Vol. XXXI JANUARY, 1955 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

LINDROTH — A revision of the North American species of Europhilus,

a subgenus of Agonum with a note on Agonum belleri 1

HELFER — A change of name in Chrysobothris 14

LINSLEY and MACSWAIN — ^Two new species of Plega from Mexico.... 15

VAN DEN BOSCH and SMITH — A taxonomic and distributional study

of the species of Prodenia occurring in California 21

MALKIN — Some California species of Hyperaspis new and old 29

REES and NIELSEN — ^Additional mosquito records from Utah 31

LEECH — A new genus for Cyphon robustus LeConte 34

Proceedings — Pacific Coast Entomological Society 35

Zoological Nomenclature 20

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1955

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXI January, 1955

No. 1

A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF
EUROPHILUS, A SUBGENUS OF AGONUM
WITH A NOTE ON AGONUM BELLFRI

(Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Carl H, Lindroth

ZooL Inst, of University, Lund, Sweden

Europhilus has often been treated as a separate genus (see
Casey, 1920:125; Jeannel, 1942:890) but the characters dis-
tinguishing its members from Agoiium, s. sir., are too insignificant.
Furthermore, in the palaearctic fauna, A. antennarium Duftschmid
and sordidum Dejean to some extent represent transitional forms
(Miiller, 1934:41). The main feature characteristic of the sub-
genus Europhilus, besides the pointed, not at all truncate tip of the
last joint of the maxillary palpi, is the pubescence of the antennae,
commencing on the third joint, whereas in the other subgenera of
Agonum the third joint, except for the long terminal setae, is com-
pletely glabrous. As far as I know there are but four exceptions to
this characteristic in the North American fauna, viz., A. (Puncta-
gonum) belleri Hatch, A. (Anchus) pusillum LeConte, A. (Stic-
tanchus) anchomenoides Randall, and A. (Idiochroma) quad-
rimaculatum Horn, All of these likewise possess a more expanded
antennal pubescence. In pusillum and quadrimaculatum the pro-
thorax has a shape quite different from Europhilus, in belleri and
anchomenoides the terminal point of the maxillary palpi is evidently
truncate at tip.

In spite of these exceptions any North American member of
the subgenus Europhilus will be readily separated from other
species of Agonum, s.l., by the combination of pubescent third but
glabrous second joint of the antennae, pointed last joint of the
maxillary palpi and the glabrous elytra.

Also larval characters have been used for maintaining Euro-
philus as a genus separate from Agonum (Larsson, 1941:322).
Particular attention has been placed upon the presence of one or
more irregular incisions of the inner edge of the mandibulae out-
side the retinaculum, as well as upon the configuration of the
frontal edge of the nasale (fig. 1). To my mind these characters,

9

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

though apparently constant, do not justify a more independent
taxonomic position of Europhilus than of Platynus, S', str., Anchus,
Idiochroma, etc., likewise generally treated as subgenera of
Agonum.

Fig. 1. Left mandibula and nasale of larva of: a. Agonum (Europhilus)
thoreyi Dejean, 3rd stage (Denmark, Utterslev Mose), h. Agonum (Euro-
philus) consimile Gyllenhal, 3rd stage (Labrador, W. St. Modest), c. Agonum
s. str., ericeti Panzer, 1st stage, greater magnification (Sweden, Sodermanland,
Ricksten, ex ovo).

In general habitus Europhilus agrees with Agonum, s. str. (type
cupripenne, melanarium, etc.), but the size is usually smaller and
the prothorax proportionally narrower, always impunctate. The
number and position of dorsal setigerous punctures on or at the
third interval of elytra is subject to considerable individual varia-
tion but the number seems never to be less than four.

A remarkable confusion is prevailing among North American
Europhilus in public and private collections, as well as in the
nomenclature of species. This is largely due to the unusual vari-
ability, in size, color, prothorax form, and other characteristics,
displayed by most species. Furthermore, the form and sculpture
of the penis, which provides such excellent taxonomic characters
within the Agonum, s.str., gives very little help in Europhilus.
On the other hand, the microsculpture of elytra (investigated on
the central part of the inner intervals), the position of the basal
setigerous puncture of prothorax and the sulci of the hind tarsi,
are useful and apparently rather constant characters. Even the
colour of the antennae seems subject to little variation only.

Of the species included in this review I have seen all except

January, 1955]

LINDROTH EUROPHILUS

3

galvestonicum Casey (1920:126), described after a single male
from Texas. I failed to study the type during my visit at the
National Museum, Washington, because at that time I had no
intention to make a complete revision of the subgenus. According
to the description, and also the provenience, galvestonicum seems
to be a distinct species.

Abbreviations used :

AMN=American Museum of Natural History, New York.
BMN=British Museum, Natural History, London.
DAO=Department of Agriculture, Ottowa.

MCZ=Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
NMW=National Museum, Washington, D.C.

UMH=Zoological Museum, University, Helsingfors, Finland.

!=Specimen seen by the present author.

Key To The Species

1. Upper surface completely black with a more or less pronounced metallic

lustre. Antennae and legs black (exceptionally the basal joint of anten-
nae and the tibiae slightly piceous) 2

- At least the elytra not completely black or, if so, without metallic

lustre (in one species slightly iridescent). First antennal joint and
femora (often the whole legs) yellowish, brown or piceous 4

2. Prothorax without trace of hind angles (fig. 2a). Microsculpture of

elytra consisting of isodiametric meshes which show no tendency of
forming transverse rows 1. simile

- Hind-angles of prothorax at least suggested. Microsculpture meshes of

elytra more irregular, more or less transverse, and with tendency of
arrangement in transverse rows 3

3. Prothorax with obtuse but distinct hind-angles, the sides before them

straight or even slightly sinuate (fig. 2c). First joint of hind-tarsi
with lateral groove also on the inside. Antennae shorter 3. exaratum

— Hind-angles of prothorax suggested only (completely rounded, fig. 2b).

First joint of hind-tarsi without (or with barely traceable) inside
groove 2. consimile

4. Joints 2-4 of antennae darker than the following, almost black. All

joints of hind-tarsi (besides the lateral groves of joint 1-4) with a
sharp median carina 6. gratiosum

— No colour contrast between joint 4 and 5 of antennae. Last tarsal

joint smooth above or with a median furrow 5

5, Prothorax pale as the elytra, sharply contrasting against the black

head 6

- At least the disk of prothorax as dark as the head 7

6. Eyes small and flat 8. lutulentum

— Eyes “very prominent.” galvestonicum

I

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

7. All joints of hind-tarsi (besides the lateral groves of joint 1-4) with

a median furrow (best observed on the last joint) 4. thoreyi

- Tarsal joints smooth above - - - 8

8. Basal setigerous puncture of prothorax removed from side margin.

Antennae (with very rare individual exceptions) with 3 pale basal joints
and again paler at tip. Hind wings often reduced. - 5. retractum

- Basal setigerous puncture of prothorax touching the side margin. Only

1-2 basal joints of antennae pale. Wings always full 9

9. The 8th stria of elytra deeply impressed in its whole length. The micro-

sculpture of elytra consists of very fine and close transverse lines
without tendency of forming meshes, elytra therefore slightly irides-
cent 10. darlingtoni

- The 8th stria shallower, especially in the middle. Microsculpture of

elytra coarser, forming evident, more or less isodiametric meshes 10

10. Eyes small and very flat. Prothorax not transverse, its narrowly re-
flexed lateral part barely enlarged towards the base. Microsculpture of
elytra consisting of isodiametric meshes without tendency of forming
transverse rows ..9. dilutipenne

- Eyes strongly convex. Prothorax transverse, its side margin more widely

reflexed towards the base. Microsculpture of elytra with more irregular
meshes with slight tendency of forming transverse rows 4. sordens

Fig. 2. Prothorax of: a. Agonum (Eiirophilus) simile Kirby (paratype).
h. Agonum (Europhilus) consimile Gyllenhal (Labrador, Forteau), c. Agonum
(Europhilus) exaratum Mannerheim (lecto-holotype) . The hind-angles are
not always equally prominent in exaratum..

1. Agonum (Europhilus) simile Kirby, 1837

Black with slight brassy lustre above. — The eyes less prominent than
in the two following species. Prothorax (fig. 2a) very convex, oviform
with completely disappearing hind-angles and only slightly deplanate around
the shallow basal foveae. Elytra with more protruding shoulder part and
more sinuate laterally before apex than in the two following species and
therefore with more projected tip. The striae sharp but very fine, the in-
tervals completely flat. Length 6.7 mm.

Only the two original $$ known (BMN! ) . The locality was not
stated but is probably situated somewhere at the North Saskatche-
wan River,

January, 1955]

LINDROTH — EUROPHILUS

5

2. Agonum (Europhilus) consimile Gyllenhal, 1810
(invalidum Casey, 1924; ? fragile Mannerheim, 1853)

The identity of Casey’s species was verified by examination of
the male type from Edmonton, Alberta (NMW!). — ^The type of
fragile Mannerheim could not be found (it is not in UMH) but
the description, especially of prothorax, fits consimile very well.

Black with more or less pronounced metallic lustre above. The first an-
tennal joint and the tibiae are occasionally slightly picescent (probably
due to imperfect maturity). The antennae are slender, joints 4-10 with
straight sides, 6-7 at least twice as long as wide. — Prothorax with
obsolete hind-angles and slightly rounded sides in front of them. Elytra
as a rule with almost flat intervals but the striae are always deeper than
in simile. The only constant difference in penis from exaratum (and the
palaearctic niunsteri Hellen) is the very slight sinuation of the ventral side
just before apex (fig. 3). Length 5. 3-6. 5 mm.

Distribution: Probably transamerican. I have seen it from
Matanuska, Alaska, V.45 (J. C, Chamberlin, NMW!) ; Edmonton,

Fig. 3. Penis apex, left side view, of: a Agonum (Europhilus) exaratum
Mannerheim, h. Agonum, (Europhilus) consimile Gyllenhal, with the charac-
teristic sinuation (x).

Alberta (^‘‘invalidum Casey”) ; Churchill, Manitoba, VI,YI1L37
(W. J. BroAvn, DAO!); Ungava Bay, (Quebec (L. M. Turner,
NMW ! ) ; widely distributed in southeast Labrador, Cape Breton
Island (Nova Scotia) and Newfoundland. Circumpolar in high
latitudes.

Ecology: This species is strongly hygrophilous. It occurs in
wet bogs, as a rule close to the margin of pools and ponds, always
on spots with Carex-vegetation and a dense carpet of mosses, but
very seldom in Sphagnum, as on the whole it avoids the acid
oligotrophic and dystrophic bogs, (Vide Lindroth, 1945:49). The
larvae were found in company with the imago in Labrador and
Newfoundland.

3. Agonum (Europhilus) exaratum Mannerheim, 1853
(aldanicum Poppius, 1906)

Generally shorter than consimile, with greatest width of elytra more

6

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

evidently behind the middle. Antennae ( seen from the flat side ! ) shorter,
outer joints (4 - 10) with rounded sides, almost ovato-oblong, 6 — 7 not
at all twice as long as wide. — Prothorax varying but always with distinct
hind-angles, the sides before them as a rule slightly sinuate or at least
straight (fig. 2c). The elytral striae usually deeper with more convex
intervals. Tarsal groves more distinct (wide key). The penis with com-
pletely straight ventral profile line (fig. 3). Length 5.2 — 6.2 mm.

The difference from consimile in the microsculpture of elytra,
formerly used by me (1943:64) as a separating character, accord-
ing to the large material now at disposal, seems not to be constant.

Distribution: Besides the two typical females from Kadjak,
Alaska (UMH), I have seen a large series from Reindeer Depot,
Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territory, 28.VI.— 12.VII.1948 (W. J.
Brown, DAO!), and one small female from Baker Lake, Northwest
Territory, 29.VIII.1930 (A. E. Porsild, MCZI). In the palaearctic
region the species is known from Lena River, Siberia (type locality
of aldanicum Poppius), and from the Kanin and Kola Peninsulae
in northern Russia (Lindroth, 1945:43—44). The ecology is not
known.

4. Agonum (Europhilus) sordens Kirby , 1837
(picicorne LeConte, 1860; frosti Casey, 1924)

An examination of the type specimen of sordens (BMN ! ) con-
tradicts the opinion of Chaudoir (in LeConte, 1869:248) that it
should be the same a.s retractum LeConte. The type of picicorne
(Alb.) and five additional specimens in the collection LeConte
(MCZ) differ from sordens by the dark colour only; the penis is
identical. The synonymy of frosti Casey was verified by examina-
tion of the type ($, Maine, NMW ! ) .

This species displays a great amount of variation in colour and
in the form of prothorax and the penis is likewise slightly varying
in length and acuteness of the apical part. But these variations are
in no way coordinated and may occur even within one small
population. Therefore, there is no reason for making a division
into subspecies.

The upper surface, especially head and prothorax, often shows
a clear metallic lustre. The elytra as a rule are paler than head and
prothorax, often as bright as in dilutipenne, but sometimes quite
dark (“picicorne LeConte”). In the palest form also the side
margins of prothorax are reddish and the second antennal joint
is almost as pale as the first. The prothorax is clearly transverse and
in this respect, as in others, the species is very similar to consimile.

January, 1955]

LINDROTH — EUROPHILUS

7

but the two species are sufficiently separated by colour characters
(vide key) and furthermore sordens has a pronounced longitudinal
groove also on the inside of the first joint of hind-tarsi (in consimile
at most a trace of it) . An examination of the penis fails to dem-
onstrate any useful difference between sordens and consimile so the
two species must be closely related. Length 5,3— 6.5 mm.

Distribution: A transamerican species, occurring from New-
foundland and Labrador to Washington (Gray & Hatch, 1941) and
British Columbia (coll. Fall, MCZ!).

Ecology: On moist, open places with sparse vegetation, often
with tiny mosses on the ground (not Sphagnum) , but not neces-
sarily at the border of open water.

5. Agonum (Europhilus) retractum LeConte, 1848
(collusoT Casey, 1920; facile Casey, 1920; serenum Casey, 1920)

The interpretation of the species (including genital slide) was
made on LeConte’s male type from Lake Superior (MCZ!). The
synonymy of the three Casey species was verified by examination
of the types (NMW 1 )

Piceous black, the outer margin of prothorax and the elytra as a rule
paler. Legs and base of antennae, usually the 3 first joints, rufous. (In a
dark specimen from Newfoundland the entire antennae are piceous.) El-
ytra shorter oviform, with more rounded sides, than in the other species.
The tarsi are shorter compared with the tibiae than in any other species.
From gratiosum, to which it bears the greatest resemblance, sufficiently
separated by the tarsal sculpture and the colour of antennae (vide key),
and also by the microsculpture of elytra forming more clearly transverse
meshes which tend to be arranged in transverse rows. — The penis is slenderer,
more arcuate, with more pointed apex. Concerning the wing dimorphism in
this species, vide Darlington, 1936. Length 6.3— 7.6 mm.

Distribution: Eastern States, Eastern Canada, west to Lake
Superior.

Ecology: The habitat of this species is different from that of
other American Europhilus, It is a true forest insect living in-
dependently of water in moderately moist debris of leaves, ferns,
etc. in shady places under bushes and hardwood trees, in the com-
pany of Calathus micropterus ingratus.

6. Agonum (Europhilus) gratiosum Mannerheim, 1853
( picipenne var. c, Kirby, 1837 ; mficorne LeConte, 1850 nec Goeze, 1777 ;
lenum or lene auct., e.g. Casey, 1920: 130, nec Dejean; symmetricum Casey,
1920; pToperans Casey, 1920; antiquum Notman, 1922; ? carri Casey, 1924)
As lecto-holotype I have selected a female labelled ‘‘^Anch, gra-
^£o5t^s'Mnh. Kadjak”, Alaska (Holmberg, UMHI), as lecto-allotype

8

THE PAN-PACIFJC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

male an example from the same locality in collection LeConte
(MCZ!). The latter has been compared and found identical with
the type of ruficorne LeConte from Lake Superior (MCZ ! ) . That
Kirby’s var.c of picipenne, characterized by the colour of antennae,
belongs here, has been assumed by all students but, of course, his
name cannot be used because the f.typ. is thoreyi (confirmed on
the types in BMN!) . Dejean’s lenum likewise, mainly according to
the description of the colour of antennae, must be referred to
thoreyi. The two Casey names of 1920 (NMW! ) as well as anti-
quum Notman (AMN ! ) were interpreted on the types. The latter
name was established on an unusually narrow (immature and
probably abnormal) form. As to carri Casey, unfortunately I
made no note of it when studying the Casey collection and the
synonymy with gratiosum here suggested is based on the descrip-
tion of -the colour of antennae.

This species is easily recognized by the colour of antennae
and the tarsal carina described in the key. The body is piceous
black, the legs pale rufous. The microsculpture of elytra is more
irregular and its meshes less pronounced isodiaraetric compared
with thoreyi but the tendency of forming transverse rows is less
evident than in retractum. The wings are always fully developed,
with reflexed apical part, but comparatively so weak and small that
the insect probably lacks the power of Alight. Length 6.7— 9.1 mm.

Distribution: Transamerican. Described from Alaska, also
known from British Columbia (MCZ! DAO!), Northwest Territory
(Fort Simpson, Coll, LeConte!) and Washington (Gray & Hatch,
1941) . Common in the East, north to south Labrador.

Ecology: This species usually lives on firmer and drier ground
than the other members of the subgenus, but as a rule in the
neighborhood of standing waters. It prefers open, often clayish or
peaty ground with short sparse vegetation of grasses, Carices, etc.

7. Agonum (Europhilus) thoreyi Dejean, 1828
(lenum Dejean, 1828; picipenne Kirby, 1837; gemellum LeConte, 1879)

Dejean’s lenum has usually been associated with gratiosum
(or any of its synonyms) , first by Chaudoir (in LeConte, 1869:248) ,
later by Casey (1920:130). But it is not clear whether Chaudoir
studied any typical specimen of lenum, or not. At any rate De jean’s
careful description of the colour of antennae excludes gratiosum
and, as far as I can see, lenum can be applicated to no other North
American Europhilus than thoreyi. The characters mentioned by

January, 1955]

LTNDROTH EUROPHILUS

9

Dejean as separating lenum from his thoreyi, including puellum,
both described in the same paper (1828), are unimportant in this
unusually variable species. Kirby’s picipenne (f. typ.) has been
generally misinterpreted (concerning his “var.c”, vide gratiosum).
LeConte first put it to lutulentum (1873:323), later to dilutipenne
iJ-879:58). Only Casey (1920:127) used the name for thoreyi
(verified in his collection, NMW!). I have seen the type of
picipenne (BMN ! ) . The identity of geinellum LeConte was verified
by examination of the male type from Vancouver, British Colum-
bia (MCZ ! ) , including a genital slide.

Thoreyi is easily distinguished from all other members of the
subgenus by the median furrow of its hind-tarsi, including the last
joint. The closest relatives are lutulentum and dilutipenne, with
similar form of head and prothorax, which agree in the perfectly
isodiametric microreticulation of elytra. Length 6.4^8.7 mm.

The form occurring in North America is “puellum Dejean”,
with uniformly dark upper surface. The “f.typ.”, with pale elytra,
is strictly palaearctic.

Distribution: Transamerican, west to California (MCZ! ), Wash-
ington (Gray & Hatch, 1941), British Columbia (MCZIDAOl),
Alaska (Matanuska, NMW!), north to Northwest Territory (Nor-
man Wells, DAO ! ) .

Ecology: In Car ex swamps and on the border of eutrophic
ponds, on very wet spots with high, close vegetation, but without
a too dense carpet of mosses (never in Sphagnum).

8. Agonum (Europhilus) lutulentum Le Conte, 1854
(elegantulum Casey, 1920; adustum Casey, 1920; atriceps Casey, 1920)

The two first-named Casey synonyms were originally (1920:127)
described as subspecies of lutulentum, later (1924:85) the author
declared elegantulum as a synonym whereas adustum was elevated
to specific rank. Now, lutulentum is an extremely variable species
as regards proportions of body and brightness of colour, that is
in the characters mainly used by Casey, and this even within one
and the same small population, so they cannot be used even for
erecting subspecies. Casey’s adustum and atriceps, in narrowness
of the body, only represent the extremes in this continuous series
of variation. The specific identity of elegantulum and adustum with
lutulentum was stated by myself in the Casey collection (NMW) .
I failed, on that occasion, to make any note as to atriceps but
later sent some notably broad specimens of lutulentum to Dr. R. F.

10

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

Blackwelder who, comparing them with the type, could find no
consistent deviation from atriceps.

Lutulentum at the first glance differs from all other American
Europhilus (except galvestonicum) by the equally pale (piceo-
testaceous or paler) prothorax and elytra, constrasting against the
deep black head. It agrees with dilutipenne and, to a lesser degree,
thoreyi in the narrow head with flat eyes, the feebly reflexed sides
of prothorax and the isodiametric microreticulation of elytra.
Length 5.9— 7.0 nun.

Distribution: Eastern States and Eastern Canada, west to Lake
Superior and Hudson Bay Territory; Washington (Gray & Hatch,
1941 ) . Probably transamerican.

Ecology: On very wet places at the edge of lakes, ponds and
pools with dense and rich Car ex vegetation.

9. Agonum (Europhilus) dilutipenne Motschulsky, 1864
(elongatulum Haldeman, 1843 nec Dejean, 1828; lene LeConte, 1848 nec
lenum Dejean, 1828; picipenne L'eConte, 1879 et auct., nec Kirby, 1837)

On the interpretation of lenum Dejean and picipenne Kirby,
vide thoreyi.

Constant in colour : head and prothorax black without metallic
reflection, elytra piceo-testaceous. From sordens, which normally
has a similar coloration, distinguished by characters mentioned in
the key and also by the regular isodiametric microreticulation of
elytra. In sordens the upper surface usually shows a slight metallic
lustre.

Dilutipenne is very closely related to lutulentum and no differ-
ences could be seen in the male genitalia. The difference in colour
is apparently constant. Furthermore, in dilutipenne the prothorax
is strongly microreticulated all over its surface (in lutulentum ob-
soletely so in centrum of the disc) and the meshes are less trans-
verse, almost isodiametric. Finally, in dilutipenne the posterior
setigerous puncture of prothorax is situated close to the side-
margin, in lutulentum slightly removed from it. Thoreyi, agreeing
in the form of prothorax as well as in the microreticulation of
elytra, is larger and darker and differs also by the grooves of the
hind-tarsi. Length 5.9— 6.5 mm.

Distribution: Eastern States and Eastern Canada, west at least
to Lake Superior, south to New Mexico.

Ecology: Habitat as lutulentum, in company of which it often

occurs.

January, 1955 ]

LINDROTH EUROPHILUS

11

Fig, 4. Agonum (Europhilus) darlingtoni new species. Paratype from
Halifax, Nova Scotia.

12

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

10. Agonum (Europhilus) darlingtoni Lindroth, new species

(Figure 4)

Black, elytra iridescent, often slightly piceous, the epipleura reddish
towards apex. Mouth-parts pale, antennae piceous or nearly black, their
first joint and the entire legs pale reddish. Eyes small but prominent.
Prothorax oviform without traces of hind-angles. Elytra with strong, im-
punctured striae, evident to apex, the 8th deeply impressed in its whole
length, the intervals slightly convex. Dorsal punctures inconspicuous, 4 in
number, the 2 anterior at the third, the 2 posterior at the second stria. The
microsculpture of elytra consists of dense, fine, transverse lines. The 3 basal
joints of hind-tarsi with evident lateral and barely visible traces of inside
longitudinal groove. Wings fully developed. Penis (fig. 5). Length 4.9— 5,9
mm.

Fig. 5. Penis of Agonum (Europhilus) darlingtoni new species, para-
type from Lexington, Mass.

At once recognized by the impressed eighth stria and the trans-
verse micro sculpture of elytra. In the latter respect this species
deviates also from all known palaearctic species of Europhilus.

Distribution: Holotype male, allotype female and 11 paratypes
from Lexington, Massachusetts, IV.,V.1926,VIIL1930 (P. J.
Darlington Jr., MCZ) ; two paratypes male Groton, Connecticut,
23.V.,4.VL1948 (Anton Janssson) ; one paratype male Sackville,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 20.V.1951 (Lindroth).

Ecology: Dr. Darlington informs me that he collected his speci-
mens in very wet moss at the border of a pond. The data suggest
that the species is an imaginal hibernator.

APPENDIX

Agonum (Punctagonum) belleri Hatch

Already in the original description Hatch (1933:120) drew
attention to the fact that this peculiar species, deviating from all
other nearctic Agonum, s.str., by the setigerous punctures of the
alternate elytral intervals, is also characterized by the pubescence
of antennae starting already on the third joint, almost as in
Europhilus. Later, on these two characters, Gray (1937:311;
vide also Gray & Hatch 1941:24) established the new subgenus
Punctagonum.

January, 1955]

LINDROTH EUROPHILUS

13

Now belleri, in all other respects, comes extremely close to
Agonum, s.str., ericeti Panzer (bifoveolatum Sahlberg) from
Europe and west Siberia. In fact, I am unable to separate the two
insects on any other character, except that the antennal joints are
a little shorter in beller i. Penis and parameres (investigated on two
paratypes of belleri and two European ericeti) are identical. Even
the reduction of the hind wings (narrower than one elytron but
about as long, with very feeble, incompletely reflexed apical part)
is exactly the same. The ecology of the two species (Hatch, 1933;
Lindroth, 1945:55) is likewise completely agreeing.

If possible the comparison between belleri and ericeti should
be extended to larval characters. In case the immature stages of
the former should be found I here give a drawing of mandibula
and nasale of the first stage larva of ericeti (fig. Ic).

As far as I can see, it is even doubtful whether belleri should
not be regarded as a subspecies of ericeti. This may sound absurd,
considering the very peculiar feature of pubescent elytra and third
antennal joint in belleri. But both of these characters, seemingly
unconnected, may be the result of a single gene. An equivalent
case represents the subgenus Anchus. As stated by Hatch (1933:
121) the American pusillum LeConte is distinguished from the
palaearctic obscurum Herbst (under which name it wrongly long
passed) by the pubescent intervals of elytra, but at the same time
it shows a pubescence on the basal joints of antennae, lacking in
obscurum. Now, in this case there are also other differences, above
all in the penis, so the specific separation is indisputable. But I do
not think anybody would be inclined to refer pusillum and ob-
scurum to different subgenera.

Finally, it is worth paying attention to the fact that a flightless,
highly stenotopic species like ericeti must be predestinated to form
small, isolated populations suited for the rapid maintaining of
mutants, also of a non-adaptive character.

Bibliography

Casey, T. L.

1920, 1924. Memoirs on the Coleoptera. IX. XI. — Lancaster, Pa.
Darlington. P. J. Jr.

1936. Variation and atrophy of flying wings of some Carabid beetles,
— Ann. Ent. Soc. America. 29. Brooklyn, N.Y.

Dejean, P. F. M. A.

1828. Species general des Coleopteres, etc. 3. — Paris.

Gray, Barbara

14

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

1937. The Coleoptera of Washington, Carabidae: Agonini. — Publ. Univ.
Wash., Thesis Ser. 2. Seattle, Wash.

Gray, Barbara and M. H. Hatch

1941. The Coleoptera of Washington, Carabidae: Agonini. Univ. Wash.
Pnbl. Biol. 10. Seattle, Wash.

Hatch, M. H.

1933. Notes on Carabidae. — Pan-Pac. Ent. 9. San Francisco.

Jeannel, R.

1942. Coleopteres Carabiqnes. 2 — Faune de France. 40. Paris.

Larsson, S. G.

1941. Larver. — In: Hansen, V.: Biller XI. Sandspringere og Lobebiller.
■ — Danm. Fauna. 47. Copenhagen.

LeConte J. L.

1869. Synonymical notes on Coleoptera of the United States, etc. —
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2. Philadelphia.

1873. Synonymical remarks upon North American Coleoptera. — Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.

1879. Synopsis of the North American species of Platynus, Bon. — Bull.
Brookl. Ent. Soc. 2. Brooklyn, N.Y.

Lindroth, C. H.

1943. Zur Systematik fennoskandischer Carabiden. 13—33. — Ent. Tidskr.
64. Stockholm.

1945. Die fennoskandischen Carabidae. Fine tiergeographische Studie
1. — Gbgs. K. Vet. Vitt. Samh. Handl. (6) B, 4. Goteborg.

Muller, G.

1934. Carabiden-Studien. V. Gen. Agonum Bonelli. — Koleopt. Rund-
schau. 20. Vienna.

A CHANGE OF NAME IN CHRYSOBOTHRIS

(Coleoptera, Buprestidae)

In U.S.D.A. Misc. Pub. No. 470, Sept. 1942 (Rev. N. A.
Chrysobothrini) , on page 40, W. S. Fisher proposed the name
Chrysobothris chamberlini for C. calcarata Chamberlin, pointing
out that the name C. calcarata had previously been used by Mel-
sheimer for a species from Pennsylvania. In Sbornik entom. odd.
Nar. Musea v Praze, 1940, vol. 28, p. 93, J. Obenberger used the
name Chrysobothris chamberlini for a species from California
allied to C. distincta. Since these species are members of the same
genus, I propose that the form previously known as C. calcarata
Chamberlin and then as C. chamberlini Fisher now be called
Chrysobothris trinuncupata Heifer, new name. — J. R. Helper,
Mendocino, CaUfornia.

January, 1955 ] linsley & macswain — Mexican plega

15

TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLEGA FROM MEXICO

(Neuroptera, Mantispidae)^

E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwatn

University of California, Berkeley

The following descriptions are offered at this time in order
that the names may be available for use in connection with
biological studies to be published elsewhere.

Plega melitomae Linsley and MacSwain, new species

Coloration generally similar to other species in the genus but
with less extensive dark areas. Head with heavily pigmented areas
reduced, absent from clypeus and labrum, more lightly pigmented
areas variable (figures 4, 5) ; antennae with scape pale, pedi-
cel darker, flagellar segments one to fourteen pale, fifteen to
twenty-six successively more piceous, segments twenty-seven to
thirty-one luteus, remaining segments piceous. Thorax (figure 1)
with pronotum pale, the usual maculations present but reduced
except for the basal collar which is predominantly dark; ptero-
thorax pale but with more extensive dark areas than pronotum.
Wings hyaline; veins and setae predominantly pale; stigmatic
area of both anterior and posterior wings with median pale area
distinctly larger than either adjacent dark area. Legs pale, dark
markings as in other species except inner surface of anterior femora
which is marked similarly to outer surface. Abdomen dark, pleural
area of first two segments yellow, remaining segments with a
postefo-dorsal yellow spot and a ventral longitudinal yellow line;
tenth tergite of male yellow with a small mid-lateral dark area, of
female dark with discal area yellow ; sternites margined posteriorly
with a narrow white band, discal area yellowish, yellow area ex-
panded on first two segments; ovipositor of female yellow, longi-
tudinal midlateral line dark.

Male: Length of body 11 mm., anterior wing 13 mm., posterior wing
10 mm. Head, especially ante- and post-clypeiis, sparsely transversely rugulose;
mid-frontal line, below coronal suture, scarcely evident: antennae (figure 13)
slender, flagellum 40-segmented, evenly, gradually tapered from base to
apex, segments cylindrical, apical segments longer than broad, slightly more
than half the diameter of basal segments, basal segments as long as broad,
setal pattern as illustrated (figure 13). Wings (figures 2, 3) ; anterior wing
with eight longitudinal veins arising from radial sector, usually four from
inner radial cell and four from outer radial cell, gradate veins ten; posterior

^ One of a series of studies made possible by a grant-in-aid from the Associates
in Tropical Biogeography, University of California.

16

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

wing with six longitudinal veins arising from radial sector, usually five
from inner radial cell and one from outer radial cell, gradate veins seven.
Legs with anterior coxae cylindrical, six times as long as broad, densely
clothed with long, erect, fine hairs rather than coarse setae. Parameres
(figure 9), only slightly arcuate, with three very short apical digitiform
processes and a single longer subapical process.

Female: Length of body 8.5 mm., anterior wing 12 mm., posterior wing
9 mm. Structurally similar to male except for terminal abdominal segments;
ovipositor S-shaped, about three-fourths as long as abdomen.

Holotype male (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), allotype female (Calif.
Acad. Sci., Ent.) and sixteen paratypes (Qc^ cT, reared on

various dates in July, 1953 from cells of Melitoma euglossoides
Lepeletier and Serville collected at Erancia, 8 miles northeast of
C iNTALAPA, Chiapas, Mexico, April 3, 1953, by R. C. Bechtel and
E. I. Schlinger. Paratypes deposited in the collections of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, the California Insect Survey, the
Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.

This species is readily separable in both sexes from the other
described Plega occurring in North and South America by the
venation of the anterior and posterior wings. Other distinctive
features are the shape and number of the antennal segments, the
generally paler coloration with reduced pigmented areas, and the
structure of the male parameres.

Plega fumosa Linsley and MacSwain, new species

Coloration generally dark. Head predominantly piceous with
pale areas as illustrated (figure 6) ; antennae with scape more or
less pale, pedicel and flagellum piceous. Thorax with dorsal surface
of pronotum dark except for yellowish posteriorly and postero-
laterally, lateral surfaces with posterior two-thirds yellowish, basal
collar yellow ; pterothorax black except for the anterior lateral arm
of the second prescutum, the ventral margins of the anepisterna
and the postero-ventral angles of the katepisterna, which are
yellow. Wings subhyaline, veins and setae predominantly black;
stigmatic area of both anterior and posterior wings with median
pale area greatly reduced in relation to adjacent dark areas,
medially placed in anterior wing, post-medially in posterior wing,
in the latter case rarely absent. Legs pale with dark markings;

Plate I. Plega melitomae Linsley and MacSwain and Plega fumosa
Linsley and MacSwain : Structural details.

January, 1955 ] linsley & macswain — Mexican plega

17

Plega fumosa

18

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO, 1

anterior coxae dark piceous; anterior femora with inner surface
uniformly dark piceous. Abdomen dark; pleural area dark, mar-
gined above and below with yellow; tenth tergite of male yellow
except basally, of female dark; sternites of male dark except for
yellow midline of segments one to four, of female dark with slightly
paler discal and postero -lateral angles of segments three to six;
ovipositor of female piceous, somewhat paler at base and apex.

Male: Length of body 11 mm., anterior wing 11.5 mm., posterior wing
8.5 mm. Head, especially ante- and post-clypeus, distinctly transversely
rugulose; mid-frontal line, below coronal suture, broadly impressed; an-
tennae (figure 14) submoniliform, flagellum at least 52-segraented (incomplete
in type and male paratypes), subapical segments as long as broad, basal

!3 melitomae

14 fumosQ

Plate II. Plega species: Male antennae and parameres.

January, 1955] linsley & macswain — Mexican plega

19

segments twice as wide as long, setal pattern as illustrated. Wings (figures
7, 8) ; anterior wing with seven longitudinal veins arising from radial sector,
four from inner radial cell, three from outer, gradate veins nine; posterior
wing with five longitudinal veins arising from radial sector, four from inner
radial cell, one from outer, gradate veins seven. Legs with anterior coxae
cylindrical, six times as long as broad, densely clothed with moderately long
erect fine hairs. Parameres (figure 10), only slightly arcuate, with eight
elongate closely appressed digitiform processes with the apices divergent.

Female: Length of body (excluding ovipositor) 11 mm., anterior wing
13 mm., posterior wing 10 mm. Structurally similar to male except for terminal
abdominal segments; antennae with fifty-nine flagellar segments, basal seg-
ments slightly less than twice as wide as long; ovipositor nearly straight,
about as long as abdomen.

Holotype male (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.), allotype female (Calif.
Acad. Sci., Ent.) and twenty-three paratypes (Sc? c?? 20$9)5 from
11 MILES EAST OF Apatzingan, Michoacan, Mexico, August 20,
1954, (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, and Ray F. Smith), beaten
from an Acacia-XAne legume upon which three species of Polistes
wore nesting. Dissections of more than one hundred of these nests
revealed no evidence of parasitic association, but this may not be
significant since the wasps were rearing their first brood and the
mantispids were freshly emerged.

Paratypes deposited in the collections of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences, the California Insect Survey, the Museum of
Comparative Zoology and the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

This species is distinctive in both sexes by the dark pigmenta-
tion. The structure of the male parameres, while suggestive of that
in Plega hanksi Rehn, differs in number of digitiform processes
which also have the apices divergent.

References

I'erris, G. F.

1940. The morphology of Plega signata (Hagen). Microentomology,
5(2) :33-56.

Navas, R. P. L.

1927. Insectos Neotropicos. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 31 ;
316-328.

1936. Insectos del Brasil. Revista do Museo Paulista, 20:722—734.

Rehn, J. W. H.

1939. Studies in the North American Mantispidae. Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc., 65:237-264.

20

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of
THE Plenary Powers in certain cases for the avoidance of
CONFUSION and THE VALIDATION OF CURRENT
NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A.[n.s.]20)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers is
involved in applications relating to the under -mentioned names
included in Parts 10 and 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomen-
clature, each of which Parts will be published on 30th December,
1954:—

(1) Applications in Part 10 of Volume 9

(1) Tufa Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Formica riifa,
proposed validation of, and designation as type species of Formica
Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) (pp. 309—318)
(Z.N.[S.]776).

1. The present Notice is given in pursuance of decisions taken,
on the recommendation of the International Commission on Zoolog-
ical Nomenclature, by the Thirteenth International Congress of
Zoology, Paris, July 1948 (see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 4:51—56; ibid.
5:5-15, 131).

2. Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the fore-
going applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secretary
to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village East,
Regent’s Park, London, N.W.I., England) as soon as possible.
Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Com-
mission’s File Number as given in the present Notice.

3. If received in sufficient time before the commencement by the
International Commission of voting on the applications in question,
comments received in response to the present Notice will be
published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature; comments
received too late to be so published will be brought to the attention
of the International Commission at the time of commencement of
voting on the application in question.

4. Under the decision by the International Congress of Zoology
specified in paragraph 2 above, the period within which comments
on the applications covered by the present Notice are receivable
is a period of six calendar months calculated from the date of
publication of the relevant Part of the Bulletin of Zoological
Nomenclature.

January, 1955] van den bosch & smith — prodenia

21

A TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL STUDY OF THE
SPECIES OF PRODENIA OCCURRING IN CALIFORNIA

(Lepidoptera : Phalaenidae)

Robert van den Bosch and Ray F, Smith

University of Califbrnia, Agricultural Experiment Station,

Riverside and Berkeley

The bulk of the material presented in this paper was gathered
in 1948 and 1949 in the course of investigations on the bionomics
of the important crop pest Prodenia praefica Grote, the western
yellow-striped armyworm, P. praefica and the closely allied P. orni-
thogalli Guenee, the yellow-striped armyworm, are the only species
of Prodenia which occur in California. In the past a certain amount
of confusion has existed as to the taxonomic and distributional
relationships of the two species, and it is hoped that this paper will
help to clarify this situation.

The genus Prode/iia contains nine species, the majority of which
occur in tropical and subtropical America. The species included
in the genus in addition to praefica and ornithogalli are rubrifusa
Hampson; dolichos (Fabricius); pn/c/ie^/a Herrich-Shaffer ; andro-
gen (Cramer) ; litura (Fabricius); marima Schaus; and latifascia
Walker. Of these species only praefica, ornithogalli, dolichos, and
latifascia have been recorded from the United States, the latter
being a doubtful record. P. litura is the only species which occurs
outside the western hemisphere. It is found widely distributed
throughout the old world tropics and subtropics where it is of great
economic importance on a variety of crops. It is not known to
occur in the western hemisphere.

Key to the California Species of Prodenia

1. Posterior wings dull, somewhat fuscous with distinct discal spots on
ventral surfaces; forewings with apical fasciae inconspicuous; male
clasper with relatively short thick uncus, ampullae short, truncate
(Fig. 1C) ; mature larva with head capsule heavily reticulated (Fig.

lA) - praefica Grote.

Posterior wings semi-hyaline, discal spots absent; forewings with
apical fasciae conspicuous; male clasper with relatively long slender
uncus, ampullae slender finger-like (Fig. ID) ; mature larva with
head capsule faintly reticulated (Fig. IB) ornithogalli Guenee.

Prodenia praefica Grote

Brodenia praefica Grote, 1875, Canad. Ent. 7:44; 1882, Check List Macro-
lepid. Amer. N. of Mex., Brookl. Ent. Soc., pg. 14; Smith, 1893, U. S.
Nat. Mus. Bull. 44:170; Hampson, 1909, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus. 8:250 pi. 128,

22

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

fig. 20; Woodworth, 1911, Mon. Bull. St. Comm. Hort. Calif. i(10) :788;
Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, Check List Lepid. Bor. Amer., pg. 67 ;
Seitz, 1923, Macrolep. World div. 2 vol. 7:256, fig. 373; Barnes and
Benjamin, 1924, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Amer. 5(2):80— 81; Crumb,
1927, Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc. 22(1) :43. 52 pi. 4a; Blanchard and Conger,
1932, Jour. Econ. Ent. 25(5) :1059— 1070; McDunnough, 1938, Mem. So.
Calif. Acad. Sci. 7(1) :96; McDunnough, 1943, Canad. Ent. 75(1) :1.
Frodenia ornithogalli praefica, Dyar, 1902, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52:123.

Female: Head, mottled with white, grey and black scales; antennae
clothed with flat white or bi'own scales on anterior surfaces, posterior surfaces
with fine short hairs only. Thorax concolorous with head except for some
rufous scales. Forewing brownish or brownish grey in general coloration,
marked with white, black, and bluish areas; median vein and its branches
whitish at region of orbicular stigma, forming a conspicuous white patch with
the orbicular; reniform stigma creamy white or brownish with a white
margin ; apical fascia narrow, inconspicuous, outer margin of wing marked
by broken white and black lines, ciliae brown except at tips of main veins
which are white. Ventral surface of forewing greyish white, moderately in-
fuscated, a strong black spot in midcostal region; forewings about 40 to 46
mm. when spread. Posterior wings dull greyish white in aspect, dorsal surface
faintly to strongly infuscated, a continuous or broken black line at margin,
veins brownish black. Ventral surface dull whitish, speckled with black
especially in costal region, clothed with coarse flat scales, a distinct black
discal spot present. Legs greyish white with small black areas on tarsal seg-
ments. Abdomen greyish dorsally, venter dull white sparsely speckled with
black, terminal segments heavily clothed with downy black scales, closely
surrounded by long yellowish scales.

Male: Similar to female but usually more brightly colored with the
bluish and brown areas of the forewing less somber, apical fasciae more
conspicuous, posterior wings only weakly infuscated.

Adult variation: In addition to the typical adult specimens dis-
cussed above, a melanistic form also exists. This dark form is only
encountered early in the year when moths are emerging from
overwintering pupae. Specimens of both sexes are dark bluish
grey in gross appearance with conspicuous white orbicular patches
on the forewings. The head, abdomen and thorax are uniformly
dark grey in color and contrast strongly with the buff color of these
body regions in typical specimens. The posterior wings in both
sexes are much darker than in the typical form.

Mature Larva: Smooth, meso and metathoracic segments and 7th and
8th abdominal segments slightly swollen, ground color of body reddish or
greyish brown mottled with white. Head capsule, approximately 2.5 mm. in
width, ground color brownish to brownish orange heavily reticulated with
blackish or reddish markings, adfrontal sutures and areas yellowish white
forming a conspicuous inverted V. Length of the sixth instar larva ranges
from 20 to 46 mm.

January, 1955] van den bosch & smith — prodenia

23

Larval Variations: A variety of color phases occur ranging from
almost pure creamy white to hlack with yellow suhdorsal stripes.
The dark phase is most common and is marked laterally with pale
supra and sub-spiracular lines and dark spiracular lines in addition
to the yellow subdorsal lines. Paler specimens of the dark phase

Fig. 1. — A) Prodenia praefica Grote, head capsule mature larva; B) P.
ornithogalli Guenee, head capsule mature larva; C) P. praefica Grote, male
clasper; D) P. ornithogalli Guenee, male clasper. [Lines at lower left in each
figure represent 1 mm.]

24

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

frequently bear series of triangular black marks medial to the
yellow subdorsal lines. Dark lateral markings on the thoracic seg-
ments are also sometimes conspicuous along with more or less
characteristic round dark spots in the spiracular line on each side
of the first abdominal segment.

Location of Type: British Museum of Natural History.

Type Locality: Mendocino City, California.

Prodenia ORNiTHOGALLi Guenee

Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee, 1852, Sp. Gen. Lep. Noct., 1:163; Walker, 1856,
Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., 9:193; Riley, 1882, Papilio 2(3) :43; 1882
Check List Macrolepid. of Amer. N. of Mex., Brookl. Ent. Soc., pg. 14;
Smith, 1893, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 44:169-170; Dyar, 1902, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 52:123; Beutenmueller, 1902, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull,
vol. 16, art. 33:422—423; Hampson, 1909, Cat. Lep. Phal. Br. Mus. 8:242,
248—250 pi. 128 fig. 19; Woodworth, 1911, Calif. St. Comm. Hort. Mon.
Bull. 7(10) :788; Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, Check List of Lepid.
of Bor. Amer., pg. 67; Seitz, 1923, Macrolepid. World div. 2 vol. 7:256,
pi. 37D; Crumb, 1927, Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc. 22(1) :43, 51—52, pi. 4B
and 5D; Crumb, 1929, U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. 88:149—156 (illustrated) ;
Whalen, 1930, Penn. St. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 335:80; McDunnough,
1938, Mem. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 7(1) :96; McDunnough, 1943, Canad.
Ent. 75(1) :1.

Prodenia ornithogalli eudiopta, Dyar, 1902, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 52:123.
Prodenia eudiopta Guenee, 1952, Sp. Gen. Lep. Noct. 1:164; Walker, 1856,
Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. 9:193; Beutenmueller, 1902, Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. Bull. Vol. 16, art. 33:423—424; Smith, 1893, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.
44:170; Chittenden, 1901, U.S.D.A. Div. Ent. Bull. 27 (rev. ed.) :64, 75,
114; Tietz, 1936, Penn. St. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 335:80.

Prodenia flavimedia Harvey, 1874, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. 2:274; 1882,
Check List Macrolepid. of Amer. N. of Mex., Brookl. Ent. Soc., pg. 14.
Prodenia lineatella Harvey, 1874, Bull. Buff Soc. Nat. Sci. 2:275; French,
1881, Canad. Ent. 13:24; Grote, 1881, Papilio. 7(8):128; 1882, Check
List Macrolepid of Amer. N. of Mex., Brookl. Ent. Soc. pg. 14.

Proderda commelinae Riley, 1871, 3rd rept. Ins. Mo. :113, fig. 48b (1871) ;
Grote, 1875, check list Noct. :11.

Prodenia praefica form eudioptoides Barnes and Benjamin, 1923, Contr. Nat.
Hist. Lep. N. Amer. 5(2) :81; Seitz, 1923, Macrolepid. World div. 2 vol.
7:256, pi. 37E.

Female: Similar to praefica but somewhat less somber; the apical fascia
and white markings of forewing usually more distinct. Secondaries clothed
with tiny scales giving them a semi-hyaline and somewhat violaceous appear-
ance, infuscation only in costal region and along outer margin. Veins brown-
ish, discal spot wanting.

Male: Pale bodied, forewings rather brightly colored, with strongly
produced apical fasciae; area posterior to the reniform stigma in some
specimens orange brown. The outer costal margin and inner margin rufous.

January, 1955 ] van den bosch & smith — prodenia

25

costal area of ventral surface also rufous; secondaries similar to those of
female but with less extensive infuscation at apical angle. Abdomen ochreous
white, venter speckled with rufous.

Larva: Similar to that of praefica hut with greatly reduced reticulation
on head capsule.

Type Locality: Central America.

Location of Type: Unknown.

Fig. 2. Distribution of Prodenia praefica Grote (open circles) and Pro-
denia omit ho gain Guenee (solid circles) in the western United States.

26

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

Geographical Distribution

Prodenia praefica and P. ornithogalli differ greatly in distribu-
tion with the latter having much the wider range. P. ornithogalli
occurs in South and Central America, Mexico, and the islands of
the Carribean as well as the United States. In the United States it
occurs abundantly in the Southeast and has been encountered as
far north as Minnesota and Massachusetts and as far west as Cali-
fornia, but not in the Northwest (See fig. 2.) .

The range of P. praefica is apparently limited to western North
America. It has been recorded as far north as central Oregon and
Montana, as far south as San Diego on the southern border of Cali-
fornia, and as far east as Colorado. No records are available which
indicate that it occurs in the southwestern states but it possibly
exists in low abundance in the northwestern part of Arizona.

Because of the confusion which has existed in the literature as
to the distribution of these species in the West, and because of the
significance of this in the interpretation of the relationships of the
two forms, intensive studies were conducted during 1948 and 1949
in California to determine as precisely as possible the distribution
of P. praefica and P. ornithogalli within the state. These studies
were carried out by means of several sampling devices and methods.
The most useful was a monochromatic electrocutor type light trap
using a pale blue spiral gas discharge tube (predominant wave
length about 4320°A) as the attractant. New Jersey mosquito traps
with white Mazda type light were also used. In addition to light
traps, bait pan traps employing a yeast-diamalt fermenting lure
produced valuable records from western Stanislaus County. Larval
sweepings from various cultivated and non-cultivated host plants
at a number of localities also added to the distributional records.

In 1948 seven monochromatic traps were operated throughout
the state and in 1949 ten traps were run. Certain lights were
operated at the same localities during both years, while others
were shifted to different places the second year. In this way com-
parative records for the two years were obtained from several
localities while the remaining lights were used to determine the
status of the two species at a variety of places.

In 1948 traps were operated at Berkeley, San Antonio Valley
(Santa Clara County), Patterson (Stanislaus County), Dos Palos
(Merced County), and Shafter (Kern County) in northern and

January, 1955] van den bosch & smith — prodenia

27

central California and captured a total of 5990 Prodenia adults.
During the same period twenty-two bait pan traps located at Pat-
terson captured 3030 additional specimens of Prodenia. The ag-
gregate of 9020 moths collected north of the Tehachapi mountains
during 1948 was entirely of P. praefica.

During the same year two monochromatic traps were operated
in southern California, one at Corona and the other at El Centro.
The latter functioned for only eleven days and captured no
Prodenia. The Corona trap, however, was operated from April 1
to December 11 and produced twenty -three Prodenia. This
was a mixed catch, consiting of ten P. praefica and thirteen P.
ornithogalli.

In 1949 monochromatic light traps were again operated at
Patterson and Shafter in northern California, but they were dis-
continued at Berkeley, San Antonio Valley, and Dos Palos, How-
ever, two of these traps were transferred to new localities, one at
Ryer Island (Solano County) and the other at Gilroy (San Benito
County) . The four traps produced a total of 30,381 P. praefica.
Twelve bait pans, again located in the Patterson area, captured
6395 Prodenia also all praefica. Thus, as was the case in 1948, the
entire Prodenia catch from monochromatic light traps and bait
pans, located north of Tehachapi mountains, was composed of
P. praefica. In 1949 light trapping was expanded in southern Cali-
fornia with a total of six monochromatic traps being used. These
lights were located at Corona (Riverside County), Hemet (River-
side County), Port Hueneme (Ventura County), Bostonia (San
Diego County), Meloland (Imperial County), and Blythe (River-
side County). As was the case in 1948, the catch was mixed con-
sisting of fifty-three P. praefica and twenty -three P. ornithogalli.

Seasonal Distribution

Records obtained from the sampling devices used in the geo-
graphical distribution studies discussed above also supplied val-
uable information concerning the seasonal distribution of P.
praefica and P. ornithogalli. Data obtained at Corona in 1948
indicate that the two species differ greatly in seasonal distribution.
Operation of the Corona trap was not initiated until the first of
April of 1948 and no data are available to compare the early
season activity of the two species, hut the trap was operated through
the middle of December of that year and the record shows that

28

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

P. ornithogalli was active much later in the year than P. praefica.
With ornithogalli six of the thirteen specimens trapped were taken
after October 1, the last moth being captured on December 2,
while with P. praefica no specimen was captured after September
11. Although this record of seasonal occurrence of the two species
in southern California might seem scanty when based on such a
small sample, it is strongly bolstered by the records from northern
and central California which showed that practically no P. praefica
moths were extant there after September 30. Furthermore, collec-
tion of P. ornithogalli larvae from an alfalfa field at Riverside on
November 5, 1952, and from alfalfa on November 12, 1953, in
Blythe, and on December 2, 1953 at San Diego, gives additional
evidence of the late season activity of this species. The probable
reason for the early cessation of activity by P. praefica will be
discussed below.

Discussion

The intensive trapping activities conducted during 1948 and
1949, augmented by miscellaneous records, show that Prodenia
praefica is widely distributed over the state of California (Fig. 2)
whifis the closely allied P. ornithogalli is restricted to the area
south of the Tehachapi mountains where the two species overlap
in distribution, but maintain their identities. P. praefica occurs
in great abundance in the area north of the Tehachapi mountains
(particularly the Central Valley) while neither species is abundant
in southern California.

The difference in the seasonal distribution of the two species
probably results from differences in their overwintering habits.
P. praefica is a temperate area species being native to western
North America. It passes the relatively severe winters of its native
habitat in a pupal diapause which commences in September follow-
ing the fourth larval brood and lasts until the following January
or February. This diapause appears to affect essentially all fourth
brood specimens so that there are practically no moths extant after
the end of September. P. ornithogalli, on the other hand, being a
tropical species apparently has no true winter diapause and thus
occurs in its various stages until the time of killing frosts. It most
likely survives the winter in largest numbers in the pupal stage in
the soil, but individuals may possibly pass the winter as larvae or
adults in milder localities or in protected places.

January, 1955]

MALKIN HYPERASPIS

29

SOME CALIFORNIA SPECIES OF HYPERASPIS

NEW AND OLD

( Coleoptera : Coccinellidae )

Borys Malkin
University of Washington, Seattle

The material which forms the basis of this paper is from the
California Insect Survey Collection, Department of Entomology,
University of California, and was kindly lent to me by Dr. P. D.
Hurd. Mr. Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences
loaned to me a number of specimens for comparison, from the col-
lection of that institution.

Hyperaspis essigi Malkin, new species
Broadly oval, highly polished, black. Head in male yellow. Thorax more
than twice as wide as long with a broad marginal stripe on sides. Elytra
slightly longer than wide, each with a large apical spot. Punctulation on
dorsal surface strong, tending to be more feeble toward sides of thorax.
Interstices smooth, non-alutaceous. Ventral surface black to piceous, epi-
pleura black, inverted sides of thorax yellow. Prosternal carinae very strong,
converging in middle and then running parallel to each other almost to
margin of prosternum. Abdominal plates almost complete, extending almost
to margin of second segment, flattened out and angular at apex. Legs piceous,
tibiae rufous. Male genitalia: penis longer than the parameres, extremely
slender and hooked at the apex. (fig. 1). Length: 3.5 mm.

Holotype male, labeled: Yosemite, California, June 26, 1926
(E. 0. Essig collector) deposited at the California Academy of
Sciences, Entomology Department.

This species greatly resembles H. postica LeConte, except for
the extreme elongation of the penis and stronger punctulation of
the dorsal surface and longer prosternal carinae. It might be added
that the apex of the penis is more curved than in postica giving an
impression of being a hook.

Hyperaspis taeniata bipunctata Malkin, new subspecies
This subspecies is close to H. taeniata pallidula Dobzhansky,
from which it differs in having a discal spot on each elytron ad-
jacent to the greatest extension of the marginal spot (fig. 2) . From
H. taeniata taeniata LeConte, it differs in having the abdominal
plates very wide, less rounded, incomplete and running along the
very margin of the segment. The prosternal carinae of H. taeniata
bipunctata are strong but very short, converging and ending in
the middle. The punctulation is more feeble than in typical H .
taeniata. Length: 2.4 mm.

30

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1, Hyperaspis' essigi Malkin, male genitalia, ventral view. Fig. 2,
Hyperaspis taeniata hipunctata Malkin, elytron.

H olotype male : Garrity Creek, Contra Costa County, Cali-
fornia, September 16, 1936 (Ray F. Smith collector) . In the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, Entomology Department.

Hyperaspis moerens LeConte

A new state record is represented by a unique specimen collected
by Prof. E. 0. Essig at Berkeley, California, September 7, 1914.
The extension of the range is remarkable, the species having been
described from Lake Superior, Michigan and recorded also from
mountainous regions of Montana and Wyoming.

Hyperaspis lateralis wellmani Nunenmacher
Dobzhansky gives only state records from the U.S.N.M. col-
lection. A single specimen from Amedee, Lassen County, Cali-
fornia, July 4, 1947 (T. F. Leigh collector), represents then the
first definite locality. The extension of the range is quite within
the normal expectations, the form being quite common in the Great
Basin region, especially in Oregon and Washington.

