FeO Oe MO bw areca: cde. Ey EE 4 A : Para oe e - ; é Pr aN i ‘ a q ee. <_ rot oe A yi > ‘ Pet teerh te dt hoa 4 iar nt Sy Py fy = Lak ee * WR Aee> => -S-abow. SMe AR. He RA Tepes ON ee a ne: i bite eee ee oe hoe ee wh ‘: > : : EM . : heh Ppeetais dh Si tre ae Eee Bete te. 3. » ¥ ye rs r oO a ocr tabuk archer fay © eens * : * uy AES AAI Mt 05 ln Cade. aeons tae ee ee Sere were a ae Pae't MAR 2 9 1974 LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 5SOS AG Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign htto://www.archive.org/details/panamericangeolo111893desm THE > AMERICAN GEOLOGIST A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS: SAMUEL CALVIN, Jowa City, Towa. EpwWarD W. CLAYPOLE, Akron, Ohio. Francis W. CRAGIN, Colorado Springs, Colo. JoHN EYERMAN, Laséon, Pa. FRANK H. KNOWLTON, Washington, D.C. PERSIFOR FRAZER, Philadelphia, Pa, JOSEPH B. TYRRELL, Oftawa, Ont. RosBert T. HILi, Austin, Texas. EpwaRD O. ULRicn, Vewfort, Ky. WARREN UpuHaM, Somerville, Mass. IsRAEL C. WHITE, Morgantown, W. Va. NEwrTon H. WINCHELL, Minneapolis, Minn. VOLUME XI. JANUARY TO JUNE, 1893. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Tuk GEOLOGICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1893. BUCKEYE PUBLISHING CO., PRINTERS. nd | | III CONTENTS. JANUARY NUMBER. Thomas Sterry Hunt. [Portrait.] Prrsiror Frazer.... 1 Man and the Glacial Period. R. D. Satispury.. 13 Frondescent Hematite. [Plates II and III. ] N.H. WINCHELL 20 On Pleistocene Changes of Level in Eastern North Amer- fer STRPAN DH (EIGER copa cele. os 6 eos biSte bye wi ordue woe we 22 Editorial Comment.—The Unit of Mapping for State Surveys, 44. The Topographical work of the National Geological Survey, 47. Review of Recent Geological Literature.—The Volcanic rocks of South Mountain in Pennsylvania and Maryland, Gro. H. Witi1AmMs, 55. —A contribution to the Geology of the Great Plains, Roperr Hay, 56.—On the Structure and Age of the Stockbridge Limestone in Vermont, T. NELson DALE, 57.—Supposed Interglacial shell beds in Shropshire, England, G. FrepERickK Wrieut, 57.—Geology of the Pribilof Islands, JosepH STANLEY-BrRown, 57.—The Gulf of Mexico as a Measure of Isostasy, W J McGern, 58.—The Iroquois Shore North of the Adirondacks, J. W. Spencer, 58.—Channels over divides not evidence per se of glacial lakes, J. W. SPENCER, 58.—Notes on the Geology of the Yukon basin, C. WILLARD HAYEs, 58.—Relationship of the Glacial lakes Warren, Algonquin, Iroquois and Hudson-Champlain, WARREN UpHAm, 59.—Secondary banding in gneiss, Wm. H. Hopss, 59.— Proceedings of the Fourth annual meeting, G. S. A., held at Columbus, O., Dec. 29, 30 and 31, 1891, H. L. Farrcuixp, Src., 60.—Elementary Geology, CHARLES Brrp, 60.—North American Geology and Paleontology, S. A. MILuER, 60. —Gems and Precious stones, Kunz; A little more light on the U. S. Geol. Survey, MARcov, 60.- Handbook of Physical Geology, A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, 61. Correspondence.—The Higginsville Sheet of the Missouri Survey, Ar- THUR WINSLOW, 61.—The Topographical work of the National Geo- logical Survey, Rost. T. H1Li, 64; HENRY GANNETT, 65. Personal and Scientific News.—The Michigan Geological Survey; Gen- eral Drayson, on the cause of the Glacial Period; Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 68. FEBRUARY NUMBER. Notes on a farther study of the pre-Cretaceous rocks of the California coast ranges. [Plate IV.] Haronp W. ee IEA... 0 ME ove <2 5 sen/0io ol eln'e'eca deme ois ss 69 Lake Filling in the Adirondack region. C. H. Suyru, Jr. 85 The Magnesian Series of the Ozark uplift. Frank L. Nason. 9] Second Supplement to Mapoteca Geologica Americana, 1752- Pe IGu Pe MAHMOUD eae de sche ccetnmn tt oes 95 ses > IV Contents. On the genus Ampyx, with descriptions of American species. [Illustrated. | A We Vogprs......... 2. 99 Editorial Comment.—The Illinois State mivecne 109, Some Recent Criticism, 110. Review of Recent Geological Literatwre.—Final geological report of the artesian and underground investigation between the ninety-seventh meridian of longitude and the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, Rospert Hay, 113.—The second volume of the final report of the second geological survey of Pennsylvania, J. P. Lestry, 117.—Sur la présence de fossiles dans le terrain azoique de Bretagne, CHARLES BARROIS, 118.—The Champlain submergence, WARREN UpHam, 119.—Note on the Middleton formation of Tennessee, Mississippi and Alabama, Jas. M. Sarrorp, 119.—Phylogeny of the lingulates, Mur. PAviow, 119.—On a series of peculiar schists near Salida, Colorado, WHITMAN Cross, 120.—Palewaster eucharis Hall, A. H. Coz, 120.—Grahamite in Texas, E. T. DUMBLE, 120. Correspondence.—Some of Prof. Salisbury’s criticisms on ‘‘Man and the Glacial Period,” Gro. F. Wrieut, 121.—A new locality for miller- ite, CHas. R. Keyes, 126.—Topographical work of the United States Geological Survey, HENRY GANNETT, 127.—Mr. Taff’s reply to Prof. Hill, J. A. TAFF, 128. Personal and Scientific News.—'The Geological Society of America; the late meeting at Ottawa, 130. | MARCH NUMBER. A Classification of the Brachiopoda. CHARLES SCHUCHERT. PT te Vi8) <2 ee Voces 0 > + oes ee eee 141 A New Coccostean- Coccosteus Cuyahoge. KE. W. CLay- POLE. [lllustrated.]..... Marae). 13 1h oe Me i ah 5a Ae Pleistocene papers read at the Ottawa meeting of the Geo- logical Society-OF Agmettama.. .. 1.5... 2d. eet sans ae Man and the Glacial Period. Antiquity of Man in Eastern North America, N. S. SHALER. 180 Older Drift in the Delaware Valley, A. A. WRIGHT....-... 184 Supposed Glacial man in southwestern Ohio, FRANK Pio \ ART PRED ae cd 2 0 o AAO OOO RC ERO EAC G) OGr Fotwnes 186 Man and the Glacial Period, WARREN UPHAM............ 189 Preglacial man not improbable, E. W. CLAYPOLE.......... 191 Professor Wright’s book a service to Science, N. H. Wrn- (61200101 tPA rie ooriccs dR OS OM EEE EERE oc oC a OOD ane 194 A single glacial epoch in New England, C. H. Hircucock.. 194 What was the origin of Post-Glacial Man? F,. W. PuTNAM.. 195 Additional evidence bearing upon the glacial history of the upper Ohio valley, G. F. WRIGHT............ BST ave, eceicieke 195 The Cincinnati [ce dame OSs bi. ee ANES. . « .fecsteueeter er slcls slelerels 199 The Cause of anwWeeagerd= Hy BLAKE. ... aemine - «leiels 202 Review of Recent Geological Literatwre.—Annals of British Geology, J. F. BLAKE, 203.—Geological Survey of Missouri, Report on Iron Ores, FRANK L. Nason, and on Mineral Waters, PAUL SCHWEITZER, 205.—The Metasperme of the Minnesota Valley. Conway MAc- MILLAN, 207.—Distribution of Stone Implements in the Tidewater Country, W. H. Hotmes, 208.—Note on Quartz-bearing Gabbro in Maryland, U. S. Grant, 209.—Brown coal and Lignite of Texas, EK. T. DUMBLE, 209. Correspondence. —The Glacial Geology of Martha’s Vineyard, JoHn Bryson, 210.—Remarks on a part of the review of the Third Texas Report, JuLEs MARcoU, 212.—Relation of the attenuated Contents. Vv Drift Border to the outer Moraine in Ohio, FRANK LEVERETT, 216. —The Illinois State Museum, JosuA LINDAHL, 216. Personal and Scientific News, 217. APRIL NUMBER. Vestiges of Early Man in Minnesota. (Illustrated. ] W. H. Houmes. . 219 Pleistocene Papers read at the ‘Ottawa Meeting, Geological Society of America (Concluded.):..........0...... 241 The Geographic Development of the eastern part of the Mis- sissippi Drainage System. Lewis G. WESTGATE.... 245 The Correct Succession of the Ozark Series. G. C. Broap- HEAD. oad ee eee 260 On aN ataral ‘eenation of Pellets. " [Ilustrated. ] J. A. RMN cs Dacia w ekg se es cle Ce as sie'e'ees 268 Review of Recent Geological Literature.—A Preliminary Report of the Coal Deposits of Missouri, ARTHUR WINSLOW, 271.—The Journal of Geology, 273.—Phases in the Metamorphism of the Schists of Southern Berkshire, Wm. H. Hopss—Zur Genauen Kenntnis der Phonolithe des Hegaus, H. P. Cusu1ne and E. WEINSCHENCK, 274. —Ursus ferox from Malta, Joun N. Cook, 275.—On a New Fossil Am- ber-like resin from Burma, Orro Heim, 275.—On Palzosaccus dawsoni. G. J. HinpE, 275.—A Hyena and other Carnivora from Texas, E. D. Corr, 276. Correspondence.—The Movement of Muir Glacier, H. P. CUSHING, 276. —The Artesian and Underflow investigation, ROBERT Hay, 278.— Remarks on Dall’s Collection cf Conrad’s Works, G. D. HARRIs, 279.—Geological Society of Washington, J. S. DILLER, 281.—The Fauna of Tucumeari, ALPHEUS HYATT, 281. Personal and Scientific News.—Hayden Memorial Medal; Diamonds in Meteoric Stones; Reprint of Conrad’s Tertiary Fossils; Interglacial Peat in Wisconsin; The [linois Wesleyan Univ ersity; Officers of the new Geological Society of Washington; Proposed Topographi- cal Survey of California, 282-284. MAY NUMBER. A New Tree from the Carboniferous Rocks of Monroe County, Ohio. [Plate VI.] H. Herzer... te 2 Alaska. Joun Moir.. ce 28 The relation of the Cretaceous Deposits of Iowa to the sub- divisions of the Cretaceous proposed by Meek and Hay- den. §. CALVIN.. a 300 Some Recent Contributions to the Geology of "California. H. W. TURNER... 307 The Cladodont § Sharks ‘of the ‘@laveland: Shale: _ (Plates VII and VIII.] E. W. CLaypote. cee 325 Deep Well at Deloraine, Manitoba, J. B. Ty) BREU Ei, s o..) <,- 332 Editorial Comment.—Prof. Youmans and the United States Geological Survey, 342. Review of Recent Geological Literature.—Re port of the State Board of Geological Survey [Michigan] for 1891-2, 344.—Seventeenth Re- port of the Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Indiana, S. S. Gorpy, 349——Prehistoric America: The Mound Builders, their works and relics, STEPHEN D. PEET, 349.—On the Continuity of the Paleolithic and Neolithic Periods, Jno. ALLEN Brown, 352.— VI Contents. An Introduction to the Study of Mammals, Living and Extinct, W. H. FLower and R. LYDEKKER, 353.—The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Twentieth Annual Report, for 1891, N.H. WincHELL, 354.—The Mesabi Iron Range, HorAcE V. Win- CHELL, 355.— Sketch of the Coastal Topography of the North Side of Lake Superior with special reference to the abandoned Strands of Lake Warren, ANDREW.C. LAwson, 356.—American Meteoro- logical Journal, 357.—Geologic Atlas of the United States, 357.— Sur la constitution des dép6ts quaternaires en Russie et leurs re- lations aux trouvailles résultant de l’activité de ’homme préhistor- ique, S. NIKITIN, 357.—Geology and mineral resources of Kansas, Rospert Hay, 359.—The Eocene and Oligocene beds of the Paris basin, GEorGE F. Harris and HeENry W. Burrows, 359.—Correla- tion of British and continental Tertiary strata, George F. Har- RIS, 360.—Revision of British Cainozoic Echinoidea, J. WALTER GREGORY, 360. Correspondence.—The Older Drift inthe Delaware Valley. R. D. SAtis- BURY, 360.—Terraces of Lake Warren, and Obituary Notices, by JULES MARCOU, 362, 363. Personal and Scientific News.—Geological Surveys of Missouri, Minne- sota, Michigan and Georgia,364. Apatite in Norbotten, Norway, 364. JUNE NUMBER. A new Fungus from the Coal oo” H. HErzEr. [Plate TX. J: dN et I oe ss a Td hee eee 365 Recent changes i in ae Meat Glacier, 8 . PRuntiss asia 366 Tucumcari Mountain, W. F. Cummins. [Illustrated.].... 375 Note on an Augite Soda-granite from Minnesota,U.8.Grant 383 Bibliography of North American Vertebrate Heaven for the vear 1892, Joon EyERMAN. : 388 Drift Mounds near Oly mpia, Washington, G. 0. "Rogers. 393 The Generic evolution of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda, Ac- NES (ORANE ; 2... i. tages 4 a hinbae leat 400 An Extinct glacier of the Salmon Bivens range, Gzo. H.Stone 406 Review of acres Geological Literature. -Smlémenta de Paléontologie, FELIX BERNARD, 410.—Finite homogenous strain, flow and rupture of rocks, GEORGE F. BEcKER, 411.—The thickness of the Devonian and Silurian Rocks of Central New York, C. S. Prosser, 411.—A new Teniopteroid Fern and its allies, DAvip WHITE, 412.—Some elements of Land Sculpture, L. E. Hicks, 412.—Some Dynamic and Metasomatic phenomena in a metamorphic conglomerate in the Green mountains, CHas. Livy WHITTLE, 412.—Notes on a lit- tle known region in Northwestern Montana, G. E. CULVER, 412.— Estimates of Geologic time, WARREN UpHam, 413.—The Glacial succession in Ohio, FRANK LEVERETT, 413.—The Moon’s Face, a study of the origin of its Features, G. K. GILBERT, 415.—Geograph- ical illustrations; suggestions for teaching Physical Geography, based on the physical features of New England, W. M. DAvis, 416. —Ytbildningar i ryska och finska Karelen med sirskild Lansyn till de Karelsen randmorianerna, J. E. RosBere, 416. Recent Publications, 416. Correspondence.—Note on a fall of Volcanic Dust in the South Atlantic Ocean, CHARLES PALACHE, 422.—Beltrami Island of lake Agassiz, WARREN UPHAM, 423.—Mesozoic granite in Plumas county, Cali- fornia, and the Calaveras formation, H. W. TURNER, 425. Personal and Scientific News, 426. Index of Vol. XI, 427. VS , THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST. Vor. l Prame: 1; Seer CAN GEOLOGIST Wor. Xt. JANUARY)" .1893. Noir PaeMAS STERRY HUNT, M. A., D. Sc., LL. D., F. R. S. By PErsiFor Frazer. The subject of this notice expired of an atfection of the heart in the Park Avenue hotel, New York city, February 12th, 1892; a man who made his influence felt in many departments of science, and whose labors in the fields of chemistry, geology. and miner- -alogy have enriched those sciences; not only directly, but indi- rectly by drawing the attention of other master minds to many moot points concerning them. On _ his father’s side, his ances- tors and their descendants have left enduring remains of their work both in art and letters, one of the earliest of his line who lived in America, William Hunt, having been one of the founders of Concord, Mass. On his mother’s side his lineage is enriched by ‘‘the gentle, mystic Peter Sterry, and that uncompromising preacher, Thomas Sterry, who wrote the notable tract, ‘The Rot Among the Bishops,’ in 1667, and that gave to New England Consider and Thomas Sterry, the Mathematicians’ (Biographical sketch of T. 8. Hunt by James Douglas). Consider Sterry was a civil engineer and the author of text books on arithmetic and al- gebra in use a hundred years ago. Thomas Sterry Hunt was born in Norwich, Conn., September 5th, 1826. During his early childhood his father moved to Poughkeepsie and died there when the subject of this memoir was but twelve years old; whereupon 2 The American Geologist. January, 1893. his mother and her family of six children returned to their old home in Norwich. For a while Thomas attended the public school, but soon was called to assist in the support of the family. He found employment first in a printing office; then in an apoth- ecary's shop; and finally in a book store. Although he remained but six months in each of these situations it is more than prob- able that his extremely receptive mind was strongly influ- enced by all of these occupations. He frequently attributed his attention to details in the correction of MS., and his quick and unerring detection of faults in typography, to his experience as a practical printer. His after love of chemistry could not but have been developed if it was not instigated by his surroundings in the second of these situations; and his love of general literature and familiarity with authors doubtless commenced with his opportunity to prowl over a collection of miscellaneous books, absorbing their contents in the interval of his active duties, and laying the foundation of that correct expression and pure style which distinguished to the last his spoken and written thoughts. Some of the elements of Dr. Hunt's genius were a life-long habit of attention, an accurate judgment to select out of the assorted impressions received that which was valuable or new, a phenom- enal memory in retaining such concepts, and consistency in adopt- ing them to regulate his conduct or modify his ideas. It is there- fore not at all incredible that this exceedingly impressionable mind at its most impressionable age may have assimilated both the tastes and the faculties which directed the course of his after life during the short periods of those diverse: occupations. This is rendered the more probable from the fact mentioned by Mr. Douglas, that on leaving these three employments te assume the duties of clerk in a not too busy country store, the future Cantab, Doctor kept a skeleton and cer- tain home-made chemical apparatus under the counter for use in the intervals afforded by his commercial duties. He carried on original research in this rural retreat even while mastering the rud- iments of chemistry. He visited the sixth annual meeting of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists held in the geological lecture room of Yale college from Wednesday, April 30th, to Tuesday, May 6, 1845, and was there elected a member of that body. It is interesting to note that in his nine- teenth year, at this, the first meeting he attended of the body Thomas Sterry Hunt.—Frazer. 3 which four years afterwards became the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Dr. C. T. Jackson made a commu- nication -‘On the copper and silver of Kewenaw Point,” and Prof. H. D. Rogers ‘‘submitted some remarks on the question of the Taconic rocks,” &e., which the speaker believed to be ‘‘only the well known lower Appalachian strata disguised by some altera- tion of mineral type induced by igneous metamorphosis.” These two subjects were destined to receive great attention at the new | member's hands down to the last days of his life. At the first meeting of the A. A. A. 8., held in Philadelphia, September, 1848, Prof. Hunt read a paper ‘‘On Acid Springs and Gypsum Deposits of the Onondaga Salt Group,” and at this meet- ing Profs. W. B. & R. E. Rogers read a paper on +The Compar- ative Solubility of the Carbonate of Lime and Magnesia,” estab- lishing the fact that in water impregnated with CO,, carbonate of magnesia is more soluble than carbonate of lime.” The study related to the formation of dolomites, and contained the germ of an idea splendidly developed by Dr. Hunt in after years in con- nection with the cause of the difference in per cent. of magnesia of the limestones deposited in the oldest and those in the newer geological seas. One might easily and perhaps profitably trace the origin of many investigations which Dr. Hunt has pursued to brilliant discoveries in the sometimes vague, but to him, suggestive questions and observations at these scientific meetings. He re- mained in Yale for about a year and a half, until some time in 1846, as the assistant of Prof. B.S. Silliman, Jr., through whose aid and that of Prof. Benj. Silliman, Sr., he obtained the appoint- ment of chemist to the geological survey of Vermont, under the charge of Prof. C. B. Adams. The year following, on the death of Mr. Dennison Olmstead, Jr., whose place on the Vermont survey he had taken when Mr. Olm- stead assumed similar duties for the geological survey of Canada, Mr. Hunt again stepped into the vacated position and moved to Mon- treal, where began that intimate association with the chief geolo- gist, Sir William Logan, which was to last for twenty-five years, or from 1847 until 1872. During a part of this time he lectured on chemistry (in French) at the University of Laval (1856-'62), and for four years on chemistry and mineralogy at MeGill Uni- versity. Besides these duties and the absorbing work of the geological survey which required not only his research in the labo- 4 The American Geologist. January, 1893 ratory and in the field, but a very considerable amount of the lit- erary supervision of the volumes issued, he wrote an immense number of papers, many of which were contributed to *‘Silliman’s Journal.” * His first voyage to Europe was undertaken as a delegate of the Geological Survey of Canada to the International Kxposition at Paris, in 1855, where he was selected as one of the jury of award,and during his stay was invested with the decoration of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. Subsequently he was pro- moted by the French Government to be an officer of this order, In 1859 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He was again an official delegate from Canada to the London Ex- position of 1862, and afterwards served in the some capacity at Paris in 1867. In 1871 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Science of the United States. From 1872 to 1878 he resided in Boston and lectured on geology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1871 he was elected president of the A. A. A. Ss. Before this Harvard had recognized his merit and conferred upon him the title of M. A., and the University of Laval that of LL.D. In 1877 he was elected president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. In 1881 Cambridge University, England, bestowed on him, with more than usual ceremony, the degree of LI. D. He was one of the original members of the Royal Society of Canada and its third president. During the year 1876, of the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia (where he was also on the jury), he first definitely took measures to insure the calling together of a geological con- gress of the world, and caused a resolution looking to that end to be passed at the Buffalo meeting of the A. A. AL 8. The reunion of this congress, which occurred in Paris, in 1878, was so far due to his skillful efforts that without his aid it could not have been held at that time, though that there would ulti- mately have been called together such a congress sooner or later, no one doubts. The first suggestion was made by Dr. Ilunt, even if we accept the date at which Prof. Capellini, of Bologna, claims that he made a similar proposition not knowing of the earlier one; but even after the proposal had been accepted by the American Association, and a committee appointed, the enterprise would have been relegated to the dust hole of so many of its magnificent uncompleted plans, but for the tact, skill and perse- Thomas Sterry ITunt.—frazer. 5 verance of Dr. Hunt, who placed himself in relations with some of the more prominent foreign geologists, wisely adding them at first to the American committee, and afterwards gave indispensable aid to the French cominittee which organized the first meeting in Paris, in 1878. At the celebration of the one hundreth anniversary of the dis- covery of oxygen gas (which was fitly selected as the date of the birth of modern chemistry), held near the grave of Priestley, in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, Dr. Hunt was among the most clis- tinguished guests and vice-presidents, and made, as was usual with him on such oceasions, one of the most thoughtful and impressive addresses, entitled “A Century's Progress in Chemical Theory.” It had originally been intended that young Hunt should fit him- self for the profession of medicine, but his strong inclination for research in chemistry and geology resulted, as has been shown, in his adopting a career of pure science, interrupted only occa- sionally by economical reports which only differed from his other work by having the consideration of values added to them. Among his earlier chemical essays such as -‘The theory of chemical changes and equivalent volumes,” in 1853, it was evident that he was strongly impressed by the brilliant results of Laurent and Gerhardt in the forties and early fifties, and as in so many other cases, this influence is apparent even in his latest chemical works, and is notably in the Northumberland address just alluded to, It was characteristic of the man that, while fully alive to every new discovery of science, he never forgot the researches of the older savants, and invariably prefetred to proceed from their un- finished lines to the newest generalizations, rather than to take a discovery which was a natural consequence of one of these incom- plete lines asa new departure. It is through the labors of such men as he that the history of scientific discovery is a continuous narrative and not a mere desultory collocation of dazzling para- graphs. He gleaned the memoirs of the past thinkers, carefully pondering their words and endowing much that was vague and ambiguous with a meaning which bridged over the gap between theirs and the most modern work. In the *Introduction al étude de la Chimie par le systeme bras | unitaire’” (Ch. Gerhardt, Paris, 1848, p. 79), the author writes, J re Y Ms) b The American Gr ecologist. January, 1893 “To each metallic or metallous equivalent correspond peculiar properties as we shall see further on. . It is as if hydrogen were replaced in these two kinds of combinations by the same metal differently condensed.” Further on he states the law of condensation in the form of + = v in which p = atomic weight; d = specific gravity, and v = the atomic volume. Precisely the same equation is used by Dr. Hunt in his essay on +The co@flicient of mineral condensation in Chemistry,” &e., where p represents an «/iquot part of the chemi- ral species, d = the specifie gravity, and v = the reciprocal of the co@flicient of condensation. It will be noticed in Dr. Hunt’s works that he avoids where possible the employment of the word atom, and uses instead ‘equivalent weight.” He did not believe that the existence of atoms had been demonstrated, nor did he accept the doctrine of interatomic space. He believed matter to be continuous and without interstices. Thus, in the address at Northnmberland, he says: +*Dalton, as you are aware, linked his discoveries with the old hypothesis of the atomic constitution of matter which is however by no means necessarily connected with the great laws of combination by weight and by number.” And again, in his peroration, he says: ‘‘The phenomena of chemistry lie on a plane above those of physics and to my apprehension the processes with which the latter science makes us acquainted can afford at best only imperfect analogies when applied to the ex- planation of chemical phenomena to the elucidation of which they are wholly inadequate. In chemical change the uniting bodies come to ocenpy the same space at the same time, and the impene- trability of matter is seen to be no longer a fact, the volume of the combining masses is confounded, and all the physieal and physi- ological characters which are our guides in the region of physics fail us, gravity alone excepted; the diamond d/sso/res in oxygen gas and the identity of chlorine and of sodium are lost in that of sea salt. “To say that chemical union is in its essence identification, as Hegel has defined it, seems to me the simplest statement con- ceivable.” “The type of the chemical process is found in solution, from whieh it is possible, under changed physical conditions to re- generate the original species. Can our science affirm more than this. and are we not going beyond the limits of a sound philosophy - Thomas Sterry Ilint.—Frazer. when we endeavor by hypotheses of hard particles with void spaces, of atoms and molecules, with bonds and links to explain chemical affinities, and when we give a concrete form to our mechanical conceptions of the great laws of definite and multiple proportions to which the chemical process is subordinated? Let us not con- found the image with the thing itself, until, in the language of Brodie, in the discussion of this very question, ‘we mistake the ‘suggestions of fancy for the reality of nature, and we cease to distinguish between conjecture and fact... The atomic hypothesis by the aid of which Dalton sought to explain his great generaliza- tions, has done ood service in chemistry, as the Newtonian theory of light did in opties, but is already losing its hold on many ad- vaneed thinkers in our science,” He says in a previous part of the same address: ‘‘The doctrine of types. first enunciated by Dumas, advanced by Laurent and perfected by the labors of others, may be said to be the basis of our present chemical theory. It was the conception of the dual water type which first rendered clear the theory of ethers and anhydrous monobasic acids, and thence the generation of bibasic and tribasic acids, whose, derivation from the water type I taught as early as 1848, some years before these views were accepted by Williamson and Gerhardt. whose names are usnally associated with this extension of the original doctrine of Dumas.” Relating to his peculiar views in regard to interstellar space and the connection of the matter which he supposed to fill it with an atmosphere, he says (id. ): “If now .we admit, as IT am disposed to do with Mattieu Will- iams, that our atmosphere and ocean are not simply terrestrial but cosmical, and are a portion of the medium which in an attenuated form fills the interstellary spaces, these same nebule and their resulting worlds may be evolved by a process of chemical con- densation from this universal atmosphere to which they would sustain a relation somewhat analogous to that of clouds and rain to the aqueous vapor around us.” Dr. Tlunt elaborated this theme in his presidential address be- fore the Amer. Inst. of Mining Engineers on another aceasion, his query being, -whence is all the carbon derived which is found in organic structure and combined in the rocks as carbonates?’ and his conclusion that it was drawn from ‘‘interstellary space,” per- haps indirectly from other planets. 8 ‘The American Geologist. January, 1893- This attitude of Dr. Tlunt towards the atomic theory and the concrete notions of atoms and molecules has been assumed in past years by some distinguished chemists and is not yet wholly ob- solete. It was due, with little doubt, to the reaction which had set in from the mistaken fear that chemists had been led afield by the brilliant generalizations of Berzelius. The writer has else- where considered this panic,* but it is pertinent to mention briefly the facts here. The great Berzelius had successfully determined the least com- bining weights of a great numberof substances, and had been led to apply to these weights the theory of Dalton, and a theory based upon the electrical results of Sir Humphrey Davy. He had thus built up his system of atoms, binary, and ternary compounds; each molecule of the latter two being composed of an electro-positive and an electro-negative clement or compound. Tle made the single mistake of supposing that ina supposed electro- positive group no electro-negative clement could be, found. When he carried this idea into the synthesis of organie com- pounds, he was met by discoveries (such as Melsens’ in 1842, of chloracetic acid) which rendered it impossible for him to maintain this hypothesis. It was not duly considered at the time that the portion of the Berzelian hypothesis which was proven to be incon- sistent with the facts was a minor and unessential part of the whole, and that the great and important generalization of this master among masters remained untouched. His ineffectual ef- forts to bolster up the fallacious part of his system threw doubt on it all, and one by one his strongest supporters abandoned his entire beautiful theory for a species of chemical agnosticism, Finally, in 1848, Gmelin, in the colossal dictionary of chemis- try, (humorously called ‘a handbook, ”’) abandoned all attempts at graphic description of compounds and went back to the apparent weight of combination of Lavoisier’s time. This timorousness of the chemists of that day atfeeted the progress of theory for nearly thirty years, and it was during these years that Dr. Hunt was active in research. [See the. History of Chemistry by von Meyer, Leipzig, 1889]. The motive of this abandonment of the ground so gallantly won by Berzelius was doubtless a good one, viz: the desire to avoid the faults of the alchemists, and to confine the ** The Helps and Hindrances to the Progress of Chemical Theory,” Introduction to chemical lecture course at the Franklin Institute, November 10th, 1890. Thomas Sterry Hunt.—Frazer. 9 activity of workers to concrete facts and indisputable conclusions, but it was like a panic in an army, and lost many a great mind like that of Dr. Hunt to the abstract branch of chemical research. In the period covered by Dr. Hunt’s work it was not good form among the masters to consider theoretical chemistry at all, but rather to work sedulously to collect facts. Yet these facts once gained it has resulted that the old fabric of Berzelius has been re-erected. Additional superstructure indeed has been added, but his foundations have been left untouched, As an illustration of the unconscious repetition by Dr. Hunt of the mental processes of Gerhardt, compare his statement re- garding the definition of organic chemistry in ‘* A new basis of chemistry (415) with the following language of Gerhardt: ‘«"? (Gana) (c) Nearer the road 213° “!~ (G4 ds Saas (d) Just north of road 213)" 26645 e eee (v7) South of road 209). “** CG 3ea ae Fine unwashed till occurs in open situation immediately above this shore-line as well as north of the road. As to places in other tracts where I have made determinations of the marine limit, [ must for the present confine myself to a mere statement of the hights obtained,but I hope that I shall be able to add a more complete description of the different localities. DETERMINATIONS OF THE LAtTE GLACIAL MARINE LIne. With With Probable Localities. handlevel. barometer. hight. : Feet. Meters. Feet. Meters. Feet. Meters. + Perth Amboy, N. J. —- — — — ) 0 2. New Haven, Conn. <17 <).2 — /— ‘c. 10 savor 3. Martha’s Vineyard, Mass. —- —- => — 0 0 4. Boston. Mass. — — ¢.10-20 ¢. 3-6 5. Mount Desert island, Maine. (a) N. E. of Somes Sound. — — 204 62 CC) es re ze — —208 64(/c¢.210 c. 64 6. (b) 8. W. of Bar Harbor. _ — 210 64 ie (¢c) S. of Bar Harbor. — — 209 64 8. Stockton, Maine. — — 274 84 ¢. 280 ¢.86 9. Bucksport, Maine, at Fort Knox. 305 93.0 298 — 91 305 93 10. St. John, N. B. (a) western point. — —.267 82) Sy ‘ Ww. «© Oh eastern = Ok ge ee 12. Digby, NwS: => > 107— — .¢ 40 @€ 12 13. Annapolis, N. 8. 42 12.7 46° 14 42 V2 14. Wolfville, N. 8. 49 S15 — — c¢.50? ©. 15? 15. Moneton, N. B. (Berry Mill Station, I. R., being 208 ft.) — -— 325? 99? c. 325? c. 997 16. Bathurst, N. B. — — 196 60 ¢.196 c¢. 60 17. Dalhousie, N. b. 175 «(58.4 175 54 175 5B.4 . Dalhousie Junction, N. B. — —174 538 c.174 c. 5 19. Riviere du Loup, Quebee (the Station I. R., 322.5 ft.) 373 113.9 — — 373 113.9 20. Montreal, Quebec (a leveled point being 565 ft.) — — 625 190 ¢. 625 ¢. 190 21. St. Albans, Vt. (the station being 390 ft.) 658 200.5 656 200 658 200.5 22. Alburgh, N. Y. (Moira station, C. V. R., being 357 ft.) —- — 662 202 c. 662 c. 202 23. Ottawa, near Kingsmere lake, Quebee (Hull st’n C.P.R.185 ft.) .— — 705 215 ©. 705 e. 215 Unless the contrary is stated all the above hights refer. to high-water mark, and the uplifted shore-lines were probably formed at least at or rather above ordinary highwater. As the high tide might have been somewhat lower in the Bay of Fundy Pleistocene ( hanges of Level.