include the important items
of freight charges and selling costs — just what the manufacturers of lumber receive for their pro-
duct at the mill. The prices given are wholesale, based on actual sales f. o. b. mill, for delivery
outside of local territory. Only a few representative grades and the mill run are included.'^By
mill run is meant the average of all grades of lumber produced. The" record is compiled by states,
and is made up from reports receivedjrom approximately 2,000 of the largest manufacturers scattered
throughout the country. It will be published quarterly.

The Forest Service wishes" to acknowledge the courtesy of the manufacturers for their prompt
and efficient cooperation. Their assistance has been of great value in making the record complete
accurate, and promptly available for distribution.

SPECIES

GRADE

1

Cedar, Western Red

Beveled Siding No. 1, i"x6" .

2

Do .

Shop No. 2, 1" and H"x8"

3

Do

Shingles, Perfection, 18"

4

Do

Shingles, Extra Clear, 5/2"-16"

5
6

Do
Do

Star-A-Star, 6/2"-16".
Mill run

7

Fir, Douglas

Flooring No. 1, v. g., I"x4"

s

Do

Flooring No 2, v. g , I"x4"

9

Do

Flooring No 2 flat I"x4"

10

Do ' .

Finish No. 2 and better, 6" and 8"

11

Do

Drop Siding, No 2 slash

12

Do

Dimension, Com., S1S1E, 2"xi2"-16I/

13

Do

Car sills, 5"x8"-36'

14

Do

Timbers 12"xl2" average 32'

15

Do

Cross-ties, 7"x9"

16

Do

Lath per M

17

Do

18

Fir, White

Common boards, 6" and 8" ...

19

Do

Lath per M

20

Do

Mill run

21

Hemlock, Western

Flooring, Nos. 1 and 2, v. g , I"x4"

22

Do

Finish, Nos. 1 and 2, 5" and wider . .

23

Do

Dimension, No. 1 Com., 2"x4" to 2"x8"

24

Do

25

Do

Shop No. 1, I^"x8" and wider

26

Do

27

Larch, Western

Flooring, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), I"x4"

28

Do

Finish, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear) I"x8"

29

Do

Drop siding A and B (Nos 1 and 2 clear) l'"x6"

30

Do

Common boards, No. 2, I"x8"-16' . .

31

Do

Dimension No 1 Com 2"x8"— 16'

32

Do

Lath, per M

33

Do

Mill run ...

34

Pine, Sugar

Firsts and seconds, clear

35

Do

Shop No 1, 2"x8" and wider

36

Do

Shop No 2 2"x8" and wider

37

Do

Mill run

38

Pine, Western White

Finish C select, 8"

39
40

Do (Idaho White)
Do ...

Finish, D select, 8"
Beveled siding, B and better, 4" and 6"

41

Do...

Beveled siding, C, 4" and 6"

42

Do

Common boards, No 2, 6" and 8"

43

Do

Mill run

44

Pine, Western Yellow . .

Flooring, B and better (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 4"and 6"-16'. .

45

Do (Including Western Pine Cal-

Finish B select and better l"xlO"— 16'

46

ifornia White Pine, New
Mexico White Pine)
Do

Finish C select 8"

47

Do

48

Do

49

Do

Shop No. 1, 6/4

50

Do

Shop No 2, 6/4

51

Do

Common boards No 2 I"x8"— 16'

52

Do...

Dimension No 1 Com- , 2"x8"-16'

53

Do

Lath No 1 per M

54

Do

Mill run

55

Redwood

Clear 6" to 12" 10' to 20'

56

Do

Sappy clear 6" to 8" 10' to 20'

57

Do...

58

Do

59

Do

Cross-ties 6"x8" 8'

60

Do..

Shingles No 1 per M

61

Do

Shingles No 2 per M

62

Do

Mill run

63

Spruce, Sitka

64

Do (Western Spruce) .

Flooring, A, I"x4", 6' and up

65

Do...

W

Do

Box lumber No 2

67

Do

Mill run

Colorado

California

Oregon

Washington

Idaho

Montana

l

22 00

21 18

1

2

16 23

14 80

2

3

3

4

1.99

4

5

1 62

5

6

14 75

6

7

27 66

26 25

29.00

7

8

24 45

24 15

24 50

8

9

10

23.00

18.38
23 57

16.32
21 80

22.50
23.00

9

10

11

19.50

16 97

11

12

9 32

9 30

14 33

12

13

14 20

12 48

13

14

12.25

9.80

9.28

14

15
16

9.07
1 76

8.61
1 64

3 50

15
16

17
18
19

13.25

' ' 12 .55 ' '

12.62

12.87
8,. 60

13.70
10.66

12.50

17
18
19

20
21
22
23

' ' 25 .50 ' '
9.25

"23 .'17' '
22.00
8.20

10.83
27.25
26.00
9.50

20
21
22
23

24
25

9.75

9.07

13.50
24 00

24
25

26

27

10.38

9.65

14.12
25 12

20 89

26

27

28

23 37

25.71

28

29

24 16

21 83

29

30
31

11.25

10 00

10.83
10 46

14.52
12.12

30
31

32

:•?:-!

1.80
13 33

1.90
13 93

32
33

34

50 56

34

35

30.55

35

36

21 70

36

37

37

38

26 50

29 25

30 :00

38

39

40
41
42

23.61
21.50
17.80
13 64

23.50
19.75
15.50

39

40
41
42

43

44
45

45
47

12.50

' ' 36 .83 ' '

' ' 41 .33

33.00
'23.00

' ' 37 .00 ' '
36.00

30.50
19.50

15.23
38.64
37.25

27.50
20.58

" 'ss'.issi"

41.25

34.50
22.37

43
44
45

46

47

48

19 50

17 00

17.08

18.50

48

49

25 66

25 33

25 17

24 79

26 50

49

50

18 58

17 33

16 17

19.12

17.50

50

51
52

11.10
12 47

15.25

16.50

14.12
9 75

14.18
11 29

16.75
13.91

51
52

53
54
55

4.08
13.50

' ' 13 .53 ' '
24 79

2.95

15.87

3.06
13.83

2.85
14.44

53
54
55

56
57

20.29
13 54

56

57

58

10 55

58

59

59

60

1 62

60

61

1 07

61

62

63

17.12

' ' 27 .66

62
63

64

64

65

17.50

14.70

65

66

10 50

8.25

66

67

13.33

11 .83

67

SPECIES

GRADE

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

m

70
71
72

7:<
74

7.-,
78

77

78

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2"x4"-16'

Do (Lake States)

Boards, No. 1, SIS, I"x8"-16'

Do

Timbers, rough, 4"x4" to 8"x8"-16' . .

Do

Fencing No. 1, SIS, I"x6"

Do

Lath No. 1, 3/8*^4'

Do

Mill run

Hemlock

8/4 merch. piece stuff, 16'

Do (Eastern and West Virginia) .
Do

4/4 merch. 6" and 8"-16'

4/4 merch. 10" and 12"-16'

Do

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12' 14' and 16'

Do

4/4 boards, No. 2, I"x4"-12", 6'-20'

Do

Mill run, mill culls out

Do

Alill culls

Do

Mill run

Pine

Flooring, No. 2, I"x4"xl0'-16'

Do (North Carolina)

Flooring, No. 3, I"x4"xl0'-16'

Do

Dimension (air dried), 2"x8"— 16' and under

Do

Roofers, I"x8", D. & M

Do

Partition No. 1, 13/16"x3i", 10'-16'

Do

No 1 edge 4/4, under 12". . .

Do
Do

Box edge 4/4, under 12"

Mill run

Pine, white

Selects C and better, 5/4 (M. L.) ....

Do

Inch finish, 10" (M. L.)

Do .

Shop No. 1, 8/4 (M. L.)

Do

Shop No 3, 5/4 (M. L.)

Do

Beveled siding C 6"— 16' . . .

Do

Boards No 2, I"x8"-16'

Do...

Boards No. 3, 12", 10'-20'

Do

Boards No. 4, 8" and under, 10'-20'

Do

Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6"-16'

Do

Lath No 1

Do

Lath "No 1 (mixed) ....

Do
Pine, yellow

Mill run .

Flooring B v g 13/16"x3i"

Do (Mississippi Valley Mills)....
Do

Flooring, B and better, flat, 13/16"x3i"

Finish B and better 6" and wider

Do
Do

Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2"x8"-16'

Com boards No 1 S2S l"xlO"

Do...

Timbers. S1S1E, 4"x4"-16'

Do.

Car sills, 5i"x9i"-36'

Do

Car siding, B and better, I"x4" and 6"x9"-18'

Do..

Car siding, B and better, I"x4" and 6"xlO"-20'
Com car lining No 1 1" x6"xlO'— 20'

Do

Do
Do

Lath No. 1, 1*

Mill run

Pine, yellow
Do (Atlantic Coast Mills) ....

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider :

Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13/16"x2^"

Do
Do...

Flooring, B and better, sap rift, 13/16"x2i"

Flooring B heart rift 13/16"x2i-"

Do

Flooring B sap rift 13/16"x2i"

Do

Flooring, B, sap flat, 13/16"x3i"
Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, I"xl0"xl0'-16'

Do

Do
Do Merch. grade (Sail)

Com. boards. No. 2, S2S, I"xl0"xl0'-16'

Plank and dimensions :
Sizes 2"x6" to 8"x8" average 24'

Do
Do...

Sizes 2"x9" to 10"xlO", average 24'

Sizes 2"xl2" to 12"xl2" average 24'

Do
Do

Sizes 2"xl4" to 14"xl4", average 24'
Sizes 2"xl6" to 16"xl6" average 24'

Do

Mill run

Spruce (Eastern) . . .
Do

Merch. frames 9" and under, 24' and under

Do...

Merch. random 10" and 12*", 10' and up. . .
Merrh 2"x7" and under 10' to 24'

Do

Do

Merch. 2"x8" a^d up 10' to 24'

Do

Lath", 1 8"

Do

Mill run

Do (Adirondack)

Mill run, mill culls out

Do

No 1 and clear

Do

No 2

Do

No 3

Do

Mill culls

Do

Mill run

Do (West Virginia)
Do

Merch. frames 3"x4" to 8"x8*, i6'-16'. . .
Merch frames 2"xl2" to 12"xl2" 10' 16'

Do
Do

Boards, merch., I"xl2", 10'-20'

Boards, box, I"x4"-12*
Mill run

Do

j

S

Louisiana

Mississippi

Missouri

Alabama

03

1

O

South
Carolina

North
Carolina

Tennessee

Kentucky

S
'c
'A

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

•

5

6

6

7

7

8

13 75

15 75

3

q

14 12

17 25

9

10

14 50

10

14

10 33

12 37

12

13

7 75

13

14

12 47

14

15

19 27

18 50

15

16

15.90

14 82

16

17

9 66

11 12

10 00

17

18

12 25

12 25

18

19

23 00

23 56

19

20

20 30

21 54

18 12

20

21

9 90

10 53

10 80

21

12 89

11 64

10 23

22

23

50 00

23

24

25

42 66

25

••••;••

26

27

28 00

27

28

21 50

27 00

28

09

25 00

on

30

19 00

30

31

9fi 00

01

32
33

3.40
2 17

32

00

34
35
36
37

38
39

'28. 13
14.23
21.63
10.53
12.30

27. 32"
17.99
23.66
10.56
12.58

27.46
17.93
22.39
9.57
13.17

26.00
17.00
20.79
11.03
13.78

20.31
24.25
12.37
13.83

28.00
17.29
19.73
10.58
13.03

i7.b'5"
19.50
10.33
10.66

17.25
19.25
9.50
16.25

19.39

34
35
36
37
38
39

40

11.09

12.33

11.47

10.62

13.87

11.00

40-

41

19.50

13.00

12.83

12.75

41

42
43

; 18.25

: 16.88

18.19
17.94

17.64
17.22

18.00

17.50

18.50

17.58

19.66

18.25

42:
43-

44

45

12.36
1.50

12.78
1.55

13 . 12
1.39

12.83
1.41

"i.38

13.31
1.33

18.00

44
45

46

47

12.58

13.82

12.66

13.73

13.75

13.49

46
47

48
49

29.33

47.50
31 17

39.00
32.25

48
49

50

37.00

32.65

50

51

29.50

29 31

28.35

51

52

i 17.87

17.35

15.45

18.50

52

53

! 12.12

13.25

13.76

53

54

55

j 10.17
10.50

9.75

11.10
8 49

10 25

54
55

56
57

1 9.17
10.83

11.37
13.48

io.35

56
57

58
59

13.25

15.75

16.03

18.12

11.50
13.25

58
59

60

11.08

15.88

16.04

12.50

13.05

13 25

60

61

61

6?

•

62

63

63

64

64

65

65

66

.

66

67

67

68

68

69

69

70

1

71

2

72

3

73

4

74

5

75

6

76

77

8

78

SPECIES

GRADE

1

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2"x4"-16'

2

Do (Lake States)

Boards No 1 SIS, I"x8"-16' . .

3

Do

Timbers, rough, 4"x4" to 8"x8"-16'

4

rj

Do
Do

Fencing No. 1, SIS, I"x6"
Lath No 1 3/8"-4' . . .

5

Do

Mill run

7

Hemlock

8/4 merch piece stuff, 16'

g

Do (Eastern and West Virginia)

4/4 merch 6" and 8"— 16'

g

Do

4/4 merch. 10" and 12"-16'

10

Do

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12', 14' and 16'

11

Do

4/4 boards, No. 2, I"x4"-12", 6'-20'

12

Do

Mill run, mill culls out

13

Do

Mill culls

14

Do

Mill run

15

Pine

Flooring, No. 2, I"x4"xl0'-16'

16

Do (North Carolina)

Flooring, No. 3, I"x4"xl0'-16' ....

17

Do

Dimension (air dried), 2"x8"-16' and under .

18

Do

Roofers, I"x8", D. & M

19

Do

Partition No 1, 13/16"x3i", 10'-16'

20

21

DO :

Do

No. 1 edge 4/4, under 12"
Box edge 4/4, under 12"

22

Do

23

Selects C and better, 5/4 (M. L.) ...

24

Do

Inch finish 10" (M L )

25

Do »

Shop No. 1, 8/4 (M. L.)

26

Do

Shop No 3 5/4 (M. L )

27

Do

Beveled siding, C, 6"-16'

28

Do

Boards No. 2, I"x8"-16'

29

Do

Boards No. 3, 12", 10'-20'

30

Do

Boards No 4 8" and under, 10'-20'

31
32

Do
Do

Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6"-16'

33
34
35

Do
Do

Lath No. 1 (mixed)
Mill run
Flooring B, v g 13/16"x3i"

36
37

Do (Mississippi Valley Mills.)
Do

Flooring, B and better, flat, 13/16"x3i"
Finish B and better 6" and wider

38
39

Do
Do

Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2"x8"-l6'
Com boards No 1, S2S l"xlO"

40

Do

Timbers, S1S1E, 4"x4"-16'

41

Do

Car sills 5^"x9i"-36'

42
43

Do
Do

Car siding, B and better, I"x4" and 6"x9"-18'
Car siding, B and better, I"x4" and 6"xlO"-20'

44

Do

Com. car lining, No. 1, 1" x6"xlO'-20'

45

46

DO.:

Do

Lath No. 1, g"
Mill run

47
48
49
50

Pine, yellow
Do (Atlantic Coast Mills)
Do
Do

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider
Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13/16"x2£"
Flooring, B and better, sap rift, 13/16"x2£"
Flooring B, heart rift 13/16"x2£"

51

Do

Flooring, B, sap rift, 13/16"x2£"

52

Do ....

Flooring B sap flat, 13/16"x3i"

53

Do

Com boards No 1 S2S I"xl0"xl0'-16'

54

Do

Com boards No 2 S2S I"xl0"xl0'-16'

55

Do Merch. grade (Sail) .

Plank and dimensions :
Sizes 2"x6" to 8"x8" average 24'

56

Do

Sizes 2"x9" to 10"xlO" average 24'

57

Do

Sizes 2"xl2" to 12"xl2" average 24'

58

Do

59
60

Do
Do

Sizes 2"xl6" to 16"xl6", average 24'. ..
Mill run

61
62
63

Spruce (Eastern) . . .
Do
Do

Merch. frames 9" and under, 24' and under
Merch. frames 10" and 12", 24' and under

64

Do

65

Do

Merch 2"x8" and up 10' to 24'

66

Do

Lath IS" '

67

Do

68

Do (Adirondack)

69

70

Do

No 2

71

Do

No 3

72

Do

M ill culls

7'1

Do

Mill run

74

Do (West Virginia) .

Merch frames 3"x4" to 8"x8" 10' 16'

7.1

Do

Mcrdi frames 2"xl2" to 12"xl2" 10' 16'

7ft

Do

Boards merch I"xl2" 10' 20'

7«

Do
Do

Boards, box, I"x4"-12"
Mill rui

I

%

c

i

Pennsylvania

.1

New

Hampshire

Vermont

Connecticut

Massachusetts

c

Minnesota

d

'5

c
o

M

Michigan

1

14.26

14.41

1

2

15.78

16.10

2

3
4

16.13
14.38

14.40
14.75

3

4

2.96

3.00

5

,,

11.98

12.05

6

7

13 75

18 17

7

14 68

16 00

19 33

16 00

8

g

15 25

17 75

20 17

18 00

9

10

13 80

17 16

19 00

16 58

10

12 00

12 17

15 75

15 00

11

12
13

14.66
6 81

18.50
12 17

16.80
9 90

15.50

15.00

12
13

14
15
16

14.10

17.47

14.70

15.20

15.00

14
15
16

17

17

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

21

22

22

23

58.50

35'bb'

48.42
37.92

51.97
41.09

23
24

25
26

50.00
26 00

40.11
26 33

43.73
24.44

25
26

27

28
29

30

27.50

25.00
19 50

30.00

'is. 00"

'ig'.bb'

'25'. bo

22.60
19.00

23.20
21.97
18.68
13.40

22.66
24.93
21.03
13.83

is. bo

27
28
29
30

Ml
32

34
35
36

37

27.00

26 .33

3.33
24.50

17.66'

is. 20

26'.60'

ie.Vi

20.36

24.50
3:94
3.48
18.68

26.43
4.05
3.29

21.78

"3". 25"
2.75
22.67

31
32
33
34
35
36
37

MS

:•><)

38
39

4o
41
42
43
44
45

40
41
42
43
44
45

46

47

46

47

48
49

48
49

50

50

51

51

52

52

53

53

54
55

54
55

56

56

57

58

57

58

59

*

59

60
61

21 Ql

"19.30'

'2i'.S7"

'l9'. 08'

60
61

62

23.44

21.60

21.19

62

63

20.90

19.50

19.51

63

64

19 48

17.75

16 95

64

65

19.73

19.50

18.48

65

66
67

3.44
20 21

3.37
18 45

is 83

2.92
19 56

66
67

68

22 50

•

68

69

35 31

69

70

22 44

70

71

18 62

71

72

15.81

72

73

21.77

73

74

17 83

74

75

18 50

75

76

18 79

76

15.68

77

78

17.62

78

SPECIES

GRADE .

1

Ash

Firsts and seconds 4/4

2

Do

3

Do

No. 2 common 4/4

4

Do

Mill run

5

6

Do .

No. 1 common 4/4

7

Do

No 2 common 4/4

g

Do

No. 3 common 4/4 .

9

Do

Mill run

10

Beech

Firsts and seconds 4/4

1 1

Do

No 1 common 4/4 .... ...

12

Do

Mill run

13

Firsts and seconds 4/4

14

Do

1 c

Do

16

Do

No 3 common 4/4 .

17

Do

Mill run

18

Chestnut

Firsts and seconds 4/4 t .

in

Do

20

Do

No 2 common or S. W. 4/4

o-f

Do

22

Do

Mill run

00

Firsts and seconds 4/4, 6" to 12"

24

Do

Boxboards 4/4, 13" to 17"

OR

Do

26

Do

No 2 common 4/4

97

Do

28

Cypress

Firsts and seconds clear 4/4

29

Do

Selects 4/4

30

Do

Shop No 1, 4/4

31

Do

Beveled siding, A, £"x6"

32

Do . .

No 1 common 4/4, random widths

00

Do

Peck 4/4 random widths

04

Do

No 1 plastering lath |"xl$-"— 4'

35

Do

Of!

Bests 5"

37

Do

00

Do

39

Elm rock

Firsts and seconds 8/4

4O

Do

41

Do

42

43

Do
Elm, soft

Mill run
Firsts and seconds, 4/4

i i

Do

45

Do

4*>

47

Do

48

Do

Mill run

49
50

Gum, sap
Do

Firsts and seconds 4/4

51

Do

cj9

Do

•"S3

54

Do

re

Do

56

Maple

Firsts and seconds 4/4

.--

Do

'iS

Do

CQ

Do

Mill run

60

Oak, plain

61

Do

62

Do

63

Do

fi-t

Do

fiT

F " t r\ n c\ <* 4 /4

66

Do

fi7

Do

6S

Do

69

Poplar . .

70

Do

71

Do

Selects 4/4 "

72

Do

"3

Do

- )

Tuoelo (Bay Poplar)

Firsts and seconds clear, random 4/4

75

Do

No. 1 common, random 4/4

7fi

Do...

Mill run. . .

10

•
a

Bj

Is

j

i

^a

|

3

B

1

|
s

a
$>

£

J

1

•1

1

rt

I!

/. _

i!

2
'3s
>

.2

D

j

I '

.2
1

.

1

37.16

35.00

36.83

40.91

38.00

37 50

38 00

42 00

40 70

1

2

21.58

21.66

23.73

25 09

22 55

26 50

26 75

28 85

27 18

2

3

11.50

10.50

12.50

13.64

13 83

13 00

12 40

14 25

16 71

3

4

29.33

22.00

25.33

22 18

25 66

17 00

22 50

29 47

4

5

32 31

28 80

32 50

37 00

30 25

5

6

21.81

20 00

23 33

27 33

22 25

6

7

14 79

14 00

16 00

14 66

16 00

7

8

9 81

9 50

9 00

10 66

8

9
10

20.43

20.50

21.00

21.00

21.25

20.62
16 50

9

10

11
12

is 38

il 12

13.50
15 65

11
12

13
14

26.37
17 00

13
14

15
16

10.25

7 87

15
16

17

14 33

17

IS

37 57

37 83

33 50

38 00

34 00

37 64

41 50

18

19

25 23

25 88

22 50

27 66

24 00

27 46

29 50

19

20

13 82

13 50

13 00

12 33

11 70

13 50

15 43

20

21
22
23

25.12

24.45'

26.00'

8.09
16.00

7.50
18.12

ii.75

8.33

8.17

8.22
15.91

19.83'
31.50

21
22
23

24
25

39.62
18.00

41.50
19.50

40.73
18.92

24
25

26

15.00

14.75

14 56

26

27
28
29
30
31

34.96
31.74
18.22
20.22

19.66

33.00
28.00
18.25

21.00
33.16
28.66
19.21

22.00
34.32
29.32
19.54

36.50
30.60
21.25

36.66
32.00
21.16

20.66

27

28
29
30
31

32
33

16.25
5.54

io'.'sb'

14.00
7.37

12.50
8.32

15.60
9.87

18.83
9 00

32
33

34
35

36

2.82
21.22
3.14

21 '.54'

2.75
3 08

15.56"

2.35
4 61

2.70

'is'. 75"

34
35

36

37

2.25

2 08

3 27

37

38
39
40
41

1.41

1.23

1.75

is', bo

38
39
40
41

42
43
44
45

29.25
15.75
14.66

16.50
27.50
18.20
19.30

42
43
44
45

46
47
48

24.75
15.25
15 70

22.39
12.50
11 75

23.66
13.66
15 00

26.00
16.00

22.50
12 25

46

47
48

49

15.70

14 44

15.40

17.62

49

50
51
52

'.'.'.'.'.'...

12.62
10.60
12.36

11.05
8.50
13.30

12.25
9.91
11.64

13.12
10.51

50
51
52

63

,

50 83

44 75

53.50

47.00

'

40.90

53

54

24 00

23 33

28 00

27 66

27.00

54

55
56

31.00

30 . 50
22 50

24.00

28.00
20.50

32.20
21.33

55
56

57

14.00

13.62

18.12

57

58
59
60
61
62
63

36'. 50
20.40
10.83
7 00

14'. 33
35.18
21.00
10 . 23
5 65

'is'. 40
35.85
22.37
12.81

7 is

9.00
11.00
38.58
24.21
13.44
7 39

'is', oo

36 . 75
23.69
13.77
8 22

32.50'
22.50
12.50

36. 50
23.00

13.17
37.75
25.50
12.50
8 50

'is '.so'

35.33
24.00
12.00
8.00

9.12
13.18
38.31
27.22
15.19
8.38

17.92
39.85
27.00
17.00
11.14

58
59
60
61
62
63

64
65

23.34

60 «0

20.00
56 66

19.91

68 80

18.06
66 68

21.30
63 77

17.50

21.50
67.00

27.50
67.50

64
65

66

31 75

33 50

43 60

40 25

39 73

40.00

42.75

66

67

68

14.66
40 05

15.57
39 00

25.25
50 50

20.18
46 86

21.50
41 66

21.66

23 . 69
42.50

67
68

69
0
1
2

3

4
5

40.50
33.50

>:::::

i2'.83

51.66
35.31
36.00
28.40
29.20

44.07
34.37
32.86
26.00
22.75

43.50
35.00

29.50

'29'. bo'

49.95
35.25
32.00
28.50
23.50

46.75
32.00

26.75

48.64
35.44

31.46
27.50

49.75
37.33

40.ro

31.75

69
70
71
72
73
74
75

6

14.00

H.83

76

SPECIES

GRADE

1 Ash

Firsts and seconds 4/4
No. 1 common 4/4 .

2 Do

3 • Do

No. 2 common 4/4

4 Do

Firsts and seconds 4/4

6 Do

No 1 common 4/4

7 Do

No. 2 common 4/4

8 Do

No. 3 common 4/4

9 Do

Mill run

10 Beech

Firsts and seconds 4/4
No 1 common 4/4

1 1 Do

1 ' Do

Mill run

13 Birch unselected

Firsts and seconds 4/4

14 Do
15 Do

No. 1 common 4/4

No 2 common 4/4

16 Do
17 Do

Mill run

18 Chestnut

Firsts and seconds 4/4

19 Do
20 Do

No 1 common 4/4

No. 2 common or S W. 4/4

21 Do
22 Do

Mill run
Firsts and seconds 4/4, 6" to 12".
Boxboards 4/4, 13" to 17"

23 Cottonwood
•>4 Do

25 Do
26 Do

No 2 common 4/4

27 Do

Mill run
Firsts and seconds clear 4/4
Selects 4/4
Shop No. 1, 4/4

28 Cypress

29 Do
30 Do . .

31 Do

Beveled siding, A, £"x6"
No. 1 common 4/4, random widt
Peck 4/4, random widths
No. 1 plastering lath, g"xH"-4'. .
Mill run
Bests 5" :

is

32 Do

33 Do

34 Do
35 Do

36 Cypress, shingles

37 Do

38 Do

Economy 5"
Firsts and seconds 8/4 . . .

39 Elm, rock

40 Do
41 Do

No. 1 common 8/4

42 Do
43 Elm, soft.
44 Do...,
!.\ Do

Mill run
Firsts and seconds, 4/4
No. 3 common 4/4
Mill run

47 Do
1 > Do

No. 1 common 4/4

Firsts and seconds 4/4

50 Do

K1 T)o

Box common
Mill run

52 Do

54 Do

No. 1 common 8/4

55 Do

5S Maple

Firsts and seconds 4/4

57 Do

58 Do

cq r»n

Mill run

60 Oak, plain

fil Do

No. 1 common 4/4
No. 2 common 4/4

62 Do

6'$ Do

64 Do

Mill run

65 Oak, quartered
66 Do .... '

No. 1 common 4/4
No. 2 common 4/4
Mill run

67 Do

68 Do

69 Poplar
70 Do

Firsts and seconds 4/4
Saos 4/4
Selects 4/4

71 Do
72 Do

7S Do

Mill run

74 Tupelo (Bay Poplar)
7.1 Do
76 Do

Firsts and seconds clear, random
IN'O. i common, random 4/4 ....
Mill ru-i

4/4

s

c3
C

2
c

1

i

c
'55

e

1

Minnesota

Maryland

Pennsylvania

^4
O
>

*

«

z

( 'uniifcticut

%

I

1

New

Hampshire

>

'3

X

1

2
3

39.00
23.87
16.62

39.28
26.00
16.90

40.25
30.33
16.33

38.60
25.10
14.00

39.00
23.00
17.00

47.50
35.00
19.00

36.80
28.50
17.00

38.40
28.40
18 75

27.00
30.00
21 00

30.00

20.00

1
2
3

4
5
6

27.80

25.66
34.00
23.43

22.10
36.71
26.30

21.41
35.81
25.09

3i. 66
24.17

26.00

30.00
35.66
24 33

25.00
36.00
26 80

21.86

19.00

22.00
25.00

30 .00

4
5
6

7

17.33

17.37

15.23

16 00

18 00

20 00

7

8

10.50

14.16

12.67

13.66

12.66

12 50

8

9

24.33

22.40

21.53

18 50

22 33

23 33

28 25

19 66

19 00

19 33

9

10

18.66

18.40

16.00

24 43

18 33

10

11

16.00

14.75

17 90

11

12
13

14.16

16.33

12.24
27.12

'28.36'

27.66

19.25

16.31
32.70

17.16
24.00

12.00

16.40
18.00

14.00
22.00

12
13

14

20.00

16.36

17.83

24 33

21 66

14

15
16

13.71
9.43

11.13
8.59

13.71

7.83

15.66
12.00

16.16
11 66

11.50

15
16

17
IS

38.00'

•37 .50

15.29

15.75

14.50

38 66

37.50

23.05
39 00

15.60
21 50

16.00
19.33

14.00

19.00

16.66

17
18

19

23.00

26.00

28.00

26.25

19.66

19

20

15.00

14.50

14 00

16 12

20

21

9 00

14 00

21

22
23

24.60

18.67

18.50

16.00

18.00

17.00

22
23

24

32.33

24

25

17.33

25

26

14.83

26

27

27

28

31.66

28

29

29.25

29

30

20.00

30

31

31

32

15.50

32

33

8.75

••••»•••

33

34

34

35

19.26

35

36

36

37

37

38

'38

39

27.50

39.75

39

40

26.66

27.75

40

41

10.00

9.70

41

42

17.50

27.13

24.00

42

43
44

22.60
16.75

33.50
10 94

29.00
9 62

43
44

45
46

15.75
23.00

17.62

20.75

16.88

22.50

15.00

45
46

47

14.50

47

48

14.37

19.25

48

49
50

15.50
11.33

18.33
13.00

49

50

51
52

7.66
11.06

16.75

51

52

53

44.66

44.00

35.00

23.33

53

54

27.28

30.45

21 66

54

55

29.92

31.29

23.60

23.57

55

I 56
57
58
59
60
61

17.50
12.50
11.12
15.62
38.50
24 05

26.29
18.60
13.00
19.17
39.66
31 78

22.94
17.50
11.09
15.38

23.50
14.50
10.42
14.68
45.66
35 00

39.66
30.50

15.33"
37.66
27 66

28.88
17.50
12.00
19.44
41.50
29 50

26.22
19.20.
16.00
19.50
37.00
28 25

15.00

13 '.00
24.00
23 16

'18.50

21.00
18.50'

'17.50

56
57
58
59
60
61

62
63
64
65
66

15.19
10.75
19.30
68.20
36 . 00

16.35
10.77
25.64
69.86
42.15

il.33
24.62

26.00
9.66
28.43

22.00
15.00
24.50

16.00
11.33

17.50
13.25
22.09

21.75
16.25
23.83

20.38
24.22

20.40

19.50

'26'. bo'

62
63
64
65
66

67

16 00

22 21

67

68

43 33

45 33

68

69

41 60

47.18

39.60

69

70

26 50

37 77

33 67

70

71
72

22.50
24 75

36.75
29 00

33.00
27 00

71

72

73
74

25.33

30.00

22.53

20.00

15.00

73
74

75

76

76

13

TSL

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE

RECORD OF

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER

(PER 1,000 FEET B. M.)

Based on actual sales made F. O. B. Mill

for
EACH QUARTER OF THE CALENDAR YEAR 1910

PREFATORY NOTE

The Forest Service has two main purposes in collecting and compiling this record of f. o. b. mill
rices: first, to have a continuous statistical record of such prices of the various commercial woods; and,
scond, to show, in contrast to market prices — which include the important items of freight charges and
lling costs — just what the manufacturers of lumber receive for their product at the mill. The prices
ven are wholesale, based on actual sales f. o. b. mill, for delivery outside of local territory. Only a few
jpresentative grades and the mill run are included. By mill run is meant the average of aJl grades of
unber produced. The record is compiled by states, and is made up from reports received from approxi-
Ately three thousand of the largest manufacturers scattered throughout the country. It is pub-
jhed quarterly.

The Forest Service wishes to acknowledge the courtesy of the manufacturers for their prompt and
ficient codperation. Their assistance has been of great value in making the record complete, accurate,
id promptly available for distribution.

Note — For this issue ofjihe record a departure has been made from the usual form of compilation^
i addition to the average prices for the last quarter of the calendar year 1910 there are also reproduced
ic average prices of the three preceding quarters. This has been done to permit of a comparison for the
>ur periods of the year.

SUMMARY

Lower average prices generally were reported by the manufacturers of western softwoods for October,
November, and December, 1910, than for any one of the three preceding quarters. The woods affected
nclude redwood, Douglas fir, western yellow pine, hemlock, red cedar and Sitka spruce. Prices on larch
reported from Montana were on the same level as those given for earlier in the year, while a slight advance
shown in pine values in Idaho.

Manufacturers in the chief yellow pine producing states — Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Alabama, Missouri, Florida, Georgia and South Carolina— also reported generally lower prices for the last
quarter over the preceding quarters. North Carolina pine values for South Carolina, North Carolina and
Virginia were of about the same level range for the four quarters. Hemlock in West Virginia showed average
ower prices for the last quarter, with practically no change in spruce prices. Eastern spruce and hemlock
prices when compared reveal but slight changes from one quarter to another. Hemlock' prices reported
from the Lake States were a trifle lower for the last quarter, and a slight shading of white pine prices from
the same region also is shown.

Hardwoods show a greater variation in price than the softwoods. Generally ash, birch, chestnut,
gum and hard and soft maple closed higher in price than at the opening of the year. On the other hand,
basswood, beech, chestnut, cypress, rock and soft 'elm, hickory, plain Oak, quartered red and white oak
and poplar remained stationary in price or showed a decline in value for the last quarter over the preceding
quarters.

SPECIES

GRADE

1

Hemlock

2* piece stuff, S1S1E, 2"x4"-16'

2

Do (Lake States) . . .

Boards, No. 1, SIS, I"x8"-16'

3

Do.. .

Timbers, rough, 4"x4" to 8"x8"-16'

4

Do

Fencing No. 1, SIS, I"x6"

5

Do. ..

Lath No. 1, f"-4'

6

Do

Mill run

7

Hemlock

8/4 merch. 4" to 12," 10' to 20'

8

Do (Eastern and West Virginia). .

4/4 merch. 6" and 8 "-16'

9

Do

4/4 merch. 10" and 12"-16'

10

Do...

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped 12' 14' and 16'

11

Do

4/4 boards, No. 2, 1 "x4"-12 ", 6'-20'

12

Do

Mill run, mill culls out

13

Do

Mill culls ' ' "

14

Do

Mill run

15

Pine

Flooring, No. 2, I"x4"xl0'-16'

16

Do (North Carolina) .

Flooring No 3 I"x4"xl0'-16'. ...

17

Do

Dimension (air dried), 2"x8"— 16' and under

18

Do

Roofers, 1 "x8", D. & M

19

Do

Partition No. 1, 13/16"x3i", 10'-16'... .

20

Do ..

No. 1 edge 4/4, under 12"

21

Do

Box edge 4/4, under 12 " . . .

29

Do

Mill run

23

Pine, white . . .

Selects C and better, 5/4 (M. L.)

24

Do...

Inch finish, C Selects, 10" (M L )

25

Do . .

Shop No 1 8/4 (M L )

26

Do...

Shop No. 3, 5/4 (M. L.)

27

Do ....

Beveled siding C 6"-16'... .

28

Do...

Boards No. 2, I"x8"-16'

29

Do

Boards No 3 12", 10'-20'. . . .

30

Do

Boards No. 4, mixed widths, 10'-20'. ...

31

Do. ..

Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6 "-16'

Do. ,

Lath No 1 (W P )

33

Do...

Lath No. 1 (mixed)

34

Do. .

Mill run

35

Flooring B v g 13/16"x3J"

36

Do (Mississippi Valley Mills).. .

Flooring, No. 2, D. & M., I"x4"

Do .

Flooring No 2 S2S and C M I"x6"

38

Do

Flooring, B, flat, 13/16"x3i"

39

Do ,

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider

40

Do...

Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2"x8"-16'.

41

Do . .

Com boards No 1, S2S, l"xlO" .

42

Do...

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, I"x8"

43

Do

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, I"xl2"..

44

Do.

Timbers S1S1E 6"x8"-16'

45

Do...

Car siding, B and better, I"x4* and 6"x9'-18'

46

Do.

Com car lining No 1, I"x6"xl0'-20'.

47

Do

Lath No 1 f"

48

Do . .

Mill run

49

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider .

50

Do (Atlantic Coast Mills) ...

Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13/16"x2J"

51

Do . .

Flooring, B and better sap rift 13/16"x2i*

52

Do...

Flooring, B, heart rift, 13/1 6 "x2J"

53

Do .

Flooring, B sap rift 13/16"x2i".

54

Do...

Flooring, B, sap flat, 13/16"x3}"

55

Do

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, I"xl0"xl0'-16'.

56

Do . .

Com boards No 2 S2S I"xl0"xl0'-16'

57

Do Merch grade (Sail)

Plank and dimensions:
Sizes 2"x6" to 8"x8", average 24'.

58

Do. .

Sizes 2"x9" to 10"xlO" average 24'

59

Do...

Sizes 2"xl2" to I2*xl2", average 24' . .

60

Do .

Sizes 2"xl4* to 14"xl4", average 24'

61

Do .

Sizes 2"xl6" to 16"xl6" average 24' »

62

Do

Mill run

63

Spruce (Eastern)

Merch frames 9* and under 24' and under

64

Do

Merch frames 10" "and 12" 24' and under

65

Do . .

Merch random 10" and 12", 10' and up.. . .

66

Do

Merch 2"x7" and under, 10' to 24'

67

Do

Merch 2"x8"andup 10' to 24'.

68

Do .

Lath. If". ..

69

Do

Mill run

70

Do (Adirondack)

Mill run mill culls out

71

Do .

No. 1 and clear. ..

72

Do

No 2 .

73

Do

No 3

74

Do

Mill culls

75

Do

Mill run.

76

Do (West Virginia)

Merch frames 3"x4" to 8"x8" 10'— 16'

77

Do

Merch frames 2 "xl 2" to 12"xl2", 10'-16'

78

i DO

Boards merch 1 "xl2 " 10'-20'.

79

1 Do

80

Do

Mill run

Xine Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 4.

TEXAS

ARKANSAS

LOUISIANA

'

rt
S

,O

£

a

CB
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i

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d

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o

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3

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2

tj

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£

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t=^

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to

3
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o

£

s

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
. 27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

27.44

27.25
9.22
9.67
17.47
21.73
11.84
12.80
9.98
10.84
12.00
19.88
13.65

27.50
9.18
9.34
17.40
20.39
11.63
12.67
10.05
10.75
12.27
18.25
13.78

26.21
9.02
8.94
17.44
20.93
11.54
12.32
9.51
10.36
11.37
17.94
13.58
1.30
12.76

27.00

27.50
9.29
10.09
17.47
22.97
11.57
13.47
10.47
10.75
12.85
19.54
14.75
1.62
14.04

27.28
9.42
9.82
17.83
23.52
10.34
13.64
10.71
11.63
13.22
18.94
14.60
1.57
13.82

27.75
9.35
10.20
17.42
21.72
11.39
13.40
10.18
10.82
13.25
18.28
13.94
1.58
13.37

27.89

27.96
9.01
9.66
17.56
22.09
11.64
12.90
10.09
10.70
13.96
19.76
15.01
1.53
13.38

27.47
8.83
9.21
17.50
22.59
11.16
12.47
9.93
10.26
13.10
18.89
13.91
1.43
13.33

26.53
8.86
9.46
16.63
20.31
11.17
12.60
9.72
10.58
11.49
18.68
14.39
1.49
13.02

is '.35'

22.70
12.17
13.54

12. 43'
20.58
14.14
1.36
13.37

19.02
23.41
12.62
14.11

17.52
22.30
11.96
13.39

i3.34
21.06
14.92
1.64
13.96

'i2!66
20.18
13.79
1.51
13.13

13.15

12.90

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 4.

MISSISSIPPI

ALABAMA

MISSOURI

h

c3

£

1
d

a

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§

3

>>

ct
§

1

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M

3
<

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f-1

$

Q

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$

$

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rt

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£

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3

3
l-l

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oj

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$

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3
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1

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^

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0

rt

3

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a

rt

i

3
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S

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a

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1

be
3
<

>.
3
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|

i

"c
O

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

A

.:::::

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

::;:::

::::::

;::;;:

:::::.'

29.20

ii'.ss'

21.09
11.94
14.75

27.63
8.33
9.63
17.36
20.06
11.30
14.82
10.24
10.70
11.87
19.80
15.88
1.49
13.62

's'.oV

9.32
17.16
20.58
11.25
14.23
10.23
11.12
11.30
18.64
14.57
1.51
13.55

26.25
7.98
9.14
16.84
20.10
11.36
14.53
10.06
11.38
11.50
18.60
14.63
1.55
13.36

30. CO

18.10
20.41
12.67
14.73

is '.is'

21.63
15.17
1.50
13.88

'8".96'
10.00
17.43
20.54
11.78
14.33
10.46
11.65
12.00
18.40
14.61
1.43
14.06

's'.so'

9.46
17.30
20.37
11.44
13.64
10.27
12.29
11.06
19.42
14.80
1.50
13.62

26.00
8.44
9.48
17.47
20.49
11.83
14.52
11.38
12.21
11.75
18.50
15.75
1.61
13.52

9.80
13.08
18.30
22.63
14.00
15.41
12.91
13.83

10.70
12.48
19.25
21.15
12.94
14.28
12.16
12.88
12.75

i2'.24
20.12

'is'.sg'

11.50
12.19

i2'.83'
21.89
15.05
1.47
14.20

'ii'.es'

1.71
11.63

'li'.ss'

'i2'.75'

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 4.

FLORIDA

GEORGIA

SOUTH CAROLINA

CO

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1

4!

6

1

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3

1

6

,
8
9
10

11

12
13
1-1
15
16
17
is
1!)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
41
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53 '
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
7'.*
80

2

3
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33.
34
35-
36.
37
38'
39'
4O
41
42
43
44
45
4S
47
48
49
50
5J
52
53
54
55
5ft

57
58
59
60
61
62:
63:
64
65-
6&.
61
68-
69-
7O-
71
72-

is.

74-
75>
7S.
7T
7&
79
80

19.83
14.83

10 '.33'

'2o'.oo'

9.25
13.00

19.63
14.83
11.50
11.83
23.75
21.70
11.00
11.50

20.37
15.28
11.50
11.73
23.68
23.75
10.12
14.10

20.06
16.65

11.83
21.87
22.12
10.65
13.04

..:...:

:.:::::

'42.67'
32.67
40.00
31.00
19.71
18.43
11.06

12.77
14.23
17.23
20.50
25.00
13.64

••••••

'40.00'
30.03
19.30
15.33
10.48

11.25
12.87
15.41
18.30
23.07
14.68

38. OO'
30.26
18 . 54
16.60
12.10

11.44
12.50
14.45
16.93
23.03
14.33

22.17

19.50
16.36
11.43

13.31
14.45
17.38
21.70
24.80
13.58

19.94'
16.11
13.64

12.85
13.97
16.36
18.50
24.08
14.71

•'••••:

46.63
33.25
40.00
29.50
19.25
15.93
10.69

12.41
13.72
17.10
20.40
24.79
13.35

39.17
28.32

41.25
28.50
38.33
30.00
18.50
15.90
10.25

9.80
11.00
14.20
16.65
19.50
12.21

'20'.25'

'2o'.66'

'l7'.6i'
13.64
10.50

12.18
13.68
15.75
19.31
22.75
11.98

15.00
15.75
18.00
20.25
25.50

14.17
14.67
16.50
19.00
22.33
14.50

14.49
14.63
15.78
19.31"
22.84
14.30

14.25
14.31
15.89
19.65
23.42
15.40

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 4.

NORTH CAROLINA

TENNESSEE

KENTUCKY

1

.D
$

C

eS
•— >

8

i— >

1

a

<

a

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3

1

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^

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
£0

ei

€2 -
«3
«4
€5
€6
«7
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

::::::

i

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
SO

i3.66

13.64

ii.oo

14.00

14.00
14.08

13.00
13.86
13 75

15.00
12.75

14.48

14.24

12.00

14.00
7.00

13.92
6.75

13.00
6.85
12.98

20.44
15.42
11.79
12.16
23.58
22.00
10.54
14.08

20.17
15.31
12.53
12.33
23.12
20.73
10.64
13.94

20.02
15.12
12.08
11.97
22.64
20.10
9.89
12.99
53.05

20.70
14.91
13.33
12.51
23.00
21.39
10.52
12.74
53.50

47.32
24.50

50.00
24.00

24.00
23.24
17.03
25.62

24.00
20.65
17.34
21.50

19.67

20.01

19.67

20.08

14.83
15.33
17.50

12.26
13.22
15.31

17.74
19.63

12.85
13.61
15.15
18.12
21.06

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 4.

VIRGINIA

WEST VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

1

JO

£

4

|
•-»

>>
^
$

i

ex
&

bo
3
£

3
i-»

i
i

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O

1

i

a

3

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1

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3
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5

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1

8

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4

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<

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3

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3
i— i

y

Q

1

o

O

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

Ml

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

...

"•;:::

13^62'

15.67
16.50
16.08
12.07
14.20
7.50
13.93

17.60
15.33
16.69
15.33
12.72
13.72
7.50
13.78

17.20'
15.40
16.58
16.83
11.55

15.05
14.71
15.75
16.41
11.50
13 25

'i3'.50'
12.25

'i2'.00

'i4'.66'

15.25
12.44
12.67

ii.25

7.10
15.35

6.67
15.69

21.25
18.50
15.50
17.00
27.00
18.00
14.00
13.00

'i3".64'

23.50
12.11
11.87

10.63
13.31

11.50
12.46

11.77
13.59

12.00

12.17

;;:;;;

20 75

.4 38

i2'.37'

iS'.io'

••••••

.......

••••••

'i9.50'
21.33
21.17
14.50
16.43

17.86
20.45
20.73
14.88
17.51

17.75
19.83
20.67
16.00
17.87

17.75
20.50
21,34
13.85
17 m

.:...

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 4.

PENNSYLVANIA

NEW YORK

NEW HAMPSHIRE

1
1
1

J
1
1
1
1
1
1

•>

2
2

2

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
.5
5
f)
5
5
5
S

5
5
5

6
6
6

(5
6
6
6
fl
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

s

a

s

4

c
1 — 1

CJ

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1

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X

•V-1

Sj

1

•)

3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
81

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
i:>
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67 —

69
70
71
72

73

74
75
76

77
78
79
SO

'.'.'.'.'.'.

18.50

17.63
18.50
19.25
19.50
3.55
17.04

18.25
19.07
18.50
19.50
3.44
17.15

i8. 67

18.44
18.58
17.67

ie.02

19.23
19.62
18.33
18.25
3.30
17.08

17'. 63
18.75

i3. 25
18.50
9.00
17.05

23.80

17 50

17.83

'l6'.75'
11.50
15.67

16.88

17.75

17.25

'ie'.is'

'H'.OO'

17'.29'

16.33

15.83
'l6'.70

16.00
'l6'.07'

*

55.00

30 00

'12 '.OO'
23.25
24.80
20.00

::::::

27.67
23.33
21.50
17.00

'20 '.25'

27'.66

24 '.13'

ie . 94

i7.25

15.71

"le'.ss"

23.20

21.58

22.75

23.14

..!!...

'26 '.83'
20.63
20.13
19.17
20.50
3.40
17.80

20^48
22.60
20.13
19.10
20.28
3.18
17.50

26 '.66

23.00
20.00
18.00

2 1 . ( IS
23.08
20.50

i (•).:.()
18.50

18.20

3.16
18.50

18.83
18.75
::i' .:•;:{
20.33
16.67
12.33
18.41

icJ'.52'
30.65
20.30
17.00
12.66
18.42

'i9'.33'
26.50
20.37
17.00
13.75
19.18

10

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 4.

VERMONT

MAINE

MASSACHUSETTS

1

.Q

£

a
t— »

<u
c
3
R

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3

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3
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&

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a

c^

bb
3

<

3

i— >

z

Q
1

s

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

ie.50

'i7'.46'

'ie'.so'
'i7'.s6'

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

'i7'.50'

'le'.oo

14.50
15.75
11.33
15.85

"ll.il'

'ie'.e?'

15.81

15.25'
10.67
15.66

ie.ss

14.25

io.oo

15.20

'l8'.33'
16.00
17.50
17.00
15.33
16.00
12.50
15.18

'is'.so'

16.50
19.00
16.50
14.87
15.00
12.00
17.50

16.25

is. so

13.86
15.20
9.75
15.58

i4.25

'is'.oo'

16.50
10.50
17.50

17.28

25.50

i7'.72

23.66
24.69
19.50

'20'.67'
22.33
19.09

'2i'.67'
24.75
18.55

'22.06'
19.00
18.94

'ii'.ii

25 . 50

is. io

20.25

'l8'.2C'

'is '.58'

'16'. 43'

18'.7i'

'i6'.7S'

. . . x. . .

'22 '.66'

20.00

i9.50

20.75

2i'.i7
24.66
22.50
18.20
20.37

'l8 '.66'
20.78
19.01
16.72
17.74
3.32
18.03

'21 ',25'

ig.TO

22.02
19.50
18.00
19.83

20.00
21.30
20.43
17.42
18.63
3.20
18.49

18.59
19.97
18.81
15.88
17.12
3.11
17.97

19.23

17'.33'

is. 76

17.29

16.94

18.62
21 00

16.16

17.25

28.00
19.00

24.50
19.00

28.80
20.00
16.00
13.00

26.55
18.03
13.08
9.75

11

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 4.

MINNESOTA

WISCONSIN

MICHIGAN

S

^
£

d

a

c

3
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S

i

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13

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3
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<

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3

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13
•— >

cj
Q

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£

6

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
.63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

15.59
17.21
1 7 . 26
15.21
3.14
12.54

15.73
17.16
17.27
15.21
3.14
12.00

15.68
16.82
17.02
15.18
3.24
11.68

15.50
16.41
16.62

1 1 .'.(7
3.14
12.77

15.28
16.42
15.86
16.03
3.39
12.93

15.38
15.95
15.40
15.61
3. Mi
12.60

15.57
16.09
14.79
16.29
3.34
12.29

15.22
15.83
15.21
15.65
3.22
12.21

1
2
3
4

1

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

SI)

'27'.25'
23.25
13.00
29.00
4.06
3.45
22.18

54.58
46.00
46.65
25.66
24.58
23.92
19.86
11.72
26.00
4.32
3.44
17.68

52.59
44.87
43.91
25.92
25.66
22.75
20.37
12.75
25.55
3.91
3.48
18.39

53.00
47.29
44.00
25.80
25.41
23.04
20.10
13.04
24.84
3.97
3.32
18.36

54.81
47.35
47.04
25.77
25.71
23.13
19.97
12.09
24.83
4.00
3.37
18.29

56.92
46 65
48.90
27.00
25.44
24.97
21.71
12.90
27.50
4.26
3.60
21.03

56.50
46.65
49.68
26.62
26.12
24.30
21.25
12.34
26.78
4.15
3.28
19.38

56.41
48.38
47.23
26.50
26.27
24.50
20.97
12.63
26.50
4.03
3.44
20.42

55.80
46.93
46.54
25.12
27.28
24.67
20.38
12.39
26.26
3.92
3.24
19.91

55.72
46.82
47.25
28.50
25.50
26.50
22.64
15.50
29.75

'22'.36'

55.25
51.00
49.50
26.80
25.50
27.00
22.90
13.63
30.17
3.60
3.30
24.23

'28'.50
24.50
27.90
22.75
13.87
29.50
3.93
3.17
22.66

. . . . r. .

•••••••

12

SPECIES

GRADE

1

Cedar Western Red.

Beveled Siding No 1 i"x6".

2

Do

Shop No 2 l"and Ii"x8"

3

Do

Shingles Perfection 18"

4

Do

Shingles, Extra Clear, 5/2"-16"

5
g

Do
Do

Star-A-StaT, 6/2"-16"

7

Fir Douglas

Flooring No 1 v g I"x4"

g

Do

9

Do.

Flooring No 2 flat 1 "x4 "

10

Do

Finish No 2 ard better 6" and 8" . »

11

Do

12

Do

Dimension Com S1S1E 2"xl2"-16' . ... ... . .

13

Do.

Car sills 5"x8"-36' -

14

Do

Timbers 12"xl2" average 32' • -

15

Do. ,

16

Do...

Lath, per M

17

Do. ...

18

Fir White

19

Do

20

Do

21

Hemlock Western

22

Do .

23

Do

Dimension No 1 Com 2"x4" to 2"x8"

24

Do . .

Shiplap 1 "

25

Do

Shop No 1 Ij"x8" and wider

26

Do . .

27

Flooring A and B ( Nos 1 and 2 clear) 1 "x4 "

28

Do

Finish A and B (Nos 1 and 2 clear) I"x8"

29

Do

Drop siding A and B (Nos 1 and 2 clear) I"x6"

30

Do.

Common boards No 2 1 "x8"— 16' . .

31

Do.. .

Dimension No 1 Com , 2"x8"-16' -

32

Do . .

Lath per M

33

Do

34

Pine Sugar

Firsts and seconds clear

35

Do

Shop No 1 2"x8" and wider

36

Do.

37

Do

Mill run

38

Pine Western White.

Finish C select 8 " -

39

Do (Idaho White)

Finish D select 8"

40

Do . .

Beveled siding B and better 4" and 6"

41

Do

Beveled siding C 4" and 6"

42

Do. .

Common boards No 2 6" and 8". . »

43

Do

44

Pine Western Yellow .

4£

Do (Including Western Pine Cal-

Finish B select and better l"xlO"— 16'

46

ifornia White Pine, New
Mexico White Pine) .
Do

Finish C select, 8" . ...

47

Do. .

Beveled siding B and better 4" and 6"

48

Do

Beveled siding C 4" and 6"

49

Do.

Shop No 1 6/4

50

Do

Shop No 2 6/4

51

Do. ,

Common boards No 2 I"x8"— 16' »

52

Do

Dimension No 1 Com 2"x8"— 16'

53

Do.

Lath No 1 per M

54

Do

55

Redwood

Clear 6" to 12" 10' to 20'

56

Do

Sappy clear 6" to 8" 10' to 20'

57

Do. ,

Common boards No 1 »

58

Do

59

Do . .

60

Do

Shingles No 1 per M

61

Do . .

Shingles No 2 per M.

62

Do

63

Spruce Sitka

Shop No 1 6/4 .

64

Do (Western Spruce)

Finish No 2 clear and better I"xl2* ......

65

Do. ..

Flooring No 2 clear and better 1 *x4 " . .

66

Do .

Beveled Siding B i"x6" • • •-

67

Do. ..

68

Do

Mill run -

13

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 13.

CALIFORNIA

OREGON

WASHINGTON

t*

rt

£

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£

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rt

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1
1

i

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

-46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
•66
67
681

'.'.'.::..

20.30

21.59

21.22
14.25
2.75
2.10
1.73
14.87
27.63
24.54
16.71
24.45
18.84
10.05
14.57
11.27
10.50
1.62
13.40
9.50

18.90
13.50
2.70
2.02
1.58

'26 '.70'
23.69
15.41
22.67
17.70
9.37
14.13
10.33
9.63
1.49
13.56
9.58

17.03

2.38
1.98
1.53
13.70
25.20
22.44
14.85
21.64
16.56
8.57
11.82
9.57
8.85
1.34
11.59
7.87

1

4

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
02
63
64
65
in;
H7
68

'l.'97'

2.17

1.78
15.89
27.65
24.60
16.80
24.30
18.85
9.92
15.19
11.51
10.03
1.69
13.26
9.28

15.33
27.48
24.19
18.71
25.27
20.08
10.56
16.78
10.95
10.16
1.76
11.96

14.07
27.60
24.37
17.83
23.86
19.34
10.19
16.07
10.42
9.30
1.59
11.58
9.33

'13.25

li.50

29.31
26.77
19.41
25.42
21.09
10.59
17.44
11.55
10.93
1.87
12.61

28.17
25.16
18.24
24.90
20.28
11.10
17.70
10.93
10.59
1.80
11.94

14.40

13. is

2.32

'i3l29'

11.68

12.47

12 25

19.42
22.70
9.50
10.02
16.00
10.38

20.50
24.67
8.61
9.94

i2.33

23 . 70
21.83
8.54
9.29
14.67
10.38

20.60
21.71
7.63
8.20
13.50
9.04

11.75

13.00

9.50

10.67

10.00

11.00
2.37
12.50

'si. 83'
33.77
25.22

52.65
34.65
28.06
20.00

55 '.10
34.13
23.49

'54'.37'
34.20
22.89

;;;;:::

45.00
29.75
18.25

'47'.50'
27.00
19.32

10.40

44.38
45.93

44.05
43.20

35.25

43.95
44.14

41.20

39 50

44.88

35.37
21.50

37.83

30.35
21.00
18.50
25.21
17.35
14.91
11.25
3.02

38.33

30.25
20.97
17.97
24.35
17.25
13.62
10.73
3.03
14.65

30.33
21.00
18.50

'H'.32'
14.31
11.34
2.92
16.17

30.50
22.37

33.60
21.00

27163
19.06

32^17

28.33
21.89
15.08
14.30

29.85
21.87
14.69
13.81

26.75
19.00
16.05
12.63
3.30

25.88
17.87
14.95
11.58
2.86
13.00

28.37
20.88
15.10
11.40
2.91
13.50

15.55
16.13

25. 7i
21.43
12.21
9.50
13.67
1.56
1.17
16.72

'25 '.25'
21.28
12.57
8.95
12.75
1.58
1.04
14.38

23.00
24.28
20.90
11.69
8.00
12.50
1.40
1.05
15.43

22.75
24.47
19.53
11.47
8.22
10.75
1.47
.98
14.62

'20'.83'
30.00

29.50

'2il08
29.10

'i6'.22'
28.50

'i9'.90'
31.32
30.00
18.69
11.93
15.92

20.40
32.94
31.00
18.71
11.21
14.60

19.18
30.42
30.83
17.50
10.83
16.17

18.79
31.62
28.34
16.58
9.94
15.63

16.75
13.50

18.17
11.64
13.25

9.83
13.00

10.25
9.50

14

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 13.

1

L>

3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

IDAHO

MONTANA

COLORADO

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18.50

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

10.79

10.30

10.08

10.23

11.75

14.87

•••••••

12 '.50

'i6'.67

i2.67

13.20
13.50

12.13

11.48

12.25

......

*

26.33'
21.40
19.33
12.13
10.25
1.63
11.25

23.69
21.56
21.37
11.24
10.58
1.43
10.87

"23". 06'
26.39
23.91
16.00
13.04
2.04
13.02

'24'.64'
28.18
25.11
17.14
13.61
2.20
15.35

24.33
21.50
19.50
12.18
11.30
1.40
11.91

22.50
23.50
25.75
11.85
9.85
1.25
12.25

23.84
27.14
23.65
16.17
13.27
2.24
14.87

22.76
26.55
23.71
15.83
12.25
2.07
14.36

..:::::

........

35 '.75
27.25
26.00
22.33
17.56
18.83
39.25
47.50

32.67
24.00
21.00
25.56
17.39
14.15
11.56
3.04
14.70

35 '.50
28.10
24.00
20.25
17.58
20.38
38.50
50.17

33.63
22.50
20.25
28.67
19.00
15.50
12.67
2.78
14.34

37'.33'
27.34
25.50
22.17
15.94
18.25
36.75
43.04

32.37
23.10
20.90
25.70
18.78
13.55
11.42
2.87
15.94

36.50
29.65
25.83
23.00
17.21
16.03
41.40
47.83

33.21
24.75
21.83
26.61
18.94
14.94
13.00
2.91
14.48

33.20

43.44

33.78
23.25
19.89
24.13
17.75
16.67
13.45
3.28
17.50

39.83
45.77

38.20
25.52
22.67
27.83
20.25
17.71
14.20
3.63
17.90

31.25
40.10

33.50
28.34

31.62
35.75

41.75
31 92

22.50
19 25

23.75
18.25
15.83
12.02
3.42
15.05

i6'.92'
14.32
4.00
17.10

14.00
13.23
4.25
13.64

14.25
14.25
3.83
13.60

12.70
13.85
3.56
14.25

11.00
12.67
3.77
12.66

15

SPECIES

GRADE

1

Ash

Firsts and seconds 4/4

2

Do.

3

Do

No 2 common and better 4/4 or log run

4

Do

Mill run

5

Firsts and seconds 4/4

6

Do

7

Do .

No 2 common 4/4

8

Do . .

Log run

9

Do

Mill run

10

Beech . .

Firsts and seconds 4/4

U

Do

12

Do. .

Mill run

13

Birch unselected

Firsts and seconds 4/4 .

14

Do. .

15

Do

No 2 common 4/4 .

16

Do

No 2 common and better, 4/4 or log run .

17

Do . . .

Mill run. .

18

Firsts and seconds 4/4 .

19

Do . .

No 1 common 4/4. .

20

Do

No 2 common and S W 4/4

21

Do . .

22

Do

Mi1l run. .

?1

Cottonwood

Firsts and seconds 4/4, 6* to 12* . .

Do

Boxboards 4/4 13" to 17*

25

DO'::

26

Do

27

Do

Mill run

28

Cypress .

Firsts and seconds clear 4/4 .

29

YDo

Selects 4/4

30

Do. .

Shop No 1,4/4

31

Do

32

Do. .

33

Do

34

Cypress shingles

Bests 5 "

35

Do. .

36

Elm rock

37

Do .

38

Do

No 2 common and better 8/4

39

Do . .

Mill run

40

Elm soft

41

Do

42

Do . .

Mill run. .

43

44

Do.

45

Do

46

Do . .

47

Do

48

Do

Mill run

49

Hickory

50

Do

51

Do.

52

Do. .

Mill run .

53

Maple, hard

54

Do. .

55

Do

Mill run

56

57

Do. .

58

Do

59

Do. ..

Mill run. . .

60

Oak plain

61

Do

62

Do.

63

Do .

64

Do

65

Oak red quartered

66

Do

67

Do

68

Do. .

Mill run

69

70

Do

71

Do.

72

Do

Mill run

73

Poplar

74

Do.

75

Do

76

Do. .

77

Do. .

Mill run

78

Tupelo (Bay Poplar).

79

Do

80

Do

Mill run I

16

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 16.

ARKANSAS

LOUISIANA

MISSISSIPPI

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1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

37.00

21 .14

'2i '.92

36. IS
L9.92
13.85
22.00

37.25
20.62
9.34

37.18
20.03
10.25
22.67

35.63
21.83

34.09
21.33
11.50
20.57

35.20
20.40
9.40

37.08
20.92
10.50

36.80
22.00

'20'.50

36.33
23.33
11.00

35.34
21.83

36.67
23.65
10.60

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

23.75
40.40
17.50
12.80
20.50
33.50
30.00
20.50
16.03

24.66
44.65
16.93
12.00
20.00
33.00
30.00
19.81
16.08
10.03

15'. 75'
14.75
27.00
16.21
15.79
11.46
8.82
11.50

'23 '.34

16.33
10.00

35.63
31.24
19.47
15.52
8.75
21,50
3.35
2.61

22.35
46.50
15.68
11.00

'35 '.97
31.08
18.98
14.80
8.10
21.09
3.28
2.56

25.33
43.25
16.61
12.39
21.35
35.86
30.50
21.00

24'. 70
45.20
17.50
12.29

'33 '.67'
29.67
20.33
13.50
10.50

24.89
43.09
17.83
13.44
19.67
35.00
29.90
19.65
14.73
9.03
22.00
3.03
2.53

24.13
47.14
18.00
13.08
17.50
33.20
29.19
19.17
13.08
8.69
19.60
3.47
2.37

23 . 60
46.36
18.21
13.17

'33'.00'
29.40
19.00
15.10
9.90

"S.55
2.33

24'.2i
43.28
18.34
12.30
18.50
34.00
29.45
19.70
13.11
9.61
18.00
3.12
2.35

24.00
40.80
16.67
11.92

'35 '.70'
31.63
19.68
15.66
8.92
20.41
3.39
2.71

23.80
40.60
16.40
11.50

35 .83
31.25
19.36
15.66
8.66
21.85
3.55
2.58

18.00

14 '.62'
25.10
14.59
15.86
11.17
9.36
12.25

19.63
15.13
15.40
25.27
15.64
15.53
11.28
8.92
11.75
44.25
25.50
10.00

'ie'.oo'

14.40
26.19
15.60
15.60
11.03
8.92
11.69

17.80
13.50
14.00
26.04
15.34
15.15
10.84
8.18
10.84
43.60
22.60
7.20

is. 33
8.88
6.50
10.00

'i2.33
8.67
5.67

16.00

7.66

'27.06'
15.70
14.75
10.00
6.35

16.63
26.33
15.94
15.69
12.06
9.81

16.00
27.10
15.90
15.50
11.55
9.25

27'.43
15.85
16.00
11.69
9.21
13.65

'38 '.46'
20.94
10.94
5.61
18.66
50.22
29.78

'71 '.08'
41.08
19.20

5.66
15.13
14.50
37. CO
20.83
10.05
5.65
22.67
48.00
30.92
15.67
28.67
66.56
38.21
19.25
43.75

37.64
21.35
11.42
5.94
22.90
48.92
28.75
14.73
30.00
67.17
38.50
19.77
36.86
44.13
32.87
24.00
11.19

'is '.87'
11.90
12.00

3 1. OS'
21.20
10.44
5.45

47.62
28.25
15.67

'65'.53
39.59
20.60

16.00
13.34
39.05
21.25
10.84
4.77
17.42
50.46
27.22
15.60
26.00
67.65
39.00
20.54

21.33
10.68

2o'.o6'

'35.41'
20.75
10.25
7.50

'60. OO'
37.33
19.33

'37:3!

20.67
10.32

'22'.50'

38.50
22.89
11.29
5.33
22.50

69.66'
37.75
19.50

'38 '.25'
21.63
10.41
6.00
23.42
49.77
28.82
14.82
31.40
68.73
40.09
18.80

38.31
22.44
10.71
5.25
20.55
51.00
30.40
15.50
31.40
69.00
40.16
18.17
41.00
45.50
33.00
25.17
13.83
25.60

' 38^88'
22.44
11.56
6.42
21.20
49.75
28.38
15.31

'68'.62'
39.25
19.50

46.67
33.25
24.37
13.75
25.45

45.00
32.00
23.50
13.50

'i7'.82'
13.20
12.18

44.10
32.20
23.80

28.66'

' W.77'

'l8'. 85'
12.31
12.24

'18^25'
13.29

17

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 16.

ALABAMA

MISSOURI

TEXAS

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1
2
3
4
5
6

8
9
.10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
1 I
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
7'.)
80

33.50

20 . :r,

33.50
22.17
14.32

'24!08'

36 . 50
22.63

37.88
22.75
14.10
20.25

41.41
24.03

38 . 14
23.34

37.50
22.50

36.50
20.00
10.00

38.25
22.50
10.25

39.62
23.60
12.49

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
'.)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

46 66

28.25
13.00
7.25

30'.56'
49.00
23.03

'3i'.34'
46.00
19.30
14.32

33'.50'
29.50
18.00

32.00
28.50
21.00

'3i'.73
28.22
20.19

'34'.00'
27.80
19.60
13.34
10.00

32 '.75'
24.25
20.50
13.75
10.25

i9'.50'

10.00

9.67

15.00

25.50
14.75
15.00
12.50
9.75

'25.75
15.15
15.75
12.25
10.62

17.00
25.67
14.67
14.33
10.33
9.83
11.00
40.00

'24'.50'
15.32
16.44
12.06
7.83
11.92

16.00
28.25
17.50
17.25
13.25
10.17
11.93

25.36
14.07
14.14
12.64
10.21
11.80

'i4'.56'
16.00
10.35

23.50
14.50
14.33
11.17
8.17

'48'.33'
28.33

16 00

15 00

38.35

22 , s I
12.00

46'.50
2:3.50
13.00

'34'.82'
23.17
11.08

7.45

'38'.35'
23.84
12.00
7.00

15.25
34.11
20.56
10.00
6.50

13.50
38.83
21.80
13.40
6.17
14 80

15.38
35.50
19.43
10.50
6.50

12.00
40.50
24.32
13.25
7.25
13.45

22.75
11.50

22.67
10.67

33.65
21.35
11.00
7.10
21.00

50.35
29.67
15 75

32.50
19.00

39.50
21.00

63.50
36.49
16.25

43 '.72

31.38

'67.50
37.50
17.50

'47.33'
33.67
25.00
13.83

7i'.25
39.55
17.73

'48 '.67'
35.38
25.72
14.19

67\68'
38.31
18.23

27.67
64.68
35.50
16.50

ill

44 . 75
33.00
24.00
13.35

18

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 16.

FLORIDA

SOUTH CAROLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

03

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V

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6

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Hi
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
:;i
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
(.-,
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

:.:....

37.60
19.00

38 . 99

40.00
26.50

'16.60
32.00
22.00
14.33

'is'.TO'

38.00
24.50
12 lOO
15.40
32.67
24.33
14.17
18.84
18.00

38.83
26 8 1
12.48
15.56
33.31
24.35
13.68

20.00

'li'.ee'

40.00
29.00
12.50

1

2
3

1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
.51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

'39 '.70'
27.72
•11.79
6.66

'40'.37'
27.72
12.10
7.20

46.29
29.43
11.77
6.65

38.00
27.21)
11.85
6.90

14 '.82

37.71
27.78
14.64
7.00
14.87
53.30
36.00
19.00

36.00
31.80
22.00
17.60
11.25

36.63
30.63
21.21
17.60
11.60

"3'.56
2.29

35 . 62
31.31
21.44
16.50
11.16

' '3'.64'
2.32

35.83
31.50
20.50
16 . 91
11.00

"3".67"
2.17

32.50

'21 '.06'

15.00

35.38
32 13

34.75

29.12
21.17
14.50
10.50

22.63
18.25
12.88

i8. 25

'is '.59'

16.15

ie.so

39.57
26.56
13.78
7.40
17.03

14.25

36^59
26.29
13.57
7.00
16.10

38.65
26.35
13.53
7.74

'so '.66'

36.83
30.00
15.20

47.29
34.58
28.14

50.65
36.34
27.85
19.44

51 '.50
37.50
29.82
16.60

i i . 75

12.66

ii .38

19

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 16.

TENtf

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KENT

UCKY

VIRC

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LJ

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£

c

«3
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2

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36.56

38.21

39.07

35.73

38.20

37.20

38.09

37.81

40.50

36.00

36 12

1

2
3
4
5
6
7

22.63

i9.38
31.96
20.09
13.25

23.40
15.25
19.99
32.60
21.86
13 50

24.21
13.60
21.40
31.94
21.85
13.65

23.40
14.66
22.21
30.70
20.80
12.18

25.00

'26^66
32.50
22.50

22.80
15.42
21.13
33.50
21.25
13.50

24.90
18.02
22.25
32.35
22.00
13.14

24.50
14.57
22.55

29.00
19.67

22.67

34 '.66
23.50
12 50

24.00
14.36
17.67
33.20
23.20
12 80

2
3
4
5

6

7

s

19 83

22.40

20.25

18 67

23 20

21 45

20 50

20 50

21 21

g

9

19 64

19 23

21 50

19 01

19 12

19 85

20 00

g

10

22 50

23 00

25 00

10

11

14 00

15 50

15 17

11

12

12 85

11 69

14 50

14 71

12 20

16 20

12

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

17 00

16

17

15 00

17

18
19
20
21

22

38.15
25.86
13.06
8.58
14 65

38.27
26.11
13.10
8 02
14 08

38.84
27.10
12.56
7.50

37.82
25.29
11.91
6.67

17 74

37.17
24.83
12.68

38.00
26.25
13.88
10.00

40.15
27.15
14.19
9.60
17 50

36.88
24.69
13.00
10.00
19 94

i2'.67'

7.17

40.33
i2'.33'
14 83

40.50
29.75
11.88
6.75

39.23
29.61
12.65
7.26
15 66

18
19
20
21
22

23
24

24.00
45 00

47 50

27.00
41 50

27.50
49 00

23
24

25

17 00

18 50

19 50

19 00

25

26

13 00

14 00

12 50

11 50

26

27

21 75

18 05

27

28
29

28
29

30

30

31

31

32

32

33

33

34

34

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

40

40

41

15 50

41

42

15 17

16 50

13 67

42

43

26 25

26 50

26 25

32 33

27 50

43

44

15 75

16 27

16 25

18 67

17 00

44

45

17 25

17 92

16 13

18 00

17 00

45

46

12 06

12 03

12 31

14 25

13 50

46

47

9.06

10 12

9 63

9 22

47

48
49

12.20

14.88
49 00

14.09
44 50

12.25
42 85

46 75

12.38
53 33

50 75

12.35
49 75

48
49

50

30 00

27 00

25 87

33 12

35 00

29 37

30 10

50

51

14 83

12 50

13 64

20 80

17 50

15 14

17 75

51

52

23 33

23 00

23 35

21 00

23 00

23 42

52

53

23 04

25 50

.......

28 33

53

54

15 07

17 50

19 00

54

55

17 67

12 75

13 52

15 50

18 17

16 17

55

56

*******

56

57

57

58

58

59

16 23

16 01

16 33

15 02

15 50

59

60
61
62
63

37.52
23.44
13.12

7 69

38.58
25.24
13.38
7.64

39.66
25.27
13.78
8 08

37.69
24.06
12.00

7 28

39.47
25.48
14.75

7 39

40.32
25.00
14.86
8 64

40.79
26.11
14.94
9 40

39.06
25.73
15.19
9.77

38.50
25.10
14.33

39.50
28.25
13.63
8.33

38.17
27.50
14.00
7.75

38.72
26.57
13.85
7.95

60
61
62
63

64
65
66
67

18.70
48.11
28.80
15 57

18.78
50.77
32.21
15 58

21.14
56.05
33.62
17 60

21.83
51.09
30.73
15 41

19.49

18.67
47.40
28.60
16 40

22.65
54.77
34.65
17 95

22.81
51.40
31.80
17 30

18.43

'so'.oo'

19.00

17.71
56.11

64
65
66
67

68

28 68

30 31

33 00

68

69

63 86

66 73

73 65

63 69

67 77

70 40

71 14

70 78

72.48

69

70

38 23

39 53

40 85

37 56

42 28

42 90

42 60

45 00

1 1 T'

70

71

21 50

18 27

•'ii 27

18 53

23 05

21 60

22 36

21 00

23.09

71

72

34 67

37 20

39 00

42 00

36 33

38 00

7"

73

74
75
76

77

17 fin
35.32
26.55

28 9^

47.62
35.91
27.102

16.:*2

''8 04

48.32
36.87
27.8]
15.79

27 82

46.66
84.4]

25.78
14.17

•>- (;•)

49.36
37.25
30.41

29 50

51.21
37.33
30.14
18.50

28 88

49.82
37.25
30.21
17.77
31 67

47.25
36.50

!".». 12
17.19
26 18

48.08
34.67

28.75

50.67
35 . 3S
30.33
17.33

51.50
37.00
29.76

17.1-'

47.64
34.66

16.61

7:;
74
75
76

77

78

7s

79

1

79

80

20

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 16.

WEST VIRGINIA

OHIO

INDIANA

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a

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£
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1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

41.33
27.86

24^83
35.50
15.33
17.00

22 '.66
19.50

30.66
20.02
11.60

16. 16
41.71
30.08
13.96
9.28
15.00

42.14
27.86
17.67
21.62
35.00
24.25
15.50
22.71
19.19
20.00
13.50
11.75
30.50
20.25
10.00
16.92
16.43
42.45
31.00
13.69
8.77
15.88

43.31
27.20

21.94
36.03
25.22
17.23
23.34
18.40

42.80
28.46
19.21
22.80
35.75
25.14
14.79
22.77
19.99

44.56

29.21

36.66
17.50
'22'.i6'

43.86
28.88
16.50
26.50
31.67
20.00
17.00
20.67
20.50

42.63

29.57
19.25

30.00
22.67
15.67
23.13
21.50

41.69
28.00
21.27
24.12
29.14
22.00
14.80
20.57
21.45
24.75
18.57
16.75

40.21
25.39

'24'.25'
32.10
22.38
15.86.

'23'.i7'
20.75

'ie'.oo'

38.81
25.80
18.58
25.00
32.25
22.25
14.60
21.00
22.50
19.92
17.50
17.42

41.67
24.50
17.85
25 . 75
32.21
22.86
14.00
22.00

2i'.33'
17.83
15.62

40.64
25.07
18.18
28.57
31.50
22.07
15.40
25.33
21.79
23.00
16.13
17.35

1
2
3
-i
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

ii'.sg'

33.94
22.76
11.02
17.37
15.60
42.91
31.70
13.87
9.02
14.72

'ii'.65
35.33
22.00
13.25
18.23
15.71
41.62
31.10
13.15
8.13
14.72

'i7'.i7'

i5'.80'

is'.go'

41.25
28.50
17.33

41.20
24.67
15.00

37.63
26.33
18.83
10.75

41.33
28.00
17.60

i 7 66

40.00
26.50
16.25

43.00
29.00
18.50

40.00
26.33
16.13

39.80
26.30
17.50
11.25

31.00
50.67
21.00

29.32
45.00
21.65
15.50

30.80
44.00
20.83
13.75
18.50

i9.67

18.00

18.00

23.50
25.75
18.00
16.63

18.60
21.33
16.33
17.90

'22.33'

i9.22
24.50

17 66

'22'.96'
16.56
17.50

21.92
16.96
19.22

22.50

27.33
17.33
19.00

'is'.eo'

20.00

13 67

10.00
16.67

48.47
28.90

'30 '.66

'22 '.46
14.50

18.75
42.11
26.78
16.48
11.63
26.50
53.69
33.92
18.70

"73". 66

43.32
23.06

15.83
45.33
29.87
16.63
25.55
26.40'
18.88
18.00
20.33
12.00
18.00
15.50
42.03
27.12
16.87
11.79
28.75
51.95
32.61
18.17

'73 '.28
44.90
23.72
25.00
49.42
35.78
28.92
18.96

'49 '.19
29.04
16.80
28.70
26.77
18.50

'l7',7i

'ii'.52
26.78
17.66
10.44
28.71
54.92
34.31
18.85

'71 '.09
43.16
22.64

49.38
29.75
17.63
29.11
28.39
18.91
18.71
23.50
14.83
19.33
17.43
40.17
26.21
16.50
11.44
27.50
54.79
34.42
19.43

'70.24
41.73
22.53

49.72
28.20

'26 '.i3"

46.67
29.00

'23 '.66

25.33
'i6'.50

49.85
30.67
20.33
25.33
26.25
18.60
16.33

49.13
29.92
19.18
25.46
28.00
20.45
18.05
26.15
17.25
18.88
16.82
41.73
29.79
19.26
13.54
22.67
58.00
36.32
21.17

'69 '.59
46.54
23.79

'26 '.66'

'26 '.25
23.20
15.20
13.15
15.50
7.69
15.10
13.50
44.00
30.63
16.27
8.78
19.79
51.67
34.67
18.17

'20'.65'
23.75
16.65
14.35
18.75
8.25
15.40
13.87
45.45
32.09
17.66
9.32
20.17
47.68
34.95
19.48

20.46
25.00
17.80
15.10
24.00

'is'.oo'

7.13
13.86
13.38
40.54
29.41
16.05
9.06

'is'.oo'

33.00

22.75
16.67

15.00
13.64
43.90
31.14
17.22
8.07
20.70
59.00
36.50
20.50

'ii'.oo'

43.23
29.08
17.79
11.38

'i6'.67
37.89
29.75
16.50

'is '.56

41.15
28.35
18.11
12.30

22.42

24.20
54.33
30.33
20.00

69.40
46.00
24.33

'oi'.56
37.88
33.65

71.20
43.20
22.30
39.00
53.09
38.71
33.55
20.86
26.75

72.60
43.35
23.30

70.75
44.37
25.00
35 23

71.38
43.06
26.30

67.50
48.00
25.50

71.06
45.19
26.25

51.25
37.89
33.50
21.29

50.98
37.50
31.82
21.00
25.02

51.60
41.50
32.38

47.50
37.50
28.33

'28.17

50.81
39.00
33.00
21.28

48.36
38.00
29.77
21.10
26.80

48.10
38.17
29.08

50.37
38.66
27.07
17.41
27.50

50.39
36.00
29.44
18.23
29.43

21

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 16.

ILLINOIS

MICHIGAN

WISCONSIN

h

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S

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1

S

<J

"B

K—J

o
Q

>
o
2

1

1

• >

r>
i
A

6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

38
39

10
41
12
43
1 1
45
46
17
is
49 .
:,o
:»1
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
78
76
77
7s
79
80

35 . 50
23iOO

39.67

27.07

38.24
24.57

37.50
24.50

36.67
26.67

22,99

35.10
25.89
17.56

24'.17
24.25
17.50
13.43
33.18
21.82
13.80

18.65

38.75
27.40
26.58
23.37
36.07
26.21
17.85
25.47
23.40
21.63
16.88
13.46
31.94
20.56
12.50
21.12
1 7 . 52

25 . .'. 1
21.91
36.00
26.00
16.43
25.60
21.42

i3. 43
32 . 90
20.20
12.70
20.52
17.94

39.00
28.67
21.17
20.46
36.30
25.40
16.92
24.71
19.51
23.67
18.00
13.31
34.57
21.35
13.10
21.34
18.20

36 . 43

27.00

2i'.55'
35.88
25.19
14.91

'22'.95'

37.20
25.25

24.21
21.19
35.86
24.23
14.42
22.85
22.61

35.33

22 . 7.-.
23 . 1 7
1 s . .->.-)
33.71
23.53
13.57
23.97
20.30

35.80

2117
22.13

1 7 . 6;-!
33.18

22.! 12
1 1 . 32
21 .01

19.93

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
21
25
26
27
28

30
31
32

34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
11
45
46
47
48
49
50
:,1
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
71
75
76
77
78
79

'32'.57'
18.04
10.93

'17'. 94'

10.50
33.67
19.50
11.09
19.74
17.04

13.12
33.94

19.28
10.75
20.43
16.83

13.67
33.18
19.22
11.64
19.95
17.04

15 '.00

.:::::

25^50

'28'.40'
23.67
28.33
25.00
20.89

'29'.33'
22.64
28.35
23.53
20.42

'29'.20'

32.33

22.17

34.00
25.67
26.04
22.64
26.50
24.03
17.57

33.33
26.00
23.73
22.00
24.00
19.18
16.57

23. l()
22.66
19.57
23.20
18.80
15.54

27.00
23.98
18.68

25.00
i7.50

15.00

22.36

.......

2 i '. 79
16.69
15.00

"l '.46'
15.36
1 1 33
45.70
33 . 73
22.05
10.32

24 '.is'
Hi. 22
15.81

'l. 62'
15.31
15.50
45.00
32.07
20.91
9.10

24 . 18

16.31
14.13
18.67
7.98
15.57
13.31
i:; l i
32.; SO
19,19

'.i 01

25.50

17.13

3l'.67

'22.88'
9.18
20.78
18.50

'26'.87'
20.08
17.58

'27'.4i'
21.13
17.82
25 .00
9.92
16.13
14.92

28.00
21.22
18.12
23.00
9.10
18.14
15.50
42.50
29.50
20.00

'2o'.86'

20.00
7.85
15.80
13.00
45.14
33.57
20.88
9.45

8.50
16 ,92
14.28

37.50
22.40

4J .00

39.66
26.50
14.25

19.36'

38 . 50
24.00
14.00
8.33
19.33

20'.43

73.50

22

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 16.

PENNSYLVANIA

NEW YORK

CONNECTICUT

03
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O

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£

i

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>>
a

i
i
i

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

44.67
27.67
28.67
23.67

43.00
31.00
19.78
30.62

36.66
25.35
20.75
23.55

23 '.i6'
25'.33'

48.25
31.67
19.33
22 .40
40.00
26.75
19 50

45.25

:w.-2'2

39.31
29.60
21.30
22.69
31.40
25.50
18.10

26 '.66'

26 '.is'

37.50
22 '.50'

23. 33'

i

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

21.00
20.60
24.00

is '.57'

22 A5

i4'.ei

33.00
21.67
14.06

23.67
21.80
23.50
16.50
13.65
34.17
22.50
13.00

22 30

23.00

25.30

21.54
22 40

20.05

16.17

14 '.66'

is '.79'

32.07
20.00

14 '.75'

16.00
15 09

30.75
22.00

32.06
22.41
13 00

20.00
19.23
38.67
29.50
16.50

16 '.33'

ie".5o'

i4'.75'

17.00
37.00
27.00
16.30

17.67
34.50
26.27
15.90
11 58

18.39

17.25
46.00
33.67
15.67

21.67

28 '.66'
15.38
14 00

33.75
22.65
15.50

16.33

16.95

15.64

16.25

19.00

18.50

19.85

18.09

18.60

17.97

23.17
26 66

19.20

22.38

19.75

42.57
31 60

21.67
24 38

'2i '.38

'23'.33'

'23 '.66

23.66

21.50

23 '.50
'il'.ii'

'46'.50'
29.50
16.00
9.50
22.38

28.10
19.75
15.17

'is '.75

25.25
19.28
16.33
24.61
18.50
13.00
15.16
37.80
27.50
18.00
10.75
20.98

21.75

23.67
20 .00
17.00
24.50

24.80
19 50

20.38

18.02

19 .50

20.00

18.00
15.50
42.00

15 '.75

'i7'.67

'ie'.57'

'ie'.so

'ie'.83

'is'. 35

'i2'.66

14.08

'14 '.66
'2i '.96

35 '.55
26.65
17.10
7.65
21.19

23.60

22.75

24.44

21.67

20.79

21.28

20.75

.. ;...