January, 1955 ] rees & nielsen — mosquitoes

31

Hyperaspis lateralis omissa Casey

Dobzhansky reports only one California record (3 specimens
from Placer County). A specimen from Pinon Flat, San Jacinto
Mountains, Riverside County, California, May 27, 1939, from
Pinus monophylla (E. S. Ross collector), extends the range of the
form to southern California.

REFERENCES

Dobzhansky, Th.

1941. Beetles of the genus Hyperaspis inhabiting the United States.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 101(6) :1— 94, inch 6 pis.

Malkin, B.

1943. Two new Coccinellidae from Oregon. Pan-Pacific Entomologist,
19(3) : 109-1 11. I text fig.

ADDITIONAL MOSQUITO RECORDS FROM UTAH

( Diptera : Culicidae )

Don M. Rees and Lewis T. Nielsen

University of Utah, Salt Lake City

The following new records, representing a genus previously
unreported from Utah and three additional species of Aedes ex-
tends the number of species reported from the state to forty rep-
resenting six genera. For previous records of mosquitoes in Utah
consult the biliography. Unless otherwise indicated collections were
made by the authors.

PsOROPHORA SIGNIPENNIS (Coquillett)

This species was known to occur in arid regions of the adjacent
states of Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona and its
presence in Utah had long been suspected. It was collected by
personnel of Ecological Research, University of Utah, at Dugway,
Utah. No larvae were collected, but the adult females were numer-
ous and troublesome at the time collected. The presence of this
species in the arid Great Salt Lake Desert region of northwestern
Utah likely indicates a Great Basin distribution and further col-
lections probably will reveal the species range as extending into
Nevada and southern Idaho.

32

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

Tooele County: Dugway, August 4, 1953 (J. L. Eastin). Government Well,
NW of Dugway Mountains, August 11, 1953 (H. E. Cott).

Aedesatropalpus (Coquillett)

The appearance of this species in east central Utah represents
the most northern extension of its range in western North America,
having previously been reported in this area only from Arizona,
New Mexico and Mexico. (Carpenter, et al, 1946). It is common
in many regions in the southern, central and eastern United States
and in southeastern Canada.

The larval collection in Utah, from which both adult males and
females were reared, was made in rock holes, the typical larval
habitat for the species. The rock holes were deep sandstone de-
pressions located near the Colorado River. The Colorado River
has served as a migratory route into Utah for many southern
insect immigrants and it is probable that this is also the case with
Aedes atropalpus. Suitable habitats for the species occur at inter-
vals along the entire length of this river.

Grand County: Dewey, May 23, 1953 (J. R. Keller).

Aedes hexodontus Dyar

This species which closely resembles Aedes punctor in all
stages, is widely distributed in the mountains of northern Utah,
occurring in both the Wasatch and Uintah Mountain ranges. At
elevations above 8,000 feet it is one of the dominant Aedes species
and in many localities becomes a severe pest during the months of
June and July. The larvae have been found in a great diversity of
habitats in pools of all sizes, but seem to show a distinct preference
for shallow unshaded marshy pools containing Carex and grasses.
Great numbers of larvae, often almost in pure cultures, have been
found in such situations. The grass and Carex margins of perman-
ent ponds and lakes also seem to be a favored habitat.

It Utah the species is most commonly associated with Aedes
cataphylla, Aedes communis, Aedes excrucians, and Aedes pullatus.

Aedes hexodontus has been collected in the following localities
during June and July.

Duchesne County: Grandaddy Lake, Mirror Lake. Salt Lake County:
Alta, Big Cottonwood Canyon, Brighton. Sanpete County: Skyline Drive
(Manti Canyon and Ephraim Canyon Summits). Summit County: Henry’s
Fork Lake, Trial Lake, Wall Lake. Uintah County: Paradise Park Reservoir.
Wasatch County: Camp Cloud Rim, Soapstone Ranger Station.

January, 1955] leech — cyphon robustus

33

Aedes schizopinax Dyar

This rare species had previously been reported only from
Madison and Gallatin Counties of Montana and Mammoth Hot
Springs, Wyoming (Mail, 1934) . Its presence in northern Utah
is a considerable southern extension of its range and probably
indicates a much wider distribution in the western United States
than was suspected from its prior limited distribution records.
Larvae were collected in overflow pools along a small stream and in
several pasture pools filled by irrigation water. The immature
stages of this species never have been encountered in large num-
bers. They have been found associated with Aedes cataphylla,
Aedes cinereus, Aedes increpitus and Aedes fitchii.

Summit County: Chalk Creek, May 27, 1950. Wasatch County: Hailstone,
April 18, 1948; May 6, 1950.

LITERATURE CITED

Carpenter, S. J., W. W. Middlekauff and R. W. Chamberlain

1946. The mosquitoes of the southern United States east of Oklahoma
and Texas, The Univ. Press, Notre Dame, Ind., May, 1946. pp.
220-223.

Mail, A. G.

1934. The mosquitoes of Montana. Montana State College Agr. Exp.
Sta. Bull. No. 288. pp. 37—38.

Rees, D. M.

1934. Mosquito records from Utah. Pan-Pac. Ent., 10:161—165.

1942. Supplementary list of mosquito records from Utah. Pan-Pac. Ent.,
18:77-82.

1943. The mosquitoes of Utah. Bull. Univ. of Utah. Vol. 33, No. 7.

1944. A new mosquito record from Utah. Pan-Pac. Ent., 20:19.

Rees, D. M. and L. T. Nielsen

1951. Four new mosquito records from Utah. Pan-Pac. Ent., 27:11—12.

34

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

A NEW GENUS FOR CYPHON ROBUSTUS LECONTE

( Coleoptera :Helodidae )

Hugh B. Leech

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

Since its original description in 1875, Cyphon rohustus LeConte
has been retained in the genus Cyphon Paykull. However, it is not
a Cyphon and does not fit any genus recorded from the Nearctic
region, nor any described genus known to me.

Sarabandus Leech, new genus

Form oblong-oval, facies of Elodes (i.e. of such species as E.
fuscipennis Guerin and E. inornatus Lewis), and somewhat of
Microcara and Pseudomicrocara.

Yiead nearly vertical in repose, hidden by pronotum in dorsal view;
mandibles simple, very broad, narowed and sharply pointed at apex, with a
vague angulation near middle of inner margin, not toothed; labial palpi
short, terminal segment glabrous, subcylindrical, a little longer than penulti-
mate segment and arising from its apex; maxillary palpi moderately slender,
terminal segment subcylindrical and a little longer than penultimate.
Pronotum bisinuate basally, almost evenly semicircular anteriorly without
indication of front angles, continuous margin of sides and front slightly re-
flexed. Prosternum narrow before front coxae, triangular between them
basally, thence suddenly lower and blade-like, the short blade barely reach-
ing mesosternum and hidden by contiguous apices of coxae. Mesosternal
process narrow, reaching to about midpoint of middle coxae, not contacting
metasternum; middle coxae normally contiguous apically; hind coxae con-
tiguous. First segment of hind tarsi rounded above, not laterally margined;
second segment not produced posteriorly, not hiding part of third.

Type of the genus: Cyphon rohustus LeConte, 1875.

Sarabandus is separable from all described New World genera
by the following combination of characters : hind femora much like
those of front and middle legs, not greatly enlarged for leaping;
mesosternal process short, narrow, not contacting metasternum,
middle coxae thus able to be in contact in apical half ; first segment
of hind tarsi rounded above, not laterally margined. It resembles
Cyphon in that the terminal segment of the labial palpus arises
from the end of the penultimate segment, but differs in mesosternal
characters, non-dentate mandibles, and shape of the pronotum. It
is most closely allied to the Australian genus Pseudomicrocara
Armstrong, 1953, but differs from this in its contiguous middle
coxae, and shorter, pointed mesosternal process.

I am indebted to J. W. T. Armstrong for examples of Pseudo-
microcara of which I have studied two species.

January, 1955 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

35

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

W. C. Day J. Gordon Edwards D. D. Jensen

Vice-President President Secretary

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Thirty-fourth Meeting

The two hundred and thirty-fourth meeting of the Pacihc Coast En-
tomological Society was held at 7:30 p.m. on Eriday, February 5, 1954, in the
Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.
President Edwards conducted the meeting. The following members were
present: Owen Bryant, H. B. Leech, K. S. Hagen, P. D. Hurd, Lee A. Wood,
P. H. Arnaud, Ryuichi Matsuda, W. C. Day, V. D. Roth, J. W. Green, E. S.
Ross, E. 0. Essig, D. P. Furman, J. W. MacSwain, W. W. Middlekauff,
D. J. Burdick, B. F. Eldridge, George Reichart, C. W. Hildebrand, H. H.
Meyer, Hilary Hacker, T. S. Briggs, W. A. Doalin, E. L. Kessel, E. I.
Schlinger, R. C. Bechtel, W. D. Murray, W. H. Lange, D. D. Jensen, and J. G.
Edwards. Visitors were present as follows: Mrs. W. C. Day, R. Duncan Cuyler,
M. Pitman, S. J. Carpenter, Lorelei Carpenter, Robert Langsten, James W.
Chapman, Mrs. George Reichart, D. W. Walther, Albert A. Grigarick, Dana
McLellan, and Mrs. Don Murray.

The minutes of the meeting held November 28, 1953, were read and
approved.

The following were elected to full membership in the Society: Dr. John
A. Chapman, Mr. L. E. Campos, and Mr. M. R. Wiemann. Vincent D. Roth
and Bruce Eldridge were elected to student membership.

President Edwards appointed Paul Arnaud, Dr. > Hurd and Dr. Ross to
serve as a committee to select a site and make arrangements for the annual
field meeting which will be held May 2.

Dr. Ross reported that the auditing committee had found the financial
records of the Society in good condition.

Under the heading of new business. Dr. MacSwain suggested three
changes in the handling of notes and exhibits which he thought might im-
prove the present system. First that each individual, presenting a note or
exhibit, prepare a brief statement as he wishes it to appear in the published
proceedings of the society and turn this statement over to the secretary at the
close of the meeting. Secondly that a slip of paper bearing the name of the
individual and the nature of the note or exhibit be given to the chairman
prior to the start of the meeting in order that the chairman might then call
for the items in the order which he considers appropriate. Thirdly that the
secretary in reading the portion of the minutes concerned with the notes and
exhibits be empowered to refer to them solely by author and subject. In the
discussion following the presentation of these proposals. Dr. MacSwain
emphasized that these proposals were not intended to be strict rules and that
many extemporaneous notes and comments were most welcome and could be
handled as they have been in the past. The purpose of these proposals was
to remove something of the awkwardness of the present system and to reduce
the burden of the secretary. Dr. Edwards then suggested that these proposals

36

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

be introduced as a motion, following which the motion was seconded and
unanimously passed.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Jensen
reported that on July 29, 1953, in company with Paul Cook, a field of straight
neck squash was found 6 miles north west of Yuba City, Calif., in which the
western striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma trivittata (Mannerheim) , oc-
curred in moderate numbers. This insect has been shown by Dr. Freitag to
be the vector of squash mosaic virus. On November 9, the field was revisited
with Dr. Freitag. The population of beetles had increased to the point that
several hundred were caught hy sweeping the vines for approximately 1 hour.
On December 29 the field was found to have been plowed. However, examina-
tion of several large valley oak trees growing around the field revealed that
the beetles had congregated in tremendous numbers in the cracks of the
bark and' under the bark in places where it had been broken and permitted
entry. They were most abundant in the deeper but narrower crevices. They
seemed to be gregarious because only rarely did they occur singly or even in
pairs. In a single crevice, numbers ranging from 10 to over 100 might occur
with none being found in adjacent cracks. Five hundred beetles were collected
with an aspirator in 15-20 minutes. The beetles also occurred around the
base of the trees | under leaves, rocks and litter. However, they were much
less abundant here than on the tree itself. The beetles were also common
in the cracks of telephone poles in the vicinity.

On February 2, 1954, Dr. Freitag, Dr. Ray Smith and Dr. Jensen visited
the area again. Although most of the beetles had left the litter around the
trees, their numbers on the oak trees seemed to be undiminished. They were
on the trunks of the trees up to 1.7 miles from the field, but were not found
four to five miles distant near the Sutter Buttes.

When disturbed the beetles immediately became active. The temijerature
was 50° F.

No western spotted cucumber beetles, Diabrutica undecim punctata un-
decim punctata (Mannerheim) occurred on the trees, but they were active in
low numbers on the winter mustard.

Dr. Edwards urged the members to support the Coleoperist’s Bulletin
which is in danger of being discontinued because of inadequate financing.

Two sets of excellent colored slides were shown depicting living spiders
and insects. Mr. Vincent Roth projected pictures taken of spiders in their
natural habitats and Dr. Ross showed slides of Epihemhix, the sand wasp,
and its dipterous parasites, taken at Antioch, Calif.

Dr. Edwards then introduced Dr. Paul D. Hurd, of the University of
California, Berkeley, who spoke on “The Nature and Extent of the Insect
Fauna of Northern Alaska.” Dr. Hurd’s interesting account, which was ac-
companied by pictures of the region studied, is summarized below.

The insect fauna at Pt. Barrow, Alaska, because it represents the north-
ernmost occurrence on the North American continent, presents an excellent
opportunity for analysis and evaluation. Apart from its geographic location,
the fauna is so constituted, owing to the limited ecological situation available
for occupancy, that the roles of its various components may be interrelated
and interpreted in terms of the environment. The physical aspects of the

January, 1955]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

37

environment such as topography, climate, and radiation, combined with biotic
influences, have set the stage in such a manner that many of the major groups
of insects (orders) are either unable to meet the requirements of their
economies and hence are not present, or if present, only smaller groups
(generally families, or often only species) have managed to derive their
economy.

Dr. Hurd’s talk was followed by a short discussion before the meeting
was adjourned. — D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Thirty-fifth Meeting

The two hundred and thirty-fifth meeting of the Pacific Coast En-
tomological Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, March 6, 1954, in the
Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.
President Edwards conducted the meeting. The following members were
present: F. E. Skinner, R. L. Doutt, K. S. Hagen, J. J. Drea, W. Thomsen,
E. E. Gilbert, A. E. Michelbacher, E. 0. Essig, Hilary Hacker, R L. Usinger,
G. F. Ferris, L. R. Gillogly, P. S. Bartholomew, D. G. Denning, W. C. Day,
T. S. Briggs, P. A. Harvey, E. S. Ross, K. F. Innes, Jr., G. M. Cagley, C.
Kaufeldt, W. Hovanitz, J, W. Green, R. C. Miller, Otto W. Graf, Jr., J. W.
Tilden, Laura Henry, H. B. Leech, Otto H. Swezey, J. G. Edwards, and D. D.
Jensen. Visitors were present as follows: Mrs. Otto H. Swezey, Mrs. Lorin
R. Gillogly, Alan Gillogly, James Gillogly, David Bartholomew, Grace Bar-
tholomew, H. L. Day, James W. Chapman, and Loretta Denning.

The minutes of the meeting held February 5, 1954 were read and
approved.

Lt. Carl L. Spear was elected to membership in the Society.

Dr. Usinger explained the financial problem confronting the Interim
Secretariat of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and
reported that the Executive Board of the Society had authorized a subsidy
in the amount of |50.00 for the Interim Secretariat.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits. Dr. Ross dis-
played living honey ants (repletes) which he had collected at Antioch
March 5, 1954.

Mr. Leech said that he had reared the weevil T richomagdalis conspersus
Fall from dead branches of scrub oak (Quercus wislizeni) at Mill Valley,
Marin County, California, and the malachiid Anthocomus franciscanus (Fall)
from dying wild lilac ( Ceanothus thyrsifiorus) infested with scolytids of the
genus Micracis, also at Mill Valley.

Dr. Edwards exhibited larvae and 40 adults of Ochthebius vandykei from
the intertidal zone at Moss Beach.

Dr. Usinger called attention to the fact that although it has been assumed
for many years that there are five species of Abedus (Belostomatidae) in
California, critical examination of the material indicates there is only a
single species in the state.

President Edwards introduced Dr. Otto H. Swezey, retired former chief
entomologist of. the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Experiment Station, who spoke
on the subject, “Some Aspects of the Endemic Insect Fauna of Hawaii.” Dr.
Swezey’s talk, which was illustrated with slides, is summarized below.

It is generally known that the islands of the Hawaiian Group in mid-

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

Pacific are of volcanic origin, having been built up from the ocean floor by
outpourings of lava from rift’s in the earth’s crust at sea bottom.

The endemic insect fauna has been produced by the operation of “Evo-
lution of Species” from chance immigrants that arrived after the islands had
become covered by vegetation. The high mountains of the main islands rise
to elevations of 3,000 to 13,000 feet, and the slopes of the mountains are
forested, except above about 8,000 feet. Many thousands of years resulted in
the evolution of about 4,000 species of insects from the chance immigrants,
and they are so different that it can not be determined from what regions
they came.

The Kamehameha butterfly, Vanessa tammeamea, is an example of a
species which has undoubtedly been present too short a time for the develop-
ment of a series of species. This butterfly occurs on all of the forested islands,
its spiny caterpillars feeding on the widely-distributed tree, Pipturus (or
“mamake”), the bark of which was used by the Hawaiians in making their
“tapa” cloth.

However, there are many genera in the various orders which are com-
posed of many species apparently evolved from an immigrant species that had
become established.

Among geometrid moths the genus Scotorythra has 34 species. Some of
these occur only on a single island; and for most of those whose habits are
known, their caterpillars feed on only one kind of tree.

The genus Omiodes in Pyraustidae has 21 species, each attached to a
particular food plant; 5 of them on grasses; 3 on sedges; 6 on wild banana;
3 on Astelia; one on Joinvillea; one on Erythrina; one on Vaccinium; one
on native palms in the mountains.

Phlyctaenia, another genus of Pyraustidae, has 24 species, and each, so
far as known, has its own preferred food plant.

Hyposmocoma, a genus of Hyponomeutidae, has about 200 species. They
are small moths with colorful wing patterns, whose habits are not thoroughly
known, but the caterpillars of a good many of them live in cases on the bark
of trees, feeding mostly on lichens. The caterpillars of a number of others
are without cases and feed in dead twigs, etc.

In Cerambycidae, the genus Plagithmysus has 37 species. The larvae are
tree-borers, and each species is attached to a particular kind of tree. Some
kinds of trees have more than one species of borer attached to it, and the
species are different on the different islands, i.e., no species occurs on more
than one island.

The genus Neoclytarlus, in the same family, has 25 species, and they also
are each attached to a particular tree, and each occurs on only one island.

The genus Nesotocus, in Curculionidae, is a large, elongate weevil with a
long projected snout. It has 4 species, each on a separate island. The larvae
are large, footless grubs which feed in and beneath the thick bark of
Cheirodendron trees when the trees are in an unhealthy or dying condition,
or in dead branches.

Rhyncogonus is a genus of leaf-feeding weevils whose larvae occur in the
ground and feed on roots. There are 20 species, two of which are restricted

January, 1955 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

39

to food plants. Most of the others are rare and the host-plants are not known.
Each species is on a single island.

Oodemas is a genus of roundish or oval, shiny weevils with about 50
species. The larvae feed in dead stems, especially of woody plants having
copious pith. They are not particular as to host plant, but the majority of
the species occur each on a single island.

Proterhinus is the only genus in the family Aglycyderidae. There are
about 150 species, varying in size from 2 to 6 mm. They are wingless and the
antennae are not elbowed, thus differing from the Curculionidae. So far as
known, the species are mostly restricted to particular host plants. The larvae
feed in and under bark in dead or dying twigs and in dead fern fronds. Three
species are leaf-miners.

In the family Anobiidae, there are two genera, Xyletobius and Miro-
sternus, with very numerous species. They are very small beetles whose larvae
feed in dead twigs and branches, and not much is known as to food plant
restrictions. Many species are so similar that they are separated only with
great difficulty. Apparently the species are not yet sufficiently established.

Nesoprosopis is a genus of small endemic bees with 52 species, the
species being different on the different islands.

Odynerus is a genus of wasps with about a hundred species. They store
caterpillars for larval food in hollow stems, exit holes where borers have
issued from trees, and cavities in porous lava rocks. The species are different
on the different islands.

These are some of the prominent examples of the many genera in the
endemic insect fauna of the Hawaiian Islands, in which over long periods of
time and isolation, numerous species have been evolved.

Following Dr. Swezey’s address, the meeting was adjourned. — D. D.
Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Thirty-sixth Meeting

The two hundred and thirty-sixth meeting of the Pacific Coast En-
tomological Society was held at 7:30 p.m. on Friday, April 2, 1954, in the
Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.
President Edwards conducted the meeting. The following members were
present: E. 0. Essig, A. E. Michelbacher, P. D. Hurd, H. B. Leech, Tom S.
Briggs, W. C. Day, F. E. Skinner, E. S. Ross, R. L. Usinger, G. F. Ferris,
Laura M. Henry, P. H. Arnaud, L. R. Gillogly, D. D. Jensen, J. G. Edwards,
W. H. Lange, and E. I. Schlinger. Visitors were present as follows: Grace
Hurd, Helen Day, G. L. Downing, Robert Z. Callaham, E. C. Clark, C. B.
Eaton, Stephen Hitchcock, James Gillogly, Mrs. Lorin Gillogly, and Alan
Gillogly.

The minutes of the meeting held March 6, 1954, were read and approved.

Mr. Lewis T. Nielsen and Mr. R. E. Darby were elected to membership
in the Society.

Dr. Hurd reported that the annual field meeting of the Society would be
held at Russelman Park, Contra Costa County.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Mr. Gillogly
exhibited a dipterous pupa of the family Clythiidae (Platypezidae) collected
by James Gillogly under the bark of a pine log in the Berkeley hills, March

40

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

25, 1954. Its identity is still uncertain, but it resembles the genus Cleona.

Mr. Leech reported that he had reared the following beetles lately:
Cerambycidae :

Holopleura marginata LeConte from dead Umhellularia calij arnica
at Mill Valley, Marin County, California.

Poecilobrium. chalybaeum. (LeConte) and Neoclytus balteatus Le-
Conte from wild lilac (Ceanothus thyrsifiorus) at Mill Valley.

Phymatodes aeneus LeConte and Callimius ruficollis (Le Conte)
from scrub oak (Quercus wislizeni) at Mill Valley.

Grammoptera molybdica LeConte from dead buckeye (Aesculus cali-
fornica) from Redwood Creek two miles south of Muir Woods,
Marin County, California.

Anobiidae:

Xarifa lobata Fall from dead willow (Salix sp.), Redwood Creek.

Hedobia granosa LeConte from dead oak ( Q. wislizeni) at Mill
Valley, and dead willow (Salix sp.) at Muir Beach.

Colored slides were shown by Professor Essig of Pingree Park, Colorado,
by Dr. Edwards of Glacier National Park, and by Dr. Ross of a number of
different insects.

President Edwards introduced as the main speaker of the meeting, Mr.
Robert Z. Callaham, Forest Insect Laboratory, U. S. Forest Service, Berkeley,
who presented an illustrated talk, which is summarized below, entitled,
“Studying the Resistance of Hybrid Pines to Beetle Attack.”

Pines have been the subject of intensive genetic study during the past
three decades at the Institute of Forest Genetics, Placerville, California.
In 1946, studies of host resistance to insect attack were incorporated into
the research program at Placerville. At that time, Mr. John M. Miller of the
Berkeley Forest Insect Laboratory, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran-
tine, was asked to cooperate in testing pines for insect resistance.

The pine reproduction weevil, Cylindrocopturus eatoni Buch., was
selected for the initial studies. This weevil is responsible for the killing of
young ponderosa and Jeffrey pines in plantations in California. Miller forced
this insect to attack the many pine species available at the Institute, and he
soon found that pines exhibit both interspecific and intraspecific resistance
to this insect. This inherent resistance varies from complete immunity to a
very high degree of susceptibility. Hybrids between resistant and susceptible
pines usually were found to exhibit an intermediate degree of susceptibility.

In 1950, research efforts were directed toward determining the factors
which govern the resistance of pines to their most important insect enemies,
the Dendroctonus bark beetles. The results of these studies have led to the
formulation of two hypotheses: (1) that the interspecific resistance of pines
to Dendroctonus species is based on the kind of pitch which each species
produces, and (2) that the intraspecific resistance is based on the amount of
pitch which each individual tree produces. The validity of these two
hypotheses currently is under investigation.

After a discussion of Mr. Callaham’s report the meeting was adjourned.
~D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

January, 1955 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

41

Two Hundred and Thirty-seventh Meeting

The annual field meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was
held at Russelman Park, Contra Costa County, May 22, 1954.

The recorded attendance of 54 persons included 21 members and 33
visitors. Members were present as follows: A. E. Michelbacher, E. 0. Essig,
Luciam Campos, R. M. Bohart, P. D. Hurd, E. S. Ross, D. D. Jensen, P. A.
Harvey, W. H. Lange, J. W. MacSwain, Jane MacSwain, E. G. Linsley, R. F.
Smith, R. Matsuda, P. H. Arnaud, Victor Stombler, W. C. Day, J. G.
Edwards, Otto Swezey, H. B. Leech, and J. E. Swift. The following visitors
were present: Marie Essig, Alicia de Campos, Margaret Bohart, Grace Hurd,
Geleste Green, Pat Devant, Mike Green, Kathleen Green, Kathy McNulty,
Mrs. E. S. Ross, Clark Ross, Anita Jensen, Diana Jensen, Doris Jensen,
Patricia Jensen, Carol Jensen, Esther Perry, Jim Linsley, Juanita Linsley,
Libby Smith, Mrs. W. C. Day, Margaret Arnaud, Alice Edwards, Mary Leech,
A1 Samulson, Mrs. 0. H. Swezey, Grace Walsh, Jeannette G. Walsh, Mrs.
Neil Pae, and Mrs. J. E. Swift.

The weather was ideal for outdoor activities and although some collecting
was done, most of the time was spent in playing softball, volleyball, and
in visiting. — D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Thirty-eighth Meeting

The two hundred and thirty-eighth meeting of the Pacific Coast En-
tomological Society was held at 8:00 p.m. on Friday, November 12, 1954, in
the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran-
cisco. President Edwards conducted the meeting. The following members
were present: W. H. Lange, R. M. Bohart, A. E. Michelbacher, E. 0. Essig,
E. L. Kessel, L. R. Gillogly, R. F. Smith, E. G. Linsley, Jane MacSwain,
J. W. MacSwain, Donald D. Linsdale, D. J. Burdick, J. D. Lattin, W. C.
Bentinck, G. M. Cagley, R. C. Bechtel, Otto W. Graf, D. G. Denning, W. C.
Day, K. S. Hagen, P. D. Hurd, J. W. Tilden, G. F. Ferris, Laura M. Henry,
Tom S. Briggs, H. B. Leech, J. G. Edwards, and D. D. Jensen. The following
visitors were present: Marie Essig, Martha Michelbacher, Mrs. Lorin R.
Gillogly, James J. Gillogly, Alan R. Gillogly, Libby Smith, Juanita Linsley,
R. D. Cuyler, R. 0. Schuster, Marius S. Wasbauer, Ruth C. Wasbauer, A. A.
Grigarick, Owen Bryant, Grace Hurd, George Provin, and Mrs. W. C.
Bentinck.

The minutes of the meetings held April 2 and May 22, 1954, were read
and approved.

The following were elected to membership in the Society: Robert Rosen-
stiel, Corvallis, Oregon; William Hovanitz, San Francisco; Marius Wasbauer,
Berkeley; Gordon Samuelson, Concord, California; and Ryosuke Ishikawa,
Japan.

President Edwards announced that the annual meeting of the Society
would be held at 2 p.m., Depemher 4, 1954, and that the Society, together
with the Society of Systematic Zoology, will cosponsor two sessions for con-
tributed papers at the national meetings of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science which will be held on the campus of the University
of California at Berkeley during the last week of December, 1954.

42

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

President Edwards appointed Professor Ferris, Dr. Kessel, and Dr.
MacSwain to serve as a nominating committee to propose a slate of officers
for 1955 at the annual meeting in December.

Dr. Hurd reported that the Society’s second Memoir, “The Revision of
the Spider Mite Family, Tetranychidae” by A. E. Pritchard and E. W. Baker,
is now in the galley proof stage and should be off the press late in December
or early in January, 1955.

The president and secretary briefly discussed some of the hnancial
problems involved in publication of the second Memoir.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Mr. Gillogly
presented the following note on the food habits of Pocadius fulvipennis
Erichson, a nitidulid beetle which eats only puffball spores, and Platydemia
oregonense LeConte, a tenebrionid beetle which was found in fungi but
which has been reared on breakfast cereal. The Pocadius beetles were found
near Marshall in Marin County last Spring. The larvae and adults eat only
the spores of puffballs. Two species of puffballs grew on the pastures near
Tomales Bay: Calvatia maxima and Lycoperdon pyriforme, and the beetles
were found in each kind. Since then we have found miniature puffballs in
our lawn, and the beetles accept these also.

The cultivated white-button mushrooms which we bought for the beetles
were practically ignored. The beetles did not appear to relish them, and did
not rear larvae in them. Field mushrooms and bracket fungi were not suitable
either. There are not sufficient spores to support the nitidulid larvae. We set
up trial jars with various other foods: wheat flour, rice flour, corn flakes,
crushed oat cereal. The experiments were carried on for several months.
Beetles living on water alone did as well as those in either of these other
jars, for the beetles are apparently obligate puffball feeders.

In contrast, the tenebrionid, Platydema oregonense, although found or-
iginally in fungi in the forest, have shown a liking for various prepared
cereals, with a great preference for “Cheerios”. It has now been a year since
our colony of Platydema has been without the host fungus, Polyporus volvatus,
but they continue to rear larvae on “Cheerios” and water.

Dr. Tilden exhibited two beetles of the buprestid genus Hippomelas, and
one beetle of the family Rhipiphoridae, which he had taken hovering over
flowers of Eriogonum, in the Arroyo Bayo region east of Mt. Hamilton, Santa
Clara County.

Mr. Day reported that during the spring and summer of 1954, he and
Mrs. Day had collected some unusually interesting mayflies. They collected
a good series of three species that are certainly new in North America north
of Mexico. One of these, of very unusual appearance in the nymphal form,
is apparently identical with an unnamed immature nymph from Brazil
described by Traver as “Baetine No. 1.” The reared imago from California
indicates an aberrant form of Baetis. The other two species propably belong
to two different genera — both have been reared and seem most closely allied
to Cloeodes, described by Traver from Puerto Rico. Both genera have dip-
terous adults and belong to the highly specialized subfamily, Baetinea.

Dr. Kessel projected a series of excellent kodachrome slides showing

January, 1955]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

43

pictures of insects photographed in Marin County and an unusually large
red mite collected in the San Jacinto Mountains above Palm Springs by
Mr. Thomas Briggs.

Dr. Edwards exhibited a bottle of water containing living adults of
Amphizoa leconlei which were collected in Glacier National Park, Montana.
They were on a submerged stick in a cold, rapid mountain stream, which is
their customary habitat. It is interesting that since they were collected in
August and placed in this jar, they have remained alive for three months
without food, without cold water, and without oxygenation of the water.
Every 2 or 3 weeks the water is changed and immediately thereafter the
beetles become temporarily more active. Attempts to feed them have failed,
although beetles and larvae of this species feed well in captivity during July
and August in Montana. This species does not occur in California, but is
frequent in Montana, Idaho, Utah, British Columbia, and Washington. Dr.
Edwards is considering the advisability of stocking a small stream in the
Santa Cruz Mountains with them to see if they can survive under those
conditions. The bubble at the tip of the abdomen is not obtained from the
surface, but appears only after a minute or two of submergence, and is
believed to be CO 2 . Normally these beetles remain submerged for only 4 or
5 minutes, but one remained alive for almost two hours under water when
prevented from floating to the surface.

Dr. Edwards also called attention to a new book entitled “The Language
of Taxonomy” written by John Gregg.

Dr. Michelbacher reported that in October, 1954, maggots were observed
seriously infesting the husks of English walnuts in Sonoma County. Some of
the infested nuts were sent to J. E. Swift, Extension Entomologist, who
turned the material over to Dr. Paul Hurd. Maggots that emerged were sent
by Dr. Hurd to Dr. P. W. Oman, of the National Museum, for determination.
They were identified by Dr. R. H. Foote as Rhagoletis sp., possibly juglandis
(Cresson). The latter is the walnut husk fly, a serious pest of walnuts in
southern California. It is a most difficult insect to control and has not been
reported from northern California. At the present time all specimens have
pupated. If the insect proves to be the walnut husk fly, it is hoped that
climatic conditions may be such as to limit it as a pest.

Dr. MacSwain exhibited a box of insects collected in Mexico during the
past summer. The major portion consisted of about 500 females of a number
of nocturnal species of mutillids and tiphiids, which had been collected in a
single day in a canyon five miles west of Parrita in Chihuahua. In addition
were three females of the cucurbit — visiting bee Xenoglossa fulva Smith,
whose nesting habits had been studied in an area 11 miles southwest of
Acambaro, Guano juato, Mexico.

Dr. Edwards introduced Dr. Larry Lange, University of California, Davis,
as the main speaker of the meeting. Dr. Lange’s talk dealt with aquatic
Lepidoptera, particularly certain groups occurring in California. This is a
field which has received relatively little attention in the past.

The subfamily Nymphulinae of the family Pyralidae includes a group
of moths which have successfully and in devious ways made the change from
a terrestrial to an aquatic environment. The Nymphulinae as usually

44

THE FAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 1

designated includes almost 100 genera and over 1,000 species, some aquatic,
but many terrestrial. It appears that many are included in the subfamily only
for convenience and do not constitute a group showing common phylogenetic
relationships. In North America, our species have been included mostly in
the genera Nymphula and Cataclysta, but it now appears that they are
probably not properly placed if we take into account certain differences in
male and female genitalia and wing venation. At the present time six species
of aquatic moths are known from California, but unidentified larvae would
indicate that there are additional species. The work to date suggests that a
major revision of the genera is necessary in order to accommodate our
western species, and that much biological and distributional data remain
to be collected.

Following a discussion of Dr. Lange’s report, the meeting was adjourned.
— D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Thirty-ninth Meeting

The annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society was held
at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, December 4, 1954, in the Morrison Auditorium of
the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President Edwards con-
ducted the meeting. The following members were present: P. D. Hurd, Jr.,
W. C. Day, E. L. Kessel, H. B. Leech, R. C. Miller, W. W. Middlekauff, E. 0.
Essig, W. A. Doalin, Laura M. Henry, G. F. Ferris, R. Matsuda, William
Hovanitz, J. W. Green, J. W. Tilden, J. D. Lattin, E. A. Smith, Berta Kessel,
Otto Graf, Jr., F. E. Skinner, William Barr, K. S. Hagen, J. W. MacSwain,
and D. D. Jensen. Visitors were present as follows: G. Provin, R. D. Cuyler,
Mrs. W. C. Day, Mr. and Mrs. George Johnson, C. W. Sharsmith, Peter
Westigard, Alberta Woodworth, Alice Edwards, Jane Anne Edwards, Dorothy
M. Ellis, F. Albert Ellis, Wm. Tamerlane, Lawrence Saylor, R. D. Schuster,
R. G. Pisano, Ronald Hanley, Phyllis Baumann, Susan Westerbach, Samuel
Carpenter, Margaret C. Irwin, Orlando Park, Geo. Hopping, and M. L.
Prebble.

The minutes of the meeting held November 12, 1954, were read and
approved.

The following were elected to membership in the Society: George Strubel,
Charles B. Eaton, and Stephen Hitchcock.

Mr. Leech, chairman of the auditing committee, reported that the
Society’s financial records had been found in good order.

Dr. Miller, reported on the financial standing of the Society as of
November 30, 1954.

Dr. Kessel showed a moving picture, entitled, “A Collection of Insects
in Motion”, which he had made of local insects for use in television work.
Part of the film was in black and white and part in color. The results of
his work indicate that moving pictures can provide a valuable medium for
the presentation of insect life to the general public.

The nominating committee, consisting of Professor Ferris, Dr. Kessel,
and Dr. MacSwain, proposed the following as officers of the Society during
1955: W. C. Day, President; H. B. Leech, Vice-president; D. D. Jensen,
Secretary; R. C. Miller, Treasurer; Donald Denning, Member at Large.

January, 1955 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

45

The chairmanship of the meeting was then turned over to Mr. Day who
called on Dr. Edwards to give his retiring presidential address entitled, “An
Entomologist Considers the Ecology of Glacier National Park.”

Dr. Edwards’ address was illustrated with excellent kodachrome slides
depicting the natural beauty of Glacier Park and showing the areas he
considered of primary entomological interest.

Following Dr. Edwards’ report the meeting was adjourned. — D. D.
Jensen, Secretary.

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Vel. XXXI APRIL, 1955 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

LEE — The biology of the Mexican chicken bug, Haematosiphon

inodorus (Duges) 47

LEECH — Emergence of the cicada Okanagana tristis Van Duzee 61

LINSLEY — Notes and descriptions of some species of CrossidiuSu 63

GURNEY — Further notes on Iris oratoria in California 67

MATSUDA — The morphological and taxonomic significance of the

basal abdominal segments in the Hemiptera-Heteroptera 73

LATTIN — The eggs of Corimelaena virilis (McAttee and Malloch) 75

CLAUSEN — Releases of recently imported insect parasites and

predators in California, 1952-53 77

LEECH — Records of water beetles from Manchuria and Siberia 80

ANDERSON — Jurupa Entomology Club 82

JAMES — A new tachina fly of economic importance 83

WILLIAMS — A new species of wasp of the genus Solierella from

southern California 85

SLEEPER — New rhyncophora from western United States 87

WASBAUER — Observations on the biology of Anoplius fulgidus Cresson.. 90

BOOK REVIEW 86

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 62

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1955

Pablishtd by lln PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

la m/\nmrntlf\a utlfh THE CAI IPORKIIA A(^AnCkiV C^ICIkloec

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usincer

E. S. Ross H. B. Leech

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-
ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological
phases of entomology are favored* including articles up to ten printed pages on
insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed
to Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,
Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address,
requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed
to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco 18, Calif.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single
copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to "Pan-Pacific Entomologist."

Announcing • • •

REVISION OF THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY
TETRANYCHIDAE

hy A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker

This world-wide treatment (488 pp., 330 figures) of the “Red
Spiders” is the second volume in the Memoirs Series of the Pacific
Coast Entomological Society. Each species is beautifully illustrated
in the inimitable style of E. W. Baker. The work deals with the
systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders”.
Synoptic keys have been prepared, descriptions are presented for
all species including the major agricultural pests, and thirty -three
species are described as new.

Publication date — ^June, 1955, Price $10,00.

Send orders to : Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,
California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San
Francisco.

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at
San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXI April, 1955 No. 2

THE BIOLOGY OF THE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG,
HAEMATOSIPHON INODORUS (DUCES)

(Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

Robert D. Lee

Department of Entomology
School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine
Loma Linda, California

Since its description in 1892 by Duges, little has been done
with the Mexican poultry bug, Haemato siphon inodorus. Few local-
ity records have been given for this species although Usinger
( 1947 ) mentioned that it is a common poultry pest found through-
out the southwestern United States and Mexico. According to
collection notes to be cited later and according to the observations
of Townsend (1893) and others, colonies of H. inodorus may be-
come quite numerous and troublesome. It is hoped that the follow-
ing study will aid in the knowledge and control of this species.

The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Robert L.
Usinger, University of California at Berkeley, under whose guid-
ance this work was done. Special thanks are also due to Drs. Deane
P. Furman and William C. Reeves, of the University of California,
Berkeley, for their helpful advice and criticism of the project. To
Raymond E. Ryckman, School of Tropical and Preventive Medi-
cine, Loma Linda, California, goes my heartfelt thanks for his
unfailing interest and help in making this study possible. For aid
in collecting material, credit must be given to R. E. Ryckman, C.
T. Ames, and K. Y. Arakawa. The author is indebted to Mrs. Frieda
Abernathy for making the plate of H. inodorus and to Dr. 1. Barry
Tarshis for the photograph used in this paper. The School of
Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda, California, granted
the author a one-year leave of absence for graduate study during
which this work was done.

Methods

Haematosiphon inodorus showed a reluctance to feed and ovi-
posit from a few days to several weeks after being brought from
the field to the laboratory. The colony as a whole was allowed to
feed every three to five days and was maintained in an incubator

48

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

at about 25.5-29.0° C. and 58 to 64 per cent relative humidity.
Before any quantitative records were taken, the colony was estab-
lished until the insects seemed to be laying eggs in what was thought
to be a normal manner.

The bugs were kept in straight walled jars approximately 5%
inches high and 1% inches in diameter or in shell vials principally
of two sizes: 2 inches high by I /2 inch in diameter; 2% inches
high by % inches in diameter. The size of the container used was
determined by the number and age of the insects in the container.
The main colony was divided into a number of the ll/g inch
diameter jars. The openings of all of the containing units were
covered with rayon cloth consisting of 85 by 67 threads per inch.
This mesh was found satisfactory to keep first instars in and still
permit adults to feed through. The cloth was held in place by a
tight fitting rubber band. Masking tape was then put around both
the rubber band and the edge of the cloth to prevent any escape.
This feeding technique was suggested by Ryckman’s (1951) method
of feeding Triatominae.

Bugs in the largest units were supported by heavy blotter paper
in accordion-like folds extending the length of the jar. This sup-
plied the insects with a means of reaching the host during feeding
time and provided them with ample space on which to lay eggs.
For immature insects being kept separate from the main colony
and for most of those involved in special experiments, another type
of unit was found to be more satisfactory. A disk of blotter paper
was placed on the bottom of each of the smaller units, and no folded
paper reached the top. If the disk is made of the correct diameter,
it will fit snugly without slipping out. If a drop of melted paraflfin
is dropped on the bottom of the vial just before the disk is placed
in it, the security of the disk may be made more sure. Tbe reason
for this type of unit will be made clear below.

The principal laboratory host used was the chicken, and unless
otherwise indicated in the following experiments it will be assumed
that the chicken was the host used. The bird was secured for the
most part by merely tying its feet together. However, on occasion
it has been necessary to quiet the chicken by putting a hood over
its head or even tying its feet and wings to a board. The feeding
units were held inverted on an unfeathered area on the side of the
fowl by a ring stand and burette clamp. (See Figure I) . Those bugs

April, 1955]

LEE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG

49

having access to the chicken by the long folds of blotter paper
could go and feed or remain away as they pleased. The insects in
the smaller units containing disks of blotter paper were dropped
to the cloth covering before application to the bird by inverting
the vial and tapping it. This forced the insects to be close to the
skin of the host, being separated from it only by the cloth through
which they readily fed. This latter method proved highly successful
and increased greatly the percentage of bugs feeding. It was
especially adaptable to the youngest instars which had a tendency
to remain away from the animal when the bugs were in jars con-
taining folds of paper.

Fig. 1. Application of the colony rearing unit to the laboratory host for
feeding of Haematosiphon inodorus.

It was found that the bugs tended to feed better if the feeding
unit was covered with a cloth or paper before putting it in the
burette clamp thereby allowing the bugs to feed in at least partial
darkness. That darkness was not an absolute necessity is borne out
not only by laboratory evidence but by the observation of Ryckman
(personal communication) in which bugs were seen feeding on
nestling owls in ample light.

Systematics

In the original paper, Duges (1892) assigned inodorus to the
genus Cimex (=Acanthia) and remarked that it warranted sub-
generic recognition. In describing the adult, Duges erroneously

50

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

pointed out that it had no scent apparatus; he reasoned that the
absence of a scent gland was compensated for by the nimble action
and long rostrum of the bug.

Champion (1900) proposed the genus, Haemato siphon, for the
reception of inodora and stated that H. inodorus has a scent ap-
paratus, in contra-distinction to Duges’ findings. On the basis of
differences in the bristles, the proboscises, and the sterna, Jordan
and Rothschild (1912) divided the family Cimicidae into three
subfamilies, one of which was the newly recognized subfamily
Haematosiphoninae. Jordan (1922) noted in Haematosiphon the
dorso-medial position of the organ now verified as the organ of
Berlese. He suggested that the medial position is probably the
primitive one for this structure.

Although several workers have given descriptions of the adult,
no one has described the egg or all of the pre-adult instars. Town-
send (1893) described one of the later nymphal instars .A redescrip-
tion of both sexes of the adult and a description of the egg and all
the instars is here presented. The measurements given below in-
dicate the mean sizes of twenty-five freshly killed specimens.

Diagnostic Description. Contrary to what Matheson (1950)
and others have said, Haematosiphon inodorus is not a relatively
large bug. Instead it is considerably smaller than Cimex lectularius
Linneaus; it is somewhat similar in size to Oeciacus vicarius Horv.
H. inodorus is characterized by its broad head, long rostrum, sub-
contiguous mesocoxa and metacoxa, laterally margined elytra, and
dorsal organ of Berlese.

Detailed Description. Egg. (Plate 1, a.) Chorion white, unhatched egg
colored light hrown because of contents. Fine irregular pattern imprinted on
chorion; unlike regular geometric figures on Cimex lectularius chorion.
Length .883 mm. ; width at widest part .441 mm. ; diameter of ring about
operculum .261 mm. Operculum moderately smooth.

First Instar Nymph. (Plate 1, b.) Elongate-oval, flattened, sparsely
bristled. Overall body length 1.14 mm. ; abdomen width .517 mm.

Head triangular, somewhat rounded, proportion of width to length
25:: 16.5, head width .382 mm. Eyes about one-sixth as wide as interocular
space, 3::17. Antennae inserted slightly behind middle of anteocular space
on ventro-lateral aspect of head; fourth segment pointed apicaUy. Propor-
tion of antennal segments, 6:11:11:16.5. Rostral proportions, 15.5:12.5:13;
rostrum extending to posterior of middle coxae; overall length .619 mm.

Pronotum subrectangular, anterior concave, posterior convex, humeri
rounded, width .441 mm., ratio of length to width 12.5 ::30, bearing a single,
long bristle on each posterior corner, Mesonotum and metanotum less

April, 1955]

LEE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG

51

rectangular in shape, shorter than pronotum, also hearing single long bristle
on each posterior corner.

No indication of wing pads. First abdominal segment bearing single
long bristle on posterior corner similar to those on thoracic segments.

Plate I. Illustration of Haemato siphon inodorus: a) egg; b) first instar;
c) second instar; d) third instar; e) ventral aspect showing rostrum; f)
fourth instar; g) adult female; h) lateral view of disk on apical end of
male mesotibia and metatibia; i) male terminalia.

52

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

Scattered bristles on venter, very few on dorsum, six long bristles extending
beyond tip of abdomen; spicules present on legs. Tarsi two segmented;
claws simple, curved. Small pads situated at base of claws.

Color uniformly pale amber except for bright ruby-red eyes.

Second Instar Nymph. (Plate 1, c.) Differing from preceding in follow-
ing respects: more robust than first instar nymph. Head width .450 mm.,
width to length proportion, 31::21. Proportion of antennal segments, 7:16:15:
19.5. Proportion of rostral segments, 19:17:18, overall length .727 mm.

Apparent first abdominal segment not bearing long bristle on posterior
corner. Overall body length 1.45 mm. ; abdomen width .770 mm. ; prothorax
width .564 mm.

Third Instar Nymph. (Plate 1, d.) Differing from preceding in following
respects : proportionately larger than previous instars. Head width .582 mm. ;
width to length proportion, 11::8. Proportion of antennal segments, 10:25
.5:21.5:23.5. Proportion of rostral segments, 26.5:21.5:24, overall length .983
mm. Prothorax width .775 mm; abdomen width 1.11 mm.; overall body
length 2.14 mm.

Fourth Instar Nymph. (Plate 1, f. ) Differing from preceding in fol-
lowing respects: proportionately larger than previous instars. Head width
.741 mm.; width to length proportion, 24.5:: 17.5. Proportion of antennal
segments, 13:34.5:24.5:25. Proportion of rostral segments, 15:13:14.5, overall
length 1.28 mm. Prothorax width 1.01 mm.; abdomen width 1.51 mm.;
overall body length 2.94 mm.

Adult Male. (Plate 1, i.) Elongate-oval, rather robust, surface polished,
partly covered with short appressed hairs.

Head, including eyes, broader than long, 26.5:: 19, .825 mm. in width,
somewhat pentagon shaped, tapering before eyes to front, broadly set into
prothorax. Clypeus rounded, tapering abruptly behind widest part and
attached in V-shaped invagination of head. Eyes one-fourth interocular
space, 4.5:: 18, quite prominent. Antennae inserted behind middle of ante-
ocular region, first segment somewhat globulose, third thinner than others,
fourth pointed apically. Proportion of segments, 5:18:12.5:12.5. Rostrum
extending to hind margin of mesosternum, approximately 1.44 mm. long,
rather slender, bearing scattered sub-erect, short hairs particularly on last
segment. Proportion of segments, 18:14:15.

Pronotum parallelogram shaped, a little more than twice as wide as
long, wider in front than behind, sides convex, anterior angles produced
beyond hind margin of head. Sides produced to plate-like border fringed
with row of short, curved, simple hairs; posterior angles bearing two long,
slightly curved bristles. Sparsely covered with short, appressed hairs, finely
punctate. Width of pronotum at widest point, 1.11 mm.

Front margin of hemelytra together form rounded, V-shaped line across
thorax, rounded behind. Hemelytra sloping laterally to form rounded, plate-
like process extended beyond pronotum, wider behind than in front.
Granular, with scattered, short hairs; row of long, slightly curved bristles
on lateral edge.

Coxae stout, mesocoxae and metacoxae subcontiguous, mesocoxae closer
together than metacoxae. Sparsely covered with short hairs. Ridge formed

April, 1955]

LEE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG

53

between meso- and metacoxae extending to fourth abdominal sternite.
Femora rather stout, clothed with short hairs. An oval disk bearing numerous
short hairs located on apical end of pro- and mesotibiae (Plate 1, h.) ; disk
appears from side to be a brush. Protarsi clothed with scattered hairs and
bristles; meso- and metatarsi also bearing spines, particularly at apical end.
Legs moderately long, tarsal claws simple and curved. Small, elongate pad
having V-shaped striations located between tarsal claws.

Abdomen of recently molted, unfed specimen 2.00 mm. wide. Overall
body length 3.34 mm. First abdominal segment longer than others. Posterior
margin of first tergite straight across body, those following slightly rounded
forward. Terminalia asymmetrical; penis directed to left side. Copulatory
organ slightly curved, fitted into groove that runs up to hind margin of
seventh sternite. Nearly all of first segment and posterior portion of other
principal abdominal segments rather coarsely punctate, with short, fine,
inconspicuous hairs. Tip of abdomen clothed with 30 to 50 long stiff hairs.

Long hairs of body dentate at tips.

Color description is of living specimen. Body walnut brown, hemelytra
white with brown lateral edges, legs and antennae amber, eyes red.

Adult Female. (Plate 1, g.) Differing from male in following respects:
abdomen more oval; general size somewhat larger. Head width to length
proportion slightly greater, 28.2 ::22, Head width .874 mm. Rostrum length
1.54 mm. Width of prothorax at widest point 1.18 mm.

Pro- and mesotibia lacking apical disks.

Abdomen width 2.27 mm.; body length 3.9 mm. Fifth tergite strongly
sinuated medially. Entrance to organ of Berlese located dorso-medially at
fifth segment. Tip of abdomen symmetrical. Abdominal sternites 1 to 5
medially sinuated.

In uncleared freshly killed or living specimens older than the
first instar nymph, bodies containing a green pigment may be
seen scattered about the internal organs. This pigment may be
that spoken of by Wigglesworth (1943) which results from a
series of changes in the hemoglobin of ingested blood.

Comparison of Head Widths. Taylor (1931), Forbes (1934),
Harries and Henderson (1938), and a number of others have used
and discussed Dyar’s rule in the study of changes in the head
widths of successive instars of various insects. Dyar (1890) and
others have shown that each instar of a given insect generally
shows a fairly definite percentage increase in head width. This has
been used with some degree of success to show the probable number
of instars a species should have. That is, if there is a large gap in
the head width range from one apparent instar to the next, it may
be suspected that an instar has been overlooked. The application
of Dyar’s principle to H. inodorus is briefly considered here.

Head width measurements were made of twenty-five individuals

54

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

of each preadult instar and both sexes of adults. The ranges for
these measurements are indicated in Table I and Figure 2. The
means, the standard deviations of the means, and the growth
quotients of the various age groups are also presented in Table I.
The specimens used for these measurements were selected from
groups being reared through from egg to adult. The groups were
examined approximately every forty-eight hours ; those individuals
which molted were separated from the rest and were either used
then for measurements of that particular instar or allowed to go
on to later instars and adults.

TABLE I. Measurements of head widths and study of the pro-
gressive development in size from instar to instar in H. inodorus.

Age

Group

Number Range in
Measured Size

Mean

Standard Growth
Deviation Quotient

Instar I

25

.356-.403 mm.

.382 mm.

±.0117

Instar II

25

.425-. 477 mm.

.450 mm.

±.0156

1.18

Instar III

25

.548-.616 mm.

.583 mm.

±.0183

1.30

Instar IV

25

.682-.806 mm.

.741 mm.

±.0311

1.27

Adult Male

25

.775-. 884 mm.

.825 mm.

± .0298

1.11

Adult Female

25

.791-.930 mm.

.874 mm.

± .0326

1.18

Average

1.21

When the logarithms of the means are plotted on coordinate
paper, as in Figure 3, they fall approximately in a straight line
and are fairly evenly spaced. The evidence indicates that Haemato-
siphon inodorus has but four preadult instars. This fact is also
shown in the study made of the life history of this species. All other
Cimicids and nearly all Hemiptera which have previously been
studied have five preadult instars.

Life History Studies

Seventy-six eggs were placed individually in as many vials so
that each specimen might be studied separately from its fellows;
this permitted a much more accurate tabulation of the results than
would have been possible otherwise. The vials contained disks of
blotter paper on the bottom and were covered with cloth as
described previously.

The eggs used were known to have been 48 hours old or less and
were checked for hatching every second day after they were placed
in the vials. On the second day after having hatched from the egg
or molting from the previous instar, the bugs were allowed to feed.
By thus waiting 48 hours after the period during which the insect

LOGARITHMS OF MEAN HEAD WIDTHS

April, 1955 ]

LEE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG

55

THIRD

INSTAR ADULT

HEAD WIDTHS IN MILLIMETERS

Fig. 2. Ranges of head widths of various instars of Haematosiphon
inodorus shown graphically.

AGE GROUP

Fig. 3. Plotting of the logarithms of the mean head widths of the
various instars of Haematosiphon inodorus.

,925

56

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

hatched or molted, it was generally found that the bug would feed.
There were exceptions as some individuals refused to feed for
longer periods of time. Although this increased the length of time
of the instar in which the individual hesitated to feed, it did not
seem to affect the length of time of subsequent instars. Once having
fed well in the “long” instar period, the bug generally progressed
normally. Long instar periods were most frequent in the first instar.

Out of seventy-six eggs started in the life history study, seventy-
two eggs or 94.7 per cent hatched. The average time required to
hatch was 5.1 days. The average number of days required to
develop from egg to adult was 36.5 days. The maximum was forty-
six days, and the minimum was thirty. A summary of the remaining
data of the life history study is presented in Table II.

TABLE 11. Summary of life history data.

Instar No. of Percentage No. Days Required No. died in
Individuals Molted to Molt each Instar

I

72

73.6%

Max.

16

Min.

6

Ave.

8.5

19

II

53

86.8%

12

6

7.8

5

III

48

93.7%

12

6

7.4

3

IV

45

91.1%

14

6

8.3

4

Adults

41

Out of 474 newly molted adult H. inodoriis, 203 were females,
and 271 were males. This gives a percentage ratio of males to
females of 57.2::42.8. Although a still larger sample might change
the figures somewhat, the indications are that there is a slightly
greater percentage of males than females in newly molted, labor-
atory reared adults. Why there are more males than females is, as
yet, a matter of speculation.

Reuter (1913) suggested that bats were the original host to H.
inodorus and tried to substantiate this theory by stating that
chickens (the only host other than man known for this species)
were not native to the Western Hemisphere while the bugs were.
Usinger (1947) recorded for the first time collections of H.
inodorus from native hosts; they were the California condor, the
great horned owl, and two unidentified owls.