— De Geer. 37 when the submergence formed a narrow strait across the Chig- necto isthmus the figures for the localities at St. John and in Nova Scotia are perhaps some 5 feet too high. If, as is prob- able, the levelings based upon railway altitudes refer to mean tide, they also must be lowered about 5 feet. The Jevelings were all made with Swedish handlevels con- structed by Wrede and Elfving, which contain a mirror held ver- tically by an adjustable weight and sheltered from the wind by little wooden case. By aid of a scale angles can also be meas- ured, and I have often made good use of them as a check and also for plane table work. The barometrical measurements were made with two aneroids from Naudet in Paris, and each is based upon a series of 10 to 25 observations by means of which the changes in pressure dur- ing the day are graphically constructed, and from the differences thus obtained the hight is reckoned with due corrections for tem- perature. Though I have often in this way got remarkably good results, it is very desirable that these measurements should be checked by the spirit level, as figures should not be considered conclusive which have not an accuracy within three feet or about one meter. CONCLUSIONS. All the observations on the hight of the marine limit have been put down on a general map,* and with the aid of interpola- tion isobases have been drawn through equally Seed points with an interval of 200 feet (60 m.). Concerning the extension of the isobases into the interior of the continent, where the marine limit could not be directly de- termined, I have tried to use interpolation in the following man- ner. neers, of the utmost accuracy, and, secondly, we shall have trian- gulations across the continent executed by that same reliable survey, to endure for all time. We shall have the admirable work of the United States engineers on the rivers and lakes; then we shall have the shiftless and slovenly work of the Land Office in plotting and parceling lands, and finally we shall have the Geo- logical Survey as it is now going on, which is only “sufficiently correct”; the head of that survey used that term before this com- mittee. He said it would be sufficiently correct, which means. not mathematically correct. Now it does not seem to me that for a nation which in a few years is to be the richest, the most powerful, and in certain respects the most civilized nation of the world; it does not seem to me that it is proper for that nation to goon in such a way. These labors should be co-ordinated and should be lifted to the highest plane possible. That, I understand, is the object of the general plan proposed by the National Academy. Prof. Hilgard stated (p. 54) that appropriation bills passed by Congress have ordered him to make a map of the United States—‘‘compiling data fora general map of the United States” —and he exhibited one of the sheets thus made. When asked, ‘“‘What relation is there between your map and (ren. Powell’s geological map,” he replied: ‘They are much too nearly alike to carry out both.”’ “You think that if this was completed his would not be needed?” “No, [ think that if his was completed mine would not be: needed.” Ts that clashing? Is that infringement? Is that interference? D4 The American Geologist. January, 1895 There were eleven States co-operating with the Coast and Geo- «letic Survey in the construction of topographical maps in 1884. If there are none in 1892, as stated by Mr. Gannett, what is the probable reason? P. 240. Prof. George Davidson testifies that to avoid dupli- cation and lack of co-ordination which exists ‘‘according to a conviction which has grown up in his mind,” there should be some authority, and the same authority, to control these two chiefs, and argues (on p. 241) against a ‘conflict ” which he sees between the two surveys. Enough has been said to show, it seems to us, that we were justified in our remark that there were rumors of clashing and dup- lication. We might have stated, without fear of successful con- tradiction, that there was clashing, and we might have adduced instances, but we did not presume that anyone would question such palpable historical facts. 5. We do not wish to go into details to show the deficiencies of the topographical maps of the U. 8. Geological Survey. We are quite willing to admit that they are useful and good maps, and that we should be sorry to see the topographical work cease. We might, however, instance important tests of those maps by some of the first authorities in the country, and we could point to several of the States of the Union which have objected to them and have either insisted on better maps or have refused to make use of them in their own surveys. They serve, nevertheless, many useful purposes. Our chief objection is against the agency: that is carrying on the work. We think it should be done by a distinctly mensuration survey, preferably the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and that the expense of it should not be burdened upon a ‘geological survey.” It would be better to establish an entirely separate bureau charged with the execution of this map than to allow it to proceed under the present organization. That would give it definiteness and recognized standing in the appropriation bills. and it would leave the Geological Survey to prosecute its legitimate work in a definite sphere which also would have a ree- ognized position and standing. We do not wish to be misunderstood. We are opposed simply. to the execution of this work under the name of a geological sur- rey, as a topogruphical surcey its work is not sufficiently exact for the demands of the closing years of the nineteenth century. Review of Recent Geological Literature. DD We have often wondered at the vast amount of work accom- plished by the director of the ‘United States Geological Survey, and have admired his ability and consummate tact in the manage- ment of the many interests intrusted to him. We do not wish to throw a straw in his way, but rather to relieve him of a portion of his labor, and at the same time to establish two of the great enterprises which he has in hand on sure and recognized bases. In that we aim as much to individualize and strengthen the geo- logical survey as to correct and fortify the topographical a survey. REVIEW OF RECENT GEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. The Volcanic Rocks of South Mountain in Pennsylvania and Maryland. By Georar H. Wrrniams; Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xliv, pp. 482-496, Dec., 1892. The object of this article is to announce the identification of a large area of volcanic rocks which make up an important portion of South mountain. These rocks show abundant evidence of their vol- canie origin in their structure, chemical composition and petrogra- phy. South mountain has been studied and described in more or less detail by Henry Rogers, Tyson, Frazer, Hunt and Lesley; but none of these geologists seem to have completely recognized the true nat- ure and genesis of these rocks. They have hitherto been known as felsyte, argillyte, petrosilex, chlorite-slate, epidote-slate, ete., and their origin has usually been ascribed to sedimentary agencies. The reasons for the latter fact are that the jointing and slaty structure of the rocks, although of secondary origin, has been taken as proof of sedimentation, and that no one familiar with recent voleanics has ex- amined them. The igneous rocks of South mountain occupy an area of about 175 square miles and,so far as examined, are found to be of two classes acid and basic, with their associated pyroclastics. The acid ones are usually porphyritic and are found to exhibit the characteristics of recent glassy and half-glassy rocks—such as flow-structure, perlitic structure, lithophysiw, spherulites, axiolites, etc—in hardly less per- fection than those described by Iddings from the Yellowstone park. A characteristic feature of the rocks under consideration is the eutaxie structure, i.e., the intermingling of two portions of the mag- ma Which show differences in color and chemical composition; when these mingle in interlacing bands there is some resemblance to sedi- 56 The American (reologust. January, 1893 - mentary banding. The acid rocks are found to belong to the group of rhyolites. The basic rocks, which prove to be basalts, occupy an area only about half as large as the acid ones. The former have been more generally sheared into slates and more altered than the latter, but sufficient of the original structure is left to show their volcanic origin, and in chemical composition they agree with normal basalts. Another proof of their igneous origin is that in places these rocks oc- cur as dykes. The age of the South mountain volcanics and their relation to the sandstone, in which Walcott has recently identified a lower Cambrian fauna, are briefly discussed and it is stated that the entire absence of sandstone inclusions in the lava and breccia, the observations of Keith, Geiger and Walcott, and the sections made by Miss Bascom across Monterey peak, Pine mountain, Jack mountain and Haycock all indi- cate that the sandstone is altogether above the voleanies. “The South mountain volcanic rocks therefore become, not merely in their petrographical character and richness in metallic copper, but also in their stratigraphical position, comparable with the Keewenawan or Nipigon series of lake Superior.” Extensive chemical changes, involving devitrification and the forma- tion of new minerals, have gone on in the voleanies of South mountain, but their original structures are finely preserved. The formation of epidote has taken place to a great extent in the basalts. It seems possible, and indeed very probable, that many more areas of old volcanic rocks will be recognized in other regions of Americas when they come to be carefully studied. The rocks of South moun- tain have been known for many years and yet their true character was not discovered, and it is not going too far to suppose that many other rocks of similar characters have been overlooked and will in the future be given their proper position. In this paper Prof. Wil- liams has not only given us some very interesting facts, but has also thrown considerable more light on the history of our earlierf ormations. -L contribution to the Geology of the Great Plains. By Roperyr Hay Bulletin, G. 8. A., vol. 11, pp. 519-521, with a general section on the 102d meridian. Two noteworthy features in the topography of the mid-Plains region are here noted. A valley lies between the margin of the plains and the Rocky mountains, the former having a steep western escarpment from near Pueblo to near Cheyenne, while west- ward from Cheyenne a ridge, constituting the highest part of the plains, runs up to nearly 7,000 feet and abuts on the tilted Mesozoic and Paleozoic formations of the mountains. The other feature speci- ally described consists in the deep and very irregular erosion of the valleys in Nebraska and Kansas, between the Platte and the Arkan- sas, where sandy Tertiary beds are “carved into fantastic forms of castles and buttes and palisades which vary by a local picturesqueness the intense monotony of the plains.” Review of Recent Geological Literature. aq On the structure and age of the Stockbridge limestone in the Vermont valley. By T. Neuson Date. Bulletin, G. 8. A., vol. 1, pp. 514-519, with a map plate and two figures in the text. The entire thickness of the Stockbridge limestone in Rutland county, Vt., appears to be about 1,200 feet, of which the lower part, measuring about 470 feet, is of Cambrian age,as known by a Hyolithes bed at West Clarendon. The upper part of this limestone, however, according to its fossils collected by Rev. Augustus Wing and Mr. A. I. Foerste, is of Lower Silurian age, to which also belongs a part, if not all, of the overlying mass of Schist. Supposed interglacial shell-beds in Shropshire, England. By G. Prep- ERICK Wricut. Bulletin, G.S. A., vol. rm, pp. 505-508. ond Sandstone,’ Magnesian.”’ The same views were retained in the report of Prof. Broadhead in 1873. In the earlier surveys whenever mention is made of the specular iron ores of the above series of rocks, they are also placed im the ‘‘Second Sandstone. ” Without going into the minute history of the origin of the terms ‘Hirst, Second and Third Magnesian limestone,” ‘‘First, Second and Third sandstone,”’ etc., it will be sufficient for the present to state that the position of the specular ores was found to be in cave-like excavations in the so-called Third Magnesian limestone and winder instead of /n the so-called second sandstone. The next point to be settled, as far as possible, was to deter- mine the source of these extensive and numerous deposits. Their existence in caves showed conclusively that the iron was of sec- ondary origin, probably derived from the leaching of superincum- bent rocks. The leached rocks, according to the earlier geologists, must have been, Second Magnesian limestone; First sandstone and First magnesian limestone. Farther, if the Lower Carboniferous and Coal Measures rocks extended over the ‘‘Ozark uplift,’’ these also would contribute their quota of iron to the specular deposits. With the view of settling the point as to the existence of even traces of the Lower Carboniferous rocks, and also of determining the approximate thickness of the First sandstone, it was determined to study a section across the entire Ozark uplift from north to south. As has been explained very carefully by Pumpelly and by Broad- head, the Ozark mountains are really no mountainsat all. There is a great anti-clinal fold running southwest from St. Louis. The drainage from this great area which Prof. Broadhead has very happily called the Ozark uplift, has resulted in the formation of great streams. These streams, flowing to the great drainage val- leys of the Missouri and of the Mississippi rivers, have, near their mouths, cut deeply into the strata of rocks which form the uplift. On this account it was inferred that by following two or 92 The American Geologist. February, 1893 more of these streams down the opposite slopes of the Ozarks, a section, showing the succession of sandstone and limestone, would be found. Accordingly a boat trip down the Big Piney from Cabool, near the highest point of the Ozarks, to where the Big Piney empties into the Gasconade and thence down this last river to the Missouri, was made. For the section down the southern slope of the Ozarks, current was followed from Riverside, in Shannon county, to Doniphan, in Ripley county, and near the Arkansas and Mis- souri line. In the vicinity of Cedar gap, thirty miles west of Cabool, on the K. ©. M. & B. R. R., the younger rocks, Lower Carboniferous, are found in contact with a Magnesian limestone. From Cedar gap to Cabool there is a succession of limestone and sandstone outcrops. The limestone for the most part appearing on the higher ridges, the sandstones in the depressions. No detailed work was done here, only observations made from freight trains which stopped at every station for several minutes. The higher hills appear to be covered with a shaly limestone which doubtless belongs to the younger formation, The above observations are valuable only as they seem to sup- plement the fact that Lower Carboniferous fossils in chert were frequently found on the higher bluffs down both the northern and the southern slopes of the uplift. It is thus probable that the Lower Carboniferous once extended over the entire Ozark uplift. In the vicinity of Cabool limestone of the Magnesian series cov- ered nearly the entire rock outcrop. Near the Big Piney, how- ever, and in the drainage basins leading into it, sandstone, ripple-marked, in places saccharoidal, in others flinty, is a com- mon rock, In the Big Piney itself, about eight miles from Cabool, flinty, ripple-marked sandstone appears covered by heavy beds of clay. These clays farther down become interstratified with argillaceous and cherty limestones, and these, where the river cuts deepen, by beds of limestone lying on top of the sandstone. Farther down the stream heavy beds of sandstone appear cap- ping the higher bluffs which often rise precipitously from one hundred to five hundred feet. In,or rather on,many of the bluffs no sandstone appeared near the river, but following the rise back from the river a distance of from one-half of a mile to a mile, Magnesian Series of the Ozark Uplift.—Nason. 93 heavy beds of sandstone were usually found. ‘That is, the sand- stone found at the river level near Cabool was getting higher and higher above it. Another fact worthy of note is that the sandstones are often lenticular. A thick bed of sandstone would occasionally show a thin seam of limestone. In a succeeding bluff the limestone would increase to the point of reducing the sandstone to a thin seam, and the next bluff would show the sandstone at its normal thickness again. Two or three layers of this sandstone and lime- stone occasionally appear. But without this thickening and thin- ning in lenses, one fact is very readily apparent, the sandstones never lose their own but are growing higher and higher in alti- tude as the river reaches its lower level; and, as the country is cut deeper and more numerously by adjacent as well as tributary streams, the sandstones form,often broken, caps on the limestone of thedivides. In spite of the fact that occasional lenses of sand- stone or gritty layers are formed in the limestone, the limestones, as the sandstones retreat above and from the river to the highest points of the divides, are growing purer, more heavily bedded, and thicker toward the Missouri river. When the Missouri river is reached we find that the sandstone with which we started at Cabool has been persistent, and the only persistent bed of sandstone, and that from being the surface rock continuously bedded at the river level at Cabool, it now caps the bluffs which rise sheer from the Missouri river, east of Gasconade City, to the height of over three hundred feet. Without going into detail, it may be pointed out that the section down Current river shows the same phases which have been pointed out above. The highest hills on this river are about six hundred feet above the river and they are practically solid limestone from the river to the more or less broken cap of sandstone which usually is found on the summits of the hills. Conclusive as such sections are, with respect to establishing the continuity of a given bed, there are often concurrent facts which almost, if not entirely, remove all doubts. In the Ozark series fossils have rarely been found. Casts in loose chert, which has evidently come from the decomposing Magnesian limestones, are frequently met with, but this chert has rarely been found 7 stu. During the excursion down the rivers search was made for fossil localities which might serve as a means of identifying widely separated rock strata. This search was re- 94 The American Geologist. February, 1893 warded with success far beyond the writer's expectations. Soon after beginning the river section on the Big Piney, a fossil stratum was found lying between the limestone below and the sandstone above. This stratum with fossils was found in every bluff from Cabool to Gasconade City, and from Riverside to Doniphan, Numerous specimens were collected and are now in the survey collections at Jefferson City. At the writer's request Prof. R. R. Rowley visited several of the noticed localities. He writes that the stratum was easily found from the writer's description and could easily be recognized at widely separated localities. In addition to the above localities, the writer has found fossils of a similar nature im situ at Cherry Valley Tron bank. In widely separated areas throughout the entire extent of the Ozarks the writer has found fossils in chert similar to the ones found in the river sections. In every case they were found in chert below outcrops of sandstone, never vbore. These fossils have been found in areas which have been described as ‘‘First sandstone.” Summing up the results of the study of the above sections, the writer arrives at the following conclusions: First. —That the bed of sandstone in which are located the de- posits of specular iron ore in Crawford, Dent, Phelps, Pulaski, Texas, and other counties are continuous and are synchronous with the beds of sandstone. followed down the northern and southern slopes of the Ozarks. Second; that this is the only bed of sand- stone of any importance, exposed within the region. Third; that the terms ‘‘First,”’ ‘‘Second”’ and ‘‘Third’’ sandstone are not based on suflicient evidence to warrant their retention. In fact that these terms have been applied to the same bed in different parts of the Ozark mountains. In view of the above facts, the writer proposes that in place of the above terms the name Roubidoux be applied to the bed of sandstone above described; and that to the heavy beds of lime- stone occurring wider the above sandstone be applied the name Gasconade. These terms being taken from the streams along which these rocks typically occur. If any one cares to become acquainted with the detailed reasons for the above conclusions, he will find them, together with careful sections in the forthcoming report on the ‘‘Iron Ores of Mis- souri,’” published by the Missouri Geological Survey. 95 ‘SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO “MAPOTECA GEOLO- GICA AMERICANA,” 1752-1881. By JuLtes Marcov, Cambridge, Mass. The number between brackets shows the correct position of the map or addition in the ‘general catalogue, Bullefin United States (eological Survey, No. 7, Washington, 1884. Nova BENE.—This second supplement list, with some remarks on maps already quoted in the ‘*Mapoteca,” has been prepared with the help of Messrs. E. A. Smith, A. W. Vogdes, Gustav Steinmann, A. del Castillo, H. W. Clarke, 8S. H. Scudder, and J. B. Marcou. I have been unable to get the full title and dates of two geological maps; one ‘by Mr. Rothwell, of the northern anthracite basin, and the other by Mr. C. R. Boyd, of Southwest Virginia, which have been kindly pointed out to me. L.—America in general,comprising both North and South America, [1.] Addition.—The ‘‘Carte géologique du globe terrestre,”” by A. ‘Boué, was presented 22d September, 1843, at the meeting of the ‘German naturalists at Gratz; and at the Geological Society of France, the 5th of February, 1844 (Bulletin Soc. Geol., 2d ‘series, tome. I, p. 266.) An explanation under the title: ‘‘ Mé- moire a l’appui d'un essai de Carte geologique du globe terrestre, ete...’ was published in the same volume of the Bulletin Soc. Geol., at pp. 296-371. The map printed and colored mechanically, by Le Blanc, captain of Engineers, French army, was issued the 15th of February, 1845. But owing to some defects, the distribution was stopped soon after—only ‘twenty copies having been sold—and the whole edition was not issued truly until the spring of 1846. Ll.—WNorth America in general, ete. [25. ] Addition.—The first map of William Maclure of 1809 is with- out his name, which was carelessly omitted; and as a conse- quence it is sometimes credited to Samuel G. Lewis, the drafts- man. 925 [26 a. ] 1814.—De Beaujeu (Felix) le Chevalier. Map of the United States (Carte des Etats-Unis, dressé par P. Lapie.) Accompanying: ‘‘Sketch of the United States of North America, at the commencement of the nineteenth century, from 1800 to1810.” Translated from the French by William Walton, London, 1814. 96 The American Geologist. February, 1893” Almost a copy of Maclure’s Geological map of 1809, with some ad- ditions for Texas and Canada, and a few alterations. The principal difference being that the colors are placed only in contour forms, not as “teinte plate.” The description of the map is called “ Surface of. the Land,’ from p. 41 to p. 52. fot-..] Addition.—The place of publication is Boston, Massachusetts.. The map is accompanied by an explanatory text entitled: ‘A concise description of the geological formations and mineral localities of the western states designed as a key to the geologi- cal map of the same, by Byrem Lawrence,” Boston, 1843, pp. 48, 926 [59 a.] 1866.—Logan (Sir W. E.), Geological map of Canada and the adjacent regions, including the other British provinces, and parts of the United States. Scales 25 miles to one inch; in eight sheets. The preceding map No. 59, with exactly the same title and the same coloring, is a reduction in one small sheet of the great map in eight sheets. IIT.—Arctic America, ete. 927 [89 a.] 1869.—Packard, Jr. (A. 8.) Map of a portion of the coast of Labrador. Accompanying: ‘‘Observations on the glacial phenomena of Labrador and Maine, ete.,”’ in Memoirs, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, plate 8, p. 210, Boston, Oct., 1865, issued in 1869. The map contains the coast only from the strait of Belle Isle to Davis inlet. Black etchings. VIII.—New York and New Jersey. 928 [241 a.] 1844.—Emmons (K.) Agricultural and Geological map of the State of New York by legislative authority. Four sheets. Engraved and printed in New York, 1844. Accompanying: Agriculture of New York, vol. 1, Albany, 1846. It is the map spoken of at No. 239 of the Mapoteca Geologica Ameri- cana, p. 59, as “stolen or destroyed by persons unknown.” This most important map and the only exact one of the whole state of New York and a part of Massachusetts, by Dr. Ebenezer Emmons, con- Mapoteca Geologica Americana.—Marecou. 97 taining his great discovery of the Taconic system, well represented and colored, instead of being destroyed as Emmons thought, was only concealed in the cellars of the State House of New York, at Albany. It was not issued during the lifetime of Dr. Emmons; but in 1877 some mutilated copies were distributed by the State Librarian at Albany, as the real Geological map of the state of New York. Finally, in 1887, the map as dressed and colored by Emmons, with its full title, has at last come out from the cellars of the New York’s Capitol. The suppression of the map during Emmons’ life, and many years afterward, was due to the existence of the Taconic system, op- posed by certain person or persons bound together to its destruction, not only as asystem, but evenas to its existence below the Potsdam sandstone considered wrongly by them as the oldest or bottom strati- fied beds in America. 928 [244 a.] 1859.— Geddes (Geo. ), assisted by H. W. Clarke and D. L. Sweet. Geological map of Onondaga county, N. Y. Scale about 1.6 miles to one inch. Accompanying: ‘‘ Report upon the Geology, ete., of Onon- daga county;’ published by the New York State Agricul- tural Society in its ‘‘ Transactions for 1859, Albany.”’ 930 [244 b.] 1859.—French (?).Geological map of NewYork. Small scale; printed in the margin of French’s map of New York. New York ? 1859. Black etching. IX.—Pennsylvania, Delawure and Maryland, 931 [274 a.] 1837.—Rogers (H. D.) Map of Chester county. Accompanying: ‘‘ Flora Cestrica, ete.,’’ in ‘‘ Plants of Ches- ter county in the state of Pennsylvania,’ by William Dar- lington, West Chester, Penn., 1837. The name of the author is not inscribed on the map, but is indicated in the preface page vii. A second edition of that map appeared with the third edition of the “Flora Cestrica,’ by William Darlington, Philadelphia, 1853; but no reference is made of its authorship by Henry D. Rogers, although the same geological map as the one of 1837. 932 [285 a.] 1864.—Sheafer (P. W.) Official coal, iron, railroad and canal map of Pennsylvania, etc. showing the relative position of the various anthracite and bituminous coal fields, ete. , by authority of the legislature of Pennsylvania, Pottsville, Pa.,1864. Black etching. 98 The American Geologist. February, 1393 XIL.—Southern States. 933 [541 a.] 1835.—Conrad (T. A.). Geological map of Alabama. Accompanying: ‘‘Fossil shells of the Tertiary formations. of North America,” vol. 1, No. 3. Title of No. 3: ‘‘ Kocene fossils of Clairborne, with observations on this formation in the United States, and a Geological map of Alabama.’”’ Republished with plates (four plates), March 1,1835, Philadelphia. This map, like the first geological map of Maclure, described under No. 25, is without the name of its author, and may be attributed to the draftsman, H.S. Tanner, the compiler and publisher of the geo-- graphical map on which Conrad put his geological classification and colors. Less than half a dozen of No. 3 Conrad’s “ Fossil shells of the Ter- tiary,etc.,” are in existence. Owing toa foot note at page 36, someone interested in the notes purchased the whole edition and suppressed it. Two reprints, one without the foot note and without the geologi- cal map, and a second one with the foot note and the map, has the same fate. No copies have ever reached Europe. Sir Charles Lyell, . during his first journey in America, in 1842, received from Conrad a copy of his Geological map of Alabama. (Travels in North America in the years 1841-42, vol. 11, p. 204, New York and London, 1845.) XVIII.—WMezico. 934 [801 a.] 1803.—Humboldt (A. de) Esquisse géologique des environs de - Guanajuato, fondee sur des mesures geodésiques et baro- métriques faites en aout et Septembre, 1803, Paris. 935 [801 b.] 1807.—Humboldt (A de) Carte geologique du Nevado de Anti- sana, esquisée sur les lieux, Paris. 936 [801 ¢.] 1827.—Gerolt (F. de) and Berghes (C. de) Carta geognostica de los principales distritos minerales del Estado de Mexico, . formada sobre observaciones astronomicas, barometricas y mineralogicas hechas por F. de Gerolt agenta y ©. de. Berghes. Mexico. 937 [804 a.] 1844.—Garay (José de) A Geological map, accompanying: ‘‘Re- conocimiento del istmo de Tehuantepec, practicado en los . annos 1842 y 43 con el objeto de una communicacion _ Oceanica, por la comission cientifica que nombro al efecto el _ impressaria Don José de Garay,” London, 1844. On the Genus Ampyx.— Vogdes. 99 938 [804 c.] 1860.—Anonymous. Geological map of the southern part of the isthmus of Tehuantepec. No place of publication. XXIV.— Paraguay, Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. 939 [852 a.] 1847:—Grange (J.) Carte géologique de la Patagoine et de la Terre de Feu. Scale 1: 1,150,000. Accompanying: ‘‘ Voyage au pdle sud et dans I’ Océanie,” par Dumont d’Urville, Géologie; atlas in folio, Carte No. 2, Paris, 1847. [ Nores on Panmozoic Crustacex No. 3.] ON THE GENUS AMPYX WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN SPECIES. By A. W. Voapes, Alcatraz Island, San Francisco, Cal. Historical notice of the genus Ampyx Dalinan 1828. 1828.—Dalman describes and figures the first species of this genus under the name of Ampyx nasutus from the Lower Silurian of East Gothland at Skarpasen. This new genus is classified under Section v, family Asaphus (Ampyx) nasutus Paleeaden p. 53, plate 5, fig. 3. The author gives the following brief description of the genus: “Eyes not apparent nor even protuberances in their place. but rather impres- sions ; head large and triangular; glabella very large, prominent gib- bous, and not lobed; thorax short with few segments (6); pygidium distinct and entire.” This species has been described and illustrated by numerous authors. _ 1835.—Sars describes and figures in Isis, Heft 4, p. 334, plate 8, figs. 9 and 4, two new species from the Lower Silurian of Norway under the names of Ampyx rostratus and A. mammillatus. The glabella of Ampyx mammillatus is represented on plate 8, fig. 4¢ as blunt in front, less so in fig. 4a, and elongated in fig. 4b. It is doubtful whether all these figures are of the same species, Boeck, Gea Norvegica, 1838, p. 144 ex- presses this view, but the author does not suggest a new name for the species. Angelin (Palzontologia Scandinavica, 1854p. 80) restricts the name of Ampyx mammillatus to Sars’ figure 4c, and gives that of Ampy=x costatus Boeck, to figs. 4a-b-d apparently from a term used by Boeck in the naming of species in the Christiania Musuem. 1843.—Portlock in his report on the Geology of Londonderry, etc., p. 258, gives a generic description copied after Dalman’s; the author also describes and illustrates two Irish species from the Lower Silurian, which he considers identical with those described by Sars in 1835, Col. Portlock remarks: “If Ampyx nasutus Dalm, was provided with a frontal spine, it is equally probable that if perfect it would have exhibited lateral buckler spines also, and hence these appendages 100 The American Geologist. February, 1893 must be considered rather generic than specific distinctions. As the terms nasutus and rostratus are therefore inappropriate as specific designations, they should be replaced by others not tending to con- found generic with specific characters, and Ampyx nasutus might be called after its discoverer Ampyx« dalmani, and Ampyx rostratus, Ampya sarsii.” The author expresses a doubt if all the figures of Ampyx mam- millatus given by Sars are one and the same species. He describes and illustrates Ampywv. wustini which has hitherto been regarded as a synonym of the older species, Ampyx mammillatus. Ampyx bacatus Portlock is probably the head of a species of the genus Encriminurus ; it is indistinctly illustrated. 1846.—Barrande describes in his preliminary work, Nouy. Trilob. p. 9, Ampywe portlocki, which has five segments in the thorax. Corda describes and figures under the name of Ampyx bohemicus, a species to which Barrande had already given the name of Ampyx portlockii, Prodrom, 1847, p. 154, pl. 3, fig. 19. 1847.—Boll, in Dunk & Meyer’s Paleeont. Bd 1, Liefg. 2, pl. 17, fig. 8, describes and figures Ampyv bruckneri, a new species from an erratic boulder. 1848—Forbes describes and illustrates in the Mem. Geol. Sur., vol. 2, part 1, page 350, a new species from the Upper Silurian of Ludlow, England, under the name of Ampyx parvulus, which he figures on plate 10; it has only 5 thorax segments. 1849.—Forbes, in the Mem. Geol. Sur. Decade II, plate 10, describes and illustrates .Ampywv nudus, a species which Murchison had classed under the genus Trinucleus, in his Silurian Syst. 1839, p. 660. Forbes divides the genus into two provisional sections as follows: 1. Ampyx proper with the head long and five thorax segments. 2. Brachampyx with the head short and round with six thorax seg- ments. The section Brachampyx is equivalent to Dalman’s original genus Ampyx, of which .Ampyw nasutus is the type, and is altogether mis- applied; it should be abandoned. 1850.—McCoy, in Annals Mag. Nat. His., series 2, vol. 4, p. 410, gives a classification of English trilobites. He enumerates the genus Ampyx under the Ogygide. The author also describes anew species under the name of -lmpyec latus, with five thorax segments; ef. Ampyx nudus which occurs near Builth, Wales, the locality given for this fossil. 1854.—Angelin, Paleeontologia Scandinavica, p. 80, proposed the fol- lowing subdivisions of the genus Ampywv. Raphiophoride with three genera. 1. Lonchodomus Ang., with lancelate glabella terminating in an elongated prismatic spine; type .lmpy. rostratus Sars. 2, Ampyx Dalm., with an oval glabella terminating in a rounded spine, six thorax segments; type Ampyx costatus Boeck. 3. Raphiophorus Ang., with an obovate glabella having an abrupt apical spine, five thorax segments ; type .1. seterostris Ang. The author describes and illustrates Ampyw costatus Boeck taking Sars’ figure of lmpyx mammillatus. Isis 1885, plate 8, figs. 4a-b and d On the Genus Ampya.— Vogdes. 101 for the type of the species. On comparing Angelin’s illustrations of Ampyzx costatus given on plate 40, fig. 1, we observe that they resemble Sars’s figure given on pl. 8, fig. 4b, Isis, 1835; as to having a produced glabella and spine, Sars’ figures given on pl. 8, fig. 4a represent a species with a blunt glabella terminating in a tubercle; fig. 4b of the same plate has an extended glabella prolonged into a spine. Both these species do not appear to be the same, therefore Angelin’s des- eription of Ampyx costatus should be confined to Sars’ fig. 4b, and Ampyx mamimillatus should be restricted to Sars’ figures of this species given on pl. 8, figs. 4a-c. These illustrations do not quite coincide, but they agree much better than fig. 4b. That both Boeck and Angelin were correct in splitting up Ampyw mamimillatus Sars, there can be no doubt; it is a question of the correct separation. Ampyx costatus should not include the spined and non-spined glabella represented on Sars’ pl. 8, figs. 4a-b, as Angelin, as reclassified it. Angelin also describes and figures the following species : Ampyx foveolatus Ang., Regiones D-E; Ainpyx mammillatus Sars, Reg. Da; Ampyx nasutus Dalm., Reg. C; Ampyx? aculeatus Ang., Reg. Da; Raphiophorus setirostris Ang., Reg. Da; R. tuinidus Ang., Reg. Da; R. culminatus Ang., Reg. Da; R. depressa Ang. Reg. Da; R. scanicus Ang. , Reg. Da; Lonchodomas rostratus, Sars., Reg. Da; L. crussirostris Ang., Reg.Da; L. affinis Ang., Reg. Da; L.jugatus Ang., Reg. C ; L.domatus Ang., Reg. B-C; Aimpyx tetragonus Ang., Reg. C, and 4A. carinatus Ang., Reg. 1852.