73.50
48 00

22 54

23

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 16.

IM

ASSAC1

SUSET

rs

N]

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IE

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ffONT

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£

a

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a

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a

£

ob

3
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o

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1

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o
O

1

30 00

28 00

1

2

23 50

•>

3

18 25

16 40

3

4

19 90

22 25

20 33

23 33

22 33

22 50

19.00

18 00

17 27

4

5

25 60

31 00

30 00

5

6

21.50

24.67

6

17.34

16 50

7

8

20 67

18 14

8

9

19.75

18.75

21.67

17.00

19.00

9

10

17 50

10

11

16 00

11

12

11.88

13.75

12.81

14 40

14.00

15 00

15.32

15 40

16 21

15 65

12

13

24 33

28 33

31 00

25 36

13

14

22 00

21 00

14

15

17 33

16 50

14 00

15

16

18 00

16

17

15 17

15 88

15 14

15 80

16 33

15 20

16 80

17 85

16 00

19 00

17 32

17

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

21

22

19 33

18 50

18 80

17 50

18 00

18 33

22

23

23

24

24

25

25

26

26

27

27

28

28

29

29

30

30

31

31

32

32

33

33

34

34

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

15.67

39

40

40

41

41

42

18 67

15.83

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

49

49

50

50

51

51

52

52

53

27.50

25.14

53

54

17 17

19.32

54

55

14 80

15 75

16 50

13 75

18 30

18 17

21 17

17 01

55

56

24 00

56

57

57

58

58

59

15 83

18.40

13 00

14 33

12 00

59

60

60

61

61

62

62

63

63

64

20 68

24 00

21 33

21 17

19 00

21 67

19 33

22 50

21 50

64

65

65

66

66

67

67

68

68

69

69

70

70

71

71

72

72

73

7:i

74

74

75

75

76

76

77

77

78

78

79

79

80

80

24

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE

RECORD OF

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER

(PER 1,000 FEET B. M.)

Based on actual sales made F. O. B. Mill

for
JANUARY, FEBRUARY AND MARCH, 1911

PREFATORY NOTE

The Forest Service has two main purposes in collecting and compiling this record of f. o. b. mill
prices: first, to have a continuous statistical record of such prices of the various commercial woods;
and, second, to show, in contrast to market prices — which include the important items of freight
charges and selling costs — just what the manufacturers of lumber receive for their product at the mill.
The prices given are wholesale, based on actual sales f . o. b. mill, for delivery outside of local territory.
Only a few representative grades and the mill run are included. By mill run is meant the average of
all grades of lumber produced. The record is compiled by states, and is made up from reports received
from approximately five thousand of the largest manufacturers scattered throughout the country.
It will be published quarterly.

The Forest Service wishes to acknowledge the courtesy of the manufacturers for their prompt and
efficient cooperation. Their assistance has been of great value in making the record complete,
accurate, and promptly available for distribution.

SUMMARY

Average prices reported by manufacturers in the western part of the country for January7
February and March, 1911, apparently indicate better conditions in the lumber industry." Douglas
fir items reported upon show prices closely approaching those given in the record for the last three
months of 1910. Red cedar, hemlock, western yellow pine and Sitka spruce prices advanced slightly
over those for the preceding quarter, while minor reductions are shown in western white pine and
redwood values.

Yellow pine prices reported by the Mississippi Valley and Atlantic Coast mills are considerably
higher for the first three months of 1911 in comparison with those printed in the record for the last
quarter of 1910. White pine prices in the Lake States also advanced. Hemlock figures from eastern
and West Virginia mills are a trifle lower, though the Lake States figures remain about the same as
for the preceding quarter. Spruce prices reported from West Virginia mills are slightly higher in
comparison, though small declines are apparent in the prices given for the eastern and Adirondack
mills. North Carolina pine values show little change. Cypress prices are not of the high level of
the preceding quarter.

Small changes are to be noted in hardwood prices for the first quarter of the year when compared
with the record for the last quarter of 1910. Among the woods showing a tendency to advance in
price are bass wood, birch, chestnut, cottonwood, hard and soft maple and tupelo. Slight declines
are shown generally in the prices reported on beech, rock elm, soft elm, plain oak, and red and white
quartered oak, while ash, gum and hickory prices are practically unchanged.

SPECIES GRADE

1 Cedar, Western Red Beveled Siding No. 1, i"x6".

2 Do Shop No. 2, l"and Ii"x8"..

3 Do Shingles, Perfection, 18"

4 Do Shingles, Extra_Clear, 5/2"-16

uu omiigiea, i-yA-Lia. Vxica.i, i}/ ft — iu

Do Star-A-Star, 6/2"-16"

Do Mill run

5

6

7

8

9
10
11
12 Do Dimension, Com., S1S1E, 2"xl2"-16

Fir, Douglas Flooring No. 1, v. g., I"x4*

Do Flooring No. 2, v. g., I"x4'

Do Flooring No. 2, flat, 1 "x4''

Do Finish No. 2 and better, 6" and 8". .

Do Drop Siding, No. 2 slash .

13 Do Car sills, 5"x8"-36'.

Do Timbers, I2"xl2", average 32'

Do Cross-ties, 7"x9"

Do Lath, per M

Do Mill run

Fir, White Common boards, 6" and 8" ,

Do Lath, per M

Do Mill run.

Hemlock, Western Flooring, Nos. 1 and 2, v. g., I"x4".

Do Finish, Nos. 1 and 2,5" and wider. .

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

26 Do Mill" run.

27 Larch, Western Flooring, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), I"x4'

28 Do Finish, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), I"x8"

29 Do Drop siding, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1 *x6'

30 Do Common boards, No. 2, I"x8"-16'

31 Do Dimension, No. 1 Com., 2/rx8"-16'

32 Do Lath, per M

33 Do Mill run

34 Pine, Sugar Firsts and seconds, clear. .

Do Dimension, No. 1 Com., 2"x4" to 2"x8'

Do Shiplap, 1 "

Do Shop No. 1, H"x8" and wider

67

35 Do.

36 Do.

37 Do.

38 Pine, Western White.

Shop No. 1, 2"x8" and wider.
Shop No. 2, 2"x8" and wider.

Mill run

Finish, C select, 8".

39 Do (Idaho White) i Finish, D select,

40 Do Beveled siding, B and better, 4" and 6"

41 Do Beveled siding, C, 4" and 6"

42 Do Common boards, No. 2, 6" and 8"

43 Do Mill run

44 Pine, Western Yellow Flooring, B and better (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 4" and 6 "-16'

45 Do (Including Western Pine, Cal- Finish, B select and better, l"xlO"-16'

ifornia White Pine, New
Mexico White Pine) .

46 Do Finish, C select, 8*

47 Do Beveled siding, B and better, 4" and 6"

48 Do Beveled siding, C, 4" and 6"

49 Do Shop No. 1, 6/4

60 Do Shop No. 2, 6/4

51 Do Common boards, No. 2, I"x8"-16'

52 Do Dimension, No. 1, Com., 2"x8*-16'

53 Do Lath No. 1, per M

54 Do Mill run

55 Redwood Clear, 6" to 12", 10' to 20'

Do Sappy clear, 6" to 8", 10' to 20'

57 Do Common boards No. 1

58 Do i Common boards No. 2

59 Do Cross-ties, 6"x8"-8'

60 Do Shingles No. 1, per M

61 Do Shingles No. 2, per M

62 Do Mill run

63 Spruce, Sitka Shop No. 1, 6/4

64 Do (Western Spruce) • Finish No. 2, clear and better, 1 "xl 2"

65 Do | Flooring No. 2, clear and better, I"x4"

66 Do Beveled Siding, B, i"x6"

Do Common Boards, 1 "x!2 '

Do Mill run

California Oregon

Washington

Idaho

Montana Colora

do

1

•2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
66
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

17 7o

17.49
15.75
2.58
2.01
1.60

' ' 24 i 74 "
21.68
14.26
21.56
16.79
8.50
12.57
9.52
9.17
1.26
11.35
7.82

1
2
3

4

5
6

7
8

28 '.47 '
24.70
16.20
22.37
19.71

9
.... 10
11
12
13

9.93
16 60

.... 10.40
9 85

14
15

1 47

16
17

11 52

9.31

12.25

18

'

19
20
21
22

• • x

21^00
7.40
8.47
15.75
10.28

10.75

23
24
25
26
27
28

26 68

' ' 12:66"!"

23.81
15.78
11.69
1 Rfi

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

11.75

12.87

' '34'.66
28.00
23.58
22.38
18.17
15.17
36.10
44.87

30.90
23.50
21.08
24.38
17.90
14.50
11.25
3.01
16.38

43.95 43.61
. 36.08

44.52
38.94

33.45
22.25
20.17
25.17
18.67
13.80
10.37
2.96

37.40 44
40.64 45

30.82 46
23.69 26.25 47
19.58 48
23.88 49
18 88 5O

29.67 25.75
20.62 18.08
. 14.42

• • . . 11 75

15.85 12.5
12.67 14.2
3.28 3.8
16.16 13.7

0 51
5 52
5 53
0 54

55
56

23.08

18 92

10.67

>..

57
58

7.42

11.12

59

1.50

60

1.03
13.92
.... 18 50

61
62

18.25
32.75
30.67
17.50
9.67
15.50

63
64

28.75

65

18.65

66

.... 11 72

67

68

1

SPECIES GRADE

1 Hemlock 2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2"x4"-16

2 Do (Lake States) Boards, No. 1, SIS, I"x8"-16'

*-*** \J-*t*JkV* W-FUC*H—J/ • XJUCUUO, A'HJ. J. , WJLKJ, JL AO — JLU •••

Do Timbers, rough, 4"x4" to 8"x8"-16'

Do Fencing No. 1, SIS, I"x6*

3

5 Do Lath No. l,f "-4',

6 Do Millrun

7 Hemlock 8/4 merch. 4" to 12," 10' to 20'.

8 Do (Eastern and West Virginia). . 4/4 merch. 6" and 8 "-16'

Do 4/4 merch. 10" and 12 "-16'

10 Do 4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12', 14' and 16'

11 Do 4/4 boards, No. 2, I"x4"-12", 6'-20'

12 Do Mill run, mill culls out.

13 Do Mill culls

14 Do Millrun

15 Pine Flooring, No. 2, I"x4"xl0'-16'

16 Do (North Carolina) Flooring, No. 3, 1 "x4"xlO'-16'

17 Do Dimension (air dried), 2 "x8"-16' and under.. .

18 Do Roofers, I"x8", D. & M

Do Partition No. 1, 13/16"x3i", 10'-16'

20 Do No. 1 edge 4/4, under 12"

Do Box edge 4/4, under 12"

22 Do Mill run

23 Pine, white Selects C and better, 5/4 (M. L.) . . ,

24 Do Inch finish, C Selects, 10" (M. L.)

25 Do Shop No. 1, 8/4 (M. L.)

26 Do Shop No. 3, 5/4 (M. L.) :..

27 Do Beveled siding, C, 6"-16'

Do Boards No. 2, 1 "x8"-16'

29 Do Boards No. 3, 12", 10'-20'

30 Do Boards No. 4, mixed widths, 10'-20'

31 Do Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6 "-16'

32 Do Lath No. 1 (W. P.)

33 Do Lath No. 1 (mixed)

34 Do Millrun

35 Pine, yellow Flooring, B, v, g. 13/16"x3J"

Do (Mississippi Valley Mills) Flooring, No. 2, D. & M., I"x4"

37 Do Flooring, No. 2, S2S and C. M., I*x6"

38 Do Flooring, B, flat, 13/16"x3i"

39 Do Finish, B and better, 6" and wider

40 Do Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2"x8"-16'

41 Do Com. boards No. 1, S2S, l"xlO"

42 Do Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, I"x8"

43 Do Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, l"xL2"

44 Do Timbers S1S1E, 6"x8"-16'

45 Do Car siding, B and better, 1 "x4* and 6"x9'-18'.

46 Do Com. car lining, No. 1, I"x6"xl0'-20'

47 Do Lath No. 1, f"

48 Do Mill run

49 Pine, yellow Finish, B and better, 6" and wider

:50 Do (Atlantic Coast Mills) | Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13/1 6 "x2 j*.

51 Do Flooring, B and better, sap rift, 13/16"x2 J* . .

52 Do Flooring, B, heart rift, 13/16"x2i"

53 Do Flooring, B, sap rift, 13/16"x2i"

54 Do Flooring, B, sap flat, 13/16"x3J"

55 Do Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, I"xl0"xl0'-16'.. .

56 Do Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, I"xl0"xl0'-16'

Plank and dimensions:

57 Do Merch. grade (Sail) Sizes 2 "x6" to 8"x8", average 24'

58 Do Sizes 2"x9" to 10"xlO", average 24'

59 Do Sizes 2"xl2" to I2"xl2", average 24'

60 Do Sizes 2"xl4" to 14"xl4", average 24'

61 Do Sizes 2"xl6" to 16"xl6", average 24'

62 Do Mill run

63 Spruce (Eastern) Merch. frames 9" and under, 24' and under . . .

Do Merch. frames 10" and 12 ", 24' and under

65 Do Merch. random 10" and 12", 10' and up

66 Do Merch. 2"x7" and under, 10' to 24'

67 Do Merch. 2"x8" and up, 10' to 24'

68 Do Lath, If"

69 Do Mill run

70 Do (Adirondack) Mill run, mill culls out

71 Do No. 1 and clear

72 Do No. 2

73 Do No. 3...

74 Do Mill culls

75 Do Millrun

76 Do (West Virginia) Merch. frames 3"x4" to 8*x8", 10'-16'

77 Do Merch. frames 2"xl2" to 12"xl2", 10'-16'

78 Do Boards, merch., I"xl2", 10'-20'

79 Do Boards, box, I"x4"-l2"

80 Do... Millrun...

1

M

H

Arkansas

Louisiana

'&

a

I

.8 8
3 1

d

.5 a c 1 "« •-

60 43 U3 ^^ g -S

c§ 11 [ IS- j . J 1 1 ^

1

1

2

2

3

. 3

4

x

4

5

5

6

6

7

12 75 15 00 7

8

13 68 12 87 8

g

12 87 9

10

10

11

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

15

19 20 20 07 15

16

15 08 14.98 . ! 14.83 16

17

10 63 11 15 12 05 17

18

11 38 11 96 11 25 18

19

22 55 22 77 22 41 19

20

21 46 19 67 20 33 20

21

10 06 10 14 10 57 21

22

13 45 13 38 13 12 22

23

23

24

24

25

50 50 25

26

25 00 26

27

27

28

23 50 28

29

29

30

30

31

31

32

32

33

33

34

19 80 1 19 20 34

35

28.25

27.83

28. i6

28.75

28.20 .

. . . ; '....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...'... 35

36
37

10.43
10.33

10.83
11.41

10.09
10.50

9.50
10.44

9.12 9 . 25
10.49

36
37

38

18.59

19.20

18.24

17.91

18.18

38

39
40
41

23.21
12.03
14.73

24.91
13.19
14.83

22.82
12.05
14.18

21.36
12.02
15 03

20.73 23.00
12.17 13.75
15 31 14 75

:::::::

39
40
41

42
43

11.95
12.94

12.09
13.46

11.50
12.56

11.39
12 34

12.35 13.00
12 86 14 10

42
43

44

12.20

13.93

12.38

11.34

12.13

44

45

18.70

19.20

18.39

20 40

19 50

45

46

15.83

14.72

14.30

15.08

15.25

46

47

1.48

1.93

1.84

1.78

1 62

47

48

13.64

14.50

13.72

13.57

13.41 11.38

48

49

21 35

49

50

44 00 50

51

28 75 51

52

38 16 52

53

28 00 53

54

19 50

18 00 54

55

17 38

17 25 55

56

12. 70

11 88 56

57

11 44

11 80 14 63 57

58

11 50

13 30 14 91 58

59

15 00

16 60 16 69 59

60

19 25

19 50 20 82 60

61

22 00

22 60 24 21 61

62

13 52

13 17 15 83 62

63

63

64

64

65

65

66

66

67

67

68

68

69

69

70

70

71

71

72

72

73

74

74

75

75

76

76

77

77

78

78

79

79

80

80

SPECIES

GRADE

1

Hemlock

2 "piece stuff S1S1E 2"x4"-16'

2

Do (Lake States) . . .

Boards, No. 1, SIS, I*x8"-16'

3

Do...

Timbers, rough, 4"x4" to 8"x8"-16'

4

Do . .

Fencing No 1 SIS I"x6".

5

Do...

Lath No. 1, f "-4'

6

Do

Mill run

7

Hemlock

8/4 merch. 4* to 12*, 10' to 20' . .

8

Do (Eastern and West Virginia). .

4/4 merch. 6" and 8 "-16' ,

9

Do.

4/4 merch 10" and 12 "-16'

10

Do

4/4 merch boards 6" and up SIS clipped 12' 14' and 16'

11

Do »

4/4 boards, No. 2, 1 "x4 "-12 ", 6'-2b' .'...'.

IS

Do

Mill run, mill culls out

13

Do...

Mill culls

14

Do

Mill run

15

Pine

Flooring, No 2, I"x4"xl0'-16'.

16

Do (North Carolina) . ....

Flooring No 3 I"x4"xl0'-16'

17

Do. .

18

Do

Roofers I"x8" D &M

19

Do

Partition No. 1, 13/16 "x3J" 10'-16'

20

Do

No 1 edge 4/4 under 12".

21

Do

Box edge 4/4, under 12" ...

22

Do

Mill run

23

Pine, white . . .

Selects C and better, 5/4 (M L )

24

Do...

Inch finish, C Selects 10" (M L )

25

Do .. .

Shop No 1 8/4 (ML)

26

Do. ..

Shop No 3, 5/4 (ML).

27

Do. . .

Beveled siding C 6 "-16'

28

Do

Boards No. 2, I"x8"-16' .

29

Do. ..

Boards No 3 12* 10'-20'

30

Do

Boards No. 4, mixed widths 10'-20'

31

Do. .

Fencing No 2 SIS 6 "-16'

32

Do

Lath No. 1 (W. P.)

33

Do...

Lath No 1 (mixed) . .

34

Do. ..

Mill run.

35

Pine, yellow.. .

Flooring, B, v, g , 13/16"x31"

36

Do (Mississippi Valley Mills) . .

Flooring No 2 D &M I"x4*

37

Do . .

Flooring No 2 S2S and C M I"x6"

38

Do. ..

Flooring, B flat 13/16 *x3}"

39

Do

Finish, B and better, 6* and wider

40

Do. ..

Dimension No 1, S1S1E 2"x8"-16'

41

Do . .

Com boards No 1 S2S l"xlO"

42

Do....

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, I"x8".

43

Do...

Com boards No 2 S2S I*xl2"

44

Do :

Timbers S1S1E, 6*x8"-16'

45

Do...

Car siding B and better I*x4" and 6*x9'-18'

46

Do

Com. car lining, No. 1, I"x6"xl0'-20'.. .

47

Do...

Lath No. 1, 1"

48

Do

Mill run.

49

Pine, yellow

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider . . .

50

Do (Atlantic Coast Mills)

Flooring B and better heart rift 13/16*x2$"

51

Do . .

Flooring B and better sap rift 13/16"x2J"

52

Do...

Flooring 3, heart rift 13/16"x2J"

?3

Do .

Flooring B sap rift 13/16*x2J*

54

Do...

Flooring, B, sap flat 13/16"x3J* .

55

Do...

Com boards No 1 S2S I*xl0*xl0'-16' . .

56

Do .

Com boards No 2 S2S I*xl0*xl0'-16'

57

Do Merch grade (Sail)

Plank and dimensions:
Sizes 2"x6" to 8"x8* average 24' .

58

Do.. .

Sizes 2"x9" to 10"xlO" average 24'. . . .

59

Do...

Sizes 2"xl2" to 12"xl2* average 24'

60

Do .

Sizes 2"xl4" to 14"xl4* average 24'

61

Do...

Sizes 2"xl6" to 16"xl6* average 24'. .

62

Do. . .

Mill run

63

Spruce (Eastern)

64

Do...

Merch frames 10" and 12" 24' and under

65

Do .

Merch random 10* and 12* 10' and up

66

Do

Merch 2 "x7* and under 10'* to 24'

67

Do.

Merch 2*x8*andup 10*' to 24'

68

Do

Lath, 1J*

69

Do

Mill run.

70

Do (Adirondack) .

71

Do...

No. 1 and clear .

72

Do .

No 2

73

Do

.NO 3

74

Do...

Mill culls

75

Do . . .....

Mill run

76

Do (West Virginia)

Merch frames 3"x4" to 8"x8" 10'— 16'

77

Do

Merch frames 2"xl2* to I2"xl2" 10'-16'

78

Do . .

Boards merch I"xl2" 10' 20' '

79

Do

Boards box I"x4"-l2"

80

Do...:

Mill run

1 1 I

1 1| £ s .

I ! i
i .11 1

| | | ,.
1 1 i 3 1 i*

Michigan

1 17 50

18.10 .

. 15 15

15 17 1

2 20 50

18 21

17 39

L6 30 2

3 . 17.62

17.43

16.21

L6 15 3

4 19 75

18 00

14 88

L5 36 4

5 3 50

3 53

3 33

3 46 5

6 17 75

17.72

12 37

12 16 6

7 15.80

7

8 14.04 •

8

9 16 02

19 25

18 00

9

10 14.88
11 11 38

16.75 16.33

'is' 50

10
11

12 14 81

15 33

12

13 6 33

9 33

13

14 14 83 16 62

17 03

is 12 17 47 16 54

14

15 ... 21 87

15

16 18 75

16

17 15 75

17

18 13 20

18

19 25 50

19

20

20

21 13 25 .

21

22 14 25

22

23

57.73 57.15 .

23

24 ...

46 83 ! 48 58

24

25

47 95 49 37

25

26

27 35 26 43

26

27 .

25.84 25.99 .

27 ,

28

. ! 23 81 25 24 .

28 51 28

29

. 22 . 50 .

21.67 20.60 21.26 ,

23 . 30 29

30

21 00

18 87 13 19 12 61

L3 16 30

31 ...

26 88 26 86

29 13 : 31

32

3 96 3 87

4 15 32

33

. 3 47 3 48

3 66 33

34 18 81 25 22

23 11 15 90 18 60

i7 50 19 15 18 08 19 20 20 51

21 13 34

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

40

40

41

41

42

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

49

49

50

50

51

51

52 ....

52

53 ..

53

54

54

55

55

56

56

57

57

58

58

59

.

59

60

1

60

61

61

62

62

63
64

19.50
22.00

18.50
21.75

63
64

66
66

18.88
16 33

19 . 50
16 50

65
66

67

17 67

19 50

67

68

3 19

3 16

68

69

17 67 16 13

17 28 18 20

69

70

18 75 '

70

71

28 00 29 00

71

72

18 60 17 75

72

73

16 50 13 50

73

74

11 20

9

74

75

18 19

75

76 17.63

76

77 20.25 .

77

78 21.75 ..

78

79 14.30

14 00

79

80 17.75

' i

; so

SPECIES GRADE

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

Ash. . .

Do. .

Do

Do . .

Mill run

Basswood .

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do...

Do . .

Do...

Do . .

Mill run

Beech

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

Do. .

Birch, tinsel
Do. .

Do.

No 2 common 4/4 .

Do. .

Do . .

Mill run. .

Chestnut . .

Do . .

No 1 common 4/4.

Do

No 2 common and S W 4/4

Do . .

No 3 common 4/4

Do . .

Mi1l run

Cottonwood
Do . .

Firsts and seconds 4/4, 6* to 12 *

Boxboards 4/4 13" to 17*

Do...

Do .

. . . . No 2 common 4/4

Do

Cypress .

Firsts and seconds clear 4/4 . . . ...

Do

Selects 4/4

Do. .

Shop No 1 4/4

Do. .

No 1 common 4/4 random widths .

Do

Do. .

Cypress, shi

ngles Bests 5*

Primes 5" . .

Elm, rock. .
Do . .

Do

No 2 common and better 8/4 ... .

Do

Mill run

Elm soft

Do

No 2 common and better 4/4

Do . .

Mill run. . .

Firsts and seconds 4/4 red

Do. .

Do

Firsts and seconds 4/4 sap .

Do

Do.

Do

Mill run

Hickory

Do

No 1 common 8/4

Do

Do.

Maple, hard
Do. .

Do

Mill run

Maple soft.

Do

Do. .

Do

Mill run .

Oak plain

Do. .

Do

Do

Do

Mill run

Oak, red, qt
Do. .

Do.

Do

Mill run

Oak, white,
Do

Do

Do.

Mill run

Poplar

Do

Do

Do •

Do. .

Mill run . .

Tupelo (Ba:

Do

Mill run

10

Arkansas

Louisiana

Mississippi

Alabama

Missouri

a
*

d

i
is

h

South
Carolina

North
Carolina

Tennessee

Kentucky

Virginia

1}

1

34 12

35 07

35 60

36 17

36 50

39 31

38 00

35 85

37.20

38 00

41.41

1

2
3

19.23

10 78

19.43
10 00

20.80
11.50

23.83

21.00
15 00

23.80
13 00

26.00

23.32
11 75

24.25
15.00

24.00
12.68

27.92
21 53

2
3

4

21 13

22 54

«8l 67

23 61

4

5

33 00

31.04

31.67

:::::::

35.75

5

6

23 00

21 23

21.00

25 25

6

7

12 50

12 95

12.67

16.00

7

g

21 00

20 75

20.51

19 67

22 51

g

9

18 66

19 80

17 50

19 00

q

10

10

11

11

12

13.33

11.36

12

13

31 25

13

14

21 00

14

15

10 88

15

16

18.09

16

17

15 63

17

18

41 25

38.61

39.38

41.33

43.13

18

19

29 75

26 36

29.30

29 33

31 26

19

20

11 70

11.93

11.87

11.50

13.00

20

21

7 50

6 75

7.33

6 67

8 04

21

22

19.34

19.25

15.50

15.08

22

23

24.00

24.38

25.00

24 00

23

24

46.01

45.50

48.00

47.50

24

25

17.37

15.88

17.50

19 00

25

26
27

12.69
16.00

11.13
21.00

13.07

15.00

26
27

28
29

32.46
28.94

34.81
30.38

33.00
29.20

32.25
29.75

33.25
30.25

36. ii
31 29

34.75
31 25

35.53
30 12

28
29

30
31

19.15
12 96

18.46
14 94

18.80
13 13

18.17
14 10

18.50

20.93
16 14

22.00
15 50

19.46
14 58

30
31

32
33

9.62
18 76

8.11
21 22

8.10

10.80

11.07
22 17

12.75

ig 83

8.74

32
33

34

3 41

3 37

4 12

34

35

2.41

2 59

0 00

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

40

40

41

14.00

15.00

41

42

15 50

42

43

28.80

29.00

. .
27.00

27.50

29.80

26.13

43

44
45

16.97
15 46

17.83
15 83

17.25
15 67

17.50
17 00

17.40
16 80

16 37

18.50
16 50

44
45

46

11 11

11 00

11 72

12 50

12 60

11 87

13 00

46

47

8.00

7.75

8.50

9.70

9.50

11.25

47

48

11.97

11.42

11.78

48

49

43 83

44 85

45 17

46 88

49

50

23.67

22.14

27.00

27 67

50

51

11 50

13 50

11 50

51

52

26.75

18 00

22 11

52

53

26 14

53

54

17 29

54

55

16.40

14.61

55

56

22 10

56

57

6.00

7.66

57

58

15.50

15 75

58

59

14 50

14 50

15 00

15 00

59

60
61

38.17
21 16

38.25
21 19

38.74
21 38

38.12
24 33

38.10
22 67

41.25
24 25

39.50
26 83

37.46
24 28

39.38
25 13

39.67
28 50

42.79
30 73

60
61

62
63

11.37
5 75

10.50
5 60

10.89
4.33

11.67
8 03

11.67
6 80

13.25

14.08

7 07

13.10

6 77

14.57
7 75

12.60
6 80

17.13
8 23

62
63

64

20.43

19.26

22.35

13.98

17 67

20 39

18.37

16 48

21 91

64

65

48 56

46 17

50 17

50 10

52 41

51 38

49 50

65

66

28.22

27.32

29.50

29.46

31 68

32.75

33 50

66

67

15 29

14 83

15 08

15 12

17 09

18 88

18 12

67

68

25.00

30.50

28 33

28.50

68

69

67 06

66 50

67 29

71 67

62 71

67 30

74 50

69

70

38.03

38.83

37.29

40.08

38 42

41.33

45 33

70

71

20 67

19.67

17 14

19 51

18 56

22 25

23 33

71

72

41 10

34 50

72

73

47 50

48 33

51 40

49 03

47 23

48 08 i

51 25

73

74

35 67

32 25

36 60

35 97

35 80

36 00 1

38 15

74

75

25 00

25 83

29 50

27 00

27 92

27 46 i

34 20

75

76

14 17

14 17

16 00

15 84

16 82

17 04

20 43

76

77

27 20

28 33

27 56

25 84

26 90

77

78

18 57

78

79

13.51

12.14

79

80

12.60

...

80

11

SPECIES

GRADE

1 Ash Firsts and seconds 4/4

2 Do No. 1 common 4/4

3 Do No. 2 common and better, 4/4 or log run

4 Do Mill run

5 Basswood Firsts and seconds 4/4

6 Do No. 1 common 4/4

7 Do No. 2 common 4/4

8 Do Log run

9 Do Mill run

10 Beech Firsts and seconds 4/4

11 Do No. 1 common 4/4

12 Do Mill run

13 Birch, unselected Firsts and seconds 4/4

14 Do No. 1 common 4/4

15 Do No. 2 common 4/4

16 Do No. 2 common and better, 4/4 or log run

17 Do Mill run

18 : Chestnut Firsts and seconds 4/4 '

19 ^ Do No. 1 common 4/4

20 Do No. 2 common and S. W. 4/4

21 Do .*. . No. 3 common 4/4

22 Do Mill run

23 Cottonwood Firsts and seconds 4/4, 6* to 12 "

24 Do Boxboards 4/4, 13" to 17"

25 Do No. 1 common 4/4

26 Do No. 2 common 4/4

27 Do Mill run

28 Cypress Firsts and seconds clear 4/4

29 Do ! Selects 4/4

30 Do Shop, No. 1, 4/4

31 Do No. 1 common 4/4, random widths

32 Do No. 2 common 4/4, random widths

33 Do Mill run

34 Cypress, shingles Bests 5"

35 Do Primes 5"

36 Elm, rock Firsts and seconds 8/4

37 Do No. 1 common and better 8/4

38 Do No. 2 common and better 8/4

39 Do Mill run

40 Elm, soft No. 1 common and better 4/4

41 Do No. 2 common and better 4/4 ,

42 Do Mill run

43 Gum Firsts and seconds 4/4, red

44 Do No. 1 common 4/4, red

45 Do Firsts and seconds 4/4, sap

46 Do No. 1 common 4/4, sap

47 Do No. 2 common 4/4

48 Do Mill run

49 Hickory j Firsts and seconds 8/4

50 Do No. 1 common 8/4

51 Do No. 2 common 8/4

52 Do Mill run

53 Maple, hard Firsts and seconds 4/4

54 k. Do No. 1 common 4/4

55 * Do Mill run

56 Maple, soft No. 1 common and better 4/4

57 Do No. 3 common 4/4

58 Do Log run

59 Do Mill run

60 Oak, plain Firsts and seconds, 4/4

61 Do No. 1 common 4/4

62 Do No. 2 common 4/4

63 . Do No. 3 common 4/4 ."

64 Do MiUrun

65 Oak, red, quartered Firsts and seconds 4/4

66 Do No. 1 common 4/4

67 Do No. 2 common 4/4

68 Do Mill run

69 Oak, white, quartered Firsts and seconds 4/4

70 Do No. 1 common 4/4

71 Do No. 2 common 4/4

72 Do Mill run

73 Poplar Firsts and seconds 4/4

74 Do Saps or selects 4/4

75 Do No. 1 common 4/4

76 Do No. 2 common 4/4

77 Do Mill run

78 Tupelo (Bay Poplar) Firsts and seconds clear, random 4/4

79 Do No. 1 common, random 4/4

80 Do... Mill run

12

1

Indiana

Illinois

Michigan

1 £ I '•£ 1 * §
£{££ol£;3>l

I

42 20

39 55

35 93 36 75 39 71

9

30 71

25 24

24 06 24 00 29 33 ...

3
5

21.17
25 . 25
31.33
23 75

18.27
24.00
30.82
22 45

:::::::

25.24
20.57
37.11
26 67

22.10 19.00 21.50
18.80 23.88 22.58 22.15 21.20 . 19.42
33.65 32.20 27.50
23 . 09 25 00 ... 20 . 00

7

16 33

15 83

17.73

13.68 19.80

8
9
10

21.25
20.93

21.88
22.00
21 28

25.07
18.53
22 00

22.58 23.00 23.25 20.00
19.80 22.17 22.56 18.00 18.25 . 19.38 .
18.33 20.50

11

19 00

17 08

15 93

. 14 56 16 67

12
13

16.67

15.89

12.91
35 25

13.67 13.58 14.67 14.00 '15.50 15.57 ...
33.84 34 75 25 00

14

20 73

20 10 24 50

15

13 60

11.46 13 00

16

22 77

20 93

17

18 14

17.72 18 80 20.88 15 17 16 03 ie 50 15.78 .

18

37 20

37 56 42 00

27 50

25 . 00 . . . 20 . 00

?n

16 00

. . 16 00 17 00

9 00

12 50

22

17 50

. . 16 50 IS 00 IS 13 18 43

23

24
?5

27

28

29

30

31

33

34

35

36

32.00 .

37

23 . 62

38

25.50

39

18 50

20.33

40
41

1 22 13
16.33

21.21
17.50

23.20'

23.58 !
19.63

42
43

i 17.83

18.57

14.50

17.77

18.32 19.50

44

45

46

!

47

48

49

50 91

46 64

45 00 «t

50

28 75

28 87

51

21 66

18 17

• •

52

i 27 40

27 94

. 24 40 21 00

53
54

27.00
20.25

25.93
19.73

28.74
20.95

24.79 22.38 24.56 26.75
17.37 15.42 17.33

55

56

19.00
18 83

18.29
20.42

19.09

14.88 16.80 19.50 20.00 17.50 17.00 17.35
17.83 23 00

57

14.00

7.58

7.69 •

58
59
60

•'ii'.iY

41.34

18.75
18.75
40.51

:::::::

17.84
16.25
38.00

16.18 17.25
14.93 16.75 12.79 13.04 13.14
40.67 36.56

61

62

27.67
19.17

26.07
17.36

24.50
15.06

24.50

30.39 25.78
19.38 19.36

63

11 33

12 78

10 33

9.05 10 40

64

22 17

23.00

19.67

24.50 20.43 23.66 21 50 21 14 20 37 19 53

65

55 00

51 00

66

32 33

33.44

67

20 17

19 36

68

17.67

69

73 29

70 65

70

42 92

41 61

71

25 50

23.79

72

73

4<) 00

50 11

74

37.52

37 . 53

75

29 55

28 71

76

21 52

17.58

77

25 10

27 14

78

79

80

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

13

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE

RECORD OF

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER

(PER 1,000 FEET B. M.)

Based on actual sales made F. O. B. Mill
FOR

APRIL, MAY AND JUNE, 1911

PREFATORY NOTE

The Forest Service has two main purposes in collecting and compiling this record of f. o'. b. mill
prices: first, to have a continuous statistical record of such prices of the various commercial woods; and,
second, to show, in contrast to market prices — which include the important items of freight charges and i
selling costs — just what the manufacturers of lumber receive for their product at the mill. The prices *
given are wholesale, based on actual sales f. o. b. mill, for delivery outside of local territory. Only a few ' i:
representative grades and the mill run are included. By mill run is meant the average of all grades of
lumber produced. The record is compiled by states, and is made up from reports received from approxi-
mately five thousand of the largest manufacturers scattered throughout the country. It is published .'
quarterly.

The Forest Service wishes to acknowledge the courtesy of the manufacturers for their prompt and
efficient cooperation. Their assistance has been of great value in making the record complete, accurate,
and promptly available for distribution.

SUM MARY

Western softwoods generally fell in price during the second quarter of 1911. This decline was par-
ticu'arly noticeable for Douglas fir in Oregon; for western red cedar, Douglas fir, white fir, western yellow
piiu , and Sitka spruce in Washington; for western yellow pine in Idaho; and for western larch in Montana.
In California, western yellow pine fell, but the distinctive commodity, redwood, advanced, particularly in
the Clear 6" to 12", 10' to 20' grade and Common boards No. 2. In Oregon, western yellow pine remained
fairly steady while Sitka spruce advanced. Western hemlock averaged about the same at the Wash-
ington mills. This was also true of western white pine in Idaho and of western yellow pine in Montana
and Colorado. Compared with the corresponding period of 1910, western softwoods were generally low
in price.

Excepting in Louisiana and Mississippi, the eastern softwood prices for the first two quarters of 1911
held substantially firm. Louisiana, however, showed an increase over the first quarter in every grade
of yellow pine except Flooring, B, v. g. 13|16"x3£", which fell 24 cents per thousand. This grade was
stable in Mississippi while all other grades of yellow pine advanced except B and better car siding, which
dropped 90 cents. North Carolina pine advanced in Virginia, especially in the case of No. 1 edge 4|4,
under 12". In Tennessee, Kentucky and New York, the upper grades of hemlock showed improvement.
General improvement in hemlock prices was also seen in Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New Hamp-
shire and Vermont. Hemlock mill run prices fell in Maine, Massachusetts and Connecticut. White
pine mill run prices fell in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, and increased in New York, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Maine and Connecticut. In the last named State, the advance was slightly better than $2.00
per thousand. Michigan and Wisconsin white pine prices averaged about the same, but in Minnesota a
decrease was felt in every grade, particularly in Selects C and better, and Shop No. 3. Spruce prices
generally held constant in West Virginia, New York and Vermont. In New Hampshire, however,
improvement was felt in every grade, particularly Merch. 2"x8" and up, 10' to 24' boards. The reverse
c mdition occurred in Maine and Massachusetts. Merch. 2"x8" and up and.Lath, If", especially, declined
, the mills in Maine.

A comparison of the second quarter of 1911 with the corresponding period of 1910 shows a slight
eneral improvement this year in eastern softwood prices. All grades of yellow pine advanced in Texas;
j "1 but B and better car siding, in Mississippi; all but B and better car siding and No. 1 Common car
lining in Arkansas; and all but Timbers S1S1E, in Alabama. In Louisiana, the upper grades of yellow
pine advanced and the lower grades fell. Yellow pine generally declined in North Carolina and Tennessee.
Hemlock declined in Tennessee, West Virginia and Maine; advanced in Pennsylvania, New Hampshire
and Vermont; and remained generally stable in Wisconsin and Michigan. White pine advanced in Maine
and, except for No. 4 Boards, Fencing and Mill Run, in Michigan. In Minnesota and Wisconsin, white
pine remained fairly uniform. Spruce showed a decline in West Virginia and Maine, but advanced in
Vermont.

Hardwood prices of the second quarter averaged about the same as those of the first quarter of 1911.
Ash showed special improvement in Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Virginia, Pennsylvania and New York.
In New York, basswood First and Seconds advanced over $5.00 per thousand, but remained $2.50 below
the price received during the same period of 1910. Birch, unselected, advanced in West Virginia, New
York and Vermont; declined throughout all grades in Michigan; and was practically stable in Wiscon-
sin. Chestnut showed particular gains in Ohio, Firsts and Seconds advancing nearly $4.00, and Mill Run
advancing $2.25 per thousand. Cottonwood prices were characterized by increases in Arkansas, decreases
of all grades in Mississippi, and general stability in the other States. Cypress held substantially firm
except in Missouri, where increases of one to two dollars per thousand occurred. Gum remained generally
steady but increased for all grades in Mississippi. Hickory brought much better prices at the Pennsylvania
mills, and held firm in the other States. Hard maple advanced in West Virginia and Wisconsin. Plain
oak showed general improvement; quartered red oak declined in Mississippi, Tennessee and Ohio, but
advanced in the other States; while quartered white oak remained about the same. Poplar fell in Missis-
sippi, Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia, but increased in Indiana and Ohio. On the
whole, prices for the second quarter of 1911 compared well with the prices of the same period of 1910.
Hard maple showed general improvement, especially at the West Virginia mills. Quartered white oak
showed decided improvement in Missouri, but averaged lower in the other States.

SPECIES

GRADE

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

Cedar, Western Red . .
do
do

Beveled Siding No 1 i"x6"

Shop No. 2 1" and Ii"x8"

Shingles Perfection 18" . . .

do

Shingles Extra Clear 5|2"-16

do
do

Star-A-Star 6|2"-16"

Fir, Douglas
do

Flooring No 2 v. g., I"x4"

do

Flooring No 2 flat I"x4"

do ...

Finish No. 2 and better, 6" and 8"

do

Drop Siding No 2 slash . . . .

do

Dimension Com S1S1E 2"xl2"-16'

do

Car sills 5"x8"-36'

do

Timbers, 12"xl2", average 32'
Cross-ties, 7"x9"
Lath per M

do

do

do

Fir Wh-te

do

Lath per M

do

Mill run . ...

do

Finish, Nos. 1 and 2, 5" and wider

do

Dimension No 1 Com 2"x4" to 2"x8"

do

Shiplap 1"

do
do

Shop No 1 Ij"x8" and wider . .

Flooring A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear) , I"x4"

do

Finish, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear) , I"x8"

do

Drop siding A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear). I"x6"

do

Common boards, No. 2, I"x8"-16'
Dimension No. 1 Com., 2"x8"-16'

do

do

do

Mill run

do
do

Shop No 1 2"x8" and wider

Shop No 2 2"x8" and wider . . ....

do

Mill run

Pine, Western White
do (Idaho White)

Finish C select 8" . . • •

do
do :
do
do
Pine Western Yellow

Beveled siding, B and better, 4" and 6"

M'll run

Flooring, B and better (Nos. 1 and 2 clear). 4" and 6"-16'

Finish, B select and better, l"xlO"-16'
Finish C select 8" •

do (Including Western Pine, Cali-
fornia White Pine, New
Mexico White Pine)

do
do

Beveled siding B and better 4" and 6

do
do

Shop No 1 6|4

do

Shop No. 2, 6|4

do
do

Common boards. No. 2, I"x8"-16'
Dimension No 1 Com. 2"x8"-16'

do
do

Redwood

Clear 6" to 12", 10' to 20'

Hn

Sappy clear 6" to 8" 10' to 20'.

do

do

Common boards No. 2

do

Cross-ties 6"x8"-8'

do

do

Shingles No. 2, per M

do
Spruce, Sitka
do (Western Spruce)

Mill run
Shop No 1 6 '4

Finish No <f) clenr and better I"xl2"

Flooring No 2 clear and better, I"x4"

do .
do

Beveled siding, B. J"x6"
Common boards, ]"y!2"

do

Mill run

California

Oregon

Washington

Idaho

Montana

Colorado

1

16 87

1

2

13 96

2

3

2 45

3

4

1 85

4

5

1 51

6

16 00

13 16

6

7

26 85

24 10

8

22.38

20 79

8

9

16 40

13 99

9

10

22.96

20.34

10

11

18 01

15 24

11

12

13 83

9 59

8 33

13 38

12

13

15 42

11 83

13

14

10.29

9.31

14

15

9 17

8 71

15

16

1 70

1 24

16

17

11 31

10 88

15 00

17

18

7 82

11 50

18

19

8 00

19

20

11 50

20

21

22 50

21

22

20 62

22

23

8 00

93

24

8 58

24

25

95

26

11 33

9 08

26

27

21 00

24 47

22 19

27

28

25 99

98

29

21 00

22 06

29

30

10 83

14 72

30

31

9 17

9 42

11 28

31

32

1.75

3?

33

10 12

12 60

33

34

49.50

34

35

32 17

35

36

22 50

36

37

37

38

35 00

38

, 39

26 00

39

40

25 33

40

41

21 46

41

42

16 29

42

43

17 30

43

44

34 75

37 72

44

j 45

43.56

45 50

42 35

45

46

37 67

30 75

27 60

33 71

46

47
48

24.75
21 53

22.00

21.12
19 00

23.50
20 03

23.60
19 95

47
48

49

26 17

25 25

24 90

23 58

49

50
51
52

1 53

19 41
13.18
14.00
2 27

17.50
14.50
11.87

17.10
13.86
9.58
2 74

16.88
13.90
10.29
2 88

18.94
15.60

3 66

" 13 .'17"
14.00
3 53

50
51
52
53

54

12 58

13 85

15 58

13 73

54

55

26 03

55

56

20 64

56

57

12 96

57

58

10 13

58

59

11.33

59

60

1 50

60

61

.96

61

62

17 38

62

i 63

17 13

18 87

63

64

31 00

29 60

64

65

29 33

65

66

19 25

16 62

66

67

12 00

9 50

67

68

13 85

68

SPECIES

GRADE

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

Hemlock
do (Lake States)

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2"x4"-16'. .

Boards, No. 1, SIS, I"x8"-16'
Timbers, rough, 4"x4" to 8"x8"-16'

do

do .

Fencing No. 1, SIS, I"x6"
Lath No. 1, |"-4'

do

do

Mill run
8 4 merch. 4" to 12", 10' to 20'

Hemlock

do (Eastern and West Virginia) . .
do

4 4 merch. 6" and 8"-16'
4 4 merch. 10" and 12"-16'
4 4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12', 14' and 16'.

do

do . .

4 4 boards, No. 2, I"x4"-12", 6'-2(X . .

do

Mill run, mill culls out . .

do

Mill culls

do

Mill run

Pine

Flooring, No. 2, I"x4"xl0'-16'
Flooring, No. 3, I"x4"xl0'-16'

do (North Carolina)

do

Dimension (air dried), 2"x8"-16' and under. . .
Roofers, I"x8", D. & M. .

do .

do

Partition No. 1, 13ll6"x3£", 10'-16'. . . .

do .

No. 1 edge 4 14, under 12" ....

do

Box edge 4 [4 under 12"

do
Pine, white. .

Mill run . . .

Selects C and better, 5|4 (M. L.) . . .

do

Inch finish, C Selects, 10" (M. L.). .

do

Shop No. 1,84 (M. L.)

do

Shop No. 3, 5 4 (M. L.)

do

Beveled siding, C, 6"-16' .

do

Boards No. 2, I"x8"-16' . .

do .

Boards No. 3, 12", 10'-20'

do

Boards No. 4 mixed widths 10'-20'

do

Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6"-16'
Lath No. 1 (W. P.)
Lath No. 1 (mixed)
Mill run

do
do
do

Pine, yellow
do (Mississippi Valley Mills)
do

do . , . .

Flooring, B, v, g, 13|16"x3i"
Flooring No. 2 D. & M. I"x4"

Flooring, No. 2, S2S and C. M., I"x6"
Flooring, B, flat, 13 |16"x3J". .

do

Finish. B and better, 6" and wider
Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2"x8"-16'
Com boards No 1 S2S l"xlO"

do

do

do

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, I"x8". ..

do ....

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, I"xl2"

do
do

Timbers S1S1E 6"x8"-16'

Car siding, B and better, I"x4" and 6"x9'-18'

do

Com car lining No 1 I"x6"xl0'-20'

do

Lath No. 1, f'f.

do
Pine, yellow
do (Atlantic Coast Mills)

Mill run

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider

Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13|16"x24"
Flooring, B and better, sap rift, 13|16"x2J".

do ....

do .

Flooring, B, heart rift, 13|l6"x2J"

do

Flooring B sap rift 13|16"x2£"

do

Flooring, B, sap flat 13|16"x3J".

do

Com boards No 1 S2S I"xl0"xl0'-16

do

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, I"xl0"xl0'-16'
Plank and dimensions:
Sizes 2"x6" to 8"x8" average 24'

do Merch. grade (Sail)
do

Sizes 2"x9" to 10"xlO" average 24'

do
do

Sizes 2"xl2" to 12"xl2" average 24' ...

Sizes 2"xl4" to 14"xl4" average 24'

So ;•;::

Sizes 2"xl6" to 16"xl6",' average 24'

do

Spruce (Eastern)

Merch. frames 9" and under 24' and under

do

Merch frames 10" and 12" 24' and under

do

Merch random 10" and 12" 10' and up

do

Merch. 2"x7" and under 10' to 24'

do .

Merch 2"x8" and up 10' to 24'

do

Lath If"

do

do (Adirondack)

do

No. 1 and clear .

do .

No 2

do

No 3

do

Mill culls . .

do
do (West Virginia)
do

Merch frames 3"x4" to 8"x8" 10'-16'

Merch frames 2"xl2" to 12"xl2" 107 16'

do

Boards merch I"xl2" 10* 20'

do

Boards box I"x4" 12"

do

Mill run

. %
I?

Arkansas

Louisiana

Mississippi

c«
<5

Missouri

5
I

Georgia

South
Carolina

North
Carolina

Tennessee

Kentucky

.2
'c
'5i

u

>

j

1 1

•>

;j

4

4 •

6

7

12.87

15.50

8
9

13.84
13.93

9 '

10
11
12

11 ,
12

13

13

11.31

14 •

15

18.75

20.17

21.00

15 J

ifi

15 00

15.80

Hi !

17

12.17

12.06

12.50

17

10

11.08

12.20

11.60

IS

19

23.05

19

20

22.10

18.92

24.78

20

21

11.12

10.25

11.78

21

22

13.25

13.21

13.00

22

OQ

62.00

*>'}

24

55.00

24

Oc

25

26

26

27

27

28

23.50

28

29

20.00

229

30

30

31

19.00

31

32

3.37

:52

33

3.00

33

34

18.00

17.50

34

on

28 61

27 92

28 75

28 35

.'}.">

36

16 06

11 33

11 00

10 33

10 10

36

07

10 75

11 65

11 27

11 69

11 14

38

18 39

19 22

18 75

18 74

18 08

20 50

38

on

23 63

24 85

23 29

22 45

21 36

21 00

39

40

12 19

12 50

12 34

12 29

12 19

14 50

40

41

14 19

14 85

14 73

15 63

15 58

14 00

41

42

12 34

12 56

12 08

12 14

12 04

12 63

42

43

12 66

13 39

12 99

12 93

12 90

43

44

12 75

14 21

12 72

12 15

11 50

44

45

17 58

18 39

19 00

19 50

18 75

45

46

14 92

14 18

14 78

16 07

14 87

46

47

2 06

1 90

1 98

2 12

47

48

13 83

14 51

14 37

14 42

14 10

11 21

48

49

20 78

•19 00

49

50

39.83

39 50

50

51

27 83

27 41

51

52

38 00

53

.......

28 00

53

54

18.42

18.75

20.00

54

55
— 56

16.90
11 93

16.67
11 93

56

57

11 70

12 95

13 50

CO

13 25

14 50

14 00

58

59

15 75

16 88

15 50

59

60

18 00

20 70

60

61

21 33

23 50

61

62

14 51

12 98

62

63

....

63

64

64

65

65

66

66

67

67

68

68

69

69

70

70

71

71

72

72

73

73

74

74

75

75

76

76

77

77

78

78

79

79

80

80

SPECIES

GRADE

Hemlock

do (Lake States)

do

do .

Hemlock

do (Eastern and West Virginia)

do

do

do

do

do

do

Pine

do (North Carolina)

do

do

do

do

do

do

Pine, white

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

- do

do

do

do

Pine, yellow

do (Mississippi Valley Mills)

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Pine, yellow

do (Atlantic Coast Mills)

do

do

do

do

do

do

do Merch. grade (Sail)

do

do

do

do

do

Spruce (Eastern)

do

do

do

do

do
do
do
do
do
dp
do

do

do
do
do
do
do

(Adirondack)

(West Virginia) . .

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2"x4"-16'

Boards, No. 1, SIS, I"x8"-16'

Timbers, rough, 4"x4" to 8"x8"-16'

Fencing No. 1, SIS, I"x6"

Lath No. 1, f"-4'

Mill run

8 4 merch. 4" to 12", 10' to 20'

4 4 merch. 6" and 8"-16'

4 4 merch. 10" and 12"-16'

4 4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12', 14' and 16'. .

4 4 boards, No. 2, I"x4"-12", 6'-20'

Mill run, mill culls out

Mill culls

Mill run

Flooring, No. 2, I"x4"xl0'-16'

Flooring, No. 3, I"x4"xl0'-16'

Dimension (air dried) , 2"x8"-16' and under

Roofers I"x8" D. & M

Partition No. 1, 13ll6"x3r', 1CX-16' *

No. 1 edge 4|4. under 12"

Box edge 4|4, under 12"

Mill run. . .

Selects C and better, 5|4 (M. L.)

Inch finish, C Selects, 10" (M. L.).. .

Shop No. 1, 8 4 (M. L.)

Shop No. 3, 5

4 (M. L.)

Beveled siding, C. 6"-16'

Boards No. 2, I"x8"-16'

Boards No. 3, 12", 10'-20'

Boards No. 4, mixed widths, 10'-20' .

Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6"-16'

Lath No. 1 (W. P.)

Lath No. 1 (mixed)

Mill run. . .

Flooring, B, v, g. 13!l6"x3i"

Flooring, No. 2, D. & M., I"x4"

Flooring, No. 2, S2S and C. M., I"x6"

Flooring, B, flat. 13|16"x3i"

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider

Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2"x8"-16'

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, l"xlO"

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S. I"x8"

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, I"xl2"

Timbers S1S1E, 6"x8"-16'

Car siding, B and better, I"x4" and 6"x9'-18'

Com. car lining, No. 1, I"x6"xl0'-20'

Lath No. 1. |"

Mill run

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider

Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13|16"x2£"

Flooring, B and better, sap rift. 13il6"x2i"

Flooring, B, heart rift. 13jl6"x2£"

Flooring, B, sap rift, 13|16"x2£"

Flooring, B, sap flat, 13ll6"x3J".

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, I"xl0"xl0'-16'

Com. boards. No. 2, S2S, I"xl0"xl0'-16'

Plank and dimensions:

Sizes 2"x6" to 8"x8", average 24'

Sizes 2"x9" to 10"xlO", average 24'

Sizes 2"xl2" to 12"xl2", average 24'

Sizes 2"xl4" to 14"xl4", average 24'

Sizes 2"xl6" to 16"xl6", average 24'

Mill run

Merch. frames 9" and under, 24' and under

Merch. frames 10" and 12". 24' and under

Merch. random 10" and 12", 10' and up

Merch. 2"x7" and under, 10' to 24'

Merch. 2"x8" and up, 10' to 24'

Lath, If"

Mill run

Mill run, mill culls out

No. 1 and clear

No. 2

No. 3

Mill culls

Mill run

Merch. frames 3"x4" to 8"x8", 10'-16'

Merch. frames 2"xl2" to 12"x12", 10'-16'

Boards, merch., I"xl2", 10'-20'

Boards, box, I"x4"-12"

Mill run

I!

Maryland

Pennsylvania

New York

New
Hampshire

M

>

|

Massachusetts

«

Connecticut

Minnesota

Wisconsin

Michigan

I

18 00

18 38

15 99

15 30

1

2

18 61

17.21

16 59

2

3

16 50

17 50

16 54

15 86

3

4

17 75

15.84

16 05

4

5

3 68

3 77

3 31

3 44

5

6

18 00

16 70

12 75

12 33

g

7

15 25

18 75

is 66

7

g

14 92

19 75

g

g

16 25

21 25

g

10

15 38

19 50

17 60

16 80

16 60

10

11

I1 36

14 25

14 40

11

12

14 79

16 75

16 67

14 83

12

13

6 83

10 75

9 75

13

14

14 08

16 52

17 00

16 22

14 70

15 00

ie 66

14

1 -,

15

16

16

17

15 50

17

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

21

22

12 12

22

23

54 64

56 77

57 00

23

24

46.13

49.00

24

2.5

46 64

51 45

51 80

25

26

24.63

26.58

29.15

26

27

25 55

26 09

26 08

27

28

21 17

23 45

23 92

28 33

28

29
30

23.25
20 75

23.67

/

23.00
19 82

20.00
12 50

20.98
12 45

24.71
13 00

29
30

3]

25.65

26 63

29 67

31

32

3 75

3 79

3 72

3 76

32

33

3 00

3 00

3.32

3 10

3 50

33

34

23 25

23 73

17 50

19 38

19 23

17 25

20 11

18 80

21 25

21 31

34

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

*

39

40

40

41

41

42

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

49

49

50

50

51

51

52

52

53

53

54

54

55

55

56

56

57

57

58

58

59

59

60

60

61

61

62

62

63

21 00

22 17

18 22

63

64

23 00

25 00

20 96

64

65

20 67

22 50

17 67

65

66

18 33

15 42

66

67

20 67

22 00

16 32

67

68

3 37

2 91

68

69

18 50

18 71

16 42

17 00

69

70

18 00

. .

•\

70

71

31 67

26 25

71

72

19 67

18 70

72

73

16.00

12 50

73

74

11 00

74

i .">

17 92

75

76

17.70

76

77

19.50

77

78

20.33

78

79

14.37

79

80

17.32

80

SPECIES

GRADE

Ash

do

do

do

Basswood

do

do

do

do

Beech

do

do

Birch, unselected

do

do

do

do

Chestnut

do

do

do

do

Cottonwood

do

do

do

do

Cypress

do

do

do

do

do

Cypress, shingles

Elm, rock

do

do

do
Elm, soft

do

do
Gum

do

do

do

do

do
Hickory

do

do

do
Maple, hard

do

do
Maple, soft

do

do

do
Oak, plain

do

do

do

do
Oak, red, quartered

do

do

do
Oak, white, quartered.

do . .

do . .

do . .
Poplar. . .

do . .

do . .

do .

do ..
Tupelo (Bay Poplar)

do

do .

Firsts and seconds 4|4

No. 1 common 4|4

No. 2 common and better, 4|4 or log run .

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4|4

No. 1 common 4 14

No. 2 common 414

Log run

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4|4

No. 1 common 4J4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4|4

No. 1 common 44

No. 2 common 44

No. 2 common and better, 4|4 or log run

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4|4

No. 1 common 4|4

No. 2 common and S. W. 4|4

No. 3 common 4J4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4|4, 6" to 12"

Boxboards 4|4, 13" to 17"

No. 1 common 414

No. 2 common 4|4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds clear 4|4

Selects 4|4

Shop, No. 1,4|4

No. 1 common 4]4, random widths

No. 2 common 4|4, random widths

Mill run

Bests 5"

Primes 5"

Firsts and seconds 8|4

No. 1 common and better 814 ,

No. 2 common and better 8|4

Mill run

No. 1 common and better 414 ,

No. 2 common and better 4|4 ,

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4|4, red ,

No. 1 common 4|4, red

Firsts and seconds 4|4, sap

No. 1 common 414, sap

No. 2 common 4|4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 8]4

No. 1 common 814

No. 2 common 8|4 ,

Mill Run

Firsts and seconds 4|4

No. 1 common 4|4

Mill run

No. 1 common and better 4|4 ,

No. 3 common 4|4 ,

Log run

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4|4.
No. 1 common 4
No. 2 common 4 4
No. 3 common 4

4..

Mill run.

Firsts and seconds 4[4

No. 1 common 414

No. 2 common 4|4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4|4

No. 1 common 414

No. 2 common 4]4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4|4

Saps or selects 414

No. 1 common 44

No. 2 common 4|4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds clear, random 4)4. .

No. 1 common, random 4|4

Mill run. . .

10

Arkansas

Louisiana

Mississippi

|

Missouri

a

1

1

South
Carolina

North
Carolina

Tennessee

Kentucky

.2
>

West
Virginia

1
2

37.44
19 96

35.60
19 30

36.29
19 33

35.00
21 50

40.83
23 00

39.50
21 00

39.00
26 50

38.31
24.22

37.21
24.86

38.50
23 50

43.71
28 93

I
2

3

4

10.85
20 56

10.20

10.00
24 00

13.25

20 66

12.00

13.55
15.50

14.40
21.38

17.20
22.00

16.00

21.46
21 30

3

4

5

33 00

30 54

33 00

35 59

5

6

21.75

21.42

21.75

20.00

25 43

6

7

13 25

13 27

12 33

11 33

16 40

7

g

21.50

21.75

20.50

19.87

22 71

8

g

19 33

19 48

20 00

18 17

g

10

21 50

10

11

16 50

11

12

12 90

11 60

12

13

31 42

13

14

21 08

14

15

11 00

15

16

18 58

161

17

16 64

17

18

40 88

37 43

39 93

39 60

42 53

18

19

28 63

25 34

28 03

27 50

30 89

19

20
21

11.83

7 08

11.86
6 75

12.68
7 50

11.00
6 25

13.00
8 45

20

21

22

18 69

17 08

15 75

13 58

23

24 50

22 10

24 79

26 33

25 00

27 75

24
25

47.63
18 23

45.75
15 63

46.50
16 92

49.50
18 17

47.75
18 50

49.50
18 50

26

11 93

11 20

11 92

15 50 '

14 50

12 25

27

20 33

18 60

19 55

14 87

28

32 85

34 90

31 50

35 37

33 37

35 10

35 00

29

29 00

29 91

27 83

30 98

30 37

31 50

31 87

30 50

. .

30

18 63

18 28

17 50

19 57

18 09

20 75

24 25

18 00

31

12 25

14 78

13 50

15 70

14 00

16 67

16 25

13 50

32

8.38

8.19

9.05

11.30

11.75

11.38

33

19.20

21.27

24.08

34

3.45

3.40

4.32

35

2 45

2.68

3 29

36

37

38

39

. .

40

21 08

41

16 14

15 00

42

15.88

15.50

15.00

43

29 00

29 50

29 42

29 50

44

16.66

17.66

19.00

18.20

17 25

45

15.55

16.17

16.33

16.80

16 25

46

11.27

10.33

12.67

13.00

13.00

13 67

47

8 32

6 87

9 17

10 13

10 00

10 42

48

13.41

12.25

12.17

12 87

12 12

49

43 29

44 92

47 58

44 29

50

22 60

28 50

26 86

30 75

51

9.00

11.75

11 00

52

28.00

21 50

23 00

53

23 33

2fi 2^

54

17 33

18 06

55

16 15

15 05

1 K «q

56

18.50

24 00

57

5.50

7 25

58

17.50

16 50

59

16 00

16 25

14 33

15 13

60
61
62
63

38.52
21.45
10.96
5 82

39.40
21.33
10.60

39.00
22.00
11.50
5 33

37.56
24.75
11.33
8 51

35.12
22.75
12.33
6 17

41.50
22.75
12.50

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

38.37
26.67
•14.50
7 07

36.15
24.43
12.61
7 18

39.68
26.00
15.41
8 98

37.57
26.13
13.75

7 67

43.28
30.81
17.53
8 43

64

20.82

19.53

14.50

16 67

19 53

19 24

15 71

22 75

65

50.75

48.08

49 50

49 93

53 86

66

29 62

28 66

28 33

30 11

32 14

67

15.09

14.67

15 46

19 67

68

29.33

30.20

69
70

66.51
39.34

68.25
38 00

66.50
36 50

65.83
37 00

70.33
41 50

64.07
37 95

66.75
42 00

71

19.71

19.50

17.33

18.00

21.00

17 98

22 25

72

39.60

35.80

73

47 00

45 25

50 00

47 48

47 89

47 38

50 05

74

35 33

32 50

35 56

37 26

36 40

35 00

QC 4.4.

75

24 50

24 55

28 17

25 98

28 83

27 33

32 00

76

14 00

13 00

15 44

14 87

16 84

15 21

20 81

77

25 80

28 00

28 00

26 25

78

18 83

79

13.20

;

80

13 72

12 25

12 00

• ....

11

SPECIES

GRADE

1

Ash

Firsts and seconds 4|4

2

do

3

do

No. 2 common and better, 4|4 or log run

4

do

5

Basswood

Firsts and seconds 4|4

6

do

7

do

8

do ...

9

do

10

Beech

11

do

No 1 common 4|4 . ...

12

do

13

Birch, unselected

Firsts and seconds 4|4

14

do

15

do

No. 2 common 4|4

{16

do

No 2 common and better, 4|4 or log run •

(17

do

18

19

do

20

do

No 2 common and S W 4|4

21

do

22

do

23

Firsts and seconds 4 '4 6" to 12"

24

do

Boxboards 4[4 13" to 17"

25

do

26

do

27

do

28

29

do

Selects 4|4

30

Shop No 1 4|4

31

do ....

32

do

33

34

Cypress shingles

Bests 5"

35

do

36

Elm rock

37

do

38

do

39

do

Mill run

40

Elm soft

41

do ....

42

do

Mill run

43

44

do

45

do

46

do

No 1 common 4 4, sap

47

do

48

do

Mill run

49

Hickory

Firsts and seconds 8|4 .

50

51

do

52

do

Mill Run . . . .

53

54

do

55

do

56

57

do

58

do

P t H * H 4-14

do

do

-NO. Z CO O . . .

do

i\o. .5 comi

, -

Oak, red, quartered ....

56

do

do

do . .

lit

Oak white quartered

"0

do

'1

do

do

A/Ml

':•>

Poplar

'4

do

do

do

•-

do

Tupelo (Bay Poplar)

do

Mill run

12

,

1

Illinois

Michigan

Wisconsin

Pennsylvania

New York

Connecticut

Massachusetts

1

New
Hampshire

J

e

£

gj
ff

$

1

42 00

40 00

37 53

37 50

46 00

1

2

28 56

25 16

22 84

27 50

31 33

2

3
4
5
6

7

16.50
26.50
31.75
22.66
15.16

19.25
26.86
32.00
22.38
15.83

i;i

25.75
24.26
37.40
24.00
17 00

22.20
18.91
34.03
23.47
13 69

22.00
24.75

23.37
24.11
37.50
26.33
20 00

;*:*;

'22.50

'20'.50'

'20 '.84'
27.75
20.00

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

3

4
5
6

7

8

21 12

21 38

23 71

22 65

21 75

22 67

19 70

8

9

21 71

22 33

21 23

19 20

23 50

22 00

22 00

18 75

9

10

22.67

21.50

20.00

22.75

18.67

10

11

17 10

17 75

16 67

15 00

11

12
13

16.93

17.63

13.07
33 33

12.88
34 28

15.54

14.50
36 50

14.25

15.32
26 67

12
13

14

19 00

19 52

20 00

26 58

25 00

14

15

12 00

11 50

14 50

15

16

21 85

20 72

16

17

17 27

17 44

20 15

20 00

14 38

16 40

16 33

17 89

17

18

41.17

43 50

18

19

28 56

32 00

19

20

16 25

16.88

18 50

20

21

15 25

21

22

19 75

30 50

17 69

20 50

18 25

17 80

is 66

18 87

22

23

23

24

24

25

25

26

26

27

27

28

28

29

29

30

30

31

31

32

32

33

33

34

.....

34

35

35

36

32 70

36

37

23 80

37

38

23 56

22 44

*

38

39

18.25

19.00

24.00

20.00

22.50

15 83

39

40

20.25

24.44

25 00

40

41

15.67

17.93

24.20

19.77

41

42

20.00

18.86

19 51

17 71

21 50

16 67

42

43

43

44

22.50

....

44

45

20 17

45

46

46

47

10 50

47

48

17.00

48

49

51.25

49.14

51 25

49

50

31.55

26.00

35.67

50

51

20.00

19.75

25 00

51

52

24 95

29 00

30 88

27 50

53

25.63

25.40

28 09

25 43

28 00

26 90

25 00

53

54

18.32

19 44

20 31

17 48

22 71

19 10

55

18.66

19.17

19.08

15 91

17.64

17 39

17 00

18 25

17 11

55

56

21.86

22 75

18 88

21 50

56

57

8.12

7.56

57

58

19 00

17 98

15 68

58

59

17.25

18.44

14.60

14.67

13.00

16 50

12.00

15 00

59

60

43.71

41.32

38 00

44 77

36 33

60

61

28.93

27.10

23.67

31.88

27.43

61

62

20.56

17 92

15 00

22 93

19 50

62

63

13 64

10 67

10 00

10 00

9 22

63

64

25.40

19.23

27.13

21.50

22.88

20.67

20.38

20.00

20.50

64

65

52 00

54 86

65

66

33.00

35.17

66

67

20 00

21 04

67

68

18.38

6S

69

72 50

70 36

69

70

43.20

42.27

70

71

23.25

23 50

71

72

24.12

72

73

52.43

50.21

52.50

74

40 14

38 20

74

75

32.44

31.32

30 50

75

76

20 60

19 33

14 50

76

77

25.00

23 50

20.00

77

78

78

79

79

80

80

13

I

.

Issued November 24, 1911.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

FOREST SERVICE.

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester.

RECORD OF WHOLESALE PRICES
OF LUMBER.

(PER 1,000 FEET B. M.)

BASED ON ACTUAL SALES MADE F. O. B. MILL FOR

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER, 1911.

15252 — 11 WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 191 1

PREFATORY NOTE.

The Forest Service has two main purposes in collecting and compiling this record
of f. o. b. mill prices: First, to have a continuous statistical record of such prices of the
various commercial woods; and, second, to show, in contrast to market prices — which
include the important items of freight charges and selling costs — just what the manu-
facturers of lumber receive for their product at the mill. The prices given are whole-
sale, based on actual sales f. o. b. mill, for delivery outside of local territory. Only
a few representative grades and the mill run are included. By "mill run" is meant
the average of all grades of lumber produced. The record is compiled by States, and
is made up from reports received from approximately 3,000 of the largest manufac-
turers scattered throughout the country. It is published quarterly.

The Forest Service wishes to acknowledge the courtesy of the manufacturers for
their prompt and efficient cooperation. Their assistance has been of great value in
making the record complete, accurate, and promptly available for distribution.
2

SUMMARY.

Comparing the prices of western softwoods for the third quarter with the preceding
quarter for 1911, there was a slight general decline, though a few woods showed improve-
ment. Douglas fir was slightly lower. Flooring No. 2 flat, V x 4", decreased 80
cents in Oregon and $1.40 in Washington. There was a fall in the prices of western red
cedar, and also white fir, western hemlock, larch, Sitka spruce, and western spruce as
well. The better grades of western yellow pine were slightly lower in Oregon, though
in other States all grades generally improved. Sugar pine showed the greatest increase
of the western softwoods. Shop No. 2, 2" x 8" and wider, brought $2.16 more, and
firsts and seconds clear $5.60 more than in the second quarter. Prices of western
white pine, including Idaho white pine, were generally higher. In Idaho the increase
was from $1.50 to $3.25, according to the grade. California redwood was the other
western softwood to record a notable increase. The advance of common boards No. 1
amounted to $3.16.

Of the eastern softwoods, hemlock in the Lake States and Eastern States held sub-
stantially firm with the prices of the second quarter. The greatest variation was in
Michigan, where a few of the upper grades showed a reduction of 60 cents. The
prices of spruce in New England fell, the decrease in Vermont and Maine ranging for
the lower grades from $1.33 to $1.50. The reverse was the status in West Virginia.
Here merchantable spruce boards V x 12 " 1(K to 207 and box boards 1" x 4" x 12'
rose in price. The latter increased 73 cents and the former $1.03. Prices for white
pine were recorded from 12 States. For the mill-run grade there was general uni-
formity with prices of the second quarter except in Wisconsin and Minnesota, where
the decrease ranged from $1 to $1.50. In Tennessee this grade scored the only marked
improvement; the increase was $1.88. The upper grades of white pine brought better
prices, "selects" making an advance of from $3.30 to $4 in Wisconsin and Michigan
No. 1 shop rose to $2.95 in Michigan and in Minnesota to $1.67. In Wisconsin, West
Virginia, and Tennessee this grade of white pine was staple. Prices of yellow pine,
the most abundant of the eastern softwoods, showed slight general improvement in all
grades, especially throughout the Mississippi Valley States. The most notable increase
was in Alabama, where common boards No. 1, S2S \" x 10", and No. 2, S2S V x 8"
amounted to, respectively, $1.07 and 74 cents. The most marked decrease was in
Georgia and Florida, where the three grades of B and better flooring showed a decline
of from $1.75 to $5. Generally there were indications of slight improvement in South
Carolina, but in North Carolina there was no appreciable change.

Compared with the second quarter, hardwood prices varied considerably, according
to species and locality. Ash showed improvement in Ohio, Tennessee, and Kentucky,
but in Virginia and West Virginia experienced a decline. Basswood increased in the
Southern States, but in the Lake States the prices were slightly depressed. Birch,
firsts and seconds, scored an advance of over $2 in West Virginia, and in Michigan
$1.15, but in New York and Vermont prices were lower. No decreases were noted in
any State in the prices of chestnut; the largest increase was in Tennessee and West
Virginia, where firsts and seconds rose as much as $2 per M. Cypress prices improved
in all States, while gum remained generally staple except in Mississippi, where
firsts and seconds advanced $1.75. Hickory prices were higher in Wisconsin and
West Virginia, remained generally firm in the Southern States, and showed recessions

3

4. WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBEE.

in Ohio and Indiana. The prices for both plain and quartered oak were characterized
by decided gains. The average increase of all the grades probably amounted to over
$1.50. Poplar prices were exceptionally staple. In Louisiana tupelo made an
advance in all grades, while hard maple generally, except in Pennsylvania, showed
uniformly slight improvement.

A comparison of prices for the third quarter of 1911 with the corresponding quarter
of 1910 shows western softwoods generally lower except western hemlock and western
white pine; in these there are slight indications of improvement. Eastern softwoods
as a whole showed a fairly uniform increase. Nearly all grades of yellow pine, par-
ticularly in the Mississippi Valley, made advances. In Georgia, Florida, and South
Carolina the conditions only slightly improved, while in North Carolina prices re-
mained uniformly staple. Hemlock in the Lake States changed for the better, but
held constant in West Virginia and Pennsylvania. White pine, eastern spruce, and
West Virginia spruce showed improvement.

Hardwoods, more than either the western softwoods or the eastern softwoods, showed
generally larger and more decided gains over the same period in 1910. The most
notable improvements were in the general prices of oak, ash, and chestnut.

WHOLESALE PKICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line.

Grade.

Cedar, western red

j

Beveled siding No. 1, J" x 6" . .

Do

2

Shop No. 2, 1" and \\" x 8"

Do

3

Shingles, perfection 18"

Do ...

4

Shingles extra clear 5/2" 16"

Do

5

Star-A-Star, 6/2" x 16" '

Do

Mill run

Fir, Douglas

7

Flooring No. 1, v. g., 1" x 4"

Do

8

Flooring No. 2 v g 1" x 4"

Do

9

Flooring No 2 flat 1" x 4"

Do

10

Finish No. 2 and better 6" and 8"

Do

11

Drop siding, No. 2 slash

Do

12

Dimension. Com., S1S1E. 2" x 12"- 16'

Do

13

Car sills 5" x 8"-36'

Do

14

Timbers, 12" x 12", average 32'

Do

15

Crossties, 7" x 9"

Do

16

Lath, per M

Do

17

Mill run

Fir, white

18

Common boards 6" and 8"

Do...

19

Lath, per M

Do ... .

20

Mill run

Hemlock, western

21

Flooring, Nos. 1 and 2, v g 1" x 4"

Do

22

Finish Nos 1 and 2 5" and wider

Do

23

Do...

24

Ship lap 1" '

Do

25

Shop No 1 1J" x 8" and wider

Do

26

Mill run

Larch, western

27

Flooring A and B (Nos 1 and 2 clear) 1" x 4"

Do

28

Finish A and B (Nos 1 and 2 clear) 1" x 8"

Do

29

Drop siding A and B (Nos 1 and 2 clear) 1" x 6""

Do

30

Common boards No 2 1" x 8"-16'

Do

31

Dimension No 'l Com' 2" x 8"-16'

Do...

32

Lath, per M

Do

33

Mill run

Pine, sugar

34

Firsts and seconds, clear

Do...

35

Shop No 1 2" x 8" and wider

Do

36

Shop No 2 2" x 8" and wider

Do

37

Mill run

Pine, western white

38

Finish C select 8"

Do (Idaho white)

39

Finish, D select, 8"

Do

40

Beveled siding B and better 4" and 6"

Do

41

Beveled siding C 4" and 6"

Do

42

Common boards No 2 6" and 8"

Do

43

Mill run

Pine, western yellow

44

Flooring B and better (Nos land 2 clear) 4"and6"-16'

Do (including western pine, Cali-

45

Finish, B select and better, 1" x 10"-16'

fornia white pine, New Mexico
white pine).
Do

46

Finish C select 8"

Do...

47

Beveled siding B and better 4" and 6"

Do

48

Beveled siding C 4" and 6"

Do...

49

Shop No. 1,6/4

Do.

50

Shop No ° 6/4

Do

51

Do...

52

Dimension No 1 Com 2"x8"-16'

Do

53

Lath No 1 per M

Do

54

Mill run

Redwood

55

Clear 6" to 12" 10' to 20'

Do

56

Sappy clear 6" to 8" 10' to 2*0'

Do...

57

Common boards No 1

Do

58

Do

59

Crossties 6" x 8"-8'

Do..

60

Shingles No 1 per M ...

Do

61

Shingles, No. 2, per M

Do

62

Mill run

Spruce, Sitka

63

Shop No 1 6/4

Do (western spruce)

64

Finish No 2 clear and better, i" x 12"

Do...

65

Flooring No 2 clear and better 1" x 4"

Do

66

Beveled siding, B, V x 6"

Do

67

Common boards 1" x 12"

Spruce ..

68

Mill run

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36?
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

Washington.

1 1

c S

j

Wyoming.

L

sa

o
CQ

California,

Nevada.

1

6

5

New Mexico.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
6fi
66
67
68

$15. 24
15.00
2.35
1.83
1.42

$17.33

23.27
20.10
12.55
19.28
14.05
7.73
11.54
8.67
8.16
1.23
10.65
7.25

25 85

21. 78

15 61

23 11

17 39

8.96 $11.30
13 83

$14.38

9 22

8 74

1 58

10.97 12.83
8 67

15.00

$13 24

$14 00

9.55 .

23.17
18.33
7.32
7.' 81

9.58

18.66

21.63
25.44
21.75
15.03
11.64
1 94

18 38

16.33

12 12

8.75
1.67

10 38

10. 70

13.97

55 13

33.61

24 66

31.79

37 00

29.25

26 83

23.71

14 87

14.70
14.00
41.92
45.35

34.54
23.50
19.92
26.63
18.63
16.02
13.80
2.74

18.33

33.00
35.40

27.00
20.83
17.62
24.47
16.83
13.33
9.21
2.70
14.38

31.50
36.44 36.33

29.44 28.78
24.50

$39.00

42.58

43 17

35.13
24 00

19.00

20.67
25.55
19 94

24.38, 23.56
16.88 16.00
13. 50 12. 71
11.17 11.25
2.62

27.05
19 18

14.02

15.75
16.67
3.25

11.88

14.63

13.47

15.31

$16. 75

$14.90

14.84
25.85

$20.00

14.86

$12.67

21 97

16.12

13 83

i

.50

1 67

1.13

19 30

16.83
29.25
26.27
15.83
9.40
15.39

:::

12.13 ....

12.40

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line.

Grade.

Hemlock, Lake States

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2" x 4"-16'

Do..!

Boards, No. 1, SIS, I" x 8"-16' .

Do

Timbers, rough, 4" x 4" to 8" x 8"-16'

Do

Fencing No. 1 SIS \" x6"

Do

Lath No. l,f"-4'.. .

Do

Mill run

Hemlock, Eastern States

8/4 merch. 4" to 12", 10' to 20'

Do

4/4 merch. 6" and 8"-16'

Do

4/4 meroh. 10" and 12"-16' . .

Do

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12', 14', and 16'.
4/4 boards, No. 2. 1" x 4"-12", 6' to 20'

Do...

Do

Mill run, mill culls out

Do...

Mill culls...

Do

Mill run

Pine

Flooring, Mo 2 1" x 4" 10' to 16'

Do (North Carolina)

Flooring, No. 3, l"x 4", 10' to 16'.

Do

Dimension (air dried), 2" x 8"— 16' and under

Do

Roofers, 1" x 8", D. & M

Do

Partition No. 1, 13/16" x 3J", 10' to 16'

Do...

Mo. 1 edge 4/4, under 12"

Do

Box edge 4/4, under 12" . .

Do

Mill run

Pine, white .

Selects C and better, 5/4 (M. L.)

Do...

Inch finish, C selects, 10" (M. L.)

Do.

Shop No. 1, 8/4 (M. L.)

Do

Shop No. 3, 5/4 (M. L.)

Do

Beveled siding, C 6"-16'

Do

Boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'

Do. .

Boards No. 3, 12", 10' to 20'

Do

Boards No. 4, mixed widths, 10' to 20'

Do...

Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6"-16'
Lath No. 1 (\V. P.)

Do

Do...

Lath No. 1 (mixed). . .

Do

Mill run

Pine, yellow

Flooring, B. v. g., 13/16" x 3i". . .

Do (Mississippi Valley mills)

Flooring, No. 2, D. & M., 1" x 4"

Flooring, No. 2, S2S and C. M., 1" x 6"

Do. .

Flooring, B, flat, 13/16" x 3J"

Do

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider

Do

Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2" x 8"-16'

Do

Com. boards No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10"

Do...

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 8"

Do

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 12" . .

Do

Timbers S1S1E, 6" x 8"-16'

Do .

Car siding, B and better. 1" x 4" and 6", 9' to 18'

Do

Com. car lining, No. 1, 1" x 6". 10' to 20'

Do...

Lath No. 1, |"

Do

Mill run

Pine, yellow.

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider

Do (Atlantic Coast mills)

Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13/16" x 2£" . .

Do. .

Flooring, B and better, sap rift, 13/16" x 1\"

Do

Flooring, B, heart rift, 13/16" x 2|"

Do.

Flooring, B, sap rift, 13/16" x 1\"

Do

flooring, B, sap flat, 13/16" x 3V'

Do.

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10", 10' to 16'

Do

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 10", 10' to 16'

Pine, Merch. grade (sail)

Plank and dimensions:
Sizes 2" x 6" to 8" x 8", average 24'

Do

Sizes 2" x 9" to 10" x 10", average 24'

Do

Sizes 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", average 24'

Do

Sizes 2" x 14" to 14" x 14", average 24'

Do

Sizes 2" x 16" to 16" x 16", average 24'

Do

Mill run

Spruce Eastern

Do

Merch frames 10" and 12", 24' and under

Do

Do

Morch 2" x 7" and under. 10' to 24'

Do

Merch 2" x 8" and up, 10' to 24'

Do

Lath, If"

Do

Mill run

Mill run mill culls out

Do

No 1 and clear

Do

No 2

Do

No 3

Do

Mill culls

Do

Mill run

Spruce West Virginia

Merch frames 3" x 4" to 8" x 8", 10' to 16'

Do
Do

Morch. frames 2" x 12" x 12" to 12", 10' to 16'
Boards, merch., 1" x 12", 10' to 20'

Do

Mill run

WHOLESALE PBICES OF LUMBER.

9

1

0

1

•5

|

Mississippi.

Alabama.

•d

4
S

£

f

South Caro-
lina.

North Caro-
lina.

Tennessee.

Kentucky.

Virginia.

1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
il
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57

58
59
00
01
02
03
04
05
00
07
08
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

1

2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
30
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
50

57
58
59
00
01
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
70
77
78
79
80

$19.88

$21.10

15.44
10.75
12.22

15.25
11.72
12.54

23.50
19.33
11.00
14.50

23.62
19.11
10.75
13.42

$24. 64
11.86
12.80

18.67

$19. 38

$28.83
11.96
11.21
19.35
25.14
12.20
14.83
12.29
12.73
13.00
18.67

$27. 58
11.28
11.33
19.13
23.48
12.15
14.79
11.93
13.29
12.21
18.95

$28. 50
10.08
11.08
18.72
22.22
11.93
15.94
11.84
13.03
11.94
19.88

$28.33
10.43
11.44
18.92
22.05
12.29
16.65
12.75
13.38
12.50

$11.94
12.23
19.95
25.63
12.77
15.63
13.21
13.68
13.89
18.09

....

$19. 67

12.35

14.25
2.08
14.19

14.56
2.11
15.20

14.14
2.08
14.36

16.25
2.00
14.20

"$i5.'82

2.13
14.49

11.67

$33.50
25.67
33.00
26.67
18.92
16.46
12.04

12.07
13.83
16.13
20.75
24.20
13.02

$18.03
16.52
12.52

11.75
13.06
15.64
18.25
20.38
14.82

10

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBEB.

Species.

Line.

Grade.

Hemlock

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46.
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2" x 4"-lG' .

Do (Lake States) ..

Boards, No. 1, SIS, 1" x 8"-16'

Do

Timbers, rough, 4" x 4" to 8" x 8"-lti'..

Do

Fencing No. 1, SIS, 1" x 0" •

Do

Lath No. 1, f '-4'

Do

Mill run

Hemlock Eastern States .

8/4 merch. 4" to 12", 10' to 20' ..

Do

4/4 merch 6" and 8"-16'

Do

4/4 merch. 10" and 12"-16' ...

Do

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12', 14', and 16'.
4/4 boards, No. 2, 1" x4"-12", 6' to 20*

Do

Do

Mill run mill culls out

Do

Mill culls

Do

Mill run

Pine . .

Flooring, No. 2, 1" x 4", 10' to 16'

Do (North Carolina)

Flooring No 3, 1" x 4", 10' to 16'

Do

Do

Roofers 1" x 8", D. & M . .

Do

Partition No. 1, 13/16" x 3£", 10' to 16'

Do

No 1 edge 4/4, under 12" . ....

Do

Box edge 4/4 under 12"

Do

Mill run

Pine whit-e

Selects C and better 5/4 (M L )

Do

Inch finish, C Selects, 10" (M. L.)

Do

Shop No 1 8/4 (M L.)

Do

Shop No. 3, 5/4 (M. L.)

Do

Beveled siding C 6"-16'

Do

Boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'

Do

Boards No 3 12" 10' to 20'

Do

Boards No. 4, mixed widths, 10' to 20'

Do

Fencing No 2 SIS, 6"-16'

Do

Lath No 1 (W P )

Do

Lath No 1 (mixed)

Do

Mill run

Pine yellow

Flooring B v, g , 13/16" x 3J" . . .