Specimens used in this study were taken from the nests of
barn owls, Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte) . The nests were
located ten to twelve feet from the top of a thirty-five foot bank
along the Santa Ana River, thirteen miles southwest of Riverside,
three-fourths of a mile northeast of Norco in Riverside County,

April, 1955]

LEE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG

57

California, at an elevation of about six hundred feet. The insects
were found concentrated in cracks and crevices of the soft soil
about the entrance and in the walls of the cave-like nests. From a
single nest 1,425 bugs were taken; from another nest 1,778 speci-
mens were collected. The bugs were by no means confined to the
actual nest or its immediate entrance but were taken in numbers
four to five feet and more away.

One of the first things the worker observes in handling H. in-
odorus is the swiftness with which the bugs, of all ages, move about.

H. inodorus is unable to climb a vertical, clean, glass wall. If,
however, the angle is decreased from 90 degrees, a point is reached
at which the insects are able to climb. The maximum angle which
the bugs are able to climb depends on their age group. With the
exception of the male adults, the younger the age group in which
a given individual is, the better able it is to climb the wall. Maxi-
mum ranges for the various instars and for both sexes of adults
were found to be: I, 45—49°; II, 40—44°; III, 32—36°; IV,
22—26°; adult female, 17—21°; adult male, 62—66°.

That the insects can climb at all on a clean glass wall is de-
pendent at least in part on the presence of a small pad at the
apical end of the last tarsal segment. The remarkable ability of the
adult males to climb the glass wall is due to the presence of an
additional “climbing organ” located on the apical end of the tibia
of the first and second pairs of legs. This organ appears to be an
oval disk bearing many hairs; from the side it looks like a small
brush (Plate 1, h.). The climbing organ was observed in action
by placing a living adult male upside down on a microscope slide
and covering him with a cover glass. The organ appeared to be
quite similar to that described by Gillett and Wigglesworth (1932)
for Rhodnius prolixus, “an elastic sac distended with fluid.” The
fact that only the males have these tibial climbing organs might
indicate that these are secondary sexual structures used during
copulation.

Copulation takes place most frequently after feeding. The males
run about in search of a female, and the act itself takes place in
the following manner: the male climbs on the dorsal surface of
the female, being lined up with her on a parallel axis. He inserts
the copulatory organ into the sinuated fifth abdominal tergite
which leads into the organ of Ribaga and the organ of Berlese.

58

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

The pair shakes vigorously from side to side much of the time
while in copulo; the female may even run about with the male still
in position. If there is a dearth of females in the colony, the males
may be seen to mount other males and go through shaking motions
similar to those that a copulating pair makes; this, however, lasts
for a much shorter period than when the act takes place with a
female. Both sexes need not have fed recently to become sexually
excited when the colony as a whole is feeding. A well fed female
seems to attract more males than an unfed one. If motion plays
more of a role in attracting the male to the female than odor does,
as Rivnay (1933) suggests for Cimex lectularius, then perhaps the
larger size of the well fed female would explain its being more
attractive than the unfed female. It would seem reasonable in this
case to suspect that the warmth of the ingested blood is the at-
tracting agent. However, males are attracted to fed females and not
particularly attracted to fed males when enough females are
present. Thus it would seem that neither motion nor the warmth
of ingested blood serve primarily as the activators of the copulatory
act. Whether or not a chemical stimulus or some other factor is
the agent has yet to be solved.

Longevity without Food. The problem of how long the newly
molted insect can live without food is an important one. This is
particularly true when the host may be gone for several days
before returning to the nest. An indication of the length of time
that various stages may survive after molting is indicated in
Table III.

TABLE III. Longevity of recently molted bugs without food.

Instar

Number

Used

Number of days till death
Max. Min. Ave.

I

34

7

3

5.1

II

24

7

4

6.1

III

Adult

32

13

5

8.3

female

Adult

21

25

11

14.9

male

19

17

8

12.4

Although Haematosiphon is not usually considered to feed on
mammals, it is important to know what animals other than birds
it will feed on, particularly for some laboratory experiments. Var-
ious instars of bugs were allowed to feed on the closely clipped
abdomen of a laboratory rabbit. Little hesitation was evidenced

April, 1955 ]

LEE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG

59

by the insects to feed on the animal. Those which had fed to
repletion molted to the next instar or to adults in a normal
amount of time.

Poor results were obtained in an effort to feed second, third,
and fourth instar nymphs on a young white rat. Eight out of
thirteen bugs which had fed well on the rat were dead within four
days after having fed. Although Mazzotti (1941) was successful
in feeding H. inodorus on a mouse, the present writer did not meet
with such success. Out of thirty-six hungry bugs of various instars
which were placed for 24 hours in a small jar containing a suckling
mouse, only eight fed at all, none to repletion. The insects were
seen to crawl about on the mouse, but few were seen attempting
to feed.

First, second, and third instar nymphs were allowed to feed on
the abdomen of a bat (Myotis sp.) which had been stretched out
and strapped down. Small numbers (3 to 5) of each instar fed;
within 18 hours those bugs which fed were dead. Even though the
insects were dead the blood was still the same bright red hue it
was immediately after the bugs had fed. Still less successful results
were obtained in an effort to feed the bugs on the Mexican free-
tailed bat, Tadarida mexicana (Saussure).

Attempts to induce various instars of H. inodorus to feed on
an unidentified cave toad and fence lizard met with failure.

Haemato siphon shows no reluctance to feed on human subjects
at all. Duges’ paper (1892) mentioned the fact that chicken growers
complained of bites from this species. Townsend (1893) stated
that this pest may “spread from roosts to dwelling-houses, where
it proves more formidable than the bedbug”. More recently (1952)
Dr. J, N. Roney, Extension Entomologist of the University of
Arizona, reported (in litt.) that in July, 1946, in Navajo County,
Arizona, he “found the insects infesting two chicken yards and
three homes to such an extent that the residents were forced to
move out” so that a complete fumigation might be effected.

Summary

Techniques used in rearing Haematosiphon inodorus /or the
first time in the laboratory are noted.

A detailed description is here presented for the first time for
the egg and all the preadult instars. A redescription of both sexes

60

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

of the adult is presented in greater detail than has been done by
previous workers.

By rearing this species from egg to adult in individual vials and
by studying its life history in detail, the fact that H. inodorus has
only four preadult instars was demonstrated. A comparison of the
degree of change in head width from one stage to the next, based
on Dyar’s principle, shows biostatistically that no instar was over-
looked in the life history study. This is the first Cimicid and one
of very few Hemiptera which has been shown conclusively to have
only four preadult instars. A brief study of the sex ratio shows
that there are more males than females in a laboratory reared
population.

Collection notes indicate a new host for this species and point
out that populations may build up to large numbers in the nest of
the host. Various behavior patterns of this bug are presented which
give a clearer understanding of its life history.

LITERATURE CITED

Champion, G. C.

1900. Biol. Centr. Am., Heter. 2:337.

Duges, D. a.

1892. Acanthia inodora. La Naturaleza. Ser. 2, 11:169—170.

Dyar, H. G.

1890. The number of molts of Lepidopterous larvae. Psyche. 5(175—
176) :420-422.

Forbes, W. T. M.

1934. A note on Dyar’s law (Lepidoptera: Larvae). Bull. Brooklyn Ent.
Soc. 29(4) : 146-149.

Gillett, J. D. and V. B. Wigglesworth

1932. The climbing organ of an insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera:
Reduviidae). Proc. Roy. Soc., London (B) 111:364—376.

Harries, F. H. and C. F. Henderson

1938. Growth of insects with reference to progression factors for suc-
cessive growth stages. Ann. Ent. Soc. America 31(4) :557— 572.
Horvath, G.

1912. Revision of the American Cimicidae. Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist.-Nat.
Hung. 10:257-262.

Jordan, K.

1922. Note on the distribution of the organ of Berlese in Clinocoridae.
Ectoparasites. 1:283—285.

Jordan, K. and N. C. Rothschild

1912. Notes on Clinocoridae, a family of Rhynchota, with the descrip-
tions of a new genus and species. Nov. Zool. 10:352-356.
Matheson, R.

1950. Medical Entomology. Comstock Pub. Co., Inc., New York, 612 pp.

April, 1955]

LEECH CICADA EMERGENCE

61

Reuter, 0. M.

1913. Die Familie der Bett-order Hauswanzen (Cimicidae), ihre Phylo-
genis, Systematik, Oekologie und Verbreitung. Z. wiss. InsektBiol.
9:251-255, 303-306, 325-329, 360-364.

Rivnay, E.

1933. The tropisms effecting copulation in the bed-bug. Psyche.
40(4) :115-120.

Ryckman, R. E.

1952. Laboratory culture of Triatominae with observations on behavior
and a new feeding device. Jour. Parasit. 38(3) :210— 214.

Taylor, R. L.

1931. On “Dyar’s Rule” and its application to sawfly larvae. Ann. Ent.
Soc. America. 24(3) :451— 466.

Townsend, C. H. T.

1893. Note on the coruco, a Hemipterous insect which infests poultry
in southern New Mexico. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 3:40-41.
UsiNGER, R. L.

1947. Native hosts of the Mexican chicken bug, Haemato siphon inodora
(Duges). Pan. Pac. Ent. 23(3) :140.

WiGGLESWORTH, V. G.

1943. The fate of haemoglobin in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera) and
other blood-sucking arthropods. Proc. Roy. Soc., London (B)
131:313-339.

EMERGENCE OF THE CICADA OKANAGANA TRISTIS

VAN DUZEE

(Homoptera: Cicadidae)

Okanagana tristis Van Duzee is a common California species,
but the only record for Mendocino County given by Simons (1954.
The Cicadidae of California. Bull, Calif. Insect Survey, 2(3) :177)
is “Mendocino Co. ; Unknown locality, 1$, VII-20-23 (E. R, Leach,
C.A.S.).”

Virtually all insects labeled “Mendocino Co.” by Mr. Leach
were taken on or close to his property at the junction of Yale
Creek with Rancheria Creek, about two miles south of the old site
of the Yorkville Post Office on Highway 128. On July 24, 1954 I
was camped in a small neglected orchard on this property, and at
about 8:30 P.M. (Pacific Daylight Saving time) noticed cicada
nymphs crawling up grass and weed stems. By 10:30 P.M. most
of them had completely emerged from the nymphal skins, but were
still of a creamy white color. I am indebted to Dr. J. N. Simons
for identifying one of the resultant adults — Hugh B. Leech, Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

62

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of
THE Plenary Powers in certain cases for the avoidance

OF CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION OF CURRENT
NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A. [n.S.] 19)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers is
involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned names
included in Part 9 of Volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nom-
enclature, which was published on October 22, 1954:

(1) Discoides; Cerebratulus ; Polycitor; Scolixedion; all being generic names
in Renier (1804) Prospetto (now rejected for nomenclatorial purposes),
question of validation of (p.263) (File Z.N.[S.] 832).

(2) Aglaja; Alcyonaria; Cystia; Rodens; Tuba; Tubulanus; all being gen-
eric names in Renier (1807) Tavola (now proposed to be rejected for
nomenclatorial purposes), question of validation of (p.264) (File Z.N.
[S.1688).

(3) Names (generic and specific) given to aptychi of Ammonites, proposed
suppression of (pp. 266— 269) (File Z.N. [S.] 858) .

(4) Notropis Rafinesque, 1818 (Class Osteichthyes, Order Cyprinida) pro-
posed determination of gender as masculine (pp. 212—211) (File Z.N.
[S.]663).

(5) Cheloniceras Hyatt, 1903 (Class Cephalopoda, Order Ammonoidea), pro-
posed designation of type species for, in harmony with accustomed nom-
enclatorial usage (pp. 278— 280) (File Z.N. [S'.] 703) .

(6) Argus Bohadsch, 1761 (Class Gastropoda), proposed retention of .status
for the purposes of the Law of Homonymy to preserve Polyommatus
Latreille, 1804, from falling as a synonym of Argus Boisduval, 1832,
(pp.281-283) (FileZ.N.[S.]714).

(7) minimus Miller (J.S.), 1826, as published in the combination Belemnites
minimus (Class Cephalopoda, Order Dibranchia), proposed validation
of (pp.284^285) (File Z.N. [S.] 823).

In addition, the above Part contains a proposal for the issue of
a Declaration banning names based upon the aptychi of ammonites
(File Z.N. [S.] 589).

Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the fore-
going applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secretary to
the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village East,
Regent’s Park, London, N.W.I., England) as soon as possible.
Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Com-
mission’s File Number as given in the present Notice.

April, 1955]

LINSLEY — CROSSIDIUS

65

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME SPECIES OF

CROSSIDIUS

( Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

E. Gorton Linsley

University of California, Berkeley

The following notes and descriptions are offered at this time
in order to permit the return of material borrowed in connection
with a more comprehensive study. The writer regards Oxoplus
synonymous with Crossidius, since those characters previously
used to separate them clearly intergrade and no other constant
differences are evident. The following species shduld be transferred ;
to Crossidius :

Crossidius coccineus (Casey) new combination
Crossidius corallinus (LeConte) new combination
Crossidius cruentus (LeConte) new combination
Crossidius jocosus (Horn) new combination
Crossidius marginatus (Le(ionte) new combination
Crossidius ornaticollis (Lacordaire) new combinaticn
Crossidius poecilus (Bates) new combination

Crossidius mojavensis Linsley, new species

Male: Length 17.5 mm., breadth 5.7 mm. Form elongate, subparallel,
depressed; color black, elytra yellowish-brown except humeri and suture;
pubescence moderately dense, pale. Head coarsely, closely punctate; frcns
densely clothed with coarse, erect, pale hairs about as long as diameter of
apex of antennal scape; vertex clothed with both erect and appressed pale
hairs; antennae long, slender, approximately four segments extending be-
yond apex of elytra, last segment one-third longer than third, appendiculate.
Pronotum wider than long (5.5: 3.5), nearly as wide as elytra at base
(5.5:6.0), sides obtusely rounded, widest a little behind middle; surface
densely punctate but punctation obscured by a dense mat of appressed
pale hairs intermixed with erect hairs similar in length to those of frons;
prosternum densely punctate, vestiture similar to that of pronotum ;
mesosternum and metasternum densely clothed with suberect pale hairs;
scutellum finely punctate, densely clothed with fine appressed silky
pubescence. Elytra a little more than twice as long as broad (13.0:6.0),
surface densely punctate, moderately coarsely so at base more finely
toward apex, humeri black, suture narrowly black for from two-thirds to
four-fifths of its length, sides subparallel from behind humeri to apical
one-third, thence gradually narrowed to apices, apices sinuate-emarginate.
Legs slender, densely punctate, sparsely clothed with pale hairs; anterior
tibiae with a dense pad of short velvety pubescence along inner side;
posterior tarsus with first segment about three times as long as second.
Abdomen with sternites densely clothed with appressed pale pubescence,
thinner toward posterior margin, intermixed with erect pale hairs.

64

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

Female: Length 16.5—18 mm., breadth 5—5.5 mm. Form broad, depressed;
color black, elytra with a faint yellowish-brown spot between suture and
lateral margin near base and a yellowish-brown streak along lateral margin
from base nearly to middle. Antennae reaching well into apical third of
elytra. Pronotum narrower than elytra (5.0:6.0), posterior disk with a
polished median carina.

Holotype male (Mus. Ent. Calif. Acad. Sci.), from Palmdale,
California, October 1, 1947 (G. P. McKenzie), allotype female
(Mus. Ent. Calif. Acad. Sci.), same locality, October 14, 1947
(G. P. MacKenzie), and paratypes, three females, same locality,
September 26, 1947, and October 1, 1947 (G. P. MacKenzie) and
October 24, 1952 (Ray F. Smith). This last paratype is deposited
in the collection of the California Insect Survey (Univ. Calif.), the
remainder in the collection of Mr. MacKenzie. Dr. Smith’s example
was taken on Chrysothamnus nauseosus gnaphalodes (Greene) Hall,

This species apparently belongs to the ater-hirtipes complex.
The male is suggestive of hirtipes but is larger (17.5 mm.) and
differs in having the pronotum nearly as wide as the base of the
elytra and the antennae surpassing the apices of the elytra by
nearly four segments. The female suggests atei' but is larger (16.5—
18 mm.), with proportionally longer antennae and with pale areas
near the base of the elytra.

Crossidius wickhami rhodopus Linsley, new subspecies

Length: 9.5—13 mm. (cT), 11—15 mm. ($). Form, size and
structure generally similar to C. wickhami wickhami Casey (= C.
truncatellus Casey, new synonymy) described from Marysvale,
Piute County, Utah, but differing in the reddish legs and antennae
(black in C. w. wickhami) , denser pronotal pubescence, and the
slightly different color pattern of the elytra. The female of rhodopus
has a common dark median elytral infuscation extending from
basal one-third or one-half toward the apices but rarely attaining
them. About half of the males available have the elytra marked as
in the female, the remainder have the elytra immaculate or the dark
markings very faint. Available males of C. w. wickhami have a
narrow dark sutural vitta as in the Casey type.

Holotype male (Mus. Ent. Calif. Acad. Sci.) and allotype
female (Mus. Ent. Calif. Acad. Sci.) and five male paratypes from
Convict Lake, Inyo County, California, September 15, 1954
(G. P. MacKenzie). Additional paratypes: six females, Mammoth,
Inyo County, California, August 28, 1946 (G. P. MacKenzie) ; one

April, 1955]

LINSLEY — CROSSIDIUS

65

female and one male. Mono Lake. Mono County. California, Sep-_
lember 16, 1945 (G. P.TVlacKenzie) ; one male, Grant Lake, Mono
County, California, August 28, 1946 (G. P. MacKenzie) ; eight
males, Grant Lake, Mono County, California, September 5, 1948,
on Chrysothamnus nauseosus gnaphalodes (Greene) Hall (P. D.
Hurd and J. W. MacSwain) ; one male. Laurel Meadows, Mono
County, California, 8500 ft. elev., August 13, 1936 (F. R. Platt) ;
five males and one female, Benton Station, Mono County, Cali-
fornia, September 4—5, 1950 (H. A. Hunt) ; and one female. Las
Vegas, Nevada, October 30, 1952, on Chrysothamnus nauseosus
gnaphalodes (Greene) Hall (R. F. Smith). Paratypes in the col-
lections of Mr. G. P. MacKenzie, the Department of Entomology
and Parasitology, University of California, Davis, and the Cali-
fornia Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley, California.

Crossidius ruficollis Linsley

This species is apparently associated with Aplopappus acra-
denius bracteosus (Greene) Hall in the San Joaquin Valley, Cali-
fornia, and has been taken from this plant at the following local-
ities: ten miles east of Buttonwillow, October 23, 1952, one male
( H. T. Reynolds and R. F. Smith) ; two miles northwest of Mendota,
October 20, 1952, eight males, five females (T. Leigh and R. F.
Smith) ; Tipton, October 1, 1952, two males (F. T. Scott) ; one
mile east of Tipton, October 21, 1952, three males, two females
(T. Leigh and R. F. Smith) ; one mile north of Bakersfield, October
22, 1952, three males, two females (T. Leigh and R. F. Smith) ;
five miles northwest of Bakersfield, October 22, 1952, four males,
three females (T. Leigh and R. F. Smith), three miles south of
Shafter, October 23, 1952, one male (H. T. Reynolds and R. F.
Smith) ; two miles north of Kettleman City, October 20, 1952,
sixteen males, nine females (T. Leigh and R. F. Smith) ; Kettleman
City, September 28, 1952, fifteen males, fourteen females (F. T.
Scott) ; Pixley, October 1, 1952, eight males (F. T. Scott) ; Visalia,
October 28, 1952, four males, three females (F. T. Scott) ; and
eight miles northwest of Wheeler Ridge, Kern County, October 23,
1952, two males (H. T. Reynolds and R. F. Smith) .

Crossidius intermedius LeConte

The typical form of this species has been taken from Aplopap-
pus tenuisectus (Greene) Blake at Tucson, Arizona, October 7,
1952 (G. Bradt) and from Aplopappus drummondii (T. & G.)

66

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

Blake at Gila Bend, Arizona, October 27, 1952 (E. G. Linsley and
R. 1. Smith). The paler, less heavily marked type wtiicL occurs
in southern California has been taken from Aplopappus acradenius
eremophilus (Greene) Hall as follows: 2.8 miles east of Indio,
Riverside County, October 23, 1951, forty -two males, two females
(P. D. Hurd) ; five miles northwest of Indio, October 26, 1952,
two males (E. G. Linsley and R. F. Smith) ; two miles northwest
of Indio, six males, one female (E. G. Linsley and R. F. Smith) ;
five miles west of Westmoreland, October 26, 1952, twenty-one
males, six females (E. G. Linsley and R. F. Smith) ; Kane Springs,
Imperial County, October 14, 1948, one male, one female (L. D.
Anderson and H. T. Reynolds) ; Niland, Imperial County, October
24, 1951, thirty-five males, one female (P. D. Hurd) ; and five miles
southeast of Bohns Corner, Imperial County, October 27, 1952,
six males (E. G. Linsley and R. F. Smith).

Grossidius pulchellus LeConte
This variable species is composed of many more or less dis-
tinctive populations, the exact status of which remains to be
determined. A male from Wilcox, Arizona, September 4, 1942 (A,
Mark Bliss) was associated with larvae apparently boring in the
roots of Gutierrezia lucida Greene and a female was taken from the
flowers of this same plant at Morongo Valley, San Bernardino
County, California, October 26, 1951, by P. D. Hurd. Two females
in the University of Arizona Collection from Jornado Experimental
Range, thirty-five miles northeast of Las Cruces, New Mexico, elev.
4300 ft., August 25, 1939 (K. W. Parker) bear the label “larvae
and pupae in roots of Guiterrezia sarothrae [Britt. & Rusby].’’

Crossidius coccineus (Casey)

This species was taken from Chrysothamnus nauseosus mojav-
ensis (Greene) Hall, two miles south of Rosemead, California,
October 24, 1952, three males, one female (R. F. Smith) and four
miles east of Monolith, California, October 24, 1952, twelve males,
fourteen females (R. F, Smith) .

Crossidius marginatus (LeConte)

This species, previously reported only from Baja Calfornia,
has been taken in California by P. H. Timberlake as follows: San
Diego, California, July 22, 1925, on Eriogonum fasciculatum
Benth. ; Riverside, California, September 6, 1936, on Encelia far-
inosa Gray; and Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., California,
August, 1937.

April, 1955]

GURNEY IRIS ORATORIA

67

FURTHER NOTES ON IRIS ORATORIA IN CALIFORNIA

(Orthoptera:Mantidae)

Ashley B. Gurney

Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service,

United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Iris oratoria (Linnaeus), a distinctive mantid native to the
Mediterranean area, has recently been recorded from California by
Strohecker (1952), who stated that the identification was made by
B. P. Uvarov. Strohecker’s collection records date from 1940 and
represent Fresno, Kern, Riverside, and Imperial Counties.

The present paper reports a 1937 record for this species and
supplies additional information on distribution and recognition
characters likely to be helpful to American students. For the records
here reported and for other data I am grateful to John N. Belkin,
of the University of California at Los Angeles, and to the collectors
named below who cooperated with Dr. Belkin in making this
information available.

New records for Iris oratoria (L.) from Riverside and Imperial
Counties, California, based on specimens seen by Dr. Belkin
except for the one collected by Dr. Tinkham, are as follows:

Coachella Valley, October, 1937 (R. B. Cowles), 1 male (U.C.L.A.) ;
Indian Wells, October 4, 1952, at light (R. X. Schick), 2 males (U.C.L.A.
and U.S.N.M.) ; same, April 24—25, 1953 (R. H. Orson), 1 female (U.S.N.M.) ;
Indio, October 15, 1951 (L. D. Anderson), 1 female (Citrus Expt. Sta. ) ;
same, April 24, 1953 (W. A. McDonald), 1 male (U.C.L.A.); same. May
3, 1953 (E. R. Tinkham), 1 male (used by Paramount Studios); 3 miles
west of Cabazon, October 22, 24, 1952 (E. G. Linsley, et al), 2 females
(Citrus Expt. Sta.); El Centro, September 3, 1952 (H. T. Reynolds), 1
female (U.C.L.A.).

Dr. Belkin has observed at Riverside, a caged female which had
been swept from cotton at El Centro, Imperial County, by H. T.
Reynolds on September 3, 1952. While in captivity this female
laid at least 10 egg masses. She died December I and was pre-
served (U.C.L.A.). Mantids presumed to be Iris were reported by
Dr. Reynolds to be common in the cotton fields of Imperial Coun-
ty. In addition to the above specimens, the Los Angdes County
Museum has a female collected by Dr. J. A. Comstock in 1933
which, according to Dr. Belkin, is definitely this species though in
poor condition. The exact date of collection cannot be determined,
nor the locality, but Dr. Belkin has checked certain museum ac-
cession entries Avhich attest to the correctness of the 1933 date.

68

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

Iris oratoria is widespread in the Mediterranean countries.
Beier (1935:107) listed northwest Africa, Spain, southern France,
Sardinia, Sicily, Greece, and Asia-Minor. Ramme (1951) specified
the Balkans, Macedonia, Anatolia, and Syria. Linnaeus (1758:426)
originally described this insect from material collected by E.
Brander in Africa. Subsequently Uvarov (1923) has pointed out
that since Brander was a Swedish Consul stationed at Algiers, this
locality may be interpreted as the type locality.

It is well known that the egg cases (oothecae) of mantid species
frequently are carried accidentally in commerce. Therefore, cer-
tain introductions probably have been made by this means, and
it appears likely that Iris oratoria was introduced into the United
States in this manner. Several examples of Old World insects, which
have been established in California since the advent of widespread
air travel, suggest the increased ease with which introductions may
occur. Strobecker ( op. cit.) records a small Palearctic katydid,
Phaneroptera quadripunctata Brunner, from central and south-
central California, and in 1950 I recorded Euborellia cincticollis
(Gerstaecker) , a west African earwig, from southern California
(Gurney, 1950).

The features illustrated (figs. 1—3) distinguish this mantid
from other North American species, especially the nature of the
facial shield, the five ventro-external spines on the front femur
(instead of four as in Stagmornantis) , and the color pattern of the
hind wing. The males of the minor mantid Litaneutria minor (Scud-
der) frequently have a blackish-violet spot on the wing (Gurney,
1951, pi. 5, fig. 2), somewhat suggesting the one occurring in
oratoria, but Litaneutria may be distinguished by the narrower
head, the more delicate general structure, and the decidedly brach-
ypterous females, in addition to the lack of tubercles on the facial
shield and the presence of only four ventro-external spines on the
front femur.

For a key to the five genera of Mantidae previously known from
the Southwest, students are referred to Ball, Tinkham, et al
(1942:268). A key to the world genera of Mantinae is presented
by Beier (1935), who attached much importance to the presence
in Iris of five ventro-external spines on the front femur. The species
of Iris were reviewed by Uvarov (1931), and several forms have
been described since that time, bringing the total species and sub-

April, 1955]

GURNEY IRIS ORATORIA

69

species listed by Beier (1935) to 14, of which several are of un-
certain status.

A brief description of Iris oratoria is as follows;

Male . — Eyes broadly rounded (fig. 3) ; ocelli prominent, each ocellus
distinctly circular rather than elliptical ; facial shield slightly more than
twice as broad as high, the upper margin distinctly marginate, the median
third of upper margin broadly convex, a pair of short blunt tubercles on disc
of shield slightly above middle and somewhat closer to each other than to
respective ends of shield, a moderately sharp tubercle at each latero-anterior
angle of shield; antennae filiform, reaching about to base of abdomen.
Pronotum four times as long as greatest width, margins smooth except for
traces of denticulation along anterior third. Front tibia lacking dorsal
spines; ventro-external margin of front femur with five strong spines in

Figs. 1—3, Iris oratoria (L.), male from Indian Wells, Calif. 1. Habitus,
with opaque area of tegmen and brick-red area of radial field of wing shown
stippled; 2. External face of front femur; 3. Head. Fig. 4, Egg mass of
oratoria, redrawn from Morales, tb — median tubercles of facial shield.

70

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

addition to an apical one (fig. 2) ; middle and hind femora unarmed except
for a single slender genicular spine each on the cephalic side. Tegmen (fig. 1)
about four times as long as maximum width, apex narrowly rounded, the
costal half opaque, posterior half transparent, reaching about to or some-
what surpassing apex of abdomen, the costal margin lacking cilia. Wing
with much of basal two-thirds of radial field dull brick red, with small trans-
parent windows in the middle of many cells ; anal field with irregular shining
bluish-black blotch about as broad as the width of the head located at a
distance from the base about equal to a third the wing length; apical half
of anal field yellowish, with concentric blackish fasciae.

Female . — Averaging somewhat more robust than male. Head differs
from male mainly in the smaller, scarcely protuberent ocelli, separated from
each other by nearly twice the diameter of one ocellus; pronotum averaging
stouter and the marginal denticulation more developed; tegmina shorter
than abdomen, usually covering one-half to threee-fourths of abdomen, apex
broadly rounded ; hind wing subquadrate, marked as in male.

Habitus illustrations of males are given by Chopard (1947,
pi. 3, color) and Morales (1947), of females by Beier (1935, pi. 4,
color), Chopard (1951), and Morales (1947).

I have seen only three California specimens of Iris oratoria, a
male from Coachella Valley and a pair from Indian Wells. These
specimens are larger than most published size records for oratoria.
It may be observed that Uvarov (1923:60) pointed out that speci-
mens from the eastern Mediterranean area seem larger and more
heavily marked on the wings than others. This fact suggests that
if the size in the California population proves to be consistently
large then this population may be related to the particular popula-
tion from which the introduced stock originated.

Four males and two females, from Coachella Valley, Indian
Wells, El Centro, and Indio, measured by Dr. Belkin or myself,
have the following size ranges (length in millimeters) : (Males)
Body, 51—53, average 52.2; pronotum, 13—15.5, average 14.4;
tegmen, 31.5—34, average 32.6. (Females) Body 52—53, average
52.5; pronotum, 16—16, average 16; tegmen, 22—22, average 22.
Chopard (1943, 1951, and other papers) gives the following respec-
tive ranges for the same measurements: (Males) 28—37, 8—11.5,
and 22.3; (Females) 34^7, 11—16, and 15— 22. The same meas-
urements given by Giglio-Tos (1927) for males (27-46; 8—14.5;
22—35) have greater maximum extremes than those of Chopard
and more nearly agree with the California specimens, but the size
extremes given by him for females are not as broad as those of
Chopard.

April, 1955]

GURNEY IRIS ORATORIA

71

The cerci of the male deposited in the U. S. National Museum
have at least 12 segments. Uvarov (1923:62, fig. 1) has described
and figured males of oratoria with nine-segmented cerci. A female
examined has at least 11 segments, and it is evident that the seg-
mentation is less clearly indicated toward the base of the cercus
than in the apical half. This apparent discrepancy, the unusually
large size of the specimens measured, and apparent differences in
egg masses should alert entomologists to the possibility that further
studies may show the California population to be distinct from
typical oratoria.

The biology of Iris oratoria is apparently typical of mantids
living under temperate conditions, with a winter diapause passed
in the egg stage, unlike the related 7. deserti Uvarov of the North
African deserts, which according to Karsakoff (1934) has a dia-
pause in the nymphal condition.

Fig. 5, Ootheca of Iris from California, dorsolateral view. Length, 20
millimeters.

Old World examples of the oothecae of oratoria have been il-
lustrated by Chopard (1938, fig. 197) and Morales (1947, fig. 40),
and Morales’ figure is here shown (fig. 4). Oothecae from Cali-
fornia have a different appearance (fig. 5), however. The most
noticeable difference is a distinctive emergence groove. Three Cali-
fornian oothecae examined are 10, 16, and 20 millimeters long,
respectively, and are 6 to 7 mm. wide at the base and about 5 mm.
high. There are about 6 longitudinal rows of eggs, 3 on each side
slanting inward and upward toward the emergence groove. In-
dividual eggs in the outer row give a convex appearance when not
covered by dried “froth”. The emergence groove is formed by a
brief projection of parchment-like material lining each side of the
passageway where each set of approximately six nymphs work
their way to the surface. The groove is loosely filled with dried

72

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

“froth”. The number of eggs per longitudinal row is 10, 15, and
20, respectively, in the oothecae examined; the total number of
eggs thus varies from about 60 to 120.

REFERENCES

Ball, E. D., E. R. Tinkham, et al

1942. The grasshoppers and other Orthoptera of Arizona. Ariz. Agri.
Expt. Sta. Tech Bull. 93:257—373, 4 pis., 11 figs.

Beier, Max

1935. Mantinae. Gen. Insectorum, fasc. 203:1—146, 8 pis.

Chopard, Lucien

1938. La Biologic des Orthopteres. Encycl. Ent. 20:1—541, 3 pis., 453 figs.

1943. Orthopteroides de I’Afrique du Nord. Faune de I’Empire Francais
1:1-447, 658 figs.

1947. Atlas des Apterygotes et Orthopteroides de France. Noiivel Atlas
d’Entomologie 2:1—111, 12 pis., 12 figs.

1951. Orthopteroides. Faune de France 56:1—359, 531 figs.

Giglio-Tos, E.

1927. Orthoptera, Mantidae. Das Tierreich, Lief. 50:1—707.

Gurney,. Ashley B.

1950. An African earwig new to the United States, and a corrected list
of the Nearctic Dermaptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 52:200—203.

1951. Praying mantids of the United States: Native and introduced.
Smithsonian Ann. Kept, for 1950 : 339—362, 9 pis.

Linnaeus, Carolus

1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. 10:1-823.

Karsakoff, M.

1935. Quelques obseiwations sur une nouvelle mante du Sud-Algerien ;
Iris deserti Uv. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 78 (N. S. ) :161— 170, 6 figs.

Morales, Agacino, E.

1947. Mantidos de la fauna iberica. Est. Fitopath. Agric. Madrid, Trab.
184:1-34, 44 figs.

Ramme, W.

1951. Zur systematik faunistik und biologic der Orthopteren von Siidost-
Europa und Vorderasien. Mit. Zool. Mus. Berlin 27:1—431, 39 pis.,
134 figs.

Strohecker, H. F.

1952. Two Palearctic Orthoptera established in the United States. Pan-
Pac. Ent. 28:138.

Uvarov, B. P.

1923. Records and descriptions of Orthoptera from Northwest Africa.

Novitates Zoologicae, Tring 30:59—78, 2 figs., 1 pi.

1931. Notes on the genus Iris, Saussure. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8
(Sen 10) : 234-238, 1 pi.

April, 1955 ] matsuda — heteroptera morphology

73

THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE BASAL ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS IN
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA

Ryuichi Matsuda

Stanford University, Stanford, California

In a recent study of the generic classification of the Aradidae,
important characters were discovered in the basal abdominal ter-
gites. Such characters have been overlooked in the past because the
parts are concealed beneath the wings in most museum specimens.
Recent morphological studies dealing with the first and second
abdominal segments of Hemiptera have been concerned almost
exclusively with the ventral side of the segments in question.^ “

On the basis of the ventral segments, it has been customary to
count the visible first segment as the second segment, the true first
segment presumably being completely lost. However, in the present
study, which included several families of Hemiptera, it was found
that the first and second dorsal abdominal segments vary in degree
of reduction and fusion, and in some the true first and second seg-
ments are clearly separated.

The degree of fusion, the position, and the form of the sutures
have proved to be of taxonomic importance in the Aradidae. In the
sub-family Mezirinae, in which the first and second segments are
clearly separated, each genus has a particular structure. The char-
acters seen are very different from those of the succeeding seg-
ments and are very constant within a genus. This fact has helped
greatly in determining genera. Details of this will be discussed in
the forthcoming generic classification of the Aradidae by Usinger
and Matsuda.

Miridae were also examined systematically with the help of
Dr. Jose Carvalho, and it was found that the particular structure
of the first and second abdominal tergites is more or less constant
within each tribe or subfamily. This was especially pronounced
in the tribe Bryocorini of the Bryocorinae. On the basis of
preliminary evidence it is difficult to say whether or not each par-
ticular structure occurs at the generic level in the Miridae, but
the indication thus far is that each particular structure is a higher

^ Brindley, 1938, The metathoracie postcoxal bridge of Heteroptera. Proc. Royal
Ent. Soc. London, (A) 13 :103-106.

^ Larsen, 1945, Der thorax der Heteropteren skelett und muskulatur. Lunds
Univeritets Arsskrift. N.F. Avd. 2. 41(3) :1-110.

74

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

group character in the Miridae. Apparently the Miridae do not
offer good material for study of the dorsal abdominal characters
because of their fragile bodies and the resulting irregular secondary
sutures that appear on the surface of the segments with which we
are concerned. In some families, for instance in Reduviidae, the
first and second segments are incompletely fused, and the resulting
structure in these segments assumes a bizarre shape. A comparison
of one species of T riatoina and Paratriatoma hirsuta Barber shows
a very distinct difference in structure in the incompletely fused
first and second segments. Reduviidae apparently offer good
material to test the applicability of this discovery.

Based on an extensive study of the Aradidae, less extensive
observation on the Miridae and a cursory, rather unsystematic
survey of other families, it is suggested that each particular pattern
of fusion or modification in the first and second abdominal ter-
gites and the resulting structure occurs: 1) at the subgenric
or generic level, or 2) in more than one genus within a tribe or a
subfamily, or 3) in more or less constant form within a tribe or
subfamily.

It should be noted that the first segment sometimes is not
directly concerned in producing a particular structure as is evi-
denced in many genera of the Mezirinae. Also there are cases
where the second segment is not directly involved in producing the
particular structure as is evidenced in many genera of Reduviidae.
Occasionally the third segment contributes towards the formation
of a particular structure.

Presumably there will be cases in which the characters in
question do not fit any of the three levels stated above. Neverthe-
less, it would appear to be worthwhile to investigate this particular
part of the body from the view point of systematics. If we once
have a constant generic, tribe, or subfamily character, this helps
greatly in straightening out doubtful species or genera. It should
also be mentioned that other parts of the body beneath the
hemelytra offer a possibility for characters of higher taxonomic
units. ' '

It is a pleasure to record my indebtedness to Professor R. L.
Usinger for his assistance in carrying on the present study, to Dr.
J. Carvalho and Mr. J. D. Lattin for their help in testing the
material other than the Aradidae, and also to Professor G. F. Ferris
of Stanford University for reading the manuscript.

April, 1955]

LATTIN COKIMELAENA EGGS

75

THE EGGS OF COKIMELAENA VIRILIS
(McATEE AND MALLOCH)

(Hemiptera: Cydnidae: Corinielaeninae)’

John D. Lattin

University of California, Berkeley

One of the first hazards to which an insect is exposed is that of
successfully emerging from the egg. Various groups have evolved
different methods for the successful completion of this task. This
paper will treat one type of egg burster found in the Order
Hemiptera.

Aside from a very brief mention by Webster (1884), no com-
plete description of the eggs of any Corimelaeninae haV been
noticed. Boselli (1932) described the egg of Sehirus sexmaculatus'

( Rbr, ) , a species which belongs to the other subfamily of Cydnidae.
He illustrated the fully developed embryo and the egg burster.

The eggs of Corimelaena virilis were taken on a species of
Nicotiana in eastern California. The eggs were laid singly on their
side towards the top of the plant and on the underside of the leaves
near the midrib. The eggs of the Cydininae, the other subfamily of
Cydnidae, are laid in ball-like clusters in the ground and are
brooded by the female. The other families of Pentatomoidea, as
far as known, lay their eggs in clusters of 4—40 with the individual
eggs laid upright so that the egg mass resembles a series of small
kegs.

The egg of Corimelaena virilis is white, 1.08 mm. in length,
roughly ovoid with one side slightly flattened. The egg tapers
posteriorly and the chorion is fluted longitudinally; the anterior
end bears a ring of 9 chorionic processes which are peg-like. There
is no well defined opercular suture although the opercular area is
defined by the processes (fig. 1).

The egg burster appears early in the embryonic development
as a small stout spine slightly behind the vertex of the head
(fig. 2). This spine is situated in a well defined sclerotized disk
which fits cap-like over the posterior portion of the head (fig. 3).
This disk is contained in the embryonic cuticle. There is another
membrane that surrounds the embryonic membrane that is be-
lieved by some to be the serosal membrane. When hatching takes
place, the egg splits longitudinally across the anterior end, initiated

^ This paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Entomological Society
of America at Los Angeles, California on December 9, 1953.

76

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

1 2

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Egg of Corimelaena virilis (McAtee and Malloch), side view
showing fluting and chorionic processes. Fig. 2. Partially developed embryo
within outer membrane showing egg burster. Fig. 3. Enlargement of egg
burster.

by the emerging nymph pressing against the burster which in turn
splits the chorion. At this time only a single membrane is apparent.
The exact fate of one of the membranes is unknown. As mentioned
earlier, Boselli showed the egg burster of one of the Cydninae
and it is exactly like that found in Corimelaena. All of the other
Pentatomoidea known have a T-shaped burster. In the latter a well
developed opercular cap is present and emergence takes place by
the nymph pushing the burster against the cap which in turn

April, 1955]

CLAUSEN PARASITE RELEASES

77

hinges back, allowing the nymph to escape. Thus it seems clear
that the Cydnidae, at least with regard to the egg burster, is a well
defined family within the super-family Pentatomoidea. Certain
other morphological characters seem to bear this out.

In other groups of Hemiptera where egg bursters are known,
various modifications have taken place. In the Coreioidea, the
burster closely resembles that type found in the Cydnidae. It con-
sists of a single, blunt spine borne by a sclerotized hood-like struc-
ture. The Cimicidae, according to Sikes and Wigglesworth (1931),
have an egg burster consisting of a V-shaped series of spines on
the embryonic cuticle in the vicinity of the vertex of the head.

Our knowledge of egg bursters is far from complete, but there
are indications that these structures may be useful in providing
additional systematic characters which will be useful in deter-
mining the correct relationships of many groups.

LITERATURE CITED

Bosseli, F. B.

1932. Istinti materni del Sehirus sexmaculatus Rbr. (Heteroptera : Cyd-
nidae). Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici. 26:1-8, 2 figs.

Sikes, E. K. and V. B. Wigglesworth

1931. The hatching of insects from the egg, and the appearance of air
in the tracheal system. Quart. J. Micr. Sci. London. 74:165-192,
8 figs.

Webster, F. M.

1884. Insects affecting fall wheat, in Ann. Kept. (U. S.) Comm. Agric.
for 1884, 1885:383-393.

RELEASES OF RECENTLY IMPORTED INSECT PARASITES
AND PREDATORS IN CALIFORNIA, 1952-53

C. P. Clausen

Department of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside

There is given below a complete record of the first field releases
in California of a series of insect parasites and predators, listed
under their respective hosts, recently imported by the Department
of Biological Control. The year of release is 1953 unless otherwise
indicated. The publication of this record seems desirable in order
to facilitate identification of any of the species should they be
taken by collectors in the future.

78

THE PAK-PACTFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

Host and Parasites or Predators Origin

Harrisina brillians, Barnes and McDunnough
Apanteles sp. “B” Mexico

Haltichella sp. Mexico

Phorocera sp. Arizona, Mexico

Grapholitha molesta (Busck)

Horogenes sp. * ^ China

Colias eurytheme Boisduval

Apanteles fiaviconchae Riley Connecticut

Protoparce sexta (Johannsen)
Apanteles congregatus (Say)

Connecticut

Anasa tristis (DeGeer)

Trichopoda pennipes Fabricius

Connecticut

(squash bug strain)
ClRCULIFER TENELLUS (Baker)
Aphelinoidea sp. 2

North Africa

Lymaenon sp. “A”

Spain, N. Africa

Lymaenon sp. “B”

Spain, N. Africa

Polynema sp. “A”

Spain, N. Africa

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)
Aonidiella citrinus (Coquillett)
Aspidiotiphagus sp. “N-270”*

Formosa

Microweisea coccidivora

Florida

( Ashmead) *

Prospaltella sp. “P”*

Formosa

Scymnus sp. *

Lepidosaphes ficus (Signoret)
Archenomus sp. ^

France

Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret
Aphytis sp. “Q”

Eritrea

Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock
Habrolepis oppugnati Silvestri

Eritrea

Parlatoria oleae (Colvee)

Aphytis maculicornis (Masi)*

Egyptian strain Egypt

[vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

Area or County
of Release

San Diego
San Diego
San Diego

Orange

Fresno

Merced

Stanislaus

San Joaquin
Solano
Riverside
Orange

Riverside
San Diego

General

General

San Bernardino
General

Riverside
San Bernardino
Tulare
So. Calif.

Tulare

Riverside

San Bernardino

Tulare

So. Calif.

Merced

Fresno

So. Calif.

Riverside
San Diego

Fresno

April, 1955]

CLAUSEN — PARASITE RELEASES

79

Persian strain

Iran

General

Spanish strain

Spain

San Joaquin Valley

Aspidiotiphagus sp. *

Iran

San Joaquin Valley

Cybocephalus sp.

Spain

San Joaquin Valley

Coccus HESPERiDUM Linnaeus

Coccus PSEUDOMAGNOLIARUM (Kuwana)

Lecanium corni Bouche

Lecanium kunoensis (Kuwana)

Saissetia oleae (Bernard), etc.

Coccophagus eleaphiliis Silvestri

Eritrea, Morocco

General

Coccophagus eritreansis Compere

Eritrea

So. Calif., Tulare
Contra Costa

Coccophagus nigritus Compere

Eritrea

Riverside

Diversinervus elegans Silvestri

Eritrea

General

Exochomus floralis
(Motschulsky)

Morocco

Riverside, Tulare
Contra Costa

Hyperaspis sp.

Eritrea

General

Metaphycus ftavus Howard

Morocco

General

Metaphycus sp. “X”

Eritrea

General

Metaphycus sp. “Y”

Eritrea

General

Platynaspis (?) sp.

Eritrea

General

Saisetia oleae (Bernard)

Coccophagus baldassarii Compere Eritrea

Coccus PSEUDOMAGNOLiARUM (Kuwana)

Ventura

Riverside

San Joaquin

Metaphycus orientalis Compere

Japan

Tulare

Lecanium kunoensis (Kuwana)

Brachytarsus kuwanai Yuasa

Japan

Contra Costa

Encyrtus infidus Rossi (?)

Japan

Contra Costa

Microterys sp.

Japan

Contra Costa

CocciDAE (miscellaneous)

ChilocoTUs sp. near distigma Klug Eritrea

General

Planococcus citri (Risso)

Bothriocraea sp."

Trinidad

Santa Barbara

Pseudaphycus n. sp.

Eritrea

Santa Barbara

San Diego

Metatetranyghus citri (McGregor)

StethoTus sp.

Eritrea

Santa Barbara

Stethorus sp.

Morocco

San Diego

Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley)

Santa Barbara

Stethorus punctum (LeConte)

Connecticut

Santa Barbara

* First releases made in 1952.

1 Received through U.S.D.A., Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine.
- Received through Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control.

80

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

RECORDS OF WATER BEETLES FROM MANCHURIA AND

SIBERIA

(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae)

Hugh B. Leech

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

In the July, 1946 number of the Annals and Magazine of
Natural History (not actually published until June, 1947), J.
Balfour-Browne gave a report on the Manchurian water beetles I
had purchased in 1938—40 from their collector, Michael Weymarn.
Unknown to us, Per Brinek of Lund had also obtained part of
Weymarn’s catches, and his paper was published in December,
1946.

The two papers list 84 species and subspecies of Haliplidae,
Noteridae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae and Hydrophilidae, but the total
is subject to change for it is clear that the authors are not always in
agreement in their identifications, and some of Brinck’s records
were taken from the literature. The Hydrophilidae in Brinck’s
Manchurian collection were determined by the late A. d’Orchymont,

The present paper records some material not available before^,
adds one species omitted by error from Balfour -Browne’s list, and
gives keys to a few species. All the beetles are from Manchuria,
except one Hydrochara liber (Sharp) from Siberia, which was
loaned by Henry Dietrich of Cornell University.

DYTISCIDAE
Ilybius lateralis (Gebler)

Harbin, 16.viii.l940 (M. A. Weymarn)

Ilybius cinctus Sharp and/or I, angustulus Regimbart

Harbin, 16.viii.l940 (M. A. Weymarn), 8^ $, 15 2 2 ; Chenghoutze station
near Harbin, 18.vil939 (A. S. Loukashkin), 2^ 52 2 ; Mukden, 14.viii.

1923 (E. C. Van Dyke), 3$ $,99 9.

These small yellow-margined species, the apicalis complex, are
greatly in need of revision, as remarked by Brinek. On the basis
of specimens identified for me by Balfour-Browne, I offer the
following key. In his text he remarks on the difficulty of separating
apicalis and angustulus, yet from the material before me I can not
distinguish between angustulus and cinctus, both sensu Balfour-
Browne.

April, 1955]

LEECH WATER BEETLES

81

1. Hind coxal plates with fine irregular, impressed lines and punctures,

in addition to their regular surface sculpture ; apex of prosternal process
not at all acuminate, almost blunt; hind tarsi of male finely margined
along outer edge; parameres broadly rounded apically (fig. 10 in Balfour-
Browne’s paper) ; sixth abdominal sternite of female barely at all
compressed but with a weak triangular incision at apex lateralis

— Hind coxal plates with fine regular surface reticulation only; apex of

prosternal process acuminate; hind tarsi of male not margined externally;
parameres rather narrow, apically produced into a long process (fig. 8
in Balfour-Browne’s paper) ; sixth abdominal sternite of female slightly
compressed but not incised at apex 2

2. Distance between hind coxal plate and middle coxa narrow, equal to

of width of hind coxal plate measured along same line; median line of
prosternum and its process less angulate, much more transversely rounded,
less laterally compressed; pale margin of elytra narrower at base, where
it is about as wide as a front tibia, or about % the width of a compound
eye apicalis

— Distance between hind coxal plate and middle coxa greater, equal to a

little more than l/3rd width of hind coxal plate; median line of pros-
ternum and its process more sharply angulate, less rounded, more
laterally compressed; pale margin of elytra broader, fully as wide as a
hind tibia, slightly wider than a compound eye cinctus and angustulus

Rantus suturalis (MacLeay)

Chenghoutze station near Harbin, 18.vi. 1939 (A. S. Loukashkin), 1$.
Eretes sticticus (Linnaeus)

Chenghoutze station near Harbin, 18.vi.l939 (A. S. Loukashkin), 1^.

HYDROPHILIDAE
Hydrochara affinis (Sharp)

Mukden, 13.viii.l923 (E. C. Van Dyke), 3^ 7$ $ ; Chenghoutze station

near Harbin, 18. vi. 1939 (A. S. Loukashkin), 2$ $ .

Hydrochara liber (Sharp)

Hydracharis libera Sharp, 1884. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1884 (4) : 450.

This species was inadvertently omitted from Balfour-Browne’s
list. The following specimens are before me:

Weishaha, vi-vii. 1939 (M. Weymarn), 2$ $, 4$ $ ; Hsiaoling, vii. 1939

(M. Weymarn), 1^. 1$ ; Mukden, 13. viii. 1923 (E. C. Van Dyke), 1$.

Also 1 ij labeled “Krasnaja Rjetschka bei Chabarowsk, leg Babiy, 1917”

( =: Khabarovsk, Siberia), from the Cornell University collection.

H. liber may be separated from H. affinis as follows :

1. Apex of sternal keel blunt, laterally compressed, carinate, not reaching
beyond middle of 1st abdominal sternite; legs reddish; parameres of
male genitalia produced inward and almost touching, just before apices.
.... ajfiriis

— Apex of sternal keel spinose, acuminate, reaching to hind margin of 1st

abdominal sternite; legs black or piceous; parameres straight, dorsoven-
trally flattened and blade-like apically liber

82

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Balfour-Browne, J.

1947. The aquatic Coleoptera of Manchuria (Weymarn Collection).
Ann. Magazine Nat. Hist., Ser. 11, 13 (103) : 433-460, 12 text
figs. [This is the July, 1946 issue, but was not actually published
until 25 June, 1947.]

Brinck, Per.

1946. Waterbeetles from Manchuria. With some zoogeographical re-
marks. Opuscula Ent., 11:146-156, 1 text fig. [Published Decem-
ber 21, 1946.]

Sharp, David

1884. The water-beetles of Japan. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1884 (4) :
439-464.

^ Note also Haliplus (Haliplinus) steppensis Gupignot, described as allied to H.
apicalis Thomson ; and Helophorus (Empleurus) pardakofFi Stocklein, near H.
rufipes Bose. In each case the type locality is “Charbin”, Manchuria. These species
are described on pages 108 and 268, respectively, of Entomologische Arbeiten aus
dem Museum G. Frey, Bd. 5, Heft 1 ; published April 10, 1954.

JURUPA ENTOMOLOGY CLUB

The Jurupa Entomology Club was organized at the University
of California at Riverside on October 16, 1953. The purpose of
the club is to promote the study of fundamental entomology and
to cultivate friendly relations among those interested in the science
of entomology. Membership is open to anyone interested in the
study of insects. Regular meetings are held on the U.C.R. campus
on the first Wednesday (7 :30 p.m.) of each month. In addition to
the monthly meetings the organization sponsors field collecting trips.
During the past year the group has gone on outings to Andreas
Canyon, Deep Creek, Wrightwood, Cottonwood Springs, and twice
into southern Arizona. The evening meetings have contained many
discussions on insect collecting, classification, ecology, and biology
and numerous specimens have been exhibited. Also, several out-
side speakers and movies have been presented at the meetings.
During the first year the club, with P. H. Timberlake as president,
has grown from 15 to about 25 active members. — L. D. Anderson,
Secretary.

April, 1955]

JAMES — PLECTOPS

88

A NEW TACHINA FLY OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

Maurice T. James

State College of Washington, Pullman
The description of the following species is being published at
this time in order to provide a name for the recording of biological
information.

Plectops amplicof nis J ames, new species
Male. Almost wholly black in ground color, including the legs, antennae
and palpi, the frontale at most with a trace of reddish in some specimens.
Vertex about 0.42, front at antennal base about 0.55, head width; frontale
about equal in width to each parafrontale. Inner verticals very long and
strong; outer verticals, postocellars, and proclinate ocellars well developed;
one pair of proclinate and one of reclinate frontoorbitals and four of frontals,
the upper pair cruciate, the lowest two at or below the antennal bases.
Facials hardly bristly, at most with a few setulae above the vibrissa and
sometimes a few scattered ones reaching not more than to the middle of the
face. Third antennal segment exceptionally large (Fig. 1), its maximum width

about 0.8 its length. Eyes practically bare, at most a few scattered hairs
evident under high magnification. Frontale opaque, parafrontale subshining
through a brownish pollen, parafacials more distinctly obscured by the pollen.
Thorax mostly subshining, the mesonotum and scutellum with thin brownish
pollen, the humeri and the pleura whitish-pollinose, the propleura and parts

84

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

of the mesopleura and pteropleura completely obscured by the pollen when
viewed in certain lights. Wing grayish-hyaline; vein Ri bare; vein R some-
times with a small setula dorsally before the origin of Rs, and vein Rs with
two strong setulae, one on the upper and one on the lower surface, at its
furcation; veins brown, more yellowish basally, squamae yellow, the lower
ones tending to brownish-yellow; halteres yellow. Abdomen shining, the
pollen very thin and scattered except for a band at the base of terga two,
three, and four, where the pollen is dense and white; these bands are con-
tracted, sometimes interrupted, medially on the dorsal surface, and become
somewhat broader and less definitely outlined on the ventral aspects of the
terga. Genitalia subshining; forceps small, about twice as long as broad,
bluntly rounded apically. — Length, 4 mm.

Female. Similar to the male; the vertex and front broader (0.47 head
width at vertex, 0.55 at antennal insertion), and the third antennal segment

is narrower (maximum width about 0.7 length). The front tarsi, as in male,
are not expanded.

Holotype male reared from Lotisma trigonana Walshingham
which was taken in October at Vaughn, Washington, by E. P.
Breakey on the evergreen huckleberry, Vaccinium ovatum Pursh.;
emerged December, 1951 at Puyallup, Washington. State College
of Washington Type Collection No. 175. Allotype female, same
data. Paratopotypes, 7 males, 1 female, same data. Paratypes, 1
female, Friday Harbor, Washington, June 1, 1906 (J. M. Aldrich) ;
1 female, Guemes Island, Washington, July 13, 1905 (Aldrich) .

This species traces to the genus Plectops in the Curran (1934)
and in the Townsend (1936) keys; it fails to run in the Coquillett
key ( 1897 ) , because the setulae at the apex of vein Ri are absent.
There are five species in the collection of the United States Na-
tional Museum under the name Plectops. These are: melissopodis
Coquillett (the genotype), usitata (Coquillett), aenea Coquillett,
pruinosa Malloch, and manca Greene.