—Barrande in his great work Syst. Sil. Bohéme, vol. 1, p. 632, describes and figures Ampyx rousalti. We also redescribes Ampyx portlocki which is illustrated for the first time. 1857.—Eichwald in the Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose., 1857, p. 318, describes Ampyx nasutus Dalm., Lonchodo mas affinis Ang., and Raphiophorus conulusn. sp. These species are redescribed in Lethwa Rossica vol.1, p. 377. Lonchodomas afjinis is classed under the new name of L. longirostris pl. 55, fig. 1, and Raphiophorus conulus is for the first time illustrated. 1866.—Salter describes and figures lAinpy.v prenuntius from the Upper Tremadoc in Mem. Geol: Sur. of Great Britian, Geol. of North Wales, p- 321, pl. 8, fig. 5. 1872 —Barrande, in the Suppl. Syst. Sil. Boh@me, vol. 1, p. 48, plate 2, describes and figures Ampyx gratus and A. tenellus. Etage D-5. 1865.—Billings, in his work on the Paleozoic Fossils of Canada, vol. t. describes and figures Ampys« halli, A. levinseulus, A. nwormalis, A. ruti- lius, and A. semicostatus, all Lower Silurian species. 1875.—Hicks, in the Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., London, vol. SAT D. 182, plate 10, fig. 7-8, describes and figures a Lower Silurian species under the name of Aimpyx salteri. 1878.—Haupt, in Die Fauna Grapt. Gesteines, p. 73, plate 5, fig. describes Ampyr? (brerinasutus). Raphiophorus culininatus Ampyx sp. Ang., 1879.—Nicholson & Etheridge, Mon. Sil. Fossils of Girvan District, de- scribe and illustrate Ampyv(Lonchodomus) rostratus Sars, A mpyx(Lonch) macallumi Salter, Ampyx? macconochiei B.& N., Aimpyx hornei EB. & N 102 The American Geologist. February, 1893 1882.—I1olm, in Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., vol., vr No.9, p. 12, plate 1, figs. 18 and 14, describes and figures a Lower Silurian species under the name of Ampy.x pater. 1888.—Marr, in the Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. xvi, p. 724, fig. 17, describes Ampyc (Raphiophorus) aloniensis. 1889.—Vogdes & Safford, in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 166, figure and describe a Lower Silurian species under the name of Ainpye a { MLETLCANUS, RECAPITULATION. Srecrion 1, BReyirronres.—Glabella oval terminating in a rounded spine. Fie. 1. Ampyx nudus Murcu. Lower Silurian Spe cles: 1. Ampyx americanus Vogdes & Safford. 3 bruckneri Boll. 3. ge costatus Boeck. 4, - gratus Barrande. On the Genus slinpyx.— Vogdes. 1038 5. Ampyx hornei Etheridge & Nicholson, 6. ‘ mammillatus Sars. 8 3 nudus Murch. 8. preenuntius Salter. 9. pater Holm. 10. “s salteri Hicks. VI. latus McCoy. 12 : brevinasutus Haulp. Srcrion 2, Lonatrronres. Glabella obtuse obovate with an abrupt spine. Fic. 2. Ampyx nasutus Dau. Lower Silurian species. 1. Ampyx? aculeatus Ang. 2, Raphiophorus culminatus Ang. 3. Raphiophorus depressus Ang. 5. fie 4. Ampyx halli Billings. nasutus Dalman. 6 o: portlocki Barrande. Raphiophorus scanicus Ang. 8. oe setirostris Ang. 9. Ampyx tumidus Forbes. 10. e rutilius Billings. (pygidium only). Te 5 semicostatus. (pygidium only.) 12. io tetragonus Ang. 13. Raphiophorus tumidus Ang. (not that of Forbes). l4. Ampyx tenellus Barrande. Upper Silurian species. 15. Raphiophorus aloniensis Marr. 16. Ampyx foveolatus Ang. Le - parvulus Forbes. 18. ‘5 rouaulti Barrande. 19. Raphiophorus conulus Kiehwald. Section 3, Loncitopomas, with a lanceolate glabella terminating in an elongated prismatic spine. 104 The American Geologist. February, 189% Fis. 3. Lonchodomas domatus ANG. Lower Silurian species. 1. Lonehodomas affinis Ang. 2 carinatus Ang. 3. re crassirostris Ang. ; 4, % domatus Ang. 5 x jugatus Ang. 6. x macalliimi Salter. 7. Ampyx? macconochiei Etheridge & Nicholson. 8. Lonchodomas rostratus Sars. 9. Ampyx normalis Billings. (Head only; ef. Ampys rostratus Sars. } 10. Ampyx leviusculus Billings. (This is probably the tail of Ampyx rostratus Sars. 11. Lonehodomas longirostris Hich., cf. 4. affinis Ang. Genus Ampyx, Dalman, 1828. Diagnosis.—Entire form oval, approaching the form of a lozenge. Trilobation marked in all its extent ; the head is sub- triangular, rarely provided with a limb but usually armed with long pointed spines. The glabella is generally distinetly defined by the dorsal furrows, which form a salient frontal lobe before the contour of the cheeks. In the section Brevifrontes the gla- bella is oval, terminated in front by a long pointed rounded spine as in Ampyx nudus Murch, and A. costatus Boeck, &c. In the section Longifrontes the glabella is obtuse-obovate with an abrupt spine as in Ampy« nasutus Dalm. In the section Lonchodomas the glabella is lanceolate in form terminating in an elogated pris- matic spine as in Ampyw rostratus Sars. The number of the side furrows on the giabella varies much from three pairs as in dAmpyx mammnillatus Sars, to two in Ampy«x nudus Murch, Ampyx nasutus Dalm. These furrows appear to be absent in the type of the section Lorchodomas, Ampyx rostratus Sars. The summit of the facial sutures occupies a marginal place and is hid under the On the Genus Ampyx.— Vogdes. 105 salient frontal. The facial sutures in Ampy« rouaulté Barr, run from the anterior borders of the glabella in an almost straight line to the posterior border which they cut near the genal angles near the ends of the first pleuree; see also Ampywx nasutus Dalm and A. domatus. In Ampyx costatus Boeck, the facial sutures form a sigmodial curve cutting the anterior border about midway and the posterior border near the genal angles. The eyes are wanting. The hypostoma has not been observed. Occipital ring and furrow well defined. ‘The thorax consists of six segments in Ampyx nasutus, A.costatus,&e. Ampyw setirostris, A. porlocki, A. rouaulti, A.parculus and A.latus have only five segments. Barrande observes that in undeveloped specimens of Ampy.« rouaulti there are only three or four segments in the thorax. The axis is always distinct; the lateral lobes form a plane surface, with hori- zontal pleure. They are sometimes marked with lateral rows of tubercles on the axis as in Ampy«c nudus. The pleure are hori- zontal and divided by an oblique furrow which extends from the dorsal furrows to the tips: the knee occupies a place near the extremity, and forms a very short slope. The pygidium is sub- triangular in outline,sometimes rounded, presenting a horizontal surface, with » prominent axis. The axis of Ampy« rostratus is faintly segmented with a row of tubercles on each side; that of A. nudus has nearly 20 articulations,and that of A. tetragonus shows no articulations, The lateral lobes are generally segmented. NorrH AMERICAN SPECIES. Brevifroutes. lig. 4. Ampyx americanus Vou. & Sar. 106 The American Geologist. February, 1893 AMPYX AMERICANUS Vogdes & Safford, 1889. Diagnosis.—General outline broadly oval; glabella somewhat claviform, slightly convex, narrowing behind the middle and widening out slightly at its junction with the occipital ring; it is marked on each side by one or more oblique furrows; projecting spine broken off in the specimen before us. The cheeks are broad and rounded towards the margins; genal spines broken off; facial sutures not observed. The thorax has six horizontal seg- ments; the axis is broad anteriorly and gradually diminishes posteriorly; it is well defined by the dorsal furrows and lateral nodes along its sides. The pleure are horizontal and deeply grooved, terminating in obtusely pointed ends like those of Ampyx nudus Mureh. The pygidium is triangular in form; the axis is prominent and gently tapering to an obtuse point on the posterior border; it is marked by 13 or more rings with a central row of nodes; the sides have only one pair of side ribs which are deeply grooved outwards, cutting off the posterior part of the tail. Geological position —Trenton group near Bull’s Gap, on the road to Russelville, Tennessee. Cabinet of J. M, Safford. Affinities —We have compared the Tennessee speeies with the 42 known species of the genus Ampyx, and find that it differs in detail from all of them. The American species is of the type Ampyx nudus ~ Murch and A. costatus Boeck. There isa pygidium figured by Billings in Paleozoic Foss, Canada, vol. 1, p. 295, fig. 285, as Ampyx laviusculus from Table Head N. F., which approaches the Tennessee species, but it lacks the nodes. Longifrontes. SE Fie.5. Ampyx halli Brur. AMPYX HALLI Billings, 1861. Diagnosis. —Head somewhat triangular or semi-oval; glabella clongate-oval, terminating in front with an acute spine and truncated behind by the neck furrow, narrowly convex and rather sharply carinated along the median line; glabella furrows repre- sented by two obscure indentations on each side, the posterior at a little less than one line from the neck segment, and the anterior about two lines: the latter consists of deep pits situated in the On the Genus Ampyx.— Vogdes. 107 dorsal furrows or just in the angle formed by the junction of the base of the glabella with the fixed cheeks. The neck segment is a flat plate inclining upwards and backwards at an angle of about 45 degrees. The neck furrow is well defined all across the whole width of the head, being least distinct in passing over the pos- terior part of the glabella. Pygidium semi-oval with a flat border all round abruptly bent down at nearly a right angle. Axis conical, moderately convex extending the whole length and causing a slight projection in the posterior margin. Side lobes nearly flat, with 5 or 6 flat ribs, each with a fine pleural grove extending the whole length. On the axis 10 or 12 closely crowded annulations occupying 5-6 the lengths; the apex being apparently smooth. Length of the head excluding the spine 34 lines measured along the base of the glabella. Geological position —Chazy, St. Dominique, Canada East, and at Highgate Springs, Vermont. oe Deer: ot US vb Fie. 6. A. seimcostatus Biv. A. normalis Buu. A. leviusculus Biw.. AMPYX NORMALIS Billings, 1865. Compare -lmpye leviusculus Billings, & A. rostratus Sars. Diagnosis.—Head, without the movable cheeks, triangular, the width about 4 greater than the length; fixed cheeks gently convex, smooth: neck segment consisting of a flat plate inclining backwards. ‘The glabella elongate-oval, greatest width about mid-length, { narrower at the neck segment, the apex extending a little over the front margin of the head; the spine apparently equal to the whole length of the head, not rounded but fluted, a characteristic of the spine of Ampy.w rostratus. There are 2 or 3 ovate or nearly circular scars, one on each side of the glabella in the posterior half. Of the two pygidia described from Table Head by Billings uider the names of Ampyx leviusculus and A, normalis, 1 think that the pygidium of A. lerinsculus should be connected with the 108 The American Geologist. February, 189% separate head described as A. normalis. The author remarks that the latter differs in being ‘‘ proportionately wider, the pos- terior bevelled margin thicker and the upper edge of the bevel rounded instead of angular,”” which may be due to age or other causes. The sides of A. Jeviuseulus are represented as quite smooth, but those of A. normalis are obscurely ribbed. The pygidium of Ampy« rostratus has «a broad, bevelled and striated limb. Axis faintly segmented with a row of nodes on each side, with the exception of the first segment, which is dis- tinct. The side lobes have only one pair of anterior ribs. The following is the original description of the pygidium of A. normalis: Pygidium triangular, width twice the length, the two posterior sides gently convex, and the margin abruptly bent down or bevelled nearly vertically, the upper edge of the bevel angular and with indications of a slightly elevated linear rim; axis very depressed, convex or nearly flat, its width at the an- terior margin about | of the whole width, extending the whole length or nearly so, crossed by obscure undulating furrows. Side lobes gently convex. AMPYX RUTILIUS Billings, 1865. Compare sLmpye semicostatus Billings, 1865. Diagnos’s.—Pygidium subtriangular, length about 4 of the width, nearly vertically bevelled behind, the upper edge of the bevel with an acute linear rim, Axis cylindro-conical, strongly convex, extending the whole length, with about 10 rounded rings. Side lobes nearly flat, slightly concave near the margin, with 9 ribs very distinetly detined the whole width. Width of the specimen 4 lines; length 15 lines. Locality —Four miles N. E. from Portland Creek, Newfoundland. Affinities —The author remarks that this species differs from Ainpyx semicostatus, in having more numerous ribs which also extend the whole width. It occurs along with it in the same beds. The pygidium of Ampye leciusculus differs from that of A. normalis in having a more prominent axis and a thicker posterior margin, also in being proportionately wider. AMPYX SEMICOSTATUS Billings. Diagnosis, —Pygidium sub-triangular, posterior margin broadly rounded, obtusely angular at the apex; length 2-5 of the width; axis cylindro-conieal, strongly convex, extending the whole kditorial Comment. 109 length, with 5 or 6 distinctly defined rounded annulations; dorsal furrows on each side of the axis, deep and well defined. The ‘side lobes are rather tumid in the middle, but concave towards ithe margin, the latter with a distinctly elevated angular rim and mearly vertically bevelled; there are 5 or 6 ribs extending about half way from the margin of the axis. In very small specimens only 2 or 3 are visible. Locality —Table Head and Pistolet bay; four miles N. EK. from Port- Jand ereek, Newfoundland. EDITORIAL COMMENT. THE ILLinois Stare Museum. There is great activity in Illinois in numerous branches of prac- tical geology and natural history. Not only is the Illinois Board of Managers of the Columbian Exposition constructing a plaster of paris map, moulded to show the contours of the surface, but preparations are being made to make a complete display of the rocks and fossils of the state. Maps and sections showing the geological structure, based on a long series of studies of rock outerops and of deep wells, will show the underlying geology, while soil and surface maps will accompany the sections, caleu- lated to not only exhibit the distribution of the drift, but also the effect of the rocky substructure on the soils in the absence of the drift. A new.contoured map has been nearly completed, of the whole state, by Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the State University, he having spent the wlole of last season, with a large corps of assistants, in topographical work. Mr. Lindahl, assisted in one direction by Mr. Frank Leverett, and in another by Mr. K. O. Ulrich, has had the responsible charge of the geological exhibit. He has fortunately gathered, during the last four years, a large addition to the available data for a practical study of the rocks of the state, supplementing and extending the paleontological re- searches of Prof. Worthen by stratigraphic measurements and actual sections in the field. Never before this gathering of the data of deep wells was it possible to construct profile sections 110 The American Geologist. February, 1893 across the state with such accuracy. The Worthen collection, now catalogued in the Museum, numbers 2,879 entries, and the total entries reach 18,507, an increase, during the past four years, of 11,558. Numerous duplicate specimens have been as- sorted for distribution to the schools of the state. The library, wholly built up since Prof. Worthen’s death, contains about 2,000 volumes, and as many pamphlets. In the records of the office are 400 logs of borings and shafts, with collateral informa- tion. This growth, which entails a vast correspondence, and which is necessarily a growth that must go on, under the intelligent guid- ance and watchful inspection of one mind, during a series of years, cannot fail to be very useful to the State in the near future, if it is properly husbanded and mastered by comparative studies. It is evident that it cannot be easily picked up by any new man, It is a misfortune when from any cause such a chain of research is broken by change in the incumbency of the responsible posi- tion of state geologist. Greological science is, in its nature, nec- essarily a thing of slow progress, and it has suffered many losses and serious checks by the suicidal efforts of politicians to scatter the emoluments of partisan politics among their friends. The governor's chair can be emptied and filled annually, or semi-an- nually, by successive incumbents, and the state will not suffer, but the work of a geological bureau is connected and cumulative, and valuable only as its data are wisely collected and concen- trated from the experience of several years, under the systematic plans of the same incumbent. This was perfectly illustrated by the long service of Worthen, in his persevering paleontological labors, and is again by that of Lindahl in his extensive stratigraph- ical and economic studies. Would that every State had the wis- dom that is shown by Illinois in this work. SomE RECENT CRITICISM. The somewhat acrimonious assault upon Prof. G. F. Wright's late volume entitled ‘*Man and the Glacial Period” has in some points exceeded the due bounds of scientific criticism if not those of courtesy. It is to be regretted that the reviewer should be lost in the assailant or that the pursuit of truth should be subor- dinated, or even seem to be subordinated, to the desire of personal kditorial Comment. 111 distinction. Still more regrettable is it when a controversy on a scientific subject betrays the wish to lower one earnest worker in public esteem in order to extol another. There is in the field ample room for all and no monopoly or -‘coraering’” of any part of it can be for a moment recognized. These remarks are called forth by the tone of the discussion al- luded to above, at least as conducted by some disputants of the one party. It may be that the inevitable inferences which the ordinary reader can scarcely fail to draw from the éxpressions of Prof. Wright’s assailants are unintended and unjustified. In that case we can only regret that the writers were not more guarded and more temperate in their language for they have exposed them- selves to the severe counter-criticism that their objections have rather the authoritative tone of the ecclesiastical controversialist than that of the scientific investigator. The chapter of Prof. Wright's book which has called forth the severest remarks is that on ‘The Relics of Man in the Glacial Era.” In this Prof. W. briefly mentions the leading instances that have been adduced of the discovery of human works and _ re- mains under strata considered of glacial date or in others ascribed to pre-glacial time. Omitting the instances quoted from Europe to which no objec- tion has been raised those from America are as follows: The well known ‘finds’ of Dr. Abbott at Trenton, N. J., those of Dr. Metz at Madisonville, O., that of Mr. Cresson, in Jackson county, Ind., and of Mr. Mills at Newcomerstown, O., those of Prof. Winchell and Miss Babbitt of Minnesota, the second find of Mr. Cresson at Claymont, Del., the various discoveries on the Pacific coast made known by Prof. Whitney and Mr. Becker, and lastly the now familiar ‘‘Nampa Image” from Idaho. In setting forth these examples Prof. W. of course relies on the evidence presented by their different authors. No other course was open to him. They are quoted with the caution due to their rarity and significance.though the cumulative value of the evidence is commented on. The wholesale rejection of this evi- dence by some of Prof. W.’s critics means the condemnation of witnesses such as Whitney, Abbott, Metz, Cresson, Winchell (N. H.), Upham, Shaler, ete. This should not be lightly done, The testimony even of careful ordinary observers to facts may need confirmation but must not be contemptuously waived aside, 112 The American Geologist. February, 1898 Derogatory remarks as to competency are quite out of place in connection with such names as those above quoted. We do not propose here and now to enter on a discussion of glacial man, It would exceed our due limits in an article of this kind. We will at present content ourselves with a protest against the tone adopted by some of the critics and the air of assumption and of superiority that pervades their remarks. Both are emi- nently unbecoming to scientific literature and derogatory of the dignity of science. We may add that they are in striking con- trast to the modesty and caution of the replies. To pick out what is admittedly and necessarily the weakest part of a book for destructive criticism, omitting all its excellencies, is hardly the work of a reviewer while the insinuation of disin- genuousness is equally unworthy of a critic. The scope and tone of some of the articles must, whether justly or unjustly we can- not say, awaken in the minds of many readers the suspicion of an ulterior or personal motive. This is deeply to be re- gretted. We will add but a few words. Granting that all these quoted cases fail, as of course they do, to prove the presence of man in America during the Ice-Age they must be admitted by impartial judges to tend in that direction; for it is impossible to admit that they are all and altogether fallacious. Only by the accumulation of such proof can we expect to establish the position. . Abso- lutely conclusive single instances are not probable. Why then should so great anxiety be manifested to break down the testi- mony in their favor? No reasonable doubt can now be enter- tained that man was coeval with the ice in some part of the world and no evolutionist can well afford to date his first appearance later than the Ice-Age. It is somewhat difficult therefore to dis- cover the motive that has led to so violent an attack on a work which after all merely summarizes with caution the evidence as it stands and draws a qualified conclusion from it. Strange indeed is it to see the theologian in the van of the evolutionary army with the geologist and the archeologist lingering in the rear. In the March number of the GkroLoGist we shall gather to- gether the opinions of a number of American geologists so as to present a sort of symposium on this subject. 115 REVIEW OF RECENT GEOLOGICAL LITERATURE. Final Geological Report of the Artesian and Underground Investigation, between the ninety-seventh meridian of longitude and the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. To the Secretary of Agriculture, made by Pror. Rosr. Hay, F. G. 8. A., Part Third, Washington, 1892. The above titled report so far as relates to Texas, is based upon the observations of Mr. Hay during a brief railroad trip through the Panhandle of Texas in company with Prof. Robt. T. Hill, who signs himself Assistant Geologist for Texas, New Mexico and Indian Terri- tory. Such reports, to be of importance, must be based upon careful ob- servations and correct determinations of the geological structure of the area covered by the report; and unless such is the case, the guesses of one man as to its artesian water possibilities, will be as good as those of another. Not only is it necessary to have a knowledge of the geology of the country, but the course and rate of the dip of the strata and of the surface must be correctly determined, if areas are to be pointed out where artesian water will flow. If an observer makes a mistake in regard to a receiving area, that mistake will follow his conclusions throughout the entire area under which the strata are supposed to lie. If there be a mistake as to the course and rate of the dip of the water bearing beds, the result will be mis- takes in the fact and extent of the area of possible flowing wells. It is utterly impossible for a person to study the geology of a coun- try by traveling over it in a railway train and simply stopping off at some of the principal stations; and reports based upon such observa- tions are more than liable to be erroneous. It is not the amount of travel that a person accomplishes over a district that makes him a geologist, or that enables him to correctly determine its geological conditions. That the geology of a country cannot be studied in such manner is well illustrated in the report under review. Mr. Hay came to the Panhandle of Texas, and made recconnois- ances with Prof. Hill, as he tells us, and with no more information than he obtained from such hasty examination, writes his report of that part of the district. The mistakes he has made in the small space allotted to Texas are of such a character that one would think that he had never been in the district at all. Would a man who knew anything, from personal observations or otherwise, about the head of Red river of Texas ever make it flow through Canon Blanco, when Blanco is the canon through which the Salt fork of the Brazos flows? Palo Duro is the canon of Red river. On page 13 of the report,in speaking of the mountain source of 114 The American Geologist. February, 1893 rivers, after having mentioned other localities outside of Texas, he says, “So the Pecos and Red rivers are cut off from montanal connec- tion by the higher valleys of the Canadian and Rio Grande. Other rivers of Texas are seen to have similar origin, though some have what might be called a mountain supply, as they rise near the isolated mountain groups of the Sierra Blanca and Wichita mountains.” The question would naturally arise, does a man know enough about a country to venture to write a report about its artesian water supply, who makes such glaring mistakes as to put the Rio Grande between the mountains and the Pecos river; or who will have any of the rivers of Texas getting their supply of water from the Wichita mount- ains, Which are on the north side of Red river, and east of the east line of the Texas Panhandle; or who will have any river getting a supply from Sierra Blanca when there is no water there for any pur- pose, the nearest supply being the Rio Grande? Even the party of the State Geological Survey had to be supplied with water left for them by railroad officials along the line of the railroad during the time the party was working in that district. Mr. Hay also makes the Brazos river a tributary of the “ Father of waters.” (See page 15.) It will be found, upon examination, that he knows as little of the geology of North Texas as he does of its physical geography. He begins by saying (page 9): The strata in the earth’s crust that it is necessary to know the names of in this investigation are arranged as groups and sub-groups as follows: Cenozoic: \Mesozoic—Continued. Quarternary or Pleistocene: Trinity. Drift. Jurassic. Loess. Triassic. Tertiary : Paleozoic: Pliocene. Carboniferous including Permian. Miocene. Devonian. Eocene. Silurian. Mesozoic: Cambrian. Cretaceous: Arechaean : Laramie. Schists. Montana. Gneiss. Colorado. Granite. Dakota. The arrangement of the table as printed would lead to the infer- ence that he knew nothing of the recognized value of the term group, since in it he makes the Tertiary system of equal value with the Cenozoic group of which it forms a part and puts the Trinity division of the Cretaceous system on equality with such systems as the Creta- ceous, Jurassic and Triassic. The further statement on the same page that “ the left hand column has its terms based upon the remains of life, fossils found in the- rocks.” is simply ridiculous, if originally intended to apply to this table. Review of Recent Geological Literature. 115 His whole treatment of it is such as to lead only to confusion, and the use of these terms in such an indiscriminate manner at least suggests the inability of the author to give exact information upon the subject of which he is writing. On page 20, he makes this statement: “South of the Arkansas the Dakota sandstones and shales are immediately subjacent to the grit and further south still the Jurassic [or the Neocomian] is in that position, while further east of the Jurassic is mostly missing as in the valleys of the Canadian and Red rivers east of the one-hundreth meridian and the Triassic red beds are found there immediately under the Tertiaries.” Does he, or his editor for him, intend, by including the words “ or the Neocomian ” in brackets, just after the word “ Jurassic” to give us to understand he puts the Jurassic in the Neocomian, or is he un- decided to which it belongs? It would puzzle him very much to find a place in Texas east of the one-hundreth meridian where the Juras- sic was not entirely missing. He continues, “ On the high plain of West Texas—The Llano Esta- cado—the Red river has cut a gash 1,000 feet deep which shows this descending order of formations: Plains Marl, Tertiary Grit, Jurassic, Triassic.” We cannot exactly locate the place of his section, as the deepest place on the Palo Duro canon is only nine hundred feet,and decreases from that to four hundred, so the place cannot be determined by the depth given. Nor is there any such succession of strata as he men- tions, to be found anywhere along the canon of Red river. I have gone up the canon from mouth to head and made many dozens of sections and many measurements of the depth of the canon, and I can say with absolutely certainty that there is no such succession of strata to be found there. At the mouth of the canon there is a section showing two hundred feet of Tertiary, three hundred feet of Triassic, and the other four hundred feet of Permian. There is not a foot of Jurassic in the canon; and for that matter in that part of the state. The age of the Trinity sands is unsettled, or was at the time when this report was written, and it might have been thought that he was calling the Trinity sands “ Jurassic,’ but he has taken care that we shall not so understand him, for in the section he gave us he men- tions both the Trinity sands and the Jurassic (see page 9 of his re- port). But admitting that in his cumbersome and random way of expressing himself he might have meant the Trinity sands when he said in the paragraph last quoted, Jurassic, [or the Neocomian] it would leave the matter in no better condition, for there is not a single outcrop of the Trinity sands from the Double Mountain fork 116 The American Geologist. February, 1893: of the Brazos river northward along the eastern escarpment of the Staked plains to their northeast corner, nor along the north escarp- ment of the Plains westward to the west line of Texas, nor along any of the canons of the upper Red river. The question therefore natur- ally suggests itself, was Mr. Hay ever at the “gash” of which he speaks, and if so, does he know Jurassic when he sees it? He cer-- tainly did not get his information from Prof. Hill, for the latter says in his report in one place, that the plains material in that part of the state rests on the Triassic. He is probably aware of the fact that nearly every geologist, since Marcou first determined it in 1853, has. put the lower red beds of Texas in the Permian. He does not attempt to tell us whether there is an artesian water area inthe Panhandle of Texas or not, but it is probable that he does not think there is, as he has cut off that region from mountain supply by having the Rio Grande run between the Pecos and the mountains, He says on page 33, in speaking of the underflow of water, that “Mr. Hill has accounted for the source of water of the great springs of Texas without recourse to the distant mountains.” That is only cor- rect in part, for there are numerous large springs in Texas that can only be accounted for by having “ recourse to the distant mountains.” Such are the large springs in Lampasas and San Saba counties whose water reaches the surface through the Carboniferous and Silurian strata. Mr. Hill mentioned Lampasas springs but did not attempt to give the probable source of the water, nor does he attempt to account for the origin of the water of any of the large springs of San Saba county. Opposite page 87 he gives Section XN showing asynclinal or trough,. in which are the outlines of an ideal artesian basin, as though such a condition existed. He says, “the conditions as shown by figure XX are almost those that would be found by a carefully made diagram of the actual levels and stratifications from the Black Hills to the James river, and across the region of the Fort Worth-Waco basin of Texas, as well as other regions of approved artesian water supply.” Instead of the Fort Worth-Waco area being a basin, it is simply a series of water bearing strata that have a regular dip from the north- west, and is nota basin in any sense of the word. Had Mr. Hay known anything about the matter, he would never have said it was similar to his ideal basin. Ile seems to have read Hill’s report to very little advantage. In Mr. Hay’s part of the report, there are in isolated paragraphs less than three pages altogether on the Texas area, and the reference is rather incidental than otherwise, and yet there is in these references such an array of ignorance of the matter of which he is trying to write, whether it be of fact or of conclusion, that his report for practi- cal purposes is absolutely worthless. I have called attention to that part of the report that refers to — Texas, for the reason that I am personally familiar with a large part of its territory and can speak from personal knowledge. If the rest of Review of Recent Geological Literature. 1 Mr. Hay’s report is as full of mistakes as is that which refers to Texas, it might with propriety be called, “A Comedy of Errors,” were it not for the fact that it is too flat to be comical. The Second Volume of the Final Report of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. J. P.Lrsuey. No geologist has a more inti- mate or perfect acquaintance with the structure of the Keystone state than he who has been forso many years at the head of the second geological survey. Professor Lesley’s connection with the first survey, by Rogers, more than forty years ago and his conduct of the present, together with many years of professional work as a mining and geologi- eal engineer, have rendered his knowledge both accurate and minute. It is with pleasure therefore, that we welcome this second volume of his final report summarizing the results obtained in the Systems V to IX in the first survey, or those contained between the Clinton and the Catskill inclusive, of the New York system. The presentation of these results in brief and ina manageable form is as great a boon to geologists as was the publication some years ago of the hand atlas of Pennsylvania, containing small geologically colored maps of every county inthe state. It is absolutely impossible that outsiders, to say the least, can grasp the extent and amount of the work unless it is laid before them in some such condensed form as this. Life is too short to allow any one to wade through the hundred and odd volumes already issued by the second survey, in search of what he may never find, andthe thanks of all are due to professor Lesley for both his condensations. Of course the materials have been almost entirely drawn from the separate reports on the counties already issued and mainly from those of professor I. C. White and professor E. W. Claypole which are in great part concerned with the particular formations that form the subjects of this volume. We do not propose here to criticize the work at any great length or to follow it far into detail. Space will not allow this. Nor do we pro- pose to criticize the plan, which is the same as that of the first vol- ume. The various formations are followed over so much of the state as they cover and the details of their structure set forth. Per- haps in the circumstances no other plan would be any better, if so good. The labor of thus reducing and condensing the results of the sur- veyors can only be realized by those who have undertaken similar tasks. Equally surprising is the rapidity with which the second volume has followed the first. Let us hope that the health and working strength of the author will at least permit him to complete the third and final volume of his life’s work. Professor Lesley’s training naturally inclined him to look most favorably on the structural side of geology and he has often shown undue distrust of the results of paleontology. But in this and the preceding volume he has laid due stress on this part of the subject 118 The American Geologist. February, 1893 and page after page of figures illustrate fairly and often distinetly the fossils of the Pennsylvanian rocks. In this respect the work is far superior to the author’s “Dictionary of Fossils.” This report is a perfect mine of valuable information to all who need it, whether geologists or not; while the numerous references enable all who desire them to turn to original authorities for the details. Itis much to be regretted that in most of the state reports the “exigencies of the printing office” so often prevent accurate and careful publication. In thus writing we formulate no new complaint. The fact is notorious and patent. Often detained by the state printer till a more convenient season and then hurried through be- fore the next busy time arrives, there is no opportunity for full cor- rection of errors and for emendation to date of issue. It is conse- quently not always just to the author to blame him for either kind of fault. The present work is no exception to this rule, and the greater part of the errors and the many misprints may fairly be set down to the causes above mentioned. But there are some for which the author must be accountable. For example, the statement on p. 881 is only partially correct regarding Psilophyton and is quite incor- rect regarding Glyptodendron which was not deseribed by Dawson, or from the Niagara, or from Canada. Numerous inacturacies also occur in the account of the fossils of the Salina group. On p. 770 Scaphaspis is mentioned as a genus. It is the ventral armour of one or other of the genera mentioned in the same sentence. Plectrodus, Sphagodus, and Thelodus (with a Scaphodus?) are written down as teeth. A wrong etymology is assigned to Onchus. On p. 772.—No fos- sils have been found in the Bridgeport sandstone Some other similar errors might be noted which one cannot but regret. For the work as a whole however, we have little but praise and not the least valuable feature is the great abundance of the illustra- tions. Sur la présence de fossiles dans le terrain azoique de Bretagne. By M. OmarLes Barrots. (Comptes Rendus, T. cxv, No.6, pp. 326-328, Aug. 8, 1892.) The high authority of M. Barrois (of the geological survey of France and professor of geology in the University of Lille) and his reputation for cautiousness make this communication of especial interest and importance. THe has found Radiolarian remains in some of the pre-Cambrain erystallines of France. The beds containing these fossils are thin layers of graphite-bearing quartzyte, which are intimately interbedded with gneisses. The quartzyte consists of quartz grains and graphite plates with some pyrite and feldspars. On microscopic examination of thin sections of the quartzyte small circu- lar or peculiarly outlined bodies were seen among the grains of quartz and graphite. These were found to be the remains of Radiolarians very similar to those occurring in certain graptolite schists of sretagne. They have been subjected to the examination of M. Review of Recent Geological Literature. 19 Cayeux, who pronounces them to be Radiolarians which belong to the Monospheride, the most primitive forms of the group. These fossils, says M. Barrois, are the most ancient organic remains found in France and probably in the world. The highly metamorphosed character of the quartzyte, in which the fossils are found, and of the associated gneisses is due, at least in part, to intrusions of granite. These rocks belong to a series of more or less crystalline schists which are pre-Cambrian in age (/. ¢. corresponding to our Ontarian), but they overlie the fundamental complex of granites and gneisses (Laurentian). The Champlain Submergence. By Warrex Uptam. Bulletin, G. 8. A., vol. m1, pp. 508-511. Marine fossils in beds overlying the glacial drift show that the northeastern part of North America stood lower than now during the Champlain epoch, or time of departure of the last ice-sheet. The depression was little at Boston, increasing to about 300 feet along the coast of Maine and southern New Brunswick, 520 feet at Montreal, 300 to 500 feet southwest of James bay, and 1,000 to 2,000 feet in northern Greenland and Grinnell land. From the Champlain submergence the land was raised somewhat higher than now, and its latest movement from New Jersey to southern Greenland has been a moderate depression, attested in many places by stumps of forests, rooted where they grew, and by peat beds now submerged by the sea. The vertical extent of this recent sinking has been at least 80 feet at the head of the bay of Fundy. Similarly in Scandinavia the observations of Baron de Geer prove for that country a depression with maximum of probably 1,000 feet near the center of the peninsula, while the land was enveloped by the ice-sheet ; a postglacial re-elevation to a hight in some tracts of about 100 feet above that of the present time; a second subsidence of the country, less than the first; and a second uplifting, which is now slowly in progress. The author concludes that “so extensive agree- ment on opposite sides of the Atlantic in the oscillations of the land while it was ice-covered, and since the departure of the ice-sheets, has probably resulted from similar causes, namely, the pressure of the ice-weight and the resilience of the earth’s crust when it was unbur- dened. The restoration of isostatic equilibrium in each country is attended by minor oscillations, the conditions requisite for repose be-~ ing over-passed by the early re-elevation of outer portions of each of these great glaciated areas.” Note on the Middleton formation of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama. By James M. Sarrorp. Bulletin, G.S8. A., vol. 11, pp. 511,512. This formation, named with the concurrence of Profs. E. W. Hilgard and E. A. Smith, comprises the lowest Eocene beds in the states mentioned. It is named for the town of Middleton, on the Memphis, and Charleston railroad in Hardeman county, Tennessee. 120 The American Geologist. February, 1893 Phylogeny of the lingulates. Mar. Paviow, (Bull. Soe. Impe. d. Nat. Moscou, 6, p. 146, 3 plates), in her present paper, seems to have fallen into error, especially in her attempt to trace the living Malayan Rhi- noceros down through I. karnulicnsis and R. deceanensis of the Pleistocene of the Indian peninsula. These latter were devoid of cutting teeth. A table is given in which it appears that the deriva- tion of the Rhinoceros is from the “ Systemodon” of North Ameriea. llowever, while there are some errors, this writer’s memoirs furnish food for some very deep thought,and many of her studies are of much value. “On a series of Peculiar Schists near Salida, Col.” Mor. Wireman Cross, in his paper before the Col. Sci. Soc., Jan. 2, 1893, gives some interesting facts regarding the crystalline schists of the Rocky moun- tains, and announces this asa preliminary paper. He first describes the geology of the region and points out the faet that a previous study of the region by Dr. F. M. Eudlich is almost entirely incorrect, and this is well supported by Mr. Cross’ observations. The strati- graphy and general characters of the schistose series are then de- scribed and he finds that in passing northward the schistose charac- ters become more marked. The chlorite schist at this locality has furnished the enormous dodecahedral garnets now so common in collections. Then follows a brief discussion on the origin of the schists, and the relationships of the series, in which he announces that metamorphosed sedimentary rocks do not exist among the erys- talline schists of Colorado; and finally concludes that the schists and massive rocks of Salida “represent a great series of surface lavas erupted in Algonkian time.” They thus repeat,apparently, the erup- tive phases of the Nipigon series of the lake Superior region, and fall into the same stratigraphic position. Paleaster eucharis Hall. By A. H. Coie. Bulletin, G. 8. A., vol. 111, pp. 512-514, with plate. This species, first described twenty-five years ago, is now more accurately known by a very finely preserved speci- men found in July, 1891, in the Hamilton shales of the quarry belong- ing to Colgate university at Ilamilton, N. Y. Grahamite in Texas. Mr. KE. T. DumBie (Am. Inst. M. E’s, Oct. 1892) describes some occurrences of this carbon. There are two localities, both in the Tertiary ; the first at Webb Bluff, Webb Co., where it oc- curs in the Eocene, associated with gypsum and efllorescent sulphur ; the second locality, in Fayette Co., where the grahamite occurs on Buckner’s and O’Quinn’s creeks, in connection with brown-coal. Analyses are given, which indicate a very high percentage of sul- phur. 121 CORRESPONDENCE. Some or Prov. SAvispury’s CriricisMs oN “MAN AND THE GLACIAT: Pertop.”—I am indebted to Prof. Salisbury for kindly pointing out several errors of more or less importance in my recent volume on “Man and the Glacial Period;” but so many of his criticisms are merely confident assertions of unproven points, that they should not all be allowed to pass without some notice. I will, however, limit myself to traversing only a few of his misplaced criticisms. Ist. He says (p. 14) that I should have emphasized more than I did, the separation, indicated upon my map west of Pennsylvania, be- tween the extreme border of the glacial drift and the morainie aceu- mulations, which he declares to be a most significant point. On the contrary, | maintain that it is becoming more and more evident that Prof. Salisbury enormously exaggerates the importance of that dis- tinction. Now that Mr. Leverett has brought the moraines of Ohio close down to my border line, and that we have given closer attention to the so-called “fringe” or “attenuated border,” in eastern Pennsylva- nia and in New Jersey, it is becoming more and more evident that the fringe is but an appendage of the terminal moraine. The fundamental errors of Prof. Salisbury’s report upon “ The Extra-Morainic Glacial Drift of New Jersey” (see An. Rep. for 1891, pp. 102, 108), were pretty clearly shown in the article by Prof. A, A. Wright in the American Gro.oatsr for October, pp. 207-216. These will appear in still clearer light upon the full publication of my own observations in connection with my associate. Prof. Salisbury, in discussing the extra-morainie drift in New Jer- sey, has, beyond all question, failed to distinguish between the effects of the secular disintegration of gneissoid rocks and the post-glacial oxidation of morainic material, and,so far as I could find, he has failed to make any systematie attempt to determine the limits of the attenuated border of glacial deposits in the state. Following out the imperfectly formed plans of Prof. Lewis and myself, I have already determined this nearly half way across the state, and can speak with great positiveness as to the fact that the problem in New Jersey is not essentially different from the problem in Ohio, and that the great significance which Prof. Salisbury attributes toit in proof of his the- ory of two glacial epochs is without foundation. 2d.. In my paragraphs upon drumlins, alluded to by Prof. Salisbury, Iam expressly giving “the plausible explanation” of them presented by Prof. Davis. The view which Prof. Salisbury combats is one to which Prof. Davis gives his positive assent in his concluding sentence ; “Under unending glaciation, the whole surface must be rubbed down smooth.” It would seem scarcely necessary to explain to Mr. Salis- bury that the processes of accumulation and of degradation by both rivers and glaciers may be going on continuously in closely adjacent areas. Which shall predominate at any point depends largely upon the amount of material at command of the moving current. 199 The American Geologist. February, 1893 3d. Prof. Salisbury’s paragraph concerning my position upon the unity of the glacial epoch is ill considered and misleading. He says that I should have indicated that my view is that of the minority. I am at a loss to know how I could have expressed that idea more clearly than I have done on page 110, in introducing my formal diseus- sion of the subject, where all I claim is that, notwithstanding the po- sition of Pres. Chamberlin and many others, the theory of the .unity of the glacial epoch “is capable of being maintained without for- feiting one’s rights to the respect of his fellow geologists.” As to what is the actual trend of sentiment, there is, however, much room for difference of opinion. One need uot be ashamed to be in company with such authorities upon glacial subjects as Dana, Hitehcoek, Up- ham, Falsan, Prestwich, Kendall, Lamplugh, Hughes, Holtz, Credner, Diener, Nikitin, and numerous others. It is significant that Nikitin, at the head of the geological survey of Russia, has just published a long paper in which he maintains that the glacial deposits of that region give no evidence of more than one epoch. 4th. Prof. Salisbury says that I maintain that oceanic waters “probably” reached southern [limois and Indiana. What I said was that “it is perhaps necessary to suppose.” If Prof. Salisbury thinks that means probably, he is welcome to the opinion. 5th. I will say but a few words concerning the Cincinnati ice-dam. IT have taken pains to give my readers the information that upon this point there are differences of opinion, and that Prof. Chamberlin is opposed to my view. Whether Prof. Chamberlin’s strictures upon this theory, in his intro- duction to my report upon the subject, in Bulletin 58 of the United States Geological Survey, contain the final word upon the subject may be a fair question of doubt. At any rate, I have not been ashamed to have the two documents circulated together ; for, to men- tion only two points in his introduction, we find Prof. Chamberlin admitting that “the ice-sheet probably pushed across the river, and landed the bouldery drift south of it essentially in its present posi- tion.” Now, the Canadian boulder, of which I give an illustration on page 63, is three feet and a half in diameter upon a hight of land fully six miles south of the river at its nearest point. How Prof. Chamber- lin could maintain, as he does, p. 18, that the ponded water of the upper Ohio would probably lift “bodily” the mass of ice which carried these glacial deposits so far south of the river is more than I could ever understand, for the specific gravity of ice is such that seven or eight feet will remain under water when one is above. To have carried the glacial material into Kentucky as far as has been done by so thin a piece of ice that 500 feet of water would float it, is well-nigh an absurdity. ” As to other portions of his introduction, it is sufficient to say that doubtless many things were at first attributed to this probable ice- dam which must be explained by other causes. But that Prof. Cham- berlin has explained a// the facts away is by no means so clear. In Correspondence. Lee the first place, it should be noted, that the upper Ohio and its tribu- taries occupy a vast area, and present a very complicated set of phe- nomena. Toward the exploration of this region and the untangling of these phenomena Prof. Chamberlin tells us (p. 22) that he spent twenty days. But, secondly, to say nothing of the far longer time which I have spentin the study of the phenomena. Prof. I. C. White, a geologist of the highest ability, who has spent his life in that region, and surveyed it most carefully, still maintains with great confidence that Prof. Chamberlin’s explanation is utterly inadequate to account for all the facts. Itshould be added, however, that Prof. White’s own mind has been wavering between the explanation afforded by the Cincinnati ice-dam (to which he at first gave his unqualified adhesion), and that afforded by a supposed extensive subsidence during the Champlain epoch (see Bull. of Geol. Soc. of America, vol. 1, pp. 477- 479). In view of these facts, and with additional evidence which I have recently collected, the Cincinnati ice-dam is an hypothesis which still gives fair promise of solving many of the geological anomalies in the (Juaternary deposits of the upper Ohio valley. 6th. Iam sorry to have misrepresented Prof. Chamberlin’s posi- tion with reference to the wanderings of the north pole; but in this I must in part lay the blame upon the American Groxoarstr, of which Prof. Salisbury was at the time editor, which thus reported Prof. Chamberlin’s paper: “Prof. T. C. Chamberlin, in the afternoon, sum- marized the standing of several of the theories which have been sug- gested to explain the occurrence of the Ice age. After stating that the hypothesis of Croll now fails to account for the phenomena, at least on this continent, he hastily sketched the theory of elevation as the cause of the cold, and offered as in his view most probable a change of the axis of- the earth’s rotation” (see AMERICAN GROLOGIST, Sept., 1891, p. 195). This was repeated in a fuller report in the Octo- ber number, p. 287. 7th. Finally, in respect to the occurrence in America of palewolithic implements in undisturbed gravel strata of glacial age, it is proper that [ should here give a more detailed statement than I have elsewhere done. At the outset I may premise that the apparent monopoly of this evidence by Prof. Putnam and his associates in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, Mass., has come about by a legitimate and natural process, which at the same time has probably interfered, to a considerable extent, with the general spread of the specific information in hand. Early in the investigations of Dr. Ab- bott, at Trenton, N. J., professor Putnam, who had lately become curator of the museum, with its large fund for prosecuting investiga- tions, satisfied himself of the genuineness of Dr. Abbott’s discoveries, and at once retained him as an assistant in the work of the museum ; thus diverting to Cambridge all his discoveries at Trenton. Living on the ground during long-continued and extensive excavations made by the railroad, Dr. Abbott’s opportunities were exceptionally favor- 124 The American Geologist. February, 1893 able for making discoveries, and hence his own prominence in the whole matter. It is important, however, to note that before taking up with Dr. Abbott’s work, professor Putnam took ample pains to satisfy himself of its character and correctness. In 1878 Prof J. D. Whitney visited Trenton in company with Mr. Carr, assistant curator of the museum. In the twelfth annual report Mr. Carr writes: “ We were fortunate enough to find several of these implements in place. Prof. Whitney has no doubt as to the antiquity of the drift, and we are both in full accord with Dr. Abbott as to the artificial character of many of these implements.” In reporting further upon this instance at the meeting of the Boston Society of Natural History, on January 19, 1881, Mr. Carr states that the circumstances were such that “it [7. ¢., one of the particular implements] must have been deposited at the time the containing bed was laid down.” In 1879, and again in 1880 professor Putnam spent some time at Trenton, and succeeded in finding with his own hands “five unquestionable paleolithic implements from the gravel, at various depths and at different points.” One of these was four feet below the surface soil and one foot. in from the perpendicu- lar face which had just been exposed, and where it was clear that the gravel had not been disturbed. A second one was eight feet below the surface. (Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist. for Jan. 19, 1881.) Up to 1881 Dr. Abbott had reported sixty implements of palzeolithie type from recorded depths in the gravel. In several instances the implements were found in railroad excavations far back from the river front, at a depth of from ten to sixteen feet from the surface, where there could have been no “creep” of the strata, and where it is impossible to believe that there could have been previously any ex- cavations. As confirming the entire trustworthiness of Dr. Abbott’s observa- tions, it is to be noted that, with a single exception, all the imple- ments reported below the loam which constitutes the surface soil, are of argillite, while those upon the surface, which are innumerable, are chiefly of a different type, made from flint and jasper, or of other material of relative character. Another fact, which has always had great weight in my own mind, is one mentioned by the late professor Carvill Lewis, in his chapter upon the subject at the end of Dr. Ab- bott’s volume on “Primitive Industry.” I have the more reason to feel the force of his conclusions, because the proof-sheets passed through Lewis’ hands at the time we were together conducting the survey in Pennsylvania, soon after we had visited the deposits in ques- tion. The fact was this: professor Lewis had been at work for a con- siderable time in classifying and mapping the gravels in the Delaware valley, being all the time in ignorance of Dr. Abbott’s work until his own results were definitely formulated. But after he had accurately determined the boundary between the glacial gravels and the far older gravels which surround them and spread over a considerable portion of the territory beyond, he found that the localities where Correspondence. 125 Mr. Carr, professor Putnam,and Dr. Abbott had reported finding their implements in undisturbed gravel, all fell within the limits of the glacial gravels, and had in no case been put outside of those limits. Now, Dr. Abbott’s house is situated upon the older gravel; but at the time of most of his discoveries he had not learned to distinguish the one gravel from the other. If these implements are all from the sur- face and had been commingled with lower strata by excavations, landslides, or windfalls, there is no reason why they should not have been found in the older gravels as well asin those of glacial age. There is here a coincidence which is strongly confirmatory of the correct- ness of our conclusion that there is no mistake in believing that the implements were originally deposited with the gravel where they were found. Mr. Holmes has not yet published his observations, but I know, in general, what they are. He has watched the digging of an extensive sewer, in Trenton, and has not himself found any implements; while many other persons have looked, more or less, for implements in situ and have not found them. But negative evidence of this sort will have slight weight in the presence of the abundant and minute posi- tive evidence adduced, especially in view of the varying experience which the same individual often has in such discoveries. For exam- ple, professor Putnam found three of his implements in place in a single day. “A long-continued search on several following days failed of suecess in finding other specimens in place, although several were obtained from the talus.” Furthermore, the general public has an exaggerated estimate of the frequency with which implements occur in these great gravel deposits. Even at Amiens, France, the casual visitor stands small chance of finding an implement in place; while the practice there of sifting the gravel enables the workmen to find everything there is. The conditions under which the work is prosecuted at Trenton are not at all favorable for discovering every- thing which the gravel contains. As to Mr. Holmes’ theory that all these implements are “ rejects” I think the error would be at once manifest to any one, upon inspect- ing the large collection at the Peabody Museum. But even if they are “rejects,” if they are found in undisturbed strata of glacial age they are as good evidence of glacial manas perfect implements would be. But the implement discovered at Newcomerstown, Ohio (figured at p. 252 of my book, and of which I have given a full account in the proceedings of the Western Reserve [Historical Society of Cleveland, Ohio), has been seen by Mr. Holmes and pronounced as complete and perfect as could be desired; and this was found fifteen feet below the surface, where a railroad excavation was working into a glacial ter- race precisely like that at Trenton, and where there could have been no previous disturbance of the soil. The discovery by Dr. Metz (another of Prof. Putnam’s most competent assistants), of a perfectly formed implement in the glacial terrace on the Little Miami, at Mad- isonville, Ohio, is another well-established confirmation of the exist- 126 The American Geologist. February, 1893 ence of glacial man in America. The existence of glacial man in America would seem, therefore, to be proved beyond “ reasonable doubt.” Those who are expressing doubts are speaking, for the most part, in ignorance of evidence which has long been before the public. Probably, in my book, I should have had this class of doubters more in mind and have stated the evidence more fully. But there is a limit to what can be put into one small volume. January Ith, 1893. G. Freperick Wricut. A New Locariry ror Mitverrre, Fur a number of years there have been noted occasionally in “geode collections” examined from different parts of Lee county in southeastern Lowa certain specimens contain- ing clear calcite crystals, traversed in different directions by minute, yellowish filaments, after the manner of the familiar fleches d’amour— the rutile needles in quartz. The “geodes” of the region are from the Keokuk limestone of the lower Carboniferous, or Mississippian, series. As is well known they are spherical concretions of silicious matter, sometimes solid, often hollow and lined with crystals of quartz or cal- cite—veritable crystal grottoes in miniature. In size they vary from half an inch to two feet in diameter. Not unfrequently various metallic minerals in more or less well bounded crystallographic forms stud the outer surface of the calcites and quartzes. Among these may be mentioned sphalerite, chalcopyrite and iron pyrites. Recently in opening a large quarry in the vicinity of Keokuk in the compact Keokuk limestone some feet below the regular “geode bed,” numerous cavities were encountered varying from several inches up to perhaps twenty inches. These hollows have Jarge thickly set rhom- bohedrons of calcite jutting out towards the center. The faces are brightly polished and the edges are sharply cut. In some of the cal- cites have been found most beautiful tufts of closely arranged brass- yellow needles of millerite pointing from the center of attachment in all directions to a distance of one-half to two and one-half inches. In some of the examples the tufts are made up of hundreds of filaments, often so close together that the needles of different bunches are in- terwoven closely, forming a dense, matted mass. Often a large, per- fectly transparent calcite has a tuft of long millerites completely in- closed in it; or part of the tuft may be imbedded in the lime crystal, the extremities of the needles left projecting outside. This is the first time that any of the nickel-bearing minerals have been reported from Iowa; and the noting of the sulphide of the metal is therefore of considerable interest. The Keokuk occurrences are believed to be the most beautiful ever found in this country, if not in the world. Mr. C. A. Flannery of Keokuk has very lately come across another “pocket” of similar geodes containing millerite. One specimen of caleite covered thickly with needles of the nickel sulphide weighed over fifty pounds. Cares R. Keyes. Des Moines, Iowa, Dec. 6. 1892. bo Correspondence. 127 “Tire TopoGRapiicaL Work or THe UNITED Srares GEOLOGICAL Sur- yey. Your rejoinder to my letter on the topographical work of the U.S. Geological Survey, in the January number of the GroLoaist leaves little occasion for reply, since either implicitly or explicitly it admits nearly all of its corrections. There remain, however, one or two points concerning which a little further discussion may, in my judgment, be had with profit. My statement respecting the interpretation of the law defining the ‘area of work of the Geological Survey was, that it was amended “otter full discussion in Congress.” This is correctly quoted by you -and amendeg to read “after full discussion in a Committee of the House.” ‘If you will consult the Congressional Record, Vol. 1x, pp. 2420-2424 ; Wol. x, pp. 4067-4274; Vol. x1, pp. 121, 181, 779, 2110, 2112, 2349; Vol. XIII, pp. 5923-5930, you will see that I wrote from full information and vwill, I am sure, withdraw your correction of my statement. The unqualified statement that “the Coast and Geodetic Survey was sworking, at that very time, under a far-reaching scheme which had been in operation for several years, under authority of law, on a general map of ‘the United States of a character nearly identical with that now being exe- cuted by the United States Geological Survey,” is interesting, if trae, but I fail to find any demonstration of it in your reply. That the Coast -and Geodetic Survey might have been willing to undertake the work, may perhaps be conceded, but did it undertake it? True, it was engaged in geodetic triangulation in various parts of the interior. “That is well known, but geodetic triangulation is not map-making, nor ‘is it necessarily a prelude to map-making. The only act of the Coast Survey, known to me, suggesting an intention to map the interior was ithe employment of Mr. H. F.Walling during the years 1881-2, to com- pile railroad and other map material and to supplement this compila- tion where needful by surveys. In this way some 1,600 square miles in northern Maryland and West Virginia were mapped, on a field scale -of one mile to one inch in one hundred foot contours. The work in North Carolina and adjoining states to which you refer was purely a compilation, on a scale of ten miles to one inch, in hachures. I gravely doubt whether the Coast Survey then regarded or now regards this as a part of a far-reaching scheme for mapping the country. I must repeat my statement that there has been no duplication of work and no clashing by the two organizations. This, it must be understood, is a question of fact, not of rumor. Your position, as I understand it, is that, though the maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are “useful and good” yet “Our chief objec- tion is against the agency that is carrying on the work.” This brings into clear relief our chief difference, which may be stated as follows: Is it desirable under present conditions to trans- fer the work from one bureau to the other? In considering this, it seems hardly worth while to discuss further the question as to which bureau had authority to do the work ten years ago, or whether the ‘Coast and Geodetic Survey was engaged in a far-reaching scheme for going about it at that time. These matters are interesting from a historical standpoint, but are hardly live issues to-day. 128 The American Geologist. February, 1893 - Let us consider the present situation fora moment. Our country is to-day almost the only civilized nation which hasno good map of its area, and scientific and industrial interests are suffering daily for lack of such a map. Every year that can be saved, in its completion, will save millions to our industries. Time and expense as well as- quality should therefore be considered. The work is to-day, in law and in fact, in the hands of the Geological Survey, is being executed rapidly, efficiently and economically. More- than one-fifth of the area of the country. excluding Alaska, has been mapped and those who use the maps agree with you that they are useful and good. The Geological Survey has a large corps of well trained topographers, and is fully equipped for carrying on the work to completion. All this is certainly favorable to maintaining the status quo. Now will the quality be improved, the time shortened or the ex- pense lessened by the transfer? And if by transfer, the quality could be improved, will such improvement compensate for the added time and expense attendant upon it? These are matters about which different opinions may be held, but in considering them Jet it be steadily remembered that the present status is producing, on the whole, satisfactory results, while the results of a change are uncertain. Henry GANNETT. Washington, Jan. 16, 1893. Mr. Tarr’s repLyY tro Pror. Hitu. Permit me to correct some: erroneous statements in the criticism of my report in your December number. On page No. 394 Mr. Hill says: “Concerning the age of the Trinity beds of my Trinity division for which Mr. Taff, without state- ment of authority or reason, substitutes the name Bosque.” This- statement is undoubtedly the result of an oversight or misconception on the part of the critic. I wish tosay plainly that I did not apply the name “Bosque” to the Trinity beds as defined by Mr. Till, more-- over, I gave clear reasons why the Trinity and Glen Rose beds, his Trinity division, are inseparable parts of a tripartite division.* Why I did not apply the name Trinity to this clearly defined division is- evident. The name Trinity division was given first to the Trinity sand bed by Mr. Hill.t Later this Trinity division was thrown with the Glen Rose limestone for the reason that “I have discovered,” he says, “that the beds described under this general term (Trinity or Basal division) really include two stratigraphic subdivisions separ- ated by distinct lithologic and paleontologiec characteristies,’} a peculiar reason why two beds should be classed under a single divi- sion. To augment further the confusion by applying the name Trinity to my new tripartite division when one of those subdivisions had been: properly named “Trinity” would be altogether unreasonable. The- rocks of the Bosque division are most beautifully developed and ex- *Geol Survey of Texas, Third Annual Report, 1891, pp. Nos. 300, 306, 307, 311, 312, 323. and 824. See also details of sections of the Bosque division. tGeol. Survey of Arkansas, 1888, Vol. rr, p. 116,et seq., Geol. Survey of Texas, Bulle- tin No. 4, 18389, p. xv, and First Annual Report, 1889, p. No. 118. +The Comanche Series of the Texas-Arkansas Region, Bulletin Geol. Society of America, p. 55. Correspondence. 129 posed along the Bosque river for a distance of more than fifty miles from its source. At no other locality has nature so well arranged and - exposed these rocks for study, hence I gave the name Bosque division. Concerning the section of the Comanche series on page 395: My report covers the ground which has been gone over by Mr. Hill and others, but it is based entirely upon the observations of myself and my assistant, Mr. Leverett, with the exception of the description of the Comanche Peak section (Third Annual Report. Geol. Survey of Texas, 1891, p. 307) for which due credit is given Messrs. J. 8. Stone and W.T. Davidson. None of Mr. Iill’s notes have ever been acces- sible to me, had I wished to use them. It is simply astonishing that Mr. Hill should place in parallel the order of succession of the rocks of the Comanche series in North Texas as published by me and that as published by himself, and state that they are the same, and claim that I had copied his. I should have thought it more reasonable bad he complained that I had muti- lated his section. After working three years on the geology of the same formation in a single field and that too where the stratigraphy is as simple as that in the Cretaceous of north Texas, I should be blind indeed, if I had not obtained the correct succession of the rocks. After spending a part of the spring season of 1891 and the whole of the season of 1892 on the Comanche series between Brazos and Red rivers I was surprised to find that Mr. Hill had confounded the Exogyra Arietina bed with the Denison bed (See the Comanche Series of the Texas-Arkansas Region, Bulletin Geological Society of America, p. 517), that he had placed the Kiamitia clays in the Washita division without a reason (see Bulletin cited p.515. By R.T. Hill. For cor- rection see Third Annual Report Geological Survey of Texas, 1891, pp. 275, and 344, by J. A. Taff), and that he should make his Goodland limestone the highest member of the Fredericksburg division when he states, and very truly, that it is, at least, the equivalent of the Comanche Peak beds (See Bulletin cited, pp. No. 514, 515). The line of demarcation between the Denison and Arietina beds, as shown by the fauna as well as by the strata themselves, was plainly evident to the writer while tracing it and studying the beds con- tinuously through a distance of two hundred miles from Brazos river to Indian Territory line. In any good exposure of the rocks along the south side of the valley of Red river in Grayson and Cooke counties an abundant Fort Worth limestone fauna may be seen in a thin band of limestone between the Arietina and Denison beds. Further south in Denton, Tarrant, and Johnson counties this thin limestone in- ereases, still bearing well defined characteristic Ft. Worth limestone fossils, until there are extensive strata of lime and marl leaving the Denison and Arietina beds widely separated. There is therefore no excuse, on the part of Mr. Hill, for the confusion, after spending the field-season of 1890 in this region. The contacts of all the other beds of the Comanche series have likewise been traced and mapped and the rocks carefully studied between Brazos and Red rivers. If, by this close detailed work, we establish the truth in the geology of the region we are content. 130 The American Geologist. February, 1893" If I may be permitted to refer to such a subject, it behooves Mr, Hill to devote himself more closely to the observation of geological details in the field before trying to establish even much of that which he has already published. . That the name Fredericksburg was first given by Dr. Roemer to the rocks now bearing it, is not only true but is well known by Mr. Hill, as may be seen by reference to the following of his publications : Bull. No. 45 U. 8. Geol. Survey, p. 72, and Am. Jour. Sci., April, 1887, p. 298. Dr. Roemer in “Kreidehildungen von Texas,” as cited in above Bulletin, refers to the “Fredericksburg strata” and gives a list of fos- sils many of which are characteristic of the Fredericksburg division as arranged when named by Mr. Hill. It may be noted that throughout my report little reference was made to the works of geologists in the American Cretaceous, even such valuable works as those of Dr. C. A. White and others, but it must be borne in mind that my paper is simply a report on the strati- graphy of a fragment of a formation covering a limited area in the midst of an extensive field. No claim was made to extensive re- searches in the paleontology of the field—indeed anything like a connected and systematie study had never been made of the fossils asa whole. Most of the leading forms, however, were known and they were sufficient for stratigraphic correlation. J. A. TAFF. PERSONAL AND SCIENTIFIC NEWS. GEOLOGICAL Society or AmERICA.—The fifth annual meeting of the Geological Society of America was held in Ottawa, Can- ada, on December 28th, 29th and 30th, where convenient rooms in the beautiful Parliament buildings had been secured by the local committee. Thirty fellows in all were present. The society was called to order at ten o'clock on Wednesday morning, by the president, Mr. G. K. Gilbert, after which his excellency, lord Stanley, governor-general of Canada, welcomed the visitors in a neat speech, in which he stated that though po- litically the United States and Canada might be divided, yet in scientific work the two peoples were in perfect accord. He wel- comed them, as the representative of the queen in Canada, and also as a citizen of Ottawa. President Gilbert acknowledged the welcome in a few words. Mr. Fairchild, the secretary, then presented the annual report ot the council, which stated that two meetings of the society had been held during the past year, one at Columbus, Ohio, with an attendance of twenty-three fellows, and the other at Rochester, along with the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, when there was an attendance of thirty fellows. They had Personal and Scientific News. 131 lost three members by death, making a total of nine since the society was formed. The report of Mr. 1. C. White, the treasurer, showed that financially the society was in a flourishing condition. The election of officers for the coming year was then proceeded with, resulting as follows: President—Sir William Dawson. First Vice-President—T. C. Chamberlin. Second Vice-President—J. J. Stevenson. Secretary—H. L. Fairchild. Treasurer—l. C. White. Editor—J. Stanley-Brown. Members of the Council—E. A. Smith, C. D. Walcott. Three new fellows were declared elected, viz.: J. F. Whiteaves, Ottawa; H. F. Reid, Cleveland; F. W. Sardeson, Minneapolis. The remainder of the morning was occupied in reading three obituary notices, viz.: of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, by professor R. Pumpelly; of Dr. J. S. Newberry, by Prof. J. F. Kemp; and of Dr. J. H. Chapin, by professor W. M. Davis. Wednesday afternoon was devoted to the reading of the follow- ing scientific papers: A. R. C. Senwyn—On the coals and petroleums of the Crow’s Nest pass, Rocky mountains. Dr. Selwyn spoke at some length on this subject, referring to the enormous quantities of coal which have lately been found in the vi- cinity of Michel creek, near the Crow’s Nest pass. After reviewing his work in this district, he went on to speak of the petroleum of the South Kootenai pass, in which two distinct occurrences were noted. One of these is on Cameron Falls brook where a heavy dark brown oil was found floating on the surface of the stream and in small pools; the other is on Akamina brook, about six miles down the western slope in British Columbia, where the oil was found in a similar man- ner, but was of much lighter color and gravity. According to Dr. Selwyn, both these oils are from Cambrian rocks. H. P. Brumeit—On the geology of natural gas and petroleum in Ontario. H. P. Bruweit—Note on the occurrence of Petroleum in Gaspé, Quebec. Mr. Brumell, in his first paper, treated of the mode of occurrence and distribution of petroleum and natural gas in Ontario, and infer- entially brought out points suggesting the non-productive properties of the Trenton formation in the province, while the enormous quan- tities found in the Medina sandstone make him think that to that formation rather than to the older Trenton must the attention of gas operators be directed. Oil has been found in workable quantities in but one horizon—the Corniferous—though explorations have proved its existence in the Clinton (?) in Essex county, and in the Medina in Welland county. Mr. Brumell’s second paper was merely a note on the mode of oceur- rence of oil in Gaspé county, (Qluebec, where desultory work has been carried on for many years, the result being the establishment of the fact that deep-seated oil of superior quality exists, though in what quantity future development alone can tell. The oilis obtained from the limestones underlying the long series 0. Gaspé sandstones, and is of Lower Devonian or Upper Silurian age. 152 The American Geologist. February, 1893 Sir J. WittiAm Dawson—Note on sponges found in the Cambro- Silurian at Little Metis, Canada. (Read in the absence of the author by Mr. F. D. Adams.) J. F. WurrkAveEs—Notes on the Devonian formation of Manitoba and the N. W. Territories. Mr. Whiteaves gave a short address in which he discussed the relationship of the fauna of the Devonian formation of northern Man- itoba with that of northern Europe. In Manitoba the Stringocephelus zone is remarkably clearly developed, and holds a rich fauna, whereas in the Mackenzie River district, most of the fossils so far col- lected seem to be from the Cuboides zone. Henry M. Ami—Notes on Cambrian fossils from the Selkirks and Rocky Mountain region of Canada. This paper was based mainly upon a collection of Lower and Middle Cambrian fossils made by the author in the summer of 1891. It con- tained noteson some eight species of Lower Cambrian (Olenellus zone) fossils from the gray, glossy and calcareous schists and lime- stones of the entrance to the Selkirks, some two miles west of Donald, British Columbia. The latter part of the paper dealt with the forms met with in the Middle Cambrian of mount Stephen in the Rocky mountains, near Field, Bb. C., where the terrane is highly fossil- iferous. Upwards of twenty species have been recorded from this locality, many of which are very interesting and well-preserved. Henry M. Ami—On the Potsdam and Calciferous terranes of the Ottawa Paleozoic basin. The stratigraphiecal, lithological and paleontological relations of the Potsdam and Calciferous terranes, as seen and known in the Ottawa Paleozoic basin and elsewhere were discussed in this paper ; also the reference of these two terranes to the Cambro-Silurian or Ordovician epoch instead of to the Cambrian epoch, inferred from the internal evidence. R. D. Satispury—Distinct glacial epochs, and the criteria for their recognition. J. B. TyrreL_i—Pleistocene phenomena in the region southeast and east of Jake Athabasca, Canada. The paper was the result of an exploration conducted by the author for the Canadian Geological Survey in the hitherto unexplored region lying southeast of Athabasca lake and north of Churchill. The region is underlain by Archiean gneisses, etc., and Palzeozoie sand- stones, and has some strongly marked glacial features. The general course of the striation is south-south-westward, but towards the north it turns to the west down the great valley of Athabasca lake, while in the southern portion of the region it turns more directly southward towards the plains. The amount of true subglacial till appeared to be rather small, but great numbers of high drumlins, running with the glacial strive, were found in the basin of Cree lake and vicinity, and along Black river and around Black lake. These would appear to be formed from material frozen in the ice,and collected in ridges by currents in the glacier. Ridges of stratified sand or kames were also noted. The watershed north of Caribou river was an extensive sandy plain about the level of some high terraces around Cree lake, and was probably formed when the waters rushed southward from a cireum- glacial lake. Terraces were also recorded about a hundred feet above Black lake, which is itself three hundred feet above lake Athabasea. Athabasca, Wollaston and Cree lakes lie along the line of contact of the Pakeozoic and Archean rocks. Personal and Scientific News. 133 A great moraine was also noted as forming the watershed between the Saskatchewan and Churchill rivers. On Wednesday evening Mr. W. J. McGee, of the United States Geological Survey delivered an illustrated lecture on ‘‘A Fossil Earthquake,” to a large and appreciative audience. About the year 1812 there was a severe earthquake in the Central United States, and as the historical records of this event were not very satisfactory, Mr. McGee spent considerable time going over the ground, and the lecture gave some of the results of his investi- gations. The center of the earth movement was on the Missis- sippi river, a short distance below Cairo. Some parts of the land were uplifted while others were depressed, and Reelfoot lake was formed. The lecture was an excellent example of inductive reasoning, clear proofs being given throughout, not only of the occurrence of the earthquake, but of the time at which it took place. In closing the proofs collected by the geologist were compared with contemporary records, and were found to agree perfectly. : A vote of thanks was moved by Sir James Grant and seconded by Mr. sheriff Sweatland, who humorously remarked that if at any time the ground should be too violently shaken in the country south of the international boundary line, the Canadians would always be pleased to offer their American friends a home on the more stable land of the northern part of the continent. On Thursday morning the society re-assembled in the Railway Committee room of the House of Commons. The report of the committee on photographs was first presented, after which the regular reading and discussion of papers was resumed. A. P. Low-—Notes on the glacial geology of the northeast Terri- tories. This paper contained observation on the superficial geology in the northern part of the Province of Quebec, and along the Rupert, Kast Main, Big, Great Whale and Clearwater rivers, all of which empty into Hudson bay on its east side. There are two sets of glacial strie in this region, the older running from N. 30° E. to 8. 30° W., and was evidently the direction of the ice flow during the period of greatest accumulation. The ice at that time pushed in a uniform direction from the highlands of central Labrador over the southern portions of Quebee and Ontario. The later ice markings show that the ice moved down from the interior plateau following the general slope of the country, thus moving directly south in northern Quebec towards the St. Lawrence, and westward towards Hudson bay on that watershed. At this period the glacier formed a terminal moraine, the remains of which form a chain of large islands that extend north- ward two hundred miles from the south end, up the eastern third of James bay. These islands are wholly composed of unstratified drift, There is a marked absence of the finer material of the drift in the interior of Labrador, the surface being covered with innumerable boulders, often arranged in sharp drumlins. The post-glacial eleva- tion is marked by the limits of stratified sand and clay, and by ter- races cut into them. The greatest elevation noted is on the Clear- water river, where these deposits are found 675 feet above the present « 134 The American Geologist. February, 1893 sea level. To the southward on the East Main river similar strati- fied sands and clays extend continuously inland for one hundred and ten miles, at that distance being about six hundred feet above sea: level. Marine fossil shells occur in these beds forty miles inland. It is pointed out that as the elevation along the Atlantie coast of Lab- rador is only about 200 feet, by the theory, that the greatest elevation occurred in areas of the greatest accumulation, the ice-cap must have been much thicker on the west side of Labrador than on its eastern slope. Ropert CoAtmers—The hight of the bay of Fundy coast in the glacial period relative to sea level, as evidenced by marine fos- sils in the boulder clay at Saint John, New Brunswick. The fossiliferous boulder-clay referred to by the author, is found on the coast of the bay of Fundy, just west of Saint John harbor, and forms a bank from 40 to 60 feet. in hight above sea level. Glacial strie, varying in direction from $8.2° W. to 8. 65° E. (true merid- ian), occur on the rocks beneath it. The materials of the boulder- clay have all been brought from the north by land-ice. Intercalated in it are seams of stratified clay containing arctic shells ( Yoldia arc- fica, &e), in a good state of preservation. These are also found in the unstratified deposits immediately overlying the latter. The author therefore concludes, (1) that the boulder-clay here was produced by suecessive accretions of material in a zone of oscillation of the ice- front; and, (2) that when the stratified and overlying unstratified portions were deposited the land must have stood 100 to 200 feet lower than at the present day. W. J.McGre—The Pleistocene history of north-eastern Lowa. WARREN UpoHam-—RSHskers near Rochester, N. Y. WarrEN Urpnam—Comparison of Pleistocene and present ice sheets. G. FrepERick Wricur—The post-glacial outlet of the great lakes through lake Nipissing and the Mattawa river. N. H. Darton—On certain features in the distribution of the Columbia formation on the middle Atlantic slope. This paper was a description of relations indicating an interval of erosion between the depositions of the high-level and low-level por- tions of the formation, beginning in southern Maryland and gradually increasing northward to New Jersey. GEORGE M. Dawson—Note on the geology of Middleton Island, Alaska. (Read by R. W. Ells.) This short paper was devoted principally to the description of a boulder-clay or till from Middleton island, which is found to contain some marine fossils. Ropert W. Ets The author first discussed the early views of Sir Wm. Logan on the structure of the Laurentian, north of the Ottawa, stated in the earlier reports of the Geological Survey, in which the estimated thickness of the rocks of the system, including the Anorthosites, then regarded as an integral part of a gradually ascending series of metamorphic sedi- ments, was stated at 32,750 feet. In this thickness were included at least four distinct bands of limestone, which were supposed to be sep- arated by areas of red orthoclase gneiss, in masses 3,000 to 4,000 feet thick. The recent work in this district has shown that the Anor- thosite is an intrusiye mass of later date than the gneiss and lime- On the Laurentian of the Ottawa district, Personal and Neient ufic News. 135 stone, as is also the case with other areas, often of considerable size, of augen and syenitic gneiss, pyroxene and quartz-feldspar, formerly also classed as pyroxenic and quartzose gneiss, and regarded as an integral portion of the gneiss and limestone series. In regard to the structure of the calcareous portion the author held that the crystal- line limestones should be regarded as the upper member of the series entirely, instead of being placed at widely separated horizons in the orthoclase gneiss, and that there is a gradual passage downward from the caleareous rocks into the gneisses, by the interstratifications in the lower part of thin bands of thelatter. The foliation sometimes seen in the syenitic and augen-gneiss, and also in certain portions of the Anorthosite, is supposed to be due to the pressure by which the entire series was thrown into the crumpled state in which it is now found. The occurrence of economic minerals, such as apatite, graphite, mica and asbestos, is regarded as dependent upon, or influenced by, the intrusions of pyroxene and quartz-feldspar, or other igneous rocks, the apatite being always confined to the pyroxene dykes, except where it occurs in the form of crystals scattered through the limestone mass, or in veins in the pyroxene which traverse that rock. The conclusion was stated that the series in ascending order is gneiss of various kinds, passing upward gradually into limestone, constitut- ing the Laurentian proper, and succeeded upward by the schists of ' the Hastings series of Vennor, which presumably constitute the low- est member of the Huronian system. Rogsert Bett—The contact of the Laurentian and Huronian north of lake Huron. The writer gave a brief sketch of what he has called “The Great Belt of the Huronian rocks of Canada,’ which runs from lake Su- perior to lake Mistassini, a distance of 700 miles, following its general course. The so-called “typical Huronian” of lake Huron is only a small section of this belt, and a passing protest was made against the use of this term. The general relation of the Huronian to the Laur- entian was next referred to. The question as to the conformity or otherwise of the two systems involves the admission that the Laur- entian is an altered sedimentary series. As a rule, the stratification of the latter, whether due to pressure-foliation or to sedimentation was conformable with the aqueous stratification of the Huronian and the few exceptions to this which had been observed in Canada ap- peared to be all due to faulting. Many geologists appear to suppose that the bedding of the Huronian rocks along the north shore of lake Huron dips generally at low angles. But even if it did so, this would be merely a local accident of structure and of no significance from a chronological point of view. The dips, however,are not at moderate angles, except in some limited areas. As a rule, they are at very high angles, ap- proaching the vertical—higher indeed than that of the Laurentian gneisses to the eastward. In tracing the several bands of the Huronian series along the north shore, they are found to strike with great regularity almost due east. But as they approach the contact of the Laurentian they appear to double round the east end of a great syncline, and part of them probably round two or three secondary basins, opposite the eastern part of Grand Manitoulin island. From the eastern extremity of lake Superior, the Great Belt fol- lows the north shore of lake Huron to Killarney, at the commence- ment of Georgian bay. Thence its south-eastern border turns inland and runs north-eastward to the Ottawa river. Along this boundary, on leaving lake Huron the stratification on either side is at first parallel or nearly so, but before we have followed the line of contact 136 Th e American Geolog ast. February, 1895 twenty miles inland we find the bedding of the Huronian quartzites, &e. (which stands almost on edge), abutting upon the Laurentian, at nearly a right angle. The latter here consists of very regularly stratified gneiss running north-east and dipping uniformly south- eastward at an average angle of 60°. Near lake Huron a belt of red hornblende-granite intervenes be- tween the gneiss and the quartzite series, but in one part this is separated from the former by a belt of somewhat altered quartzite, so that this granite may be included within the Huronian rather than the Laurentian. There was clear evidence of a great dislocation between the quartz- ites on the one hand and the granite and gneiss on the other. The actual contact of the two sets of rocks is plainly seen at many places along the line. It is accompanied by much breaking up of the rocks on either side, forming not only coarse and fine breccias, but also sep- arating masses of the quartzite hundreds of yards in length, from the main body. The latter phenomenon was explained as having been due to thrusts between secondary planes of fracture and the primary one. The Huronian rocks were altered for a few hundred yards inward from the line of dislocation, greywackes being converted into gneiss, silicious flags into mica-schist, ete. Continuing north-eastward, upon the boundary of the two systems, there was evidence of faulting along their contact where it follows the Wahnapite river, at the intersection of the Canadian Pacific railway, as described in the report by the author, on the geology of the Sud- bury district (1891). Towards lake Temiscaming, on the Ottawa, the two sets of rocks might be conformable. A case of unconformity oc- curring on the Missinaibi river, north-east of lake Superior, had been mentioned in the author’s Geological Survey report for 1875. Some of the elongated greenstone masses of the lake Huron region might have been originally outflows upon an uneven but ap- proximately horizontal surface. After having been deeply covered by other deposits, the whole series had now been tilted almost on edge and the greenstones appeared as if they might have had an intru- sive origin. The Huronian granites of the region described were, in some cases, at least, altered stratified rocks. Interrupted bands of quartzite and schist had been observed incorporated in the rather coarsely crystal- line homogeneous granite. On the other hand, the Huronian rocks of the north shore of the lake include almost unaltered strata. In a brown sandstone of the series associated with mudstones and dolomites on Aird island, the author had discovered forms resembling fucoids or the trails of anne- lids, and he exhibited a ripple-marked slab on which these were very well seen. In the region described, the dependence of the present surface con- tours and other geographical features upon the nature of the funda- mental rocks and the conditions affecting them was very marked. One of the most striking examples was to be seen along the great fault which had been described. The Huronian country on the north- west was elevated and mountainous up to the very contact, and it overlooked the Laurentian area, which stretched far off to the east- ward as a comparatively level plain. On Thursday evening the visiting members of the Geological Society were entertained to a banquet by the Logan club, which consists of the scientific staff of the Canadian Geological Sur- vey. Among those present were lord Stanley, governor-general of Canada,Sir John Thompson, premier of the dominion, T. M. Personal and Serentific News. 137 Daly, minister of the interior, and many other distinguished Can- adians. After the viands had been: disposed of the toasts of the queen, the president of the United States, and the governor-general were enthusiastically drunk. In responding to the latter, lord Stanley made a very felicitous speech, in which he expressed the great pleasure that it gave him to extend Canada’s welcome to the sci- entific men from the adjoining republic, assuring them that the oftener they came, the more they would be appreciated, and the better it would be for both countries. He humorously referred to his abundant opportunities for the study of geology and paleon- tology on the road from the Government house to the Parliament buildings. In answer to the toast of our guests, professor Kmerson of Am- hurst college, made an admirably witty speech. He was followed by professor G. F. Wright and Mr. W. J. McGee, the latter of saa proposed the toast of the Parliament of Cinada. This yas responded to by Sir John Thompson who said that on this, his first opportunity since becoming premier, of giving an outline of the policy of the government he could assure them that, on one point, at least, the parliament would be unanimous, and that was in offering a most cordial welcome to the scientists of Amer- ica. The differences of opinion in commercial and political mat- ters had no counterpart in science. The Geological Society of America was proposed by Sir James Grant, and answered by president Gilbert; the Geological Survey of Canada was proposed by professor F airchild and answered by Mr. Daly, minister of the interior, and the Press was answered by Mr. Shannon, editor of the Ottawa Citizen, The company then sang the British national anthem, and a very pleasant and profit- able evening was brought A a close. On Friday morning “Mr. K. Gilbert gave the annual presi- dential address on the ee: t ‘Problems of the Continents. ” After alluding to the interest manifested at the present time in con- tinental and inter-continental subjects, and to the geological work of the coming Congress of Geologists on the occasion of the World’s Fair at Chicago, Mr. Gilbert reviewed the broader of the problems in geophysics and geological history as they affect the continents. Rec- ognizing the continental plateau, as distinct from the dry land conti- nents, it is a question how it is sustained, the rival theories being those of terrestrial rigidity and isostasy. The doctrine of isostasy is gaining adherents, but is not universally accepted. If accepted, it leaves the question whether the lightness of continental rock materia! is due to relatively high temperature or to composition. For the ori- gin of the continents the only well-digested theory in the field is that of Dana, and that has not yet been fully compared with the body of new facts contributed by the last decade. The permanence of conti- nents, though widely accepted, is not yet fully established; and the doctrine that continents have ste: idily grown from Archean to Pleis- tocene, though universally taught,is not yet placed beyond question. Thus the continents offer to the congress of next summer a number of fundamental problems worthy of the most careful consideration. 138 The American Ceologist. February, 1893 After the presidential address the reading of papers was re- sumed: W. H. C. Smirui— The Archeean rocks west of lake Superior. This paper gave a brief description of the rocks and their distribu- tion between the lake of the Woods and lake Superior north of the international boundary and referred to some of the theories of origin and structure of the various members of the Archean system and to the iron ores and gold-bearing rocks of the region. AurrReD K. BArLow—The relations of the Laurentian and Huron- ian rocks north of lake Huron. In this paper, which is a revision and extension of one published in the AMerican GeroLoacisr of July, 1890, the writer traced the line of junction between the Laurentian and Huronian from Killarney (Shi- boananing) on lake Huron, to Wahnapite station on the Canadian Pacific railway (12 miles east of Sudbury). Brief descriptions were also given of the contacts exposed near Straight Lake station, and in the vicinity of Thessalon, Ont. The various phenomena were de- scribed in detail, and the general conclusion arrived at that the Lau- rentian gneiss is of irruptive origin and was in a magmatic condition at atime subsequent to the hardening of the Hluronian sediments. There is thus no question as to conformity or unconformity between these two great divisions, as the contact, wherever exposed, shows abundant evidence of the intrusive nature of the gneiss, breaking through and altering the Huronian quartzites. C.R. Van Hise—The voleanies of the Huronian south of lake Superior. On Friday afternoon Mr. W.J. McGee gave aninteresting account of the work of the U.S. Geological Survey, both inregard to the gen- eral plan of its execution, and the scientific results aimed at or al- ready attained. |The beautiful new atlas of portions of Tennessee was shown to givea clear idea of what was being accomplished with the combined efforts of the topographical and the geological staffs. The next paper was: C. Wittarp Hayes and M. R. CAmpBELL—Geomorphology of the southern Appalachians. . This was presented by Mr. Hayes, who gave a clear and instructive account of the changes of level and configuration that the southern Appalachian country has undergone in post-Mesozoic times. At half past three the society adjourned and the members went to the Government house where lady Stanley was giving an aft home, ‘to meet the members of the Geological Society of Amer- ica.” The toboggan slides and skating and curling rinks were open, while the drawing rooms were bright with the beauty of the Canadian capital. Here two exceedingly pleasant hours were spent, enjoying the hospitality of the very charming English lady who is at present the leader of Canadian society. On Friday evening, December 30, the final meeting of the society was held, when the following papers were read: James MeKyoy —Notes on the Gold range in British Columbia. A short description of the topography of the gold range and part of the adjoining interior plateau country, with notes on the glacial ge- ology of the same. Personal and Scientific News. 139 IsraEL C. Russett—A geological reconnoissance in the central part of the state of Washington. (Read by title.) R. W. Extis—The importance of photography in illustrating geological structure, The latter was a verbal description of a series of large colored pho- tographs showing the mode of occurrence of apatite in the deposit of the Buckingham and Lievre district, as well as the relations of the intrusive apatite-bearing rocks to the surrounding gneiss. The apa- tite was stated to occur in intrusive dykes of pyroxenite diorite, which in some places ran with the foliation of the gneiss, and in other places across it. (CHARLES Rouitin Kryes-—-Some Maryland granites and their origin. A brief sketch of the granitic rocks of Maryland with a summary of the reasons for regarding them as eruptive in origin. CHARLES Rotiin Kryres—Kpidote as a primary component in granites. Occurrences of the mineral in certain granites regarded as eruptive described, the evidences of its original nature explained and its asso- ciations with the closely related allanite considered. J. S$. DintER—On the Cretaceous and Tertiary of the Pacific states. The Cretaceous of California, composed of the Knoxville, Horsetown, Wallala and Chico beds, has hitherto been regarded as an interrupted series. The Shasta (Lower Cretaceous) comprising the Knoxville and Horsetown beds, has been supposed to have been separated from the Chico (Upper Cretaceous) by a long time interval, the latter part of which was believed to be represented by the Wallala beds. Extensive field studies of the stratigraphy and collections of fossils from over eighty different localities in the Cretaceous show that the Wallala is a part of the Chico and that the Shasta and Chico are not only conformable, but that over one-fourth and nearly one-half of the Shasta fossils continue up into the Chico. It is evident that there is faunal as well as stratigraphic continuity and that the sedimentation was uninterrupted throughout the Shasta-Chico series This series is unconformable on the Jura-Trias and Paleozoic rocks, About the close of the Jurassic in the northern Sierras and Klamath mountains of California, the older strata were raised above the sea and exposed to sub:erial degradation. During the Cretaceous the land subsided and the sea transgressed upon the western base of the Sierra Nevada and almost the whole of northern California and Ore- gon, forming deposits of the older residuary material but little re- moved from its source. In Oregon the Eocene is unconformable on the Shasta-Chico series in such a way as to show the upturning and erosion of that series at the close of the Cretaceous. Of the mountain forming epochs on the Pacific coast, the one about the close of the Jurassic and the next at the close of the Cretaceous are considered to be among the greatest. T. W. Sranton.—On the Faunas of the Shasta and Chico Formations. The Cretaceous deposits of the Pacific coast of the United States have hitherto been supposed to contain at least two distinct faunas, the older of which characterizes the Shasta formation while the later oceurs in the Chico and has been supposed to be intimately connected 140 The American Geologist. February, 1893 with the Tejon, passing up without any break into a characteristic Eocene fauna. The Shasta fauna and the Chico fauna were believed to have so little in common that a time-hiatus was inferred to exist between them. , The present paper, based principally on the study of Mr. J. 8. Diller’s collections from northern California, Oregon and Washington, shows that there is an intimate commingling of Shasta and Chico ‘species and that all the fossils from both formations seem to belong to a single fauna. This is especially well shown in the collections from Horsetown and various localities on Cottonwood creek, Shasta county, California. The Shasta-Chico fauna contains many species that are closely re- lated to forms described from the English Blackdown beds (Gault or Cenomanian ), while very few, if any, of its species are identical with those found in the Upper Cretaceous beds in the interior of the United States east of the Rocky mountains. It is therefore suggested that a considerable part of the Upper Cretaceous series may be lacking in the Pacific states. The conclusions reached concerning the relation- ship of the faunas of the Shasta and Chico formations are probably also true of the Queen Charlotte and Vancouver faunas of British Columbia. N. H. Darron—Overthrust faults in eastern New York. Gave an account, with illustrations, of some small but typical over- thrust faults in the rocks of eastern New York. It was then moved by Mr. F. D. Adams, seconded by Mr. C. R. Van Hise, and unanimously carried, ‘‘that the thanks of the Society be tendered to his excellency, the governor-general of the dominion of Canada, for the cordial welcome which he extended to the Society, and to her excellency, lady Stanley, for her very kind hospitality. To the Logan Club for its invitation to the So- ciety to meet in Ottawa and for its generous hospitality, and especially to its committee. consisting of Messrs. Selwyn, Ells, Tyrrell and W. H. Smith, whose untiring efforts have so largely contributed to the success of the meeting. To the Royal Society of Canada, for its invitation to meet in Ottawa,and its kind at- tentions during the Society's visit. And to the clerk of the House of Commons for the ample suite of rooms which he placed at the disposal of the Society during this, its fifth annual meet- ing. Before dispersing Messrs. Fairchild, MeGee and Emerson all gave voice to the general sentiment that the meeting was one of the most successful in the history of the society. To all the members present, and more especially to those from Ottawa itself, the meeting has a mournful interest, as it com- pleted the life work of Mr. W. H. Smith, the secretary of the local committee and a member of the staff of the Canadian Geo- logical Survey, whose constant attention did so much to make the meeting a success. After the reading of his paper, on Friday, he was obliged to keep to his home by an attack of acute catarrh. This developed into pleurisy, and to it he succumbed on the evening of January 19th, ; et Si aaey Pur y : ag | Sea Ek ET co ‘ . ~~, , > ia - es ove : a my . + ' Pa = « —— é Be Pe . : Ps : i " - . Fs 7 4 yee 1 ig ! : c* AT & ¥ ‘4 - - . \ os sll tw \ re _ e — . \ b « Me ie 2, y t , Oe en eee) ivoviue” 2 258 he . ae = Sain o Oe» , I at at ied m9 be hae a iad . - 7 ee PLATE V Vou. XI. AMERICAN GEOLOGIST. THE |__| tir | sz | tem fem rice | ax [ret | Ten | Quer |e. ie: ES SS 8 TOSCO Ree a eT Sale OE ee, IN aE Te a EN REET eae SE Se ae eee = = ind ea 9 Ww ™ ss Ef aomees Bis vngulidce Gis CLES Bam Tas Qs So 8 I ~ & Paterinag SE omala Protremata : ee Sat 3 S J Nucleospirids : ‘Eases 5 : : : | |x oe =o | a . Be =] 22 0 en Ree ee =a mle THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST Vou. XI. MARCH, 1893. No. 3 A CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRACHIOPODA. By CHARLES SCHUCHERT, New Hayen, Conn. PLATE V. The class Brachiopoda, since 1858, has been divided by nearly all systematists into two orders, based on the absence or pres- ence of articulating processes. These divisions were recognized by Deshayes as early as 1835, but not until twenty-three years later were the names Lyopomata and Arthropomata given them by Owen. ‘These terms have been generally adopted by writers, though some prefer Jnarticulata and Articulata of Huxley, or Bronn’s Eeardines and Testicurdines. Bronn,’ in 1862, and King,* in 1873, while retaining these divisions, considered the presence or absence of an anal opening more important than articulating processes, and accordingly proposed the terms Pleuropygia and Apygia, and Tretenterata and Clistenterata, respectively. Many paleozoic rostrate species of Clistenterata, however, give evidence that an anal opening was also present, and, therefore, the absence or presence of this organ is not so persistent a character as that of a hinge, Von Buch,! in 1834, also divided the class into two sections, founded on the mode of attachment. The first section contained all brachiopods fixed by a pedicle to foreign bodies, while the second is restricted to those forms in which there is no pedicle at maturity, the entire lower or ventral valve being cemented to other 142 The American Geologist. March, 1893 objects, as in Crania. The first section is again divided into three groups, on the basis of the position of the pedicle, (a) pedicle emerging from between the valves, asin Lingula, (b) ventral valve perforated for the protrusion of the pedicle, and (c) unce- mented shells without a pedicle opening. The third group, how- ever, is identical with ), since Leptena, Productus and Stropho- mena, genera referred to section c, do possess a pedicle opening, While this classification lacks a complete understanding of the features in question, it is remarkable that Von Buch, nearly sixty years ago,and Deslongchamps, ® twenty-eight years later, recognized some of the principles upon which the classification of the Brach- iopoda is now being established, viz.: the nature of the pedicle opening. Up to 1846 the general external features of brachiopods served the majority of authors as the essential basis for generic differ- entiation. In that year, ' however, King’ pointed out that more fundamental and constant characters exist in the interior of the shell, a fact which soon came to be generally recognized, mainly through the voluminous writings of Thomas Davidson. In 1848, Gray,‘ probably stimulated by King’s’ paper, divided the Brachiopoda into two sub-classes, Ancylopoda and Helicto- poda, These divisions rest entirely on the basis of the arm struct- ure and the presence or absence of a calcareous support. The Ancylopoda are distinguished in having the ‘‘oral arms recurved and affixed to fixed appendages on the disk of the ventral [dorsal] valve,”’ while in Helictopoda ‘‘they are regularly spirally twisted when at rest.”’ The brachia, however, in all recent species, are recurved and more or less spirally enrolled, except in some gera- tologous forms of loop-bearing genera, as Cistella and Guwynia. Therefore Helictopoda, as far as the arm structure is concerned, will also include the Ancylopoda. In fact, to the former he referred only the terebratuloids, if Vhecidiwm is excluded, while Ancylopoda contained all other brachiopods whether articulate or inarticulate forms. These sub-classes are further divided, on the basis of the brachia, into four orders, Ancylobrachia, Crypto- brachia, Sclerobrachia, and Sarcicobrachia. Of these the first only can be retained as a sub-order, since it includes the loop- bearing genera. The other orders have so heterogeneous an as- semblage of forms as to be of no permanent value. uew families, no further attempt Beyond the introduction 0! Classification of the Brachiopodu.—Schuchert. 148 was made by writers to divide the Brachiopoda into other orders than Lyopomata and Arthropomata until 1883, when Waagen* published his great work on the fossils of this class from the Salt Range group of India. He found it ‘‘absolutely necessary’ to fur- ther divide the Lyopomata and Arthropomata each into three subor- ders. The basis for these suborders has no underlying, principle of general application, yet the divisions are of permanent value, for each contains an assemblage of characters not to be found in any of the others. Waagen’s genealogy of the Arthropomata, with Orthis as the prototype, falls at once to the ground, since Hall" has recently shown that probably no true Orth/s exists in the primordial. The orthis-like shells of the primordial are forms either with a deltidium or a spondylium (the interior spoon-shaped plate of pentameroids) or both plates present in the same individ- ual. Ephebolic Orthis do not possess either structure, but during nepionic and early nealogic growth may develop a deltidium, which, before maturity is attained, is lost by abrasion or con- cealed by the incurvature of the ventral beak. Lingula, on the other hand, is usually regarded as the prototype for all brachio- pods, but this is impossible, since a number of inarticulate genera flourished for ages before Lingula was developed. No classification can be natural and permanent unless based ow the history of the class (chronogenesis) and the ontogeny of the individual. However, as long as the structure of the early pale- ozoic genera remained practically unknown and the ontogeny un- touched, nothing could be attempted of a permanent nature. Recently a work" upon paleozoic brachiopods has been published, in which many of the early genera are clearly defined, so that their structures and geologic sequence are now more accurately known. The ontogenetic study of paleozoic species was initiated two years ago by Beecher and Clarke," and the results combined with those derived from the development of some recent species, and published by Kovalewsky, Morse, Shipley, Brooks and others, confirm the conclusions reached through chronogenesis. More- over, the application by Dr. Beecher, '* of the law of morphogen- esis as defined by Hyatt,’ ' and the recognition and establishment of certain primary characters, have resulted in the discovery of a fundamental structure of general application to the classification of these organisms. It has for its basis the nature of the pedicle opening and the stages of shell growth. On this the author has 144 The American Geologist. | March, 1893 divided the class into four orders, the Atrematau, Neotremata, Pro- tremata and Telotremata. In the Atremata, the pedicle passes ‘‘freely from between the two valves, the opening being more or less shared by both,’’ while in the Neotremata, the pedicle opening is restricted to one valve, the ventral, ‘‘remaining open in primi- tive mature forms [7rematidw|, becoming enclosed in secondary forms during nealogic stages [Discinidaw), and in derived types enclosed in early nealogic or nepionic stages [Acrotretide].” In the Protremata, there is a deltidium (the pseudo-deltidium of authors), which, in the earliest primordial, appears to begin as a short plate covering but a small portion of the delthyrium (Kutor- gina cingulata after Walcott, according to Beecher). This plate rapidly attains its full growth, closing the entire delthyrium of the ventral valve, as in Clitambonites and Billingsella, while in the Orthidw it is developed only during nepionic or nealogie growth. The delthyrium in the 7e/otremata is without any trace of covering during nepionic growth, but during the succeeding stages there grow out from the walls of the former two plates (the del- tidial plates) which usually meet medially, and may become anchylosed. It is remarkable that three of the four types of pedicle openings should appear in the earliest known horizon of the primordial, yet fundamental structures in other classes of organisms have deyvel- oped with equal rapidity. Prof. Hyatt’ says ‘‘the acknowledged sudden appearance of the larger number of all the distinct types of invertebrata in the paleozoic, and of the greater number of all existing and fossil types before the expiration of the paleozoic time, speak strongly for the quicker evolution of forms in the paleozoic and indicate a general lawof evolution. This, we think, can be formulated as follows: Types are evolved more quickly and exhibit greater structural differences between genetic groups of the same stock while still near the point of origin, than they do subsequently. The variations or differences may take place quickly in the fundamental structural characteristics, and even the embryos may become different when in the earliest period, but subsequently only more superficial structures become subject to great variations.” All the fundamental structures, as the four types of pedicle openings and the various caleareous sup- ports of the brachia, were in existence during the Trenton period of the Lower Silurian. Classification of the Brachiopoda.-—Schuchert. 145 In tracing the four types of pedicle openings to their origin, it is found that the Zelotremuta were the last to appear, having been developed in the Pentumeride of the Protremata. The Atremata gave rise to the Neotremata and Protremata. Since Lingula of the Atremata is not the prototype for the class as it passes through a paterina and. obolella stage, this must be looked for in a shell not passing through more than one stage. Paterina is this type, being the most primitive genus known, as well as the adult form representing the embryonic shell or protegulum of other brachio- pods. The Atremata through the Ziematidw gave origin to the Neotremata, while the Protremata originated in Kutorginida, which is one of the first steps from the inarticulate towards the articulate forms. Of secondary value for classification the writer has relied on the presence or absence of a straight hinge line, internal plates, caleareous brachial supports, and reversional or geratologous development. In some families, containing chiefly _rostrate forms,as in the Pentameridw and Nucleospiride,there are genera with short straight hinge lines. In other families where long hinges are prevalent, rostrate examples, as in the Orthidw and Spiriferide, are found. The exceptions are either specializa- tions or reversional tendencies, and when sufliciently pronounced are regarded as of subfamily importance. Examples of ger- atology are present in. most of the four orders, but particu- larly in the Terebratellide, where the Megathyrine and Kraus- simine have partially or entirely lost their calcareous brachial appendages. The accompanying plate, (pl. v.) giving the apparent genesis of the families and their geological distribution, is added so that students can have before them on a single page a summary of the classification here proposed. It should be borne in mind, how- ever, that the lines are but a graphic expression of our present information of the class, and that future study may change their arrangement. * Dall’ in his Index says ‘‘from the preceding list it appears that about four hundred and sixty-three generic and subgeneric names have been rightly or wrongly associated with the group of *The names Lingulasmiidw and Orthisinide should be changed to Lingulasmatide and Clitambonitide. 146 The American Geologist. March, 1893 Brachiopoda. * * * Of all these only about one hundred and thirty have been at all generally accepted.”’ It should be stated that many of the synonyms are errors in composition and corrections in orthography. In the following list there are two hundred and seventy-seven valid genera or subgenera, a growth of more than twofold since the date (1877) of Dall’s Index. Forty-seven families or subfami- lies are here recognized, while in that list there are but eighteen. An analysis of the table of geological distribution shows con- clusively that the class attained its climax of diversity during paleozoic time. In the lower third of the primordial, the Olenel- lus horizon, three of the four orders are already present, while the fourth originates in the lower portion of the Lower Silurian. Not even a single suborder was introduced subsequent to the Lower Silurian. Of the forty-seven families and subfamilies con- stituting the class, thirty-six became differentiated in the paleo- zoic, and of these, twenty-seven disappeared with it, while but nine continued into the mesozoic. Of paleozoic families, six are represented by living species, viz.: Lingulide, Discinide, Cra- niidw, Thecidiidw, Rhynchonellida, and Terebratulide, Of the two hundred and seventy-eight genera now in use, one hundred and eighty-six had their origin in paleozoic seas, or two- thirds of the entire class, and of this great number but seven are known to pass into the mesozoic, viz.: Lingula, Orbiculoidea, Crania, Spiriferina, Athyris, Terebratula, and Hemiptychina, Besides these, Cyrtina and Fetz/a are often mentioned as occur- ring in the Triassic, but the species probably belong to other genera. In the primordial, brachiopods are not numerous. They usu- ally differ fundamentally from each other, and do not appear to have been persistent, as but four of the twenty-two genera pass into the Lower Silurian. In the Silurian and Devonian, the class is very prolific in species and genera. Of the fifty-one genera occurring in the Carboniferous but seven are known to have sur- vived the break between the paleozoic and mesozoic. During the latter period, the spire-bearing brachiopods pass out of existence, while the great paleozoic suborder T'hecacea is represented by a few small species of the Thecidiidw which continued to be repre- sented up to the present time. The Tvrebratulide had their in- Classification of the Brachiopoda.—Schuchert. 147 ception in the Lower Silurian, but are not a pronounced paleozoic group. However, on reaching the Jurassic and Cretaceous, the rocks fairly abound with their shells, and from that time on they are the chief representatives of the class. Lingula and Crania are present in the Lower Silurian, and as far as can be determined have persisted to the present time. The Aftremata, which contains the oldest and the simplest forms structurally, is represented by twenty-four genera, while the Neotremata and Protremata originating almost simul- taneously from the former have thirty-one and eighty-two, re- spectively. The TZelotremata had its origin in the Neotremata. It is the last order to appear, and has by far the greatest number of genera, one hundred and thirty-eight. To Dr. C. E. Beecher the writer is indebted for many valuable suggestions, as well as for the careful reading of the manuscript of this paper. ‘ REFERENCES. 1. L. von Buch, 1834. Ueber Terebrateln, mit einem Versuch sie zu classificiren und zu beschrieben. Abh. k. Akd. Wiss. Berlin, fiir 1833, pp. 21-144. 2. W. King, 1846. Remarks on certain genera belonging to the class Palliobranchiata. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xvii, pp. 26-42, 83-94. 3. W. King, 18738. On some characters of Lingula anatina, illustrat- ing the study of fossil Palliobranchs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. x11, 3d ser., pp. 1-17. 4. J. KE. Gray, 1848. On the Arrangement of the Brachiopoda. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 2d. ser., pp. 485-440. 5. H.G. Bronn, 1862. Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, vol. 111, pt. 1, pp. 224-316. 6. Eugene Deslongchamps, 1862. Note sur le développement du del- tidium chez les brachiopodes articulés. Bull. Soe. Géol. France., 2e ser. t. xtx, pp. 409-413. W. H. Dall, 1877. Index to the names which have been applied to the subdivisions of the class Brachiopoda. Bull. U. 8. National Mus., no. 8. 8. W. Waagen, 1883. Palzeontologica Indica, ser. xt, vol 1. Salt Range Fossils. 9. Alpheus Hyatt, 1883. Genera of Fossil Cephalopods. Proc, Bos- ton Soc. Nat. Hist., vol, xx11, pp. 253-338. 10. Alpheus Hyatt, 1889. Genesis of the Arietidee. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xvr, no. 3. ll. C.K. Beecher and John M. Clarke, 1889. The development of some Silurian Brachiopoda. Mem. N. Y. State Mus., vol. 1, no. 1. 12. C.K. Beecher, 1891. Development of the Brachiopoda. Part 1. Introduction. Am. Jour. Sei., vol. xi1, pp. 343-357. =e 148 The American Geologist. March, 1893 13. C. E. Beecher, 1892. Development of the Brachiopoda. Part 11. Classification of the Stages of Growth and Decline. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xtiv, pp. 1383-155. 14. James Nall, 1892. An Introduction to the Study of the Genera of Paleozoic Brachiopoda. Pal. N. Y., vol. vii, pt. 1. Synonyms are in brevier under the name to which they are referred. An interrogation mark before a name indicates that the family or subordinal relation is in doubt. BRACHIOPODA. (Cuvier 1802), Dumeril 1806. Spirobranchiophora, Gray 1821; Palliobranchiata, Blainville 1824; Branchiopoda, Risso 1826 (not Latreille); Brachiopodide, Broderip 1839; Branchionopoda, Agassiz 1847; Brachionacephala, Bronn 1862; Spirobranchia, Haeckel; Branchionobranchia, Pzetel 1875. Subclass LYOPOMATA, Owen 1858. Helictopoda (part), and Sarcicobrachia (part), Gray 1848, King 1850; Pleurgpygia, and Ecardines, Bronn 1862; Inarticulata, Huxley 1864; Tretenterata, King 1873. Order Atremata,* Beecher 1891. Mesokaulia, Waagen 1885. 1. Family PatTerinip#,t n. fam: Paterina, Beecher 1891. 2. Family OpoLip#,? King 1846. Obolella, Billings 1861. Obolus, Kichwald 1829. Dicellomus, Hall 1871. Ungula, Pander 1830. Elkania, Ford 1886, Ungulites, Bronn 1848. Aulonotreta, Kutorga 1848. Acritis, Volborth 1868. Schmidtia, Volborth 1869 (not Bals-Criy. 1863). Neobolus, Waagen 1885. ? Spondylobolus, McCoy 1852. *This order is characterized by the pedicle passing out freely between the valves, while in the NEoTREMATA it is restricted toone valve emerging through a variously modified opening. +Paterina, of the lowest primordial, is the simplest shelled condition of brachiopods known. Its growth lines show that 1t does not puss through distinct stages of growth in the shell as do all other families of thisclass. Nearly all brachiopods begin their shelled existence with a paterina-like stage. The protegulum or embryonic shell, of the Brachiopoda is minute, and therefore usually not observable on mature specimens, but where well-preserved young, é¢ither fossil or recent, have been accessible it is always seen to be present. Inarticulate species or the dorsal valve of articulate forms often retain it in the mature condition. The protegulum is homologous with the protoconch of cephalopods and gastropods and the prodissoconch of pelecypods. Paterina, there- fore, represents a form of growth common to the protegulum and nepionic stages of the majority of brachiopods. +The lingula-shaped shells with obolelloid interiors, the LINGULELLID&, are removed from this family since it is very probable that from them developed the LincuLtip&. In this connection, the writer wishes to state that Lingulelia, as here understood, is based on L. celata Hall, sp., and Z. edla Hall and Whitfield. The obolelloids are thicker, more calcareous, and rounder shells than the LINGULELL- 1p, and in all probability gave origin to the TRIMERELLID. Classification of the Brachiopoda.—NSchuchert. 3. Family TRIMERELLIDA, ? Lakmina, (shlert 1887. Davidsonella, Waagen 1555 (not Munier-Chalmas 1880). Dinobolus, Hall 1871. Conradia, Hall MS. 1862. Obolellina, Billings 1871. Ungulites, Quenstedt 1871 (not Bronn 1848). 2M Lingulella, Salter 1866. Lingulepis, Hall 1863. Leptobolus, Hall 1871. 149 Davidson and King 1874. Monomorella, Billings 1871. Trimerella, Billings 1862. Gotlandia, Dall 1870. Rhynobolus, Hall 1874. Family LINGULELLID#,* n. fam. Paterula, Barrande 1879. Cyclus, Barrande 1879. ?Mickwitzia, Schmidt 1888. 2”. Family LinauLip#, Gray 1840. Lingula, Bruguiére 1792. Pharetra, Bolton 1798. Lingularius, Dumeril 1806. Dignomia, Hall 1871. Glottidia, Dall 1870. Barroisella, Hall 1892. ea eas Glossina, Phillips 1848. Thomasina, Hall 1892. Bhi Lingulops, Hall 1871. Family LincguLasMAtip®,+ n. fam., Winchell and Schuchert. Lingulasma, Ulrich 1889. Lingulelasma, Miller 1889. Order Neotremata,! Beecher 1891. Suborder Daikaulia,4 Waagen 1885. 1. Family TReMATIDa&, n. fam. Discinolepis, Waagen 1885. | Schizobolus, Ulrich 1886. *See foot-note to the OBoLID®. +The species of this family are platform-bearing lingul. Internally their relations are with the TRIMERELLID», but the elongate shape and strongly phosphatic nature of their shells combined with their later appearance in geologic time give strong support to the view that they have originated from another phylum, the LineuLip#, rather than that which gave rise to the TRIMERELLID&A, the OBOLID &. {Pedicle fissure remaining open in primitive mature forms, becoming enclosed in secondary forms during nealogic stages, and in derived types enclosed in early nealogic or nepionic stages.”’ §The suborder DaiKAULIA contains the inarticulate uncemented species in which the passage for the pedicle is through one valve during all nealogic and ephebolic stages of 7rowth. In the TREMATID# is probably indicated one of the first steps from the BOLID# towards the AcROTRETID#A. Succeeding growth to the protegulum, in the former family, is not holoperipheral, but ceases at its straight cardinal line, leaving, posterior to the protegulum, a more or less wide triangular notch in the ventral valve. In the Discin1p&, early growth is as in the TReMATID#, but before maturity is attained the two sides of the pedicle passage are gradually brought together, forming a long narrow depression in the shell, at the anterior end of which the pedicle emerges. The reduction in size of the pedicle notch progressed rapidly in the ACROTRETID& to- wards a small circular perforation. In these families, the protegulum is invariably sit- uated at the anterior end of the pedicle passage, while in the dorsal valve it is marginal. In the SrpHonotRETID®, during younger stages of growth, the pedicle opening was probably marginal, but long before maturity is attained the opening is carried anteriorly through the protegulum and nepionic growth by resorption of the shell, while a deposi- tion takes place posteriorly underneath the pedicle. 150 The American Geologist. March, 1893 Trematis, Sharpe 1847. (Khlertella, Hall 1890. Orbicella, d’Orbigny 1847. Lingulodiscina, Whitfield 790. Schizocrania, Hall and Whit- : ? Monobolina, Salter 1865. field 1875. | 2. Family Discrnipm®, Gray 1840. Orbiculidee, McCoy 1844. Orbiculoidea, dOrbigny 1847. | Discina, Lamarck 1819. Schizotreta, Kutorga 1848. Orbicula, Sowerby 1830 (not Lindstreemella, Hall 1890. Cuvier 1798). Reemerella, Hall 1890, Discinisea, Dall 1871. 2’, Family Acrorretip&, n. fam. [phidea, Billings 1872. Acrotreta, Kutorga 1848. Acrothele, Linnarsson 1876. Conotreta, Walcott 1889. Linnarssonia, Walcott 1885. ? Mesotreta, Kutorga 1848. Discinopsis (Matthew), Hall | ? Volborthia, von Moller 1873. 1892. 3. Family SrpuonorrReTip®, Kutorga 1848. Siphonotreta, de Verneuil 1845. | ? Keyserlingia, Pander 1861. Schizambon, Walcott 1884. ? Helmersenia, Pander 1861. Schizambonia, (Ehlert 1887. Suborder Gasteropegmata, Waagen 1885. Family Cranup#, King 1846. Orbiculee, Deshayes 1830; Craniadz, Gray 1840. Crania, Retzius 1781. Craniella, Gihlert 1888. Nummulus, Stobceus 1732. Cardinocrania, Waagen 1885. Criopus, Poli 1791. Ancistrocrania, Dall 1877. Criopoderma, Poli 1795. | Cranopsis, Dall 1871 (not A. Orbicula, Cuvier 1798 (not | Adams). Sowerby 1830). Orbicularius, Dumeril 1806. Craniolites, Schlotheim 1820. Disecina, Turton 1882 (not Craniscus, Dall 1871. | Siphonaria, Quenstedt L851 (not Sowerby). | Wamakel Teton: | Pholidops, Hall 1860. Criopododerma, Agassiz 1846. | Craniops, Hall 1859. Choniopora, Schauroth 1854. Pseudocrania, MeCoy 1851. Paleeoerania, Quenstedt 1871- Subclass ARTHROPOMATA, Owen 18538. Helictopoda (part), Sarcicobrachia (part), Aneylopoda and Acylo- ‘brachia, Gray 1848; Apygia, Testicardines, Lineicardines and Denti- eardines, Bronn 1862; Articulata, Huxley 1864; Clistenterata, King 1873. Classification of the Brachiopoda.—Schuchert. 151 Order Protremata,* Beecher 1891. Suborder Trullacea,? n. suborder. Aphanerepegmata (part), and Productacea (part), Waagen 1888 ; ‘Eleutherobranchiata (part), Neumayr 1883. 1. Family Kourorernip®,{ n. fam. Kutorgina, Billings 1861. | Schizopholis, Waagen 1885. 2. Family Cuiramponrrip#,% n. fam., Winchell and Schuchert. Orthisidee (part), d’Orbigny 1849; Orthisine, Waagen 1884. ‘Clitambonites, Pander 1830. Protorthis, Hall 1892. Pronites, Pander 1880. Hemipronites, Pander 1830. ee ott | ee Eee Polvtecchia. Hall 1892 Mystrophora, Kayser 1871. olyteechia, Hall 1592. 2’. Family PenramErip®, McCoy 1844. Hypothyride (part), King 1850; Pentameridee, Hall 1867 ; Camero- phoriine and Pentamerinze, Waagen 1883; Stenochismatinz and Con- -chidiinee, (thlert 1887. *Some of the oldest forms of this order have at maturity an incomplete deltidium, which rapidly attained its full development, so that in other species it covers the entire -delthyrium of the ventral valve. In the OrrHips, the deltidium is usually absent or ru- -dimentary at maturity, but may be present in the nepionic and sometimes in early nealo- -gic stages. +Trulla, a scoop. Having reference to the spoon-shaped plate in the ventral valve “spondylium” of Hall),to the upper surface of which were attached the adductor, ventral pedicle and divaricator muscles. The species of this suborder are the earliest articulate forms known. In the lowest primordial, there are long-hinged and rostrate forms, having usually a spondylium and leltidium. These structures are regarded as of prime importance in classification, and species possessing them are therefore placed at the base of the ARTHROPOMATA, and are considered as ancestral forms for allarticulate genera. After these parts are fully devel- oped, the tendency, in geologic sequence, is to eliminate the spondylium, retaining the deltidium in the THEcAcKA, while in the PENTAMERID# the reverse has usually taken place. Forms wider than long, having a spondylium and usually a deltidium, the Cur- ‘TAMBONITID®, became extinct with the,Devonian, while the rostrate genera, in which the deltidium is commonly rudimentary or absent, persist to the close of the paleozoic age. Those forms with a deltidium and no spondylium, the THEcAcEA, appear to be present in the lowest primordial, but are not characteristic until the upperthirdis attained, and are still living in Thecidiwm. At the base of the Lower Silurian, species are developed without either of these structures, the OrrHID.®, passing out of existence with the pal- eozoic. The RuyNCHONELLID# were in all probability derived from the PENTAMERID#, and from them developed almost simultaneously the HELICOPEGMATA and ANCYLOBEA- CHIA. +The genera referred to this family have usually been placed among the LyoromMata. Kutorgina cingulata, Billings, the typeof Autorgina, as described and illustrated by Walcott (Bull. no. 30, U.S. Geol. Surv.), has more the characters of an articulate than an inarticulate brachiopod. This species has rudimentary articulating processes. Good examples of it show that the lateral walls of the ventral cardinal area are linear, increas- ing in width towards the line of junction of this valve with the dorsal, and it is here that the rudimentary teeth are situated. In Schizopholis, the rudimentary cardinal walls of Kutorgina are fully developed, the delthyrium is reduced to a narrow triangular fissure, which in the latter nearly occupies the entire posterior area. Beecher has also observed that A’. cingulata has a short, perforated, deltidium in the apical portion of the ventral valve. §This family is proposed for the long-hinged forms with spondylia, the majority of which also have a well-developed deltidium perforated for the passage of the pedicle. The PENTAMERID- is restricted to the rostrate forms of essentially the same internal structure, with the deltidium usually entirely or partially obsolete in adult specimens, 152 The American Geologist. March, 1893: ~Camarella (part), Billings 1859. | Amphigenia, Hall 1867. Anastrophia, Hall 1867. Camarophoria, King 1850. Brachymerus, Shaler 1865 Stenochisma, Dall 1877; Gih- : (not Dej. 1834). re lert 1887 (not Conrad 1839)... Conchidium, Linné 1760. Stricklandinia, Billings 1863. Pentamerus, Sowerby 1813. Stricklandia, Billings 1859. Pentastere, Blainyille 1824. Sieberella. Ehlert 1887. Gypidia, Dalman 1828. Pentamerella, Hall 1867. Gypidula, Hall 1867. Antirhynchonella, | Quenstedt. 1871. Lycophoria, Lahusen 1885. 3. Family PorAmBonirip®, Davidson 1853. Porambonites, Pander 1830. Priambonites, Agassiz 1847. Isorhynchus, King 1850. Suborder Theeacea.* n. suborder. Aphaneropegmata (part), Productacea, Coralliopsida, and Kampy-- lopegmata (part), Waagen 1883; Eleutherobranchiata (part), Neu-- mayr 1888; Cryptobrachia (part), Gray 1848. Family BILLINGSELLID#,7 n. fam. Billingsella, Hall 1892. Family SrROPHOMENID, King 1846. Subfamily OrtTHoTHeTin ©, Waagen 1884. Strophomeninz (part), Waagen 1884. ? Orthidium, Hall 1892. Kayserella, Hall 1892. Strophomena, Blainville 1825. Derbya, Waagen 1884. Hemipronites, Meek 1872(not | Meekella, White and St. Johm Pander 1830). 1870. *Theca,acover. Having reference to the deltidium of one piece covering the delthy- rium or triangular fissure in the apical portion of the ventral valve. The THECACEA differ chiefly from the TRuLLAcEA, from which they were derived, in being without the- complete internal spoon or spondylium. See note to TRULLACEA. +Those primordial species essentially orthoid in structure, but with a large deltidium and a nore or less complete chilidium, have been referred to Billingsella by Hall. The- writer is of the impression that Béllingsella or some closely allied genus gave origin to the Orrurp®, ane that the former were derived from some species also having, in addi- tion to the above mentioned characters, a spondylium, or essentially a Clitambonites. The progression towards Orthis from Clitambonites appears to have been in first elim- inating the spondylium by attaching it to the bottom of the ventral valve, thus forming the dental plates and the somewhat elevated muscular area of Billingsella. The next step is to remove the deltidium and chilidium and to develop a more pronounced cardinal process to produce an Orthis. This is the course of development in geologic sequence. In Orthis deflecta Conrad, sp., there is a deltidium, which in some individuals is large and in others covers but one-half the delthyrium. In mature 0. fricenaria Conrad and. 0. pectinella Emmons, of the Trenton formation, there is present a small convex del- tidium and chilidium which in species of later faunas become nepionic characters and. are obsolete during nealogic and ephebolic growth. The STROPHOMENID® may also have had their origin in some form related to Billings— ella, but the data are as yet insufticient to establish clearly its line of development. Classification of the Brachiopoda.—NSchuchert. -Orthothetes, Fischer de Waldb. 1837. Orthis, King 1850 (not Dal- | man 1828). 153 ? ?Badiotella, Bittner 1890. Triplecia, Hall 1859. Dicraniscus, Meek 1872. Hipparionyx, Vanuxem 1843. Mimulus, Barrande 1879. Streptorhynchus, King 1850. Streptis, Davidson 1881. Subfamily RAFINESQUIN®,* n. subfam. Leptzenacea, Braun 1840; Orthisidee (part), d’Orbigny 1847; David- -sonidz, King 1850; Strophomenine (part), Waagen 1884. Rafinesquina, Hall 1892. Leptzena, Dalman 1828. Leptagonia, McCoy 1844. Strophomena, Meek 1873 (not Blainville 1825). Plectambonites, Gthlert 1887 (not Pander 1830). Stropheodonta, Hall 1850. Brachyprion, Shaler 1865. Douvillina, Gthlert 1887. Leptostrophia, Hall 1892. Pholidostrophia, Hall 1892. Strophonella, Hall 1879. | Amphistrophia, Hall 1892. Leptella, Hall 1892. Plectambonites, Pander 1830. Leptzena,. Davidson 1853; (Ehlert 1877 (not Dalman 1828). Tropidoleptus, Hall 1859, ? Vitulina, Hall 1861. Leptznisca, Beecher 1890. ‘Christiania, Hall 1892. Davidsonia, Bouchard 1847. Subfamily CApomELLIN#/, Munier-Chalmas 1887. Cadomella, Munier-Chalmas 1887. Family TuEecipup®,t Gray 1840. Subfamily Tuecipun®, Dall 1870. Thecidium, Sowerby 1824. Thecidia, Defrance 1822. Lacazella, M.- Chalmas 1880. ~Thecidiopsis, M.- Chalmas 1887. Thecidella, M.- Chalmas 1887. Kudesella, M.- Chalmas 1880. Pterophloios, Giimbel 1861. Bactrynium, Emmerich 1855. (In error. Not Bactrillium, Herr.) | Davidsonella, | 1880. M.- Chalmas *The relative form of the valves in this subfamily, with one exception, Strophonella, is the reverse of that in the OrtHoTHEtin®. The valves are nearly always one convex (ventral), the other concave (dorsal), gansing the visceral cavity to be very shallow. The cardinal process is also somewhat differently constructed, +The THEcipip# usually are resi with or near the TEREBRATULID”®. Beecher has shown (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xuiv, p. 141, 1892) that their affinities are with the strophomenoids. There are no calcareous brachial By ches nor deltidial plates in Thecidium, as are more or less completely developed in all terebratuloids. The charac- teristic markings of the dorsal valve are homologous with those in Leptwenisca, David- -sonia, and the so-called ‘treniform markings” of the PropucTiIp®. The American Geologist. March, 1893: Subfamily Lyrrontin a2, Waagen 1883. Lyttonia, Waagen 1883. Leptodus, Kayser 1882. Oldhamina, Waagen 1883. Family Propuctip®, Gray 1840. Productina, Giebel 1846 ; Chonetinze and Productinz, Waagen 1884. Chonetes, Fischer de Waldh. 1837. Leptzena, McCoy Dalman 1828). Anoplia, Hall 1892. Chonetella, Waagen 1884. Chonostrophia, Hall 1892. Chonetina, Krotow 1888. Chonetella, Krotow 1884 (not Waagen 1884). Daviesiella, Waagen 1884. Productella, Hall 1867. Productus, Sowerby 1812. Pyxis, Chemnitz 1784. 1844 (not Producta, G. B. Sowerby 1825. Arbusculites, Murray 1831. Protonia, Linck 1830 (not Ra-- finesque). Marginifera, Waagen 1884.. Proboscidella, Gihlert 1887.. Etheridgina, (Ehlert 1887. Chonopectus, Hall 1892. Strophalosia, King 1844. Orthothrix, Geinitz 1847. Leptzenulosia, King 1845. Aulosteges, Helmersen 1847. 2? Aulacorhynehus, Dittmar L3¥1: Isogramma, Meek and W.. 1873. Family RicutHoreNip®, Waagen 1885. Richthofenia, Kayser 1881. Family OrrHip®,* Woodward 1852. Orthisidze (part), d’Orbigny 1847; Orthinz and Enteletinz, Waagen 1884. Orthis, Dalman 1828. Orthambonites, Pander 1830. { Plectorthis, Hall 1892. | Hebertella, Hall 1892. Schizophoria, King 1850. Orthotichia, Hall 1892. | Enteletes, Fischer de Wald. \ - 1830. Syntrielasma, Meek 1865. Dinorthis, Hall 1892. - Plesiomys, Hall 1892, Orthostrophia, Hall 1883. ( Dalmanella, Hall 1892. | Heterorthis, Hall 1892. | Bilobites, Linné 1775. | Dieeelosia, King 1850. Rhipidomella, Ehlert 1890. Rhipidomys, (Ehlert 1887 (not Wagner.) Platystrophia, King 1850.. *It is not intended, by placing the OntHID™® at the end of the order PROoTREMATA, to suggest an aberrant development or their derivation from the Propuctip&, for it is be- lieved that the orthoid stock had its origin in the BILLINGSELLID&. All orthoids are with- out the spondylium of the TRULLACEA, and cannot, therefore, be placed in that suborder, while the absence of a deltidium at maturity places the Orruin# after those families haviug this plate in all stages of growth. For other observations see note to BILLINGs~ ELLID®. Classification of the Brachiopoda. Nehuchert. 155 Order Telotremata,* Beecher 1891. Kampylopegmata (part), Waagen 1883; Pegmatobranchiata (part), Neumayr 1883. Suborder Rostracea,? n. suborder. Family RuyNcHONELLIDH, Gray 1848. Hypothyrid (part), King 1850; Rhynchonellinee, Waagen 1883. Rhynchotrema, Hall 1860. Rhynchotreta, Hall 1879. Uncinulus, Bayle 1878. Hypothyris, King 1846 (not Phillips 1841). Stenochisma (Conrad 1839), Hall 1867. Rhynchonellina, Gemmellaro 1871. Dimerella, Zittel 1870. Cryptopora, Jeffreys 1869. Atretia, Jeffreys 1876. Neatretia, GShlert 1891. Rhynchonella, Fischer de Wald. 1809. Oxyrhynehus, Llhwyd (not Aristotle). Rhyngonella, Bronn 1849. Bicornes, Quenstedt 1851. Uncinulina, Bayle 1878. Halorella, Bittner 1890. Austriella, Bittner 1890. Katonia, Hall 1857. ? Branconia, Cagel 1890. Leiorhynechus, Hall 1860. Rhynchoporina, @hlert 1887. Rhynchopora, King 1856 (not Illiger and Latreille). ‘Terebratuloidea, Waagen 1883. Acanthothyris, d’ Orbigny 1850. Norella, Bittner 1890. Hemithyris, dOrbigny 1847. Peregrinella, (Ehlert 1887. 1699 ?Family Eicowanpip#,{ n. fam. Yichwaldia, Billings 1858. Dictionella, Hall 1867. *The TELOTREMATA during nepionic and early nealogic growth have an open triangular fissure or delthyrium in the apex of the ventral valve through which the pedicle emerged. In later nealogic and ephebolic growth, the fissure is more or less closed anteriorly through the development from the mantle of two plates, one from each wall of the del- thyrium, which usually coalesce centrally. These plates are known as the ‘‘deltidial plates.” In suchforms as Cyrtia, Cyrtina, and Syringothyris, where the ventral cardinal area is very ie the deltidial plates are anchylosed, the mantle in this region becoming continuous and the plate growing as one piece. The TELOTREMATA, therefore, develop a covering to the delthyrium in an entirely different manner from the other orders during nealogic and ephebolic growth. +Rostrum, a beak. The genera of this suborder are rostrate shells without a spon- dylium or any calcareous brachial supports other than short or long, straight or slightly curved, freely terminating crura. In the HeLtcorremarTa, the latter consists of two cal- careous spiral lamellie, while in the ANcyYLoBRACHIA there is a loop. tThe genus Hichwaldia is very peculiar in not having a distinct articulation of the valves as in other ArrHRopoMATA and further in the Siphonotreta-like pedicle open- ing. hese characters are considered by some writers to indicate affinities with the Ly- OPOMATA, and itis to this subclass the genus has been doubtfully referred by authors. In Hichwaldia there is, however, a method by which articulation takes place consisting of narrow grooves along the lateral edges on the dorsal valve and corresponding ridges or teeth in the ventral. The writer thinks that Hichwaldia had its origin either in the RayNcHONELLID® or PENTAMERID#, and not directly through any inarticulate phylum; that the peculiar ped- icle opening is a modification of the open or closed triangular delthyrium of rostrate species, just as the nepionie circular foramen in Siphonotreta becomes changed to an elongate fissure by progressing anteriorly through the shell. 156 The American Geologist. March, 1893 Suborder Helicopegmata,* Waagen 1883. Spiriferacea, Waagen 1883. Family Arryeip#,t Dall 1877. Subfamily ZyGosprrin®, Waagen 1883. Anazygidee (part), Davidson 1884. Zygospira, Hall 1862. Glassia, Davidson 1882. Stenocisma, Hall 1847 (not | Coelospira, Hall 1863. Conrad 1839; Hall 1867). Leptoccelia, Hall 1857 (not Anazyga, Davidson 1882. 1859). Orthonomeea, Hall 1858. Anoplotheca, Sandberger 1856 Subfamily Atrypina&%, Waagen 1883. Atrypa, Dalman 1828. Griinewaldtia, Tschernyschew Cleiothyris, Phillips 1841 (not 1885. King 1850). -? Karpinskya, T'sch. 1885. Spirigerina, d’Orbigny 1847. Family Sprrirerip#®,{ King 1846 (emend Davidson). Martiniinee and Reticulariinse, Waagen 1883; Spiriferinidee, David- son 1884. 1. Subfamily Surssiun#, Waagen 1883. Cyrtina, Davidson 1858. - | Suessia, Deslongchamps 1854. Delthyris, Dalman 1828. Mentzelia, Quenstedt 1871. Spiriferina, @Orbigny 1847. 1’. Subfamily Uncrrina, Waagen 1883. Uncites, Defrance 1825. 2. Subfamily TRIGONOTRETIN®, n. subfam, Delthyrine (part), Waagen 1883. Cyrtia, Dalman 1828. Spirifer, Sowerby 1815. Syringothyris, Winchell 1863. Choristites, Fischer de Wald. 1825. Spirifer, Meek and H. 1864. Martinia, McCoy 1844. Trigonotreta, Koenig 1825; Meek and Hayden 1864. *The HELICOPEGMATA are distinguished in having two calcareous, simple or double, ‘spirally enrolled, brachial supports, which may or may not be attached to each other by a variously constructed band or ‘‘loop.*’ The direction of the spirals, their connection with the hinge plate andthe mature of the loop are considered of prime importance in classifying the genera of this suborder. External characters are not always even of generic value. +In this family the apices of the brachiaare medially or dorsally directed. The loo in the ZYGosPrrin& is a simple eonnecting band, which in adult ATRYPIN& is disunited, having free ends. Inthe Arryprp# and SPrRIFERID®, the primary lamell are straight from their attachment to the crural plate to near the anterior margin, and do not recurve near their point of origin, as in the NucLEosprrip# and ATHYRIDA. +The SPIRIFERID& are usually much elongated along the hinge line, have postero- jaterally directed brachia joined by a V-shaped loop in the Surssun# and UNCITINA, while in the TrRIGONOTRETIN® the loop is obsolescent and consists of two prongs ter- minating freely, one attached to each primary lamella. Classification of the Brachiopoda.—Schuchert. 157 Spiriferus, Blainville 1827. Spirifera, J. de C. Sowerby 1835. Brachythyris, McCoy 1844. Fusella, MeCoy 1844. Hysterolithus,Quenstedt 1871. Martiniopsis, Waagen 1883. Amboceelia, Hall 1860. Reticularia, McCoy 1844. Family NucLeospirip#&,* Davidson 1882. Retziine and Dayine, Waagen 1883; Anazygide (part), Davidson 1884. Dayia, Davidson 1882. Hindella, Davidson 1882. Nucleospira, Hall 1858. Retzia, King 1850. Trigeria, Bayle 1878. Rhynchospira, Hall 1859. Trematospira, Hall 1857. Kumetria, Hall 1864. ? Acambona, White 1862. ? Uncinella, Waagen 1883. Family ArHyrip#,t Phillips 1841. 1. Subfamily ArHyRIN&, Waagen 1883. Meristina, Hall 1867. Spirigerella, Waagen 1883. Athyris, Davidson 1853 (not | Dioristella, Bittner 1890. McCoy 1844), ; Amphitomella, Bittner 1890. : Whitfieldia, Paes 1862. Plicigera, Bittner 1890. Bifida, Davidson 1882. Ar ; Tetractinella, Bittner 1890. Re ty Athyris, McCoy 1844. Pentactinella, Bittner 1890. Actinoconchus, McCoy 1844. Kayseria, Davidson 1882 c , 5 re OOK, Spirigera, d’Orbigny 1847. } 5 : ate Buthyris, Quenstedt 1871. Diplospirella, Bittner 1890. Euractinella, Bittner 1890. Anomactinella, Bittner 1890. ; Cleiothyris, King 1850 (not Pexidella, Bittner 1890. Phillips 1841). Anisactinella, Bittner 1890. Seminula, McCoy 1841. 1.’ Subfamily MERISTELLIN®, Waagen 1883. Meristella, Hall 1860. Pentagonia, Cozzens 1846. Goniocoelia, Hall 1861. Merista, Suess 1851. Camarium, Hall 1859. ? Clorinda, Barrande 1879. Charionella, Billings 1861. *In the NucLeosprrip# and ArHyriD® the brachia are directed laterally. The primary lamelle are straight but for a short distance from their point of attachment, then bending backward, recurve to form the spiral cones. In the SprrireRtD# they remain direct. The apex of the V-shaped loop in the NucLgosprrip& terminates in a more or less long simple process, which may be hooked at its outer end. +The apex of the V-shaped loop has two processes which, in the ATHYRIN, are first short and then become elongated to such an extent that they enter between the first and second revolution of the primary lamellie of each cone, and in some genera continue to the apex of the brachia. In the MEerIsTELLIN«, the two processes of the loop bend upon themselves, return, and join at their point of origin, thus resembling the Panacea of a pair of scissors. ’ 158 The American Geologist. March, 1893 Family Koninckinip®, Davidson 1853. Koninckininze and Amphiclinine, Waagen 1883; Diplospide and Diplospiridze, Munier-Chalmas 1880. Koninckina, Suess 1855. ? Thecospira, Zugmeyer 1880. Amphiclina, Laube 1865. ? Amphiclinodonta, Bittner Koninckella, M.-Chalmas 1880. 1890. Suborder ANCYLOBRACHIA,* Gray 1848 (Kmend). Ancylopoda and Cryptobrachia (part), Gray_1848 ; Kampylopegmata and Terebratulacea, Waagen 1883. Family TEREBRATULID&, Gray 1840. Subfamily CENTRONELLINE, Waagen 1882. Meganterinze, Waagen 1882. Hallina, Winchell and Schuchert | Centronella, Billings 1859. 1892. Cryptonella, Hall 1863 (not Rensselaeria, Hall 1859. 1861, 1867.) Newberria, Hall 1891. Cryptonella, Hall (1861?) 1867. Renscolandia, Elallaeey Juvavella, Bittner 1888. Meganteris, Suess 1856. Nucleatula (Zugmayer) Bittner 1890. ? Notothyris, Waagen 1882. Subfamily STRINGOCEPHALIN®, Dall 1870. Stringocephalidz, King 1850; Davidson 1853. Stringocephalus, Defrance 1827. | ? Cryptocanthia, White and St. John 1868. Subfamily TEREBRATULIN®, Dall 1870. Dielasma, King 1850. Glossothyris, Douville 1880. Epithyris, King 1850 (not | Pygope, Link 1830. Phillips 1841). Diphyites, Schroter 1799. Seminula, McCoy 1855 (not Pugites, de Hann 1833. 1844). Antinomia, Catullo 1850. Dielasmina, Waagen 1882. ? Propygope, Bittner 1890. Terebratula, Llhwyd 1699. Liothyrina, Gihlert 1887. Sacculus, Llhwyd 1699. Epithyris, Desl. 1862 (not King Lampas, Meuschen 1787. 1848). *This suborder is characterized by having a calcareous loop for the support of the brachia. Some authors have regarded the length of the loop as of subfamily importance but this the writer does not consider as of yreat value in classification. The work of Friele, Deslongchamps, Davidson, Fischer and (hlert and others, has shown that in certain forms the loop passes through various stages of growth, or metamorphoses. In another set of genera, the TERABRATULID&, the loop does not pass through any transi- tional stages. Upon this basis the genera have been arranged tentatively by Dr. Beecher and the writer. However, much yet remains to be worked out regarding the loop and the dental and septal plates in the fossil forms, before any permanent classification of the genera into families is possible. Geratology has also been taken into account, as a number of genera have partially or entirely lost their brachial supports. Classification of the Brachiopoda.—Schuchert. 159 Terebratularius, Dumeril Gryphus, Megerle 1811 (not 1806. Brisson 1760). Nucleata, Quenstedt 1871. Liothyris, Douville 1880 (not Musculus, Quenstedt+ 1871 Conrad 1875). (not Klein 1753.) Terebratulina, d’Orbigny 1847. = ee = E Hemipty china, Waagen 1882. Kuealathis, Fischer and hlert Rheetina, Waagen 1882. 1890 oat 4 5) a Zugmeyeria, Waagen 1882. Avulhasia, King 1871. Dictyothyris, Douville 1880. Disculina, Deslongchamps 1884. Family ? DyscoLtip®, Fischer and Ghlert 1892. Dyscolia, Fischer and Ghlert 1890. Family TEREBRATELLID®, King (Emend Beecher 1893). Waldheimide, Douville, 1880; Waldheimiinae, Waagen 1882. Subfamily DALLININ«®, n. subf. Beecher. Dallina, n. gen. Beecher. Type | Eudesia, King 1850. Waldheimia septigera Loven. Orthotoma, Quenstedt 1871. Macandrevia, King 1859. Trigonella, Quenstedt 1871. Zeilleria, Bayle 1878. Lacqueus, Dall 1870. Fimbriothyris, Deslong. 1884. Frenula, Dall 1871. Ornithella, Deslong. 1884. Ismenia, King 1850 (not Dall | Microthyris, Deslong. 1884. 1871). Aulacothyris, Douville 1880. Kingina, Davidson 1852. Camerothyris, Bittner 1890. Kingia, Schoenbach 1867. Epicyrta, Deslong. 1884. Lyra, Cumberland 1816. Terebrirostra, d’Orbigny 1847 Trigonosemus, Koenig 1825. Fissurirostra, d’Orbigny 1847. Fissirostra, d’Orbigny 1848. i Delthyridea, King 1850. ? Cruratula, Bittner 1890. Flabellothyris, Deslong. 1884. | ? Orthoidea, Friren 1875. Cincta, Quenstedt 1871. Antiptychina, Zittel 1883. Plesiothyris, Douville 1880. ? Hynniphoria, Suess 1858. Subfamily, PLaripin#®, Dall 1870. Platidia, Costa 1852. Morrisia, Davidson 1852. Subfamily Megatuyrin®, Dall 1870. Argiopide, King 1850; Megathyridee, Ghlert 1887; Argiopid, Davidson 1884; Argiopinze, Davidson 1887. 160 The American Geologist. March, 1893: Megathyris, d’Orbigny 1847. Zellania, Moore 1854. Argiope, Deslongehamps 1842 | Gwynia, King 1859. (not Savigny and Audouin 1827). Cistella, Gray 1850. Subfamily MAGELLANIN&, n. subf. Beecher. Waldheimid (part), Douville, 1880; Terebratellinee, Davidson. Magellania, Bayle 1880. Neothyris, Douville 1880. Waldheimia, King 1850 (not Brulle 1846). Terebratella, d’Orbigny 1847. Ceenothyris, Douville 1880. Delthyris, Menke 1830 (not Dalman 1828). Ismenia, King 1850 (not Dall 1870). Waltonia, Davidson 1850. Magasella, Dall 1870. Subfamily MaGasina, Davidson 1887. Magaside (part), d’Orbigny 1847, King 1850; phe (part),. King 1850; Muhlfeldtine, Ghlert 1887. Magas, Sowerby 1816. Mannia, Dejpalgue 1874. Bouchardia, Davidson 1849. Rhynchorine, (Ehlert 1887, Pachyrhynchus, King 1850. ? Rhynchora, Dalman 1828. Muhlfeldtia, Bayle 1880. Megerlia, King 1850 (not Rob- ineau Desvoidy 18380). Subfamily KRraAvssiInin#, Dall 1870. Krausside (part), Davidson 1870. Kraussina, Davidson 1859. Megerlina, Deslongchamps Kraussia, Davidson 1852 (not 1884. Dana 1852). Classification of the Brachiopoda.—Schuchert. 161 GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRACHIO- Fam. PATERINID#. Paterina, Beecher. Fam. OBOLID 4. Obolella, Billings. Elkania, Ford. Neobolus, Waagen. ‘Obolus, Eichwald. ? Spondylobolus, McCoy. Fam. TRIMERELLID&. ? Lakmina, (Ehlert. Dinobolus, Hall. Monomorella, Billings. Trimerella, Billings. Rhynobolus, Hall. Fam. LINGULELLIDA. Lingulella, Salter. Lingulepis, Hall. Leptobolus, Hall. Paterula, Barrande. ? Mickwitzia, Schmidt. Fam. Lineunip®. Lingula, Bruguiére. Glossina, Phillips. Dignomia, Hall. ‘Glottidia, Dall. Barroisella, Hall. ‘Thomasina, Hall. Fam. LINGULASMATID®. Lingulops, Hall. Lingulasma, Ulrich. Fam. TREMATID®. Discinolepis, Waagen. Trematis, Sharpe. Schizocrania, Hall & Whitf. Schizobolus, Ulrich. (Ehlertella, Hall. ? Monobolina, Salter. Fam. Discintp&. Orbiculoidea, d’Orbigny. Schizotreta, Kutorga. Lindstreemella, Hall. Reemerella, Hall. Discina, Lamarck. Discinisca, Dall. Fam. AcRoTRETID A. Iphidea, Billings. Acrothele, Linnarsson. Linnarssonia, Walcott. Discinopsis (Matthew), Hall. Acrotreta, Kutorga. Conotreta, Walcott. PODA. PALZ0OZOIC. Mesozoic. C £NOZOIC. rad a S hal Z Saline Sie ct Ea CH | =] = Q een | 2 (sa FS 3 Sf a ae 5 : = eS See lex | a || ee AT as Sera as eee tome el at Se sellers. | Se). els (vs PON esate On Dicer es feed || | PR | Bilal] ms}a |& HrRl/O/;/H|]C|& =z man 2 oe EE ee \ ey | | . ae gee Woes SS OO ess eee ee BEE goons Cn ed a meee CE GG ee ee ee eee Se ass 162 Primordial. PAL#OZOoICc. Lower Silurian. Silurian. ? Mesotreta, Kutorga. ’ Volborthia, von Moller. Fam. SIPHONOTRETID&. Siphonotreta, de Verneuil. Schizambon, Walcott. ? Keyserlingia, Pander. ’ Helmersenia, Pander. Fam. CRANIID®. Crania, Retzius. Craniella, (Ehlert. Cardinocrania, Waagen. Ancistrocrania, Dall. Craniscus, Dall. Pholidops, Hall. Pseudocrania, McCoy, Fam. KurorGinip.2. Kutorgina, Billings. Schizopholis, Waagen, Fam. CLIrAMBONITID&. Clitambonites, Pander. Polyteechia, Hall. Protorthis, Hall. Hemipronites, Pander. Scenidium, Hall. Fam. PENTAMERID&. Camarella (part), Billings. Anastrophia, Hall. Conchidium, Linné. Pentamerella, Hall. Gypidula, Hall. Amphigenia, Hall. Camarophoria, King. Stricklandinia, Billings. Sieberella, @hlert. — Antirhynchonella, Quenstedt. Lycophoria, Lahusen. Fam. PORAMBONITID®. Porambonites, Pander. Fam. BILLINGSELLID®. Billingsella, Hall. Fam. STROPHOMENID®. Subfam. OrRTHOTHETIN A. ? Orthidium, Hall. Strophomena, Blainville. Orthothetes, Fischer de Waldheim. Hipparionyx, Vanuxem. Streptorhynchus, King. Kayserella, Hall. Derbya, Waagen. Meekella, White and St. John. Triplecia, Hall, Mimulus, Barrande. Street Davidson. ’ ? Badiotella, Bittner. [PII L | |_| | Devonian, The American Geologist. Permian and Carboniferous. March, 1893: Mesozoic. C ANOZOIC. Triassic. Jurassic. Cretaceous. Tertiary. Quarternary. Classification of the Brachiopoda.—Schuchert. 168 Subfam. RAFINESQUIN-£. Rafinesquina, Hall. Leptiena, Dalman. Stropheodonta, Hall. Pholidostrophia, Hall. Strophonella, Hall. Leptella, Hall. Plectambonites, Pander. Leptienisca, Beecher. Christiania, Hall. Davidsonia, Bouchard. Tropidoleptus, Hall. ? Vitulina, Hall. Subfam. CADOMELLIN-£. Cadomella, M.- Chalmas. Fam. THECIDIID-£. Subfam. THECIDIIN-#. Thecidium, Sowerby. Lacazella, M.- Chalmas. Thecidiopsis, M.- Chalmas. Thecidella, M.- Chalmas. Eudesella, M.- Chalmas. Pterophloios, Gambel. Davidsonella, M.- Chalmas. Subfam. Lyrronin®. Lyttonia, Waagen. Oldhamina, Waagen. Fam. Propuctip_£. Chonetes, Fischer de Wald. Chonetella, Waagen. Chonostrophia, Hall. Chonetina, Krotow. Daviesiella, Waagen. Productella, Hall. Productus, Sowerby. Proboscidella, (Ehlert. Etheridgina, (hlert. Chonopectus, Hall. Strophalosia, King. Aulosteges, Helmersen. ’ ¥ Anlacorhynchus, Dittmar. Fam. RiciTHOFENID ©. Richthofenia, Kayser. Fam. Orruip®. Orthis, Dalman. Plectorthis, Hall. Hebertella, Hall. Schizophoria, King. Orthotichia, Hall. Enteletes, Fischer de Wald. Dinorthis, Hall. Plwesiomys, Hall. Orthostrophia, Hall. Dalmanella, Hall. Heterorthis, Hall, silobites. Linné, PaL£ozolIc. Mesozoic. C £NOZOIC. : a a 5 3 22 Shh EAS ig ae 2 a — — — : = . = “SJ s =| See eS) ° =| Blolelelesiglalslel sia S oO it 3 a =< + an 3 & B = ieee |e leaks | Sse lal s (=) ° = D2 120] & s = o o a GSlAl|n{ A iy EARS eS Eg lh ce el — r= St fougg SSS Se eee SEC eee = ee as a | ees | eee | _—— eee ee eT. ner wee =e a = | 164 The American Geologist. March, 1893 PAL#ZOZOIC. MEsozoic. C#NOZOIC. = = — . a) a =) ea a . 2 es) — as cow Pa co ~7 Slani¢d|s |g@slo]/S) eo) ee Bolg | ao |e |S olcm |e) [eon ees a | 2 | | oS ley on lay css eee ees BE | 81 & Ves] Soe eters A = 2 1DMO)] & = a o = 2 BIH IAIAIN~1e2 ila /Olael|ele Rhipidomella, Ghlert. iat a Platystrophia, King. hee Fam. RHYNCHONELLIDE. a er era ae rar Rhynchotrema, Hall. se Rhynchotreta, Hall. ca Tae Uncinulus, Bayle. Brae Hypothyris, King. pe Stenochisima, Conrad. = Leiorhynchus, Hall. oa Rhynchoporina, Ghlert. Seat Terebratuloidea. Waagen. Oi Re ee P| eS ee a Rhynchonella, Fischer de Wald. Mas) es Austriella, Bittner. ees Acanthothyris, d°Orbigny. pe Norella, Bittner. — — Hemithyris, d’Orbigny. ates Peregrinella, (Ehlert. == Rhynchonellina, Gemmellaro. — Dimerella, Zittel. —_ Cryptopora, Jeffreys. ae te Eatonia, Hall. ee: ? Branconia, Cagel. Fam. EICHWALDUD®. => am Eichwaldia, Billings. —|_ Fam. ATRYPIDE. = Subfam. ZyGosPirin &. a Zygospira, Hall. == Glassia, Davidson. — Ccelospira, Hall. | = |S Anoplotheca, Sandberger. | == | Subfam. ATRYPIN #. = Atrypa, Dalman. =| Grunewaldtia, Tschernyschew. = y Karpinskya, T'sch. =a Fam. SPrRiFERID#. == oso ae GS oe Subfam. Srvesstin&. woe oe |e Cyrtina, Davidson. =| 9 | es Delthyris, Dalman. =o Spiriferina, d°Orbigny. a Suessia, Deslongchamps. — Mentzelia, Quenstedt. — Subfam. UNcITiIn &. — Uncites, Defrance. an Subfam. TRIGONOTRETIN &. SS Cyrtia, Dalman. =. 6 Syringothyris, Winchell. : ° Martinia, McCoy. >| aera ees Martiniopsis, Waagen. will, = Amboceelia, Hall. Reticularia, MeCoy. _—=|—"|_ Spirifer, Sowerby. [| Soell e Fam. NUCLEOSPIRID®. ——eE = Dayia, Davidson. = Hindella, Davidson. a Classification of the B | Primor dial Nucleospira, Hall. Retzia, King. Rhynchospira, Hall. “Trematospira, Hall. Eumetria, Hall. ? Acambona, White. ? Uncinella, Waagen. Fam. ATHYRID£. Subfam. ATHYRIN&. Meristina, Hall. Bifida, Davidson. Athyris, McCoy. Cleiothyris, King. Seminula, McCoy. Spirigerella, Waagen, Diori-tella, Bittner. Amphitomella, Bittner. Plicigera, Bittner. Rayseria, Davidson. Diplospirella, Bittner. Pexidella, Bittner. Anisactinella, Bittner. Subfam. MERISsTELLIN &. Meristella, Hall. Pentagonia, Cozzens. ‘Charionella, Billings. Merista, Suess. ? Clorinda, Barrande. Fam. KonincKINID®. Koninckina, Suess. Amphiclina, Laube. Koninckella, M.- Chalmas. 2 Thecospira, Zugmeyer. ? Amphiclinodonta, Bittner. Fam. TEREBRATULID&. Subfam. CENTRONELLIN ®. Hallina, Winchell and Schuchert. Rensseleria, Hall. Newberria, Hall. Meganteris, Suess. Centronella, Billings. Cryptonella, Hall. Juvavella, Bittner. Nucleatula (Zugmeyer), Bittner. ? Notothyris, Waagen. Subfam. SrrivcocePHALin x. Stringocephalus, Defrance. ? Cryptacanthia, White and St. John. Subfam. TEREBRATULIN &. Dielasma, King. Dielasmina, Waagen. ‘Terebratula, Lihwyd. Hemiptychina, Waazen. Rhwtina, Waagen. Zugmeyeria, W aagen, Dictyothyris, Douville. Glossothyris, Douville. huchert. 165 PAL#ZOICc. MEsozoic. C £NOZOIC. é z 3 4 = . laet a oe a P| = - |a2 cule lez — = bas! : ° al = - iS ae" ae o Q e io=] = Nn S a |/56/ © = 3) a = & Fel PS ESE sl ae a i res = T= Oe ey | on rea) Boe) oe |e} Be ia els isselelelf\ele = C pb] & Sala bas le ls |O le | ele The Triassic forms be- ? | ? /long to other genera. —— P| .-— __15_-___38 ld =e fee SS ee — 7 te = Sn eww ame eee SS ee es ee ee ee — os | oe —_ | SE ees se a | | >. —|— | —_— — — |—- 166 The American Geologist. PAL -®0ZOIC. Mesozoic. Silurian. Lower Silurian. Primordial. Devonian. Permian and Carboniferous. Triassic. March, Cretaceous, | Tertiary. Quarternary. Pygope, Link. ? Propygope, Bittner. Liothyrina, (Ehlert. Terebratulina, d°Orbigny. Eucalathis, F. and O. Agulhasia, King. Disculina, Deslongchamps. Fam. DyscoLup®. Dyscolia, Fischer and (hlert. Fam. TEREBRATELLID£. Subfam. DALLININ ®. Dallina, Beecher. Macandrevia, King. Eudesia, King. Lacqueus, Dall. Ismenia, King. Kingina, Davidson. Lyra, Cumberland. Trigonosemus, Koenig. Flabellothyris, Deslongchamps. Zeilleria, Bayle. Fimbriothyris, Deslong. Ornithella, Deslong. Microthyris, Deslong. Aulacothyris, Douville. Camerothyris, Bittner. | Epicyrta, Deslong. Cincta, Quenstedt. Antiptychina, Zittel. Plesiothyris, Douville. ? Hynniphoria, Suess. ? Cruratula, Bittner. ? Orthoidea, Friren. Subfamily PLaTimDuNn &. Platidia, Costa. Subfam. MEGATHYRIN &. Megathyris, d°Urbigny. Cistella, Gray. Zeliania, Moore. Gwynia, King. Subfam. MAGELLANIN &. Magellania, Bayle. Neothyris, Douville. Terebratella, d’Orbigny. Coenothyris, Douyille. Subfam. MAGAsrin-r. Magas, Sowerby. Bouchardia, Davidson. Muhlfeldtia, Bayle. Mannia, Dewalque. Rhynchorinew, Ehlert. | LARP ET AEE Tal leskaioet) ——— ee EE Ee ee SS || | 1893 CNOZOIC, | | | | Recent. New Coccostean — Coccosteus Cuyahogew.—Claypole. 167 PALZOZOIC. MEsoZzoIc. C £NOZOIC. Z E os = . ect uss) t > cl = : |2 2 3 = | = =| = : 5 : =| =| 5 =) ape Ss bades She he} el oe Oo | Se | ae Wie lees DL s Set RE || es) e(S/=/8 leel2/e/s/2/48] & 22H et eS ead airs) | rong =a bande 2) Lol ° can o DO ial = Lal o = 2 Ble} nla la Hit Olea |e] rs ?Rhynchora, Dalman. aa Subfam. KRAUSSININE. — Kraussina, Davidson. | — Megerlina, Deslongchamps. a Number of genera appearing in each] 5, | ,, : | t. system. ws di 41 40 36 24 35 10 1 ‘ 11 186 FM ie A A = 99 . ae nw Q¢ a > Genera occurring in a system. 78 See Gi ete ees ae Be oe a iW Genera restricted to one system. 18 | 24 | 20 | 85 | 83] 21) 21) 7) O i Number of genera derived from pre- | a e : ceding systems. ( 4) 23) | 29) tb > 9h 20) | 1S! |) te 16 Number of genera passing from one ( x , period to the next above it. \ i 13 [PaALeoNTOLOGICAL NOTES FROM BucHTEL CoLLEGE, No. 3.] A NEW COCCOSTEAN-—COCCOSTEUS CUYA- HOGZ-. By E. W. Cuaypo ge, Akron, O. Fias. 1 anp 2. The ‘‘Old Red Sandstone” of Scotland furnished Hugh Miller with the original fossils on which the name Coccosteus was placed, and for which his now classic description was drawn up. He recognized several species but these have since been reduced to two by merging several into his first and chief form C. decipiens which, with (. minor, comprises probably all that he discovered. Since his time, however, others have been brought to light but as these are not all described from the same plate or part of the skeleton it is scarcely possible at present to correlate them. The structure of the genus is however fairly well understood so that little doubt exists concerning the position and relation of the various plates of the head and body. But of a few minor features and of the difference between the species in matters of detail much yet remains to be learned, 168 The American Geologist. March, 1893 The forms recognized by Mr. A. 8. —— Woodward in his recent catalogue are as follows: Coccosteus decipiens Ag., 1844. Lower Old Red Sandstone. Coccosteus minor H. Miller, 1858. Lower Old Red Sandstone. Coccosteus hercynius H. v. Meyer, 1852. Lower Devonian. _¥ Coccosteus disjectus A. 8. Woodward, 1891. oe! eS Upper Old Red Sandstone. ¥ Coccosteus obtusus H. Trautschold, 1889. f : Devonian. b g Coccosteus occidentalis Newberry, 1875. Lower Devonian (Corniferous). Besides these there are several insufti- ciently described or uncertain fragments 4 referred hither by different authors. \ i Yet another species was described in 1889 by Whiteaves as Coccosteus acadicus from the Lower Devonian of Campbell- ton, New Brunswick. i There are therefore at least five species % known from Europe and two from North America. The fishes of this genus are not large, the original (”. decipiens measuring only about sixteen inches in length and its jaw, as figured by Miller, in «‘The Old | Red Sandstone” is scarcely two inches long. Norwere any of the rest of larger size. ‘The two American species whose jaws are unknown can be estimated by the dorsal plates which vary but little in length from those of C. decipiens. Of (. acadicus numerous specimens have been found showing both dorsal and ventral surfaces and these have been fully illustrated by Mr. Whiteaves, the paleontologist to the Geological Survey of Canada, in his ‘Illustrations of the Devonian Fishes of Canada.” Of C. occidentalis only two plates and these are known—the medio-dorsal and the medio-lateral were found by the late Mr. J. H. Klippart, of Columbus, Ohio, in the Corniferous limestone of Delaware, O. No reasonable New Coccostean— Coccosteus Cuyahoge.—Claypole. 169 doubt can exist concerning their nature, though of the latter only the inner face is exposed. If as Dr. Newberry has suggested (See Pal. of Ohio, p. 306, vol. 1) the jaw there described as Liognathus spathulatus really belongs to C. occidentalis (a suspicion not yet proved) we shall be in a position to compare it with the jaw of ( decipiens with which in size it exactly corresponds, though differing widely in the dentition. In this character it more nearly approaches the dinichthyid pattern. Possibly, however, this connection if proved may have the effect of removing C. occidentalis from its present generic position rather than that of introducing Liognathus. Coccosteus thus ranges through the Devonian in both continents, C.hercynius and C. occidentalis coming from the lower and all the other species from the upper strata. It is therefore of nota little interest to record the occurrence of Coccosteus at another and a higher horizon in Ohio. The specimen is remarkable also for its large size, far exceeding any of those already known. It was found by the veteran collector, Dr. W. Clark, of Berea, O., in the Cleveland shale near that town and close to the horizon which has yielded Dinichthys and the other armor-clad fishes with which paleontologists are now fa- miliar. The fossil is the left ramus of the lower jaw and measures five and a half inches in length. Some part of the spatulate end is missing and at least another half inch must be added to complete it. Obviously therefore it belonged to a coccostean far surpass- ing in size any of the rest. If we assume that the jaw was only six inches long it was then at least three times as large as that of C. decipiens or nearly four feet from nose to tail, and was a very giant among its fellows. At the same time, as may be seen at once by consulting the figures, no doubt regarding its affinity can be entertained. There are the mandibular teeth, eight in number, on the upper edge of the mandible just in front of the middle, less sharp and regular than represented by Hugh Miller but not less characteristic. In front are the symphysial teeth-(or rather their bases for the teeth themselves have been broken off) projecting inward toward those on the opposite ramus. These are three in number. H. Miller 170 The American Geologist. March, 1893 speaks of five but figures six in (. decipiens and they appear to vary from three to eight in different species. They are shown in the smaller figure (2) which is a view of the inner front edge of the mandible fortunately exposed on the very edge of the slab of shale and carrying the three bases of the symphysial teeth with great distinctness. It would be useless here to enter on a discussion of the mode of using this peculiar dentition, unparalleled in the animal king- dom and only approached by that of Onychodus and Diplognathus (and perhaps Liognathus). The vertical row of teeth on the edge of the jaw led H. Miller to his conclusion that Coccosteus united the dentition of a beetle or some similar invertebrate to the general structure of a vertebrate animal. ‘This conclusion was the more pardonable because in his early specimens the teeth on the ramus of the jaw were missing. Subsequent discoveries led the illus- trious Scotchman to modify, though scarcely to abandon, his first conclusion and to leave the structure of this anomalous mouth as a puzzle to his successors, which it remains to this day. It is just possible, though I am not aware that any specimen yet found bears out the supposition, that the two mandibles of Coccosteus did not close on each other so as to form a sutural union. In fact the presence of these symphysial teeth almost renders this structure necessary. We now know that in some kindred forms, such as. Dinichthys, there were intermandibular teeth which met and fitted against similar intermaxillary teeth in the upper jaw. If some similar arrangement existed in Coccosteus holding the two rami assunder at a small distance, opportunity would be afforded for the employment of the projecting sym- physial teeth. The small size of all the previously known species may account for the non-discovery of such a plate even if it ex- isted. It may be that the tooth-bearing bone of Onychodus lends some countenance to this suggestion but failing its actual production we can only at present speculate on the possibilities in the case of Coccosteus. Whatever may be the ultimate solution of this anatomical enigma it seems impossible that the symphysis of Coccosteus can have been a close one. For this new species is proposed the name of Coccosteus cuyahoge, connecting it with the region in which it was discov- ered by Dr. Clark. Pleistocene Papers, Ottawa Meeting of GS. A. 171 It comes from one of the lowest beds of the Cleveland shale, a horizon which has thus far yielded only an as yet undescribed species of Titanichthys. Some other fragments are also in the hands of Dr, Clark but cannot at present be described. The chief of them is a much broken plate, apparently dorso-medial, which corresponds in size to what would be expected, being about three times as large as the similar plate of C. decipiens. These, however, must await further discoveries. PLEISTOCENE PAPERS READ AT THE OTTAWA MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. Among the papers read and discussed at the recent meeting of the Geological Society of America in Ottawa, Canada, December 28, 29, and 30, 1892, the following related to the glacial drift and history of the Pleistocene period. Distinct glacial epochs, and the criteria for their recognition, By R. D. Satispury. The question concerning how much de- crease and ensuing re-advance of ice-sheets should constitute an interglacial epoch is to be answered by (a) the distance of the glacial recession, (4) the length or shortness of the time between successive advances of the ice, (c) climatic changes in the area of the oscillations, and (d) intervening geologic changes or move- ments of uplift or depression of the land. The criteria for discrimination of ice invasions so distinct as to be properly called separate epochs were considered under the fol- lowing heads: 1. Forest beds intercalated between deposits of till. These do not necessarily indicate truly interglacial conditions, but are to be so interpreted if their species belong to a temperate climate or to one as warm as now in the same locality, also if they have a great geographic extent. 2. Bones of land animals fossil in strata with till beneath and above. 3. Lacustrine or marine fossiliferous beds underlain and over- lain by till, if they denote a climate as temperate or mild as now. 172 The American Geologist. March, 1893: 4+. Beds of subaérially deposited glacial gravel and sand, with till above them. These gan seldom be shown to have sufficient extent to prove an interglacial epoch, but are corroborative when occurring with other evidences. 5. Differential weathering, which is dependent on length of time and warmth of ciimate. If a former land surface of glacial drift deeply weathered has a great northward extent under a later sheet of till, it is acceptable proof of an interglacial epoch; but the preservation of such a soil layer would be fragmentary and local. On many tracts the erosion by the later ice invasion wholly removed the interglacial soil and stratified deposits, with their fossils and forest bed. 6. Different amounts of subaérial erosion on areas of the older and newer drift. On some tracts of the former it appears to be ten times more than of the latter. : 7. Valleys excavated between successive depositions of till. These are especially important if eroded in rock, and most so when far inside the limits of the newer drift. 8. Successive different directions of the ice movement on the same ground, as shown by striz and transportation of drift. Within any single epoch of glaciation gradual changes in direction of the glacial currents were produced by variations in the extent and thickness of the ice and especially by its unequal and irregu- lar melting during its stages of retreat; but where the changes were abrupt they indicate distinct epochs. 9. Varying altitudes and slopes of the land. If a tract like the basin of the Mississippi river was at one time in the Ice age low and afterward much higher, it would imply a long interven- ing time; and if the record of this change as shown by the glacial deposits seems sudden, this would probably be due to an inter- glacial epoch. 10. Vigor and sluggishness of ice action. During the time of maximum extent of the glaciation in the Mississippi basin the action was sluggish, but afterward was vigorous when the mo- raines of retrocession were accumulated. Some of these criteria may be sufficient singly to prove distinct glacial epochs; but when several or nearly all of them furnish concurrent testimony of such epochs, they seem equivalent to a mathematical demonstration. In the discussion of this paper, Prof. G. FrREpERIcK WRIGHT Pleistocene Papers, Ottawa Meeting of GS. A. 103 referred to the observations of Torell, Holst, and others, on the exposure of the englacial and superglacial till to full oxidation and weathering, while the subglacial till was protected by its position beneath the ice. The larger amount of erosion of the outer and older portions of the drift sheet seems attributable to its longer exposure where the drainage from the waning ice- sheet passed over it. Mr. W J McGee would add, as another criterion of an inter- glacial epoch, difference in the origin and size of boulders in the older and newer drift, as in northeastern Iowa. Nodules of bog iron ore in the Iowa forest bed, implying a long interval of forest growth, are striated by the succeeding ice incursion. Prof. ©. H. Hrrcncock remarked that the amount of oscilla- tion of the ice-front to be ranked as a division between glacial epochs must be a difficult question to be determined by every glacialist according to his own judgment, unless it can be shown that the ice-sheet was almost or entirely melted away and after- ward was anew accumulated. In New England and the eastern provinces of Canada probably as many terminal moraines are recognizable as in the upper Mississippi region, but these all in both regions seem referable to stages of slight interruption in the decline of a single ice-sheet. No support for an interglacial epoch is found in fossiliferous marine beds between deposits of till on our Atlantic coast, for such beds are absent, excepting where, as at Portland, Me., and St. John, N. B., they imply only a moderate re-advance of the ice interrupting its general de- parture. Stream erosion during the Ice age may have proceeded very rapidly where the land was much higher than now. Mr. WaArrREN Urnam, referring to the first three of Prof. Salisbury’s criteria, thought that the rapidity of departure of the ice-sheet, as shown by the eskers, associated plains and plateaus of gravel and sand, and the valley drift, implies for the closing stage of the Glacial period fully as warm summers close to the border of the retreating ice as at the present time in the same latitudes. Therefore a temperate flora and fauna would exist near the retreating ice. But the terminal moraines show that at various times the general glacial retreat was interrupted by secu- lar changes in the climatic conditions bringing increased snowfall and a halt or re-advance of the ice. If at such times it advanced only a few miles, the fossils of the beds covered by the later till 174 The American Geologist. March, 1893 would include temperate species of forest trees, of land animals, and of mollusca where the ice pushed into lakes or the sea. Changes in the altitude and slopes of the land, shown by suc- cessive moraines and the accompanying gravel, sand, and silt deposits, which Prof. Salisbury would regard as evidence of suc- cessive glacial epochs, may have taken place within a few hun- dred years, as the area of the glacial lake Agassiz was differ- entially uplifted, to a maximum of 400 feet or more, during the departure of the ice-sheet from that area, which yet appears to have occupied only about 1,000 years. Croll’s astronomic theory of the cause of the Ice age has led glacialists both in Europe and America to search for evidences of successive glacial and interglacial epochs; but the recency of the final departure of the ice-sheets, besides other arguments, shows that this theory is untenable, although it has been exceed- ingly useful in leading to careful and widely extended observa- tions. It now therefore seems more probable that the Ice age was a period of continuous glaciation, with moderate fluctuations of the boundaries of the ice-sheets during both their general growth and decline. ; Dr. Ropert BELL spoke of layers of peat and lignite between deposits of till on the Nissinaibi and Kenogami rivers, tributary to James bay, while loose fragments of lignite probably derived from similar layers, are found on the Albany and Churchill rivers. It may be doubted, however, whether the successive ice incursions should be regarded as distinct epochs, since the several bound- aries of the ice-sheets, shown by the limits of the diverse drift sheets and courses of the terminal moraines, are nearly parallel with each other. Prof. B. K. Emerson noted the general absence of indications of interglacial conditions in New England, excepting very slight oscillations of the ice-border during its retreat, such as at one locality in the Connecticut valley gave three successive deposits of till with intercalated clays containing fossil leaves of subarctic plants. Professor SALISBURY, in closing the discussion, objected to arguments on this subject based on studies of the regions covered and much eroded by the latest glaciation, as New England and the greater part of Canada. The proper areas for the discrimina- tion of these epochs lie along the borders of the drift sheet. Im- Pleistocene Papers, Ottawa Meeting of G. S.A. | -! - ~ portant changes of altitude, even though they may have taken place in a short time, seem sufficient for discrimination of distinct epochs, but these are proved by concurrence of all the criteria cited. Pleistocene phenomena in the region southeast and east of Lake Athabasca, Canada. By J. B. Tyrreti. This paper described a large region extending from lake Athabasca to Cree, Hatchet, and Reindeer lakes. The striation ranges mainly from south- west to due west, being nearly at right angles with the south- southeastward and southward striation of the vicinity .of Winni- peg and lake Manitoba. On the Archean gneissic and granitic rocks till is usually scanty, but on the contiguous tracts of sand- stone it occurs in larger amount and is sometimes amassed in plentiful and prominent drumlins. One of the most noteworthy areas of drumlins is crossed by the outlet from Hatchet lake to lake Athabasca, and another is the district of Cree lake. Many typically oval and steep drumlins rise as islands in Cree lake to hights of 100 to 200 feet and are surrounded by water 70 feet deep near their bases. Eskers are also well developed in various parts of this region, together with plateaus and plains of gravel and sand, deserted river channels, and beaches of glacial lakes 150 feet or more above the existing lakes. In discussion, Prof. Hircucock asked whether all the striz observed about lake Manitoba run south-southeasterly and southerly, to which Mr. Tyrrevr replied in the affirmative. Prof. Wricur inquired whether the Laurentian boulders of Assiniboia and Alberta were brought across the region of lakes Winnipeg and Manitoba. Mr. Tyrrett answered that more probably they were brought from portions of the Archeean belt farther northwest, as about Reindeer and Athabasca lakes. Mr. UrnaAm remarked that the occurrence of the drumlins only on limited tracts, while the greater part of the country explored had none, is like their distribution in the regions where they had been described previously in northwestern Manitoba, the northern United States, and southern New Brunswick. Dr. BELL directed attention to an early southwestward glacia- tion of the Reindeer lake and Athabascan region, by which the Laurentian boulders were probably carried thence across the Canadian extension of the Great Plains to the Rocky mount- ains, 176 The American Geologist. March, 1893 Notes on the glacial geology of the Northeast Territories. By A. P. Low. A large region reaching from Hudson bay south- asastward to lakes Nistassini and St. John was described in this paper. The interior of the country east of Hudson bay is mostly 1,500 to 2,000 feet above the sea, being a moderately hilly Archean plateau, more or less covered with drift and commonly sprinkled with innumerable boulders. All the drift and courses of striation are explainable by the action of land-ice, which flowed outward to the west, south, and east from the watershed that divides the streams tributary respectively to Hudson bay and the Atlantic. The material of the drift is mainly of local origin, but some boulders are known to have been transported 200 miles. A chain of islands extending from south to north in the east part of James bay is a terminal moraine. These islands are un- stratified drift, rising to maximum hights of 150 to 200 feet. They were submerged for some time after their accumulation, for | fossil marine shells are found in stratified beds overlying the till along the rivers flowing into the east side of Hudson and James bays to a distance of 40 miles inland, and the continuation of these deposits rises to an altitude of 670 feet. The ice-sheet here was probably thicker, and the Champlain submergence greater, than on the Labrador coast. The hight of the Bay of Fundy coast in the Glacial Period rela- tive to sea level, as evidenced by marine fossils in the boulder clay at Saint John, New Brunswick. By Ropert CHAutmers. Close west of the harbor of St. John, N. B., the boulder clay or till encloses layers of stratified clay which hold marine shells. The till rises 40 to 60 feet above the sea and forms a tract about a half mile wide, overlapped on its borders by Leda clay and Saxi- cava sand. On the adjacent and underlying rock surface inter- secting glacial striz bear 8. to $. 65° E., referred to the astro- nomic meridian. Directly north of this place are the rock hills known as Carleton hights, on which the striation bears 8. 2° E. and §. 16° W. The materials forming the boulder clay came from rock outcrops on the north. Boulders are plentiful up to 8 or 10 feet in diameter. The upper part of the till is less com- pact than the lower, and landslips are frequent. Several sections. of the till were described in detail, showing that it encloses thin layers of clay and sand with many shells of Yoldia (Leda) Pleistocene Papers, Ottawa Meeting of G. S.A. ATT arctica, and a few of Saxicava arctica and five or six other species. At the bay of Chaleurs and in other parts of New Brunswick fossiliferous marine beds resting on the till show that this region was depressed 175 to 220 feet during the Champlain epoch or time of departure of the ice-sheet. The St. John sec- tions indicate several slight oscillations of the ice-front, as if it repeatedly retreated to the Carleton hills and re-advanced from them a short distance into the sea. The deposition of the Ledaclay ensued immediately after the recession of the ice. Mr. Upruam said,in discussion of this paper, that the occurrence of Yoldia arctica as the only plentiful species in the intercalated clay layers of the St. John sections implies that the front of the ice- sheet was near. This species is now found living only in the Arc- tic ocean and thrives most, according to the observations of Baron de Geer in Spitzbergen, near the mouths of streams discharged from glaciers and muddy with the fine silt of their erosion. The abandoned strands of LakeWarren. By ANDREW C, LAw- son. As the author was not present, and had not forwarded this paper, it can be reported only by the following abstract sent by Dr. Lawson for the preliminary announcements of this meet- ing. The strands of lake Warren, on the north side of lake Superior, up to an elevation of 1,200 feet above sea level, are postglacial. It was not an ice-dammed lake. There was an outlet northward corresponding to one of its higher stages. A postglacial depres- sion of central Canada whereby the James bay slope was covered with marine sediments to a present altitude of 450 feet above tide and only 150 miles distant from lake Superior is correlated with the maximum fullness of lake Warren,and the subsequent uplift is cor- related with its subsidence. The strand lines show no evidence of deformation. In the absence of ice dams and of a gorge of per- manent drainage, the level of lake Warren could only have been lowered by epeirogenic depression along its southeastern margin, that is, in the region south of lakes Huron and Michigan, which depression is thus coeval with the postglacial uplift of central Canada. High terraces and beaches are known to extend along the north side of lake Huron from Sault St. Marie eastward,and they are reported on the high lands of the peninsula of Ontario; so that lake Warren must have been the greatest of the known late Qua- 178 The American Geologist. March, 1883 ternary lakes. Its area is roughly estimated at 150,000 square miles. * The Pleistocene history of northeastern Iowa. By W J McGer. This paper was a partial resume of the author’s memoir of this title in the Eleventh Annual Report of the U. 8. Geological Sur- vey, now in press. Two incursions of ice from the north have each spread a drift sheet upon this district, and in each case only little of the drift can be ascribed to a loeal origin. Probably 95 per cent. of both the earlier and later till and of the associated stratified deposits came from areas north of Lowa. Boulders of small size, comprising many of hornblende schist characterize the lower and older till, while the upper till has many large boulders of granitoid and gneissic rocks, usually occurring of all sizes up to 15 feet in diameter. Often much larger boulders are found, and one was mentioned having a diameter of 47 feet. A very remarkable feature of the early glaciation of this dis- trict is the absence of glacial striz, except in one isolated locality, on the bed rocks of a drift-covered country about 16,000 square miles in area. Not all of the preglacial residuary clay was re- moved, and no glacial erosion of the underlying rocks took place. Between the first and second ice incursions forests grew on this area and their remains forma forest Ded of abundant logs and branches, with occasional peat accumulations, encountered by nearly every well of whole townships and traceable over several counties, lying between the lower and the upper till. The eastern part of the district is covered with loess, and the western border of the loess has a descent like a terrace 10 to 20 feet or more, to the surface of the sheet of till which stretches thence westward upon the tract that was covered by the Minne- sota and Iowa lobe of the ice-sheet while the loess was being de- posited. Upon the till area loess occurs here and there forming ridges much higher than the surrounding land. These ridges named paha, trend in parallelism with the movement of the ice- *A different view, which regards lake Warren as a glacial lake, held by the barrier of the retreating ice-sheet on its northeast side and at- taining at its maximum stage probably only about half as great area as supposed by Dr. Lawson, is stated by G. K. Gilbert in “History of the Niagara River,” Sixth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara, for 1889, pp 61-84, with three maps (also in the Smithsonian Report for 1890), and by Warren Upham in Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 11, pp. 258-265, and vol. rir, pp. 484-487. “I a Pleistocene Papers, Ottawa Meeting of G. S.A, 1 sheet, and were deposited, like the gravel and sand eskers of other regions, in ice-walled channels of glacial rivers during the departure of the ice. In the ensuing discussion, Prof. SALISBURY spoke of the ex- emption of the residuary clay and later of the forest bed from erosion by the ice invasions as phenomena of the marginal por- tions of the areas covered by the ice-sheets, while their inner and central portions were deeply eroded. Prof. C. R. VAwn Hise referred to the large size of the boulders in the later drift, which would suggest their probable derivation from a previously unglaciated region. Mr. Upuam remarked that the preservation of the preglacial soil and of the forest bed shows that the ice in both its incursions rolled onto this district, with little or no sliding and eroding action of its basal portion, bringing its drift enclosed within the ice instead of pushing or dragging the drift beneath it which would have been attended with much erosion of the bed rocks at the first and of the forest bed at the later incursion. In the northwest part of Iowa, on the west side of this ice lobe, the Altamont or outermost moraine divides an area of till at the east from an area of loess 20 to 50 or even 100 feet higher at the west, showing the same relationship of the loess deposition to the contemporaneously ice-covered country as is found by Mr. McGee in northeastern Lowa. Not only the paha, or loess ridges, and eskers, but also drumlins, in their parallelism of trends with the ice movement, afford as reliable evidence of the direction of that motion as glacial strie. Dr. Bret stated that the hornblendic rocks of the Iowa lower till are abundantly developed northeast of lake Superior, while granites and gneiss predominate farther west. Mr. McGex, in closing the discussion of this paper, said that both the older and the newer drift of this district were probably transported in the same manner, whether subglacially or englaci- ally. The consideration mentioned by Prof, Van Hise may be indicative of a very long interglacial epoch between the two ice invasions, sufficient for deep stream erosion, the isolation of cliffs and pinnacles of rock by weathering, and the production of boulders by disintegration of the bed rocks on the area of the earlier glaciation. [To BE ContTINUED. | 180 The American Geologist. March, 1893 MAN AND THE GLACIAL PRI ANTIQUITY ON MAN IN HASTERN NortH AMERICA. By N.S. Suater, Cambridge, Mass. Some years ago after reading the most of the literature con- cerning prehistoric man in northern Kurope, seeing the collec- tions of the remains which had been gathered and examining some of the most indicative localities, | undertook certain deliberate inquiries to see what evidence of a similar nature could be found in this country. The first point I endeavored to examine lay in a field which otherwise interested me, that occupied by our caverns of the Ohio valley. Noting the fact that primitive man had extensively resorted to the caverns of the old world and had left there extensive accumulations of bones, his own and those of species on which he fed,with many other evidences of his pres- ence, [ expected to find similar deposits in our caves and rocks. A good deal ot fruitless work led me to the conviction that cave dwellers never existed in the Appalachian district in the way they did in northern Europe. In 1869 I made extensive excavations at Big Bone Lick in Kentucky, partly with the hope of finding human remains mingled with the abundant bones of extinct mammalia which occur in the deposits of mud at that point. Here again I gathered only negative evidences which went to show that primitive man never hunted the elephant, the mastodon, the Ovibos and other large animals which frequented this region about the time of the glacial period, probably when the ice lay over the region north of the Ohio. As this field would have been an excellent hunting ground for early man, as it was for their successors, the red Indians, and the frontiersmen, it seemed to me strange that I could not find a single trace of man below the level occupied by the living bison which evidently comes to this district in.modern days. In this superficial layer made up mainly of bison bones, I found a number of arrow or spear heads. It also seemed to me important to trace the remains of the ‘smound builders” or early American Indians backward or downward to see if they graduated into those left by yet earlier varieties of man; with this idea in mind Man and the Glacial Period. 181 1 searched the banks of the Ohio and its tributaries for a distance of a hundred miles or more to see if the sections of its alluvium might show human or art remains of another kind than those derived from the known indigenes of this country. This work also proved substantially fruitless. Traces of savage man ap- peared at many points but they were all superficial; in the deeper parts of the sections I found nothing which could fairly create a suspicion that a really ancient member of the species had dwelt in this valley. Whenever | could establish anything like time ratios they seemed to show that man had not been at work in this part of the country for more than one or two thousand years. I attach little importance to these efforts | made to show the an- tiquity of these remains but the result of many such endeavors was to incline me to the view that the oldest of them did not, much, if at all, antedate the Christian era. I have made little mention in print of my efforts to trace the existence of man in the region east of the Mississippi, partly for the reason that the evidence gained was purely negative and as such was of no great value; it'seemed likely to be overthrown by subsequent inquiry. The only positive conclusion which I at- tained was to the effect that man had never taken to our caves or hunted our larger herbivora in the way he did in EKurope, and if he occupied this part of the continent in the time when he was settled in the old world his habits were peculiar. After these resultless efforts to get upon the trail of a primitive man in the eastern part of the Mississippi valley and at other parts in the southern Appalachians. I undertook in a more general way to search for such evidence in the New England district. Here too I failed to ascertain anything which could be eround for two reckoned as proof that man had been on the g thousand years; in fact I have seen nothing which raised a pre- sumption of his presence for half that time in the region north of New York. There is no clear evidence, however, as to the length of his sojourn in this district which is known to me. It is perhaps well to Say that at every stage of my enquiries both in New England and in the Ohio valley I have always found accommodating persons who were ready to supply me with just such evidence as they knew I desired to obtain. I remember a clever person near Cumberland gap who found ancient pipes ‘‘galore’’ in most improbable places; they were excellent antiques except as to 182 The American Ceologist. March, 189%- the tubes which when broken showed a singular irregularity in the penetration of the decay. I have had an excellent medallion of «a Kuropean face tendered me with ample affidavits to prove that it was taken from compact upper Silurian beds in southern Ken- tucky, and in a more eastern locality a kindly farmer tried to sell me a swamp in which he was certain that | would find mammoth and other remains: he seemed, indeed, prepared to guarantee the importance of the prospective discoveries. By no means all of these helpful people seemed to be actuated by a desire for gain; many of them were clearly moved by a sincere wish to help a fellow to secure some pleasure in his way of life, and incidentally to see whether he was well informed as to the nature of living man. These negative and positive bits of evidence tended to- make me rather critical of all the discoveries which I have seen or heard of which appear at first sight to show that man was in the region east of the Mississippi antedates the close’ of the last glacial epoch. I do not think, however, that [ have been more: of a skeptic than it is wholesome to be in such enquiries where above all else it is necessary to maintain a state of doubt, until the facts array themselves in a clear manner. While in this state of mind I saw the Trenton gravels where Dr. C. C. Abbott has made his important researches. During my examination of Dr. Abbott's localities, which was very hurried, [ saw only enough to convince me that the Trenton beds. é contained an abundance of chipped flints which have much the: aspect of those which have been rudely shaped by human agency. At the same time I felt how difficult it was to account for their presence in the deposits if we supposed them to be the work of man. It was hardly reasonable to imagine that they were dropped into the water at the time when the beds were forming and to suppose that they were on the surface of the country whence the glacial waste came before the advent of the ice called fora yet more trying feat of the imagination. It was not difficult to find in New England deposits in history corresponding to the Trenton gravels and to: these graded by Dr. Abbott's valuable discoveries and to these I addressed myself as opportunities were presented. I found readily enough that the sand plains of southern Rhode Island and southeast- ern Massachsetts deposits found on the seawardside of the mo- raines of the last ice epoch to which | have given the name of ‘:frontal aprons’here and there contained chipped pebbles which to Man and the Glacial Period. 183 my eye at least resembled those from Trenton, though none of them are so artificial in appearance as the specimens from that locality. Finally in the washed gravels of Nantucket I came upon a field where chipped stones were numerous and they seemed to me essentially like those from New Jersey. There were differences in the artificial looking bits from the two districts but these varia- tions could, it appears to me, be accounted for by the unlikeness of the rocks whence the materials come. Approaching the problem with some care I at first made a col- lection of the artificial looking stones which I found on Nantucket, endeavoring to ascertain the range in size and in the departure from perfectly normal pebbles. The results of this inquiry are set forth in Bulletin 53,of the U. S. Geol. Survey; briefly stated they are as follows: ‘The apparently washed bits of this section vary in size from those less than half an inch in diameter to those weighing many pounds, and a foot or more inlength. The varia- tion in the measure of departure from the form of the ordinary pebbles is great; some of the fragments showed only a trace of fracturing on the edges and would not arouse any suspicion of artifice, others were so shaped that it is difficult to resist the con- clusion that they have been deliberately shaped by man. It became evident to me that if one searched these deposits of washed drift with the eye prepared to find implements, an uncon- scious choice was made of those having forms which would place them in this category; if, on the other hand, every chipped stone was taken the variety thus gathered was so great that it soon be- came at once embarrassing and instructive. It was made plain that somewhere near one per cent. of the flatter pebbles in certain parts of the deposit were thus chipped. The specimens were not exactly similar to those which I found in place at Trenton, but the difference was apparently due to diversity in the nature of the materials of which these fragments were composed. The evi- dence seemed to me irreconcilable with the supposition that these fractured stones were due to the work of man. They were too numerous and too varied in form, many of them could not have been chosen by the most primitive man with the intention of adapting the original form to any use. The only reasonable ex- planation seemed to be that which I offered in the above men- tioned report, Bulletin No. 53,U. 8. Geol. Survey. This is in . effect as follows: When pebbles of any rock which contains 184 The American Geologist. March, 1893 numerous undeveloped joints for a time lie in a position where they may be affected by decay the incipient fracture planes are thereafter easily opened by a relatively slight strain. Such a stress applied to the pebbles which now lie in our modified drift will often lead to the chipping of the stones. There is much evi- dence going to show frequent advances and recessions of the glacier during the last ice period; each of the pauses of the on- going would be likely to give a chance for the process of decay to take effect. In the next advance of the ice one can readily believe that the movement developed the incipient fractures and polished the new made facets by the friction brought about in the moving mass of pebbles and sand. I do not intend to say that all the artificial looking stones which have been found in our earlier drift deposits have been formed in a purely natural way, yet | am prepared to affirm that at least one enquirer who has tried to approach the matter in a dispassionate manner has found it necessary to guard himself in a careful manner from self deception as well as against the devices of others. It is clear that there are perfectly natural processes by which pebbles may be chipped in such a manner that now and then one of them may have a very artificial aspect. Finding unquestionable stone implements on the surface or at shallow depths, within the cul- ture layer, it is natural to suppose that the lower lying chipped pebbles are ruder specimens of the same general nature. It is clear that just here we have a pitfall most dangerous for the un- wary. OLpeR Drirr IN THE DELAWARE VALLEY. A. A. Wricut, Oberlin, Ohio So large a question as the unity or duality of the glacial epoch must necessarily rest upona great variety of considerations. The only point to which reference will here be made is the question of the existence of a distinctly older drift in the Delaware valley, a region which I have examined with some care, and concerning which I will offer only the briefest summary statements. It is stated in the geological report of New Jersey for 1891 that glacial deposits exist far south of the ‘‘terminal moraine” of the “second” glacial epoch, which crosses the Delaware river at Bel- videre; that these deposits cannot be considered as the attenuated Man and the Glacial Period. 185 border of the later drift, but that they constitute one of the clearest proofs of an earlier glacial epoch. 1. The farther south these deposits are detected, the greater is the likelihood that they were independent of the later ice-sheet. Everything south of the moraine is treated as belonging to one category. A series of deposits is enumerated, beginning with Oxford Furnace and Little York, N.J., three miles south of the moraine, which all will concede are true land-ice deposits, and continuing on, without break, to ‘‘glacially striated boulders” at Monmouth Junction, N. J., thirty miles south of the moraine, ‘‘a subdued terminal moraine” eastward from Trenton, forty miles, “drift closely resembling till,’ at Falsington, just west of Tren- ton, and ‘drift’ at Bridgeport, opposite Norristown, Pa., fifty miles south of the moraine, ‘‘the southernmost point at which glacially striated material has been seen.” Since it was pointed out* thatthese southernmost deposits are all within 100 feet above tide and have doubtless been transported by water and floating ice from the glaciated area, the author quoted has, as I understand, relinquished any claim that he may seem to have made, that an ice-sheet ever,extended further south than High Bridge and Pattenburg, N. J., about thirteen miles south of the moraine. This simplifies the problem, and greatly reduces the area which needs discussion. 2. The claim is still maintained that the glacial deposits south of the moraine exhibit such superior oxidation as to prove their vastly greater age. This is a more difficult question to decide. The claim should rest upon an extensive series of comparisons, * and it should be shown (1) that the oxidation took place in situ, and (2) that it was post-glacial and not pre-glacial. The deposit at High Bridge, N. J., upon which stress is laid, certainly exhib- its a high degree of oxidation and ferrugination, but it must be clearly differentiated from the deposits nearer the moraine, («@) in that it contains little or no material that has been brought from as far north as Kittatinny mountain, (/) in that it rests in a cradle of decomposing, ferro-magnesian, Archean gneiss, into which its finer elements almost seem to graduate at the eastern end of the cut, thus suggesting that its material is mostly local and its oxi- dation pre-glacial. 3. The general composition of the deposits between the mo- *AMERICAN GrOLOGIST, X, 207. Am. Jour. Sci., xiv, 351. 186 The American Geologist. March, 1893 raine and the southern border of the glaciated area is essentially the same as that of the moraine itself, and of the deposits north of the moraine. The bowlders are mixtures (a) of similar types of granitoid rocks from the far north, (6) of easily recognizable upper Silurian rocks from a moderate distance north, (c) of local types of gneiss, lower Silurian limestone, flint, vitreous quartz and slate. In many places there are such abundant accumulations of bowlders and till that the line of the moraine could well be brought farther south than it is plotted, without doing violence to the facts. The case in New Jersey seems similar to what is known in Ohio and elsewhere, viz.: that the moraine does not mark the southernmost extension of the ice-sheet, but only the first halting place in its northward retreat. a 4 a eS ee lee Rs Se Pl ~ hewn aida ie A a 2 map Ia a ag tht oe awe pl * * a Se es a 7 . ri < ll >a * ‘ onde er cn . - 7 $+ Ste = < o2¢ teem - é av * ra" “ fn : 7 , P naar oe = «iva» 4 2f e - + ~ soee a : * ‘<2 r < “9 5 v nes + wr “ Pied é +