Do (Mississippi Valley Mills)

Flooring No 2 D & M 1" x 4"

Do

Flooring No 2, S2S and C. M., 1" x 6"

Do

Floorin^ B flat 13/16" x 3J"

Do

Finish B and better, 6" and wider

Do

Dimension No 1 S1S1E, 2" x 8"-16' .

Do

Com boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10"

Do

Com boards No 2 S2S, 1" x 8"

Do

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 12"

Do

Timbers S1S1E 6"x8"xl6'

Do

Car siding B and better, 1" x 4" and 6", 9' to 18'

Do

Com car lining. No. 1, 1" x 6", 10' to 207

Do

7 ath No 1 |"

Do

Mill run

Pine vellow

Finish B and better 6" and wider

Do (Atlantic Coast Mill's)
Do

Flooring B and better, heart rift, 13/16" x 2J"

Flooring B and better sap rift 13/16" x 2i"

Do

Flooring, B, heart rift, 13/16" x 1\"

Do

Flooring B sap rift, 13/16" x 2J" ....

Do

Flooring, B, sap flat, 13/16" x 31"

Do

Com boards No 1, S2S, 1" x 10", 10' to 16'

Do

'Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 10", 10' to 16'

Pine, yellow, Merch. grade (Sail)
Do.

Plank and dimensions:
Sizes 2" x 6" to 8" x 8", average 24' . .

Sizes 2" x 9" to 10" x 10", average 24'

Do

Sizes 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", average 24'

Do.

Sizes 2" x 14" to 14" x 14", average 24'

Do

Sizes 2" x 16" to 16" x 16" , average 24'

Do

Mill run . .

Spruce, Eastern

Merch frames 9" and under, 24' and under

Do

Merch frames 10" and 12", 24' and under

Do

Merch. random 10" and 12", 10' and up

Do

Merch 2" x 7" and under, 10' to 24'

Do

Merch. 2" x 8" and up, 10' to 24'

Do

Lath If"

Do

Mill run

Mill run mill culls out . .

Do

No 1 and clear

Do

No 2

Do

No. 3

Do

Mill culls

Do

Mill run

Spruce West Virginia

Merch frames 3" x 4" to 8" x 8", 10' to 16'

Do

Merch. frames 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", W to 16'

Do

Boards, merch., 1" x 12", 10' to 2ff

Do

Boards box 1" x 4"-12"

Do

Mill run

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

11

1

West Virginia.

Maryland.

Pennsylvania.

New York.

I|

Vermont.

a

.3

1

a .

1

fl

Connecticut.

Minnesota.

Wisconsin.

Michigan.

,

1

$18. 20

-

i

$15. 72

$14. 94

1

2

17.90

16.85

15.98

2

3
4

16.87
15.54

15.96
15.40

4

5

3.29

3.45

5

g

16 88

12.72

12.65

6

7

$15 50

$18 25

7

14 55

$15 50

g

g

16 20

9

10

16.21

$16. 25

10

11 60

11

12

15 92

17 17

16 25

16 50

13

6 00

10.00

13

14

16.53

$17. 06

16.11

13.73

$16. 67

$17.00

14

15

16

16

17

17

18

18

19

20

90

21

22

$12 50

22

$53. 69

60.15

64.50

93

24

46.95

48.80

52.33

94

05

26.67

48.31

51.25

54.75

95

26

24.82

25.59

30.00

96

97

25.73

26.25

26.63

97

28

22 00

21.00

23.22

24.52

26.58

99

20.41

21.30

23.83

99

30

16.75

12.67

12.53

13.38

30

31

26.58

26.50

26.50

31

32

3.70

3.61

3.78

3.11

3.28

3.43

33

34

22 75

23 90

17 43

19 00

19.20

17.80

18.32

17.62

19.75

21.14

34

35

3,5

36

36

37

37

38

39

39

40

40

41

41

42

49

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

49

49

50

50

51

51

52

53

53

54

54

55

55

56

5fi

57

57

58

58

59

59

60

60

61

61

63

20 63

21 50

19 52

63

64

22.13

23 50

22.89

64

65

20 66

18 97

65

66

18 80

19 17

16 64

66

67

19 00

20 67

18 04

67

68

3.48

2 83

68

69

19 00

17 33

16 82

17 33

16.38

69

70

19.4

70

71

31 67

28 20

....

71

79

18.80

|

1 ....

r>

73

17 00

13 25

T\

74

12.33

74

75

17.00

76

17 38

7f

77

20 25

71

78

21 33

Tfl

79

15.00

71

80

8C

I

12

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line.

Grade.

Ash...

1

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

Do

2

No. 1 common, 4/4

Do

3

No 2 common and better 4/4 or log run

Do .

4

Mill run

Basswood

5

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

Do...

6

No. 1 common, 4/4

Do

7

No. 2 common, 4/4

Do

8

Log run

Do.

9

Mill run.. .

Beech

10

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

Do.

11

No. 1 common, 4/4

Do

12

Mill run

Birch unselected

13

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

14

No. 1 common, 4/4 .

Do

15

No 2 common 4/4

Do.

16

No. 2 common and better, 4/4 or log run .

Do

17

Mill run

Chestnut

18

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

Do ...

19

No. 1 common, 4/4

Do

20

No 2 common and S W , 4/4

Do.

21

No. 3 common, 4/4

Do

22

Mill run

Cottonwood

23

Firsts and seconds, 4/4, 6" to 12" .. . .

Do

24

Boxboards, 4/4, 13" to 17"

Do...

25

No. 1 common, 4/4

Do

26

No 2 common, 4/4

Do

27

Mill run

Cypress

28

Firsts and seconds clear, 4/4. .

Do

oq

Selects 4/4

Do.

30

Shop, No. 1, 4/4

Do

31

No 1 common, 4/4, random widths

Do

32

No 2 common 4/4 random widths

Do ....

33

Mill run ....

Cypress shingles

34

Bests 5"

Do .

35

Primes, 5"

Elm, rock

36

Firsts and seconds, 8/4

Do

37

No. 1 common and better, 8/4

Do

38

No 2 common and better, 8/4. . . . .

Do

39

Mill run

Elm, soft

40

No 1 common and better, 4/4

Do

41

No 2 common and better, 4/4

Do

42

Mill run

Gum

43

Firsts and seconds, 4/4, red . ....

Do

<3

No 1 common 4/4 red

Do

45

Firsts and seconds, 4/4, sap

Do

46

No 1 common, 4/4, sap

Do

47

Do

48

Mill run

Hickory

49

Firsts and seconds 8/4

Do

50

Do

51

No 2 common 8/4

Do

52

Mill run

Maple hard

53

Firsts and seconds, 4/4 ....

Do

54

Do

55

Mill run . .

Maple soft

56

No 1 common and better, 4/4 ....

Do

57

Do

58

Log run

Do"

59

Mill run

Oak plain

60

Do

61

No 1 common 4/4

Do

62

Do

03

Do

64

Mill run

65

Do

66

No 1 common 4/4 ~.

Do

67

Do

68

Mill run

Oak white quartered

69

Firsl s and seconds, 4/4

Do

70

Do

71

Do

72

Mill run •

Poplar

73

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

74

Do

7-,

No 1 common 4/4

Do

78

Do

77

Mill run

7s

MI! seconds clear random, 4/4 ....

Do

79

No 1 common, random, 4/4

Do...

SO

Mill run...

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

13

1

2
3
4
5
ti
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16'
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

Oklahoma.

iS
<5

Louisiana.

Mississippi.

a
<i

Missouri.

a

H
&

Florida.

South Caro-
lina.

North Caro-
lina.

1

Kentucky.

>

ll

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
.60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

836. 29
21.03
11.50
20.10

$34.40
19. 50
10.13

$36. 00
21.17
10.00

$38. 50
25. 25
16.33

$39. 69
24.52
14.65
20.67
33.00
22.33
14.22

$39.69
24.00
18.89
19.00

$33.67
23.67

31. 67
21.67
11.60
21.13

$43. 46
28.71
19.15
25.85
34. 06
25.66
17.13
22.20
18.50

"$23."33

33.25
22.75
13.00

!

19.13

21.50
2n. nfi

•

23.83L?

16.50

15.33 11.75

12.78
34.25
23.17
12.33
18.79
17.08
44.50
32. 55
13.20
8.44
15.75

40.14
28.86
11.14
7.25

39.64
27.14
13.18
6.92
20.00

39.52
26. 42
13.25
7.27
18.94

40.00
29.29
11.81
6.50

24.61
48.20
17.95
13.25
19.00
34.38
29.93
19.43
13.83
9.30
19.17

22.06
44.00
15.88
11.13

24."83
47.50
17.80
13.90

25 75

48. 67
19.00
15. 33

35.31
30.20
17.92
14.46
8.23
20.67
3.45
2.61

34.33
30.00
19.25
13.50
11.00

34.67
29.63

$35. 38

30.75

19 13

20.42

14. 06
10.00

16 00

11.00

14 83

15.00
29.66
16.92
15.58
11.31
8.65
11.42
44 17

16.00
31. 25
19.00
16.88
13.00
10.13

31.10
19 10

15.66

10.50
7.50

16.50
12.17
9.45
15.25

12.17
51. 67
31.25

12.00

46.25
28.88
11 00

25.00
11 20

27.67
17.00
22.80
29.00
19.87
15.74
23.00

22.75

23 67

16.67

,

16.83
16.08
44.07
31.47
17.54
8.42
20.42

16.50
38.33
21.77
11.37
5.46
17.57
50.77

13.70
39.71
22.67
11.94
6.25
18.50

39.00
20.67
10.50
5.00
21.27

39.40
22.20
11.39
5.50
21.33
49. 83
30.33
16.08

$38. 67
23.50
11.67

39.00
26.00
14.00
7.60
17.83

38.30
24.80
13.24
7.13
21.10
53.81
31.22

40.83
25.63
15.58
8.70
20.79
51.67
30 33

39. 56
28.33
14.22
6. 88
15.21

$18.67

31.14
17.18

16.67
33 00

19.00

66.18
38.88
19.93

70.00
39 75

68. 67i 72. 50
39 33i 41 75

65.60
38.54
18.81
40 00

69.30
41.68
22.41

73.67
45.50
23.75

19.85

18.67

21.33

35.67

50.00
35.50
28.43
15.14

48.32
35.70
26.22
14. 85
28.27

49.79
37.91
28.43
16. 79
28.40

48.13
36.13
29.25

17.88

52.20
38. 70
33. 40
21.55
27.42

19.17
12.81

12.27

. ...

;

14

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line.

Ash. .

1

Do

2

Do

3

Do

4

Basswood .

5

Do

6

Do

7

Do

8

Do ... I

9

Beech

10

Do

11

Do

12

Birch unselected

13

Do

14

Do

15

Do

16

Do

17

Chestnut

18

Do

19

Do

20

Do

21

Do

22

Cotton wood

23

Do

24

Do ..

25

Do

26

•fv( Do

27

Cvoress

28

Do

29 !

Do

30

Do

31

Do

32

Do

33 1

Cvoress shingles

34

Do

35

Elm rock

36

Do .

37

Do

38

Do

39

Elm soft

40

Do

41

Do

42

Gum

43

Do

44

Do

45

Do

46

Do .

47

Do

48

Hickory . . ...

49

Do

50

Do

51

Do

52

Maple, hard .

53

Do

54

Do

55

Maple, soft

56

Do

57

Do

58

Do

59

Oak, plain..

60

Do

61

Do

62

Do

63

Do

64

Oak, red, quartered. . .

65

Do

66

Do..

67

Do

68

Oak, white, quartered

69

Do

70

Do

71

Do ....

72

Poplar

73

Do.. .

74

Do

75

Do...

76

Do

77

Tupelo (bay poplar)

78

70

Do

80 I

Grade.

First and seconds, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4

No. 2 common and better, 4/4 or log run. . .

Mill run \\

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4 '.'.'.',',

No. 2 common, 4/4 ; . .

Log run

Mill run

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4

Mill run .."II"

Firsts and seconds, 4/4 '.','.

No. 1 common, 4/4

No. 2 common, 4/4

No. 2 common and better, 4/4 or log run

Mill run

.Firsts and seconds, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4

No. 2 common and S. W., 4/4

No. 3 common, 4/4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds, 4/4, 6" to 12"

Boxboards, 4/4, 13" to 17"

No. 1 common, 4/4

No. 2 common, 4/4

MU1 run

Firsts and seconds, clear, 4/4

Selects, 4/4

Shop, No. 1, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4, random widths

No. 2 common, 4/4, random widths

Mill run

Bests, 5"

Primes, 5"

Firsts and seconds, 8/4

No. 1 common and better, 8/4

No. 2 common and better, 8/4

Mill run

No. 1 common and better, 4/4

No. 2 common and better, 4/4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds, 4/4. red

No. 1 common, 4/4, red

Firsts and seconds, 4/4, sap

No. 1 common, 4/4, sap

No. 2 common, 4/4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds, 8/4

No. 1 common, 8/4

No. 2 common, 8/4

Mill run :

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4

Mill run

No. 1 common and better, 4/4

No. 3 common, 4/4

Log run

Mill run

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4.

No. 2 common, 4/4

No. 3 common, 4/4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4

No. 2 common, 4/4 •. .

Mill run

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4

No. 2 common, 4/4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

Saps or selects, 4/4

No. 1 common, 4/4

No. 2 common, 4/4

Mill run

Firsts and seconds, clear, random, 4/4

No. 1 common, random, 4/4

Mill run...

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

15

1

2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
SO

d

1

Indiana.

Illinois.

j

Wisconsin.

Pennsylvania.

New Jersey.

New York.

**

Massachusetts.

&

<a oj
Hi

£«>
9
X

>

3

j

$43.67
29.70
17.86
25.00
33.00
22.67
15.201
20. 401

$40.88
25.63
19.10
30.00
32.38
22.29
15.17
22.50

$41.25
25.00
17.38

$40.67
28.67
25.78
22.29
36.19
26.38
14.83
24.32
19.80
23.20
15.83
13.51
34.45
21.73

$37. 30
23.81
21.49
18.88
34.19
22.59
13.19
22.13
19.45

is.'i?

34.41
19.14

$46.00
26.00

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

$17.00

$26. 48

i

24.70
33.00

$20.00

$21.50

21.40

28.33

20.00

19.67
20.44
22.63

21.75
21.50

"i4.~96

19.33

19.33

19.30

II

21.43 22.60
17.50 16.67
14.44 16.56

:.:..:.

------

23.83
17.00
14.43
35.88
23.79

is.' 83! "is." 50

-----

20.33

"i4.~75
31.75
24.33

$i3.'67

14.50 11.25

13.67

:

22.56 20.53
16.71 17.08

20.00
20.75

18.67
20.92

!

15.58

15.40

$15. 67

15.89

39.60
26.83
15.40
13.33
19.33

41.00
27.00
15.25

36.00
26.40
16.70

$31.25

17.45

23.50

19.20

19.58

18.71

18.17

$17.50

18.00

34.20

28.80
22.40
17.85
26.00
19.38
15.33

23.82

" i7.i7

22.75
19.50
18.50

24.82
19.45
18.33
31.33

29.33
25.00
18.38

'

18.25

16 08

49.50
30.57
18.90
23.25
26.13
19.71
17.30
23.40

47.54
30.42

18.75
31.58
25.70
19.56
20.09
24.67

46.40
32.00
24.38

54.17

26.50
26.00
16.67
17.20

38.75

23.66

28.76
21.25
19.13

26.68
17.52
16.02
21.58
7.58
16.05
14.25
45.22
31 65

26 33

30.33
23.67
16.85

IE

18.63
19.36

17.10

19.00

8.33
18.20
16.16

19 25

17.70

15.83

13.13
42.75

18.00
41.67

i 40.60

16.50
34.50
26 14

17.81

14.00

14.4fl

14.25

43.33

28.14
20.91

27.43
17.77

27.50
16.13

| 18. 69
9.11

16.00

12.10

11.13

12.67

------

21.00
53.86
33.00
20.50

28.20
54.00
34.64
19.29

j 27.49

22.18

30.00

25.20

21.23

22.14

21.25

20.67

l- ...

73.56
45.81
26.14

70.36
43. OS
23.36

51.87
38 80

50. 7S
39.82

32.00

29. 4f

21 6C

18. 9C

17 67;

32. 8£

22.35

o

Issued March 8, 1912.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

FOREST SERVICE.

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester.

RECORD OF WHOLESALE PRICES
OF LUMBER.

(PER 1,000 FEET B.M.)

BASED ON ACTUAL SALES MADE F. O. B. MILL FOR

EACH QUARTER OF THE CALENDAR YEAR 1911.

WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1912

The Forest Service is engaged in many investigations of interest to lumber manu-
facturers. A copy of any of the following recent reports may be obtained by
addressing the Editor and Chief, Division of Publications, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.:

Forest Service Circular 180 — Lumber Saved by Using Odd Lengths.

Forest Service Circular 187 — Manufacture and Utilization of Hickory.

Forest Service Circular 189 — Strength Values for Structural Timbers.

Forest Service Circular 192 — The Prevention of Sap Stain in Lumber.

Division of Publications Circular 11 — List of Available Publications of the Forest
Service.
2

PREFATORY NOTE.

The Forest Service has two main purposes in collecting and compiling this record
of f. o. b. mill prices: First, to have a continuous statistical record of such prices of the
various commercial woods; and, second, to show, in contrast to market prices — which
include the important items of freight charges and selling costs — just what the manu-
facturers of lumber receive for their product at the mill. The prices given are whole-
sale, based on actual sales f. o. b. mill, for delivery outside of local territory. Only
a few representative grades and the mill run are included. By mill run is meant the
average of all grades of lumber produced. The record is compiled by States, and is
made up from reports received from approximately 3,000 of the largest manufacturers
scattered throughout the country. It is published quarterly.

The Forest Service wishes to acknowledge the courtesy of the manufacturers for
their prompt and efficient cooperation. Their assistance has been of great value in
making the record complete, accurate, and promptly available for distribution.

NOTE.— For this issue of the record a departure has been made from the usual form
of compilation. In addition to the average prices for the last quarter of the calendar
year 1911 there are also reproduced the average prices of the three preceding quarters.
This has been done to permit of a comparison for the four periods of the year.

Figures in bold-faced type indicate an average for the last two quarters.

SUMMARY.

Lumber prices for the last three months of 1911 were generally lower than for any
of the preceding quarters. In some cases, however, the period .showed important
advances.

The prices obtained for Douglas fir, following an almost constant decline during
the year, were lowest during the fourth quarter. Flooring and finish in Washington
and Oregon dropped $1 to $4 under prices of the spring and summer. The lower
grades do not show much change during the latter half of the year, and timbers and
crossties in particular remained nearly stationary. Western hemlock prices reached
bottom for the year in the fourth quarter. Flooring Nos. 1 and 2 was $4.50 lower than
in the third quarter, and the other grades fell about $1 during the same period. Sugar
pine sold at prices lower by $2 for shop No. 1 and by $5 for Nos. 1 and 2 clear than in
the third quarter. Idaho pine prices for the last quarter were the lowest for the year.
The decline from the third quarter prices amounted to from $3 to $5 in finish, C and D
select, and from $2 to $3 in beveled siding, B and C. Common boards, however, show
a rise of nearly one-half dollar. Western pine prices were generally lower for the fourth
quarter, but while some items sold for from $1 to $3 less, other items suffered no
decline. Redwood clears were lower by about $2, but common boards and crossties
sold at better prices during October, November, and December than during the
first six months of the year. Sitka spruce prices show little change during the latter
half of the year.

Except in Mississippi, yellow pine sold generally in the Mississippi Valley States
for the lowest prices of the year. In Texas and Arkansas the fall amounted to from
$1 to $2 in flooring, finish, etc., and in Louisiana to somewhat less. In Mississippi
the general average for the fourth quarter about equaled that for the third. Alabama
prices suffered a decline of from $0.50 to $2. In Florida and Georgia yellow pine prices
improved during the last few months of the year, and the grades of flooring show an
advance for the fourth quarter of from $2 to $6 over the third; common boards of
from $1 to $2; plank and dimension stock, $0.50 to $4. North Carolina pine prices
also improved in the last few months of 1911, the advance averaging somewhat less
than $1 in South Carolina and North Carolina. In West Virginia spruce, merchant-
able frames and boards sold at from $1 to $2 in advance of the prices for the preceding,
months of the year. Adirondack and New England spruce and hemlock generally
brought the lowest prices for the year during the fourth quarter. Hemlock in Wis-
consin was lower by from 25 to 50 cents; in Michigan higher by about the same amounts.
White pine prices were the lowest for the entire year, the decline being more marked
in Minnesota than in Wisconsin or Michigan, the latter holding up the best. It is
noticeable that prices obtained for No. 4 boards in the Lake States were higher for
the last quarter of the year.

Prices of ash fell off by amounts up to $5 and $6 under third quarter prices, but in
very many cases sales were made at prices equal to those obtained during the lii.^i
three months of the year. In basswood most items were lower by a few cents to $3,
but in West Virginia, firsts and seconds sold at $3 and No. 1 common at $0.67 over
third quarter prices, while in Michigan and Wisconsin firsts and seconds fell off about
$1; No. 1 common, from $0.25 to $1.50; while No. 2 common rose $2 in Michigan and
4

SUMMARY. £>

in Wisconsin. lin-ch sold ;H lower figures in West Virginia and higher in
Indiana. In Michigan firsts and seconds rose $0.50 and No. 1 common over $2.

Birch prices declined slightly throughout the country. In West Virginia the
.decline amounted to as much as $4 in firsts and seconds; and in New York prices fell
by from $1 to $2. However, in Michigan and Wisconsin there were almost no changes
in prices reported for sales of graded lumber, but the mill-run average rose $1 in
Michigan, while in Wisconsin the mill-run average fell off $1.50 from third-quarter
reports.

Chestnut prices were about equal to those of the third quarter. In Virginia firsts
and seconds advanced $1, while No. 1 common declined $1. In Ohio prices were
$0.50 to $2 lower. In cottonwood items, box boards suffered no decline in Mississippi,
but declined nearly $3 in Arkansas and nearly $2 in Louisiana. Firsts and seconds
fell off $1.50 in Arkansas and rose $2.50 in Louisiana and $1 in Missouri. No. 1 and
No. 2 common rose by about $1 in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi.

Cypress was generally sold for lower prices in the Mississippi Valley States, excep-
tions being No. 2 common in Arkansas and selects in Louisiana. In Florida cypress
firsts and seconds, selects, and No. 2 common rose by from $1 to $1.50 over the third
quarter prices, reaching the highest point for the year. Shop No. 1 and No. 1 common
sold for the lowest prices reported throughout the year.

In oak many changes may be noted. In Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky fourth quarter prices held well with those obtained
during the third quarter, but in Indiana, Alabama, Missouri, and Virginia firsts and
seconds fell off by from $2 to $4, No. 1 common by from $1.50 to $3.25, and No. 2
common by from $0.50 to $1. In West Virginia oak sold for the highest prices reported
in any^ quarter. Firsts and seconds rose by $1.50 over the third quarter and No. 1
common by $1.

The prices of poplar suffered no decline in the last three months of the year in Ten-
nessee, Kentucky, and North Carolina. In Virginia the prices obtained for poplar
were the lowest of the year. Compared with third quarter prices, firsts and seconds
fell off $4, saps $3, No. 1 common $2.50, No. 2 common $3. In West Virginia poplar
prices touched the highest point of the year. Firsts and seconds and saps rose $1 over
third quarter prices, and No. 1 common rose $2. In Ohio and Indiana poplar prices
suffered no decline except in the case of saps, which foil off $2 in Ohio, $1 in Indiana,
and No. 1 common, which fell off $1 in Indiana.

6

WHOLESALE PKICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line No.

Grade.

Cedar, Western Red . .

1

Beveled siding No. 1, *" x 6".

Do...

?

Shop No. 2, 1" and ljf/ x 8".

Do

3

Shingles, perfection, 18".

Do...

4

Shingles, extra clear, 5/2"-lG".

Do .

5

Star-A-Star, 6/2"-16".

Do

6

Mill run.

Fir, Douglas . .

7

Flooring No. 1, v. g., 1" x 4".

Do

8

Flooring No. 2. v. g., 1" x 4".

Do...

9

Flooring No. 2, flat, 1" x 4".

Do

10

Finish No. 2 and better, 6" and 8".

Do

11

Drop siding, No. 2 slash.

Do...

1?

Dimension, Com., S1S1E, 2" x 12"-1(i'.

Do

13

Car sills, 5" x 8"-36'.

Do...

14

Timbers, 12" x 12", average 32'.

Do .

15

Crossties, 7" x 9".

Do

1"

Lath, per M.

Do....

17

Mill run.

Fir, White

18

Common boards, 6" and 8".

Do...

19

Lath, per M.

Do

?n

Mill run.

Hemlock, Western ...

?i

Flooring Nos. 1 and 2, v. g., 1" x 4".

Do.

??,

Finish Nos. 1 and 2, 5" and wider.

Do

?3

Dimension, No. 1. Com., 2" x 4" to 2" x 8".

Do. .

?4

Shiplap, 1".

Do

?5

Shop No. 1, IV' x 8" and wider.

Do

?6

Mill run.

Larch, Western

?7

Flooring, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1" x 4"

Do...

38

Finish, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1" x 8".

Do

W

Drop siding, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1" x 6".

Do

30

Common boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'.

Do..

31

Dimension No. 1, Com., 2" x 8"-16'.

Do

3*>

Lath, per M.

Do . . . .

33

Mill run.

Pine, Sugar

QA

Firsts and seconds, clear.

Do

35

Shop No. 1, 2" x 8" and wider.

Do...

36

Shop No. 2, 2" x 8" and wider.

Do

37

Mill run.

Pine, Western White

38

Finish, C select, 8".

Do. (Idaho White)

39

Finish, D select, 8".

Do...

40

Beveled siding, B and better, 4" and G".

Do...

41

Beveled siding, C, 4" and 6".

Do

4*>

Common boards, No. 2, G" and 8".

Do

43

Mill run.

Pine, Western Yellow
Do. (including Western
Pine, California White
Pine, New Mexico
White Pine).
Do

44
45

46

Flooring, B and better (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 4" and G"-16'.
Finish, B select and better, 1" by 10"-16'.

Finish, C select, 8".

Do...

47

Beveled siding, B and better, 4" and G".

Do

48

Beveled siding, C, 4" and G".

Do

49

Shop No. 1, 6/4.

Do..

50

Shop No. 2, 6/4.

Do

51

Common boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-lG'.

Do...

5?

Dimension, No. 1, Com., 2" x 8"-16'.

Do

53

Lath No. 1, per M.

Do

54

Mill run.

Redwood

",

Clear, 6" to 12", 10' to 20'.

Do ...

56

Sappy clear, G" to 8", 10' to 'Jo'.

Do...

57

Common boards No. 1.

Do..

58

Common boards No. 2.

Do

W

Crossties, 6" x 8"-8'.

Do

no

Shingles No. 1. perM.

Do

61

Shingles No. 2, per M.

Do

6*>

Mill run.

Spruce, Sitka

63

Shop No. 1, 6/4.

Do. (\Vestern Spruce)
Do

64

In

Finish No. '2, clear and better, 1" x 12".
Flooring No. 2, clear and better, 1" x 4"

Do..

06

Beveled siding. B, J." x G".

Do

67

Common boards, 1" x 12".

Do

68

Mill Jim

WHOLESALE PKICES OF LUMBER.
Line Numbers Eefer to Grades Listed on Page 6.

Line No.

CALIFORNIA.

OREGON.

WASHINGTON.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

ft:

June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr., July,
May, Aug.,
June. Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1

2
3
4
5
0
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
10
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
20
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
30
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
40
47
48
4!)
50
51
52
53
54
55
50
57
58
59
00
01
02
03
04
05
00
07
OS

$17.75

$17. 49
15.75
2.58
2.01
1.60

"24." 74
21.68
14.26
21.56
16.79
8.50
12.57
9.52
9.17
1.26
11.35
7.82

$16.87
13.96
2.45
1.85
1.51
13.16
24.10
20.79
13.99
20.34
15.24
8.33
11.83
9.31
8.71
1.24
10.88
7.82
8 00

$15. 24
15.00
2.35
1.83
1.42

"23." 27
20.10
12.55
19.28
14.05
7.73
11.54
8.67
8.16
1.23
10.05
7.25

$15.61
13.91
2.33
1.80
1.42
10.52
22.05
19.01
12.11
19.30
13.00
7.70
11.37
8.68
8.30
1.25
10.90
7.15

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

65
00
67
68

$1.88
15.00
24.43
21.31
15.66
21.41
17.05
8.71
15.31
9.21
8.56
1.49
10.57

$16.00
26.85
22.38
16.40
22.96
18.01
9.59
15.42
10.29
9.17
1.70
11.31

$17.33
25.85
21.78
15.61
23.11
17.39
8.96
13.83
9.22
8.74
1.58
10.97
8.67

28.47
24.70
16.20
22.37
19.71
9.93
16.60
10.40
9.85
1.47
11.52
9 31

$24.33

$13.83

13.50

2.4i
12.17

.
$13.24

9,55

21.70
21.00
7.40
8.47
15.75
10.28

22.50
20.62
8.00
- 8.58

23.17
18.33
7.32
7.81

18.70
17.58
7.00
7.95

11 33

9.90

9.08
21.00

9.58

9.85

21.00

10 83

...

9.17

8.75
1 67

8.88

...

11 75

49.50
32.17
22.50

55.13
33.61
24.66

50. 15
31.62
21.30

$43.95

43 61

44 52

33.00
35.40
27.00
20.83
17.62
24.47
16.83
13.33
9.21
2.70
14.38

28.33

43.56
37.67

42.58

46.39
38.89

36.08

36. 44 .
29.44

36.80
28.16

38.94
33.45
22.25
20.17
25.17
18.67
13.80
10.37
2.96

30.75
21.12
19.00
24.90
17.10
13.86
9.58
2.74
12.58

28.38
20.15
16.80
24.00
16.36
12.00
9.60
2.78
14.19

24 75

22 00

"29." 67'
20.62

21.53
26.17
19.41
13.18
14.00
2.27

27.05
19.18
14.02

27.21
17.64
13.70

25.75
18.08
14.42
11.75

25.25
17.50
14.50
11.87

24.38
16.88
13.50
11.17

25.16
16.33
12.58

14.84
25.85
21.97
16.12
13.83
.50
1.67
1.13
19.30

14.75
23.93
19.44
14.03
12.19
12.37
1.56
1.06
14.78

12.86

23.08
18.92
10.67
7.42
11.12
1.50
1.03
13.92

26.03
20.64
12.96
10.13
11.33
1.50
.96
17.38

18.50
28.75

17.13
31.00

18. 25
32.75
30.67
17.50
9.67
15.50

18.87
29.60
29.33
16.62
9.50
13.85

16.83
29.25
26.27
15.83
9.40
15.39

16.75
31.95
29.67
14.25
9.30
14.04

28.33

18.65
11.72

19.25
12.00

11.67
13.00

12.13

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Line Numbers Eefer to Grades Listed on Page 6.

1

1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

lo

11
12
13
14
15

16

17
18
19

20
21

22

23
24
25
26
27
2s
29
30
31
32
33
3-i
35
36
37

38

3!)
40
41
42
43
4-1
45
4ii
47
4-s
49
5.)
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
58
69
(ii)
61
62
63

<>4
68

(Hi
•17
08

IDAHO.

MONTANA.

WYOMING.

SOUTH
DAKOTA.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,

May,
June.

July,
Aug..
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

00...
Nov.,
Dec.

July, Oct.,
Aug., Nov.,
Sept. Dec.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

$11. 30

$13.38

$14.38

12.83

$10. 74
11.31

15.00

$15.33

$12. 25

sii.so

10.75

11. 50

11.29

24.47

18.66
18.38
16.33
12.12
10.38

$23. 41
26.68
23.81
15.78
11.69
1.86
12.87

22. 19
25.99
22.06
14.72
11.28
1.75
12.60

21.63
25.44
21.75
15.03
11.64
1.94
13.97

18.57
22.91
16.98
13.63
11.18
1.44
13.74

"ii'oo"

"l2.66'
10.52

9.42

10.12 j 10.70

10.87

34.00
28.00
23.58
22.38
18.17
15.17
36.10
44.87
30.90
23.50
21.08
24.38
17.90
14.50
11.25
3.01
16.38

35.00
26.00
25.33
21.46
10.29
17. 30
34.75
45.50
27.60
23.50
20.03
23.58
16.88
13.90
10.29
2.88
13.85

37.00
29.25
26.83
23.71
14.87
18.33
31.50
36.33
28.78
24.50
19.00
23.56
16.00
12.71
11.25
2.62
13.47

33.91
24.35
24.80
20.87
15.29
17.19
30.33

;

14.70
14 00

37.40
40.64
30.82
23.69
19.58
23.88
18.88
15.85
12.67
3.28
16.16

37.72
42.35
33.71
23.60
19.95

"is." 94'

15.60

""i" 66"
15. 58

41.92
45.35
34.54
23. 50
19.92
26.63
18.63
16. 02
13. 80
2.74
15. 31

44.41
34. 75
22.67
19.58
26.67
16.67
14.33
12.05
2.68
16.28

28.60

"is." 33'

21.25
14.93
13.85
11.43
3.06
14.11

$16. 75

$16.40

$14.90

$14.64

.

.

.

.

1

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.
Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 6.

NEVADA.

UTAH.

COLORADO.

NEW
MEXICO.

Line No.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov..
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,'
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1»
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62'
63
64
65
66
67
68

$15. 00

$14. 00

$13.36

$39.00
43.17
35. 13
24.00
20.67
25.55
19.94
15.75
16.67
3.25

$26. 25

$23.67

12.50
14.25
3.85
13.70

13.17
14.00
3.53
13.73

11.88
14.63

$13. 00 i
14.83

14.00
14.67

15.17

$20.00

$21.50

14.86

13.94

$12. 67

13.75

i

12.40

27722—12-

10

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

1
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

57

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

Grade.

OKLA1

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

IOMA.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Hemlock (Lake States)....

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2" x 4" -16' ..

Do...

Boards, No. 1, SIS, l"x 8"-16'

Do

Timbers, rough, 4" x 4" to 8" x 8"-16'

Do...

Fencing No. 1, SIS, 1" x 6"...

Do

Lath No. 1, f"-4'

Do

Mill run

Hemlock (Eastern States)....
Do

8/4 merch. 4" to 12". 10' to 20'. . .

4/4 merch. 6" and 8'; -16'

Do...

4/4 merch. 10" and 12"- 16'

Do...

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS clipped 12'-16'

Do

4/4 boards, No. 2, 1" x 4" -12", 6'-20'

Do...

Mill run, mill culls out

Do

Mill culls

Do . .

Mill run

Pine, North Carolina

Flooring, No. 2, 1" x 4" x 10'-16'

Do

Flooring, No. 3, 1" x 4" x 10'-16'

Do...

Dimension (ah* dried), 2" x 8"-16' and under

Do

Roofers, 1" x 8", D. & M

Do ...

Partition No 1 13/16" x 3i" 10'-16'

Do...

No. 1 edge 4/4, under 12"

Do .

Box edge 4/4, under 12".

Do...

Millrun

Pine, White

Selects C and better, 5/4 (M L )

Do

Inch finish C selects 10" (M L )

Do...

Shop No. 1, 3/4 (M. L.)

Do

Shop No. 3, 5/4 (M. L.)

Do

Beveled siding C 6" x 16'

Do

Boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'

Do

Boards No 3 12" 10'-20'

Do...

Boards No. 4, mixed widths, 10'-20'

Do

Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6" x 16'. . .

Do...

Lath No. 1(W. P.)

Do

Lath No. 1 (mixed)

Do

Millrun

Pine, Yellow

Flooring, B, v, g. 13/16" x 31".

Do (Mississippi Valley
Mills).
Do

Flooring, No. 2, D. & M., 1" x 4"

Flooring, No. 2, S2S and C. M., 1" x 6"

Do...

Flooring, B, flat, 13/16" x 3£"

Do...

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider

Do

Dimension No 1, S1S1E, 2" x 8"-16'

$9.83
13.50
10.50
11.44
14.08

Do...

Com. boards No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10"

Do .

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 8"

Do...

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 12"

Do

Timbers S1S1 E, 6" x 8"-16'

Do

Car siding, B and better, 1" x 4" and 6" x 9'-18'.

Do...

Com. car lining, No. 1, 1" x 6" x 10'-20'...

Do . .

Lath No. 1, f".

Do

Mill rim

$15. 82

13.38

Pine, Yellow

Finish, B and better. 6" and wider. . . .

Do (Atlantic Coast Mills).
Do

Flooring, B and better, heart rift 13/16" x 24".

Flooring B and better sap rift 13/16" x 2y'

Do..

Flooring, B, heart rift, 13/16" x 24".. .

Do

Flooring, B, sap rift, 13/16" x 24".

Do...

Flooring, B, sap flat, 13/16" x 3}"

Do

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10" x 10'-16'

Do

Com boards No 2 S2S 1" x 10" x 10'-16'

Pine, Yellow, merch. grade
(Sail).
Do

Plank and dimensions:
Sizes 2" x 6" to 8" x 8", average 24'. .

Sizes 2" x 9" to 10" x 10" average 24'

Do

Sizes 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", average 24'. .

Do

Sizes 2" x 14" to 14" x 14" average 24'.

Do

Sizes 2" x 16" to 16" x 16" average 24'

Do

Millrun

Spruce (Kivstern)

Merch frames 9" and under 24' and under .

Do

Merch frames 10" and 12" 24' and under

Do

Merch. random 10" and 12", 10' and up

Do

Merch 2" x 7" and under, 10' to 24'. *

Do

Merch 2" x 8" and up 10' to 24'

Do

Lath, If"

Do

Mill run

Spruce (Adirondack)

Mill run mill culls out

Do

No. 1 and clear. . .. . .. .

Do

No 2

Do

No. 3

Do

Mill culls

Do

Mill run

Spruce (West Virginia)

Merch frames 3" x 4" to 8" x 8" 10'-16'

Do

Merch. frames 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", 10'-16'. . .

Do

Boards merch., 1" x 12", 10'-20'. . ...

D»

Boards box 1" x 4"-12//

D«...

Mill run...

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

11

Line Numbers Befer to Grades Listed on Page 10.

n

TE2

LA.S.

ARKA

NSAS.

LOUIS

IANA.

0

55

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,

Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,

Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

fc

1

1

2

?,

•^

3

4

4

5

I

6

6

7

7

g

8

9

10

10

IT

12

12

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

16

17

17

18

18

19

19

90

20

°1

21

'*2

W,

91

?a

24

?4

05

Bfi

26

?,6

07

27

28

?«

oq

?9

30

30

31

31

32

33

33

33

34

34

35

$28.25

$28.83

$27. 48

$27.83

$28.61

$27. 53

$28. ie

$27. 92

$27.58

$27. 53

35

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
'47
48
49

10.43
10.33
18.59
23.21
12.03
14.73
11.95
12.94
12.20
18.70
15.83
1.48
13.64

$io. oe

10.75
18.39
23.63
12.19
14.19
12.34
12.66
12.75
17.58
14.92

is.'ss"

11.96
11.21
19.35
25.14
12.20
14.83
12.29
12.73
13.00
18.67
14.25
2.08
14.19

10.33
9.64
18.25
23.20
11.02
13.41
10.66
11.33
12.34
20.44
14.00

"13." 68"

10.83
11.41
19.20
24.91
13.19
14.83
12.09
13.46
13.93
19.20
14.72
1.93
14.50

11.33
11.65'
19.22
24.85
12.50
14.85
12.56
13.39
14.21
18.39
14.18
2.06
14.51

$11.94
12.23
19.95
25.63
12.77
15.63
13.21
13.68
13.89
18.09
14.56
2.11
15.20

10.80
10.28
18.80
23.91
11.90
13.78
10.97
12.09
12.95
19.65
12.94
1.76
13.47

10.09
10.50
18.24
22.82
12.05
14.18
11.50
12.56
12.38
18.39
14.30
1.84
13.72

11.00
11.27
18.75
23.29
12.34
14.73
12.08
12.99
12.72
19.00
14.78
1.90
14.37

11.28
11.33
19.13
23.48
12.15
14.79
11.93
13.29
12.21
18.95
14.14
2.08
14.36

10.61
10.98
18.10
22.78
11.92
14.38
11.27
12.21
12.28
18.90
14.32
1.87
13.88

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

50

50

51

51

52

5?

53

53

54

54

55

55

56

,

56

17

57

58

58

59

59

60

60

61

61

6*>

6?

63

63

64

64

65

65

66

66

67

67

68

68

69

69

70

70

71

71

79

7?

73

73

7-1

74

75

75

76

76

77

77

7S

78

79

79

so

80

*

12

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 10.

Line No.

MISSISSIPPI.

ALABAMA.

MISSOURI.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May',
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1
2
3
4
5
1
7
8

10
11

12
13
14

15
Hi
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
3<i
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
4t,
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
5(i
57
58
59
tK)
»il
(.2

ok

04
(15
68

<i7

06

(19
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
8(J

2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
til
62
63
(14
tio
(*>
C»7
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

$28. 75
9.50
10.44
17.91
21.36
12.02
15.03
11.39
12.34
11.34
20.40
15.08
1.78
13.57

$28.75
10.33
11.69
18.74
22.45
12.29
15.63
12.14
12.93
12.15
19.50
16.07
1.98
14.42

$28. 50
10.08
11.08
18.72
22.22
11.93
15.94
11.84
13.03
11.94
19.88
16. 25
2.00
14.20

$28.30
9.88
11.15
18.88
22.27
12.04
15.83
11.61
12.60
12.32
20.16
16.80
1.92
14.65

$28. 20
9.12
10.49
18.18
20.73
12.17
15.31
12.35
12.86
12.13
19.50
15.25
1.62
13.41

$28.35
10.10
11.14
18.08
21.36
12.19
15.58
12.04
12.90
11.50
18.75
14.87
2.12
14.10

$28.33
10.43
11.44
18.92
22.05
12.29
16.65
12.75
13.38
12.50

$27. 75
9.98
10.91
18.45
21.60
12.00
16.01
12.00
12.70
13.00

$9.25

$20.50
21.00
14.50
14.00
12.63

23.00
13.75
14.75
13.00
14.10

$19. 67

2.13
14.49

1.94
14.11

11.38

11.21

11.67

i

WHOLESALE PEICES OF LUMBER.

13

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 10.

Line No. 1

FLORIDA.

GEORGIA.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

&

1

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
13
14
15
l(i
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2(
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
4(
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
5(
57
58
59
<i<
<»1
<V2
f>3
64
86
(1C
(.7
(IS
<»9
71
71
72
73
74
75
7(
77
78
79
SO

Jan..
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1
2
3

4
5
li

8

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
K
27
28
29
90
31
32
33
34
35
30
37
3S
3;)
40
41
42
43
44
45
4(i
47
4S
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
5(i
57
58
59
60
(il
C.2
(13
(14
(15

no

(17
C>8
(19
70
71
72
73
74
75
7fi
77
78
79
SO

,

$19.20
15.08
10.63
11.38
22.55

$18.75
15.00
12.17
11.08

$19.88
15.44
10.75
12.22
23.50
19.33
11.00
14.50

$19. 90
16.10
11.00
11.92
23.25
23.25
10.63
14.26

21.46
10.06
13.45

22.10
11.12
13.25

$21.35

$20.78
39 83

$19.00

$22.83

$44.00
28.75
38.16
28.00
18.00
17. 25
11.88
11.80
13.30
16.60
19.50
22.60
13.17

39.50
27.41
38.00
28.00
18.75
16.67
11.93
12.95
14.50
16.88
20.70
23.50
12.98

$33. 50
25.67
33.00
26.67
18.92
16.46
12.04
12.07
13.83
16.13
20.75
24.20
13.02

27.83

28.33
39.00
30.33
20.20
17.13
14.00
12.69
14.92
16.94
19.06
24. 30
14.37

19.50
17.38
12.70
11.44
11.50
15.00
19.25
22.00
13. 52

18.42
16.90
11.93
11.70
13.25
15. 75
18.00
21.33
14.51

$18.03
16.52
12.52
11.75
13.06
15.64
18.25
20.38
14.82

$20.40
18.33

20.00

14.67

14.63
14.91
16.69
20.82
24.21
15.83

13.50
14.00
15.50

19.50

15.55

15.67

14

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 10.

Line No.

NORTH CAROLINA.

TENNESSEE.

KENTUCKY.

Line No. |

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

May*,'

June.

July,
SeUpgt.'

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct., i
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

ft:

June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Iti
17

is
19

20
21
22
21!
24
25
2(i
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
86
37
3S
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
5i i
57
58
59
60
Gl
62
63
64
(15
66
(17
(is
C.9
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78

79
80

1
2
3

4
5
(>
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73-
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

$12.75
13.68
12.87

$12.87
13.84
13.93

$15.00
12.87

$15.50

$12.00

i

11.31

12.47 1

$14.78

$20.07
14.98
11.15
11.96
22.77
19.67
10.14
13.38

$20.17
15.80
12.06
12.20
23.05
18.92
10.25
13.21

21.10
15.25
11.72
12.54
23.62
19.11
10.75
13.42

$20.83
16.51
12.14
13.39
24.50
20.31
11.65
13.95

62 00

55 00

50.50
25.00

23.50

23 50

20.00

19.00

3 37

3.00

19.80

18.00

18.67

18.83

19.20

17.50

$19.38

19.50

12.35

13.04

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

15

Line Numbers Eefer to Grades Listed on Page 10.

1

2

9

VIRGINIA. WEST VIRGINIA.

MARYLAND.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,'
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan..
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
M^y,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,

Nov.,
Dec.

Jan..
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

i

2

3
4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

1

3
3
4
5

6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
43
43
44
45
46
47
48

g

51
53
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

S

70
71
73
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

$15.80
14.64
16.02
14.88
11.38
14.81
6.33
14.83

$15.25
14.92
16.25
15.38
11.36
14.79
6.83
14.08

$15.50
14.55
16.20

$16.50
15.60
17.42
14 00

11.60
15.92
6.00

11.83
15.00
6.50
15.08

$13.75
23.13
18.00
12.08
15.63

$14." S3"

12.05
11.25
22.41
20.33
10.57
13.12

$21.00

$21.87
18.75
15.75
13.20

12.50
11.60

$15.50

25.50

24.78
11.78
13.00

$24.64
11.86
12.80

23.83
11.32
13.24

13.25
14.25

12.12

$12.50

18.75

18.81

17.63
20.25
21.75
14.30
17.75

17.70
19.50
20.33
14.37
17.32

17.38
20.25
21.33
15.00

18.25
21.50
22.25
14.63
16.83

i

16

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Line Numbers Eefer to Grades Listed on Page 10.

Line No.

PENNSYLVANIA.

NEW YORK.

NEW HAMPSHIRE:

1

1

2
3
4
5
8
7
8
0
10

11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
.50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
7(3
77
7S
79
SO

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9

!?

12
13
14
15
16
17

Ls

20
21
22
23

24

is

27

32
33
34
35
3t>
37
38
39

If

42
43

44
45
46

s
£

51

g
£

si

g

g;
I

f>4

<;r,

GO

£

6!)
70
71
72
73
74

S

77
7H
7<t
«n

$17.50
20 50
17.62
19.75
3.50
17.75

818.00

$18. 10
18.21
17.43
18.00
3.53
17.72

$18.38
18.61
17.50
17.75
3.77
16.70

$18.20
17.90

$17.93
17.40
18.50

16.50

3.68
18.00
18.75
19.75

4.17

16.88

17.40

818. 25

$19.40
18 93

$19.00
17.90

21.25
19.50
14 25

19.25
19.00

$16.75

$17.60

17.25

17.17
10.00

15.33
9.00

16.75

10.75
16.52

9.33
17.03

16.62

16.53

16.87

17.00

$17.06

15.33

34.67
27.50

22.00

21.90

23.25

22.50
21 00

23.67

20.75

18.13

3.75

3.00
23.25

25.22

22.75

22.25

23.11

23.73

23.90

21.12

15.90

17.50

17.43

18.28

19.50
22.00
18.88
16.33
17.67
3.19
17.67

21.00
23.00
20.67
18.33
20.67
3.37
18.50

20.63
22.13
20.66
18.80
19.00
3.48
19.00

2i.is

24.68

3.35
18.33

18.75
28.00
18.60
16.50
11.20
18.19

18.00
31.67
19.67
16.00
11.00
17.92

19.41
31.67

18.25
29.25
20.17

17.00
12.33
17.00

17.00
11.25
17.30

.

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

17

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 10.

1

1

2
3
4
5
0
7
8
9
10

11

12
13
14
15
1C,
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

VERMONT.

MAINE.

MASSACHUSETTS.

S.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2'
2
2
2
2
2
2,
2<
3(
3
31

3:

3-
3.
»

:r

3

3(
4(
4
41
4f
4^
4,<
4f
4'
4,'
4<
5(
51
K
5:
A

5,
ft

5'
&
51
*

61

8
8
ft

6;
61
ffi

•
r,f

7(
71

71
35

74
7.'
7f

71

n

7fi
8C

Jan.,
Feb.,

Mar.

May,'
June.

July,
Aug.,

Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

$16.88
17.83
18.33
16.25

$18.00

$17. 01

$15. 50
"i6."2i'

15.80

$19. 25
16.33

iie-'so"

$18.00

16.60
14.40
14.83
9 75

$16. 25

16.60
13.50

$19.00

13.50

15.33

16.67

16.25

15.85
11 38

16.50

17.25

10.67

16.22

16.11

15.58

15.12

14.70

13.73

15.00

$17. 47

$15.00

$16. 67

16.88

26.67

21.17
23 00

21.00

28.00

21 67

18.87

19. 82

16.75

3 00

3 12

18.60

19.38

19.00

18.38

17.50

19.23

19.20

19.64

19.15

17.25

17.80

18.35

22.17
25.00
22.50

~22."66"

21.50
23.50

"i9.'l7
20.67

20.00
20.90
20.83
21.33
22.00

18.50
21.75
19.50
16.50
19.50
. 3.16
17.28

18.22
20.96
17.67
15.42
16.32
2.91
16.42

19.52
22.89
18.97
16. 64
18.04
2.83
16.82

19.92
21.96
19.30
16.43
16.92
3.13
17.32

16.13

18.71

17.33

18.51

18.20

17.00

17.33

18.33

29.00
17.75
13.50

26.25
18.70
12.50

28.20
18.80
13.25

26.90
17.75

14.00

\

18

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Line Numbers Befer to Grades Listed on Page 10.

0

X

0>

1

2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

MINNESOTA.

WISCONSIN.

MICHIGAN.

Line No. j

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

a&

June.

July,

iupgt:

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,

Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct..
Nov.,
Dec.

$15. 15
17.39
16.21
14.88
3.33
12.37

$15.99
17.21
16.54
15.84
3.31
12.75

$15.72
16.85
16.87
15.54
3.29
12.72

$15.44
16.38
16.20
15.09
3.22
11.98

$15. 17
16.30
16.15
15.36
3.46
12.16

$15.30
16.59 ;
15.86
16.05
3.44
12.33

$14. 94
15.98
15.96
15.40
3.45
12.65

$15. 10
16.27
15.96
15.64
3.43
12.39

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

so

$57.73
46.83
47.95
27.35
25.84
23.81
20.60
13.19
26.88
3.96
3.47
19.20

$54.64
46.13
46.64
24.63
25.55
23.45
20.00
12.50
25.65
3.79
3.32
18.80

$53.69
46.95
48.31
24.82
25.73
23.22
20.41
12.67
26.58
3.70
3.11
17.62

$52.83
46.05
48.22
24.17
24.95
22.73
20.44
12.79
25.07
3.68
3.28
19.06

57.15
48.58
49.37
26.43
25.99
25.24
21.26
12.61
26.86
3.87
3.48
20.51

56.77
49.00
51.45
26.58
26.09
23.92
20.98
12.45
26.63
3.72
3.10
21.25

60.15
48.80
51.25
25.59
26.25
24.52
21.30
12.53
26.50
3.61
3.28
19.75

56.93
47.75
50.11
25.78
25.40
23.73
20.72
13.03
25.86
3.58
3.26
20.12

57.66

64.50
52.33
54.75
30.00
26.63
26.58
23.83
13.38
26.50
3.78
3.43
21.14

63.75
48.75
51.33
28.88
25.70
25.70
22.50
14.30
28.25
3.76
3.26
20.65

51.80
29.15
26.08
28.33
24.71
13.00
29.67
3.76
3.50
21.31

28.51
23.30
13.16
29.13
4.15
3.66
21.13

16.38

"

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

19

Line Numbers Eefer to Grades Listed on Page 10.

Line No.

CONNECTICUT.

RHODE
ISLAND.

NEW
JERSEY.

DELAWARE.

i

1

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
M*y,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

July,

Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1

2
3
4
5

C

7
8

10
H
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
40
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
50
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

i

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

$16.54

116.00

$17.00

$14.50

18.08

20.11

18.32

19.50

$18.50

$23.17

$15.63

20

WHOLESALE PBICES OF LUMBEK.

Species.

Line No.

Grade.

OKLAHOMA.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Ash...

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
114
65
66
f»7
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

Firsts and seconds 4/4

$31.38
17.33
9.67

Do

No 1 common 4/4

Do

Do

Mill run

Bass wood

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do.

No 1 common 4/4

Do

No 2 common 4/4

Do

Do

Mill run

Beech

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do '

No* 1 common 4/4

Do

Mill run

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

No 1 common 4/4

Do

Do

Do

Chestnut

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

Do

No 2 common and S W. 4/4

Do

Do

Mill run

Cottonwood

Firsts and sfconds 4/4 6 to 12 inches

Do

Boxboards 4/4, 13 to 17 inches

Do

No 1 common 4/4

Do

Do

Mill run

•Cypress

Do

Selects 4/4

Do

Shop No 1 4/4

Do

No 1 common 4/4 random widths

Do

No 2 common 4/4 random widths

Do

Mill run

Cypress shingles

Bests 5"

Do

Prunes 5"

Elm Rock

Firsts and seconds 8/4

Do

Do

No 2 common and better 8/4

Do

Mill run

Elm Soft

Do

No 2 common and better 4/4

Do

Mill run

•Gum

Firsts and seconds 4/4 red

Do

Do

Firsts and seconds 4/4 sap

Do

Do

No 2 common 4/4

Do

Hickory

Do

No 1 common 8/4

Do

Do

Mill run

Maple, Hard . . ...

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

No 1 common 4/4

Do

Mill run

Maple Soft

Do

Do

Do

Mill run

Oak Plain

Firsts and seconds 4/4

38.00
18.00
8.67

Do

No 1 common 4/4

$18. 67

Do

Do

No 3 common 4/4

Do

Mill run

Oak Red quartered

Do

No 1 common 4/4 . ...

Do

Do

Mill run

Oak White quartered

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

Do

No 2 common 4/4

Do

Mill run

Poplar

Do

Saps or selects 4/4

Do

No 1 common 4/4

Do

Do

Mill run

Firsts and seconds clear random 4/4

Do

Do...

Mill run. . .

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

21

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 20.

0

fc

1
I

3
4
5

8
7
8

y

10

u

12
13
14
15
1(1
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
2>)
30
31
32
33
34
35
3(1
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
4(1
47
4s
40
50
51
52
53
54
56
5(1

58
59
60

(11

(12

(14
(15
66
(17
66
60
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
7'1
80

ARKANSAS.

LOUISIANA.

MISSISSIPPI.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,

Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

$34.12
ly.23
10.78
21.13

$37.44
19.96
10.85
20.56

$36. 29
21.03
11.50
20.10

$35.91
20. 28
10.60

$35.07
19.43
10.00

$35.00
19.30
10.20

$34. 40
19.50
10.13

$35.54
19.06
10. 75

136.60

20.80
11.50

$36.29
19.33
10.00
24.00

$36.00
21. 17
10.00

$33. 16
21.0J
10.75

' 1
2
3
4
5

6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

24.00
46.01
17.37
12.69
16.00
32.46
28.94
19.15
12.96
9.62
18.76
3.41
2.41

24.50
47.63
18.23
11.93
20.33
32.85
29.00
18.63
12.25
8.38
19.20
3.45
2.45

24.61
48.20
17.95
13.25
19.00
34.38
29.93
19.43
13.83
9.30
19.17

23.08
45.50
18. 66
15.00

34.30
29.00
18.15
13.20
9.50
18.66

24.38
45.50
15.88
11.13
• 21.00
34.81
30.38
18.46
14.94
8.11
21.22
3.37
2.59

22.10
45.75
15. 63
11.20
18.60
34.90
29.91
18.28
14.78
8.19
21.27
3.40
2.68

22.06
44.00
15.88
11.13

24.50
42.25
16.00
11.75

25.00
48.00
17.50
13.07

24.79
46.50
16.92
11.92
19 55

24.83
47.50
17.80
13.90

25.50
47.33
18.50
14.66
20.81
33.60
29.80
19.20
13.17
10.33

35.31
30.20
17.92
14.46
8.23
20.67
3.45
2.61

34.44
^O 16
17.VO

14.37
8.06
20.67
3.35
2.41

33.00
29.20
18.80
13.13
8.10

31.50
27.83
17.50
13.50
9.05

34.33
30.00
19.25
13.50
11.00

21 08

14.00
15.50
28.80
16.97
15.4(1
11.11
8.00
11.97
43.83
23.67
11.50
26.75

16.14
15.88
29.00
16.66
15.55
11.27
8.32
13. 41
43. '23
22.60
9.00
28.00

14.83
15.00
29. 66
16.92
15.58
11.31
8.65
11.42
44.17
25.00
11.20

17.50

15.00

15.00
15.00
29.42
19.00
16.33
12.67
9.17
12.25
44.92

14.75

"si." oo

18.J-0
16.75
11.75
9.16

15.50

" "si.'io

19.10
i 6.50
12.17
9.45
15.25

29.92
16.97
15.28
11.16
8.33
12.60
49.41

29.00
17.83
15.83
11.00
7.75

29.50
17.66
16. 17
10.33

6.87

27.00
17.25
15. 6/
11.72
8.50

44. 85
22.14

"15." 60

10.50
7.50

59.33

6.00
15.50
14.50
«. 1 .
21.10
11.37

20.43

48. 5fi
28.22
1,.2'
25.00
67.06
:,s.n:;
2n. c,7
41.10

18.50
5.50
17.50
16.00
38. 52
21.45
10. <?(>
5.82
20.82
50.7*
29.62
is. o:1
29.3:.
66.51
39.34
19.71
39.60

17 67

16. 50

18. :•;:
21.7,

11.3,

.".4(

17.5:

50.7'

31.14
17. 1>

a. «

!8.M

19. <\
35.67

16.20

:,:-..,>.
21.77
10.94
5.40
17.00
52.50
•2; . (i(
14.83
20.00

•••7.85
19. 00
38.66

38.25
21. IP
10.50
5.60
19. 26
46.17
27.32
14.83

«>." 50
38.83
19.67

39. 40
21.33
10.60

48.08
28.66

68.25
38.00
19.50

39.00
20. 67
10.50
5.00
21.27

38.40
20.50

10.88

66.' 33
37.83

38.74
21.38
10.8?
4.33
22.35
50. 17
29.50
15. 08
30.50
67.20
37. 29
17.14

39.00
22.00
11.50
5.33
19.53
49.50
28. 33
14.67
30. 20
66.50
36.50
17.33

39.40
22.20
' 11.39
5.50
21.33
49.83
30.33
16.08

70.00
39.75
19.85

39.55
22.62
11.62
4.16
23.33
50. 20
29.80
16.75

67.70
38.00
19.00

47.50
35.67
25.00
14.17

47.00
35. 33
24.50
14.00
25 80

19.17
13.67

'18. 57
13.51
12.60

. -

18.83
13. 20
13.72

19.17
12.81
12.27

18.77
13.17

12.14

12.25

22

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 20.

Line No.

ALABAMA.

MISSOURI.

TEXAS.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,
> Mar.

%?.

June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,

Nov,
Dec.

1
2
1

4
5
6
7
8

iS

H
12
13
14
15

16

17
IS
19
JO
21
22
23
24
25
2G
27
2S
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
38
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
id
47
4S
40
50

61

52
53
54
55
5fi
57
5<?
59
60

r.t

f>2
63
r,4
ftB

r,r,
r,7
ffi

r,o

70
71
72
73
74
75
78
77

78

70
^0

il36. 17
23.83

$35.00
21.50
13.25

$36.50
21.00
15 00

$40.83
23.00

$34.33

$39.31
23.80
13.00

$39.50
21.00
12.00

1
2
3
4

6
7
8
9

11

12
13

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
M
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
87
68

70
71

72
73
74
75
76
77
7«
79
80

20.00

$23.33

19.20

26.33
49.50
18.17
15.50

25.75
48.67
19.00
15.33

15 33

»

32.25
29.75
18.17
14.10
10.80

35.37
30.98
19.57
15.70
11.30

34.67
29.63
19.13
14.06
10.00

33.66

33.25
30.25
18.50

33.37
30.37
18.09
14.00

19.16
15.16

17 33

16.00
31.25
19.00
16.88
13.00
10.13

13.75

27.50
17.50
17.00
12.50

29.80
17.40
16.80
12.60
9.70
11.42

29.50
18.20
16.80
13.00
10.13
12.17

16.37
11.87
9.50

$16.83
12.00
8.67

13.00
10.00

45.i7
27.00
13.50

47." 58'
28.50
11.75

12.90

14.50

38.10
22.67
11.67
6.80
13.98

16.25
35.12
22.75
12.33
6.17
14.50

13.70
39.71
22.67
11.94
6.25
18.50

15.67
37.25

20.80
11.50

38.12
24.33
11.67
8.03

37.56
24.75
11.33
8.51

$38.67
23.50
11.67

$34.75
21.87
10.67

41.25
24.25
13.25

41.50
22.75
12.50

40.88
22.83
12 .25
6.84

18.50

13.29

50.10
29.46
15.12

71.07
40.08
19.51

65.83
37.00
18.00

68.67
39.33
18.67

63.50
35.50
15.33
38.66

70.33
41.50
21.00

72.50
41.75
21.33

48. 33
32.25
25.83
14.17

45. 25
32.50
24.55
13.00

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

23

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 20.

Line No.

FLORIDA.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,

Mar.

Apr., |
May,
June.

July,

Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,

iu£:

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
20
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
.53
54
55
56
57
.58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

$38.00
26.00

$39.00
26.50
13.55
15.50
33.00
21.75
13.25
21.50
19.33

$38.50
25.25
16.33

$37.67
23.67

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

33.00
23.00
12.50
21.00
18.66

33.25
22.75
13.00

32.67
22.00
14.67

. . .

20.00

1

ii.25

29.75
11.70
7.50

40.88
28.63
11.83
7.08

40.14
28.86
11.14
7.25

40.85
28.57
11.14
7.00

/.

$36.14
31.29
20.93
16.14
11.07
22.17
. 4.12
3.33

$35.10
31.50
20.75
16.67
11.75
24.08
4.32
3.29

$35.38
30.75
20.42
16.00
11.00

$36.37
32.00
20.00
15.70
11.83
23.93
4.08

$34.75
31.25
22.00
15.50
12.75

$31. 87
24.25
16.25
11.38

19.83

3.17

$20.17

18.00

13.00

8.83

•

16.33

39.50
26.83
14.08
7.07
17.67

38.37
26.67
14.50
7.07
16.67

39.00
26.00
14.00
7.60
17.83

39.14
25.64
13.92
7.50
18.50

51.40
36.60
29.50
16.00
27 20

50.00
35. 56
28.17
15.44

50.00
35.50
28.43
15.14

50.14
36.33
27.71
15.00
19.66

19.83
13 17

12.00

24

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Line Numbers Eefer to Grades Listed on Page 20.

Line No.

TENNESSEE.

KENTUCETT.

VIRGINIA.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

&ry;

June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,'
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
4S
49
50
51
52
.53
54
55
56
57
5.S
59
«)
61
62
63
64
65

*;

17
6H
19
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
98

$35.85
23.32
11.75
22.54
31.04
21.23
12.95
20.75
19.80

$38.31
24.22
14.40
21.38
30.54
21.42
13.27
21.75
19.48

$39.69
24.52
14.65
20.67
33.00
22.33
14.22
19.13

"23."83"
16.50
15.33

$38.40
23.93
11.85
23.27
31.83
22.00
13.00
21.25
20.11
27.00
17.25
19.67

$37.20
24.25
15.00
21.67
31.67
21.00
12.67
20.51
17.50

$37.21
24.86
17.20
22.00
33.00
21.75
12.33
20.50
20.00

$39.69
24.00
18.89
19.00

$38.10
23.58
15.00

$38.00
24.00
12.68

$38.50
23.50
16.00

$33.67
23.67

$37.33
23.25
11.00

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

31.67
21.67
11.60
21.13

31.50
20.50
10.75
18.33

20.00
11.33
19.87

21.50
20.06

24.33

19.67

13.33

12.90

11.75

38.61
26.36
•11. 93
6.75
19.34
24.00
47.50
19.00
15.00

37.43
25.34
11.86
6.75
18.69
25.00
47.75
18.50
14.50

39.64
27.14
13.18
6.92
20.00

38.45
25.14
12.79
7.11
20.06

39.38
29.30
11.87
7.33
19.25

39.93
28.03
12.68
7.50
17.08
27 75

39.52
26.42
13.25
7.27
18.94

38.92
26.47
13.00
7.67

41.33
29.33
11.50
6.67
15.50

39.60
27.50
11.00
6.25
15.75

40.00
29.29
11.81
6.50

41.00
28.00
11.25
6.83
14.20

49.50
18.50
12.25
14.87

35.53
30.12
19.46
14.58
8.74

35.00
30.50
18.00
13.50

.

26.13
18.50
16.50
13.00
11.25
11.78
46.88
27.67
11.50
18.00

17.25
16.25
13.67
10.42
12.87
44.29
26.86
11.00

12.12

12. 17
51.67
31.25

12.00

11.27

46.25
28.88
11.00

49.22
28.55
14.21
25.10

48.33

30.75

21.50

22.75

23.33
17.33
16.15

23.67
16.67

16.40

15.05

15.00
37.46
24.28
13.10
6.77
20.39
52.41
31.68
17.09
28.33
62.71
38.42
18.56
34.50
49.03
35.97
27.00
15.84
28.33

14 33

36.15
24.43
12.61
7.18
19.53
49.93
30.11
15.46

38.30
24.80
13.24
7.13
21.10
53.81
31.22
16.67
33.00
65.60
38.54
18.81
40.00
48.32
35.70
26.22
14.85
28.27

38.43
24.31
13.17
7.50
21.71
51.33
31.40
17.25
28.95
66.40
38.50
19.38
40.50
48.47
35.88
26.76
15.01
28.29

39.38
25.13
14.57
7.75
18.37
51.38
32.75
18.88
28.50
67.30
41.33
22.25

39.68
26.00
15.41
8.98
19.24
.53.86
32.14
19.67

40.83
25.63
15.58
8.70
20.79
51.67
30.33
19.00

39.78
25.56
15.42
9.00
20.72
56.00
34.00
18.50

39.67
28.50
12.60
6.80
16.48

37.57
26.13
13.75
7.67
15.71

39.56
28.33
14.22
6.88
15.21

36.81
24.99
14. 15
8.27
16.00

64.07
37.95
17.98
35.80
47.48
37.26
25.98
14.87
28.00

66.75
42.00
22.25

69.30
41.68
22.41

65.00
38.71
23.33

47.23
35.80
27.92
16.82
27.56

47.89
36.40
28.83
16.84
28.00

49.79
37.91
28.43
16.79
28.40

50.16
36.76
29.33
16.83
25.75

48.08
36.00
27.46
17.04
25.84

47.38
35.00
27.33
15.21

48. 13
36.13
29.25
• 17.88

44.28
33.07
25.71
14. 75
16.87

WHOLESALE PKICES OF LUMBER.

25

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 20.

t

1

1

2
3

4
5

(l
7
8

9

10

11

12
13

14
15
16

17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2.1
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
3(1
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
4<
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

56

57
58
59
60
(11
(32
(13
(14
(15
66
07

68

<19
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
SO

WEST VIRGINIA.

OHIO.

INDIANA.

i

1

1
2
3
4

5
6

7

S
9

10

11

12
13
14

15

1C,

17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2S
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
31
37
38
3t
40
41
42
43
44
4G
4(
47
4b
4!
50
51
52
53
54
55
66
57
68
M
(1C

(11
6!

a

CA

(It

(17
M

(1C

?,

T:

72
74
7.r
7(
77
7£
7<
8f

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr., July,
May, Aug.,
June. Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec. |

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,'
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

$43.67
29.70
17.86 '
25-00
33.00
22.67
15.20
20.40

Oct., ,
Nov., i
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

$40. 88
25.63

19.10
30.00
32.38
22.29
15.17
22.50

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec,

141. 41
27.92
21.53
23.61
35.75
25.25
16.00
22.51
19.00

S43.71
28.93
21. 46 '
21.30
35.59
25.43 i
10.40
22.71
18. 17
21.50
16.50
11.60 ;
31.42 i
21. 08
11.00
18. 58 i
16.64
42.53 i
30.89
13.00
8.45
13.58

543.46
28.71
19.15
25.85
34.06
25.66
17.13
22.20
18.50

$41.50
27. 11

"~23.'56"i
37.00
26.33
16.33
22.54
17.83

$42.20
30.71
21.17
25.25
31.33
23.75
16.33
21.25
20.93

{42.00
28. 56
16.50
26.50 •
31.75
22.66 ,
15. 16 !
21.12
21.71

$40.21
26.07
18.67
25.00
30.00 l
20.25 i
15.25 !

20.50 ;

S39. 55
25.24
18.27
24.00
30.82
22.45
15.83
21.88
22.00
21.28
17.08
15.89

$40.00
25.16
19.25
26.86
32.00
22. 38
15.83
21.38
22.33
22.67
17.10
17.63

$39.97
24.91
18.50
25.00
32.05
22.15
14.58
23.42

21.43
17.50
14.44

21. 80
17.20
14.83

22.60
16.67
16.56

22.86
17.28
17.13

"12.78
34.25

23.17 ;

12.33
18.79
17.08
44.50
32.55
13.20 .
8.44
15.75

"ii'ie'

30.00
20.88
12.75
18.50
16.25
44.70
32.18
13.41
8.56
14.00

19.00
16.67

"i6."93"

ii.36
31.25
21. 00
10.88
18.09
15.63
43.13
31.26
13.00
8.04
15.08

37.20
27.50
16.00
9.00
17.50

41.17

28.56
16.25

39. GO
26.83
15.40
13.33
19. 33

37.40
24.50
15.00
11.33
19. 16

.

41.00

"ie.'ss"

27.00
15.25

19.75

30.50

19.25
13.75
19.33

19. 33

18.00

37.57
29.00

18.50
22.13
16.33
17.83

18.25
20.25
15.67
20.00

19.00
24.44
17.93
18.86

20.66
1 23.46
! 20.66
20.25

22.75
19.50
18.50

24. 75
16. 75
16.37

21.21
17.50
18.57

24.82
19.45
18.33
31. 33

22.50
20.17

18.25

10.50

17.00
49.14
31.55,
19.75
29.00
25.40
19.44
19.17
22.75

16.08
47.54
30.42
18.75
31.58
25.70
19. 56
20.09
24.67

i 17. 10
50.47
32. 62
20.37
31.25
27.79
19. 73
i 20.28
21.25
15.00
19.35
j 18. 75
40. 87
25. 24
17. 19
12. 40
24. 40
54.15
1 33.55
19. 50

50.91
28.75
21.66
27.40
27.00
20. 25
19.00
18.83

51.25

"26.' 66'

24.95
25.63
18.32
18.66
21.86

49.50
30.57
18.90
23.25
26.13
19.71
17.30
23.40

48.58
29.75
17.50
31.10
25.87
18.00
19.00
19.50
13.33

46.64
28.87
18.17
27.94
25.93
19.73
18.29
20.42
14.00
18.75
18.75
40.51
26.07
17.36
12.78
' 23.00
51.00
; 33. 44
• 19. 36

27. 67
17.00
22.80
29.00
19.87
15.74
23.00

22.11
26.14
17.29
14.61
22.10
7.66
15.75
15.00
42.79
30.73
17.13
8.23
21.91
49.50
33.50
18.12

23.00

26.25
18.06
15.69
24.00
7.25
16. 50
15.13
43.28
30.81
17.53
8.43
22.75

21. CO
27.35
18.07
15.42
25.50
8.10
19.25
16.20
45.65
32.35
17.60
8.25
21.00
56.25
35.25
20.67

16.83
16.08
44.07
31.47
17.54
8.42
20.42

19.25
13.13
42.75
28.14
20.91
12.10
21.00
53.86
33.00
20.50

19.00
18.44
41.32
27.10
17.92
10. 67
25.40
54.86
35.17
21.04

17.70
18.00
41.67
27.43
17. 77
11.13
28.20
54.00
! 34. 64
19.29

17.17
41.34
27.67
19.17
11.33
22.17
55.00
32.33
20.17
17.67
73.29
42.92
25.50

17. 25
43.71
28.93
20. 56
13.64

15.42
41.75
27.40
19.70
13.64
21.78
;

52.00
33.00
20.00
18.38
72.50
43.20
23.25

74.50
45.33
23.33

73.67
45.50
23.75

73. 56 68. 87
45.81 43.50
26. 14 23. 00

70.65
' 41. 61
' 23.79

70.36
42.27
23.50

70.36
43.05
23. 36

70.91
42. 81
24.00

43.33

51.25
38.15
! 34.20
20.43
26.90

50.05 52.20
35. 44 38. 70
32. 00 33. 40
20.81 21.55
26. 25 ; 27. 42

53.00
40.07
33.57
21.37
26.00

49.00
37.52
29.55
21.52
25.10

52.43
1 40.14
32.44
20.60
25.00

51.87
38.80
32.00
21.60

51.80
36.60
, 31.33
20.40
26.75

I 50.11
i 37. 53
28.71
17.58
27.14

50.21
38.20
31. 32
19.33

50.79
39.83
29. 4C.
18.90

51.05
38.83
28.50
18. 50

26

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page 20.

Line No.

ILLINOIS.

MICHIGAN.

WISCONSIN.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr., July,
May, Aug.,
June. Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,

Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
M^;
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8

y

10

11

12
13
14
15

1C,

S

iy

20
21
22
23
24
25
20
27
28

2y

30
31
32
33
34
35
30
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
40
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
50
57

g

60

01
02
•13
04
05
66

07

B8

O'J
70
71
72
73
74
75

w

g

. . $41. 25

$40.67
28.67
25.78
22.29
36.19
26.38
14.83
24.32
19.80
23.20
15.83
13.51
34.45
21.73
14.50
22.56
16.71

$38.66
24.75
24.90
20.37
34.78
24.78
16.01
24.23
21.12
23.66
18.20
13.03
34.40
21.73
14.44
22.54
17.73

$35.93
24. 06
22.10
18.80
33.65
23.09
13.68
22.58
19.80

$37. 53
22.84
22.20
18.91
34.03
23.47
13. 69
22.65
19.20

$37.30
23.81
21.49
18.88
34.19
22.59
13.19
22.13
19.45

$35.90
23.07
22.52
18.35
33.36
22.23
14.48
22.00
17.66

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

s

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
(52
63
64
65

08
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

I 25.00

17 38

$25.24
20.57
37.11
26.67
17.73
25.07
18.53
22.00
15.93
12.91
35.25
20.73
13.60
22.77
18.14

$25.75
24.26
37.40
24.00
17.00
23.71
21.23
21.50
17.75
13.07
33.33
19.00
12.00
21.85
17.27

13.67
33.84
20.10
11.46
20.93
17.72

12.88
34.28
19.52
11.50
20.72
17.44

13.17
34.41
19.14
11.25
20.53
17.08

13.42
34.34
19.29
11.33
21.00
15.60

32.00
23.62
22.54
20.33
23.58
19.63
18.32

32.70
23.80
22.44
20.00
25.00
19.77
17.71

34.20
28.80
22.40
17.85
26.00
19.38
15.33

31.80
29.00
22.26
17.32
26.00
19.34
15.60

23.33

25.50

23.56
24.00

23.82

29.33

25.00
18.38

29.00
23.65
20.34

23.20
17.77

24.20
19.51

$14. 50

$17.33

46.40
32.00
24.38

51.66

$26.00

30.88

28.74
20.95
19.09

28.09
20.31
19.08

28.76
21.25
19.13

28.00
21.08
17.10

24.79
17.37
14.88
17.83
7.69
16.18
14.93
40.67
30. 39
19.38
9.05
24.50

25.43
17.48
15.91
18.88
7.56
15.68
14.67
44.77
31.88
22.93
9.22
27.13

26.68
17.52
16.02
21.58
7.58
16.05
14.25
45.22
31.65
18.69
9.11
27.49

26.27
17.38
14.26
20.56
7.37
16.44
13.70
45.45
30.34
18.83
8.45
22.36

7 58

8.12
17.98
14.60

8.33
18.20
16.16

17.84
16.25
38 00

18.38
14.08

37.15
24.50
15.06

'i9.~67"

38.00
23.67
15.00
10.00
19.23

40.60
27.50
16.13
12.67

24.50

i9.i7

10.33

10.00

'

.

N

17.67

i

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

27

Line Numbers Kefer to Grades Listed on Page 20.

IOWA.

PENNSYLVANIA.

NEW YORK.

NEW
JERSEY.

1

1
2
3
4

5

6

7
8

iS

11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
78
77
78
79
80

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

as-

June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

$36.75
24.00
19.00
23.88

$37.50
27.50
22.00
24.7o

$36.58

$39. 71
29.33
21. 00
22.58
32.20
20.00
19.80
23.26
22.56
20.50
16.67
14.67
34.75
24.50
13.00

$46.00
31.33
23.37
24.11
37.50
26.33
20.00
22.67
22.00
22.75
16.67
14.50
36.50
26.58
14.50

$46.00
26.00

$40.14
26.67

$26.48

25.25
31.00

24.70
33.00

"i9."67~
20.44
22.63
23.83
17.00'
14.43
35.88
23. 79
13.67
18.67

23.70
34.20
25.60
19.50
21.23
21.07
23.60
19.30
14.11
34.68
22.62
12.25

23.00
22.17
18.33
14.56
13.58

21.75
23.50
20.00

21.75
21.50

22.71
23.00

15.54

14.96

15.39

20.00

20.00

18.80
37.56
25.00
16.00
12.50
16.50

20.15

"is." 56'

15.25
17.69

20.75
36.00
26.40
16.70

16.37
37.50
27.83
16.75
11.00

20.88
42.00

i7."66

20.66
43.50
32.00

20.92

18.16
43.00

"$31."25'

$38.33

17.45

17.37

18.00

20.50

19.20

20.50

23.50

25.00

|

$17.50

$18.00

22.50

18.00

17.17

17.00

17.67

19.50

21.50

45.00

51.25
35.67

37 20

53.33

54 17

25.00

25.33

24.40
22.38
15.42
16.80
23.00

27.50
28.00
22.71
17.64
21.50

26.50
26.00
16.67
17.20

21.50
27.15

38 75

24.56
17.33
19.50

26.90
19.10
17.39

26.33
18.63
19.36

27.66

•

17.28

19.26

17.25

19.50

1C. 83

16.75
36.56
25.78
19.36
10.40

13.00
36.33
27.43
19.50

16.50
34.50
26.14
16.00

16.42
42.64
30.50
20.14
15 25

16.50

17.81

16.20
43.00
98 as

43.33

20.43

21.50

22.18

21.57

23.66

22.88

25.20 ; 23.78

30.00

30.00

' '

24 12

23. 50

22.35

22.17

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.
Line Numbers Eefer to Grades Listed on Page 20.

Line No.

CONNECTICUT. . \ MASSACHUSETTS.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

££;

June.

July,
BejS;.'

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1 Jan., Apr.,
Feb., May,
Mar. June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,

Mar.

Apr.,
May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.'

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

i
2
3

4

s

6

S

9

to

ii
12
13
M

\:>
L6

17
18
L9
30
21
22
J:*
24
J.-,
26
-7
28
28
30
31
32
B8
54
36
36
37
38
N

40
4]

12

18
14

4.'
16

47
4S

49

so

'I
52
53
54
56
56
17
H
B0

NT

n
aa

88
M

Bl

M

'•.7

70
71
72
78
71
78

-7

7<

-o
80

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
18
14
If,
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
3fi
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
7S
79
80

$22.15

$21.80

$20.00

$21.50

$21.20 $22.50

$21.50

$21.85

S20.*i6

.

19.50

18.00

19.00

18.25

19.33

22.00

15.83

13'. 16

14.00

14.25

15.50

15.42

$15.50

$15.00

15.17

14.38

15.58

15.00

16.03

16.40

15.40

15.66

16.50

16.33

$15.67

15.80

20.00

22.62

21 00

18.13

18.25

19.58

18.88

18.43

17.80

18.71

18.16

is: oo

18.17

17.80

•

21.00

23.00

22.66

20.00

17.10

18.20

17.50

17.00

19.00

16.75

17.00

18.25

........

i6.50'

::

...

12.79

12.00

14.00

14.92

13.04

15.66

14.40

13.14

13.00

21.50

20.07

21.23

19.69

21.14

20.38

22.14

20.33

20.00

21.25

;

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

29

Line Numbers Refer to Grades Listed on Page

6
jz;

c
3

i

a

3

4
5
ti
7
B
B
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

3

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
.50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

VERMONT.

MAINE.

RHODE
ISLAND.

GA.

MD.,
DEL.

Line No.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Apr.,

May,
June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

Jan.,
Feb.,
Mar.

Z:

June.

July,
Aug.,
Sept.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

&7

June.

Oct.,

Nov.,
Dec.

i&

June.

Oct.,
Nov.,
Dec.

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
6S
80
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

$17 00

$19. 42
27.50
20.00

$20. 84
27. 75
20.00

21.40
28.33
20.00

$19. 36

$16.25

22.00

20.00
19.38

19.70
18.75
18 67

19.33
19.30
20 33

18.75
19.44

18.00

15.00

i5. 57
25.00

15.32
26.67
25.00

14.75
31.75
24. 33

15.85

$13. 67

22.66

15.78

17.89

15.89

17.32

$15.50

$18. 87

18.33

$17.00

14.00

15.83

16.67

18.33

15.12

28.38

26.75

25.00

30.33
23.67
16.85

27.00

17.35

17.11

17.83

•

14.25

20.37

20.50

20.66

$19.53

20.67

21.25

25.00

21.00

$52.50

30.50
14.50

20.00

18.63

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PURCHASING NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER.

The National Forests contain nearly 590 billion feet of merchantable stumpage. The
mature timber, which constitutes a large part of the total stand, is for sale. The more
accessible bodies may be purchased in blocks of practically any desired size up to 100
million feet. Less accessible stumpage which requires a large investment for the con-
struction of transportation facilities may be purchased in larger quantities of sufficient
size to justify the investment in improvements. Applications up to one billion feet
will be approved if the investment required necessitates the purchase of a body of
that size under one contract.

The procedure for purchasing National Forest timber is extremely simple. Applica-
tions specifying the amount, species, and general location desired may be sent to the
offices of the Forest Service at Washington, D. C.; Chicago, 111.; Missoula, Mont.;
Denver, Colo.; Albuquerque, N. Mex.; Ogden, Utah; San Francisco, Cal.; and Port-
land, Oreg. Advertisement at a fixed minimum price is required by law for at least
30 days. The timber is then awarded to the highest bidder and the sale completed
by execution of the contract stating the amount and location of the stumpage, the
stumpage rates, and the conditions under which the timber shall be removed.

The contract requirements have been prepared by practical lumbermen and per-
fected by the experience gained in the administration of several thousand sales. They
are adapted to the local conditions as to topography, size of the timber, and logging
methods. That they are eminently practical is demonstrated by the fact that some
375 million feet are cut each year under these requirements by lumbermen all over
the West.

Sufficient time is permitted for the removal of the amount purchased under local
conditions of logging and manufacture. The time is gauged, however, to require
continuous operation at a reasonable rate and does not permit the holding of stumpage
for speculative increases in value. The timber to be cut is designated by the forest
officers. Either clean cutting, or partial cutting taking 70 to 80 per cent of the stump-
age, is employed, depending upon the character of the timber and the best methods
of securing new forest growth. Simple precautions are required to protect the uncut
timber and young growth, and the disposal of slash by burning, either with or without
piling, is necessary.

These requirements may increase the cost of logging from 50 to 75 cents a thousand
feet over the usual cost on private holdings. The difference is always considered in
appraising the value of the stumpaga. Furthermore, an operator who buys National
Forest timber has to make practically no investment at the outset for his stumpage,
has no carrying charges for interest or taxes, and incurs practically no fire risk. He is
required simply to pay for the timber as it is removed in advance deposits, which
represent usually but the value of a month and a half's cut.

These are obvious advantages, particularly when extended over an operation of 10
or 15 years. As private stumpage is cut out in many of the old lumbering centers,
operators will find in the timber on the National Forests new opportunities for
manufacture under advantageous conditions.

o •

Issued May 8, 1912.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

FOREST SERVICE.

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester.

RECORD OF WHOLESALE PRICES
OF LUMBER.

(PER 1,000 FEET B. M.)

BASED ON ACTUAL SALES MADE F. 0. B. MILL FOR

JANUARY, FEBRUARY, AND MARCH, 1912.

WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE I 1912

FOREST SERVICE.

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester.
ALBERT F. POTTER, Associate Forester.
HERBERT A. SMITH, Editor.

Branch of Products: MCGARVEY CLINE, in charge.

Office of Wood Utilization: H. S. SACKETT, in charge.
Washington Office of Products: 0. T. SWAN, in charge

Statistician in Forest Products: J. C. NELLIS.
2

PREFATORY NOTE.

The Forest Service has two main purposes in collecting and compiling this record
of f . o. b. mill prices: First, to have a continuous statistical record of such prices of the
various commercial woods; and, second, to show, in contrast to market prices — which
include the important items of freight charges and selling costs — just what the manu-
facturers of lumber receive for their product at the mill. The prices given are whole-
sale, based on actual sales f. o. b. mill, for delivery outside of local territory, Only
a few representative grades and the mill run are included. By "mill run" is meant
the average of all grades of lumber produced. The record is compiled by States, and
is made up from reports received from approximately 3,000 of the largest manufac-
turers scattered throughout the country. It is published quarterly.