P. manca differs from P. amplicornis in having the apical part
of vein M 1 + 2 ? beyond its bend, evanescent; P. melissopodis, usitata,
and pruinosa have the head and mesonotum cinereous tomentose;
and P. aenea has the head and anterior part of the mesonotum
cinereous, whereas the rest of the mesonotum is brassy-tomentose
but more yellowish than in amplicornis. The third antennal segment
of P. amplicornis is broader than in the other species, the female
amplicornis being, for example, comparable in this respect to the
male melissopodis.

LITERATURE CITED

Coquillett, D. W.

1897. Revision of the Tachinidae of America, North of Mexico. U.S.D.A.

April, 1955]

WILLIAMS — SOLIERELLA

85

Tech. Ser. 7. Pp. 1-156. [P. 31, couplet 22].

Curran, C. H.

1934. The Families and Genera of North American Diptera. Pp. 1-512.
C. H. Curran, New York. [P. 456, couplet 370].

Townsend, C. H. T.

1936. Manual of Myiology. Part IV. Pp. 1—303. Charles Townsend &
Filhos, Itaquaquecetuba. Sao Paulo, Brazil [P. 141, couplet 105].

A NEW SPECIES OF WASP OF THE GENUS SOLIERELLA
FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Francis X. Williams

Research Associate, Department of Entomology
California Academy of Sciences

Solierella weberi Williams, new species

Male. — Length 4 mm. Black; head and thorax subopaque, abdomen
shining ; mandibles reddish yellow beyond their middle, dark reddish apically ;
tarsi and spurs brownish. Puncturation dense, finer on abdomen. Mandibles
very slightly emarginate beneath, malar space about one-half basal width of
mandibles; clypeus depressed anteriorly to end as a spike; frons rather
gibbous, with a faint median impressed line ending anteriorly as a wedge
and thence as a carina to between the antennae; ocelli in slightly less than
a right-angle triangle, the lateral ocelli distant by a little more than their
greatest diameter from the compound eyes ; antennae only moderately stout,
gently clavate, segments 3 and 4 subequal, segment 13 very short, subconical,
shining, outwardly a little longer than segment 12. Disc of propodeum
broadly truncate triangular, reticulate, with a delicate carinate groove, not
margined laterally by a carina. Submarginal cells 1 and 2 each receiving a
recurrent vein towards their tip ; basal and transverse-median veins inter-
stitial. Pile moderate and silvery.

Holotype, male, from Riverside, California, September 26,
1948 (P. W. Weber), in collection of the California Academy of
Sciences. In fine condition. The paratype, also a male, was collected
in Riverside, September 28, 1948 (P. W. Weber). It is 3.75 mm.
long and has the disc of the propodeum coriaceous, but like the
holotype has no bounding carinae, while in the forewings the trans-
verse-median vein is slightly basad of the basal vein. Female is
unknown.

At first sight this species suggests the common and tvidely dis-
tributed and variable Solierella peckhami (Ashmead), but is
separated from the latter by the very short segment 13 of the
antennae; in S. peckhami male, segment 13 is nearly equal to the
sum of segments 10, II and 12. The non -margined propodeal disc

86

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

F'igure 1. — Four terminal segments of antenna of Solierella weberi,
paratype.

of the new species may not be a reliable character.

Named for Mr. P. W. Weber, entomologist with the Board of
Agriculture and Forestry, Territory of Hawaii. I am indebted to
Mr. Weber for submitting to me this and other species of Solierella
for study.

Book Review

INSECT FACT AND FOLKLORE. By Lucy W. Clausen. Macmillan Co.,

New York, xiv-f 194 pp. 1954. Price $3.50.

This is an easy to read little book that was written primarily to introduce
laymen to the field of entomology. In order to achieve this purpose the
author has relied heavily upon those anecdotes, stories, superstitions, verses,
and bits of information which would prove both interesting and informative
to the general reader. Insects as they are utilized as a source of food by
man and especially as they play a role in the folklore of various people are
dealt with. She has infused just enough technical entomology to make the
text comprehensible and to provide the reader with an appreciation of insects
and what they are.

After the first chapter, which orients the reader to entomology, each
chapter pertains to a group of insects, i.e., moths and butterflies, beetles,
orthopteroids, flies, bees, ants, wasps, bugs, dragonflies and damselflies, ter-
mites, fleas, and lice. Also included is a chapter on insect-produced plant
galls. The last chapter is devoted to a discussion of entomology as a science,
in regard to its past history, present endeavors and achievements, and future
possibilities.

The book will probably serve well its intended purpose. Indeed even the
research entomologist and teacher will find much that is new and interesting.
As might be expected in such a compilation of facts and stories, some errors
have found there way into it. However, these are few in number and do not
detract seriously from the over-all authenticity of the book nor from its
interest. The illustrations which are sprinkled through the pages are not
styled in the explanatory manner of scientific drawings, but convey adequately
the general facies of the insect. — Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., University of Cali-
fornia, Berkeley.

April, 1955]

SLEEPER — RHYNCHOPHORA

87

NEW RHYNCHOPHORA FROM WESTERN UNITED STATES

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Elbert L. Sleeper

Department of Zoology and Entomology,

Ohio State University, Columbus

The following species new to science were found in material
sent to the author for identification by C. A. Frost (C.A.F.) of
Framingham, Massachusetts, and H. B. Leech of the California
Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (C.A.S.). Additional material
represented in the collection of the writer has been included
(E.L.S.). The author is indebted to both for type material.

Podapion alexanderi Sleeper, new species

Male — Elongate, subcylindrical, parallel; black, opaque, an-
tennae reddish brown : sparsely clothed with short, fine, prostrate,
pale pubescence.

Rostrum as long as pronotum, very strongly curved, smooth shining,
finely, sparsely punctulate. Head convex, coarsely punctate, rugose between
eyes; each puncture with a very short fine seta. Prothorax slightly wider
than long, sides evenly rounded, feebly constricted at apex; pronotum coarse-
ly punctate, intervals between punctures finely alutaceous. Scutellum short,
rounded posteriorly. Elytra elongate, sides divergent in basal two-thirds,
then rounded to apex ; striae deep ; punctures rounded, approximately own
diameter apart, each with a short, fine, prostrate seta; intervals broad, flat,
finely alutaceous, punctures not apparent; pubescence short, fine prostrate;
first interval depressed behind scutellum in basal fourth. Ventral side with
abdominal segments coarsely punctate, clothed with short, fine, prostrate
pubescence. Length 3.4 mm., width 1.4 mm.

Female: Unknown.

Holotjpe, <S , Glacier Pt. Bog, [Yosemite National Park,
Altitude 7600 Feet], California VH-24-1946 (C. P. Alexander,

E.L.S.).

Easily separated from P. gallicola Riley by the shorter sparser
pubescence, near absence of an apical constriction of the prothorax
and the coarse punctures of the abdominal segments. This may
be tbe P. gallicola from California of Fall (1898) in his mono-
graph of the Apion.

Smicronyx mackenziei Sleeper, new species

Male. — Elongate-oval; black, femora and tibiae dark reddish
black; densely clothed with prostrate, overlapping, pearl white,
flat elongate-oval scales and semierect, long, narrow, yellowish
white scales.

Rostrum about one-half longer than pronotum, evenly curved, basal half

88

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

strongly, coarsely punctured, punctures of apical half finer; a broad median
smooth line dorsally. Antennae inserted at apical two-fifths; scape not at-
taining eyes. Second segment of funicle longer than third, elongate. Scape
and funicle densely clothed with large white scales. Club finely densely
pubescent. Head finely closely punctate. Constriction between rostrum and
head very strong. Prothorax as long as wide, sides evenly arcuate with a
prominent apical constriction; pronotum with sparsely placed, coarse, shal-
low punctures, area between punctures strongly alutaceous; sculpture ob-
scured by dense vestiture. Scutellum minute, rounded. Elytra with sides
parallel in basal half, then arcuate to apices; humeri evenly rounded; striae
feebly impressed; strial punctures minute, barely perceptible; intervals
broad, flat, finely wrinkled transversely; semierect, long narrow scales in a
single row on each interval. Ventral side clothed as dorsum, broad flat
scales sparser on abdominal segments which are smooth, shining, very
sparsely punctured, each puncture with a scale. Prosternum deeply emargi-
nate before coxae. Legs clothed as body; all tibiae unguiculate. Claws long,
slender, slightly divergent, feebly connate in basal fourth. Length 2.2 mm.,
width 1.0 mm.

Female . — Rostrum longer, more slender, feebly curved. Length 2.3 mm.,
width 1.1 mm.

Holotype, cT, and allotype, Borrego, California IV-6-40
(G. P. Mackenzie, E.L.S.). Two paratypes, both males (E.L.S.,
andC.A.F.).

S. mackenziei belongs in the corniculatus group of Dietz (1894) .
It keys to sprucus Casey (= vestitus LeConte), but is wholly
unlike any of the species in this group. It differs from vestitus
(— sprucus) in having the scales above white instead of pale
brown, and the prothorax without vittae; prosternum is emargi-
nate before the coxae. S. mackenziei superficially resembles resplen-
dens but may be easily separated by the feebly connate tarsal
claws, instead of to middle.

Rhynchaenus griseus Sleeper, new species

Female. — Elongate-oval, subdepressed; black, antennae, legs,
and tarsi dark reddish brown; densely clothed with short, coarse,
appressed, yellow setae. Scutellum densely clothed with yellowish
white pubescence.

Rostrum three-fourths longer than pronotum, feebly curved, cylindrical,
coarsely deeply punctured in basal two-thirds, finer in apical fourth. An-
tennae inserted in basal fourth, scape not attaining eye. Funicle six-
segmented, first segment robust and one-half longer than second, second
and third subequal. Club strongly ovate, compact. Head coarsely, closely
punctate. Eyes prominent, strongly convex, separated by less than one-tenth
their diameter. Prothorax one-half wider than long, sides strongly rounded
to apical constriction; pronotum closely, coarsely, deeply punctured, each
puncture with a recurved seta. Elytra with sides evenly rounded from base

April, 1955]

SLEEPER RHYNCHOPHORA

89

to apex, widest about middle; humeri rounded, not prominent; striae
deeply impressed, strial punctures large, round, deep, about their own
diameter apart, each puncture with a prostrate yellow seta ; intervals strong-
ly confusedly punctate, area between punctures alutaceous. Ventral side
with vestiture as on dorsum but sparser. Abdominal segments strongly
convex, finely, densely punctured; fifth segment longer than fourth, posterior
margin evenly rounded at apex. Posterior femora robust with one large and
two small denticles. Tibiae thin, flattened on exterior surface, anterior and
posterior edges straight. Claws with a broad tooth basally. Length 3.2 mm.,
width 1.5 mm.

Male . — Very similar to female, but differs in having the rostrum slightly
shorter and pygidium broadly exposed.

Holotype, 9, Greenlee County, Arizona near Bullard Peak
VIII-20-42 (C. W, Jones, E.L.S.). Allotype, cf, Whitewater Forest
Camp, 5 mi. N.E. of Glenwood, Catron County, New Mexico
VIII-21-52 (H. B. Leech and J. W. Green, C.A.S.). Fifty-two para-
types as follows: 9 Whitewater Forest Camp, VIII-21-52 (H. B.
Leech and J. W. Green), 3 Sycamore Creek, Yavapai County, Ari-
zona VIII-18-42 {C. W. Jones, E.L.S.) ; 36 Whitewater Forest
Camp VIII-21-52, on mulberry leaves (H. B. Leech and J. W.
Green, C.A.S.) ; 5 from 4 mi. N.E. Glenwood, New Mexico VIII-
20-52 (H. B, Leech and J. W. Green, C.A.F.) .

This species is nearest R. puberulus (Boheman) but differs in
having denser yellow pubescence, narrower hind tibiae, more
densely punctured pronotum and denser, shorter, coarser vesti-
ture of abdominal segments.

Strongylotes parallela Champion
Strongylotes parallelus Champion 1907: 207.

Three examples of this species have been collected by Profes-
sor and Mrs. J. N. Knull in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona,
all are deposited in the Entomological Collection at Ohio State
University. S. parallela was described from Ciudad in Durango,
Mexico and as far as I am able to ascertain was previously known
only from the type series.

LITERATURE CITED

Champion, George C.

1907. Rhynchophora, Coleoptera IV, pt. 5. Biologia Centrali-Americana.

513 pp.

Dietz, W. G.

1894. Revision of the genera and species of Desmori of North America.

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 18:177-276.

Fall, H. C.

1898. Revision of the species of Apion of America North of Mexico.

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25:105-184.

90

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF ANOPLIUS
FULGIDUS CRESSON

( Hymenoptera : Pompilidae )

Marius S. Wasbauer

University of California, Berkeley

In February 1953, at Ft. Sam Houston, Bexar County, Texas,
a population of small bluish wasps was discovered in the vicinity
of an artesian well on Salado Creek. Two females and eight males
were collected and subsequently identified as Aiioplius (Anoplius)
fulgidus Cresson. The banks of Salado Creek are composed of
heavy loam densely covered hy herbaceous growth, mainly grass.
It is a slow moving, muddy, warm water stream for the most part
but the water entering from the artesian well is clear and relatively
fast and it is only in this area that the wasps were found. They
moved extremely rapidly, flying very near the water surface and
frequently dodging in and out through the grass and other low
herbage that covered the bank. From the first, it was evident that
the males far outnumbered the females. The latter, when seen,
were usually running over the ground near the water’s edge,
vigorously applying their antennae to the various objects they en-
countered. Dead leaves and dry reed stems seemed to have a
particular attraction. One female was observed to investigate under
a single leaf five times in the space of ten minutes. Whenever
females appeared on the scene, the males in the vincinity became
greatly agitated and often followed them along the ground, rapidly
twitching their wings. Every female seen had a complement of
from one to four interested males following her erratic progress
along the ground and through the vegetation. In two cases, males
flew down and alighted on females that were resting on vertical
reed stems. One of these pairs separated immediately and the other
fell or flew down among the bases of the reeds and was lost to view.
In several instances females turned and drove the males off. It
seems apparent that sexual activity was occuring but whetheror
not coitus had taken place in the above cases was impossible to
determine due to the rapidity of the insects’ movements.

On February 10, at 2:10 p.m., a small female was observed
dragging a spider in a dense stand of reeds about a foot offshore.
The spider was gripped by the base of one of the hind legs and
the wasp was slowly, laboriously towing it backwards up a nearly

April, 1955]

WASBAUER ANOPLIUS BIOLOGY

91

vertical reed stem. Its progress was continually hampered by the
front tarsi of the prey catching on the stem. At one such time, it
lost its grip and the spider slid down and off into the water. Alter
nervously running back and forth with rapid wing twitching, the
pompilid flitted down and, alighting on the water, picked up the
spider again by the hind leg, and returned to the stem. It then
shifted its grip to the abdominal pedicel, trailing both the cephalo-
thorax and abdomen. At 2:30 p.m. it reached a portion of the
blade that had picked up some floating detritus at an earlier period
of high water and deposited the spider in a shallow depression in
the debris, flying off immediately thereafter. An hour later the
spider was collected but subsequent examination showed no evi-
dence of oviposition. There was a large irregular hole in the
posterior portion of the cephalothorax, indicating that it may have
been used for feeding purposes. Dr. W. J. Gertsch later kindly
identified it as a female Pirata sedentarius Montgomery (Lycos-
idae) which he characterized (in lift.) as “ ... a water loving
spider and quite frequently amphibious.”

On February 11, another wasp was seen repeating essentially
the same process, but before observation got underway the wasp
flew with its prey into the dense tangled grass of the stream bank
and disappeared, reappearing immediately thereafter but without
the spider, A careful search of the area was made but the lost
arachnid could not be located.

The actual alighting of a wasp on the water was a seemingly
purposeful action and is thus of considerable interest. Later, an-
other observer, Mr. R. Fulghum, reported seeing a female from
this same population run across the water before taking flight.

Observations were made on tbe Salado Creek wasps whenever
time permitted, for short periods at weekly intervals. No further
nesting activity was noted after February 16, and females were
not seen after the end of that month, although males persisted until
about March 15, when they too disappeared.

The early dissipation of the population might be explained on
the basis that the artesian well area was the site of emergence
and that the adults were merely reluctant to leave for greener
pastures. This seems unlikely, however, since apparently nesting
activity was going on there and although the stream was explored

92

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 2

for two miles in either direction after their disappearance from
the original site, not a single wasp could be found.

From the meager information available on this species, it
seems that it is not often attracted to flowers. In eighteen months of
collecting in the vicinity of Bexar County, Texas by several persons,
a number of species of Anoplius (sensu lato) were taken on the
blossoms of many plants, especially the suffrutescent species and
more particularly Condalia^ Coluhrina and Baccharis but Anoplius
(A.) fulgidus was conspicuous by its absence. The few specimens
taken by the author at Santa Elena Canyon, Big Bend National
Park, Texas, were collected on a bare sand-mud bank along the
Rio Grande River. Of the 52 specimens seen by Evans (1951 :341) ,
one female, taken at Limpia Canyon, Jeff Davis County, Texas
(by that author) was on flowers of Baccharis glutinosus.

It is interesting to note that although its morphological pattern
suggests a close relationship with virginiensis Cresson, in habitat
preference at least, fulgidus seems to show affinities with ithaca
(Banks) and depressipes (Banks). Information on the biologies
of these related species is given by Evans (1948, 1949), Rau
(1934) , and Caudell (1922) .

LITERATURE CITED

Caudell, A. N.

1922. A diving wasp. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 24(5) : 125— 126.

Evans, H. E.

1948. Biological notes on two species of Anoplius (Hymenoptera:
Pompilidae ) . Ent. News. 59(7) ilSO— 183.

1949. The strange habits of Anoplius depressipes Banks: a mystery
solved (Hymenoptera. Pompilidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
51(5) :206-208.

1951. A taxonomic study of the nearctic spider wasps belonging to the
tribe Pompilini (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part 2. Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc. 76:207—361. 12 pi.

Rau, Phil.

1934. Pompilid wasps and prey transportation by water. Psyche. 41(4) :
241-242.

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V 0 I.XXXI JULY, 1955

No. 3

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

JOHNSON — The genus Chaetopsylla Kohaut, 1903 in North America,

with the description of a new species 93

TIMBERLAKE — ^A new genus for two new species of Dufoureine bees

from California 105

KEIFER — Eriophjdd mites — Notes and new species 109

CHAMBERLIN — Description of a new species of Phloeosinus and
remarks regarding the life history and habits of Renocis hetero-
doxus Casey. 116

DAY — New genera of mayflies from California. 121

LEE — New locality records and a new host record for Haematosiphon

inodorus 137

MICHELBACHER — Frosted scale on walnuts in northern California 139

PARKER — A new species of S'chizillus. 148

COOK — Notes on nomenclature and variation in Platycotis 151

SLEEPER — New Curculionidae from British Columbia 1 155

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY 120

THE SOUTHWESTERN RESEARCH STATION OF THE AMERI-
CAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 162

BOOK REVIEWS 108, 120, 154

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1955

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
in cooperation wVATHE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

1]. C. Linsley

EDITORIAL BOARD
P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor

R. L. UsiNGER

E. S. Ross

R. C. Miller, Treasurer

H. B. Leech

A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-
ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological
phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on
insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed
to Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,
Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address,
requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed
to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco 18, California.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single
copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist.”

Announcing • • •

REVISION OF THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY
TETRANYCHIDAE

by A . Earl Pritchard and Edward W . Baker

This world-wide treatment (488 pp., 330 figures) of the “Red
Spiders” is the second volume in the Memoirs Series of the Pacific
Coast Entomological Society. Each species is beautifully illustrated
in the inimitable style of E. W. Baker. The work deals with the
systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders”.
Synoptic keys have been prepared, descriptions are presented for
all species including the major agricultural pests, and thirty -three
species are described as new.

Publication date — June, 1955, Price $10.00.

Send orders to : Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,
California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San
Francisco.

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at
San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912.

'The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXI July, 1955 No. 3

THE GENUS CHAETOPSYLLA KOHAUT, 1903 IN NORTH
AMERICA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

(Siphonaptera: Vermipsyllidae)

Phyllis T. Johnson

Department of Entomology
Army Medical Service Graduate School
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
W ashington, D. C.

The genus Chaetopsylla Kohaut, 1903 is holarctic in distribu-
tion, with two previously described North American representa-
tives, Chaetopsylla lotoris (Stewart, 1926) from the eastern and
central United States, and Chaetopsylla floridensis (I. Fox, 1939)
known only from the type specimens collected in Gainesville,
Florida. A new western species is described below, considerably
broadening the known range of this genus in North America.

Diagnoses, redescriptions (emphasizing characters differing
from the new species) and figures of C. floridensis and C lotoris
are included.

Chaetopsylla steward Johnson, new species
(Figs. 1-4, 7, 11, 17, 23)

Male separable from Chaetopsylla lotoris (Stewart) in that
the metepimere (fig. 3, MTM) possesses a median (first) row of
four bristles, not one or two (fig. 15) ; distinguished from both
C. lotoris and C. floridensis (I. Fox) in that the penis rods form
a complete circle (fig. 4, P.R.) not merely curved (fig. 5, P.R.);
sclerotized inner tube (fig. 7, S.I.T.) apically bent ventrad, not
straight (fig. 6, S.I.T, (floridensis) or apically inclined dorsad
(fig. 8, S.I.T. (lotoris). Female separable from lotoris in that
posterior margin of seventh sternum lacks a sinus (fig. 23, 7S.) ;
not with deep rounded concavity (figs. 21 and 24). Female differ-
ing from C. floridensis in lacking bristles below spiracles of ab-
dominal terga four to seven.

Head (fig. 1) : A vertical row of three or four small bristles anterior to
ocular row which consists of four long bristles. Lacking bristle on genal
process just below eye which is present in certain other species of genus. The
two postantennal rows (excluding complete apical row of bristles) of three
and four (five in female) bristles respectively. Five-segmented labial palpi
extending about two-thirds length of procoxa; in male length of ultimate
segment about that of third and fourth segments combined ; in female ulti-

94

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

mate segment somewhat longer than third and fourth combined. Thorax
(fig. 3) : Pronotum (fig. 1, PRN.) with one row of bristles; male dorsally
with one or two large, and several smaller bristles anterior to row; female
with but one large bristle in this area. Prosternosome with ventral margin
quite sharply rounded medially; proepimeral flange (fig. 1, E.F.) distinct,
small, triangular. Metepimere (MTM) with anterior row of bristles missing;
median row of four bristles (four to six in female) ; posterior row with four
or five ( five or six in female ) . Metasternal furca ( FU.-II) with short, acute
posterior arm. Legs: Procoxa (fig. 1) with fifteen or more obviously lateral
bristles (in figure, procoxa is turned so that the “mesal” surface is actually
the normal lateral surface) . All tibiae with six dorsal notches, each with two
bristles; laterally metatibia with subdorsal row of 11 bristles in male, 14 in
female, plus a few apicoventral bristles. Metafemur with external horizontal
row of 18—19 irregularly spaced bristles. Abdomen: Male with anterior of the
two tergal rows of bristles reduced on terga four to seven, broadly interrupted
laterally, dorsally this row with one or two bristles and with one or two
bristles directly above spiracle, at times one below spiracle (one of bristles
of posterior row may also be below spiracle). Female lacking bristles below
spiracles of terga four to seven ; anterior rows of but one or two bristles
placed directly above spiracle, posterior rows ending well above level of
spiracle on terga four to seven. Female intersegmental membranes not as
obvious as in C. ftoridensis and lateral tergal margin more nearly vertical
(compare figs. 23 (steward) and 22 (ftoridensis) .

Modified segments, male (fig. 2) : Eighth tergum (8T.) with two scat-
tered rows of small bristles above and anterior to spiracle, consisting in
unique male of nine or ten bristles in all; below and posterior to spiracle
with three bristles, the dorsal one small, others rather large. Eighth sternum
(8S.) with three ventral bristles on a side. Immovable process of clasper {P.
and fig. 17) somewhat higher than broad; with approximately 10 bristles
(other than marginals) scattered over lateral surface from apex to lowest
level of insertion of movable finger; below insertion of finger with mesal
patch of several light thin bristles. Movable finger {F. and fig. 17) almost
straight, inserted medially on process, gradually tapering to sharply rounded
apex which does not extend beyond margin of process (in normal position) ;
finger five times as long as broad basally; with a few minute bristles on
posterior margin. Proximal arm of ninth sternum (P.A.9) narrowed apically,
joined to manubrium of process; distal arm (D.A.9) very short, subtriangular,
with a few small apical and subapical bristles. Aedeagal apodeme (fig. 4,
AE.Ai) long and narrow, more than five times as long as broad; apex acute.
Crescent sclerite ((fig. 7, C.S.) straight and longer than dorsal sclerite of
apodemal strut (D.S.). Sclerotized inner tube (S.I.T.) about five times as
long as broad, apically bent ventrad, gradually narrowing from base to apex,
armature (A.I.T.) diffuse. Median dorsal lobe (M.D.L.) with dorsal margin
merged with dorsal margin of distolateral lobes, apicoventrally merely a
diffuse spiculated semimembranous structure. Distolateral lobes (DL.L.) with
apicodorsal angle of about 90°; posteroapical margin unevenly convex;
ventroapically sharply rounded. Lateral lobes (L.L.) angulate but with
angles rounded ; extending ventrally almost to lower level of crochets and

JULY, 1955]

JOHNSON — CHAETOPSYLLA

95

pouch wall (P.W\). Crochets (CR.) arising ventrad to inner tube and about
at midportion of tube, not extending to apex of tube, same width throughout;
apically rounded (actually, apparently flexed dorsally so that the apex
points cephalad) ; entire margin much more heavily sclerotized than re-
mainder of crochet. Pouch wall (P.W.) insensibly joined with base of crochets.
Penis rods (fig. 4, P.R.) long and forming a complete circle.^

Modified segments, female (fig. 23) : Posterior margin of seventh
sternum (IS.) lacking sinus, though ventrolaterally the margin is somewhat
concave. Eighth tergum (8T.) with group of about seven bristles above spir-
acle; row of large bristles extending from just below spiracle to venter of
segment, interrupted lateromedially. Spermatheca [SP. and fig. 11) with
oval body, tail almost two times as long as body and about half as broad;
curved back over body. Bursa copulatrix (B.C.) short, sinuate, very lightly
sclerotized.

Holotype male, allotype female ex weasel, Sardine Canon,
Cache County, Utah, 28 December 1937, Deming collector.
Types deposited in the collections of the United States National
Museum.

This species is named for Dr. M. A. Stewart of the University
of California, Berkeley, who described the first American repre-
sentative of the genus.

Chaetopsylla lotoris (Stewart)

(Figs. 5, 8, 12-15, 18, 21, 24)

Trichopsylla lotoris Stewart, 1926. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus XIV(7— 9):

122, one fig.

Chaetopsylla lotoris, Wagner, 1936, Canad. Entom. 68:195.

Trichopsylla lotoris, I. Fox, 1940, Fleas Eastern U. S.: 33, pi. VIII, figs.

35-37; pi. IX, fig. 42.

Chaetopsylla lotoris, Jellison and Good, 1942, Nat. Inst. Health Bull. No.

178:41. Ewing and I. Fox, 1943, Fleas North Amer. :18, fig. 4e. Fuller,

1943, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 38:19.

Generally with fewer bristles than the other two North Ameri-
can species. Female separable from C. stewarti sp. nov. and C.
floridensis (I. Fox, 1939) in possessing a large rounded ventral
sinus in posterior margin of seventh sternum (figs. 21 and 24) ;
not lacking such a sinus (figs. 23 and 22, 75.^; further distinct
from C. floridensis in lacking bristles below the spiracles on terga
five to seven (compare figs. 18 (lotoris) and 20 (floridensis).
Male differing from stewarti sp. nov. in that the penis rods do not
form a complete circle (figs. 5 (lotoris) and 4 (stewarti), P.R.),

^ The homologies of the median dorsal lobe, distolateral lobes and the crochets
are more clearly seen in Chaetopsylla homoeus ssp. (from Asia and Europe). In
this species the median dorsal lobe (fig. 9, M.D.L.) is mesal and more obviously a
structure separate from the distolateral lobes (DL.L.). The crochets (CR.), rather
than being flexed upon themselves, are directed caudad in the more typical manner.

96

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

the sclerotized inner tube (fig. 8, S.I.T.) apically upturned, not
bent ventrad (fig. 7, S.I.T.) ; and from floridensis in that the
median row on the metepimere contains only one or two bristles
(fig. 15), not four to six (fig. 16); male and female separable
from floridensis in that the procoxa lacks lateral bristles, not with
30 or more such bristles.

Head: Preocular row of four short bristles in male, three or four in
female; ocular row of four longer, stout bristles. Labial palpi extending about
two-thirds length of procoxa in both male and female, apical segment ob-
viously longer than segments two to four combined in male, ultimate segment
only somewhat longer than segments three and four combined in female.
Postantennal area with first of the two rows containing three or four (usually
three) bristles in both sexes; second row of three bristles in all specimens
examined. Thorax: Metepimere (fig. 15) usually with two rows of bristles;
an occasional specimen with a single bristle anterior to the rows; ranges as
follows: anterior: O-I; median: 1—4; posterior: 5-8. The bolotype female
has 1(0); 2;8(7) bristles on metepimere; cotype male with 0;1;6 bristles.
Legs: procoxa with all bristles marginal or suhmarginal. Abdomen: Terga
5-7 (usually 4—7) of female lacking bristles below spiracles (fig. 18) ; an-
terior of the two rows reduced, consisting of 1-3 bristles on a side placed just
above the spiracle. In female, posterior margin of terga not markedly oblique,
and intersegmental membranes mostly covered by the terga.

Modified segments, male: Eighth tergum with single row of seven bristles
above spiracle. Immovable process of clasper (fig. 14 P.) obviously higher
than broad, apex sharply rounded in some specimens (including cotype) ;
lateral bristles sparse and confined to area above insertion of movable finger.
Movable finger (fig. 14, F.) curved, tapering to sharply rounded apex, about
four times as long as broad; inserted above middle of immovable process.
Aedeagal apodeme (fig. 5, AE.A.) three times as long as broad, apically
rounded. Crescent sclerite (fig. 8, C.S. ) straight, somewhat longer than dorsal
sclerite of apodemal strut (D.S.). Sclerotized inner tube (S.I.T.) about six
and one-half times as long as broad, straight, gradually narrowing apically
and with apex upturned; its armature (A.l.T.) vaguely indicated as a large
diffuse lateral sclerite overlying most of apical half of tube. Median dorsal
lobe (M.D.L.) extending well above and beyond distolateral lobes (DL.L.) ;
with convex, well-sclerotized dorsal margin; ventral margin pale, rounded
apically. Distolateral lobes with heavily sclerotized convex posterior margin,
acute ventrally; anterior margin straight, apex of endchamber thus with
triangular notch at juncture of DL.L. and M.D.L. Lateral lobes (L.L.) small,
ending ventrally at level of dorsal margin of crochets. Crochets ( CR.) about
as broad as long; marginally sclerotized, apically rounded (as in C. steivarti
sp. nov. they are apparently directed cephalad). Penis rods (fig. 5, P.R.)
extending past apex of apodeme but uncoiled.

Modified segments, female: Seventh sternum (figs. 21 and 24) with
posterior margin deeply excised ventrolaterally. Spermatheca (fig. 12) in-
distinguishable from steward sp. nov. In bolotype, spermatheca is distorted

JULY, 1955]

JOHNSON CHAETOPSYLLA

97

and foreshortened (tig. 13). Bursa copulatrix well sclerotized, somewhat
curved, not sinuate.

Holotype female, cotype male ex raccoon, Procyon lotor,
Olcott, New York, 16 November 1921, deposited in Cornell Mu-
seum.

Specimens examined . — Holotype female, cotype male. Three
males and three females with same data as holotype. Fifteen fe-
males ex raccoon, Snicarte, Illinois, December 1933, Hunt and
Lane collectors. One female ex Procyon lotor, Minnesota, 2 De-
cember 1895, Otto Lugger collector. One female ex “den of red
fox”, Urbana, Illinois, December 1939, R. Traub collector. One
female ex Procyon lotor, Dryden, Maine, 29 March 1952, G. Hein-
rich collector.

Remarks . — Fox (1940) records this flea from Clayton County,
Iowa; Lucerne-in -Maine, Maine; and Pisgah National Forest,
North Carolina. All records were from raccoons. Fuller (1943)
gives additional records of Findleyville, Pennsylvania ex Procyon
lotor, and East Greenville, New York ex gray fox. Fuller remarks
that Procyon appears to be the normal host, but that the collec-
tions are too sparse to present an adequate sample.

Chaetopsylla floridensis (I. Fox)

(Figs 6, 10, 16, 19, 20, 22)

Trichopsylla floridensis I. Fox, 1939, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 41(2) ;45, fig. 6,

I. Fox, 1940, Fleas Eastern U. S. :32, pi. VIII, figs. 34, 36, 39.
Chaetopsylla floridensis, Ewing and I. Eox, 1943, Fleas North Amer. :17.

Generally with more bristles than the other two North Ameri-
can species. Female separable from Chaetopsylla stewarti sp. nov.
and C. lotoris (Stewart, 1926) by having at least two bristles below
spiracles on terga 5-7 (fig. 20), not completely lacking bristles in
this area (fig. 18) ; and with partially double row of bristles on
eighth tergum (Fig. 22, 8T.) not with but one row (fig. 23, 8T ) .
Male differing from C. lotoris in that median row on metepimere
contains 4—6 bristles (fig. 16), not 1—2 (fig. 15) ; and by the con-
hguration of the distolateral lobes of the aedeagus (compare figs.
6 ( floridensis) and 8 (lotoris), DL.L.) ; separable from C. stewarti
sp. nov. in that the penis rods do not form a complete circle and
the movable finger (fig. 19, F .) obviously set nearer posterior
margin of immovable process of clasper (P.), not median in posi-
tion on process (fig. 17, F. and P.).

Head: Preocular row of 4-6 short bristles; ocular row of four long,
stout bristles. Labial palpi extending approximately to apex of procoxa in
female; the apical segment almost as long as segments 2-4 combined; in

98

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLO(,JST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES

AE.A aedeagal apodeme

A.I.T armature of sclerotized

inner tube, aedeagus

A. T.A anterior tentorial arm

B. C. — - bursa copulatrix

C. -II mesocoxa

C.-III metacoxa

CR crochet

C. S crescent sclerite, aedeagus

D. A. 9 ....distal arm of ninth sternum

D.A.L. dorsal anal lobe

DL.L distolateral lobe, aedeagus

D.O. ductus obturatus

D. S. dorsal sclerite of

apodemal strut, aedeagus

E. F proepimeral flange

EP.R.-I — episternal-epimeral

rod, mesothorax

EP.R.-II episternal-epimeral

rod, metathorax

F. movable finger of clasper

FU.-I mesosternal furca

FU.-II metasternal furca

KN knob on tergum one

(vinculum? )

L.L lateral lobe, aedeagus

L.M. lateral metanotal area

L.S lateral sclerite of apodemal

strut, aedeagus
MB. manubrium of clasper

M.D.L... median dorsal lobe, aedeagus

MPM mesepimere

MP S mesepisternum

MS median sclerite of apodemal

strut, aedeagus

MSN mesonotum

MTM metepimere

MTN metanotum

MTS metepisternum

P immovable process of clasper

P.A. 9 proximal arm of ninth

sternum

PL.A pleural arch

P.R penis rods, aedeagus

PRN pronotum

P.W pouch wall, aedeagus

S. I.T sclerotized inner tube,

aedeagus

SP spermatheca

SP.D spermathecal duct

T. AP. 9 ....tergal apodeme of segment

nine

V.A.L ..ventral anal lobe

IT first abdominal tergum

7S seventh abdominal sternum

7T. seventh abdominal tergum

8S eighth abdominal sternum

8T eighth abdominal tergum

9T ninth abdominal tergum

male, labial palpi about two-thirds length of procoxa, apical segment about
equal in length to segments three and four combined. In both sexes the
anterior two postantennal rows consist of 2-4 and 4—5 bristles respectively.
Thorax: Metepimere (fig. 16) with two or three rows of bristles (if three
rows, the first is scattered and merged with the median or second row) ; the
posterior row consisting of 5-6 bristles; the median row of 4—7 bristles except
when anterior row is present, in which case there are 8 bristles in the two
rows together (in the two cotype females examined). Legs: Procoxa with 30
or more lateral bristles, excluding marginal bristles. Metatibia with 11—19
irregularly placed bristles on dorsal half of lateral surface. Metafemur with
external horizontal row of 14—15 bristles in female; 11-14 in male. Abdomen:
Female Avith tergal and sternal sclerites distinctly separated laterally by

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Chaetopsylla steward Johnson: head and prothorax, holotype.
Fig. 2. Ibid: modified abdominal segments, holotype.

JULY, 1955]

JOHNSON — CHAETOPSYLLA

99

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

Fig. 3. Chaetopsylla steward Johnson: meso- and metathorax, holotype.
Fig. 4. Ibid: aedeagus, holotype. Fig. 5. Chaetopsylla lotoris (Stewart) :
aedeagus, cotype.

spiculated intersegmental membranes, the terga strongly produced ventro-
caudally (fig. 20). Terga 2—7 in female with at least two bristles of anterior
row below spiracle (fig. 20) ; anterior row on terga 1-3 complete dorsally.

JULY, 1955] JOHNSON CHAETOPSYLLA 101

Fig. 6. Chaetopsylla fioridensis (I. Fox) :apex of aedeagus, cotype. Fig.
7. C. steivarti Johnson: apex of aedeagus, holotype. Fig. 8. C. lotoris (Stew-
art) : apex of aedeagus, cotype. Fig. 9. C. homoeus ssp.: apex of aedeagus.
Fig. 10. C. fioridensis: spermatheca, cotype. Fig. 11. C. steward Johnson:
spermatheca, allotype. Fig. 12. C. lotoris: spermatheca. Fig. 13. Ibid: sper-
matheca, holotype.

102

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

Fig. 14. Chaetopsylla lotoris (Stewart) : clasper, cotype. Fig. 15. Ibid:
posterior portion of metepimere, cotype. Fig. 16. C. fioridensis (I. Fox) : pos-
terior portion of metepimere, cotype male. Fig. 17. C. steward Johnson:
clasper, holotype. Fig. 18. C. lotoris: sixth abdominal tergum, holotype. Fig.
19. C. fioridensis: clasper, cotype. Fig. 20. Ibid: sixth abdominal tergum,
cotype female.

JULY, 1955]

JOHNSON CHAETOPSYLLA

105

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 21. Chaetopsylla lotoris (Stewart) : posterior margin of seventh ster-
num, holotype. Fig. 22. C. fioridensis (I. Fox) : modified abdominal segments,
cotype female. Fig. 23. C. steward Johnson: modified abdominal segments,
allotype. Fig. 24. C. lotoris: posterior margin of seventh sternum, variations.

Modified segments, male: Immovable process of clasper (fig. 19, P.) al-
most as broad as high; movable finger (F.) inserted on process about half-
way between most dorsal and most ventral points, and much nearer posterior
than anterior margin, measured from insertion on P., finger about three times
as long as broad, not strongly curved. Eighth and ninth sterna non-diagnostic.
Aedeagal apodeme three times as long as broad anteriorally, apex blunt (as

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

in C. lotoris) . Crescent sclerite (fig. 6, C.S.) gently convex, about as long
as dorsal margin of dorsal sclerite of apodemal strut (D.S.). Sclerotized
inner tube (S.I.T.) about five and one-half times as long as broad; straight,
gradually narrowing to apex, its armature (A.I.T.) consisting of one ovate
diffuse sclerite lying over middle of tube, and two large dark sclerites apically.
Distolateral lobes (DL.L.) joined insensibly with median dorsal lobe
(M.D.L.) ; apicoventrally these lobes acute, somewhat hooked; dorsally al-
most angled at juncture with M.D.L. Median dorsal lobe extending ventrally
between distolateral lobes as heavily spiculated, diffuse structure. Lateral
lobes (L.L.) almost rectangular. Crochets of same general structure as in
C. lotoris and C. steward sp. nov. Penis rods extending well beyond apex of
apodeme but not coiled.

Modified segments, female (fig. 22) ; Posterior margin of seventh sternum
(7S.) concave, though not deeply excised; its exact contour impossible to
ascertain since in both specimens it has been somewhat broken or otherwise
disturbed. Eighth tergum (8T.) with lateral bristles in a double row from
level of spiracle to level of lower margin of ventral anal lobe (V.A.L.). Eighth
sternum (8S.) almost entirely semimembranous and spiculated, save for
ventral margin where several large bristles are inserted. Spermatheca [SP.
and fig. 10) with width of tail much less than half that of body, and only
one and one-half times as long as body. Bursa copulatrix (B.C.) well sclero-
tized, slightly sinuate.

Cotypes: two males, two females ex “garden truck leaf mold”,
Gainesville, Florida, 30 September 1935. Deposited in United
States National Museum.

Specimens examined. — Two male and two female cotypes.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Dr. Henry Dietrich, Curator of Insects of
Cornell University, for lending me the type specimens of Chaetop-
sylln lotoris (Stewart, 1926) and to Mr. C. W. Muesebeck, U. S.
Dept, of Agriculture, for lending cotype specimens of Chaetopsylla
floridens'is (I. Fox, 1939). Dr. M. A. Stewart and Lt. Col. Robert
Traub kindly allowed me access to their specimens of C. lotoris.
Dr. J. S. Stanford, Utah State College of Agriculture, was instru-
mental in obtaining for study the specimens of Chaetopsylla
stewarti.

REFERENCES CITED

Fox, 1.

1940. Fleas of the Eastern United States, 191 pp. Iowa State College
Press.

Fuller, H. S.

1943. Studies on Siphonaptera of Eastern North America. Bulletin of
the Brooklyn Entomological Society 38 (1) : 18-23.

JULY, 1955]

TIMBERLAKE PROTODUFOUREA

105

A NEW GENUS FOR TWO NEW SPECIES OF
DUFOUREINE BEES FROM CALIFORNIA

( Hymenoptera : Apoidea)

P. H. Timberlake

U niversity of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside

The discovery and recognition of a new genus of dufoureine
bees in California is an unexpected event and noteworthy because
the group may represent the more primitive ancestral stock from
which Dufourea was derived, and because it is excessively rare. The
first specimen of the new group was collected in 1914, and ad-
ditional specimens, representing another species, were not collected
until 1955.

Protodufourea Timberlake, new genus

Protodufourea resembles Dufourea in general habitus, but is
separated at once by the more primitive venation, the forewings
having three submarginal cells. Besides the venation, it differs from
Dufourea (s. str.) in having a differentiated pubescent area on
ventral segments 2 to 4, the sixth ventrite emarginate at apex, and
the eighth ventral plate slightly expanded at apex. It agrees with
Dufourea in having the clypeus somewhat longer than the labrum,
the antennae inserted only slightly below middle of face, the head
and thorax closely and strongly punctured and the tergum of
abdomen also closely punctured, but with a broad, smooth apical
depression on each segment. From Conanthalictus it differs in the
larger clypeus, with the antennae inserted higher on the face; in
the more robust form, with the legs more incrassate; in the much
shorter and smaller enclosure of propodeum, and in the compar-
atively coarse sculpture.

Male — Head rotund, as broad as long, the cheeks and temples not broad-
ened. Labrum twice as broad as long and broadly rounded at apex. Clypeus
rather large and about one and one-half times longer than labrum. Sub-
antennal sutures obsolete. Proboscis short, the blade of the maxillae about
twice as long as broad and shorter than the maxillary palpi; mentum and
submentum wanting; maxillary palpi with six nearly equal joints; labial palpi
about three-fourths as long as maxillary pair, the first joint nearly as long
as the next three united, the fourth inserted on the side of the third joint
and barely longer than either the second or third. Antennae inserted slightly
below the middle of face, rather short and stout, the joints of flagellum as
thick as long. Wings with three submarginal cells, the third nearly as long as

’ Paper No. 861, University of California Citi’us Experiment Station, Riverside,
California.

106

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

the first and the second small ; first recurrent nervure interstitial with the
second intercubitus ; basal nervure moderately curved. (Wings similar to
those of Dufourea, except for the three submarginal cells.) Propodeum with
a short dorsal surface and large posterior face, the basal area smooth, with
a rugose band across the base. Legs moderately incrassate, the tarsi some-
what longer than the tibae; hind basitarsi swollen, about three times longer
than wide and two-thirds as thick as the hind tibiae, and subequal in length
to the following tarsal joints combined; apical joint of tarsi and the claws
stout, the latter bifid at apex. Abdomen ovate and about one and one-half
times longer than wide when normally contracted, the apex without a well-
defined pygidial area. Apical margin of the sixth ventral segment slightly
reflexed and with a broad rounded emargination in the middle. Seventh and
eighth ventral segments small, the eighth with a narrow median process, a
little dilated at apex; seventh with a bilobed basal part supporting a two-
lobed plate on each side. Sculpture much as in Dufourea (s. str.), with close
stung punctures on the head, thorax, and abdomen; the tergites of abdomen,
however, more or less broadly smooth and impunctate at apex. Pubescence
moderately short and dense, about as in Dufourea, but hair of face below
level of antennae no denser than elsewhere; hair of abdomen uniformly short
and erect, without bands, becoming moderately longer and denser at apex;
but that of venter forming thin bands across apex of segments 2 to 5 and
becoming very short, dense, and velvety in a medioapical area on segments
2 to 4.

Female . — Similar to the male in most characters. Face without foveae.
Clypeus with an apical, convexly arcuate groove, invested with long hairs and
bounded above by an elevated sharp margin, the convexity of the groove and
margin causing a small recess where they bend backward from the straight
edge on each side. Flagellum of antennae more incrassate toward apex than
in the male, but less clavate than in Dufourea. Scopal hair of hind tibiae and
basitarsi rather long and dense, the hairs simple; tibial spurs slender and
minutely serrate on inner side ; tarsal claws with the inner tooth subbasal and
half as long as the outer tooth. Pygidium normally concealed by the fifth ter-
gite and apical fimbria. Sculpture as in male, except that of the clypeus is
much coarser, and the punctures of abdomen are much finer and sparser.

Type of genus: Protodufourea wasbaueri.

Protodufourea parca Timberlake, new species

Male. — Black, the flagellum reddish ferruginous beneath, the tarsi dark
ferruginous. Apical depression of tergites 2 to 6, tergite 7, and the apical
margin of tergite 1 somewhat ferruginous. Tegulae dark-amber color. Wings
somewhat dusky (reddish), the stigma and nervures ferruginous.

Head as long as wide and thin fronto-occipitally, with the cheeks hardly
as wide as the eyes, and inner orbits slightly converging anteriorly. First two
joints of labial palpi stout, the fourth very slender, inserted on the side of
the third joint and a little longer than either the second or third. Lateral
ocelli as far removed from eye margins as their distance apart, and the
median ocellus not more than half its diameter in advance of the lateral pair.
Head, thorax, and abdomen finely, closely, and nearly uniformly punctured.

JULY, 1955]

TIMBERLAKE PROTODUFOUREA

107

the punctures mostly about two to three times their own diameter apart;
punctures of clypeus coarser and forming a slight rugosity. Head and thorax
mostly shining and more or less polished between the punctures; the
propodeum slightly dullish from almost dense minute punctures, but the en-
closure polished except for a rugose band across the base. Abdomen a
little dullish, with the smooth, impunctate apical depression of the tergites
comprising about one-fifth of the length of the segments. Pubescence whitish,
becoming slightly ochraceous at apex of abdomen and pale fulvous on inner
side of tarsi. Hair band on ventral segments 2 to 4 arcuate in middle to enclose
a nearly semicircular apical patch of pale, velvety pubescence. Length, 7 mm. ;
anterior wing, 5.2 mm.

One male (holotype), Corona, Riverside County, California,
March, 1914 (George R. Wilson), in collection of the Citrus Ex-
periment Station.

Protodufourea wasbaueri Timberlake, new species

Similar to P. parca but pubescence brownish to black through-
out, the velvety pubescent area on ventral segments 2 to 4 narrow
and black, the wings grayish dusky, with dark nervures, and the
eighth ventral plate more expanded at apex.

Male. — Black, the tegulae and claws slightly reddened, the tibial spurs
testaceous. Wings grayish dusky, the nervures dark sepia or blackish, the
stigma with a narrow, central reddish streak.

Structure and sculpture nearly as in parca, but rugose area of enclosure
broader and covering most of dorsal surface of propodeum; posterior face of
propodeum shining and with sparse minute punctures, but the flanks dullish
and densely punctate on the inner half; abdomen more shining, the punctures
a little stronger and sparser than in parca, with the apical depression com-
prising about one-fourth of the length on tergites 2 and 3. Maxillary and
labial palpi not greatly different in length, the third to fifth joints of maxillary
pair shorter than the other joints, and the labial palpi not incrassate at base.
Pubesence brownish, intermixed with black on clypeus and becoming black
on abdomen beyond the first tergite and more or less black on the legs;
velvety pubescent area on apical middle of ventral segments 2 to 4 narrowly
transverse and black, that on segment 2 narrowest and that on 4 shortest.
Apical lohe of the paired plates of the seventh ventral segment much larger
than the triangular proximal lobe, which is blackish (in parca both lobes pale
ferruginous and subequal in size, with the proximal one subquadrate and
rounded on outer margin and the distal one expanding toward the rounded
apex.) Length, with abdomen contracted, 5.5 mm.; anterior wing, 4.5 mm.

Female . — Very similar to the male in size, color and sculpture, but
differing in certain respects as detailed under the generic description. Clypeus,
except across the base, with coarse, very shallow pits or punctures, which
are separated by broad ridges. Hair on disk of tergites 1 to 3 shorter and
sparser, and the apical fimbria denser than in the male. Hair of legs much

108

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

longer and denser than in the male and more blackish, although with a
brownish cast in some light. Length, 7 mm. ; anterior wing, 4.8 mm.

One male, 3 females (holotype male, allotype, and paratypes).
Gem Mine, Idria, San Benito County, California, on Emmen-
anthe penduliflora, var. rosea Brand, June 29, 1955, and 1 male
(paratype), 6 miles south of Idria, June 14, 1955 (Marius Was-
bauer) .

According to Mrs. H. Sharsmith, of the University of California
Herbarium, who identified the flower visited by this bee, the var.
rosea is a rare plant, apparently a serpentine endemic and appears
more abundantly following a fire.

Book Review

A MANUAL OF THE DRAGONFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA (ANISOP-
TERA) INCLUDING THE GREATER ANTILLES AND THE PROV-
INCES OF THE MEXICAN BORDER. By James G. Needham and
Minter J. Westfall, Jr. xii 615 pp., col. frontisp., 341 text figs., many
tables. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1955. Price $12.50.

The format is attractive, the contents well planned, the printing and
binding nicely done. The illustrations are clear and show chiefly wing vena-
tion, the mature nymph, and the terminal appendages of the male; indeed
much of the appeal of the volume is due to the many excellent photographs
by the junior author. Part I (60 pp.) comprises Introduction, Field Studies,
and Procedure, the last including a list of the genera and species treated,
with pronunciations. Part H contains the Systematic Classifications, a two-
page Glossary, and a list of Synonyms, which are separated from and not
included in the general index.

One may quibble over such things as the use of “joii^t” rather than
“segment” in describing parts of the leg, but they are small points in a fine
book. Because it is readily usable by the amateur it should stimulate a wider
general interest in Odonata. There is a fine chance for the hobbyist to make
original observations, especially in life history studies. The authors have
given a stimulus by citing, at the ends of keys, the names of genera and
species for which nymphs are still unknown. A second volume, on the
Zygoptera or damselflies, is in preparation. — Hugh B. Leech, Department of
Entomology^ California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

JULY, 1955]

KEIFER ERIOPHYID MITES

109

ERIOPHYID MITES— NOTES AND NEW SPECIES

( Acarina )

H. H, Keifer

California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento

The following additions to the mite fauna of California not
only add seven species to the State list but also implicate five
new hosts.

Aceria pynocephalae Keifer, new species

(Figures 1 da, 1 es, 1 f)

Female 160— 220/i long, 45-50/i thick; wormlike; color whitish-yellow.
Rostrum 25/a long, projecting forward and down. Shield SOjU long, 35/« across,
subtriangular ; design clear : median line complete or broken ; admedians
extending full length and curving centrad to rear; first submedian lines
curving toward and ending at about 2/3 of the admedians; second sub-
medians represented by disconnected curved lines ahead of the dorsal
tubercles; third submedians extending diagonally along the upper edge of
the lateral granulations. Dorsal tubercles 24/U apart on the rear margin;
dorsal setae 35/i long, projecting backwards. Forelegs long, tibia Ip long,
with seta; tarsus Sp long, claw 11/U. long, slender, tapering; featherclaw 5-
rayed. Hindlegs 30p long, tibia 6/along, tarsus Sp long, claw ll/W long. Coxae
with granulations and lines, the anterior coxae broadly connate. Abdomen
with 80—85 rings; completely microtuberculate, the microtubercles a little
elongate and pointed; microtubercles smaller oir cauda. Lateral seta 26p
long, on ring 12 ; first ventral seta 55/a long, on about ring 27 ; second ventral
15|a long, on ring 45; third ventral 2Sp long, on ring 6 from rear. Accessory
seta present. Female genitalia 21p wide, 16|a long, coverflap with 12-14
longitudinal furrows ; seta 15/a long.

Male not seen.

Type locality: San Francisco, California. Collected: Aug. 3,
1952 by the writer. Host: Artemisia pycnocephala DC. (Com-
positae). Relation to host: The mites live in the buds, especially
the flower buds which grow in tolerably long spikes. No damage
by the mite has been noted although the mite population is con-
siderable. Type material: A type slide and five paratype slides bear
the above data.

On page 14 of Vol. 2, No. I of the Bull. Calif. Insect Survey
the new species runs to calibaccharis (Keifer) in the key. However,
pycnocephalae has a shortened first submedian line whereas cali-
haccharis has a full length first submedian line.

Aceria sphaceliiia Keifer, new species

(Figures 2 da, 2 es, 2 f)

Female 140— 180^^ long, 40—45/a thick; wormlike; light amber in color.
Rostrum 25|a long, curved down. Shield 25p long, 30/x wide, noticeably

110

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

humped to rear; design distinct with the median line somewhat broken and
ending in a dart-shaped mark ; admedians undulating slightly, gradually
diverging, hardly recurving at rear; first submedians indistinctly forked in
front of tubercles, the second submedians shorter; third submedians along
upper edge of lateral gi-anular area. Dorsal tubercles 23^1 apart, on rear
margin; dorsal setae 26/i long, projecting backward. Forelegs 27|a.long, tibia
5.5(a long, with seta; tarsus Ifi long, claw lO/i long, tapering; featherclaw
4-rayed. Hindlegs 23/i long, tibia 4.5/i long, tarsus 6ia long, claw 9.5/^ long.
Coxae slightly marked, the anterior coxae broadly connate. Abdomen with
65—70 rings; completely mierotuberculate, the microtubercles each extended
into a short spinule. Lateral seta 23,14 long, on about ring 8 ; first ventral seta
38/4 long, on about ring 21; second ventral 13/4 long, on about ring 38; third
ventral seta 19/4 long, on about ring 6 from rear. Accessory seta present.
Female genitalia 18.5/4 wide, 10/4 long, coverflap with 10—12 longitudinal
furrows; seta 10/4 long.

Male not studied.

Type locality: Three miles west of Shingle Springs, El
Dorado County, California. Collected: June 29, 1952, by the
writer. Host: Sphacele calycina Benth. (Labiatae, Pitcher sage.
Relation to host: The mites live around the small leaves as they
emerge from the bud; also within the peiole bases. No damage to
the host has been noted. Type material: A type slide and six para-
type slides bear the above data.

This mite is also found in the Paradise region of Butte County,
the collection July 7, 1939, by the writer. None of these specimens
are now on hand. In the key to California species of Aceria (cited
above) this mite runs to Aceria chrysopsis (Keifer), but differs in
not having recurved submedian lines. Aceria sphacelina differs
from Aceria neosalviae (Keifer) by possessing spinuliferous micro-
tubercles, as well as other features.

Aceria populinquis Keifer, new species

(Figures 3 da, 3 es, 3 f )

Female 200—240/4 long, 55/4 thick, wormlike, tapering; color yellowish-
white. Rostrum rather large, 38/4 long, curving down. Shield 36/4 long, 46/4
wide; design very faint: a short median line to rear, with the admedians
apparently extending full length, and connected to the anterior end of the
median by diagonal lines at the 2/3 point on the shield; lateral granular
area present. Dorsal tubercles 35/4 apart, on rear margin; dorsal setae 36/4
long, projecting caudad. Forelegs 40/4 long, tibia 10/4 long, with seta arising
close to base; tarsus 10/4 long, claw 7/4 long, curving down, slightly knobbed;
featherclaw 4-rayed. Hindlegs 37/4 long, tibia 8/4 long, tarsus 9/4 long, claw
10/4 long. Coxae with some tubercles, the anterior coxae broadly connate.
Abdomen with 60—65 rings, completely set with microtubercles, eaeh micro-
tubercle produced into a spinule ; posterior rings broader and sharper dorsally
in lateral view, slight ventrad doubling. Lateral seta 22/4 long, on about ring

JULY, 1955]

KEIFER ERIOPHYID MITES

111

9 ; first ventral seta long, on about ring 22 ; second ventral seta 22/i long,
on ring 40; third ventral seta 35fi long, on ring 6 from rear. Accessory seta
present. Female genitalia 23;a wide, 14/a long, coverflap with 9—12 longitudinal
furrows; seta 21 fi long.

Male not seen.

Type locality: Sacramento, California. Collected: June 15,
1952, by the writer. Host: Populus fremontii Wats. (Salicaceae) ,
Cottonwood. Relation to host: The mites live in the large pendant
male catkin galls formed by Aceria neossigi (Keifer) and are in-
quilins in these galls. They inhabit the recesses at the base of the
fasciated outgrowths from the catkins, browning the surfaces, and
possibly contributing to the decline of the gall. Type material: A
type slide and five paratype slides bear the above data.

All other California species of Aceria with 4-rayed featherclaws,
have a much more distinct median line on the shield. The rear of
the abdomen suggest the genus Paraphytoptus. In this case we
have an Eriophyid mite which works against the best interests of
another Eriophyid.

Aceria trichophila Keifer, new species

(Figures 4 da, 4 es, 4 f )

Female 200— 230/U long, 35/a thick, a very slender species, light yellowish
in color. Rostrum 20/4 long, projecting ahead and down. Shield 21 fi long, 25fi
wide, median line present to rear; admedian lines strong, undulating, curving
centrad slightly at rear margin; one prominent submedian line anteriorily,
forking part way back into two additional lines of more or less clarity, and
ending ahead of dorsal tubercles; sides of shield not granular. Dorsal tu-
bercles 16/(x apart, on rear margin; dorsal setae 23/U long, with seta; tarsus 6fi
long, claw S/x long, tapering; featherclaw 3-rayed. Hindlegs 30/it long, tibia
fi/W long, tarsus 9/J- long, claw 9/i long. Coxae somewhat tubercidate, the
anterior coxae touching. Abdomen with 63—68 rings completely set with
microtubercles, the microtubercles acuminate. Lateral seta 23fi long, on ring
4; first ventral seta 28/tt long, on about ring 17; second ventral lO/w long, on
about ring 31 ; third ventral 22/U long, on ring 5 from rear. Accessory seta
present. Female gentialia 20fi wide, 15^ long, the coverflap with about 10—12
longitudinal furrows ; seta 9fJ- long.

Male not seen.

Type locality: Three miles west of Shingle Springs, El
Dorado County, California, near highway. Collected: June 29,
1952 by the writer. Host: Quercus douglasii H&A. (Fagaceae) , Blue
oak, a deciduous tree. Relation to host: The mites produce baggy
erineum-filled leaf galls varying from to 1/9 inch in size. Type
material: A type slide and five paratype slides bear the above data.

This species with its 3-rayed featherclaws fits into the distinc-

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

tive Fagaceous-Juglandaceous group of species in the genus Aceria.
The presence of a median line on the rear of the shield, together
with strong admedian lines distinguishes trichophila from mackiei
and par amackiei, the two similar oak mites already on the Cali-
fornia list. The new species is notably slender. It is the first erineum
mite to be described from a deciduous oak in California. At the
date of the original collection, June 29, the erineum (or galls) con-
tained many mites. On Aug. 12, 1952, the same tree showed that
the mites had already abandoned the erineum. While the infested
tree is in a considerable grove of the same species of oak no other
tree showed evidences of infestation.

Aceria anserina Liro
(Figures 5 da, 5 es, 5 f)

Eriuphyes anserinus Liro, Ann. Zool. Soc. zool-bot. Fen., Yanamo 9:12-13,

1943 (No. 3)

Eriophyes (Aceria) anserinus Liro, Liro and Roivainen in Animalia Fennica

#6, p. 80, 1951 (in Finnish)

Locality: Bodega Bay, Sonoma County, California. Col-
lected: Aug. 9, 1952 by J. P. Keifer, and the writer. Host: Potentilla
anserina L. (Rosaceae), Silver-weed. Relation to host: The mites
live among the dense silvery hairs on the undersides of the leaves.
The host shows no damage.

The mite as it occurs in California is 200—250.. long and 50..
thick. The featherclaws are 5-rayed and the microtubes are
rounded. On the shield the median line is represented by a series
of dots on the rear half of the shield; the admedians are complete
and flare outward at the rear ; the submedians are of lines of dots
or microtubercles and the first forks in front of the dorsal tubercles ;
the shield sides are entriely granular. No other species of Aceria
known in California has the combination of a 5-rayed featherclaw
and a median line composed of a row of dots.

Potentilla anserina L., silver -weed, has a holarctic distribution,
coming down the Pacific Coast to Southern California. It is the
only known host of Aceria anserina. Tiro’s figure, showing the
flaring admedian lines, indicates the identification of this mite in
California.

Eriophyes lithocarpi Keifer, new species
(Figures 6 da, 6 es, 6 f)

Female 150— 180/i long, 35— 40/i thick, wormlike, whitsh-yellow. Rostrum
21 p. long, projecting forward and down. Shield 25/^ long, 30/i wide; median
line absent; admedians complete, subparallel, abruptly curving farther apart

JULY, 1955]

KEIFER ERIOPHYID MITES

113

just before middle, curving centrad at rear; sides of shield with lines curving
out and forward from just below dorsal tubercles, and some granules below
these. Dorsal tubercles 13/i apart, inclined forward from the rear margin;

dorsal setae 22/i long, projecting up and forward. Forelegs SOfi long, tibia
7/ti long, with seta; tarsus 8/x long, tapering; featherclaw 7-rayed. Hindlegs
25/r long, tibia 4/j- long, tarsus IfJ- long, claw lO^g long. Coxae with a few lines,
the anterior coxae touching. Abdomen with 53—60 rings, the rings completely
set with elongate, apically rounded microtubercles. Lateral seta 24/a long, on
about ring 6; first ventral seta 30/r long, on about ring 16; second ventral
22/i long, on about ring 29 ; third ventral seta 18jtt long, on ring 6 from rear.
Accessory seta very small. Female genitalia 20iU wide, II/jl long, coverflap with
a row of basal microtubercles and 12 to 14 longitudinal furrows; seta 8fi long.

Male 125ja long, 35/i thick.

Type locality: The southwest ridge on Mt. Tamalpais,
Marin County, California. Collected: Aug. 3, 1952 by the writer.

d, dorsal view of mite; da, dorsal view of the cephalothoracic shield;
es, diagram of the side skin structure; f, featherclaw.

Fig. 1, Aceria pycnocephalae. Fig. 2, Aceria sphacelina. Fig. 3, Aceria
propulinquis. Fig. 4, Aceria trichophila. Fig. 5, Aceria anserina. Fig. 6,
Eriphyes lithocarpi. Fig. 7, Oxypleurites occidens.

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

Host: Lithocarpus densiflora (H&A) (Fagaceae), Tanbark oak.
Relation to host: the mites live around the buds, especially the
terminal buds. They apparently do not harm their host. Type ma-
terial: a type slide and five paratypes bear the above data.

This is the first California species of Eriophyes to be described
that has a 7-rayed featherclaw. It is allied to some other California
Eriophyes by the general features of the shield on which the lateral
lines curve forward from below the dorsal tubercles and frame the
shield center. This species is quite a contrast to the 3-rayed feather-
claw members of Aceria that are normally found on Fagaceous
trees. The explanation of the presence of this mite may possibly
await the exploration of the Asiatic species of Lithocarpus .

Oxypleurites occidens Keifer, new species
(Figures 7 da, 7 es, 7 f)

Female 190-200/i long, 65-70/i wide, 45-50/x thick; fusiform in dorsal
view; color in life reddish. Rostrum 30/U long, projecting down. Shield 55;^
long, 60/U wide; anterior lobe projecting well over rostrum, spear-shaped
apically, apparently grooved; central area of shield logitudinally raised.
Dorsal tubercles 22fi apart, a little ahead of rear margin ; dorsal setae SjW
long, projejcting diagonally ahead and up. Forelegs 36/i long, tibia 9/a long,
with seta; tarsus 7/a long, claw 7.5/a long, tapering; featherclaw 6-rayed.
Hindlegs 34/a long, tibia 7/a long, tarsus long, claw 7.5/a long. Coxae some-
what roughened with some tuberculation, the anterior pair but narrowly
contiguous. Abdomen with 22 tergites, the first 13 of which form a serrate
logitudinal middorsal ridge and have correspondingly projecting side teeth;
the remaining 8 or 9 rings simple. Sternites about 70, narrow and closely set
with microtubercles. Lateral seta 26/a long, on about sternite 8; first ventral
seta 13/a long, on about sternite 26 ; second ventral 14/a long, on about
sternite 46; third ventral seta 18/a long, on sternite 5 from rear. Accessory
seta small. Female genitalia 26/a wide, IS/a long, coverflap basally with trans-
verse roughenings and 9 or 10 longitudinal furows; seta 12/a long.

Male not seen.

Type locality: Sandy Camp, Hat Creek, Shasta County, Cali-
fornia. Collected: Aug. 17, 1952, by the writer. Host: Juniperus
occidentalis Hook. (Cupressaceae) , Sierra Juniper. Relation to
host: The mites are vagrants on the green branchlets, especially on
vigorous tips. They are not common and apparently do no damage.
Type material: a type slide and five paratype slides bear the
above data.

No other species of Oxypleurites so far found in California has
more than 4-rayed featherclaws. The new speeies bears a 6-rayed
structure. The dorsal and lateral serrations ending abruptly at the
13th tergite are also definitive.

JULY, 1955]

KEIFER ERIOPHYID MITES

115

Calacarus carinatus (Green)

Typhlodromus carinatus Green, in Insect Pests of the Tea Plant, 1890
Phytoptus theae Watt and Mann, The Pests and Blights of the Tea Plant,
p. 366, 1903

Eriophyes carinatus (Green), Nalepa, Marcellia 25:133, 1929
Eriophyes carinatus (Green), King, Bui. Ent. Res. 28:311—14, 1937
Epitrimerus adornatus Keifer, Bui. Cal. Dept. Agr. 29:32, 1940
Calacarus adornatus (Keifer), Bui. Cal. Dept. Agr. 29:164, 1940
Calacarus adoratus (Keifer)., Bui. Cal. Ins. Surv. (UC), 2:41, 1952

This is the purple or ribbed tea mite of Asia. Nalepa, in the
above cited reference considered that the names carinatus and
theae were nude names and unusable taxonomically. This probably
makes adornatus the first name proposed for this mite which was
accompanied by an illustration of the mite. However, the writer
feels that substituting adornatus for carinatus at this late date would
only confuse the literature, and that therefore carinatus should
stand. But it is necessary to correct the generic placement since the
species is in no way related to the genus Eriophyes.

The genus Calacarus now contains four species. Two of these,
pulviferus' and tejonis are native on California oaks. C. carinatus
has come to California on camellia from the orient. The additional
species, gei Liro (Ann. Ent. Fenn. 8:77—78, 1942) , occurs on Geum
rivale L. in Finland. This latter species is very similar to carinatus.
The species are all deep purple in color with longitudinal white
wax stripes, and are beautiful mites if that adjectNe can be applied
to Eriophyids.

The hosts of Calacarus carinatus are: tea (Then chinensis L.)
and camellia. In asia the mite is said to increase in numbers during
dry periods. The long dry California summers are very favorable
to the development of this mite.

This synonymy is possible through the help of Dr. A. M.
Boyce, Director of the Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside,
California. He arranged to have specimens of the purple tea mite
sent to the writer from Ceylon. Dr. G. D. Austin, of the Tea Re-
search Institute of Ceylon, sent the specimens, stating that they
were collected at Talawakelle, November 26, 1952. Talawakelle is
a hill station at 4500 feet elevation.

Platyphytoptus sabinianae Keifer
Keifer, 1952, Calif. Insect Survey, Univ. Calif. Press, 2:53.

Prof. G. F. Knowlton, of the Utah State Agricultural College
at Logan, has been active in the collection of pine Eriophyids. Due

116

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

to his efforts it is possible to report the first localities outside of
California inhabited by sahinianae. The writer had previously sup-
posed this mite to be confined to California, west of the Sierras,
but Knowlton’s work indicates it is widespread in Utah. His 1952
collecting records are :

Ogden, Dec. 23, on Pinus nigra Arnold, Austrian pine; Providence, Dec.
27, on Pinus sylvestris L., Scotch pine; Cove, Dec. 30, on Pinus sp.

Setoptus jonesi (Keifer)

Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, Univ. Calif. Press, 2:20, 1952

Prof. Knowlton collected this mite on limber pine, Pinus flexilis
James, at Logan, Utah, Jan. 3, 1953. This is also the first collection
of this mite outside of California.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PHLOEOSINUS AND
REMARKS REGARDING THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS
OF RENOCIS HETERODOXUS CASEY

(Coleptera: Scolytidae)

W. J. Chamberlin ,

Oregon State College

Blackman^ recognized 40 species as members of the genus
Phloeosinus in American north of Mexico — the great majority of
which are found in the western United States. The members of
the genus are commonly referred to as the “Cedar Bark Beetles”
since all but three of the hitherto known forms attack cupressine
or taxodiine trees. The species which do not conform to this general
rule are Phloeosinus pini Swaine, which breeds in Pinus strohus
and P. hanksiana; and Phloeosinus piceae Swaine and P. alaskanus
Blackman which breed in Picea canadensis.

It was a pleasant surprise, therefore, when the writer reared a
considerable number of insects, belonging to this genus, from
Pseudotsuga taxifolia in 1951, In April on a trip into southern
Oregon an unusual number of red twigs were noted on Douglas fir
saplings and reproductions. Believing this to be the work of
Cylindrocopturus furnissi Buchanan, samples were brought into
the laboratory and placed in breeding cages. As was expected, a
large series of C. furnissi emerged in late May. The cages were

1 Revision of the genus Phoeosinus Chapius in North America. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 92 :397-474, 1942, W. M. Blackman.

JULY, 1955]

CHAMBERLIN SCOLYTIDS

117

Fig. 1. Phloeosinus pseudotsugae Chamberlin, new species.

allowed to remain and on June 10 a tiny scolytid was noted and
within the next ten days some 20 specimens emerged. Following
is a description of the new species.

Phloeosinus pseudotsugae Chamberlin, new species

Piceous-brown to nearly black; posterior half of elytra nearly brick red,
less shiny; length 1.67—2.06 mm.; approximately twice as long as wide.
Frontal rectangle as long or slightly longer than wide; epistomal lobe broad
almost hidden by a fringe of golden hairs. Frontal concavity more than half
as wide as the distance between the eyes, median carina scarcely evident and
variable in length, when evident usually elevated with a smooth area at
lower half of the frontal cavity. Frons with fine abundant golden hairs, more
numerous and longer along the margin of the epistomal lobe. Emargination
of the eyes about one-third the entire width ; eyes almost black. Antennal club
compressed, twice as long as wide, with 3 sutures" on the outer face, first
somewhate sinuate and widely septate for more than one-half its length.
Second nearly straight and septate, outer suture scarcely visible, in fact, it
is quite impossible to detect it except at the most favorable angle. Pronotum
one-fourth wider than long, widest near the middle, rather strongly narrowed
anteriorly, posterior angles only slightly rounded, surface rather uniformly,
coarsely, closely punctured not granulate; median line barely evident, except
near the base where it is slightly more distinct. An evident impression across
the dorsum just posterior to the anterior margin; vestiture of very fine
short hairs. Elytra slightly wider than the pronotum; front angles rounded;
sides nearly straight and parallel for three-fourths their length ; regularly
rounded posteriorly; width to length approximately 7:9. Scutellum broad,
crescent shaped and depressed. Front margins of elytra slightly but distinctly
elevated with granulations on the elevation. Puctures rather indefinite; inter-
spaces slightly wider than striae. Second interspace widened at base. Striae
strongly elevated, wider than the interspaces on the declivity. Second inter-
space narrower than first and third, serrations feeble; first and third inter-
spaces distinctly more elevated than the second. Striae one and two coalese
near the apex of the elytra; interspaces with numerous scale-like hairs.

^ Only two sutures are apparent in the club of some specimens. In examining
specimens of P. piceae the terminal suture is very faint, often not visible.

118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

A series of about 20 specimens were reared from Douglas fir
twigs collected in the vicinity of Canyonville, Oregon, in April,
1951. Adult beetles emerged in the laboratory the week of June 15,
1951.

According to Blackman’s key, the species definitely falls in the
first group: species which attack hosts other than cedar. I have
not seen specimens of P. alaskanus Blackman but from P. pini
Swaine and P. piceae Swaine. The new species differs by its defin-
itely smaller size, is much less robust, is less shining, and the striae
and interspaces are less evident, the posterior half of the elytra
are distinctly reddish brown. Asperities evident only on the declivity
and the first and third interspaces which are distinctly more ele-
vated than the second.

The species breeds in small twigs inch in diameter) of
living, apparently healthy, Douglas fir. In several instances it in-
fested twigs in which Cylindrocopturus furnissi were breeding.

Type locality: Tiller, Oregon (22 miles northeast of Can-
yonville, Douglas County, Oregon) . Type in author’s collection :
paratypes will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences,
the U. S. National Museum, the Canadian National Collection, and
in the Oregon State College collection.

I am indebted to Dr. Edward C. Becker of the Department of
Entomology, Science Service, Ottawa, Canada, for the loan of a
considerable series of Phloeosinus piceae Swaine and paratypes
of P. swainei Bruck and P. pini Swaine.

The drawing accompanying this article were drawn by Hugh
Hayes of the Oregon State Department of Forestry, Salem, Oregon.

Renocis heterodoxus Casey

No reliable information upon the habits of the mountain
mahogany bark beetle have hitherto been published; as a matter
of fact, the insect has been considered as a rather uncommon bark
beetle of little economic importance until recently. In February,
1951, specimens of mountain mahogany (Cerocarpus) were
brought in from the Summer Lake area of southearstern Oregon,
showing the work of this beetle, and considerable concern was felt
by those interested in wild life. There was a widespread epidemic
of the beetle and quantities of mountain mahogany, which forms
the principal browse plant for deer in the area, were being killed.
Since the life history was unknown, arrangements were made to
have samples submitted at frequent intervals and the following

JULY, 1955]

CHAMBERLIN SCOLYTIDS

119

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 2. The Mountain Mahogany Beetle, Renocis heterodoxus Casey.
Fig. 3. Gallery of Renocis heterodoxus Casey in Mountain Mahogany.

account is given based upon studies made from the material, which
was placed in breeding cages in the laboratory at Corvallis.

The adults (fig. 2) are very small beetles (1.5 to 2.5 mm. long)
of a grayish-black color; wing covers are very much roughened
and covered with scale-like hairs; head is scarcely visible from
above; mandibles are surorunded by long, stiff, white hairs. The
very small larvae are white, wrinkled and of a typical scolytid form.

The species are monogamous and enter the host plant in July.
The pair excavates an unusual chamber which is roughly oval
4x6 mm., deeply engraving the wood; extending out from this
chamber there are three to six, typically five, finger-like short
galleries (fig. 3) from one to three mm. long. At the end of each,
six to twelve eggs are deposited; from there, the larval galleries
extend out an average of about three-fourths of an inch; they
engrave the wood rather deeply. The oval pupal cells are about
three-fourths in the wood and one-fourth in the bark. The adults

120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

exit through the thin bark, leaving a circular exit hole about .75
mm. in diameter.

The adults apparently over-winter in the galleries and eggs are
deposited in March. Well-grown larvae were found April 8 and
pupae were observed May 15. Newly formed, partially colored
adults were present on June 1. These were fully colored and mature
by June 25 and excavated some irregular areas under the bark,
possibly for food, but did not emerge until late July, after which
they made new entrance tunnels, often in the same section from
which they had emerged, and deposited eggs. Owing to prolonged
absence from Corvallis, further observations were not possible
at that time.

The actions of these beetles in breeding cages differs from
other scolytids under similar conditions. They mate and re-enter
the sections of mountain mahogany without coming to the glass
vials. During the two years they have been in the cages, almost
no adults appeared in the vials until beginning in March, J953,
and since that time, a considerable number have been coming to
the light. They continue to breed in the mahogany limbs which
are very dry and exceedingly hard.

Two undescribed species of hymenopterous parasites were
taken in very limited numbers from the breeding cages.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OP ENTOMOLOGY
The Tenth International Congress of Entomology will be held
in Montreal, Canada, from August 17 to 25, 1956. The meetings
will be held at McGill University of Montreal.

The sections of the Congress have been arranged provisionally
as follows: (1) Systematics, (2) Morphology and Anatomy, (3)
Physiology, (4) Behaviour, (5) Ecology, (6) Geographical dis-
tribution, (7) Genetics and Biometrics, (8) Palaeontology, (9)
Arachnida and other land arthropods, (10) Forest Entomology,
(12) Medical and Veterinary Entomology, (13) Stored Products
Entomology, (14) Biological Control, and (15) Apiculture.

Those persons wishing to receive further information with a
view to attending the Congress should notify Secretary J. A.
Downes, Division of Entomology, Science Service Building, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada. — Editor.

JULY, 1955]

DAY CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES

121

NEW GENERA OF MAYFLIES FROM CALIFORNIA

( Ephemeroptera)

W. C. Day

1021 Hubert Road, Oakland, California

In September of 1953 Charles Warren, then a graduate stu-
dent at the University of California, brought to me for identifica-
tion a number of tiny mayfly nymphs which he had collected with
a bottom sampler in the course of conducting a pollution study of
the lower Tuolumne River. The most curious of these was a species
of Baetinae having howed tarsi with distal truncate, spatula-like
appendages armed with one large and eight or nine lesser claws.

Searching for this unique species during 1954, the writer and
his wife, Helen L. Day, made numerous trips to the Tuolumne
River, collecting some ten miles above and below Modesto. The
spatula-clawed Baetinae nymph has been reared and found to be an
aberrant form of the genus Baetis. It is apparently identical with
the nymph described by Dr. Traver in 1944 as Baetine No. 1,
from Brazil.

Two additional forms of Baetine nymphs were reared from
the 1954 collecting on the Tuolumne River which, in the author’s
opinion, cannot be included in any known genus of the Ephemer-
optera. The male adults of both are inseparable from Pseudocloeon
and from each other, yet the three-tailed nymphs are quite dis-
similar from the two-tailed nymphs of Pseudocloeon, and from
each other. It is the purpose of this paper to propose the new
genus Paracloeodes based on the type species P. abditus and the
new genus Apobaetis based on the type species A. indeprensus,
and to name and describe the nymphs as the holotypes of the type
species.

Paracloeodes Day, new genus

Adult: Very small mayflies, the male adult with body about 3.5, forewing

3.5, foreleg 3.0 and tails (2) 5.5 mm. long. Female with body averaging

4.5, forewing 4.5, foreleg 2.0 and tails (2) 5.0 mm. long. Hindwings absent.
Turbinate eyes of male not contiguous, very large and set on stalks about
.25 mm. in height when measured up the outer sides. Eyes of female widely
separated, L7 times the distance apart as their longest axis. Posterior margin
of head of female dehnitely emarginate. Foreleg of male with tibia and
tai'sus subequal, each one-half longer than femur; proportionate lengths of
tarsal segments 1 to 5 being respectively 1, 15, 12, 6 and 4. Hindleg of male
with tibia and femur subequal and tarsus one-half this length; proportionate
lengths of tarsal segments 1 to 4 being respectively 4, 3, 2, and 5. Proper-

122

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

lions of tarsal segments of hindleg of female as in male. Tibio-tarsal joint in
male and female strongly fused but marked by diminished thickness of tarsus.
All leg segments beset with numerous minute, hair-like spinules. Marginal
intercalaries of forewing paired, of medium length, and well developed in
both male and female, at least from costa through radial sector. Venation of
forewing as in figure 24. In the female, the apical margin of sternite 9 is
very slightly produced. Genitalia of male adult with first segment of forceps
extremely long, second and third joints fused, and length of fourth segment
about four times its thickness; broad, domed penes cover present in type
species. Two tails.

Nymph: Slender, streamlined. Length of body of male averages 3.75,
legs, all of equal length, 1.75 and tails (3) 1.5 mm. Length of antennae 50%
longer than head. Antero-lateral portion of head deeply cut away, exposing
mouthparts; posterior margin straight. Each mandible with canines fine and
rounded at tips, of moderate length and divided to base into two groups;
prostheca asymmetrical; without spines or hairs between canines and molars.
Right mandible (fig. 9) with large tooth at center of molars. Left mandible
(fig. 10) with single large tooth above molars. Maxilla (fig. 11) notably light
and slender with robust, two-jointed palp extending almost half its length
beyond tip of galea-lacinia. Labial palp (fig. 12) two-jointed and of dis-
tinctive and unusual form, with outer apical margin terminating in a sharp
point and inner apical margin forming a large, smoothly rounded lobe. Pro-
notum three times as wide as long; anterior margin straight and posterior
margin widely excavated. Anterior margin of first tergite with wide, deep
median slot into which fits the mesonotal scutellum. Tergites with short, fine
spinules on posterior margins; postero-lateral corners without spines. Legs
(fig. 26) with tibia 60% the length of femur and tarsus slightly shorter than
tibia. Claws slightly curved and hooked at ends, over half as long as tarsi,
and with 18—20 fine, straight denticles on inner margin of basal portion.
Gills single, ovate, hyaline white, and with strongly marked dark central
trachea with a few short branches (fig. 8). Three tails, the middle tail 96%
as long as outer tails and equally stout. Short hairs on each side of middle
tail and on inner sides of laterals.

Type of the genus, Paracloeodes ahditus Day, new species
Paracloeodes abitusDay, new species
(Figures 7—12 and 19-24)

The morphological details of this species, the type species of
the new genus Paracloeodes, have been given above. Details that
might he expected to be of a specific nature are as follows.

Adult: Entire upper surface of head yellowish white, ocelli narrowly
ringed at bases with smoky gray and stalks of male eyes also so ringed.
Facets of upper compound eyes of male light golden yellow, lower eyes
black. Antennae with scape and pedicle pale, filaments light smoky; two
faintly darkened “V” shaped marks between bases. Pronotum pale smoky,
anterior margin finely dark. Mesonotum and metanotum yellowish white,
faintly outlined in smoky gray; median suture of mesonotum marked lightly
with gray. Wings hyaline, colorless, veins white. Abdomen yellowish white.

JULY, 1955]

DAY CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES

123

tergites 1-5 with lateral areas light smoky. Pleural fold intermittently marked
with fine, gray geminate lines. Segments 9 and 10 wholly white. Golden eggs
of female seen through body wall in complete detail. All legs transparent
white; trochanters, tarsal joinings and claws finely outlined in black. Penes
cover, second and third segments of male forceps faintly washed with
smoky; other segments of forceps white. Tails transparent white.

Male nymph: Length of body 3.7, legs 1.7 and tails 1.5 mm. The morph-
oligical features of the holotype nymph have been given in the generic
description. In P. ahditus the coloration is basically white with markings in
black washes which are never quite opaque. Vertex of head white with faint,
broad black wash in area of genae. Anterior and lateral margins of labrum
outlined in black. Canines of mandibles and teeth at tips of galea-lacinia
black. Scape and pedicle of antenna smoky and each section of flagellum
with narrow black margins. Upper and lower portions of eyes distinctly seen,
the former yellowish and the latter black. Pronotum white with wide median,
submedian and lateral dark stripes from anterior to posterior margins. Meso-
notum and metanotum yellowish, margined in black; mesonotum vaguely
marbled and speckled in black, and a broad wash of black in antero-lateral
corners; a broad wash of black across basal portion of wing-pads. Very
wide, strong dark semi-circular stripes over each trochanter. A strong black
stripe under middle and hindlegs. Tergite 1 white; 4, 5, 7 and 8 white with
dark median and submedian spots on anterior margins; larger and less
intense black spots in lateral corners. Tergites 2, 3, 6 and 9 washed with
black except for small median white area on posterior margin and wide
white band above pleural fold; a strong, large dark spot in median area.
Anterior and posterior margins of all tergites finely black. Denticles along
all posterior margins black. Sternites white, 1-8 with anterior margins black.
Sternite 9 washed and finely outlined in black and with wide dark stripe
across anterior portion. Legs with femora white, tibiae, tarsi and claws light
smoky and darker at joinings; a prominent dark spot at distal ends of
femora. Gills hyaline white, each with a single dark central trachea; branches
not darkened. Three white tails of about equal length, dorsal surfaces and
all joinings faintly darkened; short white hairs on each side of middle tail
and on inner sides of lateral tails.

Holotype: Male nymph mature; collected by Helen L. Day and
W. C. Day on TuoLUMNE River, Stanislaus County, California,
ABOUT three miles EAST OF Shiloh Bridge, August 7, 1954; in
collection of California Academy of Sciences. Topotypical para-
type nymphs together with reared male and female adults have
been sent to Canadian National collection, to Cornell University,
and to G. F. Edmunds, Jr. Twenty-five topotypical paratype
nymphs, ten males, ten females, thirty-five nymphal cases and num-
erous slides in author’s collection.

Edmunds and Travers (1954) in their reclassification of the
world Ephemeroptera list thirteen valid genera of the subfamily

124

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

Baetinae. Of these, but three genera have dipterous male adults
with paired intercalaries in the forewing, these three being Baeti-
ella Ueno, Cloeodes Traver and Pseudocloeon Klapcdek. As pointed
out by Dr. Traver in her paper on the mayflies of Puerto Rico,
1938, the nymph of Pseudocloeon has not been reared in the Java
type locality for positive association with holotype of the type
species of the genus, but nymphs are known to exist in the same
faunal region which are similar to those North American nymphs
Avhich produce adults that appear identical with the adults of the
type species of Pseudocoloeon. Traver stated in this connection
that until the type species has been reared, she proposed to con-
sider the nymphs described from the Nearctic region as represen-
tatives of the true Pseudocloeon.

The nymph of Pseudocloeon has two tails, canines of mandibles
blunt and strongly consolidated, and fused into a single unit as in
Baetis, glossae narrow and tapering as in Baetis, and distal seg-
ments of the lahial palpi rounded, as in Fig. 25. In the specimens
that 1 have examined, 1 would judge the labial palpi to be three-
jointed.

The adults of the genus Baetiella from Japan are apparently
identical with those of Pseudocloeon while the nymphs of the for-
mer differ from those of the latter by the bearing of a long hair
near the tip of the claw.

The adults of Cloeodes, from Puerto Rico, characterized from
the type species C. maculipes, can be distinguished from other two-
winged mayflies of the subfamily Baetinae that have paired inter-
calaries in the forewing by the very long basal segment of the tarsi
of middle and hindlegs. The three-tailed nymph of C. maculipes
has two-jointed maxillary palpi, canines blunt and strongly con-
solidated and fused into a single unit, and three-j ointed labial
palpi, similar in number of segments and quite similar in form
to these same parts in Pseudocloeon.

Dr. Traver remarked at the time she established the genus
Cloeodes and selected C. maculipes as the type species that other
species placed in this new genus ( C. portericensis, consignatus and
sp.) do not agree with the type as to the unusual length of the
basal tarsal joint on the middle and hindlegs, but conform rather
to the type of Pseudocloeon in this respect. She also wondered if
C. consignatus and C. sp. represented still another genus and what
the status of portoricensis might be.

JULY, 1955]

DAY C A LI F O RNI A MAY F LI ES

125

Through the kindness of Dr. Henry Dietrich of Cornell Uni-
versity, 1 have dissected and mounted a paratype of C. portori-
censis and Puerto Rican nymphs collected by Dr. Needham that
are identical with those that reared the holotype of this species. The
adults of C. portoricensis can be separated from those of C. macu-
lipse through the proportions of the middle and hindleg tarsal
segments; the nymphs of the two species have labial palpi that are
completely different in form of the apical segment, and also differ
in the number of segments making up these palpi. The maxillary
palpi of C. portoricensis bear numerous fine hairs or spines while
those of C. maculipes have none. The nymphal claws of C. macu-
lipes are without denticles while those of C. portoricensis, describ-
ed as being without denticles, actually bear 18-20 very fine spines
on the basal halves.

The very long first tarsal segment in the middle and hind leg
of the type species of Cloeodes is the single means by which this
genus can be separated from Pseudocloeon in the adults, yet this
feature does not exist in C. portoricensis so that the latter cannot be
distinguished from Pseudocloeon. The labial palp of the type
species of Cloeodes is quite similar in form to that of Pseudocloeon
and that of C. portoricensis is entirely different from any dipterous
member of the Baetinae. The degree of these nymphal differences
indicates a considerable genetic separation and, from the taxo-
nomist’s standpoint, only a portion of the genus Cloeodes can be
keyed to make a separation from Pseudocloeon in the adult stage.

Dr. Traver suspected at the time of making the original de-
scription, that Cloeodes portoricensis should not be considered as
belonging to the same genus as C. maculipes. It is my conclusion
that this is true.

In August of 1954, my wife and I collected on the lower Tuo-
lumne River, nymphs that appear to be identical with the nymphs
of C. portoricensis; a number of these nymphs were reared and
the reared adults show only specific differences from the adults of
C. portoricensis, these differences being in maculation and form of
the penes cover.

On the above basis, I propose the new genus Paracloeodes,
this genus to presently include the type species, P. abditus Day
from California and the Puerto Rican species P. portoricensis
Traver, the latter transferred from Cloeodes. Inasniuch as the

126

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

adults of Paracloeodes cannot be separated from those of Pseudo-
cloeon, the nymph of the type species is selected as the holotype.

Remarks on the condition of the lower Tuolumne River will
be made in the discussion of the new genus Apobaetis, to he de-
scribed in this paper. Nymphs of Paracloeodes ahditus were col-
lected on August 7th, 1954 in water of 82° F. and, despite careful
search prior to this time, no specimens were taken until this date,
when the nymphs were found to be almost or entirely mature. It is
probable that the nymphs remain in the deeper and cooler portions
of the river until approaching maturity brings them into the depths
of four to six inches near the streamside where they were taken.
The nymphs are highly selective in their habitat, being found in
only a few widely scattered locations in good current and resting
on very fine sand.

In the aquarium, emergence of the nymph occurs from about
8:00 to 9:00 P.M., the subimaginal skin is shed during the night,
and the mature imago is found alive at dawn. One hour after
emergence in the darkened room of the aquarium, a strong light
produced no effect on the movements of the subimagos.

Apobaetis Day, new genus

Adult: Very small, male with body 4.0, forewing 4.0, foreleg 4.0 and
tails (2) 6.25 mm. long. Female with body 4.75, forewing 4.5, foreleg 2.25
and tails (2) 6.00 mm. long. Hindwings absent. Eyes of male very large,
especially long and narrow, 60% longer than wide; contiguous at bases in
posterior portions, widely separated in anterior portions; .3 mm. in height
when measured up the outer side. Eyes of female one-fourth further apart
than their longest axis. Posterior margin of female head slightly produced.
Foreleg of male with tibia 1.5 length of femur and tarsus 1.3 length of femur;
proportionate lengths of tarsal segments 1 to 5 respectively 1, 14, 10, 6 and
4. Hindleg of male with femur and tibia subequal and tarsus one-half this
length; proportionate lengths of tarsal segments 1 to 4 being respectively
4, 3, 2 and 3. Tibio-tarsal joints of male and female entirely fused. All leg
segments beset with fine spinules, not to be seen under magnifications of
250-300 X- Venation of forewing as in figure 18; marginal intercalaries
paired. Apical margin of sternite 9 of the female very slightly produced.
First segment of male penes large, second and third fused. In the type species,
a prominent penes cover as in figure 13.

Nymph: Length of body of male about 4.0, legs 2.0, and tails (3) 1.6
mm. Length of antennae 1.75 length of head. Antero-lateral portions of head
deeply cut away, exposing mouthparts; posterior margin straight. Mandibles
with canines notably long, sharp-pointed, strongly divided to base into two
groups ; an extremely large tooth situated above molars on left mandible as
in figure 4 ; area between canines and molars bare ; prostheca heavy, divided

JULY, 1955]

DAY CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES

127

at tips and symmetrical. Labrum with straight, unmodified anterior margin
as in figure 2, this condition being unique in the entire subfamily Baetinae.
Maxillary with body of galea-lacinia unusually light, narrow and graceful;
palpi definitely three-jointed, one-half their length extending beyond the tip
of the galea-lacinia as shown in figure 5. Labial palpi two-jointed and as
shown in figure 6 with distal margin squarely truncate and set with stiff, fine
spines; a sharp and deep “V”-shaped slot on inner apical margin. Pronotum
three and one-half times as wide as long; posterior margin excavated. An-
terior margin of first tergite slotted on anterior margin to receive scutellum
of metanotum. Margins of abdominal segments expanded into flat lateral
extensions of moderate width. Legs as in figure 27. Tibia and tarsus of equal
length, about half that of femur. Claws of all legs very long and fine, fully
as long as tarsi, almost straight and without denticles. Gills ovate and single,
hyaline white, tracheae dark gray. Three tails of equal diameter, the center
tail often as long as laterals; heavily margined with fine hairs of medium
length on each side of middle tail and inner sides of laterals.

Type of the genus, Apobaetis indepiensus Day, new species

Apobaetis indeprensus Day, new species

(Figures 1-6 and 13—18)

The morphological details of this species, the type species of
the new genus Apobaetis, have been give above Features that might
be expected to be of a specific nature are as follows :

Male adult: Front, vertex and genae of the head palest brown strongly
marked with fuscous. A wide band of fuscous rings the white pit of antennal
sclerite. Ocelli set on rather high, fuscous stalks; a band of fuscous between
lateral ocelli and a pair of long, ovate fuscous spots on vertex. Scape, pedicle
and basal portion of filaments of antennae washed with fuscous. Eyes ringed
with narrow stripe of fuscous basally; a short, fuscous stripe half-way up
anterior face of each stalk; lower halves of stalk washed with brown. Pro-
notum dark brown, posterior margin widely pale. Scutum dark brown, sutures
black; a small white area on median anterior margin; antecosta fuscous,
prescutum white. Scutellum and post-scutellum dark brown with postero-lat-
eral margins pale. A large white area mesad of the scutellum with a pair
of small black oval rings in posterior portion. Metanotum dark brown out-
lined in black, with median and pair of small, pale submedian spots on
scutellum. Pleural sclerites small and dark brown, membranous areas white
and very wide. Sclerites of venter dark brown, widely outlined in white;
fuscisternum and post-fuscisternum entirely white. Trochanter of each leg
set in large white area. Abdominal segments 2-6 hyaline white; 1 and 7-10
pale brown. Wings hyaline, veins white; a prominent large brown spot at
base. Legs, tails and forceps milky white, translucent. Female: Brownish
markings much lighter in color, similar in maculation.

Male nymph: Length of body 4.0, legs 2.0, tails (3) 1.6 mm. The mor-
phological features of the holotype nymph have been given in the generic
description. The nymph of Apobaetis indeprensus is dirty whitish in color,
touched with but limited areas of dark brown. Entire bead white except lat-
eral margins of the labrum which are finely black. Upper portion of develop-

128

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

ing adults eyes clearly seen in mature nymph as pale yellow with circles of
gray on perimeters. Pronotum white with submedian dark dots near median
of anterior margin; short dark stripes on antero-lateral maigins, a dark
triangular spot in postero-lateral corners. Mesonotum white with dark brown
areas in antero-lateral portions: faint brown stripes along anterior margin
except in median portion, and on postero-lateral margins. Margins of metano-
tum widely darkened. A prominent dark brown area above middle and hind
trochanters. Venter white. Tergites 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8 white; 2, 3 and 6 washed
with dark brown; 9 and 10 palest brown. Tergites 1-4 with fine dark mar-
gins along median portion of anterior margins. Fine, dark spinules along all
posterior margins. Anterior margin of tergite 1 rather widely and lightly
darkened, clearly delineating the wide and deep median slot in this margin.
Tergite 2 darkened in median portion ; a rounded, large white spot at median
on anterior margin, with strong semi-circle of dark smoky around this pale
spot; a very dark median stripe extends caudad from dark semi-circle along
median line almost to posterior margin. Tergite 3 darkened in median area
with darker wide, short submedian stripes on anterior margin. Tergites 4
and 5, 8 and 9 with short dark submedian dashes from anterior margins, and
small dark spots laterad of the stripes and on anterior margins, Tergite 6 dark
with large very dark spot at median near anterior margin. Pleural fold hya-
line white, the spiracle of each segment marked with a large, prominent
dark spot. Sternites white, anterior margins of 8 and 9 widely and slightly
darkened. Legs white, each femur with tiny dark spot on anterior surface
two-thirds distant from base. Claws very long, nearly straight and without
denticles. Three white tails of equal length, strongly banded with brown
from base to tip on notal surfaces only; in each four tail joints, three con-
tiguous joints are dark marked and the fourth is white.

Holotype: Male nymph, mature; collected by Helen L. Day and
W. C. Day on the Tuolumne River, Stanislaus County, Cali-
fornia, ABOUT SIX MILES east of Modesto, August 14, 1954; in col-
lection of California Academy of Sciences. Topotypical paratype
nymphs, together with male and female adults reared from same
to California Academy of Sciences, Canadian National Collection,
Cornell University and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. Thirty-five topotypical
nymphs, fifteen males, fifteen females, forty nymphal cases and
numerous slides, in author’s collection.

The writer is aware of the taxonomic difficulties occasioned by
establishing new genera of Baetinae based on the nymphal forms
of the type species, yet there appears to be no practical alternate
in properly placing the nymphs of Apobaetis and Paracloeodes,
and I believe it to be of value to make them known to other work-
ers. In the subfamily Baetinae, the specializations and simplifica-
tions of the adults are marked by such distinct features as loss of
hindwings, loss of wing veins and basal attachments, and loss of

JULY, 1955]

DAY CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES

129

external penes in the male. Absence of such important taxonomic
characters might well be expected to make the separation of the
adult components of the subfamily more difficult. Baetine nymphs
show such simplifications as fusion of the canines and/ or labial
palpi, two-jointed condition of the maxillary palpi, and total loss
or reduced length of the center tail, these simplihcations appear-
ing in different combinations in some, but not all genera.

Because of the loss of certain adult characters, it seems to the
writer that consideration of the total aggregate of adult and nym-
phal characters is more than ordinarily necessary in classification
of the Baetinae. The work of Traver (1937 :75) points up a similar
conclusion though based perhaps on other factors. She states that
further study of the specialized Baetine group, Neotropical and
Palearctic as well as Nearctic, has convinced her that many genera
are involved, and that it may not be possible in all cases to be cer-
tain of the genus unless both the nymphs and images are known.

Edmunds and Travers (1954:236) in their recent reclassifica-
tion of the Ephemeroptera list thirteen valid genera of the sub-
family Baetinae, show that seven generic synonymies had been
made through 1953, and effected one new synonym. In addition to
these. Dr. Edmunds has indicated to me that, in his opinion, three
further synonymies are probable in this subfamily. Without the
latter three, twenty-one named genera have been reduced by over
one-third, which would indicate considerable taxonomic insecurity
during the history of the subfamily.

By 1933, Herman T. Spieth had reached the conclusion that
neither the genus Acentrella nor Heterocloeon were good genera
but should be treated as elements of the genus Baetis, and this is
where they are now placed in the 1954 reclassification by Edmunds
and Traver. Dr. Spieth (1933:338-339) comments on the genus
Pseudocloeon may well foreshadow further changes in the generic
classification of the Baetinae, and emphasizes the importance of
nymphal characters in the classification of the genera of the
Baetinae. He remarked that the genus Pseudocloeon is like Baetis
in every item of nymphal and adult structure that he considered,
except that the adult lacks hind wings and the nymph has only two
caudal setae.

Dr. Spieth’s pertinent comments are as follows: “Considering
wing characters alone, a graded series can be found which extends
from the condition found in Baetis parvus to that found in Pseudo-

130

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

cloeon ... It is possible that even Pseudocloeon should be consid-
sidered part of the genus Baetis, comparable with the short winged
forms known among Drosophila, leaf hoppers, beetles, parasitic
hymenoptera, gall wasps, etc. (See Kinsey, 1930). Each of the
types of reduced wings in these mayfly groups may have arisen by
direct and independent mutation from a form such as B. parvus.
It is not necessai')'' that there has been a gradual descrease in the
size of the hind wing. The pseudocloeon species may be more
closely related to a species of Baetis than are two species which
are now unquestionably regarded as members of that genus. A
thorough and careful working of the whole group with large series
from wide localities, plus the correct association of the nymphs
Avith the adults, may throw some light upon the question of rela-
tionships and the relative positions of the various species in the
evolutionary scheme. Until that time it is necessary to admit that
our classification may be and probably is an artificial one, and that
it cannot be said with certainty that it represents a picture of the
phylogenetic history of the group.”

Consideration of the similarity of the morphological details
of the nymphs could have played an important part in the synony-
my of Heterocloeon with Baetis by Edmunds and Traver (1954).
While the hindwings of the former have not actually disappeared,
they are so greatly reduced in size as to appear as tiny threads. It
Avould seem to the writer that Heterocloeon could have as logically
been included in Pseudocloeon as in Baetis. In either case, the
nymphal evidence of close similarity offsets the difference of the
development of the adult hindwings.

In Apobaetis and Paracloeodes we encounter a reversal of the
above situation in that the adult similarities to known genera are
not followed by nymphal similarities but by considerable differ-
ences ; the similarities of the adult are, in fact, denied by the nym-
phal form. Both adult and nymph of Paracloeodes can be separ-
ated from the type species of Cloeodes but, while the differences of
the n^nnphs are great, I have been unable to find morphological
features that will separate the male adults of Paracloeodes from
Pseudocloeon. The most important differences between the nymphs
of Paracloeodes and Pseudocloeon are seen in the number of tails
of the nymph, three, not tAvo ; relative length of claw to tarsus, 60%,
not 35% ; type of denticles of the claw, 18-20 fine and hairlike, not
7-8 long and heaA^y; form of the canines, fine and entirely separ-

JULY, 1955]

DAY CALIFORNIA YIAYFLIES

131

ated into two groups, not heav}^ blunt and fused into a single
mass; prostheca, fine and hair-like, not wide and heavy; shape of
galea-lacinia, light and graceful, not heavy, wide and blunt; and
the form of the distal segment of the labial palpi, deeply divided
into a sharp outer point and rounded inner lobe, not simply
rounded.

The male adult of Apobaetis cannot be separated from either
Paracloeodes or Pseudocloeon, but the nymph has little morpho-
logical resemblance to either. In Apobaetis the straight anterior
margin of the labrum, with no slightest indication of a median
notch, is unique among all genera of the Baetinae. The form of the
canines, long and toothless claws, as well as the segments of the
maxillary palpi are more like those of the nymphs of Centroptilurn
than any other of the Baetinae.

A chart of the Baetine nymphs (except Baetiella which is here
regarded as Pseudo do eon) that have dipterous male adults with
paired intercalaries of the foreAving appears as follows:

Nymphs of two-ivinged mayflies ivith paired intercalaries of forewing

tails

claws

Igt^*" denticles

canines

max. palp

joints

labial palp

joints form t

Pseudocloeon

2

1/3

7-8 heavy,
long

fused,

blunt

2

3

semi-fused

rounded

Cloeodes

3

1/3

none

fused,

blunt

2

3

rounded

Paracloeodes

3

6/10

18-20

hair-fine

separated
fine, rounded

2

2

divided,
point and
lobe

Apobaetis $

3

equal

none

separated
fine, pointed

3

2

square,

notched

* relative length,

claw to tarsus

t form of distal margin, apical segment
t no median notch, anterior margin of labrum

I liaA'^e no hesitancy in proposing the new genus Apobaetis on
the single species A . indeprensus as it Avould seem most likely that
further collecting Avith the requisite equipment should yield addi-
tional species. We noAV have Paracloeodes from California and
Puerto Rico and Traver’s Baetine No. 1 fram California and Brazil,
and it seems reasonable to assume that these forms are to be found
somewhere in betAveen these distant points. HoAvever, if only the

132

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

PLATE I

Figures 1-6, Apohaetis indeprensus, paratype nymph. Fig. 1, Third gill.
Fig. 2, Labrum. Fig. 3, Right mandible. Fig. 4, Left mandible. Fig. 5, Right
maxilla. Fig. 6, Labium.

JULY, 1955]

DAY CALIFORiSlA MAYFLIES

133

PLATE II

Figures 7-12, Paracloeodes abditus, paratype nymph. Fig. 7, Labium.
Fig. 8, Third gill. Fig. 9, Right manible. Fig. 10, Left manible. Fig. 11,
Left maxilla. Fig. 12, Labium.

134

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

PLATE III

Figures 13-18, Apobaetis indeprensus, adult. Fig. 13, Male genitalia,
ventral aspect. Fig. 14, Male head, dorsal aspect. Fig. 15, Male head, lateral
aspect. Fig. 16, Male hindleg. Fig. 17, Female head, dorsal aspect. Fig. 18,
Male wing.

JULY, 1955]

DAY CALIFORNIA MAYFLIES

135

PLATE IV

Figures 19-24, Paracloeodes abditus, adult. Fig. 19, Male genitalia,
ventral aspect. Fig. 20, Male hindleg. Fig. 21, Male head, dorsal aspect.
Fig. 22, Male head, lateral aspect. Fig. 23, Female head, dorsal aspect.
Fig. 24, Male wing.

136

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

PLATE V

Fig. 25, Nymphal labium, Pseudocloeon Carolina. Fig. 26, Nymphal fore-
leg, Paracloeodus ahditus. Fig. 27, Nymphal foreleg, Apobaetis indeprensus.

adults of Apobaetis or Paracloeodes were taken, they would un-
undoubtedly be labeled as Pseudocloeon; if only the adults of
Baetine No. 1 were taken, they would be classified as an ordinary
species of Baietis. It is quite possible that nymphs of Apobaetis and
Paracloeodes have not been previously collected because the ordin-
ary equipment used for taking nymphs is unsuitable for collecting
these tiny specimens.

The nymphs of Apobaetis and Paracloeodes are small and elu-
sive as well as pale and most difficult to find on the collecting
screen. To take these nymphs we found it necessary to employ a
26 mesh screen of small enough area that the whole screen could
be partly immersed in a large white enameled pan half-filled with
water. Here the nymphs can be located only by their movements.

The nymphs of Paracloeodes abditus and Apobaetis indepren-
sus are warm water species showing remarkable ability to. survive
under highly marginal conditions. The lower Tuolumne River has
been dredged, diverted and dammed, and has suffered pollution
from irrigation run-off, crop-dusting, sewage and industry.
In early June of 1954 water temperatures had risen to 75° F, in
July 80° F., and in August 82° F.; very few mayfly genera were
encountered apart from the Baetinae, and representatives of these
were found in very small numbers.

Less damaged streams of similar origin and type of location
in California are rich in mayfly species and other aquatic fauna.
From all indications the lower Tualumne River was at one time
heavily populated with a wide diversity of mayfly species, and the
remaining Baetinae represent the forms whose specializations have

JULY, 1955]

LEE MEXICAN CHICKEN BUG

137

been successful in permitting continued existence in the adverse
situation now encountered.

Apobaetis nymphs, like those of Paracloeodes, were found in
small groups over widely scattered areas, the former at depths of
18-24 inches in rather fast runs of water over fine sand, and the
latter in much more shallow water.

REFERENCES

Edmunds, Geo. F., Jr. and Travers, Jay R.

1954. An Outline of a reclassification of the Ephemeroptera.

Ent. Soc. Wash. 56(5) ;236-240.

Spieth, Herman T.

1933. The Phylogeny of some Mayfly Genera. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.
41 :55-86, 327-364, 14 pis.

Traver, Jay R.

1937. Notes on Mayflies of the Southeastern States (Ephemeroptera).
Jour. Elis. Mitch Sci. Soc. 53(1) : 27-86, 1 pi.

1938. Mayflies of Puerto Rico, Jour. Agri. Univ. of P. R. 22(1) :5-42,
3 pis.

1944. Notes on Brazilian Mayflies. Bol. do Museu Nac. Brazil (Zoologia),
22:1-52, 8 figs.

NEW LOCALITY RECORDS AND A NEW HOST RECORD
FOR HAEMATOSIPHON INODORUS

(Hempiptera: Cimicidae)

Robert D. Lee

Department of Entomology, School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine

Loma Linda, California

Haemato siphon inodorus (Duges) has been taken from several
localities in the southwestern United States and from Mexico.
Collections of this species have been reported from Guanajuato,
Mexico (Duges, 1892) ; western Texas and Las Cruces, New
Mexico (Townsend, 1893) ; Aguas Calientes, Mexico (Horvath,
1912) ; San Juan de Guadalupe, Mexico (Mazzotti, 1941) ; Mexico
City, Mexico (Andrade, 1946) ; Ventura County, California, 25
miles S. E. of Bakersfield, California; Corona, California, and
Freedom, Oklahoma (Usinger, 1947) ; and Norco, California
(Lee, MS). Blatchley (1928) reported that this species was taken
from Lakeland, Florida, and Tavares, Lake County, Florida. There
is some question as to the correct identification of these specimens,
however, because Haemato siphon has not been reported from
Florida since 1928 while Cimexopsis and Ornithocoris, closely
related genera, have been taken there. Blatchley also mentioned

138

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

that G. M. List had records of H. inodorus from central Kansas.

Dr. H. E. Kemper, Inspector in Charge, Zoological Division,
Bureau of Animal Industry, Agricultural Research Administration,
U. S. D. A., Albuquerque, New Mexico, kindly sent the writer
specimens of H. inodorus collected by Dr. Kemper and his asso-
ciates from localities not reported before. The data for these col-
lections are as follows: Belen, New Mexico, by Dr. I. H. Roberts
and Dr. H. 0, Peterson on May 30, 1947 ; Las Lunas, New Mexico,
by Dr. Peterson in May, 1947 ; and Albuquerque, New Mexico, in
June, 1945, and on April 23, 1947, by Dr. Kemper.

The collection made by Dr. Kemper in June, 1945, was taken
from a turkey on a turkey farm. Although a number of collections
have been made from chickens, this was the first time a turkev

7 j

has been reported as the host.

Dr. J. N. Roney, Extension Entomologist of the University of
Arizona, kindly supplied the writer with collection data of H. ino-
dorus from Arizona. Collections were made by Roney in Navajo
County from two chicken yards and three homes in July, 1946.
Dr. Roney stated (in litt.) that H. inodorus has been reported
from the Holbrook area, Navajo County, during the months of
June, July or August of the years 1947 to 1950. He further reports
that bugs of this species were taken at Duncan in Greenlee County
in July, 1951, and from Safford, Greenlee County, in August, 1951.

Literature Cited

Andrade, R. N.

1946. Dermatitis causada par Haemato siphon inoclora (Duges, 1892).
Med. Rev. Mexicana, 26(501) :45-51.

Blatchley, W. S.

1928. The Mexican chicken bug in Florida. Florida Ent. 12(3) :43-44.
Duges, D. A.

1892. Acanthia inodora. La Naturaleza. Ser. 2, II. pp. 169-170.

Horvath, G.

1912. Revision of the American Cimicidae. Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. —
Nat. Hung. 10:257-262.

Mazzotti, L.

1941. Experimental infection of Haemato siphon inodora (Duges) with
Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas. Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. 36(2) :67— 68.
Townsend, C. H. T.

1893. Note on the coruco, a Hemipterous insect which infests poultry
in southern New Mexico. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington. 3:40-41.
Usinger, R. L.

1947. Native hosts of the Mexican chicken bug, Haematosiphon inodora
(Duges). Pan-Pac. Ent. 23(3) :140.

JULY, 1955]

MICH ELBA CHER FROSTED SCALE

139

FROSTED SCALE ON WALNUTS IN NORTHERN

CALIFORNIA

(Hemiptera: Homoptera)

A. E. Michelbacher’

University of California, Berkeley

The frosted scale, Lecanium pruinosum Coquillett, occurs in
most of the walnut orchards in Northern California. Before the
advent of DDT, it seldom increased to alarming numbers. Michel-
bacher, et al (1946), observed that the population of the frosted
scale increased following applications of DDT used to control the
codling moth on walnuts. Middlekauff, et al (1947) , noted the same
situation, and further called attention to the fact that higher
dosages of DDT favored an increase in the population more than
did lower ones. Later Michelbacher and Middlekauff (1949) re-
ported that present evidence indicated that the danger of the
frosted scale population increasing to a dangerous level can be
greatly reduced by using not more than 0.5 pound of actual DDT
to the 100 gallons of spray. Later Michelbacher and Bacon ( 1952 )
stated that the danger of serious increases in the frosted scale
population has been fairly well eliminated by reducing the con-
centration of the DDT in the spray to the lowest level that will
insure effective control of the codling moth.