The Forest Service wishes to acknowledge "the courtesy of the manufacturers for
their prompt and efficient cooperation. Their assistance has been of great value in
making the record complete, accurate, and promptly available for distribution.

The Forest Service is engaged in many investigations of interest to lumber manu-
facturers. The work as now organized comprises studies in the physical properties
of wood; air-seasoning and kiln-drying; strength tests upon commercial timbers of
the United States; wood preservation, including the study of different preservatives
and methods of impregnation; softwood and hardwood distillation; wood pulp and
paper; naval stores; and wood utilization, which includes studies of the wood-using
industries of various States, the collection and compilation of statistics of forest
products and wholesale lumber prices, etc. Reports on these investigations are
published from time to time, and are available to the trade upon request.

A copy of any of the following recent statistical reports may be obtained by address-
ing the Forester, Forest Service, Washington, D. C.:

Forest Products, No. 1, Pulp-Wood Consumption, 1910.

Forest Products, No. 2, Lumber, Lath, and Shingles, 1910.

Forest Products, No. 3, Slack Cooperage Stock, 1910.

Forest Products, No. 5, Veneers, 1910.

Forest Products, No. 6, Tight Cooperage Stock, 1910.

Forest Products, No. 7, Wood Distillation, 1910.

Forest Products, No. 8, Crossties Purchased, 1910.

Forest Products, No. 9, Poles Purchased, 1910.

40486—12 3

SUMMARY.

Reports received for the first quarter of 1912 show decided improvements in the
prices received for yellow pine, North Carolina pine, and eastern hemlock, but no gen-
eral gains are apparent in the prices for other softwoods. Hardwoods advanced
in Virginia, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

In Washington, Sitka spruce shop No. 1 declined $1; finish No. 2 clear and better
$2.50, while beveled siding B advanced $1.85. In the same State western yellow pine
finish C select declined $2.50. In Montana western larch flooring A and B declined
$1.80; finish A and B, $3.45; dimension No. 1 common, $1.

In Texas flooring No. 2 S2S and C. M. advanced $1.35; flooring B flat, $1; common
boards No. 2 S2S, 1 by 12 inches, $1.1CH and car siding B and better, $1.85. In Arkan-
sas the important changes were the advance in car siding B and better of $1.50, and
in common car lining No. 1 of $1.30. Car siding B and better advanced $2.10 in Lou-
isiana and $2.60 in Mississippi. In Florida common boards No. 1 declined $2.30 and
plank and dimensions $1 to $2.45. In Georgia finish B and better declined $1.25;
flooring B heart rift, $4; while common boards No. 1 advanced $1.75 and plank and
dimension items $1 to $2.40.

In South Carolina, North Carolina pine items advanced as follows: Flooring No. 2,
$2.35; flooring No. 3, $1.35; dimension 2 by 8 inches by 16 feet, $1.15; roofers, $1.20;
box edge, nearly $1. In North Carolina flooring No. 2 advanced 60 cents; flooring
No. 3, $1.50. In Virginia box edge advanced $1.60.

West Virginia spruce box boards advanced $1, while merchantable frames 2 by 12
inches to 12 by 12 inches declined $1.75; and merchantable boards 1 by 12 inches,
$1.40. In New York hemlock mill run M. C. 0. advanced over $2. In Vermont
spruce merchantable frames 9 inches and under advanced $1.80; 10 and 12 inches,
$2.60; merchantable 2 by 7 inches and under, nearly $1.

Minnesota white pine selects C and better advanced $1.50; and boards No. 4, $1.25,
while beveled siding C declined $1.30. In Wisconsin the only advance in white
pine was 70 cents on boards No. 4; inch finish C selects, 10 inches, declined $1.25;
shop No. 1, 3/4, over $2; shop No. 3, 5/4, $1.80, etc. Hemlock in Wisconsin advanced
as follows: 2-inch piece stuff, nearly 50 cents; boards No. 1, 75 cents; and fencing
No. 1, over $1. Hemlock also advanced in Michigan; 2-inch piece stuff, $1.20;
boards No. 1, 90 cents; fencing No. 1, $1.35.

In Arkansas cotton wood made advance as follows: Firsts and seconds, 70 cents; box
boards, $1.75; No. 1 common, $2.35; No. 2 common, $1.40; red gum firsts and seconds
declined nearly $2. In Louisiana cotton wood firsts and seconds declined $1.75, but
other items advanced as follows: Box boards, nearly $3; No. 1 common, $2.30; and
No. 2 common, $1.70; cypress firsts and seconds declined nearly $1; selects, $1.35;
tupelo (bay poplar) firsts and seconds advanced 75 cents; and No. 1 common, 95 cents.
In Mississippi and Alabama plain oak firsts and seconds and No. 1 common declined
about $1. In Missouri cypress shop No. 1 and No. 1 common declined $1.10; plain
4

WHOLESALE PEICES OF LUMBER. 5

oak firsts and seconds declined $2; No. 1 common advanced $2.45. Florida cypress
firsts and seconds declined $1.65, and box boards $2.40. In North Carolina chestnut
firsts and seconds declined $2; No. 1 common, $1.25; plain oak and poplar firsts and
seconds declined $1. In Tennessee ash firsts and seconds declined $3 and No. 1 com-
mon $1.85; basswood firsts and seconds and No. 1 common, $1; and No. 2 common, 75
cents; chestnut firsts and seconds, $2; plain oak firsts and seconds and No. 1 and No. 3
common, over $1; poplar firsts and seconds, $1.35; No. 1 common, $1.20; and No. 2
common, 90 cents. In Kentucky ash firsts and seconds and No. 2 common declined
over $1; chestnut firsts and seconds and No. 1 common, nearly $1; plain oak firsts and
seconds and No. 2 common, $1.25; poplar firsts and seconds, over $1; and No. 1 com-
mon, $1.60.

In Virginia ash No. 1 common advanced $2.75 and No. 2 common $2.35; basswood
No. 1 common, $1.25, and No. 2 common, $1.75; chestnut firsts and seconds, 75 cents;
No. 1 common, over $2; plain oak firsts and seconds, $2; No. 1 common, $2.65; poplar
firsts and seconds, $3.45; saps and selects, $3.70; No. 1 common, $1.30; and No. 2
common, $1.60. In West Virginia ash firsts and seconds declined $2, while No. 1
common advanced 70 cents; basswood firsts and seconds and No. 1 common declined
$1.50; chestnut firsts and seconds, $1.80; No. 1 common, 85 cents; plain oak firsts
and seconds, $1.80; poplar firsts and seconds, $1.35; saps and selects, $2.70; and
No. 1 common, $1.45. In Ohio ash firsts and seconds declined $3.50; No. 1 common
advanced $2.70; basswood firsts and seconds and No. 1 common advanced $1.20;
plain oak firsts and seconds declined $2.75, and No. 3 common, $1.50. Indiana ash
firsts and seconds declined $2.75, and No. 1 common, 75 cents; basswood firsts and
seconds declined nearly $1, but No. 1 common advanced 60 cents, and No. 2 common
over $1; plain oak firsts and seconds declined over $1, but No. 1 common advanced
$1.45.

In Michigan ash firsts and seconds advanced $2, and No. 1 common $2.90; basswood
firsts and seconds, $1.20; beech firsts and seconds advanced $1.35, but No. 1 common
declined $1; unselected birch firsts and seconds advanced $2.40; No. 1 common, $1,
and No. 2 common, $1.40; hard maple firsts and seconds, $1.80. In Wisconsin ash,
basswood, and birch prices improved slightly; rock elm firsts and seconds advanced
$1.35, but No. 1 common and better declined $6; soft maple No. 1 common and better
advanced $1.70. In New York ash firsts and seconds advanced $3.25, and No. 1
common $1; beech No. 1 common declined $2.60; unselected birch No. 1 common,
$1.40, while No. 2 common advanced $1.25; hard maple firsts and seconds, $1.35.

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBEE.

Cedar, Western Red.

Do...

Do

Do

Do

Do

Fir, Douglas

Do..

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Fir, White

Do

Do

Hemlock, Western..

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Larch, Western

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Pine. Sugar

Do...

Do.

Do.
Pine, Western White

Do. (Idaho White)

Do

Do

Do...

Do

Pine, Western Yellow

Do. (including Western
Pine, California White
Pine, New Mexico
White Pine).

Do

Do...

Do

Do

Do...

Do

Do

Do

Do

Redwood

Do

Do

Do

Do...

Do

Do

Do

Spruce, Sitka

Do. (Western Spruce). . .

Do

Do

Do

Do...

Grade.

Beveled siding No. 1, \" x 6".

Shop No. 2, 1" and 1£" x 8".

Shingles, perfection, 18".

Shingles, extra clear, 5/2"-16".

Star-A-Star, 6/2"-16".

Mill run.

Flooring No. 1, v. g., 1" x 4".

Flooring No. 2, v. g., 1" x 4".

Flooring No. 2, flat, 1" x 4".

Finish No. 2 and better, 6" and 8".

Drop siding, No. 2 slash.

Dimension, Com., SIS1E, 2" x 12"-16'.

Car sills, 5" x 8"-36'.

Timbers, 12" x 12", average 32'.

Crossties, 7" x 9".

Lath, per M.

Mill run.

Common boards, 6" and 8".

Lath, per M.

Mill run.

Flooring Nos. 1 and 2, v. g., 1" x 4".

Finish Nos. 1 and 2, 5" and wider.

Dimension, No. 1, Com., 2" x 4" to 2" x 8".

Shiplap, 1".

Shop No. 1, 14" x 8" and wider.

Mill run.

Flooring, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1" x 4".

Finish, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1" x 8".

Drop siding, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1" x 6",

Common boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'.

Dimension No. 1, Com., 2" x 8"-16'.

Lath, per M.

Mill run.

Firsts and seconds, clear.

Shop No. 1, 2" x 8'' and wider.

Shop No. 2, 2" x 8" and wider.

Mill run.

Finish, C select, 8".

Finish, D select, 8".

Beveled siding, B and better, 4" and 6".

Beveled siding, C, 4" and 6".

Common boards No. 2, 6" and 8".

Mill run.

Flooring, B and better (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 4" and 6"-16'

Finish, B select and better, 1" by 10"-16'.

Finish, C select, 8".

Beveled siding, B and better, 4" and 6".

Beveled siding, C, 4" and 6".

Shop No. 1, 6/4.

Shop No. 2, 6/4.

Common boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'.

Dimension. No. 1, Com., 2" x 8"-16'.

Lath No. 1, per M.

Mill run.

Clear, 6" to 12", 10' to 20'.

Sappy clear, 6" to 8", 10' to 20'.

Common boards No. 1.

Common boards No. 2.

Crossties, 6" x 8"-8'.

Shingles No. 1, per M.

Shingles No. 2, per M.

Mill run.

Shop No. 1, 6/4.

Finish No. 2, clear and better, 1" x 12".

Flooring No. 2, clear and better, 1" x 4".

Beveled siding, B, \" x 6".

Common boards, 1" x 12".

Mill run.

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

California.

Oregon.

Washington.

Idaho.

Montana.

Colorado.

$16 96

1

2

12 88

?

3

3

4

1 81

4

5

1 51

B

Q

12 52

6

7

$24 83

22 00

7

g

20 28

18 47

8

9

13 42

13 29

q

10

20 60

19.26

10

11

15 30

13 67

.

11

T>

8.66

8.12

12

13

12 17

12 48

13

14

9.45

9.15

14

15

8 74

8 59

15

16

1.30

1.28

16

17

11 14

10 99

$10 92

17

IS

9.67

7.50

10.83

18

19

19

•>n

9 83

16.42

20

21

19 38

21

r>

17 83

22

??

7 14

23

?1

8 17

24

?5

12.33

25

?6

8 50

26

97

19 33

$16 75

27

?8

19.56

W

W

17.19

29

SO

11 67

13.00

30

31

8.80

11.33

10.19

3H

3?

1.62

3?

33

10.69

12.08

33

34

34

35

3fi

36

36

37

37

38

35 75

3S

39

24.33

39

40

40

41

41

4?

13 50

-P

43

18 00

13.73

43

44

$31 50

44

45

34 17

45

46

25 90

46

47

19 50

47

48

16 10

•is

49

$25.30

23.42

49

50

16.28

16 25

50

51

14.13

12 83

13 63

51

5?

9 00

14 83

*>*>

53

2.50

53

54

12 27

13 15

13 10

54

55

21.98

55

56

18.07

56

57

12.62

57

58

10.13

58

59

10.00

59

60

1.34

60

61

.85

61

62

13.76

6?

63

15 75

63

64

29.43

64

65

29 00

65

66

16 10

66

07

9 90

67

68

13. 75

• K

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line No.

Grade.

Hemlock (Lake States)

1

2" piece stuff S1S1E 2" x 4"-16'

Do

?

Boards No 1 SIS I"x8" 16'

Do

3

Timbers, rough 4" x 4" to 8" x 8"-16'

Do

4

Fencing No 1 SIS 1" x 6"

Do

5

Lath No. 1. i"-4'.

Do

6

Mill run.

Hemlock (Eastern States)
Do

7
8

8/4 merch. 4" to 12", 10' to 20'.
4/4 merch. 6" and 8"-16'.

Do

g

4/4 merch 10" and 12" 16'

Do

10

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12'-16'

Do

11

4/4 boards No 2 1" x 4" 12" 6'-20'

Do .

1?

Mill run, mill culls out.

Do

13

Mill culls

Do

14

Mill run.

Pine, North Carolina. .

15

Flooring, No. 2, 1" x 4" x 10'-16'.

Do

16

Flooring No 3 1" x 4" x 10' 16'

Do

17

Dimension (air dried), 2" x 8"-16' and under.

Do

18

Roofers 1" x 8" D. & M

Do

19

Partition No. 1, 13/16" x 3£", 10'-16'.

Do

?n

No. 1 edge 4/4 under 12"

Do...

21

Box edge 4/4, under 12".

Do

??

Mill run.

Pine White

?3

Selects C and better 5/4 (M L )

Do

?4

Inch finish, C selects, 10" (M. L.).

Do

?5

Shop No 1 3/4 (M. L )

Do

?6

Shop No. 3. 5/4 (M. L.).

Do

?7

Beveled siding C 6" x 16'.

Do...

?S

Boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'.

Do

?9

Boards No. 3 12" 10'-20'.

Do...

30

Boards No. 4, mixed widths, 10' -20'.

Do ...

31

Fencing No. 2 SIS, 6" x 16'.

Do

39

Lath No 1 (W P )

Do

33

Lath No. 1 (mixed).

Do

34

Mill run.

Pine, Yellow. .

35

Flooring, B, v, g. 13/16" x 3£".

Do. (Mississippi Valley
Mills).
Do

36
37

Flooring, No. 2, D. & M., 1" x 4".
Flooring, No. 2, S2S and C. M., 1" x 6".

Do

38

Flooring B flat 13/16" x 3J".

Do

39

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider.

Do

40

Dimension No 1 S1S1E 2"x8"-16'.

Do...

41

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10".

Do

4?

Com boards No. 2 S2S, 1" x 8". <

Do...

43

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 12".

Do

44

Timbers S1S1 E, 6" x 8"-16'.

Do...

45

Car siding, B and better, 1" x 4" and 6" x 9'-18'.

Do

46

Com. car lining No. 1, 1" x 6" x 10'-20'.

Do

47

Lath No. 1,|".

Do

48

Mill run.

Pine. Yellow

49

Finish B and better, 6" and wider.

Do. (Atlantic Coast Mills) .
Do

50
51

Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13/16" x 2J".
Flooring B and better, sap rift, 13/16" x 2J".

Do...

5?

Flooring, B, heart rift, 13/16" x 2J".

Do .

53

Flooring B, sap rift, 13/16" x 2J".

Do

51

Flooring B sap flat 13/16" x 3J".

Do...

55

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10" x 10'-16'.

Do

56

Com boards No 2 S2S 1" x 10" x 10'-16'.

Pine, Yellow, merch. grade
Do

57
58

Plank and dimensions:
Sizes 2" x 6" to 8" x 8", average 24'.

Sizes 2" x 9" to 10" x 10" average 24'.

Do...

59

Sizes 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", average 24'.

Do

60

Sizes 2" x 14" to 14" x 14" average 24'.

Do...

61

Sizes 2" x 16" to 16" x 16" average 24'.

Do. . .

69

Mill run

Spruce (Eastern)...

63

Merch. frames 9" and under, 24' and under.

Do...

64

Merch iframes 10" and 12", 24' and under.

Do

65

Merch random 10" and 12" 10' and up.

Do

66

Merch 2" x 7" and under, 10' to 24'.

Do...

67

Merch 2" x 8" and up 10' to 24'.

Do

68

Lath If"

Do

69

Mill run

Spruce (Adirondack)

70

Mill run mill culls out.

Do

71

Do...

7?

No. 2.

Do..

73

No 3

Do

74

Mill culls

Do... .

-;

Mill run.

Spruce (West Virginia)....

76

Merch. frames 3" x 4" to 8" x 8", 10'-16'.

Do

77

Merch. frames 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", 10M6'.

Do...

78

Boards merch., 1" x 12", 10'-20'.

Do

79

Boards box 1" x 4"-12".

Do

80

Mill run.

WHOLESALE PBICES OF LUMBER.

Texas.

Ar-
kansas.

Louisi-
ana.

Missis-
sippi.

Ala-
bama.

Mis-
souri.

Flor-
ida.

Geor-
gia.

South
Caro-
lina.

North
Caro-
lina.

Ten-
nessee.

Ken-
tucky.

Vir-
ginia.

1

1

•)

?,

•}

3

4

5

5

t;

6

-

7

\±

8

t)

9

10

10

11

11

13

13

13

1 1

$13. 69

14

|-

$21.46

$21.45

22.80

15

iti

17.47

18. 02

18.50

16

17

12.17

11.91

12.42

17

u

13.10

13.31

15.90

- 18

](l

23.67

24.72

19

•'It

21.67

20.33

20

''1

11.50

11.85

12.95

21

•>.)

13.30

13.51

12.71

22

•>'l

23

•>\

24

'),-

25

••>li

26

27

27

2g

28

29

29

'•!()

30

'M

31

82

32

•>•>

33

'•M

19. 67

$20. 00

19. t;7

34

35

127 62

$27 81

$27 82

$28 25

$28 40

35

'•ili

10 93

10 84

10 69

10 08

10 64

36

''7

11 00

11 71

11 30

11 17

11 22

37

38

19 28

18 54

18 62

18 93

18 <*3

$20 00

38

•;<)

23 92

23 98

22 63

21 79

21 81

3q

40

11 95

11 60

11 51

12 00

12 06

15 39

40

11

13 84

14 50

14 38

15 27

15 31

15 88

41

1L)

11 34

11 13

11 79

12 43

12 81

13 00

4?

13

12 43

11 87

11 82

12 70

13 24

43

1 1

13 00

12 58

12 27

12 38

13 21

44

u

22 17

21 19

21 00

22 75

19 75

45

•l«i

14 40

14 25

15 00

16 50

16 41

46

17

1 75

1 71

1 89

1 70

47

-I4-'

13 52

13 87

13 89

14 05

13 49

11 40

13.58

48

10

$21 60

49

r)l)

50

"il

51

S3

35.00

5?

•v

28 88

53

M

$21.00

19.39

54

M

16 00

18 83

55

M

11.33

13.19

56

^7

12 42

13 68

' 57

r)S

14 91

15 68

FH

¥»

18 50

18 65

r<?

f)0

21 33

21 46

ro

fil

24 33

25 45

fil

6'>

13 56

14 05

6?

fi''

63

61

64

65

65

66

ffi

f>7

67

f>S

*

68

60

69

70

70

71

71

72

7?

73

73

74

74

7"i

75

76

76

77

77

7S

78

70

79

SO

80

10

WHOLESALE PEICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line No.

Grade.

Hemlock (Lake States) .

1

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2" x 4"-16'.

Do

?,

Boards, No. 1, SIS, 1" x 8"-16'.

Do

3

Timbers, rough, 4" x 4" to 8" x 8"-16'.

Do

4

Fencing No. 1, SIS, 1" x 6".

Do

5

Lath, No. 1, |"-4'.

Do

6

Mill run.

Hemlock (Eastern States)
Do

7
8

8/4 merch. 4" to 12", 10' to 20'.
4/4 merch. 6" and 8"-16'.

Do

9

4/4 merch. 10" and 12"-16'.

Do

10

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12'-16'.

Do

11

4/4 boards, No. 2, 1" x 4"-12", 6'-20'.

Do

1?

Mill run, mill culls out.

Do

13

Mill culls.

Do

14

Mill run.

Pine, North Carolina

15

Flooring, No. 2, 1" x 4" x 10'-16'.

Do

16

Flooring, No. 3, 1" x 4" x 10'-16'.

Do

17

Dimension (air dried), 2" x 8"-16' and under.

Do

18

Roofers, 1" x 8", D. & M.

Do

19

Partition No. 1, 13/16" x 3£", 10'-16'.

Do

?n

No. 1 edge 4/4, under 12".

Do

7,}

Box edge 4/4, under 12".

Do

?:?

Mill run.

Pine White

93

Selects C and better, 5/4 (M. L.).

Do

?4

Inch finish, C selects, 10" (M. L.).

Do

95

Shop No. 1, 3/4 (M. L.).

Do

?6

Shop No. 3, 5/4 (M. L.).

Do

?7

Beveled siding, C, 6" x 16'.

Do .

?8

Boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'.

Do

99

Boards No. 3, 12", 10'-20'.

Do ....

30

Boards No. 4, mixed widths, 10'-20'.

Do

31

Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6" x 16'.

Do

3?

Lath No. 1 (W. P.).

Do

33

Lath No. 1 (mixed).

Do

34

Mill run.

Pine, Yellow .

35

Flooring, B, v, g. 13/16" x 3$"-

Do. (Mississippi Valley
Mills).
Do

36
37

Flooring, No. 2, D. & M., 1" x 4".
Flooring, No. 2, S2S and C. M., 1" x 6".

Do

38

Flooring, B, flat, 13/16" x3}".

Do

39

Finish, B and batter, 6" and wider.

Do

40

Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2" x 8"-16'.

Do

41

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10".

Do

4?

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x8".

Do

43

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 12".

Do

44

Timbars S1S1E, 6" x 8"-16'.

Do

45

Car siding, B and better, 1" x 4" and 6" x 9'-18'.

Do

46

Com. car. lining, No. 1, 1" x 6" x 10'-20'.

Do

47

Lath No. 1, |".

Do

48

Mill run.

Pine Yellow

49

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider.

Do. (Atlantic Coast Mills). .
Do

50
51

Flooring, B and b2tter, heart rift, 13/16" x 2£".
Flooring, B and batter, sap rift, 13/16" x 2£".

Do .

5?

Flooring, B, heart rift, 13/16" x 2fc".

Do

53

Flooring, B, sap rift, 13/16" x 2J".

Do

54

Flooring, B, sap flat. 13/16" x 3J".

Do

55

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10" x 10'-16'.

Do

56

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 10" x 10'-16'.

Pine, Yellow, merch. grade
(Sail).
Do

57

58

Plank and dimensions :
Sizes 2" x 6" to 8" x 8", average 24'.

Sizes 2" x 9" to 10" x 10", average 24'.

Do

59

Sizes 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", average 24'.

Do

60

Sizes 2" x 14" to 14" x 14", average 24'.

Do

61

Sizes 2" x 16" to 16" x 16", average 24'.

Do

6?

Mill run.

Spruce (Eastern) . .

63

Merch. frames 9" and under, 24' and under

Do *

64

Merch frames 10" and 12", 24' and under.

Do

65

Merch. random 10" and 12", 10' and up.

Do

(it;

Merch. 2" x 7" and under, 10' to 24'.

Do

67

Merch. 2" x 8" and up, 10' to 24'.

Do

68

Lath, 1|".

Do

69

Mill run.

Spruce (Adirondack)
Do

70
71

Mill run, mill culls out.
No. 1 and clear.

Do

7?

No. 2.

Do

73

No. 3.

Do

74

Mill culls.

Do j

75

Mill run.

Spruce (West Virginia)

76

Merch. frames, 3" x 4" to 8" x 8", 10'-16'.

Do

77

Merch. frames, 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", 10'-16'.

Do

78

Boards, merch., 1" x 12", 10'-20'.

Do

79

Boards, box, 1" x 4"-12".

Do

80

Mill run.

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

11

West
Vir-
ginia.

Mary-
land.

Penn-
sylva-
nia.

New
York.

New
Hamp-
shire.

Ver-
mont.

Maine.

Massa-
chu-
setts.

Con-
necti-
cut.

Minne-
sota.

Wis-
consin.

Michi-
gan.

1

$18 44

$15 91

$16 32

1

1

17.13

17 16

9

3

is. 75

16 97

16 61

3

4

16.22

17.00

4

5

3 33

3 54

<i

6

16 60

12 85

13 19

Q

7

18.10

$ie. 96

14.33

7

|

18 75

$18 67

g

q

$17.50

q

10

18 80

16 25

10

11

11

1?

17 50

16 83

16 25

$17 00

12

13

$6 42

13

14

15.00

$17. 39

16.60

15.25

15 42

15.00

$15. 08

15 00

14

IS

15

16

16

17

17

18

18

IP

iq

?0

20

?1

•>1

99

22

?3

$54 33

56 14

93

94

46 30

46 50

24

?,5

47.50

48 00

?5

%

28 93

24 17

24 05

26

?7

23.65

24.91

97

?8

26 88

26 71

22 17

23 43

9q

oq

20 14

23 30

20 39

20 83

29

30

14 75

14 08

13 73

13 50

30

31

24.80

25.71

31

3?,

3 53

3 58

3 55

39

33

3 30

3 24

3 00

33

34

21.00

22 04

17 28

18 63

18 97

17 00

19 19

19 00

20 57

22 18

34

35

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

30

40

40

41

41

4?,

49

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

49

49

50

50

51

51

5?

59

53

53

54

54

5,5

55

56

56

57

57

58

58

59

59

60

60

61

61

6?

62

63

21.80

19.58

63

64

23 50

20 73

64

65

65

66

20.30

22.25

17 88

66

67

22.50

19.45

67

68

3.22

68

69

17 88

18 04

17 70

69

70

18.83

70

71

29.75

71

7?

20.13

79

73

15.33

73

74

74

75

17.79

75

76

18.81

76

77

19.83

77

78

20.85

78

79

15.63

79

80

17.22

80

12

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line No.

Grade.

Ash...

1

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

9

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

1

No 2 common 4/4

Do

4

Mill run.

Bass wood

6

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do...

6

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do .

7

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

8

Log run.

Do

q

Mill run.

Beech . . . . .

in

Firsts and seconds 4 4.

Do

11

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

i?

Mill run.

Birch, unselected

13

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

14

No 1 common 4/4.

Do

15

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do ...

16

No. 2 common and better 4/4 or log run

Do

17

Mill run

Chestnut

IS

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do ...

19

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

90

Sound wormy 4/4

Do

?1

No. 3 common 4/4.

Do

99

Mill run

Cottonwood

?3

Firsts and seconds 4/4, 6 to 12 inches.

Do

94

Box boards 4/4, 13 to 17 niches

Do

95

No 1 common 4/4

Do

96

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

97

Mill run

Cypress . . .

?8

Firsts and seconds clear 4/4.

Do

9q

Selects 4/4.

Do

30

Shop No 1 4/4

Do

31

No. 1 common 4/4, random widths.

Do

39

No 2 common 4/4 random widths

Do

33

Mill run.

Cypress, shingles

34

Bests 5"

Do

35

Primes 5".

Elm. Rock

36

Firsts and seconds 8/4.

Do

37

No 1 common and better 8/4

Do...

38

No. 2 common and better 8/4.

Do

39

Mill run

Elm. Soft

40

No. 1 common and better 4/4.

Do

41

No 2 common and better 4/4.

Do

49

Mill run

Gum...

43

Firsts and seconds 4/4, red.

Do

44

No 1 common 4/4, red.

Do...

45

Firsts and seconds 4/4, sap.

Do..

46

No 1 common 4/4, sap.

Do

47

No 2 common 4/4

Do

48

Mill run.

Hickory

49

Firsts and seconds 8/4.

Do...

50

No. 1 common 8/4.

Do

51

No 2 common 8/4.

Do

59

Mill run

Maple, Hard

53

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

54

No 1 common 4/4.

Do

55

Mill run

Maple, Soft

56

No. 1 common and better 4/4.

Do

57

No 3 common 4/4

Do

58

Log run

Do...

59

Mill run.

Oak. Plain

60

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

61

No 1 common 4/4

Do...

69

No 2 common 4/4

Do...

63

No 3 common 4/4

Do

64

Mill run

Oak, Red, quartered

65

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do...

66

No 1 common 4/4

Do...

67

No 2 common 4/4

Do

68

Mill run

Oak. White, quartered .

69

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do .

70

No 1 common 4/4

Do

71

Do

79

Mill run

Poplar..

73

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

74

Do...

75

No 1 common 4/4

Do ..

76

No 2 common 4/4

Do

77

Mill run

Tupelo (Bay Poplar)

78

Firsts and seconds clear, random, 4/4

Do

79

No 1 common random 4/4

Do

80

Mill run

WHOLESALE PEICES OF LUMBER.

13

Arkan-
sas

Loui-
siana.

Missis-
sippi.

Ala-
bama.

Mis-
souri.

Texas.

Flor-
ida.

South
Caro-
lina.

North
Caro-
lina.

Ten-
nes-
see.

Ken-
tucky.

Vir-
ginia.

West
Vir-
ginia.

1

35 67

35 60

34.25

35.42

$36.85

37.50

$39.34

1

2

}0 44

19 40

20 75

22.07

23.38

26.00

27.83

2

3

11 11

11 25

11.67

12.17

13.88

13.33

13.38

3

4

20 33

4

5

30.83

32.00

35.50

5

g

21.00

21.75

24.80

6

7

12. 25

12.25

16.25

7

g

19.50

21.67

19.90

21.87

8

9

17.17

16.67

19.87

9

10

10

11

14.25

11

12

13.50

10.80

11.28

12

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

18.94

16

17

16.79

17

18

'

$38. 83

36.45

38.00

41.78

42.92

18

19

27.33

25.73

25.55

30.11

31.34

19

<>()

10.

11.64

14.11

11.50

13.36

20

?1

6.67

7.88

6.92

8.31

21

y>

18.36

15.47

16.00

14.71

22

°3

23 80

22 75

23

94

47 25

45 13

24

25

21 00

18 31

25

26

16 40

13 43

?,6

97

27

?8

33 00

33.49

$34. 70

28

29

28 25

28 81

|9g 19

29 60

29

30

1C Of)

17 34

18 06

20 00

30

31
3?

13.13
9.30

14.20
8.67

14.06
10.17

15.00
11.20

31
32

33

19 00

19 69

16.38

33

34

4.08

34

35

2 40

2 46

3.17

35

36

36

37

37

38

38

39

39

40

40

41

15 67

41

4?

18 83

$16.00

12.33

42

43

28 00

31 43

31.00

43

44

17 18

19 50

18 00

44

45

15 44

16 79

16.20

45

46
47

11.15
8 42

12.00

8 58

11.70
9.40

12.50
10.50

$11.33
9.00

46
47

48

12 56

11 08

12.44

$13.50

10 97

11.33

12.58

48

49

45 00

47.25

49

50

24 25

30.00

26.50

50

51

15.00

13.75

16.00

51

52

20.90

15.33

21.50

52

53

27.75

53

54

17.86

54

55

15.33

55

56

22.33

56

57

57

58

18.75

58

59

13.00

14.33

59

60

38 82

37 75

38 50

34 00

35 25

38 17

37.33

38.50

38.82

43.82

60

61

21.63

20 25

21.42

20.83

23.25

25.50

23.19

25.46

26.32

32.00

61

62

11.28

10.56

11.17

10.33

11.00

10.67

13.75

12.87

14.08

14.55

16.85

6?,

63

5.11

6.00

7.60

6.35

8.67

8.00

8.38

63

64

20.50

22.33

14.75

20.54

18.30

19.05

19.17

64

65

48 40

49.40

47.80

52.75

65

66

28 20

28 40

28.29

32 33

66

67

15 00

15.50

16.81

16.67

67

68

27.00

68

69

65 96

66 66

65.60

63.00

64.60

67.33

69

70

36 59

38 33

37 17

34 67

37.29

39 80

70

71

17.94

19.67

16.75

15.33

17.56

19.50

71

79

38 33

35 08

72

73

44.00

49.33

47.11

49.00

47.75

51.64

73

74
75

30.00

33.00
23.67

36.00

27.58

35.27
25.55

36.75
27:71

36.75
27.00

37.38
32.14

74
75

76

13 33

14 58

14 18

16 80

16.56

19.75

76

77
78

"ig 66

19 53

21.83

25.08

22.96

23.41

77
78

79

13.67

14.06

79

SO

13 39

80

14

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line No.

Grade.

Ash

1

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

?

No 1 common 4/4

Do

3

No. 2 common 4/4

Do ...

4

Mill run

Basswood

ti

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

6

No. 1 common 4/4

Do

7

No 2 common 4/4

Do

8

Do

9

Mill run

Beech

10

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

11

Do

1?

Mill run

Birch un selected

13

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

14

Do

15

No 2 common 4/4

Do

16

Do

17

Mill run

Chestnut

IS

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

19

Do

?0

Sound wormy 4/4

Do

*>1

No 3 common 4/4

Do

??

Mill run

Cotton wood.

">3

Firsts and seconds 4/4 6 to 12 inches

Do

">4

Boxboards 4/4 13 to 17 inches

Do

^5

No 1 common 4/4

Do

?6

Do

?7

Mill run

Cypress

?8

Firsts and seconds clear 4/4

Do

•79

Selects 4/4

Do

30

Shop No 1 4/4

Do

31

No 1 common 4/4 random widths

Do

32

Do

33

Mill run

Cypress shingles

34

Bests 5"

Do

35

Primes 5".

Elm, Rock

36

Firsts and seconds 8'4

Do

37

Do

38

No 2 common and better 8/4

Do

39

Elm, Soft

40

No 1 common and better 4/4

Do

41

No 2 common and better 4/4

Do

42

Mill run

Gum.

43

Firsts and seconds 4/4, red

Do

44

No 1 common 4/4 red

Do...

45

Firsts and seconds 4/4, sap.

Do

46

No 1 common 4/4 sap

Do

47

Do

48

Mill run

Hickory

49

Firsts and seconds 8/4

Do

50

No 1 common 8/4

Do

51

No 2 common 8/4

Do...

5?

Mill run

Maple, Hard .

53

Firsts and seconds, 4/4

Do

54

No 1 common 4/4

Do...

55

Mill run

Maple. Soft

56

No 1 common and better 4/4

Do

57

Do...

58

Log run

Do ..

59

Mill run

Oak, Plain

60

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do...

61

No 1 common 4/4

Do .

6^

No 2 common 4/4

Do

63

Do

64

Mill run

Oak. Red. quartered

65

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do .

66

Do...

67

No 2 common 4/4

Do

68

Mill run

Oak, White, quartered
Do

69
70

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

71

No 2 common 4/4

Do »

72

Poplar

73

Do...

74

Saps or selects 4/4

Do

75

Do

76

Do

77

Mill run

Tupelo (Bay Poplar)
Do

78
79

Firsts and seconds clear, random, 4/4.

Do

HO

Mill run

WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER,

15

Ohio.

Indi-
ana.

Illi-
nois.

Mich-
igan.

Wis-
con-
sin.

Penn-
syl-
vania.

New

York.

Con-
necti-
cut.

Massa-
chu-
setts.

New
EJ amp-
shire.

Ver-
mont.

tfaine.

Min-
ne-
sota.

1
?

136.67
28.80

37.21
24.14

$24.67

40.71
27.64

536.62
23.49

40.00
24.67

543.40
27.64

23." 75'

24.' 26"

26" 66"

1
2

•}

16 33

16 41

18. 14

13.92

17.33

3

4

22 80

21 51

17 10

22 38

21 00

18.17

18.50

i§. 67

21.43

4

«i

31.20

31.19

35. 96

33.94

35.00

5

6

21 25

22 78

24 61

23 20

24 50

25.67

25.50

6

7

14.75

15.71

16.05

14.90

7

s

23 17

23 88

22 92

20.67

23. 32

20.80

21.80

8

q

18.67

18.67

19.17

18.33

16.67

20.33

17.00

18.30

14.33

9

10

21 90

25 00

23.88

10

11

17.80

16.95

17.18

16.33

ie. ii

16.67

18.00

19.00

20.67

11

T>

14.00

16 65

13.42

11 50

13.38

14.50

14.08

13.83

14.25

12

13

36 83

34 73

35 40

13

14

22 71

19 50

I

21 20

22 25

14

1*)

15 80

11 28

13 50

15.00

15

16

22.76

21.20

22.38

20.25

22.67

16

17

17 81

17 49

17.50

17 38

15.21

13.75

16.07

17.36

17

IS

35.00

39.75

18

19

28 33

22 83

26. 67

19

?*)

17.25

16.67

?,0

?1

14 00

21

?V!

15.92

17.25

17.46

18.40

18.17

22

?3

27 10

23

24

74

?5

25

26

?6

27

16.13

17.88

27

28

?8

?9

29

30

30

31

31

32

32

33

33

34

34

35

35

36

35 67

33 14

36

37

27.33

23.00

37

38

22.75

25.83

22.30

38

39

17.35

39

40

22.50

24.07

30.50

26.50

25.00

40

41

21.38

25.97

19.97

41

4?

15 75

17 40

17 50

15 64

19 «7

16 67

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

47

48

48

49

48.88

49.20

43.75

49

50

28.67

31.27

35.00

50

51

18.17

19.71

51

52

29.11

24.75

20.08

22.67

22.00

17.50

52

53

26.00

25.82

29.81

26.12

26.13

29.00

53

54

17.67

20.32

21.80

17.77

19.00

20.42

20.00

1 23.66

54

55

17.40

18.00

16.72

14.71

16.32

16.35

16.17

16.13

16. 38

17 20

55

56

21.79

22.25

21.00

56

57

13.00

12.62

7.36

57

58

19.33

20.00

18.63

16.74

19.33

18.67

58

59

16.38

17.00

13.46

13.15

15.93

14.17

13.63

13.25

59

60

39.00

39.73

43.33

36. 38

60

61

27.50

26.67

26.67

28.86

27.89

29.00

26.75

27.40

26 00

61

62

19.28

17.12

18.86

21.23

"

62

63

12.42

10.78

8.32

13.33

63

64

23.88

20.33

19.63

22.00

19 17

21 17

19 06

18 39

19 50

19 75

$24 00

20 67

64

65

53.67

65

66

33.50

66

67

18.20

67

68

'

34.00

68

69

65.00

70.82

69

70

40.13

41.53

70

71

22.33

22.55

71

72

7?

73

73

74

38.32

74

75

29.75

75

76

19.14

76

77

22.50

77

78

78

79

79

;80

80

OPPORTUNITIES FOB PURCHASING NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER.

The National Forests contain nearly 590 billion feet of merchantable stumpage. The
mature timber, which constitutes a large part of the total stand, is for sale. The more
accessible bodies may be purchased in blocks of practically any desired size up to 100
million feet. Less accessible stumpage which requires a large investment for the con-
struction of transportation facilities may be purchased in larger quantities of sufficient
size to justify the investment in improvements. Applications up to 1 billion feet
will be approved if the investment required necessitates the purchase of a body of
that size under one contract.

The procedure for purchasing National Forest timber is extremely simple. Appli-
cations specifying the amount, species, and general location desired may be sent to the
offices of the Forest Service at Washington, D. C.; Chicago, 111.; Missoula, Mont.;
Denver, Colo.; Albuquerque, N. Mex.; Ogden, Utah; San Francisco, Gal.; and Port-
land, Oreg. Advertisement at a fixed minimum price is required by law for at least
30 days. The timber is then awarded to the highest bidder and the sale completed
by execution of the contract stating the amount and location of the stumpage, the
etumpage rates, and the conditions under which the timber shall be removed.

The contract requirements have been prepared by practical lumbermen and per-
fected by the experience gained in the administration of several thousand sales. They
are adapted to the local conditions as to topography, size of the timber, and logging
methods. That they are eminently practical is demonstrated by the fact that some
375 million feet are cut each year under these requirements by lumbermen all over
the West.

Sufficient time is permitted for the removal of the amount purchased under local
conditions of logging and manufacture. The time is gauged, however, to require
continuous operation at a reasonable rate and does not permit the holding of stumpage
for speculative increases in value. The timber to be cut is designated by the forest
officers. Either clean cutting, or partial cutting taking 70 to 80 per cent of the stump-
age, is employed, depending upon the character of the timber and the best methods
of securing new forest growth. Simple precautions are required to protect the uncut
timber and young growth, and the disposal of slash by burning, either with or without
piling, is necessary.

These requirements may increase the cost of logging from 50 to 75 cents a thousand
feet over the usual cost on private holdings. The difference is always considered in
appraising the value of the stumpage. Furthermore, an operator who buys National
Forest timber has to make practically no investment at the outset for his stumpage,
has no carrying charges for interest or taxes, and incurs practically no fire risk. He is
required simply to pay for the timber as it is removed in advance deposits, which
represent usually but the value of a month and a half's cut.

These are obvious advantages, particularly when extended over an operation of 10
or 15 years. As private stumpage is cut out in many of the old lumbering centers,
operators will find, in the timber on the National Forests, new opportunities for manu-
facture under advantageous conditions.
16

O

Issued November 13, 1912.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

FOREST SERVICE.

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester.

RECORD OF WHOLESALE PRICES
OF LUMBER.

(PER 1,000 FEET B. M.)

BASED ON ACTUAL SALES MADE F. O. B. MILL FOB

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER, 1912.

—12 WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1912

FOREST SERVICE.

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester.
ALBERT F. POTTER, Associate Forester.
HERBERT A. SMITH, Editor.

Branch of Products: MCGARVEY CLINE, in charge.

Washington Office of Products: 0. T. SWAN, in charge.
J. C. NELLIS, Statistician in Forest Products.

2

PREFATORY NOTE.

The purposes of the Forest Service in collecting and compiling this record of
f. o. b. mill prices is to have a continuous statistical record of such prices of
the various commercial woods. The prices given are wholesale, based on actual
sales f. o. b. mill, for delivery outside of local territory. Only a few representa-
tive grades and the mill run are included. By " mill run " is meant the average
of all grades of lumber produced. The record is compiled by States, and is
made up from reports received from the largest manufacturers throughout the
country.

The Forest Service wishes to acknowledge the courtesy of the manufacturers
for their prompt and efficient cooperation.

The Forest Service is engaged in many investigations of interest to lumber
manufacturers. The work as now organized comprises studies in the physical
properties of wood ; air-seasoning and kiln-drying ; strength tests upon commer-
cial timbers of the United States; wood preservation, including the study of
different preservatives and methods of impregnation; softwood and hardwood
distillation; wood pulp and paper; naval stores; and wood utilization, which
includes studies of the wood-using industries of various States, the collection
and compilation of statistics of forest products, etc. Reports on these investi-
gations are published from time to time, and are available to the trade upon
request.

A copy of any of the following recent reports may be obtained by addressing
the Editor and Chief, Division of Publications, United States Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C. :

Forest Service Bulletins:
308. Tests of Structural Timbers.

109. Distillation of Resinous Wood by Saturated Steam.

110. The Specific Heat of Wood.

112. Fire-killed Douglas Fir; A Study of its Rate of Deterioration, Usability,

and Strength.
Forest Service Circulars :

1 98. Condition of Experimental Chestnut Poles in the Warren - Buffalo and
Poughkeepsie-Newton Square Lines After Five and Eight Years' Service.
200. Absorption of Creosote by Cell Walls of Wood.
206. Commercial Creosotes — With Special Reference to Protection of Wood from

Decay.

Division of Publications Circular 11 — List of Available Publications of the
Forest Service.

3

SUMMARY.

The advance in wholesale lumber prices during April, May, and June, 1912,
continued during the months of July, August, and September. The Pacific
coast species which continued to rise were red cedar, Douglas fir, western hem-
lock, and redwood. Western yellow pine and Sitka spruce failed to follow the
advance, but western larch, which showed no change during the second quarter,
sold at better prices. In eastern softwoods yellow pine made decided ad-
vances ; North Carolina pine and hemlock advanced somewhat, while the prices
of white pine and spruce made no general change. Among the hardwoods
prices were generally higher in the Southern and Central States, except on gum,
while in the Northern States ash, basswood, beech, and birch were somewhat
lower and maple somewhat higher.

In Washington western red cedar beveled siding No. 1 rose $2,- shop No. 2
over $3, and the grades of shingles 25 cents to 50 cents. Douglas fir flooring
No. 1 V. G. advanced $2.80 in Oregon and Washington, while timbers 12 inches
by 12 inches, average 32 feet, rose about $1 in both States. The following ad-
vances occurred in western hemlock sales in Washington : Flooring Nos. 1 and
2 over $1, finish Nos. 1 and 2 nearly $4, dimension No. 1, common, $1.60, and
ship-lap $1.25. Western larch prices show the following advances in Montana :
Flooring A and B $1.25, finish A and B $2, drop siding A and B $1.50, common
boards No. 2 over $2, and dimension No. 1, common, $4. In Idaho western
white pine finish C select advanced $2 and finish D select declined $4. Western
yellow pine shop No. 1, 6/4, rose 70 cents in California, $1.15 in Washington,
but declined 80 cents in Idaho, while common boards No. 2 rose $1 in California
but declined in both Washington and Idaho. In California redwood sales
clears advanced slightly, sap clears declined $1.25, while common boards No. 1
advanced $2 and common boards, No. 2, 75 cents. In Washington Sitka spruce
shop No. 1 advanced $1.80, finish No. 2 clear and better declined $1.33, and floor-
ing No. 2 clear and better more than $3, but beveled siding B advanced $2.50
and common boards advanced $2.

The advance in yellow-pine prices applies almost without exception to all
grades in all producing States. Finish B and better, 6 inches and wider, shows
the following advances: Arkansas, $1.43; Louisiana, $1.36; Mississippi, $3.16;
Alabama, $1.10; Missouri, 50 cents; Georgia, $1.80. Dimension No. 1, S1S1E
2 inches by 8 inches, 16 feet, made advances as follows : Texas, $2.62 ; Arkansas,
$1.49; Louisiana, $3.17; Mississippi, $3.26; Alabama, $1.55. Mill-run values
show the following advances: Texas, $1.42; Arkansas, $1.42; Louisiana, $1.80;
Mississippi, 93 cents; Alabama, 88 cents; Missouri, $2.08; Florida, 63 cents.
All grades of North Carolina pine quoted in this Record advanced except
dimension 2 inches by 8 inches, 16 feet, which declined slightly in South
Carolina and North Carolina, and box edge, 4/4, which advanced in North
Carolina but made no change whatever in South Carolina. The advance on
No. 1 edge 4/4 amounted in North Carolina to $1.38.

Hemlock prices were higher in the Lake States, but not generally in the
Eastern States. Two-inch piece stuff advanced $1.08 in Wisconsin, but only
57 cents in Michigan. Boards No. 1 advanced $1.34 in Wisconsin and $1.42
in Michigan. In white-pine sales prices obtained for the upper grades were
generally lower, while the lower grades sold at advanced prices. Selects C
and better declined $2.80 in Minnesota and $4.45 in Wisconsin, while boards
No. 4 advanced $1.39 in Minnesota and $1.37 in Wisconsin, and fencing No. 2
rose $2.09 in Minnesota and slightly in Wisconsin. Prices of New England
and West Virginia spruce were generally lower, while Adirondack values were
higher, except in the case of No. 1 and clear, which declined slightly.

Basswood firsts and seconds advanced $2.20 in Tennessee, while in New
York there was a fall of $1.50. Unselected birch firsts and seconds advanced
65 cents in Michigan, $1.55 in Wisconsin, and $1.20 in New York. Hard maple

KECOKD OF WHOLESALE PKICES OF LUMBER. 5

firsts and seconds advanced $2.25 in Ohio, $1.13 in Indiana, 83 cents in Michi-
gan, $1.82 in Wisconsin, 75 cents in New York, but declined $3.17 in Penn-
sylvania. Chestnut values were generally higher throughout the chestnut-
producing States. Firsts and seconds advanced slightly in North Carolina and
West Virginia, $2.26 in Tennessee, $1 in Kentucky, $2.37 in Virginia, and
$4.53 in Ohio. The prices of plain oak were generally higher except in North
Carolina. The following advances are shown in firsts and seconds : Arkansas,
$1.96; Mississippi, $3.08; Missouri, $3.60; Tennessee, $2.14; Kentucky, $4.60;
Virginia, $2; West Virginia, $2.41; and Ohio, $5.33. Yellow poplar values ad-
vanced in several States, but in Virginia and Tennessee all grades quoted de-
clined. In other States the advances on firsts and seconds were as follows:
North Carolina, nearly $3; Kentucky, $2.50; West Virginia, 89 cents; Indiana,
nearly $4. Cypress firsts and seconds advanced $1.36 in Arkansas, held firm
in Louisiana, and in Florida advanced $1.27. Red gurn firsts and seconds de-
clined 82 cents in Arkansas, $1.50 in Louisiana, but rose $2 in Mississippi.
No. 1 common in both sap and red declined in Arkansas and Louisiana, but not
in Mississippi. Tupelo firsts and seconds declined $2.46 and No. 1 common
$1.45 in Louisiana.

KECOED OF WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Cedar. Western Red

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Fir, Douglas

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Fir, White

Do

Do

Hemlock, Western

Do f

Do

Do

Do

Do

Larch. Western

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Pine. Sugar

Do

Do

Do

Pine, Western W bite

Do. (Idaho White)

Do

Do

Do

Do

Pine, Western Yellow

(Including Western Pine,
California White Pine,
New Mexico White
Pine).

Do

Do

Do ,

Do

Do

Do

Redwood

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Spruce, Sitka

Do. (Western Spruce)

Do

Do

Do

Do...

Grade.

Beveled siding No. 1,

Shop No. 2, 1J" x 8".

Shingles, perfection, 18".

Shingles, extra clear, 5/2"-16".

Shingles, Star-A-Star, 6/2"-16".

Mill run.

Flooring No. 1, v. g., 1" x 4". K. D.

Flooring No. 2, v. g., 1" x 4". K. D.

Flooring No. 2, flat, 1" x 4". K. D.

Finish No. 2 and better, 6".

Drop siding, No. 2 slash.

Dimension, Com., SIS1E, 2" x 12"-16'.

Car sills, 5" x 8"-36'.

Timbers, 12" x 12", average 32'.

Crossties, 7" x 9".

Lath, per M.

Mill run.

Common boards. 6" and 8".

Lath, per M.

Mill run.

Flooring Nos. 1 and 2, v. g., 1" x 4".

Finish Nos. 1 and 2, 5" and wider.

Dimension, No. 1, Com., 2" x 4" to 2" x 8".

Shlplap, 1".

Shlplap
Shop N

and 6

Shop No. 1, H" x 8" and wider.

Mill run.

Flooring, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1" x"4"

Finish, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1" x 8".

Drop siding, A and B (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 1" x 6

Common boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'.

Dimension No. 1, Com., 2" x 8"-16'.

Lath, per M.

Mill run.

Firsts and seconds, clear.

Shop No. 1, 2" x 8" and wider.

Shop No. 2, 2" x 8" and wider.

Mill run.

Finish, C select, 8".

Finish, D select, 8".

Beveled siding, B and better, 4

Beveled siding, C, 4" and 6".

Common boards No. 2, 6" and 8".

Mill run.

Flooring, B and better (Nos. 1 and 2 clear), 4" and 6"-16'(

Finish, B select and better, 1" by 10"-16'.

Finish, C select, 8".

Beveled siding, B and better, 4" and 6".

Beveled siding, C, 4" and 6".

Shop No. 1, 6/4.

Shop No. 2, 6/4.

Common boards, No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'.

Dimension, No. 1, Com., 2" x 8"-16'.

Lath No. 1, per M.

Mill run.

Clear, 6" to 12", 10' to 20'.

Sappy clear, 6" to 8", 10' to 20'.

Common boards No. 1.

Common boards No. 2.

Crossties, 6" x8"-8'.

Shingles No. 1, per M. (full count.)

Shingles No. 2, per M (full count.)

Mill run.

Shop No. 1, 6/4.

Finish No. 2, clear and better, 1" x 12".

Flooring No. 2, clear and better, 1" x 4".

Beveled siding. B, i" x 6".

Common boards, 1" x 12".

Mill run.

EECOED OF WHOLESALE PEICES OF LUMBER.

California.

Oregon.

Washington.

Idaho.

Montana.

Colorado.

1

$19 35

1

?

18.67

?,

3

2.72

3

4

2 29

4

5

2.00

5

fi

16 37

g

7

$27.25

26.63

7

s

23 93

23 01

8

9

16.91

15.61

9

10

22 00

21 21

10

11

17.00

17.38

11

1?

10 06

9.85

$ii. si

17!

1?

16 33

15 23

13

14

10 67

10.80

14

I1)

9 35

9 42

15

16

1.83

1.63

16

17

$12 75

12 68

12 28

12.67

17

18

8.64

10.44

18

19

19

?n

9.33

20

?1

22.80

?1

?fl

23.13

22

?3

9.50

23

24

9.33

9.21

24

?5

?5

?6

10 83

26

?7

20.33

$19.00

?7

?8

23 42

W

?9

18.58

18.70

?,9

30

10 13

15 53

30

31

10.45

14.18

31

3?

1 28

3?

33

12.77

12.98

33

34

34

35

35

36

18.06

36

37

,37

38

35.79

38

39

24 50

39

40

23.90

40

41

20 34

41

4?

16.38

4?!

43

18 75

43

44

35.00

44

45

38 63

45

46

31 75

46

47

23 00

47

48

20 36

48

49

24.77

26.25

25 20

49

50

15.88

17 12

16 92

50

51

14.01

13.98

13.64

51

5?

14.33

11 92

$14. 00

R?

53

2.08

2.19

53

54

13.45

13 75

54

55

23.33

55

56

18.17

56

67

15.20

57

58

11.90

58

59

59

60

1.87

60

61

1.48

61

62

14.33

M

63

18 33

63

64

30.67

64

65

27 67

65

66

17.67

66

67

11 50

67

68

14.08

68

EECOKD OP WHOLESALE PKICES OF LUMBEB.

Species.

Hemlock (Lake States).

Do

Do...

Do.

Hemlock (Eastern States)

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Pine. North Carolina

Do

Do

Do ,

Do

Do

Do

Do ,

Pine, White

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Pine, Yellow

Do. (Mississippi Valley
Mills).

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Pine,Yellow

Do. (Atlantic Coast Mills) .

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do...

Pine, Yellow, merch. grade
Sail).

Do

Do

Do

Do

Spruce (New England)

Do

Do

go

Do

Do

Do

Spruce (Adirondack)

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Spruce (West Virginia)

Do

Do

Do

Do...

Grade.

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2" x 4"-16'.

Boards, No. 1, SIS, 1" x 8"-16'.

Timbers, rough, 4" x 4" to 8" x &"-!&.

Fencing No. 1, SIS, 1" x 6".

Lath No. 1, f"-4'.

MU1 run.

8/4 merch. 4" to 12", 1(X to 2<X.

4/4 merch. 6" and 8"-lG'.

4/4 merch. 10" and 12"-16'.

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, IV-1

4/4 boards, No. 2, 1" x 4"-12", Q'-^ff.

Mill run, mill culls out.

Mill culls.

MU1 run.

Flooring, No. 2, 1" x 4" x 1(X-16'.

Flooring, No. 3, 1" x 4" x KX-16'.

Dimension (air dried), 2" x 8"-16' and under.

Roofers, I" x 8", D. & M.

Partition No. 1, 13/16" x 3i", KX-16'.

No. 1 edge 4/4, under 12".

Box edge 4/4, under 12".

Mill run.

Selects C and better, 5/4 (M. L.).

Inch finish, C selects, 10" (M. L.).

Shop No. 1, 8/4 (M. L.).

Shop No. 3, 5/4 (M. L.).

Beveled siding, C, 6" x 16'.

Boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'.

Boards No. 3, 12", KX-20'.

Boards No. 4, mixed widths, W-W.

Fencing No. 2, SIS, 6" x 16'.

Lath No. 1 (W. P.).

Lath No. 1 (mixed).

Mill run.

Flooring, B, v, g. 13/16" x 31".

Flooring, No. 2, D. & M., 1" x 4".

Flooring, No. 2, S2S and C. M., 1" x 6".

Flooring, B, flat, 13/16" x 3i".

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider.

Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2" x 8"-16'.

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10".

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 8".

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 12".

Timbers S1S1E, 6" x 8"-16'.

Car siding, B and better, 1" x 4" and 6" x y-18'

Com. car lining, No. 1, 1" x 6" x W-W.

Lath No. 1, |".

Mill run.

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider.

Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13/16" x 21".

Flooring, B and better, sap rift, 13/16" x 2J'/!

Flooring, B, heart rift, 13/16" x 2J".

Flooring, B, sap rift, 13/16" x 2J".

Flooring, B, sap flat, 13/16" x 31".

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10" x KX-16'.

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 10" x 10M6'.

Plank and dimensions:
Sizes 2" x 6" to 8" x 8", average 24'.
Sizes 2" x 9" to 10" x 10", average 24'.
Sizes 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", average 24'.
Sizes 2" x 14" to 14" x 14", average 24'.
Sizes 2" x 16" to 16" x 16", average 24 '
Mill run.

Merch. frames 8" and under, 20* and under.
Merch. frames 10", 20' and under.
Merch. random 10", 8' to 20'.
Merch. 2" x 7" and under, 8' to 20'.
Merch. 2" x 8" and up, 8' to 207.
Lath, 1|".
Mill run.

Mill run, mill culls out.
No. 1 and clear.
No. 2.
No. 3.
Mill culls.
MiU run.

Merch. frames 3" x 4" to 8" x 8", 10M6'.
Merch. frames 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", 10M6'.
Boards, merch., 1" x 12", lO*-^.
Boards, box, 1" x 4"-12".
Mill run.

RECORD OF WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

Texas.

Ar-
kansas.

Louisi-
ana.

Missis-
sippi.

Ala-
bama.

Mis-
souri.

Flor-
ida.

Geor-
gia.

South
Caro-
lina.

North
Caro-
lina.

Ten-
nessee.

Ken-
tucky.

Vir-
ginia.

1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

$14. 80

$14.47

$22.19
18.20
12.38
13.80
25.00

$22.63
18.20
12.75
14.80
25.97
22.83
12.90
14.63

12.00
14.16

13.67

$30.20
12.40
13.42
21.82
24.63
15.75
16.70
13.99
15.17
13.95
23.89
17.38

$30.83
12.31
13.12
20.44
25.97
14.78
16.50
14.19
14.82
15.23
23.72
16.90
2.03
15.95

$30.55
12.14
13.17
20.85
24.84
15.52
16.09
13.93
14.64
14.23
23.70
17.15
1.84
15.87

$30.56
11.69
13.50
21.25
24.90
15.91
17.66
14.37
14.45
14.55
24.33

$3015
11.10
12.53
19.71
23.43
14.20
17.44
13.18
14.21
16.83

$21. 75
25.00
16.25
16.50
14.75
16.75

1.88
15.64

1.90
15.12

15.32

15.75

$22.66

$19. 38

21.25
20.33
16 00

14.50

14.20

15.63
20.50
24.17

15.90
19.83
24.13
27.38

15.06

10

RECORD OF WHOLESALE PEICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Hemlock (Lake States)

Do

Do

Do...

Do

Do

Hemlock (Eastern States)

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do .-

Do

Pine, North Carolina

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Pine, White

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Pine. Yellow

Do. (Mississippi Valley

Do.!.8.'

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Pine, Yellow

Do. (Atlantic Coast Mills).

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do...

Pine. Yellow, merch. grade
(Sail).

Do

Do

Do

Do

Spruce (New England)

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Spruce (Adirondack)

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Spruce (West Virginia)

Do

Do

Do

Do...

Grade.

2" piece stuff, S1S1E, 2" x 4"-16'.

Boards, No. 1, SIS, 1" x 8"-16'.

Timbers, rough, 4" x 4" to 8" x 8"-l'.

Fencing No. 1, SIS, 1" x 6".

Lath, No. 1, |"-4'.

Mill run.

8/4 merch. 4" to 12", 10' to 20'.

4/4 merch. 6" and 8"-16'.

4/4 merch. 10" and 12"-16'.

4/4 merch. boards, 6" and up, SIS, clipped, 12'-16'.

4/4 boards, No. 2, 1" x 4"-12", 6'-20'.

Mill run, mill culls out.

Mill culls.

Mill run.

Flooring, No. 2, 1" x 4" x 10'-16'.

Flooring, No. 3, 1" x 4" x 10'-16'.

Dimension (air dried), 2" x 8"-16' and under.

Roofers, 1" x 8", D. & M.

Partition No. 1, 13/16" x 3i", 10'-16'.

No. 1 edge 4/4, under 12".

Box edge 4/4, under 12".

Mill run.

Selects C and better, 5/4 (M. L.).

Inch finish, C selects, 10" (M. L.).

Shop No. 1, 8/4 (M. L.).

Shop No. 3, 5/4 (M. L.).

Beveled siding, C, 6" x 16'.

Boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16'.

Boards No. 3, 12", 10'-20'.

Boards No. 4, mixed widths, 10'-20'.

Fencing No. 2. SIS, 6" x 16'.

Lath No. 1 (W. P.).

Lath No. 1 (mixed).

Mill run.

Flooring, B, v, g. 13/16" x 3J".

Flooring, No. 2, D. & M., 1" x 4".

Flooring, No. 2, S2S and C. M., 1" x 6".

Flooring, B, flat, 13/16" x 3£".

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider.

Dimension No. 1, S1S1E, 2" x 8"-16'.

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10".

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 8".

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 12".

Timbers S1S1E. 6" x 8"-16'.

Car siding, B and better, 1" x 4" and 6" x 9'-18'.

Com. car. lining, No. 1, 1" x 6" x 10'-20'.

Lath No. 1, |".

Mill run.

Finish, B and better, 6" and wider.

Flooring, B and better, heart rift, 13/16" x 2J".

Flooring, B and better, sap rift, 13/16" x 2J".

Flooring, B, heart rift, 13/16" x 2J".

Flooring, B, sap rift, 13/16" x 2*".

Flooring, B, sap flat, 13/16" x 31".

Com. boards, No. 1, S2S, 1" x 10" x 10'-16'.

Com. boards, No. 2, S2S, 1" x 10" x 10'-16'.

Plank and dimensions:
Sizes 2" x 6" to 8" x 8", average 24'.
Sizes 2" x 9" to 10" x 10", average 24'.
Sizes 2" x 12" to 12" x 12", average 24'.
Sizes 2" x 14" to 14" x 14", average 24'.
Sizes 2" x 16" to 16" x 16", average 24'.
Mill run.

Merch. frames 8" and under, 20' and under.
Merch. frames 10", 20', and under.
Merch. random 10", 8' to 20'.
Merch. 2" x 7" and under, 8' to 20'.
Merch. 2" x 8" and up, 8' to 20'.
Lath, If".
Mill run.

Mill run, mill culls out.
No. 1 and clear.
No. 2.
No. 3.
Mill culls.
Mill run.
Merch. frames, 3
Merch. frames, 2"

x 4" to 8" x 8", 10'-16'.
x 12" to 12" x 12", 10'-16'.

Boards, merch., 1" x 12", 10'-20'.
Boards, box, 1" x 4"-12".
Mill run.

BECOKD OF WHOLESALE PRICES OP LUMBEE.

11

West
Vir-
ginia.

ISSL

Penn-
sylva-
nia.

New
York.

New
Hamp-
shire.

Ver-
mont.

Maine.

Massa-
chu-
setts.

Con-
necti-
cut.

Minne-
sota.

Wis-
consin.

Michi-
gan.

1

$17.84

$16.91

v>

19 22

18 67

?

18 75

17 44

4

18.09

17 91

>i

3 48

3 81

6

13.02

12.79

7

$17. 40

$18 67

$ie 75

$16 83

8

17.00

18.67

16.67

q

20.20

10

$17.60

17.38

19.25

11

I9

17 00

$18 93

18 25

17 50

19 00

16 75

$19 00

13 67

13

10.00

9 67

10.80

14

14.53

15.11

15 08

14 67

14 42

314 67

15

16

17

18

19

?0

91

22

93

$53 20

55 30

?4

46.50

48.09

?*)

48 81

?6

23.13

23.56

28.33

?7

24 17

25 10

•>8

22 00

24 50

22 20

23 61

"

?9

21.13

21 46

25 67

30

19.88

15.14

15.79

31

26.17

25.71

28.50

3?

3 a

3 88

3 81

4 12

33

3.26

3.55

3.67

34

21.00

20.29

17.96

17 70

16 71

16 75

19 44

19 85

21 73

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

49

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

BB

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

6?

63

19,94

64

21.66

21.33

22.32

65

19.72

66

18.67

17 89

67

18 89

68

3 23

69

19 00

19 20

18 09

19 00

70

20.00

71

30.00

7?

21.13

73

16.63

74

11.50

75

18.80

76

18.67

77

20.17

78

22.67

79

80

12

RECORD OF WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line No. 1

Grade.

Ash..

1

Firsts and seconds 4/4

DQ

2

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

3

No 2 common 4/4

BacDo

4

Mill run.

swood

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

g

No 1 common 4/4

Do

7

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

fl

Log run .

Do

g

Mill run

Beech

10

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

11

No 1 common 4/4.

Do

Mill run.

Birch unselected

13

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

14

No 1 common 4/4.

Do

15

No 2 common 4/4

Do

No. 2 common and better 4/4 or log run

Do

17

Mill run

Chestnut

18

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

10

No 1 common 4/4.

Do

20

Sound wormy 4/4

Do

No. 3 common 4/4.

Do

22

Mill run

23

Firsts and seconds 4/4 6" to 12"

Do

Box boards 4/4, 13" to 17".

Do

25

No 1 common 4/4

Do

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

27

Mill run.

Cypress

?8

Firsts and seconds clear 4/4.

oq

Selects 4/4.

Do

30

Shop No 1, 4/4

Do

31

No 1 common 4/4 random widths

Do

No. 2 common 4/4, random widths.

Do

33

Mill run

Cypress, shingles

34

Bests 5".

Do

35

Primes 5".

Elm Rock

36

Firsts and seconds, 8/4.

Do

37

No. 1 common and better 8/4.

Do

38

No. 2 common and better 8/4

Do

30

Mill run

Elm, Soft

40

No. 1 common and better 4/4.

Do

41

No 2 common and better 4/4

Do

42

Mill run

Gum

43'

Firsts and seconds 4/4, red.

Do

44

No 1 common 4/4, red.

Do

45

Firsts and seconds 4/4 sap

Do

46

No. 1 common 4/4, sap

Do

47

No 2 common 4/4

Do

48

Mill run.

Hickory . .

40

Firsts and seconds 8/4.

Do

50

No 1 common 8/4

Do

51

No. 2 common 8/4.

Do

52

Mill run

Maple, Hard

53

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do ...

54

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

55

Mill run

Maple, Soft

56

No. 1 common and better 4/4.

Do

57

No. 3 common 4/4.

Do

58

Log run

Do...

,50

Min run.

Oak, Plain . .

60

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

61

No 1 common 4/4

Do

62

No 2 common 4/4

Do...

63

No 3 common 4/4.

Do

64

Mill run

Oak, Red, quartered
Do...

65
66

Firsts and seconds 41 '
No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

67

No 2 common 4/4

Do

68

Mill run

Oak White, quartered

69

Do .

70

No 1 common 4/4

Do

71

No 2 common 4/4

Do

72

Mill run

Poplar, yellow

73

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

74

Saps or selects 4/4

Do

75

No 1 common 4/4

Do...

76

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

77

Mill run

Tupelo (Bay Poplar)

78

Firsts and seconds clear, random 4/4

Do...

79

No. 1 common, random, 4/4.

Do

80

Mill run.

BECOBD OP WHOLESALE PBICES OF LUMBEE.

13

1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

U-kan-
sas.

oui-
lana.

Missis-
sippi.

Ala-
ama.

Mis-
souri.

texas.

Flor-
da.

outh ]
Caro-
ina.

^orth
Caro-
lina.

'en-
nes-
see.

Ken-
ucky.

Vir-
nia.

West
Vir-
inia.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

37.53
23.03
11.85

7.00
20.08
0.50
8.67

35.00
23.25
11.33

9 00

7 42

41.63

1.60
8.40
6.40

24.67
2.67

3.08
2.63

25.40
15.71
19.75

27.67
1.67

3.00
3.00
3.33

2.14
1.55
2.56
0.69
7.00

22! 33"

2.33
2.33
1.33
1.38

22 "is"

12.67

11.50

19.40

42.17
29.83
11.58
7.30

40.47
27.02
12.81
8.16
18.44

41.20
28.10
14.33
9.25

41.80
30.60
12.10
7.30
16.40

43.73
32.19
13.95
9.22
17.25

26.43
47.14
21.50
16.00

23.80
43.80
19.40
15.50
20 62

27.25
44.75
20.25
15.25

34.50
29.04
18.36
13.08
8.91
19.63

35.28
30.27
18.07
15.23
9.70
20.62
3.46

36.17
31.50
21 17

16.08
12.33

18.13

2.65

16.33

18.50

15.67

30.33
17.97
16.94
12.22
10.29
13.47
50.13
26.57
12.00
31.67

30.38
17.75
16.40
11.08
8.60
14.67

33.33
19.50
17.50
13.50
11.00

$11.83

51.00

25 67

10.00

22 33

22 00

20.33
28.83
19.00

17 00

16.83

15.83

20.67

17.00

18.00

15.50

15.11
39.02
25.43
13.75
8.14
20.75
51 00

41.77
23.95
12.89
6.77
20.50
51.75
29.25
15.63
34.33
68.23
40-85
20.67
44.74

40.57
21.67
10.75
6.00
21.25

42.83
23.86
13.50

40.60
26 80

41.00
27.80
15.80
8.67

43.60
28.13
17.67
10.00
18.28
54 83

41.50
27.75
16.10
7.60
15.00

46.91
33.55
19.63
9.86

13.40

16.25

54. 33
32.67
18.33

30.00
18.10

34.50
21.50

68.00
40.75

68.18
39 92

68.5
43 1

20.25

20.91
44 67

24.00

52.80
37.6
29.20
15.8
22 5

47.33
35.81
26. 68
14.76
24 60

50.5
38-7
30.7
18.80

46.25
35.00
27.75
15.25
23.33

51.8
37.2
33.80
21.64

20.00
13.6

19.04
13.82
13.83

$13.6

I

i

14

RECORD OF WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

Species.

Line No.

Grade.

Ash

1

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

9,

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

3

No. 2 common 4/4

Do

4

Mill run

Basswood

5

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

fi

No. 1 common 4/4

Do

7

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

8

Log run.

Do

q

Mill run

Beech

10

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

11

No 1 common 4/4

Do

1?

Mill run.

Birch unselected

13

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

14

No 1 common 4/4

Do - .-

15

No. 2 common 4/4

Do

If)

No. 2 common and better 4/4 or log run.

Do

17

Mill run.

•Chestnut

18

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do

19

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

fln

Sound wormy 4/4

Do

21

No. 3 common 4/4.

Do

99,

Mill run.

?3

Firsts and seconds 4/4 6" to 12"

Do

?4

Boxboards 4/4, 13" to 17".

Do

?5

No 1 common 4/4

Do

?fi

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

97

Mill run

Cypress . .

?8

Firsts and seconds clear 4/4.

Do

?9

Selects 4/4.

Do .

30

Shop, No. 1, 4/4.

Do

31

No. 1 common 4/4, random widths

Do

3?

No 2 common 4/4' random widths

Do

S3

Mill run.

•Cypress shingles

34

Bests 5"

Do

35

Primes 5".

Elm Rock

36

Firsts and seconds, 8/4.

Do

37

No. 1 common and better 8/4.

Do

38

No. 2 common and better 8/4.

Do

39

Mill run.

Elm. Soft..

40

No. 1 common and better 4/4.

Do

41

No. 2 common and better 4/4.

Do

49,

Mill run.

•Gum

43

Firsts and seconds 4/4, red.

Do

44

No 1 common 4/4 red

Do

45

Firsts and seconds 4/4, sap.

Do

46

No 1 common 4/4, sap.

Do

47

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

48

Mill run.

Hickory

49

Firsts and seconds 8/4.

Do

50

No. 1 common 8/4.

Do...

51

No. 2 common 8/4.

Do

fi?

Mill run.

Maple Hard

53

Firsts and seconds, 4/4.

Do...

54

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

55

Mill run.

Maple, Soft

56

No. 1 common and better 4/4.

Do .

57

No. 3 common 4/4.

Do

58

Log run.

Do...

59

Mill run.

Oak. Plain

60

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

61

No 1 common 4/4

Do...

6?

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

63

No 3 common 4/4.

Do

r-1

Mill run.

Oak, Red, quartered.

05

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

66

No 1 common 4/4

Do...

67

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

68

Mill run.

Oak, White quartered

OB

Firsts and seconds 4/4

Do...

70

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do

71

No 2 common 4/4.

Do

79

Mill run

Poplar, yellow . . .

73

Firsts and seconds 4/4.

Do

74

Saps or selects 4/4.

Do...

75

No. 1 common 4/4.

Do... .

76

No. 2 common 4/4.

Do

77

Mill run.

Tupelo (Bay Poplar)

78

Firsts and seconds clear, random, 4/4.

Do . .

79

No. 1 common, random, 4/4.

Do

80

Mill run.

RECORD OF WHOLESALE PRICES OF LUMBER.

15

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
62
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

Ohio.

Indi-
ana.

Illi-
nois.

Mich-
igan.

Wis-
con-
sin.

Penn-
syl-
vania.

New
York.

Con-
necti-
cut.

Massa-
chu-
setts.

New
Hamp-
shire.

Ver-
mont.

Bfaine.

Mary-
land.

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

$41.00
28.29
18.50

$42.77
27.15
16.33

{

538.20

>39.33

36.67
26.40

25.00
16.60

24.00 3
15.50

28.17

20.12
35 60

18.33
35 15

19.83 3
30 00

17.50

19.33

520. 00

18.00
31 00

32.00
22.67

*2i.~25~

35.00
23.83
17.38
24.38

25.00
17.30
24.21
19.71
24.75

23.70
17.30
23.70
18.60

22." 29

25.10

22." 56"
20.25
22.33
16.20
13.42
34.20

i9."§3"

2L33"
18.33

15.00
22.00
19.33

16.67

25.67

17.50

16.75
13.75

15.83
12.71

15.20

15.50

12.67

14.83

15.00
29.33

12
13

36.15
21 86

37.02
21 00

22 00

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

14.21
23. 03

18.17

13.14
22.90
17.67

20 44

19.66
16.71

21 33

•

17.17
34 00

16.40

14.67

15.17

39.20
29.50
16.67

26.25
15.88
13.33
16.28

26.33

19.25

18.40

19.14

18.33

15.67

37.66

27 67

26.70

22.22

1

16.33
27.00
20.67
15.67

I

22.40
21.17
18.11

26.33

27.17
20.25
15 40

18.00

1

17.67

48.71
31.67
21.83
27.67
26.50
18.67
15.33

47.11
31.67
18.40
28.75
27.13
19.83

46.67

28.33

20 33

29.86

28.00

25.33

30.75

21.33
15.46
22.88
9.67
18.88
14 92

20.15
15.23
23.67
9.75
17.89

18.00
15. 75
21.30

21.05
16.79
20.67

21 00

15.83

16.50

16.20

20.67

18.00

19.38

17.00

18.92
14.75
41.33

27.86

11.58

13.83

43.50
28.63
18.88
12.38

42.13
27.93
18.09
10.00

41.75
27.50

35. 33
27.00

$29.67
17.00

26.67

18 25

10.25

19.39

19.50

19.50

18.43

54.00
33.56

20.38

69.00
43.25
26.67
34.00
49.20
40.00
32.83
21.00

72.50
42.00
25.22

i

49.43
42.20
32.00
19.50

24.50

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PURCHASING NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER.

The National Forests contain nearly 590 billion feet of merchantable stumpage. The
mature timber, which constitutes a large part of the total stand, is for sale. The more
accessible bodies may be purchased in blocks of practically any desired size up to 100
million feet. Less accessible stumpage which requires a large investment for the con-
struction of transportation facilities may be purchased in larger quantities of sufficient
size to justify the investment in improvements. Applications up to 1 billion feet
will be approved if the investment required necessitates the purchase of a body of
that size under one contract.

The procedure for purchasing National Forest timber is extremely simple. Appli-
cations specifying the amount, species, and general location desired may be sent to the
offices of the Forest Service at Washington, D. C.; Chicago, 111.; Missoula, Mont.;
Denver, Colo.; Albuquerque, N. Mex.; Ogden, Utah; San Francisco, Cal.; and Port-
land, Oreg. Advertisement at a fixed minimum price is required by law for at least
30 days. The timber is then awarded to the highest bidder and the sale completed
by execution of the contract stating the amount and location of the stumpage, the
stumpage rates, and the conditions under which the timber shall be removed.

The contract requirements have been prepared by practical lumbermen and per-
fected by the experience gained in the administration of several thousand sales. They
are adapted to the local conditions as to topography, size of the timber, and logging
methods. That they are eminently practical is demonstrated by the fact that some
375 million feet are cut each year under these requirements by lumbermen all over
the West.

Sufficient time is permitted for the removal of the amount purchased under local
conditions of logging and manufacture. The time is gauged, however, to require
continuous operation at a reasonable rate and does not permit the holding of stumpage
for speculative increases in value. The timber to be cut is designated by the forest
officers. Either clean cutting, or partial cutting taking 70 to 80 per cent of the stump-
age, is employed, depending upon the character of the timber and the best methods
of securing new forest growth. Simple precautions are required to protect the uncut
timber and young growth, and the disposal of slash by burning, either with or without
piling, is necessary.

These requirements may increase the cost of logging from 50 to 75 cents a thousand
feet over the usual cost on private holdings. The difference is always considered in
appraising the value of the stumpage. Furthermore, an operator who buys National
Forest timber has to make practically no investment at the outset for his stumpage,
has no carrying charges for interest or taxes, and incurs practically no fire risk. He is
required simply to pay for the timber as it is removed in advance deposits, which
represent usually but the value of a month and a half's cut.

These are obvious advantages, particularly when extended over an operation of 10
or 15 years. As private stumpage is cut out in many of the old lumbering centers,
operators will find, in the timber on the National Forests, new opportunities for manu-
facture under advantageous conditions.
16

o

Issued October 81, 1912.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF STATISTICS— BULLETIN 96.

VICTOR H. OLMSTED, Chief of Bureau.

EXPORTS OF

FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS,

1909-1911,

BY COUNTRIES TO WHICH CONSIGNED.

DIVISION OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1912.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF STATISTICS,
Washington, D. C., June 20, 1912.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a compilation of
statistics of the exports of farm and forest products from the United
States for the year ending June 30, 1911, with those for two previous
years given for comparison. The data have been derived from the
Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor,
and the work of compiling has been done by the Division of Pro-
duction and Distribution, Bureau of Statistics, Department of Agri-
culture.

This report is a continuation of a series of bulletins on the same
subject designed for the use of this department and to meet the
demands of a large number of correspondents. They contain an
arrangement of the statistics and a determination of totals, with
various comparisons, not presented in any other publication.

It is respectfully recommended that this report be published as
Bulletin 96 of this bureau.

Very respectfully, VICTOR H. OLMSTED,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,

Secretary of Agriculture.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Explanation of terms 5

General survey 7

TABLE 1. — Balance of trade and relative magnitude of imports and exports of

farm products, 1851-1911 9

TABLE 2. — Exports of domestic and foreign forest products from the United

States, 1851-1911. 12

TABLE 3. — Value of exports of domestic farm and forest products, 1909-1911,

by grand divisions to which consigned 12

TABLE 4. — Value of exports of domestic farm products, 1909-1911, by countries

to which consigned 13

TABLE 5. — Value of exports of domestic forest products, 1909-1911, by countries

to which consigned 14

TABLE 6. — Value of principal groups of exports of domestic farm and forest

products, 1909-1911 16

TABLE 7. — Balance of trade and relative magnitude of value of farm products

in the trade of the United States with its noncontiguous possessions, 1901-

1911 16

TABLE 8. — Value of shipments of domestic farm and forest products from the

United States to its noncontiguous possessions, 1909-1911 21

TABLE 9. — Value of shipments of principal groups of domestic farm and forest

products from the United States to its noncontiguous possessions, 1909-1911. . 21
TABLE 10. — Shipments of domestic farm and forest products from the United

States to Alaska, 1909-1911 22

TABLE 11. — Receipts of farm and forest products from the United States into

Guam, 1909-1911 25

TABLE 12. — Shipments of domestic farm and forest products from the United

States to Hawaii, 1909-1911 26

TABLE 13. — Exports of domestic farm and forest products from the United

States to the Philippine Islands, 1909-1911 30

TABLE 14. — Shipments of domestic farm and forest products from the United

States to Porto Rico, 1909-1911 ; . 34

TABLE 15. — Shipments of domestic farm and forest products from the United

States to Tutuila, 1909-1911 37

TABLE 16. — Quantity and value of principal groups of exports of foreign farm

and forest products, 1909-1911 38

TABLE 17. — Quantity and value of exports of domestic farm and forest prod-
ucts, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned 41

Index to Table 17 99

3

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

IMPORTS. — Goods from a foreign country entered at a customhouse.

IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION. — The term "entry for consumption" is the technical
name of the import entry made at the customhouse, and does not imply that the goods
will be actually consumed, but simply that they have been delivered into the custody
of the importer and that the duties have been paid on the dutiable portion. Some of
them may be afterwards exported.

FOREIGN EXPORTS OR REEXPORTS. — Goods which have been imported into this
country, either for reexport or for consumption, and are afterwards exported, having
undergone 110 change in form or condition or enhancement in value by the application
of labor in the United States.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS. — Goods produced and manufactured from either domestic or
imported raw materials in this country and shipped to foreign countries.

TRANSIT OR IN-TRANSIT TRADE. — Goods from a foreign country passing through the
United States on the way to the same or another foreign country.

TRANSSHIPMENT TRADE. — Goods from a foreign country received at a United States
port and there reshipped to a foreign country without being entered as an import into
this country.

In-transit and transshipment trade is not included in the imports and exports of
the United States, but is reported separately.

THE COUNTRY OF CONSIGNMENT is that which is mentioned in the exporting or
importing documents as the one to which or from which the merchandise is to be
shipped. The regulations of the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and
Labor, are:

Collectors will consider the country in which merchandise was invoiced as the
country whence the same was imported into the United States.

In export statements the countries stated should be, so far as can be ascertained,
those for which the exports are destined for a market. * * * Exporters will be
required to state in their manifests of goods exported the country of ultimate desti-
nation.

j The country from which or to which goods are consigned may or may not be the
country of origin or ultimate destination, as the case may be; the foregoing regulation
with regard to the country of ultimate destination in export statements does not result
in a material representation of countries of ultimate destination in place of countries
of consignment in the records of the exports of this country, when these two countries
are not the same.

VALUES. — The values of imported articles subject to ad valorem duties are defined by
the Act of Congress of June 10, 1890, as—

The actual market value or wholesale price of such merchandise as bought and sold
in usual wholesale quantities at the time of exportation to the United States in the
principal markets of the country from whence imported, and in the condition in which
such merchandise is there bought for exportation to the United States or consigned to
the United States for sale, including the value of all cartons, cases, crates, boxes, sacks,
and coverings of any kind, and all other costs, charges, and expenses incident to plac-
ing the merchandise in condition ready for shipment to the United States.

The value of all other imports, whether subject to specific duty or free of duty, is
also determined according to the law just quoted.

1 The value of domestic exports is their declared value at the time of exportation in the
ports of the United States whence they are exported, which the law requires to be
stated under oath with penalty for misstatement.

5

6 EXPORTS OF FAEM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

The value of foreign exports when shipped directly from bonded warehouses (usually
dutiable goods) is their import value, but when not shipped from bonded warehouses
(usually free goods) the value is determined in the same manner as that of domestic
exports.

Goods in transit through the United States from one foreign country to another are
valued in the same manner as imports.

Valuation deceptions. — The value of imported articles subject to ad valorem duties is
believed to be determined with more accuracy, according to the legal method of valua-
tion, than the value of imports with specific duties or free of duty, or the value of
exported articles; the valuations of dutiable imports and of exports dutiable in foreign
countries tend to understatement; and the valuations of imports that are free of duty
are liable to inflation for the purpose of trade deception.

WEIGHTS. — In the official trade returns of the United States the weights of articles
exported are usually net weights, and also the weights of all imports, except those
which are subject to a specific duty levied upon the weight of the packages, including
the weight of the article itself, together with some or all of its coverings.

All tons mentioned in this bulletin, except where it is otherwise stated, are long tons
of 2,240 pounds.

DISCREPANCIES IN FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS of various countries are partly due to
different methods of estimating values, of determining countries of origin and destina-
tion, and of classifying merchandise, and to differences in dates. The United States
does not regard a c. i. f. value (cost, insurance, freight) as the va\ue of either exports
or imports (except some foreign exports), while the United Kingdom, for instance,
includes these in the value of its imports. It is said that these charges are often erro-
neously included by British shippers in their statement of export values, especially
when the selling price includes insurance and freight.

In consequence of various sources of discrepancy, it is generally futile to undertake
to balance an export of this country by any official statement of import into a foreign
country, and often there is not an approximate agreement.

NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS. — The "noncontiguous" possessions of, the United
States are all those not included between Canada on the north and Mexico and the
Gulf of Mexico on the south, and between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The trade returns of all the possessions of this country, except the Philippine Islands,
are included in the total trade of the United States. In the trade statistics for any
noncontiguous possession, all other noncontiguous possessions, except the Philippine
Islands, are included with the United States; thus, shipments from Hawaii to Porto
Rico are included in the total shipments from Hawaii to the United States.

ABBREVIATION. — "n. e. s."=not elsewhere specified.

EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS,

1909-1911

GENERAL SURVEY.

The exports of domestic farm and forest products during the year
ending June 30, 1911, valued at $1,031,000,000, show an increase
over the preceding year of nearly $160,000,000, and, with the excep-
tion of 1907, are larger than for any previous year. The farm prod-
ucts exported during the year form 51.2 per cent of the total
exports of domestic merchandise, as compared with 50.9 per cent in
1910 and 55.1 per cent in 1909. The domestic and foreign farm
products exported minus the imports of the same commodities show
a balance of trade of $365,000,000 in favor of the United States in
1911, as compared with $198,000,000 in 1910 and $274,000,000 in
1909. Exports of domestic forest products in 1911 show an increase
of $18,000,000 compared with the preceding year, and are valued
at $103,000,000, which was more than for any previous year. The
foreign forest products reexported for the same period were valued
at more than $7,600,000. (Tables 1 and 2.)

Exports of domestic farm products consigned to Europe in 1911
were valued at $877,000,000, an increase of $136,000,000 over the
preceding year. Consignments to other grand divisions for the same
period show an increase of $10,000,000 each to North America and
to Asia, and $2,000,000 to South America. Domestic forest products
shipped to Europe in 1911 were valued at $56,000,000, an increase
of $8,000,000 compared with 1910 and $13,000,000 more than in
1909. The same commodities sent to North American countries were
valued at nearly $25,000,000, an increase of more than $5,000,000
over the preceding year and nearly $11,000,000 more than in 1909.
(Table 3.)

As shown in Table 4, 40 per cent of the consignments of domestic
farm products were sent to the United Kingdom; 20 per cent to
Germany; and the remaining 40 per cent was consigned to 89 different
countries. The farm products consigned to the United Kingdom
were valued at $413,000,000 in 1911, as compared with $344,000,000
in 1910 and $376,000,000 in 1909. An increase of $69,000,000 is
shown in 1911 as compared with the preceding year, due to an
increase in shipments of cotton of $81,000,000; corn, $2,000,000.

7

8 EXPOBTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

These increases were offset by a falling off in exports of wheat,
$12,000,000; fresh beef, $3,000,000, and lard, $1,000,000.

Shipments of farm products to Germany in 1911 were valued at
$207,000,000, an increase of $29,000,000 over the preceding year and
$35,000,000 more than in 1909. The principal commodities showing
increases as compared with 1910 were: Cotton, $25,000,000; lard,
$5,000,000; corn, $1,000,000. An increase of $45,000,000 is shown
in cotton as compared with 1909.

Exports of domestic forest products (Table 5) were consigned to
77 different countries in 1911 and were valued at $103,000,000, as
compared with $85,000,000 for 1910 and $72,000,000 for 1909. The
greatest increase shown in the exports to any one country was hi the
case of Canada, which shows an increase of $5,000,000 compared
with 1910 and $8,000,000 more than in 1909. This increase is mostly
due to increased shipments of lumber to that country. Other im-
portant increases were $3,000,000 for United Kindgom as compared
with 1910 and $5,000,000 compared with 1909. Germany shows an
increase of $2,700,000 as compared with 1910 and $3,000,000 com-
pared with 1909. As shown in this table, the six leading countries
that held the same relative position for each of the three years under
discussion received 67 per cent of forest products exported in 1911,
66 per cent in 1910, and 65 in 1909.

Shipments of farm and forest products from the United States to
its noncontiguous possessions in 1911 were valued at $28,300,000, as
compared with $27,900,000 in 1910 and $25,300,000 in 1909. As a
destination of farm products Porto Rico held first place for each of
the three years under consideration, but as a destination of forest
products Porto Rico rose from third place in 1909 to second place
in 1910, and to first place in 1911. The farm products sent to the
noncontiguous possessions consisted principally of prepared foods,
such as cured meats, grain and grain products, and rice, rice meal, etc.

Exports of foreign farm products in 191 1 were valued at $15,000,000,
as compared with a like amount for 1910 and $10,000,000 in 1909.
Foreign forest products exported in 1911 were worth $8,000,000,
compared with $10,000,000 for 1910 and $5,000,000 for 1909. The
decrease shown hi 1911 as compared with the preceding year is
due to a falling off hi shipments of india rubber of $2,000,000, while
the increase of $3,000,000 as compared with 1909 is due to an increase
in consignments of iiidia rubber of that amount. (Tables 7 to 16.)

EXPOKTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

9

TABLE 1.— BALANCE OF TRADE and relative magnitude of IMPORTS and
EXPORTS of FARM products, 1851-1911. 1

[All values are gold.]

Exports

Year end-

Domesti

Foreign.

ing June

Total.

Farm prod-
ucts.

Other than
farm prod-
ucts.

Per

cent of
farm
prod-
ucts of
total.

Total.

Farm prod-
ucts.

Other than
farm prod-
ucts.

1851

$178, 620, 138

$146,717,431

$31,902,707

82.1

$10,295,121

$5,084,886

$5,210,235

1852

154,931,147

125,183,749

29,747,398

80.8

12,053,084

5,897,138

6,155,946

1853

189, 869, 162

155,461,445

34,407,717

81.9

13,620,120

6,820,517

6,799,603

1854

215,328,300

172,320,260

43,008,040

80.0

21,715,464

11,528,791

10,186,673

1855

192,751,135

149, 101, 277

43,649,858

77.4

26, 158, 368

9,601,059

16,557,309

1856

266, 438, 051

222,409,001

44,029,050

83.5

14,781,372

6,451,870

8,329,502

1857

278,906,713

232,180,205

46,726,508

83.2

14,917,047

8, 182, 890

6,734,157

1858

251,351,033

205, 853, 748

45, 497, 285

81 9

20,660,241

13,739,733

6,920,508

1859

278,392,080

226,135,020

52,257,060

81.2

14,509,971

9,054,220

5,455,751

1860

316, 242, 423

260, 280, 413

55,962,010

82 3

17,333,634

10,577,008

6,756,626

1861 . . .

204,899,616

154,094,839

50,804,777

75.2

14,654,217

9,315,314

5,338,903

1862

179, 644, 024

140, 463, 928

39, 180, 096

78.2

11,026,477

5, 569, 056

5,457,421

1863

186 003,912

137, 512, 273

48 491 639

73 9

17,960,535

8,162,395

9,798,140

1864

143,504,027

102,794,359

40,709,668

71 6

15,333,961

9,037,218

6,296,743

1865
1866

136,940,248
337 518 102

84,886,860
278 670 278

52,053,388
58 847 824

62.0

82 6

29,089,055
11 341.420

17,876,028
5,793,649

11,213,027
5,547,771

1867
1868

279,786,809
269 389 900

214,258,245
206 979 580

65, 528, 564
62 410 320

76.6
76 8

14,719,332
12 562 999

9,244,181
6, 709, 785

5,475,151
5,853,214

1869... .

275, 166, 697

205, 330, 174

69, 836, 523

74 6

10,951,000

7,067,011

3,883,989

1870

376 616 473

296 962 357

79 654 116

78 9

16 155,295

10 667,193

5,488,102

1871

428 398 908

330 034 934

98 363 974

77 0

14 421 270

9 002 337

5,418,933

1872

428, 487, 131

332,936,080

95 551 051

77 7

15 690,455

9,205,158

6,485,297

1873

505 033 439

3% 240 107

108 793 332

78 5

17 446 483

9 574 000

7,872,483

1874
1875

569,433,421
499 284 100

453,862,070
389 409 703

115,571,351
109 874 397

79.7
78 0

16.849,619
14 158 611

9,629,988
7 406,702

7,219,631
6,751,909

1876

525 582 247

410 884 027

114 698 220

78 2

14 802 424

8 450 386

6, 352, 038

1877

589, 670, 224

435, 354. 451

154 315 773

73 g

12 804,996

7,296,110

5,508,886

1878

680, 709, 268

531 637 041

149 072 227

78 1

14 156 498

9 419 767

4,736,731

1879...
1880

698,340,790
823, 946, 353

557,321,801
694,315,497

141,018,989
129 630 856

79.8
84 3

12,098,651
11 692 305

8,079,701
7 173,664

4,018,950
4,518,641

1881
1882
1883

883,925,947
733,239,732
804,223,632

738,123,799
557, 620, 540
626, 426, 608

145,802,148
175,619,192
177 797 024

83.5
76.0
77 9

18,451,399
17,302,525
19 615 770

11,189,658

9,857,878
11 282,895

7,261,741
7,444,647
8,332,875

1884.

724,964,852

547 952 579

177 012 273

75 6

15 548 757

8 749 894

6 798,863

1885

726 682 946

554 051 145

172 631 801

76 2

15 506 809

9 077 454

6 429 355

1886

665 964 529

501 313 738

164 650 791

75 3

13 560 301

7 734 192

5 826 10Q

1887

703,022,923

536,938 387

166' 084' 536

76 4

13 160 288

7 965 572

5 194 716

1888

683 862 104

505 402 327

178 459 777

73 9

12 092 403

7 031 986

5 060 417

1889

730,282,609

536, 828, 565

193 454 044

73 5

12 118 766

6*895 482

5 223 284

1890

845,293 828

634 855 869

210 437 959

75 1

12 534 856

6 908 820

5 626 036

1891

872,270,283

652 407 931

219 862 352

74 8

12 210 527

6 109 781

6 100 746

1892

1,015,732,011

803,122,045

212,609,966

79 1

14 546 137

6'638 755

7 907 382

1893

831,030,785

621 201 671

209 829 114

74 8

16 634 409

7 155 979

9 478 430

1894
1895

869,204.937
793, 392, 599

636,633,747
558,385,861

232,571,190
235 006 738

73.2
70 4

22,935,635
14 145 566

9,' 586, 876
7 934 115

13,348,759
6 211 451

1896...

863.200,487

574, 398, 264

288 802 223

66 5

19 406 451

10 916 730

8 489 721

1897...
1898

1,032,007,603
1,210,291,913

689, 755, 193
859,018,946

342,252,410
351,272,967

66.8
71 0

18,985,953
21 190 417

9,707,782
10 409 348

9,278,171
10 781 069

1899

1,203,931,222

792 811 733

411 119 489

65 9

23 092 080

12 134 268

10 957 812

1900...

1.370.763,571

844,616,530

526.147.041

61.6

23.719.511

ll'. 263! 253

12.456.258

The values of exports of domestic merchandise for the fiscal years 1862-1879, inclusive, were originally

by articles and ports i

was computed by reducing the total mixed value of this class of articles as if it were all in currency. The
result thus computed was subtracted from the gold value of all domestic exports to obtain the figure for
exports other than farm products.

The values in gold of $1 in currency, as used in this computation, were: For 1862, $0.985; 1863, $0.729;
1864, $0.640; 1865, $0.495; 1866, $0.712; 1867, $0.709; 1868, $0.715; 1869, $0.727; 1870, $0.811; 1871, $0.887; 1872,
$0.894; 1873, $0.873; 1874, $0.893; 1875, $0.888; 1876, $0.878; 1877, $0.927; 1878, $0.976; 1879, $0.998.

Values of imports and of foreign exports are given in gold, as originally reported.

10

EXPOETS OF FAKM AND FOKEST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 1.— BALANCE OF TRADE and relative magnitude of IMPORTS and

EXPORTS of FARM products, 1851-1911— Continued.

Year end-
ing June
30—

Exports.

Domestic.

Foreign.

Total.

Farm prod-
ucts.

Other than
farm prod-
ucts.

Per

cent of
farm
prod-
ucts of
total.

Total.

Farm prod-
ucts.

Other than
farm prod-
ucts.

1901

$1,460,462,806
1,355,481,861
1,392,231,302
1,435,179,017
1,491,744,641

1,717,953,382
1,853,718,034
1,834,786,357
1,638,355,593
1,710,083,998
2,013,549,025

$951,628,331
857,113,533
878,480,557
859,160,264
826,904,777

976,047,104
1,054,405,416
1,017,396,404
903,238,122
871,158,425
1,030,794,402

$508,834,475
498,368,328
513,750,745
576,018,753
664,839,864

741,906,278
799,312,618
817,389,953
735,117,471
838,925,573
982,754,623

65.2
63.2
63.1
59.9
55.4

56.8
56.9
55.5
55.1
50.9
51.2

$27,302,185
26,237,540
27,910,377
25,648,254
26,817,025

25,911,118
27,133,044
25,986,989
24,655,511
34,900,722
35,771,174

$11,293.045
10,308,306
13,505,343
12,625,026
12,316,525

10,856,259
11,613,519
10,298,514
9.584,934
14,469,627
14,664,548

$16,009,140
15,929,234
14,405,034
13,023,228
14,500,500

15,054,859
15,519,525
15,688,475
15,070,577
20,431,095
21,106,626

1902
1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Average:
1851-1855
1856-1860
1861-1865
1866-1870
1871-1875

1876-1880
1881-1885
1886-1890
1891-1895
1896-1900

1901-1905
1906-1910

186,299,976
278.266,060
170,198,365
307,695,596
486,127,400

663,649,776
774,607,422
725,685,199
876,326,123
1,136,038,959

1,427,019,925
1,750,979,473

149,756,832
229,371,677
123,950,452
240,440,127
380, 4%, 579

525,902,563
604,834,934
543,067,777
654,350,251
752,120,133

874,657.492
964,449,094

36,543,144
48,894,383
46,247,913
67,255,469
105,630,821

137,747,213
169,772,488
182,617,422
221,975,872
383,918,826

552,362,433
786,530,379

80.4

82.4
72.8
78.1
78.3

79.2

78.1
74.8
74.7
66.2

61.3
55.1

16,768,431
16,440,453
17,612,849
13,146,009
15,713,288

13,110,975
17,285,052
12,693,323
16,094,455
21,278,882

26,783,076
27,717,477

7,786,478
9,601,144
9,992,002
7,896,364
8,963,637

8,083,926
10,031,556
7,307,210
7,485,101
10,886,276

12,009,649
11,364,571

8,981,953
6,839,309
7,620,847
5,249,645
6,749,651

5,027,049
7,253,496
5,386,113
8,609,354
10,392,606

14.773,427
16,352,906

Year end-
Ing June
30-

Imports.

Balance of trade (+) for United States,
(-) against United States.

Total.

Farm prod-
ucts.!

Other than
farm prod-
ucts.

Per
cent of
farm
prod-
ucts of
total.

Total.

Farm prod-
ucts.

Other than
farm prod-
ucts.

1851 . . .

1210,771,429
207,440,398
263,777,265
297,803,794
257.808,708

310,432,310
348,428,342
263,338,654
331,333,341
353,616,119

289,310,542
189,356,677
243,335,815
316,447,283
238,745,580

$60,513,449
61,747,933
71,499,465
71,720,047
81,726,640

102,541,703
133,226,318
102,482,331
126,236,317
129,816,165

113,329,585
91,263,088
102,886,713
138,124,440
114,031,753

$150,257,980
145,692,465
192,277,800
226,083,747
176,082,068

207,890,607
215,202,024
160,856,323
205,097,024
223,799,954

175,980,957
98,093,589
140,449,102
178,322,843
124,713,827

28.7
29.8
27.1
24.1
31.7

33.0
38.2
38.9
38.1
36.7

39.2
48.2
42.3
43.6
47.8

-$21,856,170
- 40,456,167
- 60,287,983
- 60,760,030
- 38,899,205

- 29,212,887
- 54,604,582
+ 8,672,620
- 38,431,290
- 20,040,062

- 69,756,709
+ 1,313,824
- 39,371,368
-157,609,295
- 72,716,277

+$91.288,868
+ 69,332,954
+ 90,782,497
+112,129,004
+ 76,975,696

+126,319,168
+107; 136, 777
+117,111,150
+108,952,923
+141,041,256

+ 50,080,568
+ 54,769,896
+ 42,787,955
- 26,292,863
- 11,268,865

-$113,145,038
- 109,789,121
- 151,070,480
- 172,889,034
- 115,874,901

- 155,532,055
- 161.741,359
- 108,438,530
- 147,384,213
- 161,081,318

- 119,837,277
- 68,456,072
- 82,159,323
- 131,316,432
- 61,447,412

1852
1853

1854

1855

1856...

1857
1858..

1859...
1860

1861

IM;_'

1863

1864

1865...

i The classification employed from 1890 to 1901 differs from the present classification by including pre-
pared opium and (in 1896-1901) gelatine, but not cochineal, licorice root, nor (in 1891-1893) beer extract.
The value of the products included in this table for 1890-1901, but not subsequently, was as follows: Pre-
pared opium, 1890, $269,586; 1891, $567,035; 1892, $547,528; 1893, $446,422; 1894, $310,771; 1895, $920.006; 18%,
$735,134; 1897, $1,132,861; 1898, $652,341; 1899, $828,203; 1900, $1,065,965; 1901, $972,582; gelatine, 1896, $15,386;
1897, $5,748; 1898, $25,907; 1899, $21 ,901 ; 1900, .530,361 ; 1901, $23,230. The value of the products now included,
but not in 1890-1901, was as follows: Cochineal, 1890, $42,435; 1891, $19,779; 1892, $55,883; 1893, $52,572; 1894,
$28,124; 1895, $38,568; 1896, $50,988; 1897, $41,943; 1898, $45,762; 1899, $23,207; 1900, $31,211; 1901. $20,414; lico-
rice root, 1890, $794,503; 1891, $896,597; 1892, $1,601,028; 1893, $1,688,716; 1894, $1,209,728; 1895, $1,404,563; 1896,
$1,401,748; 1897, $1,022,650; 1898, $1,171,621; 1899, $1,566,830; 1900, $1,667,256; 1901, $1,737,097; beer extract,
1891, $6,470; 1892, $5,411; 1893, $2,291.

EXPOKTS OF FAKM AND FOBEST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

11

TABLE 1.— BALANCE OF TRADE and relative magnitude of IMPORTS and

EXPORTS of FARM products, 1851-1911— Continued.

Year end-
ing June
30—

Imports.

Balance of trade (+) for United States,
(-) against United States.

Total.

Farm prod-
ucts.

Other than
farm prod-
ucts.

Per
cent of
farm
prod-
ucts of
total.

Total.

Farm prod-
ucts.

Other than
farm prod-
ucts.

1866

$434,812,066
395,761,096
357,436,440
417,506,379
'435,958,408

520,223,684
626.595,077
642,136,210
567, 406, 342
533, 005, 436

460,741,190
451,323,126
437,051,532
445,777,775
667, 954, 746

642,664,628
724, 639, 574
723,180,914
667,697,693
577,527,329

635,436,136
692, 319, 768
723,957,114
745,131,652
789,310,409

844,916,196
827, 402, 462
866,400,922
654,994,622
731,969,965

779,724,674
764,730,412
616,049,654
697, 148, 489
849,941,184

823, 172, 165
903,320,948
1,025,719,237
991,087,371
1,117,513,071

1,226,562,446
1,434,421,425
1,194,341,792
1,311,920,224
1,556,947,430
1,527,226,105

$164,801,739
141,622,826
157,638,217
185, 348, 661
191,559,361

222,700,936
274,146,298
277, 604, 621
267,414,990
261,618,732

234,993,224
249,281,945
236, 112, 137
233,623,846
314,617,480

298,283,101
330,375,047
325,757,806
319,053,331
277,340,305

306,011,332
325, 652, 754
339,199,344
365,586,061
384,100,435

420,211,949
436, 697, 057
425, 657, 448
365,160,319
373,115,985

391,029,407
400,871,468
314,291,796
355,514,881
420,139,288

391,931,051
413, 744, 557
456, 199, 325
461,434,851
553,851,214

554,175,242
626,836,808
539,690,121
638,612,692
687,509,115
680,204,932

$270,010,327
254,138,270
199,798,223
232, 157, 718
244,399,047

297,522,748
352,448,779
364,531,589
299,991,352
271,386,704

225, 747, 966
202,041,181
200,939,395
212,153,929
353, 337, 266

344,381,527
394,264,527
397, 423, 108
348, 644, 362
300,187,024

329,424,804
366,667,014
384, 757, 770
379, 545, 591
405,209,974

424, 704, 247
390, 705, 405
440, 743, 474
289,834,303
358,853,980

388,695,267
363,858,944
301,757,858
341,633,608
429,801,896

431,241,114
489,576,391
569,519,912
529,652,520
563,661,857

672,387,204
807,584,617
654,651,671
673,307,532
869, 438, 315
847,021,173

37.9
35.8
44.1
44.4
43.9

42.8
43.8
43.2
47.1
49.1

51.0
55.2
54.0
52.4
47.1

46.4
45.6
45.0
47.8
48.0

48.2
47.0
46.9
49.1
48.7

49.7
52.8
49.1
55.8
51.0

50.1
52.4
51.0
51.0
49.4

47.6
45.8
44.5
46.6
49.6

45.2
43.7
45.2
48.7
44.2
44.5

-$85,952,544
-101,254,955
- 75,483,541
-131, 388, 682
- 43,186,640

- 77,403,506
-182,417,491
-119,656,288
+ 18,876,698
- 19,562,725

+ 79,643,481
+ 151,152,094
+257,814,234
+264,661,666
+167,683,912

+259, 712, 718
+ 25,902,683
+100,658,488
+ 72,815,916
+164,662,426

+ 44,088,694
+ 23,863,443
- 28,002,607
- 2,730,277
+ 68,518,275

+ 39,564,614
+202, 875, 686
- 18,735,728
+237,145,950
+ 75,568,200

+102,882,264
+286,263,144
+615,432,676
+529,874,813
+544,541,898

+664,592,826
+478,398,453
+394,422,442
+469,739,900
+401,048,595

+517,302,054
+446,429,653
+666,431,554
+351,090,880
+188,037,290
+522,094,094

+$119,662,188
+ 81,879,600
+ 56,051,148
+ 27,048,524
+ 116,070,189

+ 116,336,335
+ 67,994,940
+ 128,209,486
+ 196,077,068
+ 135,197,673

+ 184,341,189
+ 193,368,616
+ 304,944,671
+ 331,777,656
+ 386,871,681

+ 451,030,356
+ 237,103,371
+ 311,951,697
+ 237,649,142
+ 285,788,294

+ 203,036,598
+ 219,251,205
+ 173,234,969
+ 178,137,986
+ 257,664,254

+ 238,305,763
+ 373,063,743
+ 202,700,202
+ 281,060,304
+ 193,203,991

+ 194,285,587
+ 298,591,507
+ 555,136,498
+ 449,431,120
+ 435,740,495

+ 570,990,325
+ 453,677,282
+ 435,786,575
+ 410,350,439
+ 285,370,088

+ 432,728,121
+ 439,182,127
+ 488,004,797
+ 274,210,152
+ 198,118,937
+ 365,254,018

-$205,614.732
- 183,134,555
- 131,534,689
- 158,437,206
- 159,256,829

- 193,739,841
- 250,412,431
- 247,865,774
- 177,200.370
- 154,760,398

- 104,697,708
- 42,216,522
- 47,130,437
- 67,115,990
- 219,187,769

- 191,317,638
- 211,200,688
- 211,293,209
- 164,833,226
- 121,125,868

- 158,947,904
- 195,387,762
- 201,237,576
- 180,868,263
- 189,145,979

- 198,741,149
- 170,188,057
- 221,435,930
- 43,914,354
- 117,635,791

- 91,403,323
- 12,328,363
+ 60,296,178
+ 80, 443, 693
+ 108,801,403

+ 93,602,501
+ 24, 721, 171
- 41,364,133
+ 59,389,461
+ 115,678,507

+ 84,573,933
+ 7,247,526
+ 178,426,757
+ 76,880,728
- 10,081,647
+ 156,840,076

1867

1868
1869

1870
1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876
1877
1878

1879

1880

1881
1882
1883

1884.

1885

1886. . .
1887
1888
1889
1890

1891

1892
1893
1894
1895

1896...
1897
1898
1899

1900
1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Average:
1851-1855
1856-1860
1861-1865
1866-1870
1871-1875

1876-1880
1881-1885
1886-1890
1891-1895
1896-1900

1901-1905
1906-1910

247,520,319
321,429,753
255,439,179
408,294,878
577,873,350

492,569,674
667,142,028
717,231,016
785,136,833
741,518,883

972,162,558
1,344,838,663

69,441,507
118,860,567
111,927,116
168,194,161
260,697,115

253,725,726
310,161,918
344,109,985
404, 168, 552
376,369,368

455,432,200
609,364,796

178,078,812
202, 569, 186
143,512,063
240, 100, 717
317,176,235

238,843,948
356,980,110
373,121,031
380,968,281
365,149,515

516,730,358
735,473,867

28.1
37.0
43.8
41.2
45.1

51.5
46.5
48.0
51.5
50.8

46.8
45.3

- 44,451,912
- 26,723,240
- 67,627,965
- 87,453,273
- 76,032,662

+184,191,077
+124,750,446
+ 21,147,506
+107,283,745
+415,798,958

+481,640,443
+433,858,287

+ 88,101,803
+ 120,112,254
+ 22,015,338
+ 80, 142, 330
+ 128,763,101

+ 280,260,763
+ 304,704,572
+ 206,265,002
+ 257,666,800
+ 386,637,041

+ 431,234,941
+ 366,448,826

- 132,553,715
- 146,835,494
- 89,643,303
- 167,595,603
- 204,795,763

- 96,069,686
- 179,954,126
- 185,117,496
- 150,383,055
+ 29,161,917

+ 50, 405, 502
+ 67,409,461

12

EXPOKTS OF FARM AND FOEEST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 2.— EXPORTS of domestic and FOREIGN FOREST PRODUCTS from the

United States, 1851-1911 .l

[All values are gold.]

Year ending June 30—

Dom&stic.

Foreign.

Year ending June 30—

Domestic.

Foreign.

1851

$4,188,635

$566.554

1891...

$28, 715, 713

$1,220 002

1852

4 400 741

411,166

1892

27,957 928

1 542 (139

1853

4 704 394

341,566

1893

28 127 281

1 178 837

1854

8, 636, 443

470, 483

1894

28,001,461

1, 973, 803

1855

8 879,743

1,320,670

1895

28 576 680

1,277 705

1856

7, 474, 074

926,299

1896...

33, 718, 790

2,563 550

1857

10 411 894

1, 164, 280

1897

40 490 428

3 242 262

1858

10 579 417

1, 295, 768

1898

38 439 418

2 582 082

1859

11,396,163

747, 621

1899

42, 828, 732

3,011,832

1860

10 299,959

846,929

1900

52 676 575

3 981 002

1861

7, 286, 605

756, 112

1901...

55,369,161

3,599,192

1862

6 468 911

808, 273

1902

48 928 764

3 609 071

1863

6 544 788

872,515

1903

58 734 016

2 865 325

1864

6, 608, 236

616, 086

1904

70,085,789

4,177,352

1865

7 629 020

1, 109, 049

1905

63 199 348

3 790 097

1866

9,579,561

584,459

1906...

76 975,431

4,809,261

1867

11 175 119

599,918

1907

92 948 705

5,500 331

1868

11,956,584

674, 786

1908

90, 362, 073

4,570,397

1869

11,885,488

361,480

1909 ...

72 442,454

4, 982, 810

1870

11 984 445

1,181 708

1910

85 030 230

9 801 881

1911

103, 038, 892

7, 586, 854

1871

11 874 850

635 847

1872

16 494 184

1 004 495

Averatre*

1873

19, 578, 615

774,909

1851-1855

6 161 991

622,088

1874 .

21 143 701

1, 116, 763

1856-1860

10 032 301

996 179

1875

16 680 377

1 019 887

1861-1865

6 907 512

832 407

1866-187Q-. .

11 316 239

680,470

1876

15 636 980

883 254

1877

18 312 446

532 547

1871-18JIL61'.

17 154 345

910 380

1878

17, 180, 147

705,941

' 1876-1SSO.

16 841 890

658, 715

1879

16 023 005

557 434

1881-1885

24 357 469

1 277 259

1880

17 056 870

614 399

1886-1890

24 529 928

1 409 176

1891-1895 .

28 275 813

1,438,597

1881 ..

19 324 096

352 249

1882 J

25 580 254

1 321 446

1896-1900

41 630 789

3 076 146

1883

28,645,199

2, 137, 165

1901-1905

59 263' 416

3, 608, 207

1884

26 222 959

1 450 032

1906-1910

83 551 779

5 932,936

1885

22 014 839

1 125 404

1886...

21 061 708

1 052 083

1887

21 126 152

1 568 996

1888

23,991,092

1 319 270

1889

26 997 602

1 767 853

1890

29 473 084

1 337 677

i See Note i, Table 1, p. 9.

TABLE 3.— Value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products, 1909-
1911, by grand divisions to which consigned.

Ye

ar ending June 3<

)—

1909

1910

1911

FARM PRODUCTS.

Europe

$784 853 881

$740 823,198

$877,298 058

North America

78 082 169

94 502 010

104 690 849

Asia

19 532 282

14.514,757

24.240,025

South America. . .

9 295 957

10 550 719

12,470.516

Oceania .

4 827 655

6 082 245

7 W2 622

Africa

6,646,178

4,685,496

5, 002, 332

Total

903 238 122

871 158 425

1 030 794 402

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Europe

43 413 042

48, 326, 085

56, 440, 347

North America

14 033 153

19 343 957

24,945,542

South America . . .

10 064 571

11 391 758

12 842 064

Oceania

3, 036, 265

3,041,290

4,845,560

Asia...

871 388

1 534 667

2,108,884

Africa

1 024 035

1 392 473

1 856,495

Total . .

72 442 454

85 030 230

103 038 892

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

13

TABLE 4.— Value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM products, 1909-1911, by countries

to which consigned.

Country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

United Kingdom:
England

$348,729,177
17,952.337
8,993,354
171,592.232
64,489,091
30,375,721
43,603,736
44,659,544
30,461,220
17, 740, 614
15,843,675
12,320,007
10, 477, 649
13, 429, 240
6,088,652
6,513,450

6,492,477

5,041,599
3,793,601
3, 725, 319
2,490,377
2, 499, 164
1,892,047
2,246,423
1, 914, 178
1,563,781
807, 122
1,756,013

$318,416,408
16,227,687
9, 150, 764
177, 742, 798
75,871,137
38,494,249
37,231,075
35, 828, 397
24,265,061
21, 902, 778
15,138,068
8,285,704
14, 111, 295
9,581,879
5,687,994
6,303,826

5,772,253

4,371,718
3,809,439
4,095,650
3,011,901
2,467,555
2,315,171
3,097,416
2,003,641
1,966,577
957,340
1,914,225

$386,389,817
16,247,358
9,935,663
206,926,033
89,528,191
47, 419, 819
41,717,962
40,359,304
26,574,760
22,549,165
20,328,778
15,808,587
12, 770, 430
9,223,395
9, 142, 939
6,856,662

(818,804
1,847,504
1,605,834
1,394,477
5,340,327
5, 194, 661
4,738,070
3,805,581
3,554,283
3,262,068
2,743,271
2,373,474
2,213,294
2,094,043
1,710,850
1,561,912
1,448,778
1,302,025
1,293,581
1,283,015
1,261,108
1,203,121
1,070,243
1,009,487
945,006
883,201
869, 972
841,435
806,457
780,271
683,978
670,208
641,902
629,956
601,902
514,469
470,083
428,245
423, 491
423, 195
346, 401
329,822
328,271
325,391
319,537
298, 154
251, 761
248,257
226,877
213,028
204, 142
181,334
174,449
143, 703
117,617
114,023
96,911
81,260
70,802

Ireland

France

Canada

Italy

Netherlands

Belgium

Cuba

Spain

Japan - -

Mexico

Denmark

Austria-Hungary :

British' West Indies:
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago

Other British

Norway

Panama

Brazil

Sweden

Australia Commonwealth of.

Philippine Islands

Newfoundland and Labrador

Haiti

China

British West Africa

Finland

Turkey European

1,267,629
1,238.866
2,599,106
807,269
1,000,780
1,312,161
920,606
733, 190
703,858
854,221
450,871
630, 782
710,294
634,572
504,667
506, 912
1,674,430
569, 719
397,612
452,604
845,670
192, 606
404,228
687,310
251,713
323,549
341,439
305,948
334,878
151,356
313,314
422,830
27, 755
942, 716
243,533
575,407
137,484
128,253
27,806
473,492
56, 763
330,384
34,480

761,200
1,262,032
1,745,859
1,302,305
857, 939
864,018
968,044
910,505
884,923
743,049
594,430
645,337
819,897
565,248
566,215
462,209
705,059
542,637
591, 440
496,257
695,009
240,369
388,965
174,038
283,899
345,902
290,824
308,856
137,675
83,850
245,909
160,880
12,528
86,656
154,257
133, 183
181,681
121,740
62,005
226, 601
63,723
156,584
55.820

British Guiana . - .

Peru

British South Africa

Venezuela

Costa Rica

Santo Domingo

French West Indies

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Guatemala

British Honduras

New Zealand

Portuguese Africa

Bermuda '.

Nicaragua

Dutch Guiana

French Africa

Turkey, Asiatic

Honduras

Egypt

Uruguay

Salvador

Dutch West Indies

Danish West Indies

Roumania

Canary Islands

French Guiana

Gibraltar

British Oceania n. e. s

Greece

British India

Malta and Cyprus

French Oceania

German Africa

Bolivia

Russia Asiatic

Dutch East Indies

Straits Settlements

Liberia...

14

EXPORTS OF FABM AND FOKEST PEODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 4.— Value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM products, 1909-1911, by countries
to which consigned — Continued.

Country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Azores and Madeira Islands

$51,017
1,534
27,873
19,427
32,687
21,435
11,327
17,034
3,395

$61,747
13,424
27,709
17,003
22,738
10,528
11,553
13,240
6,374

$26,066
24,426
22,475
19,202
17,464
17,168
16,517
15, 749
10,359
7,875
5,731
3,736
3,629
3,175
2,331
2,111
960
432
334
327
150

French East Indies

Korea

British East Africa

Spanish Africa

Switzerland

British East Indies n e s

French China

Siam

12,272
498
538

3,599
2,357
11,568

Bulgaria

Servia .

Iceland and Faroe Islands

Italian Africa

1,845
17,629
675
704
3,369

2,588
1,076
764

Japanese China

German China

Aden

3,318

Madagascar

Morocco

24,315
2,857
104

British China

Asia n e s

Total

903,238,122

871,158,425

1,030,794,402

TABLE 5.— Value of EXPORTS of domestic FOREST products, 1909-1911, by countries

to which consigned.

Country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

United Kingdom:
England ....

$14,906,455
2,407,323
675, 640
6,492,535
7,436,232
6,417,276
5,837,893
3,086,955
2,428,165
3,099,735
3,240,119
3, 147, 765
1,712,764
1,418,635
1,263,588
1,213,128
389,249
793,420
466,834

764,636

856,856
335,061
200,825
367,379
541, 439
242,895
242,263
221, 187
23«.». fvifl
260, 513

$16,474,694
2,330,092
812,149
9,215,576
8,022,949
7,393,906
7,063,417
4,534,897
2,475,528
3,647,891
3,240,757
3,167,283
2,913,881
1,692,437
1, 115, 191
1,657,504
841,015
1,003,415
739,764

875,573

576,829
408,762
288, 402
417,426
630,204
249,225
346,408
239,411
322,968
119,358

$19,689,369
2,555,290
866,281
14,587,775
10,745,954
7,481,457
7,254,524
5,537,275
4,065,602
3,959,754
3,178,387
3,124,092
2,959,012
2,456,078
1,432,504
1,244,966
1,193,467
1,152,218
982,661

134,827
424,484
261,015
84,563
724,810
706,302
619,672
560,661
544,010
467,839
417,265
338, 454
299,059
237,056

Scotland

Ireland

Canada

Germany

Argentina

Netherlands

Belgium

Australia. f!nmmr»n'VPP.Alth of

Mexico

Italy

France

Cuba

Brazil

Spain

Panama

Chinese Empire

Uruguay .

British South Africa

British West Indies:
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago

Other British

Pern.

Chile

Russia, European

Austria-Hungary . .

Portugal

Portuguese Africa

Japan , .

French West Indies

Philippine Islands. . .

New Zealand...

EXPORTS OF FAEM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

15

TABLE 5.— Value of EXPORTS of domestic FOREST products, 1909-1911, by countries
to which consigned — Continued.

Country.

Year ending June 30 —

1909

1910

1911

French. Africa

$186, 660
71,068
75,968
57, 513
102,391
53,373
79,676
55,262
57,355
41,479
55,883
52,912
136, 134
50,981
35,472
1,540
50,875
53,367
107,742
27,322
65,231
55, 441
8,344
22, 264
23,514
19, 465
42,897
46,529
2,746
8,914
37, 472
326
9,124
18,525

$101,063
121, 150
156,920
79,900
175,320
98, 473
131,749
105,817
42,093
56,960
42,051
89,411
79, 096
70,828
43,508
1,968
59,748
61,021
77, 530
35,854
106, 151
41,788
35,056
7,237
39, 412
20,301
12,714
12,369
6,301
24,363
156,983
136
22,930
8,226
14,230
2,409
2,061
100
11,730

$216, 129
204,867
193,734
160,249
139,177
135,360
130,863
129,236
122, 462
10-^104
102,365
94,397
92,920
89,672
86,792
80,277
76, 424
74, 873
67,297
59,898
55,860
44,991
35, 751
28,375
26, 520
25,086
22,707
22,686
17, 942
17,277
15,200
14,117
13,905
13,370
6,907
6,320
5,397
3,905
3,723
2,762
2,341
1,649
1,374
968
687
670
423
192
8

Haiti . .

Costa Rica

Norway

British India

Colombia

Santo Domingo

Straits Settlements

British Oceania, n. e. s
French Oceania

Hongkong

Venezuela

Denmark

Honduras

British Honduras

Dutch East Indies

Guatemala

Canary Islands

British Guiana

British West Africa

Newfoundland and La
Azores and Madeira Isl
Morocco

3rador

inds.

British East Indies, n.
Bermuda

e. s

Nicaragua

Danish West Indies

Sweden

Dutch West Indies

German Oceania

Egypt

Turkey, Asiatic

Salvador

Ecuador

Gibraltar

St. Pierre and Miqueloi
Bolivia

i

2, 151
938
1,091
8,599

Greece

French Guiana

German Africa

Russia, Asiatic

287
616
116
351
883

955
138

Korea . . .

Liberia

Dutch Guiana

17,231
11,747
60
157

.Paraguay

Switzerland

Aden

388

Siam

Belgian Kongo

British East Africa

1,025

13,507
13,433
1,081
32

Japanese China

Turkey, European

2,000

Persia

Roumania

2,716
919
5

German China

Bulgaria

Total

72, 442, 454

85,030,230

103,038,892

16

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 6.— Value of principal groups of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911.

Group of articles.

Year ending June 30 —

1909

1910

1911

FARM PRODUCTS.

Animal matter.
Animals, live

$22,645,438
3, 500, 405
1,199,522
169,991,850
1,708,861

$17,447,735
2,250,421
1,260,486
135,959,373
1,439,419

$19,048,653
3,283,816
1,787,019
157.302,666
1,624,735

Dairy products

Eggs

Packing-house products

Othpr animal Tnattflr

Total animal matter .

199,046,076

158,357,434

183,046,889

Vegetable matter.
Coffee

3,885,616
417,390,665
16,079,227
2,346,089
160,076,479
1,147,753
1,271,629
3,096,172
25,836,134
23,098,050
5,256,623
780,155
5,468,502
30,902,900
3,760,466
3,795,586

5,900,134
450,447,243
18,504,591
3,415,220
133,320,418
1,070,907
2,062,140
3,154,100
19,251,012
16,479,301
3, 485, 418
1,274,773
7,873,036
38,115,386
4,207,319
4,239,993

5,380,481
585,318,869
23, 893, 663
3,395,383
124,262,836
1,032,591
2,130,972
3, 479, 586
19,631,127
19,805,232
2,475,066
3,137,552
4,350,605
39,2.55,320
5,545,091
4, 653, 139

Cotton

Fruits

Glucose and grape sugar

Grain and grain products

Hay

Hops

Liquors, alcoholic ...

Oil cakft and nil-oakfl nip-al

Oils, vegetable

Seeds

Starch

Sugar, molasses and sirup

Vegetables .

Other vegetable matter

Total vegetable matter

704,192,046

712,800,991

847, 747, 513

Total farm products

903,238,122

871,158,425

1,030,794,402

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Lumber

43,557,989
15, 101, 147
12,100,393
1,682,925

50,363,035
18,681,962
14,109,854
1,875,379

59,526,677
25,022,720
16,525,104
1,964,391

Naval stores

Timber and logs

Other forest products

Total forest products . .

72,442,454

85,030,230

103,038,892

Total farm and forest products ...

975,680,576

956,188,655

1,133,833,294

TABLE 7.— BALANCE OF TRADE and relative magnitude of value o/FARM products
in the trade of the United States with its NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS,

SHIPMENTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.

Possession and year.

Domestic products.

Foreign products.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Per cent
farm
products
of total.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Alaska:i
1903

$9,266,504
9,869,721
11,227,619
14,375,275
17,811,093
15,957,576
17,186,445
17,972,647
15.730.5 in

$2,992,386
3,340,899
4, 154, 676
5,453,374
6,427,504
5,509,983
6,510,068
6,500,650
5.080.481

$6,274,118
6,528,822
7,072,943
8,921,901
11,383,589
10,447,593
10,676,377
11,471,997
10.656.029

32.3
33.8
37.0
37.9
36.1
34.5
37.9
36.2
32.3

$243, 197
295,389
276, 636
494,552
591,672
620,327
576, 155
697,692
469.220

$9,485
33,830
95,174
158,643
188.009
238,509
161,486
184,966
175.543

$233,712
261,559
181,462
335,909
403.663
381,818
414,669
512,726
293.677

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909 ....

1910

1911...

» Not stated for 1901 and 1902.

EXPORTS OF FAEM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

17

TABLE 7.— BALANCE OF TRADE and relative magnitude of value of FARM products
in the trade of the United States with its NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS,
1901-1911— Continued.

SHIPMENTS FROM THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

Possession and year

Domestic products.

Foreign products.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Per cent,
farm
products
of total.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Guam:
1901 »

$34,223
18,491
44,939
95,885
14, 116
12,392
17,552
25,324
15,569
28,960
45,611

10,787,666
11,602,080
11,643,519
11,771,155
14,124,376
14,638,717
17,193,219
20,289,017
21,677,213

63,627
16,821
1,571

4,014,180
5,251,867
4,028,677
4,831,860
6,198,384
5, 458, 867
8,657,956
11,455,707
11, 182, 175
16, 768, 909
19,677,802

6,861,917
10, 719, 444
11,976,134
10,727,015
13,387,457
18, 648, 991
25, 320, 465
22,360,366
23,272,170
26,478,106
33,774,263

13,453
54,675
39,583
69,670
78,733
64,407
14,971
40,583
90,175
82,561

$12, 713
6,657
14,200
2,745
3,749
4,330
9,462
8,896
6,581
10,217
8,126

3,385,063
3,559,057
3,390,467
3,491,821
3,602,595
3,843,623
4, 487, 689
4,401,109
4,808,673

95
7,079
772

2,500,299
1, 752, 198
, 174, 347
,376,583
,157,850
,447,774
,329,616
,581,376
2,246,423
3,097,315
2,743,271

3,490,209
4, 818, 700
5,665,435
5, 188, 925
5,937,569
7,879,567
10,222,944
9,218,546
9,807,776
10,981,064
12,377,552

2,203
13,553
13, 197
18,221
17,869
9,671
6,018
15,330
24,929
19,788

$21, 510
11,834
30, 739
93,140
10,367
8,062
8,090
16,428
8,988
18,743
37,485

7,402,603
8,043,023
8,253,052
8,279,334
10, 521, 781
10,795,094
12, 705, 530
15,887,908
16,868,540

63,532
9,742
799

1,513,881
3,499,669
2,854,330
3,455,277
5,040,534
4,011,093
7,328,340
9,874,331
8,935,752
13,671,594
16,934,531

3,371,708
5,900,744
6,310,699
5,538,090
7, 449, 888
10,769,424
15,097,521
13,141,820
13,464,394
15,497,042
21,396,711

11,250
41, 122
26,386
51, 449
60,864
54, 736
8,953
25,253
65,246
62, 773

37.1
36.0
31.6
2.9
26.6
34.9
53.9
35.1
42.3
35.3

$468
255

$468
255

19021

1903

1904

5,347

(2)

3 $5, 347

1905*

1906*

1907*

1908*

1909*

1910*

1911 4

Hawaii: $
1903

31.4
30.7
29.1
29.7
25.5
26.3
26.1
21.7
22.2

0.1
42.1
49.1

62.3
33.4
29.1
28.5
18.7
26.5
15.4
13.8
20.1
18.5
13.9

50.9
45.0
47.3
48.4
44.4
42.3
40.4
41.2
42.1
41.5
36.6

16.4
24.8
33.3
26.2
22.7
15.0
40.2
37.8
27.6
24.0

155,397
81,313
109,661
265, 520
311,349
399, 438
587,559
271,084
247,964

8
2

69,472
33,851
52, 959
74, 121
62,533
67,898
89, 730
73,555
88,529

3

85,925
47, 462
56,702
191, 399
248, 816
331,540
497, 829
197,529
159, 435

38
32

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Midway Islands: a
1904

1905

1908

Philippine Islands: 1
1901

12,884
6,603
. 10,232
1,040
2,236
577
3,468
6,025
7,266
63,736
45,311

103, 491
163,209
269, 711
483,045
586, 613
575,890
365,820
317,010
346,375
619,548
897,695

12,436
2,480
1,664

448
4,123
8,568
1,040
1,110
577
3,468
3,843
2,947
21,277
19,651

61,436
130, 205
192, 770
339, 850
452,540
420,205
242,653
217, 636
256, 094
435, 201
586,280

1902

1903

1904

1905

1,126

1906

1907

1908

2,182
4,319
42,459
25,660

42,055
33,004
76, 941
143,195
134,073
155,685
123, 167
99,374
90,281
184,347
311, 415

1909

1910

1911

Porto Rico:
1901... .

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908 .

1909

1910

1911

Tutuila: »
1902

1904

615
145

27
108

3

ij

3615
3145
327
3108

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

i Exports from the United States.

8 Not separately stated.

3 Including farm products, if any.

* Receipts into Guam from the United States, including foreign merchandise, if any. Reported by the
Navy Department.

• Not stated for 1901 and 1902.

« Not stated prior to 1904, and no shipments reported for 1906, 1907, 1909, 1910, or 1911.
? Not stated prior to 1902.

50597'— Bull. 96—12 2

18

EXPORTS OF FABM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 7 —BALANCE OF TRADE and relative magnitude of value of FARM products
in the trade of the United States with its NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS,
1901-1911— Continued.

SHIPMENTS FROM THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

Possession and year.

Domestic products.

Foreign products.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Per cent
farm
products
of total.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

All noncontiguous
possessions:
1901

$10, 910, 320
16,003,255
36,158,595
37,229,771
42,557,586
50,345,413
65,995,849
64,454,232
68,890,161
81,627,814
90,993,960

$6,003,221
6,579,758
13,244,984
13,481,501
14,669,611
18,294,735
21,601,792
20,169,214
23,073,867
25,015,284
25,037,891

$4,907,099
9,423,497
22,913,611
23,748,270
27, 887, 975
32, 050, 678
44,394,057
44,285,018
45,816,294
56, 612, 530
65,956,069

55.0
41.1
36.6
36.2
34.5
36.3
32.7
31.3
33.5
30.6
27.5

$116,843
170,067
678,537
866,757
975,293
1,336,566
1,272,417
1,342,800
1,517,355
1,652,060
1, 660, 190

$54,959
35,739
157,562
1210,876
1283,332
388,449
1373,709
407,963
345,816
485,327
601, 147

161,884
134, 328
520, 975
^655,881
1691,961
948, 117
1898,708
934,837
1,171,539
1, 166, 733
1,059,043

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907. . .

1908

1909

1910.

1911

SHIPMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES.

Alaska: 2
1903

$10,188,220

$23, 151

$10, 165, 069

0 2

$40, 349

$5 906

$34 443

1904

10, 100, 181

30,634

10,069,547

3

64,959

9,664

55,295

1905. . .

10, 698, 694

29,052

10, 669, 642

3

102, 752

3,822

98 930

1906

9, 208, 130

32,311

9, 175, 819

4

64,207

4 491

59 716

1907

12, 106, 824

48,908

12,057,916

4

48,374

9,109

39,265

1908. . .

10, 917, 797

83,913

10, 833, 884

8

49, 980

19, 291

30 689

1909

13,055 355

71 808

12 983 547

6

55 555

14 346

41 209

1910

12, 349, 462

48,178

12, 301, 284

4

90,918

10,057

80,861

1911

13, 813, 824

10,288

13 803,536

1

241,505

8,102

233 403

Guam:
19013

1,044

1,040

4

99.6

1902 4

5

(6)

65

1903 4

1,075

943

132

87.7

1904 <

4,015

943

3,072

23.5

1905 4

573

(6)

«573

Hawaii:
1901

27, 903, 058

27, 637, 216

265,842

99.0

(7)

(7)

m

1902

24 700 429

24 265 131

435 298

98 2

(7)

(7)

(7)

1903

26, 201, 175

25, 786, 344

414,831

98.4

41,694

3,305

38,389

1904.. ..

25, 133, 533

24,795 259

338 274

98 7

23,722

1,928

21 794

1905

36 069 109

35 752 389

316 720

99 1

42 946

921

42 025

1906

26, 850, 463

26, 504, 881

345, 582

98.7

31, 736

5,346

26,390

1907

29, 054, 581

28 629 120

425 461

98 5

17,232

9,635

7,597

1908

41 595 708

41 140 458

455 250

98 9

44 797

15 170

29 627

1909

40, 395, 040

39, 828, 452

566 588

98.6

37,905

5,051

32,854

1910

46 161 288

45 197 960

963 328

97 9

21,977

728

21 249

1911

41 180 195

40 116 528

1 063 667

97 4

27 456

5 229

22 227

Philippine Islands:'
1901

4,420 912

4 375 144

45 768

99 0

1902. .

6 612 700

6 509 502

103 198

98 4

1903

11 372 584

11 271 669

100 915

99 1

1904

12,066 947

11 995 665

71 282

99 4

1905

12 657 904

12 604 205

53 699

99 6

1906

12 337 927

12 272 461

65 466

99 5

1907...

11,510,438

11 394 034

116 404

99 0

1908

10, 164 223

9 944 076

220 147

97 8

1909

9 433 986

9 220 157

213' 829

97 7

1910

17,317,897

15 299 710

2 018 187

88 3

1911

17,400,398

16 071 387

1 329 oil

92 4

Porto Rico:
1901

5 581 288

5 223 462

357 826

93 6

59 849

(5)

"59 849

1902.

8 297 422

Q 529' 383

1 768 039

78 7

81 344

3 701

77 643

1903

10 909 147

9 103 305

1 805 842

OQ 4

149 04 s

3 177

138 871

1904...

LI. 570. 012

ln.OMii.iii.->

1 540 2<)7

Sfi 7

14^014

lfi.088

129.826

1 Not exact, due to lack of complete returns to show how much foreign merchandise consisted of farm

2 Not stated for 1901 and 1902.

« Imports into the United States, including foreign merchandise, if any.

' Shipments to the United States as reported by the Navy Department.

* Not separately stated.

6 Including farm products, if any.

' Not stated.

EXPOBTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

19

TABLE 7.— BALANCE OF TRADE and relative magnitude of value of FARM products
in the trade of the United States with its NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS,
1901-1911— Continued.

SHIPMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES— Continued.

Possession and year.

Domestic products.

Foreign products.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Per cent,
farm
products
of total.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Porto Rico— Con.
1905

$15,527,265
19,055,474
22,065,245
25, 885, 776
26,391,338
32,095,788
34,764,007

9,588
25,877
47,453
53,245
42,935
66,479
67,100
37,234
99,040

37,906,302
39, 610, 556
58, 681, 789
58, 907, 465
75,000,998
67, 505, 239
74, 780, 023
88, 629, 983
89,342,819
107,961,669
107, 257, 464

$13,254,159
15, 777, 973
17,421,155
21,993,910
21,557,874
27,219,110
28, 876, 862

6,782
223,280
2 45, 215
2 52, 496
2 41, 524
2 66, 364
2 67, 100
2 36, 843
299,040

37,236,862
37,304,016
46, 192, 194
46, 882, 396
61,685,020
54, 640, 122
57, 534, 741
73, 228, 721
70,745,391
87, 801, 801
85, 174, 105

$2, 273, 106
3, 277, 501
4, 644, 090
3, 891, 866
4,833,464
4, 876, 678
5, 887, 145

2,806
2,597
2,238
749
1,411
115

85.4
82.8
79.0
85.0
81.7
84.8
83.1

70.7
90.0
95.3
98.6
96.7
99.8
100.0
98.9
100.0

98.2
94.2
78.7
79.6
82.2
80.9
76.9
82.6
79.2
81.3
79.4

$105, 880
86,987
4,888
5,485
2,P74

1,402

$17, 149
1,017
214
1,683
30
109
902

$88, 731
85,970
4,674
3,802
2,944

1906

1907

1908 ...

1909

1910

1911

500

Tutuila: »
1903

1904

1905.

1906

1907

1908 ...

1909

1910

391

1911

All noncontiguous
possessions:
1901

669, 440
2,306,540
12,489,595
12, 025, 069
13,315,978
12, 865, 117
17,245,282
15, 401, 262
18, 597, 428
20, 159, 868
22,083,359

59,849
81,344
224, 091
234, 595
251, 578
182, 930
70,494
100, 262
96, 434
113, 004
270, 363

(3)
3,701
12,388
27,680
21,892
10,854
18,958
36,144
19,427
10, 894
14,233

* 59, 849
77,643
211, 703
206,915
229,686
172, 076
51,536
64,118
77,007
102, 110
256, 130

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1 Not stated for 1901 and 1902. Returns for 1903 and later years as reported by the Navy Department.

2 Copra only. Other farm products not specified.

3 Not separately stated.

* Including farm products, if any.

BALANCE OF TRADE (+) FOR, OR (-) AGAINST, CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES.

Possession and
year.

Domestic products (producers' balange).

Domestic and foreign products (carriers'
balance).

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Alaska: i
1903

- $921,716
- 230,460
+ 528, 925
+ 5, 167, 145
+ 5,704,269
+ 5,039,779
+ 4,131,090
+ 5,623,185
+ 1,922,686

4- 33, 179
+ 18,486
+ 43,864
+ 91, 870
+ 13, 543
4- 12,392
-f 17,552
+ 25,324
+ 15, 569
+ 28, 960
4- 45.611

+$2,969,235
+ 3,310,265
+ 4,125,624
+ 5,421,063
+ 6,378,596
+ 5,426,070
4- 6,438,260
+ 6,452,472
+ 5,070,193

+ 11, 673
+ 6,657
+ 13,257
+ 1, 802
+ 3, 749
+ 4,330
+ 9,462
+ 8, 896
+ 6,581
+ 10,217
4- X 19fi

-$3, 890, 951
- 3,540,725
- 3, 596, 699
- 253,918
- 674, 327
- 386, 291
- 2,307,170
- 829, 287
- 3,147,507

4- 21,506
+ 11, 829
+ 30, 607
+ 90,068
4- 9, 794
4- 8,062
4- 8,090
+ 16,428
4- 8,988
+ 18, 743

-J- 27 4S5

- $718,868
30
+ 702, 809
4- 5,597,490
4- 6,247,567
+ 5, 610, 126
+ 4,651,690
+ 6,229,959
+ 2,150,401

+ 33,647
4- 18, 741
+ 43, 864
4- 97, 217
+ 13,543
4- 12,392
+ 17, 552
+ 25,324
4- 15, 569
+ 28, 960

-L. 4A K1 1

+$2, 972, 814
4- 3,334,431
4- 4,216,976
4- 5,575,215
4- 6,557,496
4- 5,645,288
4- 6,585,400
+ 6,627,381
+ 5,237,634

4- 12, 141
+ 6,912
+ 13,257
+ 21,802
+ 3, 749
4- 4,330
4- 9,462
4- 8, 896
+ 6,581
+ 10, 217

_1_ fi 19ft

-83,691,682
- 3,334,461
- 3,514,167
4- 22,275
- 309, 929
- 35, 162
- 1,933,710
- 397, 422
- 3,087,233

+ 21,506
+ 11,829
4- 30, 607
+ 295,415
4- 9,794
4- 8,062
+ 8,090
4- 16,428
+ 8,988
4- 18,743

_1_ Q7 AQX.

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

Guam:
1901

1902

1903

1904

1905...

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911...

1 Not stated for 1901 and 1902.

2 Not exact, due to lack of complete returns to show how much of foreign merchandise consisted of farm

20

EXPOETS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 7.— BALANCE OF TRADE and relative magnitude of value of FARM products
in the trade of the United States with its NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS,
1901-1911— Continued.

BALANCE OF TRADE (+) FOR, OR (-) AGAINST, CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES— Contd.

Possession and
year.

Domestic products (producers' balance).

Domestic and foreign products (carriers'
balance).

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Total.

Farm
products.

Other.

Hawaii:
1901 J

-$27,903,058
- 24,700,429
- 15,413,509
- 13,531,453
- 24,425,590
- 15,079,308
- 14,930,205
- 26,956,991
- 23,201,821
- 25,872,271
- 19,502,982

+ 63,627
+ 16,821
+ ' 1, 571

- 393, 848
- 1,354,230
- 7,333,675
- 7, 234, 047
- 6,457,284
- 6,878,483
- 2,849,014
+ 1,297,509
+ 1. 755, 455
- 485, 252
+ 2,322,715

+ 1,280,629
+ 2,422,022
+ 1,066,987
- 849, 897
- 2, 139, 808
- 406,483
+ 3,255,220
- 3,525,410
- 3, 119, 168
- 5,617,682
- 989, 744

+ 13,453
+ 45,087
+ 13, 706
+ 22, 217
+ 25,488
+ 21,472
- 51,508
- 26,517
+ 52,941
- 16,479

-26,983,098
-23,600,698
-22,512,962
-21,676,654
-32, 441, 176
-17,159,249
- 8,780,706
-24, 169, 726
-20,445,392
-26,270,119
-16,218,193

-$27, 637, 216
- 24,265,131
- 22,401,281
- 21,236,202
- 32,361,922
- 23,013,060
- 25,026,525
- 37,296,835
- 35,340,763
- 40,796,851
- 35,307,855

+ 95
+ 7,079

+ 772

- $1,862,409
- 4, 754, 824
- 10,095,658
- 10,619,082
- 11,445,229
- 10,824,687
- 10,064,418
- 8,360,518
- 6, 969, 415
- 12,159,936
- 13,302,456

- 1,733,253
- 1, 710, 683
- 3, 437, 870
- 4, 847, 690
- 7,316,590
- 7,898,406
- 7, 198, 211
- 12,775,364
- 11,750,098
- 16,238,046
- 16,499,310

+ 2,203
+ 6, 771
- 10, 083
- 26,994*
34, 627
31,853
- 60,346
51,770
- 11,914
— 79,252

- 31,221.205
- 30,721,778
- 32,945,546
- 33,400,895
- 47,014,283
- 36,345,387
- 35,932,949
- 53,057,325
- 47,667,205
- 62,744,058
- 60,110,554

- $265,842
- 435, 298
+ 6,987,772
+ 7,704,749
+ 7,936,332
+ 7,933,752
+ 10,096,320
+ 10,339,844
+ 12,138,942
+14,924,580
+ 15,804,873

+ 63,532
+ 9,742
+ 799

+ 1,468,561
+ 3,400,594
+ 2,761,983
+ 3,385,035
+ 4,987,945
+ 3,946,204
+ 7,215,404
+ 9,658,027
+ 8,724,870
+ 11,674,684
+ 15,625,171

+ 3,013,882
+ 4,132,705
+ 4,504,857
+ 3,997,793
+ 5,176,782
+ 7,491,923
+ 10,453,431
+ 9,249,954
+ 8,630,930
+ 10,620,364
+ 15,509,566

+ 11,250
+ 38,316
+ 23, 789
+ 49, 211
+ 60, 115
+ 53,325
+ 8,838
+ 25,253
+ 64,855
+ 62, 773

+ 4,238,107
+ 7,121,080
+ 10,432,584
+ 11,724,241
+ 14,573,107
+ 19,186,138
+27, 152, 243
+28,887,599
+27,221,813
+36,473,939
+43,892,361

$27, 903, 058

-$27, 637, 216
- 24,265,131
- 22,335,114
- 21,204,279
- 32,309,884
- 22,944,285
- 24,973,627
- 37, 244, 107
- 35,256,084
- 40,724,024
- 35,224,555

+ 395
+ 37>079
+ 772

- 1, 862, 409
- 4,754,824
- 10,095,658
- 10,619,082
- 11,445,229
- 10,824,687
- 10,064,418
- 8,360,518
- 6,969,415
- 12,159,936
- 13,302,456

- 31,691,198
- 1,681,380
- 3,364,106
- 4,720,583
- 7,199,666
- 7, 743, 738
- 7,075,258
- 12,677,673
- 11,659,847
- 16,053,808
- 16,188,797

+ 2,203
+ 6, 771
- 3 10, 083
- 3 26, 994
- 3 34, 627
- 331,853
60,346
- 51, 770
- 11.914
- 79, 252

- 31, 178, 682
- 30,692,220
- 32, 802, 036
- 33,217,699
- 46,753,969
- 35,967,792
- 35, 578, 198
- 52,687,688
- 47,345,135
- 62,312,084
- 59,549,300

- $265,842
- 435,298
+ 7,035,308
+ 7,730,417
+ 7,951,009
+ 8,098,761
+ 10,337,539
+ 10,641,757
+ 12,603,917
+ 15,100,860
+15,942,081

+ 363,540
+ * 9, 744
+ 799

+ 1,468,561
+ 3,400,594
+ 2,761,983
+ 3,385,035
+ 4,987,945
+ 3,946,204
+ 7,215,404
+ 9,658,027
+ 8,724,870
+ 11,674,684
+ 15,625,171

+33,015,469
+ 4, 185, 267
+ 4, 558, 756
+ 4,207,817
+ 5,540,591
+ 7,826,158
+ 10,691,410
+ 9,463,788
+ 8,884,080
+ 11,055,565
+ 16,095,346

+ 11,250
+ 38,316
+ 324,404
+ 349,356
+ 3 60, 142
+ 353,433
+ 8,8b8
+ 25,253
+ 64,855
+ 62, 773

+ 4,239,694
+ 7,173,642
+ 10,733.288
+ 12,172,167
+ 15,034,272
+ 19,961,602
+27,995,947
+29,754,475
+28,313,398
+37,517,285
+44,675,623

1902 » .

- 24,700,429
- 15,299,806
- 13,473,862
- 24,358,875
- 14,845,524
- 14,636,088
- 26,602,350
- 22, 652, 167
- 25,623,164
- 19,282,474

+ 63, 635
+ 16, 823
+ 1,571

- 393, 848
- 1,354,230
- 7,333,675
- 7,234,047
- 6,457,284
- 6, 878, 483
- 2,849,014
+ 1, 297, 509
+ 1, 755, 455
- 485, 252
+ 2,322,715

+ 1,324,271
+ 2,503,887
+ 1, 194, 650
512, 766
- 1, 659, 075
+ 82, 420
+ 3,616,152
- 3,213,885
- 2, 775, 767
- 4, 998, 243
- 93, 451

+ 13,453
+ 45,087
+ 14,321
+ 22,362
+ 25, 515
+ 21, 580
51,508
- 26, 517
+ 52, 941
- 16, 479

-26,938,988
-23,518,578
-22,068,748
-21,045,532
-31, 719, 697
-16,006,190
- 7,582,251
-22,933,213
-19,031,737
-24, 794, 799
-14,873,677

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908
1909

1910

1911
Midway Islands: 2
1904

1905

1908

Philippine Is-
lands: <
1901

1902...*

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908..

1909

1910

1911

Porto Rico:
1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911.

Tutuila:*
1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

All noncontiguous
possessions: 6
1901

1902. . .

1903....

1904.

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

i Shipments of domestic products to the United States.

* Not stated prior to 1904, and no shipments reported for 1906, 1907, 1909, 1910, or 1911.

* Not exact, due to lack of complete returns to show how much of foreign merchandise consisted of farm
products.

< For the Philippine Islands the producers' balance of trade can not be computed, owing to lack of neces-
sary data; hence the figures for carriers' balance of trade are repeated in the columns marked "Domestic
products (producers' balance)."

s Shipments to the United States from Tutuila not reported for 1902; the balance of trade for this year
taken to equal the shipments from the United States to Tutuila.

6 Balance of trade for all contiguous possessions is computed from corresponding balances for each

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11. 21

TABLE 8.— Value of SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from
the United States to its NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS, 1909-1911.

Possessions.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

FARM PRODUCTS.

Porto Rico

$9,807,776
6,510,068
4,487,689
2,246,423
15,330
6,581

$10,981,064
6,500,650
4,401,109
3,097,315
24,929
10,217

$12,377,552
5,080,481
4,808,673
2.743,271
19,788
8,126

Alaska

Hawaii

Philippine Islands 1

Tutuila

Guam

Total

23,073,867

25,015,284

25,037,891

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Porto Rico

581,361
810,010
607,077
239,839

865, 173
1,117,311
553,857
322,988
406

1,308,579
1. 134, 178
481,077
299,059

Hawaii

Alaska

Philippine Islands '

Guam

Total

2,238,287

2,859,735

3,222,893

1 Domestic exports from the United States.

TABLE 9.— Value o/SHIPMENTS of principal groups of domestic FARM and FOREST
products from the United States to its NONCONTIGUOUS POSSESSIONS,
1909-1911.

1909

1910

1911

FARM PRODUCTS.

Animal matter.
Animals, live

$647 470

$410 116

*440 700

Dairy products

1 613' 773

1 839 706

Eggs

447 igl

' 493' 786

411 323

Packing-house products

4 346 568

4 979' 2^7

Other animal matter

' 154' 239

' 122' 039

123 615

Total animal matter

7 209 211

7 837 874

7 951 670

Vegetable matter.
Coffee

220 658

252 181

007 1 co

Fruits

821 841

Qlft' ^70

Grain and grain products.

5 450 854

6 426 729

fi Ofi^i °»OQ

Hay.

806 843

719 473

Liquors, alcoholic

1 713 516

1 709 916

1 7*^0 9Q7

Oils, vegetable.

149 601

192 370

Rice, rice meal, etc

3 543 559

3 805 876

3Q10 0^4

Sugar, molasses, and sirup

878 622

859 Q35

Tobacco

471 591

Vegetables

' 1 525' 956

1 643 786

Other vegetable matter

281 615

' 285' 359

OOA ceo

Total vegetable matter

15 864 656

17 177 410

17 086 221

Total farm products

23 073 867

oc nic 004

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Lumber

2 123 787

2 699 749

o rton ono

Naval stores

52 °81

' 48? 547

Timber and logs

55 298

Other forest products

6 991

9 115

Total forest products

2 238 287

2 ggg 735

o 090 ono

Total farm and forest products .

25 312 154

27 875 019

OQ ocn 704

Year ending June 30 —

22

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 10.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to ALASKA, 1909-1911.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS.

Animal matter.

Animals, live:
Cattle ... number . .

2,672

$177, 150
12,087
92,845
800
29,027
11,165
336

1,654

$110,277
9,266
59,750
2,400
3,642
18,414
135

1,205

$98,087
0)
30, 145

Horses number..

421
6
4,495
1,075

274
11
612
1,167

155

Mules do

Sheep do
Swine do

549
1,022

6,926
15,473
8,461

All other

Total live animals

323,410

203,884

159,092

Dairy products:
Butter pounds. .
Cheese do
Milk, condensed do

1,683,714
319,081
(2)

487,455
52,689
352, 488

1,771,426
359,020
4,966,206

552, 417
64,878
361,860

1,201,923
226, 225
3,550,023

364,907
40,715
274,577

Total dairy products
Eggs dozen . .

Packing-house products:
Beef-
Canned pounds. .

Cured—
Salted or pickled,
pounds

(2)

892, 632

7,096,652

979, 155

4,978,171

680, 199

1, 433, 785

425, 130

1,417,613

468,560

1,215,376

378,923

472,638

50,494

733,752

88,328

379,791

55,321

305,113
9,910

21,251
1,194

512,241
1,350

34,835
157

> 317,137

28,396

Other pounds..

Total cured,
pounds

Fresh pounds

315,023

22,445

513,591

34,992

317, 137

28,396

4,448,510

120
43,342

392,371

21
2,950

3,893,205

378
91,760

362,573

83

7,205

3,576,974

353,863

Oleomargarine (imita-
tion butter),
pounds . .

Tallow pounds. .
Total beef.. ...do....

Lard compounds8, .do
Meat, canned, other
Mutton pounds

52,568

4,016

5,279,633

468, 281

5,232,686

493, 181

3,629,542

441,596

104,878
"'763,' 739'

8,428
38, 478
68,061

187,287
""547," 682"

18,253
45,285
54,094

159,320

16,857

500,101

49,873

Pork-
Canned do

Cured—
Bacon do

Hams and shoul-
ders.... pounds..
Salted or pickled,
pounds

25,725

3,149

28,969

4,836

1,427,918
1,899,817
205,183

248,649
293,888
• 20,548

1,313,450
1,597,792
209,150

262,850
275, 441
26,032

984,725
1,087,270

220,831
197,204

Total cured,
pounds

3,532,918

563,085

3,120,392

564,323

2,071,995

418,035

613,361
726, 173
1,196

70,447
87,429
922

516,484
663,356
1,930

71,045
95,005
1,672

« 800, 284
426,425

<110,5C>9
00,080

Lard do...
Oils, lard oil. .gallons.

Total pork

725,032

736,881

588,684

Sausage and sausage
meats pounds

198,382

23,577
28,534

213,874

25,368
40,424

Other packing - house
products

64,682

Total packing-house
products

1,360,391

1,413,486

1,161,692

» Included in "All other,
* Not stated.

live animals.

s Including stearin, cottolene, and lardine.
* Including canned, salted, or pickled.

EXPOBTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

23

TABLE 10.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to ALASKA, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

$95,665
11, 258

$69,213
4,359

$70,218

Total animal matter

3, 108, 486

3, 138, 657

2, 450, 124

Vegetable matter.

Coffee— green, or raw, and
roasted or prepared,
pounds

751,997

165,604

701,602

150,568

520, 420

119, 493

Fruits:
Fresh or dried-
Apples—
Dried pounds..
Fresh barrels. .
Apricots, dried,

210,754
10,653

69,469
11, 127

66,878

15,900
49,529

6,735
39,053

5,393
9,670
14, 623
6,751
70, 210

250,876

8,787

71,253
10,843

85,140

23,152
54,576

8,101
35,324

6,981
12, 191

9,483

50,802

Oranges boxes. .

11,804

42,536

Peaches ; dried,

251,466
102,229

332, 172
117,952

20,519
8,177
76,220

Other

129,235

Total fresh or dried..

217,864

245,241

222,573

•
Preserved —
Canned

229 079

203, 446
1,924

Other

955

Total preserved

230, 034

205,370

138,225

Total fruits

447, 898

450,611

360, 798

Grain and grain products:
Bran, middlings, and mill
feed tons..
Bread and biscuit,
pounds

1,039

1,323,759
393,881
619,483
54,016

28,769

78, 102
213,925
24,383
281,306
89,535

1,070

1, 402, 553
349,836
792, 141
65,722

30,534

88,348
208, 565
30, 703
374, 953
93, 857

1,140,985

274,852
458, 087
47, 018

76,985
135,236
16,460
238, 594
100,212

Oats bushels

Oatmeal pounds. .
Wheat flour barrels . .
Other

Total grain and grain
products

716 020

826,960

567,487

Hay ... long tons

8,862

206, 467

7,606

197, 589

5,451

145,388

Liquors, alcoholic:
Distilled spirits-
Alcohol,! including
cologne spirits,
proof gallons

1,616
6,676
2,127

3,744
19, 666
5,485

2,542

4,538

135,890

351,124

Brandy. . .proof galls. .
Rum do

Whisky-
Bourbon do
Rye do

2,093

5,163

33,259
82,686

91,635
237,719

32,871
68,234

86,338
176, 442

Total whisky,
proof gallons..

Other do

Total distilled
spirits, proof
gallons

115,945

329,354

101, 105

262, 780

34,908

96, 156

52,707

143,487

161,272

454,405

158,447

415,968

135,890

351, 124

1 Excluding wood alcohol.

24

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 10.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to ALASKA, 1909-1911— Continued.

Year ending June 30—

Article.

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAKM PEODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Liquors, alcoholic— Contd.
Malt liquors-
Bottled., doz.bottles. .
Unbottled... .gallons. .

Total malt liquors...

1111,668
247,599

$176,834
71, 517

93,250
201,894

$145, 721
66,056

<• 2558,912

$226,193

248,351

211,777

2558,912

226, 193
27,012

Wines-
Bottled, .doz. quarts. .
Unbottled... .gallons. .

Total wines

1,565
38,427

9,199
28, 712

1,414
28,258

7,707
19,369

[ 2 34,762

37,911

27,076

234,762

27,012

Total alcoholic liq-
uors .

740,667

654,821

2729,564

=^===

604,329
18,650

Nuts

18,402

19,166

Oils, vegetable:
.Fixed or expressed—
Linseed gallons. .
Other

13,631

8,617
7,140

12,562

10,296
8,058

Total fixed or ex-
pressed

15, 757

18,354

Volatile or essential

836

El

Total vegetable oils.
Rice pounds

16,593

18,875

15,545

1,134.537
93,677

58,902
5,826

1, 166, 735
101,803

54, 597
6,225

890, 750

36,487

Starch do....

Sugar, molasses, and sirup:
Molasses gallons..
Sirup do
Sugar, refined . . .pounds. .

Total sugar, mo-
lasses, and sirup ...

8,322
60,342
6,111,255

4,195
49,252
347, 741

7,488
53,201
5,522,515

3,756
46,262
319,131

j- 33,761
4,296,000

25,693
241,052

401,188

369, 149

266,745

Tobacco, leaf pounds. .

Vegetables:
Fresh or dried-
Beans and peas,
bushels.

8,330

2,559

18,623

6,659

10,884

3,918

16,229
17,042
181,568

39, 819
21,942
187,613

19,225
18,658
226,581

53,657
21, 197
186,512

11,893
14,441
164,250

34,865
20,233
161,363

Onions bushels

Potatoes do

Total fresh or dried,
bushels

214,839

249,374

264,464

261,366

190,584

216, 461

Prepared or preserved—
Canned...
Other c

206,097
140 4/vi

186,058
139 573

Total prepared or
preserved

Total vegetables

349,500

325,631

264,048

598, 874

586,997

480,509

Other vegetable matter

22,582

19,776

11,008

Total vegetable matter

3,401,582

3,361,993

2,630,357

Total farm products

6,510,068

6,500,650

5,080,481

1 Dozen quarts.

* Gallons.

« Chiefly pickles, sauces, and relishes, but including also some fresh vegetables.

EXPOETS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

25

TABLE 10 —SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to ALASKA, 1909-1911— Continued.

Year endin

g June 30—

Article.

19

09

19

10

19

11

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Naval stores:
Turpentine, spirits of,

5,289

$3, 341

2,769

$2,039

Other barrels..

440

2,527

769

4,341

Total naval stores

5,868

6,380

$17,753

Wood:
Lumber-
Boards, deals, and
planks M feet..
Shingles M..

23,429
2,742

310,064
5,503

22,129
2,959

334,019
5,754

13, 478
3,718

213, 465

7, 766

231,986

147,314

206, 107

Other lumber

17,256

30,482

35,986

Total lumber

564, 809

517,569

463,324

Timber and logs —

15 936

16, 733

Sawed timber M feet

1 377

17, 277

800

9,484

Total timber and
logs

33, 213

26,217

Other wood

1 337

202

Total wood

599 359

543, 988

463, 324

Other forest products

1,850

3,489

Total forest products

607, 077

553,857

481,077

Total farm and forest
products

7 117 145

7,054,507

5,561,558

TABLE 11.— RECEIPTS in GUAM of FARM and FOREST products from the United

States, 1909-191 1.1

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

FARM PRODUCTS.

Animal matter.
Animals, live, horses

$155
123
637

Dairy products

$28
1,839

Packing-house products...

Total animal matter

915

1,867

Vegetable matter.
Fruits

249
3,782
5
841
485
304

345
3,999
1,908
305
239
1,554

$210
7,760
33

Grain products

Liquors, alcoholic

Sugar, molasses, and sirup

Vegetables

Other

123

Total vegetable matter . .

5,606

8,350

8,126

Total farm products

6,581

10, 217

8,126

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Total forest products

406

Total farm and forest products

6,581

10,623

8,126

Compiled from returns made by the naval officer in command of Guam.

26

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 12.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to HAWAII, 1909-1911.

Year endin

g June 30—

Article.

19

09

19

10

19

11

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS.

Animal matter.

Animals, live:
Cattle number. .

119

$8,550

152

$16, 980

145

$15 838

Fowls

5,851

5 413

m '

Horses number..

718

124,891

136

28,760

430

72 881

Mules do

797

156, 710

668

133,995

555

125 171

Sheep do

39

424

100

510

189

2 793

Swine do

1,660

17,887

411

4,637

5

145

All other

245

207

8 941

Total live animals . . .

314,558

190, 502

225 769

Dairy products:
Butter pounds. .
Cheese do....
Milk, condensed do

595, 969
232,347

(2)

173,648
34, 144
135, 154

572,097
220,461
1, 917, 170

179,791
39,003
185,039

629, 486
210,834
2 324 201

180,886
35,470
209 656

Total dairy products

(2)

342,946

2,709,728

403,833

3,164,521

426,012

Eggs dozen..

81,874

21,790

86,670

25,170

106,440

28,040

Packing-house products:
Beef-
Canned pounds . .
Cured—
Salted or pickled,
pounds

590,541
27,000

67,054
1,693

481,264
76, 195

59,391
5 411

284,760

39,320

Other — pounds..
Fresh do

237,227

22,284

48
58,733

12

5,329

} 62, 570
487 991

5,092
44 466

Oleomargarine (imita-
tion butter), pounds..

48,800

4,769

38,360

3,917

45,011

4,450

Total beef... ..do....

903,568

95,800

654,600

74,060

880,332

93,328

Grease and grease scraps
and all soap stock

13 118

11 743

17 608

Meat, canned, other .

43,951

65 206

63 252

Lard compounds3. pounds.
Mutton do

1,302,589
25,870

91,680
2,521

1,176,824
8,659

104,574
899

1,166,577
42,413

114, 778
4, 415

Pork-
Canned do

450

89

8,145

1,053

2,930

464

Cured—
Bacon do
Hams and shoul-
ders.... pounds..
Salted or pickled,
pounds

133, 625
450,830
80, 495

21,946
69,235
8 788

120,432
444,104
76 100

25,255
79,645
10 955

123,523
459,464
38 572

29,501
78,842
5,458

Total cured,
pounds

664,950

99,969

640,636

115,855

621,559

113,801

Fresh pounds..
Lard do...
Lard oil gallons..

155,293
156,962
1,708

19,362
18,516
1,317

49,806
141,791
665

7,375
20,686
608

43,139
156, 792

5,249
20,166

Total pork

139,253

145,577

139,680

Sausage and sausage
meats pounds. .
Other packing-house prod-
ucts

55,651

8,549
15 289

63,710

9,357
21 117

70,670

9,624
20 559

Total packing-house
products

410, 161

432,533

463,244

Poultry and game

30,992

32 041

31,596

Other animal matter

5 402

3 933

7,597

Total animal matter

1,125,849

1,088,012

1,182,258

1 Included in "All other," live animals. 2 Not stated. * Including stearin, cottolene,, and lardine.

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

27

TABLE 12.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to HAWAII, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS — continued.
Vegetable matter.

Coffee, roasted or prepared,
pounds

101,742

$14,980

121, 133

$18,553

91,490

$15,295

Fruits:
Fresh or dried-
Apples—
Dried pounds..
Fresh barrels. .
Apricots, dried,
pounds

28, 430
20,842

2,370
25,784

3,475

1,929
41,243

210
57,353

234

1,795
2,647
4,75a
38,892

34,835
23,487

5,525
32,363

5,090

3,013
50,459

626
70,286

361

2,972
3,381
5,449
41, 758

40, 305
21,819

5,975
35,584

2,294

4,099
54, 123

763

80,952

176

2,827
5,635
6,392
46,341

Oranges boxes..
Peaches, dried,
pounds

Prunes pounds . .
Raisins do
Other

46, 140
68,972

62, 705
85,745

63,799
89,453

Total fresh or dried

149,062

178,305

201,308

Preserved—

24, 108
6,199

42,013

8,484

41,218
11, 452

Other

30,307

50, 497

52,670

Total fruits

179,369

228,802

253,978

Glucose pounds. .

Grain and gram prducts:
Grain —
Barley bushels.. .
Corn do

149,937

3,865

108, 148

2,401

60,971

1,578

575,819
58,937
152, 695
69,692

410,637
55,595
81, 101
73, 133

781,814
40,967
150, 926
68,053

514,573
38,218
77,245
71,891

1,201,694
61, 079
97,379
74,863

678,386
52,564
50, 733
68,388

Oats do

Wheat do....

Total grain... do....

Grain products-
Bran, middlings, and
mill feed tons..

Breadstuff prepara-
tions-
Bread and biscuit,
pounds

857, 143

620, 466

1,041,760

701, 927

1, 435, 015

850,071

22,942

604, 480

16,877

452,349

13,494

348, 687

469,877

37,036
100,942

326,982

25,693
161, 957

219,379

18,347
164,890

Other

Total bread-
stuff prepara-
tions

137,978

187, 650

183,237

Malt bushels..

Meal and flour —
Corn meal, bar-
rels

13,952

11,681

16,992

13, 988

99
39,532
45
121,838

468
1,731
205
567,603

138
37,900

678
1,885

231

38,310

1,094
1,795

Oatmeal . pounds . .
Rye flour, barrels..
Wheat flour, do

Total meal and
flour

103,548

535, 732

118,377

534, 399

570,007

538,295

537,288

All other

28,506

24 572

25,452

Total grain products.

Total grain and
grain products

1,352,652

1,216,854

1,094,664

1,973,118

1,918,781

1,944,735

Hay long tons..

11,449
17,547

234, 110
2,448

9,026
18,297

191, 118
3,303

13,894
14,572

250,745
2,478

Hops pounds

28

EXPOKTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 12.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to HAWAII, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value. *

FARM PBODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Liquors, alcoholic:
Distilled spirits-
Alcohol,1 including
cologne spirits,
proof gallons

1,740
1,746

48

$2,314
4,100
120

754

$625

1,016

$1,875

Brandy pf. galls..
Rum do

Whisky-
Bourbon — do
Rye .do

24, 581
8,494

56,425
28,956

22,642
7,660

52,986
13,318

35,248
6,286

79,026
16, 612

Total whiskey,
proof galls

Other proof galls. .

Total distilled spir-
its proof galls..

Malt liquors—
Bottled doz. qts..
Unbottled gallons . .

Total malt liquors

33,075

85,381

30,302

66,304

41,534

95,638

23,870

52,688

23, 611

55,555

23,252

47, 927

60,479

144,603

54,667

122,484

65,802

145,440

58, 624
41,834

80,016
11,807

72,256
36, 513

101,432
9,235

82, 138
33,363

113,338

8,567

91,823

110, 667

121, 905

Wines-
Bottled doz. qts..
Unbottled. . . . gallons . .

Total wines

1,802
722,188

9,504
315, 119

2,358
827,371

13, 482
318, 405

| 2868,835

371,596

324, 623

331,887

2868,835

371,596

Total alcoholic liq-
uors

561,049

565,038

638,941

Oils, vegetable:
Fixed or expressed—
Cottonseed . . . pounds . .
Linseed gallons. .
Other

7,042
49,046

602

29, 749
15,879

9,590
42,059

906
32, 773
14 994

11,782
45,942

1,335
49,127
19, 774

Total fixed or ex-
pressed

46,230

48,673

70,236

Volatile or essential

700

254

402

Total vegetable oils

46,930

48, 927

70,638

Rice pounds. .
Starch do

109,300
311,029

4,358
12, 737

70,000
313,222

2,600
15, 712

144,500
226,713

6,581
12,345

Sugar, molasses, and sirup:
Molasses gallons. .
Sirup do

2,986
4,402
926, 616

1,380
2,837
52,023

2,225
6,141
#22,242

1,311
4,382
34,965

2,097
6,068
1,290,489

1,090
3,767
71,023

Sugar, refined pounds..

Total sugar, molasses,
and simp

56,240

40,658

75,880

Vegetables:
Fresh or dried-
Beans and peas,
bushels

18,592
18,637
114,639

39,196
13,697
99,550

17,463
24,396
127, 895

42,769
18, 731
80,606

15,654
25,067
111,921

42,522

2t>, 279
118, 758

Onions bushels. .
Potatoes do

Total fresh or dried,
bushels

151,868

152,443

169, 754

142,106

152,642

187,559

1 Excluding wood alcohol.

s Gallons.

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

29

TABLE 12.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United

States to HAWAII, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30 —

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PEODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Vegetables— Continued.
Prepared or preserved—

$34,851
45,308

$50,389
41,011

$68,327
45,501

Other l

Total prepared or
preserved

80, 159

91,400

113,828

Total vegetables

232,602

233,506

301,387

Other vegetable matter

40,034

43,698

51,834

Total vegetable matter . .

3,361,840

3,313,097

3, 626, 415

Total farm products

4,487,689

4, 401, 109

4,808,673

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Naval stores:
Rosin barrels..
Tar do

821
202

442
11,940

3,598
1,122

1,766

7,241

674
952

13,264

3,484
4,535

8,804

710
379

15,833

4,050
1,633

12,895

Turpentine and pitch,
barrels

Turpentine, spirits of,
gallons

13, 727

16, 823

18,578

Wood:
Lumber-
Boards, deals, and
planks M feet. .
Shingles M..

41,528
16,885

647, 791
34,536
71, 334
32,801

61,001

18, 486

946, 785
39, 918
59, 181
37,270

61,089
24,031

927, 788
48, 938
105,218
21, 944

Shocks box

Other lumber

Total lumber

786,462

•

1, 083, 154

1,103,888

Timber2

8 748

15,688

11,567

Total wood

795, 210

1,098,842

1,115,455

Other forest products

1,073

1,646

145

Total forest products

810,010

1,117,311

1, 134, 178

Total farm and forest
products

5,297,699

5,518,420

5,942,851

1 Chiefly pickles, sauces, and relishes, but including also some fresh vegetables.

2 Including unmanufactured wood, not elsewhere specified.

30

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 13.— EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to the PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1909-1911.

Article.

Year ending June 30 —

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS.

Animal matter.
Animals, live

$353

$785

Dairy products:
Butter pounds. .
Cheese do....
Milk, condensed .... do ...

11,642
1,114
0)

$2,975
195
124,790

332

5,260
1,998,829

102
1,031
163,785

15,890

8,004
3,056,286

3,652
1,705
235,081

Total dairy products,
pounds

0)

127,960

2,004,421

164,918

3,080,240

241,038

Packing-house products:
Beef-
Canned pounds..

Cured—
Salted or pickled,
pounds

365,538

40,202

540,422

67,710

200,007

24,340

1,050
240

101
57

1 *»

25

O ther cured,
•pounds

480

90

Total cured,
pounds

480

90

1,290

158

120

25

Oleomargarine (imita-
tion butter), pounds.
Tallow . do

1,000

100

1,880

362

4,905

344

Total beef do....

Grease, grease scraps, and
all soap stock

367,018

40,392

546,617

68,212

202,007

24,727

8,585
35,950
49,849

11,600
15,451
116,824

18,790
29,963

77,757

Lard compounds,2
pouncfe.

436,855

159,850

311,633

. Meat, canned, not else-
where specified

Pork-
Canned pounds. .

Cured—
Bacon do

Hams and shoul-
ders pounds..
Salted or pickled,
pounds

97,719

16,009

53,729

10,464

6,588

771

571,211
182,653
600

87,529
26,226
98

684,391
355,563
12,100

108,572
53,758
1,819

542,764
236,764
40,000

109,188
44,390
5,750

Total cured,
pounds. .

754,464

113,853

1,052,054

164, 149

819,528

159,328

Fresh pounds. .
Lard do

""354," 530
10,760

""37," 607
9,393

51,442
354,468
1,000

6,793
47,800
1,070

48,371
429,731

7,552
53,926

Lard oil gallons. .
Total pork

176,862

230,276

221,577

Sausage and sausage
meats pounds

242,569

37,260
10,574

300,908

32,943
26,757

127,779

14,177
10,651

Other packing-house
products 8

Total packing-house
products..

359,472

502,063

397,642

Othnr animal matter

5,985

5,661

6,533

Total animal matter

493,417

672,995

645,998

1 Not stated.

2 Including stearin, cottolene, and lardine.

* Including meat, if any, not elsewhere specified.

EXPOKTS OF FARM AND FOEEST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

31

TABLE 13.— EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to the PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30 —

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter.

Coffee, green or raw, and
roasted or prepared,
pounds . . . . .

228,323
1,455
779,671

$40,074
| 78,363

530,543
/ 1,100
\ 578, 142

$82,843
} 76,350

1,078,602
/ 900
\ 474,434

$151, 131
} 70,316

Cotton, upland 1.... {^^

Fruits:
Fresh or dried —
Apples-
Dried pounds..
Fresh barrels..
Apricots, dried,
pounds

6,248
1,026

1,250
633
1,934
14,006
25,984

469
2,461

115
1,512
166
846
1,639
15,545

12,775
2,313

8,370
1,331
5,265
41,555
110, 146

1,232
6,711

939

4,184
506
2,420
6,906
10,252

18,565
3,202

4,335
1 710
7,115
37,360
204,015

2,046
14,064

573

5,344
617
3,032
12,942
12, 424

Oranges . . . boxes

PeacheSjdried.pounds.
Prunes. . .do

Raisins do

Other

Total fresh or dried . .

22,753

33, 150

51,042

Preserved—
Canned . .

56,378
6,516

63,207
6,183

57,208
5,759

Other

Total preserved

62,894

69,390

62,967

Total fruits

85,647

102,540

114,009

Glucose pounds. .

Grain and grain products:
Grain-
Barley bushels. .
Corn do

70,272

1,622

114,644

2,832

1,042

674

3,350
160
470,117

2,286
153
215,497

Oats do....
Rye do

817,483
480

427,818
496

601,685

288,471

Wheat do....

45

53

Total grain... do

Grain products-
Bran, middlings, and
mill feed tons..

Breadstuff prepara-
tions-
Bread and bis-
cuit pounds..
Other.....

817,963

428,314

602,727

289, 145

473,672

217,989

144

4,609

57

1,860

33,397

2,364
34,249

116,588

9,314
38,225

69,968

4,973

28,784

Total breadstuff
preparations..

36,613

47,539

33,757

Meal and flour-
Corn meal. .. bbls ..
Oatmeal Ibs..

879
50,359

""SO," 088

3,711
2,072

""326," 805

445

1,451

476
70,485
13
226,629

1,719
3,389
69
887,376

Rye flour bbls
Wheat flour, do....

Total meal and
flour

143,273
250,442

5,934
1,049,611

332,588

1,056,996

892,553

All other

5

284

48

Total grain products.

Total grain and
grain products

373,815

1,106,679

926,358

802,129

1,395,824

1,144,347

Hay long tons. .

14,730

366,266

12,916

318,804

8,108

179,248

Including linters.

32 EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 13.— EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from
States to the PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30 —

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS — continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Liquors, alcoholic:
Distilled spirits-
Alcohol,1 including
cologne spirits,proof
galls

6,960
168

$6,770
371

4,572

$5,075

1,680

$1,725

Brandy. . .proof galls. .

Whisky—
Bourbon... do....

14,599
28,037

26,325
40,885

17,401
32,674

31,694
60,578

13,900
21,083

18,168
43,941

Rye do

Total whisky,
proof galls

Other proof galls. .

Total distilled spir-
its proof galls..

Malt liquors-
Bottled doz. qts..
Unbottled... gallons.

42,636

67,210

50,075

92,272

34,983

62,109

768

1,493

5,801

10,385

9,139! 11,831

50,532

75,844

60,448

107,732

45,802

75,665

49,960

74,280

51,020

69,614

48, 169
27,340

71,836
7,490

Total malt liquors

74,280

69,614

79,326

Wines-
Bottled doz. qts..
Unbottled. ... gallons. .

Total wines

449

3,486

2,322
1,444

1,380
29,962

6,769
8,883

\ 2 12, 186

6,746

3,766

15,652

2 12, 186

6,746

Total alcoholic
liquors

153,890

192,998

161,737

Oils, vegetable:
Fixed or expressed —
Linseed gallons. .
Other

2,000

1,271

5,367

21,144

17,063
6,563

9,474

10,491
3,780

Total fixed or ex-
pressed

6,638

23, 626

14,271

Volatile or essential

66

868

425

Total vegetable oils

6,704

24,494

14,696

Sugar, molasses, and sirup:
Molasses ..gallons .

1,340
13,865
10,255

497
10.135
563

1,276
8,925
51,841

532
6,408
2,810

856
25,502
319,392

384
16,319
14,928

Sirup . . do

Sugar, refined — pounds. .

Total sugar, molasses,
and sirup

11,195

*
9,750

31.631

Tobacco, leaf pounds. .

Vegetables:
Fresh or dried —
Beans and peas,
bushels

6,100

974

118,692

39,478

5,596

4,013

7,357
1,106
348

21,111
990
473

8,337

24,452

6,746

18,199

Onions bushels. .
Potatoes do

Total fresh or
dried bushels..

3,140

2,936

326

373

8,811

22,574

11,477

27,388

7,072

18, 572

1 Excluding wood alcohol.

= Gallons.

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11. 33

—EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to the PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Vegetables — C ontinued .
Prepared or preserved—

$116,930
40,328

$93, 121
38,068

$116,574
48,465

Other J

Total prepared or

157,258

131,189

165,039

Total vegetables

179,832

158,577

183, 611

26,310

22, 662

39,702

Total vegetable matter

1,753,006

2,424 320

2,097,273

Total farm products

2,246,423

3,097,315

2,743,271

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Naval stores:
Turpentine, spirits of,
gallons

1.

39,650
371

19, 818
1,641

13,959
823

10,067
3,558

28,350
222

23,998
1,452

Other barrels .

Total naval stores

21,459

13,625

25,450

Wood:

Logs

900

5,265

16,115

Lumber-
Boards, deals, and
planks M feet..
Shingles M

14. 796
131

186,944
244
936

22,276
10

282, 016
23
822

17,778

239, 785

3,117
2,000
12,030

Other shocks No

3,472

Other

20,310

20,958

Total lumber. .

208,434

303,819

256,932

Timber, sawed M feet. .
Other forest products

985

8,999
47

279

562

Total forest products

Total farm and forest
products

239,839

322,988

299,059

2,486,262

3,420,303

3,042,330

1 Chiefly pickles, sauces, and relishes, but including also some fresh vegetables.
50597°— Bull. 96—12 3

34

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 14.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to PORTO RICO, 1909-1911.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS.

Animal matter.

Animals, live:
Cattle . .number..

30

13,740
531
2,175
2,100
40
30
731

11

•

$1,010
651
6,800
4,400

35

$3,965
0)
12,225
32,235
20

Fowls

Horses number. .

6
3
6
3

34

18

33
143
1

Mules do

Sheep do

All other

2,516

14,642

Total live animals

9,347

15,377

63,087

Dairy products:
Butter pounds

504,475
539, 617
(2)

103,564
81,910
64,638

614,898
432,393
1,300,067

125, 647
71,970
94,155

870,522
470,463
2,078,837

153, 124
78, 712
150, 726

Cheese do..,..
Milk, condensed do

Total dairy products,
pounds

(')

250,112

2,347,358

291,772

3,419,822

382,562

Glue pounds. .

Packing-house products:
Beef-
Canned pounds. .

18, 301

1,910

35\063

3,620

96,042

11,946

140,533

19,063

141,655

22,363

Cured—
Salted or pickled,
pounds

22,916
4,771

1,800
604

108,794
471,543

9,274
66,465

| 555, 532

67,585

Other pounds..

Total cured,
pounds

27,687

2,404

580,337

75,739

555,532

67,585

Fresh pounds..
Oleomargarine (imita-
tion butter) pounds .
Tallow do

7,852

4,885
434,999

788

496
21,789

23,075

2,500

5,070
2,000

755
145

Total beef do

Grease, grease scraps, and
all soap stock .

571,465

37,423

743,945

97.302

704,257

90,848

13,363

15,180

18,876

Lard compounds,3
pounds. . .

6,864,711

565,415

8,525,069

844, 188

9,041,222| 854,916

Pork-
Canned pounds. .

Cured—
Bacon do —
Ham and shoul-
ders pounds..
Salted or pickled,
•pounds

64,777

7,874

137,298

19,866

113,699

18,424

373, 452
4,327,924
9,383,320

39,934
454,096
758,368

199,920
2,830,978
8,700,904

27,425
341,750
940,420

135,985
3,663,620
12,430,220

18,728
491,037
1,359,110

Total cured,
pounds

14,084,696

1,252,398

11,731,802

1,309,595

16,229,825

1,868,875

Lard pounds

1,941,472
416

219,349

277

1,911,960
693

252, 158
636

2,189,732

251,147

Oils— lard oil .gallons. .
Total pork

1,479,898

1,582,255

2,138,446

Sausage and sausage
meats pounds. .
Other packing-house prod-
ucts

745,297

87,045
28,797

421,785

51,837
28,249

487,483

68,482
38,807

Total packing-house
products

2,211,941

2,619,011

3,210,375

Other animal matter

3,268

3,268

v

12,031

Total animal matter

2,476,578

2.933,048

3,668,055

1 Included in "All other," live animals. 2 Not stated, » Including stearin, cottolene, and lardine.

EXPORTS OF FAEM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

35

TABLE 14.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to PORTO RICO, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAEM PKODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter.

Cocoa, gound, or prepared, and
chocolate

$13,963

$16,516

$24,584

Fruits:
Fresh or dried-
Apples, fresh, barrels. .
Raisins pounds. .
O ther fresh or dried . . .

3,114

173,773

11,946
13, 447
11,492

2,857
348,268

11,993

22,441
18,898

3,836
496,871

16, 106
30,737
23,051

Total fresh or dried .

Preserved—
Canned

36,885

53,332

69,894

56,648
11,658

62,858
8,108

75,541
7,470

Other

Total preserved
Total fruit

68,306

70,966

83,011

105, 191

124,298

152,905

Grain and grain products:
Bread and biscuit,
pounds

3,139,937
33,047
114,020
297,576

174,803
113,952
71,503
1,553,029
40,389

3,422,832
36,591
147, 709
325,734

205,736
118, 163
77,869
1,819,724
48,573

4,273,641
45, 455
277, 761
347,680

282,746
135, 138
122, 479
1,779,248
73,252

Corn meal barrels . .
Oats bushels

Wheat flour barrels. :
Other .

Total grain and grain
products

1,953,676

2,270,065

2,392,863

Liquors, alcoholic:
Distilled spirits, proof gal-
lons

11,810

25, 105

15,825

38, 149

12,189

31,771

Malt liquors-
Bottled . . doz qts

117,678
2,409

172,603
954

142,180
1,044

196,886
430

173,367
4,003

221,787
1,923

Unbottled.... gallons..
Total malt liquors...
Wines gallons. .
Total alcoholic liquors...

173,557

197,316

223, 710

107,604

59, 185

140,540

59,306

193,008

69,534

257,847

294, 771

325,015

Oil cake and oil-cake meal:
Corn pounds. .

550
1,417,730
187,429

10
19,914
3,418

Cotton seed do. . .

Flaxseed or linseed, .do

223,333
141,585

3,020
2,564

919,431
181, 172

13, 126
3,596

Total oil cake and oil-
cake meal pounds. .

Oils, vegetable:
FLxed or expressed—
Cotton seed, .pounds. .
Linseed gallons..
Other

364,918

5,584

1,100,603

16,722

1,605,709

23,342

201,870
76,440

14,822
39,044
19,472

329, 712
81, 126

25,796
52,980
13,881

470,704
74,433

36,001
69, 139
5,550

Total fixed or ex-
pressed

73,338

92,657

110,690

Volatile or essential

6,036

7,397

7,582

Total vegetable oils

79,374

100,054

118,272

Rice pounds. .
Starch do....

92,937,217
552,026

3,480,299
17, 444

117,527,269
661,640

3,747,215
20,656

126,901,195
2, 416, 107

3,866,986
50,895

36

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 14.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to PORTO RICO, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS — continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Sugar, molasses, and sirup:
Molasses gallons. .
Sirup do

90
1,633
8,413,191

$26
479
408,653

6
2,368
8,551,283

$2
734
438,545

349

4,928
11,853,322

$95
1,421
600,038

Sugar, refined pounds..

Total sugar, molasses,
and sirup . .

409,158

439,281

601,554

Tobacco:
Leaf pounds..
Stems and trimmings,
pounds . .

1,165,950

469,032

1,453,250
2,607

324,942

130

2,024,380

349,598

Total tobacco, .pounds. .

Vegetables:
Fresh or dried —
Beans and peas,
bushels

1,165,950

469,032

1,455,857

325,078

2,024,380

349,598

144,396
22,092
134,323

330,764
23,498
128,096

169,692
17,854
172,252

473,846
18,392
134,037

185,630
27,133

188, 197

546,129
30,509
150,682

Onions bushels . .
Potatoes do....

Total fresh or dried,
bushels

300,811

482,358

359,798

626,275

400,960

727,320

Prepared or preserved—
Canned

15,262
10,996

20,523
14, 736

32,482
16, 121

Other.

Total prepared or
preserved

26,258

35,259

48,603

Total vegetables

508,616

661,534

775,923

Other vegetable matter

31,014

31,826

27,560

Total vegetable matter. .

7,331,198

8,048,016

8,709,497

Total farm products

9,807,776

10,981,064

12,377,552

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Naval stores:
Rosin barrels

118
705

228
14,592

564
2,147

7,750

233
632

17,580

1,149
2,079

8,491

83
606

8,633

521
2,171

6,086

Tar. .. do

Turpentine and pitch,
barrels

Turpentine, spirits of,
gallons

Total naval stores

11,227

11,719

8,778

Wood:
Lumber-
Boards, deals, and
planks Mfeet..
Joists and scantling,
Mfeet

20,983

411,332 30,399

613,503

49,850

38
1,945

996,712

836
7,805

Shingles M

553

2,378 6i

348

141,982
6,569

Shocks-
Box

92,311
12,893

164,843
8,201

Other... number..
Total shooks

4,223

2,082

2,237

105,204

148,551

173,044

Heading

1,357
43,811

1,681
30,946

962
85,800

Other. "

Total lumber .

564,082

795,029

1,265,159

EXPOETS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

37

TABLE 14.— SHIPMENTS of domestic FARM and FOREST products from the United

States to PORTO RICO, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS — continued.

Wood— Continued.
Timber-
Logs and other round
timber

$3,263

$30, 142
7,792
17,220

$14,244
11,221
7,503

Hewn. cubic feet

21,644

615

26, 717
304

Sawed Mfeet..
Total timber

3

175

3,438

55, 154

32,9(58

Total wood

567,520

850, 183

1,298,127

Other forest products

2,614

3,271

1,674

Total forest products

Total farm and forest
products .

581,361

865, 173

1,308,579

10,389,137

11,846,237

13,686,131

TABLE 15.— SHIPMENTS of domestic. FARM and FOREST products from the United
States to TUTUILA, 1909-1911.

1909

1910

1911

FARM PRODUCTS.

Animal matter.
Dairy products

Packing-house products

} i $3,966

i$3,295

i$5,235

Total animal matter

3 966

3 295

5 235

Vegetable matter.
Fruits and nuts

3,487

3 974

2 690

Grain and grain products

2 129

13 524

8 617

Liquors, alcoholic

58

'380

242

Vegetables

5 547

2 933

1 317

Other vegetable matter ,

143

823

1 687

Total vegetable matter

11 364

21 634

14 553

Total farm products .

15 330

24 929

19 788

Year ending June 30—

1 The items included in this total are not given separately.

38 EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 16.— Quantity and value of principal groups of EXPORTS of FOREIGN
FARM and FOREST products, 1909-1911.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS.

Animal matter.
Animals live

$163,876

$260,201

$374, 662

Fibers, animal:
Silk pounds

123,251
3, 495, 599

410,529
598, 252

102,988
4,007,953

338,353
859, 190

121, 828
8,205,699

388,399
1,847,326

Wool do....

Total do....

Packing-house products:
Hides and skins,1 other than
furs pounds. .
Meat 2

3,618,850

1,008,781

4,110,941

1,197,543

8,327,527

2, 235, 725

4,750,273

1,006,737
32,856

102,020

7,310,207

1,525,062

11,347,055

2,184,994

Other packing-house prod-
ucts

153,012

183,466

Total

1,141,613

1,678,074

2,368,460

Other animal matter

59,568

93,565

103, 153

Total animal matter

2,373,838

3,229,383

5,082,000

Vegetable matter.

Cocoa and chocolate, .pounds. .
Coffee. do

2,891,207
13,277,543

353,963
1,145,229

4, 833, 491
11,416,167

516,550
1, 136, 161

4,431,587
5,876,895

488,351
635,334

Fibers, vegetable:
Cotton pounds. .
Hemp long tons. .
Istle or tampico fiber, .do
Manila. do

1,515,871
596
411
3,052
2,116
402

204, 120
96, 127
39,697
485,783
262,005
42,103

5,531,879
413
515
8,724
978
725

1,299,245
58,590
43,359
1,345,490
127, 569
89,065

2,332,679
133
279
5,742
4,185
813

452,938
19,271
27,028
918,978
436, 798
127,805

Sisal grass do.
Other. do

Total

1,129,835

2,963,318

1,982,818

Fruits:
Fresh or dried-
Bananas bunches

1,209,522
316,309
2,284,302
651,970

1,314,416
13,943
56,657
28,806
210,227

1,300,463
666,578
2,513,315
620,420

1,408,207
34,644
61, 131
21, 712
246, 280

1,860,988
995,558
4, 532, 432
73,833

2,088,206
62,344
120, 495
5,058
267,979

Currants pounds

Dates do
Raisins do...
Other

Total fresh or dried

1,624,049

1,771,974

2,544,082

Prepared or preserved .

9,966

25,129

6,217

Total fruits

1,634,015

1,797,103

2,550,299

Grain and grain products:
Grain-
Oats. . . bushels

105, 407
3,772
29,960

43,407
3,325
19,700

218,289
136,519

89, 529
122, 173

1,504
1,361

645
1,235

Wheat.. DUMJUS.

Other do

Total grain do

Grain products-
Wheat flour barrels. .

139, 139

66,432

354,808

211,702

2,865

8

1,880

31

250
31,769

46

2S, r-09

Other

15,631

Total grain products

15,631

32,019

28,655

- - - —

30, 535

-— .-.-,_• '-- ' —

37,225
56,244

Total grain and grain
products

82,063

243,721

=====

Liquors, alcoholic:
Wines doz ats

10,549

86,809
39,359

6,522

54,554
34,425

7,352

other..;;;;;;;;;;. .q

Total alcoholic liquors. , ,

126, 168

88,979

93,4rq

1 Excluding sheepskins with wool on, bird skins and fish skins. * Including meat extracts.

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

39

TABLE 16.— Quantity and value of principal groups of EXPORTS of FOREIGN
FARM and FOREST products, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.
Nuts

$99,663
129,972
91,785

$202,320
188,099
1,345

$248.936
289,011
48

Oils vegetable

Opium, crude pounds. .

Rice, rice meal, etc.:
Rice do

26, 571

347

8

6,854,067
486,237

146,990
8,822

8,149,982
10,470

173,012

286

6, 166, 136
26,443

139,348
643

Rice flour, rice meal, and
broken rice pounds . .

Total. do —
Seeds

7,340,304

155,812

8, 160, 452

173,298

6, 192, 579

139,991

96,742

70,254

91,056

Spices:
Pepper pounds. .
Other do

731,168
1,871, IP

55,203
153,453

852,765
1,764,871

64,625
154, 654

757,335

2,017,784

66,593
179,029

Total do....

2,602,367

208, 656

2, 617, 636

219,279

2,775,119

245,622

Sugar:
Raw, cane l do
Refined 2 do

2.484,493
114,736

57,950
3,164

47,764,578
1,360,086

1,097,970
44, 149

16,837,133
189, 591

424,919
5,791

Total sugar do

2,599,229

61,114

49, 124, 664

1,142,119

17,026,724

430, 710

Tea do

759, 083

128,519

2,328,351

323, 084

3,287,366

447,304

Tobacco:
Wrapper . do. .

903,306
1,473,508

833,859
581,817

984,231
1,742,737

888,038
629,979

803,223
1,243,674

658,794
517,356

Filler and other leafs, .do. ...
Total do

2,376,814

1,415,676

2,726,968

1,518,017

2,046,897

1, 176, 150

Vanilla beans do

215,478

139,735

331,889| 285,766

410,844

409, 696

Vegetables:
Fresh or dried-
Beans bushels. .

* 56, 072

94,414
53,631

65,367

104,260
164,606

18,497

35,397

178,785

Other

Total fresh or dried

148,045

268,866

214, 182

Prepared or preserved

29,001

35, 812

46, 661

Total vegetables

177,046

304, 678

260,843

Other vegetable matter

35, 103

66, 153

62,375

Total vegetable matter. .

7,21t,09f
9,584,934

11,240,244

9, 582, 548

Total farm products . .

14,469,627

14, 664, 548

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Gums:
Arabic pounds. .
Chicle.... do....
Copal, kauri, and damar,
pounds

216,64,
1,747,562

772,95:
785, 23(

17,072
429, 119

97,33

44,563

226,070
1,721,532

1,300,246
703,964

18,373
565,342

165,02
41,62

852,282
1,123,032
551, 41C

275, 438
136,956
33,509

Gambier or terra japonica,
pounds

1 Not above No. 16 Dutch standard in color.

2 Including raw sugar above No. 16 Dutch standard in color, and maple sugar and sirup.

3 Including stems.

< Including dried peas.

40

EXPOETS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 16.— Quantity and value of principal groups of EXPORTS of FOREIGN
FARM and FOREST products, 1909-1911— Continued.

Article.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS— continued.

Gums— Continued.
India rubber, gutta-percha,
etc.—
Balata pounds..
Guayule gum do

518,098
0)

8223,207
(l)

73,553

(1)2,.39
74,137
6,492,947

$42,750

(1) u*

13,886
7,629,380

264, 589
340,405

$230, 575
175,995

Gutta-percha do . .

9,320
3,791,971

3,730
2,964,496

62,391
5,267,589

19,235
5,439,282

India rubber do —

Total india rubber, etc.,
pounds

4,319,389

3,191,433

6,642,776

7,686,128

5,934,974

5,865,087

Shellac pounds. .
Other

332,410

95, 111

68,567

431, 749

84,463
77,108

437, 726

86,398
100,377

Total gums

3,943,202

8,638,065

6, 497, 765

Wood:
Cabinet woods, unsawed —
Mahogany M feet . .
Other

1,392

112,843
65,509

1,467

128,342
65,267

1,759

170, 130
126,773

Total cabinet woods

178,352

193,609

296,903

Lumber-
Boards, deals, planks,
and other sawed lum-
ber Mfeet..
Other

23,711

582,974
763

23,320

567,406
5,778

. 15,143

370, 726
3,661

Total lumber...

583,737

573, 184

374,387

All other

37,103

61,181

44,220

Total wood

799, 192

827,974

715,510

Other forest products

240, 416

335,842

373,579

Total forest products. . .
Total farm and forest

4,982,810

9,801,881

7,586,854

14,567,744

24,271,508

22,251,402

i Included in " india rubber.'

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

41

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS.

A nimal matter.

Animals, live:
Cattle—
Belgium

Number.
1,968
807
132
14
8,103
2,196
8,372

182,946
2,357
647

Dollars.
191,520
70,163
10, 715
1,870
209,914
40,349
381,481

16,879,589
214, 626
46,749

Number.
270
761
37
7
10,283
207
5,149

122, 139

Dollars.
27.000
62,022
5,061
900
323,274
8,642
253,160

11,479,129

Number.
2,332
1,111
87
9
7,890
328
6,513

129,392
1,881
557

Dollars.
233,200
88, 486
8,215
2,500
257,934
.12,330
306, 615

12,035,715
176, 195
42,730

Bermuda

Brazil

British South Africa
Canada

Cuba

Mexico

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

577

40,966

Total

207,542

18,046,976

139, 430

12,200,154

150, 100

13,163,920

Fowls-
Canada . .

40.927
6,786
29,828
21,503
16,902

72,319
5,357
17,845
22,582
19, 516

P)

Cuba

Mexico . . .. .

Panama

Other countries

Total :

115,946

137, 619

0)

Horses-
Argentina

184
23

78

112

17,276
760
81
13
1,619

1,259
8
1
202

133, 000
7,300
11,958

24, 197

2,221,562
103, 503
73,450
3,475
171,952

557,987
1,400
600
76,233

57
22
106

87

24,518
1,874
39
10
1,560

487
3
34
113

76,500
6,850
15,730

15,621

3,216,318
181,195
8,430
1,000
290,200

226. 554
3,000
11, 189
28,570

214
38
105

39
4
34
20
21, 743
308
81

1,615
563

174,000
55,050
18, 486

7,716
775
7,555
3,705
2,870,235
44, 235
57,100
200
206,270

275,620

Belgium

Bermuda

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago . . .
Other

Canada

Cuba

Germany .

Japan

Mexico

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Venezuela

37
342

15,714
108,592

Other countries

Total

21, 616

3,386,617

28,910

4,081,157

25, 145

3,845,253

Mules-
British Guiana

174

30,524

165
205

514

1,924
903
115
536
150

28,422
31,045

84,921

233, 183

118, 448
19,582
71, 198
27,295

142
716

116

26,926
165,230

19,089

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

430

1,257
764
149
516
142

70,857

155,880
109,240
24,800
56,253
24, 463

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago....
Other British
Canada

195
39
2,161
1,366
161
477
1,212

33,845
7,990
281, 182
209,330
27,978
54,791
243, 690

Cuba . .

French West Indies

Mexico

Other countries

Total

3,432

472,017

4,512

614,094

6,585

1,070,051

Sheep-
Bermuda

1,436
181
43,803
2,830

18,493

11,386
13,295
158,660
39, 734

132, 860

942
217
36,531
5,195

848

8,437
18, 195
133,294
35, 420

5,314

1,384
139
78,293
2,097

35,228
1,810
2,540

9,574
6,617
291,003
19,048

269,414
13, 116
27,500

British South Africa
Canada

Mexico

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

913

9,220

784

8,340

Total

67,656

365,155 44,517

209,000

121,491

636,272

1 Included in "Other live animals.'

42

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17. — Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued,
Animal matter— Continued.

Animals, live— Continued.
Swine-
Canada - - -

Number.
120
15,842
2,539
154

Dollars.
1,763
101,882
37,397
3,563

Number.
123
3,168
987
132

Dollars.
2,073
33,024
9,531
2,327

Number.
87
8,023
334
107

Dollars.
1,476
65,213
4,939
2,404

Cuba

Mexico

Other countries

Total

18,655

144,605

4,410

46,955

8,551

74,032

Other live animals-
Canada

52,994
9,894
5,549
37,373
8,312

107, 101
5,043
6,269
17, 135
23,208

144, 313
12,511
7,908
26, 711
67,682

Cuba

Germany .

Mexico

Total

114, 122

158,756

259, 125

Total live animals-
Argentina.

134,207
198,952
94,786
19,539
37,063
15,611

104, 997

2,841,700
8,099
372, 107

80,950
33,925
87, 719
18,999
32,064
50,713

108,616
4 087,562

181, 167
297, 474
118.280
21, 105
31,721
180,083

30,637
2,687
46,424
16,399
3,846,143
16,579
344, 263
1,045
29,222
65, 108
21,686
12,930
618, 374
31,783
2,388

12, 597, 253
189,457
60
18,316
328,069

Belgium

Brazil

British Guiana

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

1

Jamaica

I:::::::::::

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British
Canada

1

I

Costa Rica

6,729
351, 756
1,120
20,296
16,899
1,942
1,968
694,489
58,471
914

11 723,364

Cuba

French Guiana

1,110
25,640
80,120
4,191

•

French West Indies .

Germany

Guatemala

Japan

19,001
754,018
43,322
5,213

17,580,240
216,076
10
1,710
87,726

Mexico

Panama

Santo Domingo

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

3,070

Ireland

.

Venezuela

11,597
54,572

Other countries

Total

22,645,438

17 447 735

19.048,653

Beeswax:
Canada

...

Pounds.
22,975

30,203
2,790
21.579

Dollars.
7,440

8,911
776
6,166

Pounds.
27,147

38,577
2,600
21,566

Dollars.
9,802

11,744
740
5,454

Pound*.
59,279

36, 145
770

5.541

Dollars.
19,380

10,002
220
1,802

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

77,547

23,293

89.890

27,740

101,735

31,404

Dairy products:
Butter-
Bermuda

107,594
63,160
69,894

352, 187

180, 791
30,719

29,393
10,911
18,178

76,955

42,813
7.182

27,687
5,434
52,944

270,960

202,040
25.280

8,923
1,204
15,578

65,657

57,384
5.750

74,870
278
41,371

f 16,611

1 loej 141

92! 588
560,469
30,190

18, 755
61

11,707

3,649
24,277
19,906
23,172
120.494
6,151

Brazil

British Honduras

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. . . .
Other British

Canada

Colombia....

EXPORTS OK KARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

43

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30 —

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value. .

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FA.RM PRODUCTS— continued.

Animal matter— Continued.
Dairy products— Continued.
Butter— Continued.
Cuba

Pounds.
264,346
116, 432
239,031
191,595
43,614
9,353
554,298

25,614
42,320
451, 748
65,259

2,612,146
60,617
395,843
104, 704

Dollars.
64,089
24,628
34,991
37, 772
12,050
2,420
135,481

6,349
11,492
127, 173
12,021

508,757
11,564
68,444
25,547

Pounds.
300,370
90,780
241,400
254,209
32,401
1,028
492,582

140
40,434

488,423
80,060

1,998

Dollars.
79,658
20,039
55,331
51,222
9,347
354
122,830

36
12,273
161,997
15,748

495

Pounds.
328, 734
69,317
358, 100
371,640
43,979

Dollars.

78,604
14, K44
79,525
70,985
12, 563

French Guiana

French West Indies
Haiti

Honduras

Mexico

427,471

3,903
67, 577
510, 764
78,989

823,934
5,974
653,953
112, 495

104,295

795

18,337
146, 235
15,454

153,337
1,274
109,386
25,626

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

Nicaragua

Panama

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland ....

Venezuela

458, 222
74, 153

81, 741
20,204

Other countries .

Total

5,981,265

1,268,210

3, 140, 545

785, 771 1 4,877,797

1,059,432

Cheese-
Bermuda

30,491
73,554

414,442

120,844
81,148
4,989
101,507
109, 530
318,288
315, 718

4,916,680
135,593
200,058

4,737
11,618

67,241

19,362
12,420
833
19,952
17,006
47,203
49,097

558,248
17,269
32, 105

12,503
64,077

361,116

85,415
69,427
4,235
166,436
94,259
362,035
334, 183

990,123

1,953
10,869

60,668

15,435
12,031
692
30,957
17,022
59,868
56,062

123,433

34,399
75,447

f 1,890
148,965
165,939
1 74J 965
996,718
54,437
4,764
167,509
78,208
297,932
429, 177

7,395,362
154,307

286, 586

4,615
12,538

319
25, 469
27,204
12,396
113, 757
9,310
854
31,081
12;984
48,037
68,757

857, 115
16,324
47,519

British Honduras

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British

Canada

China

Colombia

Cuba

Hongkong.. . . .

Mexico

Panama

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Other countries

302,900

52,027

Total

6,822,842

857,091

2,846,709

441,017

10,366,605

1,288,279

Milk-
Brazil

0)

1 (1)

0)

f 4,295
1 1,471
I 61,500

9,281

55, 153
57,294
675, 301
22,343
71,749
4,223
71,900
6,862
{ 98, 287
124,790
1.707
44,603
4,717

8,257
1,109
50,262

112,424

26,307
14,482

93,978

187,442
329,125
6,882,648
14,685
73,567
27,399
873,426
100,834
1,175,136
1,998,829
41,422
481,294
30,740

81,000

7,995
1,690
1,086

7,640

13,411
23,734
523,283
1,218
5,397
2,436
71,420
8, 186
86,859
163, 785
3,305
31,294
2,180

7,381

201,335
33, 709
61,030

! 1,545
15,298
3,100
81,164
223,402
368, 691
4,257,387
67,861
103,827
30, 738
924,444
125,863
1,256,526
3,056,286
5,380
742, 105
23,845

716

13,554
2,162
3,803

127
1,278
225
6,584
18, 202
27,354
323,833
5,435
7,865
2,680
76,565
10,061
96,963
235, 681
410
55, 156
1,472

72

British India

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British

Canada

China

Cuba

Hongkong

Japan

Korea

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa
Russia, Asiatic .

Straits Settlement
United Kingdom—
England

Scotland

Other countries

766,580

61,333

596,193

46,623

Total.

(.)

1,375,104

13,311,318

1,023,633

12,180,445

936, 105

i Not stated. -

44

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17. — Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Dairy products— Continued.
Total dairy products—

Dollars.
36,930
15,212
1,486
36,529
61,625

153,477

117,328
70,236
9,820
11,001
759,342
7,506
24,628
35,603
530
42,256
23,798
39,392
77,201
7,324
254,584

7,239
21,077
274,557
127,960
1,707
45,447
15,437
4,717

1,075,262
29,942
69,991
41,261

Dollars.
12,158
9,433
1,734
36,482
1,436

133,965

86,230
36,016
8,366
13,974
633,898
7,742
20,039
55,468
502
57,674
19,437
18,240
7,996
3,481
254,118

898
24,093
304,918
164,918
3,305
32,699
22,318
2,180

131,309

Dollars.
25,243
13,620
2,162
30,427
3,803

4,095
51,024
47,335
42, 152
252,453
36,918
9,405
11,124
433,518
7,785
14,844
79,645
15
79,156
25,888
18,419
9,280
3,063
228,897

2,211
33,753
311,955
241,038
737
55,765
22,303
1,472

1,010,524
17,598
110,081
46,108

Brazil

British India

British Honduras

British South Africa

British West Indies—

1

Jamaica

:::::::::::

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

r;

1

Canada

China

Colombia . . ..

Costa Rica

Cuba

Danish West Indies

French Guinea

French West Indies

Germany

Haiti

Honduras

Hongkong

Japan

Korea

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

Panama

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa

Russia Asiatic

Straits Settlements

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

....

Venezuela

82,376
63,018

Other countries.

Total

3,500,405

2,250,421

3,283,816

Eggs:
Bermuda

Dozens.
24,335
866,609
3,055,706
631.194
591,374

6,900
285
30,658

Dollars.
7,189
211,644
660,742
171,947
138,218

^

7,614

Dozens.
30, 715
868,454
3,220,037
585,540
591,673

140

770
28,607

Dollars.
9,353
202,344
750, 135
162, 430
127,940

50
228
8,006

Dozens.
40,894
2,457,188
4,499,211
668,022
848,667

180
2,150
42,400

Dollars.
11,486
474,350
948,443
158,496
181,942

45
470
11,787

Canada

Cuba

Mexico

Panama

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

5,207,151

1,199,522

5,325,936

1,260,486

8,558,712

1,787,019

Egg yolks, - ,

23,938

-

54,207
68,634
120,510
35,586
44,650
25,041

25,183

2ii, 2*1

3,585

5,353

Feathers:
Canada

.

71,890
39,152
47,000
25,573
51,607
26,781

13, 967
34, 8H

114,539
20,017
38,071
4,856
10,119
18,340

5,960
39,004

Denmark

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

United Kingdom-
England

Other countries

Total

400,045

312, 784

250,906

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

45

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Year endin

g June 30—

Article and country.

19

09

19

10

19

11

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Fibers, animal:
Silk waste-
Belgium

Pounds.
144, 573

Dollars.

36, 748

Pounds.
60,003

Dollars.
12,063

Pounds.
2 385

Dollars.
820

France

64,191

17,084

75,013

19,292

36, 274

10 748

Germany

36,423

8,450

69, 391

13, 620

57 491

11 643

Other countries

55,366

15,662

61,800

19,553

23,651

7*652

Total

300,553

77,944

266, 207

64, 528

119,801

30 863

Wool, raw-
Canada

780

253

14,897

1,421

)

United Kingdom-
England .

27,596

4,415

32, 623

8,656

1 0)

0)

Total

28,376

4,668

47, 520

10,077

(i)

en

Glue:
Canada

367,543

39,675

328, 027

36, 547

252, 083

25 514

Cuba .

80,912

8,723

107,997

11 459

94 432

10 773

France

73 204

9 193

129 698

15 794

155 930

17 916

Germany

388, 507

47,288

532 064

62 656

639 148

71 623

Mexico

183 810

19 697

118 785

11 779

36 520

4*781

United Kingdom-
England

593, 806

56 066

574 577

56 063

831 555

77 910

Scotland

387, 497

36,506

396 206

36 869

11 414

959

Ireland

97 470

9 542

43 467

3 743

27 617

2 635

Other countries

167,677

18, 061

257 384

26 846

259 267

30 644

Total

2, 340, 426

244,751

2 488 205

261 756

2 307 966

242 755

Honev:
Belgium

4,087

1 471

Canada

14,928

20 551

20 275

Germany

15,735

59 746

38 769

Netherlands

2,192

3' 429

5 232

United Kingdom-
England

38 861

57 572

8 267

Scotland

2,452

1 845

483

Other countries

7,323

14' 787

8 623

Total

x85,578

159,401

81,649

Packing-house products:
Beef-
Canned—
Austria-Hungary

12,889

1,289

280

28

Belgium

363 816

40 020

405 812

4s) 9Q9

282 637

01 OQO

Bermuda

65,283

8 252

59 770

7*868

62 568

10 323

Brazil

20 482

? 265

29 ggg

3 286

1QR 040

16 709

British India....

12,370

1 372

9 733

1 206

21 485

2*788

British Honduras

99,082

9 722

122' 707

12 885

132 635

14 448

British South Africa
British West Africa..".".!
British West Indies-
Barbados

1,010,228
37, 112

119,703
3,823

740,250
40,314

91,917
4,259

862,569
1,524

(33 814

102*. 344
186

4 592

Jamaica

49 408

6 382

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British

177,256

22, 108

258,390

33,071

45,213
113 375

5,655
14 583

Canada

77 233

10 775

204 763

24 024

40 884

6 795

China...

28 627

3 024

6 169

'790

2o' 878

2 167

Cuba

261 540

34 856

97 401

12 230

282 744

33 627

Denmark

47 830

4 829

30 871

3400

1 350

' 145

France

398 881

40 470

225 889

22 417

78 096

8 278

Germany

497 280

50 530

83 022

8 677

17 548

2 203

Hongkong . .

24 090

2 831

16 221

2 258

7 497

'884

Italy ..

77 755

8 247

22 312

2 414

9 560

1 162

Japan

10 304

1 315

11 591

1 359

5 638

758

Mexico

80 080

8 636

98 144

11 387

103 470

13 239

Netherlands..,

418.057

42! 425

298 ! 489

30 '. 645

21o! 346

22.047

Not stated.

46

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to whicJi consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

f Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1011

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FABM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Packing-house products— Con.
Beef— Continued.
Canned— Continued .
Newfoundland and Lab-
rador....

Pounds.
58,974
45,753
331,836
365,538
448,742
5,201
68, 137
48,460

8,388,591
800,402
112,260
501,438

Dollars.
6,219
4,710
33,778
40,202
50, 874
520
8,873
4,804

925,934
86,047
12,618
54,751

Pounds.
135,514
34,237
375,461
540,422
664,025
1,665
54,869
20,600

8,224,644
1,065,521
9,360
916,561

Dollars.
15,166
3,576
40, 119
67,710
71,308
165
6,519
2,140

934, 296
115,436
1,181
100,834

Pounds.
117,617
7,300
367,476
200,007
304, 492

Dollars.
13,267
870
42, 224
24.340
35, 186

Norway

Philippine Islands
Portuguese Africa

Russia, European
Straits Settlements
Sweden

31,336

3,979

United Kingdom-
England

5,360,947
929,963
1,440
984,064

618,405
99,421
ISO
116,472

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

14,895,527

1,645,822

14, 804, 596

91,095
1,969,027
238,251
104,295
1,045,450
260,401
81,696
269,354

2,702,872

1,316,873
14,923
374,824
502,303
1,404,630
119,922
173,993
435,475
267,885
4,053,124
349,591
23,500
629,231

5,068,333
92,051
1,251,048
1,676,327
146.290
239,200
83,232
104,000

7,925,860
2,531,213

1,678,452

10,824,504

1,254,979

Cured—
Salted or pickled-
Australia, Common-
wealth of

134,800
2,245,255
192,900
94,110
1,352,402
170, 115
44,600
326,061

I 3,781,559

2,328,584
168,090
511, 145
633,600
1,755,168
150,521
157,800
752,400
328,200
' 5,126,646
229,345
9,000
813,233

4,669,300
134,033
1,503,217
845,080
239,340
201,844
119,560
217,372

10,803,076
2,780,758
8,100
1,666,996

9,536
175,256
16,522
7,293
104,411
13,212
3,379
25,321

293,238

158,765
13,308
40,204
39,973
139,208
11,997
12,471
60,238
23,225
381,815
18,779
496
59,008

326,580
10,429
114,413
69,911
17,554
15,236
9,821
16,402

880,160
226,009
622
143,256

7,548
158,426
19,975
7,186
79,856
24,941
5,995
18,272

219,287

89,580
1,117
33,717
34,900
110,740
9,736
14,602
32,853
18,318
280,438
27.008
1,300
45,967

347.922
8,928
91,482
148,029
9,990
16,120
5,560
6,950

590,365
187, 166

29,900
1,842,617
211,416
76.340
1,491,734
287, 192
113, 150
237,255

(1,121,300
1,036,750
1,006,100
567,247
1,818,246
34,367
521,051
494,955
1,713,955
165,550
171, 134
647,300
367,457
4,581,262
525,469
18,000
792.713

5,820,850
58,222
1,810,634
1,099,062
131,662
6,600
17,200
153,855

8,230,259
2,032,848

2,481

153,038
20, 57S
5,785
131,049
30,669
9,048
17,437

93,607
89, 735
92, 195
48, 137
139,697
3,213
56,686
38,907
148,999
14,056
15,284
58,209
29,952
385,665
47,660
1,450
64.909

461,898
6,230
144,055
107,350
10,336
596
1,376
11,986

783,531
181,190

Belgium

Bermuda

British East Africa....
British Guiana

British Honduras
British South Africa...
British West Africa. . .
British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British

Canada

Colombia

Costa Rica

Denmark

Dutch Guiana

Dutch West Indies....
France

French Guiana

French West Indies. . .
Germany.

Haiti

Japan

Netherlands

Newfoundland and
Labrador

Nicaragua

Norway.

Panama

Portugal

Russia, Asiatic

Russia, European
Sweden

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries. .

1,007,997

81,612

1,050,097

94,185

Total

44,494,210

3,438,048

36,554,266

2,744,886

40.283,749

3,501,179

Other cured—
Belgftin
Other countries

Total

156,980
137,873

17,337
16,982

171,040
146,007

19,190

i<ui25

} «

0)

294,853

34,319

317, 047

38,815

0)

C1)

i Included in "Salted or pickled

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

47

TABLE ]7 .— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Packing-house products— Con.
Beef— Continued.
Fresh-
Bermuda

Pounds.
555.. 627

I 235, 474

190, 989
1,073,580
4; 876, 836

114,237,389
1,546,167
236,609

Dollars.
55, 694

24,512

20,278
94,096
425,297

11, 952, 471
107, 712
18,534

Pounds.
393, 623

171,247

136,389
95, 197
4,041,542

69,961,689
833,550
96,429

Dollars.
41, 488

18, 837

13, 148
10,271
354,886

7, 211, 776
76, 707
6,638

Pounds.
561,483

Dollars.
54, 589

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

5,933

1,002

Trinidad and Tobago..
Other British

119, 783
247,598
42, 058
4,221,393

37,161,536
96,147
54,800

13, 176
25,777
4,904
374,593

3, 990, 136
8,327
5,897

Canada

Cuba

Panama

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

122, 952, 671

12,698,594

75, 729, 666

7, 733, 751

42,510,731

4, 478, 401

Oils— Oleo oil «—
Austria-Hungary

133,,000
1,006,245
83, 616
12, 402, 401
40, 404, 633
1,036,959
71, 194, 178

2, 186, 765
9,381,992
97, 598
2, 699, 727
856,080
2, 734, 826

33,651,973
1,360,217
28,501
726,535

13,300
99,940
9,219
1,419,644
4,219,425
97, 914
7,609,208

268, 254
920, 234
9,316
264, 963
78,245
251,036

3,631,054
154, 930
3,360
76,699

9,500
720, 224

957
77,041

298,657
1,740,925

29,868
181,244

Belgium

Canada

Denmark

6, 883, 607
29, 792, 155
594, 764
47, 115, 136

2, 526, 391
9,884,061

818, 126
3, 433, 843
56,845
5,526,385

289, 916
1,028,058

7,544,755
28,571,311
766, 261
67,690,748

1,532,214
10,445,402
57, 149
2, 139, 689
2,079,364
5, 718, 352

8,077,881
1, 158, 743
18,586
856,869

730, 301
2,847,346
72, 244
6,610,716

154, 224
1,068,335
5,700
221, 256
187, 121
517, 806

826, 755
116, 444
1,643
87, 759

Germany...

Italy

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

Norway.

Russia, European
Sweden

2, 178, 190
1,027,185
3, 123, 725

20,020,478
1,014,663
111, 975
1,089,621

232,526
95, 199
281,383

2,227,382
115,239
14,537
107, 643

Turkey, Asiatic

Turkey, European
United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries
Total

179, 985, 246

19, 126, 741

126,091,675

14, 305, 080

138, 696, 906

13,658,762

Oleomargarine (imitation
butter)—
British Guiana...

44,200

• 1,080,405

85,745
225, 044
108, 415
113,460
412, 406
164, 487
388, 534
56,958
209,404

4,650

104,682

8,506
23,905
10, 747
11,718
42,612
20,926
37, 712
5,792
22,385

69, 070

1, 287, 935

109, 862
310, 698
126, 608
133,200
490, 279
180, 423
338, 256
97, 916
274, 387

7,215

125, 132

11,664
32, 910
12,880
13,885
49,283
22, 583
33, 913
10,317
30,190

107,200

f 296, 310
397, 489
189, 933
523, 343
124, 868
253, 874
134, 460
118, 985
555, 717
65,839
536, 682
131,878
358, 361

11, 424

33, 223
41,616
20, 231
54, 982
13, 295
27, 896
14, 056
12, 839
59, 982
9,268
53, 351
13,899
42,397

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica ..

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British..

Costa Rica

Cuba

Danish West Indies...
French West Indies. . .
Haiti

Mexico

Panama

Santo Domingo

Other countries

Total

2, 889, 058 . 293, 635

3,418,632

349, 972 3, 794, 939

408,459

Tallow—
Austria-Hungary

156,665
3,771,057
1,803
173, 236
147,592
303, 679
1.522.822

9,030
196, 682
128
9,473
10, 861
19, 199
79. 5891

144, 307
2, 252, 714
29,130
80, 952
109,578
339,915
969.377

9,298
148, 084
2,293
5,367
7,954
24, 509
56. 182

Belgium
Brazil

1,998,942
29,065
161,661
66,442
349, 844
845.630

112,285
2,414
9,130
5,290
20, 369
50. 338

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba...

Prior to July 1, 1910, including "Neutral lard."

48

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30— •

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Packing-house products— Con.
Beef— Continued.
Tallow— Continued .
Denmark

Pounds.
581,903
5,597,734
2, 192, i84
770, 282
175,310
2,540,310
1,061,423
1,946,564
' 296,338
280,538
586,257
613, 788
101, 153
180, 173

28,361,816
155, 128
46,450
1,767,862

Dollars.
28,069
300,592
125,234
47,000
11,514
147, 227
57. 530
112, 159
18, 219
15,880
32,190
34,232
6,655
11,844

1,611,744
10,081
1,900
103,334

Pounds.
15, 597
3,615,679
1,916,550
614,042
210, 823
653,008
1,140,615
3,368,078
194,611
394, 164
430, 511
822,669

Dollars.
1,480
198,263
117,258
41,362
15,093
35,057
71, 970
244,096
12,054
24,702
27, 934
47,639

Pounds.

Dollars.

France

4,528,849
2,238,988
397,405
193, C33
1, 757, 167
656, 348
2, 957, 759
263,776
188,127
689, 974
477,568

264,858
14(i, 232
2.S. 961
15,667
118,288
46,426
212, 325
17, 491
13, 477
43, 398
29,067

Germany

Guatemala

Haiti

Italy

Mexico

Netherlands

Nicaragua

Peru

Russia, European

Santo Domingo

Sweden

Turkey, European
United Kingdom —
England

102,551
11,787,412

6,839
688,931

94, 047

10,894,967
51,092
2,125
495,356

8,037

696,509
3,850
149
35,269

Scotland
Ireland

Other countries

662,098

47, 111

Total

53,332,767

3,000,366

29,379,992

1,779,615

29,813,154

1,933,681

Bones, hoofs, horns and horn
tips, strips, and waste-
Belgium

56,045
33,087
28,518
29.789
19,610

45,994
50
19,535

12,384
16,530
15, 913
24,896
17,154

46,117

36,105
4,315
5,404
11, 498
26, 110

36,840

Canada

France

Italy

Japan

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

17,377

31,895

Total

232,62?

150,371

152, 167

Grease, grease scraps, and all
soap stock —
Argentina

44,391

74,000
37, 121
353, 159
24,925
11,049
37, 332

9,817

865,576
47,873
273 685

66,583

77,013
38,249
384,245
27,186
15,657
31,313

13,598

846, 036
54.326
368,728
181,941
243.844
406,755
74,243
83,413
379,923
18, 110
2,674
23,514
11,600
51,446
47,594
35,063

65,280

106,603
23,959
286,129
23,899
36, .592
43,926

2,935
6,124
6,527
3,069
1,064,354
obi 3oo
495, 343
169, 147
288.735
633,295
43.734
94,455
188.877
20,991
2,105
17.746
18,790
63,124
66.204
10,295

Australia, Commonwealth
of

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Brazil

British India

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados.

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

I

Canada

Chile. . .

Cuba

France

269,268
277. 174
581.728
26,22fi
68,532
153,863
12,459
8,293
10,904
8,585
30,197
19, 725
17.972

Germany.. .

Italy...!

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Peru

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa

Russia, European

Spain...

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

49

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter — Continued.

Packing-house products— Con.
Grease, etc.— Continued.
United Kingdom-
England

Dollars.
1,371,220
48,235
23,370
108,213

Dollars.
934, 771
53,018
22,388
119, 195

Dollars.
1,195,633
36,911
3,420
103,024

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

4,814,901

4 612 426

5,177,581

Hair i—
Austria-Hungary.

31,192
90,543
103,316
12, 624
40,998
262,948
14,229

229, 976

12,632
103,036
191 235

•

15,253
92,803
197,283
16,242
32,604
231,206
19, 462

338,348
264, 120
36,598
30,426

Belgium

Canada

Cuba

18, 778
18, 121
268,628
30, 105

288,505
138,815
8,148
64,842

France

Germany

Netherlands

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

166,641
2,354
33,928

Ireland

Other countries

Total..

988, 749
Dollars.

1 142 845

1,274,345

Hides and skins other than
furs —
Austria-Hungary

Pounds.

Pounds.
13,230
396,216
4, 409, 522
1,038,941
6,629,800
134, 630
10,190
80,262
1,477,583

Dollars.
1,660
55, 164
609,319
111,328
597,233
16,753
1,828
15, 484
281,266

Pounds.
4,701,193
656,085
12,129,374
3,650,030
10,242,105
283, 336
625,578
79.115
8,870,036
690,962

1,172,338
1,087,635
406,448

Dollars.
501,034
64,343
1,396,367
376, 962
1,012,365
33.075
77,958
12,227
960, 657
65, 466

140, 593
114, 705

46,885

Belgium

250,102
697,414
4,032.237
6,301,462
130,856
125,080
85,215
808.450
67,155

307,400
39,715
13,889

23, 413
92,479
372,092
557, 766
22,080
16.163
11,767
129,582
6,690

35,495
2,190
1,473

Canada

France

Germany . . .

Italy . .

Japan

Mexico.. .

Netherlands

Russia, European

United Kingdom —
England

295,958
19,644
129,099

36,320
1,296
10,565

Scotland

Other countries

Total

12,858,975

1,271,190

14, 635, 075

1,738,216

44,594,235

4,802,637

Lard compounds 2—
Belgium

167,416
134,015
100,095
286,507
22,260
770,562

> 2,296,383

796,014
511,273
581,088
245,414
28,023,623
159,999
163,534
2,083.666
26,060
26,519
426,362
1.139.881

13,211
11,353
9,389
22,704
1,782
71,582

192, 781

64,651
41,011
51,895
20,158
2,293,659
13,340
14,229
171,357
2,162
2,598
39,462
89.432

112,881
142,484
176,256
296,021
70
585,598

2,581,425

1,643,406
1,365,342
287,637
578,173
24,379,309
137,498
152,609
606,292
230,997
64,180
3,100
1.038.265

9,099
14, 331
19,104
28,110
11
61,773

245,025

164,807
133,537
28,550
55,448
2,275,912
13,474
15,080
55,630
21,736
5,210
316
97.953

1,188
137, 182
249,915
300,929
22,000
1,092,730

f 222,666
150,300
1 1,776,098
728,895
2,178,633
1,324,098
694,466
313,083
25,175,162
155,139
160,488
308,591
93,522
84,760
9,616
4.004.925

115
14,005
26,717
28,311
2,000
109,231

21,014
15,330
181,339
72,000
203,899
125,442
68,584
31,077
2,388,812
15,593
18,071
26,944
9,700
7,075
1,020
360.771

Bermuda.

British Guiana

British Honduras

British India

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
» Other British.

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica...

Cuba

Danish West Indies

Dutch West Indies
Denmark

*F>cuador

France . .

French West Indies

Germany...

i Including manufactures of.

50597°— Bull. 96—12 4

2 Including stearin, cottolene, and lardine.

50

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

s Value.

Quantity.

Valuo.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Packing-house products — Con.
Lard compounds— Contd.
Haiti

Pounds.
021,703
5,466,877
2,310,141
366,489
1,232,292
1,008,135
347,989
436,855
985,891
609,562

15,378,956
6,874,607
215,778
1,367,250

Dollars.
59,090
448,757
171,775
28,645
101,451
79,637
29,755
35,950
80,938
48,755

1,232,026
543,648
16,826
111,298

Pounds.
1,264,981
5,768,151
705,944
419,649
910,311
1,397,485
1,290,870
159,850
912,892
219,981

17,633,996
8,335,966
454,926
700,058

Dollars.
132,986
532,162
61,588
39,737
78,288
133,409
115,145
15,451
80,178
19,770

1,573,735
751,365
42,652
66,166

Pounds.
1,762,416
7,212,139
1,265,719
297,619
1,083,665
1,565,321
466,961
311,633
434,622
326,488

12,239,741
6,029,536
557,315
1,016,839

Dollars.
199,655
687,030
124,444
28,481
107,011
154,853
46,071
29,963
39,981
28,344

1,165,419
581,375
51,251
100,039

Mexico

Netherlands

Nicaragua .

Norway

Panama

Peru .

Philippine Islands

Russia, European
Straits Settlements

United Kingdom-
England.

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total.. .

75,183,196

6,115,307

74,556,603

6,887,738 73,754,400

7,070,967

Meat, canned, other-
Argentina

128

19,923
8,373
9,452
25,220

24,740

33,772
4 104

13,827

15,145
185
5,207
37,207

11,297

35,740
9,627
1,990
15,132
4 025

41,689

15,735
720
7,503
43,218

298
4,188
4,285
3,603
100, 519
8,918
2,084
17,603
4,709
9,132
25
8,616
2,467
280
59,625
1,800

8,437

23, 726
. 77,757
5,883

620,245
23,015
3,595
7,447
73,001

Australia, Commonwealth
of

Belgium

British Honduras

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados. ..

Jamaica

:::::::::::

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

Canada

China

Colombia

l',594
28,174
971
18,722
1,355
6 732

Cuba

France

Germany

5,592

Gibraltar

Hongkong .

12,967
5,343
510
84,842
205

9,679
29,184
116,824
17,215

473,722
26,856
13,750
3,678

S0.2S2

Japan

3,578
343
71,027
3,973

2,377
37,081
49.849
1,114

584,902
47,787
13,685
9,815

Malta and Cyprus

Mexico..

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

Panama

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Venezuela

Other countries

51,431

Total

1 060 222

1,030,031

1,180,12$

Mutton-
Canada

401,913
425,450

472,520
41,459
157,332

35,954
36,372

48,078
4,456
16,794

780,761
325,570

627,270
96,037
159,834

80,300
35,073

65,010
10,422
22,672

991,480
269,967

598,869
105,694
194.249

96,772
24,535

63,882
11,596
22,732

Panama...

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

1,498,674

141,654

1,989,472

213,477

2,160,259| 219,517

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

51

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and_country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Q.uantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter — Continued.

Packing-house products— Con.
Oils, animal, u. e. s.1 —
Belgium

Gallons.
126,831
26,463
46,817
157,061
26,003
81,856

69,682
37,264

Dollars.
76,535
15,471
36,725
81,415
13,330
41,307

31,307
23,935

Gallons.
151,040
14,601
60,234
83,653
29,304
114, 783

32,834

Dollars.
124,411
9,227
53,309
59,573
13,926
79,280

22, 952

Gallons.
185, 178
32,005
72,320
123,659
38,552
145,460

39,966
236,329
1,270
144, 739

Dollars.
165, 122
20,647
66, 444
97, 713
20, 617
103,450

26,303
65,874
762
114,164

Canada

France

Germany

Mexico

Netherlands

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

42,406

23,813

49,426

38, 782

Total

614,383

343,838

535,875

401, 460

1,019,478

681,096

Pork
Canned-
Argentina

Pounds.
260,334
66,380
61,862
3,041
164,943
73,978
97,719

4,136,057
600,208
4,480
290,928

Dollars.
42,011
6,729
7,747
456
16,546
7,892
16,009

427,260
60,525
559
34,459

Pounds.
122, 190
127, 105
6,023
9,495
120,285
96.036
53,729

2,732,720
420,508
2,400
371,531

Dollars.
18,480
13, 137
930
1,002
12, 755
10,578
10,464

302,981
42,256
288
46,972

Pounds.
103, 150
117,273
32,001
1,462
51,064
80,360
6,588

2,661,410
448,031

Dollars.
20,187
12,338
4,458
188
5,347
8,945
771

317, 073
47,478

Belgium

British South Africa
Canada

France

Netherlands

Philippine Islands . . .

United Kingdom—
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

509,523

67, 174

Total

5,759,930

620, 193

4,062,022

459,843

4,010,862

483,959

Cured—
Bacon-
Austria- Hungary

25,232
6,311,750
70,206
l,662,5t)5

t 117,844

1,898,130
31, 771
6,375,910
235,413
1,506

290,254
713,088
184,309
11,473
4, 641, 780
732,383
2,008,200
1,028,696
121, 180
571,211
2,351,015
656,437

202,713,852
11,044,300
285,897
494,332

2,586
621,215
10,532
202, 037

16,306

261, 718
5,376
623,929
23,273
186

29,397
73,345
18, 150
2,171
435,737
100,082
199,665
94,382
17,986
87,529
218,862
59,747

21,595,925
1,137,352
28,032
54,970

28,381
2,206,288
65,558
1, 133, 678

59,665

1,838,172
15,497
7,045,647
68,856
2,891

22,544
278,092
32,515
2,906
1,604,724
621, 464
1,065,262
330,062
239,721
684,391
447,953
72,335

126,822,261
7,157,708
15, 162
301,374

2,882
241,588
11,519
170,337

10,991

323,049
3,467
834,349
7,198
518

2,738
30,596
3,370
648
166,016
95, 436
108, 748
37,451
38, 132
108,572
46,978
7,364

15,269,180
816,072
2,106
41,745

3,537,920
3,546,610
68,917
959,811

f 3,284
27,358
2,171
13, 721
1,691,458
12,084
6,223,775
113,009
1,978
2,954,259
1,711,108
827,976
278,920
719
6,529,194
338,828
4,350,896
3,784,062
419,816
542,762
244,612
1,747,940

111,970,322
4,416,942
17,375
337,483

375,781
496,099
11,882
146,022

664
5,363
385
2,488
308,325
3,221
748,361
16, 158
342
358,129
184, 194
106,033
29,928
174
720,553
59,349
517,639
451,339
76,230
109, 188
33,2-56
203,094

15,561,465
633, 127
2,238
50,578

Belgium ..

Bermuda

Brazil. . .

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British

Canada

China

Cuba

Denmark

Dutch Guiana

Finland

France

Germany . .

Gibraltar

Hongkong. ..

Italy

Mexico

Netherlands
Norway

Panama

Philippine Islands
Russia, European 3
Sweden
United Kingdom-
England

Scotland. .

Ireland

Other countries
Total

244,578,674

25.920,490

152,163,107 18,381,050

156,675,310

21,211,605

1 Excluding whale and fish oil.
* Included in "Russia, European.'

3 Including "Finland" prior to July 1, 1910,

52

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAKM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Packing-house products — Con.
Pork— Continued.
Cured— Continued .
Hams and shoulders-
Belgium . .

Pound*.
9.128.448
344,777
189,927
233,626

i 862,240

2,458,705
35,122
37,085
79,211
3,694,927
154,534
174,810
73,170
86,354
114,513
108,259
82,954
167, 169
160,230
11,296
840,677
663,416

281,493
272, 128
931,812
85,968
182,653
120,945
147,714

169,131,224
20,596,617
117,438
234,523
366,259

Dollars.
1,005,308
49,349
23,612
28,487

107,770

323, 750
5,640
5,572
10,114
450,439
14, 147
18,496
9,917
8,722
10,709
11,904
12,255
20,347
16,824
2,014
121,388
68,394

32,503
28,939
126,258
11,320
26,226
18, 395
20,107

18,613,469
2,225,167
13,727
37,390
. 47,648

Pounds.
5,305,286
328, 146
230,472
190,647

687,524

2,557,460
29,401
33,299
105,413
2,879,283
46,419
164,817
73,479
7,875
93,098
51,033
117,973
99,596
12,258
11,564
903,325
108,929

167,341
100,570
939,677
61, 597
355,563
159,902
129,240

112,696,026
17,580,213
26,555
300,311
331,093

Dollars.
587,747
50,056
34, 162
28,018

96,399

394,486
5,541
5,401
16,105
429,248
4,620
23,480
11,334
900
12,562
6,173
19,076
14,976
1,510
2,456
139,734
12,229

22,291
11,998
145, 155
9,175
53, 758
25,184
17,081

13,459,252
2,098,110
3,052
46,179
49,927

Pounds.
9,091,920
328,188
204,743
217,316

104.859
131,979
212,721
147,612
2,918,140
28,573
40,503
102,216
3.876,362
6, 140
177, 110
65,617
26,150
124,842
20,456
146,093
151,802
79,431
4,159
639, 694
225,860

187,256
135, !07
1,103,128
83,327
236,764
155,521
123,515

115,231,186
20,180,088
21,999
356,321
522,618

Dollars.
1,004,026
48,910
34,094
32, 812

15,510
23,429
32,437
22,609
469,857
5,890
7,412
15,366
568,763
795
25,656
10,223
3,541
16,515
2,463
27,710
22,532
9,498
834
104,396
25,614

24,452
52,098
175,894
12, 498
44.390
28,053
16,312

15,130,993
2,552,686
3,045
62,243
75,326

Bermuda

British Guiana

British Honduras
British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British
Canada

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Denmark

Dutch Guiana

Ecuador

France . . .

French West Indies. . .
Germany . . .

Haiti

Honduras. . .

Italy

Japan.

Mexico

Netherlands

Newfoundland and
Labrador

Norway

Panama

Peru..

Philippine Islands
Santo Domingo
Spain

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Venezuela

Other countries
Total . . .

212, 170, 224

23,526,307

146,885,385

17,837,375

157,709,316

20,708,882

Salted or pickled-
Belgium

244,800
125,982
31,600
1,801.117
1,058,736
13,000

4,784,778

11,894,500
8,250
292,308
6,408,780
127,600
26,800
586,211
0)

21,712
12,046
2,835
163,762
86,743
1,124

439,807

1,027,295
712
25,118
536,764
11,901
2,275
61,844
(')

139,166
94, 195
211,919
1,750,772
919,472
19,492

3,316,707

8,085,313
3,340
235,980
5,830,391
95, 720
280
770,830
(>)

12,869
10,622
22,278
183, 191
105,061
2,296

350, 104

923,180
365
27,031
672, 151
10,357
22
87,221
0)

159,363
79,532
375,060
1,888,445
1,241,217
31, 174

543,140
795,450

1,730,900
794,485
9,084,427
7,700
280,204
7,382,763
109,510
45,795
927,900
228,240

18.559
9,817
43,677
196,551
138,584
2,863

55,053
78,793

174,378
81,854
933,224
855
31,247
824,403
12,319
5,086
92,828
22,400

Bermuda..

Brazil

British Guiana
British Honduras
British South Africa..
British West Indies-
Barbados
Jamaica. . .

Trinidad and To-
bago

Other British
Canada

Colombia

Costa Rica...

Cuba

Danish West Indies. . .
Denmark

Dutch Guiana. . . .
Finland

i Included in "Russia, European "

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1009-11.

53

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Valuo.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PKODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Packing-house products— Con.
Pork— Continued.
Cured— Continued.
Salted or pickled— Con.
France . .

Pounds.
324,800
154,000
130,000
885,950
129,944
1,154,525
168,078
999,027
222,249

5,166,360
784,534
1,115,370
591,414
118,850
358,430

11,155,768
864,420
14,611
562,188

Dollars.
31,053
14,586
17,580
79,646
10,353
107, 724
13,901
83,296
20,328

428,029
65,969
91,550
51,019
11,436
28,855

1,018,615
80,276
1,171
50, 106

Pounds.

65,876
111,535
68,200
398,848
82,584
1,257,430
108,753
491,951
46,471

4,445,455
703,023
1,424,273
256,715
129,166
57,762

8,022,971
656,368

Dollars.
6,875
12, 062
7,052
39,978
9,274
141,028
12,532
39,298
4,302

449,967
65,288
160,743
22,875
13,998
5,503

938,110
61,669

Pounds.
223,515
55,800
114, 100
1,009,895
106, 669
1,359,967
54,670
43,660
92,768

5,001,156
787,347
1,232,848

Dollars.
23,423
6,616
12,930
111,809
11,583
144,827
6,388
3,911
10,207

520,928
77, 452
140, 535

French Guiana

French West Indies. . .
Germany

Guatemala
Haiti

Honduras •

Italy

Netherlands
Newfoundland and
Labrador

Norway

Panama

Russia, European 1 . . .
Santo Domingo
Sweden...

138,494
619,661

8,235,379
516,611
2,400
429,226

14,028
60,995

970,030
57,397
240
48,658

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland . .

Ireland

Other countries

230,641

24,542

Total

52,354,980

4,599,431

40,031,599

4,421,844

45,729,471

4,944,448

Fresh-
British South Africa
Canada

62,056
53, 185
109,815
273,722

8,813,096
187,804
55,637

6,185
5,255
9,744
34,497

861,050
15,992
5,302

77,713
235,415
231,140

393,619
1,200
101,191

8,931
28,312
31,816

44,327
120
13,382

206,550
88,987
439,670

75,373

24,745
12,575
53,319

8,889

Cuba .

Panama

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries
Total

544, 798

60, 126

9,555,315

938,025

1,040,278

126,888

1,355,378

159, 654

Lard-
Australia, Common-
wealth of

129,421
103,399
18,192,729
98,149
1,622,394
248,123
122,938
921,255
152,043

991,821

11,999,862
1,017,339
8,572
1,456,703
527, 875
24,193,898
27,195
7,180,575
92,415
3,735,915
6,031,210
201,703

1 Including,

13,189
10,270
1,829,910
11,378
195,890
26,435
13,258
97,732
14,999

92,001

1,238,567
110,293
1,091
140,434
57,680
2,494,525
2,829
707,974
8,851
405,885
594, 129
25, 185

"Finland,"

9,234
339,464
9,060,499
108,358
1,036,472
141,105
148,669
517,015
87,721

931,061

9,310,289
462,558
13,120
1,340,070
1,184,112
33,239,041
61,633
4,502,551
92,927
3,122,817
471,140
129,946

prior to July

1,194

35,814
1,040,041
14,653
147,461
18,674
21,149
66,564
9,934

102, 404

1,227,854
63, 053
1,735
147,018
161,307
4,094,352
6,802
485,927
10,258
43C, 636
50,146
18,956

1, 1910.

8,672
. 9,318,647
19,899,546
131,635
642,070
115,646
179,938
1,029,510
178,949

166,544
55, 193
1 282, 448
1 113,741
6,555,698
977,820
6,840
1,505,392
1.605.778
34,968,597
59,955
1, 495, 665
88, 227
3,511,578
12, 7C.5, 888
76,285

1,047

868,009
2, 166, 478
17,988
79,245
14,408
21,734
121,805
19,619

19,384
6,127
28,804
12,151
768,049
108, 641
922
162,514
193, 782
3,992,092

f>; 049

170,285
9,742
413, 978
1,303,231
8,794

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Bolivia

Brazil

British Guiana

British Honduras. . .

British South Africa
British West Africa...
British West Indies-
Barbados..

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

Canada

Chile...

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Danish West Indies
Denmark

Dutch West Indies
Ecuador .

France

French Guiana .

54

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned— Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30 —

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter — Continued.

Packing-house products— Con.
Pork-»Continued.
Lard— Continued.
French West Indies
Germany

Pounds.
156,840
176,978,097
305,697
20,346
2,517,260
3,764,455
312,020
7,035,689
48,193,850

551,800
27,426
2,116,778
1,439,253
1,709,051
354,530
277,234
753,568
582,479
128,408
289,647
1,666,214

190,574,710
6, 747, 667
1,106,760
1,563,743
493, 877

Dollars.
17,876
17,519,132
31,232
2,285
240,801
379,846
32,067
719,928
4,788,682

. 54,958
2,952
205,174
148,877
179,934
37,607
28,901
75, 676
63,202
13,255
28,046
160, 278

18,876,601
670,577
118,229
170, 447
53.501

Pounds.
39,452
93,392,601
160,600
5,865
2,672,249
2,263,239
125,176
5,376,283
23,757,591

316,016
82,671
1,433,239
943,826
1,419,490
354,468
216,365
425, 128
660,317
84,016
1,320
680, 747

157,672,731
3,146,303
512,004
483, 102
393,010

Dollars.
5,158
11,308,519
17,9*3
8^9
304, 663
248, 261
14,570
640,133
2,776,686

38,508
12,232
157,767
120,134
181,828
47,800
24, 204
47,452
83,616
9.259
195
78,035

18,486,301
360,000
62,934
62,990
49, 587

Pounds.
75, 764
151,619,795
205,953
62,991
2,975,517
5,780,5*7
102,650
9,499,574
33,220,569

457,545

216,692
1,195,546
3,784,637
1,993,544
429, 731
259, 035
639,806
880,035
66,008
1,679
731,080

160,911,247
4,310,588
190,579
244, 445
512,038

Dollars.
9,505
16,784,897
21,692
7,001
326, 701
623,632
10,398
1,133,117
3,884,182

53,033
2-i, ikiS
130,621
413,083
218,927
53,926
28,955
69, 255
103,007
7,166
198
78,900

17, 438, 172
4iK>, L'.s7
19, 7SO
2S, 724
58.312

G ibraltar

Guatemala

Haiti ....

Italy

Malta and Cyprus

Mexico

Netherlands

Newfoundland and
Labrador

Nicaragua

Norway.

Panama . . ...

Peru

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa
Russia, European

Santo I)oniincro

Spain

Straits Settlements

Sweden

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Venezuela

Other countries ... .

Total

528,722,933 52,712,569| 362,927,671

43,301,156

476,107,857| 52,509.217

Lard, neutral-
Belgium

0)

0)

(})

0)

f 421,075 44,923
3,360,458 387.112
8,567,456 918.135
19,903,890j 2,118,076

783,480| 85.399
2,443,740 293,134
692,976 75,581

1,420,412 181,825
72,955 7,583
56,597 6,372
143,773| 16,154

Denmark

Germany

Netherlands. . .

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom,—
England .

• Scotland

Ireland

Other ountries

Total

(») C1)

0)

(>)

37,866,812! 4,134.294

Oils-
Lard oil-
Belgium .

Gallons.
4,994
22,264
1,249
61,773
16,882

41,375
3,624
2.450
80,015

Dollars.
3,404
16, 214
695
43,845
13,536

28,349
3,001
1,635
56,965

Gallons.

10,613
11,190
47,747
16, 245

18.947
1,790
3,750
40, 258

Dollars.
495
10,467
8,569
46. 619
13,954

12,014
1,610
2,525
34,988]

Gallant.
1,280
14,019
3,000
37,851
15,650

16,180
1,400

Dollars.
1,082
10, 581
2,556

;'.i), loi

11,572

10,695
1,125

British South Africa. .
France

Germany

Mexico.

United Kingdom —
Kngland

Scotland .

Ireland

Other countries
Total

30,714

22,963

234,626 167,644

151,142

131.241| 120,094

90. 724

Included in " Oleo oil.'

EXPORTS OP FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

55

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued,

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS — continued.
Animal matter — Continued.

Packing-house products— Con.
Sausage and sausage meats —
Belgium

Pounds.
1,051,264
70,856
337, 678
2,316,959
2,641,651
140,334
91,199
442, 737
131,030
277, 861
242, 569
20,105

364,640
70, 282
1,125
337, 768

Dollars.
104,973
8,576
44, 207
273, 631
324,565
15,620
10, 482
51,202
13,125
31,812
37,260
2,402

32,189
6,978
141
40, 492

Pounds.
470,336
62,320
328, 785
2, 177, 828
422,773
104,022
103,365
188. 398
86,534
306, 445
300,908
76,051

30,349
29,491

Dollars.
54,029
7,994
49, 133
267,429
55,323
13,787
12, 649
24, 628
9,896
33,825
32,943
10,709

3,530
3,204

Pounds.
292, 696
175,880
395, 174
2, 105, 230
411, 107
88,145
41,932
59, 575
3,218
404, 790
127, 779
133, 422

65,036
24, 412

Dollars.
35,251
22, 904
66, 704
261,474
46, 568
12,621
5,324
7,240
330
45,584
14, 177
22,920

6,913
2,678

British South Africa

Canada

Cuba

France

French Africa

Gibraltar.. . . .

Italy

Netherlands

Panama

Philippine Islands

Santo Domingo

United Kingdom-
England .. ...

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

384,650

48, 590

388,214

50,908

Total

8, 538, 058

997,655

5,072,255

627,669

4,716,610

601,596

Sausage casings-
Australia, Commonwealth
of

0)

118,137
1,363
94,202
9,094
40,511
40,835
151,688
1,123.658
8,553
1. 128, 762
34,954
18,879
69,355
199, 561
59,327

396,008
16,580

1,177,966
86,561
832,467
124,302
225, 656
308,482
1,215,467
15, 109, 507
81,551
8,579,490
326,604
132,400
565,466
1,724,555
862, 169

3,882,696
121,576

175,806
9,015
90,984
29,446
59,071
33,372
175,229
1,792,659
11,675
1, 188, 752
50,566
15,763
50,301
167, 740
86,520

540,260
18,903

906,708
341,378
603,386
86,838
165, 707
799, 196
906, 427
17,407,148
219,482
11,134,339
269,854
343,797
1,237,251
2,290,779
741,581

2,429,466
68,230
14,700
47,493

198,063
37,261
76,846
19,667
58,532
93,011
156, 500
2,268,030
22,815
1,575,976
64,045
39,552
123,352
232,306
76,114

404, 231
11,728
1,200
7,432

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

British South Africa

Canada

Denmark

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands .

NP.W Zftqiand

Norway

Russia, European...
Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England...

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

8,724

62,042

7,277

Total

0)

3,520,191

35,418,957

4,503,339

40,013,760

5,466,661

Other packing-house prod-
ucts—
Austria-Hungary

56
38,096
3,954
38,634
3,558

143,472

74,184
23,797
11,052
9,496
13,349
9,671
34, 798

814
43,128
7,228
35,675
3,203

142,080

89,006
58,307
25,955
11,096
11,745
8,603
10.144

12, 222
34,951
7,074
45,858
2,908

52,617
12,922
58,387
15,472
77,089
15,513
20,942
7,554
12,944
16,445
37,548

Belgium

Bermuda

British Guiana . . .

British South Africa...

British West Indies-
Barbados

|

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

Canada

Cuba

Denmark

Dutch West Indies . . .

French Guiana

Frenrh West Indies

Germany

i Not stated.

56

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Packing-house products — Con.
Other packing-house prod-
ucts — Continued.
Haiti

Dollars.
25,560
4,337

Dollars.
34,466
988
11,943
5,294

2,443

Dollars.
27,862
545
20,705
5,724

2,403
950

Italy

Mexico

20,324
17,095

6,370
3,704
322
1,027
10,938

1,184,022

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador ....

Norway

Russia European

Spain

65

350
26,069

606,535
27,706

Sweden

United Kingdom-

774,759
11,064
6,390
67,437

Scotland

20,533
5,951
79,031

Ireland... .

Other countries

48,437

Total

1,783,331

1,361,833

1,197,732

Total packing-house prod-
ucts-
Argentina

99,537

260,476
114,751
2,178
4,883,546
202,764
445,261
11,111
16,201
397,026
199, 131
410,376
49,004

1,496,013
4, 478, 525

108,553

328,201
112,066
5,296
3,188,493
202, 112
398,866
8,283
20,088
398,745
241,523
355,816
36,470

1,389,658

5,175,711
275, 764

145,282

360,576
1,889,397
1,558
5,054,229
213,636
350,741
7,110
42,678
486,337
2%, 116
499,596
42,676

301,318
293,624
610, 702
346,567
5,979,894
317,724
43,856
275,834
398,887
9,531,113
66,011
1,503,729
25,925
282,684
70,363
439,335
21,219
2,681,779
22,478
98,409
7,739
101,387
25,652,225
6,207
75,750
75,360
857,683
§7,843
17,088
2,287.995
181,398

Australia, Commonwealth
of.

Austria-Hungary

Azores, and Maderia Is

Belgium

Bermuda

Brazil ....

British East Africa. . .

British India. . .

British Guiana

British Honduras

British South Africa

British West Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

1

Jamaica

:::::::::::

Trinidad and Tobago . . .
Other British

Canada

Chile

228,457
36,193
231,746
205,201
7,353,096
55,681
2,467,221
18,314
231,448
58,593
420,957
11,318
2,269,926

China

42,907
202, 716
348,649
9,207,231
59,860
1,491,277
18,226
240,384
61,653
473,398
9,486
939,505
22,678
88,384
8,665
68,285
18,365,498
3,767
54,542
70,539
730,362
71,167
20,172
1,078,769
119.320

Colombia

Costa Rica...

Cuba

Danish West Indies

Denmark
Dutch East Indies

Dutch Guiana

Dutch West Indies

Ecuador

Egypt

France

French Africa

52,796
125,588
7,663
131,575
24,961,396

French Guiana. . . .

French Oceania

French West Indies

Germany

German Oceania

3,625
83,744
74,310
522,731
83,797
19,989
1 934 957

Gibraltar .

Guatemala. . .

Haiti

Honduras

Hongkong

Italy ... .

Japan

128.767

EXPOKTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

57

TABLE ]7 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Animal matter— Continued.

Packing-house products— Con.
Total packing-house prod-
ucts — Continued.
Malta and Cyprus

Dollars.
34,984
1,707,366
14,585,793

1, 173, 170
48,568
83,002
1,570,762
1,211,444
281,483
359,472
31,006
143,593
42, 705
575,284
2,494
145,692

Dollars.
21,507
1,753,984

Dollars.
16,650
2,294,379
16,465,062

1,413,439

87,741
115,018
2,376,356
1,727,166
357,991
397,642
22,665
156,630
4,612
448, 903

228^428
279,336
40,290
763,635
193,717
564,378

61,139,420
5,313,623
130,473
130,492
595,582

Mexico

Netherlands

10,798,455

1,201,644
70,944
104,260
1,499,789
1,384,134
386, 074
502,063
16,511
176,575
21,379
340, 112
3,753
208, 448
293,017
35,230
444, 143
97, 113
298,306

64,924,596

4,889,328

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

New Zealand

Nicaragua...

N orway

Panama

Peru..

Philippine Islands

Portugal

Portuguese Africa

Russia, Asiatic

Russia, European

St. Pierre and Miquelon.

Santo Domingo

Spain

277,610
90,208
655,914
82, 190
275,544

85,613,849
5, 658, 702

Straits Settlements .

Sweden

Turkey, Asiatic... .

Turkey, European

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

244, 180
233,410
78,436

179, 951
131,658
133,314

Venezuela

Other countries .

Total

Poultry and game:
Bermuda

169,991,850

135,959,373

157,302,666

17,465
4,986

11,034

36,864
7,656
74,549

678,044
12,372
5,674

19,632

25,357

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

8,200

35,972
12,427
73,679

446,232

Jamaica

:::::::::::

3,082
5
3,413
47,036
9,279
86,920

777,510
20,675
8,528

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British

Canada

Cuba

Panama

United Kingdom-
England...

Scotland

Other countries

3,406

Total

848,644

599,548

981,805

Vegetable matter.

Broom corn:
Canada

242, 146
36,546
25,830

372,341
36,542
15,601

292,625
53,650
17,369

Cuba

Other countries .

Total

304,522

424, 484

363,644

Cider:
United Kingdom-
England

Gallons.
82,290
5,340

Dollars.
12,334

1,787

Gallons.

Dollars.

Gallons.
1,768
20, 940

Dollars.
1,203

7,588

Other countries
Total

5,784

1,965

87,630

14,121

5,784

1,965

22,708

8,791

EXPORTS OF FARM AttD FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS — continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Cocoa, ground or prepared,
and chocolate:
British Honduras

Dollars.
4 966

Dollars.
5,784
336,949
2,963
23,558
10,724
46,023
45,357

Dollars.
9,217
330, 501
3,106
29,735
10,614
45,086
70,435

Canada .

303,434
2,768
28,001
17,657
52,732
61,900

China

Cuba

Mexico .

Panama

Other countries

Total

471,458

471,358

498,694

Coffee:
Green or raw-
Australia. Commonwealth
of

Pounds.
10, 150
3,325,524
76,821
179,794
11,341,713
62,739
4,076,592
549,089
2,976,898
272,262
1,287
5,644,703
112, 706

Dollars.
1,202
445, 783
10,381
22,846
1,427,252
7,996
531,333
72,982
401,602
36, 154
144
757,454
14,711

Pounds.
101,600
6,326,126
97,046
111,544
20,635,625
91,574
4,327,936
1.781,380
2, 834, 781
680, 849
190, 189
8,070,935
264,853

Dolors.
12,199
833,604
12,662
13, 172
2, 455, 687
11,904
552,511
231,782
377,517
94,990
22,680
1,050,070
35,008

Pounds.
13,500
2,569,956
9,370
205,928
20,243,247
56,023
2,305,318
317,001
2,152,671
105,848
847,419
5,801,823
225,497

Dollars.
1,829
369,338
1,380
27,771
2,978.369
7,657
323, 480
46,659
319,631
15,570
107,347
875,937
32,981

Austria-Hungary
Belgium .

Canada

Cuba. . . . . .

Denmark

France

Germany. .

Italy
Netherlands

Philippine Islands
Spain

Other countries

Total

28,630,278

3,729,840

45,514,438

5,703,786J 34,853,601

5, 107 949

Roasted or prepared —
Canada

282,019
72,247
87,115
60,051
227,036
257,632

51,843
8,133
15,086
9,404
39,930
31,380

232,591
55,552
162,751
198,258
340,354
221,380

44,973
7,898
22,961
28,155
60,163
32, 198

290,434
195,954
239,713
247,464
231,183
279,542

66,957
38,269
32,294
39,689
43,784
51,539

Cuba

Mexico

Panama

Philippine Islands.

Other countries

Total

986,100

155,776

1,210,886

196,348 1,484,290. 272,532

Cotton:
Sea Island-
France

2,534,934
213,039

6,794,152

522,779
44,423

1,435,241

2,037,169
260,025

9,142,243

601,311
76,538

2,593,715

1,928,330
241,156

5,739,642
114,123
191,596

572,898
75,256

1,610,069
31,617
55,727

Germany

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries.. .

198,681

32,677

20,840

4,877

Total

9,740,806

2,035,120

11,460,277

3,276,441

8,214,847

2,345,567

Upland'—
Austria-Hungary

47,390,931
78,815,530
429,307
65,533,657
209,216
52,916
(2)
546.551,574
1,218,832,119
451,078
298,770
706,815
282,847,412
104.471.432

4,505,693
7,255,554
39,203
6,355,797
22,280
6,500
(2)
50,443,081
112,382.223
43,254
29,845
72,273
27,090,990
10.614.249

28,609,947
51,172,864

4,038,684
6,741,823

39,764,890
75,112,308
262,457
78,236,198

5,891,089
9,788,491
38,712
11,387,372

Belgium

British India

Canada

62,796,152

8,936,006

China..

Denmark

516,918

482,174,062
943,568,546
290,451
237,968

79,666

(2)
66,952,441
131,336,648
40,055
31,887

342,041

100,487
509,070,812
1,101,112,556
810, 411
615,062
445,440
218,147,880
78.361.901

45,236
14,973
74,349,137
156,721,340
116,060
92,128
65,000
31,689,(i.->2
11.804.449

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Guatemala

Italy

196,663,417
47. j MO. 059

27,628,516
6.582.983

Japan...

1 Including linters.

8 Included in "Russia, European."

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

59

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST
products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter — Continued.

Cotton— Continued.
Upland — Continued.

Mexico

Pounds.
21,287,276
15,064,340
3,857,257
779,671
12,542,286
48,332,180
150,894,335
12,183,040

1,798,077,025
3, 124, 537
24.681,600
830,086

Dollars.

2,207,322
1,216,404
381,238
78,363
1,246,411
4,517,173
14,252,803
1,160,932

168, 743, 472
294,924
2,315,107
80,394

Pounds.
14,801,849
9,411,677
2, 127, 686
578, 142
11,504,756
33,580,700
89,227,263
7,249,373

1,198,199,349
1,808,577
13, 128, 955
99,238

Dollars.
1,948,056
1,011,535
301, 161
76,350
1,630,257
4,747,272
12,726,585
1,029,964

169,197,790
260,878
1,859,404
12,901

Pounds.
2,315,560
9,062,039
4,012,666
474, 434
7,340,718
42,454,547
121,036,602
11,749,914

1,708,975,442
751,726
14,945,912
224,065

Dollars.
339,464
963, 946
584,283
70,316
1,089,268
6,235,885
17,749,!W)
1,704,175

249,884,515
106,836
2,210,652
30,343

Netherlands

Norway

Philippine Islands

Portugal

Russia, European i
Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

4,438,244,396

415,355,545

3,195,247,949

447,170,802

4,025,726,068

582,973,302

Total cotton—
Austria-Hungary

47,390,931
78,815,530
429,307
65,726,749
209,216
52,916
(2)
549,086,508
1,219,045,158

4,505,693
7,255,554
39,203
6,387,199
22,280
6,500
(2)
50,965,860
112,426,64(5
43, 254
29,845
72, 273
27,090,990
10,614,249
2,207,322
1,216,464
381,238
78, 363
1,246,411
4,518,44$
14,252,803
1,160,932

170, 178, 713
294,924
2,315,107
80,394

28,609,947
51,172,864

4,038,684
6,741,823

39,764,890
75,112,308
262,457
78,412,036

5,891,089
9,788,491
38,712
11,438,099

Belgium

British India

Canada

62, 796, 152

8,936,006

China

Denmark

516,918

484,211,231
943,828,571
290,451
237,968

79,606
(2)
67,553,752
131,413,186
40,055
31,887

342,041
100,487
510,999,142
1,101,353,712
810,411
615,062
445, 440
218,147,880
78,361,901
2,315,560
9,062,039
4,012,666
474,434
7,340,718
42,470,305
121,036,602
11,749,914

1,714,715,084
865,849
14,945,912
224,065

45,236
14,973
74,922,035
156,796,596
116,060
92,128
65,000
31,689,652
11,804,449
339, 464
963,946
584,283
70,316
1,089,268
6,240,885
17,749,980
1,704,175

251,494,584
138,453
2,210,652
30,343

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

451,078
298,770
706.815
282,847,412
104,471,432

Guatemala

Hongkong

Jtaly

196,663,417
47,500,059
14,801,849
9,411,677
2,127,686
578,142
11,504,756
33,601,540
89,227,263
7,249,373

1,207,341,592
1,808,577
13,128,955
99,238

27,628,516
6,582,983
1,948,056
1,011,535
301, 161
76,350
1,630,257
4, 752, 149
12,726,585
1,029,964

171,791,505
260,878
1,859,404
12,901

Japan

Mexico

21,287,276
15,064,346
3,857,257
779,671
12,542,286
48,337,769
150,894,335
12,183,040

1,804,871,177
3,124,537
24,681,600
830,086

Netherlands
Norway
Philippine Islands. . .

Portugal
Russia, European l
Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland
Other countries

Total

4,447,985,202

417,390,665

3,206,708,226

450,447,243

4,033,940,915

585,318,869

Flavoring extracts and fruit
juices:
Brazil

8,889
8,227
1,179
8,410
6,204

5 095

8,721
12,613
4| 338
12,894
4,529

11,561
8
30,192

10, 196
26,918
12,011
16,009
12,615

10,410

Canada

Mexico

Panama

United Kingdom —

Scotland

Other countries

26,414

48,195

Total

64, 418

84,856

136,354

4,433

10,585

24,676

Including " Finland" prior to July 1, 1910.

2 Included in " Russia, European."

60

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Fruits:
Fresh or dried-
Apples, dried —
Belgium

Pounds.
1,935,360
170, 120
82,003
1,360,162
579,288
15,744,837
10,218,898
285,590
195^200
1,095,650

1,152,626
78,900
576,000

Dollars.
123, 164
16,071
5,012
94,528
41,272
1,091,426
745, 103
19, 699
11,551
69,104

73,380
5,864
43, 762

Pounds.
1,510,939
134,514
104,885
832,933
104, 473
13,646,650
6,430,614
215,690
110,200
880,620

476, 185
126,925
501,990

Dollars.
100,496
13,523
8,722
63,024
8,702
1, 174, 480
519,813
16,392
7,458
60,692

32,482
7,605
43,303

Pounds.
974, 335
111,257
266,792
1,266,949
784,606
10,507,494
5,244,142
198,416
57, 715
760,393

917, 162

52,800
662,025

Dollars.
74,371
13,881
22,985
113,580
76,854
951,858
463,977
16,856
4,564
62, 474

78,891
4,702
59,216

British South Africa
Canada

Denmark

France

Germany

Netherlands

Norway

Russia, European

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England .

Scotland

Other countries

Total

33,474,634

2,339,936

25,076,618

2,056,692 21,804,086

1,944,209

Apples, fresh-
Australia, Common-
wealth of

Barrels.
21, 120

7,205
65,920
16,699
10,655
882
36,463
5,506
17, 157
915
8,377
5,922

566,124
111,233
14
21,251

Dollars.
46,029
3,565
20,288
197,325
60,496
36,709
3,767
130,196
12,291
48,191
3,835
15,491
24,478

1,714,670
395,671
59
68,946

Barrels.
3,400
707
9,462
68,920
16,835
4,569
255
108,786
3,793
20,899
1,871
11,846
6,347

569, 139
77,585
2
17,662

Dollars.
11,138
3,152
31,829
279,290
68,770
14,732
1,236
408, 174
11,621
63,054
8,210
25,422
29,388

1,859,268
295,491
10
64,648

Barrels.
12,230
2,325
13,387
155,081
21,928
11,959
842
112,319
4,351
18,539
937
13,418
8,284

1,050,254
267,830
26
27,396

Dollars.
32,8%
9,424
46,630
502,959
93,337
45,045
4,042
451,296
11,955
65,«52
4,710
33,542
44,677

3,346,641
969,812
133
114,507

Belgium

Brazil

Canada

Cuba

Denmark

France

Germany

Hongkong ....

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Panama
United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries
Total

896,279

2,782,007

922,078

3, 175, 433

1,721,106

5,777,458

Apricots, dried —
Belgium
British South Africa
Canada

Pounds.
1,071,557
12,595
1,576,001
739, 474
2,311,206
5,840,299
21,375
2,161,286
466,441

1,733,004
69,400
595,233

Dollars.
98,562
1,470
114,605
70,255
205,383
568,290
2,097
209,571
37,630

144, 318
6,250
53,986

Pounds.
412,340
4,890
1,134,547
614,665
1,311,119
3, 720, 770
60,754
1.793,425
176,070

2, 194, 159
94,250
511,845

Dollars.
42,456
625
102,063
62, 381
137,576
371,595
5,498
193, 714
16,946

219,802
9,933
55,834

Pounds.
755,010
3,407
1,155,007
092, 200
3,026,252
5, 448, 447
65,507
2,580,684
218,200

4, 707, 435
105,090
572, 119

Dollars.
79,876
516
111,381
74,077
307, 248
599,130
6,437
291,440
20,637

518, 635
11,854
64,206

Denmark

France

Germany

Italy...:

Netherlands..

New Zealand

United Kingdom—
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

16,597,871

1,512,417| 12,028,834

1,218,423

19,329,358

2,085.437

Oranges-
Australia, Common-
wealth

Boxes.
400
823.825

li. '.Ms

28,280
1,181
6,113

Dollars.
888
1.995,049
12, 447

98,512
3,864
20.964

Boxes.
1,100
881,260
8,375

31,274
1,436
8.673

Dollars.
2,530
2,047.477
16,786

116,062
5.432
25,618

Boxes.

Dollars.

Canada....

1, 132, 760
13,933

22,444
92
10,044

2,831,527
31,443

86,241
330
33, 781

New Zealand

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland .

Other countries

Total

866.753 2,131,724 932,118

•2,213,905

1,179,273

2.983,322

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

61

TABLE IT —Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Fruits— Continued.
Fresh, or dried— Continued.
Peaches, dried —
British South Africa....
Canada

Pounds.
9,800
1, 728, 427
257,885
407,318

Dollars.
966
97,353
21, 134
31,881

Pounds.
8,221
1,913,922
349, 503
345,423

Dollars.
935
101,689
22,312

26,584

Pounds.

18, 774
3,141,006
2, 640, 656
1,324,578

Dollars.
2,025
203, 024

,189,817
104, 664

Germany

Other countries

Total

2, 403, 430

151,334

2,617,069

151,520

7,125,014

499,530

Pears, fresh-
Canada

106, 702
50,547

345,256
25,009
18,684

121, 199
38, 148

108, 642
12,584
22,385

163,083
35, 772

319, 963
26, 080
33, 169

Cuba

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

546, 198

302,958

578,067

Prunes —
Australia, Common-
wealth of..

134,000
852,567
11,200
8,322,074
161, 738
677, 705
0)
3,375
6,951,484
109, 360
176, 094
1,916,840
612, 230
8,400
199,490
126,900

1,670,743
99,480
568,608

6,264
50, 171
933
341, 169
11,913
42, 952

0)

157
309, 302
5,268
9,052
111,070
30,323
540
12, 988
10, 753

95,651
5,935
33, 769

232,700
7,251,547
7,321
10,583,094
229, 871
3,343,354

0)

5, 264, 723
36,578,182
962, 047
258, 471
8,521,047
1,015,090
198, 755
589, 785
1,124,065

11,488,331
864,544
501,953

8,451
338,079
585
415, 668
15, 405
168, 149
0)
361,811
1,306,768
40,612
11,025
459,664
40,900
9,603
36,836
71,624

652,284
50,262

28,828

92,235
3, 015, 996
8,110
8, 837, 132
188, 844
418, 157
229,395
14, 233, 136
12, 604, 037
542,636
152, 948
2,372,880
753, 110
9,660
87,950
1,165,029

4,721,314
910, 476
687,666

5,799
194, 574
646
476, 826
17, 409
29, 789
16,365
988, 745
794, 223
39,608
10, 435
174,623
47, 932
675
6,673
85,690

268,684
58,753
54,522

Belgium

British South Africa. . . .
Canada ..

Cuba

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Italy...

Mexico.. . .

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway. . .

Russia, European 2

Sweden

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland
Other countries

Total

22,602,288

1,078,210

89,014,880

4,016,554 51,030,711

3,271,971

Raisins-
Australia. Common-
wealth of..

5.400
5,736,290
177,600

270, 771
1, 133, 495
556,605

358
316,622
11,296

13.510
71,804
42,067

5,600
6,086,327
290, 750

142,376
1,323,520
677,541

300
279,709
16,361

8,257
68,012
44, 764

6,200
11,004,209
352,354

286,866
2,647,125
4,363,238

415
592,405
20,296

15, 430
143, 754
297,000

Canada

Mexico
Newfoundland and
Labrador

New Zealand
Other countries

Total

7,880,161

455,657

8,526,114

417,403, 18,659,992

1,069,300

Other fruit , fresh or dried-
Australia, Common-
wealth of. . .

7,011
34, 475
1,155
1,156,041
10,783
37,528
20. 172
51,677
253,609
4,320
67.935

565
28, 179
2,989
1,278,451
11,541
49,224
4,007
63, 159
108,055
4,700
84.023

1,023
26,997
5,157
1,644,254
9,659
73,307
4,913
197, 742
183, 604
4,357
71. 706

Belgium

British South Africa

Canada

China

Cuba

Denmark

France

Germany

Japan

Mexico...

i Included in "Russia, European.'

Including "Finland," prior to July 1, 1910.

62

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAEM PRODUCTS — continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Fruits— Continued .
Fresh or dried -Continued.
Other fruit, fresh or dried-
Continued.

Dollars.
164,229
16,522
29,914
15,545
2,886

152, 780
4.3S6

73,638

Dollars.
233,814
712
40,252
10,252
2,390

105,718
4,120
12
87,047

Dollars.
101,885
502
37,286
12,314
37,820

201,872
38,075
56
139,752

New Zealand

Philippine Islands

United Kingdom—

Scotland

Ireland

Total

2,104,624

2,119,210

2,792,281

Prepared or preserved —
Canned-
Australia, Common-

13,882
4,896

9,868
4,252
22,619
14,609
10,210
67, 439
15, 183
54,418
33,858
14,503
50,317
7,343
5,498
12,460
61,984
45, 464
63,207
5,268
12,827

2,003,168
6,459
1,425
133,640

7,146
12,571
28,838
19,808
10,208
160,636
13,933
91,241
49,848
40,682
55,045
8,915
5,851
9,346
92,313
66,237
57,208
5,587
14,212

1,769,612
32,021
1,100
134,087

Belgium

Brazil

16,473
9,965
10,352
69,707
20,606
72,042
26,973
17,832
46,935
6,971
4,524
18, 759
68,734
39, 120
56,378
4,457
10,868

2,263,695
4,378
1,868
109,959

British India

British South \frica

China

Cuba

Dutch East Indies

France

Hongkong

Mexico

New Zealand

Panama ...

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa

Straits Settlements

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

O ttOG *^7^

2,656,019

2,686,445

Other than canned-
Canada

22,585
8,157
7,321

9,597
346

108,301
9,656
7,16b

12,489
124
50
38,688

131,067
2,121
10,825

14,731
990

Mexico

Panama

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland ... .

Other countries

29,740

45,909

Total

77, 746

176, 474

205,643

Total fruits-
Argentina

25,288

77,612
316,056
18,436
43,012
11,428
31,462

32,33C
4,422,170

46,833

36,553
517,112
18,250
71,818
16,305
30,164

26,288
4,810,008

63,270

52,300
408,070
27,490
108, 117
22,559
38,519

3,606
12,307
7,628
9,078
6,840,147

Australia, Commonwealth
of

Belgium

Bermuda

Brazil

British India

. British South Africa. .

British West Indies-
Barbados

1

Jamaica

:::::::::::

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

I

Canada...

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

63

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAKM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter — Continued.

F rui ts— Continued .
Total fruits— Continued.
China

Dollars.
46,933
6,488
243, 120
273,901
29,619
321,286
2, 430. 363
26, 477
16,875
27,067
178, 179
1,249,736

36,910
269,250
39,822
110, 100
13,465
85, 647
11,991
49,901

Dollars.
40, 545
8,83]
240, 569
329,869
35,856
588, 656
3,453.487
26,614
52,882
29,963
220,821
] , 439, 034

Dollars.
42,267
13,073
325, 977
290. 370
53,460
1,638,436
3,313,447
27,907
59,916
32,200
204,832
1,104,177

46,086
383,568
55,550
183,711
13,794
114,009
12,914
37,330
22,630
14,788
218, 117

6,729,870
1,149,991
1,289
210,863

Colombia . . . .

Cuba

Denmark

Dutch East Indies

France ... .

Germany

Hongkong

fialy

japan

Mexico

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

24,079
244,432
41,533
142,042
14,015
102,540
10, 496
17,201
54,380
14,326
157,118

New Zealand

Norway

Panama

Peru

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa

Russia, Asiatic

Russia, European

32,896
12,069
99,746

4,910,129
453,801
1,935
123,727

Straits Settlements

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England

5,113.242
393, 676
1,497
133, 556

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

Ginseng:
Hongkong

16,079,227

18,504,591

23,893,663

Pounds.
184. 550
1,707

Dollars.
1,259,429
10,750

Pounds.
192,002
404

Dollars.
1,436,761
2,673

Pounds.
153,927

72

Dollars.
1,087,830
372

Other countries

Total.

186,257

1,270,179

192,406

1,439,434

153,999

1,088,202

Glucose and grape sugar:
Glucose—
Argentina

3,261,255
5 503 200

80,334

115, 585
6,461
17, 134
28,549
36,276
14,918
17,604
5,643
15, 139
1,913
21,507

1,294.294
184, 540
67.875
30,634

5, 142, 795

5,166.017
1,317,445
1,432,274
2,030,382
3,478,069
648,834
1,087,087
278,013
653,103
80,991
1,332,557

71,889,241
11,973,909
4,382,213
1.837,709

124,775

135, 106
29,509
33,440
53,663
71,403
17,003
24,119
6.044
19,022
1,780
35,066

1,651,860
272.563
103,117
44, 661

5,419,746

6,912,492
2,119,714
1,127,359
2,012,105
1,442,088
656,826
950, 150
607,185
1,200,095
559, 542
1,607,807

88,483,474
13,813,029
5,227,103
5,323,067

110,322

154, 436
41,444
23,553
45, 557
25, 498
14, 675
19, 179
12,591
28,867
11.628
35 936

1,605,240
259,818
97.629
109, 847

Australia. Commonwealth
of

A ustria-Hungary
Belgium
British South Africa.

312,894
820,054
1,203,428
1,491,069
615,565
870,864
252,541
569,608
85,021
1,100,82?

63,328,935
8,676,295
3,191,624
1,369,234

Canada

Cuba

Germany . .

Italy

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total.

92.^52,409

1,938,406

112,730,639

2,623.131

137,461,782

2,596,220

Grape sugar —
Australia, Common-
wealth of

314,150
128,883

17,516,962
1,484,388
127, 712

7,131
3,437

363,098
30,662
3,355

556,380
95,065

34,798,723
1, 326, 800
312,481

14,915
2,618

738,322

28,382
7,852

856,340
518, 113

40,559,555
1,316,560
1,250,696

20,509
11,528

714,850
24,230
28,046

Canada
United Kingdom — •
England

Scotland
Other countries

Total,.,.,

19,572,095

407,683

37,089,449

792, 089

44,501,264

799, 163

64

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and valus of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAEM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Glucose and grape sugar — Con.
Total glucose and grape
sugar-
Argentina

Pounds.
3,261,255

5,817,350
312,894
820,054
1,203,428
1,619,952
615, 565
882,196
85,021
1,103,062

80,845,897
10,160,683
3,191,624
2,305,523

Dollars.
80,334

122,716
6,461
17. 134
28,549
39,713
14, 918
17,855
1.913
21,585

1,657,392
215,202
67,875
54,442

Pounds.
5,178,395

5,722,397
1,317,445
1,432,274
2,030,382
3,573,134
648,834
1,092,669
248, 991
1,332,557

106,687,964
13,300,709
4,382,213
2,872,124

Dollars.
125,685

150,021
29,509
33,44C
53,663
74,021
17,003
24,258
5,467
35,066

2,390,182
300,945
103.117
72,843

Pounds.
5,419,746

7,768,832
2,119,714
1,127,359
2,012,105
1,960,201
662.685
962, 170
1,007,542
1,620,007

129,043,029
15, 129, 589
5,227.103
7,902,964

Dollars.
110,322

174,945
41.444
23.553
45. 557
37,026
14,821
19,446
20, 428
36, 248

2,320,090
284,048
97, 629
169, 826

Australia. Commonwealth
of

Austria-Hungary . . .

Belgium *""

British South Africa

Canada

Cuba

Germany

Netherlands

New Zealand

United Kingdom-
England .

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

.112,224,504

2,346,089

149,820,088

3,415,220

181,963,046

3,395,383

Grain and grain products:
Grain-
Barley—
Belgium

Bushels.
67,966
115,932
95,200
255,982
139,788
290,799

3,942,941
323,048
1, 088, 191
260, 546

Dollars.
50,401
73,227
68.600
196,706
87,258
209,575

2,775,488
206, 138
795. 374
209; 399

Bushels.
20,020
143,160
80,943
139, 837
159,979

Dollars.
12,012
83,575
42,000
107, 174
91, 122

Bushels.
343, 595
122,093
371, 182
165,617

DoUars.
184.687
77.356
213,093
130,081

Canada

Canary Islands
Mexico

Netherlands

Portuguese Africa

550,263

4,137,666
439,430
3,185,649
83,851

315,429

2,302,710
249,305
1,854,252
54. 447

United Kingdom-
England

2,356,708
139,775
1,265,644
5.500

1,694,933
101, 644
916.226
3,841

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

6,580,393

4, 672, 166

4, 311, £66

3,052,527

9,399,346

5,381,360

Buckwheat-
Germany

105,511
80,788
403

76,826
60,117
470

99,269
48, 651
10,240

63,236
32,423
7,479

Netherlands

Other countries

223

186

Total

186, 702

137,413

158,160

103, 138

223

186

Corn-
Belgium

1,885,070
35,107
8,121
5,872
8,665

334, 423

4, 786, 223
814
24, 778
1,723,696
1,678,993
11,494
45,000
234,226
29,966
4,532,645
8,570
70, 178

1,303,834
29,784
6,920
5,034
6,695

272, 313

3,432,081
660
20,807
1,335,700
1,150,366
11,078
40,000
166, 245
25,690
3, 202, 936
7,021
51,707

1,143,587
35,110
8,719
3,084

777, 787
27,884
7,006
2,320

2,681,353
40,411
10,236
17,065

1,456,094
27, 870
6,967
10.947

Bermuda

British Guiana

British Honduras
Brtish South Africa
British West Indies-
Barbados

341,021

6,178,896
249
69,269
2.376,974
2, 450. 545
1,347

270,538

4,048,006
211
50,273
1,661,144
1,659,721
1,131

f 55,254
259,087
9,936
[ 40, 127
13,409,580
460
21,653
2.225,073
3,082.915
9,649

36,370
167, 204
«>.4S7
27,340
7,289,S43
318
18.018
1.322.095
1,663,327
6,315

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

Canada

Colombia

Costa Rica . .

Cuba

Denmark

Dutch West Indies
EtrvDt

France

446,469
26,504
4,537,064
10. 136
3,258,158

304,616
21,879
3,134,805
7, 612
2,488,916

i. 626, 286
31,603
7,971,321
6,316
7,066,947

863.368
19,768

4,295.474
3.908
4,867,031

French West Indies
Germany

Honduras

Mexico. . .

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

65

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PEODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Grain and grain products-
Continued.
G rain— Continued .
Corn— Continued .
Netherlands
Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

Bushels.
5,187,982

11,764
9,643
25,714
18,373
15,260

10,958,858
2,501,066
1,688,287
12,624

Dollars.
3,611,341

9,521
7,783
17,486
14,893
16,368

7,556,901
1,737,169
1, 143, 234
10,899

Bushels.
5,185,092

16,983
2,988

Dollars.
3,518,258

12,301

2,381

Bushels.
7, 147, 151

11,523

2,452
68,571
38,469

Dollars.
3,938,180

6,421
1,513
36,828
24,009

Nicaragua

Panama . .

20,600
3,597

7, 676, 876
2, 099, 520
891,416
18, 170

15,042
4,081

5,325,684
1, 462, 656
609,559
14, 182

Salvador

United Kingdom-
England

13, 267, 753
2, 495, 879
1,959,802
204,586

7,358,433
1,350,293
1,023,110
138,948

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

35,853,412

25,194,466

36,802,374

25,427,993

63, 761, 458

35,961,479

Oats-
British Guiana

1,205

45,167

56,214
119,428
39,313

83,877
817,483

283,483
64,150

762

26,180

26,085
69,624
23,462
50,090
427,818

143,146
37, 592

3,726

91,364

11, 743
255, 577
51,026
98,434
601,685

470,685
101, 234

1,849

49,607

5,603
124,801
28,538
47, 851
288,471

198,248
49,399

13,170

f 32,657
20,545
38,566
I 13, 744
22,633
246,419
52,084
110,299
469, 117

913,720

111,958

5,571

13,987
9,169
17,307
6,54c

8,778
100,088
25,686
48, 034
215, 497

332,079
49,977

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

Canada

Cuba

Mexico

Panama

Philippine Islands

United Kingdom-
England

Other countries . .

Total

1,510,320

804,759

1,685,474

794,367

2,044,912

832, 718

Rye-
Belgium

87,984
27, 452
112, 789
98,304
116,626

553,438
155,486
77, 143
43,337

73,382
21,259
96,114
82,903

98, 747

447, 572
127, 764
65,572
36,496

'21,429
1,081

19, 757
1,414

Canada

1,192

1,079

Denmark

Germany

Netherlands

United Kingdom-
England

66,571
112, 252
17, 143
1,280

48,500
84,317
13,400
1,278

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

1,431

1,424

Total

1,272,559

1,049,809

219, 756

168, 666

2,623

2,503

Wheat-
Azores and Madeira Is. . .
Belgium

32,406
8,658,678
660
877,942
63,791
6,188
1,095,974
271,843
3,751,877
9,413,298
837,063
936

35,908
8,986,309
900
878,342
87, 166
7^150
1,156,279
256,893
3,846,899
9,888,847
869,282
936

38,954
5,976,110
39,919
2,111,370
119,732
5,858
839, 499

43,793
6,369,392
44,658
2,317,191
151,631
6,654
896,075

2,470,787

2,452,851

British South Africa
Canada

1,256,783
242,958
36,018
198,220
110,063
3,648,407
721,240
36
18
39, 193
286, 171
2,048,382

1,242,707
272, 189
37,390
204,618
95,755
3,611,088
711,558
40
20
34, 126
283,478
1,744,469

Colombia

Costa Rica

Denmark

Egypt

France

855,668
5,367,325
11,987

864,009
5,639,462
11,987

Germany

Greece. ".

Guatemala

Hongkong

itely g'v;

5,894,595
66,691
360, 665
1,448,486
6,653,412

6,125,987
62,620
360,435
1,483,055
6,772,007

1,960,044
127,498

1,967,322
117,611

Japan

Malta and Cyprus
Mexico

3,179,096
2,695,362

3,248,483
2,930,602

273,313
890.221

269,772
885,172

Netherlands

50597°— Bull. 96—12-

66

EXPOBTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAKM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Grain and grain products —
Continued.
Grain— Continued .
Wheat— Continued.
Norway

Bushels.
79,200
186,686
1,126,523
1,258,215

23,221,286
862,549
373,953
106,628
273,699

Dollars.
81,160
184,903
1,248,408
1,144,845

22,954,874
881,047
369,415
127, 775
283,005

Bushels.
147,060
329,786
7,863
413,223

20,038,686
575,041
1,779,634

Dollars.
160,028
331,432
8,649
374,491

19,877,603
628,025
1,754,123

Bushels.

Dollars.

Peru

79,745
100,000

70,822
98,000

Portugal

Portuguese Africa

United Kingdom-
England

9,678,970
428,057
1,191,003

8,532,867
421,511
1,043,924

Scotland

Ireland

Venezuela

Other countries .

60,155

63,369

29,717

27,916

Total

66,923,244

68,094,447

46,679,876

47,806,598

23,729,302

22,040,273

Grain products-
Corn meal —
Bermuda

Bands.
3,297
4,783

105,573

32,372
5,552
15,252
135,811
27,038
19,468
8,829

5,768

59,993
18,441
1,020
9,710

Dollars.
12, 119
17,545

366,264

105,745
20,599
54,333
462,224
101,691
65,594
30,791

19,384

192,868
59,416
3,570
36,867

Barrels.
2,705
5,383

98,898

31,241
8,677
16, 115
20,236
18, 166
48,134
8,038

8,285

47,757
7,556

Dollars.
9,361
18,759

330,907

104,200
31,057
53,000
68,859
61,461
180,201
33,670

28,630

164,816
26, 162

Barrels.
3,171
6,509

f 37, 164
50,455
8,526
33,445
43,259
8,369
16,691
13,208
27,511
63,032
6,774

7,201

108,097
18,675

Dollars.
9,573
20,147

107,826
146, 779
24,916
100, 779
127,441
24,709
49,350
43, 757
81,140
206,041
24,617

23,024

370,257
59,671

British Guiana

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

Canada

Cuba

Danish West Indies
Denmark

Dutch West Indies
Germany

Netherlands

Newfoundland and
Labrador

United Kingdom-
England ..

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries
Total

10,340

36,485

11,179

36,656

452,907

1,549,010

331,531

1,147,568

463,266

1,456,683

Oatmeal-
Argentina

Pounds.
635,269

280,548
631,539
134, 136

420,642

129,300
892,975
2,928,857
276,330
349,250
49,558

6, 131, 139
501,360
160,450
1,301,591

Dollars.
28,555

13,270
32,945
6,392

14,319

3,908
23,835
97,812
8,192
9,782
2,567

196,092
17,077
4,815
56,963

Pounds.
592,932

162,242
462,900
37,771

382,551

1,006,820
204,880
4,142,438
1,616,750
1,383,033
63,197

2,968,088
368,200
730,800
1,415,933

Dollars.
27,685

6,999
24,221
1,633

14,372

31,432
6,642
127,650
47,993
41,016
3,091

91,822
11,530
21,924
63,648

Pounds.
624,491

102,110
939,327
65,053

( 68,912
250,991
35,766
40,540
1,863,843
1,245,547
7,067,730
888,246
362,205
91,901

12,928,881
2,224,740
1,716,260
1,900,350

Dollars.
30, 137

4,914
45,562
2,833

3,045
9,654
1,689
1 , &8
54,243
36, 156
'219,403
26,621
11,092
4,401

402,677
61,848
46,664
81,100

Australia, Common-
wealth of

British India

British South Africa
British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica.

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British
Denmark

Germany .

Netherlands

Norway

Russia, European
Straits Settlements
United Kingdom-
England

Scotland .

Ireland

Other countries

Total

14,822,944

516,524

15,538,535

521,658

32,416,892
====
Barrels.
6,25C

1,043,867

Rye flour

Barrels.
3,857

Dollars.
14,600

Barrels.
3,751

Dollars.
15,240

Dollars.
24, 182

Wheat flour-
Bermuda

5,388
12,430

26,985
61,518

2,368
13,451

13,119
74,860

1,040
10,99

5,409

62,388

Belcium...

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

67

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS — continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Grain and grain products-
Continued.
Grain products — Continued.
Wheat flour— Continued.
Brazil

Barrels.
291,594
123,438
23,692
2,648
31,471

I 584,452

46,096
809
66,773
33,450
71,355
752,575
23,090
210,656
34,084
21,734
53,024
54,984

'''aoo

3,207
16,363
16, 156
73, 778
350, 136
31,063
87,932
147,664
27,204
892, 151
7,266
275,573
5,000
697
10,944
29,182
940,007

72,214
39,227
161,308
100, 862
50,349
80,088
4,292
84,243
245,631
3,106
59,236
52, 821
825
55,825
23,104
15,551

2,492,029
1, 120, 075
413,401
74,585
14,123

Dollars.
1,671,503
592,319
124,716
13, 106
172,495

2,709,215

216,204
4,065
249, 165
182,237
365,411
3,819,747
116,407
1,156,072
166, 151
111,410
247,797
245,310

w'«

18,368
105, 729
81,543
376,351
1,755,513
140,324
406,417
829,019
138,358
3,534,950
41,456
1,030,188
17,250
3,528
54,728
150,424
4,967,019

341,543
192, 259
872,055
531,070
235,966
326,805
23,854
325,595
1,303,200
16, 777
250, 037
294,853
4,500
214,056
123,889
84,790

11,744,206
5,819,286
2,094,274
384,614
69,838

Barrels.
359,708
110,818
24,349
8,492
30, 167

460,758

49,981
4,271
21,243
25,826
60,749
791,850
21,097
192,344
36,500
20,021
60,737
7,528

w

714
4,992
14,037
19,645
53, 879
233,899
13,500
76,043
166, 143
28, 272
668,692
9,030
217, 758

Dollars.
2,104,509
585,929
139, 197
47,967
177,676

2,377,727

235,866
20,068
93,164
148,404
329,480
4,638,414
112,371
1,085,209
190,279
108,310
295, 138
44,435

0)
3,570
29,592
79,658
106,227
293,851
1,310,187
73, 530
349, 717
957,539
152,710
2, 790, 649
54,519
917,916

Barrels.
520,084
113,974
27,674
9,999
43, 187

f 37,213
160,559
122,029
113,394
42,947
18,034
292, 738
23,197
74,465
846,685
25,231
242,849
37,846
21,818
68,399
40,139
208,519
4,353
3,280
14,250
18,354
70,236
226, 227
32,576
92, 273
182,019
31,966
1,003,529
13,288
458,397

Dollars.
2,840,788
533,494
134,946
52, 194
235,834

161,407
742,774
580,809
497, 153
189,490
67, 172
1,089,258
122,252
364,090
4,268,658
121,023
1,313,612
176,911
106,658
313,396
185,750
1,104,050
18,460
18,262
73, 690
87,357
327,739
1,219,028
144, 821
403,472
974,361
154,550
3,946,029
82,664
1,745,596

British Guiana

British Honduras
British South Africa
British West Africa
British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica...

Cuba

Danish West Indies
Denmark

Dutch Guiana
Dutch West Indies
Ecuador .

Egypt

Finland.

France

French Africa
French Guiana
French Oceania

French West Indies
Germany

Gibraltar

Guatemala

Haiti

Honduras

Hongkong

itaiy.. ..:::::::

Japan

Japanese China

Korea

712
2,686
28,469
739, 146

61,927
53,423
150,431
108,862
109, 196
250,442
4,664
30,801
184,335
2,137
63,942
58, 476
589
21,073
62,314
389

1,895,397
894,031
372,007
120, 617
16, 059

3,716
12, 775
157,318
4, 107, 191

323, 740
270, 919
856,668
597, 151
494, 110
1,049,611
27,576
141,064
1,034,276
11, 088
284,429
343, 110
3,481
88,289
357, 750
2,316

9,924,678
4,974,735
1,883,424
642,265
88,000

587
2,282
32, 165
860,560

72,895
51,700
168,968
134, 148
190,435
226, 629
5,355
469
11,887
250
63,254
66,281
1,078
3,000
24,864
2,595

1,586,645
895,215
309, 138
140, 869
24,407

2,429
10,190
157, 882
4,766,501

398,814
234, 803
905, 797
674,203
770,064
887,376
29,177
2,689
68,202
1,250
261, 145
370, 869
5,922
12, 153
130,318
14, 171

8, 145, 741
4, 775, 003
1,489,014
694,518
113, 170

Malta and Cyprus

Mexico

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

Nicaragua

Norway.

Panama

Peru

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa

Russia, Asiatic.

Russia, European 2

St. Pierre and Miquelon.
Salvador.

Santo Domingo

Spain . . .

Straits Settlements..

Sweden

Turkey, European
United Kingdom-
England . .

Scotland

Ireland

Venezuela

Other countries

Total

10,521,161

51,157,366

9, 040, 987

47, 621, 467

10, 129, 435

49,386,946

Included in "Russia, European."

2 Including "Finland," prior to July 1, 1910.

68

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned— Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Grain and grain products —
Continued.
Grain products— Continued.
Bran middlings, and mill
feed-
Belgium

Long tons.
19o
323
562

2,199

2,396
6,104
1,866
26,945
1,553
294

1,359
1,150

Dollars.
5,525
10,303
15,405

63,582

61,243
155, 241
52,629
717, 120
43, 721
8,013

34,795
32,695

Long tons.
1,275
187
362

762

2,581
4,822
2,123
34,884
453
2,385

802

1,890
31
224
767

Dollars.
30, 076
6,082
10,512

21,549

76,590
138,508
59,628
979, 419
13, 157
71,065

24,453

60,449
806
5,798
23,530

Long tons.
15
245
382

116
70
203
179
4,680
3,909
7,029
42,168
955
5,136

977

472
3
156
992

Dollars.
415
8.265
10, 694

3,202
1,993
5,527
5,341
114,617
103,065
196,104
1, 190, 736
25,825
159,029

26,708

12,693
100
3,900
27,341

Bermuda

Brazil

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago..
Other British

Canada

Cuba . . . ....

Denmark

Germany

Mexico

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

United Kingdom-
England ....

Scotland

Ireland

76
715

2,170
19,964

Other countries . .

Total

45,737

1,222,406

53,548

1,521,622

67,687

1,895,555

Malt-
Canada

Bushels.
35,147
22,044
68,654
26,624
10, 761

Dollars.
28,705
19,047
65,116
25,258
9,132

Bushels.
75,070
12,236
47, 213
16,766
5,212

Dollars.
58,541
10,428
40,128
15,265
4,726

Bushels.
44,436
13,426
36, 718
16,669
6,633

Dollars.
37,240
11,582
33,171
14,584
6,522

Guatemala

Mexico

Peru.

Other countries

Total

163,230

147, 258

156,497

129,088

117,882

103,099

Distillers' and brewers'
grains and malt
sprouts ' —
Belgium

Long tons.
18, 179
113
36,700
20,382
129

Dollars.
441,399
2,220
865,086
446,528
3,171

Long tons.
17,597
129
30, 786
16,395
590

Dollars.
421,471
2,631
795,668
405,503
15,128

Long tons.
14,942
134
28,156
32,231
1,340

Dollars.
366,257
2,700
687,335
827,529
30,397

Denmark

Germany .

Netherlands

Other countries

Total

75,503

1, 758, 404

65,497

1,640,401

76, 803

1,914,218

Bread and biscuit— .
Bermuda

Pounds.
114,871
365, 143
249,225
19,366

1 5,504,714

374,280
377,201
364,617
374,353
434,308
330,509
354.239
387,430
1,148,915
651,587
1,555,856

Dollars.
7,494
14, 815
15,620
862

275,760

17,908
26,240
28,808
19,445
22,238
14,660
16,513
34,682
72,517
36,489
106,636

Pounds.
123,002
463,817
275,624
42,036

5,531,899

226,615
335,968
319,760
398,867
434, 014
507,207
340, 871
335,661
1,277,223
758,907
1,693,217

Dollars.
8,819
19, 649
19.299
2,233

273, 215

12,769
29,715
27,914
19,299
20,918
26,005
20,008
30,064
89, 931
44,242
123, 071

Pounds.
128, 676
235, 746
296.600
43, 191

1477,444
3,684,907
502,250
1,163,523
630,702
403,930
389,931
375, 823
421,683
561,215
403,849
282,042
1,169,870
952, 196
1,898,514

Dollars.
9.314
9,967
22,290
2, 214

18, 711
169.679
23,393
54,000
30,322
36,302
33,494
18.861
21,649
30,863
24,514
27,489
81,374
49,507
136,125

British Guiana

British Honduras

British West Africa
British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

Canada

Colombia .

Cuba

Dutch Guiana

Dutch West Indies
French Oceania

French West Indies
Mexico .

Panama

Venezuela

Other countries '.

Total

12,606,614

710,687

13,064,688

767, 151

14,022,092| 800;068

i Or "Distillery and brewery refuse."

EXPOKTS OF FABM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

69

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Grain and grain products-
Continued.
Grain products— Continued.
Breadstuff preparations
other than bread and
biscuit —
Australia, Cdmmon-
wealth of

Dollars.
56,334
26, 138
6,993
23,004
5,599

57,267

53,322
261,889
28,268
8,444
104,560
33,973
5,945

Dollars.
74,373
35, 145
13,295
26,885
7,003

62,807

51,705
329,560
32,859
8,959
52,374
35,263
14,097
6,018
385
194,980
10,716
25, 657
21,546
153,456
49,516

9,225
30,539
36,011
38,225
15,325
704
2,428

486,954
76,765
2,689
5,731
129, 119

Dollars.
69, 737
36,058
15,253
37,029
5,178

2,271

15,784
4,096
66,577
63,401
323,976
27, 196
11,358
97,638
49,214
8,057
20,637
39
245, 140
8,572
17,440
45,647
174,426
76,236

6,217
36,928
43,980
28,784
12,100
685
6,130

579,772
68, 173
28,297
8,434
122,099

Brazil

British India

British West Indies—

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago..
Other British
British South Africa

Canada

China

Cuba

Ecuador

France

8,211
137
65,055
7,714
21,614
16,658
130,923
51,466

2,928
18,461
33,271
34,249
23, 170
996
1,115

587, 144
44,837
18,853
3,968
116,140

French Guiana

Germany

Guatemala

Hongkong

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

New Zealand

Panama

Philippine Islands

Santo Domingo

Straits Settlements

Sweden

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Venezuela

Other countries

Total

1,858,646

2,040,314

2,362,559

Other grain products —
Belgium

1,575

8,152

52,450

12,l>20

821,352
4 806

6,370

14,530

67,294
19,904
15,260
174,112
27,728
10,203

4,612
64,427

122,240
7,550
6,010
22,320

1,530

1,524
2,519
3,220
4,814
76, 782
21,495
3,510
599, 108
35,363
27,432

10,795
110, 159

126,092
4,632
4,093
24,072

British West Indies-
Barbados

1

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago..
Other British

)

Canada...

Cuba

Denmark

Germany

Mexico

Netherlands .

89,248

2,080
19, 154

Newfoundland and Lal>
rador

Sweden

United Kingdom—
England

155,854
2,766
650
17,780

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries.

Total

1,188,518

562,620

1,057,140

70

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1M9-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of doniestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter — Continued.

Grata and grata products—
Continued.
Grata products— Continued.
Total grata and grain prod-
ucts-
Argentina

Dollars.
32,212

78,073
13,477
38,088
10,952,398
105,706
1,721,887
38,558
638,693
154,253
81,438
174,309

3 999 577

Dollars.
36,861

82,088
20, 167
46,361
7,749,814
93,268
2,170,954
31,297
638,843
169,816
147,763
180,827

3,416,085

7,350,248
42,178
33,663
129,637
341, 161
418,056
6,709,715
185,271
3,854,078
220,599
196,907
309,779
49,353
0)
1,179,203
78,220
91,232
142,580
341,878
12,479 331

Dollars.
36,689

76,621
22,752
16,358
4,567,096
86,562
2,916,292
50,970
580,962
179,364
121,644
239, 613

348,343
1,265,587
667,506
764,450
9,537,047
225,371
81,359
1,132,866
444, 117
455,760
5,989,173
189,028
3,531,085
199, 610
222,324
321,838
282, 754
1,111,128
4,516,855
18,918
81,956
125,885
379.919
9,191,869
145,519
491,344
997,692
181,609
4,000,476
404,407
3,537,828

Australia, Common-
wealth of

Austria-Hungary

Azores, and Madeira Is

Belgium

Bermuda

Brazil

British India

British Guiana .

British Honduras

British South Africa. 1 . .

British West Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

f

Jamaica

:::::::::::

Trinidad and Tobago.
Other British

5,186,352
68,890
14,326
281,063
312,232
422,078
5, 554, 451

1

Canada

Canary Islands

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Danish West Indies

185,291
4,113,876
189,274
251,016
254, 776
545,829

4,025,816
19,459
115,874
104, 779
424,269
17,565,432
300,327
438,974
842,023
164,559
3,563,228
6, 171, 176
1,114,395

Denmark

Dutch Guiana

Dutch West Indies

Ecuador

Egypt ,

Finland

France.

French Africa

French Guiana

French Oceania

French West Indies

Germany

Gibraltar

74,408
376,838
971,672
176,310
2,817,524
2,025,619
1, 058, 667

Guatemala

Haiti

Honduras

Hongkong . .

Italy

Japan

Japanese China

17,278
7,713
415,492
2, 193, 870

Korea

10, 126
13,099
6,306,271
11,382,498

405,659
31,677
297, 482
1,078,485
807,499
860,215
1,395,824

7,615
10,656
5,764,267
10,926,467

473,724
88,034
253,795
98C..S52
889,103
877,790
1,144,347
114,388
367,381
7,651
79,888
6,743
268,264
408,631
13,030

)10.

Malta and Cyprus. .

Mexicd. . .

Netherlands

16,320,347

411,663
20,856
208,335
1,024,328
728,298
473.745
802,129
1,268,145
1,397,467
331,531
1,318,470
16,864
273,914
338,285
114,560

*Inc

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Norway

Panama

Peru

Philippine Islands

Portugal

32,473
420,674
147,679
1,081,208
12,942
296,591
384,057
5,082

iland" prior

Portuguese Africa

Russia, Asiatic

Russia European'

St. Pierre Miquelon

Salvador

Santo Domingo

Spain

1 Included in " Russia, European."

luding " FIi

to July 1, 1*

EXPOKTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1009-11.

71

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PKODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Grain and grain products-
Continued.
Grain products — Continued.
Total grain and grain prod-
ucts — Continued.
Straits Settlements

Dollars.
217,619
152,076
84,820

46,788,111
8,896,594
4,498,782
554,328
942,425

Dollars.
98, 084
424,605
2,400

38,003,796
7,375,338
5,214,887
694,663
98,833

Dollars.
17,239
246,607
14,512

28,175,184
7,001,347
5, 4%, 848
758, 467
126,460

United kingdom—

Scotland

Venezuela

Total

160, 076, 479

133,320,418

124,262,836

Hay:
Belgium

Long tons.
300

253

6,994
4,960
15,594
2,208
14,730

18,243
258
1,101

Dollars.
4,757

4,589

119,578

75, 278
204, 401
40,846
366,266

308,018
4,053
19,967

Long tons.
89

232

6,141
2,213
13,073
1,763
12,916

17,299
12
1,269

Dollars.
1,737

5,010

126,878
43,363
185, 187
34, 184
318,804

329,163
210
26,371

Long tons.
212

8
118
53
148
14,198
564
16,098
2,476
8,108

11,017
318
1,905

Dollars.
4,183

188
2,293
1,131
2,938
266, 572
10, 772
259,569
51,204
179,248

211,856
6,130
36,507

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago .

Other British

Canada ....

Cuba

Mexico

Panama

Philippine Islands

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

64,641

1,147,753

55,007

1,070,907

55,223

1,032,591

Hops:
Australia, Commonwealth of .
Canada

Pounds.
403,371
701,920
26,197

9,102,018
78,001
38,983
96,394

Dollars.
52, 738
89,206
3,400

1,098,995
10,919
3,898
12, 473

Pounds.
293,404
634, 247
24,853

9,448,592
80,969

Dollars.
63,963
141,589
6,934

1,814,949
12,914

Pounds.
536, 431
634,629
26,336

11,504,311
277,598

Dollars.
80, 755
115,509
4,464

1,858,365
47,867

New Zealand

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland . .

Ireland

Other countries .

107, 189

21,791

125, 469

24, 012

Total

10, 446, 884

1,271,629

10,589,254

2,062,140

13, 104, 774

2, 130, 972

Liquors, alcoholic:
Spirits, distilled—
Alcohol,1 including cologne
spirits —
Canada

Proof galls.
54,091
14,111
35, 730

Dollars.
11,891
4,753
20,075

Proof galls.
158,325
36
72,716

Dollars.
27, 742
32
36,619

Proof galls.
3,532
1,038
30,661

Dollars.
1,928
514
17,378

Honduras

Other countries
Total

103,932

36, 719

231,077

64, 393

35,231

19,820

Brandy

14, 718

12,262

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

Rum-
British West Africa
China..

725,266
18,209
18,061
3,782
5,834

143,870
11,027

992,446
4,418
24,257
5,107
7,825

191,454
11,611

762,923
23,748
15, 751
4,485
26,065

283,720
21,436

1,017,064
7,115
21,492
6,061
35,806

371,474
15, 749

743,688
20,769
34,085
9,882
4,953

272,628
43,573

991,624
5,960
46,164
13,834
7,349

380, 140
31, 076

Germany

Turkey, Asiatic . .

Turkey, European. . .
United Kingdom-
England . .

Other countries

Total

926, 049

1,237,118

1,138,128

1,474,761

1,129,578

1,476,147

1 Excluding wood alcohol.

2 Included in " Other distilled spirits."

72

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Liquors, alcoholic— Con td.
Spirits, distilled— Contd.
Whisky-
Bourbon—
Canada

Proof galls.
3,555
280,790
3,331
17,790
2,530
14,599
9,314

Dollars.
6,797
277,460
8,891
27,558
3,337
26,325
15,078

Proof galls.
1,547

Dollars.
3,334

Proof galls.
323
14
1,883
20,606
8,378
13.900
13,355

Dollars.
683
38
3,579
33,133
10,429
18,168
20,684

Guatemala

2,071
13,241
6,002
17,401
6,039

4,290
21,595
8,289
31,694
11,011

Mexico

Nicaragua

Philippine Islands
Other countries

Total

331,909

365, 446

46,301

80, 213

58,459

86,714

Rye-
China

1,974
693
28,006
1,420
16,199
12,880
28,037

4,888
272

3, en

1,234
28,608
3,364
37,063
29,526
40,885

9,393
770

597
450
78,738
2,421
18,311
16,586
32,674

850
236

902
905
85,694
5.991
41,800
35,676
60,578

2,330
696

90
744
30,545
2,867
16,807
22,689
21,083

2,426
32C

35,876

210
1,708
36,993
6,773
39,297
46,508
43,941

4,600
880
12
70,531

Colombia

Germany

Honduras

Mexico

Panama

Philippine Islands
United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries
Total

26,951

55,517

31,139

66,472

121,320

210,031

182,002

301,044

133,450

251,453

Other distilled spirits-
China

273
3,417
7,514

691

6,855
14,845

1,027
7.563
29,532

1,267
13,788
42,540

423
4,678
37,145

541
8,241
42,575

Mexico

Other countries

Total

11,204

22,391

38,122

57,595

42,246

51,357

Total distilled spirits-
British Honduras
British West Africa
Canada

6,490
725.266
67,129
20,608
1,173
338, 616
4,847
16,163
648
38,672
4,586
20,759
50,532
1,265
3,782
5,834

149,324
616

7,482
992,446
32,010
9,130
1,521
336,926
11,723
9,248
1,211
72,786
7,822
42, 210
75,844
3,503
5,107
7,825

202,072
1,656

8,401
762,923
173,150
25,517
836
109,773
4,096
4,096
5,935
40,343
28,645
33,821
60,448
2,952
4,485
26,065

286,936
236

10,003
1,017,064
45,185
9,438
1,217
121,858
8,315
9,557
3,190
77,554
26,533
50,686
107,732
5,988
6,061
35,806

376,635
696

18,402
743,688
22,155
21,537
2,262
67,475
6,024
4,688
19,069
42,214
15,327
30,534
45,802
3,091
9,882
5,153

288,474
406
3
52,778

22,359
991,624
25,380
6,907
2,760
85,285
11,508
8,873
6,041
81,022
18,660
54,125
75,665
6,707
13,834
7,849

395,827
1,019
12
70.034

China

Colombia

Germany .

Guatemala

Honduras

Japan

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Philippine Islands

Salvador

Turkey, Asiatic

Turkey .European
United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

52,822

63,445

56,972

64,488

Total

1,509,132

1,863,967

1,635,630

Doz. quarts.
5,708

30,445

221,295
1,048
3,310
8,777
58,467

1,978,006

=====

Dollars.
8,711

42,322

324,659
1,251
4,544
13,549
84,452

1,398,964

1,885,491

Malt liquors-
Bottled—
British Honduras
British West Indies-
Barbados

Doz. quarts.
7,334

31,484

197,987
7,090
2,092
9,063
78,486

Dollars.
12,851

47,447

280,428
11,031
3,161
15,537
116,713

Doz. quarts.
6,981

1,735
11,645
22,088
2,406
296,083
2,600
4,741
11,794
50,755

Dollars.
9,713

2,231
15,780
32,966
3,283
440,265
3,695
6,249
16,391
71,872

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago.
Other British

Canada

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba...

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

73

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and cour-try.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAKM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Liquors, alcoholic— Con td.
Malt liquors— Continued.
Bottled— Continued.
Hongkong

Doz. quarts.
5,586
726
14,913
3,988
167,810
4,336
49,960
1,463
53,043

' Dollars.
' 8,638
1,509
21,357
6,672
280,334
5,814
74,280
2,474
76,746

Doz. quarts.
3,680
180
8,779
3,423
149,371
4,288
51,020
234
46,858

Dollars.
4,458
300
12,455
5,402
232,553
5,520
69,614
351
67,183

Doz. quarts.
1,783
1,588
10,168
10,696
149,428
1,952
48, 169
325
54,156

Dollars.
2,686
2,754
15, 750
14,363
202,856
2,489
71,836
513
74,703

japan

Mexico

Nicaragua ....

Peru ...

Philippine Islands

Salvador

Other countries

Total

635,361

964,992

596, 883

877,324

689,093

990,395

Unbottled—
• Canada

Gallons.
222,949
1,919
21,657

Dollars.
38,440
456
6,899

Gallons.
326,221
30,575
33,681

Dollars.
53,894
10,491
9,474

Gallons.
357, 180
36,895
57,619

Dollars.
59, 543
8,851
16, 770

Mexico

Other countries

Total

246,525

45, 795

390,477

73,859

451,694

85,164

Total malt liquors-
British Honduras

12,851

51,870

318,868
11,031
3,221
15,537
117,174
8,638
1,509
21,813
6,672
280,352
5,814
74,280
2,474
78,683

8,711

48,706

378,553
1,251

9,713

2,231

20,648
32,966
3,358
499,808
3,695
6,835
16,391
72,264
2,686
2,754
24,601
14,363
203,491
2,489
79,326
661
77,279

British West Indies-
Barbados

f

Jamaica

1:::::::::::

Trinidad and Tobago.
Other British

Canada

China

Colombia

4,544
13,779
84,471
4,458

Costa Rica

Cuba

Hongkong

Japan

300
22,946
5,407
232,717
5,520
69,614
351
69,855

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Philippine Islands

Salvador

Other countries

Total

1,010,787

951,183

1,075,559

Vines-
Bottled—
Mexico

Doz. quarts.
540
3,299

Dollars.
3,117
16,785

Doz. quarts.
486
5,476

Dollars.
2,943
28,371

Doz. quarts.
• 0)

Dollars.
0)

Other countries
Total

3,839

19,902

5,962

31,314

0)

0)

Unbottled—
Belgium ....

Gallons.
2.072
34,081
4,672
15,401
28,479
15,338
48,450
16,966
15,656
34,823
70, 526
35, 796
27,911

21,880
1,101
42,739

Dollars.
1,018
13, 697
2,168
7,262
13,449
5,781
23,381
8,720
6,648
13,089
29,667
11,453
14,678

9,085
540
20,880

Gallons.
4,715
47,267
3,377
11,949
27,166
9,758
35,312
17,849
4,829
61,171
79,575
57,064
19, 194

56,819
725
64,578

Dollars.
2,604
16,178
1,731
4,233
14,439
3,376
15,970
8,058
2,128
18,378
32,245
15, 793
9,913

20,602
494
27,455

Gallons.
0)

Dollars.
0)

Canada

China

Colombia

Ecuador

French Oceania

frfirmfvny

Guatemala

Honduras

Japan

Mexico

PftTtarna. '

Salvador . . .

United Kingdom—
England

Scotland ....

Other countries
Total . . .

415,891

181,516

501,348

193,597

0)

0)

i Not separately stated.

74

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS. 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Liquors, alcoholic— Continued .
Wines— Continued .
Total wines l—
Belgium

Gallars.
2,072
36,055
4,786
15,440
28,785
15,371
48,984
17,314
16,583
35,126
72,146
36,231
28,370

22,015
1,110
6
47,014

Dollars.
1,018
17,237
2,348
7,372
13,887
5,835
24,530
9,310
8,020
13,652
32,784
11,961
15,401

9,370
564
10
28,119

Gallons.
4,811
51,890
3,662
12,012
27, 712
9,758
36,032
19,151
5,321
61,255
81,033
57,496
19,305

57,587
725

Dollars.
2,768
22, 739
2,142
4,359
15, 320
3,376
17,349
10, 428
2,814
18,540
35,188
16,669
10,132

22,399
494

Gallons.
21,858
85, 566
22,123
27,966
39, 636
23, 693
360,931
20,623
8,130
229,869
75, 189
201, 718
29,316

92,415
266

Dollars.
8,806
42, 158
8,490
12,440
18,641
6,913
123,288
10, 438
4,491
68,837
29,907
56,838
14,905

33,314
610

China

Ecuador

French Oceania

Germany

Guatemala

Honduras

Panama

United Kingdom -
England

Scotland '

Ireland

Other countries

71,484

40,194

155,695j 78,460

Total

427,408

201,418

, 519,234

224,911

1,394,994

518,536

Total alcoholic liquors—

7,988
21,180
994,425

55,682

368,115
22,509
12,114
19,877
133, 862
21,669
4 086

10,236
19,621
1,019,621

52,661

446,477
12,831
10,120
21,023
92,971
20,154
5,506
4,308

12,462
32,604
994,433

2,320
21,969
33,235
6,529
567,346
19,092
22,035
21,663
91,653
25,235
14,543
8,824
209,702
30,833
28,233
4,401
77,632
135,530
36,461
314, 454
4,398
161.737
22,273
18,671
8,090

430,922
1,629
12
120,665

British Honduras . .

»

British West Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

f"

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

I

Canada

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Ecuador

France

French Oceania

6,494
363,163
33,050
23,423
10, 525
16,372
127,383
16,462
334,523
7,609
153,890
21,378
10,403
7,888

215,827
2,230
10
84,035

Germany

140,791
30,255
18,106
5,438
22,030
135,688
33,605
300,072
8,197
192,998
16, 471
9,167
35,806

401,196
1,190

Guatemala

Honduras

Hongkong

Japan

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

Philippine Islands

Salvacfor

Turkey Asiatic

Turkey, European

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

87,561

Total

3,096,172

3,154,100

3,479,586

Nursery stock:

171,976
37,191
16,614
33,779
18,221

157,683
30,723
14,341
42,732
14,897

214,080
20,872
ID, !f,:,
32,353
21,045

Cuba

Mexico

Netherlands...

i Quantity for 1909 and 1910 computed by estimating 3 gallons to 1 dozen quarts.

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

75

TABLE 17 —Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30— ^

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Nursery stock— Continued.
United Kingdom—

Dollars.
23,415
120

Dollars.
26,819
1,478
28
35,435

Dollars.
14,067
1,209
104
23,793

Scotland

16,511

Total

317,827

324,136

337,988

Nuts:
Peanuts —
British Guiana

Pounds.
258,004
65,003
3,084,206
109, 445
518,242

777,353
688,854

Dollars.
• 9, 723
3,329
149,027
3,807
13,870

30.620
32, 193

Pounds.
387, 858
27,059
3,210,580
50, 614
119,708

159,592
529,202

Dollars.
15, 780
1, 608
167, 107
2,499
5,620

5,578
26,587

Pounds.
349,300
29,462
4,489,072

Dollars.
14, 678
1,500
229,688

British South Africa
Canada

Netherlands

United Kingdom—
England

4,592
574, 759

226
30,559

Other countries

Total

5,501,107

242,569

4,484,613

224,779

5,447,185

276,651

Other-
Canada

26, 680
75,140
11, 190
86,163
47, 111

36, 171
35, 165
10, 409
36, 493
38,046

52,179
94,032
12,068
92,500
77,372

Mexico

Netherlands

O ther countries ... .

Total

246,284

156, 284

328, 151

Total nuts-
British Guiana

9,723
4 384

15,780
1,608

6,049

203,278
35,189
11,250
42,113

18,947
42
46,807

14,689
1,509

77
3,054
401
3,311
281,867
94, 159
13, 679
92,500

15,012

British South Africa .

British West Indies—
Barbados

5,715

175,707
75,688
12, 270
100,033

34,258
288
70,787

f

Jamaica

: :::

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British...

1:::::::::::

Canada

Germany... .

Mexico

Netherlands

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

84,544

Total

488, 853

381,063

604,802

Oil cake and oil-cake meal:
Corn oil cake-
Belgium

847,000
122, 100
22, 429, 446
15,066,105
8,401,917
2,155,820
86,210

1 096,600
1,386,817
13,571,338
30.131,507
4,772,144
1,755,324
520, 160

15,355
18,551
177,931
421,399
61,964
25,401
6,754

12,335
1,375
315,833
210,010
118,983
29,796
1,301

8,441,132
1,325,629
40,051,378
17, 759, 183
12,574,182
1,156,498
2,076,868

105,816
16,854
557,296
230, 197
162, 403
16,040
27,380

Denmark .

France

Germany

Netherlands

Sweden

Other countries

. Total

53,233,890

727,355

49,108,598

689,633

83,384,870

1,115,986

Cottonseed oil cake and oil-
cake meal-
Belgium

46,895,933
2,542,267
463,982,271
72,410,25(1
387,811,603
83.737.615

594,685
34,360
5,791,247
965,761
5,159,771
1.064.473

22,587,210
2,535,150
213, 189, 942
9,591,769
235,700,873
53. 789. 333

311,216

36,698
3,036,323
123, 866
3,324,218
783. 158

25,842,148
3,196,582
272,103,376
21, 408, 140
289,241,899
63.143.217

310, 855
45,568
3,345,202
261, 154
3,804,126
785.773

Canada.

Denmark

France.

Germany

Netherlands. . .

76

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAKM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter — Continued.

Oil cake and oil-cake meal-
Continued.
Cottonseed oil cake and oil-
cake meal— Continued.
Norway

Pounds.
32,657,905
5,795,381

98,302,866
3,228,164
35,920,385
465,681

Dollars.
450,042
77,610

1,190,930
38,353
431,859
6,342

Pounds.
10,328,540
1,527,216

46,455,971
4,225,220
38,891,706
1,265,836

Dollars.
146,638
21,490

656,638
53,512
556,379
21,679

Pounds.
30,560,765

Dollars.
359,427

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England

66,119,339
2,279,630
29,892,378
809,481

837,311
26,295
366,595
11,169

ScoTland . .

Ireland . .

Other countries.

Total

1,233,750,327

15,805,433

640,088,766

9,071,815

804,596,955

10,153,475

Flaxseed or linseed oil cake
and oil-cake meal —
Belgium

324,435,847

9,862,898

319,250
1,575,846
8,865,092
6,653,149
273,229,083
112,050
331,275

29,875,893
1,694,310
24,212,855
1,596,997

4,467,236

161,769

4,495
19, 195
115,369
88,495
3,638,226
1,600
4,557

424,698
25,133
327,883
24,690

290,766,033

9,527,782

929,925
1,820,420
22,514,501
7,180,058
275,071,437
226, 114
60,500

32,804.123
961,488
9,550,259
904,276

4, 139, 676

162,290

12,914
26,995
317, 670
95,690
4,073,325
3,900
908

483,846
15,061
141,261
16,028

250,509,433

f 3,547,000
97, 675
1 4,599,305
[ 1,631,880
355,060
550,000
39,301,940
2,176,341
204,656,582

3,615,064

63,140
1,687
81,651
28,504
4,790
6,575
577,824
31,666
3,155,076

British West Indies-

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British.. *

Canada

Denmark .

Franr>p. .

Germany

Netherlands...

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England

42,275,006
1,361,430
7,712,553
900,448

647,423
21, 162
111,458
15,646

Scotland .

Ireland

Other countries

Total

682,764,545

9,303,346

652,316,916

9,489,564

559,674,653

8,361,666

Total oil cake and oil-cake
meal-
Belgium ....

372,428,380

9,890,523

2,861,517
466,944,934
94,846,686
424,596,259
361,738,842
32,769,955
7,881,980

128,299,759
4,922,474
60,254,240
2,313,213

5,077,276

162,245

38,855
5,828,993
1,259,061
5,669,665
4,764,663
451,642
107,568

1,617,128
, 63,486
761,242
' 34,310

314,200,243

10,153,457

3,527,085
215,132,462
54,535,716
257,947,036
337,262,687
10,554,654
3,743,536

79,260,094
5,186,708
48,441,9C5
1,568,637

4,463,227

174,360

50,550
3,064,693
757, 3C9
3,629,918
4,975,466
150,538
52, 194

1,140,484
68,573
697,640
26,000

284,792,713

f 3,547,000
99,675
1 4,599,305
I 1,637,280
3,551,642
273,979,005
100,761,458
309,177,423
280,373,981
31,014,277
1,156,498

108,394,345
3,697,060
39,091,687
1,783,129

4,031,735

63,140
1,724

8i,esi

28,603
50,358
3,368,631
1,396,274
4,065,989
4, 103, 252
366, 167
1C, 040

1,484,734
48, 157
496,735
27,937

British West Indies—
Barbados ....

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

Canada

Denmark ....

France

Germany

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England...

Scotland .

Ireland...

Other countries

Total

1,969,748,762

25,836,134

1,341,514,280

19,251,012

1,447,656,478

19,631,127

Oils, vegetable:
Fixed or expressed—
Corn oil—
Austria-Hungary
Belgium

5,344,800
1,797,285
5,058,615
1,897,313
825,585
3,633.780

278,480
102,646
275,762
99,004
47,291
193.914

4,309,799
163,957
111,562
1,853,414
367,913
908.530

255,496
9,423
6,157
104,268
21,074
49. 256

4,060,607
5,231,487
2,157,313
4,673,564
2,597,165
3.021.777

245,461
336,898
138, 170
270,080
158,415
196.987

Germany ....

Italy

Netherlands.

Sweden...

EXPOBTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

77

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Oils, vegetable— Continued.
Fixed or expressed— Contd.
Corn oil— Continued.
United Kingdom-
England

Pounds.
829,500

Dollars.
44, 127

Pounds.
1,930
3,787
43,560
3,534,880

Dollars.
166
315
2,402
194,835

Pounds.
552,893
23,664

Dollars.
35,940
1,535

Scotland

45,000
5,009,790

2,447
249,909

Other countries

2,998,239

190, 119

Total

24,441,668

1,293,580

11,299,332

643,392

25,316,799

1,573,605

Cottonseed oil-
Argentina
Australia, Common-
wealth of

5,381,543

163,994
7,638,885
5,392,777
2,391,863
1,057,245
1,080,390

2,322,705

10,693,402
1,893,173
125,993
3,391,080
3,936,420
2,154,405
40,849,710
4.332,578
275,017
3,341.565
30,559,897
161,850
67,838,220
1,799,257
40,510,163
80,103,135
169,500
4,235,355
849,847
148,905
5,790,833
1,503,173
822,788
1,074,165
15,672,218

25,150,680
3,825,938
2,517,323
3,104,700
894,276

324,716

10,858
397,370
280,989
150,645
60,386
71,064

137,492

613,836
133,020
8,634
204,215
206,408
121,163
2,202,051
248, 560
19,650
186,822
1,592,853
9,290
3,925,458
104,538
1,824,331
4,315,001
11,439
241,778
52,885
9,771
334,600
101,786
47,198
61,508
881,680

1,346,503
196,878
145,518
207,343
63,143

2,958,897

305,559
150,949
1,. 509, 817
2,945,690
1,056,244
834,437

2,148,843

15,458,774
3,105,306
187,890
2,789,648
3,674,342
1,328,698
8,007,347
888,827
308,360
3,117,368
12,645,136
137,277
18,486,000
1,009,188
25,162,096
56,726,262
154,059
6,494,961
1,270,726
367,740
2,098,223
1,813,909
3,603,041
1,352,164
6,136,835

25,583,719
3,006,101
3,373,241
2,872,691
884,637

211,463

21,897
9,885
104,719
207,999
74,895
59,911

157,784

1,054,720
232,056
14,000
196,935
262,369
94,824
486,682
52,228
23,002
215,840
825,863
8,404
1,226,578
74,015
1,473,770
3,673,869
11,700
428,662
98,408
26,176
134,619
151,877
241,658
83,901
386,118

1,741,237
198,511
227,927
236,771
66,790

4,949,588

287,176
2,695,491
3,500,012
3,188,925
1,168,538
1,542,433

(383,323
1,493,812
196,367
503,460
12,887,645
5,516,716
255,383
2,819,122
2,452,262
837,263
12,755,189
485,728
479,043
3,298,243
8,928,676
151,404
29,106,127
1', 555, 302
25,885,527
33,059,990
202,636
7,068,506
1,247,569
175,004
3,962,448
1,840,930
1,119,183
2,013,078
10,072,134

27,172,934
3,618,646
2,068,597
3,577,737
998,797

374,824

23,133
201,873
249,176
255,462
90,211
126,817

29,092
121,759
15,771
39,897
951,364
408,765
20,232
214,271
181,404
65,398
945,698
38,398
38,185
251,535
639,199
11,846
2,315,095
119,940
1,897,584
2,515,200
16,189
538,521
106,275
15,024
306,937
161,717
90, 124
156,940
800,004

2,005,846
255,970
162,570
287,282
81,841

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Brazil

British Guiana
British South Africa
British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad arid Tobago. .
Other British

Canada....

Chile

Costa Rica...

Cuba

Denmark

Egypt . .

France

French Africa

French Guiana

French West Indies
Germany

Gibraltar....

Italy

Malta and Cyprus
Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Panama

Portuguese Africa
Pvoumania

Santo Domingo
Sweden . .

Turkey, Asiatic
Turkey .European
United Kingdom-
England

Scotland
Ireland

Uruguay..

Other countries

Total

383,154,968

20,851,380

223,955,002

14,798,063

225,520,944

17,127,369

Linseed oil —
Canada

Gallons.
33,055
23, 895
92,672
33,650
2,000
87, 757

Dollars.
14,872
12,229
46,344
18,058
1,271
48,102

Gallons.
25,081
21,591
57,299
24,937
21,144
78,374

Dollars.
17,420
14,088
35,862
15,519
17,063
55,906

Gallons.
25,782
13,389
12,300
15,324
9,474
98,941

Dollars.
24,960
12,406
11,614
12,921
10,491
92,487

Cuba

Mexico

Panama. .

Philippine Islands
Other countries .

Total

273,029

140,876

228,426

155,858

175,210

164,879

78

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17. — Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter — Continued.

Oils, vegetable— Continued.
Fixed or expressed— Contd.
Other oils, fixed or ex-
pressed —
Argentina

Dollars.
917
102,213
44,312
13,442
25,360
1,804

7,303
43
53,966

Dollars.
42,244
121,313
17,291
22,409
25,374
6,690

37,070
560
70,558

Dollars.
57,695
117,450
4,250
15, 612
17,629
9,908

5,926

Canada

Chile

Cuba .

Mexico

Nicaragua

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Other countries .

64,287

Total

249,360

343,509

292,757

Volatile or essential—
Peppermint oil-
France

Pounds.
5,060
57,310

81,232
5,008
13,201

Dollars.
8,334
118,023

128,166
8,436
25,359

Pounds.
4,710

% 53,815

41,592

2,878
7,412

Dollars.
10,102
119,411

66,192
5,490
14,650

Pounds.
7,634
39,733

65,320
800
9,933

Dollars.
17,425
94,557

132,000
1,800
23,252

Germany. .

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

161,811

288,318

110,407

215,845

123,420

269,034

Other oils, volatile or
essential-
Canada

74,893
13,790
19,833
38,646
35,029

60,609
750
30,986

69,232
15,816
27,659
65,775
33,594

64,394
4,186
41,978

76,716
12,328
26,169
79,639
28,769

109,956
6,585
37,426

Cuba

France

Germany

Mexico

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland.

Other countries

Total

274,536

322,634

377,588

Total vegetable oils-
Argentina

332,084

20,177
677, 148
387,231
154,210
60,434
71,872

147,202

852,334
181,874
15,700
243,844
216,93?
2,634
123,246
2,407,400
248,560
186,941
2,035.198

263,936

26,279
269,282
116.882
219,269
75,008
60,704

166,266
1 379 061

437,145

42,928
449.852
592.417
261,044
90.308
131,724

29,661
123,828
16,639
43,880
1,232,099
413,593
11,226
255,207
186,412
2,326
65,748
1,095,535
38,398
252,327
954,191
11,877
2,595,120
7,858
119,940
1.955.596

Australia, Commonwealth
of

Austria-Hungary. . .

Belgium "..

Brazil

British Guiana

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

1

{

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago....
Other British

1

\

Canada

Chile

'250^529
12,861
249,324
265,328
3,070
101,253
528,928
52,228
216,372
1 020.996

Colombia

Cuba

Denmark . .

Ecuador

Egypt

France . ...

French Africa

French West Indies

Germany

Gibraltar

9,290
4,029,664
6,983
104,538
1.931.174

8,404
1,350,539
4,183
74,015
1.568.682

Italy

Japan

Malta and Cyprus

Mexico.

EXPOKTS OF FAKM AND FOKEST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

79

TABLE 11 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Oils, vegetable— Continued.
Total vegetable oils— Contd.
Netherlands

Dollars.
4 369 480

Dollars.
3,702,614

9,762
13, 431
11, 766
473, 059

Dollars.
2,685,920

18,084
20,513
16,521
538,647
133,531
306, 937
1,257
16,532
170,685
287, 111

2,292,411
265,890
162,570

287,885
8,819
1,175,331

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

3,812
14,322
5, 929
243,024
75,557
334,856
2,745
11,314
107,802
241,777

1,586,730

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Norway

Panama

121,925
135,679
144
11,258
157,427
290, 914

1,909,720
209,062
230, 329
236,950
18,187
670,675

Roumania .

Russia European

Salvador

Santo Domingo

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

206, 152
147, 965
207,635
31,183
1,061,096

Ireland

Uruguay

Venezuela

Other countries

Total

23,098,050

16,479,301

19,805,232

Rice:
Canada

Pounds.
140, 609
5,329
13,135
1,300
123, 140
184,856
145,007
107,353
114,287

442. 907
43.260
235
245, 113

Dollars.
7,351
202
538
84
3,784
5,419
4,548
3,693
3,362

19,070
2,372
10
10,381

Pounds.
198, 494
74,854
3,880,573
1,959
55, 702
138,205
364, 437
322, 703
325,754

1,267,039
41,960
332
377,585

Dollars.
11,746
2,167
96,392
87
1,703
4,259
15,576
9,808
9,297

55,638
2,432
17
13,122

Pounds.
393,046
11,000
2,277,617
2,530,730
164,675
684,815
542,230
320,393
94,483

3,299,831
73,300
10,224
5,172,927

Dollars.
18, 925
263
52,687
123,429
4, 164
20,765
20,690
10,242
2,929

153,226
3,957
510

211,785

Costa Rica

Cuba

Germany

Guatemala

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

1,566,531

60,814

7,049,597

222,244

15,575,271

623,572

Rice bran, meal, and polish:
Germany

17,565,625
1,379,273

159,802
11,787

19,432,379
297,212

176,826
2,211

14,099,481
388,589

127,062
3,166

Other countries

Total

18,944,898

171,589

19,729,591

179,037

14,488,070

130,228

Rice hulls:
Belgium

3,760
110,592

3,564
1,363

8,091
55,234

2,966
6,958

8,682
21,056

2,057
5,016

Germany

United Kingdom-
England .

Other countries

Total. ..

119,279

73,249

36,811

Roots, herbs, and barks, n.e.s. :
Canada.

15,520
24,662
176,926
18,565
12,397
4,754
10,523

101,154

29,752
32,520
191,864
22,094
18,058
6,740
18,268

120,376
2,052
35,113

36,323
37,411
208, 138
16,244
12,456
4,227
11,796

183,301
2,239
51,727

France

Germany

Italy

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

31,300

Total ,.

395,801

476,837

563, 862

80

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of dotnestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Year en din

g June 30—

Article and country.

19

09

19

10

19

11

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Seeds:
Cotton seed-
Germany

Pounds.
21.054.661

Dollars.
264, 410

Pounds.
17,016 029

Dollars.
276 785

Pounds.
7 634 077

Dollars.
113 790

Mexico

635 572

13 959

2 261 415

50 858

587 017

19 581

Netherlands

16, 378, 393

187, 898

3,833,579

52, 110

3 099 264

42 978

United Kingdom-
England

12 247 032

149 673

1 292 130

19 287

899 563

14 835

Scotland

76,500

1 056

^449 700

7 904

Other countries

1 311,083

16 621

451 446

6 024

554 726

10 926

Total

51 626,741

632 561

24 931 099

406 120

13 224 347

209 944

Flaxseed or linseed-
Belgium

Bushels.
251 603

320 117

Bushels.
8 179

14 313

Bushels.

Canada

558

1,091

344

740

656

1 721

Germany

25 072

47 640

Netherlands

138, 778

183,081

27,598

49 496

United Kingdom-
England

163, 461

202,382

3,470

5,205

Scotland

328,092

385 287

Other countries

407

581

530

935

320

799

Total

882 899

1 092 539

65 193

118 329

976

2 520

Grass seed-
Clover seed-
Australia, Common-
wealth of

Pounds.
77,978

Dollars.
9 289

Pounds.
40 640

Dollars.
4,452

Pounds.

Dollars.

Belgium

98, 312

12, 715

150,008

16,336

47,040

5,110

Canada

5, 046, 676

497, 099

1 338,637

102,807

925,292

139, 647

Denmark

155 983

21 885

164 676

17 I4d

64 837

7 510

Germany

6,000,957

620, 158

1, 970, 172

222,705

1,551', 968

207, 615

Netherlands

149,706

16,502

126, 454

13, 150

69,295

9,720

New Zealand
United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

741,070

2,321,478

882,587

78,244

273, 423
97 791

191,410

1.789,811
'889 609

23,432

194,491
104, 858

40,600

987,620
557, 758

5,963

11.0,580
74, 773

Ireland
Other countries

349, 161
362,225

32,360
47,314

235,228
81,040

33,077
10,225

19,090
95,667

2,549
14,462

Total

16, 186, 133

1,706,780

6,977,685

832,676

4,359,167

577.929

Timothy seed—
' Australia, Common-
wealth of

10 960

630

70 700

3,500

211 277

10 539

174 145

8 423

Canada

13,436,208

529, 926

14,594,702

562,037

6,435,595

657,130

Denmark

806,825

41,049

979, 932

45,087

24,064

1 453

Germany

5,674,2/5

272, 705

5,856,637

253,688

2,392,981

127,920

Netherlands

506,798

24,641

323, 426

14,416

12,596

668

Russia European

702 138

34, 549

1,264,659

52, 736

52, t20

2,536

United Kingdom-
England

724, 694

33,564

2, 037, 373

94,857

80,107

5,918

Scotland

526 016

27,345

670, 091

29,707

218,440

13,746

346 851

14 3^1

378 259

15 929

Other countries

400,572

20,288

763, 132

35,146

91,225

8,006

Total

23,346,614

1,009,557

27,113,056

1,115,526

9,307,428

817,377

Other grass seed—

57 613

59 181

99,797

Denmark

62 880

48 329

4,865

France

19 861

22 707

19,083

140 943

240 438

116,685

Netherlands

75 488

79 361

31,707

United Kingdom-
England

28 854

26.688

9,791

Scotland

71 044

91 713

26.608

Ireland

5,877

8,707

5,218

Other countries

11,959

24,487

20, 415

Total

474,519

601,611

334,169

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

81

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Seeds— Continued .
Other seeds-
Australia, Commonwealth
of

Dollars.
20, 432
113, 744
9, 195
30, 361
31,290
10, 181
16,908

41,567
8,175
580
58,234

Dollars.
13, 805
136, 110
13, 595
44,511
37, 134
10,569
3,260

56, 194
3,347
3,478
89, 153

Dollars.
22,946
160, 258
51,910
42, 374
34,369
29, 762
5,461

99,171
7,407
1,019
78,450

Canada

France

Germany

Mexico

New Zealand

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

340,667

411, 156

533, 127

Total seeds-
Australia, Commonwealth
of

30,861
352, 379
1, 199, 473

21,882
47, 576
950,875
134, 566
59, 305
1,085,767
471
104, 674
219, 102
33, 758
57, 577
2,232

396,722
230, 681
61,191
79,039

22,946
5,512
1,058,553
16,585
84,641
608,314
826
71, 776
114, 835
12, 452
3,914
4,105

240,295
130, 438

8,786
91,088

Belgium

Canada . .

Denmark

127,973
45,387
1, 328, 577
16, 753
47, 751
497, 791
100, 360
52,235
2 315

France

Germany

Italy

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Russia, European

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England

729,463
589, 642
53, 138
82,525

Scotland .

Ireland

Other countries

Total

5,256,623

3,485,418

2, 475, 066

Spices:
Canada....

9,846

28, 598

* 13,166
39,589

15,816
43, 173

Other countries

Total

38,444

52, 755

58,989

Starch:
Belgium

Pounds.
1,300,840
628, 701
158, 613
105,000
133, 540
165,884
761,013
472,500
602,000

22,625,003
4. 379, 156
369, 200
1,526,828

Dollars.
28, 745
24, 418
6,269
2,238
2,694
6,887
19,680
9,960
13,286

514,925
94, 247
8,539
48,267

Pounds.
2,263,444
997, 813
48, 378
144, 630
355, 550
166,000
6,297,399
625,600
1,165,100

33,162,537
4,003,436
569, 742
1,735,941

Dollars.
54, 427
36,290
1,829
3,626
9,564
6,751
149, 359
15,803
27,794

809,272
93,875
13, 390
52, 793

Pounds.
10,957,488
2,331,579
237,286
1,441,987
1,865,664
133, 728
46,481,694
1,424,325
1,786,834

74,656,505
13,185,130
796,200
2,940,758

Dollars.
225, 773
63,402
6,241
25,091
39,650
5.134
887,636
30,620
37,970

1,465,007
258, 140
15, 642
77 246

Canada

Cuba

Denmark

Egypt...

Mexico

Netherlands..

Turkey in Asia

Turkey in Europe

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

33,228,278

780,155

51,535,570

1,274,773

158,239,178

3,137.552

Straw

Long tons.
0)

Dollars.
8,293

Long tons.
1,087

Dollars.
13,884

Long tons.
922

Dollars.
10, 679

50597°— Bull. 96—12 6

Quantity not stated.

82

EXPOKTS OF FAKM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FABM PKODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Sugar, molasses, and sirup:
Molasses-
Canada

Gallons.
588, 316

2,659,053
534, 122
149,850
42,567

Dollars.
83,741

281,289
52,300
15,385
7,510

Gallons.
373,770

912,844
113,207

Dollars.
74,691

114,163
12, 530

Gallons.
331,988

1,642,302
717, 640
50,000
644, 881

Dollars.
75,750

139,; 505
80,920
5, 615
52,318

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries ....

105, 534

14,952

Total

3,973,908

440,225

1,505,355

216, 336

3,386,811

354,108

Sirup-
Canada ....

202, 486
1,306,401
392,395
441,098
261,010
72,546

8, 339, 642
2,717,715
18,360
114, 103

41,351
279, 357
84, 559
67,884
43,428
17, 319

1,332,635
337,053
5,133
34, 482

211,980
1,232,697
540,911
402,014
206, 872
114, 176

7,222,241
3,324,324

44,050
273,990
127.870
69,386
46,000
22,434

1,173,351
458,113

139,967
929, 130
860,432
585,584
307, 161
148,606

5, 576, 340
3,259,210

41,674
182,057
159,758
81,568
57,T>85
28,859

754, 466
398,466

Denmark

Germany

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries. .

202,092

43, 446

195, 369

47,685

Total

13, 865, 756

2,243,201

13, 457, 307

2,258,640

12,001,799

1,752,118

Sugar-
Raw

Pounds.
60,882

Dollars.
1,742

Pounds.
54, 447

Dollars.
2,051

Pounds.
(')

Dollars.
(')

Refined-
Bermuda

919, 824
373, 189
13, 844, 777

2,000,644

880, 770
127,384
. 195,760
128,380
595, 854
1,073,737
678,311
2,668,732

5, 213, 723
4,913,346
1,156,882
52, 478
1, 784, 931

36, 707, 850
5,264,759
150,000
1,154,084

27, 877
14,412
392,980

67,517

45,228
6,945
6,965
5,543
22, 755
49,358
37, 302
127, 730

193, 036
151,041
33, 172
4,160
56,678

1,348,575
145,512
6,825
39,723

1,129,851
314, 172
268, 952

2,016,689

247, 104
102,016
44, 570
40,546
941,628
1,133,799
669,097
2,305,977

6,539,214
4,491,431
8,357
52,560
1,500,622

76,061,592
26,080,529

38, 146
13, 135
9,956

73,538

9,797

5,805
1,889
1,809
37, 750
48, 954
38,495
115, 839

296,407
159, 444
280
4,164
51, 777

3,272,744
1,153,806

1,242,739
350,549
1,220,111

1309,378
635,197
262, 879
1,447,443
408,283
93, £25
97,082
119,000
914, 298
884, 740
1,108,272
1,452,014

6,678,770
5, 952, 714
1,400
56, 148
1,754,510

21,276,731
6,193,639

42,049
](•».( 17.-.
37,870

10, 054
2-3, 1S4
10,522
52,040
19,213
5,4(55
3,723
5,364
36,511
38, 935
60,994
69,651

287,850
205,091
73
5,285
60,763

882,975
266,751

British Honduras

British South Africa....
British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

Canada

China

Colombia...

Cuba

Haiti

Honduras

Japan

Mexico

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador .

Panama

Portuguese Africa . . .

Russia, Asiatic

f5?int,n noTninpn

United Kingdom-
England .

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

1,503,869

62, 274

2,487,622

100, 741

Total

79,885,415

2,783,334

125, 452, 575

5,396,009

54, 947, 444

2, 244, 379

Total sugar, molasses, and
sirup-
Belgium

9,433
28,789
14,494
393, 144

68,229

18,535
38, 798
13,202
13,876

75,043

12,206
42, S73
L6,6M
37,917

10,941
26,537
10.551
62,260

Bermuda

British Honduras

British South Africa
British West Indies-
Barbados . .

1

Jamaica

!..
:

Trinidad and Tobago....
Other British...

1

i Included in "Sugar, refined.

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

83

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Year endin

g June 30—

Article and country.

19

09

19

10

19

11

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Sugar, molasses, and sirup—
Continued.
Total sugar, molasses, and
sirup— Continued.

Dollars.

170 320

Dollars.
128, 538

Dollars.
136,637

7,709

6,122

5,800

Colombia

7,052

1,955

3,757

Cuba

6,354

3,008

6,299

279, 357

274, 677

185,657

84,834

131,023

162,606

Haiti

22, 761

37, 750

36, 592

Honduras

49,515

49,269

39,033

39, 273

39,230

61, 528

Mexico

130, 143

119, 294

71,632

67, 884

69, 418

113, 845

Newfoundland and Lab-

194, 611

297,422

288,569

Norway

43,428

49, 980

65,711

156,442

165, 198

211, 777

33 172

280

137

4,308

4,331

5,675

Sweden

17,319

22,434

29,631

United Kingdom—

2 962 499

4,560,258

1, 776, 946

Scotland

534, 865

1,624,449

746, 137

27 343

5,615

Other countries

115, 224

128,946

187,051

Total

5,468,502

7,873,036

4,350,605

Tobacco:
Leaf-
Argentina.

Pounds.
1 356,343

Dollars.
204 652

Pounds.
1,202,096

Dollars.
174, 622

Pounds.
1,580,023

Dollars.
253, 472

Australia, Common-
wealth of .

7 485,268

1 191 588

11,090,179

1, 516, 222

17, 230, 811

2, 335, 234

Austria-Hungary

2 220 852

280 346

2,743,117

344 341

3,359,011

435 457

Belgium

9 215,931

890 894

12, 393, 938

1, 237, 461

14, 153, 887

1, 490, 616

British Guiana

474 238

62 886

463, 976

58 688

426, 741

52 740

British Honduras

148, 167

16 522

114,304

13, 736

143, 985

19,830

British India

968 407

120 513

470, 108

62 887

113, 897

23 222

British South Africa
British West Africa
British West Indies—
Barbados

903, 196
3,998,142

1"

175,312
536, 860

617,521
5,258,541

117,276
674,378

517,469
3,400,240

f77, 525

92, 532
432, 014

10, 144

Jamaica

3,565

599

Trinidad and Tobago . . .
Other British*

1,085,424

131, 523

879, 072

97,383

1 552,527
309,426

56,376
33,200

Canada

11,713,034

1 662 266

13,201,474

1, 878, 087

13,454,063

1, 854, 707

Canary Islands

581 899

79 990

323 584

36 961

585, 949

69 437

China

2, 080, 208

273 687

5, 047, 950

653, 496

5, 536, 395

763, 908

Costa Rica

38 057

8 964

147 908

24 004

70, 450

12 504

Colombia

67, 819

10,765

89,330

14, 448

69, 446

11,808

Danish West Indies

99 206

10 056

101, 282

10 359

113,846

11, 192

Denmark

181 327

15 384

231 390

16 859

81 948

8 469

Dutch Guiana

143,590

18 179

126, 804

13 449

135, 606

14, 679

France.. .

25 293 584

2 424 426

34 309 072

3 565 238

26 974 318

2 715 362

French Africa

4,081,639

519,518

4. 638, 873

539, 809

3, 178, 825

382, 656

French West Indies.

362 488

35 568

316 106

32 728

324 253

33,608

German Africa

858 407

120 778

724 329

93 467

829 817

112 971

Germany

31 206 440

3 863 368

39 416 467

5 047 459

41 634 069

5 049 613

Gibraltar

59 707

5 649

119 996

11 893

' 68*438

' 6*310

Haiti.

881 556

108 892

1 154 855

130 997

1 354 007

164 657

Hongkong . . .

126' 032

20' 813

' 107' 397

16 670

536, 346

73, 847

Italy ....

32 536 333

3 833 734

43 008 433

4 590 613

36 177 104

4 261 264

Japan

1 779 845

231 659

2 820 223

374 800

255 581

38 330

Liberia

'206*839

28'006

' 377' 190

46' 664

433 400

58, 430

Malta and Cyprus

192 004

20 343

277 257

24 549

359 918

34 063

Mexico

1. 432, 253

156, 086

1,679 282

182, 817

1,560,448

189, 735

Netherlands

14 658 223

1 280 989

20 397 183

• i 809 768

29 057 545

2 570 869

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

390, 091

35, 349

156, 551

17, 545

453, 047

62,165

New Zealand....

12.10&

3,067

15,050I

3,229

11, 034J

2,430

84

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FAKM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Tobacco— Continued.
Leaf— Continued.
Norway

Pounds.
316.711
239,480
422, 658
553,641
4,794,544
478, 721

104,461,545
5,753,031
8,445,997
41, 066
342,868

Dollars.

31,868
36,599
49, 805
68,085
413, 100
48,878

10,281,233
536,464
8*3,685
5,140
54, 442

Pounds.
1,805,933
253, 521
627, 626
453, 049
14, 476, 903
204,962

117,324,636
6, 196, 198
7, 478, 161
15,950
514, 895

Dollars.
204, 195
30, 074
64,498
57, 993
1.022,155
25,111

11, 655, 683
639, 913
785, 281
2i 305
97, 169

Pounds.
1, 833, 439
226,461
643,830
597,272
17, 503, 948
2,450,284

105,469,780
5,240,101
11,755,078
24,666
698,319

Dollars.
210,296
30,642
60,165
81,937
1,386,903
251,739

11,494,000
509,260
1,307,081
3,175
86,060

Panama

Portugal

Portuguese Africa

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Uruguay

Other countries

Total . . .

282,688,917

30,757,931

353,372,672

38,017,260

351,568,138

39,159,708

Stems and trimmings-
Belgium

62.326
633, 933
3,953,310
562, 460

5,032
32, 196

77, 728
30,013

6,406
1,642,091
2,062,292
112,613

507
54,048
39,282
4,289

72,266
2,249,565
1, 140, 680
296, 423

2,225
60,889
21,508
10,990

Germany

Netherlands.

Other countries

Total

5,212,029

144,969

3,823,402

98, 126

3, 758, 934

95, 612

Total tobacco-
Argentina

1,356,343

7,485,268
2,220,852
9,278,257
474,238
148, 167
968,407
903,196
3,998,142

• 1,085,424

11,713,034
581,899
2,080,208
38,057
67, 819
11,056
181,327
143, 590
25,332,789
4, 122, 412
362, 988
31,840,373
858,407
397, 701
881,556
126.032
32,536,333
1,779,845
206, 839
192,004
1,432,253
18,611,533

530,091
12, 106
316,711
. 239,480

204, 652

1,191,588
280,346
895, 926
62,886
16,522
120,513
175,312
536,860

131,523

1,662,266
79,990
273, 687
8,964
10,765
2,391
15,384
18, 179
2,427,375
522, 178
35, 618
3, 895, 564
120, 778
27,246
108, 892
20, 813
3; 833, 734
231,659
28,006
20,343
156,086
1,358,717

37,999
3,067
31,868
36,599

1,202,096

11,090,179
2, 743, 117
12,400,344
463,976
114,304
470, 108
617,521
5,267,011

879,072

13,201,474
323, 584
5,047,950
147,908
89,330
12, 598
231,390
126, 804
34,309,072
4,638,873
316, 106
41,058,558
724,329
163, 119
1,154,855
107,397
43,008,433
2,820,223
377, 190
277, 257
1,679,282
22, 459, 475

156,551
15,050
1, 805. 9:i3
253,521

174,622

1,516,222
344,341
1,237,968
58,688
13, 736
62, 867
117,276
674,645

97,383

1,878,087
36,961
653, 496
24,004
14,448
3,246
16.859
13, 449
3,565,238
539, 809
32, 728
5,101,507
93,467
14, 574
130,997
16, 670
4,590,613
374,800
46,664
24,549
182, 817
1,849,050

17,545
3,229
204, 195
30,074

1,580,023

17, 230, 811
3,359,011
14,226,153
426,741
143,985
113,897
517,469
3,400,240

( 77,525
3,565
552,527
309,426
13,454,063
585,949
5,536,395
70,450
69,446
. . ?. . . .

253,472

2,335,234
435,457
1,492,841
52,740
19,830
23,222
92,532
432, 014

10, 144
599
56,376
33,200
1,854,707
69, 437
763.908
12, 504
11,808

Australia, Common-
wealth of

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

British Guiana

British Honduras

British India. .

British South Africa...

British West Africa ...

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica. .

Trinidad and Tobago . . .
Other British

Canada

Canary Islands

China

Costa Rica..

Colombia

Cuba

Denmark

124, 632
135,606
26,974,318
3, 243, 180
324,253
43, 883, 634
835,547
68,438
1,354,007
536, 346
36, 177, 104
255,581
433, 400
359, 918
1,560,448
30,198,225

453,047
11,034
1, 833, 439
226,461

9,909
14, 679
2,715,362
387,420
33,608
5,110,502
113.046
6,310
164,657
73, 847
4,261,264
38,330
58,430
34.003
189, 735
2,592,377

62.165
2,430
210. 296
30,642

Dutch Guiana

France

French Africa . .

French West Indies

Germany

German Africa

Gibraltar

Haiti

Hongkong

Italy

Japan

Liberia

Malta and Cyprus
Mexico

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

New Zealand

Norway

Panama

EXPOETS OF FAKM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

85

TABLE VJ.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned— Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Tobacco— Continued .
Total tobacco— Continued.
Portugal

Pounds.
422.658
553,641
4,794.951
478,721

104,464,676
5,753,031
8,445.997
41,066
431,468

Dollars.
49,805
68,085
413,135

48,878

10,281,296
536,464
853,685
5,140
62,116

Pounds.
627,626
453,049
14,476,903
255,367

117,330,741
6,196,198
7,482,671
15,950
603,579

Dollars.
64,498
57,993
1,022,155
26,119

11,655,867
639,913
785,430
2,305
104,282

Pounds.
643,830
597,272
17,503,948
2,623,836

105,479,632
5, 240, 101
11,755,078
24,666
812,415

Dollars.
60, 165
81,937
1,386,903
256,119

11,494,315
509,260
1,307,081
3,175
97,268

Portuguese Africa

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Uruguay

Other countries . .

Total

287,900,946

30,902,900

357,196,074

38,115,386

355,327,072

39,255,320

Vegetables:
Fresh or dried-
Beans and dried peas-
Brazil

Bushels.
20,292
6,486

18,542

24,056
6,447
110,083
3,111
4,436
5,015
6,402
17,510
13,408
29,470
7,357

4,299
21,295

Dollars.
51,251
15,859

40,246

57,299
15,850
250,629
6,731
12,663
12,095
15,973
37,063
33,082
70,206
21,111

10,975
51,786

Bushels.
19,535
7,860

15,382

26,378
9,643
147,076
1,917
3,909
2,206
6,657
27,899
20,691
30,807
8,337

2,104
35,320

Dollars.
60,682
21,198

40,996

68,058
23,923
397, 718
5,363
11,119
6,111
17,326
64,799
52,324
80,323
24,452

5,208
93,631

Bushels.
9,440
8,460

f 1,074
3,059
2,479
3,393
39,361
10,460
109,764
1,971
3,038
1,394
4,397
6,015
18,310
28,722
6,746

5,096
25,459

Dollars.
33,167
22,612

3,525
11,020
8,189
10,714
115,078
24,011
305,589
6,001
9,787
4,135
10,264
17,955
43,373
75,327
18,199

17,816
77,901

British Honduras

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica . .

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British .

Canada

Costa Rica . . .

Cuba

Dutch West Indies. .

French Guiana
French West Indies
Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua . .

Panama

Philippine Islands

United Kingdom—
England . .

Other nonnt-rifis, . .

Total

298,209

702,819

365,721

973,231

288,638

814,663

Onions-
Canada

55, 797
47,163
27,677
46,465
189,887

35,570
42, 734
28,759
47,963
163,025

102,390
34,503
26,471
46,162
44,729

68,761
26,651
24,448
45,251
43,023

94,560
27,367
26,528
47,282
38,552

87,475
20,171
29,780
48,494
38,117

Cuba

Mexico

Panama

Other countries

Total

366,989

318,051

254,255

208,134

234, 289

224,037

Potatoes-
Bermuda

10,179

16,716

107,425
4,231
393,518
8,140
52,957
128,251
42,234

10,261

14,830

112,436
4,245
350,989
5,685
49,569
128,590
39,096

6,237

16,481

207,764
5,654
507,359
7,211
62,612
135,808
50,350

6,279

14,710

146,727
4,750
382,252
5,001
48,468
111,101
39,989

13,502

f 6,952
10,807
12,108
8,303
335,724
11,224
1,594,395
8,596
141, 771
146,165
94,340

11,566

4,784
8,015
8,232
5,985
244,997
9,400
928,755
6,856
112, 249
118,211
76,580

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

Canada.

Colombia. .,

Cuba .

Guatemala..

Mexico

Panama

Other countries
Total

763,651

715,701

999,476

759,277

2,383,887

1,535,630

86

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Vegetables— Continued .
Prepared or preserved—
Canned —
Australia , Common-
wealth of

Dollars.
29,586
4,223
9,865
6,199
8,926

9,468

45,896
13,708
39,744
8,029
95,998
4,153

Dollars.
26,309
5,419
15,887
4,946

Dollars.
54,700
6,829
27,264
11,590
20,307

564
2,318
2,902
3,289
299,173
17,477
52,804
9,406
85,987
5,822
92,135
116,574

104,956
42,174
22
104,966

Bermuda

Brazil

British Honduras

British South Africa. . . .

13, 115

8,393

97,380
14,102
35, 171
10,092
113, 178
5,367

British West Indies-
Barbados

I

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

]

Canada . .

China

Cuba

Hongkong

Mexico

New Zealand

Panama

78,796
116,930

163,525
17,035

85,172
93, 121

139, 347
27,387

88,532

Philippine Islands

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

76,030

Total

72(8, 111

782,973

1,061,259

Other than canned ' —
Australia, Common-
wealth of

4 939

10,869
6,660

4,607

816,705
40,623
43,224
822
92,217
38,068

309,548
49,485
50
70,826

11,173
11,714

160
1,840
2,244
2,209
1,230,439
42,595
33,601
10,658
106,654
48,465

253,444
66,239

British South Africa .

5,487

4,968

706, 152
37,019
45,862
587
74,530
40,328

249,863
67,331
85
58,633

British West Indies—
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British

Canada

Cuba

Mexico

New Zealand

1 Panama

Philippine Islands ....

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

88,067

Total

1,295,784

1,483,704

1,909,502

Total vegetables-
Australia, Common-
wealth of

40,383
4 448

42,385
3,665
22,868
81,542
9,954
34,951
21,369

76,904
1,197,631

66,331
2,710
34,009
75,397
18,546
47,724
33,588

9,425
29,604
21,730
25,108
1,977,162

Belgium .

22,963
63,582
6,539
32,142
16,421

76,501
957.353

Brazil

British Guiana

British Honduras

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados....

1

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

1

Canada...

:::::::::::

i Chiefly pickles, sauces, and relishes, but including some fresh vegetables.

EXPORTS OP FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

87

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FARM PRODUCTS— continued.
Vegetable matter— Continued.

Vegetables— Continued.
Total vegetables— Contd.
China.

Dollars.
19, 327
12, 497
21,988
721, 115
10,661
9,439
4,704

Dollars.
19,875
15,376
31,540
882, 415
13, 169
7,953
6,451
11, 148
12, 111
6,333
6,556
12,962
28,489
19,214
6,200
294, 117

19,826
15,074
64,986
414,064
158,577
744
32, 787

456,797
76,872
105
5,372
96,937

Dollars.
24,271
24, 479
32, 761
1,349,914
13,824
8,831
9,110
9,813
14,963
4, 398
4,441
18,658
27,391
25,173
9,726
279,572

30,213
19, 174
61,968
440,821
183,611
518
23, 171

381,939
108,413
22
9,339
87,243

Colombia

Costa Rica .

Cuba . -

Danish. West Indies

Dutch West Indies

France

12,695
9,564
12,393
5,266
15, 118
30,076
19,128
9,268
257,251

18,489
10, 713
44,083
400,085
179,832
3,370
18,863

551,943

85,822
93
5,911
50,440

French Oceania

French West Indies

Germany

Honduras

Japan

Mexico

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

New Zealand

Nicaragua .

Panama

Philippine Islands

Russia Asiatic

Santo Domingo

United Kingdom—

Scotland

Ireland

Venezuela

Other countries . . .

Total

3, 760, 466

4,207,319

5,545,091

Vinegar

Gallons.
106,903

Dollars.
15,100

Gallons.
114,747

Dollars.
12, 861

Gallons.
130,588

Dollars.
21,876

Yeast:
Canada

34,361
16,094

54,860
16,385

119,760
24,211

Other countries

Total

50,455

71,245

143,971

FOREST PRODUCTS.

Bark, and extract of, for tan-
ning:
Bark-
Japan

Pounds.
981,601
2,864,089

Dollars.
17,990
38,582

Pounds.
906.280
304,025

Dollars.
12,311
5,980

Pounds.
1,493,439
161,000

Dollars.
19,413
522

Other countries

Total :

3,845,690

56,572

1,210,305

18,291

1,654,439

19,935

Extract-
Belgium...'

4,460

7,077
283,160
18, 184
1,968
5,195

54,643
870
17,351

12,329
193,591
10,350
452
2,360

90,730
3,493
23,295

Canada

173,936
17,020
3,427
1,000

32,298
1,480
27,344

Germany

Netherlands

Russia, European

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

260,965

388,448

336,600

88

EXPOBTS OF FARM AND FOKEST PEODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30 —

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS— continued.

Bark, and extract of, for tan-
ning — Continued.
Total bark, and extract of,
for tanning—

Dollars.
4 460

Dollars.
7,077
288,540
1,678
18, 184
13,064
1,968
5,195

54,643
870
15,520

Dollars.
12,329
194,113
281
10,350
23,668
452
2,360

90,730
3,493
18,759

Canada

191,350
5,665
22,015
18,190
3,427
1,400

38,985
1,480
30,565

Germany

Netherlands

Russia European

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

317,537

406,739

356,535

Charcoal:
Canada

4,853
8,507

16,946
8,364

17,586
9,731

Other countries

Total

13,360

25,310

27,317

Moss:

30,026
9,258

29,024
12,219

36,331
15, 114

Other countries

Total

39,284

41,243

51,445

Naval stores:
Rosin-
Argentina

Barrels.
105,956

30,491
88,763
67,317
143,779
12,227
4,575
63,993
10,609
6,997
2,390
21,301
661,318
107,875
- 18,528
1,104
240,240
6,804
5,470
58,837
2,305
7,302

369,072
62,950
14,922
33,645
7,836
13,571

Dollars.
447,408

147,724
276,213
200,974
566,845
47,274
23,187
320, 115
42,006
31,125
10,722
84,857
2,350,114
381,729
82,088
5,065
805,618
34,540
21,565
195,976
9,220
21,893

1,362,652
264,610
60,794
119,502
33,844
57,178

Barrels.
107,733

22,056
63,571
165,027
146,997
12,144
2,934
67,760
7,141
7,440
2,257
23,353
607,234
87,656
22,029
972
197,870
2,707
5,033
59,162
2,728
3,784

400,989
58,920
9,399
30,106
8,129
19, 187

Dollars.
494,906

115,513
282,859
717,372
692,560
52,032
13,736
374, 190
32,680
40,853
10,974
104,372
2,649,926
414,076
107,615
5,373
847,335
14,567
23,415
280,282
15,342
15,831

1,850,620
285,987
40,814
138,302
42,865
89,091

Barrels.
87,044

31,092
64,656
120, 947
173,812
7,052
1,735
77,062
6,767
9,750
1,975
23,810
739,964
79,081
24,606
1,259
174,868
3,333
7,005
78,031
1,365
9,184

335,517
58,459
6,504
32,398
7,206
25, 125

Dollars.
601,531

211,480
403,188
792, 343
1,103,286
43,711
10,985
500,900
46,880
64,798
12,296
159,250
4,631,708
509,004
177,555
8,553
1,083,335
25,033
44,392
615, 459
9,780
62,262

2,139,986
352,876
38,986
205,364
50,346
162,048

Australia, Commonwealth
of

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Brazil

British India

British South Africa

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Germ any

Italy. . .

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Peru

Russia, European
Santo Domingo

Spain

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Uruguay

Venezuela

Other countries
Total

2,170,177

8,004,838

2,144,318

9,753,488

2,189,607

14,067,335

Tar—

Canada

4,414

30
6,628

18,180]

170J W
28,092)

0)

0)

0)

United Kingdom-
England
Other countries

Total

11,072

46,442) 0)

0)

0)

C1)

1 Not separately stated.

EXPOKTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

89

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909 1910

1911

Quantity.

Value. Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PKODUCTS— continued.

Naval stores— Continued.
Turpentine and pitch —
Canada

Barrels.
4,535

96
50
5,353

Dollars. Barrels.
13,453)

671 1 (i)
140 I

17,545]

Dollars.

C1)

Barrels.

0)

Dollars.
C1)

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

10,034

31,809| ' (i)

0)

0)

C1)

Total tar, turpentine, and
pitch-
Canada

8,949

126
50
11,981

31,633 11,629

841 8,901
140 822
45,637| 18,685

45,133

31,642
2,937
68,526

17,793

5,058
208
17,321

83,875

20,432
994
81,822

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total

21,106

78,251 40,037

148, 238

40,380

187,183

Dollars.
373, 179

507,558
43, 115
1,643,824
228,456
32,463
105,585

1,327
3,405
3,572
1,771
693,761
104,130
8,109
46,109
1,283,741
56,972
4,566
1,117,875
93,777
15,353
27,892
23,998
20,090

4,069,548
139,717

Turpentine, spirits of—
Argentina

Gallons.
354,252

333,103
41,800
1,723,168
193,564
55,500
69,628

I 16,472

964,749
115,492
10,350
131,257
3,107,195
230,894
43,030
2,562,419
114,650
25,946
23,337
39,650
23,723

6,880,060
310,783

Dollars.
165, 164

156,250
16,278
637,378
93, 127
27,603
35,140

7,489

397,868
52,630
5,624
58,595
1,213,703
89,807
19,870
1,010,249
54.844
12; 509
11,193
19,818
11,882

2,736,140
122,309

Gallons.
422,684

312,016
39,935
2,218,336
255,623
47,200
82,887

17,341

964,460
108,786
6,682
116,055
2,617,650
194, 321
1,138
2,261,884
76,332
29,629
28,023
13,959
22,229

5,314,671
307,565
4,500
48,640
75,191

Dollars.
264,309

178,380
22,672
1,181,305
163,956
28,741
55,836

9,903

540,027
64,644
4,295
67,187
1,495,019
116,659
725
1,266,990
48,895
18,091
17,420
10,067
15,168

2,963,120
168,362
2,250
29,457
46,758

Gallons.

487,878

645,880
56,900
2,194,802
286,382
45,029
124,926

1,695
4,862
5,149
2,174
1,097,802
135,869
10, 594
60,984
1,786,336
87,489
7,012
1,556,101
116,333
24,894
34,700
28,350
24,376

5,645,381
190,904

Australia, Commonwealth
of

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Brazil

British India
British South Africa
British West Indies-
Barbados

Tamaica
Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

Canada

Chile

China

Cuba

Germany

Italy

Japan

Netherlands

New Zealand

Panama

Peru

Philippine Islands

Portuguese Africa

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland
Ireland

Uruguay

40,400
90,606

18,221
44,367

61, 109
93,840

46,657
71,652

Other countries

Total

17,502,028

7,018,058

15,587,737

8,780,236

14,817,751

10,768,202

Total naval stores-
Argentina

612,572

305,126
292,491
838,512
660,321
74972
58,327

12,461

759,294

295,471
305,531
1 904 203

974,834

720,812
446,353
2,436,167
1,332,237
76,174
116,580

2,508
4,468
6,808
3.467

Australia, Commonwealth
of

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Brazil

857,113
80,773
70,580

16,727

British India

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

. . t

Jamaica

.:.:.:

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British...

» Not separately stated.

90

EXPOKTS OF FAKM AND FOKEST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE YI —Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS— continued.

Naval stores— Continued.
Total naval stores— Contd.
Canada

Dollars.
749,616
95,539
12,936
37,807
15.668
149,239
• 1,540
3,563,817
471,530
102,330
17,327
1,817,162

Dollars.
959,350
99,083
15,677
46,977
17,046
177,983
1,968
4,145,495
530,735
108,694
16,856
2,121,810

19,633
63,462
29,239
41,478
13,625
241
25,378
280,282
17,077
20,576

4,845,382
457,286
43,064
167,813
51,253
74,807

Dollars.
1,278,536
152,520
23,979
73,602
25,074
223,563
80,116
5,916,168
565,976
182,283
24,251
2,218,386

10,612
118,967
26,895
72,904
25,450

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Dutch East Indies

Germany

Italy

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

12,638
89,384
19,168
33,281
21,459
3,084
15,818
195,976
10,899
21,893

4,099,633

New Zealand

Panama

Peru

Philippine Islands

Portugal

Portuguese Africa
Russia European

30,446
615,459
12,512
62,677

6,229,966
493,587
38,986
252,049
61,481
85,867

Santo Domingo

Spain

United Kingdom-
England . .

Scotland

387,059
60,794
137,723
40,411
62,628

Ireland

Uruguay

Venezuela

Other countries

Total

15,101,147

Mfeet.
275,287

104,862
641
589
65,206
830
33,989
589
2,029
6,999
2,218
17,361
1,268

23,074

176, 736
1,998
20,954
67,622
1,041
2,707
139,449
233
2,084
632
177

18,681,962

25,022,720

Wood:
Lumber —
Boards, deals, and
planks —
Argentina

Mfeet.
206,878

120,806
682
868
54,031
394
34,742
258
1,725
2,414
3,354
9,328
415

1 19,599

119,548
1,676
16,799
31,095
264
934
79,655
1,714
4,217

Dollars.
3,531,393

1,921,301
22,673
26,087
1,622,225
13,975
618,334
6,481
33,871
24,892
57,283
168,883
15,345

399,650

3,179,811
36,357
211,402
356,554
7,460
25,063
1,241,895
36,991
124,817

Dollars.
4,913,032

2,018,618

15^020
2,055,469
23,835
671,251
12,186
41,275
87,609
40,507
334,612
27,854

458,302

4,922,129
39,392
284,715
748,026
22,729
73,885
2,307,547
5,502
70,682
. 16,062
3^ 458

Mfeet.
260,966

17\7*

613
69,406
769
42,586
856
2,935
3,278
5,719
19,716
1,401

1,386
13,913
9,100
2,353
392,733
2,676
38,351
91,613
1,373
3,282
130,006
746
2,687

Dollars.
4,958,830

3,026,104
24,379

14,329
2,139,473
18,711
818,880
23,009
70,931
44,437
120,982
402,766
26,559

30,449
281,477
179,472
53,429
9,102,040
50,877
504,590
1,018,539
37,389
83,380
2,198,197
18,750
80,273

Australia, Common-
wealth of - . -

Austria- Hungary

Azores, and Madeira Is. .
Belgium

Bermuda

Brazil

British Guiana

British Honduras

British India

British Oceania, n. e. s. .
British South Africa
British West Africa
British AVest Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago..
Other British

Canada

Canary Islands

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Danish West Indies
Denmark

Dutch Guiana

Dutch West Indies
Ecuador.

9B
730
1,784
23.980

904
13,011
35,672
635,136

682
356
950
28,022

15,540
4,682
15,200
790,743

6,048
28,110

120,863
781,918

France...

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

91

TABLE 17. —Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST
products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending Juno 30 —

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS— continued.

Wood— Continued .
Lumber— Continued.
Boards, deals, and
planks— Continued .
French \frica

Mfeet.
1,764
2,202
1,562
396
64,250
1,316
2,260
1,756
3,456
29, 189
7,814
82,599
420
66,034

688
8,942
563
692
30,001
52,616
14, 796
1,794
9,558
2,219
20,383
1,208

148,318
22,966
7J882
31,303
959

Dollars.
39,906
37,799
36,499
8,882
1,752,345
35,062
58, 720
35, 1"47
50,841
732,648
86,522
1,375,967
7,263
1,834,146

13,726
149,117
14,198
21,102
067,375
697,506
186,944
35,595
153,890
48, 278
417,564
14,862

4, 725, 755
676,898
224,510
527,687
22,359

Mfeet.
1,628
2,580
2,434
1,339
70,664
1,424
3,645
1,976
1,500
42, 175
11,962
101,253
1,708
81,431

1,273

3,227
582
570
49,300
33,204
22,276
2,511
5,040
4,066
20,510
918

164,154
15,442
8,534
42,503
1,927

Dollars.
38,034
50,351
55,215
24,264
1,885,419
43, 456
90, 701
43, 485
22,935
949,080
161,364
1,661,631
35,056
2,314,557

27,969
39.544
15, 792
20,545
1,006,005
439, 417
282,016
51,816
90,892
84, 249
422,311
14,357

5,219,592
638,911
260,969
728,224
38,650

Mfeet.
1,656
5,271
4,366
1,055
77,051
1,767
7,171
2,366
4,251
41,029
10,238
90, 453
1,843
82,423

610
6,550
334
1,494
35,985
39,268
17,778
2,973
10, 789
3,938
27,638

Dollars.
39,140
98,853
100, 198
17, 165
2,132,468
46, 748
176,227
48, 133
54,560
981, 233
132,647
1,528,391
35, 751
2,286,879

13,078
88,560
8,766
47,939
719,542
498,908
239, 785
62,956
198,653
91,296
600,070

French Oceania

French West Indies
German Oceania

Germany

Haiti

Honduras . . .

Italy - -

Mexico

Netherlands
Newfoundland and Lab-
rador .

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Norway

Peru

Philippine Islands .

Portugal

Portugese Africa

Santo Domingo

Spain

Straits Settlements
United Kingdom —
England

186,917
20,359
7,992
33,325
1,229

5, 738, 784
647,621
249,501
688, 168
29,740

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

1,357,822

29,056,579 1,684,489 36,774,219

2,031,608; 43,756,177

Joists and scantling-
Argentina

4,866

| .

6,622
847

76,010

15,427

120,107
16,893

1,294

962

10,878
1,059
495
7,608
928

25,258

20,287

207,114
21,629
7,899
156, 730
14,995

1,930

27,608

British West Indies—
Barbados . .

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago..
» Other British

602

14,410

Canada

10,552
1,166
1,765
11,240
718
458

8
18
840

164,234
23,622
22,736
233, 749
9,311
8,227

304
610
15,547

Canary Islands

Cuba

Mexico

965
1,017

441

1,505

23,766
19, 121

9,847

23,269

Panama

Spain . . .

United Kingdom-
England

13
15
3,020

1,120
615
52,206

Ireland .

Other countries

4,969

74, 474

Total . .

22,122

378, 9^

26,272

507,853

29,357

520,358

Shingles-
British West Indies-
Barbados
Jamaica

M.

5,377

1,861
4,515
2,351

Dollars.

36,853

4,488
12,532
7,911

M.

2,639

3,603

8,817
2,233

Dollars.

16,476

7,168
121,363
8,364

M.

Dollars.

1,732
100
1,360
15, 781
7,906
5,429

11,170
800
6,985
33,528
19, 546
22,310

Trinidad and Tobago. .
Other British

Canada

Mexico

Other countries
Total

14,104

61,784 17,292 53,371

32,308

94,339

92

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PEODUCTS— continued.

Wood— Continued .
Lumber— Continued.
Shocks—
Box-
Argentina

Dollars.
3,686
10,581

36,880

9,454
228,145
388
154,569
347,035
25,444
7,138
40,325

75,202
2,493

Dollars.
4,714
26,863

33,296

79,824
230,797
13,400
87,585
428,300
29,806
10,538
91,380

50,276
7,669
575
26,590

Dollars.
1,000
21,283

Brazil

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

:::::::::.:

35,723
16

266
34,048
248,134
15,500
27,622
383,286
40,367
9,951
129,236

60,441
6,331
1,162
95,280

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British
Canada

1

Cuba

Hongkong

Italy

Mexico

Peru

Santo Domingo

Straits Settlements

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries

16,342

Total

957,682

1,121,613

1,109,646

Shooks, other than box-
Argentina

Number.
671,469
849
2,450

106,767

10,619
77, 181
53,087

37,510
1,451
15,993

Dollars.
1,477,474
1,296
11,087

226,072

14,885
38,358
113,083

44,089
793
35,062

Number.
523,695
12,895
1,182

127,590

46,254
124,679
58,687

4,342

Dollars.
1,086,505
15,458
2,787

253,783

65,766
63,187
121,768

6,051

Number.
493,506
27,852
2,309

f 69,001
I 18,446
1 23, 757
[ 24,653
65,444
177,244
60,538

27,415

Dollars.
1,022,800
35,318
8,698

100,412
70,895
30,246
15,339
99,478
83,000
117,573

28,635

Brazil

British Guiana

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British
China

Cuba

French West Indies. . .
United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Other countries
Total

28,873

39,306

29,246

49,638

977,376

1,962,199

928, 197

1,654,611

1,019,411

1,662,032

Staves and heading-
Heading—
Argentina

31,479
6,033
8,199

2,319

54,675
18,458
12,957
29,244
13,856
1,962

13.975
2,290
10,934
16,657

40,308
55,742
29

971
114
1,527
11
64,237
11,419
5,357
83,981
26,837
8,100

21,430
10,505
15,623
42,178

Belgium

5.770
16,074

4,459

24,760
1,640
6.234
17?731

British Guiana

British West Indies-
Barbados

f .

Jamaica

(::.:.::::::

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British
Canada

1

France

French West Indies

Germany

Netherlands

6,138
6,000

21,098
3,960
15,902
25,000

Norway
United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

154,766

===^=

223,038

388,369

EXPOKTS OF FAKM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

93

TABLE 17 —Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Year endin

g June SO-

Article and country.

19

09

19

lO

19

11

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS— continued.

Wood— Continued.
Lumber— Continued .
Staves and heading— Con.
Staves—

Number.

Dollars.

Number.
473, 385

Dollars.
14, 325

Number.
452, 028

Dollars.
25, 636

Austria-Hungary. .

243, 257

24, 875

601,858

59,900

434,071

46,456

Australia, Common-
wealth, of

307, 539

21,600

372,469

26,646

544, 524

30, 991

Belgium

1,159,956

111,819

585, 758

65, 134

3,302,184

347, 807

British Guiana

672, 593

62,909

460, 607

44, 730

263,404

24, 430

British South Africa. .
British West Indies-
Barbados

286,596
|

28,632

289, 166

28,582

214,220
f 9,000

21,437
400

1

Trinidad and Tobago
Other British

}• 81, 450

1,542

234, 444

8,597

389,300

6,630

Canada

5,167,214

149,085

7,560,404

192, 540

10,686,036

252, 623

Chile

107, 091

19,902

119, 191

21, 426

174,975

31,404

France

14,316,008

1,670,764

11,990,531

1,324,641

9,785,371

1,116,523

French Africa

1, 074, 769

118,808

154, 535

15, 454

1,019,565

152, 701

French West Indies...
Germany

865,418
2,709,368

51,968
298,103

720, 404
2,234,133

47, 474
165,971

906,929
7,123,933

95,305
432, 211

Italy

6, 730, 663

608, 217

5,061,860

456,422

6, 726, 586

439, 179

Netherlands

2, 861, 524

318, 493

4,155,990

349, 605

5,082,473

445, 282

Newfoundland and
Labrador

89, 873

8,705

212,205

16,220

91,330

8,425

Norway

614, 499

25, 732

667, 294

30,503

1,344,579

86, 144

Peru

58,299

9,685

50,802

9,837

67, 282

10, 299

Portugal

1,733,973

433,924

2,119,624

512, 151

1,844,709

401,617

Spain

4,004,837

700,348

3,375,972

491,541

3,790,341

607,000

United Kingdom —
England

5, 456, 269

620, 171

5,733,858

620, 828

6,125,927

647, 638

Scotland

1,149,533

110, 022

754, 767

64,898

1,484,227

146, 813

Ireland

1 557 653

86 207

888 831

81 765

2, 685, 812

241 499

Other countries

1,334,634

42, 688

965, 683

23,895

1,176,789

48,404

Total

52,583,016

5, 524, 199

49, 783, 771

4, 673, 085

65, 725, 595

5, 666, 854

Other lumber-
Argentina

462 785

331 412

279 659

Australia, Common-
wealth of. .

158, 170

130 106

276, 033

Belgium

166 544

129 430

93 470

Brazil

110, 215

85 710

22.*, 257

British South Africa

109 338

134 802

201 484

British West Indies-
Barbados

(

87

Jamaica

20 053

44 139

{:::::::::::

9,487

Trinidad and Tobago.
Other British

I

20,888
5 066

Canada

821,068

933 521

1 553 105

Chile

2 681

2 387

4 472

China

1,044

'200

8 561

Colombia.. .

7 700

9 656

7 944

Costa Rica...

1,071

Il'o86

45 433

Cuba

18 487

82 440

74 802

France

151 379

194 510

138 543

Germany

245, 221

257 415

200' 195

Guatemala .

1 052

1 945

10 587

Haiti

3 717

18 143

13 395

Italy

530' 717

14 176

8 042

Mexico

357 426

363 381

581 943

Netherlands

336 274

589 453

495' 965

New Zealand...

21 282

16 167

28 377

Panama

149 218

113' 042

190 496

Peru

87' 349

54 521

99 790

Philippine Islands

1 520

20 958

12 030

Portuguese Africa

69 685

35 554

29 051

Santo Domingo

2 556

9 966

12 206

Spain

8,642

2,467

5,885

94

EXPORTS OP FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS— continued.

Wood— Continued.
Lumber— Continued .
Other lumber— Contd.
United Kingdom-
England

Dollars.
1,232,419
196,484
4,241
114,882
4,583

Dollars.
1,319,339
292,310
3,000
87, 152
11,7J5
55,062

Dollars.
1,120,796
250,322
4.900
175,612
17,253
123,766

Scotland

Ireland

Uruguay

Venezuela

Other countries

64,063

Total

5,461,866

5,355,245

6,328,902

Total lumber-
Argentina

5,551,348

2,122,363
48,073
37,355
1,908,013
22,741
746,563
27,097
97,959
33,879
57,341
312,099
27,322

740,936

4,308,773
53,367
234.350
372,916
15, 516
26.261
1,545,270
42,543
131,828
2,296
14, 118
36,572
2, 459, 079
159,681
8,369
40,907
220,995
8,882
2,313,612
36,314
65,334
35,910
51,229
2,027,172
95,336
2, 116, 766
2,495,361

39,150
171, 104
14,798
54,395
836,790
822,195
208,434
469,679
2-27,077

6,407,505
2 176,641

6,355,841

3,340,814
70,847
23,123
2,638,207
25, 512
1,105,188
60,353
57,287
80,658
122,223
631,996
54,478

132,319
408,866
253,989
81,096
11,204.637
74,873
551,307
1, 169, 188
48,569
129,656
2. 639, 475
21,708
82,398
16,721
5,759
15,200
2,070,289
192,041
3,623
102, 576
338, 233
17,199
2,848,931
57,714
194,633
68,425
70,660
1,463,524
142,911
2, 762, 788
3,255,783

41,769
117,827
18,541
142,293
822,800
649, 454
256, 932
477, 109
233,646

Australia, Common-
wealth of. .

Austria-Hungary

81,159
21,938
2,256,108
37,596
805,292
93,821
71,290
41,472
42,066
499,417
35,854

837,199

6,396,971
61,021
309,259
819, 238
34,374
85,444
2,704,684
10, 778
73,535
. 5,303
1,314
122,563
2,322,361
54,044
11,621
55,785
238,250
24,331
2,343,089
46,039
111,630
48,862
36,525
1,509,349
166,493
2,633,865
3,267,471

61,142

55,896
15,863
53,610
1 145 497

Azores and Madeira Is

Belgium

Bermuda

Brazil

British India

British Guiana

British Honduras

British Oceania, n. e. s..
British South Africa

British West Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

:::::::::::

Trinidad and Tobago.
Other British

[

Canada

Canary Islands

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Danish West Indies

Denmark

Dutch West Indies

Ecuador

Egypt

France

French Africa

Frfinnh Gniana

French Oceania

French West Indies

German Oceania

Germany

Guatemala

Haiti

Honduras

Hongkong

Italy

Japan

Mexico

"Nflt-hp.rlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Norway

Panama

Peru . . .

'535^081
303, 819
565, 978
127, 192

Philippine Islands

Portugal

Portuguese Alrica...

EXPOKTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

95

TABLE 17.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS— continued.

Wood-Continued.
Lumber— Continued.
Total lumber— Contd.

Dollars.
65,508
1.136,401
55, 187
32, 975

6, 742, 050

Dollars.
114,343
917, 207
105, 737
5,914

7,231,181
906,078
357, 858
835,602
19, 555
103, 925

Dollars.
114.833
1,226,243
129,236
14, 986

7,618,425
1.061,592
513,295
865, 199
26,040
104, 839

Spain

Straits Settlements

Sweden

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

990,650
330,860
655,094
4 997

Ireland

Other countries

48,799

Total

43,557,989

50,363,035

59,526,677

Timber and logs-
Logs »—
Belgium

87,254

68, 764
29,867

18,825

389, 299
51,005
1 634

100,568
16,570

Brazil

British West Indies-
Barbados

9,802

274,537
33, 914
12,960
97,886
883,806
11,959
12, 052
11,586
12,039
292, 392
414,375
269,250
900
6,860

277, 573
107,888
19,411

(...

Jamaica

Trinidad and Tobago.
Other British

10,228
200

Canada

656,375
38,493
30, 104
271,427
1.033,462
16,786
16, 042
51,585
20,515
318,446
461,615
251,800
16,115
24,511

735,772
88,004
18,800
100,831

Costa Rica

Cuba

France

136, 978
808,691
11,268
17,318
88, 148
15, 101
299, 035
547,547
373,546

Germany

Guatemala

Honduras

Italy

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands

Panama

Philippine Islands

5,265
9,863

491,702
126,988
48,745
43,046

Spain .

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

10 419

Total

2,846,863

3,432,635

4, 278, 249

Hewn timber-
Belgium

Cubic feet.
48, 797
471,314

Dollars.
10,684
142,967

Cubic feet.
85,456
519, 201
93. 198
192,288
198, 715
110, 270
30, 735
377, 137
529, 441

874,664
68,650
97, 104
68, 337

Dollars.
24, 873
117,535
25,500
52,096
66, 948
27,465
9,582
91,488
87,045

260,039
20,119
23, 024
19,478

Cubic feet.
68, 994
439, 445
227, 071
236,621
281,592
88,186

Dollars.
24, 838
• 109, 762
45, 037
59, 788
130,503
20,611

Canada

Cuba

France

160, 275
214, 271
90,594
4,259
510,358
397,666

978, 190
42, 342
20,290
6,172

47,681
82,695
25, 174
1,079
129,700
67,435

312, 853
11,316
5,497
1,930

Germany . . .

Italy

Mexico

Netherlands

246,694

188,294

760, 344
30,925
93, 153
12,568

72,728
35,814

229,095
9,157
28,453
4,337

Panama

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland

Ireland

Other countries

Total

2,950,528

839,011

3,245,196

825, 192

2,673,'887

770,123

1 Prior to 1909, including firewood and unmanufactured wood, not elsewhere specified.

96

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17. — Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned— Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS— continued.

Wood— Continued .
Timber and logs— Continued.
Sawed timber-
Argentina

Mfeet.
8,334
730
486
5,765
4,901
16, 147

Dollars.

218,793
14,070
11,942
92,475
92,570
292,515

Mfeet.
8,924
1,181
804
10,409
7,635
24,464
1,713
30,047
2,216
16,704
63,206
34, 196
47,600
853
3,504
5,215
10,284

125,725
35,040
18,343
718
2,940

Dollars.
212,456
25,234
17,059
152, 427
169, 767
511,864
34,252
543,597
45, 393
354,834
1,124,289
674.526
1,027,841
20,181
63,985
96,607
167, 145

3,392,371
809,094
339, 458
15, 472
54, 175|

Mfeet.
5,672
1,430
563
12, 691
9,623
37,534

Dollars.
146,096
33,705
13,792
189,998
226,695
799,703

Austria-Hungary

Azores, and Madeira Is. .
Belgium

British South Africa
Canada

Egypt

France

25,356
1,571
16,008
39,557
32,362
44,684
413
4,151

424,291
26, 387
355,357
689,861
626,807
942,405
15,200
68,676

34,300
1,407
17,800
61,576
47,545
45,339
14
3,218
7,448
7,735

149,826
40,068
12,452
320
2,986

597,886
22,448
374,240
1,066,779
803, 794
1,027,161
410
66,159
203,587
118,643

4,568,454
886,273
266,747
6,404
57,758

French Africa

Germany

Italy

Mexico

Netherlands

Panama

Portugal

Portuguese Africa

Spain

5,267

118,836
39,903
15,365
300
3,173

97,760

3,238,351
893,208
258,853
6,750

48,248

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Ireland

Venezuela

Other countries
Total

383,309

8,414,519

451,721

9,852,027

499,547

11,476,732

Total timber and logs-
Argentina

218,793
18,815
11,942
190,413
92,570

10,782

710,019
5,162
33,914
13,060
2,949

217,908
30,736
17,286
246,064
169,767

20,987

1,018,698

54,209
27,366
2,241
34,252
732,671
45,393
1,230,473
8,782
11,268
900
1,189,902
15, 101
983,143
1,566,876
480,772!
270|
5,265
63,985
%;655:
177,008

4,144,112
956,201!
411,227

150, 782
40,585
13,792
315, 404
234,025

Austria-Hungary

Azores, and Madeira Is. .
Belgium

British South Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

Jamaica

10,712
200

Trinidad and Tobago .
Other British
Canada

1,565,840
2,475
38,493
92,198
8,715

Chile

Costa Rica

Cuba

Denmark

Egypt

France

569,858
26,979
1,321,858

929,101
22,448
1,538,205
1,750
16,786
27,551
1,138,975
20,515
1,122,240
1,561,504
288,024
2,452
16,115
66,901
203,747
143,584

5,533,321
983, 4.34
314,000
34,970
6,584
79,676

French Africa

Germany

Gibraltar

Guatemala

11,959
980
726,621
16,357
920,278
1,486,480
351,885
1^380
9,899
68,676

Hongkong

Italy

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands

Panama

Peru

Philippine Islands

Portugal

Portuguese Africa

Spain

105,048

3,828,777
1,012,412

United Kingdom-
England

Scotland ...

Ireland

283,761
603
7,500
40,663

Uruguay

Venezuela

18.403
131,513

Other countries

Total. .

12,100,393

14,109,854

16,^25,104

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOREST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

97

TABLE Yl.— Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOEEST PRODUCTS— continued.

Wood— Continued .
Firewood and unmanufac-
tured wood, n. e. s.—
Canada

Dollars.
461, 157
18,839

Dollars.
454,387
5,823

Dollars.
242,232
' 33,638

Other countries

Total

479,996

460,210

275,870

Total wood-
Argentina

5,770,141

6,625,413

2,177,141
111,895
39,224
2.502,172

6,506,623

3,340,826
111,432
36,915
2,953,611
25,512
1,123,770
57,287
85, 103
60,383
122,391
866,021
58, 978

132,319

419,845
254,207
81,096
13,012,709
74, 873
553, 782
1,169,488
61,664
168, 149
2,731,673
21,864
91,113
85
16,721
5,759
15,200
2,999,440
214,489
3,623
102,842
338,233
17,259
4,389,536
74,500
195,233
85,497
98,211
2,602,499
163,426
3,915,626
35,751
4,817,287

41,895
117,827
18,541
149,058
1,210,824
651,906
273,047
544,010
437,393
12,755
118,332
1,369,827
129,236
15,006

Australia, Commonwealth
of

2,122,363
66,888
49,297
2,098,426
22,741
758,250
97,959
34,056
27,097
57,341
404,669
27,322

751,725

5,479,949
53,367
239,512
372,942
15,516
60,175
1,558,330
42,543
134, 777
28
2,296
14, 118
36,572
3,032,737
186,660
8,369
40,907
220,995
8,882
3,641,470
48,273
65,334
48,068
52,209
2,753,793
111,693
3,038,846

Austria-Hungary

Azores, and Madeira Is

Belgium

Bermuda

37,841
835, 159
71,290
42,076
93,821
42,066
669, 184
35,854

858,252

7,870,056
61,021
309,679
820,738
51,439
139,653
2,732,050

Brazil

British Guiana

British Honduras

Birtish India

British Oceania, n. e. s

British South Africa

British West Africa

British West Indies-
Barbados

f

Jamaica

I:::::::::::

Trinidad and Tobago. . .
Other British

j

Canada .

Canary Islan/ls

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Danish West Indies

12,299
75,776
16,695
5,303
1,314
156,815
3 056 032

Denmark

Dutch Guiana

Dutch West Indies

Ecuador

Egypt ..

France

French Africa

99,437
11,621
55,785
239,348
24,331
3.573,912
57,307
114,917
66,510
37,425
2,699,251
181,594
3,619,908
35,056
4,834,347

84,358
55,896
16, 445
63,518
1,626,425
535,351
309,084
629,963
223,847
21,787
114,573
1,094,215
105,737
5,914

French Guiana

,

French Oceania

French West Indies

German Oceania

Germany

Guatemala

Haiti

Honduras

Hongkong

Italy . . .

Japan

Mexico

Morocco

8,179
3,985,741

49,718
171, 104
14,902
56,273
1, 188, 675

Netherlands

Newfoundland and Lab-
rador

New Zealand

Nicaragua. .

Norway

Panama

Peru

823 575

Philippine Islands

218,333
538,355
227,077
8,647

Portugal

Portuguese Africa

Salvador

SaPtf DoTningo

68,673
1,241,449

Spain

Straits Settlements .

55, 187

Sweden...

32.975

50597°— Bull. 96—11

98

EXPORTS OF FARM AND FOKEST PRODUCTS, 1909-11.

TABLE 17 .—Quantity and value of EXPORTS of domestic FARM and FOREST

products, 1909-1911, by articles and by countries to which consigned — Continued.

Article and country.

Year ending June 30—

1909

1910

1911

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

FOREST PRODUCTS— continued.

Wood— Continued.
Total wood— Continued.
United Kingdom —
England

Dollars.
10,573,932
2,003,062
614,846
655,697
12,497
32,845

Dollars.
11,376,343
1,862,279
769,085
835,602
38, 158
63,512

Dollars.
13,151,746
2,045,<026
827,295
900, 169
32,909
67,998

Scotland

Ireland

Uruguay

Venezuela

Other nrnintries . .

Total

56,138,378

64,933,099

76,327,651

Wood alcohol:
Belgium

Gallons.
119,355
18,575
568,214
2,350

Dollars.
39, 615
5,150
161,534
1,277

Gallons.
85,589
22,745
654,517
49,829
173,314

309,650
23,991
8,966

Dollars.
43,000
8,600
258,588
26,930
70,800

159,505
9,500
4,897

Gallons.
59,514
21,595
974,707
36,490
471,678

352,104
24,529
21,719

Dollars.
36,650
9,322
410,316
24,213
196,900

183,542
9,965
11,083

France ... .

Germany

Japan

Netherlands .

United Kingdom-
England

330,927
46,016
15,058

155,803
12,585

7,824

Scotland

Other countries

Total

1,100,495

383,788

1,328,601

581,820

1,962,336

881,991

Wr/od pulp:
Argentina

Pounds.
918,986
4,751,379
2,522,694
4,514,771
1,978,685
343,938
405, 434
1,874,181
1,426,202

1,502,294
76,255
335,937

Dollars.
24,332
105,273
36,636
103,880
43,519
8,234
8,773
42,939
31,378

34,719

1,639
7,638

Pounds.
313, 822
3,709,245
3,035,939
4,443,980
1,027,429
199,260
766,767
298,574
1,614,197

1,544,170
3,400
340,606

Dollars.
8,329
77,649
49,290
97,637
23,458
4,374
16, 126
6,395
34,008

34,071
64
8,656

Pounds.

Dollars.

Belgium

4, 435, 428
3,040,481
5,151-291
624,351
122,295
1, 118, 187
568,409
1,010,661

1,442,962
133,346
419,998

95,045
47,422
112,732
13,484
2,532
23,675
11,530
21,499

31,556
2,656
9,102

Canada

France

Germany . .

Italy...

Japan . .

Mexico

Netherlands

United Kingdom —
England

Scotland

Other countries

Total . .

20,650,756

448,960

17,297,389

360,057

18,067,409

371,233

INDEX TO TABLE 17.

Article exported.

Page.

Article exported.

Page.

71

Game

57

98

Ginseng

63

74

Glucose

63

42

Glucose and grape sugar, total

64

42

Glue

45

60

70

Apples fresh

60

Grain products, other

69

60

Grape sugar

63

51

Grass seed other

80

Bark

87

Grease, grease scraps, and all soap stock

48

Bark and. extract of for tanning total

88

Hair

49

64

Hams and shoulders

52

85

Hay

71

45

92

46

Herbs

79

Beef fresh

47

Hides and skins, other than furs

49

Beef' salted or pickled

46

Honey

45

42

Hoofs

48

Biscuit

68

Hops

71

90

Horns

48

41

48

Joists and scantlings

91

92

Lard - -

53

68

49

Brandy

71

Lard, neutral

54

68

54

Breadstuff preparations other than bread

Linseed

80

69

Linseed oil

77

Brewers' grains

68

Linseed oil cake and oil-cake meal

76

57

Liquors alcoholic, total

74

64

95

Butter

42

Lumber other

93

47

Lumber total .

94

50

Malt

68

Cattle

41

Malt liquors bottled

72

Charcoal

88

Malt liquors, total :

73

Cheese

43

Malt liquors, unbottled

73

Chocolate

58

Malt sprouts . . -

68

Cider

57

Meat, canned, other

50

Clover seed

80

Middlings .

68

Cocoa ground or prepared and chocolate

58

Milk

43

58

Mill feed

68

Coffee roasted or prepared

58

Molasses

82

71

Moss

88

Corn

64

Mules

41

Corn meal

66

Mutton

50

Corn oil

76

Naval stores total

89

Corn oil cake

75

Nursery stock

74

Cotton, soa-island

58

Nuts, other

75

Cotton tolal

59

Nuts total

75

Cotton upland

58

Oatmeal

G6

80

Oat 5

C5

Cottonseed oil

77

Oil corn

76

Cottonseed oil cake and oil-cake meal

75

Oil cotton-seed

77

44

Oil' lard

54

Deals

90

Oil linseed

77

Distilled spirits other

72

Oil oleo

47

Distilled spirits, total

72

O il peppermint

78

Distillers' and brewers' grains and malt

Oilcake corn

75

sprouts

68

O il cake and oil-cake meal, cotton seed

75

Egg yolks . . .

44

Oil cake and oil-cake meal, flaxseed or linseed

76

Eggs

44

Oil cake and oil-cake meal total

76

Extract bark

87

Oils animal not elsewhere specified

51

Feathers . .

44

Oils' vegetable, fixed or expressed, other

78

Firewood

97

Oils vegetable total

78

Flavoring extracts and fruit juices

59

Oils' vegetable, volatile or essential, other. . .

78

Flaxseed or linseed

80

Oleo oil

47

Flaxseed, or linseed oil cake and oil-cake

Oleomargarine (imitation butter)

47

mfifi.1

76

85

Flowers, cut

59

Oranges .

60

Fowls

41

Packing-house products, other

55

Fruits fresh or dried other

61

Packing-house products total

56

Fruits preserved canned

62

61

Fruits preserved, other than canned

62

Peanuts

75

Fruits, total...

62

Pears, fresh...

61

99

100 EXPOBTS OF FAKM AND FOBEST PEODUCTS, 1909-11.

Index to Table 1 7— Continued.

Article exported.

Page.

Article exported.

Page.

Pease

85
78
90
51
53
52
85
57
61
61
79
79
79
79
88
71
65
66
55
55
91
80
80
80
80
81
80
81
41
91
92
92
52
45
82
49
48
81

Spirits distilled other

72
72
81
93
81
82
82
82
42
47
88
89
95
96
96
80
83
84
84
89
89
86

86
86
87
65
66
72
72
73
74
73
98
98
97
45
87

Peppermint oil

Spirits distilled total

Planks

Starch

Pork, canned

Staves

Pork fresh

Straw

Pork, salted or pickled

Sugar, raw

Potatoes

Sugar, refined

Poultry and game

Sugar, molasses and sirup total

Prunes

Swine

Raisins

Tallow

Rice

Tar

Rice bran meal and polish

Tar turpentine and pitch total

Rice hulls.

Timber, hewn

Roots herbs and barks, n. e. s

Timber, sawed

Rosin

Timber and logs total

Rum

Timothy seed

Rye

Tobacco, leaf

Rye flour

Tobacco, stems and trimmings

Sausage and sausage meats

Tobacco total

Sausage casings

Turpentine and pitch

Scantling

Turpentine spirits of

Vegetables canned

Seeds cotton

Vegetables, prepared or preserved, oth< r
than canned '

Seeds flaxseed or linseed

Vegetables total

Seeds' other

Vinegar

Seeds timothy

Wheat

Seeds total

Wheat flour

Sheep

Whisky, Bourbon

Shingles

Whisky, rye

Wines bottled

Wines total

Shoulders

Wines, unbottled

Silk waste

Wood alcohol

Sirup

Wood pulp . . .

Skins

Wood, total

Wool, raw

Spices

Yeast ; . .

ADDITIONAL COPIES of this publication
.£j- may be procured from the SUPERINTEND-
ENT OF DOCUMENTS, Government Printing
Omce, Washington, D. C., at 15 cents per copy

National Aaaoriatton uf Box
iiatwfariurera

In Cooperation with

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE, H. S. GRAVES, FORESTER

Office of Industrial Investigations
O. T. SWAN, In Charge

AMOUNTS AND KINDS OF WOOD USED

IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOXES

IN THE UNITED STATES

&Y

j. C. NELLIS

U. S. Forest Service

AMOUNTS AND KINDS OF LUMBER USED IN THE

MANUFACTURE OF BOXES IN THE

UNITED STATES.

BY
J. C. NELLIS, U. S. FOREST SERVICE.

Box makers in the United States use 4,547,973,180 feet of
lumber annually, of which softwoods constitute 3,138,278,019
feet, or 69 per cent, and hardwoods 1,409,695,161 feet, or 31 per
cent of the total. Practically all of the wood used for boxes is
the product of the sawmill and therefore forms a part of the
annual lumber cut. Based on the production in 1912, the last
year for which figures are available, 11.6 per cent of all lumber
produced in the United States is converted into boxes. In fact,
the manufacture of packing boxes and shocks, crates, crating,
fruit and vegetable packages and baskets, is the second largest
wood-consuming industry of the United States. The manufac-
ture of lumber for construction and building purposes, planing
mill products, sash, doors, blinds, and general mill work, is, of
course, the leading wood-consuming industry, taking over two-
thirds of the annual lumber cut.

This paper presents for the first time statistics showing how
much of each kind of wood is used by the box industry and the
amount consumed by box makers in each of the important regions
and States. These statistics are a part of those secured by the
Forest Service through its studies of all the wood-using industries.*
Investigations were conducted separately in each State. Reports
were secured from practically every wood-using plant showing
the amount of wood consumed annually, and the uses to which
each kind of wood is put, and the accompanying tables are based
upon reports secured from box factories during the respective
State studies. This information was first used in compiling State
reports which have been published for thirty States. This article
summarizes the statistical information regarding the box industry.
The collection and compilation of the figures, which was carried
out State by State, extended over a period of four years, but as
one full year was made the basis of statistics in each case the
figures shown here give a very clear idea of the quantity of each

* Readers are referred to the various State wood-using1 bulletins
for data as to the industry in each State. Further, this paper is but
a preliminary report of the Forest Service investigations of the box
industry; an extensive study has recently been undertaken which will
consider specifications for box lumber, methods of manufacturing-
boxes and shooks with particular attention to the reduction and use
of waste, costs of manufacture, marketing, and finally the use of
boxes by consumers with special reference to the correlation of con-
sumers' specifications as far as possible.

3

kind of lumber used for .boxes in the whole country. The total
amount of wood used annually in the United States for the manu-
facture of boxes and the quantity used in each State are shown
in Table 1.

TABLE 1— WOOD USED IN THE U. S. FOR BOXES
AND CRATES.

Quantity used

annually.

State. Feet B. M.

Virginia 433,028,997

New York -. 390,057,650

Illinois 389,199,000

Massachusetts 353,405,350

California 309,406,285 s

Pennsylvania 276,587,094

Michigan 232,111,486

New Hampshire 200,209,596

Ohio 153,417,273

Maryland 144,309,000

Wisconsin 1 19,267,000

Kentucky 112,424,500

Missouri 111,765,699

Arkansas 110,822,000

Maine 108,889,400

New Jersey 102,605,205

Washington 96,448,500

Indiana 85,267,160

Oregon 78,939.000

Tennessee 77,979,510

Minnesota 77,854,600

North Carolina 76,525,000

Louisiana 56,004,500

Florida 53,469,000

Vermont 48,871,060

Mississippi 39,295,093

Texas 35,762,125

Iowa 31,340,476

Kansas 28,544,500

Arizona and New Mexico 28,035,000

Delaware 27,624,173

Connecticut 24,411,090

Georgia 24,373,409

West Virginia 23.837,000

Alabama 22.442.000

Rhode Island 15,951,200

South Carolina : 13,960,000

Idaho 10,245,000

Nebraska 6,861,000

Montana 5,249,927

Colorado 4,734 000

Oklahoma 4,389.000

Nevada and Utah 1,517,000

District of Columbia 518.655

North and South Dakota . 18,667

Total 4,547,973,180

See Map Page* 8 and 9. 4

Principal Producing Regions.

The manufacture of boxes in the United States is conducted
on a large scale in certain regions determined by the supply of
raw material and the markets for the product. The manufacturing
industries turning out products usually shipped in boxes, and the
intensive production of fruits and vegetables for wide markets
are the consuming channels calling for large box supplies. Among
the leading box consumers are manufacturers of oil, pack'ng-house
products, canned goods, groceries and tobacco, clothing and dry
goods, the manufacturers of hardware, tinware and machines,
growers of fruit, berries and vegetables. Crates, which are classed
in this report with boxes, are used in large quantities by shippers
of furniture, hardware, machinery and stone. There are innum-
erable special demands for boxes and crates, but on the whole
it is manufacturing and intensive fruit raising and market garden-
ing which create the demand for boxes, and a careful analysis of
the centers of these activities, together with a consideration of
the sources of timber supply, will explain the widely varying rela-
tive importance of the industries in the several States and regions.

Nearly three-fourths of all the boxes, shooks, crates, cratng,
etc., are manufactured in the region east of the Mississippi River
and north of Tennessee and North Carolina, which, owing to the
extent of its industries, offers the best market for boxes, and
also embraces or is contiguous to the sources of the woods most
used in box making. New England and New York produce and
manufacture into boxes a great deal of white pine, hemlock,
spruce and balsam fir, though they also secure a portion of the:r
box material from Canada. Virginia and Maryland produce yel-
low pine — loblolly, shortleaf and scrub — and use nearly half a
billion a year for boxes and shooks, though much of this comes
from North Carolina. Wisconsin and Michigan manufacture white
pine into boxes, also join with Minnesota in furnishing the wood
to box factories in Illinois. The latter State draws also on the
southern supply of red gum, cottonwood and yellow poplar, as
do Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York.

The fourteen States lying east of Ohio, Kentucky and Tennes-
see and north of South Carolina produce 50 per cent of all the
boxes and shooks manufactured annually. Wisconsin, Michigan,
Ill'nois, Indiana and Ohio together contribute 20 per cent of the
total production, the Pacific Coast States — California. Oregon
and Washington — 10 per cent; the red gum States — Missouri,
Arkansas, Kentucky and Tennessee — 9 per cent, while all the rest
of the States together produce only 11 per cent.

Boxes manufactured in the States east of the Mississippi
River are largely used in the same region, while Pacific Coast
box manufacturers not only supply salmon packers and fruit rais-

ers in their own region, but have been able to ship the best grades
of shooks to the meat packing- centers of Chicago and Omaha.
With the opening of the Panama Canal, Pacific Coast shooks are
likely to enter eastern markets.

Woods Used.

In general the requirements for box material are that it shall
be cheap, plentiful, light in weight, and capable of holding nails
without splitting. Other qualities are demanded for particular
k'nds of boxes. Those which are meant to hold certain food stuffs
are made from woods that are odorless, tasteless and stainless.
Further, some .kinds of boxes must be sufficiently light in color
to show stenciling and printing. Some strength is required in all
boxes, but a great degree of strength is demanded only for export
boxes or for boxes in which heavy merchandise is shipped. For
this reason, box makers do not demand one kind of wood greatly
in excess of other k'nds. The species most used differs in different
regions, usually according to the local supply.

The quantity of each kind of wood used annually in the
United States for the manufacture of boxes is shown in Table 2.
This table has been compiled, not by botanical species, but by
groups of closely related species which are often classed together
in the lumber trade.

TABLE 2— WOOD USED IN THE U. S. FOR BOXES
AND CRATES.

Quantity used

annually.
Kind of Wood. Feet B. M.

White Pine 1,131,969,940

Yellow Pine 1,042,936.123

Red Gum 401,735,390

Spruce 335,935,643

Western Yellow Pine 288,691,927

Cottonwood 210,819,509

Hemlock 203.526,091

Yellow Poplar 165,116,737

Maple 96,831,648

Birch 90,787,900

Basswood 86.979.61 1

Beech , 77,899,280

Tupelo 74.982,910

Elm 63.726,458

Oak 56,362.111

Balsam Fir 40.173,700

Cypress 38.962,895

Chestnut 36,216,700

Sugar Pine 24.686.000

Sycamore 16.451.693

Ash 10.507,308

Willow 10,004,600

6

Larch 7,470,300

Douglas Fir 7,349,840

Noble Fir 6,653,500

Magnolia 5,449,000

Buckeye 3,174,028

White Fir 3,142,080

Cedar 2,512,150

Redwood 2,439,500

Red Fir 1,328,330

Hickory 767,920

Butternut 578,000

Cucumber 524,000

Alpine Fir 500,000

Hackberry 315,000

Cherry 170,500

Black Walnut 163,250

Silver Bell Tree 91,308

Applewood 13,800

Mahogany ' 13,000

Ailanthus 5,000

Mountain Ash 5.000

Yucca 3;500

Total 4,547,973,180

White pine has long been the preferred box material, and
still is, where obtainable. The white pine listed in Table 2 is
made up of 96 per cent eastern white pine, 2 per cent Norway
pine, and 1 per cent each of Jack pine and western white pine.
In order of the quantity consumed, white pine is used to the
greatest extent in Massachusetts, New York, New Hampshire,
Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin
and New Jersey.

The sources of white pine supplies are the Lake States,
Canada and New England. The largest amounts of Norway pine
are used in Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin and New Hampshire,
and the largest amounts of Jack pine in Wisconsin and Michigan.
Norway pine is lumbered principally in the Lake States and New
England and Jack pine in the Lake States only. Western white
pine is used to a small extent by box factories in Washington,
Oregon, Idaho and Montana, and the supply comes from these
States.

The several kinds of southern yellow pine furnish almost as
much box material as does white p:ne. However, the single
species, eastern white pine, furnishes over a billion feet annually,
while no one kind of yellow pine furnishes over a half-billion. It
is not possible to tell accurately just how much of each kind of
yellow pine is used for boxes, but an approximate estimate is
loblolly 46 per cent, shoftleaf 35^ per cent, longleaf Sl/2 per cent,
scrub 6 per cent, and smaller proportions of Cuban, pitch and the
minor yellow pines. Over two-thirds of all the yellow pine manu-

7

'NORTH DAKOTA

SOUTH OAK OTA

TOTAL FOR THE UNITED STATES

50%

LI N,

iN N

ARKANSAS

THIS SQUARE: REPRESENTS.
100,000,000 rccT BOARD MEASURE

ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF LUMBER BY STATES

IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BOXES CRATES

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PACKAGES

REPARED BY THE OFFICE OF INDUSTRIAL INVESTIGATIONS
U.S. FOREST SERVICE

factured into boxes is used in the Atlantic Coast States, and is
North Carolina pine, which includes loblolly and shortleaf. The
States using the largest amounts of all kinds of yellow pine, in
order of the quantities they consume, are Virginia, Maryland, New
York, Pennsylvania, Florida and North Carolina. Virginia, Mary-
land, New York and Pennsylvania use the largest amount of lob-
lolly pine, while Virginia, Pennsylvair'a, New York and North
Carolina use the most shortleaf. Longleaf pine is used in largest
amounts in Florida, Illinois and Indiana. Virginia and Maryland
lead in the use of scrub pine, and New Jersey and Pennsylvania in
the use of p:tch pine. Most of the Cuban pine reported is used
in Florida. Box makers secure loblolly pine largely from saw-
mills in Virginia and North Carolina and shortleaf pine from the
same States and also from Arkansas. Longleaf pine comes from
the Gulf States while scrub, pitch and Cuban pine are largely cut
in the States where they are used.

Red gum is a single species, although the box trade recognises
both sap and red gum, the former coming from the sapwood of
large trees or trees that are nearly all sap. The States using the
greatest quant'ties of red gum for box manufacture are Missouri,
Illinois, Arkansas, Kentucky and Virginia, while the supply comes
from the lower Mississippi Valley States.

Two kinds of spruce are used in large amounts for boxes, —
in the Eastern States the red spruce, and in the Pacific Coast
States Sitka spruce. Red spruce, which is lumbered in New Eng-
land, New York, and southward along the mountains, furnishes 57
per cent of the total amount of spruce manufactured into boxes,
being used chiefly in New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
Maine, New Jersey, Vermont, and Pennsylvania. Sitka spruce
cut near the coast in Washington and Oregon furnishes 42 per
cent, and is most used in Washington, California and Oregon.
Small amounts of black spruce are used in Michigan, Illinois and
Wiscons'n, white spruce in Minnesota and Wisconsin, and Engel-
mann spruce in Colorado and Montana; these minor spruces grow
in the States mentioned with the exception of Illinois.

Western yellow pine, an individual species, is an important
source of box material in the West. About three-fourths of all
the western yellow pine manufactured into boxes is used in Cali-
fornia. Other States using large amounts are New Mexico, Arizona.
Washington and Idaho. This species is lumbered in the Rocky
Mountain States and westward. The largest quantities are cut in
the three Pacific Coast States and Idaho.

The term cottonwood includes a half-dozen species, of which
the common cottonwood of the lower Miss'ssippi Valley furnishes
85 per cent of the total amount used for boxes. The largest
quantities are employed in Illinois, Tennessee, Missouri, Mississippi,

10

Kentucky, Louisiana, Ohio, New York and Arkansas. The western
species, black cottonwood, which grows 'n the Pacific Coast States,
furnishes 7 per cent of the total, most of which was used in Wash-
ington, and a much smaller amount in California. Balm of Gilead,
lumbered in the Northeast and in the Lake States, furnishes 5 per
cent, and is used in Michigan, New York and Illinois. Aspen, which
is commonly known in the north as popple, formed 3 per cent and
was used in largest quantities in Vermont, Maine, Wisconsin, and
Michigan. This species is cut mostly in the Northeast and Lake
States. Very small amounts of both large toothed aspen and Lom-
bardy poplar were also used in Michigan.

Both eastern and western hemlock go into boxes. The eastern
species furnishes 84 per cent of the total, and the western species
16 per cent. Eastern hemlock is suppl'ed by mills in Wisconsin
and Michigan and in mountain regious of the eastern States while
the western species is cut almost exclusively in Washington and
Oregon. Eastern hemlock is used for boxes in largest quantities
in Illinois, Michigan, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Wiscon-
sin, and western hemlock in Washington, Oregon and in California.

Yellow poplar is a single species which is often called white-
wood or tulip tree. It is put to greatest use in the manufacture
of boxes in Oh:o, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and
Illinois. The supply of poplar box lumber comes from West Vir-
ginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, and ad-
jacent States.

The different kinds of maple are used in largest quantities in
Michigan, Illinois, Pennsylvan'a, Ohio, and New York. It is diffi-
cult to ascertain the exact amount of each kind of maple used for
boxes, but it is estimated that 63 per cent is sugar maple, 35 per
cent silver maple, and 2 per cent red maple. Sugar maple is used
most extensively in Michigan, Illinois, and Pennsylvania; silver
maple in IH'nois, Ohio and Michigan; and red maple in Illinois.
Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and New York are the largest
producers of sugar maple lumber; silver maple is largely cut by
mills in the northern States, and red maple by mills in the central
and southern States.

The several kinds of birch are most used in Illinois, Wisconsin,
Michigan and Pennsylvania. As with the maples, it is d'fficult to
ascertain the proportion of the different species, but it is estimated
that 84l/2 per cent is yellow birch, 13 per cent sweet birch, and 2r/<
per cent paper birch. The largest amounts of yellow birch are used
in Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan; of sweet birch in Pennsylvania
and West Virginia, wh;le most of the paper birch is used in Maine.
Yellow birch is lumbered mostly in the Lake States and North-
east; sweet birch in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and paper
birch in northern New England.

11

The basswood employed in the wood-using industries is cut
from three botanical species; one common in the North and two
in the South. The lumber is suppl'ed by sawmills in the Lake
States, central States and the Northeast. The most important
basswood consuming States are Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois,
New York and Minnesota.

There is but one kind of beech native to this country, and it
is cut and used most extensively in the northern States. The box
factories of Mich'gan, Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and Indiana
use beech in largest quantities. The same five States produce two-
thirds of all the beech lumber cut in this country.

Tupelo is the common name for lumber cut from cotton gum
and black gum trees. The States using the greatest quantity of
tupelo in box manufacture are Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, and Louisiana. It is estimated that 51 per cent 's
cotton gum and 49 per cent black gum. Based on this division,
cotton gum is put to greatest use in Louisiana, Virginia, and
Illinois, and black gum in Virgin'a, Maryland and North Carolina.
The largest quantities of cotton gum box lumber come from
Louisiana, while black gum box lumber is largely produced in
Virginia and North Carolina.

It is estimated that 85^ per cent of all the elm consumed by
the box industry is white elm, wh!ch is used in largest quantities
in Michigan, New York, Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana. Twelve per
cent is estimated to be red or slippery elm, which is used mostly
in Illinois and Indiana. These species are cut mostly in the States
ment'oned with the exception of Illinois and the addition of Wis-
consin and Missouri. Small amounts of cork elm are used in
several northern States, and a small amount of wing elm in Texas.

One of the minor uses of oak is in the manufacture of boxes,
crates, and baskets. In the use of oak, Arkansas leads, followed
by Pennsylvania, Indiana and Ohio. It is estimated that 50 per
cent of the total is red oak, used mostly in Pennsylvania, Ohio,
West Virginia and New York, 20 per cent yellow oak, pract'cally
all used in Arkansas, 17^2 per cent white oak, the largest amounts
used in Indiana and Ohio, and 7 per cent Texan oak, reported
chiefly from Arkansas. Oak lumber is produced in every hardwood
State and that used by box makers was probably cut in the State
where used or adjacent States. Small amounts of bur, Garry, post,
overcup, chinquapin, pin and willow oak are also used in different
States.

Balsam fir is a single species which grows in the northeastern
and Lake States, although it is sometimes confused with white fir
of the West. It is put to its greatest use in box manufacture in
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont. The lumber
is produced mostly by mills in northern New England and the
Lake States.

12

Cypress is not an important box material because it is
more valuable for other purposes and is suited for only certain
kinds of boxes. The largest quantities are used in Missouri, New
York and Louisiana. Nearly two-thirds of all the cypress lumber
cut comes from Louisiana.

Chestnut is not used to a great extent for boxes, although the
lower grades of sound wormy sometimes go into the cheaper
kinds of boxes and crates. The States using the largest amounts
for boxes are Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, and Virginia, while
the States furnishing th's kind of box lumber are West Virginia,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky.

The wood of sugar pine is much like that of white pine, and is
therefore very suitable for boxes, but the greater part of the lum-
ber produced by sawmills is of too high grade to allow its use by
box factories. Over 80 per cent of the sugar pine used for boxes
is consumed in California, and practically all of the balance in
Oregon. These States alone supply this wood— the greater part
being cut in California.

Sycamore, although rather difficult to work, is used for certain
kinds of boxes. The largest amounts are consumed in Kentucky,
Virginia, Missouri, and Illinois. The lumber is produced in the
central hardwood States.

Ash is not an important box material, but like other hard-
woods is used to some extent. The largest quantities are used in
Michigan and Illinois. It is estimated that 47 per cent of the
total is white ash, the largest quantities being used in Illinois and
Michigan; 28 per cent black ash, a large part of which is used in
Michigan; and 23 per cent green ash, used mostly in Texas,
Georgia, and Arkansas. A small amount of red ash was also used
in Georgia. White and black ash are cut mostly in the northern
States and green ash in the South.

There are several kinds of willow, but all are listed together in
statistics. The most important kind is black willow, which is cut
and used largely in the States of Louisiana and Mississippi as a
substitute for cottonwood, which it resembles both in appearance
and qualities.

The term larch here includes the eastern tamarack and western
larch. Ninety-five per cent of the total is tamarack, the largest
quantities of which were used in Michigan and Wisconsin. The
greater part of the western larch was used in Montana. Tamarack
is lumbered mostly in the Lake States and larch in the Northwest.

A very minor use of Douglas fir is in the manufacture of boxes
in the States of California, Colorado, Oregon and Washington.
Douglas fir lumber is produced in many of the western States —

13

Washington and Oregon furnish nearly two-thirds of the total
quantity.

Noble fir is one of the minor western species, and more of it
is used by the box industry than by any other. The entire amount
shown in Table 2 was reported as used by box makers in Oregon.
The lumber is cut by sawmills in Washington and Oregon.

Magnol:a is a wood somewhat resembling yellow poplar and is
cut in the southern States; it is used in greatest quantities for
boxes in Florida and Louisiana.

Buckeye is one of the minor species of the central hardwood
region and Tennessee box factories use the largest quantities.

White fir is a minor western species, well suited to the manu-
facture of boxes. The greater part of the amount shown in Table
2 was used in California and a very small part in Oregon. The
largest quantities of white fir lumber are cut by sawmills in the
Pacific Coast States and Idaho.

None of the several kinds of cedar is important as box ma-
terial. The eastern red and northern white cedar comprise the
greater port'on of the total, while small amounts of southern white,
western red and incense cedar are also reported.

A minor use of redwood is in the manufacture of boxes, and
the wood so used is practically all cut and consumed in California.

Red fir is used to some extent in California for the manufac-
ture of boxes. The species is lumbered only in California and
Oregon.

The other species listed in Table 2 are used in small quantities
only, and fall into two classes — those too valuable .for box material,
and a few comparatively scarce species which are fit for but littlt
but cheap boxes and crates. Some hickory is employed to make
very strong, tough crates for shipping machinery and heavy mer-
chandise. The wood of the cucumber tree resembles that of
yellow poplar both in appearance and properties and is put to
practically the same uses by box manufacturers. Alpine fir is
a Rocky Mounta'n species resembling balsam .fir in appearance,
properties and uses. Hackberry and silver bell tree are southern
hardwoods little used for any purpose. Butternut, cherry, walnut,
applewood, and mahogany are too costly to be used for shipping
boxes but are made into expensive boxes for jewelry, silverware,
and other expensive merchandise. Woods such as ailanthus and
mountain ash serve only for cheap boxes or crating. Yucca is a
desert palm from Arizona and California and was used in Missouri
for bottle packing.

14

Publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service

Of Interest to Box Manufacturers

Departmental Bulletin 24 -Cottonwood in the Mississippi Valley.

Farmer's Bulletin 582 — Uses for Chestnut Timber Killed by Bark Disease.

Department* 1 Bulletin 13 — White Pine under Forest Management.

Departmental Bulletin 86 — Tests of Wooden Barrels.

Forest Service Bulletin 13 — Timber pines of southern United Stati s, with discussion

of structure of their wood. Paper. 50c.

• Forest Service Bulletin 33 — Western hemlock. Paper, 30c .
Forest Service Bulletin 41 — Seasoning of timber. Paper, 25c.
Forest Service Bulletin 58 — Red gum, with discussion of mechanical properties of

red gum wood. Paper, 15c.
Forest Service Bulletin 63 — Natural replacement of white pine on old fields in New

England. Paper lOc.
Forest Service Bui etin 70 — Effect of moisture upon strength and Stiffness of wood.

Paper 15c.
Forest Service Bulletin 73— Grades and amount of lumber sawed from yellow

poplar, yellow bircb, supar maple, and beech. Paper, lOc.
Forest Service Bulletin 88 — Properties and uses of Douglas fir: pt. 1, Mechanical

properties; pt. 2, Commercial uses. Paper, 15c.

Forest Service Bulletin 93 - Aspens, their growth and management. Paper 5c.
Forest Service Bu letin 94 — Scrub pine. Pinus virginiana. Paper 5c.
Forest Service Bulletin 95— Uses of commercial woods of United States; 1, Cedars.

cypresses, and sequoias. Paper, lOc.
Forest Service Bulletin 99— Uses of commercial woods of United States: it Pines.

Paper, 15c.
Forest Service Bulletin 104 — Principles of drying lumber at atmospheric 'pressure

and humidity diagram. Paper, 5c.

Forest Service Bulletin 108 — Tt sts of structural timbers. Paper, 20c.
Forest Service Bulletin 1 1 5 — Mechanical properties of western hemlock. Paper 15c.
Forest Service Bulletin 122 — Mechanical properties of western larch, Paper, lOc.
Forest Service Circular 1 5 — Summary of mechanical tests on 32 species of American

woods. Paper, 5o.
Forest Service Circular 36— Forest Service, what it is and how it deals with forest

problems. Paper, 5c.

Forest Service Circular 40 — Utilizatiou'Of tupelo, Paper, 5C;
Forest Service Circular 67 — Forest planting leaflet: White pine. Pinus strobus

Paper. 5c.

Forest Service Circular 135 — Chestnut oak in the southern Applachians. Paper, 5c
Forest Service Circular 164 — Properties and uses of southern pines. Paper, 5c.
Forest Service Circular 166 — Timber supply of United States. Paper, 5c.
Forest Service Circular 177— Wooden and fiber boxes. Paper, 5c,
Forest Service Circular 180 — Lumber saved by using odd lengths. Paper, 5c.
Forest Service Circular 192 — Prevention of sap stain in lumber, paper, 5c.
Forest Service Circular 193 — Mechanical properties of redwood. Paper, 5c.
Forest Service Circular 21,3— Forest Products Laboratory series: Mechanical pro-
perties of woods grown in United States. Paper, 5c.
Forest Service Circular 214 — Forest Products Laboratory series ; Tests of packing

boxes of various forms. Paper, 5c,

(Forest Service bulletins and circulars can be obtained from Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., on receipt of price
quoted which should be remitted by postal money order, express order or New
York draft.)

IS

State Wood-Using Industry Reports

Prepared by The Office of Industrial Investigations

The Forest Service has completed statistical studiesof wood-using
industries including box manufacture in a number of States. The
reports, primarily of local interest, have been printed by some Depart-
ment of the Government of the State interested, or by an association or
periodical devoted to the interest of lumbering and conservation.
Bulletins at present available are indicated below and may be secured
from the cooperator whose address is given. In ordering those for
which there is no charge, postage should accompany the application.

STATE
Ark.
Ala.
Cal.
Conn.
Fla.
111.
Towa

COOPERATOR
Supt, of Doc. of Gov. Printing Office
The Lumber Trade Journal
G. M. Romans, State Forester
W. O. Filley, State Forester
W. A. McRae, Com'r'of Agric.
J. C. Blair, Univ. of 111.

ADDRESS
Washington, D. C.
New Orlerns, T^a.
Sacramento. Cal.
New Haven, Conn.
Tallahassee, Fla.
Urbana, 111.

PRICK

$.05
.25

ISy.-

jr-.

Tho T nmh»»r Trjirio Trmrrml •

°5

Me.
Mich.
Minn.
Miss.
Mo.
N. H.
N. Y.
N.C.
Ohio
Pa,
S. C.
Tenn.
Texas
Vt.
Va.
Wis.

State Forest Commissioner
Public Domain Commission
W. T. Cox, State Forester
The Lumber Trade Journal
St. Louis Lumberman
E. A. Hirst, State Forester

Augusta, Me.
Lansing, Mich.
St. Paul, Minn.
New Orleans, La,
St. Louis, Mo.
Concord, N. H,
Syracuse N. Y.
Chapel Hill, N. C.
Wooster, Ohio
Harrisburg, Pa.
Columbia, S. C.

.25

.25

J. S. Holmes, State Forester
Edmund Secrest, State Forester
R. S. Conklin, Com'r of Forestry
E. J. Watson, Com'r of Agric.

The Lumber Trade Journal
A. F Hawes, State Forester
G. W. Koiner, Com'r of Agric.
E. M. Griffith, State Forester

New Orleans, La.
Burlington, Vt.
Richmond, Va.
Madison, Wis.

.25

•

Work on studies in the States listed below is now under way.
Application for the bulletins to be sent when ready for distribution can
be made as follows :

W. Va. H. E. Williams, Com'r of Agric.

N. J. Alfred Gaskill, State Forester

Ind. The Hardwood Record

Ga, The Lumber Trade Journal

Charleston, W. Va.
Trenton, N. J.
Chicago, 111.
New Orleans, La.

The editions of the wood-using reports in the following States are
entirely exhausted: Idaho, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, Oregon,
and Washington.

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