Bartlett and Ortega (1952) conducted a critical study of the
natural enemy association connected with DDT-induced increases
in the frosted scale in Southern California. They found that the
increase was due to the direct effect of DDT residues upon the
single parasite species, Metaphycus calif ornicus (Howard) which
is the dominant parasite of the frosted scale on walnuts in that area.
They also noted that there was considerable evidence that the
increase in the frosted scale population, to a certain extent, was a
cyclic event not necessarily connected with direct application of
DDT. They reached this conclusion because it had shown some
increase over previous numbers in districts where lead arsenate
programs had been adhered to.

Ortega (1953) stated that the encyrtid parasite, Metaphycus
californicus (Howard) is very effective in keeping the frosted scale

1 For field and laboratory assistance, thanks are due to John E. Swift, Earl
Oatman, Clarence S. Davis of the University of Calif oa-nia, and to Ross R. Sanborn.
Farm Advisor, Butte County. California.

140

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

under, control, but that certain necessary pest control practices,
together with other factors, may inhibit the work of this parasite.
In cases of severe outbreaks, he recommended dormant treatments
directed against the immature scales. He stated that effective con-
trol could be obtained with parathion w’^ettable powder at the rate
of 5 pounds per acre or with a DDT (50% wettable powder, 10
pounds per acre) plus kerosene (10 gallons per acre) spray. The
amounts given above should be applied in 250 gallons of water
per acre when a Speed Sprayer is used or in 500 gallons of water
when applied with conventional sprayers.

A knowledge of the general life history of the frosted scale and
its parasites is helpful in explaining how applications of DDT
influence the scale population. The frosted scale passes through
a single generation each year, while the important parasite attack-
ing it has several. This allows for a rather rapid increase in the
parasite population, and its repeated opportunity to parasitize the
scale favors excellent biological control.

Eggs of the scale hatch during late May, through June and
into July. The crawlers settle on the leaves, current season’s and
adjacent growth. Development is slow and the elongate scale re-
mains extremely small throughout the summer, fall and into the
winter. Beginning in late winter, growth starts and is rapid through
early spring. During the period of rapid growth the scales become
covered with a powdery white wax and quantities of honeydew are
secreted. Eggs are produced during April and May and as energy
is expended in egg production less and less honeydew is secreted.
The mature scales are large, brown, convex, somewhat oval and
measure about 5 to 7 mm. in length. An enormous number of eggs
are laid which occupy practically the entire space beneath the
scale. With egg production completed, the scale dies, and the
waxy covering weathers away.

There are several parasites which attack the frosted scales.
Many were reared and these were submitted to P. H. Timberlake of
the University of California Citrus Experiment Station at River-
side, California, for determination. The most abundant species was
Metaphycus californicus (Howard). Two others were also pres-
ent, Encyrtus californicus (Girault) and Coccophagus lycimnia
(Walker). Besides these, there was a secondary parasite, Pachy-
neuron sp.

Observations have indicated that unless some interfering factor

JULY, 1955]

MICHELBACHER FROSTED SCALE

141

is involved, the frosted scale is likely to be held below an economic
level by natural enemies. Even where conditions have given rise
to a destructive population, parasites will bring the infestation
under control if practices which adversely effect the parasites are
not continued. A season is usually necessary for the parasites to
reduce a destructive scale population to a low level.

An increase in the scale population is likely to follow any
practice that more adversely effects the parasites than it does the
frosted scale. While many factors, both due to the activity of man
and nature, influence the frosted scale population, the ones that
are associated with applications of DDT are probably the easiest
to explain.

Since shortly after DDT was first used on walnuts to control
the codling moth, it was observed that serious increase in the
frosted scale population usually occurred following the application
of high dosages of DDT. However, where low dosages were ap-
plied, little trouble from the scale was experienced. Investigations
have shown that where 4 pounds of actual DDT are applied per
acre, adequate control of the codling moth can be obtained without
resulting in a serious infestation of the frosted scale. Over much of
Northern California, the codling moth spray, depending upon
the season and locality, is usally applied sometime between the
end of April and May 20. The frosted scale at this time has reached
maturity and is full of eggs. Also, the majority of the parasites are
completing their development within the body of the scales. Most
of the parasites are in the later larval or pupal stage. They are,
however, protected by the scale from contact Avith the spray. Ap-
parently then when low dosages of DDT are used, the residual
action of the spray residue in so far as the parasites are concerned
has lost most of its toxicity by the time that the parasites emerge
from their hosts. On the other hand, where high dosages are
applied, the spray residue is highly toxic to the parasites at the
time they emerge.

Although other treatments directed against Avalnut insects in-
fluence the scale population, it is believed that the greatest impact
is from the May codling moth spray. Sometimes a second DDT
spray is applied to control the second brood of codling moth. This
treatment is usually applied about June 20. At this time eggs of
the frosted scale have hatched and observations indicate that the
DDT spray is toxic to the young scale. At least, Middlekauff and

142

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

Michelbacher (1947) found that the frosted scale population was
smaller where two, rather than one, applications of DDT were used
to control the two broods of codling moth. In order to control the
walnut aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) , an aphicide
always should be incorporated with a codling moth spray that con-
tains DDT. This procedure is advisable because a serious increase
in the aphid population usually follows DDT treatments in which
an aphicide has not been incorporated. All the aphicides, such
as nicotine and parathion, that are used in the walnut insect
control program are at least partially effective against young
frosted scales when they are thoroughly and evenly applied. There-
fore, the incorporation of aphicides where a second codling moth
spray is applied tends to mask the effect of DDT.

Walnut aphid control is practiced in many orchards repardless
of whether or not DDT has been uses for the control of the codling
moth. Usually from 2 to 5 treatments are necessary to satisfactorily
control the pest for the entire season. Where thoroughly applied
with adequate equipment, these treatments also result in the
elimination of most of the young frosted scales. The sprays must
also directly effect the parasites of the scale, but the action upon the
parasites apparently does not result in the development of destruc-
tive scale populations where the treatments have all but eliminated
the young scales. However, this does not always happen, and it
can be assumed that if the action of the aphicide more adversely
effects the parasites than it does the frosted scale, then there is
a possibility for the development of a serious pest population.
There are a number of complex factors involved, and this phase
of the problem is in need of further investigation.

A rather large frosted scale population was present in one
experimental orchard where demeton, 0, O-diethyl-0-2- (ethyl-
mercapto ) -ethyl thiophosphate, was applied on May 15, 1953, at
the rate of one pound actual ingredient per acre to control the
walnut aphid. The scale crawlers on hatching were able to settle
down successfully in large numbers on the walnut leaves, but those
that settled on the twig growth were apparently all killed. Many
twigs were examined that were literally covered with dead scales.
However, in the fall before the leaves dropped, many of the scales
on the leaves crawled to the twigs. These would have resulted in a
rather troublesome infestation, if it were not for the fact that
many of them were parasitized. The degree of parasitism as

JULY, 1955 ]

MICHELBACHER FROSTED SCALE

determined by a surv^ey conducted on April 13, 1954 amounted to
79.4 per cent.

Serious infestations of the frosted scale usually develop the
season preceding the time that they come to the attention of the
grower. The very small scales go unnoticed during the summer,
fall and winter. It is not until they begin to develop rapidly in late
winter and early spring that the farmer becomes alarmed. Usually
by this time, even in the case of heavy infestations, parasites are
increasing at a rate that indicates that they will bring the pest
under control during the coming season. The parasites had been
breeding and increasing in numbers on the young scales during
the preceding summer and fall. During the dormant season, their
development comes to a standstill, but in late winter and early
spring, it commences again. They complete their development and
upon emergence attack frosted scales which previously had escaped
parasitism. Up to the time of rapid growth of the host, a scale
furnishes only enough food for a single parasite. A scale parasitized
during this period (summer, fall, late winter) appears somewhat
mummified, and is characteristically humped, which serves at a
glance to distinguish it from the flattened normal non-parasitized
individuals. However, when the host begins to develop rapidly,
more than a single parasite may develop in it. From all outward
appearance, parasitism does not seem to interfere with normal
development. Eggs are produced in quantity, and there are no
easily detectable external signs of parasitism. If on reaching
maturity, a parasitized scale is turned over, eggs pour out in
enormous numbers. In spite of the large number of eggs produced,
an individual scale may contain upward to 10 or more parasites.
The energy of the scales is effectively used to produce eggs while
their bodies are being consumed by the parasites. A parasitized
scale could easily escape detection, for with the eggs removed, the
scale appears to be empty. It might be compared to a helmet with
an inner lining. The situation that exists at this time is illustrated
in figure 1. Figure lA is a diagrammatic sketch of a parasitized
scale on a twig, showing how the entire space beneath the scale is
filled with an extremely large number of eggs. Above this mass of
eggs is the thin, dried, almost parchment-like skin of the scale, and
between the skin and the outer wall of the scale are numerous
parasites. Figure IB is a photograph of a scale with the eggs re-
moved, and Figure 1C shows the dry skin broken away, revealing

144

THE PAX-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

the developing parasites. A grower who is unaware that the scales
are parasitized believes that the orchard is surely going to be
seriously infested. However, in most cases there is a large enough
developing parasite population to check the infestation (fig. 2).
In some orchards the amount of parasitism of mature scales ap-
proaches 100 percent. An actual count on May 25, 1953, in one
heavily infested orchard showed that out of 200 scales dissected
and examined under a binocular stereoscopic microscope, 170 or

Fig. 1. — (A) Diagrammatic cross-section of a parasitized scale on a twig
showing entire space beneath the scale filled with minute eggs, and larger
developing parasites in dissipated body of scale. (B) Ventral view of scale as
in “A” with eggs removed. (C) Same as “B” with dry skin broken away
revealing the developing parasites (X8).

JULY, 1955]

MICHELBACHER FROSTED SCALE

145

Fig. 2 — Condition of a severe frosted infestation on walnut, May 3, 1953,
that is about to be reduced to a non-destructive level by natural enemies.
(A) Scales which were parasitized by Metaphycus californicus (Howard)
in late winter and early spring of 1952 and from which the parasites emerged
in June of 1952. (B) Mummified bodies of scales which were parasitized in
the fall of 1952 and from which the parasites have emerged. (C) Scales which
escaped parasitism until at least late winter and spring of 1953. Of these,
about 90 percent are parasitized and represent a condition as shown in
Figure 1 (X3).

85 percent were parasitized. A second survey in the same orchard
was made on June 19, 1953, and this time 91 percent of the scales
were parasitized. In another heavily infested orchard which was
examined on the same date, 87 percent of the scales were para-
sitized. By the middle of June, most of the parasites had pupated
and a few had emerged. Adult parasites had been observed to issue
from the host as early as May 25. Adult parasites eat small holes in
the top of the scale through which they emerge. The emergence of

]46

THE FAX-PACIFTC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

the parasites is timed rather closely with the hatching and settling
down of the scale crowlers. It is also seen that the emergence of
most of the parasites occurs some weeks after the codling moth
spray is applied.

DDT applied at other times than in the May codling moth spray
can interfere seriously Avith parasitism. On March 22, 1953, a
grower sprayed an orchard heaAuly infested with the frosted scale
Avith a mixture of 2 pounds of DDT and 1 gallon of light summer
oil to 100 gallons of water to control it. Where the coverage was
good, a fair kill of the scale was obtained. However, the DDT
residue played havoc with the emerging parasites. This was evident
for on May 25 a surA^ey of the mature scales shoAved only 3 percent
of them to be parasitized.

On a number of occasions, serious infestation of the frosted
scale were called to the attention of the writer. Without exception,
the growers had not become alarmed until the scales started rapid
development in late winter and early spring. Further, in nearly
CA^ery case, the maturing scales were heavily parasitized, indicating
that natural enemies were rapidly gaining the upper hand.

All the evidence so far obtained seems to show that most of
the serious increases in the frosted scale population in one way or
another are associated with the use of the newer insecticides. The
danger of destructiA'^e populations developing can be avoided to
a large extent if the insecticides used in the walnut insect control
program are applied with caution. Where applications are neces-
sary, they should be applied with effective equipment that insures
thorough coA^erage. Even where the best of control programs are
followed, the general level of the frosted scale population may be
higher than it was before the advent of the newer insecticides. This
cannot be determined for a certainty because of the lack of accurate
population studies before the new insecticides came into general
use.

It is known that the frosted scale can be controlled with dormant
oil sprays. However, sprays of this nature can cause injury to
walnuts and should never be applied except in the full dormant
season. One orchard was examined where the trees had been thor-
oughly sprayed on April 4, 1953, with a spray containing 3 gallons
of dormant oil emulsion to the 100 gallons of water. A 99 percent
kill of the scales was obtained, as determined by a surA^ey made on
April 8. In this orchard, another survey Avas conducted on May 25.

JULY, 1955]

MICH ELBA CHER FROSTED SCALE

147

The average number of live scales (including those that were
parasitized) were counted on a 2.25 inch area of twigs collected
at random. The average per twig for the unsprayed portion of the
orchard was 5.54, while that for the sprayed area was 0.16. Para-
sitized scales were encountered in the treated as well as the un-
treated portion of the orchard. Also, the spra^^ed area showed some
oil injury, and the growth was noticeably retarded as compared to
the unsprayed trees. The spray, however, was applied later than in
the full dormant season.

SUMMARY

Before the advent of the newer insecticides, the frosted scale
was seldom a problem in walnut orchards. The pest is attacked by
a number of parasites, of which the most abundant and important
is Metaphycus calif ornicus. The parasites if not adversely effected
in one way or another tend to hold the frosted scale population to
a non-economic level. Effective natural control is favored by the
fact that the frosted scale has but a single generation a year, while
the important parasite has several.

Where high dosages of DDT are used to control the codling
moth, serious infestations of the frosted scale frequently develop.
Investigations have shown that destructive populations are not
likely to occur where DDT is used at a rate not to exceed 4 pounds
of actual per acre. This quantity is sufficient to give adequate con-
troly of the codling moth where the application is timely and it is
thoroughly applied. The codling moth spray, depending upon the
season and locality, is usually applied between the end of April
and May 20. At this time, most of the parasites are developing;
within the scales and thus are protected from direct contact with
the spray by the shell of the scale. Emergence of the parasites in
large numbers does not occur until after the middle of June. It is
believed that where low dosages of DDT are used that the toxicity
of the spray residue in so far as the parasite is concerned has
mainly disappeared, but where high dosages of DDT have been
applied, the residue is still highly toxic to the parasites at the time
they emerge. Where serious infestations of the frosted scale have
developed, parasites will in time reduce it to a non-destructive level
if the practices unfavorable to the parasites are discontinued.
Usually it takes about a season for the natural enemies to do this.

Other treatments besides the codling moth spray, such as those

148

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOAIOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

directed against the walnut aphid, influence the frosted scale
population. Their effects are not as easy to ascertain as are those
resulting from the use of DDT. However, it appears that if they are
more adverse to the parasites than they are to the scale, the develop-
ment of serious infestations of the scale are favored.

LITERATURE CITED

Bartlett, Blair R., and J. C. Ortega

1952. Relation between natural enemies and DDT induced increases in
frosted scale, and other pests of walnuts. Jour. Econ. Ent. 45

(5) : 783-785.,

Michelbacher, a. E., and 0. G. Bacon

1952. Walnut insect and spider-mite control in Northern California.
Jour. Econ. Ent. 45(6) :1020-1027.

Michelbacher, A. E., and W. W. Middlekauff

1949. Codling moth investigations in the Payne variety of English walnut
in Northern California. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42(5) :736— 746.
Michelbacher, A. E., Clark Swanson and W. W. Middlekauff

1946. Increase in the population of Lecanium pruinosum on English wal-
nuts following applications of DDT sprays. Jour. Econ. Ent. 39

(6) :812-813.

Middlekauff, W. W., A. E. Michelbacher and Clark Swanson

1947. Increase of frosted scale following use of DDT and other sprays.
Jour. Econ. Ent. 40(3) : 442— 444.

Ortega, J. C.

1953. Control of frosted scale in Southern California: Dormant spray
effective for several years after. Diamond Walnut News 34(6) :6— 7.

A NEW SPECIES OF SCHIZILLUS

(Coleoptera iTenebrionidae)

Frank H. Parker
Globe, Arizona

Schizillus beali Parker, new species
Form oblong-oval; color dull black, opaque; integument vari-
ously punctate, most of the punctures bearing very fine, short
pale hairs.

Front with broad, shallow, transverse impression; epistoma broadly
convex and prominent medially; fronto-epistomal margin hemi-hexagonal ;
surface smooth, finely, sparsely punctate in apical half, more densely and
coarsely along median margin of epistoma. Antennae slender, shining, dark
reddish-brown, sparsely punctate, with short pubescence throughout, mixed
with long fine pale hairs on segments 5 to 11. Third antennal segment not
quite as long as the following two and one-half segments, fourth subequal

JULY, 1955]

PARKER SCHIZILLUS BEALI

149

fo fifth, both longer than the stouter, less parallel- sided sixth segment, fol-
lowing segments each a little shorter, tenth segment one-half longer than
wide, eleventh narrower, oval in shape, about one-third longer than wide.
Palpi feiTugineous. Mentum sparsely, coarsely punctate laterally and on
apical half. Pronotum. one-fifth broader than long; apex deeply, broadly
emarginate, as wide as, or slightly wider than base, angles acute; sides
sinuato-arcuate, arcuation most pronounced in apical half ; basal angles
rectangular. Base broadly, feebly emarginate. Marginal bead prominent only
on base and apical angles. Disc impunctate, convex, with broad, shallow,
transverse ante-basal impression, and scattered sub-obsolete impressions
throughout. Propleurae vaguely rugose, rugae more pronounced on coxal
convexities. Elytra about one-half longer than wide, sub-oval, widest at
middle ; base feebly arcuate, slightly wider than base of pronotum, the
humeral angles prominent. Disc moderately convex, strongly at sides, abruptly
declivous apically; surface sub-obsoletely striate, the second and fourth in-
tervals more convex. Strial punctures moderate, coarser and more closely
spaced than the fine, submuricate interstitial punctures, punctation becoming
confused, larger and more strongly muricate laterally. Epipleurae feebly
alutaceous, punctate in apical quarter. Prosternum obsoletely rugose, process
sparsely punctate, the tip broadly, evenly rounded, concave and longitudinally
carinate, the carina not attaining the apex. Mesosternum declivous anteriorly,
broadly impressed at middle, sides subtuberculate, surface obsoletely rugose.
Metasternum rugose, finely, sparsely punctate medially. Abdomen sparsely,
finely punctured, fifth segment narrowly transversely sulcate near the trun-
cate apex. Legs elongate, anterior pair very little stouter. Femora sparsely
muricato-punctate, punctation about equal to that of abdomen. Anterior face
of post-femora smooth, impunctate except at apices and immediately adjacent
to tibial grooves. Tibiae more densely, coarsely mui'icato-punctate. Tarsi
slender, plantar grooves open, setae ferrugineous. Terminal segments of all
tarsi fringed with long, closely placed, ferrugineous setae.

Male. — Shorter, pronotal margins more broadly arcuate, abdomen less
conxex, third and fourth segments almost impunctate.

Female . — More elongate, pronotal margins less arcuate, nearly straight
in basal half; abdomen convex, segments equally puncate; elytra less abruptly
declivous apically.

Length, 16.5—18 mm. ; width, 8-8.3 mm.

Holotype female from Moenkopi, Coconino County, Ariz-
ona, May 19, 1954, collected by Rev. R. S. Beal, Jr., deposited in
the collections California Academy of Sciences, Entomology No.
6125. Allotype male (in the writer’s collection) with same data
but taken at Coal Mine Canyon, near Moenkopi, Arizona.

This species is most closely allied to S. nunenmacheri Blaisdell,
from which it differs in the less elongate third antennal segment,
the less coarsely and evenly punctate apical half of the mentum, the
rectangular basal pronotal angles, the well formed strial ounctures

150

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

of the elytra, and the shorter, broader, carinate prosternal process.
The relatively elongate third antennal segment will readily dis-
tinguish this species from S. laticeps Horn, S. lomae Blaisdell, and
5. convexus Blaisdell, in which it is shorter than the following two
combined. In S. opacus Casey, the pronotum is relatively much
more transverse, punctate, and the legs are closely, strongly punc-
tate. The relative lengths of the basal antennal segments are not
mentioned in the original description of S. opacus Casey, which in-
dicates that they do not differ radically from those of S. laticeps
Horn, with which the species is compared.

The writer wishes to thank the California Academy of Sciences
for loaning a series of Schizillus laticeps Horn, and Mr. Hugh B.
Leech, for critically comparing the holotype of S. beali with the
unique types of Dr. Blaisdells’ species.

Schizillus nunenmacheri Blaisdell

Mr. Leech made the following noteworthy observations on the
type of S. nunenmacheri Blaisdell : The antennal pubescence similar
to that of S. heali. Third antennal segment exactly equal in length
to the next three combined — not four, as stated by Dr. Blaisdell.
Antennal segments four, five and six are subequal, and shorter
and broader than in beali. The apical half of mentum more coarsely
and evenly punctate. The basal angles of the pronotum slightly
reflexed, less than rectangular, the marginal bead not interrupted
medially. The elytra more elongate and narrower, the strial punc-
tures virtually obsolete, the interstitial tubercles well developed, the
general effect thus seriate, the intervening areas quite smooth.
Prosternal process sulcate between the forecoxae, narrower and
longer than in beali, with finer and more numerous punctures.
Mesosternum more abruptly declivous anteriorly and the sides
more strongly tuberculate. Punctation of the hind femora as in
S. beali.

JULY, 1955]

COOK PLATYCOTIS

151

NOTES ON NOMENCLATURE AND VARIATION IN

PLATYCOTIS

( Homoptera rMembracidae )

Paul P. Cook, Jr.

University of California, Berkeley

PLATYCOTIS MINAX Coding and P. MARITIMUS Van Duzee
In his catalogue (1927) and again in Fascicle 208 of Genera
Insectorum (1951) Funkhouser lists Platycotis minax Coding as a
synonym of Platycotis' maritimus Van Duzee. Coding’s minax was
described in 1892, and Van Duzee’s description of maritimus did
not appear until 1917. P. minax was apparently not a homonym,
and in fact in the literature of the Membracidae that trivial name
appears only in reference to Coding’s species. Therefore, had the
two really been synonymous, minax should have been given pre-
cedence. However, the form which Van Duzee described as mari-
timus is distinct from minax. Van Duzee stated in his description
of maritimus that it is “intermediate between vittata and minax,
but more closely related to the former.” Following the description
he further states, “The characters given for the species seem to be
constant, but wider collecting may show that it ( maritimus ) is but
a ph ase of vittata inhabiting the fog belt along the coast.” The
author has seen the holotype of maritimus and agrees it is a
“phase”. A further discussion of the status of maritimus will be
given later in this paper. It should be stated here, however, that
the author has seen specimens of the form Van Duzee described
as maritimus from localities far removed from the fog belt along
the Pacific coast (e.g., Tennessee) .

Platycotis vittata Fabricius and its varieties
Fabricius described vittata from “Carolina” in 1803. In his
description he made no mention of vittae, apparently feeling that
the name alone would suffice on this point. The following year
(1804) Coquebert published a colored figure. The author has
studied all available descriptions listed by Funkhouser in his 1927
catalogue under Platycotis vittata and its varieties. It is my opinion
that the form Fabricius described as vittata is approximately the
same as that described by Van Duzee as maritimus. The vittae
referred to are in my opinion those on the cephalic portion of the
pronotum, one on each side, and lying in horizontal depressions
( calcitrices) , immediately above the bead, which are present in

152

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

all forms. It has seemingly been commonly accepted that “vittata”
referred to longitudinal dark lines on the pronotum. That the
species was hornless is easily seen by the fact that Fabricius placed
it in a section headed “Thorace inermi.” Coquebert’s figure also
lacks both horn and longitudinal pronotal vittae.

Unfortunately, the form generally recognized as vittata is the
horned form described by Germar (1821) as Platycotis sagittata.
This is by far the most abundant form of the complex, and it would
of course be helpful if this had been described first.

In 1829 Thomas Say described Platycotis quadrivittata. This
horned form is yellow with four red longitudinal stripes on the

Figs. 1—3, Platycotis vittata Fabricius. Fig. 1, lateral view of aedeagus.
Fig. 2, postero-ventral view of aedeagus. Fig. 3, apex of gonoforceps.

Figs. 4—6, Platycotis minax Coding. Fig. 4, lateral view of aedeagus.
Fig. 5, postero-ventral view of aedeagus. Fig. 6, apex of gonoforceps.

pronotum, and is recognized today under the name, Platycotis
vittata, var. quadrivittata.

Fairmaire described Platycotis lineata in 1846 from a form
which is similar to quadrivittata except that it lacks the anterior
pronotal horn, and is ordinarily slightly smaller.

The forms vittata, sagittata, quadrivittata, and lineata, as well
as intergrades, may appear in either mixed or pure populations.
F or example a collection from Laytonville, California, contains 13
quadrivittata, 1 vittata, and 5 sagittata- quadrivittata; a smaller
collection from Butte County, California, contains 5 vittata, and 3
vittata-sagittata ; a third collection from Mt. Hamilton, California,
contains 21 quadrivittata. Collections containing other combina-
tions, as well as sagittata and lineata alone, have been seen.

JULY, 1955]

COOK PLATYCOTIS

153

Funkhouser regarded quadrivittata and sagittata as varid var-
ieties of vittata in his 1927 catalogue, but apparently believed that
they were invalid in his 1951 publication (the manuscript as pub-
lished was completed in 1938). The fact remains that although
intergrades among the forms exist in many localities, all four can
frequently be recognized as distinct forms and therefore the names
serve a useful purpose; that of designating a certain morphological
type. The author therefore suggests that the names sagittata, quad-
rivittata, and lineata be retained as varietal designations.

Key to Varieties of Platycotis vittata

A. Without anterior pronotal horn.

B. Pronotum brown to brownish-green, with or without

longitudinal vittae ........ vittata

BB. Pronotum yellow, with four red longitudinal

vittae var. lineata

A A. Anterior pronotal horn present.

B. Pronotum brown to brownish-green, with or

without longitudinal vittae ..... var. sagittata
BB. Pronotum yellow, with four red longitudinal

vittae ........ var. quadrivittata

Genitalia

The genitalia of Platycotis vittata and its varieties are so similar
that the genitalia of only one variety are figured. The genitalia of
Platycotis minax are so different from P. vittata that if the genitalia
alone were used as a criterion for classification minax would prob-
ably be placed in a different genus. The genitalia alone have been
used for specific and even generic separation in the Cerasini
(Smiliinae), but because the true value of the genitalia in Meni-
bracidae is not known at present the structures are figured only to
add evidence to the author’s statement that minax is a valid species
different from vittata. Also since the genitalia of the varieties of
vittata are apparently the same, evidence is added to the opinion
that lineata, quadrivittata, and sagittata are only varieties of vittata.
The following numbers of mates were dissected and examined:
2 minax, 2 vittata, 2 var. sagittata, 6 var. quadrivittata, 1 var.
lineata.

Conclusions

Four points should be emphasized in conclusion: (1) Platy-
cotis minax Coding must be accepted as a valid species; (2) P.
maritimus is a synonym of P. vittata; (3) P. vittata var. sagittata

154

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

is the form which has recently been recognized as P. vittata, and is
probably to be found in most collections under the name vittata;
(4) in the opinion of the author the names sagittata, quadrivittata,
and lineata should be retained as varietal designations, since all are
frequently found as forms distinct from vittata and from each other
and the names are therefore useful.

Book Review

POMP AND PESTILENCE— INFECTIOUS DISEASE ITS ORIGINS AND

CONQUEST. By Ronald Hare. Philosophical Library, Inc., New York.

224 pp. 1955. Price $5.75.

This little book briefly outlines the history of the more important in-
fectious diseases of mankind. The author introduces the subject with a
general discussion of the different forms of parasitism and of the principal
factors involved in the communication of infectious diseases. There follows
a chapter on man and his parasites and the diseases they cause. It is suggested
that most of man’s parasites have come from other distantly related animals
rather than having evolved with man from his simian ancestors. However, in
the case of the viruses, such as those causing the common cold, poliomyelitis,
measles or mumps, the origin is obscure, for they posses no known relatives
responsible for similar diseases in animals.

While epidemics are known to have occured among the early civiliza-
tions of the Israelites, Greeks and Romans, Dr. Hare states that it is not until
the sixth century A.D. that we can name an epidemic due to a recognizable
disease.

Probably the most deA^astating diseases of mankind are smallpox, typhus,
plague, cholera, influenza and dy.sentery; and the history of each is reviewed
concisely. An interesting chapter on past beliefs about the nature of these
diseases and early methods of treatment leaves one astonished that the
human race has survived at all.

Further chapters discuss the measures which can be taken by the com-
munity and by the individual to control or eradicate the diseases under
discussion. Finally, the present status of the major nations in relation to these
diseases is briefly analysed and the precarious nature of world population
trends is pointed out.

This, then, is a popular book, clearly and concisely written, and can be
recommended as interesting reading to anyone. — William C. Bentinck, De-
partment of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley.

JULY, 1955] SLEEPER BRIT. COLUMBIA WEEVILS

155

NEW CURCULIONIDAE FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA 1

(Coleoptera: Rhyncophora)

Elbert L. Sleeper

Department of Zoology and Entomology,

Ohio State University, Columbus

The following species new to science were found in materia!
sent to the author for identification by G. Stace Smith of Creston,
British Columbia, and H. B. Leech of the California Academy of
Sciences. The material used in this study is in the following col-
lections: Canadian National Collection (C.N.C.) ; E. L. Sleeper
Collection (E.L.S.) ; G. Stace Smith Collection (G.S.S.) ; and the
Entomological Collection, California Academy of Sciences
(C.A.S.). The author is indebted to both for the type material.

Sitona lupina Sleeper, new species

Male. — Elongate, robust, parallel; black throughout; elytra
densely covered with very small, ovate, gray, white and black
scales which obscure punctures of intervals and nearly those of
striae; intervals moderately clothed with long, brown, appressed
setae, alternate intervals with distant, erect white setae; prothorax
sparsely covered with larger, oval white and brown scales, densely
clothed with suberect setae; head and rostrum sparsely covered
with narrow, elongate, white and cupreous appressed scales,
appressed white setae and long, erect, bristling brownish setae
which are visible only in prohle.

Rostrum slightly longer than wide; carinate medially in apical third,
carinate laterally throughout length; deeply, narrowly sulcate from apical
third to vertex of head; densely coarsely punctured, intervals Ijetween finely
pnnctulate. Antennal scape nearly as long as funicle, less than one half
longer than club. First segment slightly longer than following two, second
longer than third. Head coarsely, deeply punctured with intermixed finer
punctures. Eyes feebly convex, inner margin distinctly elevated above front.

Prothorax wider than long, sides strongly arcuate, strongly constricted at
apex; pronotum with large, dense, coarse punctures. Scutellum densely
clothed with robust, elongate, flattened pearl white scales. Elytra elongate,
sides parallel in basal half then evenly rounded to apex; striae deeply
impressed, strial punctures small, rounded, deep, about twice their diameter
apart, each puncture with an appressed, white, bristle-like setae; intervals
leebly convex, densely covered with scales, third interval tesselated through-
out length ; odd intervals with distantly placed, long, semierect, white,
hristle-like setae. Ventral side densely clothed with rounded white scales,
and long reclining, fine, white setae; apex of fifth abdominal segment with
a small patch of brown scales and setae. Abdominal segments finely, densely
])nnctured; posterior margin of first emarginate at middle, first and second

156

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

segments broadly concave at middle, fifth segment flattened, truncate at
jpex. Pygidium visible. Length 6.3, width 2.5 mm.

Female . — First segment of antennae only as long as following two com-
bined, second longer than third. First abdominal segment strongly convex,
posterior margin broadly sinuate, posterior half very feebly depressed,
second not impressed, fifth segment sloping upward, with a rounded, denuded
spot at apex, apex broadly rounded, not truncate. Pygidium not visible.
Length 6.2 mm., width 2.4 mm. (All measurements of length are from the
base of the rostrum to the apices of the elytra.)

Holotype male, and allotype female, Creston, British Colum-
bia V-17-1945 (G. Stace Smith, E.L.S.). Nineteen paratypes: 5,
V-16-1945; 1, V-17-1945 (E.L.S.) ; 4, V-16-1945; 3, V-18-1945;
3, V-19-1945; 2, V-17-1945; 1, lV-21-1930 (G.S.S.). All type
material from Creston, British Columbia, collected hy G. Stace
Smith on Lupinus sericeus Pursh. Length of paratypes 4.6— 6.5
mm., width 1.7-2. 5 mm.

S. lupina is near S. proininens Casey but is more robust; it
differs in antennal characters and has the rostrum longer and
more slender. In the type series the males are uniformly larger
than the females.

Listronotus leechi Sleeper, new species

Male. — Oblong, robust; black, antennae and tarsi dark reddish
brown; densely clothed with round, flat, appressed, brown, black,
and white scales ; each elytral interval with a row of erect, distantly
placed, nearly clavate setae.

Rostrum as long as pronotum, robust, nearly straight, with a prominent
Carina at middle in apical fourth, carina subobsolete toward base, coarsely,
closely, deeply punctured; densely clothed with rounded scales, laterally
with erect, bristle-like setae. Antennae inserted in apical fourth; second
segment of funicle only one-third longer than first. Head convex, closely,
coarsely deeply punctured; densely covered with round flat scales except
along apical margin of prothorax where scales are narrowed, appressed and
seta-like; front with a small, deep, rounded puncture. Prothorax slightly
wider than long; sides evenly rounded, evenly arcuate at base; pronotum
densely, coarsely, deeply punctured with scattered larger punctures each
with a long, erect, bristle-like setae; clothed with intermixed hlack and
brown scales, lighter scales more frequent laterally. Scutellum densely
clothed with narrow, white, appressed scales. Elytra oblong, one-fourth wider
at base than prothorax, sides parallel in basal two-thirds then rounded to
apex; tips of elytra conjointly rounded; striae fine, feebly impressed, punc-
tures minute, rounded; intervals flat, densely covered with intermixed black,
brown, and white scales, each interval with a row of distantly placed setae,
more prominent at declivity. Ventral side densely clothed with round scales,
long, erect, fine setae and short, fine, appressed setae. First visible abdominal
segment broadly, deeply impressed, second slightly depressed at middle.

JULY, 1955] SLEEPER — BRIT. COLUMBIA WEEVILS

157

fifth segment feebly convex ; all segments coarsely, closely, deeply punctured
throughout. Length 5.7 mm., width 2.3 mm.

Female . — First abdominal segment strongly convex, feebly impressed
along posterior margin at middle; fifth ventral strongly impressed longi-
tudinally at middle, a blunt tubercle each side of impression, bottom of
impression smooth shining. Length 6.6 mm., width 2,6 mm.

Holotjpe male, and allotype female, Rawlings Lake, Lumby,
British Columbia X-3-46 (H. B. Leech, C.N.C.). Ninety-one
paratypes deposited as follows: 18 (E.L.S.) ; 37 H. B. Leech
(C.A.S.) ; 18 (G.S.S.); and 18 (C.N.C.). All material was col-
lected by H. B. Leech at the type locality the same date. Length of
paratypes 4. 3-6. 7 mm., width 1.6— 2.8 mm. All examples were
found beneath stones.

L. leechi is nearest L. debilis Blatchley, but leechi has the fifth
abdominal segment of the male evenly punctured throughout
without a median apical smooth area of debilis; fifth abdominal
segment of debilis scarcely modified, having only a median apical
area which is less densely and more finely punctuate, this region
but very slightly depressed.

Dorytomus columbianus Sleeper, new species

Male. — Oblong, convex, subparallel; black; head, rostrum,
median line of pronotum, and antennae dark reddish brown;
prothorax, a fascia on elytra, outer edge of abdominal segments,
legs, and tarsi reddish brown; densely clothed with fine white
and black appressed setae.

Rostrum as long as pronotum, straight, moderately robust, finely,
densely punctured, feebly carinulate. Antennae inserted in apical third.
First segment of funicle shorter than following two. Club darker. Head
convex, coarsely, deeply punctate, intervals between punctures alutaceous;
front punctured, without fovae. Prothorax wider than long, quadrate, sides
subparallel, suddenly rounded to apical constriction; pronotum closely,
coarsely punctate; vestiture sparse on pronotum, condensed in a line each
side of prothorax. Elytra elongate, sides parallel in basal half, then evenly
rounded to apex; striae feebly impressed, punctures round, deep, close-set,
about half their diameter apart; intervals broad, feebly convex, confusedly,
minutely punctulate. Ventral .nde densely clothed with long, pale, prostrate
setae; abdominal segments densely punctured. Prosternum shallowly emar-
ginate in front of coxae. Femora robust, darkened distally. Anterior femora
armed with a large, broad tooth. Tibiae long, slender. Claws large, divergent,
simple. Length 4.2 mm., width 1.8 mm.

Female. — Oblong, convex, subparallel ; reddish brown, rostrum, head,
median line of pronotum, antennae, and basal fourth of elytra dark reddish
brown, metasternum, lateral side pieces of meso- and metasternum black,
a large black spot at apical declivity of elytra interrupted by dark reddish

158

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 5

brown sutural line;- densely clothed with fine white and black appressed
setae. Rostrum one-fourth longer than pronotum, slender, straight, densely,
finely punctured, feebly carinulate. Antennae inserted just beyond middle;
first segment of funicle as long as preceding two. Club darker. Head convex,
coarsely, deeply punctate, intervals between punctures smooth, shining;
vertex with a small deep, elongate puncture. Prothorax as in male. Elytra
as in male, except as follows: striae less strongly impressed; intervals more
flattened; black spot at declivity interrupted so as to appear as two individual
spots; vestiture condensed in uneven maculae. Ventral side as in male;
except coloration of abdominal segments which are reddish brown through-
out. Anterior femora with a small tooth. Length 4.7 mm., width 2.1 mm.

Holotype, male, Creston, British Columbia, IV-13-52, (G.
Stace Smith, E.L.S.). Allotype, female, Creston, British Columbia,
IV-11-52 (G. Stace Smith, E.L.S.) . Two hundred and twenty -three
paratypes deposited as follows: 2, IV-7-52; 8, IV-9-52; 10, IV-
11-52; 53, IV-13-52; 3, IV-15-52; 2, IV-23-52; 2, IV-27-52;
(E.L.S. ). 20, IV-13-52; (C.N.C.). 8, IV-9-52; 16, IV-11-52; 98,
IV-13-52; 1, IV-23-52; (G.S.S.). All material was collected at
Creston, British Columbia by G. Stace Smith. Length of paratypes
4.0-4. 7 mm., width 1.8— 2.1 mm. Beaten from the top of a giant
popular (Popidus trichocarpa T. & G.) by G. Stace Smith.

The male of this species is unlike any other species of the
genus. The female resembles superficially D. nuheculinus Casey
but differs by the longer, feebly carinulate rostrum, shorter first
segment of the funicle, darkened club, and small, deep, elongate
puncture on vertex.

Magdalis lecontei decepta Sleeper, new species

Mcde. — Cuneiform, robust, strongly convex, dark blue; ros-
trum, antennae, and tarsi black.

Rostrum strongly curved, cylindrical, one third longer than pronotum,
finely densely punctured, densely rugosely punctured laterally between eye
and point of insertion of antennae. Antennae inserted at basal two-fifths of
rostrum. First segment of funicle longer than second, second shorter than
following two segments. Head densely, closely punctured, intervals between
punctures alutaceous. Prothorax strongly convex, wider than long, sides con-
verging from base to apex, apex three-fifths as wide as base; pronotum
coarsely, closely punctured, intervals between punctures alutaceous. Elytra
elongate, sides feebly divergent in basal three-fourths, then rounded to apex;
striae not impressed, strial punctures elongate, rectangular, deep, very
narrowly separated; intervals broad, flat, punctures confusedly placed on
intervals. Ventral side closely, coarsely punctured; abdominal segments 2-5
finely densely punctured, clothed with short, fine, pale, appressed pubes-
cence. First abdominal segment narrowly deeply impressed. Lateral side
pieces denuded. Length 6.2 mm., width 2.6 mm.

Female. — Rostrum one-half longer than pronotum, feebly curved. Poster-

JULY, 1955] SLEEPER BRIT. COLUMBIA WEEVILS

159

ior half of first abdominal segment and anterior half of second segment
broadly, shallowly impressed. Length 6.3 mm., width 3.0 mm.

Holotype male, and allotype female, Kelowna, British Co-
lumbia, V-14-1932 (G. Stace Smith, E.L.S.). Two paratypes,
male and female, same data (G.S.S.). Length of paratypes 6.0— 6.3
mm., Avidth 2.7— 3.0 mm. I am also placing two examples, one
from Sanca, British Columbia, VI-9-1933 (G. Stace Smith), and
Kootenay Landing, British Columbia, Shaw Creek, VI-18-50 (G.
Stace Smith, G.S.S.).

This subspecies closely resembles M. lecontei lecontei Horn
but differs as follows: strial punctures elongate, rectangular, deep,
very narrowly separated; second segment of antennae shorter
than first, shorter than following two segments.

M. lecontei decepta represents a northern subspecies of this
group. M. lecontei lecontei occurs in Oregon, California, Arizona,
Colorado, Wyoming, and southern Washington; M. lecontei
superha Lall is known from Arizona, M. lecontei tenehrosa Fall is
known from New Mexico, Colorado, and California, M. lecontei
tinctipennis Fall is known from Cloudcroft, New Mexico and
Williams, Arizona.

Anthonomus deceptus Sleeper, new species

Male. — Elongate, oval, red, feebly shining, head, meso- and
metasternum dark reddish black ; very sparsely clothed with short,
fine, prostrate white pubescence.

Rostrum one-half longer than pronotum, feebly curved, coarsely, densely
punctate throughout, more densely just before eyes, a prominent dorsal
median carina from base to apical third. Scrobes of antennae directed against
eyes. Antennal scape not reaching eyes; funicle six-segmented, first seg-
ment as long as second and third combined, second as long as third and
fourth, sixth segment subcontiguous with club. Club narrow, elongate, loose,
preceptibly darker at tip. Head coarsely, moderately punctate; front rugosely
punctate. Prothorax wider than long, sides arcuate in basal two-thirds, then
moderately constricted to apex; pronotum coarsely, closely, deeply punctate,
pubescence directed anteriorly, more coarse just before scutellum. Elytra
one-third wider at base than prothorax, sides sub-parallel to apical third,
then rounded to apex; striae impressed, strial punctures coarse, round,
deep, separated about one-half their diameter; intervals very feebly convex.
Ventral side clothed as dorsum, vestiture a little coarser on meso- and
metasternum. Abdominal segments very minutely, sparsely punctate, third
and fourth segments equal, fifth nearly as long as fourth. Front and middle
femora with a very small tooth, posterior femora each with a very minute
denticle. Front and middle tibiae mucronate, posterior tibiae unarmed at
tip. Tarsal claws armed with a large, distinct tooth. Length 2.7 mm., width
1.3 mm.

160

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

Holotype male, Copper Mountain, British Columbia, VI-8-30
(G. Stace Smith, E.L.S.). ,

In general appearance this could be quite easily confused with
a member of the genus Pseudanthonomus. However, it must be
placed in Anthonomus because the scrobes are directed against
the eyes while in Pseudanthonomus they are alwa^'^s distinctly
directed beneath the eye. This species is not closely related to any
other member of the genus Anthonomus. It is peculiar in the
relationship of the last segment of the funicle to the club and in
structure of the club.

Anthonomus quesnelensis Sleeper, new species

Male. — Elongate, very convex: black; antennae, legs, and tarsi
pale reddish brown; densely clothed with oval appressed scales
which are predominately brown; scutellum, short scutellar line,
interrupted line on fourth interval commencing about middle,
another on sixth interval from base to middle, of white scales.

Rostrum one-third longer than pronotum, strongly-curved, slender,
cylindrical, deeply, densely punctured throughout, faint evidence of a
median carina in basal half, base sparsely clothed 'with white scales.
Antennae inserted in apical third, funicle six-segmented, first segment
longer than second and third combined, second longer than third, third and
fourth equal. Cluh darker almost black. Head convex, densely clothed with
white scales, front with elongate, deep fovae. Prothorax wider than long,
sides convergent from base, slightly rounded; apex very feebly constricted;
pronotum coarsely, densely punctured, with a narrow median line and a
stripe eaeh side of white seales. Elytra oval, scarcely wider at base than
prothorax, sides evenly rounded, widest at middle; striae deep, punctures
large, close-set, about half their diameters apart, obseured by scales; inter-
vals broad, strongly convex, finely punctulate. Ventral side densely clothed
with oval, appressed, white scales. Abdominal segments finely, sparsely,
deeply punctured, fifth segment with a few narrow hair-like scales at apex ;
pygidium prominently visible from ventral view. Legs slender, densely
clothed with white scales. Anterior femora armed with a very minute acute
tooth, remaining femora unarmed. Claws darkened, each armed with a long
slender tooth. Length 2.2 mm., width 0.9 mm.

Female . — Very similar to male, with the rostrum nearly twice as long
as pronotum ; fifth abdominal segment longer, more coarsely punctured,
evenly rounded to apex; pygidium not visible from ventral view. Length 2. .3
mm., width 1.0 mm.

Holotype male, Quesnel, British Columbia, VI-16-1949, G. J.
Spencer, allotype female, same locality, VII-11-1949 (E.L.S.).
Six paratypes all males are as follows; 1, same data as holotype
(E.L.S.) ; 2, same data as holotype; and 1, same locality as holo-

JULY, 1955] SLEEPER BRIT. COLUMBIA WEEVILS

161

type, VII-2-1949 (G.S.S.) ; 2, same data as holotype in collection
of G. J. Spencer, University of British Columbia.

This species is nearest to A. lineatulus Dietz, to which it keys
in Dietz (1891). It differs from lineatulus as follows: rostrum not
depressed near apex, without a definite median line and striae
each side, dull, densely punctured; sides of elytra not parallel,
subhumeral tubercle lacking, punctures of striae close, not com-
pletely concealed by scales.

Baris stacesmithi Sleeper, new species

Male. — Oblong-oval, convex; black; feebly shining, without a
brassy luster; elytra with distant, narrow, very short, pale, re-
curved scales in punctures of intervals.

Rostrum two-thirds as long as pronotum, robust, strongly curved, im-
pression lietween rostrum and head strong; sparsely, finely, deeply punc-
tured, coarser laterally. Antennae inserted near middle of rostrum ; first
segment of funicle as long as following three. Club small, compact, ovate.
Head strongly convex, sparsely, finely punctured, strongly alutaceous.
Prothorax one-fourth wider than long, sides feebly convergent, sides nearly
straight in basal two-thirds, then rounded to a feeble apical constriction,
apex truncate, base with a feeble, truncated lobe; pronotum densely, coarse-
ly, deeply punctured, intervals between punctures strongly alutaceous.
Scutellum small, rounded. Elytra elongate, parallel in basal two-thirds, then
rounded to apex; striae deeply impressed, strial punctures minute, nearly
obsolete, about twice their diameter apart; intervals broad, flat, alutaceous;
punctures large, close-set, round, deep, in a single line, their diameter
one-third width of intervals, each with a short, narrow, pale, recurved scale.
Ventral side coarsely, densely punctured, each puncture except those of
prosternum with a short, narrow, pale, recurved scale. Abdominal segments
strongly convex, first segment broadly impressed, punctures distant, nearly
obsolete in impression, second segment feebly impressed anteriorly, suture
between first and second segment obsolete at middle, third and fourth
segments punctured only along posterior margin at middle, fifth segment
truncate at apex with a short median lobe, a deep notch each side of lobe.
Legs short. Femora distinctly hut sparsely punctured, each puncture with
a narrow, short, recurved seta. Pygidium and preceding tergite visible
from above. Length 4.0 rum., width 1.8 mm.

Female . — Rostrum nearly as long as pronotum. First abdominal seg-
ment just perceptibly flattened, punctures distant, very minute in flattened
area; second not perceptibly flattened, suture between first and second
segments visible, strongly eraarginate at middle; fifth segment truncate at
apex, not modified at middle as in male. Length 4.0 mm., width 1.8 mm.

Holotype male, and allotype female, Creston, British Co-
lumbia, VI-30-45 (G. Stace Smith, E.L.S.). Thirty-one paratypes
as follows: 5, VI-30-45; 1, VII-2-1945; 1, VII-6-1945; 3, VII-1-
1951 (E.L.S.); 2, VI-17-1945; 10, VI-30-1945; 2, VII-6-1945;

162

THE PAN-PACTFTC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXI, NO. 3

7, VII-1-1951 (G.S.S.). All type material was collected at Creston,
British Columbia, by G. Stace Smith on Artemisa gnaiphalodes
Nutta.

A few examples have evidence of a smooth median line and
a few have some of the punctures confusedly placed on elytral
intervals. Length of paratypes 3.5— 4.5 mm., width 1.6— 2.0 mm.

This species keys to B. futilis Casey in his treatment of the
genus in 1892. It differs from futilis in the absence of the brassy
luster, the widely separated punctures of pronotum, the peculiar
modification of the fifth abdominal segment of male, and the
longer rostrum.

LITERATURE CITED

Casey, T. L.

1888. On some new North American Rhynchopliora I. Ann. New York
Acad. Sci. 3:229-296.

1892. Coleopterological notices IV. Ann. New ^ork Acad. Sci. 6:359-
712.

Dietz, W. G.

1891. Revision of the genera and species of Anthononomini inhabiting
North America. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 18:177—276.

Horn, G. H.

1873. Contributions to a knowledge of the Ciirculionidae of the United
Slates. Proc. Amer. Phila. Soc. 13:407—469.

THE SOUTHWESTERN RESEARCH STATION OF THE AMERICAN
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

The American Museum of Natural History has announced the establish-
ment of The Southwestern Research Station. It is located on the eastern slope
of the Chiricahua Mountains, near Portal, Cochise County, in southeastern
Arizona. The property is within the limits of the Coronado National Forest
at an elevation of 5400 feet.

The station was established for the purpose of making available research
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problems that can be investigated through the utilization of the faunal, floral
and geological features of the area. It will be open during the entire year.

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Vol. XXXI OCTOBER, 1955 No. 4

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENT S'

LINSLEY & MacSWAIN — The North American andrenine bees of

the subgenus Melandrena with descriptions of new species 163

LINSLEY, MacSWAIN & SMITH — Observations on the nesting habits

and flower relationships of some species of Melandrena 173

McKENZIE — A new species of Lepidosaphes scale infesting umbrella

pine in California 187

FRONK — An economically important aphid new to the United States 190

LEECH — Macrancylus littoralis (Broun) in California, with a note

on Phloeophagus protensus (Wollaston) 191

GILBERT — A new genus and species of blind weevil from Florida 193

MIDDLEKAUFF — Association of several female sawflies in the genus

Pachynematus with previously described males 196

WYGODZINSKY — Description of a new Cryptostemma from North

America ... 199

STROHECKER — A Palaearctic Decticid captured in California 203

BOOK NOTICES & REVIEWS 172, 185, 192, 198, 204

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 186, 203

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1955

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usinger

E. S. Ross H. B. Leech

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed-
ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological
phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on
insect taxonomy, morphologry, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed
to Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,
Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address,
requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed
to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco 18, California,

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single
copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist.”

MEMOIRS SERIES

of the

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE SUCKING LICE by G. F. Ferris...: $6.00

A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge on
the Anoplura of the world. Published by the Society,
October, 1951.

THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANY CHIDAE by A. Earl
Pritchard and Edward W. Baker $10.00

This world-wide treatment deals with the systematics
identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and
includes descriptions of thirty-three new species. Pub-
lished by the Society, July, 1955.

Send orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,
California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San
Francisco.

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at
San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Volume XXXI October. 1955

No. 4

THE NORTH AMERICAN ANDRENINE BEES OF THE
SUBGENUS MELANDRENA WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF NEW SPECIES

(Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain^

University of California, Berkeley

The following keys, notes, and descriptions are offered primar-
ily to facilitate identification of the several superficial by similar
species of Melandrena which collect pollen only from flowers of
the genus Oenothera (Onagraceae) (see following paper by Lin-
sley, MacSwain and Smith, 1955). Locality records are supple-
mental to those provided by Timberlake (1937) and Linsley
(1938). A few specimens in the material before us appear to re-
present new species other than the ones described below. However,
we have not proposed names for them at this time because of in-
adequate series or lack of pertinent ecological data which might
give them special significance.

The species of Melandrena are medium-sized to rather large
Andrena with the integument black (sometimes partially red or
tinted with reddish or bluish). The females of most species have
black pubescence, most of the males predominantly white. The
thorax and propodeum of the females are aften coarsely sculp-
tured and the process of the labrum is usually reflexed and
emarginate. For a fuller characterization of the group see Lanham
(1949).

Key to the Species of Melandrena
Females

1. Metasoma black, sometimes tinted with reddish or bluish 2

— Metasoma with first three or four segments red, remainder black; dorsum
of thorax coarsely punctate, clothed with a few scattered black hairs;
pleura sparsely clothed with black hairs. Length about 10 mm. Mesilla
Valley, New Mexico prima Casad^

1 The writers are indebted to P. H. Timberlake for making available for study
the extensive series in his collection at the Citrus Experiment Station, University
of California, Riverside, A. T. McClay for providing material from the collection
of the Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California,
Davis, and D. F. Hardwick and W. R. Mason for loaning material from the Cana-
dian National Collection at Ottawa. Most of the remaining records are from the
collection of the California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley. Dr.
J. G. Rozen assisted in the transcription of data from specimens.

- Characters extracted from original description.

164

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

2. Dorsum of thorax clothed with black or dark brownish hairs 3

— Dorsum of thorax clothed with bright reddish hairs; mesoscutum dull;
metasomal terga with a narrow impunctate margin, pubescence long,
dense, plumose. Length of anterior wing 10.0 mm.^ Colorado and Wyo-

ming. Monolectic on Oenothera anograe Cockerell

3. Wings heavily infuscated 4

— Wings lightly tinted with black 5

4. Wings very dark black; size larger, length of anterior wing 9.7-11.0 mm.

California: Sierra Nevada montane. Monolectic on Oenothera-

- - - grundeli grundeli Linsley ^

- — Wings dark brownish: size smaller, length of anterior wing 8.8— 9.6 mm.

Southern California montane. Monolectic on Oenothera

grundeli berrmrdina Linsley

5. Propodeal enclosure coarsely rugose; most mesoscutal punctures less

than one diameter apart 6

— Propodeal enclosure fugulose: most mesocutal punctures at least one

diameter apart 10

6. Metasomal terga with a very broad impunctate apical margin, covering

most of apical impression, at least medially. 7

— Metasomal terga with a narrow impunctate apical margin, covering less

than one-half of apical impression 8

7. Mesoscutum dull, interspaces between discal punctures reticulate; dorsal

metasomal hairs long, predominantly plumose. Length of anterior wing
7.4^7.9 mm. Lowlands of coastal and interior southern California. Mono-
lectic on Oenothera ( ? ) blaisdelli Cockerell

— Mesoscutum shining, interspaces between most discal punctures smooth,
not reticulate ; dorsal metasomal hairs short, predominantly simple.
Length of anterior wing 7.0— 7.5 mm. California: western margin of

Mojave Desert. Monolectic on Oenothera (?) ..flandersi Timberlake

8. Tibial scopa loose, suberect; notal hairs of thorax not dense and velvety,
underlying punctures distinct 9

— Tibial scopa dense, compact; notal hairs of thorax dense, velvety, black,

underlying punctures very dense, subcontiguous. Length of anterior wing
7. 2-8.0 mm. Lowlands of coastal and interior California. Monolectic on
Phacelia -nigra Provancher

9. Propodeal enclosure obliquely rugose; notal hairs of thorax brownish;
discal hairs on second metasomal tergum short, predominantly simple ;
labrum with produced apex of process wider than long, depresso-emar-
ginate. Length of anterior wing 8.1-8.9 mm. Colorado Desert, California.
Monolectic on Oenothera rozeni Linsley and MacSwain

— Propodeal enclosure irregularly rugose; notal hairs of thorax black;

most discal hairs on second metasomal tergum long, predomiriantly
plumose; labrum with produced apex of process usually longer than
wide, constricted at base. Length of anterior wing 8.4-9. 1 mm. Lowlands
and foothills of central and southern California and southeastern Arizona.
Monolectic on Oenothera oenoiherae Timberlake

® Wing lengths measured from apex of costal sclerite.

A. (M.) omninigra Viereck, 1917, has not been positively recognized and may
be identical with one of the subspecies of grundeli.

October, 1955] linsley & macswain — n. am. melandrena 165

10. Tibial scopa loosely formed of long, erect hairs; discal hairs on second
metasomal tergum short (less than 0.15 mm.) predominantly simple....ll

— Tibial scopa densely formed of compact, more or less depressed hairs;

discal hairs on second metasomal tergum moderately long (more than

0.20 mm.), predominantly plumose - 12

11. Mesoscutum shining, punctures mostly two or more puncture widths

apart; metasomal terga with a narrow impunctate apical margin com-
prising, at middle, less than one-third of apical impression. Length of
anterior wing 9.0 mm. Colorado Desert, California. Monolectic on
Oenothera rubrotincta Linsley

— Mesoscutum feebly shining, punctures mostly one or two puncture widths
apart; metasomal terga with a broad impunctate apical margin compris-
ing, at middle, one-half of apical impression. Length of anterior wing
8.5-9.2 mm. Colorado Desert, California. Monolectic on Oenothera....

linsleyi Timberlake

12. Labrum with process apically produced and emarginate; smaller

species 13

— Labrum with process entirely, not produced; larger species. Length of

anterior wing 9.25-10.25 mm. California: western Mojave Desert. Mono-
lectic on Oenothera mojavensis Linsley and MacSwain

13. Metasomal terga black, rarely with a faint bluish tint; propodeum finely

granulate-punctate, enclosure finely, closely, longitudinally rugulose; im-
punctate apical margin of metasomal terga moderately broad. Length of
anterior wing 7.9-8.9 mm. California: western Mojave Desert and south-
eastern San Joaquin Valley. Monolectic on Oenothera

deserticola Timberlake

— Metasomal terga with a distinct bluish tint; propodeum coarsely granu-

granulate-punctate, enclosure strongly and transversely or obliquely rugu-
lose; impunctate apical margin of metasomal terga narrow. Length of
anterior wing 8. 2-8.9 mm. California: Sierra Nevada montane. Mon-
lectic on Oenothera vanduzeei Linsley

Males

1. Wings heavily infuscated 2

— Wings lightly tinted with black 3

2. Hairs of face, thorax and legs almost completely white. California:

Sierra Nevada montane .—grundeli grundeli Linsley

— Hairs of face, thorax and legs predominantly black. Southern California

montane grundeli hernardiha Linsley

3. Dorsum of thorax clothed with white or predominantly whitish hairs 4

— Dorsum of thorax clothed with bright reddish hairs; mesooutum dull;

metasomal terga with a narrow impunctate margin, pubescence long,
dense, plumose. Colorado and Wyoming. anogrde Cockerell

4. Metasomal terga with numerous long, erect, pale hairs; mesoscutum

rather sparsely hairy on disk, surface not obscured by pubescence 5

— Metasomal terga without long erect, pale hairs except on first one;

mesoscutum moderately densely to densely, hairy (except rozeni) ,.6

166

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

5. Metasomal terga with a broad impunctate margin; hairs of face white;

metasoma black. California: western margin of Mojave Desert

flandersi Timberlake

— Metasomal terga with a narrow impunctate margin; hairs of face pre-

dominantly black, with a white moustache; metasoma with a distinct
bluish tint. California: Sierra Nevada montane .—vanduzeei Linsley

6. Metasomal terga with a moderately broad to broad impunctate margin;

process of labrum emarginate or bilobed 7

— Metasomal terga with a narrow impunctate margin; process of labrum

nearly entire, not bilobed; facial hairs black. Lowlands of coastal and
interior California.. nigra Provancher

7. Facial hairs white or predominantly white.... 8

— Facial hairs black. Lowlands and foothills of central and southern Cali-
fornia and southeastern Arizona oenotherae Timberlake

8. Enclosure of propodeum rugulose ; dorsal metasomal pubescence white..9

— Enclosure of propodeum coarsely rugose; dorsal metasomal hairs black

except on first metasomal tergum; length of anterior wing 7-9 mm.
Colorado Desert, California rozeni Linsley and MacSwain

9. Process of labrum nearly twice as broad as long; facial hairs white;

dorsum of thorax feebly shining; length of anterior wing 7-8 mm. Colo-
rado Desert, California linsleyi Timberlake

— Process of labrum about as long as broad; facial hairs predominantly
white but with an intermixture of black; length of anterior wing 7 mm.
Lowlands of coastal and interior southern CaliioTma.—blaisdelli Cockerell

Andrena (Melandrena) anograe Cockerell
Andrena anograe Cockerell, 1901, Canad. Ent., 33:154, ?.

Andrena micranthophila Cockerell, 1906, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
22:432, $ $, New synonymy.

New records from the Timberlake collection are as follows: Salida,
Colorado (1?, June 20, bearing a few pollen grains of Oenothera, Chas.
Wagner); Princeton Hot Springs, Colorado (1^, June 16, 1933, Chas.
Wagner) ; and Cheyenne, Wyoming (1^, June 11, 1920).

Mr. Timberlake, who has the type of micranthophila regards
it as the same as anograe. We are likewise unable to distinguish
the two on the basis of the published descriptions and available
specimens.

Andrena (Mel.4NDRena) grundeli grundeli Linsley, new status
New California records for A. (M.) grundeli grundeli include: Snow-
line Camp, El Dorado Co. (19, June 20, 1948, P. D. Hurd) (1$, June 27,
1948, J. W. MacSwain); Folsom, Sacramento Co. (1$, May 18, 1952, T.
Haig) ; Yosemite Valley, Mariposa Co. (1 $ , March 2, 1938, J. R. Warren) ;
and Oakhurst, Madera Co. (1$, June 8, 1942, E. G. Linsley).

Andrena (Melandrena) grundeli bernardina Linsley, new

status

California records for this subspecies are: Tanbark Flat, Los Angeles
Co. (3$ $, June 20, 1950, at Cyptantha but not collecting pollen, J. W.

October, 1955] linsley & macswain — n. am. melandrena 167

MacSwain) (1$, June 23, 1952, Joan Linsley); San Antonio Canyon, Los
Angeles Co. (1$, May 20, 1929, D, Clancy); and Seeley Flats, San Bern-
ardino Mts. (2$ $, July 3-5, 1917, R. May).

Andrena (Melandrena) blaisdelli Cockerell

Material, all from California, which has not been reported previously is
as follows: Riverside (8$ $, March 4 to May 16, at flowers of Cryptantha
intermedia, but not collecting pollen; 29 ^ ^ , February 27 to April 26, at
Cryptantha intermedia (P. H. Timberlake) ; Galivan, Riverside County(3 ^ $ ,
April 4, 1952, Cryptantha intermedia; 1$, March 6, 1935, at Oenothera
dentata but not collecting pollen, C. M. Dammers) (1^, February 22, 1937,
at Salix lasiolepis, E. G. Linsley) ; Altadena, Los Angeles County (1 9, May
2, 1936, C. D. Michener) ; La Crescenta, Los Angeles County (1^, April
19, 1936, Cryptantha intermedia, E. G. Linsley) ; Cajon Pass, Los Angeles
County (1 $ , April 25, 1936, D. Clancy) ; Tujunga, Los Angeles County (1 ^ ,
April 16, 1937, Oenothera historta, P. H. Timberlake) ; and Mojave Desert
near Deep Creek, San Bernardino County (1$, April 30, 1939, Cryptantha
intermedia, but not collecting pollen, P. H. Timberlake).

The males previously regarded as blaisdelli by Timberlake
(1937) and Linsley (1938) are here treated as oenotherae. They
are currently so assigned in the Timberlake collection and we have
found these males at Antioch, Contra Costa County, California
with female oenotherae far north of the known range of blaisdelli

Andrena (Melandrena) flanderi Timberlake

New records, all from California, include: Short Canyon, 6.5 miles N.W.
of Inyokern, Kern County (2 ^ $ , 12, April 12, 1954, at Cryptantha but not
collecting pollen, J. W. MacSwain) ; Kramer Junction, San Bernardino
County (22 2, April 27, 1946, E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain and R. F.
Smith) (12, April 30, 1953, at Chaenactis but not collecting pollen, P. D.
Hurd) ; Pallatt Creek, Los Angeles County (12, April 22, 1950, C. D. Mac-
Neill) ; and Morongo, San Bernardino County (1 2 , April 22, T. D. A. Cock-
erell ) .

When females of this species and A. blaisdelli were examined
all but one carried at least a few pollen grains of Oenothera, none
were found with pollen loads from other plants. This evidence is
interpreted as indicating that both species collect pollen from
Oenothera.

Andrena (Melandrena) nigra Provancher

Previously unrecorded collections, all from California, include the fol-
lowing: Temecula, Riverside County (52 2, April 24, 1951, E. I. Schlinger,
and R. C. Bechtel); Westwood Hills, Los Angeles County (12, February
29, 1936, E. G. Linsley); Palmdale, Los Angeles County (12, April 11,
1936) ; 6 miles East of Pearblossom, Los Angeles County (12, May 2, 1952,
G. A. Marsh) ; Claremont, Los Angeles County (1^, E. 0. Essig) ; Carpen-
teria, Santa Barbara County (22 2, April 15, 1938, Phacelia distans, B. E.
White); Panoche Hills, San Benito County (12, April 29, 1922); Little

168

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

Panoche Canyon (1$, May 15, 1930, E. G. Linsley) ; and 6 miles West of
Tracy, San Joaquin County (1$, March 6, 1950, J. W. MacSwain).

A. nigra is aberrant in that it is the only species of the North
American Melandrena which is definitely not associated with
Oenothera.

Andrena (Melandrena) rozeni Linsley & MacSwain, new species

Female . — Integument black metasoma faintly tinted with reddish; hairs
black, those of notum of thorax with a brownish cast. Head with clypeus
convex, shining, finely and closely punctured with a faint indication of
median smooth line; labrum with process broader than long, base a low
triangle, apex distinctly produced, broader than long, feebly depresso-emar-
ginate in type, more distinctly in some paratypes; vertex with an impunctate
area along upper margin of facial foveae between ocelli and compound
eyes; antennae with first flagellar segment about as long as second and
third combined, flagellum dark reddish-brown beneath. Mesosoma with meso-
scutum dullish, finely and closely punctured, punctures on posterior middle of
disk one to one and one-half puncture widths apart with interspaces minutely
reticulate; mesoscutellum punctured much as mesoscutum; mesopleura a
little more densely punctured than mesoscutum; propodeum with basal en-
closure well defined, very coarsely and somewhat obliquely rugose, remain-
ing surface coarsely, densely rugoso-punctate; wings subhyaline, tinted with
blackish; legs with scopa of posterior tibiae long and dense. Metasoma
slender, apical margin of terga scarcely constricted, surface shining, finely
but not closely punctured, first metasomal tergum with a narrow impunctate
margin, broad on terga two to four ; pubescence of second tergum moderately
thin, short, simple. Length approximately 11.5 mm., anterior wing 8.5 mm.

Male . — Integument black; hairs of head, thorax, propodeum, anterior
femora (intermediate and posterior femora predominantly), and first meta-
somal tergum, long, erect, white, elsewhere dark brown or black. Head with
clypeus shining, moderately densely punctate at middle, more densely at
sides; labrum with process emarginate, somewhat acutely bilobed; antennae
with flagellum brownish, first flagellar segment nearly as long as second.
Mesosoma with dorsal pubescence thin, not obscuring punctation; meso-
scutum dull, moderately closely punctate on disk, densely at sides ; propodeum
densely punctate, enclosure coarsely, longitudinally rugose. Metasoma with
a narrow impunctate margin on first metasomal tergum, broad on terga two
to five. Length approximately 10 mm., anterior wing 8.5 mm.

Holotype female and allotype male (California Academy of
Sciences, Entomology) from near Needles, San Bernardino
County, California, March 6, 1930 (E. G. Linsley) and para-
types, all from California, as follows: four females and one male
with same data as holotype, two females from Needles, December
3 and 4, 1921, two males from Needles, March 5, 1947 (E. G.
Linsley and R. F. Smith) , one male 30 miles S. of Needles, March
6, 1946 (E, G. Linsley), one male from Coachella Valley, River-

October, 1955] linsley & macswain — n. am. melandrena 169

side County, March 4, 1936 (M. L. Cook), one male and one
female 4 miles E. of Desert Center, Riverside County, April 5,
1951 (P. D. Hurd), one female from Hopkins Well, Riverside
County, April 28, 1949, on Oenothera trichocalyx (J. E. Gillaspy),
two females from the same locality, April 29, 1952 (J. G. Rozen),
67 males and 31 females, a few with heavy loads of Oenothera
pollen, from Thousand Palms, Riverside County, on various dates
from February 25 to March 16, 1955 (D. F. Hardwick, J. E. H.
Martin, W. R. Mason and W. R. Richards), five males and two
females from Palm Canyon, Riverside County, February 23, 1955
(W. R. Mason), one female from Palm Desert, Riverside County,
February 28, 1955 (W. R. Mason), nine males and one female
from Salton Sea, Riverside County, March 2, 1955 (W. R.
Richards), one female from La Quinta, Riverside County, March
5, 1955 (D. F. Hardwick), one female from Bell Picnic Area,
Joshua Tree National Monument, April 9, 1952 ( J. W. MacSwain) ,
one male from Indio, Riverside County, April 5, 1951 (J. W. Mac-
Swain), and a copulating pair, same data (P. D. Hurd), and one
male from 7 miles N. of Vidal Junction, San Bernardino County,
April 3, 1951 (E. G. Linsley).

A stylopized male and female from Needles, California, March
10, 1923 and December 17, 1921 respectively (R. M. Bohart col-
lection) are not included in the paratype series. Additional stylop-
ized males and females were among the series collected by Hard-
wick, Martin, Mason and Richards, Some of the females in the
type series bear Oenothera pollen.

A. (M.) rozeni is closely related to A. (M.) oenotherae Tim-
berlake. The female differs from oenotherae in having the pro-
duced apex of the process of the labrum wider than long, the notal
hairs of the thorax brown rather than black, the upper margin of
the facial foveae impunctate, the enclosure of the propodeum more
coarsely and obliquely rugose, and the metasoma more slender,
with the apical margins of the terga feebly impressed and con-
stricted, the surface less densely punctate and pubescent, with the
impunctate margins of the metasomal terga broad except on the
first one. The male differs at once from oenotherae in the white
pubescence of the face and thoracic pleura.

Among the females there is some variation in the width of
impunctate margin of the metasomal terga, the development of the

170

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

apex of the process of the labrum, and the extent of the brownish
pubescence on the thorax.

Andrena (Melandrena) oenotherae Timberlake
New California records: Newport Bay, Orange County (1$, June 26,
1941, P. D. Hurd); Balboa Island, Orange County (1$, June 17, 1917, R.
May); El Segundo Dunes, Los Angeles County (29 $, May 17, 30, 1941,
K. D. Snyder) ; Short Canyon, 6.5 miles N. W. of Inyokern, Kern County
(20 9 9, various dates in April (1954, 1955 on Oenothera dentata var.
johnstonii Munz, E. G. Linsley, J. M. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, R. F.
Smith)'; 20 mi. E. Bakersfield, Kern County (39 9, March 28, 1953, J. W.
MacSwain); Blackwells Corner, Kern County (19, April 7, 1950, at
Lupinus but not collecting pollen, P. D. Hurd) ; near Hemet, Riverside
County (19, June 7, 1942 at Hemizonia kelloggii but not collecting pollen,
P. H. Timberlake) ; Palm Springs, Riverside County (1^, March 24, 1933,
P. H. Timberlake) (1 9 , March 20, 1948, W. McNeil) ; Carlsbad, San Diego
County (1^, March 21, 1933, Layia platyglossa, H. L. McKenzie) ; Newport,
Orange County (1^, August 6, 1933, C. M. Dammers) ; Riverside (49 ^ $,
various dates in various years from February 10 to April 4, mostly at
flowers of Cryptantha intermedia, 1 or 2 each from Sisymbrium, Encelia,
Lantana and Calandrinia, P. H. Timberlake) ; Dillon Beach, Marin County
(29 9, February 12, 1939, nesting in sand, J. W. MacSwain); Antioch,
Contra Costa County (1^, April 25, 1936, M. Cazier) ; Wineville, River-
side County (1^, April 15, 1938, at Oenothera, C. M. Dammers) ; Glendale,
Los Angeles County (69 9, June 25, 1941, and July 12, 20, 1950, E. 1.
Schlinger) ; Hemet, Riverside County (29 9, April 16, 1954, N. A. Browne),;
and Saticoy, Ventura County (2 9 9, May 30, 1926, L. M. Smith)

A. oenotherae is the most widely distributed and morpholo-
gically variable species of those which we have studied. It may be
that it represents a complex of more than one species but if so we
have been unable to distinguish them.

Andrena (Melandrena) rubrotincta Linsley
New California records: Borego, San Diego County (1 9 , March 26, 1941,
Mrs. R. C. Dickson) ; 4 miles E. of Desert Center, Riverside County (19,
April 5, 1951, P. D. Hurd) ; and LaQuinta, Riverside County (19, March
5, 1955, D. F. Hardwick).

Andrena (Melandrena) linsleyi Timberlake

Additional California records: near Needles, San Bernardino County
(1^, March 6, 1930, E. G. Linsley); Hopkins Well, Riverside County
(29 9, April 27-28, 1949, Oenothera, J. E. Gillaspy and L .W. Quate)
(69 9, April 29, 1952, at Baileya but not collecting pollen, P. D. Hurd,
G. A. Marsh, and J. G. Rozen) ; Palm Springs, Riverside County (19, April
4, 1948, J. W. MacSwain) ; 18 miles W. of Blythe, Riverside County (19,
April, 1952, at Geraea canescens but not collecting pollen, P. H. Timber-
lake) ; Thousand Palms, Riverside County (40^ $, 22 9 9, including one
mating pair, February 25— March 12, 1955, D. F. Hardwick, J. E. H. Martin,
W. R. Mason, W. R. Richards; Palm Canyon, Riverside County (19 ^ $,

October, 1955] linsley & macswain — n. am. melandrena 171

6$ $, February 23, 1955, W. R. Mason); Indio, Riverside County (S $ S ,
March 4, 1955, 19 March 12, 1955, W. R. Mason); Salton Sea, Riverside
County (23^ 19, March 2, 1955, W. R. Richards); and La Quinta,

Riverside County (13^ $, February 2&-March 5, 1955, D. F. Hardwick and
J. E. H. Martin).

The capture of a mating pair on Encelia between 10 and 11
a.m. on February 26, 1955, by W. R, Mason, has permitted the
recognition of the male of this species. Some individuals are
stylopized.

Andrena (Melandrena) mojavensis Linsley & MacSwain, n.sp.

Female . — Integument black, metasoma faintly tinted with reddish in
a few paratypes; hairs black. Head with clypeus convex, shining, coarsely
and sub-contiguously punctured with a narrow, elevated, impunctate median
line; labrum with process subtriangular, apex not produced, moderately
elevated, elevation an inverted triangle; antennae with first flagellar seg-
ment about as long as second and third combined. Mesosoma with meso-
scutum shining, finely and moderately densely punctured, punctures mostly
one or two puncture widths apart, interspaces finely reticulate anteriorly and
laterally, smooth postmedially ; mesoscutellum with larger and slightly less
dense punctures than mesoscutum; mesopleura a little more densely punc-
tured than mesoscutum; propodeum finely granulate, punctate, basal en-
closure well defined, surface very finely, irregularly rugulose; wings sub-
hyaline, tinted with blackish; legs with scopa of posterior tibiae long and
dense. Metasoma shining, clothed with numerous moderately long erect
black hairs, hairs on posterior portion of second tergum simple, on anterior
portion distinctly plumose, first four metasomal terga with an impunctate
apical margin, which at middle occupies almost one-half of posterior de-
pression, pubescence longer and denser toward lateral margin giving sinu-
ous appearance to metasomal margins in dorsal aspect. Length approximately
14mm., anterior wing 10 mm.

Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences, Entomol-
ogy) from Short Canyon, 6.5 miles N.W. of Inyokern, Kern
County, Californla (April 13, 1954, Oenothera^ dentata var.
johnstonii Munz (James M. Linsley) ; and 124 female paratypes,
same locality (April 11 to 19, 1954 and March 15 and April 3 to
18, 1955, Oenothera dentata var. johnstonii and 0. clavaeformis
Torrey and Fremont, E. G. Linsley, J. M. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain,
C. D. MacNeill and R. F. Smith) .

A. (M.) mojavensis is the largest and most robust of the rela-
tively clear-winged Melandrena. It is related to A. (M.) ruhrotincta
Linsley but it differs in the long pubescence of the metasoma,
most of which is plumose, the smooth inter-puncture areas of the
posterior discal region of the mesoscutum, the distinct, elevated,
impunctate median line of the clypeus, and the totally black pube-

172

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

scenoe (in ruhrotincta the pubescence is wholly or largely brown-
ish-black) ,

Andrena (Melandrena) deserticola Timber lake

The following are new California records: Short Canyon, 6.5 mi. N. W.
of Inyokern, Kern County (57$ $, various dates in April, 1954, 1955,
Oenothera dentata var. johnstonii Munz, E. G. Linsley, J. M. Linsley, J. W.
MacSwain, R. F. Smith); Kramer Junction, Riverside County (2$ $,
April 27, 1950, S. F. Bailey) ; and 20 mi. E. Bakersfield, Kern County (1$,
March 23, 1953, J. W. MacSwain).

Andrena (Melandrena) vanduzeei Linsley

New California records include: Buck, Plumas County (1$, July 23,
1937, F. X. Williams); and Mill Creek Camp, Tuolumne County (2$ $,
July 13, 1951, R. C. Bechtel).

Literature Cited

Lanham, U. N.

1949. A subgeneric classification of the New World bees of the genus
Andrena. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom., 8(5) : 183-238.

Linsley, E. G.

1938. Studies in the Andrenidae of North America — I. Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sciences, (4)23:263-282.

Linsley, E. G., J. W. MacSwain and R. F. Smith

1955. Observations on the nesting habits and fllower relationships of
some species of Melandrena. Pan-Pacific Ent., 31(4) :173-185.
Timberlake, P. H.

1937. New species of Andrena from California. Pan-Pacific Ent., 13:69-74.

Book Notice

INSECTS OF MICRONESIA. Volume 1: Introduction by J. Linsley Gressitt.

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, December, 1954. i-viii, 257 pp.

70 figs.

This is the first of a series of volumes covering all of the insects and
most of the other terrestrial arthropods inhabiting Micronesia — the Bonin,
Volcano, Mariana, Carolina, Marshall and Gilbert Islands. Twenty volumes
are planned in the ambitious project which is being carried out by well over
100 specialists. Dr. Gressitt is editor of the series as well as one of its
authors. In volume 1 he describes the geology, soils, climate, flora, fauna,
overall ecology, and economic entomology of Micronesia in general and of
each island or island group. Many of his illustrations are maps but there
are 95 photographs of terrain. He discusses collecting, collectors and col-
lectors’ localities — the last enumerated in a 16 page gazetteer. In this ex-
cellent piece of work the author sets a high standard for the rest of the
series. As stated in the foreword, “His introduction is more than a technical
preface; it presents a comprehensive survey of the natural history of Micro-
nesia that will be of interest to a wide audience.” — R. M. Boh art, Depart-
ment of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Davis.

October, 1955] linsley et al — melandrena biology 173

OBSERVATIONS ON THE NESTING HABITS AND FLOWER
RELATIONSHIPS OF SOME SPECIES OF MELANDRENA

(Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, and Ray F. Smith^

University of California, Berkeley

Although the nesting habits of a number of European species
of Andrena have been reported (Perkins, 1919; Malyshev, 1926;
Bischoff, 1927; Ulrich, 1933; Nielsen, 1934; et al) , fragmentary
information is available for less than a dozen of the more than
five hundred described North American species (Linsley, 1951).
The available information is due largely to Packard (1868),
Smith (1901), Rau (1922, 1935), Parker and Boving (1924),
Hicks (1926, 1934), MacSwain (1945), Bohart (1952), and Sivik
(1954). Pollen flowers have been reported for about ten per cent
of the known North American species (Linsley, 1951) although
details of pollen collecting behavior and diurnal activity cycles are
essentially lacking for all. Except for A. nigra, species of the sub-
genus Melandrena are not commonly encountered in the field, ap-
parently because they are most abundant very early in the season
and collect pollen very early in the morning. Nothing has been
recorded of the nesting habits of any North American species. For
a key to the North American species see preceding paper by
Linsley and MacSwain (1955).

When, in 1954, large populations of Melandrena were discov-
ered in Short Canyon on the western edge of the Mojave Desert,
an attempt was made to learn something of the habits of the group.
Considerable biological data was gathered between April 11 and
18. Unfortunately much of this information was not very useful
since it was later found that three superficially similar species of
Melandrena (A. mojavensis Linsley and MacSwain, A. oenotherae
Timberlake, and A. deserticola Timberlake) were involved and all
were collecting pollen almost exclusively from one species of
Oenothera. In 1955, the area was revisited, but inclement weather
limited observations and interfered with bee activity. Since the
opportunity for further studies in this area appears to be remote,
our fragmentary biological observations are offered now. These

^ The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance furnished by their wives
Juanita Linsley, Jane MacSwain, and Elizabeth Smith, and by James M. Linsley,
during the two brief vacation periods which were partially occupied by this study.

174

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

are presented in the form of generalizations concerning the sub-
genus, brief comparative accounts of the species, followed by a
discussion of some of the factors which may permit the coexist-
ence of these three closely related species under conditions of what
appears to be intense competition.

The Short Canyon Habitat

Short Canyon is located at the base of the east side of the
Sierra Nevada mountains six miles west of Inyokern, Kern County,
California. The canyon rises abruptly from its mouth to the upper
section which is bounded on the north and south by sand covered
hills and on the west by steep rocky slopes. The north slope has
produced a broad alluvial fan which stretches down to the main
wash in the center of the canyon. Three species of Oenothera
bloom in the canyon in March and April (possibly also May and
later). The large, white-flowered Oenothera pallida Lindl., grows
in the fine sand of the wash but appears to be completely ignored
by the species of Melandrena. Oenothera clavaeformis Torrey and
Fremont, a small-flowered, whitish species grows on the steeper
slopes at the base of rocky outcroppings and cliffs. A. mojavensis
was found visiting this species under certain conditions. A small
yellow-flowered species, Oenothera dentata var. johnstonii Munz,
the main pollen source, was common on the floor and sandy
slopes of the canyon. A large but scattered population of this plant
occurs on the alluvial fan and a smaller but denser stand on a
steep sandy area among the rocks on the sides of the canyon. These
two areas are about one-quarter of a mile apart and are separated
by the almost barren upper portion of the wash.

The weather in Short Canyon, like most of the Mojave Desert,
is extremely variable in February, March and April and light to
heavy winds blow from the mountains across the desert almost
every day. The nearest weather station is at Inyokern, out on the
desert approximately six miles east of the Canyon. Weather records
have been kept since 1952 and, although not an accurate reflec-
tion of conditions in the canyon, they do give an indication of
trends in the area. During this brief period, the months of Febru-
ary and April (March means were similar in the four years) were
warmest in 1954, coolest in 1955. Thus in 1954 the mean of the
daily maximums for these two months respectively were 21.5°C
and 28°C, the minimums 4.0°C and 10.2°C. In 1955, the compar-
able figures were 15.7°C and 23.8°C, and — 2.4°C and 3.8°C. In

October, 1955] linsley et al — melandrena biology 175

the period February through April, 1954, there were only 12 days
in which the minimum temperature fell to or below 0°C (none in
April) . During these months in 1955 there were 41 days at or
below 0°C (7 of these in April). During the 1954 observation
period (April 11-18) the average daily maximum was 31.0°C;
the minimum 9.2°C. During the same period in 1955, the cor-
responding figures were 24.3 °C and 6.0°C. These variations in
temperatures appear to have had a pronounced effect upon bee
activity.

Rainfall indirectly affected conditions for bees in Short Can-
yon through its influence on the abundance of flowers. Cattlemen
operating in Short Canyon reported the 1955 spring the coldest in
their experience in the area and forage for cattle the poorest. Total
rainfall for the months of February, March, and April, 1955 was
.07 inches. In the corresponding period in 1954, the total was 1.54
inches (Inyokern readings). These differences were apparently
reflected in the pronounced differences in the abundance of Oeno-
thera in Short Canyon in the two seasons.

Wind records from Inyokern are not correlated directly with
conditions in Short Canyon. In general there was a down-canyon
draft in the morning an up-canyon draft in the afternoon. When
these were strong and gusty during periods of bee activity, they
clearly reduced and hampered the flight of the bees.

Distribution and Flower Relationships

The North American species now assigned to the subgenus
Melandrena (Lanham, 1949) are limited to the area from the
Rocky Mountains (Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico) to the
Pacific Coast (Oregon and California) . Of the species listed by
Linsley (1951), ten are restricted to California.

In so far as now known, all of the species exhibit a high de-
gree of oligolecty (or monolecty) being restricted in pollen col-
lecting to a single genus of plants. Thus A. nigra Provancher ap-
pears to take pollen only from Phacelia (Linsley, 1938) and A.
oenotherae Timberlake only from Oenothera (Timberlake, 1937)
The Coloradan A. anograe Cockerell (1901) was also captured on
Oenothera which, is presumably its pollen source (a specimen from
Salida, Colorado has Oenothera pollen on the legs). However,
numerous species of plants are visited by various species of Melan-
drena for nectar alone, and this fact accounts for the large num-
ber of museum flower records reported by Timberlake (1937)

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THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXI, No. 4

and Linsley ( 1938 ) . An examination of available specimens of
A. grundeli grundeli Linsley, A. g. hernardina Linsley, A. van-
duzeei Linsley, A. rubrotincta Linsley, A. flandersi Timberlake, A.
blaisdelli Cockerell, A. rozeni Linsley and MacSwain, and A. lin-
sleyi Timberlake, revealed that the only kind of pollen being car-
ried was that of Oenothera. This last species was also found col-
lecting pollen from Oenothera trichocalyx Nutt, by P. D. Hurd and
others at Hopkins Well, Riverside County, California, and A.
deserticola Timberlake and A. mojavensis Linsley and MacSwain
were shown to be Oenothera monoleges in the course of the pre-
sent study. Thus, excluding A. omninigra Viereck which has not
been recognized definitely in our material, all of the species and
subspecies known to occur in California except nigra (Hydro-
phyllaceae: Phacelia) , appear to be restricted in pollen source to
Oenothera (Onagraceae) . Further, near Needles, San Bernardino
County, and at La Quinta, Riverside County, three species f rubro-
tincta, linsleyi, and rozeni) were captured together, as were lin-
sleyi and rozeni at Hopkins Well, Thousand Palms, Palm Canyon
and Salton Sea, Riverside County, and rozeni and rubrotincta 4
miles west of Desert Center, Riverside County. Since three species
were also found in competition for the same pollen source in Short
Canyon ( mojavensis, deserticola, and oenotherae ) and a fourth
(flanders'i) was found in small numbers, a number of evolutionary
and ecological implications are involved.

Most of the species of Oenothera occuring in California grow
in sandy areas, principally in desert regions. Such sites also ap-
pear to meet the nesting requirements of the associated species of
Melandrena, at least to the extent indicated by the present study.

During mid-April, 1954, the time of day utilized for pollen
collecting by A. mojavensis, deserticola, and oenotherae was large-
ly limited to a period from about 40 minutes before sunrise to 30
or 35 minutes after the first direct sunlight reached the flowers. All
three species were active during this period, and although specific
differences in behavior are indicated these were not determined
quantitatively. On April 14, 1954 (minimum temperature of pre-
vious night 5°C) the first bees were gathering pollen at 5:15 A.M.,
the sun reached the flowers at 5:54 A.M., and no bees were seen
on the flowers after 6:30 A.M. On April 15, 1954 (minimum tem-
perature of previous night 10°C), pollen collecting was first ob-
served at 5:07 A.M., direct sunlight was on the flowers at 5:50

October, 1955] linsley et al — melandrena biology 177

A.M., and no bees were seen after 6:23 A.M. By contrast, during
cold spells (April 10, 17, and 18, 1955), the earliest and latest
pollen collectors were, respectively 6:03—7:03 A.M., 5:41—6:22
A.M., and 7 :10— 7 :29 A.M., indicating the modifying effect of cold
temperatures (10-15°C lower at time of flight). In both years
occasional individuals were seen visiting flowers (but not collect-
ing pollen) in the later part of the afternoon and on overcast
days, at other times.

When the bees emerged from their burrows for the first pollen
trips of the morning, they had a tendency to visit flowers close to
the nest. In two cases, the first load of pollen was gathered within
two feet of the entrance. For the first trips, six or seven flowers
were sufficient to provide a pollen load, although these loads fre-
quently appear to be lighter than those gathered later. On April
14, 1954, the first five bees timed visited an average of 7.2 flowers
per pollen load in an average period of 103 seconds. The next
four bees collected from an average of 17.5 flowers per load over
an average of 190 seconds but had to reject an average of 10 addi-
tional flowers from which the pollen had already been stripped.
After the sun reached the flowers, the next four bees required only
178 seconds to complete a pollen load with an average of 16.3
yielding pollen and 16.5 lacking it. The same general behavior was
evident on April 15, 1954.

While removing pollen from the flowers of 0. dentata, the bees
work slowly and ponderously. The pollen is carried loosely not
only on the hairs of the tibiae, femora and trochanters but on much
of the underside of the body. Many of the individuals are large
and heavy in relation to the blossom, which usually bends down-
ward from the bee’s weight with the bee hanging underneath. Not
infrequently bees will fall off of the flower to the ground and in cold
weather they may remain for some time where they fall (they may
be readily picked up by hand). Even under favorable conditions
the bent over flower tends to obscure the bee and to make it dif-
ficult to estimate the number of individuals active at a given mo
ment.

Unlike most other Andrena, the species of Melandrena are
noisy fliers, suggesting the buzzing of certain anthophorids. This
is evident when the bee is arriving at the flower site or leaving it
but is not so obvious when it is moving from flower to flower.
Sometimes, after a pollen load is completed, bees will fly to a low

178

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

shrub and “rest” before returning to their burrows. On other
occasions, they fly directly to the burrow from the last flower
visited.

Activities around Burrows

In 1954 the activities of a number of bees around their bur-
rows was observed on two consecutive flays. On the third day eight
of these were captured and were later identified as follows: one
A. mojavensis, two oenotherae and five deserticola. Since most of
their activity varied as much between individuals as between
species a generalized account is reported here.

Most of the bees observed gathered pollen on both of the obser-
vation days and were captured when returning with additional
pollen on the third day. Others, however, left their burrows on
only two of these days and their burrows remained plugged with
moist sand, either at or near the surface, during the other day. On
pollen collecting days the burrows were usually opened long before
the first flight, rarely only a few minutes before flight. After open-
ing, the female remains just within the entrance until ready to
leave. Flight away from the burrow is variable and some indivi-
duals fly a reconnoitering pattern over and around the burrow
before the first and sometimes subsequent flights; others fly direct-
ly away. The first trip to the flowers and return is frequently as
short as one minute, but in such cases the bee returns with a
partial pollen load. The next several trips are completed in two to
four minutes each and later trips in three to eight minutes. How-
ever this is the average condition and almost every individual
varied on one or both days from this pattern.

When returning with a pollen load the females usually fly
directly to the burrow and enter. More rarely they alight on bushes
or the ground in the general nesting area and remain for several
minutes before entering the burrow. The time individuals re-
mained within the burrows varied from one to four minutes; but
the time intervals for a given individual seldom varied by more
than a minute.

The number of trips completed on a single morning correlates
with the time of the first trip in relation to the starting time of
other individuals. The bees which fly early usually makes six trips,
those which start ten to fifteen minutes later seven or eight trips.
In the latter cases the bees usually returned from their last trip in

October, 1955] linsley et al — melandrena biology 179

a few minutes without completed pollen loads, or sometimes con-
siderably later without any pollen.

The burrow is plugged with a core of sand five to fifteen min-
utes after the last trip of the morning. The plug is brought up from
below and movements of the plugs indicate that three loads of
moist sand are used. On warm days the burrows are unplugged at
various times during the afternoon and usually plugged again
before sundown.

Conspicious variations in these habits were observed in 1955
due to colder conditions. Under these circumstances many burrows
remained closed all day and pollen collecting was sporadic.

Males were entirely absent from the nesting sites and flowers
throughout the periods of observation in both 1954 and 1955. This
suggests that mating takes place very early in the season before
nesting activity has begun. A mating pair of the related A. (M.)
linsleyi has been taken on February 26 and of A. (M.) rozeni on
April 5 the male badly worn) (Linsley and MacSwain, 1955).
Andrena (Melandrena) mojavensis Linsley and MacSwain

This is the largest of the four species from Oenothera in Short
Canyon. Female individuals range from 9.3 to 10.3 mm. in wing
length^ with a mode of 9.7 mm.

A large population of A. mojavensis nested in the steep sandy
area among the rocks on the southern side of the canyon. A sample
collection from this site on April 13, 1954, consisted of 70 moja-
vensis and 4 oenotherae; another on April 17, 1955, of 24 moja-
vensis alone. The species was also taken in numbers on the east
facing slope of a hill at the northern edge of the canyon’s mouth.
A few individuals were found nesting on the alluvial fan at the
northern side of the canyon in 1954 but only one in 1955.

Most observations of the flower habits of this species were
made at the flowers of Oenothera dentata and it was only on the
hills near the mouth of the canvon that it was found at Oenothera

j

clavaeformis in the absence of the smaller plant species.

Burrows of mojavensis have a vertical entrance and, in the
relatively coarse sand of the western slope, penetrate to an under-
lying layer of decomposing granite. Here the depth varied from
60 to 75 cm., and the diameter average almost 8 mm. A burrow
in the finer sand of the alluvial fan had a similar diameter and a
total depth of 60 cm.

^ Measured from apex of costal sclerite to apex of forewing.

180

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In 1955 the population of mojavensis on the upper slope was
active on the flowers on April 17 and 18 although a cold wind was
blowing down from the mountains and there was almost no activ-
ity among the bees nesting on the alluvial fan. However, this area
is somewhat protected from the wind and receives sunlight earlier
in the morning. Furthermore the slope receives the sun’s rays more
directly. On the warm morning of April 13, 1954 the first moja-
vensis were visiting the flowers on this slope at 5:10 A.M. and
were numerous by 5:15 A.M. By contrast the first bees appeared
on the alluvial fan at 5:20 A.M. and they were not abundant until
5 :30 A.M. In this latter case it is suggested that the time difference
is a reflection of the different species makeup in the two areas and
the ability of mojavensis to fly slightly earlier than the other
species.

In 1954 one female of mojavensis was nesting within a meter
radius of a burrow of each of the other two species. On April 13
this female left her burrow at 5:21 A.M. and returned with a pollen
load at 5:25 A.M. The female of deserticola left at 5:26 A.M. and
returned with a load at 5:32 A.M. and the female of oenotherae
left at 5:33 A.M. and returned with a load at 5:37 A.M. On this
day the three females completed five pollen loads at 5:53 A.M.,
6:06 A.M. and 6:03 A.M. respectively. Only the female of moja-
vensis made an additional trip from which she returned at 6:24
A.M. without pollen. On April 14 the female of deserticola did not
leave her burrow but mojavenis made seven trips, the last a long
one without gathering pollen and completed at 6:15 A.M., and the
female of oenotherae eight trips. The female of mojavensis was not
seen leaving on her first trip but returned with a full load at 5:16
A.M. (suggesting that she had left at about 5:10 A.M.) ; the other
female (oenotherae) left at 5:28 A.M. returned at 5:29 A.M. with
a poor load. Her second trip with her first full pollen load was
completed at 5:35 A.M. and her last at 6:28 A.M. The times of
first flight for four other females of deserticola and one other
oenotherae on the same days were similar and are reported in the
discussion of those species.

A conopid fly parasite of mojavensis was found in 1954. A
female bee containing a large larval conopid was accidentally un-
covered while digging a burrow of Diandrena on the alluvial fan.
No adult conopids were observed in this area and it seems likely
that the individual must have been attacked at an earlier period.

October, 1955] linsley et al — melandrena biology 181

Although a number of burrows of mojavensis were observed
on the upper slope no parasitic bees of the genus Nomadu were
seen to visit them. The same situation obtained with the burrow
on the alluvial fan.

Andrena (Melandrena) oenotherae Timberlake
A, oenotherae was described from thirty-four females most of
which were from various localities in southern California, although
two specimens were included from the San Francisco Bay region
of California and one from the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. It
is now the commonest species of the subgenus in collections and
has been taken in association with several species of Oenothera.
Females from Short Canyon range from 8.4 to 9,1 mm. in wing
length with a mode of 8.9 mm. They are smaller than A. mojaven-
sis and slightly larger than A. deserticola.

A few individuals of this species were collected on the southern
slope of Short Canyon in 1954 but not in 1955. Burrows were not
located on the slope but probably occured nearby. However, a
somewhat larger number of individuals occurred on the alluvial
fan. In 1954, two were found nesting and at least three others
taken on the flowers of Oenothera dentata. In 1955 a total of 12
individuals were collected or found nesting in this same area.

The burrows of this species were located toward the upper
portion of the alluvial fan either on or immediately adjacent to
an unpaved road, where the sand was small-grained and hard-
packed. The burrows were commonly in groups of two or three
with burrows only a few centimeters apart. Less frequently they
were found within a few centimeters of burrows of deserticola.

The observed burrows of A. oenotherae had slanting entrances
which are readily separable from the vertical entrances of the
other two species. The diameters and, to a lesser degree the depths,
of the burrows vary with the size of the female so that the dimen-
sions approach those of the smallest burrows of mojavensis or the
largest of deserticola.

Data indicate that the seasonal activity of oenotherae in Short
Canyon is slightly later than either mojavensis or deserticola.
The clearest evidence of this is in the relative activities of females
of oenotherae and deserticola on various dates in April, 1955. In
early April when a majority of female deserticola were digging
burrows the majority of female oenotherae were searching, pre-
sumably for suitable nesting sites. On April 10, numerous females

182

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of the former species were gathering pollen but only one of the
latter species was taken from the flowers. With other species of
Andrena we have found that the species which appear first in the
season also appear earliest in the day throughout the season. As
stated above, oenotherae females were found to start their morn-
ing activity a few minutes to as much as twenty minutes later than
females of either mojavensis or deserticola. Similarly on cold days
when only one or two females were taken visiting flowers on the
alluvial fan they were all deserticola. Of interest, was the capture
of a female oenotherae and a female deserticola, on the same day
in April, 1954, each of which was parasitized by a single female
Stylops. Larvae were emerging from the Stylops female in the
deserticola female but not from the other.

In addition to these parasites two unidentified species of
nomadine bees were commonly seen entering the burrows of both
of these Melandrena species and eggs and larvae of the parasites
were found in several of the cells. Two meloid first instar larvae
were also found in the cells, one a Meloe sp., the other Lytta stygica
(LeConte). However, neither these beetles nor a bombyliid fly,
which was seen to oviposit in the burrows, were shown to be para-
sites of these bees.

Andrena (Melandrena) deserticola Timberlake

A. deserticola was previously known from two females collected
from the western part of the Mojave Desert. The series of females
from Short Canyon range from 7.9 to 8.9 mm. in wing length with
a mode of 8.4 mm. This is the smallest of the three species from
Oenothera in Short Canyon.

This species was collected only on the alluvial fan where it was
the most numerous of the three. In 1954 five were found nesting
and nine taken on the flowers. In 1955 a total of 51 individuals was
collected at the flowers or found nesting on this slope. Some females
of all three species were collected at their burrows, identified and
then released. The numbers of these latter individuals are not in-
cluded in the figures given above.

Burrows of this species were most abundant adjacent to the
road at the upper end of the alluvial fan. Their vertical entrances
permit their separation from those of oenotherae and their narrow
diameters from those of mojavensis. Upon excavation they were
found to be the shallowest of the three species and several cells
were only 45 cm. from the surface.

October, 1955] linsley et al — melandrena biology 183

The diurnal activity and parasites of this species have been
discussed under A. oenotherae above.

Andrena (Melandrena) flandersi Timberlake
On April 12, 1954, two males and a female of this species were
taken at flowers of Cryptantha during the middle of the day on
the hillside where A. mojavensis was nesting. The female bore
pollen grains of Oenothera. However, no other specimens were
found and its ecological relationships with the three main species
in Short Canyon remain unknown.

Discussion

The factors which permit the survival of three competing species
of Melandrena in Short Canyon were not obvious to us during the
brief periods available for observations. Although the facts must
await future investigations, perhaps a few speculations based upon
other situations of which we have better knowledge, will be useful.

The various localities in which two or three species of Melan-
drena are known to compete successfully are desert localities in
the Mojave and Colorado Deserts (Needles, Hopkins Well, Desert
Center, Thousand Palms, La Quinta, Palm Canyon and Salton
Sea) . At Riverside and near Perris (Riverside County) two species
( oenotherae and hlaisdelli) fly at the same time but it is not known
whether or not they collect pollen from the same species of Oeno-
thera. Records from coastal and montane areas do not yet reveal
more than one Oenothera monolege in a given locality. If these are
indications of the true situation, it suggests that the desert habitat
may be conducive to survival under competitive conditions.

In Short Canyon, a very favorable season, such as occurred in
1954, with an abundant pollen source extending over a long period
of time and favorable flight conditions, is exceptional. Under such
conditions, data available indicate that the three species share the
available resources by differential nest site selection and slight
differences in diurnal and seasonal activity. Thus mojavensis tends
to nest on the steeper hillsides, oenotherae and deserticola in the
flat, and oenotherae begins collecting pollen a little later in the
morning and continues later in the season than do the other two
species. There did not appear to be any competition for nesting
sites, but competition for the daily supply of pollen was intense.

In cold seasons flight activity is greatly reduced and the sur-
vival of the species is close to the critical level. Although the avail-
able pollen is usually reduced, the bees are not able to utilize it

184

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

fully. Activity patterns are modified and the species which has the
competitive advantage in the favorable season may not have it in
the cold season. In dry seasons, the pollen source is greatly re-
duced, and the competitive pressure favors the species which is
able to collect a pollen load rapidly in the early morning. The
characteristic climatic variations in the desert regions may thus
favor one species in one season and others in other seasons and in
combination with differential nest site selection permit the survival
of the three species in a single small area.

In the brief periods of observation during 1954 and 1955,
parasites and predators were not observed to be significant limit-
ing factors. There were some slight indications of different para-
site complexes associated with various bee species. These could,
in the favorable periods, contribute to the heterogeneity of the
ecological situation and thus the survival of all three forms. If
1955 had been a favorable year for bee activity, it would have
been an ideal time to make observations on this aspect.

„ ,, Literature Cited

Bischoff, H.

1927. Biologic der Hymenopteren. Berlin, vii-t-598 pp.

Bohart, G. E.

1952. Pollination by native insects. Yearbook of Agriculture, 1952:
107-121, figs.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

1901. Andrena anograe n. sp., in: Morice and Cockerell, The American
bees of the genus Andrena described by F. Smith. Canadian
Ent., 33:154.

Hicks, C. H.

1926. Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder County,
Colorado. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 15:217-252.

1934. Some reared insect parasites and their hosts. Univ. Colo. Studies,
21:265-271, 3 figs.

Lanham, U. N.

1949. A subgeneric classification of the New World bees of the genus
Andrena. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entom., 8(5) : 183-238.

Linsley, E. G.

1938. Studies in the Andrenidae of North America — I. Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., (4)23:263-282.

1951. Andreninae, in: Muesebeck, Krombein, and Townes, Hymenoptera
of America north of Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agr. Monog. no. 2:
1052-1086.

Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain

1955. The North American andrenine bees of the subgenus Melandrena
with descriptions of new species. Pan-Pacific Ent., 31(4) :173-
185.

October, 1955]

LINSLEY ET AL MELANDRENA BIOLOGY 185

MacSwain, J. W.

1945. Nesting habits of Andrena rhodotricha Linsley. Pan-Pacific
Ent., 21 :34.

Malyshev, S.

1926. The nesting habits of Andrena F. Trav. Soc. Nat. Leningrad,
56:25-78.

Neilsen, E. T.

1934. Sur les habitudes des Hymenopteres aculeates solitaires. IV.
(Apidae). Entom. Meddelelser, 8:421-472.

Packard, A. S.

1868. The home of the bees. Amer. Nat., 1:364-378, 596-606.

Parker, J. B. and A. G. Boving

1924. The blister beetle Tricrania sanguinipennis — biology, descrip-
tions of different stages, and systematic relationships. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 64(23) :l-40, pis. 1-5.

Perkins, R. C. L.

1919. The British species of Andrena and Nomada. Trans. Ent. Soc.
London, 1919:218-317.

Rau, P.

1922. Ecological and behavior notes on Missouri insects. Trans. Acad.
Sci. St. Louis, 24:1-71, pis. 5-8.

1935. Notes on the nesting habits of the red-bellied bee, Andrena
erythrogastra Ash. Ent. News, 45:35-37.

SiviK, F. P. '

1954. Ecological notes on three species of solitary bees. Ent. News,
65:253-256.

Smith, J. B.

1901. Notes on some digger bees — 1. Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 9:29-40.
Timberlake, P. H.

1937. New species of Andrena from California. Pan-Pacific Ent.,
13:69-74.

Ulrich, W.

1933. Fan und Ziichtung von strepsipteren. Handb. der biologisch.
Arbeitsmethoden, Abt. 9, Teil 7. Heft 2, 259-327.

Book Notices

MORPHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF STURMIA HARRISINAE COQUIL-
LETT (DIPTERA) , A PARASITE OF THE WESTERN GRAPE LEAF
SKELETONIZER. By Owen J. Smith, Paul H. Dunn, and John H..
Rosenberger. Univ. Calif. Publ. in Ent., Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 321-358, 25
text figs. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles;
June 6, 1955. Price 50 cents.

THE MEGACHILINE BEES OF CALIFORNIA (Hymenoptera: Mega-
chilidae). By Paul D. Hurd, Jr., and Charles D. Michener. Bull. Calif.
Insect Survey, Vol. 3, pp. 1-248, inch 24 pis., 112 maps. University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles; May 31, 1955. Price $3.50.,
This study is based on the examination of some IS.OOO specimens. It

186

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

provides . . usable keys, pertinent descriptive comments, and detailed
data on distribution and floral visits of certain megachiline bees found in
the state of California. The genera Anthocopa, Ashmeadiella, Chelostoma,
Chelostomopsis, Dicer atosmia, Heriades, Hoplitis, Proteriades are treated in
detail, but the genera Coelioxys, Megachile, and Osmia are considered only
to the subgeneric level.” — Hugh B. Leech, Department of Entomology,
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of
THE Plenary Powers in certain cases for the avoidance of

CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION OF CURRENT
NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A.(n.S.)22)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the Interna-
tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary
Powers is involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned
names included in Parts 3 and 4 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature, both of which Parts were published on
28th February, 1955:

(1) Application in Part 3 of Volume 11

(1) Entomobrya Rondani, 1861 (Class Insecta, Order Collembola),
validation of (pp. 75-77) (Z.N. (S. )485) .

(2) Application in Part 4 of Volume 11

(2) Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Myriapoda) , designation of a
type species for, in harmony with accustomed usage (pp. 134-136)
(Z.N.(S.)843).

1. Attention is also drawn to the proposed adoption of the
undermentioned ‘‘Declarations” :

(a) clarifying Rule (g) of Article 30 relating to the selection of the
type species, in cases where a species has two or more names ob-
jectively synonymous with one another (pp. 86-89) (Z.N.(S.)878) ;

(b) regarding the specific name to be adopted for the type species of a
genus in cases where that species possesses two or more objectively
synonymous such names (pp. 112-113) (Z.N. (S.) 908) .

2. Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the
foregoing applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secre-
tary to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village
East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.l, England) as soon as pos-
sible. Every such comment should be clearly marked with the
Commission’s File Number as given in the present Notice. —
Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature.

October, 1955] mckenzie — lepidosaphes

187

A NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOSAPHES SCALE INFESTING
UMBRELLA PINE IN CALIFORNIA

(Homoptera; Coccoidea: Diaspididae)

Howard L. McKenzie

California State Department of Agriculture, Sacramento

The new diaspidid scale, Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi McKenzie,

described in this article has gone many years without the benefit
of a specific name mainly because of confusion which has existed
regarding the identity of North America coniferous-infesting
species of this group. In California the new species is found
intermixed with Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cockerell), (previously
considered by Ferris^ (1938) as Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc),
on the needles of Umbrella pine, SciaUdopitys verticiltata.

Correspondence (December 15, 1949) from Dr. Harold Morri-
son, Coccidologist of the United States Department of Agriculture,
called attention to the mistaken identity of Lepidosaphes newsteadi
infesting conifers in North America, and after his review stated:
“I have no reason to believe that Lepidosaphes newsteadi is
present in this country and expect that all records of this, includ-
ing that by Ferris (Atlas 11:146), will ultimately be assigned else-
where.” More recently, Balachowsky^ (1954) presents a published
account of Morrison’s statements and correctly identifies the
species in North America as Lepidosaphes maskelli (Cockerell).

The only California infestation of Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi
on Umbrella pine is in association with L. maskelli, the latter
being by far the most predominant species. For example, out of
twenty-four specimens mounted for microscopic examination, only
two of them proved to represent L. sciadopitysi. Morrison further
indicated in his correspondence that there were two or three
collections of Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi, in each case infesting
Sciadopitys verticillata, from the eastern United States, these
apparently not intermixed with any other species. Consequently,
at the request of the author. Dr. Morrison kindly made available
these various lots to be used as type material of this species. At
Dr. Morrison’s suggestion the holotype will be deposited in the
United States Department of Agriculture collection at Washing-

^ Ferris, 1938, Atlas of the Scale of Insects of North America, Stanford Uni-
versity Press, Sanford University, California, Series 2 ;146, illustrated.

^ Balachowsky, 1954, Les Cocheniles Palearctiques de la Tribu des Diaspidini,
Memoires Scientifiques de L’Institut Pasteur, pages 87-91, illustrated.

188

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

ton, D.C. A description of the species follows:

Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi McKenzie, new species

(Figure 1)

Suggested Common Name: Umbrella pine Lepidosaphes.

Host and Distribution: Type and paratypes from Scuvdopitys
sp. (probably verticUlata) collected at Greenwich, Connecticut
on November 10, 1908 by Charles T. Hatling, Additional para-
types are available from the same host collected at Washington,
D.C. (Botanical Gardens) on November 15, 1908 by J. D, Sanders;
on Sciadopitys verticiUata at Garden City, Long Island, New
York, on August 2, 1930 by J. G. Saunders; on the same host at
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania on June 18, 1945 by G. B. Sleesman;
and the same host at San Marino, Los Angeles County, California
on October 25, 1949 by R. W. Harper.

Type Material: Type slide with four specimens, the holotype
ringed with black ink, and paratypes will be deposited in the
United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Additional
paratypes will be placed in the California State Department of
Agriculture collection at Sacramento, California, and in the
author’s own collection.

Habit: Occurring on the needles. Seale of the female quite
slender, averaging approximately 1.40 mm. long, brownish,
exuvium terminal; male scale smaller, similar in color to that of
adult female, exuvium terminal.

Recognition Characters: Length as mounted on microscope
slide averages slightly less than 1 mm.; membranous at full
maturity; abdominal segments but little produced laterally and
with three sets of pronounced lateral selerotized spurs (see illus-
tration) ; antenna two-spined; perivulvar pores present in five
groups, anterior median group ranging from 3—7, average 4.6,
anterior lateral group ranging from 5—11, average 7.2, posterior
lateral group ranging from 4—9, average 5.7 ; median pygidial
lobes relatively small, low and rounded apically, once-notched on
each side, second lobes bilobed, each once-notched on outer
margin, remainder of pygidial margin with no distinctive features ;
dorsal macroducts much smaller than marginal ones of pygidium,
submedian ones occurring across prepygidial abdominal segments
3—4 inclusive, and marginally only on first abdominal segment
and metathorax, dorsal submedian macroduct group on sixth

October, 1955] mckenzie — lepidosaphes

189

segment containing usually one or two ducts on each side; fifth
segment with but one or two submarginal macroducts on each
side; ventral microducts and gland tubercles situated as shown
on accompanying illustration.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

A, pygidium of adult female; B, details of the dorsal aspect of the
pygidial margin; C, habit; D, body of the adult female. Unlettered details
are connected to their points of origin by guide lines and should be readily
identifiable. The figures were prepared by the author. They are based upon
well-stained examples which emphasize the derm sclerotization.

190

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

Notes: In California, Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi McKenzie, is
found intermixed with L. maskelli (Cockerell) on the needles of
Umbrella pine situated in the Huntington Gardens at San Marino,
Los Angeles County. This is the only known infestation of sciadopi-
tysi in the State. The scale has persisted for years in spite of
repeated attempts to control it by spraying.

Both L. sciadopitysi and L. Maskelli are indistinguishable
externally on the needles. Microscopically, however, sciadopitysi
differs from maskelli chiefly in the presence of three (3) sets of
lateral abdominal spurs, these lacking in maskelli, and a two-
spined antenna as compared to only one-spined in maskelli.

AN ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT APHID NEW TO
THE UNITED STATES ^

W. D. Fronk

Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Laramie
Among aphids sent F. C. Hottes, Grand Junction, Colorado,
for identification were found several slides of Myzus ascalonicus
Doncaster. These aphids were collected April 24, 1940, at Evan-
ston, Wyoming, from onion sets sent from Detroit, Michigan. So
far as is known this aphid has not previously been reported from
the United States, although it has been found on chrysanthemum
and carrot in Canada (MacGillivray, 1954) . It was first described
in England by Doncaster (1946a), who found it on shallots,
onions, and other plants in storage, in the greenhouse, and in the
open.

It is interesting to note that M. ascalonicus was first noticed in
England in 1941 (Doncaster, 1946b), while the Wyoming collec-
tion was made in 1940. This aphid has been shown to be an effici-
ent vector of several plant diseases (Doncaster 1946b), and is
thus of potential importance in the United States.

1 Published with approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment
Station, as Journal Paper No. 61.

Doncaster, J. P.

1946a. The shallot aphis, Myzus ascalonicus sp. n. (Hemiptera, Aphi-
dae). Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London (B) 15:27-31.

1946b. The shallot aphis, Myzus ascalonicus Doncaster, and its behavior
as a vector of plant viruses. Ann. Appl. Biol. 35:66-68.
MacGillivray, M. E.

1954. Note on Myzus ascalonicus Doncaster (Homoptera:Aphidae) an
aphid new to North America. Canadian Ent. 86:454.

October, 1955] leech — macranclyus & phloeophagus 191

MACRANCYLUS LITTORALIS (BROUN) IN CALIFORNIA,
WITH A NOTE ON PHLOEOPHAGUS PROTENSUS

(WOLLASTON)

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Hugh B. Leech

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco

Macrancylus LITTORALIS (Broun)

Eutornus littoralis Broun, 1880. Manual of New Zealand Coleoptera, 1:536.
Macrancylus franciscanus Van Dyke, 1953. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 29(2):

107—108. New synonymy.

Dr. Van Dyke ended the description of his new species with
the statement: “Since it occurs in driftwood, it is possible that
M. franciscanus is an introduced species.”

With this in mind, in November, 1953 I sent a paratype to
Sir Guy A. K. Marshall at the British Museum. He replied “On
receiving your material I looked up the species described by
Broun from New Zealand, because within the last 20 years two
New Zealand Cossonines have established themselves in southern
England. There I soon found Macrancylus franciscanus Van Dyke,
which had been described by Broun as Eutornus littoralis in
1880. In 1893 Broun described two other species, E. cylindricus
and E. parvulus, also from the sea-shore, which are in my opinion
inseparable from littoralis.^’’

Because it inhabits logs on the sea shore, M. littoralis is likely
to spread steadily along the Pacific Coast, but is presumably not
of economic importance. According to the literature, it is illus-
trated in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, vol. 41,
pi. 16, fig. 12.

Phloeophagus protensus (Wollaston)

Rhyncolus protensus Wollaston, 1873. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1873, p. 647.
Rhyncolus protensus Wollaston, Buchanan, 1946. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.,

41(4) :136.

Although this species was described as from California, the
first reference to it in American literature seems to be that of
Buchanan.

Sir Guy Marshall writes that P. protensus has turned up in
some numbers in Egypt. Three specimens from Alexandria, Egypt,
compared by him with Wollaston’s type, are before me. They
most closely resemble P. calif or nicus Van Dyke, but are at once
distinguished from it and from all described North American

192

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

species by the widely separated front coxae. In our species the
front coxae are separated by a width only slightly greater than
that of an apical (claw bearing) front tarsal segment. In P. pro-
tensus their separation is equal to the width of a front tibia.

P. protensus has apparently not been collected in California
since its description in 1873. This, coupled with its present occur-
ence in Egypt, suggest that it is very doubtfully a North Ameri-
can species.

Acknowledgment. I am indebted to Sir Guy Marshall for
notes, and for comparing specimens with the types.

Book Notice

FOREST ENTOMOLOGY IN HAWAII. AN ANNOTATED CHECK-LIST
OF THE INSECT FAUNAS OF THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF
THE HAWAIIAN FORESTS. By Otto H. Swezey (edited by R. H. Van
Zwaluwenburg) . 266 pp., 32 text figs. B. P. Bishop Museum Special
Publication 44. Honolulu, August 2,. 1954. Price |4.00.

The Hawaiian forest plants are listed alphabetically by their generic
names (with a few cross-referenced exceptions, such as “Grasses”), and
under each species the associated insects are grouped by orders and families.
Each insect species has a citation to its original description; the list of
References comprises pp. 231-247. The index is inclusive, but species names
must be sought under the alphabetized generic names of current usage.

This list is based on the notes made by Dr. Swezey in over 40 years of
rearing miscellaneous insects, with some additional data from the literature.
It is full of interesting facts, and the more man’s “progress” changes the
endemic fauna and flora, the more will this paper be valued as a record. —
Hugh B. Leech, Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco.

Book Notice

THE EVOLUTION AND TAXONOMY OF THE SARCOPHAGINAE
(Diptera, Sarcophagidae) . By Selwyn S. Roback, Illinois Biol. Mon-
ogr., Vol. 23, Nos. 3—4, pp. v -j- 181, inch 34 pis., 1 text fig., 9 charts.
University of Illinois Press, Urbana; December, 1954. Price $5.00
(cloth), $4.00 (paper).

Some of the section heading are; Morphology and Terminology, Phylo-
geny. Biogeography, Nutritive Evolution, and Classification. This last con-
tains a synopsis of tribes and subtribes (males) which is in the form of a
key, but is said not to be a key for the identification of specimens ; and a key
to the genera (males only), for which the included species are listed.
Seven new genera and 4 new subgenera are erected. — Hugh B. Leech,
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

October, 1955]

GILBERT CAECOSSONUS

193

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF BLIND WEEVIL

FROM FLORIDA

(Coleoptera: Cossoninae)

Edward E, Gilbert

University of California, Berkeley

In the course of a recent study of the possible phylogenetic
relationships of the subfamily Raymondionyminae, the author
also accumulated specimens of blind weevils in other subfamilies.
Among these was a series of seven specimens from Florida, ob-
tained from Dr. Milton B. Sanderson, Illinois Natural History
Survey, which apparently represents the first blind species to be
recognized in the Cossonini. Since it also appears to represent a
new genus, descriptions are offered at this time.

Caecossonus Gilbert, new genus.

Body narrowly elongate, moderately compressed dorso-ventrally, levi-
punctate, ferruguno-testaceous, moderately convex and shining above.
Head short, globular, smooth and shining; eyes absent. Beak arcuate,
two times length of head, separated from head by a transverse notch ; viewed
dorsally, constricted at middle, widest subapically, apex truncate; viewed
laterally equal in thickness throughout; viewed ventrally, with a deep
elongate median concavity at middle of beak; scrobes lateral throughout,
deepest at insertion, becoming shallower basally, ending as a slight con-
cavity before basal constriction. Antannae inserted at apical third, scape
elongate-clavate, almost attaining apex of prothorax, funicle clavate, eight
segmented, first segment longer than wide, equal to second and third com-
bined, second to eighth segments wider than long; club obovate, first segment
glabrous and shining, greater than one half club length, second and third
segments densely pubescent. Prothorax ovate, longer than wide, apically
arcuate, basally sinuate, widest sub-basally. Scutellum triangulate, glabrous.
Elytra subconnate, basally subtruncate, sides parallel before middle, then
narrowly arcuate to apex; conjointly rounded at apex; elytral length
more than two times their combined width ; humeral angles not prominent.

Prosternum long, as long as meso- and metasternum combined, feebly
flattened medianly ; mesasternum short, one half length of metasternum ;
both meso- and metasternum feebly convex. Abdomen with first and second
segments long, subequal, separated by a fine suture; fourth abdominal
segment shorter than third; fifth segment subequal to third and fourth
combined, narrowly rounded at apex. Legs short, slender; fore coxae
barely, mid coxae fully separated by one half their own width, hind coxae
separated by their own width. Femora strongly clavate. Tibiae slender, fore
tibiae apically arcuate, with a ventral obtuse tooth at midde, and with a
robust apical recurved spur; mid and hind tibiae subparallel, with smaller
recurved spurs. Tarsi small, first and second segments subequal; third
tarsal segment one fourth longer, wider than long; fourth tarsal segment

194

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

Caecossnus dentipes Gilbert, new species; dorsal view (X 65)

October, 1955]

GILBERT — CAECOSSONUS

195

longer than third. Tarsal segments dorsally glabrous, the apical ventral
surfaces with long white pubescence; claws minute, simple and free.

This genus is most closely related to Cossonus, and like it has
the body compressed, subglabrous, the antennae inserted near the
apex of the beak, the fore coxae separated by more than one-
half their own width, the beak apically dilated, and more than
two times the length of the head. However, Caecossonus differs
by having the scrobes completely lateral, instead of directed
ventrally, the anteiinae eight instead of seven segmented, the eyes
absent, and the fore tibiae strongly dentate.

Caecossonus dentipes Gilbert, new species.

Body sparsely, but not uniformly, covered with minute pale yellow
setae, that are arranged in a single series on the elytral intervals. Head
translucent. Beak shining, sparsely and minutely punctate throughout;
dorsal surface fringed apically with a row of moderately robust white
setae, and with fine white setae before basal constriction, otherwise denuded ;
color light ferrugino-testaceous, dorsal lateral and apical borders darker,
with a pair of dark dorsal semicircular lines above antennal inserton, and
a median ventral stripe from the ventral concavity to the basal constriction.
Antennal scape, funicle dark amber, antennal club lighter. Prothorax mod-
erately shining, opaque, light ferrugino-testaceous, with a dark apical
margin which is lateraly and ventrally bordered by a series of large dark
subcontiguous punctures, dorsally the marginal dark area broadly arcuate,
widest medianly. Pronotum broadly convex, wider subapically than the
combined elytra, minutely and uniformly punctured, with minute setae
originating from the center of each puncture. Elytra translucent, light
ferrugino-testaceous with darker, more opaque punctures, that are shallow,
but conspicuously larger than those of pronotum, and arranged in a single
series, each puncture minutely medianly setate.

Sternum dull, apically fimbriate, sparsely punctate, the punctures sub-
equal to those on elytra; color light ferrugino-testaceous, coxal areas
darker, the fore coxal area with a triangular stripe extending dorsolat-
erally to pronotum, widest near coxae. Femora basally darker, shining,
translucent, minutely punctate, hind femora more extensively so; apically
lighter, dull, opaque, heavily punctate. Tibiae subtranslucent ; fore tibiae
posteriorly fimbriate from tooth to apex, apically armed with a single spur;
mid and hind tibiae sparsely and uniformly setate, with a small apical lateral
tooth in addition to apical spur. Abdomen dull, opaque, sparsely and
minutely punctate. Length 2 mm. (excluding beak), width .6 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female (Illinois Natural History
Survey, Entomology) and three female and two male paratypes.
All seven specimens were taken by Drs. 0. W. Richards and L. J.
Stannard from ground litter in a Hammock on Stock Island,
Florida, December 29, 1951.

196

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

ASSOCIATION OF SEVERAL FEMALE SAWFLIES IN THE
GENUS PACHYNEMATUS WITH PREVIOUSLY
DESCRIBED MALES

( Hymenoptera : T enthredinidae )

Woodrow W. Middlekauff

University of California, Berkeley

Ross (1945) described the males of Pachynemaifus miscus
from Oregon and California and P. sporax from Idaho, Oregon,
Saskatchewan and Washington but was unable to associate females
with the males. Consequently, females of the above species have
never been described.

Considering the fact that several authors record members of
this genus causing considerable damage to wheat, Marlatt (1896),
Ross (1945) and Armitage (1954), it is felt advisable to describe
the adult females. Recent collections of males with females in
California now permit this association to be made.

Specimens described are in the collection of the author and the
California Insect Survey.

Pachynematus miscus Ross

Pachynematus miscus Ross, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 47:114; 1945. ^ .

Female. — Length 7.5 mm. Color black with tibiae and apices of femora
dirty- white; wing membrane hyaline, veins and stigma dark brownish-black.
General structure typical for genus. Saw as in figures A, and B.

Allotype, female. — Berkeley, Alameda County, California, March 31,
1954. J. W. MacSwain collector. In collection of the author.

Distribution in Californa — Alameda County, Berkeley, 9 , III-31-54
(J. W. MacSwain, W.W.M.) ; 4^ ^111-22-54 to IV-7-54 (J. W. MacSwain,
W.W.M. ) Previously recorded from Corvallis, Oregon and San Francisco
(Ross, 1945)

Larvae of this species remain unknown but presumably feed
upon grasses as to other known members of the extensicornis
complex. Adults were taken upon flowers of buttercup. Ranunculus
californicus Benth.

Pachynematus sporax Ross

Pachynematus sporax Ross, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 47(5): 114-115,^.

Female. — Length 6.5-7 mm. Color in general yellowish-brown and black.
Head: yellowish-brown shading to reddish-orange dorsally. A large some-
what quadrate spot on front of head enclosing ocelli, protruding laterally
towards the eyes in the antennal region and extending backwards as narrow
thread-like lines in post-ocellar lateral furrows, a small area between the
furrows, and antennae, black; mandibles reddish orange on apical half
shading to black at apex. Thorax: praescutum with a large, solid U-shaped

October, 1955] middlekauff — pachynematus

197

mark, a large spot on lateral portion of scutum, a spot on midline of
mesoscutellum which narrows anteriorly, post-tergite, metascutellum, cervical
sclerites, basal half as well as a line on apex of mesepisternum, black.
Legs: Base of coxae and base of femora beneath, tibiae at apex frequently
and tarsi, black. Wings: membrane hyaline, costa, radial stem, base of
medius and stigma straw-color, remainder of venation brownish-black.
Abdomen: tergites I-VIII except narrow posterior line and saw sheath,
black. Remainder of body yellowish-brown or straw-color. Saw as in
figures C, and D.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

A, Lancet of saw of female Pachynematus miscus Ross; B, ventral
margin enlarged; C, Lancet of saw of female P. sporax Ross; D, ventral
margin enlarged.

198

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

Allotype, female. — California, Santa Barbara Co., Ciiyama Valley,
March 3, 1954. R. M. Hawthorne collector. On wheat. In collection of the
author.

Distribution in California — Santa Barbara Co., Cuyama Valley, 2$ $,
III-3-54 (R. M. Hawthorne, W.W.M.) ; 2^ 111-11-54 (R. M. Hawthorne,

W.W.M.); 61$ 9, IV-8-54 (H. L. Hall, W.W.M.) ; 14 $ 9 , V-15-54 (R.
P. Allen, W.W.M. ). All collections made on wheat. Previously recorded
from Saskatchewan, Idaho, Oregon and Washington (Ross, 1945).

Larvae of this species have been causing economic damage to
wheat in the Cuyama Valley since 1950 according to Mr. J. E.
Swift, Extension Entomologist, University of California, who first
brought them to my attention in the spring of 1953. A number of
adults were secured this year as indicated in the above records.
The color pattern is remarkably uniform.

REFERENCES CITED

Armitage, H. M.

1954. Current insect notes. Bull. Calif. State Dept. Agric. 43(2) ;73-76.
Ross, H. H.

1945. A taxonomic outline of the Nearctic species of Pachynematus.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 47(5) :105-120.

Marlatt, C. L.

1896. Revision of the Nematinae of North America. U.S. Dept. Agric.
Div. of Ent. Tech. Ser. 3, p. 97.

Book Notices

A REVISION OF THE PSYCHODIDAE (DIPTERA) IN AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO. By Larry W. Quate. Univ. Calif. Puhl. in Ent.,
Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 103-273, 105 text figs. University of California
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles; May 25, 1955. Price $2.50.

The methods devised to make adequate slide mounts of these tiny
flies are given on pp. 106—107. There are idendification keys, from sub-
family to subspecies level. One genus, 27 species, and 5 subspecies are
described as new.

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE GENUS APHYTIS HOWARD
(HYMENOPTERA, APHELINIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES. By Harold Compere. Univ. Calif. Publ. in Ent., Vol.
10, No. 4, pp. 271—320, 19 text figs. University of California Press.
Berkeley and Los Angeles; May 10, 1955. Price 75 cents.

These tiny parasites of scale insects are exceedingly difficulty to classify.
In this paper the separations are chiefly on morphology, but on the basis
of over 30 years of field and laboratory experience the author draws atten-
tion to many challenging problems. There are keys to 7 related genera,
to 15 speeies, and to certain forms in each of 3 groups of species ; 13 new
species are described. — Hugh B. Leech, Department of Entomology, Cal-
ifornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

October, 1955] wygodzinsky — cryptostemma

199

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CRYPTOSTEMMA FROM

NORTH AMERICA

(Hemiptera: Cryptostemmatidae)

P. Wygodzinsky
University of California, Berkeley

The present paper contains the description of a new species
of Cryptostemma collected in California by Dr. R. L, Usinger
and J. D, Lattin. This genus, though apparently rather poor in
species, is known from various parts of the world: Europe, Asia
Minor, southern North America, Central America, the West
Indies and Trinidad, northwestern Argentina and New Guinea.
Only one species has thus far been reported from the U.S.A.,
viz., Cryptostemma uhleri recorded by Usinger (1945) from
Georgia. It is quite possible that additional species will be found’
and new locality records for the known species obtained if an
adequate search is made for these tiny Hemiptera in their typical
habitat, viz., under stones on the shores of mountain streams and
other bodies of water.

Cryptostemma usingeri Wygodzinsky, new species

Color of body and appendages stramineous; pronotum brownish; fore
wings slightly irridescent; abdomen somewhat darker below.

Macropterous male . — General shape subparallel. Length 1.7 mm. Head
and thorax as in fig. 1; pronotum distinctly widened posteriorly. Ocelli
large. Rostrum short, attaining hind border of prosternum. Second segment
of antennae twice as long as first. Macrochaetae of antero-lateral angles
of pronotum inconspicuous, those of postero-lateral angles distinct but short.
Hind border of pronotum slightly emarginate.

Forewings as in fig. 4, surpassing slightly the apex of abdomen.
Discal and apical cell separated by a transverse vein; no small cell at
base of discal cell.

Fore legs incrassate, median and hind pairs more slender. Coxae simple.
Spinelike setae on femora of second and third pair distinct. Tarsal formula
3:3:3. Tarsi of pairs I and II short and stout (fig. 3), of hind pair elongate;
without special characters. Praetarsi of pairs I and II each with a pulvillus.

Abdomen and genitalia as in figs. 7-13. Chaetotaxy as usual. Sternites
II-IX and tergites HI— VIII well developed, of unequal size, asymmetrical.
Spiracles present on parasternites IV-VHI. Left-hand parasternite VI
prolonged into a slender, curved process (fig. 7). Tergite VII subdivided
diagonally, the left-hand portion smaller than the other. Tergite VIII large;
right-hand parasternite fused with tergite, left-hand parasternite free,
movable, with a subelliptical projection (figs. 7, 11); hind border of
tergite VHI with several backwardly directed processes (fig. 7). Hypopygium
as in figs. 7, 8, 9; claspers as in figs. 7, 8, 12, 13; phallosoma as in fig. 10.

200

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

Brachypterous maZe.— Length 1.4 mm. Shape oval. General characters
as in macropterous male. Ocelli absent. Tarsal formula 3:3:3, shape of
tarsi as in macropterous male, pulvilli present on pairs I and II. Pronotum

Cryptostemma usingeri Wygodzinsky. Fig. 1, head and pronotum of
.aacropterous male; fig. 2, idem, brachypterous female; fig 3, fore leg of
miftcropterous male; fig. 4, fore wing of macropterous male; fig. 5, fore
tfing of brachypterous male; fig. 6, spermatheca of female; fig. 7, genital
region of male, seen from above. — Wygodzinsky del.

October, 1955] wygodzinsky — cryptostemma

201

almost rectangular, only slightly widened posteriorly (fig. 2). Fore wings
much reduced, coriaceous, not quite reaching to apex of abdomen; venation
difficult to make out, as in fig 5; fracture distinct. Hind wings apparently
absent. Abdomen and genitalia as in macropterous male.

Brachypterous female. — General aspect as in brachypterous male.
Length 1.5 mm. Tarsal formula 2:2:3; anterior and median tarsi incrassate,
though less so than in male; pulvilli absent. Fore wings as in brachypterous
male, hardly surpassing half the length of abdomen. General characters
of abdomen as usual; spermatheca as in fig. 6.

Fifth instar nymph. — General characters, shape, chaetotaxy of body
and armature of praetarsi as described for Cryptostemma haywardi (Wygod-

Cryptostemma usingeri Wygodzinsky. Fig. 8, abdomen of male, dorsal
view; fig. 9 idem, ventral aspect; fig 10, phallosoma; fig. 11. left-hand
parasternite VIII; fig. 12, right clasper; fig. 13, left clasper. — Wygodzinsky
del.

(

202

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

zinsky, 1952) ; however, with an additional small gland opening between
abdominal tergites VII and VIII.

Type locality: Hot Creek, Inyo County, California, 17-
VII-1953, R. L. Usinger and J. D. Lattin collectors (1 macrop-
terous male, holotype, 1 brachypterous female, allotype in collec-
tions of California Academy of Sciences, and 3 brachypterous
males and 2 brachypterous females, paratypes, and 8 nymphs in
the collections of R. L. Usinger, J. D. Lattin and the author).

The new species is named in honor of Dr. R. L. Usinger to
whom my sincere thanks are due for allowing me to describe this
interesting insect.

Most of the described species of the genus Cryptostemma, viz.
alienum Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835, hiroi Wygodzinsky, 1950, hay-
wardi Wygodzinsky, 1952, pratti Usinger, 1945, sordidai China,
1946, and uhleri McAtee & Malloch, 1925, possess a distinct small
cell at the base of the large discal cell of the fore wings ; this small
cell is not found in usingeri sp. n. The extremely short diagnosis
of C. smithi McAtee & Malloch, 1925, does not mention the
absence or presence of said cell, but in that species the second
antennal segment is distinctly less than twice as long as the first
(twice as long as the first in usingeri ) . C. pedunculatum McAtee
& Malloch, 1925, has no small cell at the base of the discal cell,
but the discal and apical cells are separated by a longitudinal
vein (separated by a transverse vein in usingeri). Cryptostemma
(Harpago) castaneovitreus recently described by Linnavuori
(1951) differs by the distinctive venation of its fore wing. The
complex male abdomen and genitalia furnish excellent additional
specific characters (see Wygodzinsky 1948, 1952).

References

Linnavuori, R.

1951. Studies on the family Cryptostemmatidae. Ann. Ent. Fenn. J7(3) :
92-103, 8 figs.

Usinger, R. L.

1945. Notes on the genus Cryptostemma with a new record for Georgia
and a new species from Puerto Rico (Hemiptera: Cryptostem-
matidae). Ent. News 56(9): 238-241.

Wygodzinsky, P.

1948. Contributions towards the knowledge of the genus Cryptostemma
Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835 (Cryptostemmatidae, Hemiptera). Rev.
Ent., Rio de Janeiro, J9(l-2) : 283—294, 51 figs.

1952. Sobre algunos Cryptostemmatidae, principalment de la Argen-
tina (Hemiptera). Acta Zool. Lill. 10 : 51-74, 93 figs.

October, 1955] strohecker — palaearctic decticid 203

A PALAEARCTIC DECTICID CAPTURED IN CALIFORNIA

(Orthoptera)

In a lot of California Orthoptera sent to me for study by Dr.
Paul Hurd, Jr. I found a single male specimen of the circum-
Mediterranean species Platycleis tessellata (Charpentier) . The
label accompanying the specimen noted its capture at Placerville
on June 15, 1951 by R. 0. Schuster.

In returning the specimens I asked Dr, Hurd to confirm the
record of P. tessellata. He informs me that Mr. Schuster is quite
certain of the accuracy of the data and adds the pertinent note,
“Mr. Schuster, the collector, points out that since the U. S. Forest
Service has brought in the majority of the world pine species to
the Placerville area, it is possible that the grasshopper may have
come in along with them.”

It seems improbable that a single introduced specimen would
be captured, but only additional search will disclose whether the
species is actually established in California. This insect is a small
decticid with completely developed wings. From our few long-
winged native decticids it can be distinguished by its small size and
a row of quadrate black spots along the discal area of the tegmina.
It is unlikely that it could ever be of economic interest. — H. F.
Strohecker, University of Miami.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of
THE Plenary Powers in certain cases for the avoidance of
CONFUSION and THE VALIDATION OF CURRENT
NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A. (n.S.)22)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the Interna-
tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary
Powers is involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned
names included in Parts 5 and 6 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature, both of which Parts were published
on 31st May, 1955:

(1) Applications in Part 6 of Volume 11

(1) Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Arachnida), designation of Scorpio
maurus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species of, and suppression of the name
europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpio
europaeus. (pp. 173-175) (Z.N.[S.]443) .

(2) Oxypoda Mannerheim, 1831 (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera), desig-
nation of Oxypoda spectabilis Maerkel, 1844, as type species of, to

204 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

validate current usage (pp. 176—178) (Z.N. [S.]443).

1. Notice is also given of proposals for the adoption of “De-
clarations” :

(a) defining the expression “monotypical genus” (pp. 146-152) A.N.
[S.1904).

(b) defining the combination to be attributed to the specific name
for a species described as belonging to one genus but for which
at the same time a second nominal genus is established condi-
tionally (pp. 179—180 (Z.N.[S.]894) .

2. Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the
foregoing applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secre-
tary to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village
East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.l, England) as soon as possible.
Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Commis-
sion’s File Number as given in the present Notice. — Francis
Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoologi-
cal Nomenclature.

Book Notice

THE CARABID BEETLES OF NEWFOUNDLAND, INCLUDING THE
FRENCH ISLANDS OF ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON. By Carl H.
Lindroth. Opuscula Entomologica, Supplementum XH, 160 pp., figs. 1-42
in text, 43-58 (habitats) on un-numbered pis. at end. Lund, 1955. For
sale by the Entomological Society, Zoological Institute, Lund, Sweden;
price 17 Swedish crowns (about $3.50), postage extra.

This is one of the best papers yet published on North Ameriean Cara-
bidae ; it lacks keys to species, but perhaps they are not to be expected in a
regional study. The taxonomy is based on over 20,000 specimens collected by
Lindroth and associates during two summers in Newfoundland, plus the
many other examples in the major collections of the eastern United States
and Canada.

Of special note is the interpretation of the data: this has been done by
a first-class taxonomist, versed in the Old World species, who has had access
to, and been able to dissect for genitalia, the types of most of the species
discussed. This has of course resulted in a considerable synonymy. The
taxonomy, ecology, and dynamics of each species is discussed; the ecological
information should set a standard for reporting on our fauna. One subgenus,
three species and one subspecies are described as new.

Two other relevant works published by the same author in 1955 are:
“Dejean’s types of North American Carabidae” (Opuscula Ent., 20 (1) :10-
34), and “A revision of Diachila Motsch, and Blethisa Bon., with remarks on
Elaphrus larvae” (Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, N.F. Avd. 2, 50(2) :l-28. —
Hugh B. Leech, Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco.

October, 1955]

INDEX TO VOLUME XXXI

205

Abedus, 37

Acalymma trivittata, 36
Acarina, 79, 109
Aceria anserina, 112
populinquis, 110
pynocephalae, 109
sphacelina, 109
trichophila. 111
Aedes atropalpus, 32
hexodontus, 32
schizopinax, 33

Agonum, 1, No. Amer. species
key, 3

anchomenoides, 1
belleri, 1, 12
consimile, 2, 3, 5
cupripenne, 2
darlingtoni, 4, 12
dilutipenne, 4, 10
ericeti, 2, 13
exaratum, 3, 5
galvestonicum, 3
gratiosum, 3, 7
lutulentum, 3, 9
melanarium, 2
obscurum, 13
pusillum, 1, 13
quadrimaculatum, 1
retractum, 4, 7
simile, 3
sordens, 4, 6
thoreyi, 2, 4, 8
Amphizoa lecontei, 43
Anasa tristis, 78
Anderson, Jurupa Ent. Club, 82
Andrena (Melandrena), 163
anograe, 164, 166
blaisdelli, 164, 167
deserticola, 165, 172, 173, 182
flandersi, 164, 167, 183
floral relationships, 173, 175
grundeli bernardina, 164, 166
grundeli grundeli, 164, 166
" linsleyi, 165, 170
micranthophila, 166
mojavensis, 165, 171, 173, 179
nesting habits, 173
nigra, 164, 167
oenotherae, 164, 170, 173, 181
prima, 163
rozeni, 164, 168
rubrotincta, 165, 170
vanduzeei, 165, 172
Andrenidae, 163, 173
Anobiidae, rearing records, 40
Anoplius fulgidus, 90
Anthocomus franciscanus, 37

Anthonomus deceptus, 159
quesnelensis, 160
Aonidiella aurantii, 78
citrinus, 78
Apanteles sp., 78
congregatus, 78
flaviconchae, 78
Aphelinoidea sp., 78
Aphidae, 190
Aphytis maculicornis, 78
Egyptian strain, 78
Persian strain, 79
Spanish strain, 79
sp. “Q”, 78
Apobaetis, 126
indeprensus, 127
Apoidea, 105, 163, 173
Archenomus, 78

Aspidiotiphagus sp, “N-270”, 78
Aspidiotus lataniae, 78
perniciosus, 78
Baris stacesmithi, 161
Bentinck, book review, 154
Bohart, book review, 172
Book notices & reviews, 86, 108,
154, 172, 185, 192, 198, 204
Bothriocraea, 79
Brachy tarsus kuwanai, 79
Buprestidae, 14

Caecossonus, 193, dentipes, 195
Calacarus adoratus, 115
adornatus, 115
carinatus, 115
theae, 115
Carabidae, 1
Cataclysta, 44
Cerambycidae, 63
rearing records, 40
Chaetopsylla, 93
fioridensis, 97
lotoris, 95
stewarti, 93

Chamberlin, Phloeosinus &
Renocis, 116

Chilocorus sp. nr. distigma, 79
Chromaphis juglandicola, 142
Chrysobothris calcarata, 14
chamberlini Fisher, nec Oben-
berger, 14
trinuncupata, 14
Cicadidae, 61
Cimicidae, 47, 137
Circulifer tenellus, 78
Clausen, parasite & predator
releases, 77
Cleona, 40
Cloeodes, 124, 131

* New names in bold face, synonyms and homonyms in italics.

206

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

Coccidae, 79, 139
Coccinellidae, 29
Coccophagus baldassarii, 79
eleaphilus, 79
eritreansis, 79
lycimnia, 140
nigritus, 79
Coccus hesperidum, 79
pseudomagnoliarum, 79
Coleoptera, 1, 14, 29, 34, 63, 79,
80, 87, 116, 148, 155, 191,
193

Colias eurytheme, 78
Cook, Platycotis, 151
Corimelaena virilis, 75
Crossidius, 63
coccineus, 63, 66
corallinus, 63
cruentus, 63
intermedius, 65
jocosus, 63
marginatus, 63, 66
mojavensis, 63
ornaticollis, 63
poecilus, 63
pulchellus, 66
ruficollis, 65
wickhami rhodopus, 64
Cryptostemma usingeri, 199
Cryptostemmatidae, 199
Culicidae, 31

Curculionidae, 87, 191, 193
Cybocephalus sp., 79
Cydnidae, 75

Cylindrocopturus eatoni, 40
Day, California mayflies, 121
Decticidae, 203

Diabrotica undecimpunctata, 36
Diaspididae, 87
Diptera, 31, 78, 83
Diversinervus, 79
Dorytomus columbianus, 157
Dytiscidae, 80
Encyrtus californicus, 140
infidus, 79

Eotetranychus sexmaculatus, 79
Ephemeroptera, 121
Eretes sticticus, 81
Eriophyes lithocarpi, 112
Eriophyidae, 109
Euborellia cincticollis, 68
Europhilus, 1
Exochomus floralis, 79
Formica rufa, 20
Fronk, Myzus ascalonicus, 190
Gilbert, blind weevils, 193
Grammoptera molybdica, 40
Grapholitha molesta, 78

Gurney, Iris oratoria, 67
Habrolepsis oppugnati, 78
Haematosiphon inodorus, 47, 137
Haliplus apicalis, 82
steppensis, 82
Haltichella sp., 78
Harrisina brillians, 78
Hedobia granosa, 40
Heifer, Chrysobothris name, 14
Helodidae, 34
Helophorus pardakoffl, 82
rufipes, 82

Hemiptera, 47, 73, 75, 137, 199
Hippomelas, 42
Holopleura marginata, 40
Homoptera, 61, 78, 139, 151, 187,

190

Horogenes sp., 78
Hydrochara affinis, 81
liber, 81

Hydrophilidae, 80
Hymenoptera, 16, 20, 78, 85, 90,
105, 163, 173, 196
Hyperaspis essigi, 29
moerens, 30
lateralis omissa, 31
lateralis wellmani, 30
sp., 79

taeniata bipunctata, 29
Hyposmocoma, 38
Ilybius angustulus, 80, 81
apicalis, 81
cinctus, 80, 81
lateralis, 80, 81
Insect fauna, Alaska, 36
Hawaii, 37

International Congress of
Entomology, 120
Iris oratoria, 67
James, tachinid fly, 83
Johnson, Chaetopsylla revision,
93

Jurupa Ent. Club, 82
Keifer, Eriophyid mites, 109
Lattin, Corimelaena virilis eggs,
75

Lecanium corni, 79
kunoensis, 79
pruinosum,139

Lee, Mexican chicken bug, 47,
137

Leech, book notices, 108, 185,
192, 198, 204

Macrancylus & Phleophagus,

191

Manchurian & Siberian water
beetles, 80

New genus for Cyphon
robustus, 34

October, 1955]

INDEX TO VOLUME XXXI

207

Okanagana tristis emergence,
61

Lepidoptera, 21, 78, aquatic, 43
Lepidosaphes ficus, 78
sciadopitysi, 188
Lindroth, Agonum (Europhilus)
revision, 1

Linsley, Crossidius, 63
Linsley & MacSwain, Melan-
drena, 163
Mexican Plega, 15
Linsley, MacSwain, & Smith,
Andrena (Melandrena)
biology, 173
Listronotus leechi, 156
Lotisma trigonana, 84
Lymaenon sp., 78
McKenzie, Lepidosaphes, 187
Macrancylus franciscanus, 191
littoralis, 191

Magdalis lecontei decepta, 158
Malkin, California Hyperaspis,
29

Mantidae, 67
Mantispidae, 15
Matsuda, Heteroptera
morphology, 73
Melandrena, 163, 173
Melitoma euglossoides, 16
Membracidae, 151
Metaphycus californicus, 139
flavus, 79
orientalis, 79
sp. “X”, 79
sp. “Y”, 1, 79
Metatetranychus citri, 79
Michelbacher, Frosted scale, 139
Micracis, 37
Microterys sp., 79
Microweisea coccidivora, 78
Middlekauff, Pachynematus, 196
Mirosternus, 39
Morphology, Hemiptera, 73
Myzus ascalonicus, 190
Neoclytarlus, 38
Neoclytus balteatus, 40
Nesoprosopis, 39
Nesotocus, 38
Neuroptera, 15

Nomenclature, Zoological, 20,
62, 186, 203
Nymphula, 44
Ochthebius vandykei, 37
Odynerus, 39
Oenothera, 163, 173
Okanagana tristis, 61
Omiodes, 38
Oodemas, 39
Orthoptera, 67, 203

Oxyplewrites occidens, 114
Pachynematus miscus, 196
sporax, 196
Pachyneuron sp., 140
Pacific Coast Ent. Soc., Field
trip, 41

Proceedings, 35

Paracloeodes, 121, abditus, 122
Parasites and predators,
releases, 77

Parker, Schizillus, beali, 148
Parlatoria oleae, 78
Phalaenidae, 21
Phaneroptera quadripunctata,
68

Phloeophagus protensus, 191
Phloeosinus pseudotsugae, 117
Phlyctaenia, 38
Phorocera sp., 78
Phymatodes aeneus, 40
Pirata sedentarius, 91
Plagithmysus, 38
Planococcus citri, 79
Platycleis tessellata, 203
Platycolis maritimus, 151, 153
Toinax, 151
■'iittata, 151

var. lineata, 152
var. quadrivittata, 152
var. sagittata, 152
Platydemia oregonense, 42
Platynaspis ( ? ) sp., 79
Platyphytoptus sabinianae, 115
Plectops amplicornis, 83
Plega banksi, 19
fumosa, 16
melitomae, 15
Pocadius fulvipennis, 42
Podapion alexanderi, 87
Polistes, 19
Polynema sp., 78
Pompilidae, 90
Prodenia, 21, androgea, 21
commelinae, 24
eudiopta, 24
eudioptoides, 24
flavimedia, 24
latifascia, 21
Uneatella, 24
litura, 21
marima, 21
ornithogalli, 21
praefica, 21
pulchella, 21
rubrifusa, 21
Prospaltella sp. ‘^P”, 78
Proterhinus, 39
Protodufonrea, 105
parca, 106

208

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXI, No. 4

wasbaueri, 107
Protoparce sexta, 78
Pseudaphycus, 79
Pseudocloeon, 121, 131
Psorophora signipennis, 31
Punctagonum, 12
Pyraustidae, 38
Rantus suturalis, 81
Reese and Nielsen, Utah
Mosquitoes, 31
Renocis heterodoxus, 118
Rhagoletis sp, nr. juglandis, 43
Rhynchaenus griseus, 88
Rhyncogonus, 38
Rozen, book review, 86
Saissetia oleae, 79
Sarabandus, 34, robustus, 34
Schizillus beali, 148
nunenmacheri, 150
Scolytidae, 116
Scotorythra, 38
Scymmus sp., 78
Setoptus jonesi, 116
Siphonaptera, 93
Sitona lupina, 155
Sleeper, Western U. S. weevils,
87

British Columbia weevils, 155

Smicronyx mackenziei, 87
Solierella weberi, 85
Southwestern Research Station
of the American Museum of
Natural History, 162
Sphecidae, 85

Stethorus punctum, 79, sp., 79
Strohecker, Palaearctic Decticid,
203

Strongylotes parallela, 89
Tachinidae, 83
Tenebrionidae, 148
Tenthredinidae, 196
Timberlake, Protodufourea, 105
Trichomagdalis conspersus, 37
van den Bosch & Smith,
Prodenia, 21

Vanessa tammeamea, 38
Vermipsyllidae, 93
Wasbauer, Anoplius fulgidus, 90
Williams, Solierella, 85
Wykodzinsky, Cryptostemma,
199

Xarifa lobata, 40
Xenoglossa fulva, 43
Xyletobius, 39

Zoological Nomenclature, 20, 62,
186, 203

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society

in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

VOLUME THIRTY-ONE

19 5 5

EDITORIAL BOARD

P. D. HURD, JR., Editor
HUGH B. LEECH, Associate Editor
E. G. LINSLEY, Associate Editor
R. L. USINGER, Associate Editor
E. S. ROSS, Assistant Editor
R. C. Miller, Treasurer
A. E. MICHELBACHER, Advertising

1955

E. R. Leach
E. G. Linsley

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
1956

E. O. Essig, Chairman
G. F. Ferris

1957

E. L. Kessel
H. B. Leech

San Francisco, California
19 5 5

11

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME XXXI
Anderson, L. D.

Jurupa Entomology Club 82

Bentinck, William C.

Book review: Pomp and Pestilence — Infectious

disease and its origins and conquest 154

Bohart, R. M.

Book notice: Insects of Micronesia 172

Chamberlin, W. J.

Description of a new species of Phloeosinus and
remarks regarding the life history and habits of

Renocis heterodoxus Casey .116

Clausen, C. P.

Releases of recently imported insect parasites and

predators in California, 1952-53-.- — 77

Cook, Paul P., Jr.

Notes on nomenclature and variation in Platycotis 151

Day, W. C,

New genera of mayflies from California. 121

Fronk, W. D.

An economically important aphid new to the United

States — 190

Gilbert, Edward E.

A new genus and species of blind weevil from Florida— 193

Gurney, Ashley B.

Further notes on Iris oratoria in California 67

Heifer, J. R.

A change of name in Chrysobothris 14

Hurd, Paul D., Jr.

International Congress of Entomology .120

The Southwestern Research Station of the American

Museum of Natural History — 162

James, Maurice T.

A new tachina fly of economic importance. 83

Johnson, Phyllis T.

The genus Chaetopsylla Kohaut, 1903, in North

America with the description of a new species 93

Keifer, H. H.

Eriophyid mites — Notes and new species 109

Lattin, John D,

The eggs of Corimelaena virilis (McAttee and Malloch) 75

Lee, Robert D.

The biology of the Mexican chicken bug, Haemato-

siphon inodorus (Duges)..- 47

New locality records and a new host record for

Haematosiphon inodorus - 137

Leech, Hugh B.

A new genus for Cyphon robustus Leconte, 34

Emergence of the cicada Okanagana tristis Van Duzee 61

Records of water beetles from Manchuria and Siberia 80

Book Review: A Manual of the Dragonflies of North
America (anisoptera) including the Greater Antilles
and the Provinces of the Mexican Border 108

f* ;

Book notice: Morphology and biology of Sturmia
harrisinae Coquillett (Diptera), a parasite of the

western grape leaf skeletonizer 185

Book notice: The Megachiline bees of California 185

Macrancylus littoralis (Broun) in California, with a

note on Phloeophagus protensus (Wollaston) 191

Book notice: Forest entomology in Hawaii, an anno-
tated check-list of the insect faunas of the various

components of the Hawaiian forests..... , 192

Book notice : The evolution and taxonomy of the

Sarcophaginae 192

Book notice: A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera)

in America north of Mexico 198

Book notice : A systematic study in the genus Aphytis
Howard (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) with descrip-
tions of new species 198

Book notice: The carabid beetles of Newfoundland,

including the French Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon 204

Lindroth, Carl H.

A revision of the North American species of Euro-
philus, a subgenus of Agonum with a note on Agonum
belleri 1

Linsley, E. Gorton

Notes and descriptions of some species of Crossidius 63

IV

Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain

Two new species of Plega from Mexico 15

The North American andrenine bees of the subgenus

Melandrena with descriptions of new species 163

Linsley, E. G., MacSwain, J. W., and R. F. Smith

Observations on the nesting habits and flower rela-
tionships of some species of Melandrena 173

McKenzie, Howard L.

A new species of Lepidosaphes scale infesting

umbrella pine in California — - 187

Malkin, Borys

Some California species of Hyperaspis new and old 29

Matsuda, Ryuichi

The morphological and taxonomic significance of the

basal segments in the Hemiptera-Heteroptera- 73

Michelbacher, A. E.

Frosted scale on walnuts in northern California 139

Middelkauff, Woodrow W.

Association of several female sawflies in the genus

Pachynematus with previously described males 196

Parker, Frank H.

A new species of Schizillus 148

Rees, Don M. and Lewis T. Nielsen

Additional mosquito records from Utah 31

Rozen, Jerome G.

Book review: Insect fact and folklore 86

Sleeper, Elbert L.

New rhyncohphora from western United States 87

New curculionidae from British Columbia I - 155

Strohecker, H. F.

A Palaearctic Decticid captured in California 203

Timberlake, P. H.

A new genus for two new species of Dufoureine bees

from California 105

van den Bosch, Robert and Ray F. Smith

A taxonomic and distributional study of the species

of Prodenia occurring in California 21

Wasbauer, Marius S.

Observations on the biology of Anoplius fulgidus Cresson.... 90

V

Williams, Francis X.

A new species of wasp of the genus Solierella from

southern California 1 ... 85

Wyodzinsky, P.

Description of a new Cryptostemma from North
America 199

MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME XXXI

No. 1 March 24, 1955
No. 2 June 30, 1955
No. 3 September 23, 1955
No. 4 December 13, 1955

Shell agricultural chemicals are top controls
for dozens of important pests.

On the farm and in the home, Shell Chemi-
cal’s powerful modern chemicals become
ever more useful in man’s war against pests.

a I d r i n

Soil and Turf Insects — rootworms, wire-
worms, white grubs, lawn chinch bugs,
green June beetle larvae, European chafer
grubs, root maggots, Japanese beetle lar-
vae and others. Aldrin is widely used on
corn, peanuts, turf, sugar beets, potatoes
and other crops. f

Cotton Pests — Aldrin’s fast, economical
control of boll weevil and other pests has
boosted yields and profits throughout the
cotton belt.

d i e I d r i n

On crops where long residual action is a
must . . . dieldrin is recognized as the top
control. Here are a few of the insects that
this insecticide controls:

Cotton — boll weevil, thrips, cutworms,
plant bugs.

Public Health Pests — mosquitoes, house-
flies, fleas, ticks, chiggers.

Grasshoppers — Dieldrin has proved to be
the most effective control in the U.S. be-
cause of its long residual action.

Lawn and Turf Insects — ants, Japanese
beetle larvae, white grubs, chinch bugs,
earwigs.

Fruit — plum curculio and “catfacing” in-
sects on apples and peaches.

Household Pests — roaches, silverfish, wasps,
carpet beetles, ants.

e n d r i n

Endrin has already set a sensational record
as a control for two of the most difficult
tobacco pests . . . hornworm and budworm.
It has proved to be effective and economical
on cotton crops. Advanced testing indicates
that endrin will gain approval and recom-
mendation for many more major crop pests
in the near future.

D - D (R)

This is the tried and proven soil fumigant
that controls nematodes in tobacco soil, as
well as in the soil used to grow many food
crops.

C B P

This unique soil fumigant is a two-way
weapon against nematodes and fungi. Use
it for ornamentals, turf and nursery propa-
gation beds and tobacco seed beds. It is
simple to apply as a drench.

AA weed-seed killer

An effective contact herbicide for control of
weed and grass seed in tobacco, nursery,
vegetable, and other seed beds. Apply as
a drench.

Write for latest technical information.

SHELL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Agrieulturoi Chemicals Division
P.O. Box 1617 • DENVER 1. COLORADO

- New York - San Francisco
• Jackson, Miss.

Atlanta

Houston
St. Louis

MANUFACTURERS AND PROCESSORS

OF

Sulphur

Insecticides

Fertilizers

Seeds

May we be of service to you?
Contact any of our field
or office personnel.

Home Office and Plant
Sunland Ave. Fresno, California

P. O. Box 1669 Phone Fresno 6-9881

Ill

two great
insecticides . . .

CHLORDANE

CONTROLS THESE INSECTS

Ants, Armyworms, Blister Beetles, Boxelder Bugs, Brown Dog Ticks, Cabbage
Maggots, Cattle Lice, Chiggers, Chinch Bugs, Cockroaches, Cotton Boll Weevils,
Crickets, Cutworms, Earwigs, Fleas, Flies, Grasshoppers, Household Spiders,
Japanese Beetle Larvae, Lawn Moths, Lygus Bugs, Mole Crickets, Mormon
Crickets, Mosquitoes, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curculio, Sarcoptic
Mange, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Sheep Ked, Silverfish, Sod
Webworms, Southern Corn Rootworms, Strawberry Crown Borers, Strawberry
Weevils, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Termites, Ticks, White
Grubs, Wireworms . . . and many others

HEPTACHLOR

CONTROLS THESE INSECTS

Alfalfa Weevils, Ants, Argentine Ants, Cotton Boll Weevils, Cabbage Maggots,
Chinch Bugs, Corn Borers (European), Corn Rootworms, Cotton Thrips,
Cowpea Curculio, Crickets, Cucumber Beetles, Cutworms, European Chafer,
Eye Gnats, Fleas, Flea Beetles, Garden Webworms, Grasshoppers, Japanese
Beetles, Leaf Miners, Lygus Bugs, Mormon Crickets, Mosquitoes, Narcissus-
Bulb Flies, Onion Maggots, Onion Thrips, Plum Curculio, Rapid Plant Bugs,
Screwworms, Seed Corn Maggots, Serpentine Leaf Miners, Spittle Bugs, Sugar
Beet Root Maggots, Sweet Clover Weevils, Tarnished Plant Bugs, Tobacco
Flea Beetles, Tomato Fruitworms, Tuber Flea Beetles, Turnip Maggots, Western
Harvester Ants, White Grubs (June Beetles), Wireworms . . . and many others..

WRITE FOR FULL PARTICULARS

IWI

DiVrffon of Arrojr Corporof^on

Ccnerol Offic«i and Loborolerioi -Expert Oimion

330 Eoit Grand Awnut, Chicago iMineii 100 East 42nd Street, New York 17* New York

VELSICOL

VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

KC PftCSENTATIVES

I N

f It I H C I f A L

C I T

e s

IV

For complete, accurate,
up-to-date information on

PARATHION

and

MALATHION

(also known as malathon)

direct your inquiries to the
developer of these important
broad-spectrum insecticides . . .

AMERICAN

Gmnamid

I

COMPANY

Manufacturer of ’JfHOP”'^ Parathion Technical
and MALATHION Technical

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS DIVISION

30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y.

V

Their weapons never change
. . . but ours do

Insects drill, chew and shred crops according to the
tools they carry. Their techniques never change.
The ways which farmers fight these insects, how-
ever, are constantly improving . . . largely through
chemistry. Today, better weed killers, insecticides
and fungicides help reduce crop losses. Tomorrow,
chemical research promises us even more efficient
control of crop destroyers.

Diseases, weeds and insects lurk on every farm.
Du Pont scientists are constantly looking for better
ways to stop them. Control of weeds with substi-

tuted urea herbicides, with their practically season-
long weed control, will be a boon to farmers grow-
ing asparagus, sugar cane and certain other crops.
One of the very few insecticides approved for use
on dairy cows is methoxychlor, a Du Pont dis-
covery. Control of the major diseases of tomatoes
is now possible with the newest addition to the list
of Du Pont carbamate fungicides . . . Manzate®.

The goal of Du Pont research is chemicals such
as these . . . products to increase your opportunities
for growth and success in agriculture.

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.)

Grasselli Chemicals Department, Wilmington, Delaware

V£6 u. s. PAT. orr

BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER L I V I N C . . . THR O l/G H CHEM/STRT

These products

are bad news

for crop pests

For over 25 years the Rohm & Haas
Company has been a leading de-
veloper and manufacturer of agri-
cultural chemicals. Some of the many
Rohm & Haas products now avail-
able are listed at the right.

CHEMICALS FOR

AGRICULTURE

ROHM e

COM Pil

WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHII

HAAS

IMV

.ADELPHIA 5, PA.

Dithane, Karathane, Perthane, Rhothane and Triton are
trademarks, Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. and in principal foreign countries.

PERTHANE

insecticides. They
have low toxicity to
warm-blooded
animals, good
solubility in aliphatic
solvents, and good
activity against
a variety of
household and
agricultural insects.

RHOTHANE
(DDD or TDE)

insecticides. They
control hornworms,
red banded leaf
rollers, codling moth,
tortrix and other fruit
and vegetable pests.

DDT

insecticides.

KARATHANE

fungicide. This is the
first organic fungicide
to give effective
control of powdery
mildew. Also has
activity against
several mite species.

DITHANE

fungicides. Used for
the control of
many diseases on a
variety of crops.

TRITON

emulsifiers. They are
offered in a wide
selection for the
emulsification of
many organic
pesticides used today.

MULTI-FILM "L"

"L" STANDS FOR LIQUID

A SPREADER and DEPOSIT BUILDER
that really WETS and still DEPOSITS

MULTI'FILM "L" ADDS A PLUS VALUE
TO NEW ORGANIC PESTICIDES

Colloidal Products Corporation

ESTABLISHED 1920

2598 TAYLOR STREET • SAN FRANCISCX>. CALIFORNIA

Manufacturers of Spreaders - Deposit Builders for Agricultural Sprays

THERE’S AN

Eston Insecticide

for every farm need,,.

ALKRON®

parathion formulations

ARATRONt

new miticide containing
aramite

BROMOFUME®

EDB soil fumigants

ESTONMITE®

miticide-ovicide

ESTONATE®

50% DDT liquids and
powders

ESTONOXf

toxophene formulations

MALAPHOSt

malathon formulations

METHYL BROMIDE

space fumigant

TETRON®

TEPP formulations

ALDRIN & DIELDRIN

liquid and dry formulations

TUMBLE-WEEDf

non-selective herbicides

f Trade Mark A.P.&C.C.

SALES REPRESENTATIVES IN ALL MAJOR AGRICULTURAL AREAS

American Potadi & Chemical Cmporation

ESTON CHEMICALS DIVISION

3100 EAST 26TH STREET, LOS ANGELES 23, CALIFORNIA

Vlll

A FULL HARVEST OF FINER CROPS...

WITH STAUFFER PRODUCTS FOR AGRICULTURE

For nearly three quarters of a century the advanced production
“know-how” and progressive research facilities of the Stauffer
Chemical Company have contributed generously to making a finer
harvest for Western Agriculture.

The complete line of insecticides, fungicides, parasiticides, herbicides
and sulphurs produced by Stauffer are laboratory developed and
tested . . . and field proven throughout the West.

Buy (and use) Stauffer Chemicals with complete confidence!

Sold by Leading Dealers Throughout the West!

Chemical Company

Agricultural Chemicals Division

San Francisco • Fresno • Los Angeles • No. Portland. Oregon

STAUFFER

IX

DIAMOND DLACK LEAF
COMPANY

formerly

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORP.

(The World's Largest Manufacturers of
Nicotine Products)

BLACK LEAF 40

The Standard for Generations

for

Control of Many Insects

It Is Easy on Friendly and
Beneficial Insects

Other BLACK LEAF Products Include
A Full Line of Agricultural Chemicals
and Concentrates

★

SAN JOSE OFFICE: 1363 Boyshore H!ghw<iy
P. O. Box 817 San Jose, California

tf insect resistanee

residue problems
late infestations

CONCERN YOU...

RECOMMEND

VAPOTONE

(contains TEPP)

VAPOTONE XX Spray and VAPOTONE Dusts are special
ORTHO formulations containing TEPP that have been proved by
years of successful use in the field. VAPOTONE has effectively
killed aphids and red spider mites resistant to other phosphate
chemicals without leaving poisonous residue on marketable crops,
even when used within three days of harvest.

VAPOTONE is more effective because there is rapid wetting action
in the liquid spray and better stability in the dusts. VAPOTONE
XX Spray and VAPOTONE Dusts are the original TEPP con-
taining products developed by Calspray after intensive research
to find the formulations best suited to agricultural use. They are
no more expensive than other TEPP sprays and dusts.

On all chemicals read directions and cautions before use»

CALIFORNIA
SPRAY-CHEMICAL Corp.

DISTRICT OFFICES
Caldwell, Idaho * Fresno, California * Golds*
boro, North Carolina • Linden, New Jersey
Maryland Heights, Missouri * Maumee, Ohio
Medina, New York * Oklahoma City, Okla-
homa • Orlando, Florida * Phoenix, Arizona
Portland, Oregon * Sacramento, California
San Jose, California • Shreveport, Louisiana
Whittier, California.

BRANCH OFFICES THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES

TH'8 RE6. U.S. PAT. OFF: ORTHO, VAPOTONE

I . ■

World leader in
scientific pest control

SCIENTIFIC PEST CONTROL

OF

EXPERIENCE

For more than a half-century, Niagara has worked
closely with Western growers to pioneer better
methods and materials for controlling disease and
insects. Result:

# Niagara research chemists, entomologists and
trained laboratory technicians have developed supe-
rior products — scientifically compounded and field-
tested to meet growers’ local needs.

# Niagara field representatives have acquired ex-
pert knowledge of local growing conditions and
infestations.

Niagara offers valuable information through a series
of Field Service Bulletins. If you would like copies
for your own information, with no obligation, write
Niagara Chemical Division, Richmond, California,
Dept. 161.

CHEMICAL DIVISION

FOOD MACHINERY AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION
RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA • HOME OFFICE: MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK