ERIC M. FISHER

Vol. XXXII JANUARY, 1956 No. 1

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

U

CONTENTS

SNELLING—Bees of the genus Centris in California.,. 1

BARBER—A new species of Leptocoris. 9

FRICK—Nearctic species in the Liriomyza pusilla complex No. 1

Introduction ....... 11

LEACH—James Edward Cottle (1861-1953).-. 19

BECHTEL—A new species of Aplastus from Lower California with

notes on other species of Plastocerinae. 21

MUESEBECK—Two new braconid parasites of the avocado looper.. 25

HURD—Xylocopa rufina utilizing Mexican Cedar timbers for nest¬
ing purposes . 28

SCHEDL—Some bark and ambrosia beetles from the Tres Maria

Islands, Mexico .„. 30

SCHEDL—Fauna aethiopica VIII... 32

SMITH—A key to the workers of Veromessor Forel of the United

States and the description of a new subspecies... 36

PECHUMAN—An unusual new Tabanus from Arizona. 39

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE . 18

BOOK NOTICES AND REVIEWS.24, 28, 35

PROCEEDINGS, Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 1955. 43

SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA • 1956

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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Yol. XXXII January, 1956 No. 1

BEES OF THE GENUS CENTRIS IN CALIFORNIA

(Hymemoptera: Anthophoridae)

Roy R. Snelling

Turlock, California

The anthophorid bees of the genus Centris 1 have been some¬
thing of a problem with workers of bees for some time. The genus
is a large one, and the number of names proposed for species
probably exceeds the actual number of species by quite a great
margin. Many species have never been properly described, if at
all, while others have been described many times under many
names (e.g. Centris versicolor Fabricius). With exception of
certain tropical species, most of these bees are rather stable, and
redescription has probably been the result of incorrect determin¬
ations and of not having actually seen the types of species. In
this study the author has studied the types of several forms, and
other names are based upon authentically determined material.

Tire earliest attempt to prepare a key for the determination
of Nearctic Centris is that of Cockerell (1897) which proved to
be unworkable as more material became available. The later key
of Fox (1899) is still workable for determination of the species
known at that lime. The principal value of this work is that valid
specific characters are brought into use for the first time. The
tables of Friese (1900) are of no real value for our species as he
relied largely upon the original descriptions and such poor char¬
acters as the color of the pubescence, body and wings, and upon
size. Michener (1950) has prepared an excellent key to the sub¬
genera.

The author wishes to express his thanks to Dr. C. D. Michener

1 The author is herein using Centris in the sense of Cresson, Cockerell and other
authors prior to Sandhouse (1943, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 92:519-619). As Sandhouse
pointed out, this name should be used for the euglossine genus which has long been
called Eulaema, while the genus herein under consideration should be known as
Hemisia. However, in view of the extensive literature which has been built up
around use of the names Centris and Eulaema (prior to Sandhouse), C. D. Michener
and I feel that it would be much less confusing if the rules of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature were suspended in these cases, in order that
these names may be used in the same sense as they have been in the past. Dr.
Michener has made an application to the Commission in regard to this matter.

2

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

for many valuable suggestions made while the research for this
paper was in progress, and for reading and correcting the un¬
finished manuscript. Grateful acknowledgment is also made to
P. H. Timberlake for the loan of certain specimens and for
making numerous valuable criticisms on the manuscript.

Key to California Species of Centris 2
Females

1. Clypeus strongly protuberant, seen from side as far in front of base of

mandibles as width of eyes, finely, sparsely punctate, with a large
median impunctate area, black, without macula; pubescence of meso-
scutum, scutellum and metanotum dark fox-red (wings pale fuliginous,
subhyaline, veins and stigma black; first tergum with long erect
pubescence, remaining terga sparsely pubescent; basal area of propo-
deum, except apex, dull, tessellate; inner mandibular margin with three
long, subacute teeth, apical tooth very long, subacute). rhodomelas

- Clypeus only moderately protuberant, often very shiny, black, red or

vellow, with or without macula; thoracic pubescence varying from light
fulvous to white; mandibles variable___2

2. Maxillary palpi four-segmented; pubescence mostly pale whitish, sur¬
faces of abdominal terga hidden by short, appressed pubescence.3

- Maxillary palpi five-segmented; pubescence fulvous to ochraceous; at

least four apical terga in large part bare.4

3. Large species, 13-16 mm.; mandibles tridentate; abdominal ventrites

three to five with distinct apical fringes of moderately long white
hairs - pallida

- Smaller, 11.5-13 mm.; mandibles quadridentate; ventrites lacking tire

white apical fringes . tiburonensis

4. Large species 13-16 mm.; clypeus black or with apical yellow spot;

legs black or darkly rufescent; clypeus distinctly punctate; surface of
second tergum obscured by short appressed pubescence.5

- Smaller 12-14 mm.; clypeus red or yellow; legs variable often red;

second tergum without surface obscured by appressed pubescence.6

5. Eye, seen from side, wider than genae; clypeus bulging basally, always

with a small apical yellow macula; pubescence of second tergum sub-
appressed, pallid; ventrites three to five with pale apical fringes; coastal
and desert species . hoffmanseggiae

- Eye, seen from side, no wider than genae; clypeus weakly bulging basally,

with a large shiny median impunctate area, entirely black; pubescence of
second tergum usually strongly appressed, usually dark or with apical
and lateral areas pallid; ventrites without pale apical fringes; primarily
of the San Joaquin Valley. californica

6. Greatest facial width greater than distance between the anterior ocellus
and apex of clypeus; legs mostly red, pubescence black, except on
anterior femora and tibiae; apical margins of terga two and three

2 The female of rhodoleuca Cockerell and the male of calif ornica Timberlake
have not been included in this key as they apparently are unknown.

January, 1956]

SNELLING-CENTRIS

3

laterally with pale fasciae; clypeus, labrurn, inner orbits for a short
distance, mandibles except apices, red (clypeus sparsely punctate, with
fine punctation on extreme lateral and basal margins; labrurn deeply
punctate, with shining interstices; first segment of flagellum almost as
long as scape, distinctly shorter than following three segments com¬
bined; propodeum very sparsely punctate; postscutellum shinier than
scutellum) ... rhodopus

- Greatest facial width less than distance between anterior ocellus and

apex of clypeus; legs black or dark brown, rarely lightly rufescent.7

7. Apical width of clypeus hardly greater than its median length; labrurn
small, subtriangular, subacuminate at apex; sternal pubescence of
thorax pale or lightly tinged with brownish. lanosa

- Apical width of clypeus greater than its median length; labrurn larger,

semilunate, its apex broadly, roundly slightly emarginate; sternal
pubescence of thorax usually strongly black or dark brownish. alripes

Males

1. Posterior femora strongly swollen, one-half to one-third as broad as

long; body entirely covered by long dense, shaggy, pallid pubescence;
abdomen dull red basally, remainder of body dull black; legs mostly
dull red ..-..,. rhodoleuca

- Posterior femora usually about one-fourth as broad as long, rarely (in

Nearctic fauna) almost one-third as broad as long; if body covered
with pubescence, then pubescence short, integument of abdomen shin¬
ing black .. 2

2. Maxillary palpi four-segmented; abdominal dorsum entirely hidden by

short pallid pubescence .—.3

- Maxillary palpi five-segmented; abdominal dorsum not hidden by pub¬
escence beyond first segment,...4

3. Larger species 13-16.5 mm.; face narrow, inner orbits strongly con¬
verging above . pallida

- Smaller species, 12—13.5 mm.; face broader, inner orbits almost parallel

...-..—. tiburonensis

4. Large species, 13-16 mm.; legs and abdomen black; maculae of face

pale yellow . 5

- Species of smaller maximum size, usually about 13 mm.; legs often red¬

dish; abdomen often reddish basally; maculae of face bright lemon-
yellow ...........6

5. Clypeus strongly protuberant, as far in front of mandibular base as eye

is wide when viewed laterally; first flagellar segment shorter than follow¬
ing four combined; supraclypeal area and underside of scape, in addition
to clypeus and labrurn, yellow; pubescence of vertex and thoracic dors um
often dark fox-red, but varying to fulvous... rhodomelas

- Clypeus not as strongly protuberant as noted above; first flagellar segment

as long as following four combined; supraclypeal area and underside of
scape black; pubescence as noted above usually ochraceous
.—...-. hoffmanseggiae

6. Face broad, distance from apex of clypeus to anterior ocellus no greater

4

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

than greatest facial breadth; legs pale reddish; terga two to five with
at least lateral apical fringes of pallid pubescence. rhodopus

— Face narrow, distance from apex of clypeus to anterior ocellus greater

than greatest facia] breadth; legs brown or blackish; terga two to five
without pale apical fringes.-...7

7. Pubescence of thoracic sternum dark brown or blackish, that of mid
and posterior legs entirely black; first flagellar segment shorter than
following two combined; inner orbits diverging above. atripes

- Pubescence of thoracic sternum pale or with a slight admixture of

brownish hairs; middle tibiae and posterior femora externally with pale
pubescence; first flagellar segment as long as the following three com¬
bined; inner orbits converging above...,.. lanosa

Trichocentris Sneliing, new subgenus

This subgenus is mostly closely allied to Penthemisia Moure
from which it hardly differs except in the swollen hind legs and
the heavy tibial spurs and tarsal claws. This subgenus is known
only from the males of three species, one of which is apparently
undescribed. One of the species included here (C. rnorsei Cock¬
erell) does not agree too well with the other species, but rather
than erect a new subgenus (which would tend to obscure the sub¬
generic relationships) for it, I am including it here provisionally.
Centris vanduzeei. Cockerell, described from the Gulf of Cali¬
fornia, may prove to be a Trichocentris, but the types will have
to be restudied before this is clear. The female of vanduzeei has
the abdomen thinly covered with erect white pubescence, with
whitish fasciae on the apical margins of the terga. The face is
black. The male differs from any known Trichocentris in that the
face is entirely black. In the closely related subgenus Penthemisia,
however, the males of a few species (e.g. mexicana F. Smith and
aterrima F. Smith) have the face immaculate, so this is probably
merely an interesting specific character.

If vanduzeei should eventually prove to be a member of this
subgenus, then we have an interesting situation, for the secondary
basitibial plate of the female of this species is very poorly
developed, while the genitalia of the three species which I have
studied have the large branched setae of the gonocoxites which
are characteristic of the subgeneric complex including Penthe¬
misia, Centris s. str and Xanthemisia. This would seem to indi¬
cate, therefore, that Trichocentris is a rather primitive type, from
which this complex may have evolved. With Trichocentris as the
most primitive type, one line of development (by retention of

January, 1956]

SNELLING-CENTRIS

5

the setae of the gonocoxites, shortening of the apical segments
of the maxillary palpi, development of a basitibial plate with a
secondary plate) leads to the Penthemisia, Centris s. str., and
Xanthemisia complex, while another line leads to Wagenknechtia
and the remaining subgenera in which the males lose the branched
setae and where the maxillary palpi are reduced to three or four
segments, all of these segments being quite long as compared to
the Penthemisia complex.

The characters by which Trichocentris may be recognized are
as follows:

Mandibles slender, tridentate, inner tooth much smaller than in
Penthemisia , acute; maxillary palpi five-segmented, two apical segments
distinct from one another, fourth as long as basal, fifth longer than basal;
first flagellar segment of antennae slightly longer than scape; clypeus and
labrum smooth, nearly impunctate, bright lemon-yellow; first recurrent
vein of forewings reaching second submarginal cell at end of basal third;
hind femora swollen, one-half to one-third as broad as long (usually about
one-fourth as broad as long in Penthemisia); tibial spurs blunt, flattened;
tarsal claws dentate, the inner tooth very long so that they appear almost
bifid, very stout; apical processes of seventh and eighth ventrites slender;
giant branched setae of gonocoxites quite long, not as well developed as in
other subgenera of this complex, arising near the bases of the gonostyli;
gonocoxites without apical processes; large robust species, body usually
covered with long, dense, shaggy pallid pubescence.

Type of subgenus: Centris rhodoleuca Cockerell, 1923.

Most of the species in this subgenus appear to be rather rare,
or at least are uncommon.

Centris rhodoleuca Cockerell

Centris rhodoleuca Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. (4) 12:7b. 3.

This species was described from a male taken by E. P. Yan-
Duzee at Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. I have seen
material of this rare species from California (Morongo Valley,
Palm Springs, Campo) and Nevada (near Arden, Clark County).
Timberlake informs me, in lilt., that he has a specimen from
Jacumba, San Diego County, California. The only floral records
for this species are Croton californica on which Timberlake found
it in Morongo Valley. According to data before me, this species
flies from June 6 to August 4.

Penthemisia Moure

Centris subg. Penthemisia Moure, 1950. Dusenia 1:390-392. Type:
Centris chilensis Spinola.

6

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

Hemisia subg. Penthemisia Michener, 1950. Jour. Kans. Ent. Soc. 24:2-4.

Centris pallida Fox

Centris pallida Fox, 1899. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 51:66.9.

Centris pallida callognatha Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci. Prcc. (4)
12:78. 9 ( new synonym).

Centris trichosoma Cockerell, 1923. loc. cit. $ ( new synomym).

A careful study of a large series of this species and the types
of callognatha and trichosoma has resulted in the above synonomy.
The trichosoma is identical to males of this species from other
parts of its range, while the callognatha variation with fulvous
hair on the vertex and mesoscutum can be taken along with the
typical form in California, Arizona and Mexico.

This species flies during the spring and early summer on the
Colorado Desert in California, and visits the flowers of Cercidium,
Olneya and Dalea.

Pallida is a rather peculiar species, and might well belong to
the subgenus described above as Trichocentris. Occasional males
have the hind femora almost half as broad as long. The female
has the mandibles tridentate and the maxillary palpi are four
segmented. Whether this species falls under T richocentris or
Penthemisia must await the discovery of the females of Tricho¬
centris.

Centris tiburonensis Cockerell

Centris tiburonensis Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. (4) 12:78.9.

This common species, which occurs in Baja California, Cali¬
fornia and Nevada, flies in the late spring and early summer
along with the superficially similar pallida. In Baja California,
Mexico, I found this species flying in a light rain and visiting
the flowers of Koeherlinia spinosa. One female was seen to enter
a burrow in loose sand. Like pallida, this species also visits
Cercidium, Olneya, and Dalea.

Centris rhodopus Cockerell

Centris caesalpiniae var. rhodopus Cockerell, 1897. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (6) 19:394. 9 $ .

Centris rhodopus var. pulchrior, Cockerell, 1900. Canad. Ent. 32:363.$.

This is the most common and well-known of our Nearctic
species of Centris and is found in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
Nevada, California, Sonora, and Baja California.

January, 1956]

SNELLING-—CENTRIS

7

Centris atripes Mocsary

Centris atripes Mocsary, 1899. Termes. Fiizetek 22:254. $.

Centris atriventris Fox, 1899. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 51:68.9 $.
Preocc.

Centris foxi Friese, 1900. K. K. Naturhist Hofmus. Ann. 15:350. New
name for Centris atriventris Fox.

The presence of this species in California is marked by the
capture of a single male at Brawley, Imperial County, June 21,
1953 by the author, at flowers of Dalea spinosa. I have seen
material of atripes from Baja California, Sonora, Arizona, New
Mexico, Texas and Tamaulipas.

Centris lanosa Cresson

Centris lanosa Cresson, 1872. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 4:284. $.

Centris cocherellii Fox, 1899. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 51:68. New
name for Centris hoffmanseggiae Cockerell, 9 . not the $ .

Centris cockerelli resoluta Cockerell, 1923. Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc. (4>
12:76. 9 $ (new synonym).

Cockerell erected the variety resoluta for the females of this
species which have the clypeus reddish in color. My studies, how¬
ever, reveal that this form also can be found among the so-called
typical populations of New Mexico and Texas, while individuals
with the clypeus pale yellow may be taken from time to time in
Arizona and California.

Centris lanosa is common on the deserts of southern Cali¬
fornia and is also found in Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas
and northern Mexico. This species flies in the spring and early
summer, visiting Cercidium, Krameria, Dalea and Prosopis.

Centris californica Timberlake

Centris californica Timberlake, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16:139.9.

This rare species, of which the male is unknown, is closely
allied to hoffm,anseggiae Cockerell, but until the male of cali¬
fornica is discovered, no definite idea of the true relationship of
the two species can be formed.

Centris californica is known from Barstow, San Bernardino
County, Kerman, Fresno County, and Turlock, Stanislaus County.
This bee has been captured on the flowers of Cleomella obtusifolia,
Wislizenia refracta and mustard, and capture dates range from
July 14 to September 24.

8

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

Centris hoffmanseggiae Cockerell

Centris hoffmanseggiae Cockerell, 1897. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)
19:395. $ (not $ ).

Centris hoffmanseggiae var. davidsoni Cockerell, 1904. South Calif.
Acad. Sci. Bui. 3:160. $ (new synonym).

Cockerell’s variety davidsoni , described from Banning, Cali¬
fornia, is much too poorly differentiated to be recognized as a
valid form, since individuals of both types may be found to¬
gether throughout the range of the species, which thus far is known
only to include New Mexico and southern California. Although
this is primarily a desert species, I have seen a number of speci¬
mens taken by C. D. Michener at the Hastings Natural History
Reservation, Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County. Known
floral records for this species include Cercidium, Lotus, Prosopis,
Penstemon, Dicentra and Larrea.

Centris rhodomelas Timberlake

Centris rhodomelas Timberlake, 1940. Pan-Pacific Ent. 16:139.$ $.

This is one of the most distinctive species of Penthemisia
known to me and does not seem to be closely related to any other
species. The strongly protuberant clypeus and dark fox-red
pubescence of the thoracic dorsum and the most readily noted
characters of this handsome species. It closely resembles Tetra-
lonia califomica (Cresson) in this respect.

Whereas this species has been found from Ventura County
north to Yolo and Fresno Counties, it is apparently absent from
the Central Valley. I have seen one male in the collection of the
University of California at Davis from Putah Canyon, Yolo and
Solano counties, June 2, 1949 (R. C. Bechtel). I am indebted to
Dr. G. D. Butler, Jr. of the University of Arizona for allowing
me to study four males of this species which he collected at Squaw
Valley, Fresno County, June 20, 1953, on the flowers of a thistle.
These are the northernmost records for any species of Centris
known to me and hence are of considerable interest.

January, 1956]

BARBER-LEPTOCORIS

9

A NEW SPECIES OF LEPTOCORIS

(Coreidae: Leptocorini)

Harry G. Barber

Entomology Research Branch,

Agricultural Research Service,

United States Department of Agriculture,

W ashington, D.C.

Leptocoris rubrolineatus Barber, new species
Very closely related to L. trivittatus (Say) both in size and
general dimensions of body parts, but the coloration is quite dis¬
tinctive. Pronotum with narrow anterior, posterior and lateral
margins, and central line behind the cicatrices, corium with all
claval margins, very narrow edge of the costal margin and all
veins, red.

Both in L. trivittatus and L. rubrolineatus the genital segment
terminates in four lobes. The lobes on either side of the broad
central sinus are more prolonged and parallel sided. The outer
lobes are much shorter and subtriangular in shape. Those of L.
rubrolineatus are shorter and more rounded at apices than in L.
trivittatus and the sinus within more shallow and more obtusely
rounded basally.

Holotype male, Healdsburg, California, July 15, 1931, col¬
lected by Mrs. L. P. Enzenauer, U. S. National Museum Cat. No.
62210.Paratypes,males and females,U.S. Nat. Museum: California,
13 with the same data as type; 7, Sonoma County; 8, Pasadena; 2,
Los Angeles; 1, Livermore; 3, San Gabriel Canyon; 7, Yorkville;
1, Mt. Diablo; 5, Santa Rosa; 8, Middletown; 3, Chico; 1, San
Luis Obispo; 2, Sacramento; 2, Courtland; 1, Santa Cruz Mts.;

1, Beaumont; 1, Mint Canyon; 1, Geyser; 1, San Jose; 1, Ft.
Tejon; 5, Siskiyou; 1, San Francisco. Washington: 3, Ilia; 2,
Dayton; 1, Oakesdale; 2, Paha; 1, Pullman; 4, Wapato. Oregon:
19, Ashland; 2, Corvallis; 5, Josephine. Idaho: 4, Weiser; 1,
Lewiston; 1, Juliaetta; 1, Moscow. Arizona: 6, Douglas. Texas:

2, El Paso. Nevada: 1, Reno.

Walker’s type of Lygaeus californicus in the collection of the
British Museum of Natural History is hand labeled, “Santa Cruz,
Cal.” In March, 1949, Dr. R. L. Usinger examined this type and
in correspondence stated that it was Leptocoris trivittatus (Say).
This was confirmed later by Dr. W. E. China, assistant keeper at

10

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

the museum. There is no doubt about this being the same as Say’s
species as there is contained in the Uhler collection at the United

Distribution of Leptocoris rubrolineatus (X) and L. trivittatus (•).

January, 1956]

FRICK-LIRIOMYZA

11

States National Museum two specimens of this same series and
labeled the same as the Walker type. It is a safe assumption that
Walker received his specimen from Professor Uhler.

I am indebted to Dr. Carl J. Drake, now studying at the British
Museum, for detailed data attached to the Walker type specimen.

From all of the evidence at hand, the locality record “Santa
Cruz, Cal.” cannot be accepted. Although there is a Santa Cruz,
California, Walker’s type could not have come from there. It is
quite evidently a case of mis-labeling. In a long series of specimens
from various localities in California and the other Pacific Coast
States there is no occurrence of Say’s species which is distributed
practically all over the United States east of the mountains. Since
this locality label might refer to Colorado, diligent research re¬
vealed that no such locality ever existed in that state.

It therefore becomes necessary to consider this West Coast
species as new. A glance at the map shows there is some over¬
lapping in the distribution of the two species in southern Arizona
and western Texas, but an examination of the specimens involved
shows that there is no intergrading of the two species.

NEARCTIC SPECIES IN THE LIRIOMYZA PUSILLA
COMPLEX No. 1 INTRODUCTION

(Diptera: Agromyzidae) 1

Kenneth E. Frick 2

Irrigation Experiment Station, Prosser, Washington

A revision of the species in the genus Liriomyza that key to
Agromyza pusilla in either of Malloch’s two keys (1913, 1918),
first mentioned by Frick in 1952, is still a long way from comple¬
tion. However, the urgent need for names for economic species in
this group has prompted this series of papers. At present, two
California species of economic importance are sufficiently well
known to warrant separate descriptions. Their descriptions will
form part two of the series.

Frost (1943) made the first attempt to clarify the status of
several species in this group. However, the problem of the many
very similar species forming a group within the genus Liriomyza

1 Scientific Paper No. 1313, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations,
Pullman, Project No. 1062.

2 The writer is grateful to M. T. James for reading and evaluating this
manuscript.

12

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

will have to be attacked much as it was in Europe between 1920
and 1932. In order to separate the Palaearctic species, Hendel,
Hering, and de Meijere were required to rear adults, determine
larval host plants, study larval and pupal characters, and corre¬
late these with the adults. Their results (Hendel, 1932, 1936),
considering only the species synonymized by Malloch (1913) and
Frost (1924) under L. pusilla, are shown in Table 1.

The species in the genus Liriomyza can be separated into
several groups. This one, the so-called pusilla complex, is com¬
posed of a number of very similar species having the following
characters in common:

1. Antennae with third segment rounded and bright yellow.

2. Genovertical plates (orbits)' not prominently raised above the eyes.

3. Mesonotum without a yellow spot immediately anterior to the
scutellum.

4. Mesonotum with two to four rows of acrostichal setae.

5. Femora predominately yellow but sometimes heavily marked with
black spots and streaks.

6. Wing with M -|- M (posterior) crossvein present.

Table 1.—Species synonymized by Malloch (1913) and
Frost (1924) under Liriomyza pusilla and subsequently separ¬
ated by Hendel (1932, 1936).

Specific Name
pusilla Meigen, 1830
annulipes Meigen, 1830
pumila Meigen, 1830
strigata Meigen, 1830
exilis Meigen. 1830
orbona Meigen, 1830
pusio Meigen, 1830
puella Meigen, 1830
amoena Meigen, 1830
blanda Meigen, 1830
pascuum Meigen, 1838
brassicae Riley, 1844
trifolii Burgess, 1880

Larval Host Plants and Notes

Hieracium, Sonchus spp.

Not an agromyzid
Achillea spp.

Most omnivorous Liriomyza sp.
Synonym of strigata
Host plant unknown
Tragopogon spp.

Lampsana, Prenanthes, Sonchus, spp.
Sambucus spp.
nomen dubium
Euphorbia spp.

Many Cruciferae

Synonym of congesta Becker, 1903
Many Leguminosae

According to this definition several Liriomyza species, the
names of which have appeared in North American literature, are
excluded (Table 2). To date nine species that belong to this group
have been reported from North America. These, together with
known larval host plants and distributions, are given in Table 3.

January, 1956]

FRICK—LIRIOMYZA

13

Table 2. —Names of species that have appeared in North
American literature but excluded from the pusitla complex as
defined in this paper.

Specific Name

Larval Host

Plants

Excluding Characters

flaveola Fallen, 1823

Many Gramineae

Mid and hind femora black

scutellata Fallen 1823

Not an agromyzid

orbona Meigen, 1830

Unknown

Infuscated third antennal
segment

deceptiva Malloch, 1918

Unknown

Genovertical plates very
strongly raised above eye
margin

hold Malloch, 1924

Unknown

Angulate third antennal
segment

langei, Frick, 1951

Pea, aster, spinach.

Infuscated third antennal

sugar beet, celery

segment

It is my intent to provide descriptions and comparisons be¬
tween species so that others may determine the species name of
their specimens with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The specific
purpose of this introductory paper is to provide figures and
descriptions of characters that will be used in future descriptions.
I have attempted to use characters that can be seen and measured
with a stereoscopic dissecting microscope equipped with 15X
oculars, 6X objective, and an ocular net reticule ruled into 0.5
mm. squares.

Liriomyza brassicae (Riley), 1884, is considered a repre¬
sentative species and specimens have been used to illustrate cer¬
tain characters. Each specimen must be oriented so that the seta
being measured for length is perpendicular to the line of vision.
The wings also must be perpendicular to the line of vision in
order to measure accurately the lengths of certain veins. When
setal lengths are used, the longer of a pair has always been chosen
over the shorter. For example, if the right-hand inner postalar is
twice as long as the corresponding left-hand seta (as frequently
occurs), the right-hand seta has been used for measurement.

Head .—Table 3 shows the major characters that subdivide this
complex into four distinct segregates. The inner vertical seta
usually arises at the edge of the black of the vertex when stated,
“Both VT on black” (Fig. 1, C.). When the outer vertical is the

14

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

Table 3. —Names of species that have appeared in the North
American literature included in the pusilla complex as defined in
this paper, separated by major characters.

*-

North Ameri-

can Larval

Known

Character

Specific Name

Host Plants

Distribution

-pusilla Meig., 1830, s.s.

Sonchus spp. ?

U.S. ?, Europe

Both VT Setae on
Yellow

congesta Becker, 1903

Vida, Trifol¬
ium,, and Med-

Throughout

U.S., Europe

(Fig. 1, A)

icago spp.

allia Frost, 1943

Allium spp.

Iowa

phaseolunata Frost,

Lima bean

New Jersey

1943

VTI on Yellow,

VTE on Black

(Fig. 1, B)

Washington,

Both VT on Black

eupatorii Kalt, 1874

Solidago spp.

Europe

(Fig. 1, C.)

verbenicola Hering,

Verbena spp.

New Mexico,

1951

Utah

Both VT on Black,
GVP Infuscated
(Fig 1, D)

virgo Zett., 1848

Unknown 3

Kansas ?,

Europe

brassicae Riley, 1884

Many Cruci-
ferae, Nastur¬
tium

Throughout

U.S., Europe

propepusilla Frost,

Unknown

Kansas

1954 4

3 The larvae mine Equisetum spp. in Europe.

4 New name for subpusilla Frost, 1943.

only seta on black, it also is usually at the edge of the black (Fig.
1, B). With teneral specimens the black area between the two
vertical setae is frequently almost indistinguishable from the
yellow. The infuscation of the genovertical plates (Fig. 1, D) is
frequently narrower than the space between the frontoorbital
setae and the eye margin. In teneral specimens this darkening
frequently does not appear, a condition which may lead to con¬
fusion in determination. Each specimen should be kept alive for
about 24 hours before being killed.

Mesonotum .—The relative lengths of several thoracic setae are
of importance in separating species, as are the colors from which

January, 1956]

FRICK-LIRIOMYZA

15

they arise. The presutural (Fig. 2) arises at the edge of the black
of the mesonotum. In some species the base touches, or is totally
on, the yellow of the lateral margin, or the base is entirely on the
black. This is best seen in a cephalic aspect of the specimen.
The intraalar is frequently absent, or equal in size to an acrosti-
chal seta. In some species it is twice or more the length of an
acrostichal. Fortunately, the intraalar can be distinguished by its
location near the posterior end of the intraalar row and its
oblique direction pointing it to the fourth (posterior) dorsocentral.
The number of setulae in the intraalar row, i.e., between the dorso¬
central row and the lateral margin of the mesonotum and posterior
to the transverse suture, is of some importance, although much
overlapping exists between species. The relative length of the
first dorsocentral to the fourth is of more value than the relative
length of the second or third to the fourth. The lengths are easily
measured from an anterior view of the mesonotum. The relative
length of the inner postalar to the outer postalar makes an excel¬
lent specific character. These are also measured from an anterior
view of the mesonotum. In cases where the wings hide the outer
seta, the fourth dorsocentral may be used for measurement. The
fourth dorsocentral is slightly longer than the outer postalar, but
not enough longer to influence the proportions being measured.

Scutellum .—The basal scutellar setae are important only in

VTI

EXPLANATION FOR FIGURE 1

Fig. 1. Portion of the right side of head, anterior view, showing: both
VT setae arising from yellow (A) ; VTI on yellow, VTE on black (B);
both VT on black (C); both VT on black, GVP infuscated (D). Areas:
E—eye; FV—frontal vitta; GVP—genovertical plate (orbit). Setae: PVT—
postvertical; VTI—inner vertical; VTE—outer vertical; SFO—upper
frontoorbital; IFO—lower frontoorbital. The orbital setulae, placed between
the frontoorbital setae and the eye margin, have been omitted for simplicity.

16

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

relation to their bases and the lateral black triangles of the
scutellum. The base may be on yellow (not shown), at the edge
of the black (shown on left side), or the black may extend
centrally well beyond the setal base (right side).

Pleural Area .—The anepisternum (mesopleura) varies from

Fig. 2. Left half of mesonotum and scutellum of L. brassicae, right
half of scutellum of Liriomyza n. sp., showing typical arrangement of
setae. The acrostichal setae and the setae of the intraalar row anterior
to the transverse suture have been omitted for simplicity. Setae: H—
humeral; PRS—presutural; SA—supraalar; IPA—inner postalar; OPA—
outer postalar; IA—intraalar; IA ROW—intraalar row; 1 DC—first dorso-
central; 2 DC— second; 3 DC—third; 4 DC—fourth dorsocentral; BSC—
basal scutellar; DSC—distal scutellar.

January, 1956]

FRICK-LIRIOMYZA

17

nearly all black to all yellow, depending upon the species. Since
the pattern of black on yellow offers a good specific character,
illustrations have not been included here. The katepisternum
(sternopleura) has three types of posterior markings. The first
is broad, covering the entire area caudad of the katepisternal
seta (Fig. 3, A). The second consists of a narrow band (B). This
band is always darker in the broad type. The third katepisternum
has no infuscation posterior to the triangle (C). These markings
are useful in species identification, providing the specimens are
not teneral.

EXPLANATION FOR FIGURE 3

Fig 3. Katepisternum showing the three types of posterior markings:
broad (A); narrow (B) ; and none (C).

Wing .—Among the more useful characters of the wings are
the position and angle of the M -f- M (posterior) crossvein. This
vein may be closer to, equal to, or farther from the R -f- M cross¬
vein than its own length. The angle that M M forms with the
penultimate section of M 1+2 (the section of which R -|- M connects)
is important (Fig. 4). The angle may be perpendicular or 90°

R-M m I*2

\ /
\ y

EXPLANATION FOR FIGURE 4

Fig. 4. Portion of wing showing three representative angles of cross¬
vein M-f M to the penultimate section of Mi+ 2 : perpendicular (A) ; 70°—85°
(moderate) angle (B); and 45°—65° (strong) angle (C). Veins: Mi+ 2 —
fourth longitudinal; M 3 + 4 —fifth longitudinal; R-f-M—radiomedial or
anterior crossvein; M-f-M—medial or posterior crossvein. A and B, wing
of L. brassicae; C, wing of Liriomyza n. sp.

18

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

(A) moderate, 70° to 85° (B), or strong, 45° to 65° (A). These
are arbitrary figures and were chosen as representative of the
several angles observed while preparing descriptions.

SUMMARY

A group of very similar appearing Liriomyza species, the so-
called pusilla complex, is defined. All species previously reported
in North America are included or excluded on the basis of the
definition of the group. Morphological characters of value in sub¬
group and species determination are described and figured.

LITERATURE CITED

Fricic, K. E.

1952. Four new Hawaiian Liriomyza species and notes on other
Hawaiian Agromyzidae. Haw. Ent. Soc. Proc., 14:509—518.
Frost, S. W.

1924. A study of the leaf-mining Diptera of North America. Cornell
Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem., 78:1—228.

1943. Three new species of Diptera related to Agromyza pusilla Meig.
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 51:253-262.

Hendel, F.

1932. Agromyzidae. In Lindner: Die Flieg. palaearkt. Reg., 59 (58,
66): 193—320.

1936. Ibid., 59 (96) :513—570.

Malloch, J. R.

1913. A revision of species in Agromyza Fallen, and Cerodontha
Rondani. Am. Ent. Soc. Amer., 6:269—336.

1918. A partial key to species of the genus Agromyza. Canad. Ent.,
50:76-80.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of
the Plenary Powers in certain cases for the avoidance of

CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION OF CURRENT
NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A.(n.s.)21)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the Interna¬
tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary
Powers is involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned
names included in Parts 1 and 2 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature, both of which Parts were published
31st January, 1955:

(1) Applications in Part 2 of Volume 11
(1) Neanura MacGiUivray, 1893, and Hypogastrura Bourlet, 1839, de¬
signation of type species for; Achorutes Templeton, 1835, supression of
(Class Insecta, Order Collembola) (pp. 38-48) (Z.N.(S.)303).

f

January, 1956]

LEACH-COTTLE OBITUARY

19

(2) Crenophilus, validation of, as from d’Orchymont, 1942; aeneus
Germar, 1824, as published in the combination Hydrophilus aeneus, valida¬
tion of (Class Insecta, Order Coleoptera) (pp. 49-55) (Z.N.(S.)752).

(3) Anurophorus Nicolet, (1842), designation of type species for
(Class Insecta, Order Collembola) (pp. 68-70) (Z.N.(S.)304).

1. Attention is drawn to the proposed adoption of the under¬
mentioned “Declarations”:

(a) relating to the transliteration of words normally written in Cyrillic
characters (preliminary to insertion in the Code as a Schedule
(Copenhagen decision) (pp. 4-18) (Z.N.(S.)310) ;

(b) defining the status of a generic name published conditionally (pp.
19-20) (Z.N.(S.)833) ;

(c) clarifying Rule (f) in Article 30 (type species of a nominal genus
established as a substitute for a previously established such genus
but with a different type species) (pp. 35-37) (Z.N. (S.) 867).

2. Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the
foregoing applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secre¬
tary to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village
East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.l, England) as soon as possible.
Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Commis¬
sion’s File Number as given in the present Notice.— Francis
Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoologi¬
cal Nomenclature.

JAMES EDWARD COTTLE (1861-1953)

E. R. Leach

217 Hillside Avenue, Piedmont, California

James Edward Cottle was born in San Francisco, July 10, 1861
and spent his long life there or in the near vicinity, the last
twenty odd years in Hayward. He was one of a large family and
was a big, strong, active youth who enjoyed athletics, particularly
boxing. Speaking of this sport he used to say, rather regretfully,
“On Saturday nights we beat each other up for five dollars!”
Sometime before 1900 he joined the police force and rvorked up
to Detective Sergeant which position he held when retired in 1927.

In one of his papers he speaks of collecting butterflies in the
sand lots of San Francisco as a boy but that was evidently only a
prelude to his real interest. This came some years later when he
met a collector, thought to be Beverly Letcher, in the field and
began to twit him about wasting his time in such a childish pursuit.
But before this diatribe was over James Cottle had a complete

20

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

change of heart and from that day until he was too old to go into
the field some 60 or 70 years later he was an ardent collector him¬
self. Soon after making Letcher’s acquaintance he met his “dear
old Dr. Herman Behr” and G. T. 0. Mueller, “scientists and
gentlemen if ever there were such”, and Herman Strecker. These
gentlemen gave him his first instructions in entomology and
identified many of his specimens. At this time he collected also
with Beverly Letcher and F. X. Williams. Years later he made
trips to many parts of California with Rev. Edward Guedet. By
1906 he had amassed a large collection of Lepidoptera, especially
rich in Catocala, only to have it completely destroyed in the great
fire following the earthquake of that year. But he was soon col¬
lecting again and as enthusiastic as ever. It is related that he
carried a small net in his pocket at all times and often netted small
moths in the street cars and on the streets at night.

Mr. Cottle travelled up and down the Coast, sometimes alone
and at others with a companion, seeking rare butterflies and moths
and has left some rather whimsical accounts of these excursions.
On a trip to Mt. Hood especially to take Argynnis Erinna Edw.
he had spent several days searching in vain when “I was coming
back to a tree where I had tied the horse and discovered
that he had broken the rope and decamped. Quoting unusual
paragraphs from the Bible and having visions of paying for a
lost horse I trudged down the trail in pursuit . . . Cautiously
sneaking up I grabbed his halter . . . and in looking around saw
a butterfly. Hurrah! It was a perfect specimen of the rare erinna.
The old horse had brought me right to the spot which had been
the object of my search for six days!”

On another occasion collecting near Point Arena with Rev.
Edward Guedet, and looking especially for Argynnis Behrensi
Edw. just at the moment the latter netted a pair Mr. Cottle
thought he heard loud laughter. “Could it have been the voice of
old Jim Behrens himself, for whom the butterfly we were hunting
had been named? Old Jim Behrens laughing at us from illimitable
space?” “Can it be possible that the old fellows, Behr, Rivers,
Mueller, those who have tramped the trails we trod, with net in
hand, are guiding our footsteps to where long lost specimens may
be found?”

Whether or not he was so guided he gathered another large
collection, this time limiting it to West Coast species, and when

January, 1956]

BECHTEL-PLASTOCERINAE

21

he passed away on October 20, 1953 at the age of 92 he had col¬
lected for the best part of 70 years and was the last survivor of
the charter members of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society.
It is sometimes said that he was careless about his locality labels
and it is undoubtedly true. The post office, or mountain, is occa¬
sionally put in the wrong county on his labels and many speci¬
mens carried no labels whatever. But the specimens were beauti¬
fully mounted, even the smallest perfectly spread, and the collection
was a joy to see. Beauty was all important.

At another time he wrote, “In the meantime let us indulge the
hope that on the other Shore, wheresoever it be, that Behr, Letcher,
Mueller, and in fact all the old collectors who have preceded us
across the Great Divide, will have a location picked and nets
enough to go around when we shall join them there.” May we
“indulge the hope” that he has had his wish fulfilled.

For data concerning Mr. Cottle I am indebted to Dr. F. X.
Williams and Rev. Edward Guedet.

The Cottle Collection is now in the Chicago Natural History
Museum.

A NEW SPECIES OF APLASTUS FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA
WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES OF PLASTOCERINAE

(Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Robert C. Bechtel

University of California, Davis

The species of Aplastus are inhabitants of the western or south¬
western United States, being reliably recorded from Arizona, Cali¬
fornia, Nevada and Utah. While examining specimens in the col¬
lection of the California Academy of Sciences, however, several
specimens of a new species from Lower California were found.

Aplastus peninsularis Bechtel, new species
(Figures 9-12)

Male. —Testaceous, thorax slightly darker, head much darker. Head
coarsely, densely punctured, punctures separated by less than their own
diameter; irons with a triangular impression; eye moderately prominent;
antenna with apex of segment VII reaching apex of hind angle of pro¬
thorax, segment III (fig. 11) 1.3 times as long as segment II, segment IV
(fig. 11) 2.3 times as long as segment III and 1.3 times as long as segments
II-f-III, segments IV-X serrate, outer margins almost straight, segment

22

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

XI (fig. 10) not serrate, 5.7 times as long as broad. Prothorax (fig. 12)
measured medially as broad as long; apex evenly arcuate, without median
emargination; lateral margin smooth, straight, subparallel, lateral carinula
absent; hind angles moderately divergent, strongly carinate above and
below; less coarsely, slightly less densely punctured than head, punctures
separated by slightly less than their own diameter except on disc and from
lateral margin to prosternal suture where punctures are separated by 1.5
to 3 times their own diameter. Elytron six times as long as broad; lateral
margin straight for basal 2/3, gradually narrowing and evenly arcuate for
apical 1/3; striae feebly impressed, gradually disappearing toward humerus,
interstrial areas feebly convex. Prosternum, excluding mucro, coarsely punc¬
tured, punctures separated by slightly more than their own diameter
except apical 1/5 which is less coarsely, less densely punctured and separated
from basal 4/5 by a transverse carinula, middle 2/5 with a moderate
lateral depression on either side of a median elevated ridge, basal 2/5
deeply sulcate between coxae. Metacoxal plate rather abruptly and broadly
expanded at middle 1/3. Genitalia (fig. 9), gonostylus without ventral pre-
apical tooth, as viewed ventrally 2.5 times as long as part of aedeagus
projecting beyond its apex; basal part of aedeagus narrow, becoming
broader toward middle, middle broadest then gradually narrowing toward
apex which is broadly truncate. Length 14 mm., width at humeri 3.25 m.m.

Female. —Unknown.

Holotype male, California Academy of Sciences, and 4 male
paratypes, San Vicente, Baja California, May 11, 1938 (W. E.
Simonds). Paratypes in the collections of the California Academy
of Sciences and the writer.

Variations in the type series are as follows: triangular impres¬
sion of frons present or absent; antennal segment IV 2.1—2.6
times as long as segment III, segment XI 5.5-6.0 times as long as
broad; lateral margin of prothorax subparallel or slightly arched
near middle, lateral carinula present or absent; apical transverse
carinula of prosternum moderate to almost absent; scutellum with
or without a median longitudinal carina; length 13.10-14.00 mm.,
width at humeri 2.75—3.30 mm. with a width .-length ratio of
4.2—4.4.

A. peninsularis is closely related to angusticollis Horn, piceus
Van Dyke and speratus LeConte. Of these species, it appears to be

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figs. 1-4, Aplastus speratus LeConte, Lebec, Kern Co., Calif. Figs.
5-8, A. piceus Van Dyke topotype. Figs, 9-12, A. peninsularis Bechtel,
holotype. Figs. 13-16, A. angusticollis Horn, topotype. Figs. 1, 5, 9, 13,
male genitalia, ventral, X 36. Figs. 2, 6, 10, 14, antennal segments X-XI,
lateral, X 36. Figs. 3, 7, 11, 15, antennal segments III-IY, lateral, X 36.
Figs 4, 8, 12, 16, prothorax, dorsal, X 9.

BECHTEL-PLASTOCERINAE

24

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL, XXXII, NO. 1

most closely related to angusticoUis Horn from which it differs in
in the shape and size of the antennal segments, prothorax and
genitalia (figs. 9-16). It differs from piceus Van Dyke and speratus
LeConte in these same respects (figs. 1-12) but in addition the
elytral striae are not well impressed and the ventral preapical tooth
of the paramere is absent.

The type localities of two species of Plastocerinae need correc¬
tion. Van Dyke (1932) stated that the type locality for Euthysanius
crihricollis Van Dyke is “near Kaweah, Tulare County, Califor¬
nia”; the label of the type, however, reads "Kaweah Pwr. Hse.
Rsv.” Inasmuch as this reservoir is approximately 6 miles ENE
of Kaweah and at a higher elevation, it would seem advisable to
designate Kaweah Power House #3 Reservoir, 44 m d e S. Ash
Mountain Park Headquarters, Tulare County, California as the
restricted type locality of E. cribricottis Van Dyke. A an Dyke
(1943) designated Morongo Valley, Riverside County, California
as the type locality for Aplastus piceus Van Dyke. Morongo Valley
is actually in San Bernardino County, thus the correct type local¬
ity of A, piceus Van Dyke should he Morongo V alley, San Bei-
nardino County, California.

The above proposed changes in the two type localities were
discussed with the late Dr. E. C. V an Dyke who was helpful in
determining the exact areas in which the types were collected and
who also concurred with the writer concerning ihese changes.

LITERATURE CITED

Van Dyke, E. C.

1932. Miscellaneous studies in the Elateridae and related families of
Coleoptera. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. (4) 20:291—465.

1943. New species of west American Coleoptera. Pan-Pacific Ent.,
19:41-52.

Book Review

FREAKS AND MARVELS OF INSECT LIFE by Harold Bastin. Printed
in Great Britain. Pubished by A. A. Wyn Tnc. New Vork, 248 PP*t
20 pi., 25 figs. 1954. $3,75,

Mr. Bastin, who is an Enguish author and a maker of Entomological
models, has done a very creditable job in the writing of this book. Not
only does it cover a wide diversity of aspects of the vast domain of insect
life in a very informative and entertaining manner, but it also escapes
triteness by close adherence to the facts, as far as a single reviewer can
determine, and by avoidance of teleological statements which are often
a major fault of many popular accounts of insect natural history.

January, 1956] muesebeck—braconid parasites

25

In the introductory chapter, a brief description of the major char*
acteristics and general facies of insects as well as a synopsis of the
major orders is given and in subsequent chapters, topics considered of
greatest interest to persons with little background in entomology are drawn
from all phases of the field. As would be expected, major emphasis is given
to the structural and behavioristic adaptations of insects to various modes
of life; the subjects presented run the gamut from oviposition to insects as
they affect man and his economy.

The twenty plates of black and white photographs are excellent for the
most part, although a few could have been selected with a little more care.
For example, those dealing with insects and pollination (plate XIV) show
very little detail and could have been chosen to reveal more of the actual
mechanisms of both plants and insects involved in pollen transfer. Some
of tlie insects appearing in various photographs are obviously posed, such
as the male of the Hercules beetle transporting its "inamorata (plate XIX),
but the greatest weakness of the work is in the quality of the text figures
which, although they convey the idea the author wished to express,
appear to some extent hastily done and in several cases are actually rather
poor.

A glossary of common names of the insects mentioned in the text and
th eir Latin equivalents is provided as well as an index, but although Mr.
Bastin refers by name to many of the authors whose work he has cited
throughout the book, no bibliography of any sort has been been included.
This is unfortunate since it is obvious that the author is widely read in the
various aspects of entomology and could have appended an excellent list
of selected references with very little additional wo rk.

Aside from these weaknesses, the book is well w’orth reading, especially
by the interested layman, for the information it contains as well as for
the very fine literary style in which the information is presented.'— Marius
S. Wasbauer, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of
California, Berkeley,

TWO NEW BRACONID PARASITES OF THE
AVOCADO LOOTER
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

C. F. W. Muesebeck
United States National Museum

Descriptions of the following new species of braconid parasites
of the so-called avocado looper. Sdbulodes caberala Guenee, have
been requested in order that names may be available for use in
biological papers.

Meteorus tersus Muesebeck, new species
Very similar to M. dimidiatus (Cresson), from which it may
be distinguished, however, by its clear hyaline wings, by the

26

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO, 1

absence of a conspicuous pale spot at the base of the stigma, and
by its shorter ovipositor.

Female .—Length about 3.5 mm. Face about as long as its narrowest
width, faintly transversely aciculate; ocellocular line fully twice as
long as diameter of an ocellus; antennae about as long as the body, usually
29- or 30-segmented; mesonotal lobes largely smooth and shining but
middle lobe with some minute and faint setigerous punctures; a small,
weakly rugulose area at apex of middle lobe; propodeum rugose reticulate,
the dorsal face convex and a little longer than posterior face: second
abscissa of radius usually twice as long as first; recurrent vein entering
extreme base of second cubital cell; nervellus shorter than basal abscissa
of basella. Abdominal petiole -without dorsal fossae; ventral margins of first
tergite widely separated at base of segment, converging and virtually
touching at a point midway between base and the spiracles, and then
diverging again to posterior margin of segment; petiole smooth, postpetiole
finely longitudinally striate; second and following tergites smooth and
polished; ovipositor sheath about as long as hind femur, much shorter
than hind tibia.

Brownish yellow varied with black or piceous; head brownish yellow
with a large blackish spot covering middle of Irons and vertex and extending
upon occiput; thoracic pleura and sternum usually pale, the dorsum
usually blackish but with a brownish-yellow area on mesoscutum behind
middle lobe; propodeum blackish, also abdomen except second tergite
and the extreme apex which are brownish yelIow r ; wines clear hyaline
without a suggestion of discoloration; legs brownish yellow, the middle
and hind tibiae and tarsi and apices of hind femora more or less infuscated.

Male .—Essentially like the female but with the antennae usually
31- or 32-segmented and the face slightly wider than long.

Type locality .— Carlsbad, San Diego County, California.
Type. —U. S. National Museum N T o. 62560.

Described from thirteen females and ten males reared from
Sabulodes caberata (Guenee) August 27, 1954, by C. A, Fleschner,
Paratypes are deposited in the California Academy of Sciences.

Apanteles caberatae Muesebeck. new species

Runs to phigaUae Muesebeck in my key to the North Ameri¬
can species (1921, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 58, p. 494) and
appears to resemble that species more closely than any other de¬
scribed form. It may he easily distinguished from it, however, by
its long second tergite and by being considerably larger. Further¬
more, the cocoons of the new species are pure white, unfluted and
solitary, whereas in phigaUae they are brown, longitudinally (luted
and gregarious.

Female.—Length about 3 mm. Antenna fully as long as the body;
face at narrowest point slightly broader than long, closely but very
shallowly punctate; mesoscutum shining, covered with closely placed, very

January, 1956] muesebeck—bracond parasites

27

shallow punctures; disc of scutellum smooth and shining with only a few
scattered, very shallow punctures; propodeum smooth and shining hut with
a number of short striae radiating from middle of posterior margin; first
abscissa of radius perpendicular to anterior margin of wing, a little
longer than intercubitus and joining the latter in a distinct though obtuse
angle; hind coxa with a large, flattened, punctate area on outer upper
edge toward base; inner calcarium of hind tibia longer than outer and
distinctly more than half as long as metatarsus. Abdomen rather narrow;
first tergite parallel-sided to near apex where it is gradually rounded
off, distinctly a little narrower at apex than at base, more than twice as
long as broad at apex, smooth and polished on basal two-thirds, finely
longitudinally sculptured on apical third; second tergite fully as long as
third, with sharply impressed, oblique, lateral grooves setting off a large

Fig. 1, Stigma and second cubital cell of Meteorus tersus. Fig. 2, Venter
of first abdominal segment of Meteorus tersus. Fig. 3, Outline of first and
second tergites of Apanteles caberalae.

subtriangular median plate that is much longer than broad at base and
twice as broad at posterior margin as at base, its surface very weakly,
irregularly roughened and shining; following tergites smooth and shining;
ovipositor sheath barely surpassing apex of last dorsal abdominal segment.

Black; lateral margins of first and second tergites and basal two-
thirds of venter of abdomen brownish; sometimes third tergite a little
brownish laterally; tegulae black; wings hyaline, stigma and veins brown;

28

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

legs brownish yellow, anterior and middle coxae basally, and hind coxae
entirely except sometimes toward apices, black; hind femora and tibiae
at apices and the hind tarsi infuscated.

Male .—Like the female in all essential particulars.

Type locality .— Carlsbad, San Diego County, California.
Type. —U. S. National Museum No. 62561.

Described from five females and nine males reared from Sabu-
lodes caberata (Guenee) by J. C. Hall and C. A. Fleschner. Para-
types are in the California Academy of Sciences.

XYLOCOPA RUFINA UTILIZING MEXICAN CEDAR
TIMBERS FOR NESTING PURPOSES

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Paul D. Hurd, Jr . 1

University of California, Berkeley

During this past January, while in the state of Chiapas, Mexico,
limited observations were made on Xylocopa rufina Maidl, one
of the poorly known Central American carpenter bees. At Simo-
jovel and the Finca Inapila, near Yajalon, this carpenter bee was
actively nesting in sound structural Mexican Cedar, Cedrela
mexicana. At the former locality, the bee was nesting in some
numbers in the ceiling beams of a patio while at the Finca Inapila
several burrows were found in vertical door frames. The entrances
of the burrows were located on the vertical surface with the
burrow always curving inward and upward, usually some six to
eight inches. The only previous nesting wood reported for this
species was an unidentified pine stump at Uruapan, Michoacan,
Mexico. 2

1 These observations were made during and as an adjunct to an Associates in
Tropical Biogeography, University of California sponsored expedition.

2 P. D. Hurd, The Carpenter Bees of California, Bull. Calif. Insect Survey,
4 ( 2 ) : 58 .

Book Review

MOSQUITOES, THEIR BIONOMICS AND RELATION TO DISEASE. By
William R. Horsfall. The Ronald Press Company, New York, 723 pages.
1955. $16.00.

The author of this extensive compilation is to be congratulated for his
courage in attempting to review the voluminous literature on mosquito
bionomics and relation to disease. An introductory statement to the bibli-

January, 1956 ]

FURMAN-BOOK REVIEW

29

ography states: “Insufficient time and the press of other matters have made
a complete coverage of the literature impossible.” Unfortunately most critical
readers will find rather serious ommissions of pertinent literature.

As a reference work the basic organization of the book is good, providing
a consistent form of coverage for genera and species of mosquitoes. An intro¬
ductory chapter on the-subfamily Culicinae discusses in a general way the
same categories which are considered later in greater detail under generic
and specific headings. All stages in the life cycle are covered, with data on
distribution, food habits, assimilation, development, secretion, respiration,
parasites, predators, toxinosis, resistance and associated mosquitoes; in ad¬
dition data on adults include dispersal, swarming, mating, ovulation, ovi-
position, longevity, latency, excretion, stridulation, reservoir relations and
pathogenesis.

The above sections are covered in detail for only those relatively few
species which have been extensively studied. There are almost no data given
on rearing techniques, although a useful list of references on such techniques
is included.

There are many instances where illustrations would clarify the text, but
strangely, there is not an illustration in the entire book. Numerous tables are
provided including several on parasites of mosquitoes. The latter tables are
misleading in that they are. incomplete even to ommission of some parasites
discussed later in the text under individual consideration of mosquito species.

Perhaps it is inevitable in a book of this size that a certain number of
errors occur. However, it is disturbing that incorrect distribution ranges of
mosquito species were noted repeatedly, such as that given on page 274 for
the range of Anopheles punctulakus as “Melanesia north to 20° S lat. and
west to 170° E long. . . . ”. Citations from the literature are occasionally
inaccurate, as on page 293 where Reeves and Rudnick are erroneously at¬
tributed with associating endemic malaria on Guam with Anopheles subpictus
indefinitus.

Readers familiar with the west coast fauna of the United States will be
surprised to note that consideration of Aedes squamiger is restricted to in¬
clusion in a table of little-known species of Ochlerotatus.

An index of genera and species and a very abbreviated general index are
provided. The latter is entirely inadequate in a work of this magnitude.

In spite of the above criticisms the book should prove a useful tool to the
investigator concerned with mosquitoes.— Deane P. Furman, Department of
Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley.

30

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

SOME BARK AND AMBROSIA BEETLES FROM THE
TRES MARIA ISLANDS, MEXICO. No. 143. CONTRIBUTION
TO THE MORPHOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS
OF THE SCOLYTOIDEA.

(Coleoptera: Scolytoidea}

Karl E. Schedl

Lienz, Austria

Mr. Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences
has sent me again a very interesting collection of bark and ambro¬
sia beetles from various parts of America, amongst them a small
batch from the Tres Maria Islands on the west coast of Mexico.
As no Scolytidae have been recorded from these small islands so
far I thought it worth while to deal with them as soon as possible.

The collection contains two known Scolytidae, two known
Platypodidae, a new Scolytid genus, Xylochilus, and a new species
of the genus Hylocurus Eichhoff. The records of the known
species are the following:

Problechilus striatus Eggers. Maria Madre Island, Arroyo Hondo, May
17, 1925, ex Ficus sp., H. H. Keifer.

Xyleborus volvulus Fabricius. Maria Madre Island, Arroyo Hondo,
May 17, 1925 and the same island, village, May 16, 1925, H. H. Keifer.

Platypus konincki Chapuis. Maria Madre Island, May 17, 1925 and
Magdalena Island, May 20, 1925, H. H. Keifer.

These specimens are somewhat smaller than the types accord¬
ing to Chapuis (6.25 against 5.0 mm.) but I have in my collec¬
tion exactly similar specimens from Sao Paulo in Brazil and prob¬
ably this difference in size has something to do with the altitude
from which the specimens come. Platypus exaratus Blandford a
very closely related species has been described from Guatemala
and I am not quite sure if this species really is different from the
Chapuis Platypus konincki.

Platypus pulchellus Chapuis. Maria Madre Island, village, May 16,
1925, H. H. Keifer.

The only specimen is also somewhat smaller than my speci¬
mens from Costa Rica.

Xylochilus new genus

Body cylindrical and coarsely sculptured as in Cyrtogenius Strohmeyer
and certain species of Hexacolus Eichhoff, but the fore coxae nearly touch¬
ing each other. Antennae with the funicle four-jointed, the club consist¬
ing of three segments separated from each other by interrupted septa as

January, 1956 ] schedl—Mexican scolytoidea

31

in the genus Pityophthorus Eichhoff. Eyes long oval, feebly emarginate in
front, tibia widened distally, tarsi cylindrical.

The new genus shoud be placed in the Crypturgini but its
position within this group is rather unique on account of the
shape of the antennal club.

Type of the genus: Xylochilus insularis Schedl, new species.

Xylochilus insularis Schedl, new species

Reddish brown, 1.9 mm long, 2.4 limes as long as wide.

Front plano-convex, densely punctured, pubescence inconspicuous.
Pronotum somewhat longer than wide (25:23), widest distinctly behind
the middle, postero-lateral angles strongly rounded, sides feebly arcuate
to subparallel on the basal half, arcuately narrowed in front, the subapical
constriction merely indicated, anterior margin broadly rounded and armed
with a series of extremely low and subequal asperations; summit short

Fig. 1. Antenna of Xylochilus insularis.

behind the middle, anterior area obliquely convex, densely and finely
asperate, these asperities gradually changing into a granulate-punctate
sculpture on the basal area, pubescence extremely short, inconspicuous.
Scutellum large, shining, impunctate. Elytra as wide and 1.2 times as
long as the pronotum, sides parallel on the basal three-fifths, apex broadly
rounded when viewed from above, declivity short, steeply convex; disc
coarsely striato-punctate, the large punctures closely placed, the inter¬
stices very narrow, rather coarsely sculptured, each bearing a row of
medium long erect bristles; declivity with the suture feebly elevated, the
second interstices feebly impressed, the strial punctures smaller than on
the disc, the punctures of the interstices partly replaced by small gran¬
ules, the pubescence not much different than on the disc.

Holotype, male, Maria Madre Island, Arroyo Hondo, May
17, 1925 (H. H. Keifer) in the California Academy of Sciences;
paratypes from the type locality and Magdalena Island, May 20,

32

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

1925 (H. H. Keifer) in the collections of C.A.S. and Schedl.

The female has the front feebly impressed below, the punctu¬
ation much finer, the pubescence longer and more conspicuous,
the pronotum more gradually narrowed from the base to the
apex and the punctuation of the elytral declivity distinctly coarser.

Hylocurus tresmariae Schedl, new species

Female .—Reddish brown when mature, 1.34 to 1.46 mm. long, 2.5 times
as long as wide. One of the smallest species of the genus as far as Central
America is concerned, with long and fine pubescence on the underside.
Front broadly convex, impressed on a rather small area below, impression
shining, polished, with a few punctures towards the outer margins, the
convex portion silky opaque, minutely scratched, finely punctured. Antennal
scape clubshaped, with rather long fine hairs. Pronotum about as long as
wide, postero-lateral angles rectangular, feebly rounded, sides parallel on
the basal two fifths, strongly and obliquely narrowed in front, subapical
constriction hardly noticeable, anterior margin rather narrowly rounded;
summit high, in the middle, anterior area obliquely convex, finely and not
very densely asperate, finely granulato-punctate, pubescence inconspicuous.
Scutellum large, shining, impunctate. Elytra feebly wider and 1.5 times as
long as the pronotum, of the usual shape, cylindrical to well behind the
middle, apex strongly acuminate, declivity short and steeply convex; disc
with rows of medium sized but deep punctures in hardly impressed lines,
interstices rather narrow, each with a row of minute hardly visible punc¬
tures which bear fine slender and erect scalelike hairs; declivity with the
interstitial bristles becoming distinctly spatulate, the striae impressed, the
strial punctures much more closely placed, the interstices narrowly eleva¬
ted and the interspacial punctures replaced by regularly arranged granules.

Male .—Rather similar to the female but distinctly stouter, the front
more widely and deeply concave and the hairs of the antennal scape more
numerous and longer.

Holotype, female, Tres Maria Islands, Maria Madre, village,
May 15, 1925 (H. H. Keifer) in the California Academy of
Sciences, paratypes in the collections of C.A.S. and Schedl.

FAUNA AETHIOPICA VIII. 144. CONTRIBUTION TO THE
MORPHOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE
SCOLYTOIDEA

(Coleoptera: Scolytoidea)

Karl E. Schedl

Lienz, Austria

Mr. Borys Malkin has collected some Scolytidae and Platy-
podidae in Angola, in the British Cameroons and in Nigeria

January, 1956 ] schedl—scolytoidea aethiopica

33

during 1948 and 1949. This material has been sent to me by Mr.
Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences for identi¬
fication. Besides a good number of known species, the records of
which I shall give elsewhere, there have been presented some new
species. The descriptions are given below.

Xyleborus bostrichoides Schedl, new species

Female. —Dark reddish brown, 2.4 mm. long, 2.25 times as long as
wide. Xyleborus bostrichoides has to be placed in the Xyleborus scabrati
and is easily distinguished from related species by the type of sculpture
on the elytra. Front subopaque, plano-convex, densely granulate-punctate,
with a few scattered hairs on the frontal face and along the epistomal
margin. Pronoturn as wide as long, widest at the base, postero-lateral
angles bul feebly rounded, the sides subparallel, feebly constricted in the
basal half, broadly round in front, apical margin with some very low
asperities; summit high, in the middle, anterior area steeply convex, densely
asperate, the asperities gradually changing over into a granulate-punctate
sculpture on the basal area, pubescence fine and sparse. Scutellum rather
large, wider than long, shining, polished and impunctate. Elytra feebly
wider and 1.66 times as long as the pronoturn, widest at the beginning
of the declivity, sides fairly straight in the basal three fifths, apex very
broadly rounded, declivity beginning short behind the middle, obliquely
convex; disc striate-punctate, the striae shallow except the first one on
each side, the strial punctures moderate in size, rather closely and regu¬
larly placed, the interstices fairly wide, each one with a regular row
of somewhat smaller punctures, those of the first, two interstices more
irregular in arrangement, all interstitial punctures bearing very fine erect
hairs; declivity with the second interstices feebly impressed, the suture
and the third interstices each with a short row of remotely placed but
distinct granules additionally to some punctures, the striae distinct, the
strial punctures as large as on the disc, the second interstice rather con-
fusely and coarsely punctured, the apical margin acute and indistinctly
crenulate up to the seventh interstices, the pubescence somewhat longer
than on the disc.

Holotype and 15 paratypes from Angola: Malange, 11-IX-
1949, ex Cassia siamea Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae), B. Malkin col¬
lector. (Holotype deposited in California Academy of Sciences.)

Xyleborus diglyptus Schedl, new species

Female. —Reddish brown, 2.5 mm. long, 2.8 times as long as wide.
This new species is rather difficult to place as I do not know any related
form but it seems to be advisable to include it into the Xylebori angustati
at the present time. Front opaque, minutely punctulate, finely but rather
remotely punctured, with a fringe of yellow hairs along the anterior
margin only. Pronoturn feebly longer than wide (29:26), widest in the
middle, postero-lateral angles rounded, feebly diverging in the basal fifth,

34

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

thence parallel to little beyond the middle, apex broadly rounded, apical
margin with numerous small asperities, summit distinctly before the middle,
anterior area convex and very densely covered by small asperities, basal
area subshining, very finely punctured, pubescence fine and erect, more
dense at the sides. Scutellum moderate in size, as long as wide, shining.
Elytra as wide and 1.5 times as long as the pronotum, the sides parallel
up to the middle, thence feebly and gradually incurved, the apex rather
narrowly rounded, declivity commencing short behind the middle, obliquely
convex; disc with rows of very fine, but rather distinct punctures, the two
sets, those of the principal rows and the others of the interstices difficult
to distinguish, the strial punctures bearing minute and inclined hairs,
those of the intervalles being much longer and semierect, some of the
interstitial punctures replaced by fine granules towards the declivity,
declivital face with the striae distinctly impressed, the strial punctures
larger than on the disc, each interstice with a series of setose granules, the
apical margin up to the seventh interstices not acute but marked by a set of
fine toothlike granules, the last ones near the suture situated in continuation
of the first interstices a little larger than the others, pubescence more
conspicuous on the declivity than on the disc.

Holotype, British Cameroons, Mt. Cameroon, Buea slope,
4500 ft., 13-V-1949 (B. Malkin), in the California Academy of
Sciences; paratypes collection Schedl.

Doliopygus malkini Schedl, new species

Male .—Reddish brown, 3.0 mm. long, 3.5 times as long as wide. More
closely allied to Doliopygus uncinatus Schedl but smaller, with the
median emargination of the second abdominal sternite more triangular in
shape, the lateral processes shorter and stouter. Front flat, separated from
the vertex by a subacute angle, frontal face subopaque, minutely punctu-
late, additionally with some shallow punctures, those more distinct and
larger in the upper third, very fine along the more shining epistomal
margin, median strigae impressed. Pronotum longer than wide (28:24),
lateral emarginations shallow, surface brightly shining, very finely punc¬
tate, a few larger punctures along the apical margin. Elytra feebly wider
and 1.7 times as long as the pronotum, of the usual general form, sides
straight, all alternate interstices terminating into triangular toothlike
processes, the first interstice distinctly shorter than the third, the outer
ones gradually decreasing in length, the disc with regular rows of fine
shallow punctures, the first row only somewhat impressed, the scattered
minute punctures of the interstices hardly noticeable; abdomen with the
second sternite triangularly and widely emarginate medially, the lateral
processes rather high but not long, subperpendicular when viewed from
the side, face of the second sternite shining, with a few setose punctures
along the sides and some coarser ones around the median emargination,
sternites three to five strongly shining, impunctate, the fifth with a shallow
depression on each side.

Holotype and 3 paratypes from Nigeria, Ogbomosho, 9-XII-

January, 1956 ] schedl—scolytoidea aethiopica

35

1949 (B. Malkin) ; in the California Academy of Sciences; other
paratypes are from Kabba, 20-11-49 (B. Malkin).

Doliopygus ugandae Schedl, new species

Male. —Reddish brown, elytra in the greater part pale yellow, 4.2 mm.
long, 3.1 times as long as wide. The two specimens of my collection bear
the label Crossotarsus hardenbergi Samps, and have been determined by
Sampson himself. The species Crossotarsus hardenbergi. Samps, is not
valid any more and moreover Lhese two specimens are quite different from
all the other allies and easily distinguished by the characters of the 2nd
abdominal sternite. Front aplanate, densely punctured, medially with a
subimpressed strigae, separated from the vertex by an acute angle, pub¬
escence short and erect. Pronotum distinctly longer than wide (45:38),
femoral emarginations shallow, surface shining, rather densely, uniformly
and finely punctured, median sulcus long, some short hairs on the sides
only. Elytra of the usual shape as common in the Doliopygi conjuncti,
feebly wider and 1.7 times as long as the pronotum, regularly striate-
punctate, the punctures largely submerged, the striae shallow, the interstices
fairly wide, with some minute hardly visible punctures, apex of elytra as
in Doliopygus ghesquieri Schedl; abdomen with the second sternit broadly
emarginate in the middle, the lateral processes strongly thickened at the
upper limit producing an edgelike ridge opposite the upper nearly horizon¬
tal margin of the processes, fifth sternite concave, without a toothlike
structure.

Holotype male, Uganda: Kampala, Mulange Mabira Forest,
4000 ft., in the Schedl collection.

RECENT LITERATURE

THE BLOWFLIES OF CALIFORNIA (Diptera: Calliphoridae). By Maurice
T. James. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-34, incl. 2 pis.,

1 text fig. Offset printed. University of California Press, Berkeley and
Los Angeles; October 28, 1955. Price 50 cents.

Identification keys are given for the subfamilies, genera, and species of
Californian calliphorids (adults), with label data in full; larval habits are
summarized. The seven figures on two plates show structural details.

THE CARPENTER BEES OF CALIFORNIA (Hymenoptera: Apoidea).
By Paul D. Hurd, Jr. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 35-72,
inch 6 pis., 4 maps. Offset printed. University of California Press,
Berekeley and Los Angeles; October 28, 1955. Price 50 cents.

This paper is of broader coverage than the title suggests, for the keys and
distributional maps are presented for the known species of America north
of Mexico. Californian records are given in detail; nesting habits are
discussed.— Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences.

36

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

A KEY TO THE WORKERS OF VEROMESSOR FOREL OF
THE UNITED STATES AND THE DESCRIPTION
OF A NEW SUBSPECIES

(Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Marion R. Smith

Entomology Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. De¬
partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

For many years only five species of Veromessor were known
to occur in the United States, these being andrei (Mayr), cham-
berlini (Wheeler), labognathus (Andrews), pergandei (Mayr),
and stoddardi (Emery). In 1951 (Great Basin Nat. 11:94—96)
I added a sixth, lariversi, from a locality 5 miles west of Pyramid
Lake (Washoe County), Nevada. Recently a seventh form, a new
subspecies of stoddardi was received from Chico (Butte. County),
California. This is described below. As two Veromessor new to
science have been found since the appearance of Creighton’s Ants
of North America (1950, Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool. Bui.
104:94—96), a key for the identification of the workers of all
our forms is offered here.

Genus Veromessor Forel

(Key for identification of workers of the forms occurring in the United

States)

1. Base of antennal scape dilated to form a prominent, trumpet-shaped
structure. (Epinotal spines long, much longer than the distance separat¬
ing their bases. Thorax very coarsely sculptured, rugulose-reticulate.
Color highly variable; commonly reddish brown to blackish.) One of
the most common species. Ariz., Calif., Nev., Oreg., and Mex.

..... andrei (Mayr)

Base of antennal scape not shaped as described above..2

2. Epinotal spines short, not longer than the distance separating their

bases . 3

Epinotal spines long, much longer than the distance separating their
bases .........~6

3. Pronotum longitudinally rugulose. Ammochetae lacking. Color largely

reddish brown..4

Pronotum not longitudinally rugulose. Ammochetae well developed.

Color not as described. 5

4. Base of antennal scape flattened and also noticeably dilated. Dorsal
surface of head although possessing coarse punctures in addition to the
other sculpture, the punctures are not readily discernible. Calif. (Butte

County). stoddardi chicoensis M. R. Smith new subspecies

Base of antennal scape not as described above. Dorsal surface of head
with coarse scattered punctures in addition to the other sculpture, the

January, 1956]

SMITH-VEROMESSOR

37

punctures very conspicuous. Calif. (Monterey County and southward),
Mex........ stoddardi stoddardi (Emery)

5. Color black or picous brown. Eye not remarkably large and convex
but with a rather distinct anteroventral angle. Middle of the anterior
border of the clypeus with a projection. Pronotum smooth and shining
but with a distinct shagreening. One of the most common species. Ariz.,

Calif., Nev., Mex. pergandei (Mayr)

Color not as described above but of a very light brown that reminds
one very much of a callow. Eye remarkably large and convex but
lacking the anteroventral angle. Middle of the anterior border of the
clypeus without a projection. Calif., Nev. lariversi M. R. Smith

6. Base of antennal scape unusually enlarged or dilated. Scape smooth
and shining. Median rugulae of the head noticeably diverging poster¬
iorly. Calif. (Santa Cruz Island and mainland areas near Los Angeles)

....... chamber lini Wheeler

Base of antennal scape not unusually enlarged or dilated. Scape not
smooth and shining. Median rugulae of the head not noticeably diverg¬
ing posteriorly. Bearing a superficial resemblance to Pogonomyrmex
occidentalis (Cress). Colo. (Glenwood Springs and Owl Canyon, 20
miles north of Fort Collins). lobognathus (Andrews)

Veromessor stoddardi chicoensis M. R. Smith, new subspecies

Worker. Length 6.2 mm.

Head subrectangular, scarcely longer than broad, with rounded posterior
corners and distinctly concave posterior border. Cheeks noticeably con¬
verging toward the mandibles. Eye placed nearer the anterior than the
posterior border of the head, moderately convex, approximately 0.3 mm.
at its greatest width. Mandible rather large, subtriangular, with 7 rather
blunt teeth. Base of scape curved, flattened and also noticeably broadened;
gradually and distinctly enlarged toward the apex, the apex of the scape
not attaining the posterior border of the head; last four funicular segments
enlarged but not forming a pronounced club. Frontal carina short, posteri¬
orly divergent, not concealing the insertion of the antenna. Frontal area
subtriangular, impressed. Middle of the anterior border of the clypeus
with an impression or emargination. In profile, promesonotum forming a
moderate arch which terminates at the pronounced mesoepinotal constriction
which is approximately 0.10 mm. deep and at least twice as long. Base of
epinotum lower than the promesonotum and sloping posteriorly to the
epinotal spines which are short, even shorter than the distance between
their bases. From above, pronotal humeri rounded; promesonotal suture
present but not well defined. Legs rather long and slender, with the femora
and tibiae only moderately incrassated. In profile, petiole, rather small
with erect node the anterior surface of which meets the pedicel in a dis¬
tinct angle; ventral surface of petiole with a poorly defined longitudinal
carina. From above, the postpetiole is subpyriform. Gaster oval, without
humeri.

Head with finely punctate interspaces between the fairly coarse
longitudinal rugulae; also scattered over the head there are some rather

38 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

coarse punctures which are best seen only in certain lights. Pronresonotum
largely longitudinally rugulose, the interspaces finely punctate. Dorsal
surface of epinotum transversely rugulose. Side of thorax longitudinally
rugulose; the interspaces on the mesopleuron and side of epinotum coarsely
punctate thus causing these areas to appear dull or subopaque.

Petiole and postpetiole finely punctate with the dorsal surfaces
bearing a few coarse, foveolate impressions. Gaster witlr a fine shagreening
which is not always readily seen.

Body with a moderate amount of erect, coarse, golden hairs of variable
length, some of the hairs being rather long. Gula without ammochetae.

Head and thorax a rich reddish brown, gaster blackish except at the
base; petiole, postpetiole and legs with infuscated areas.

Type locality: Chico, Butte County, California, March 2,
1954, Adrian Wenner.

The workers of this new form were collected in Sec. 17, T22
N, R2E in the Chico area lava flow plateau at an elevation of
450 feet. This is approximately where the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada meet the Sacramento Valley at the upper end of the
Chico creek alluvial fan. The nest was beneath about a twenty
pound stone. It was composed of a series of galleries that led
approximately 12 inches into the soil. In summer the soil is baked
dry and at this time the ants very probably aestivate.

Described from a holotype and 20 paratype workers which
have been placed in the United States National Museum under
U.S.N.M. No. 62959.

This polymorphic subspecies varies considerably not only in
size but also in color and body proportions. Paratypes show the
following variations, the smallest worker is 3.7 mm., the largest
6.7 mm., infuscated areas of variable size and intensity common¬
ly occur on the head, petiole, postpetiole and legs, smaller
workers have a longer and narrower head than the larger workers.

Creighton (1953, Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 1612, pp. 17—18)
has shown that the typical stoddardi is a true harvesting ant with
foraging activities very probably of a crepuscular nature. It is
quite likely that this new subspecies may have similar habits.
Individuals who are especially interested in the taxonomy, biology
and distribution of the various forms of Veromessor, as well as
those of Novomessor , are referred to the paper entitled, “A Study
of the Ant Genera Novomessor and Veromessor” by Wheeler and
Creighton 1934, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 69:341—387,
2 pis.

January, 1956]

PECHUMAN-TABANUS

39

AN UNUSUAL NEW TABANUS FROM ARIZONA

(Diptera: Tabanidae)

L. L. Pechuman
Lockport , New York

In 1953, Professor Henry Dietrich of Cornell University and
Mrs. Dietrich collected long series of Tabanidae in Arizona. This
material has contributed considerably to our knowledge of the
Tabanid fauna of Arizona and comments on some of the species
collected will be published separately.

Among the material collected in 1953, is a series of an appar¬
ently new species of Tabanus. It is a pleasure to dedicate this
species to Professor Dietrich whose collecting activities for many
years have added much to the study of North American Tabanidae.

Tabanus dietrichi Pechuman, new species

Female. Length 16 mm. Eye pilose, hair very short; ground color
of eye dark green with a single diagonal purple band; short, stiff, golden
yellow occipital hairs rimming eyes. Frons slightly over three times as
high as greatest width, essentially parallelsided but slightly wider below,
dull ochre yellow pollinose with numerous stiff semierect black hairs;
basal callus small and almost obliterated by pollen of frons and what
portion can be seen is finely wrinkled; median callus narrow, somewhat
spindle shaped, not quite touching basal callus; subcallus concolorous with
frons, slightly protuberant; ocellar tubercle absent but a thinning of the
pollen in the ocellar area allows a portion of the integument to be seen
in vicinity of two vestigial lateral ocelli. Antennae black, first segment
slightly enlarged above; third antennal segment slightly angulate above
but with no dorsal excision; annulate portion somewhat shorter than
basal portion of third segment; a few long black hairs on some of the
annuli. Frontoclypeus and cheeks concolorous with frons and subcallus
and with no bare areas; many black hairs on upper portion of cheeks
and frontoclypeus but beard bright yellow. Palpi yellow with a pinkish
cast, not greatly thickened at base and with many stiff black hairs and a
few fine yellow hairs. Proboscis short, only slightly longer than palpi.
Mensonotum. black with five indistinct pale stripes which are covered
with recumbent orange-gold hairs, the area between the stripes being
covered mostly with black hairs; prescutal lobe dark yellowish brown.
Scutellum black with golden hairs. Pleurae black with black hairs and
several patches of pale yellow hairs and a tuft of bright orange hairs on
the mesopleuron just below base of wdng and bright yellow hairs on the
post alar callosity. Legs black with mostly black hairs; basal third of
fore and middle tibiae and basal sixth of hind tibiae brownish yellow;
middle femora with a few and hind femora with many golden yellow
hairs in addition to black hairs; hind tibial fringe black although there
are a few yellow hairs on the hind tibiae; underside of middle and hind
tarsi with many short reddish yellow hairs. Wings with a faint dusky

40

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

tint which is most intense in the costal cell; all veins faintly bordered
by heavier infuscation and dark spots are present on the crossveins and
at the bifurcation of the third longitudinal vein; veination normal without
a spur at the bifurcation of the third longitudinal vein. Knob of halteres dark
brown, cream colored at apex; stem pale brown. Abdomen a peculiar
shade of yellowish gray with a faint greenish tinge with darker markings
which consist on the second to fifth segments of paired dashes which do
not quite reach the posterior border but unite anteriorly to form a black
border which reaches across the segment and expands to form a large
dark spot at the anterio-lateral margin of the tergite; first tergite mostly
dark with infuscation heaviest under the scutellum; sixth tergite black;
all segments with bright golden yellow hairs over paler portions and black
hairs over dark portions; posterior margins of all tergites fringed with
golden yellow hairs. Venter fuscous, second to sixth sternites with very
narrow pale posterior borders and fringes of golden hairs; center of fourth
and most of fifth and sixth sternites with black hairs; balance of venter
densely covered with yellow hairs.

Male . Length 15.5 mm. Much darker than female. Eyes pilose, facets
about same size throughout; fringe of hairs on occiput golden yellow
Occipital tubercle with a crease through the center, yellowish brown
pollinose with yellow hairs. Frontal triangle considerably wrinkled, dark
yellow pollinose, darker above. Frontoclypeus and cheeks concolorous with
frontal triangle but cheeks becoming brighter yellow below; cheeks slightly
protuberant, with long black hairs. Antennae black, shaped much as in
female, with a few long black hairs on some of the annuli. Palpi yellowish
brown about two and a half times as long as greatest thickness, decurved
at tip, with many black and a few yellow hairs. Mesonotum black with
black hairs and a very few yellow hairs and only the faintest indication
of pale stripes; prescutal lobe chestnut colored; scutellum concolorous
with rest of thorax, black haired with a fringe of yellow hairs posteriorly.
Pleurae black, mostly black haired. Legs black and black haired, fore
and middle tibiae somewhat yellowish at base, middle and hind tarsi with

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Tabanus dietrichi Pechuman.—Male: 1, abdomen; 2, frontal triangle;
3, third segment of antenna; 4, second segment of palpus. Female: 5,
abdomen; 6, frons; 7, third segment of antenna; 8, second segment of palpus.

January, 1956 ]

PECHUMAN-TABANUS

41

stiff reddish hairs beneath. Wings as in female. Halteres dark brown.
Abdomen mostly black and black haired; second to sixth tergites with
very narrow pale posterior bands and a fringe of yellow hair; first tergite
with traces of a very small sublateral chestnut colored spot resting on the
posterior border; second and third tergites with larger chestnut spots which
practically cross segment. Venter mostly black and black haired with narrow
pale posterior borders with a fringe of yellow hair on the second to sixth
sternites; the third sternite with a large chestnut spot on each side near the
median line which crosses the segment and extends slightly over the second
sternite.

Holotype, female: Phelps Botanical Area, White Moun¬
tains, Arizona, 8 July, 1953 (A and H. Dietrich), in Cornell
University collection. Allotype, male: same data as holotype, in
Cornell University collection. Paratypes: 3 females with same
data as holotype; 1 female same locality as holotype collected 7
July, 1953; 34 males same data as holotype; 16 males same
locality as holotype collected 7 July, 1953. With the concurrence
of Professor Dietrich, paratypes are to be distributed as follows:
1 male and 1 female to the United States National Museum, Uni¬
versity of Arizona, Tucson, Dr. Cornelius B. Philip and the
writer. Additional male paratypes are in the collection of Cornell
University and the writer.

In the series studied the females showed little variation from
the holotype; the amount of black and yellow hairs on the legs
and palpi was not always proportionately the same as in the type
and the series varied from 14 to 16 mm. in length. In the males,
variation was mostly in the color of the abdomen; in some speci¬
mens the chestnut colored spots were more extensive than in the
allotype, in others less extensive and in some specimens these
spots were absent leaving the abdomen completely black with
very narrow pale posterior borders on the tergites; in a few
specimens there are traces of a pale mid-dorsal triangle on the
second tergite. The males varied in length from 14 to 16.5 mm.
Two specimens were not included in the series of paratypes since
they appear to be monstrosities; they have holoptic eyes as in
the male with an abdominal pattern much like that of the female
and the palpi are obviously aberrant.

Tabanus dietrichi is unique in several respects. It may be
separated from all Tabanus known to the writer by the almost
completely pollinose basal callus. Its peculiar coloration is ap¬
proached in the Tabanidae to the writer’s knowledge only by

42

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXII, NO. 1

Chrysops hirsuticallus Philip and occasional specimens of Atylotus
incisuralis (Macquart).

Generic placement of this species was difficult. Its affinities
seem to be with a group of species which includes Tabanus
gilanus Townsend, T. boharti Philip, T. fairchildi Stone, T. rein-
ivardtii Wiedemann, and T. stonei Philip but certain characters
relate it to Atylotus on one hand and Hybomitra on the other.
Although none of the above species are congeneric with the geno¬
type Tabanus bovinus Linnaeus in a strict sense, our present
knowledge of the group would scarcely justify generic separation.

The conditions under which Tabanus dietrichi was found are
of interest. As described by Professor Dietrich, the males were
collected in knee high grass growing in a wet meadow at an
elevation of about 9,500 ft. It is to the great credit of Professor
Dietrich that he recognized that the abundant females of Tabanus
present at that time belonged to other species. Persistent search
for comparable females resulted in the collection of five speci¬
mens which were resting on the outer walls of a cabin at the edge
of a wet meadow where the males were collected.

I am indebted to Mr. William Wild of the Buffalo Museum
of Science for the figures of Tabanus dietrichi.

January, 1956 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

43

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

H. B. Leech W. C. Day D. D. Jensen

Vice-President President Secretary

Proceedings

Two Hundred and Fortieth Meeting

The two hundred and fortieth meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological
Society was held at 7:30 p.m. on Friday, February 4, 1955, in the Morrison
Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President
W. C. Day conducted the meeting. The following members were present:
R. L. Usinger, W. C. Day, H. B. Leech, P. D. Hurd, Jr., Charles Hildebrand,
Glen M. Cagley, Borys Malkin, Berta B. Kessel, Edward L. Kessel, L. R.
Gillogly, Hilary Hacker, W. Anthony Doalin, W. W. Sampson, Stephen
Hitchcock, Otto W. Graf, Jr., and J. W. Tilden. The following visitors were
present: Grace Hurd, James Gillogly, Alan Gillogly, Robert L. Hacker,
and Duncan Cuyler.

The minutes of the annual meeting held December 4, 1954, were read
and approved.

Carlo Gemignani was elected to full membership in the Society.

President Day, reporting for the program committee, announced that
J. K. Holloway is scheduled to speak at the March 5th meeting, and E. S.
Ross will be the speaker on Apx-il 16th, if he has returned from South
America by that time.

Dr. Usinger announced the second memoir of the Society, “Revision
of the Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae” by A. Earl Pitchard and Edward
W. Baker, will be out in about six weeks.

President Day appointed the following committee to select a site for
the field trip scheduled for May 21, 1955: Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., chairman,
Dr. Gordon Edwards, and Dr. E. L. Kessel.

In response lo the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. J. W.
Tilden showed two photographs of a teratalogical scorpion, in which one
of the book lungs had developed into a malformed pectine. This might
offer some support to the theory that book lungs and pectines are serially
homologous.

Borys Malkin reported on MacJdotes spp. (Colydiidae) from New
Guinea, the Philippines, and Hainan Island. He exhibited fifteen specimens
belonging to the Academy and reported that there are five specimens in
the British Museum.

Dr. Kessell reported that Dr. Ross has sent from Peru, to date, 80
boxes of color slides and over 180,000 specimens. His trip has been
extended until April.

It was announced that Tom Briggs, a member of the Society and
senior at Lincoln High School in San Francisco, has been selected for his
work on Solpugids as one of two outstanding science students west of the
Mississippi River.

Dr. Usinger proposed that Dr. Kessel be delegated to write a letter
to Tom Briggs commending him in the name of the Society for his

44

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

selection as outstanding science student. The motion was seconded and
passed unanimously.

Dr. Usinger commented upon several species and two genera of
myrmecomorphic Mirid bugs. These were exhibited, along with the ants
which they mimic. In his study of the genus Dacerla he discovered that
three species, including one collected in Mexico by Mr. Leech, belong to
a new genus which be is describing. Most of these species are brachypterous
but one from southern California has fully developed wing-covers and
wings.

In the absence of Miss Emily Bartholomew, Mr. Leech read her note
on the habits of a California specimen of the southern European Katydid,
Phanoptera quadripunctata Brunner. (See Strohecker, 1952. Pan-Pac. Ent.
28(3) : 138). ‘‘On August 8, 1953, a small katydid was taken in a quince
tree near Sunnyvale, California. It was kept in a cage for about a month
before it died. It stridulated occasionally, most often at night. Its song
was a series of irregularly repeated, rasping clicks, with a soft, lisping,
leisurely quality. The katydid flew readily and in the manner of a Scud-
deria. Its general behavior was no different from that of the Scudderia
which were in the same cage. Mr, J. A. G. Rehn, Philadephia Academy of
Sciences, identified the specimen.”

Dr. Hurd added that there are two specimens of this katydid at the
University of California, collected in Niles Canyon in 1932, and at Sunny¬
vale in 1941. • -

Mr. Day introduced Mr. J. C. Rozen, of the University of California,
who spoke on the subject “Comparative Behavior of the Bees of the Genus
Nomadopsis” His address was accompanied by slides to illustrate graphically
the phylogenetic relationships between the species. Mr. Rozen’s discussion
is summarized below.

The genus Nomadopsis consists of some thirty species, twenty-five of
which occur in California. These bees are non-social. Although they may
nest in a localized area, there is no queen; each female digs and pro¬
visions her own nest. Nests are made in the ground and each cell is
provisioned with a pollen ball, upon which a single egg is laid. The genus
is divided into three rather distinct subgenera, one of which is composed of
three species groups.

In addition to morphological characters used in making these separa¬
tions, it is possible to make much the same separations based on behavior
patterns. By far the most distinctive of these are the mating habits which
may vary in method of approach by the male, in position and duration
of copulation. In one sub genus, for instance, the, union may last for an
hour, while in another the rough and tumble mating seldom exceeds five
seconds in duration. Nesting habits vary, for the burrow may be shallow
or deep, straight or curved, contain a single cell in each side branch, or
two or three in a series. Seasonal cycles vary from one to several generations
per year. With respect to the diurnal cycle the bees are usually active
during the warm part of the day but they are attuned to the pollen flower
and may be active early or late in the day depending on the time the
flower opens and closes. “Monolectic” species limit themselves to the pollen

January, 1956 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

45

of a single species of plant; “oligolectic” ones have the choice of several
plants; while “polylectic” species may collect pollen from many different
species of plants. Certain morphological differences permit various species
to collect pollen from deep-throated flowers, while other bees with short
mouthparts feed on open flowers.

The meeting was adjourned.—L. R. Gillogly, Secretary pro tern.

Two Hundred and Forty-first Meeting

The two hundred and forty-first meeting of the. Pacific Coast Ento¬
mological Society was held at 2:00 p.m, on Saturday, March 5, 1955, in
the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco. President W. C. Day conducted the meeting. The following
members were present: D. D. Jensen, P. S. Bartholomew, L. R. Gillogly,
G. E. Bohart, H. B. Leech, J. W. MacSwain, J. G. Edwards, J, W. Green,

K. F. Innes, E. L. Kessel, R. D. Cuyler, S. W. Hitchcock, A. E. Pritchard,

L. M. Henry, G. F, Ferris, R. L. Usinger, F. E. Skinner, B. McDaniel, J. H.
Freitag, N. W. Frazier and W. C. Day.

Visitors were present as follows: J. A. Reed, Alan Gillogly, Mrs. L. R.
Gillogly, James Gillogly, George Provin, W. A. Russell, J. K. Holloway,
Paul Remy, Dr. and Mrs. R. De Coursey, Mrs. S. W. Hitchcock, Peter
Wygodzinsky, and A. R. Hill. k

The minutes of the meeting held February 4, 1955, were read and
approved.

Gordon Bender, Duncan Cuyler, Samuel Gottfried, and Henry Taaber
were elected to full membership in the Society.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Edward
Bohart showed pictures of the wild bee, Anthophora occidentalis Cresson,
its burrows in vertical banks and its parasite. The pictures were made in
Utah.

Professor Ferris exhibited his latest volume (number 7) of the Atlas
of the Scale Insects of North America.

President Day then introduced as the main speaker of the meeting,
Mr. James K. Holloway, Entomologist of the U. S, Department of Agri¬
culture and the University of California, who spoke on the subject, “Search¬
ing for Natural Enemies of the Sugar Beet Leathopper in Spain and
North Africa.” Mr. Holloway’s talk, which was illustrated with excellent
colored pictures, is summarized below.

In searching for natural enemies of an introduced insect species it is
very desirable to know the country of origin. The beet leafhopper was
thought to have originated in the western hemisphere. Exploration in Central
and South America failed to locate the species. In the course of a long
series of taxonomic studies, Dr. P, W. Oman decided that the beet leaf-
hopper belonged in the genus Circulifer. He recognized some 12 Old World
species of the genus which were generally distributed in the countries of
the Mediterranean. In 1948, Oman published an article in which he found
two species described, one from Palestine, and the other from Sicily, to be
synonymous with the North American beet leafhopper. This finding opened
up a whole new area for parasite exploration. As a preliminary to this
project, Dr. Norman Frazier was sent on a seven-month survey of the

46

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 1

Mediterranean countries. He definitely determined the existence of Circulifer
in these countries and recommended that we search in Spain and North
Africa for natural enemies.

In March 1952, we sailed from New York to Barcelona with a station
wagon equipped as a field laboratory.

The first problem pertaining to the field work was a big one, because
Circulifer were not insects of economic importance in Spain and there
were no taxonomists in that country who had worked on the group. There¬
fore, there were no distribution records available. In the United States we
know that the beet lealhopper is generally found in areas of 12 or less
inches of rain and is associated with certain preferred host plants. Fortun¬
ately, the botanical and meteorological records were good in Spain and
from these a probable collecting area was determined. The family Cheno-
podiaceae was used as a plant index. This family includes many of the
preferred host plant genera such as Atriplex, Salsola, Bassia, and others.
A rough sketch of the distribution was placed on a map of Spain and upon
this was placed areas of 10 or less inches of rain. This solved the problem
of the part of Spain in which to search.

No parasites or predators of the adults or nymphs were found in suffi¬
cient quantity to make shipments. Several egg parasites from Spain were
received in quarantine at Albany, California and from these, three readily
accepted the eggs of Circulifer tenellus.

Approximately four months, January through April, 1953, were spent
in North Africa in the following countries: Spanish Morocco, Tangier,
French Morocco and Algier. It was hoped that the warmer climate of these
countries would permit some winter work. Unfortunately, most of the
suitable collecting areas were at from 2,000 to 3,000 feet elevation. Under
desert conditions at that time of the year, there were a few hours during
mid-day which were warm enough for insect activity but the nights were
so cold it more than offset the activities resulting from mid-day temper¬
atures. However, in southern French Morocco below the Atlas Mountains
and along the Atlantic ocean, an area was found in which working populations
of Circulifer tenellus were obtainable. From this locality one egg parasite
was obtained and is now being released.

Mr. Holloway’s report was followed by short discussion after which
the meeting was adjourned.—D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Forty-second Meeting

The two hundred and forty-second meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento¬
mological Society was held at 7:30 p.m. on Friday, April 15, 1955, at the
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President W. C. Day
conducted the meeting. The following members were present: D. D. Jensen,
P. Bartholomew, L. R. Gillogly, G. E. Bohart, H. B. Leech, J. W. MacSwain,
J. G. Edwards, J. W. Green, K. F. Innes, E. L. Kessel, R. D. Cuyler, S.
W. Hitchcock, A. E. Pritchard, L. M. Henry, G. F. Ferris, R. L. Usinger,
P. D. Hurd, F. E. Skinner, B. McDaniel, J. H. Freitag, N. W. Frazier, and
W. C. Day. Visitors were present as follows: J. A. Reed, Alan Gillogly, Mrs.
L. R. Gillogly, James Gillogly, G. Provin, W. A. Russell, J. K. Holloway,

January, 1956 ]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

47

P. Remy, Dr. and Mrs. R. M DeCoursey, Mrs. S. W. Hitchcock, P.
Wygodzinsky, and A. R. Hill.

The minutes of the meeting held March 5, 1955, were read and
approved..

Dr. Hurd reported that the annual field meeting would be held at
Russellman Park, Contra Costa County, on May 14, 1955.

President Day reported on the publication status of volume 2 of the
Society’s Memoirs Series, “A Revision of the Spider Mite Family Tetrany-
chidae” by A. E. Pritchard and E. W. Baker, indicating it would be ready
for distribution in the near future.

A motion was passed instructing the Membership Committee to write
letters to members of the Society who are delinquent in their dues encour¬
aging them to continue active participation in the Sociey.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Hurd
reported on limestone nodules containing fossil insects of cretaceous age
from the Calico Mountains of California.

Mr. Day reported that in one group of mayflies, three species had
been named on the basis of the form of one structure. He has found that
when the mayflies are killed in a killing jar with ethyl acetate this structure
appears identical in all.

Mr. Day introduced as the main speaker of the meeting Dr. A. R. Hill,
Department of Zoology, Glasgow University, whose subject was, “Some
observations on Anthocoris spp.” A summary of Dr. Hill’s remarks follows.

Anlhocoris bugs belong to the family Anthocoridae of the suborder
Heteroptera. They are commonly called Flower Bugs or Minule Pirate
Bugs. They are characterized by possessing 4-segmented antennae, by the
absence of ocelli and by the elytra showing a distinct euneus and embolium.
In color they are generally black and brown with either white or cream-
colored markings.

They are free-living insects to be found on a variety of shrubs, trees
and flowers, under fallen leaves, under bark, in moss, etc. Carnivorous in
habit, they feed on mites, thrips, leafhoppers, aphids, coccids and other
small insects and arthropods. Some have been reported as damaging culti¬
vated plants but this is rather unusual. There are approximately 40 species
recorded in the world list.

These insects, because of their small size and inconspicuous coloring
have been little studied, so that there is a lack of information about their
life-histories, their geographical distribution and their distribution on
plants. Practically nothing is known about their feeding habits, which
organisms form their prey and to what extent they inbibe plant juices.
More information as to the role these insects play in reducing and stabiliz¬
ing populations of pest species such as red spider mites, aphids, etc. would
be of considerable practical importance. It was for these reasons that the
lecturer began his study of British Anthocoris species last year. The work
is still in the preliminary stages. Distribution records have been obtained
from literature and supplemented by field studies and life history. Studies
have been performed on two species, Anthocoris nemo rum- (L) and A.
confusus Reuter. The former species, which is very common and widely

48

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL* XXXII, NO. 1

distributed, proved the easier to rear in the laboratory. Exact data on
duration of stadia and on quantities of aphids consumed during; the
developmental and post-developmental periods have been ascertained.

Anthocoris nemoram completes its developmental period in 48 days
consuming some 57 aphids during that time, Jor A. confusus the figures
are 28 days and 35 aphids for the spring generation and 32 days and 40
aphids for the summer generation (the figures are averages). In the case
of A. nemorum there are strong indications that it is univoltine in Scotland,
whereas, in England, it is bivoltine.

\ci\ little seems to be known of the North American species which
have not been treated as a group since C). M. Reuter’s monograph (1884).
1 he author has made a study of these and hopes to publish a key for their
identification in the near future.

Following a discussion of Dr. Hill’s talk, the meeting was adjourned.—
IX IX Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Forty-third Meeting

1 he annual field meeting of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society
was held at Russelman Park, Contra Costa County, May 14, 1955. The
following members were present: E. S. Ross, W. C. Day, J. G. Rozen, H. R.
Leech, ^■ Hovanitz, Don Burdick, R. F, Smith, J. W. MacSwain, and Jane
MacSwain. \ isitors were present as follows: Mrs. W. C. Day, Dr. and

Mrs. K. M. DeCoursey, Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Russell, Laurel Cummings,
Mrs. R. F. Smith and children.

I n for cm c aide scheduling difficulties prevented the attendance of many
members who had hoped to repeat the successful field meeting that had
been held at the same location last year. This was particularly regrettable
since, with the lateness of the season this year, there was an abundance of
flowering plants throughout the area. However, those present enjoyed the
opportunities for collecting and visiting under ideal weather conditions.

w. MacSwain, Secretary pro tem.

Tw'o Hundred and Forty-fourth Meeting

The two hundred and forty.fourlh meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento-
molop'cal Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, October 29, 1955, at
" California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. President W. C. Day
con lute lie meeting. The following were elected to membership in the
Wry: Anthony Ross, Donald Maddox, Jerry A. Powell, and Richard

The following members were present: W. W. Middlekauff, E. 0. F.ssig,

s7 m H “ Sen ’ L : R - Cil My, P. A. Bartholomew, J. W. Mac-

BerTT i J d . en ’ G ' M - Cagle f’ w - Hovanitz, H. B. Leech, W. A. Doalin,

H ho W n ^T‘w' erry PoWe11 ’ D ' D - J- W. Green. S. W.

SwiR D P l. MacNe '"’ D - »• Henning, P. D. Hurd, B. F. Smith, E.

ienl Th t 11 rma ' 1 ’ ° Graf ’ ViCt0r St ° mblr '- w - C. Day, and D. D.

Eurnom R “ T" 8 '' S '',° rS Were PreSen,: Don Smit h, Riley Swift. Philip
Kn oa B Jron Furman Lynne Furman, Kathy Smith, Mary Swift, Tim

•’ r ° mn,y Sm,,h ' Mrs ' «• Gillogly, Alan Gillogly, J im Giilogly,

January, 1956 ] pacific coast ent. soc.

49

David Bartholomew, John M. Beak, David W. Davies, Charles Cushner,

R. L. Goodenough, Charles A. Koepke III, P. Wygodzinsky, Paul Surany,
Bob Pacheco, Paul Johnson, M. A. Barber, Iola W. Barber, Mrs. W. C.
Day, Sue Roberts, Eugene King, Marsh Pitman, George Johnson, Jo
Johnson, Celeste Green, Grace Hurd, Kathryn Mcnulty, Kathleen Green,
James Tyler, Bernard J. Adelson, James D. Denning, Richard A. Torkelson,
Mrs. D. G. Denning, Libby Smith, G. Provin, Mrs. E. Swift, Mrs. D. P.
Furman, John Hendrickson, and David Rentz.

The minutes of the meetings held April 15 and May 11, 1955, were
read and approved.

President Day reported that the Society’s second memoir, ‘The Re¬
vision of the Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae" by Pritchard and Baker,
had been published and had already sold 186 copies.

A motion was made and passed approving the action taken by the
Executive Board in amending the By-laws of the Society to add an adver¬
tizing committee to the standing committees ot the Society.

President Day appointed (he following members to serve as a nomin¬
ating committee 'to propose a slate of officers for 1956 at the December

meeting: Dr. Hurd, Dr. Ross and Dr. J ilden.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits Dr. MacSwam
showed photographs of the eggs of five genera of Coniopteiygids and com
mented briefly on the striking differences in oviposition habit. In addition,
he exhibited a colored slide of one of the trash-carrying larvae of the genus

Eremochrysa of the Chrysopidae. .

Dr. Tilden reported two collections: A bee taken in a mosquito light

trap, on July 27, 1954, at Santa Clara, California.

A balloon fly was taken on the old alignment of the Los Gatos-Santa
Cruz Highway, about two miles west of Holy City, and not far from the
marker for the ghost town of Patchen, March 19, 1955. The fly was flying
very slowly and not far from the ground, perhaps eight feet. 1 he balloon
was very while and was what attracted attention. No others were seen.

Hugh B. Leech mentioned the following collections received by the
Department of Entomology of the California Academy of Sciences:

(1) Several thousand specimens taken by Dr. L. Vi. Swan of San
Francisco State College, on the California Himalaya Expedition of 1954,
to Makalu, the 27,790 ft. peak some 15 miles from Ml. Everest. I hr
collections were made in the Arun valley of eastern Nepal, those rom t e
floor of the valley are chiefly from elevations of 1.000 to 5,000 ft., hut
those from base camp on the mountain are from 12,000 to 20.000 ft.

(2) The Harry P. Chandler collection. This has not been completely
accesioned yet, but contains some 16,000 well mounted and labeled speci¬
mens. It is strongest in Coleoptera, especially aquatic species, but contain,
aquatics of other orders, and a general coverage of orders.

(3) Almost 800 Australian beetles, chiefly a named collection of ground
weevils. These comprise the subfamily Amycterinae, which is restricted to
Australia. There is also a set of Ferguson’s revisional papers on the sub¬
family which comprised part of the Deuquet collection. These are a gift of

Mr. E. R. Leach.

^0 THE pan-pacific entomologist [vol. xxxti, no. 1

(4) 2,500 coprine Searabaeidae, nearly all exotics which are a gift from

E. R. Leach, and from his collection. .

Dr. Ray F. Smith reported that the spotted alfalfa aphid. T her wap his
maculata (Buckton), is the most serious pest of alfalfa that has ever been
introduced into California. It first appeared in a few localities m southern
California early in 1954. It caused serious damage in that area during the

1954 growing season. It was first, found in northern California in January,

1955 in Kern County. All major alfalfa growing areas in the Central Valley
and in the coastal areas as far north as San Jose are infested. It is of
significance not only because of its damage to alfalia but because of its
impact on other aphids and their natural enemies.

President Day introduced Dr. E. S. Ross, of the California Academy
of Sciences, who spoke on “An Entomological Expedition to the Andes.

His talk, which was illustrated with superb colored pictures, is summarized

below.

Between September, 1954 and April, 1955, Dr. Ross, Curator ot Ento¬
mology at the California Academy of Sciences, in company with Mrs. Ross
and Air. E. I. Schlinger of the University of California at Davis, conducted
an entomological expedition to the Andean region of Peru, Ecuador,
and Colombia. The principal purpose of this field work was to photograph
the appearance and habits of living insects in tropical environments. This
work was supported by a grant from the John Simon Guggenheim Founda¬
tion. A secondary activity was a study of the biology and evolution of the
Embioptera. Mr. Schlinger’s objectives were to study flies of the family
Acroceridae and to make a general collection of insects of the many regions
visited.

Approximately ten thousand photographs were made, nearly a hundred
new species of Embioptera were discovered and studied, and about 200,000
insects of all orders were collected.

Using a selection of Kodachromes, Dr. Ross traced the activities of
the expedition from its base in Lima, Peru to its termination at Buena¬
ventura, Colombia. Before crossing the Andes to reach the principal work
area, Tingo Maria, field work was conducted in the coastal lomas in the
deserts north and south of Lima. By September 18 the group had begun
to work out of the experiment station at lingo Maria on the upper Huallaga
River. From this base the group radiated each day by truck to suitable
areas from high Carpish Mountain cloud forests to the w r est, eastward to
the Amazonian plains near Pucallpa. Upon completion of four profitable
months of such activity, the party returned to Lima on January 12, Hert
the accumulated collections were shipped to San 1 rancisco and the truck
was made ready for its difficult northward journey.

Between January 14 and March 50, most of the major life zones of
northern Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia wmre briefly visited. 1 he principal
purpose of this phase of the expedition was to increase the coverage of the
Embioptera and acrocerid collections. Diversions down the upper Pastaza
River of Ecuador, the upper Putomayo of southern Colombia, and to A illa-
vicencio in northern Colombia, resulted in valuable comparative collections
from life zones comparable to those intensively collected in central Peru.

January, 1956]

PACIFIC COAST ENT. SOC.

51

More than one hundred Kodachromes were shown, many of which illus¬
trated hitherto unphotographed tropical insects and the biological pheno¬
mena they exemplify. Particularly instructive was the large series showing
the diverse methods by which insects reduce predation through camouflage
and mimicry.

Following the lecture by Dr. Ross the meeting was adjourned.—D. D.
Jensen, Secretary.

Two Hundred and Forty-fifth Meeting

The two hundred and forty-fifth meeting of the Pacific Coast Ento¬
mological Society was held at 2:00 p.m. on Saturday, December 3, 1955,
in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco. President W. C. Day conducted the meeting. The following
members were present: R. C. Miller, D. D. Jensen, R. L. Usinger, D. P.
Furman, E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, P. A. Harvey, L. R. Gillogly, W. W.
Middlekauff, A. E. Michelbacher, E. 0. Essig, J. G. Edwards, E. L. Kessel,
Victor Stombler, G. F. Ferris, Laura Henry, J. W. Tilden, William Hovanitz,
Walter Thomsen, Donald Linsdale, M. Wasbauer, Don Burdick, J. J. Drea,
K. S. Hagen, J. E Swift, R F. Smith, Donald Maddox, Anthony Ross, Allan
Samuelson, Jerry Powell, J. W. Green, G. M. Caglev, and W. C. Day.
Visitors were present as follows: Dolores Damian, C. Joan Worthington,
Richard Schonert, Jean Johnson, James E. Harvey, Philip Torchir, Peter H.
Westigard, Dave Ribbee, Bernard Adelson, Derham Giuliani, William
Russell, J. A. Hendrickson, Jr., Jim Gillogly, Alan Gillogly, Mrs. Lorin R.
Gillogly, Mrs. W. C. Day, G. Provin, James W. Chapman, Neil A. Walker,
Don Sanders, Fred Mosslarger, Harlan L. Smith, Myron Gershenson, and
Paul Opler.

The minutes of the meeting held October 29, 1955, were read and
approved.

Myron Gershenson, Jon Herring and Harlan L. Smith were elected to
membership in the Society.

President Day appointed Dr. Jensen to serve on the membership com¬
mittee.

In response to the President’s call for notes and exhibits, Dr. Edwards
showed three colored slides. One was a picture of a large mass of yellow
Collembola on and adjacent to a snow bank at an elevation of 6500 feet
in Glacier National Park, Montana. The picture was taken in July 1955.
The second slide was of a peculiar moth larva eating prune leaves near
Sunnyvale, California, November 1955. Tt was reared to the adult stage in
the laboratory in about one month. The species has not been identified but
may belong in or near the genus Schizara. The third slide showed a scorpion
carrying three white young scorpions on its back. It was a species collected
from the Santa Cruz Mountains of California.

Dr. Kessel stated that the balloon fly collected by Dr. Tilden near
Holy City, Santa Cruz Mountains, and reported at the October meeting, is
Empimorpha geneatis Melander. The type for this species was collected
in 1902 from somewhere in California. Otherwise it has been taken only in
Corte Madera Canyon, Marin County, by both Dr. Ross and Dr. Kessel.

Dr. Ross projected and discussed two Kodachromes illustrating pollen-

52

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXII, NO. 1

ization of Aristolochia. Gnats, chiefly of the family Fungivoridae, are attracted
to the flowers because of their musky odor. Once in the flowers the flies
move upward to the stamens and pistil because of the light transmission
of the corolla wall which is pale around these parts. No light is visible in
the direction of the flower opening because of its twisted shape and dark
pigmentation. Once the pistil is fertilized* the bag-like corolla wilts, the
light trap opens, and the flies can escape. Bearing the pollen of such flowers,
they may then enter another flower and cause cross-fertilization.

Dr. Usinger exhibited several species of Microphysidae collected or
reared by Dr. E. S. Ross from webs of Embioptera in South America.
These proved to be new species of the interesting and hitherto monotypic
genus Embiophila described by Dr. W. E. China from Trinidad. Judging
by the species now before us, this promises to be a large and rather homo¬
geneous genus confined to Embiid webs in the New World tropics.

Dr. Tilden reported that the nominating committee proposed the follow¬
ing as officers of the Society for 1956: Hugh B. Leech, President; W. W.
Middlekauff, Vice-President; D. P. Furman, Secretary; R. C. Miller,
Treasurer; G. F. Ferris, Member-at-Large. They were unanimously elected.

The chairmanship of the meeting was then turned over to President¬
elect Leech who called on Mr. Day to give his presidential address entitled
“Some Adaptations Among the Mayflies.”

Before the meeting was adjourned, questions from the audience elicited
from Mr. Day an interesting description of methods of collecting and rearing
mayflies.—D. D. Jensen, Secretary.

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PACIFIC

DISCOVERY

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Vol, XXXIi APRIL, 1956 No. 2

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

DURHAM—Insect bearing amber in Indonesia and the Philippine

Islands . 51

LEE & RYCKMAN—First report of Trichocorixa calva (Say) from

California . 53

MacSWAIN & GARNER—Notes on two milliped-feeding carabids. 54

GILBERT—The Raymondionymine weevils of California, with a

description of a new genus and several new species. 55

DENNING—Several new species of western Trichoptera. 73

LATTIN—The first California record of Boreus californicus fuscus

Carpenter . 81

LINSLEY, MacSWAIN, & SMITH—Association of Holcopasites

with Pseudopanurgus in Mexico. 82

SCHUSTER—Two new species of Mipseltyrus from California. 83

ARNAUD & HOYT—Description of a new species of Diadocidia

from California . 87

TIMBERLAKE—Description of two species of Diadasia from North

America ._. 90

MICHELBACIIER — The false spider Mite, Brevipalpus lewisi

McGregor—a potential pest of English walnut. 93

BOOK NOTICES AND REVIEWS....86, 92

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1956

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

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Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed
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requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed
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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXII April, 1956 No. 2

INSECT BEARING AMBER IN INDONESIA AND THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
J. Wyatt Durham

Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley
Examination of amber collected by the author from the marine
Miocene of Central Sumatra, and of amber from the Philippine
Islands has shown the presence of fossil insects in both areas.

During the years 1936-1939 the author was engaged in geologi¬
cal exploration in West Java (Bantam) and Central Sumatra for
a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company of California. In the
course of the field investigations many pieces of amber were noted
as occurring erratically in the marine sediments (sands, clays,
and marls) being studied. The amber was examined (by methods
now known to be inadequate) for insects and other fossils at that
time, but none were observed. Because of this the amber was not
considered to be. critical and it was not carefully collected or
recorded. Some of the presumed better pieces and larger pieces
were saved in the hope that it might serve for jewelry. Over the
intervening years most of the amber has been lost or discarded
as it was found to be too brittle for this purpose. Fortunately a
few pieces from Sumatra without precise locality data are still
in the University of California Museum of Paleontology collec¬
tions and a recent more critical examination shows that some
pieces do contain insects as well as other possible fossils.

Most of the Sumatran amber is very dark reddish brown in
color, often streaked with lighter colored seemingly more “impure”
material and usually highly fractured. This amber is mostly so
dark that it is extremely difficult to see into the interior except
in relatively thin fragments, and thus it is difficult to determine
whether or not there are any insects in it although foreign inclu¬
sions can be seen in some pieces. Some pieces are much lighter
brown in color and contain a large amount of seemingly “earthy”
material and as a result are more or less opaque. A piece of this
“earthy” amber has yielded a beetle (probably a Scolytid) upon
being broken and a few other fragments of presumable insect
origin have been seen in other pieces.

The Sumatran amber was collected from the Telisa, Lower

52

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

Palembang, and Middle Palembang formations of the Goenoeng
Toea area of Central Sumatra. This area is on the northeast side
of the Barisan mountains that form the backbone of the island, a
little over 700 kilometers northwest of the town of Palembang and
about 260 kilometers southeast of the town of Medan. According
to the few notes now available amber was collected in about six
different places along the Aek [river] Pane, Aek [river] Sihapas,
and Soengi [river] Baroeman, as well as in localities along smaller
streams tributary to these rivers. The Telisa, Lower Palembang,
and Middle Palembang formations in which the amber was found
are generally assigned a Miocene age (Leroy, 1944:12) with the
Middle Palembang being the youngest and probably being close
to the Miocene—Pliocene boundary.

In West Java (Bantam) the observed amber was of very
similar character to that in Sumatra but was more abundant in
the marine Pliocene rocks than in the Miocene. Thu amber was
mostly found in exposures along the Tjioedjoeng river and its
tributaries in an area starting about 15 kilometers southwest of
the town of Rangkasbitoeng and extending about 25 kilometers
south and west from that point. This town is about 80 kilometers
slightly south of west of Djakarta [Batavia].

The University of California Museum of Paleontology collec¬
tions also contain a few small pieces of amber from Luzon Island
in the Philippines collected by R. E. Dickerson from his locality
llx (Dickerson, 1921:4, 11). The amber is of the same impure
“earthy” type as the fossiiferous light brown materials from
Sumatra. Opposing surfaces of a broken piece reveal the endo-
skeletal parts of a brachycerous dipteran, probably a muscoid.
The material was collected from a fossiliferous yellow soft sand¬
stone (Canguinsa formation) exposed on the west bank of Sapa
Tubigbinukot 400 yards upstream from mouth of Sapa Yaknas,
Bondoc Peninsula, Tayabas Province, Luzon. The Canguinsa
formation has been referred to the upper X stage of the Tertiary
of the Philippines and considered to be about upper Miocene in
age by Corby et al (1951, pi. 49, column 49, and pi. 48). How¬
ever, R. M. Kleinpell (personal communication, March 14, 1956)
has indicated that additional unpublished data shows that this
stage should probably be referred to the Pliocene.

In both Java and Sumatra, and by analogy possibly in Luzon

April, 1956] lee & ryckman—trichocorixa

53

also, the amber occurs erratically in the marine sedimentary
section, with no local concentrations being noted. Thus possible
future collections for fossil insects would have to be made by
hunting up and down the streams, examining all available rock
exposures.

The material here recorded is now being studied in the Depart¬
ment of Entomology of the University of California (Berkeley).
The insects were identified by Drs. P. F. Bonhag (Diptera) and
P. D. Hurd (Coleoptera) of that department.

Literature Cited

Corby, Grant W., et al

1951. “Geology and oil possibilities of the Philippines,” Republic
Philippines, Dept. Agric. and Nat. Res., Tech. Bull. 21 ,pp. 1—363,
figs. 1—30, pis. 1—57.

Dickerson, R. E.

1921. “Notes on a fauna of the Vigo Group and its bearing on the
evolution of marine molluscan faunas,” Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei.,
ser. 4, vol. 11, pp. 1—26.

Leroy, L. W.

1944. “Miocene foraminifera from Sumatra and Java, Netherlands East
Indies,” Colo. Sch. Mines Quart., vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 1—69, pis. 1-8.

FIRST REPORT OF TRICHOCORIXA CALVA (SAY)

FROM CALIFORNIA

(Hemiptera: Corixidae)

Robert D. Lee and Raymond E. Ryckman

School of Tropical and, Preventive Medicine, Loma Lindct, Calif.

Ten specimens of Trichocorixa calva (Say) were taken from
the western side of Davis Lake, Imperial County, California, on
March 29, 1955, by R. D. Lee, R. E. Ryckman, and D. Spencer.
Although T. calva has been reported from Arizona 1 and from
Baja California, Mexico 12 , it has not been reported from California.
The specimens were very kindly identified by Dr. R. I. Sailer
and have been deposited in the California Academy of Sciences.
—Robert D. Lee and Raymond E. Ryckman, School of Tropical
and preventive Medicine, College of Medical Evangelists, Loma
Linda, California.

1 Sailer, R. I., 1948. The genus Trichocorixa (Coreidae, Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas Sci.
Bull. 32:289-407.

- Lee, R. D., 1954. First report of Trichocorixa calva (Say) from Mexico. Pan-Pac. Ent.
30(4) :250.

54

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

NOTES ON TWO MILLIPEDE-FEEDING CARABIDS
J. W. MacSwain 1 and W. V. Garner 2

During the course of a study on the larvae of North American
Carabinae it was discovered that two closely related genera prey
almost exclusively upon millipedes. As this is a rare feeding habit
among the Insecta, the following observations are of interest.

Promecognathus laevissimus Dejean and Metrius contractus
Eschscholtz are common members of the Carabid fauna of the
San Francisco Bay Region, being especially evident during the
periods of Fall and Winter rains, when they occur on or near the
soil surface. Field work revealed that they were invariably in
close ecological association with the millipede Xystocheir francisca
Chamberlin, both living and as bleached exoskeletal remains of
devoured individuals.

Laboratory cultures verified the suspicion of an intimate 1
predator-prey relationship, and revealed much ethological simil¬
arity between the two Carabid genera regarding their feeding
mechanism. Attack upon the millipedes occurred either at dusk
or nightfall, all being relatively inactive and hidden beneath stones
and debris during the day. Both Promecognathus and Metrius
kill by severing the ventral nerve cord immediately posterior to
the head, and then proceeded to desegment and devour the body.
Millipedes, other than Xystocheir, were ignored, although both
accepted raw meat, and a Promecognathus adult was observed
in the field feeding upon a Tipulid larva. As both predators and
prey are subterranean in habit for a greater part of the year it
is assumed, on the basis of known Carabid biology, that the
larvae of both Promecognathus and Metrius feed upon the young
millipedes in the soil, which are often found at depths of a foot or
more.

The known distributions of the beetles are considerably greater
than that of the millipede, and it is not known what these Carabids
prey upon outside of the range of Xystocheir francisca Chamber¬
lin. It is of interest, however, to note that the close phylogenetic
position of Promecognathus and Metrius, based both upon adult
and larval morphology, is further borne out by the similarity in
their general biology and unusual feeding habits within the area
of sympatry.

1 Dept, of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley.

2 Dept, of Zoology-Entomology, Iowa State College, Ames.

April, 1956]

GILBERT—WEEVILS

55

THE RAYMONDIONYMINE WEEVILS OF CALIFORNIA,
WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS, AND
SEVERAL NEW SPECIES

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Edward E. Gilbert

University of California, Berkeley

An investigation of the distribution of the weevil, Shizomicrus
Casey, in the northern California coastal redwood forests has led
to the discovery of a new genus, with two new species, and two
new species of the Old World weevil genus Raymondionymus
Wollaston. In order to trace the possible evolution of the Ray-
mondionyminae, an attempt has been made to evaluate the morpho¬
logical characteristics of the new genus and species and to correlate
these with existing New and Old World related genera. In the
course of this study, morphological evidence has suggested that
Shizomicrus is best regarded as a subgenus of Raymondionymus.

Alaocybites Gilbert, new genus

Body elongate, moderately convex, not depressed, covered with sparsely
placed, erect, yellow hairs, which form single series on the elytral intervals;
punctures usually encrusted with dirt. Head globular; eyes wanting; beak
evenly arcuate; four-fifths the length of prothorax; viewed laterally, equal
in thickness throughout, the base dorsally separated from the head by a
slight constriction; viewed dorsally, base of antennal insertion prominent
as a small arcuate ridge, which begins at apical lateral margin of beak,
becomes dorsally sinuate, to form the basal margin of apical half of scrobe;
viewed ventrally, without a median carina; scrobes deep, almost straight,
bordered dorsally by a small carina. Antennae inserted at apical third,
insertion visible from above; scape elongate claviform; attaining side of
head; funicle seven-segmented; club obconical, first segment subequal to
one half total length, the sutures marked by dense decumbent hairs;
antennal hairs becoming increasing more dense distally. Prothorax straight,
or slightly flexed upward; pronotum longer than wide, greatest width at
middle, apex and base equal in width; pronotal punctures large, slightly
separated, except along apical margin where there is a band of smaller
punctures; band laterally narrower, mid dorsally extended more posteriorly.
Scutellum absent. Elytra subconnate; the bases broadly and arcuately emar-
ginate, not receiving the prothorax; humeral angles rounded, not prominent;
elytral length more than twice that of prothorax, less than twice their
combined width, which is less than twice that of prothorax at widest point;
sides evenly subarcuate to greatest width at middle; strial punctures large
and deep; intervals narrower than striae, slightly elevated, convex, with
small punctures in a single series, distantly separated, each with an erect
yellow hair arising from the center. Prosternum long, tumid before coxae
to at least apical fourth. Mesosternum slightly depressed anteriorly. Meta-

56

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

and raeso- sterna moderately convex, together shorter than prosternum.
Sternal punctures deep, only slightly separated, usually laterally coalesced
medially. Abdomen long, the first two segments long, subequal, separated
by a fine suture, at least feebly impressed in female, strongly in the male;
third, fourth and fifth sutures deeply impressed, so that both third and
fourth segments, when viewed laterally, are anteriorly impressed, and form
oblique angles with the rest of the abdomen, fifth segment as long as the
third and fourth combined; punctures on the first and second abdominal
segments large and deep, slightly separated laterally, widely so medially;
punctures smaller on the third and fourth abdominal segments and
arranged in lateral rows; punctation extremely fine, surface more glabrous
on fifth abdominal segment, which is more translucent, and covered with
sparsely placed erect yellow hairs, that are similar in length and insertion
to those on elytral intervals. Other pubescence on venter white, very fine,
and originating from the side of large punctures. Legs long; coxae with
sparsely placed erect, yellow hairs, similar to those on elytra and fifth
abdominal segment; fore coxae contiguous, mid coxae subcontiguous, hind
coxae separated by their own width; femora slightly clavate, deeply and
coarsely punctate, not grooved ventrally, hind femora flattened interiorly;
tibiae long, slightly compressed, strongly rugose in sculpture; grooved
dorso- apically for reception of tarsi; fore tibiae elongate wedge-shaped,
external apical margin round, carinate and fimbriate; the internal angle
slightly dilated and mucronate; mid and hind tibiae more subparallel, internal
lateral border of tarsal grooves fimbriate; ventral tibial apical angle not
dilated, but mucronate; tibial apices crowned with minute teeth. Tarsi small,
the first three segments subequal; third segment not dilated, but apically
emarginate; fourth tarsal segment less than one half longer than third.
Pubescence on the legs increasing in density distally, very dense on tarsi.
Claws simple, free and divergent.

Type of genus: Alaocybites californica Gilbert, new species.

A comparative discussion of the specific and generic charac¬
ters, and the probable interrelationships of the New and Old
World Raymondionyminae is presented towards the end of this
paper. Suffice it to say, the genus Alaocybites is close to the
European Alaocyba Perris. It differs from Alaocyba by having
the body moderately convex rather than depressed, the antennal
scrobes directed along the side of the beak rather than directed
under the beak, the antennal funicle with seven rather than six
segments; the area before the fore coxae tumid rather than convex,
the metasternum anteriorly depressed instead of being on the
same plane with the other sterna, and by having the mid and
hind tibiae, as well as the fore tibiae, simple instead of broadly
and triangularly dilated.

Alaocybites has been found in redwood litter in the northern

April, 1956]

GILBERT-WEEVILS

57

coast district of California, from Mendocino to Del Norte County,
and includes the following two species.

Alaocybites californica Gilbert, new species
(Plate I, A-C)

Body shining; head, coxae, fifth abdominal segment, prothorax, and
distal appendages shining, translucent, light red-brown, rest of body darker
and more opaque; pronotum with a subapical and basal, elytra with basal,
black border. Head subglabrous, finely and sparsely punctured, without
setae; hea<j, viewed dorsally, not at all hidden by pronotum; beak with
median subimpunctate line, lateral punctures linear striate from base to
antennal insertion; scrobes completely lateral; antennae with first segment
shorter than second and third combined, third through seventh segments
equal in length and gradually wider. Prothorax with anterior lateral margin
sinuate and almost horizontal; pronotum sinuate apically, sides evenly
arcuate, feebly constricted apically and basally; pronotal punctures slightly,
but not uniformly separated, apical band of small punctures narrow, limited
to margin except mid dorsally, where they are slightly extended posteriorly.
Elytra with sides from middle to apex narrowly arcuate, not at all con¬
stricted; punctures on humeral angle confused. Prosternum tumid to apical
fifth, apical margin merely sinuate, not deeply and arcuately emarginate.
Distal half of hind tibiae with posterior lateral margin sinuate, carinate
towards apex and with fimbriae bordering margin. Length, excluding beak,
2.3 mm., width 0.8 mm.

Although the type specimen is one of the lighter, and more
shining individuals of the series before me, the banding of the
pronotum and elytra remain consistent. In darker individuals the
pronotum may become similar to the elytra in both coloration
and opaqueness. The. pronotal apical band of small punctures is
feebly developed in the mid dorsal area of the type, but in other
individuals the mid dorsal punctures may extend posteriorly to
the apical fifth, and delimit an area triangular or semi-circular
in form. There is a variation in length from 1.7 mm. to 2.9 mm.,
and in width from 0.6 mm. to 1.1 mm.

Holotype female and allotype male (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.)
and twenty-two paratypes. The holotype and one paratype col¬
lected August 13, 1953 by G. A. Marsh and R. 0. Schuster, the
allotype and five paratypes collected September 19, 1953 by R.
0. Schuster and E. E. Gilbert 18 miles south of Klamath,
Del Norte County, California. Ten paratypes collected March
7, 1954, one paratype collected July 29, and one paratype collected
July 31 by J. Heifer at Caspar, Mendocino County, California.
Four additional paratypes: one from Mendocino, December 19,
two from four miles east of Fort Bragg, December 24, and one

58

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

from Navarro ridge road, December 26, 1954 all collected by J.
Heifer in Mendocino County, California.

The paucity of specimens from Del Norte County does not
reflect collecting for only eight specimens were taken from over
two hundred pounds of litter. In Mendocino County sixteen speci¬
mens were taken from less than one hundred pounds of litter.
This may reflect that the deeper litter, in which the specimens
were collected, is more abundant and widely distributed in Del
Norte than Mendocino County, or that the species is reaching the
northern limits of its distribution. The latter is deemed more
evident from the geographic location of the following new species.

' Alaocybites rothi Gilbert, new species

Body dull, antennae and distal appendages, shining, translucent, light
red-brown; head, coxae, and fifth abdominal segment, light red-brown, but
more opaque and finely rugose, rest of body darker; prothorax with a band
of light red along apical margin, that is triangular in form, widest medially,
extending there to apical fifth; both pronotum and elytra without distinguish¬
able black borders. Head closely punctate, with fine sparsely placed setae;
head view dorsally, almost completely hidden by pronotum; beak without
a median subimpunctate line, uniformly coarse and rugose to antennal
insertion; antennae with first segment larger than second and third com¬
bined, second only slightly larger than third, third through seventh subequal
in length and width. Prothorax with anterior lateral margin straight, and
horizontally oblique; pronotum subtruncate apically, apical fifth constricted,
parallel, abruptly swollen from apical fifth to middle, then evenly arcuate
to base; pronotal punctures subcontiguous, apical band of small punctures
wide, limited to constriction, except mid dorsally, where they extend
posteriorly slightly beyond constriction. Elytra with sides from middle to
apex broadly arcuate, constricted near apex; punctures on humeral angle
linear, not confused. Prosternum tumid to apical fourth, apical margin
deeply and arcuately emarginate. The first and second abdominal segments
more deeply impressed than A, californica in both sexes. Distal half of
posterior lateral margin straight, fimbriae distally curving medially, not
following the posterior margin, Length, excluding beak, 2.3 mm., width
0.9 mm.

This species appears to be generally more uniform in size
and coloration than A. californica . Although there is some vari¬
ation in the length of the antennal segments, A. rothi can be

PLATE I

Figs. A—C Alaocybites californica Gilbert. A, lateral view; B, dorsal
view, with head and beak elevated; C, ventral view. Figs. D—E. Raymondi-
onymus (Shizomicrus) caecus (Casey). D, lateral view; E, dorsal view,
with head and beak elevated; F, ventral view. Magnification 21 times.

60

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

readily distinguished from A. californica by its uniform dull
luster, dense pronotal punctation, and probably most noticeably,
by the insertion of the head into the prothorax, with the accom¬
panying obliqueness of the anterior lateral margin of the pro-
thorax. The latter characters bring the genus more in accord with
the rest of the Raymondionyminae, where the head is concealed,
and the oblique lateral margin of the prothorax sometimes ap¬
proaches an almost horizontal position. There is a variation in
length from 1.8 to 2.6 mm., and in width from 0.7 to 0.9 mm.

Holotype female and allotype male (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.)
and thirty-one paratypes collected November 21, 1953, two
MILES NORTH OF FORT DlCIC, Del NORTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.
The species was collected by Mr. V. D. Roth. Thirty-three speci¬
mens were taken from less than fifty pounds of redwood litter.

Genus Raymondionymus Wollaston

Although the scope of this genus has apparently been ade¬
quately defined, by Ganglbauer, 1906, to include the Old World
species, it does not fully include the characters of the related
American species. In fact, in one of the following two species,
there is not only a marked divergence from the Old World
Raymondionymus, but also a convergence towards Aloacyba, and
Alaocephala Ganglbauer. Thus, in order to give a full discussion
of the characters of the American species, and their discrepancies
with the Old World Raymondionymus, these characters will be
treated following the descriptions, where full use of the specific
and individual variation can be employed.

Raymondionymus schusteri Gilbert new species
(Plate II, figs. G-I)

Body very small, shining, narrowly elongate oval, moderately convex
above, covered with sparsely placed, erect, pale yellow hairs, which are
confused, and do not form single series on the elytra. Head, beak, antennae,
femora, third, fourth and fifth abdominal segments ochraeceus, rest of
body amber; prothorax and elytra dorsally translucent and shining, the
venter opaque and dull. Head glabrous, not visible from above, finely and
sparsely punctured; beak three-fourths length of prothorax; strongly con¬
stricted basally; dorsally asperate and feebly punctate to antennal insertion,
slightly thickened basally before constriction, and with carina above
antennal insertion small, only slightly laterally prominent at apical third;
laterally, subconnate to antennal insertion, then dorsal lateral margin
abruptly bent and obliquely angulate in apical third; ventrally trianguli-
form, broadest at antennal insertion, terminating without a carina at basal
fourth of beak; scrobes completely inferior, straight, attaining venter of

April, 1956 ]

GILBERT-WEEVILS

61

head, with dorsal border sinuate, slightly cariniform; antennae inserted
slightly before middle, insertion latero-ventral in position: scape robust,
claviform, almost attaining venter of head; funicle five segmented, the first
segment more robust and longer, second through fifth subequal. Prothorax
with anterior lateral margin obliquely horizontal and straight, but basally
emarginate; pronotum subovate, widest medially, feebly constricted basally,
strongly so apically, the apical constriction demarcating an elevated area,

PLATE II

Figs. G—I. The legs of Raymondionymus schusteri Gilbert. G, external
face of the fore leg; H, internal face of the mid leg; I, internal face of
the hind leg. Figs. J-L. The legs of Raymondionymus helferi Gilbert.
J, external face of the fore leg; K, internal face of the mid leg: L. internal
face of the hind leg. Magnification 100 times.

62

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

laterally restricted to apical fifth, but mid dorsally gibbosely extended
in the form of a hemisphere to apical three-eighths; pronotum coarsely and
closely punctate, but without a mid basal coalescence or groove, or medial
impunctate area. Scutellum absent. Elytra widest medianly, humeral angles
rounded, the base angularly emarginate mid dorsally, sides subconnate to
middle, then broadly arcuate to apex, with a slight constriction subapically;
apically conjointly rounded; striae and intervals obsolete. Prosternum with
mid apical margin broadly emarginate; triangularly depressed before coxae,
the apical margin widest, with apical extremity of depression declivous
only slightly basal to apical prosternal border, lateral border of depression
broadly tumescent. Mesosternum only slightly anteriorly depressed. Abdomen
with two segments deeply impressed medially; the lateral abdominal margin
only slightly constricted between second and third abdominal segments.
Legs short, moderately robust; fore coxae subcontiguous, mid coxae barely
separated by their own width, hind coxae widely separated; fore femora
more robust, mid and hind femora less so, all femora feebly punctate and
shining, grooved ventrally for reception of tibiae; tibiae externally triangu-
liform; fore tibiae short, robust, externally broadly carinate, mid tibiae
subequal in length, compressed, hind tibiae longer, greatly compressed.
The external angle of the trianuliform tibiae fimbriate on inner margin of
all pairs; all tibiae pubescent, but mid tibiae more densely so. Length,
excluding beak, 1.1 mm,, width 0.4 mm.

Although the translucency remains fairly constant, the body
coloration varies from almost completely ochraeceus to almost
uniformly amber, though the antennae tend to remain more
ochraeceus. The antennal funicle varies conspicuously, for the
first funicular segment may vary in length from half again as large
to over twice as large as the second segment, and may also vary
in thickness from almost subequal to extremely robust in respect
to the second segment. The lateral apical margin of the prothorax
varies from straight to broadly sinuate, while the elevated pronotal
area may be very prominent, as in the type, or may be nearly
obsolete. The lateral margins of the prosternal depression may
vary from weakly tumescent to subcarinate. The sexes may be
differentiated by the impression of the first and second abdominal
segments. Generally males have these segments strongly medially
depressed, while females either lack or have only a feeble depres¬
sion, but there is some overlapping. There is a variation in length
from 0.9 to 1.3 mm., and in width from 0.3 to 0.5 mm.

A similar combination of a posternal groove, laterally bordered
by a tumescent fold; a five segmented antennal funicle, and sub-
contiguous fore coxae exists in the European Raymondionymus
benjamini Marquet. However, R. schusteri can be distinguished

April, 1956]

GILBERT-WEEVILS

63

than that of the type, so that only the antennal club is ochraeceus.
The area between the dorsal lateral carina of the beak and the
dorsal carinate border of the scrobe may be either smooth and
shining, or roughened as it is in the type, but where the surface
is smooth, the coloration is usually more ochraeceus. The same
general variation in antennae, lateral apical prothoracic margin
and pronotal elevated area that occurs in R. schusteri also appears
in this species. However, the lateral borders of the prosternal
depression tend to be more tumescent or carinate than in the
former species. The mid coxae are described as being separated
by less than their width, but his varies, and individuals with the
mid coxae separated by their own width are not uncommon. The
most noticeable variation concerns the position of the ventral
grooves of the fore femora. In the type and part of the series
these grooves appear almost as in R. schusteri, but may be placed
on either the internal or external face of the femora. As previ¬
ously stated, the mid femora have less of a groove, for while the
interior border is complete, the external border is lacking, except
at the apex. Although the hind tibiae are also apically grooved,
and have the interior border complete, and the exterior border
lacking, the intervening area is flattened instead of hollow. How¬
ever, the position of these areas on both the mid and hind femora
is relatively stable. There is also some variation in the size and
shape of the tibiae; the degree of constriction of both the beak
and prothorax, and the degree of punctation. There is a variation
in length from 0.9 to 1.6 mm., and in width from 0.4 to 0.6 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.)
and two hundred and eighty-eight paratypes. One hundred and
eight paratypes from Mendocino, Mendocino County, California,
February 14, 1954. The holotype, allotype, and two hundred and
eighty paratypes from Caspar, Mendocino County, California,
March 7, 1954. The entire series was collected by J. Heifer, after
whom the species is named.

The combination of characters exhibited by this species does
not approach any particular European species, but rather tends
to be intermediate between the Old World genera. For example,
while the antennal scape extends beyond the basal constriction of
the beak as in Alaocyba, the scrobes are slightly oblique and
thus intermediate between Alaocyba and Raymondionymus, the

64

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

but finely rugose to antennal insertion, and with lateral carina above
antennal insertion, dorsally prominent as a small knob, extending posteriorly
along the lateral margin to the basal constriction as a small carina; laterally,
subconnate to antennal insertion, then dorsally slightly bent to apex;
ventrally trianguliform, broadest below antennal insertion, terminating in a
carina near base of beak; scrobes slightly oblique, directed under beak,
attaining the head ventrally, the dorsal lateral margin sinuate, slightly
cariniform, and ventrally delimiting a small obliquely angular depressed
area between this carina and the dorsal lateral carina of the beak; antennae
inserted slightly in front of middle; insertion dorso-lateral in position;
scape short, robustly clavifoim, attaining venter of head; funicle five
segmented, the first segment, longer, and slightly more robust, the second
through fifth shovt, subequal. Prothorax with anterior lateral margin obli¬
quely vertical, and broadly sinuate, basally truncate and emarginate; prono-
tum subelliptical, slightly constricted at apical fourth, delimiting a feebly
elevated area that extends mid dorsally to apical third; very feebly con¬
stricted at basal third; pronotum coarsely and closely punctate, the punc¬
tures coalescent mid basally, forming a short medial groove, Scutellum
absent. Elytra widest medianly, broadly and angularly emarginate basally,
sides subconnate to middle, then broadly arcuate to apex, with a slight
constriction near apex, apically conjointly rounded; length twice that of
prothorax, less than twice their combined width; intervals and striae not
confused, intervals subequal to striae, feebly i-aised, convex, shining, with
small punctures distantly separated in a single series, each with an erect,
pale yellow hair arising from the center; striae with punctures deep,
separated by half their own width with ridges confluent with intervals.
Prosternum with mid apical margin broadly emarginate and arcuate, deeply
and triangularly depressed before coxae, the depression widest subapically,
and bordered there by an abrupt declivity; the lateral borders of the depres¬
sion strongly carinate. Mesosternum strongly depressed anteriorly. Abdomen
with first two segments deeply impressed medially; the lateral abdominal
margin constricted between the second and third abdominal segments.
Legs short, moderately robust; fore coxae subcontiguous, mid coxae separ¬
ated by less than one-half their own width, hind coxae widely separated;
femora finely punctate and shining, except fore femora externally; fore
femora more robust, grooved ventrally for reception of tibiae; mid femora
less robust, hollow ventro-laterally; hind femora less robust than the fore,
with a ventral groove near apex, the rest with the anterior edge angularly
prominent, the internal edge reduced; thus appearing ventrally wedge-
shaped; tibiae finely punctate and shining; fore tibiae robust, short, tri¬
anguliform; mid tibiae subequal in length, subparallel, not compressed;
hind tibiae narrowly and obtusely trianguliform, not compressed. The
fimbriae prominent on the internal margin of the fore tibiae, and on both
the internal and external margins of the mid and hind tibiae. Length,
excluding beak, 1.4 mm., width 0.5 mm.

The opaqueness and coloration of the dorsal surface remains
constant, but the color of the appendages may be uniformly darker

April, 1956]

GILBERT-WEEVILS

65

from the former species by having a shorter more robust beak,
which lacks a ventral carina, with the antennae inserted near the
middle instead of near the apex, by the confused elytral punc-
tation, and by having the fore tibiae carinate.

Holotype male and allotype female (Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.)
and twenty-two paratypes. One paratype from Alpine Lake, Marin
County, California, June 18, 1953, collected by R. 0. Schuster
and C. D. MacNeil; the holotype, allotype, and twenty-one para¬
types were collected near the south entrance of Samuel P.
Taylor State Park, Marin County, California, in the follow¬
ing sequence of dates, by the following collectors: three paratypes
collected October 24, 1953 by V. D. Roth; the holotype, allotype,
and thirteen paratypes collected November 1, 1953 by R. 0.
Schuster, V. D. Roth, and E. E. Gilbert; five paratypes collected
November 8, 1953 by R. 0. Schuster, G. A. Marsh, V. D. Roth, and
E. E. Gilbert.

The holotype, allotype, and ten paratypes, of the fifteen speci¬
mens collected November 1, 1953, were taken from the interior
of a redwood log which was in the last stages of decay. Thus
over half of the material collected came from about five pounds
of decayed redwood from part of a log, while over one hundred
pounds of litter collected from the floor of the redwood groves,
and alongside the bases of healthy trees, yielded only ten speci¬
mens. The only teneral specimen taken, was collected on the floor
of the redwood grove, and probably emerged in the litter while
the latter was in the laboratory, since the material was retained a
few days before it was placed in a berlese funnel.

This species is named after R. 0. Schuster, who either directly
through collecting, or indirectly, with the use of berlese funnels,
supplied the major portion of the material included in this paper,
and who also prepared the majority of the specimens for study.

Raymondionymus helferi Gilbert, new species
(Plate II, figs. J-L)

Body small, narrowly elongate oval, moderately convex above, covered
with sparsely placed erect pale yellow hairs, which form single series on
elytral intervals. Antennae and tarsi ochraeceus, rest of body red-brown,
head and appendages lighter and more shining, except fore femora, which,
externally, like the rest of body, is darker and uniformly dull. Head
glabrous, feebly shining, with large sparsely placed punctures; not visible
from above; beak two-thirds as long as prothorax, constricted basally;
dorsally, slightly constricted near middle, widest before base, impunctate

66

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

hind femora exhibit ventrally a vestige of the groove present in
Raymondionymus, and completely absent, on all femora, in both
Alaocyba and Alaocephala. The ventral carina of the beak, absent
in Alaocyba, and also A. schusteri, is present only at the base of
the beak, and thus intermediate between Alaocyba and Alaocephala
and Raymondionymus. The mesosternum is depressed strongly as
in Raymondionymus, not only slightly as in Alaocephala and R.
schusteri. This species differs from the rest of the Raymondiony-
minae by possessing a double row of fimbriae on the mid and
hind tibiae. However, considering these discrepancies, the presence
of a moderately convex body, a beak with a ventral basal carina,
a five segmented funicle, strongly depressed pro- and meso-
sterna, and ventral femoral grooves, complete at least on the fore
femora, provides a strong indication that this species is more
closely related to the genus Raymondionymus than to other Euro¬
pean genera. This species may be readily distinguished from other
species of Raymondionymus by the characters listed above.
Raymondionymus (Shizomicrus) caecus Casey

(Plate I, D-F)

A collection of nearly one hundred and fifty specimens of
this species has indicated that there is a large degree of variability,
not only in size, but in characters found to be variants in both
R. schusteri and R . helferi. Thus there is a conspicuous variation
in antennal segmentation, such that the form may vary from a
moniliform segmented funicle to a strongly clavate one, the second
and third funicular segments may be either conspicuously nar¬
rower or subequal to the rest of the funicle. The dorsal lateral
margin of the prothorax may vary from straight to broadly sinuate,
while the pronotal sculpture may vary from sparsely to heavily
and closely punctate; the elevated area of the pronotum may vary
in a manner similar to R. schusteri and R. helferi. The fore femora
may be completely grooved, or only anteriorly grooved and
posteriorly carinate, with the external surface broadly impressed.
The prosternal sulcus varies only in degree, and remains carinate
throughout the series. There is a variation in length from 1.4 to
2.6 mm., and in width from 0.5 to 1.4 mm.

The range of distribution of this species extends from Navarro
ridge road, southern Mendocino County, where it was collected
with Alaocybiles' californica, southeastward to Napa County, and
southward to lower Santa. Cruz County. The species is fairly abun-

April, 1956]

GILBERT-WEEVILS

67

dant in redwood litter throughout the year, and although it appears
to replace Alaocybites geographically, it is as abundant in very
shallow dry as well as deep litter. The type was collected by Mr.
Charles Fuchs, and recorded by him as collected at Samuel P.
Taylor State Park, Marin County.

R. caecus, except for the seven-segmented antennal funicle,
resembles the Old World species of Raymondionymus very closely.
Like Raymondionymus, the scrobes are inferior, separated by a
long carina, the antennae does not pass the base of the beak, the
prosternum is grooved, the mesosternum strongly anteriorly de¬
pressed, the femora all grooved ventrally to receive the tibiae,
and the tibiae are all dilated and fimbriate, the mid and hind
tibiae being very strongly compressed. Since Raymondionymus
has species with both five and six segmented funicles, the generic
status of Shizomicrus Casey, based as it is on a seven segmented
funicle, is considered no longer valid, and Shizomicrus is therefore
regarded as a subgenus of Raymondionymus.

The Generic Limits of Raymondionymus

Mainly because of a lack of specimens of both Alaocyba and
Alaocephala, the morphological evidence derived solely from the
California species does not warrant either the proposal of a new
genus, nor the synonomy of Alaocephala. Genitalic characteristics
of the American species have not been discussed, though they
appear to provide good criteria, because they could only be corre¬
lated with those of the Old World Raymondionymus. Perhaps,
with the European material, and a more complete representation
of the American species, a comparison of New and Old World
species could be undertaken. At the present time, however, it seems
wiser to merely broaden the generic limits of the genus Raymondi¬
onymus to include the California species. Nevertheless, in doing so,
certain characters can be best explained in reference to Alaocyba
and Alaocephala, but in these cases the degree of difference will
remain uncertain.

Although the differences of both Raymondionymus schusteri
and R. helferi with the Old World Raymondionymus are actu¬
ally few in number, they combine characters, used by Ganglbauer,
to separate the European Raymondionymine genera. Further, the
combination of these characters is different in each California
species. For example, in R. schusteri the scrobes are ventral, like
Raymondionymus, but not separated by a carina, a characteristic

68

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

of Alaocyba. However, in R. helferi the scrobes are oblique, like
Alaocyba , but separated ventrally by a carina, as in Raymondiony¬
mus. Again, in R. schusteri the femora are all ventrally grooved,
like Raymondionymus, while the mesosternurn is only slightly
anteriorly depressed, a feature of Alaocephala. In R. helferi only
the fore and mid femora are grooved, and it is thus intermediate
between Raymondionymus and both Alaocyba and Alaocephala,
while the mesosternurn is strongly depressed, as in Raymondiony¬
mus. Both R. schusteri and R. helferi have the antennae inserted
just before the middle so that the seape, even though short, passes
the basal constriction of the beak, like Alaocyba. A possible
explanation for variation in beak characters, that are stable in
the Old World genera, may involve the position of the scape,
when the weevils are in their death feinting pose. In R. caecus
and the Old World Raymondionymus the scape does not attain
the basal constriction of the beak, and thus, when the head and
beak are rotated ventrally, the scape cannot touch the prothorax.
However, in both R. schusteri and R. helferi the scape passes the
basal constriction of the beak, and when the head and beak are
rotated ventrally, is held in repose between the emarginate baso-
lateral apex of the prothorax and the lateral dorsal carinate margin
of the scrobe. Therefore when the antennal scapes pass the basal
constriction of the beak there is a tendency towards, either loss
of the ventral carina of the beak, R. schusteri, acquisition of
oblique scrobes, R. helferi , or both, Alaocyba.

That these two species are close to Raymondionymus , and not
to the other Old World genera is attested by the grooved femora,
at least in one pair of legs, the relatively convex body, and the
depressed prosternum. Also, the fact that the characters which
resemble the other Old World genera, are in a different combin¬
ation, part of which reflects the genus Raymondionymus.

The Evolution of the Raymondionyminae

(Fig. 1)

Several morphological trends are evident in the Raymondiony¬
minae. It seems fairly obvious that in the genus Alaocybites
many of these either initiate or terminate. For example, the head,
which at most is only partly visible in other Raymondionyminae,
becomes completely visible in A. californica (Plate I, B), while
the beak is slightly longer in this genus than in any other. The
antennal scrobes are completely lateral in this genus, and the

April, 1956]

GILBERT—WEEVILS

69

funicle is seven segmented; in Alaocyba and R. helferi the scrobes
are oblique, and the funicle is six and five segmented respectively.
The remaining Raymondionyminae have the scrobes completely
ventral, and the funicle segmentation may vary from seven (R .
caecus) to five segments. Alaocybites has the area before the fore
coxae tumid, while in Alaocyba and Alaocephala this area is
simple, but usually deeply impressed or sulcate in Raymondiony-
mus. Alaocybites possesses the most simple leg type, for the tibiae
are not broadly dilated, and the femora not ventrally grooved;
also, the abdominal segmentation is distinct, the third, fourth,
and fifth sutures being more distinctly impressed. There occurs,
in some species, a few characters which approach a “simple”
condition, but corailary characters denote an origin manifestly
different. Probably the best example of this is shown in the devel¬
opment of the subparailel mid-tibiae of R. helferi. In this species
the tibiae are not dilated, which might indicate the reverse process
had taken place, that is proceeding from a primitive dilated to
the more advanced undilated condition, if it were not for the

ALAOCYBITES RAYMONDIONYMUS

Figure 1. The theoretical relationships of the subfamily Raymondiony-
minae, with a key to the genera.

A. Tibial spurs present, tarsi with small ventral pads (Hylobiinae,
Anchonini).

B. Tibial spurs absent, tarsi without ventral pads (Raymondiony¬
minae). Tibiae not dilated; scrobes completely lateral.

C. Tibiae dilated; scrobes either (1) directed obliquely under beak,
not separated by a carina ventrally, or (2) completely ventral, or if directed
obliquely downward, separated by a carina ventrally. All femora grooved
ventrally: (3) at apex, or (4) throughout, for the reception of the tibiae.

70

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

fimbriae. This development is illustrated by figure 1, where the
tibiae are drawn diagramatically in a series from Alaocybites to
the mid-tibiae of R. helferi (also figured on Plate II, fig. K).
Here the fimbriae follow the external apex of the tibiae in
Alaocybites, bordering the external groove for the reception of
the tarsi. In R. caecus the same is true, except that the external
angle of the tibiae has become greatly dilated, and compressed.
This is true in R. schusteri (Plate II, figs. G—I) as it is in most of
the Raymondionyminae. Where the tibiae become only narrowly
triangular, the external angle may be extended basally. This can
be seen in the hind legs of R. helferi (Plate II, fig. 1). Along with
this modification there is a development of two rows of fimbriae,
which serve in the same manner as the external groove of Alao¬
cybites. The further development in the mid legs of the latter
species is merely an increase in the external flattening, where the
fimbriae follow the external angle almost to the base. This general
evolutionary trend may also apply to the fore legs of some of
the Old World Raymondionyminae (Alaocyba, R. marqueti Aube,
R. stygius Rost). The development of the beak, antennae, and
prosternum could be similarly, but not as completely, followed.
However, evidence for the development of the ventral femoral
grooves is completely lacking, and what evidence that can be
seen, points in die opposite direction. As was previously shown,
R. helferi shows this process in operation. In fact, it is not im¬
probable that the progenitors of Alaocybites did have femoral
grooves, for there is no direct correlation between these and the
tibial dilation, as evidenced by Alaocyba and Alaocephala, which
lack complete grooves, but have the tibiae dilated. From this
evidence Alaocybites appears to be more primitively derived,
while Alaocyba and Alaocephala were apparently derived from a
stock, which in many respects, was more similar to the modern
Raymondionymus, especially R. caecus.

The only genus found that appears close to this group is
Typhloglymna Dury, currently placed in the Anchonini of the
Hylobiinae. Many Raymondionymine characters are present in
this genus. For example, the head is partially inserted in the
prothorax, and is smooth and glabrous, the beak is not externally
dilated, but strongly constricted basally, the antennae are inserted
near the apex, the scutellum is absent; the pronotum and elytra

April, 1956]

GILBERT-WEEVILS

71

are similar in shape, measurements, and setation, while the posi¬
tion of the coxae are well within the Raymondionymine limits.
The tibiae are externally fimbriate (Fig. 1), and the abdomen
is very similar to Alaocybites. Some of the other characters are
close to individual Raymondionymine species. As in R. helferi, the
scrobes are oblique and separated ventrally by a carina, but the
antennal scape does not pass the basal constriction of the beak,
as in R. caecus, and the Old World Raymondionymus. The anten¬
nal funicle is seven segmented, like Alaocybites and R, caecus.
The tibiae are not only undilated as in Alaocybites, but similarly
rugosely sculptured. However, Typhloglymna lacks the external
tibial groove. Although the abdomen, like Alaocybites, has the
third, fourth and fifth sutures deeply impressed, the third and
fourth abdominal segments are not similarly angularly impressed.
The setation is very similar to the Raymondionyminae, and thus
includes fine, sparsely placed, erect, yellow hairs on the elytral
intervals (in a single series), the fifth abdominal segment, and
on the coxae. However, these hairs are more evident on the venter
than those of the Raymondionyminae studied.

However, there are two main, and supposedly basic, differ¬
ences that do not permit this genus to be included in the Raymon¬
dionyminae. Tire first is the presence of a well-developed recurved
tibial spur, lacking in all Raymondionyminae; and the second, the
tarsi. The tarsi in the Raymondionyminae are very unique. The
segments are large, and subcuboid, the fourth being only slightly
longer than the third in length, and subequal to the other seg¬
ments in thickness. The segments are covered with a long and
fairly dense pubescence, but lack completely any ventral pads. In
Typhloglymna, however, the tarsi are like those of the majority
of the Hylobiines, being small, and elongate, with the fourth
segment long and very slender. The segments have small lateral
ventral pads of short pubescence, and lack the long hairs common
to all Raymondionyminae.

In addition, there is a marked similarity between Typhlo¬
glymna and the Raymondionyminae, and even though its charac¬
ters are not consistent with any particular species, these characters
are expressed in other combinations within this subfamily.

On the present evidence, it would be impossible to derive the
Raymondionyminae from the Anchonini of the Hylobiinae, but
I believe the closest relationship lies in this group. It would be

72

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

wise, therefore, to place the Raymondionyminae in the Curcu-
lionidae, immediately following the Hylobiinae, on the presump¬
tion that although there can be seen no direct line of evolution.

A CKNO WLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank R. 0. Schuster for collecting and prepar¬
ing a large part of the material used in this study, and H. B.
Leech for furnishing additional material of American and Euro¬
pean representatives of the group. Thanks are also due to Mrs.
Abernathy for illustrating the species on Plate I, and to Dr. M.
B. Sanderson for furnishing a specimen of Typhloglymna for
study.

Literature Cited

Casey, Thomas L.

1892. Appendix to coleopterological notices IV. Annals N. Y. Acad.
Sci., 6:359-721.

Croissandeau, J.

1896. Etude sur les genres Alaocyba, Torneuma et Amaurorrhinus.
II Naturalista Siciliano, 15:21-40, 111—120, pi. 1—V.

Dury, Charles

1901. A new calandrid from Cincinnati, Ohio. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat.
Hist., 19:243-244.

Ganglbauer, L.

1906. Revision der blindrusslergattungen Alaocyba und Raymondi-
onymus Munch. Kol. Zeitschr., 3:135-170.

Hustache, A.

1930. Curculionidae Gallo-Rhenans. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., 99:6-872.
Perris, M. E.

1869. Descriptions de quelques coleopteres nouveaux. L’ Abeille,
7:1-37.

Wollaston, T. V.

1873. On the genera of the cossonidae. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp.
427-657.

April, 1956 ] denning—western trichoptera

73

SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF WESTERN TRICHOPTERA

D. G. Denning

1684 Oak Park Blvd., Walnut Creek, California

Recent collections of caddisflies studied by the writer have
revealed several new species and some interesting distributional
records. Six new species in the Rhyacophilidae, Philopotamidae
and Psychomyiidae are described herein. All of the new species
described are from the western montane region. Unless indicated
otherwise, types are in the collection of the writer.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to Dr. C. P. Alexander of
the University of Massachusetts, the late Mr. Harry P. Chandler,
and Mr. K. M. Fender of McMinnville, Oregon, for collecting and
sending me the majority of the specimens studied in this paper.

Rhyacophila wallowa Denning, new species

This species is a member of the vao-acropedes-incidta complex.
It can be separated from vao, its closest relative, by the abruptly
constricted basal segment of the clasper, and by the narrow attenu¬
ated apical segment of the clasper. In this respect wallowa is
similar to acropedes but differs in the absence of a mesal lobe of
the ninth tergum.

Male .—Length 12 mm. Head, body and legs ferruginous, wings about
same color except stigma darker and hyaline mottling along margin.
Genitalia as in fig. 1. Ninth segment annular, approximately same width
throughout although very irregular in outline; ninth tergum with no mesal
projection, from lateral aspect, dorsal margin arcuate. Tenth tergite divided
into a pair of narrow blade-like lobes when seen from dorsal aspect, fig.
IB; from lateral aspect structure narrowed distally, slightly upturned. Clasper
with basal segment wide at base, abruptly narrowed toward middle and
then gradually widened; apical segment with basal heel narrow, distinctly
set off from distally narrowed apical portion; when viewed from dorsal
aspect mesal edge of apical segment flattened and covered with dense black
spinules. Aedeagus with lateral extensile membranous arms terminating in a
pad of dense minute reddish setae, fig. 1C; mesal plate between arms
attenuated and tubular.

Holotype male, Wallowa River, Wallowa County, Oregon,
July 15, 1949, Grace H. and John L. Sperry.

The Rhyacophila acropedes complex contains four western
species possessing a similar tenth tergite, clasper and lateral arms
of the aedeagus. On the basis of the male genitalia these species
may be separated as follows:

1. Ninth tergite with a prominent mesal process extending over a
portion of tenth tergite.

2

74

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

Ninth tergite without a mesal process. 3

2. Basal segment of clasper wide throughout, apical segment of

clasper with distal portion wide and rounded. inculta Ross

Basal segment of clasper abruptly narrowed, distal portion of
apical segment narrowed. acropedes Banks

3. Basal segment of clasper only slightly narrowed, heel of apical

segment wide .-. -....vao Milne

Basal segment of clasper abruptly narrowed, heel of apical seg¬
ment narrow T ._. wallowa Denning

Rhyacophila vao and inculta have a wide distribution through¬
out Western United States and Canada. Rhyacophila acropedes
has a similar distribution but is also found in the New England
States and Labrador with at present no intermediate distributional
records available.

Rhyacophila chandleri Denning, new species

This species bears little resemblance to other described species.
Rhyacophila chandleri, one of the more generalized species, can
readily be separated from other species by the massive tenth
tergite, the peculiar hammer-shaped dorsal structure of the aede-
agus and the narrow quadrilateral apical segment of the clasper.

Male .—Length 10 mm. Wings light brown with several scattered luteous
spots, the most conspicuous is triangular and located at the radial sector.
Body, antennae and legs a trifle darker than wings. Genitalia as in fig. 2.
Ninth segment slender throughout except for a wide emargination laterally
to receive clasper. Tenth tergite superficially appears as an integral part
of the ninth tergum, it is massive extending beyond basal segment of
clasper, obtuse apex projected dorso-caudad; from dorsal aspect, fig. 2B,
quadrate, distal margin widely emarginate; from ventral aspect mesal
surface concave. Clasper with basal segment very wide at base, slightly
longer than apical segment; apical segment approximately same width
throughout, margins parallel-sided, apical margin circular, setae sparse.
Aedeagus, fig. 2C, with dorsal portion deltoid and subacute, bearing intern¬
ally an extrusible black spine; ventral portion tubular and short, bearing
internally a fairly large reddish-brown structure which is partially extruded
in the specimens examined.

Holotype male, Sacramento River, Siskiyou County, Cali¬
fornia, elevation 3200 feet, Sept. 9, 1953, H. P, Chandler.
Paratype male, same data as for holotype. Holotype deposited in
the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran¬
cisco, California.

This species is named in honor of the late Harry P. Chandler,
who not only collected this species but who also collected large
numbers of aquatic insects from western United States. Through
his collections and studies of aquatic insects Mr. Chandler made

April, 1956] denning—western trichoptera

75

many noteworthy contributions to our knowledge of the aquatic
fauna.

Rhyacophila pichaca Denning, new species

This species may easily be distinguished from its nearest
relative, visor Milne, by the slender acuminate lobes of the tenth
tergite, by the narrow apical segment of the clasper and by the
complex aedeagus which lacks the hook-like mesal process of
visor.

Male .—Length 7 mm. Wings brownish, stigma of both pair of wings
dark due to dense pubescence. Legs about same color as wings except the
spurs of second and third pair which are dark brown. Body, head and
antennae blackish. Sixth abdominal sternite with a short black spine,
seventh sternite with prominent yellowish mesal tooth. Genitalia as in fig. 3.
Ninth segment with sternum narrow, dorsal portion considerably expanded,
ninth tergum extended caudad as a short, blunt hood-like angulation. Tenth
tergite consists only of a pair of prominent lateral hook-like acuminate
prongs, from dorsal aspect fig. 3B, prongs gradually convergent but not
confluent. Basal segment of clasper shaped as a parallelogram, about same
width throughout; apical segment short, directed ventro-caudad, dorsal
corner round, apex narrowed and obtuse, setae sparse. Aedeagus fig. 3C,
partially retracted into eighth and ninth segments, and presenting a compli¬
cated structure. It consists of: (1) a pair of dorsal semi-membranous
structures, apically truncate, distal margins lightly sclerotized; (2) middle
lobe heavily sclerotized, flattened and thin, distally abruptly curved dorsad,
from ventral aspect apex bilobed; (3) a heavily sclerotized distally flattened
structure, apex narrow and acute and bearing along lateral surface a pair
of short, acute, membranous processes, from ventral aspect apex acute and
attenuated.

Holotype male, Cascade Head Experiment Forest, Tilla¬
mook County, near Otis, Oregon, July 27, 1951, K. M. Fender.
Paratype male, same data as for holotype. Washington: Olympic
Hot Springs, Boulder Lake, July 20, 1953, C. P. Alexander, Icf.

Rhyacophila lineata Denning, new species

In many respects this species is quite similar to celina to which
it is related. However, certain details of the male genitalia, such
as the tenth tergite, the apical segment of the clasper and the
complicated aedeagus will easily distinguish this species.

Male .—Length 11 mm. Wings fuscous, with irregularly scattered hyaline
areas, especially along margins, body and appendages trifle lighter in color,
maxillary palpi considerably darker. Seventh sternum with short mesal spine.
Genitalia as in fig. 4. Ninth segment irregular in outline, sternum narrower
and only slightly indented to receive clasper. Tenth segment complex, consist¬
ing of (1) a short dorsal projection which appears triangular and pointed
from lateral aspect, but from dorsal aspect, (1), fig. 4, structure projects

76

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

caudad as a quadrate flap; (2) next, a lightly selerotized structure, distal
portion slender, practically same width throughout, apex acute, from dorsal
aspect, (2), fig. 4, appears as a narrow attenuated sclerite distally; ventral
lobe wide covering most of structure, somewhat circular in outline; (3) next,
a heavily selerotized structure pigmented black along distal margin, apex
blunt and curved dorsad; from dorsal aspect, (3), fig. 4, structure is bilobed,
apices convergent; (4) ventral structure also heavily selerotized, black
pigmentation along apical margin, apex truncate, (4), fig. 4; from caudal
view lateral lobes closely appressed forming a tubular structure. Clasper
very short, both segments about same length, basal segment rhomboidal;
apical segment ovoid, mesal surface concave, covered with heavy pubescence
except near distal margin a line of no pubescence thus forming a distinct
light-colored line. Aedeagus short, retracted into ninth segment and difficult
to discern, consisting of two wide lateral sheaths, tapering distally, lateral
lobes enclose a dorsal spine-like structure and, a short ventral structure.

Holotype male, Castle Crags State Park, Shasta County,
California, June 13, 1950, L. W. Quate. Holotype deposited in
collection of University of California, Berkeley, California.
Tinodes cascadia Denning, new species
This species is a member of the parvula, signodana, sis'kiyou
complex and represents the seventh Nearctic species in the genus.
The species may be distinguished from parvula, its closest relative,
by the small, dome-like mesal blade of the clasper, by the dentate
dorsal processes of the aedeagus and the short ninth tergite.

Male .—Length 5 mm., this being one of the smallest Tinodes known.
Wings uniformly fuscous, appendages a trifle darker in color, palpi brownish
and hairy. Front tarsi without pre-apical spur, spurs fuscous and hairy.
Genitalia as in fig. 5. Ninth tergum produced dorso-caudad as a short tri¬
angular lobe, from dorsal aspect apex acute, apical and lateral margin
fringed with a membranous sheath. Ninth sternum sub-triangular, produced
ventro-caudad, from ventral aspect distal margin wide and straight. Cerci
elongate, fusiform, extending caudad as far as any other part of genitalia.
Basal segment of clasper somewhat quadrate with ventral margin consider¬
ably wider than dorsal, connected to ninth sternum by a membranous lobe;
apical segment slender, irregular, dorso-basal portion rounded, apical por¬
tion narrowed and directed ventro-caudad, from ventral aspect apices not
convergent, mesal corner of apex bearing a short black spine. Mesal blade
of claspers with dorsal margin dome-shaped and produced dorsally into an
acute apex, distal portion narrow, apex obtuse and curved ventrad, from
ventral aspect lobes are closely appressed and apex thus appears bilobed.
Sheaths of aedeagus—probably all that remains of the tenth tergite—long,
slender, apex obtuse, armed with prominent and abundant setae, especially a
wide spine-like seta at apex; aedeagus with apex narrowed, a pair of teeth-
like processes arise sub-apically and near their base a short spinous process.

Holotype male, Cascade Head Experimental Forest, near
Otis, Oregon, July 27, 1951, K. M. Fender.

April, 1956] denning—western trichoptera 77

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Rhyacophila wallowa, male genitalia; 1A, lateral aspect. Fig.
2. Rhyacophila chandleri, male genitalia; 2A, lateral aspect; 2B tenth tergite,
dorsal aspect; 2C, aedeagus, lateral aspect. Fig. 3. Rhyacophila pichaca , male
genitalia; 3A, lateral aspect; 3B, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect; 3C, aedeagus.
Fig. 4. Rhyacophila lineata, male genitalia; 4A, lateral aspect. Fig. 5. Tinodes
cascadia, male genitalia; 5A, lateral aspect. Fig. 6. Wormaldia pachita, male
genitalia; 6A, lateral aspect; 6B, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect; 6C, apex,
apical segment of clasper. Fig. 7. Polycentropus clinei. male genitalia; 7A,
lateral aspect, 7B, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect.

78

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

KEY TO NEARCTIC TINODES
Males

1. Apical segment of clasper deeply emarginate, resulting in a wide

basal portion, and a narrow oblique apical portion. siskiyou Denning

Apical segment slender throughout, much narrower than basal seg¬
ment ........ 2

2. Apical segment of clasper pointed and oblique at apex, dorsal spur

near apex ..--—... signodana Ross

Apical segment slender and rounded or truncate at apex. 3

3. Apical segment slender and truncate at apex... 4

Apical segment slender and rounded at apex.......- 5

4. Mesal blade of basal segment of clasper broadly curved dorso-caudad,

apex aedeagus bifid..... parvula Denning

Mesal blade of basal segment of clasper short, dome-like with an
acute dorsal apex, apex aedeagus not bifid... cascadia Denning

5. Apical segment of clasper elongate and sinuous, as long or longer

than basal segment . belisa Denning

Apical segment of clasper not any longer than basal segment, some¬
what sausage-shaped... 6

6. Mesal blade of basal segment of clasper short, widely curved

caudad —._... provo Ross

Mesal blade of basal segment of clasper long and narrow, curved
ventro-caudad ..... ..consueta McLean

Wormaldia pachita Denning, new species
Wormaldia pachita is a member of the Moesta group and
represents the thirteenth Nearctic species in the genus. Along with
anilla (Ross), cruzensis (Ling) and hamata Denning it belongs
to the subgroup of the genus in which the seventh and eighth
sternites are without mesal projections. However, the general
appearance of the genitalia bear closest resemblance to strota
(Ross) and sisko (Ross) in possessing a long apical segment of
the clasper. The spatulate apical segment of pachita will easily
separate it from other described species.

Male .—General color flavescent. Seventh sternite with no mesal process.
Eighth segment normal, no sternal mesal process. Genitalia as in fig. 6.
Ninth segment narrow throughout, dorsum indented to receive tenth tergum
and cerci; sternum produced caudad considerably beyond remainder. Tenth
tergite carinate, seen from lateral aspect, fig. 6, structure gradually nar¬
rowed to a sub-acute apex, projecting caudad slightly beyond ninth sternite;
from dorsal aspect, fig. 6B, structure elongate, triangular, gradually nar¬
rowed to a sub-acute apex, projecting caudad slightly beyond ninth sternite;
setation sparse. Cerci slender, digitate, slightly shorter than tenth tergite,
acute apically; setae sparse. Clasper with basal segment considerably shorter
and stockier than apical segment; apical segment elongate, constricted
along middle, spatulate and apical margin circular. Mesal pad of mesal

April, 1956 ] denning—western trichoptera

79

surface of apical segment of clasper, fig. 6C, consists of a narrow band of
short dense reddish brown spicules. The genitalia and specimen have been
damaged.

Holotype male, Grass Valley, Nevada County, California,
elevation 2350 feet, May 5, 1946, H. P. Chandler. Holotype
deposited in the collection of the Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco, California.

1 .

5.

6 .

7.

Key to Nearctic Wormaldia 1
Males

Tenth tergite divided into a pair of heavily sclerotized hooks. major

Tenth tergite not heavily sclerotized and at most only slightly

hooked .-. 2

Tenth tergite with a basal hump and clavate distally. arizonensis

Tenth tergite not clavate distally. 3

Seventh sternite having a long, narrow apico-mesal process....... 4

Seventh sternite having a triangular process broad at base, or none.. 5

Eighth sternite with a long apico-mesal process. moesta

Eighth sternite with only a short process or none. gabriella

Eighth tergum normal . 6

Eighth tergum with long dorsal elongation. hamata

Seventh sternite with a triangular process. 7

Seventh sternite with no mesal process..... 10

Clasper elongate, basal segment considerably longer than tenth

tergite . 8

Clasper short and stocky, basal segment equal to or but slightly

longer than tenth tergite. 9

Apical segment shorter than basal segment. sisko

Apical segment equal to basal segment, dorsal margin markedly

convex .... thyria

Apical segment of clasper much longer than basal segment. shawnee

Apical segment of clasper slightly shorter than basal segment.. ..occidea

Basal segment elongate, longer than tenth tergite.... 11

Basal segment short, not longer than tenth tergite. 12

Tenth tergite truncate, hooked ventrad at apex, mesal pad on apex

of apical segment of clasper with short black setae. strota

Tenth tergite with apex acute, mesal pad on apex of apical segment

of clasper with short reddish brown setae. pachita

12. Apical segment of clasper markedly constricted beyond middle. anilla

Apical segment of clasper parallel-sided. cruzensi-s

POLYCENTROPUS CLINEI Milne

8

9.

10 .

11 .

The genus Polycentropus is represented in the United States
and Canada by 29 recognizable species. All but one of these,
Polycentropus clinei, is readily identifiable from available keys
and illustrations.

1 Adapted from Ross, 1949, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 51(4) :158.

80

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

The male genitalia of this species, fig. 7, is apparently quite
variable. The mesal lobe of the ninth sternum may be as short
as in fig. 7, or long, projecting caudad to distal margin of the
claspers; dorso-mesal lobe of clasper may be short as in figure
or long and slender. However variable certain details of the male
genitalia may be clinei is easily recognized by the tenth tergite,
especially when viewed from dorsal aspect, fig. 7B. The bilobed
lateral lobes, and the widely emarginate mesal lobe will distinguish
clinei from other species.

Previously known only from the New England states clinei is
here recorded from Halifax County, Nova Scotia, June 26, 1951,
C. P. Alexander.

Polycentropus arizonensis Banks
Previously recorded only from Arizona. It is here recorded
from New Mexico: Whitewater Canyon, near Glendwood, Aug.
20, 1953, H. B. Leech.

Polycentropus smithi Denning
This species was originally described from Mt. Washington,
New Hampshire. The collection of smithi in the Yukon Territory
would suggest a holarctic distribution. It is here recorded from:
Yukon Territory, along Alaska Highway, Mile Post 1012, July
4, 1952, C. P. Alexander.

DRAPETIS TRICHURA MELANDER IN CALIFORNIA

(Diptera: Empididae)

A single male specimen of Drapetis trichura Melander 1918
was swept from desert plant growth at Palm Springs, Riverside
County, California, on December 25, 1952 (P.H.A.). The deter¬
mination was kindly made by Dr. A. L. Melander. Dr. Melander
informed the writer that this is the second specimen of trichura
that he has seen. This species was described from a male collected
at Austin, Texas.—P. H. Arnaud, Stafford University.

April, 1956]

LATTIN—BOREUS

81

THE FIRST CALIFORNIA RECORD OF BOREUS
CALIFORNICUS FUSCUS CARPENTER

(Mecoptera: Boreidae)

John D. Lattin

Department of Entomology, Oregon State College, Corvallis

The genus Boreus is restricted to North America and Europe.
Adults generally appear during the winter months when mating
takes place on the surface of the snow. Eleven species are known
from northern North America, with the majority of the species
being restricted to the northwestern part of United States, Canada
and Alaska. The females are almost completely wingless, the
wings merely represented by small pads. The males have the
wings reduced and slender somewhat resembling the elytra of the
beetle family Rhipiphoridae.

A male of Boreus californicus fuscus Carpenter was collected
on the surface of the snow on December 4, 1954 at Sagehen Creek,
near Hobart Mills, Sierra County, California by Elbert Brock.
The elevation of the locality is about 6,500 feet. The specimen
has been deposited in the collection of the California Insect
Survey, University of California, Berkeley. The only other speci¬
men of this genus in the survey collection is a female of Boreus
unicolor Hine, collected at Kawick Mountains, Silverbow, 7000
feet, Nye County, Nevada on January 23, 1921 by L. S. Graves.

The Sagehen specimen of Boreus californicus fuscus is 3 mm.
long, the body bronze blue-black with the wings and proboscis
yellow-brown and the legs dark brown. It differs from the original
description by having the length of the rostrum 2 times longer
than the width of the eye but agrees in all other respects (the
length of the rostrum in the type is one and one-half times the
width of the eye). The typical subspecies was described by
Packard from material collected at Fort Bidwell, Modoc County
(not Siskiyou County as Carpenter (1935, 1936) states), Cali¬
fornia. Carpenter (1935:117) reports additional material of
Boreus californicus californicus from Goose Lake, Modoc County
(not Siskiyou County), California. Boreus californicus fuscus was
described by Carpenter (1935:117) from British Columbia, Mon-
ana and Alberta and differs from the typical subspecies by having
its legs and wings brown, the eyes gray-brown and in being smaller
(3.5—4 mm. in B. c. californicus Packard; 3 mm. in B. c. fuscus

82

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

Carpenter). Collectors visiting the mountains during the winter
should look for this interesting species on the snow.

„ _ ,, Literature Cited

Carpenter, r. M.

1935. New Mecoptera with notes on other species. Psyche 42:105-122.

1936. Descriptions and records of Nearctic Mecoptera. Psyche 43:56-64.

X

ASSOCIATION OF HOLCOPASITES WITH
PSEUDOPANURGUS IN MEXICO

(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae, Andrenidae) 1

E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwatn and Ray F. Smith

University of California, Berkeley

During the second week of August, 1954, in an area nine miles
southwest of Fresnillo, Zacatecas, Mexico ,three species of Holco¬
pasites, H. arizonicus (Linsley), H. robertsoni (Crawford), and
H. calliopsidis (Linsley) were found associated with the nests of
three species of Pseudopanurgus. The latter (which we have not
been able to identify) occupied slightly separated nesting sites
and it appeared the parasitic bees were spec.ies-host-specific in this
area. In the general area numerous anthophorid bees were nesting
(Diadasia, Ptilothrix , Melissodes, Anthophora, Xenoglossodes,
Hemisia), some halictines (Halictus, Agaposternon, Lasioglossum)
and a few other genera but no other panurgids. Holcopasites cal¬
liopsidis has been previously reported from nesting sites of
Calliopsis andreniformis Smith (Ainslie, 1937; Linsley, 1943).

Holcopasites arizonicus was previously known from Arizona
(Yuma, Tuscon, Hereford) and Baja California (San Pedro, 18
miles south of La Paz) (Linsley, 1942, 1943), H. robertsoni from
Nebraska, North Dakota, Alberta and Colorado (Linsley, 1943)
and H. calliopsidis from Montana, Iowa, Kansas and Colorado
(Linsley, 1943, 1944).

_ Literature Cited

Ainslee, C. N.

1937. Notes on the biology of two panurgine bees. Can. Ent., 69:97-100.
Linsley, E. G.

1942. Notes and descriptions of some North American parasitic bees.
Pan-Pacific Ent., 18:127-132.

1943. A revision of the genus Neopasites. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
69:119-140.

1944. New species of Neopasites with notes concerning others. Jour.
New York Ent. Soc., 52:277-280.

1 One of a series of studies made possible by a grant-in-aid from the Associates in Tropical
Biogeography, University of Californa.

April, 1956 ]

SCHUSTER—MIPSELTYRUS

83

TWO NEW SPECIES OF MIPSELTYRUS FROM CALIFORNIA

(Coleoptera: Pselaphidae)

Robert 0. Schuster

University of California, Berkeley

This genus was previously known from one species, Mipseltyrus
nicolayi, which was described by Dr. Park in 1953. 1 While M.
nicolayi is known from North Carolina and Tennessee, the author
feels that the disjunct distribution produced by the addition of
California species is an artifact that will be removed by future
collecting.

Mipseltyrus parki Schuster, new species

(Figs, 1, 2, 4, 5)

Male .—Head 0.38 mm. long X 0.26 mm. wide; pronotum 0.39 X 0.33;
elytra 0.46 X 0.67; total length 1.51 mm.; width across first visible tergite
0.75 mm.

Rufotestaceous; body slightly punctate, antennae and tibia granulate,
head anterior to eyes polished; pubescence decumbent, directed medially on
head and pronotum, less so on abdomen, longitudinally on elytra, distally
on legs and antennae. Head with vestigial eyes of two or three facets, eyes
visible from above; tempora nearly one-half head length, slightly curved;
two, deep, nude, vertexal foveae and median frontal fovea at apices of
equilateral triangle (vertexal foveae are tentorial, median frontal fovea
ends a short distance below surface) ; frons vertical, forming thin, semi¬
transparent lamina between antennal acetabula; clypeus short, flat; labrum
short, transverse; ventral surface of head flat; gular fovea and posterior
lateral angles bearing dense, branched pubescence. Maxillary palpi long,
four segmented, proportions as illustrated (Fig. 1). Antennae eleven
segmented, three of which form the club; segmental proportions of club as
illustrated (Fig, 2). Pronotum widest before middle; three, small, nude,
antebasal foveae removed from basal margin by approximately one-fourth
pronotal length. Elytra with large, obliquely rounded humeral angles; each
elytron with two, pubescent, antebasal foveae; median fovea originating at
base of entire’ sutural stria, lateral fovea free; elytral flank lacking sub-
humeral fovea and epiplural sulcus; apical margins fringed with long,
dense pubescence. Metawings not present. Abdomen about one-third total
length, deflexed; first three visible tergites margined, visible from above;
median tergite ratios 3.3/2.2/1.3/1.5/1.0; base of first transversely im¬
pressed, impression with dense, branched pubescence; median sternite
ratios 7/17/7/5/3/5/1; impression at base of second similar to the dorsal;
fifth and sixth sternites punctate; sixth medially emarginate apically;
seventh a small penal plate. Prosternum short with branched pubescence

1 New or little known pselaphid beetles of the United States, with observations on
taxonomy and evolution of the family Pselaphidae. Chicago Acad. Sci., Bull., 9(14) : p. 249-283,
pi. 1-5.

84

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

before coxal cavities; mesosternum with large median fovea and two
similar impressions with branched pubescence along anterior margins; a
nearly nude fovea between, and two pubescent foveae lateral to mesocoxal
cavities. Tarsal claws large, subequal; trochanters without sexual modifi¬
cation. Genitalia as illustrated (Figs. 4, 5).

Female. —As in the male with the following exceptions; tenth antennal
segment hexagonal, not asymmetrically produced; only six sternites.

The author dedicates this species to Dr. Orlando Park for his
kind assistance with this group of beetles.

Holotype male, taken from litter east of Briceburg, Mariposa
County, California by the author on March 12, 1955. Addi¬
tional specimens in the type series were taken by the author at
the same locality on the following dates: cf, II-5-55; 2<S <$, 5 9$
III-12-55. The holotype and one paratype are deposited in the
California Academy of Sciences, two paratypes in the collection
of Orlando Park and the remaining specimens in the California
Insect Survey.

Mipseltyrus mirus Schuster, new species

(Fig. 3)

Male. —Head 0.39 mm. long X 0.26 mm. wide; pronotum 0.39 X 0.36;
elytra 0.49 X 0.77; total length 1.75 mm.; width across first visible tergite
0.86 mm.

Essentially as described for Mipseltryrus parki except for the following
differences. Head anterior to eyes reticulate, legs entirely granulate; eyes
reduced to single facet; tenth antennal segmen hexagonal, not produced
at inner apical angle; fifth sternite subglabrous; sixth with subglabrous
concavity at median one-third; genitalia differing in shape and proportions
as illustrated (Fig. 3).

Female. —As in the male but differing in having only six sternites; sixth
sternite evenly rounded.

Holotype male, taken from litter, mainly Pseudotsuga menziesii,
at Riverton, Eldorado County, California on May 8, 1954 by
B. J. Adelson and R. O. Schuster. Additional specimens in the type
series were taken at the same locality on the following dates:
3c? cf 5 2 99 IV-30-54 R. 0. Schuster; 6cT cT, 4 99 V-8-54 B. J.

Explanation of Figures

Fig. 1. Mipseltyrus parki new species, maxillary palpus of male. Fig,
2. Mipseltyrus parki new species, antennal club of male. Fig. 3. Mipseltyrus
mirus new species, male genitalia, lateral aspect with dotted line indicating
position of internal sack not. extended, 0.30 mm. long. Fig. 4. Mipseltyrus
parki new species, male genitalia, ventral aspect. Fig. 5. Mipseltyrus parki
new species, male genitalia, lateral aspect, 0.28 mm. long.

April, 1956 ]

SCHUSTER—MIPSELTYRUS

85

Adelson, R. 0. Schuster; 2c?cf, 2 $9 1X-8-54 R. 0. Schuster.
The holotype and two paratypes are deposited in the California
Academy of Sciences, four paratypes in the collection of Orlando
Park and the remaining paratypes in the California Insect Survey.

3 mirus

86 the pan-pacieic entomologist [vol. XXXII, NO. 2

Both sexes of M. minis have granulate femora allowing easy
discrimination from M. parki in which the femora are only slightly
punctate. The Californian species differ from M. nicoiayi in the
males lacking armed pro and mesotrochanters.

Book Review

RADIOISOTOPES IN BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE. By C. L. Comar,

McGraw-Hil! Book Co., N.Y, XIII plus 481 pp. 1955. Price $9.00.

There are two groups of investigators who turn to the use of radioiso¬
topes in biological studies. The first group has a knowledge of the basic
chemistry and physics of radioactivity and seeks to apply this to a specific
problem. The second, and far larger group, has heard of the power and
efficiency of this new technique and feels certain that it will solve most
of its problems. “Radioisotopes in Biology and Agriculture” has been
written with both groups in mind. Even the investigator experienced in this
field will find new and intriguing applications. But it is primarily for the
novice that Comar has written the book. The first chapter is a survey with
pertinent examples of the general ways in which radioisotopes are used
with an emphasis on quantitative interpretation. Suggestive examples are
chosen from such diverse fields as photosynthesis, insect migration and
human physiology. The second chapter deals with the principal difficulties
inherent in the use of radioisotopes and shows how they may be avoided
or allowed for.

The third chapter deals with the subject of health physics. In these
days of conflicting and often overly optimistic or pessimistic views on the
hazards of radioactivity it is refreshing to read a sane and well documented
account of the problems and their solutions. The reader will learn that
careful planning and adequate precautions will make the use of radioisotopes
no more dangerous than many commonly accepted laboratory procedures.
At the same time, the need for care and thought is adequately emphasized.
The potential user of radioisotopes should contact the. health branch of his
institution and local authorities for special procedures.

Following this general introduction to principles, the next three chapters
deal with experimental methods. Enough information is often given to
enable one to design his experiment and select the appropriate method.
An excellent bibliography will aid in supplying the details. Each radioactive
isotope is treated in sufficient detail so that an intelligent selection can be
made.

The remainder of the book is devoted to a short but pertinent discussion
of autoradiography, paper chomatography, ion exchange and radioactivation
analysis and their use in the isolation and analysis of isotope containing
substances.

The bare recital of the topics considered in this hook cannot do justice
to Comar’s careful choice of examples and the wealth of important detail
he manages to include without burden to the reader. Anyone planning new
applications of radioistotopes to biological problems or seeking to interpret
published results will be helped by this hook.—R. Craig.

April, 1956]

ARNAUD & HOYT-D1ADOC1D1A

87

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF DIADOCIDIA

FROM CALIFORNIA

(Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Paul H. Arnaud 1 and Charles P. Hoyt 2

The small subfamily Diadocidiinae of the family Myceto¬
philidae was previously known in North America by only two
recent species, Diadocidia jerruginosa (Meigen), 1830 and Diado-
cidia borealis Coquillett, 1900 as well as a fossil form, Diadocidia
terricola Shudder, 1878. The discovery of a new species is there¬
fore of interest, and it is here described so that its name will be
available for discussion in a forthcoming morphological paper.

The type locality of the new species is in a partially wooded
field on the Stanford University campus about 100 yards northeast
of the Stanford Mausoleum. This area has been partially replanted
with Eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus globulus). Some of the trees
have been cut down, and the resultant rotting stumps provide an
attractive breeding place. Adults have been collected in large
numbers around and within the hollows of these stumps, while the
larvae have, been found in moderate numbers in the decaying wood.

The authors are indebted to Mr. Paul Freeman and the auth¬
orities of the British Museum (Natural History) for the gift of a
male specimen of Diadocidia jerruginosa and to Dr. Alan Stone
and the authorities of the United States National Museum for the
loan of specimens of Diadocidia borealis.

Diadocidia stanfordensis Arnaud and Hoyt, new species

Male.—Head mainly gray-black; palpi yellowish-brown; antennae with
first two segments yellow-brown; remaining 14 segments uniformly gray with
short yellow hairs. Ratio of antennal segments 8:9:26:16:15:15:15:15:15:14:
14:14:13:12:12:13. Thorax grayish-yellow, with yellowish colored hairs;
dorsally with a median and a pair of lateral, lightly colored vittae which
converge posteriorly; scutellum with yellowish colored hairs. Coxae to
femora yellow-brown; tibiae, tarsi and spurs dark grey.

Ratio of length of leg segments

C

Tr

F

Ti

Tl

T2

T3

T4

T5

Claws

Fore leg

30

7

46

65

43

15

12

8

7

2

Mid leg

32

7

52

75

42

13

10

6

5

2

Hind leg

25

7

64

101

41

13

10

6

6

2

Wing venation as illustrated in Figure 1,D. Veins and membrane
conspicuously hairy. Halteres yellowish-brown. Abdomen unicolorous, gray,
with light colored hair. Segments one and eight shortened; segment one a

1 Natural History Museum, Stanford University, California.

- South Pacific Commission, Boite Postal No. 9, Noumea, New Caledonia.

88

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

little longer than half length of second; segment eight less than half length
of seventh. Male terminalia colored as abdomen. The characteristic terminalia
are illustrated in Figures 1, A-C. Body length, 3.5 mm.; wing length, 3 mm.

Female .—Similar to male with exception of sexual armature. Fore tarsi
not broadened. Terminal abdominal appendages as illustrated in Figures
1, E. Body length, 4 mm.; wing length, 4 mm.

Diadocidia stanjordensis, which is related to ferruginosa, may
be readily separated by the characteristic divided dististyle in
conjunction with the wing venation. The spermathecal structure
in the female may also prove to be characteristic only of this
species.

Holotype male, Stanford University, Santa Clara County,
California, April 22, 1952, (C. P. Hoyt), on slide. Allotype,
female, same locality as holotype, collected January 19, 1952, (C.
P. Hoyt), on slide. Holotype and allotype deposited in the collec¬
tion of the Department of Entomology, California Academy of
Sciences, San Francisco. Paratopotypes: 342 specimens, 327 males,
15 females, same locality as holotype, on the following dates and
method of preservation: Slides: male, 22.IV.52 (Hoyt); 2 males,
19.1.52 (Hoyt). Alcohol: 19 males, 23.IV.52 (Arnaud) ; 45 males,
3 females, 26.1.53 (Arnaud) ; 152 males, 7 females; 5.II.53
(Arnaud); 68 males, 5 females, 18.11.53 (Arnaud). Pinned: 5
males, 26.11.52 (Arnaud); 20 males, 11.III.54 (Arnaud); 15
males, 25.III.54 (Arnaud). Paratopotype slides have been depos¬
ited in the collections of the United States National Museum and
the British Museum (Natural History).

Our method of collecting population samples of the new
species has resulted in an interesting ratio of approximately 20
males to 1 female.

The larva of stanjordensis is enclosed in a slime tube which
it secretes as it moves along over the surface of the wood. The
track left by this collapsed tube resembles that of a small slug or
snail. The larva of ferruginosa has been figured and discussed by
Madwar (1937:36—39) and differs from stanjordensis in the
number of inner mandibular teeth, ferruginosa having two, stan-

fordensis one.

Checklist of Recent Diadocidia:

1. borealis Coquillett, 1900.North America

2. ferruginosa Meigen, 1830.Europe, North America

3. ferruginosa var. thoracica Okada, 1936....Japan

4. nigripalpis Edwards, 1940.Chile, Brazil

April, 1956]

ARNAUD & HOYT-DIADOCIDIA

89

5. spiriosula Toilet, 1948.Belgium

6. stanfordensis Arnaud and Hoyt, 1956.California

7. valida Mik, 1874...Central Europe

8. species (Freeman, 1951)....Tasmania

Literature Cited

Freeman, Paul

1951. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Based mainly on material
in the British Museum (Natural History). Part III—Myceto-

Fig. 1. Diadocidia stanfordensis: A. Dorsal aspect of male terminalia;
B. Apical aspect of dististyle; C. Ventral aspect of male terminalia; D.
Wing of male; E. Lateral aspect of terminal abdominal segments of female.

90

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

philidae. i-vii plus 138 pp., plates I—XLIX (Diadocidiinae, pp.

10 - 12 ).

Madwar, S.

1937. Biology and morphology of the immature stages of Mycetophilidae
(Diptera, Nematocera). Phil. Trans., Royal Soc., London, B(227) :
1-110, 392 figs.

DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF DIADASIA
FROM NORTH AMERICA 1

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

P. H. Timberlaice

University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside
Since the genus Diadasia extends far into South America and
the bee fauna of Mexico is only beginning to be studied extensively,
discovery of a new species in Mexico was not unlooked for, but
that a large and beautiful new species should turn up in New
Mexico seems strange and noteworthy,

Diadasia mexicana Timberlake, new species
This new species from Zacatecas, Mexico, is a close ally of
D. diminuta (Cresson) and rather difficult to distingush there¬
from in the female sex. The male is easily recognized by the dense,
ochreous hair on the apical ventral segment and by the longer,
shaggier hair on the tergum of the abdomen. The genitalia of the
two species are very distinctive.

Female. —Black, the tegulae at apex and base of the claws with a red¬
dish tinge, the tibial spurs testaceous. Pubescence ochreous, becoming paler
or whitish on under side of head and thorax and inner side of legs. Apical
fringe on tergite 5, except at sides, brown or blackish; hair of tergite 6,
of the venter almost entirely, and of inner side of middle and hind basitarsi,
black or blackish. Upper part of frons and each side of the vertex beyond
ocelli, as well as a large area on middle of disk of mesoscutum, almost
perfectly nude. Hair of tergum of abdomen long, fine, and depressed except
on the basal part of the first segment, becoming much denser at apex of
tergites 1 to 4 to form distinct narrow hands. Puncturation rather coarse
and sparse on clypeus, virtually obsolete on frons and vertex, and fine and
moderately close on mesoscutum, except that it is obsolescent on middle
of disk. The female is distinguishable from diminuta by the finer hair of
tergum of abdomen; the broader apical bands; the more finely and more
sparsely punctured mesocutum, with a large, nearly impunctate median area;
and by the hair on the nearly nude area of frons, which is finer, shorter,
and much less evident than in diminuta. Length, about, 8-9 mm.; anterior
wing, 6:9-8 mm.

' Paper No. 881, University of California Citrus Experiment .Station, Riverside, California.

April, 1956 ]

TIMBERLAKE-NEW DI AD ASIA

91

Male .—Similar to female, but pubescence much denser on face, thorax,
and abdomen, as is usual in the genus. Upper part of from and sides of
vertex nude, but mesoscutum nearly uniformly punctate and covered with
long, erect hair. Hair of tergum of abdomen rather dense, long, and erect,
not forming narrow apical bands as in diminuta. Hair on the normally
exposed part of the sixth ventral segment long and dense. (In diminuta
this segment is comparatively nude.) Most structural characters as in
diminuta, but aedeagus distinctive; parameral lobes of caulis long, the
basal third slender, then moderately dilated to the apical fifth, which is
abruptly narrowed to the acute apex; process overlying inner margin of
base of parameral lobes very small and conical. (In diminuta the latter
process is large and broad and the parameral lobes are acuminate nearly
from the base, with the outer margin strongly arcuate.) In both species
the caulis is destitute of a dorsal spine or spur directed inward over the
base of the parameral lobe and process. Length, 7—8.5 mm.; anterior wing,
7—7.6 mm.

Described from 53 females, 3 males (holotype female, allotype,
and paratypes), 9 miles southeast of Fresnillo, Zacatecas,
Mexico, August 7—14, 1954 (E. G. Linsley, J. W. MacSwain, and
R. F. Smith).

Types and 6 paratype females in collection of the Citrus
Experiment Station, Riverside; remainder of paratypes in collec¬
tion of the University of California, Berkeley.

Diadasia vestita Timberlake, new species

The male of vestita runs in my table of Diadasia (Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 36:3—6) to D. enavata (Cresson) and differs
in having the sixth ventrite truncate in the middle of the apex and
its hair divided into three patches, one across the truncate part of
apex and one oil each side toward the base. The aedeagus also is
very different from that of enavata.

In Cockerell’s key (1905, Amer. Nat. 39:741—745) this species
runs again to enavata. I do not believe that it can be D. ttiega-
morpha Cockerell, a species unknown to me, which is separated
in Cockerell’s key by its large size (length 16 mm.) and which
has the mesoscutum nearly nude.

Male. —Black, the small joints of tarsi reddish, the spurs rufo-testa-
ceous. Pubescence dense, erect, nearly concealing surface of all parts, except
that it is thin on vertex, with upper part of frons, the sides of vertex, and
basal area of propodeum, nude. Hair of head and thorax pale ochreous,
more whitish on cheeks, under side of thorax, and on legs, except that on
outer side of hind tibiae and tarsi it becomes brighter ochreous. Hair on
inner side of middle and hind basitarsi dark reddish brown. Hair of tergum
of abdomen shorter than that of thorax (excepting the long hair on base
of tergite 1), much less plumose, and brownish yellow in color, with a

92

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXII, NO. 2

narrow, paler fringe at apex of tergites 2 to 6. Head slightly broader than
long, the flagellum of antenna thicker than in enavata, with the joints less
elongate. Hind legs slightly more incrassate and hind basitarsi longer and
more curved than in enavata. Tergite 7 ending in two blunt processes which
are mainly covered by the pubescence. Clypeus, lower part of the frons, and
the mesonotum with fine and rather close punctures. Seventh ventrite twice
bilobate, the two lobes on each side separated from each other by a broad,
oval emargination, and the outer lobe longer and broader than the inner.
Caulis of aedeagus broader than long and with a long sharp spur directed
inwardly on each side above; parameral lobes very long, slender, and with
the apical fifth tapering to a sharp point; process on inner margin at base
of parameral lobes rather long and broad, longer even than the spur of the
caulis. Length, about 11 mm.; anterior wing, 11 mm.

One male (holotype), Rio Puerco, Bernalillo County, New
Mexico, Sept. 8, 1951 (M. F. McClay) , in collection of the Citrus
Experiment Station, Riverside.

Book Review

ISLAND BIBLIOGRAPHIES—M1CRONESIAN BOTANY / LAND EN¬
VIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY OF CORAL ATOLLS / VEGETATION
OF TROPICAL PACIFIC ISLANDS. By Marie-Helene Sachet and F.
Raymond Fosberg. Pacific Science Board; National Academy of Sciences
—National Research Council, Washington 25, D. C., Publ. 335, i—v,
1-577, 1955. Photo offset. $6.00.

This extensive bilography will be extremely useful, and necessary to
anyone interested in the natural history of Pacific islands, and in the atolls
of the world. Hundreds of entomological articles are listed, including
possibly all references to insects on atolls. There is considerable annotation,
and extensive indexing by subjects, including insects. As indicated by the
three subtitles, the work is divided into three sections. Each section is
separately indexed. The first two sections are fully indexed both geographic¬
ally and by subjects, and the vegetation section is indexed geographically.
There is also an extensive alphabetical explanatory list of serial abbrevi¬
ations, giving place of publication and library call numbers for the Library
of Congress, or other library if lacking or incomplete in the Library of
Congress. There are also addenda bringing each section up to the minute.

This work is obviously most thorough and useful. Some space might
have been saved and possible time saved in using the work if all were
arranged in a single bibliography with complete cross-indexing, even
though the first section concerns only Micronesia, the second the whole
world, and the third the Pacific area. With the addenda there are eleven
sections, not counting several separate introductory discussions.

—J. Linsley Gressitt.

April, 1956 ] michelbacher—false spider mite

93

THE FALSE SPIDER MITE, BREVIPALPUS LEWISI
McGREGOR — A POTENTIAL PEST OF
ENGLISH WALNUT

(Acarina: Phytoptipalpidae)

A. E. Michelbacher
University of California, Berkeley

According to Pritchard and Baker (1951) the false spider
mite, Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor is only known from California.
They reported it from a number of localities in the San Joaquin
and Sacramento Valleys as well as from Riverside. Lewis (1944)
reported it as causing damage to lemons at Porterville, and in
the same area Ebeling and Pence (1949) associated the mite with
serious injury to pomegranate.

On September 15, 1953 a small localized infestation of this
mite 1 was encountered on the southeast side of a single walnut
tree in a 160-acre orchard at Linden, California where walnut
insect investigations were being conducted. No expansion in the
infestation was observed for the remainder of the season, and the
mite was not encountered in 1954.

On September 21, 1955 a destructive infestation of Brevipalpus
lewisi McGregor was found to exist over a portion of the experi¬
mental orchard. A survey was conducted and it appeared that the
mite had apparently dispersed outward in a broad arc from the
point where it was noted in 1953. At the time the infestation was
detected, some defoliation had already occurred. This was notice¬
able on the south-east exposure of the trees and was most pro¬
nounced about the skirt of the trees. The degree of infestation was
not uniform, and in the most severe cases it was approaching the
lower limit of economic damage.

The presence of the false spider mite might in all probability
have been detected sooner had it not been for the fact that through¬
out the orchard there was a light, but not destructive, infestation
of the Pacific spider mite Tetranychus pacificus McGregor and the
European red mite, Metatetranychus ulriii (Koch.).

Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor is a very small flattened species
that can just be seen with the naked eye. On walnut it is able to
develop in enormous numbers and heavily infested leaves practi-

- *

1 Specimens determined by A. Earl Pritchard, Department of Entomology and Parasitology,
University of California, Berkeley, California.

94

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 2

cally swarm with them. Where the population density is heavy
the infested leaves become somewhat coppery in appearance. The
damage done is similar to that caused by the Pacific spider mite
but the coppery color of the leaves serves to differentiate the work
of the false spider mite from that of the Pacific spider mite.
Further, with the former species, little or no webbing occurs.
Where defoliation has been caused by the false spider mite, the
dropped leaves are coated with white shed skins.

The false spider mite apparently spread without regard through
plots treated with several aphicides which included the systemic
insecticides Systox and OMPA. These materials appeared to exert
no suppressing action upon the pest.

On September 21, when the false spider mite was observed
the Pacific spider mite and the European red mite were being
brought under complete control by natural enemies. Of the
natural enemies Stethorus sp. appeared to be the most important.
There were many other predators present including syrphid flies,
lace wings, and predatory mites. None of these natural enemies
seemed to exert any influence upon the false spider mite, and
the latter gradually spread to all parts of the trees. They were
still abundant in late October, long after harvest had been com¬
pleted. Injury progressed until on some trees it reached the lower
limit of economic damage.

This marks the first record of Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor on
walnut and what the future may hold remains to be determined.
However, the species has certainly demonstrated the possibility of
it becoming a potential pest of walnut. The large number of over¬
wintering adults in the infested orchard suggests that this will be
the case.

Literature Cited
Ebelinc, Walter and Roy J. Pence

1949. New Pomegranate mite. California Agriculture 3(6) : 11—14.
Lewis, H. C.

1944. Injury to citrus by Tenuipalpus mites. California Citrograph,
29 (4)87.

Pritchard, A. Earl, and Edward W. Baker

1951. The False Spider Mites of California. (Acarina: Phytoptipal-
pidae). University of Calif. Pub. Ent., 9(1): 1—94.

Grasshopper fossil of fhe Jurassic Age, 140 million years ago.
Phofo courtesy American Museum of Natural History, New York.

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Vol. XXXII JULY, 1956 No. 3

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

STEPHEN—Notes on the biologies of Megachile frigida Smith and

M. inermis Provancher. 95

REINHARD—New muscoid Diptera mainly from California. 103

LANGE—Designation of a type species for the genus Eoparargyractis

Lange . 110

LINSLEY & MacSWAIN—Further notes on the taxonomy and biology

of the andrenine bees associated with Oenothera. Ill

RUCKES—Notes on an osmiine bee nesting gallery in a pine cone. 122

ALEXANDER—Two new crane-flies from Point Barrow, Alaska. 123

CLAUSEN—Releases of recently imported insect parasites and preda¬
tors in California, 1954-55. 125

LINSLEY—Pleocoma from the Hood River Valley, Oregon. 128

MITCHELL—Notes and descriptions in the Megachilid subgenus

Chelostomoides. 129

BOHART & POWELL—Observations on the nesting habits of Euceceris

flavocencta Cresson . 143

LINSLEY—Notes on Pleocoma crinita Linsley. 145

JAMES EDWARD COTTLE (1861-1953). 142

BOOK REVIEWS.102, 127, 138

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE...... 101

ERRATUM. 101

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1956

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usinger

E. S. Ross M. S. Wasbauer, Asst. Editor H. B. Leech

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed¬
ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological
phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on
insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed
to Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,
Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address,
requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed
to the treasurer. Dr. R. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco 18, California.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single
copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist.’’

MEMOIRS SERIES

of the

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE SUCKING LICE by G. F. Ferris.$6.00

A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge on
the Anoplura of the world. Published by the Society,
October, 1951.

THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE by A. Earl
Pritchard and Edward W. Baker...$10.00

This world-wide treatment deals with the systematica
identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and
includes descriptions of thirty-three new species. Pub¬
lished by the Society, July, 1955.

Send orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,
California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San
Francisco.

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at
San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Vol. XXXII July, 1956 No. 3

NOTES ON THE BIOLOGIES OF MEGACHILE FRIGIDA
SMITH AND M. INERMIS PROVANCHER

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) 1

W. P. Stephen 2

During alfalfa insect investigations in the Sprague area of
southeastern Manitoba in 1948 and 1951, preliminary studies
were made of the nesting habits of two leaf-cutter bees, Megachile
(Delomegachile) frigida Smith and M. (M.) inermis Provancher.
In 1952 these two species were studied more intensively in the
Ravendale district of northern Saskatchewan.

The features of the areas harboring species of Megachile were
discussed by Stephen (1955:543—584) and it was suggested that
a sequence involving decaying and decayed timber is essential
to the propagation of certain species; the possibility of the occu¬
pation of vacant wood-borer holes by Megachile spp. was
discounted and some contribution was made to a study of the
environmental effect on bee populations.

Megachile frigida Smith

This species is the most common megachilid found on alfalfa
in the two areas and is most abundant in the sandy, wooded,
western edge of the Laurentian shield. All of the notes were made
on specimens nesting in decaying poplar. A total of 48 nests of
this species were observed at various stages of construction in
the years 1948, 1951, and 1952.

The most nearly complete account of nesting habits of the
larvae was obtained from an individual nesting in a small poplar
log lying in the midst of a 19-year-old burn.

At 2:35 p.m. on July 7, 1952, a female was observed to begin
excavation of a tunnel on the upper southern face of a log. She
excavated continually except for short flights requiring not over
10 minutes until 6:15 that evening. By that time the tunnel was
slightly over four inches long and a pile of sawdust had accumu¬
lated beneath the entrance. Because of inclement weather, observa-

V

1 Contribution No. 3252, Entomology Division, Science Service, Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Canada.

2 Formerly Associate Entomologist, Field Crop Insect Section, Entomology Laboratory,
Brandon, Manitoba; now Assistant Entomologist, Department of Entomology, Oregon State
College, Corvallis, Oregon.

96

THE PAN¬

PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

tions were not resumed until July 9, at which time rain and wind

had all but disposed of th
of cell construction. At

e sawdust, and the bee was in the process
LI: 13 she left the nest, returning with a
load of pollen at 11:38. She remained in the nest for 4% minutes
and then left again, returning with another pollen load at 11:58.
This time she remained inside the nest for three minutes before
leaving. At 12:37 she returned with the last pollen load for the
cell. After 11 minutes in the nest she emerged and flew to a
Ribes shrub about 25 feet from the nest. The first leaf-cutting
was obtained in 11 seconds, followed by four more trips of 9,
16, 14, and 14 seconds respectively. All of these leaf-cuttings were
round and small and were presumed to serve as cappings for the
cell. On her return with the last capping, she remained in the
nest for 6^/2 minutes.

Upon emerging she alighted on a log near the nest entrance
and rested, expanding and contracting her abdomen. Then she
re-entered the nest, emerged soon, and returned to the Ribes
shrub, where she secured an oval piece of leaf slightly longer than
her body. She obtained three more cuttings similar in size to the
first in rapid succession and then remained in the nest for 37
minutes. During this period she would emerge from the nest at
regular intervals and rest on a nearby log, where she would
manipulate her abdomen. This abdominal manipulation continued
for T /2 to 4 minutes and was followed by an immediate return
to the nesting tube. Four more leaves were cut and transported
to the nest before pollen and nectar gathering was begun. Two
of the four pieces were cut from nearby Ribes shrubs and on
both of these trips the female returned within 20 seconds. How¬
ever, the third trip required 1 minute and 35 seconds and the
fourth 48 seconds to complete. On the latter two trips the leaf
cuttings had a much deeper green color and were much more
glossy, and the source of the cuttings is not known.

At 4:44 she brought in the first load of pollen, unloaded, and
was in flight 3 V 2 minutes later. The second load of pollen was
collected in 31 minutes, but during the 10 minutes before the
return of the bee a light rain began falling. The rain increased in
intensity and did not abate until 6:25. For the period of heavy
rain the bee remained near the entrance of the burrow but took
to flight as soon as the intensity of rain decreased. She returned
at 6:40.

july, 1956 ]

STEPHEN-MEGACHILE BIOLOGIES

97

Observations were continued at the same nest at intervals
throughout July and early August but because of the extremely
wet weather it was impossible to make observations on successive
days. However, there was considerable variation in all of the
routine associated with cell construction. The time required to
secure leaf cuttings varied from 9 to 13 seconds per cell; pollen
loading required 11 to 65 V 2 minutes; and probably a cell was
formed under optimum flying conditions.

On July 28 the nest started on July 7 was exposed. There
were nine completed cells and a lethargic female in the tunnel
at the time. The cells were transferred to a Vt'inch glass tube for
further observation. Three other small logs containing nests of
frigida were removed to the laboratory in the hope of obtaining
information on emergence dates.

The last-formed cell of the transferred nest was opened care¬
fully on July 28 and placed in a small piece of J4 _ inch tubing.
The base of the tube was sealed with sealing wax and the apex
plugged with cellulose cotton. The cotton plug was moistened
daily to provide a suitable humidity for development. The food
in the cell was entirely eaten by August 23 and the larva began
to pupate on August 28. The cell was again examined on August
30, at which time the larva was dead, probably as a result of a
fungus infection.

Six specimens of frigida were caught in the southeast part
of Manitoba and the pollen was compared with samples obtained
from the more common plants of the area. Three of the specimens
had collected alfalfa pollen exclusively. The other three carried
alfalfa pollen predominantly but had lesser amounts of fireweed
and two unknown plant species.

One baffling situation that has arisen concerning frigida is the
mortality of larvae in the nests brought into the laboratory. Six
logs containing nests of this species were taken to the laboratory
in 1947, four in 1948, and eight in 1951, but from these not a
single adult specimen emerged. Upon examination, the cells
contained dried remnants of the bees in a late pupal stage. None
of the cells examined contained adults. From this it might be
construed that this species nests under other, more favorable
conditions and that poplar logs may be a limiting factor in its
abundance. That the species nests in spruce has been substantiated,
but year after year it is the most abundant species of Megachile

98

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

in Manitoba and is most readily found in decaying poplar logs.

Megaci-iile inermis Provancher

Observations on the nesting habits of inermis had been
recorded for three summers in the Sprague area of Manitoba, but
it was not until the summer of 1952, near Ravendale, Saskatchewan,
that I was able to follow a single female through the completion
of its nest. The nest was found on July 4 at 2:30 p.m. in a habitat
of decaying poplar similar to that described above. The bee was
sighted while in the process of tunnelling in a charred poplar log,
16 inches in diameter, the entrance being in a crevice on the east
side. This nest was marked and a search for other nests begun. At
5:30 I returned to the first site and was surprised to note that
the bee had bored two holes, one being used as an entrance and
the other as an exit. The holes were about l 1 /^ inches apart, with
one lower than the other. She was in the process of removing
sawdust from the lower hole in the following manner. The wood
was pushed to the entrance until the hole was plugged. She then
backed through the accumulation and scattered it by Hailing at
it with her hind and mid legs. She continued to back away from
the entrance hole and cleared the immediate vicinity of the burrow
before re-entering. After leaving the hole the bee entered via the
upper. The excavation continued until dark.

On July 20 I was able to re-observe the nest, and noted that
the female was in the process of ejecting volumes of sawdust. I
cannot be certain that the female was the same one that I noted
on July 4, but she was well frayed and examinations showed that
the mandibles were well worn. To permit closer examination, the
portion of the log covering the nesting tunnel was carefully
whittled away and seven cells were exposed. Immediately above
the last-formed cell was a side tunnel. This was carefully exposed
along its entire length so as to barely expose the side tunnel. The
portion of wood was immediately replaced with a piece of glass
tubing cut longitudinally. The wood-glass interfaces were sealed
with putty and liquid glue. The bee had been in the tunnel at the
time of exposure and became somewhat excited at the sudden
entrance of sunlight. She left via the entrance hole and flew about
the nest for several minutes before re-entering. By the time she
returned, the glass had been put in place and the tunnel was once
again weather-tight. She inspected the tunnel and removed all of
the foreign matter that had fallen in. The larger pieces, which

JULY, 1956 ] STEPHEN-MEGACHILE BIOLOGIES

99

were unwieldly, were chewed into several smaller fragments before
being ejected. She continued tunnelling to a point beyond the end
of the first-formed branch. At the end of the tunnel she gathered
some of the sawdust chips and tapped them with her legs and
head as if forming a footing for the cell to be constructed.

In spite of rain and heavy clouds, she then took numerous
short flight about the nest, repeatedly entering and leaving the
nest. After about 20 minutes of this she left the locale and returned
24 seconds later with a piece of leaf. This was pulled into the
nest and placed about the base and the lower surface of the tunnel.
A second piece of leaf, secured from Ribes sp., was cut in five
seconds and placed in such a position as to cover some of the
base and lower lateral portions of the tunnel. The second leaf
overlapped the first considerably. A third leaf required 22 seconds
to obtain and was much larger than either of the first two cut.
This was placed in the latero-basal part of the cell, completing the
bottom half of the cell. She then secured six more leaves in 20,
38, 31, 16, 25, and 86 seconds in succession. These were placed
about the sides and bottom of the cell with great care and several
rearrangements.

At this stage the bee began working diligently about the inner
surface of the cell, secreting orally a substance that appeared to
be weblike in form. After this weblike base had been deposited
over a small area, she laid down a blackish oral secretion that
hardened very rapidly. During the process of lining or “insula¬
tion,” she would emerge periodically and sit on a nearby log.
At these times she would manipulate her abdomen in great haste,
expanding, contracting, raising, and lowering it for 2 to 4 minutes.
After each spell of abdominal manipulation she would enter the
burrow and cover some of the inner surface with the dark sub-
tance, spending 8 to 21 minutes on the latter act. This sequence
of insulating and abdominal manipulating continued for 2 hours
and 15 minutes before two more leaves were cut and placed.
These, too, were insulated before pollen-collecting commenced.

Seven loads of pollen, mixed with nectar, were deposited in
the cell and the egg was laid on the mass. The time required to
collect each load was 17 to 38 minutes, 6 of the 7 taking over 25
minutes. Three circular leaf cappings were placed on the cell.

Because of wet weather the nest was not examined again until
August 5. Five cells had been formed under the glass, cotton, and

100

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

cardboard cover, and the bee was engaged in the construction of
the sixth. At this time the glass cover was removed and the four
leaf cuttings in place for the sixth cell were disturbed with the
point of a pencil. The bee, entering with her fifth leaf, found her
work tampered with and began to remove from the tunnel all of
the leaves that were out of place. Three were deposited outside
the entrance and the fourth was cut up and placed on the top of
the last-formed cell of the first tunnel. She began accumulating
several new cuttings and the bee was then caught and killed.

The cells were all transferred to a U^-inch glass tubing in the
sequence in which they had been constructed. All of the cells in
the main tunnel were placed below the five from the side tunnel.
The base of the tube was sealed with paraffin and the apex plugged
with cotton batting. It was expected that the last-formed cell
would yield the first adult but such was not the case. The tube
was kept in the laboratory for the winter, and on April 17 the
first male emerged from the last-formed cell of the first-constructed
tunnel. In doing so it chewed its way through the five cells above
it, damaging, exposing, or destroying all of the pupae above it.
On April 18 another male emerged from the cell below that
occupied by the first-emerged male, and crawled to the cotton
batting plug.The second male destroyed all of the pupae that were
still alive. The third male emerged on May 4. Up to the beginning
of June none of the four cells below those yielding males had shown
signs of viable contents.

In a nest of inermis found in a well-decayed poplar log on
July 20, two females were working the same hole. One appeared
to do nothing except dig and remove sawdust, while the other
made frequent collecting trips. The nest was then marked and
examined on August to determine whether a bifurcate tunnel was
being formed. The tunnel consisted of a short tube no more than
four inches long with no secondary branches. In the tunnel there
were three cells that had been soaked by rain seeping through the
overdecayed log. The nest had probably been vacated after the
first rain, for there were several leaf cuttings above the three cells.
The cells were opened and three viable larvae in various stages
of development were noted. An attempt was made to rear the
larvae through to adults by placing each cell in a short piece of
glass tube. Two young larvae desiccated on August 16 and a third
died on August 20, possibly because of the lack of moisture. None

July, 1956 ]

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

101

reached the pupal stage. A similar situation was observed with
frigida, two females appearing to have a common nesting tube.

Reference

Stephen, W. P.

1955. Alfalfa pollination in Manitoba. Jour. Econ. Ent., 48(5) :543-548.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of
the Plenary Powers in certain cases for the avoidance of
confusion and the validation of current nomenclatorial

PRACTICE (A.(n.S.)25)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers
is involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned names
included in Parts 9 and 10 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of
Zoological Nomenclature , both of which Parts will be published
on 30th December, 1955. Notice is also given that the possible
use of those Powers is involved in one application included in
Part 12 (the final Part) of Volume 9 of the same publication,
which will be issued in January 1956.

(1) Applications in Part 9 of Volume 11

(1) Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta, Order Thysanura), attribution
of a gender for, in harmony with accustomed usage (Z.N. (S.) 988)

(2) Application in Part 12 of Volume 9

(2) Curtis (J.), 1837, A Guide to an Arrangement of British Insects (Ed.
2), suppression of, for purposes of selections of type species of genera
(Z.N. (S.) 298)

Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the fore¬
going applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secretary
to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village East,
Regent’s Park, London, N.W. 1, England) as soon as possible.
Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Com¬
mission’s File Number as given in the present Notice.— Francis
Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.

ERRATUM

In the April issue of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist (Vol. 32),
pages 63 and 65 of the Gilbert “Raymondionymine weevils” were
inadvertently transposed.

102 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

Book Review

CROP PROTECTION by G. J. Rose. Published by Philosophical Library,
New York, New York. 1955. 223 pages, 113 figures, frontispiece and
9 figures in color. Price $10.00.

This recently published book, written for the large and small cultivator,
purports to be a practical guide to the protection of crops from the initial
seed stage to the stored product against the ravages of insect pests, fungus
diseases and competing weeds. After carefully reading the sections pertaining
to the field of entomology it appears that the above claim is illusory. The
book is written in a juvenile style and contains a considerable number of
incorrect, incomplete and misleading statements.

On page 22 we are told that “hand picking of the large, clearly visible
egg capsules of some insects, e.g. the cotton boll weevil” is a practical control
method. In speaking of insect metamorphosis, which is broken down into
only two types, complete and incomplete, the author states “sometimes it
takes a number of generations for the insect to reach what could be called
the mature adult form.” Space does not permit listing numerous other
incorrect statements but these cited tend to show what appears to be a
serious lack of biological and entomological understanding on the part of
the author.

The colored figures are ill-chosen with little regard to the importance
of the subject illustrated. At least half of them have mistakes in the
captions not the least egregious of which are the ones which illustrate sawfly
larvae (Hymenoptera) calling them moth larvae and one illustrating the
chrysalis of a butterfly as “Hard resistant pupa of a moth.”

It is apparent that the author did not avail himself of the voluminous
literature which is available on the broad subject implied in the title of
the book and at no place is a statement documented by reference to
competent authority.

The book is divided into the following sections: (1) general consider¬
ations, cultural control, types of formulations available; (2) chemical weed
killers, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides; (3) application machinery,

choice and operation of equipment and (4) protection of stored products.
Four pages are devoted to this latter section and the complete reference to
insect pests is a model of brevity completely encompassed in the following
quotes “Beetles, moths, some wasps and mites are the main creatures of the
insect type which destroy stored products. Flour, wheat, maize, rice, copra,
palm kernels, cocoa beans, ground nuts, nutmegs, etc., are all subject to
attacks by Tribolium, castaneum, a flour beetle.” His complete reference to
microscopic organisms is even more succinct “Rots and moulds are the
fungi which damage food in storage and transit.”

Printed on what appears to be an inferior grade of paper, the book
cannot be expected to hold up well in use. In my opinion, this is not an
unmixed blessing. —Woodrow W. Middlekauff, University of California,
Berkeley, California.

July, 1956 ]

REINHARD—MUSCOIDS

103

NEW MUSCOID DIPTERA MAINLY FROM CALIFORNIA 1

H. J. Reinhard

College Station, Texas

The species and genera described in this paper are based upon
specimens received from several sources, all cited under the follow¬
ing descriptions. I am indebted to the collectors of this material
for the privilege of studying the same.

Euphyto rixosa Reinhard, new species
Easily distinguished from all other known members of the
genus by the strongly fasciate and red-tipped abdomen.

Male .—Head pollen subsilvery; front gradually widening upwards and
al vertex 0.43 of head width; frontal bristles weak, in two rows converging
and stopping at antennal base; one reclinate and two proclinate fronto
orbital bristles; ocellars well developed, proclinate; verticals two pairs;
frontalia densely pollinose, much wider than one parafrontal on entire
length; parafacial bare, three-fourths as wide as clypeus; latter well de¬
pressed or dished at middle; epistoma strongly narrowed from clypeus and
in forward sloping plane of same; vibrissae weak, set distinctly above
epistoma; facialia bare; antenna three-fifths length of face, black third
segment a trifle longer than second, latter faintly reddish near apex;
arista shorter than antenna, black, bare, thickened on basal two-fifths,
proximal segments small; eye bare, large reaching to vibrissal level;
haustellum rather slender but not equal to eye length; palpus long and
slender, deep brownish to black; cheek about one-fourth eye length; occiput
sparsely beset with black hairs. Thorax with heavy lusterless gray pollen,
scutellum concolorous, notal vittae obsolete. Chaetotaxy: acrostichal 0, 1;
dorsocentral 3, 3; intraalar 2; supraalar 2; postalar 2; notopleural 2;
presutural 1 (outer); posthumeral 1; humeral 2; pteropleural 0; sterno-
pleural 2; scutellum with 3 lateral (hindmost pair approximated near apex)
and 1 discal pair; prosternum, propleuron and postnotal slope bare. Legs
largely black, knees and tarsi somewhat reddish, weakly bristled; claws
and pulvilli somewhat longer than apical tarsal segment. Wing hyaline,
veins yellow; third vein usually setulose half-way to small cross vein;
cubitulus angular, bearing a short fold; first posterior cell open well before
wing tip; costal spine vestigial; epaulet and subepaulet pale reddish;
calypter opaque white; longer than broad. Abdomen rather slender, pointed
apically, subshiny black the apex distinctly red, last three segments with
sharply defined pale gray pollen bands on basal half, which are more or
less interrupted along median line; segments three and four each bearing
a marginal row of weak bristles; hypopygium red; forceps united, rather
short, thin and barely bowed in profile and in rear view tapered from base
to a blunt tip, which is slightly notched at middle; fifth sternite with a

1 Contribution No. 1959, Department of Entomology. Texas Agricultural Experiment
Station.

104

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

moderate U-shaped apical excision, lobes rather small, black, with one or
two good-sized bristly hairs on apical margin; sternites exposed.

Female .—Build stouter and more compact than male; front at vertex
0.46 of head width, widening slightly from middle to antennal base; fore
tarsi rather broad and somewhat flattened; claws and pulvilli short; abdo¬
men stouter and thicker than in male; genitalia red, caudoventral, retracted
within tip of abdomen, orifice slitlike, with a marginal row of short black
hairs. Length, male 5.5 mm.; female, 6—7.5 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female (in Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.)
Niland, Imperial County, California, April 25, 1949, at light,
(L. W. Quate). Paratypes: 2 females, Furnace Creek, Death Val¬
ley, Calif., April 1, 1951 (P. D. Hurd and J. W. MacSwain) ; and
1 female, Salton Sea Beach, Imperial County, Calif., April 22,
1951 (E. I. Schlinger).

Phryxe tolucana Reinhard, new species

Similar to the genotype, vulgaris, but the front is decidedly
more prominent and the apical scutellars are directed backwards.

Male .—Front at vertex 0.35 of head width, hardly widening on upper
half then gradually so into facial angle; parafrontal cinereous pollinose
to vertex on black background, sparsely haired on outer margin; frontalia
dark brown, much narrower than parafrontal; outer verticals divaricate,
nearly as strong as inner pair; orbitals absent; ocellars large, proclinate;
frontals about twelve in number, with anterior four or five bristles below
antennal base; antenna black, second segment about two-fifths length of
third, which is rather slender and reaches to oral margin; arista black,
bare, thickened on basal two-fifths or less, second segment a little longer
than wide; face plumbeous, parafacial bare, narrowed below; vibrissae on
oral margin; facialia bristled on about lower fourth; eye sparsely but
distinctly hairy, descending to vibrissal level; proboscis shorter than head
height; palpus black, spatulate; cheek blackish, thinly pollinose, one-fourth
eye length; occiput cinereous, beai-ing a vestiture of black hairs on outer
margin and finer pale pile medianly about neck. Thorax and scutellum
black, dusted with gray pollen, dorsal vittae not well defined. Chaetotaxy:
acrostichal 3, 3; dorsocentral 3, 4; intraalar 3; supraalar 3; presutural 2;
humeral 3—4; posthumeral 2; sternopleural 2, 1; pteropleural 1 (small) ;
scutellum with 3 lateral, 1 decussate apical and 1 appressed discal pair;
prosternum setose; propleuron and postnotal slope bare. Legs black; hind
tibia not ciliate; fore tibia with two median posterolateral bristles; claws
and pulvilli a little shorter than last tarsal segment. Wing gray hyaline with
a yellow tinge costobasally; second vein with two setulae near base; first
posterior cell open well before wing tip; calypter opaque white tinged with
yellow. Abdomen wholly black in ground color, with gray pollen above
which appears dense on only the basal fifth to fourth of segments two and
three; latter with erect discals but the hairs depressed; one pair of median
marginals on segments one and two and a marginal row on three and four,
besides numerous discals on latter; genitalia black; forceps short and

july, 1956 ]

REINHARD-MUSCOIDS

105

united to middle, grooved behind and tapering to a blunt forward bowed
tip; accessory process more shiny, barely half as long or as wide as forceps
in profile.

Female .—As described for male but the second antennal segment is
fully three-fifths the length of third; orbitals present; palpus much more
thickened on apical half; claws and pulvilli shorter; vertex 0.39 of head
width; genitalia retracted without piercer. Length, 5.5—7.5 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female (in Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.)
Nevado Toluca, Mexico, elevation 11,300 feet, July 11, 1951
(P. D. Hurd). Paratypes: 12 males, same data as type; 1 female,
20 mi. N. Toluca, Mexico, 8,000 feet, July 31, 1954 (Univ.
Kansas Mex. Exped.).

Calyptrosomus Reinhard, new genus

Similar to Leucostoma in having enlarged calypters, first
posterior cell long petiolate and ocellars reclinate but at once
distinguished in having the parafacials distinctly clothed through¬
out with long, coarse black hairs. Also, in the present genus the
eyes are noticeably smaller and do not descend so far below the
vibrissal level; cheek one-third eye height; antennal axis a little
beneath eye middle; parafacial hardly at all narrowed downward
and exceeding one-half clypeal width; petiole of first posterior cell
reaching costa about length of small cross vein before exact wing
tip.

Genotype: Calyptrosomus dapsilis Reinhard, new species.

Calyptrosomus dapsilis Reinhard, new species

Male .—Front at vertex 0.17 of head width, slightly narrowed before
triangle thence strongly divergent to base of antenna; parafrontal and
parafacial gray pollinose, beset with numerous erect hairs; frontal vitta
velvety black, equal to or wider than parafrontal on upper half; frontals
rather weak, one or two bristles below antennal base; verticals hairlike,
outer pair barely differentiated; facialia rather broad and flattened, practi¬
cally bare; vibrissae slightly above oral margin; antenna rather small,
blackish, third segment rounded apically, barely longer than second, arista
black, bare, thickened and tapered on about basal fourth; eye bare;
proboscis moderately slender but hardly equal head height; palpus brownish,
with tip hardly at all thickened and sometimes paler or yellowish; cheek
gray, black-haired; back of head lightly gray pollinose on dark background.
Thorax and scutellum black and moderately shining, weakly bristled as
follows: acrostichal 1,1 (none near suture); dorsocentral 2,3; intraalar 2;
postalar 2; presutural vestigial; humeral 2-4; pteropleural 1 (small);
sternopleural 3; scutellum with 2 lateral and 1 equally strong decussate
apical, no differentiated discals; prosternum, propleuron and postnotal slope
bare. Legs black; hind tibia with a row of widely spaced uneven bristles on
outer posterior edge; claws and pulvilli subequal length of last tarsal seg-

106

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

ment. Wing subhyaline, extending beyond apex of abdomen; third vein
bearing a single small hair near base; hind cross vein about midway
between small cross vein and cubitulus; latter without a stump or fold;
costal spine vestigial; hind lobe of calypter noticeably widened, opaque
white. Abdomen narrower and slightly longer than thorax, shining black,
last three segments lightly dusted with gray pollen; hairs on upper surface
rather fine and erect but not very long; first segment with one pair of
median marginals and a marginal row on each of last three; no differ¬
entiated discals; genitalia black, retracted, forceps short, clawlike; sternites
covered.

Female .—Front at vertex 0.32 of head width, gradually widening forward
into facial angle; parafrontal with only scattered small setae; parafacial
not so thickly haired as in male; two proclinate and one reclinate orbital
bristles; inner and outer verticals well developed; abdomen wholly shining
black, without a trace of pollen, anal segment considerably shorter than
preceding one; arms of forceps tapering and curved inward apically; claws
and pulvilli shorter than last tarsal segment. Length, 3.5—4.5 mm.

Holotype male, Red Bluff, California, May 22, 1952 (E. I.
Schlinger) and allotype female, Davis, California, September 13,
1952 (E. I. Schlinger) in California Academy of Sciences, Entom¬
ology. Paratypes: 1 male, Vacaville, California, September 30,
1950 (A. T. McClay), 1 male, San Joaquin County, California,
October 29, 1932; 3 males, Amarillo, April 3, 1929 and Mason,
April 13, 1952; 1 male, Oklahoma, Beaver County, August 27,
1940; 2 males, Arizona, 10 mi. E. Nogales, March 26, 1955;
Butler-Werner and Elfrida, November 5, 1955, G. D. Butler, swept
alfalfa and 1 female, Meade, Kans., July 10, 1954, W. L. Downes.

Phorocera arnaudi Reinhard, new species

Traces to claripennis in Aldrich and Webber’s key (Proc.
U. S. N. N., 63, 1924, 45—47), from which it differs mainly in
structure of the genitalia; other minor differences are listed below.

Male .—Front at vertex 0.31 of head width hardly widening on upper
third thence evenly so downward into facial angle; parafrontal, parafacial,
cheek and posterior orbit gray pollinose on dark ground color; frontals in
a single row, three bristles beneath antennal base, uppermost two stoutish
and reclinate; outer verticals and fronto orbitals not developed; ocellars
strong, proclinate; clypeus moderately depressed, epistoma as wide as
latter, short; facial ridge bristled to upper fourth or about to level of
lowermost frontal; vibrissae on oral margin; antenna about as long as face,
black, second segment more or less reddish, about one-fourth as long as
third, which is ordinary in width; arista bare, moderately thickened on
proximal two-fifths, basal segments short; parafacial bare on entire length,
slightly narrowed downward; proboscis short; palpus yellow; cheek barely
one-fifth of eye height, clothed with black hairs; eye pilose, reaching nearly
to vibrissal level; back of head gray pollinose, bearing a vestiture of wholly

July, 1956 ]

REINHARD—MUSCOIDS

107

pale or whitish hairs. Thorax black rather densely gray pollinose, mesonotum
with four velvety black vittae before the suture and five behind, median one
only attaining base of the scutellum; later sometimes with apex slightly
reddish; acrostichal 3,3; dorsocentral 3,4; presutural 2; sternopleural 3;
pteropleural 1 (small) ; scutellum with 3 lateral, 1 smaller decussate
suberect apical pair besides numerous erect bristly hairs over most of upper
surface; prosternum setose. Legs black, rather slender but not very long;
mid tibia with two anterodorsal bristles; hind tibia unevenly ciliate on outer
hind side; claws and pulvilli moderately elongated. Wing hyaline; first
posterior cell open far before extreme wing tip; cubilulus obtuse, bearing
a distinct fold in membrane; third vein setulose half-way or more to small
cross vein; last section of fifth vein almost to fully one-half length of
preceding section; costal spine vestigial; calypter white; epaulet black.
Abdomen tapered to apex, wholly black in ground color, basal half of last
three segments gray pollinose above, and the hind margins polished or
shining; two basal segments each with one pair of median marginals, third
bearing a complete marginal row; anal segment with a marginal and a
discal row behind middle; intermediate segments without discals; genital
segments blackish; forceps united, tapering evenly from base to tip as
viewed from behind; posterior surface flattened and thickly clothed with
fine black hairs except near apex, beak shiny, acute and slightly bowed
forward; accessory process broad and shiny on basal part, narrowed before
tip and thence widened into a small lobe, which is beset with fine black
hairs on outer side; sternites covered.

Female. —Front wider, at vertex 0.37 and at antennal base 0.46 of head
width; third antennal segment three times longer than second, which is
decidedly more reddish than in male; outer verticals well developed; one
reclinate and two strong proclinate fronto orbitals; claws and pulvilli shorter
than apical tarsal segment. Length, 6.5—8 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female, Chino Canyon, Palm
Springs, California, December 22 and 23, 1950 (P. H. Arnaud)
for whom the species is named. Paratypes: 2 males, same data as
type, except dated December 25 and 27, 1950; 1 male, Hallelujah
Junction, Lassen County, California, July 7, 1949 (P. D. Hurd) ;
1 male, “Utah, July, 1938”, and 1 male, Haigler, Nebraska,
August 17, 1909 (C. H. Gable) ;

Phorocera clunalis Reinhard, new species

As described for the preceding species except as follows:

Male. —Front at vertex 0.30 of head width; antenna a little shorter
than face, third segment black with reddish tinge on narrow base, slightly
exceeding three times length of second, latter reddish; arista thickened on
proximal half or more; cheek one-fourth eye height; scutellum reddish
except on basal margin; abdomen black with sides broadly reddish, gray
pollinose above with a narrow but distinct dark median vitta visible in
most views, hind margin of last three segments subpollinose; genital fcrceps
moderately long, united, transversely convex on hind side, tapering from

108

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

base to apex in both rear and profile view; beak hardly bowed, subacute.
Length, 9.5-11.5 mm. Female unknown.

Holotype male, Mission, Texas, June 29, 1947 and 1 paratype,
same data as type, donated by Judson Maguire.

Asseclamyia Reinhard, new genus

Traces to Germariini in Townsend’s Manual of Myiology tables
but differs markedly from all included forms. Frontal profile sub¬
horizontal and greatly produced, parafacial at antennal base obvi¬
ously exceeding eye width; antennal axis near eye middle and
about one-half longer than oral; vibrissae strong, decussate, nearly
length of second antennal segment above oral margin; clypeus
narrow and well sunk, slightly arched on median line; facialia
subvertical, upper half or more overlapped by parafacial, the
exposed lower part beset with small bristly hairs; epistoma hardly
narrowed and in clypeal warp, produced and widened downward;
parafacial uncommonly broad, twice clypeal width, setose from
about middle upwards blending with parafrontal vestiture; vertex
0.43 of head width, gradually widening forward into facial angle;
inner verticals not very long but quite distinct; no orbitals;
ocellar bristles proclinate; main row of frontals not very stout,
lower two bristles divergent on parafacial below antennal base;
parafrontal beset with numerous bristles on inner margin and
finer hairs on outer along eye margin; antenna about two-thirds
as long as face, first segment of moderate length, second one-third
as long as third; arista short and bare, proximal segments small;
proboscis shorter than head height, haustellum corneous, quite
slender and tapering distally, labella smallish but fleshy; palpus
slender and barely thickened apically; eye bare, not reaching
vibrissal level; cheek fully two-thirds eye height. Thoracic chaeto-
taxy: acrostichal 3,3; dorsocentral 3,4; intraallar 3; supraalar 3;
presutural2; notopleural 2; posthumeral 2; humeral 3—4; postalar
3; sternopleural 3—5 (normally 4); pteropleural 1 (weak);
scutellum with 3 lateral, 1 weak decussate apical and 1 or 2
appressed discal pairs; prosternum setose, propleuron and post-
notal slope bare; infrascutellum normally developed. Wing reach¬
ing slightly beyond apex of abdomen; first vein bare, third usually
with one sometimes two bristlets near base; first posterior cell
narrowly open well before wing tip; cubitulus obtusely rounded,
without stump or fold; costal spine minute. Legs moderately long
but not slender; claws and pulvilli elongate. Abdomen without

july, 1956]

REINHARD-MUSCOIDS

109

discals on intermediate segments; a pair of median marginals on
first two and a marginal row on last two segments, besides numer¬
ous erect discals on latter; sternites exposed and weakly bristled.
Genotype: Asseclamyia sphenofrons Reinhard, new species.

Asseclamyia sphenofrons Reinhard, new species
Male. —Parafrontal, parafacial and cheek gray pollinose on dark back¬
ground, broad cheek groove red, this color extending upwards on narrow
inner margin of parafacial; frontalia opaque black, striate, and widening
toward vertex; antenna black, basal segments at times faintly reddish;
arista black, shorter than antenna, thickened and tapering on proximal
third; palpqs brown, somewhat paler near tip; occiput flattened, gray
pollinose, clothed with fine pale hairs intermixed with coarser black ones
along upper margin. Thorax black, with moderately dense gray pollen, dorsal
vittae not well defined; scutellum largely red in ground color, lightly dusted
with paler or whitish pollen. Wing gray hyaline; veins dark brown; epaulet
and subepaulet black; hind lobe of calypter about as wide as long, opaque
white. Legs subshining black; hind tibia subciliate. Abdomen red in ground
color, darker along median line including apex, last three segments exten¬
sively gray pollinose above, narrow hind margin of each subshining in direct
view; segments three and four bearing a ventral patch of dense appressed
black hairs on either side of a shiny black median vitta, which extends to
has of venter; anal orifice large; genitalia wholly retracted. Female unknown.
Length, 9.5—11 mm.

Holotype male (in Calif. Acad. Sci., Ent.) Twenty-nine
Palms, San Bernardino County, California, March 29, 1952
(R. C. Bechtel). Paratypes: 3 males, same data as type except one
dated March 30, 1952 (E. I. Schlinger) ; and 1 male, Putah
Canyon, Yolo County, California, April 15, 1952 (W. J. Wall).

Peleteria aclista Reinhard, new species
Readily distinguished from allied species by the absence of
pollen and discal bristles on the intermediate abdominal segments
and in genitalic features as mentioned below.

Male .—Head pale pollinose on yellowish background, parafrontals
darker or blackish near vertex; frontalia pale reddish yellow and almost
equal to parafrontal width; vertex 0.38 of head width; three or four pro-
clinate and one reclinate orbital bristles; outer verticals about as strong
as inner; ocellars absent; frontals in two rows, the inner or main row
diverging widely on parafacial below antennal base; parafacial beset with
black hairs and two or three bristles on lower outer extremity; antenna
wholly black, third segment broadly rounded on anterior margin, about three-
fourths as long as second; arista black, with moderately elongate subequal
basal segments; palpus yellow, very long and slender with the extreme tip
noticeably flattened and widened; proboscis slender, haustellum equal head
height; cheek about two-thirds eye height, clothed with long black hairs.
Thorax black, scutellum and posterior calli yellow in ground color, meso-

110

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

notum with thin gray pollen which shows four narrow dark vittae in a flat
rear view, the inner pair stopping shortly behind suture and outer ones
broadly interrupted at same; acrostichal 3,4; dorsocentral 4,4; presutural
2; sternopleural 3; pteropleural 2 (large); scutellum with 4 lateral, 1 pre-
apical, 1 decussate apical and numerous suberect discal bristles. Legs black,
tibiae more or less reddish, strongly bristled; claws and pulvilli not much
longer than apical tarsal segment. Wing gray hyaline tinged with yellow
basally; veins including costa yellowish; apical cell narrowly open far
before wing tip; apical and hind cross veins in same plane and very oblique,
latter joining fourth vein much nearer to cubitulus than small cross vein;
calypter opaque yellowish white; epaulet yellow. Abdomen reddish yellow
fourth segment sharply contrasting black in general aspect, entire upper
surface devoid of pollen but the surface not shiny; second segment with
one pair of median marginals, third with a complete marginal row and the
fourth beset with numerous bristles on apical half above; genitalia blackish,
posterior forceps grooved along median line behind, bowed forward and
suddenly narrowed near apical third terminating in a short median beak;
fifth sternite nearly as in iterans; sternites two to four yellow, exposed
apically and beset with black hairs and bristles.

Female .—Vertex 0.42 of the head width; second, antennal segment
slightly reddish at extreme apex; otherwise except for sexual differences
similar to male. Length, 10—12 mm.

Holctype male and allotype female, Mt. Popocatepetl, 3000
m. Mexico, November 27, 1951 (W. G. Downs). Paratypes:
2 males, Nevado Toluca, Mexico, Mexico, 11,300 ft., July 11, 1951
(P. D. Hurd) in the California Academy of Sciences, Entomology;
2 males, north slope, Popocatepetl, Mex., Mexico, 1,300 ft., Vil¬
li-54 (Univ. Kansas Exped.) ; and 1 male, west slope Cortes Pass,
Mexico, 11,500 feet, VII-11-54 (Univ. Kansas Mex. Exped.).

DESIGNATION OF A TYPE SPECIES FOR THE GENUS
EOPARARGYRACTIS LANGE

(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Nymphulinae)

In a recent revision of the aquatic moths 1 the genus Eoparargy-
ractis was proposed to receive three known North American species,
E. plevie (Dyar), E. irroratalis (Dyar), and E. floridalis Lange.
Inasmuch as a type species was not selected I would like to desig¬
nate the following: Type Species: Elophila plevie Dyar, 1917. 2 —
W. H. Lange, Jr., University of California, Davis.

1 W. Harry Lange, Jr., 1956, A generic revision of the aquatic moths of North America:
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Nymphulinae). The Wasmann Jour, of Biology. 14(1) :125.

2 H. G. Dyar, 1917, Notes on North American Nymphulinae. Insec. Inscit. Menst.,
5(4-6) :78.

JULY, 1956 ] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN—ONAGRANRENA

111

FURTHER NOTES ON THE TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF
THE ANDRENINE BEES ASSOCIATED WITH OENOTHERA

(Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

E. G. Linsley and J. W. MacSwain 1

University of California, Berkeley

Since the publication of observations on the nesting habits
and flower relationships of three superficially similar species of
Andrena which were collecting pollen from Oenothera dentata
var. johnstonii in Short Canyon, on the western edge of the Mojave
Desert near Inyokern, Kern County, California (Linsley, MacSwain
and Smith, 1955), an opportunity has been afforded to make
observations on a similar complex of species in a Mojave Desert
locality near Little Rock, Los Angeles County, California. Although
the new observations are not as extensive as we would have liked,
they are offered in the hope that some useful comparisons between
the two ecological situations can be made. The dominant species
at the Little Rock Site were Andrena oenotherae Timberlake and
A. flandersi Timberlake, although A. foxii Cockerell and an un¬
determined species were present in smaller numbers.

Taxonomic Notes

Onagrandrena Linsley and MacSwain, new subgenus

Medium sized species of Andrena; integument black, oc¬
casionally partially red or tinted with reddish or bluish; pubescence
of females black or blackish-brown, of males predominantly white.

Female —Head with facial foveae wide, upper ends occupying most of
distance between eye and lateral ocellus, lower ends narrower, scarcely
extending below level of antennal insertions; process of labrurn usually
reflexed and emarginate at apex, occasionally with produced apex long and
slender. Thorax with pleura coarsely punctured; propodeum usually coarsely
sculptured, enclosure well-defined, finely rugulose to coarsely rugose;
propodeal corbicula poorly developed; wings lightly tinted with black to
heavily infuscated, anterior pair with three sub-marginal cells (rarely two),
first recurrent nervure ending beyond middle of cell; legs with tibial scopa
long, loose, hairs of outer face simple. Abdomen with terga distinctly
punctate, posterior impressions without hair bands, frequently with impunc¬
tate margins.

Male —Head with facial quadrangle usually longer than wide; clypeus
concolorous with integument of rest of face. Thorax with hairs of dorsum
white or predominantly white (rarely bright reddish) ; wings lightly tinted

1 The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of James M. Linsley in the collection
of field samples of bees. Flower identifications, as for our earlier study, were provided by
Helen K. Sharsmith of the University of California Herbarium.

112

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

with black to heavily infuscated, anterior pair with three sub-marginal cells
(rarely two).

Type of subgenus: Andrena oenotherae Timberlake.

This subgenus is proposed for a group of closely related
species which, in so far as is now known, collect pollen only from
Oenothera or other onagraceous plants. Onagrandrena is closely
related to Diandrena, and the latter subgenus was presumably
derived from it or from a common ancestral stock. Both groups
are limited to the area from the Rocky Mountains westward.
Further, at least five species of Diandrena , including A. (D.)
sperryi Cockerell, A. (D.) cyanosoma Cockerell and A. (D.) para-
clialybea Viereck, collect pollen from Oenothera or other Ona-
graceae (Timberlake, in litt.). Cockerell (1937) has previously
called attention to the fact that the tibial scopa is composed en¬
tirely of long simple hairs in the species of Diandrena associated
with onagraceous flowers.

Lanham (1949) assigned this group of species to Melandrena
and we have followed him in our recent treatment (Linsley and
MacSwain, 1955). However, the Oenothera- visiting species do
not seem to us to be closely related to either the Old World Andrena
morio Brulle, which Hedicke (1933) designated as the type of
Melandrena Perez (1890) or to the North American Andrena nigra
Provancher, which Lanham also assigned to Melandrena. Both of
these species have a compact tibial scopa and facial foveae which
extend well below the antennal insertions. A. (M.) morio visits
crucifers and filaree (Friese, 1926), as well as Anchusa and Cen¬
taur ect (Schmiedeknect, 1930) ; related species visit Salix, Tarax¬
acum, Brassica, and Sisymbrium. A. nigra collects pollen from
Phacelia (Linsley and MacSwain, 1955).

In addition to the species mentioned below, the following should
be assigned to Onagrandrena: A. (0.) prima Casad, A. (O'.)
anograe Cockerell, A. (0.) blaisdelli Cockerell, A. (0.) rozeni
Linsley and MacSwain, A. (0.) rubrotincta Linsley, A. (0.)
linsleyi Timberlake, A. (0.) mojavensis Linsley and MacSwain,
A. (0.) deserticola Timberlake, A. (0.) vanduzeei Linsley, and
A. (0.) omninigraY iereck.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) oenotherae Timberlake

As we have indicated previously, A. (0.) oenotherae as identi¬
fied by us either is an unusually variable species or a complex of
closely related forms which we have been unable to segregate. The

JULY, 1956 ] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN-ONAGRANRENA

113

Little Rock specimens, like those from the population in Short
Canyon, vary in size, in the length and shape of the process of
the labrum, the sculpture of the enclosure of the propodeum, and
the punctures and shininess of the mesoscutum. In typical examples
of oenotherae, the apex of the labral process is distinctly longer
than broad, narrowed near the base. Of 57 females from Little
Rock assigned by us to this species, only 13 have this type of
labral process. These individuals are also somewhat larger, ranging
in wing length from 8.6—9.6 mm., as against a range of 8.1—9.1
mm. for the remainder. However the mean wing lengths differs
only by 0.2 mm. (9.0:8.8 mm.). Since the longer process of the
labrum is associated with individuals in the larger size range, it
is possible that heterogony is involved. However, all of the vari¬
ations mentioned run to oenotherae in our recent key to the species
of the subgenus (Linsley and MacSwain, 1955).

Andrena (Onagrandrena) species
Two female specimens from the Little Rock locality have been
set aside as probably representing an undescribed species. They
are of the size and form of A. (0.) flajidersi but differ in the
narrow impunctate margin of the metasomal tergites.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) foxii Cockerell
Andrena foxii Cockerell (1898) was assigned by Lanham
(1949) to the subgenus Diandrena, presumably because the wings
have only two submarginal cells and the integument, although
black, has a metallic bluish cast. The species actually exhibits a
number of structural characters of both Diandrena and Onagran¬
drena and might well be regarded as an intermediate type. How¬
ever, the aspect of both sexes is that of the latter subgenus and
since its biological characteristics also suggest such a relationship,
we prefer this subgeneric assignment.

Although we identify our specimens with some confidence with
the females described by Cockerell, Cresson (1928) unfortunately
selected the male, which was only briefly characterized by Cock¬
erell, as the type. Therefore, our identification rests on the
assumption that the sexes were correctly associated by Cockerell.
Andrena (Onagrandrena?) phenax Cockerell
A. phenax Cockerell (1898) could not be subgenerically
assigned by Lanham (1949) on the basis of the original descrip¬
tion. However, if A. foxii is accepted as an Onagrandrena with
two submarginal cells, then it is probable that A. phenax, which

114

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

shares this and other characters, merits the same assignment. The
type is from southern California. Notes made some years ago
distinguish the females of these two species as follows:

— Mesoscutum slightly shining, surface tessellate, with large, coarse,

irregularly placed punctures intermixed with smaller ones, varying from
one to several puncture widths apart, pubescence sparse, moderately
short; process of labrurn with apex very narrowly rounded. phenax

— Mesoscutum dull, surface tessellate, with very fine, indistinct punctures,

pubescence long, erect, dense; process of labrurn with apex emarginate,
more or less bilobed... foxii

Andrena (Onagrandrena? ) stictigastra Viereck
A. stictigastra Viereck (1916), described from southern Cali¬
fornia, was also placed by Lanham (1949) in a list of species
of uncertain position. From a study of the original description it
would appear that it might well belong to the group of Oenothera
monoleges here assigned to Onagrandrena. Viereck describes the
species as “black, covered throughout with black or blackish brown
hairs,” the propodeum with the “enclosure well defined, coarsely
sculptured in addition to having at least five well-defined longi¬
tudinal carinae on each side of a median longitudinal carina,” the
wing membrane “with a uniform blackish brown tinge.” Although
these characters are strongly suggestive of affiliation with Onagran¬
drena, the combination of small size (9.5 mm.), “dark brownish
hairs on the mesopleurae,” the “dorsulum dullish, finely reticulated,
coarsely punctured, the punctures from nearly adjoining to six
puncture widths apart, the punctures mostly sparsely distributed,”
and other features indicate that it is probably different from any of
the subsequently described species which are now placed in this
subgenus.

Biological Notes
HABITAT

The Onagrandrena site which provided the observations here
recorded is one mile west of Little Rock, Los Angeles County, in
the western part of the Mojave Desert just north of the San
Gabriel Mountains. The site is relatively flat and extends along
both sides of a wash which is crossed by State Highway 138, the
main thoroughfare from Palmdale to Little Rock. The area
covered by us was about one-half mile wide and about three-
quarters of a mile long. In this section the soil is a coarse sand
with some gravel on the surface and buried rocks and small
boulders which became more numerous as the lower levels of the

JULY, 1956] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN-ONAGRANRENA

115

bee burrows were excavated. At the time of our study (April 23—28,
May 12—15, 1956) the sand was moist from immediately below
the surface to a depth of at least two feet.

As in the Short Canyon Onagrandrena habitat described previ¬
ously (Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1955) there were scattered
plants of Larrea glutinosa (creosote bush) and Yucca brevifolia
(Joshua tree), and a perennial composite, Encelia farinosa, was
abundant in both places. However, the species of Oenothera were
different in the two sites. The pollen source for Onagrandrena
near Little Rock was Oenothera contorta var., which closely
resembles the Short Canyon pollen source, O', dentata var.
johnstonii, in growth form (mostly 1—4 inches high), flower color
(yellow), and flower size (%—% inch in diameter). However,
unlike 0. johnstonii which opened before sunrise, O. contorta did
not open until the sun reached the flowers and, if the temperature
was cold, not until the plants had been in the sun for some time.
This fact markedly influenced the period of activity of the bees.
A second yellow-flowered species (0. micrantha) with smaller
blossoms was also abundant but only once was a female of
Onagrandrena seen to visit this plant and it was not clear that
pollen was taken on that occasion. A species with large white
flowers (O. calif o mica), although common, was ignored by Ona¬
grandrena, but a few honeybees were seen gathering pollen from
it. A major difference in the floral environment of the two areas
was the great abundance of Coreopsis californica in the Little
Rock site. These exceeded the flowers of Oenothera in numbers
by approximately ten to one, and provided a ready source of
nectar for the species Onagrandrena. A large number of females
were captured while taking nectar from this plant. Oenothera
contorta, although apparently an adequate pollen source for
Onagrandrena , does not appear to produce as much pollen as
O. johnstonii , at least as judged by the number of visits required
to obtain a pollen load and the size of the loads carried by the
bees which were captured.

The weather at the Little Rock site was extremely variable
during the few days devoted to this study. In the period of April
23 to 28 there were no clear, warm mornings without wind. From
May 12 to May 15, the morning sky was clear but again there was
a strong east wind on May 12 and 14. This wind, which blew from
the snow-covered San Gabriel Mountains, was cold and had a

116

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

delaying effect upon the opening of the Oenothera flowers and
the emergence and other activities of the bees.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) oenotherae Timberlake

A. (O.) oenotherae was the largest and most abundant species
of Onagrandrena found at the Little Rock locality and 57 females
were collected. Of these, 23 were gathering pollen from Oenothera
contorta var., 31 were taking nectar from flowers of Coreopsis
californica\ and three were trapped in wire cones placed over
burrows. The larger size of the females which we identify as A.
oenotherae permitted recognition of the species in the field. The
following account of its activities is based upon these 51 females
and a smaller number which eluded capture.

Females were found to exhibit three principal behavior pat¬
terns. First, and particularly on the colder mornings, they emerged
from their burrows and remained motionless on the ground in
the sunlight. In this position they were seldom seen until they
flew off as they were approached (none of these were captured).
Within a few minutes after their firM appearance on the ground,
individuals were found gathering pollen from Oenothera flowers.
The earliest pollen collecting female was seen at 6:45 a.m. on May
14, and the latest at 9:29 a.m. on May 12. The maximum time
during which females were captured while gathering pollen on a
given day was from 6:45 to 8:52 a.m. on May 14. On the previous
day, which was colder, pollen collecting individuals were seen
from 7:14 to 8:51 a.m. As mentioned above, the flowers of
Oenothera contorta do not appear to produce as large a quantity
of pollen as those of Oenothera dentata var. johnstonii, and
females of oenotherae not only worked more flowers to obtain a
pollen load than was true in Short Canyon, but the completed
loads appeared smaller. Furthermore, the large numbers of Core¬
opsis flowers growing intermixed with Oenothera interfered with
pollen gathering, since the bees also approached them for purposes
of identification. Under these conditions, A. (M.) oenotherae were
easily collected, although a few escaped capture in strong gusts of
wind.

About an hour after the appearance of the first pollen-gathering
bees, females (without pollen) were observed taking nectar from
the flowers of Coreopsis. This characterized bee activity for about
an hour after the last pollen-collecting female was seen. Between
April 24 and April 28, more bees were found taking nectar than

JULY, 1956] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN-ONAGRANRENA

117

gathering pollen; between May 12 and 15, the reverse was true.
However, nectar-gathering bees were the more active and difficult
to capture.

Females of A. (0.) oenotherae became active about the flowers
near Little Rock about an hour later than in Short Canyon and
activity extended for a longer period into the day. This difference
may reflect a conditioning effect resulting from the different diurnal
flowering behaviour of the two principal species of Oenothera
and perhaps also the adaptability of this widely distributed bee.

Three burrows of the atypical form of A. oenotherae were
located on May 14 and, after the capture of the bees, were filled
with plaster of Paris. Excavation of the casts proved difficult
because of the gravel and rocks encountered. Fortunately, only
minor variations in the burrows were associated with rocks and
the three casts were very similar in shape. Each was excavated on

Fig. 1. Burrow diagram and cell arrangement in Andrena (Onagran-
drena) oenotherae Timberlake, 1/5 natural size.

118

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

one side and measured in situ before removal. The burrows were
about 7 mm. in diameter and slanted down from the surface of the
ground to a depth of from 11 to 14 centimeters at an angle of
about 45 degrees. From this point, they progressed vertically to a
depth of 36 to 47 centimeters and then laterally for 12 to 20 centi¬
meters where a horizontal open cell had been formed. Further
excavations revealed a number of completed cells in the near
vicinity, but since the tunnels connecting these with the lateral
branch of the burrow had been plugged with sand, the exact
relationship of these with the burrow can only be suggested
(Figure 1). However, each cell was placed horizontally, measured
about 14 mm. in length and 8 mm. in diameter, and contained a
slightly flattened, spherical ball of Oenothera pollen. No larvae
were found in the seven completed cells excavated and presumably
only eggs were present.

A species of Stylops parasitic on A. oenotherae was also
collected. Of three stylopized females (atypical form) taken on the
flowers of Coreopsis on April 28, two contained a single female
Stylops each, the third two female Stylops. First instar larvae were
emerging from all of the female Stylops and continued to do so
for several days after the bees had been killed in cyanide. The
dorsal apex of the abdomen of each of the stylopized bees was
covered with pollen grains of Oenothera.

Andrena (Onagrandrena) flandersi Timber!ake

Seventeen females of A. (0.) fl-andersi , one of the smallest
species now known in the subgenus, were collected at the Little
Rock locality. Twelve of these were captured between April 25 and
27, four gathering pollen from Oenothera contorta var., eight
taking nectar from flowers of Coreopsis californica. Five females
found on May 12 and 13 were each taking Oenothera pollen. Our
observations are limited to these 17 captured specimens since
females of this species could not be distinguished in the field from
those of A. (O.) foxii Cockerell or the undetermined species
mentioned below. Although the number of individuals of flandersi
collected was small, a comparison of the times of capture with
those of A. oenotherae on the same days is of interest.

On April 25, after searching for bees from 5:00 until 6:00
a.m. without success, the area was left and then revisited at
8:30 a.m. At this time a number of bees were on the flowers of
Oenothera and Coreopsis and the following four collections of

JULY, 1956 ] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN—ONAGRANRENA

119

females of oenotherae and flandersi were made: from 8:30 to
8:50 a.m. (first collector) three oenotherae (1 with Oenothera
pollen, 2 taking Coreopsis nectar) and three flandersi (all with
pollen); from 8:30 to 9:15 a.m. (second collector), six oeno¬
therae (all taking nectar) and one flandersi (taking nectar) ; from
8:50 to 9:20 a.m., two oenotherae (taking nectar) and two flandersi
(1 with Oenothera pollen, 1 taking nectar); from 9:20 to 9:35
a.m., three females of flandersi (all taking nectar).

On April 26 at 6:10 a.m., the sky was overcast and the air was
warm but by 7:36 a.m. it had turned quite cold, with intermittent
showers. Only two bees were collected as follows: a female of A.
oenotherae gathering Oenothera pollen at 7:12 a.m. and a female
of flandersi inactivated on the ground at 8:19 a.m.

On April 27, at 6:10 a.m. it was clear and sunny but a cold
wind was blowing from fresh snow deposited in the San Gabriel
Mountains the previous day. Although the Oenothera flowers were
fully opened by 7:45 a.m., the first bee was seen in flight at 9:11
a.m. Subsequently three bees were collected while taking nectar
as follows at 9:16 a.m., a flandersi female, at 9:23 a.m., an
oenotherae female, and at 9:26 a.m., a flandersi female. At 9:29
a.m., a female was seen in flight but no others were observed by
10:00 a.m. The following morning the area was visited between
7 :00 and 8 :30 and only oenotherae females were seen and collected.
Three of these were stylopized, three were gathering pollen from
Oenothera at 7:27, 8:01 and 8:09 a.m. and one was taking nectar
from Coreopsis at 7:52.

The collections made in May suggest that A. oenotherae flies
earlier in the day and may fly during weather conditions unsuitable
for the smaller A. flandersi. On May 12, the area was visited at
8:30 a.m. and, although only a portion of the Oenothera flowers
were open and a cold wind was blowing, six females of A.
oenotherae and two of flandersi were collected. Five of the
oenotherae were gathering pollen at 8:37, 8:42, 8:46, 8:52 and
9:29 a.m.; the sixth was caught at Coreopsis at 9:30 a.m. The
two females of flandersi were collecting pollen when captured at
9:52 and 9:57 a.m. and other bees were seen later than this time.
On May 13, there was almost no wind and bees were first observed
at about 7:15 a.m. when only a portion of the flowers were open.
These and the other bees seen and captured before 9:26 a.m. were
recognized by their size to be females of A. oenotherae. Fourteen

120

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

of these (six with pollen at 7:15, 7:20, 7 :47, 8:08, 8:44, 8:51 and
eight with nectar at 8:09, 8:14, 8:18, 8:27, 8:34, 8:47, 9:04, 9:13)
were collected. The next two bees encountered were females of
A. flandersi taking pollen at 9:26 and 9:28 a.m. Another female
with pollen was the last bee seen and collected at 10:07 a.m. In
this last interval, however, two oenotherae were found taking
nectar from Coreopsis at 9:20 and 9:59 a.m. On the morning of
April 14, there was a strong, moderately cold east wind and
although no females of flandersi were seen, eleven oenotherae were
collected and a number of others seen. Seven of these bees, includ¬
ing the first at 6:45 a.m. and the last at 8:52 a.m., were gathering
pollen, three were taken from Coreopsis and one as it emerged
from its burrow at 7:05 a.m.

Several small burrows with vertical entrances were discovered
too late to capture and identify their occupants or to investigate
their structure. It is likely that they were the burrows of A.
flandersi or of one of the other two small species known to occur
in the area.

Although no males of flandersi were taken at Little Rock, two
males and one female were collected at the Short Canyon site on
April 12, 1954 (Linsley, MacSwain and Smith, 1955).

Andrena (Onagrandrena) foxii Cockerell

A. (O.) foxii is the only species of Onagrandrena from Little
Rock of which males were collected. One of these was captured
between 8:50 and 9:20 a.m. on April 25, the other at 7:11 a.m.
on April 26. On April 28, a female was collected at 7:28 a.m. while
gathering pollen from Oenothera contorta var., another while
taking nectar from Coreopsis calijornica at 7:45 a.m. Although
definite conclusions cannot be drawn from this sample, it should
be noted that on April 28 the first female of A. oenotherae gather¬
ing pollen was collected at 7:27 a.m., the first individual taking
nectar from Coreopsis was taken at 7 :52 a.m. This suggests that
A. foxii, unlike flandersi which appears later in the morning,
may have a diurnal pattern of activity like A. oenotherae. How¬
ever, the presence of the two males is puzzling since, in general,
the species of Onagrandrena which appear latest in the season
usually visit flowers latest in the day. It is possible that males of
this species are long lived (the wings of both males are frayed), a
characteristic that we have also observed in several species of the
subgenus Diandrena. It should also be pointed out that in Dian-

JULY, 1956] LINSLEY & MACSWAIN-ONAGRANRENA

121

drena, as in Onagrandrena, it is not uncommon to find a number
of species collecting pollen from the same species of plant in the
same locality (e.g., the complex of species associated with
Ranunculus ).

Andrena (Onagrandrena) species
Two females of this species were collected on the flowers of
Coreopsis ccdifornica on April 25. One was taken between 8:30
and 8:50 a.m., the other between 8:30 and 9:15 a.m. Although
neither had pollen grains of Oenothera it is almost certain that
this species also collects pollen from this source.

Literature Cited

Cockerell, T. D. A.

1898. On some panurgine and other bees. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
25:185-198.

1937. Bees collected in Arizona and California in the spring of 1937.
Amer. Museum Novitates, 948:1—15.

Cresson, E. T.

1928. The types of Hymenoptera in the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia other than those of Ezra T. Cresson. Memoirs
Amer. Ent. Soc., 5:1—90.

Friese, H.

1926. Die Insekten Mitteleuropas insbesondere Deutschlands. Band I.
Hymenoptera, 1:1—192.

Hedicke, H.

1933. Beitrage zur Systematik der Gattung Andrena. Mitt. Zool. Mus.
Berlin, 19:199-220.

Lanham, U. N.

1949. A subgeneric classification of the New World bees of the genus
Andrena. Univ. Calif. Pub., Ent., 8(5) : 183—238.

Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain

1955. The North American andrenine bees of the subgenus Melandrena
with descriptions of new species. Pan-Pacific Ent., 31(4) : 163—172.
Linslzy, E. G., J. W. MacSwain and R. F. Smith

1955. Observations on the nesting habits and flower relationships of
some species of Melandrena. Pan-Pacific Ent., 31(4) : 173—185.

Perez, J.

1890. Catalogue des Melliferes du sud-ouest. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
44:133-200.

SCMIEDEKNECHT, 0.

1930. Die Hymenopteren Nord und Mitteleuropas. Fischer (Jena).
2 ed. vii -)- 1062 pp.

VlERECK, H. L.

1916. New species of North American bees of the genus Andrena
from west of the 100th Meridian contained in the collections of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 68:550—608.

122

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXII, NO. 3

NOTES ON AN OSMIINE BEE NESTING GALLERY

IN A PINE CONE

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Herbert Ruckes, Jr . 1

University of California, Berkeley

A series of cones were collected on October 21, 1955, from a
jeffery pine near the Wrightwood entrance to the Angeles National
Forest, Los Angeles County. One of these cones was split open
and a gallery of the osmiine bee Osmia coloradensis Cresson 2 was
exposed in the pith of the cone, fig. 1. The gallery consisted of

Fig. 1. Gallery and cells of Osmia coloradensis Cresson in a cone of
Pinus jeffreyi.

three cells. The cell nearest the apex of the cone contained a bee
adult, the central cell contained a bee pupa, and the basal cell
contained a bee larva with the remains of a pollen ball, apparently
the food supplied by the parent bee. The entrance of the gallery
at the base of the cone was plugged with what appeared to be
macerated pine needles.

1 Studies of the cone and seed insect problems in the California pine region made possible
by a grant from the Albert M. Walker Foundation.

2 Determined by P. D. Hurd, Jr., University of California, Berkeley.

july, 1956 ]

ALEXANDER-BARROW CRANE FLIES

123

TWO NEW CRANE-FLIES FROM POINT BARROW, ALASKA

(Tipulidae: Diptera)

Charles P. Alexander

University of Massachusetts , Amherst

In the survey now in progress covering the Tipulidae of the
Yukon and Alaska, a number of important lots of specimens from
various sources have been received. At this time it seems advisable
to describe two forms from Point Barrow and vicinity, taken by
Dr. Paul D. Hurd and Dr. Neal A. Weber, to whom my thanks are
extended for the privilege of naming the materials.

Prionocera gracilistyla Alexander, new species

Belongs to the serricornis group; nasus lacking or reduced to
a tubercle; male hypopygium with the dorsal tergal lobes relatively
small, with abundant short curved setae, lateral lobes slender,
median lobe low and convex; outer dististyle very broad across its
base, narrowed outwardly; inner style unusually slender, especi¬
ally the rostral portion.

Male. —Length about 11—13 mm.; wing 13—15 mm.; antenna about 3.6—
4 mm. Female. —Length about 15—21 mm.; wing 15—19 mm.

Nasus lacking or reduced to a small tubercle; frontal prolongation of
head uniformly darkened; palpi black. Antennae black throughout, in male
the basal three flagellar segments strongly serrate, the succeeding ones less
evidently so; in female, flagellar segments less distinctly serrate, pedicel
and most of the first flagellar segment conspicuously yellowed. Head above
dark gray, with a conspicuous dark median stripe; vestiture long and pale.
Pronotum dark brownish gray. Mesonotal praescutum and scutum dark gray,
the former with three darker plumbeous stripes, the median one more or
less distinctly divided in front by a capillary darker line; scutellum and
postnotum lighter gray, with a capillary dark median vitta; thoracic vestiture
long and conspicuous. Pleura gray; dorsopleural membrane huffy brown.
Halteres with stem brownish yellow, knob dark brown. Legs with the coxae
and trochanters dark gray; femora brownish yellow, the tips narrowly dark
brown; tibiae brownish yellow, the tips more broadly blackened; tarsi black;
claws of male small, toothed. Wings grayish subhyaline, cell Sc and stigma
yellowish brown, cell C somewhat paler; a more or less distinct darkened
cloud in bases of outer radial cells beyond the anterior cord; veins brown.
Sc and veins near arculus paler. Veins, with the exception of R , glabrous.
Venation: Cell Mi usually short-petiolate to almost sessile, the longest
petiole about one-half m; in one female, the petiole is longer than m.
Abdominal tergites dark gray, with a broad continuous brown median stripe,
ending on the seventh segment; lateral borders broadly, posterior margins
very narrowly, yellowed; sternites dark gray, the posterior borders very
narrowly yellow; dististyles of hypopygium fulvous. Male hypopygium with
the dorsal tergal lobes relatively small, as compared with parrii and serri-

124

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

cornis, a little dilated outwardly and extended mesad, partly closing the
median notch; margins of lobes with abundant relatively short curved setae;
lateral tergal lobes slender, median lobe low, convex. Outer dististyle very
broad across base, narrowed outwardly, the apex obtuse. Inner dististyle
unusually slender, especially the produced rostral portion, this with several
small blackened setigerous punctures along ventral part before the slightly
expanded apex.

In parrii, the dorsal tergal lobes are very broad, the notch
correspondingly narrowed; apices of lobes obliquely truncated,
with relatively sparse small setae; lateral tergal lobes low. Outer
dististyle not conspicuously widened across base, very gradually
narrowed to the broadly rounded tip. Inner dististyle with the
beak only moderately produced, the dilated basal part of style not
unusually narrow.

Holotype, male, Point Barrow, Alaska, June—August, 1950
(N. A. Weber), Collector’s No. 2644; United States National
Museum. Allotopotype, female, July 27, 1949 (Weber), No. 2514.
Paratopotypes, 8 males and females, July 10—23, 1952 (P. D.
Hurd).

From the other Arctic species of the serricornis group that
have the median line of the praescutum darkened, including
Prionocera lackschewitzi Mannheims, P. parrii (Kirby), and P.
serricornis (Zetterstedt), the present fly differs evidently in the
structure of the male hypopygium, including the tergite and both
dististyles. Earlier (Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913—18, 3 C:
8c—9c; 1919), I had identified materials from the Northwest
Territories of Canada as being parrii , otherwise known from
Melville Island and Greenland. There has been no opportunity to
examine the type of this species and for the time being it seems
best to consider this earlier determination as being correct. There
seems to be no doubt of the distinctness of these two Arctic species
of Prionocera in Alaska.

Pedicia (Tricyphona) hannai (Alexander)

Tricyphona hannai Alexander; North American Fauna, 46:160-161,
pi. 10 (fig. 1 (venation), pi. 10, fig. 6 ( $ hypopygium) ; 1923.

The type, a male, was from St. George Island, Pribilof Islands,
Alaska, taken June 10, 1914, by G. Dallas Hanna.

Pedicia (Tricyphona) hannai antennata Alexander, new subsp.

Generally as in the typical race, as cited above, but fully-winged
in the male sex, the wings greatly reduced in the female. DifAer-
ences in the length and degree of slenderness of the legs are

july, 1956]

CLAUSEN-PARASITE RELEASES

125

correlated with the reduction of the wings. The male hypopygium
is virtually identical in both forms.

The antennae in the unique type of typical hannai were not
clearly discernible. In the present fly, this organ is exceedingly
reduced, there being only five or six separate segments; the basal
fusion-segment is large and massive, with two or three unfused
segments beyond, the last being the longest. Wing venation of
male similarly variable, normally with R 2 longer than R 1+2 ; Ri
entire; R 4 + 5 long-fused, subequal in length to cell R 4 ; cell 1st M 2
closed; cell M i present, from twice to three times its petiole. In
cases, the tip of R ?i is atrophied and cell M-> is open by the atrophy
of M. In still more abnormal specimens, still other veins are
deformed or atrophied at their tips. In the female, the wings are
reduced to short, strongly infuscated stubs, about 2.5 to 3 times
as long as wide, the venation totally distorted.

Holotype, male, Point Barrow, Alaska, June—August, 1950
(N. A. Weber), Collector’s No. 2641; United States National
Museum. Allotopotype, female, July 27, 1949 (Weber), No. 2515.
Paratopotypes, male and female, June—August, 1950 (Weber),
Nos. 2640, 2641, 2644; 18 males and females, July 7—23, 1952
(P. D. Hurd) ; July 27-30, 1949 (Weber), Nos. 2515, 2528, 2534.
Paratypes, 1 male, West Anaktuvuk Pass, 68°, 20' N. Lat., 151°,
30' W. Long., 1949 (Weber) ; 1 male, Umiat, Upper Colville
River, Alaska, 68° N. Lat., 160° W. Long., 1950 (Weber),
Collector’s No. 2605.

RELEASES OF RECENTLY IMPORTED INSECT PARASITES
AND PREDATORS IN CALIFORNIA—1954-55

C. P. Clausen

Department of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside

The following list, reporting the first field releases of imported
species of parasites and predators by the Department of Biological
Control, supplements a preceding report 1 covering the years 1952
and 1953. The year of first release is 1955 unless otherwise indi¬
cated.

Several species listed in the 1952-53 report under the generic
name only have since been named or identified as follows:
Bothriocraera sp. = Bothriocraera bicolor Compere and Zinna
Haltichella sp. = Hockeria rubra (Ashmead)

Horogenes sp. = Horogenes molestae (Uchida)

Pseudaphycus sp. nr Pseudaphycus perdignus Compere and Zinna

126

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

Area or County

Host and Parasites or Predators Origin of Release

Myelois venipars Dyar

Phanerotoma dentata ( Panzer)* 2 France Riverside

Noctuidae (various armyworms and
cutworms)

Euplectrus plathypenae Howard

Incamyia chilensis Aldrich

ClRCULIFER TENELLUS (Baker)
Aphelinoidea sp. “M”*

Aphelinoidea sp. “0”*
Aphelinoidea sp. “S”*

Lymaenon sp. “E”*

Lymaenon sp. “Y”*

Oligosita sp. “E”

Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)
Aphelinus semiflavus Howard

Praon palitans Muesebeck

Trioxys udlis Muesebeck

Aphididae (various)

Aphelinus toxopteraphidis
Kurdjumov*

Aphidius sp.*

Chilomenes sexmaculata
(Fabricius) * 2

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus
Metaphycus sp. “C”*

Saissetia oleae (Bernard)
Hyperaspis glohosa Casey

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)
Aphytis immaculatus Compere
Pentilia sp. near nigella Weise
Pentilia sp.

Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret
Spiliconis picticornis Banks*

Texas

Southern California

Monterey

Chile

Riverside, Kern

Morocco

San Joaquin, Antelope,
and Imperial Valleys

Morocco

55

Spain

55

Egypt

55

Egypt

55

Egypt

59

Europe

Southern California,
San Joaquin Valley

Europe,

55

Near East

Europe,

55

Near East

Hong Kong

Orange,Ventura,
Monterey

Europe

Sutter, Monterey

India

General

South China

Tulare

Mexico

Southern California

Formosa

Orange, San Diego

Mexico

Southern California

Honduras

9?

Hong Kong

july, 1956 ]

ROSS-BOOK REVIEW

127

LepidosapheS beckii (Newman)
Aphytis immaculatus Compere*

Formosa

Orange, San Diego

Prospaltella sp. near elongata

Iran

Riverside

Dozier*

Planococclis citri (Risso)
Acroaspidia myrmicoides Compere

Trinidad

Ventura

and Zinna 3

Brumus suturalis (Fabricius) 2

Pakistan

San Diego, Santa

Tetranychidae and Eriophyidae
( various)

Stethorus punctillum Weise

T urkey

Barbara

Ventura, San Diegc

Stethorus sp.

Guatemala

Southern Californh

Typhlodromus florid anus Muma

Guatemala

5?

* First releases made in 1954.

3 Pan-Pacific Entom. 31, 2, 90-92, 1955.

2 Received from Entomology Research Branch, U.S.D.A.

3 Received from Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Fontana, California.

Book Review

THE PRESERVATION OF NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS, Volume
One: Invertebrates, by Reginald Wagstaffe and J. Havelock Fidler.
xiii -f- 205 pages, 139 text figures. Philosophical Library, New York.
1955. Price $10.00.

At least a third of this volume treats methods of preserving insect
specimens. Those pertaining to each major taxonomic group are taken up
in phylogenetic order. An appendix gives details on apparatus, reagents,
labels, storage methods, etc.

The authors are British and recommend technique commonly used, at
least in the past, in their country and seldom elsewhere. This is particularly
the case with their recommendations for pinned specimens. The numerous
line drawings, and accompanying text, almost invariably indicate that such
specimens should be glued, or pinned, belly-down on cards. Alternatives are
not discussed. Such cards are supported on short English-style pins and
only a brief mention is made of ‘continental” length pins which are standard
for the world outside of England and some of the countries of its Common¬
wealth. The authors erroneously state on page 150 that the longer pins are
“at present exceedingly difficult to obtain.”

The publishers are to be condemned, at least by entomologists, for
offering this work on the American market. It is to be hoped that the
high price for so small a volume will serve to discourage its use by beginners,
teachers, and others who may be unprepared to discriminate between
accepted and non-accepted methods of mounting insects. In defense of the
authors, it might be said that their apparent intention was to instruct the
British user and not to provide a universal guidebook.—E. S. Ross, Cali¬
fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

128

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

PLEOCOMA FROM THE HOOD RIVER VALLEY, OREGON

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

E. Gorton Linsley

University of California, Berkeley

Since reporting on some Pleocoma from the Hood River
Valley, Oregon, 1 Paul 0. Ritcher has submitted another fine series
from that area which appear to be assignable to Pleocoma minor
Linsley. These were captured four miles northwest of Dee, Hood
River County, as follows:

October 19, 1954. Two males taken in flight between 6:00 and
6:30 a.m. in a drizzling rain.

October 14, 1955. Three males and five females excavated
from burrows in the ground (P. 0. Ritcher and F. E. Ellertson).

October 26, 1955. Eight males captured on ground or exca¬
vated from burrows (F. E. Ellertson).

October 27, 1955. Two males and two females. One male in
flight during slight drizzle at 9:30 a.m., the second mating with
one of the females (F. E. Ellertson).

The locality northwest of Dee is only about four miles west of
the site where the major collection of Pleocoma crinita Linsley
was made. However, the two species are quite distinct. The male
of P. minor is wholly piceous-black, with the median punctures
of the pronotum confined to the anterior half or one-third and
the hairs in this depression shorter and less numerous, but tuft-like
posteriorly toward middle. Also, the elytral striae are less strongly
impressed and the whole insect is much less hairy. P. minor
appears to be more closely related to P. dubitalis Davis, but differs
in both sexes by tuft of longer hairs posteriorly in the anterior
punctate depression of the pronotum. The females also have a
tendency to be bicolorous with the pronotum darker.

The size range in the present sample of P. minor is as follows:
15 cf <$, 20—23 mm. (mean 21.5 mm., with 60 per cent between
21.0 and 22.25 mm.); 7 9 ?, 23—27.5 mm. (mean 25 mm.). 2
Thus, P. minor falls well within the size ranges of both P. dubitalis
and P. crinita.

1 E. G. Linsley, 1956. Notes on Pleocoma crinita Linsley. Pan-Pacific Ent., 32:145.

2 Measured to within 0.25 ram. accuracy from the tip of one clypeal horn to the apex of
the elytron on the same side.

july, 1956]

MITCHELL-CHELOSTOMOIDES

129

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS IN THE MEGACHILID
SUBGENUS CHELOSTOMOIDES 1

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Theodore B. Mitchell
North Carolina State College, Raleigh
Several collections of bees, mostly of the genus Megachile ,
have been submitted to the writer in recent years by a number of
collectors and institutions in California, Arizona and other western
states. Most of the included material has been determined and
returned, but some of the data accumulated is worthy of note, and
a number of apparently new species are in need of description.
This paper will be limited to the western species of the subgenus
Chelostomoides Robertson, but will include a revised key to all of
the known species in the subgenus.

In so far as the habits are known, the species included in
Chelostomoides are resin-working bees, rather than leaf-cutters
in their nest building activities. The group includes some of the
most highly specialized forms in the genus, and many of them are
desert dwellers. Consequently, the subgenus Chelostomoides is
well represented in the arid regions of the Southwest and in
Mexico, and that area possibly is the center of origin for the
group. It ranges east into the Atlantic Coast States, where the
species are associated with a more mesic type of flora, and also
extends south through Central America into the northern part of
South America. Some of the species visit such crop plants as
alfalfa, sweet clover and various other legumes, and they may
have some importance as pollinators of some of these plants.
Megachile (Chelostomoides) chilopsidis Cockerell
The name originally proposed for this species, as a Lithurgus,
was ohlongus, not longulus as given in the Catalog of Hymenoptera,
(Muesebeck, et al. 1951:1182). Cockerell (1900:17), described the
same species as a Megachile, proposing the name chilopsidis. Later
Fox (1902:137), discovering his error, assigned the species to
Megachile and proposed longula to replace oblonga which was
preoccupied in Megachile. Cockerell (1924:548) suggested that
chilopsidis 1 and longula could be synonymous, but apparently was
not entirely convinced and continued to use both names. Finally

1 Contribution from the Entomology Department, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment
Station, Raleigh, North Carolina. Published with the approval of the Director of Research as
Paper No. 625 of the Journal Series.

130

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

this writer ( Mitchell 1937:403) concluded that the synonomy was
correct, but through error, failed to make the change of name
called for by the circumstances. All of this applied solely to the
female, the male being unrecognized until recently.

A further complication now arises with respect to the identity
of the male. It seems probable that the male described by Cockerell
(1913:541) as pratti belongs with chilopsidis. In the Catalog
(Muesebeck, et al. 1951:1183) it is associated with discorhina
Cockerell. What the writer believes to be the true male of discorhina
is very similar to pratti, and it seems likely that the two have been
confused. Differences between them, however, seem to be constant,
even though rather obscure without careful examination. The chief
differences are as follows:

discorhina: clypeus very flat, the pubescence entirely white.

pratti: clypeus slightly convex near upper margin, with a few inconspicu¬
ous black erect hairs scattered through the generally white facial
pubescence.

Neither of these males bears much resemblance to the respective
females and the association has been based in large part on
collection data and flower records. Recently a long series of
specimens of longula and a shorter one of discorhina were received
from G. D. Butler at Tucson, and while the data from these is
suggestive as to the proper association of the two sexes of each, it
is not conclusive. Some careful observations at the collecting-
sites, or of mating or nesting activities, are needed to solve the
problem. It is of some importance, for if pratti proves to be the
male of chilopsidis, it becomes a synonym, and discorhina will
be the correct name for the other species.

Females of chilopsidis have been collected at Blythe, San
Felipe Valley and Indio, California, April and June, on Acacia
greggii, Melilotus and alfalfa; at Las Cruces, New Mexico, May,
on Chilopsis linearis; and at Walton, Tuscon, Yuma, Oracle,
Phoenix, Papago Indian Reservation, Superior, Ray, Sabino
Canyon, Apache, Buckeye, Glendale, Payson, Continental and
Safford, Arizona, April—July, on Acacia, Cercidium, Chilopsis
linearis, Olneya tesota, alfalfa and Prosopis.

Males (pratti) have been collected at Magnesia Canyon, Cali¬
fornia, April; and at Phoenix, Tucson, Ray, Catalina Mountains,
Superior, Tasque Verde and Buckeye, Arizona, May and June,
on Cercidium , Acacia, and Prosopis juliflora.

july, 1956]

MITCHELL-CHELOSTOMOIDES

131

Megachile (Chelostomoides) discorhina Cockerell

Females of discorhina have been collected at Cathedral City.
Furnace Creek (Death Valley), Edom, Palm Springs and Indio,
California, on Larrea glutinosa , Cercidium torreyanum and Meli-
lotus; and at Oracle, Tucson, Yuma, Catalina Mountains, Ray,
and at the Santa Rita Range Experiment Station, Arizona, April—
June, on Acacia , Prosopis, Cercidium and Larrea. Males also were
collected at Ray and at the Santa Rita Station.

Megachile (Chelostomoides) felipiana Mitchell

A third female of this rarely collected species has been received
from A. T. McClay at Davis, California. It bears the following
data: Magnesia Canyon, Riverside County, California, July 2,
1952 (A. T. McClay). The type locality (Mitchell, 1937:405) is
San Felipe Valley, San Diego County, and a second specimen was
collected in the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona (Mitchell, 1942:
118).

Megachile (Chelostomoides) odontostoma Cockerell

( duplexa Mitchell) new synonomy.

In the Revision of Megachile (Mitchell, 1937:411) it was
suggested that M. (C.) duplexa Mitchell (1934:354) probably is
the male of odontostoma. The collection by E. G. Linsley of
duplexa (8c? cf) and odontostoma (5QQ) together at Furnace
Creek, Death Valley, April 8, 1939, on Prosopis would seem to
indicate their common identity rather conclusively. This species
has been collected also at Indio and Blythe, California, April and
May, on Prosopis and Melilotus, and at Yuma, Payson, Superior,
Tucson and Sycamore Canyon, Arizona, May and June, on Acacia
and Senecio longilobus.

Following are additional locality and flower records for several
western species of Chelostomoides:

M. (C.) angelarum Cockerell—Penticton, British Columbia, Aug.; Little
Spokane, Washington, July; Continental Divide, New Mexico, July;
Tuolumne County, Sierraville, San Jacinto Mountains, Mount Madonna,
Whitney Portal, Antioch, Big Pine Creek, Mineral King, Snowline Camp
(Eldorado County), Middletown, Mount St. Helena, Camino, Tiltill Valley,
Calpine, Mount Diablo, Frog Creek, Quincy, Hobart Mills, Arroyo Seco,
Glacier Point, St. Rosa Mountain, Keen Camp Summit, Baxter, May—Aug.,
and Nov. on Lotus davidsonii, L. rigidus, L. oblongifolius, Astragalus, Crypt-
antha, Phacelia , Trichostema laxum, Centurea solstitialis, Lupinus, Agas-
tache, Solidago and Cirsium.

M. (C.) subexilis Cockerell—San Francisco Mountains, Catalina Moun¬
tains, Chiricahua Mountains, and Marion, Arizona, June, July, August, Octo-

132

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

her; Logan, Utah, June: on Salvia lemmoni, Phacelia, Vicia villosa, Lotus
rigidus, sweet, pea, and red clover.

M. (C.) davidsoni Cockerell—Idyllwild, Keen Camp, Arroyo Seco, San
Bernardino Mountains, California, June, on Dicentra chrysantha and Pent-
stemon.

M. (C.) occidentalis Fox—Loving and Las Cruces, New Mexico, May;
Stockton Pass, Pinalena Mountains, Payson, Safford, Superior, Tucson, Yuma
and Sedonia, Arizona, June and July; and Palm Canyon, Borego, Palm
Springs, Blythe, Ripley and Pihon Flat, California, April—October, on Lotus
rigidus, Cercidium, alfalfa, Tamarix gallica, Nolina parryi, Chilopsis linearis,
and pepper tree. At Blythe it was found nesting in an adobe wall (Linsley).

M. (C.) lobatifrons Cockerell—Tucson and Grand Canyon, Arizona,
June; and Victorville, Big Pine, Lone Pine, Blythe, Olancha, Tehachapi
and Shavers Well, California, May-August, on Cercidium. and Prosopis
pubescens.

M. (C.) spinotulata Mitchell-—Catalina Mountains, Oak Creek Canyon,
and Sedonia, Arizona, May—August; Pecos, Texas, June; Stein, New Mexico,
August; and Big Pine Creek, Jacumba, Camp Baldy, Big Rock Canyon,
Pinon Flat, Olancha, Stone Creek, Hemet Reservoir and Herkey Creek,
California, May—September, on Eriogonum, Cryptantha, Robinia and Eriodic•
tyon angusdfolia.

M. (C.) sub spinotulata Mitchell—Catalina Mountains, Arizona, May 8,
1954 (Butler).

Megachile (Chelostomoides) texensis Mitchell, new species

Female. —Size: length 11 mm.; width of abdomen 3 mm.; anterior wing
7 mm. Structure: Length of face slightly less than distance between eyes;
eyes very slightly divergent below; supraclypeal area protuberant; clypeus
very short and broad, with a conical median protuberance which is about
level with the supraclypeal area, apical margin broadly incurved, with a
pair of strong spinelike tubercles on each side of mid line; mandibles
narrow and elongate apically, with four low but quite distinct teeth, inner
margin with a low subbasal tooth; first and second segments of flagellum
very short, much broader than long, and the two combined only slightly
exceeding the pedicel, following segments slightly longer than broad; lateral
ocelli subequally distant from eyes and margin of vertex; cheeks subequal to
eyes in width; metatarsi rather narrow, much shorter than tibiae, subequal
in length to the following segments combined; second to fourth abdominal
terga with rather deep carinate basal grooves, the sixth not appreciably
grooved apically. Sculpture: Face and clypeus rather coarsely rugoso-punc-
tate, the punctures becoming somewhat more distinct on vertex posteriorly
and becoming finer and more distinctly separated on cheeks, but becoming
crowded below; distinctly separated but irregular and rather close over the
shining mesonotum and scutellum, rather close and shallow but distinctly
separated on pleura above, becoming quite sparse below; rather fine, irregu¬
larly scattered and quite widely separated on abdominal terga 1—4, becom¬
ing finer and quite close on the fifth, those on the sixth obscured by dense
tomentum. Color: Black; wings faintly infuscated, veins and stigma piceous;
tegulae brownish-testaceous; flagella brownish-piceous beneath, blackish

july, 1956]

MITCHELL-CHELOSTOMOIDES

133

above; mandibles black, becoming somewhat reddened apically; legs black,
spurs reddish-testaceous. Pubescence: White in general on head, thorax and
legs but with elongate erect dark hairs scattered over vertex, face, clypeus
and dorsum of thorax; white and rather elongate over basal abdominal
tergum, discs of the following segments with extremely short and obscure
pubescence which is black on 2—5, terga 1—5 with entire white rather
narrow apical fasciae, the sixth densely covered with whitish tomentum and
with short erect black hairs in addition; scopa rather short, yellowish white,
black on sixth sternum.

Holotype, female , Southmost, Cameron County, Texas,
April 13, 1950. (Beamer, Stephen, Michener and Rozens, on
Parkinsonia .) [Univ. Calif.]

Megachile (Chelostomoides) tucsonensis Mitchell, new species

Female. —Size: length 13 mm.; breadth of abdomen 3.5 mm.; anterior
wing 9 mm. Structure: Length of face slightly less than distance between
eyes; eyes slightly divergent below; clypeus flat, about four times broader
than long, apical margin with a pair of rounded and rather deep emargina-
tions on each side of a median slight projection; mandibles narrow and
elongate, dentate margin with a low and rather indefinite subapical tooth,
otherwise teeth very poorly defined; basal segment of flagellum slightly
longer than broad, shorter than pedicel, second slightly longer, the following
segments considerably longer than broad; distance between lateral ocelli
and eyes much shorter than that between ocelli and margin of vertex; cheeks
subequal to eyes in width; metatarsi narrow and elongate, shorter than the
respective tibiae but somewhat longer than the following segments combined;
abdominal terga 2—4 with quite deep basal carinate grooves, the sixth with
a subapical groove or excavation. Sculpture: Punctures quite coarse, deep
and close over most of face and clypeus, becoming fine on vertex posteriorly
and cheeks above, but very coarse, deep and close on cheeks below; coarse,
deep and rather close but somewhat irregular on mesonotum and scutellum;
rugoso-punctate on pleura above and anteriorly, becoming more distinct,
deep and well separated posteriorly and below; close, coarse and deep on
abdominal terga basally, becoming more sparse to the fourth tergum apically,
those on the fifth somewhat closer, those on the sixth very fine and almost
crowded. Color: Black; wings subhyaline, veins and stigma piceous to black¬
ish; tegulae testaceous; antennae, mandibles and legs entirely black; spurs
pale testaceous. Pubescence: White in general and quite short on head,
thorax and legs, becoming quite dense between antennae and eyes, on
pleura and propodeum, and narrowly along lateral margins of mesonotum;
abdominal terga 1—4 with entire but rather narrow white apical fasciae, 2—3
white fasciate also in the basal grooves, the fifth not fasciate except at
extreme sides, and the sixth with a basal transverse patch of white tomentum,
pubescence of the discs very short and inconspicuous, but with evident erect
blackish hairs on the fifth and sixth apically; scopa white and rather short,
very short and black on the sixth sternum.

Holotype, female, Tucson, Arizona, September 20, 1947 (Ross
M. Ellen). [Univ. Ariz.]

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

134

Following is a revised key to the nearctic and neotropical
species of Chelostomoides.

1 .

2 .

3.

4.

5.

6 .

9.

10 .

Females:

Clypeus much modified, either produced, excavated, lobed, angulate,
or with deep and conspicuous apical em a ruinations; mandibles often
slender and elongate................ 2

Clypeus flattened, not much modified, at most with the apical margin
denticulate, or with shallow, inconspicuous emarginations; man¬
dibles broad apically, 4- or 5-dentate.. 14

Mandible strongly protuberant at base above... 3

Mandible not or only very slightly protuberant above. 5

Clypeus consisting of two prominent triangular acute lobes project¬
ing forward at right angles to the lace... davidsoni Cockerell

Clypeus with lateral rounded lobes and a more or less definite
median lobe ....... . 4

Median clypeal lobe subequal to the lateral lobes; basal protuber-

anee of mandible relatively small.......... ignacensis Mitchell

Median clypeal lobe much broader than the lateral lobes; basal
mandibular protuberance broad and inconspicuous ...lobatijrons Cockerell

Apical dentate margin of mandible broad, nearly or quite equal to

inner margin (from inner angle to base)................... 6

Mandibles slender and elongate, the dentate margin very short,
usually 3-dentate. sometimes with a low angle or tooth on the inner
margin .. 8

Clypeus flat, the margin prominently angled at each side, and with
a pair of strong submedian tubercles, forming a median and a pair

of lateral deep emarginations...... ....subexilis Cockerell

( lypeus protuberant, or without the median emargination.. 7

Cijpeal margin conspicuously 3-lobed, forming a pair of deep rounded

emarginations ........... occidentalis Fox

( lypeus tians\erse, with a short hut very broad, closely punctate
upper face and a slightly shorter shining lower face, the margin
nearly straight .............. manni Mitchell

CKptal maigin with a pair of prominent acute projections delimit¬
ing a deep median emargination, the upper face slightly protuberant

mt diully ..... ... odontostoma Cockerell

Clypeus otherwise modified... 9

(.lypeus Hat, \ery broad and rather short, with a pair of broad and
rather deep emarginations on each side of a very shallow median
trinugiiidlr uiea.......... tucsonensis new species

( lypeus either protuberant, angled or otherwise modified, but not
flattened . in

Median area of clypeus oblique, the upper margin slightly elevated,

July, 1956 ]

MITCH ELL —C H EI .OSTOMOIDES

135

shining below and with a few’ shallow punctures above, a small
protuberance on each side..... ...........rugifrons Smith

Clypeus or supraclypeal area strongly protuberant._..... 11

lb (Jypeus consisting of a narrow bowed projection just beneath
antennae, the surface below oblique, broad, impunctate and

polished ......... ..........discorhina Cockerell

Clypeal protuberance formed otherwise...>... 12

12. Supraclypeal area strongly protuberant, upper margin of clypeus
somewhat less so, apical margin with a deep rounded median
emargination ........ fell piano. Mitchell

Clypeus more strongly protuberant, without a deep median emar¬
gination ....... 13

M, (Jypeus with an acute median protuberance, the margin broadly
incurved and with a pair of small submedian tubercles
.-........... .texensis new species

Clypeus medially and supraclypeal area strongly and evenly elevated,
lateral portions of clypeus depressed below' this level and with a
lower polished and imputate face at right angles to elevated
area —-....... ...chilopsidis Cockerell

14. Clypeal margin entire, neither denticulate nor emarginate..15

Clypeal margin either denticulate or slightly emarginate...... 16

15. Clypeal margin straight from side to side, (nearetie )....georgica Cresson

Clypeal margin broadly triangular, having an obscure median angle
(neotropical) ............ peruviana Smith

16. Mandible distinctly 5-dentate; sixth tergum with a deep subapical

groove .... spinotulata Mitchell

Mandible 4-dentate; or indistinctly 5-dentate, but without a groove
near apex of sixth tergum. 17

17- Clypeal margin with at least a slight median denticle. 18

Clypeal margin lacking a median denticle, but with a distinct median
emargination ......... 22

18. Abdominal terga 4—6 covered with dense fulvous tomentum; clypeus

with a narrow median raised line (neotropical). otomita Cresson

At least the fourth tergum lacking dense tomentum other than the
apical fascia; clypeus without a median raised line. 19

1^- Clypeal margin with five nearly equal and evenly spaced denticles,
mandible distinctly 4-dentate, sixth abdominal tergum with dense
white tomentum obscuring the surface (neotropical)

-.—..... /laematoxylonae Mitchell

Clypeal margin not as above................. 20

-0. Clypeus with numerous erect and rather long black hairs interspersed
among the shorter subappressed white hairs; mandible obscurely
5-dentate ( neotropical) .. . ahacula Cresson

136

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

Pubescence of clypeus entirely white.i. 21

21. Clypeal margin with a shallow and narrow median emargination,
this with a small median denticle; fifth abdominal tergum white

fasciate apically... exilis Cresson

Clypeal margin with a shallow but very broad median emargination,

in the center of which is a strong tubercle; fifth tergum not
fasciate... subspinotulata Mitchell

22. Fifth abdominal tergum white fasciate apically; western

....... angelarum Cockerell

Fifth tergum not fasciate; eastern....... 23

23. Pubescence of sixth abdominal tergum entirely pale; wings only

lightly infuscated. campanulae campanulae Robertson

Sixth tergum with short erect black hairs in addition to the whitish
tomentum; wings quite deeply infuscated

. campanulae wilmingtoni Mitchell

Males

1. Mandible without an inferior tooth or projection. 2

Mandible with a distinct basal or submedian tooth or protuberance
beneath . 10

2. Carina of sixth tergum narrow and protuberant, the apex emargin-

ate . lobatifrons Cockerell

Carina of sixth tergum either bidentate or very low and with but a
slight median emargination.. 3

3. Clypeal margin tuberculate or denticulate... 4

Clypeal margin entire medially. 6

4. Clypeus with conspicuous erect black hairs interspersed in the
generally white and dense pubescence; abdominal terga 4-5 covered

with dense fulvous tomentum (neotropical). abacula Cresson

Clypeus with but very few and inconspicuous black hairs or none;
abdominal terga 4—5 not densely tomentose... 5

5. Clypeal margin with a single robust median tubercle (neotropical)

-.-.-. peruviana Smith

Clypeal margin with a pair of rather robust tubercles and between

them a relatively slight median denticle. manni Mitchell

6. Carina of sixth tergum conspicuously bidentate.... 7

Carina of sixth tergum very low and inconspicuous, with at most
a barely evident emargination... 8

7. Clypeus quite flat, even above, and with entirely white pubescence

.-....... discorhina Cockerell

Clypeus somew r hat convex above, and with a few inconspicuous black
hairs scattered among the generally white hairs ....chilopsidis Cockerell

8. Punctures of vertex very coarse, much more so than those of meso-
notum; lateral ocelli nearer to eyes than to margin of vertex

july, 1956]

MITCHELL-CHELOSTOMOIDES

137

9.

10 .

11 .

12 .

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18 .

.. rugifrons Smith

Punctures of vertex about equal to those of mesonotum; lateral
ocelli subequally distant from eyes and margin of vertex. 9

Clypeal margin with quite deep lateral emarginations, the median
area straight but the center somewhat impressed; segment 2 of
flagellum about four times the length of segment 1, and equal to

the following segments. browni Mitchell

Clypeal margin with low subequal median and lateral emarginations;
segment 2 of flagellum shorter than 3, and about three times the
length of segment 1. odontostoma Cockerell

Front tarsi concolorous with their tibiae and femora, only slightly

dilated and lower surface little if any excavated. 11

Front tarsi modified, more or less widely dilated and flattened, con¬
trasting with their tibiae in color, and often deeply excavated
beneath . 15

Discs of abdominal terga 4—5 well covered with short erect black

pubescence, but this not hiding the surface. angelarum Cockerell

Pubescence of terga 4—5 entirely pale....... 12

Fourth abdominal tergum rather sparsely punctate, interspaces con¬
siderably exceeding diameter of punctures (neotropical)

. cartagenensis Mitchell

Fourth tergum more closely punctate, interspaces not exceeding
diameter of punctures. 13

Front coxae with very short but relatively distinct spines; punctures

of vertex and mesonotum about equal. subexilis Cockerell

Front coxal spines reduced to dentiform tubercles; punctures of
vertex somewhat coarser than those of mesonotum. 14

Wings lightly infuscated; punctures of vertex only slightly more

coarse than those of mesonotum. campanulae campanulae Robertson

Wings more deeply infuscated; punctures of vertex much more
coarse than those of mesonotum. campanulae wilmingtoni Mitchell

Front metatarsi rather widely dilated and flattened, but not at all

excavated beneath . 16

Front metatarsi more or less deeply excavated beneath. 18

Apical segment of front tarsus much longer than the metatarsus

(ratio of 3:2) ... davidsoni Cockerell

Apical segment of front tarsus no more than equal in length to the
metatarsus . 17

Apical segment of front tarsus about equal in length to the meta¬
tarsus . occidentalis Fox

Apical segment of front tarsus about half the length of the meta¬
tarsus . georgica Cresson

Front coxal spines well developed. 19

Coxal spines reduced to obscure dentiform tubercles...-. 20

138

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

19. Front coxal spines long and slender, discs of abdominal terga 4—6

not tomentose..... spinotulata Mitchell

Front coxal spines short, acute, subtriangular; abdominal terga 4—6
entirely covered with fulvous tomentum (neotropical ) ....otomita Cresson

20. Third segment of front tarsus narrower than the second segment, and

becoming still narrower apically. ....exilis exilis Cresson

Third segment of front tarsus about as broad as the second segment,
truncate apically. exilis parexilis Mitchell

Literature Cited

Fox, W. J.

1893. Report on some Mexican Hymenoptera principally from Lower
California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2) 4:1—25.

1902. Lithurgopsis, a new genus of bees. Ent. News, 13:137—140.
Cockerell, T .D. A.

1900. The New Mexico bees of the genus Megachile. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., (7) 6:7-20.

1913. Descriptions and records of bees—LII. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(8) 11:530-542.

1924. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf
of California in 1921. The bees (II). Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc.
(4) 12:529-560.

Mitchell, T. B.

1934. A revision of the genus Magachile in the Nearctic region. Part 1.

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 59:295—361.

1937. A revision of the genus Megachile in the Nearctic region. Part
8. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 63: 381—426,

1942. Notes and descriptions of nearctic Megachile. Pan-Pacific Ent.,
18:115-118.

Muesebeck, C. F. W., Karl V. Krombein, Henry Townes, et al

1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico—Synoptic catalog.
U. S. Dept, of Agr. Monogr. 2.

Book Review

THE BEETLES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. PART I: INTRO¬
DUCTION AND ADEPHAGA. By Melville H. Hatch. University of
Washington Publications in Biology, Yol. 16, pp. 1—340. Paperbound,
offset. Published December 20, 1953. Price $5.00, from the Univ.
Wash. Press, Seattle 5.

“If only this had been available when I was a beginner!”, is the reaction
of most West Coast coleopterists to Dr. Hatch’s first volume. The series is
equally welcome now, and will be an invaluable source and stimulus for
those just broaching our hobby.

This is a work 1 on the beetle fauna of British Columbia, Washington,
Idaho, and Oregon; it is a text for identifying to species, and in many

1 Volume II has been completed and will appear soon.

july, 1956]

LEECH-HATCH BEETLES

139

instances even to aberrations. Ten new species are described in the keys and
associated footnotes: one new name is proposed.

The long-time value of a comprehensive regional work on beetles is
shown by Blatchley’s ‘Coleoptera of Indiana,” still in demand though
published in 1910. There is every reason to expect an equal life for Hatch's
series; yet he has set himself the more difficult task, for collecting in the
area covered has been hardly more than a sampling of favored spots, or of
tracts near centers of population. For that very reason, by attracting new
students, by making identifications possible for amateurs and persons far
from libraries or reference collections, the volumes should advance our
knowledge rapidly. This will result in papers which will add to hoth the
interest and value of our West Coast entomological journals.

The book' has a general introduction, with historical data and acknowl¬
edgments; a section on the external structure of beetles (text figs. 1 and 2,
of antennal types) ; notes on techniques; a discussion of geographical factors
in the region covered, with a valuable annotated list of introduced species;
and short sections on ecological relationships and economic importance.
The taxonomic treatment begins on page 33 with a key to the suborders of
Coleoptera. The families included in this volume are Cupedidae, Carabidae,
Haliplidae, Amphizoidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, and Rhysodidae, in that
sequence. There is an 11-page bibliography, separate indexes to generic
and specific names, and a valuable set of 38 plates amongst which the figures
drawn by Daniel Bonnell are outstanding.

The use of abbreviations makes it imperative for the casual reader to
refer to the explanations cn page 1. For instance “Wn.” or “Or.” in the
distributional records for a species indicate that it occurs both to the east
and to the west of the Cascade mountains in Washington or Oregon. But
for British Columbia, “B.C.” refers to an occurrence in two or more
quarters, two of which are diagonally opposite; while in Idaho, “Id.” refers
to an occurrence in northern Idaho and either southwest or southeast Idaho,
or both. An outline map of the area covered, with the above divisions shown,
would have been a clarifying addition.

One thing the user of any regional work must keep in mind: peculiar
results come from running a specimen through the identification tables,
when it is in fact a new record for the area, and not included in them.
There is a strong argument for the use of phylogenetic-type keys in such a
work, for there is likely to be at least one higher category which includes
the new find, and identification may be continued from there in other works.

In trying out the keys, it was the reviewer’s good fortune to have many
specimens, including both terrestrial and aquatic species, which had been
identified by Hatch. To see where the beginner trying to name his beetles
might have difficulty, each example was started at the opening couplet
of the key to suborders (p. 33), and traced through to its specific identifica¬
tion. The following notes are a result. Another result is an abiding dislike

2 Though the cover shows only “Volume 16, pp. 1-340”, a collation gives viii + 340 pp.,
pages i, vi, viii, and 256 being blank, while p. ii is the frontispiece, an un-numbered plate.
There is a tipped-in errata slip on p. vii; pp. 258-331 constitute pis. I-XXXVII and their
explanations.

140

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vOL. XXXII, NO. 3

of the mechanics of the form of key used in this book. Surely one in which
the opposing choices in each division are kept together as couplets, with
bracketed numbers to allow backtracking, is easier and quicker to work.
Some of the differential characters used in the keys to genera have proved
troublesome, but may not worry beginners, especially if they make full use
of the plates. Many a generic segregate has a recognizable habitus, and
students will probably go straight to the keys to species.

Page 9.-—After returning from a summer spent in collecting, chiefly
about Gray’s Harbor, Wash., Coos Bay, Ore., and Siskiyou, Calif., Dr. E.
C. Van Dyke joined the Department of Entomology at Berkeley as an
Assistant in Entomology. This was in 1913, not 1915. The W. J. Chamberlin
collection of Buprestidae was purchased by Van Dyke, who donated it to
the California Academy of Sciences in 1945.

Page 10.—Judging by the data in Essig’s ‘History of Entomology,” L.
E. Ricksecker should be included in the list of Pacific Northwest collectors.
Mr, Gentner’s initials are L. G.

Page 33.—Beginners are likely to have trouble with the first two rubrics
of the key to the suborders of Coleoptera, unless they study PI. I, fig. 3
carefully. More illustrations of parts referred to in the keys, and not so
many of whole insects, would help users of the book.

Page 34.—Page numbers after family and other terminating names in
the keys, throughout the book, would save the reader much time.

Page 35.—Under “2” in the key to subfamilies, the statement “. . . clypeus
produced laterally over the bases of the antennae” surely ought to be
. . beyond the bases of the antennae.”

Under “3,” for prosternum and meosternum read mesosternum and
metasternum; refer the reader to PI. I, fig. 3.

Page 36, et seq.— The inclusion of synonymies is a valuable feature,
not only to acquaint one with the literature, but as a reminder that our
series should always be viewed with suspicion, for synonyms sometimes
prove to represent valid zoological entities. Subgeneric names, as used in
the keys and text, are equally valuable memoranda.

Page 43.—Under “6',” the statement “. . . labrum entire” is hardly a
true description of the anteriorly emarginate labrum of a species such as
Carabus taedatus Fabricius.

Pages 45 and 46.—In rubrics 2 and 2' the decision between “Male
protarsi broadly dilated . . .” and “Male protarsi narrowly dilated . .
rivals Hobson’s choice. Perhaps the tarsi could be compared with some
other structural feature as a standard.

Page 54.—The Saamich district (midpage) should be Saanich.

The fossil species Calosoma (Callitropa) fernquisti Cockerell from
Miocene beds near Spokane is mentioned; it is to be hoped that all other
fossil species of beetles from the Pacific Northwest will be listed.

Page 70.-—Under “2,” there should be a warning that some Agonini
have what appears to be a puncture in the mandibular scrobe, though it is
not setiferous; in fact it may be more obvious than is the actual setiferous
puncture in, say, Nomius pygmaeus Dejean.

Page 72.—Under Patroboidea rufa Van Dyke, the reference should be

july, 1956 ]

LEECH-HATCH BEETLES

141

to PL IV, fig. 4, not 3; figures 3 and 4 have been transposed on the plate.

Page 74.—The figure reference for Nomius pygmaeus should be PL IV,
fig. 3; see preceding comment.

Page 105.—In the key to genera (Pterostichini), for ’’Labial palpi with
last segment bisetose . . .” and “Labial palpi with last segment pluri-
setose . . .”, read “. . . next to last segment . .

Page 190.—All British Columbia examples of Haliplus longulus Le-
Conte seen by the reviewer (including those det. by J. B. Wallis, and by
the reviewer prior to 1951) have proved upon dissection to be other species.

Page 193.—Add 1944 to the reference following Haliplus wallisi Hatch.

Page 197 .-—Bidessus ornatellus Fall is sexually dimorphic as to the
margined clypeus, so only males will key correctly here.

Page 198.—The subgenus Clypeodytes, as defined here, is sensu Hatch,
not Regimbart.

Pages 200 and 201.—The varietal name lineelus should be lineellus.

Page 203.—The subgenus Heterosternus Zimmermann as here conceived
is not a natural unit; the median backward angulation of the conjoined
hind coxal processes of, say Hydroporus superioris J. Balfour-Browne and
planiusculus Fall, are only superficially alike. The species planiusculus,
malkini Hatch, vilis LeConte, and pacificus Fall are, however, members of a
monophyletic group in which the aedeagus of the male is apically bifid.

Page 214.— H. (O.) rainieri Hatch and productotruncatus Hatch (see
rubric 10') are readily distinguished by characters of the male genitalia,
hence likely to be valid species rather than forms of a polytypic species.

Page 215. — COLYMBETINAE (last word on page) should be
COLYMBETINI.

Page 230.—The generic name “Pseudoscutopterus Balf.” given here is
a lapsus memoriae for Neoscutopterus J. Balfour-Brown (1943. Proc. Royal
Ent. Soc. London, (B) 12 (11—12) : 172). Presumably Pseudoscutopterus is
an erroneous subsequent spelling, with no separate standing in nomen¬
clature.

Page 231.—In 1954 the generic name Rantus Dejean, 1833, was officially
emended to Rhantus, in Opinion 289 of the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature.

Page 235.—The author of the generic names Hydaticus and Acilius
is Leach, not Leech.

Page 238.—The specific name oolibuckii Kirby should be ooligbukii;
it is mis-spelled ooligbuckii in the 1948 Balfour-Browne reference, and also
in his earlier paper (1947. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (XI) 13 (103) :452-453).

Page 239.—The reference to Criddle, 1929 (under Dineutus and
Gyrinus, bottom half of page) should be credited to W. J. Brown, in
Criddle’s “The entomological record, 1928. Notice of capture.”

Pages 245 and 255.—Okanogan should be Okanagan (the first spelling
is correct in the State of Washington, but not in British Columbia.)

Page 246—In line 6, Mount Chem should be Mount Cheam.

Page 249.—Harvey’s initials are R. V. The reference “4:2” at the end
of the citation to his 1906 paper seems to be an error, as there are no
Coleoptera listed on that page.

142

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

The Hatch paper cited as 1928 was actually published on January 9,
1929.

Page 253.—The paper cited as ‘Prov. Mus. 1898,” without author, should
he credited to John Fannin; the Coleoptera are on pp. 71—75.

To ensure that beginners of the next few years will know of revision ary
papers which change the names of genera and species treated in this series,
it is hoped that there will be a summary statement in each succeeding
volume, applying to the one or more before. Or perhaps a continuation of
Hatch’s own most useful indices’’, or supplements to that by Edwards 4 can
be produced.

In conclusion, it matters not that we individually disagree with some
of Dr. Hatch’s taxonomic findings, for the broad implications of a series
of volumes on the Coleoptera of the Pacific Northwest far transcends this.
All workers, including those of us who merely sit and criticise, must be
forever indebted to Melville Hatch, the man who has “done something
about it!”— Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences , San Francisco.

3 Hatch, M. H. 1927. A systematic index to the keys for the determination of the Nearctic
Coleoptera. Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 35(3) :279-306. Supplements in 1929 ( loc. cit. 37 [2] :
135-143), and 1941 (49 [l]:21-42).

4 Edwards, J. G. 1950. A bibliographical supplement to “Coleoptera or beetles east of the
Great Plains” (applying particularly to Western United States). Pp. 181-212. Privately published.

JAMES EDWARD COTTLE (1861-1953)

(See Leach, 1956, Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 32:19-21)

july, 1956]

BOHART & POWELL-EUCERCERTS

143

OBSERVATIONS ON THE NESTING HABITS OF
EUCERCERIS FLAVOCINCTA CRESSON

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

R. M. Bohart and J. A. Powell

University of California, Davis and Berkeley
During July, 1954 a nesting site of Eucerceris flavocincta
Cresson was discovered near Independence Lake, Sierra County,
California, at an elevation of 6,950 feet. The find was interesting
because of the extensive nature of the site and the unusual character
of the wasp prey. The only previously published records of the
nesting habits of the genus Eucerceris were those of Scullen (1939 ),
and Linsley and MacSwain (1954). Scullen, working in north¬
western Oregon, gave observations on two small nesting sites of
E. flavocincta containing several dozen burrows in open rocky
ground, the prey being adult broad-nosed weevils, Dyslobus
lecontei Casey. In addition Scullen mentioned unpublished records
of Dyslobus segnis LeConte used by E. flavocincta in Oregon, and
Ophyrastes sulcirostris (Say) (given as Ophyeaster subcerosteis)
used by E. superba Cresson in North Dakota. Linsley and Mac-
Swain published observations on six females of another species,
E. ruficeps Scullen, made at Antioch, California in the fall of
1952. In this instance the prey was a mixture of two weevils,
Dysticheus rotundicollis Van Dyke and Sitona californicus Fahrens.

The site at Independence Lake existed along a series of bare
silt and gravel hills forming the berm of a ditch about 150 yards
in length, excavated about 12 years previously. Each hill was
about 10 feet high and 20 feet in diameter, The surface layer of
3 to 8 inches was mostly clay, and beneath this was gravel and
sand. Thousands of open burrows were in evidence, all of which
appeared to be those of E. flavocincta. It is interesting to note,
however, that in the case of E. ruficeps, Linsley and MacSwain
found that abandoned burrows of Halictine bees were utilized. No
females of E. flavocincta• were observed at the Independence Lake
site engaged in digging operations and speculation could be made
that the wasps may have appropriated burrows of another species.
However, no proof of this was evident at the time, and many of
the burrows on excavation were found to be no longer in use.

During the afternoon of July 17, hundreds of wasps were
observed flying to the area, and two or three were seen coming
in for landings continuously. Fewer were seen on July 20 which

144

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

was windy. Each of the incoming wasps carried an adult weevil
clasped to its venter. The weevils examined were all of an un¬
described genus near Dyslobus according to P. C. Ting who had
collected a short series of the beetles from vegetation in the Webber
Lake drainage basin nearby.

Excavation showed that most of the tunnels were about five
inches long, entering the ground at right angles with an orifice
of about five-sixteenths inch diameter, proceeding for about one
and one-half inches, then angling into the hill and widening into
a main chamber with a diameter of five-eights inch. Up to four
cells were observed associated with each main tunnel, three to
five inches below the surface. Each cell was oval, seven-eighths
inch long, three-eighths inch wide and contained six to nine
weevils (usually eight) when fully provisioned. Various stages
in the life history of the wasp from egg to pupa were observed.
One cell was found with a whitish oval egg, 3 mm. long and 1 mm.
thick, attached to the venter of one of the weevils. In cells of
another burrow, one contained a half grown larva, two contained
pupae and a fourth had an empty pupal case. Several larvae were
observed, each feeding through the anterior abdominal opening
of a dismembered weevil. By the time of pupation, all the weevils
consisted of empty separated shells. The wasp pupae observed
were found in the debris of the cell without a silken cocoon and
were five-eighths inch in length.

In several instances the tunnels, which were left open at all
times were being inspected by large deep-blue chrysidids, although
no parasitized cells were observed. Specimens of the wasp were
subsequently identified as Hedychrum nigropilosum (?) Mocsary
by K. V. Krombein.

It is an interesting commentary on collecting methods that
without special effort, more than 50 specimens of the little known
host beetle were taken from a small proportion of the incoming
female wasps, and from the provisioned cells.

Literature Cited
Linsley, E. G. and J. W. McSwain

1954. Observations on the habits and prey of Eucerceris ruficeps Scullen.
Pan-Pac. Ent. 30:11—14.

Scullen, H. A.

1939. A review of the genus Eucerceris. Oregon State Monogr. Studies
Ent. 1:12-14, 40, pi. 13.

July, 1956 ]

LINSLEY-PLEOCOMA CRINITA

145

NOTES ON PLEOCOMA CRINITA LINSLEY

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

E. Gorton Linsley

University of California, Berkeley

Through the kindness of Paul 0. Ritcher the opportunity has
been presented for studying a fine series of Pleocoma crinita
Linsley from the Hood River Valley region of Oregon and a
small series from a nearby area in Washington. This species was
previously known from two male specimens from Glenwood,
Klickitat County, Washington. This material exhibits considerable
local variation and suggests that quantitative differences may exist
between certain local populations. Some of the variations among
males are as follows:

Odell, Hood River County, Oregon. One hundred and five
males, collected in flight or excavated from the ground between
October 12, 1953 and December 31, 1953, by P. 0. Ritcher, Vernon
Olney and D. McKeown. These range in length 1 from 20.25 mm.
to 24.0 mm. with 80 per cent of the individuals falling between
21 mm. and 23 mm. In coloration they vary from almost uniformly
castaneous or reddish-brown (two specimens) to almost wholly
piceous (three specimens). The majority, however, are distinctly
bicolored with the elytra subpiceous to piceous (65 specimens)
or more or less reddish-brown (16 specimens). The transition,
however, is gradual and the separation arbitrary. The character¬
istic dense longitudinal band of erect pronotal hairs is present in
all. In most individuals the long pubescence elsewhere on the
pronotum is aparse but in 10 per cent it is relatively dense.

Mozier, Wasco County, Oregon. Two males, January 29, 1931,
collected by W. W. Lawrence. These are 22.5 mm. and 23.5 mm.
in length, respectively. Both are uniformly reddish-brown. Both
have the longitudinal band of erect pronotal hairs but it is some¬
what reduced. The remainder of the pronotum is glabrous.

Oak Grove, Hood River County, Oregon. Ten males, excavated
from the ground between December 2, 1953 and December 30,
1953. In length these range from 20.25 mm. to 23.25 mm. with a
mean of 22.5 mm. In coloration this small series varies from
unicolorous reddish-brown to bicolorous with piceous elytra but
does not exhibit the extremes evident in the long series from Odell.

1 Measured to within 0.25 mm. accuracy from the tip of one clypeal horn to the apex
of the elytron on the same side. J. W. MacSwain kindly assisted with the measurements.

146

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, NO. 3

The most obvious feature of these individuals is the greater average
hirsuteness of the body which is particularly evident on the
pronotum.

Husum, one mile north, Klickitat County, Washington. Seven
males, collected on October 14, 1954 and November 9, 1954, by
F. Ellertson. In length these range from 19.5 to 22.5 mm. with a
mean of 20.7 mm. Thus the average size of the individuals in this
small sample is considerably less than in those from other localities
and may reflect the fact that, unlike the others, they were collected
from a non-irrigated orchard (Ritcher, in litt.) . In coloration
they range from almost uniformly castaneous (2) to distinctly
bicolored with the elytra subpiceous (2) to piceous (3).

Pleocoma minor Linsley, is known only from two males from
Hood River, Hood River County, Oregon (holotype in the Cali¬
fornia Academy of Sciences Collection, paratype in A. T. MacClay
collection). It occurs in the same general region as P. crinita,
but judging from these specimens it is smaller (19.5 mm.) in
average size, duller, uniformly brownish-black, and the median
line of dense pronotal punctures is limited to the anterior one-
third, as are the erect hairs which are short rather than long.

The female of Pleocoma crinita differs from all others known
to me in that, as in the male, the median line of dense prothoracic
punctures extends for the length of the pronotum and this line
and the scutellum are clothed with long hairs. A series of 76
females from Odell, Oregon, taken with the males referred to
above, vary in length from 20.75 mm. to 30.25 mm., with 88 per
cent in the 23—28 mm. range. Seven females from the Oak Grove
locality vary from 24.5 mm. to 28 mm., two from Husum are each
20.25 mm., and one from Pine Grove, Hood River County,
Oregon is 22.5 mm. A second female from this last localit)^ is 28.5
mm. in length and differs from all of the others in that the longi¬
tudinal band of dense pronotal punctures is ill-defined and evident
mainly in the mid-discal region. However, this limited impression
is clothed with erect hairs and the specimen may possibly repre¬
sent P. duhitalis Davis or P. minor Linsley.

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Vo!. XXXII OCTOBER, 1956 No. 4

THE

Pan-Pacific Entomologist

CONTENTS

BO HART & SCHLINGER—New species of Oxybelus from Western

North America...... 147

BOH ART & SCHLINGER—An annotated synonymical list of North

American Oxybelus.. 157

BEAL—Insects found associated with Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson

in a Colorado nesting site..... 166

STRANDTMANN & FURMAN—A new species of mite, Paraneonyssys

icteridius, from the nasal cavities of blackbirds..... 167

ROTH—Taxonomic changes in the Agelenidae.... 175

RYCKMAN—Scolia pupae collected from the lodges of wood-rats in

Arizona.......... 180

RITCHER & BEER—Notes on the biology of Pleocoma dubitalis Davis 181

RUCKES—A bethylid parasite of cone beetles... 184

ESSIG—Some South American aphids from Paraguay. 186

CARPENTER—A new record of the tick Haemaphysalis chordeilis

(Packard) in California..... 189

BOOK NOTICES . 174,188

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE.156, 186

SAN FRANCESCO. CALIFORNIA • 1956

Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr., Editor R. L. Usinger

E. S. Ross M. S. Wasbauer, Asst. Editor H. B. Leech

R. C. Miller, Treasurer A. E. Michelbacher, Advertising

Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed¬
ings appearing in the January number. Papers on the systematic and biological
phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on
insect taxonomy, morphology, life history, and distribution.

Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed
to Dr. P. D. Hurd, Jr., at 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley 4,
Calif. All communications regarding non-receipt of numbers, changes of address,
requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed
to the treasurer, Dr. B. C. Miller, at the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco IS, California.

Domestic and foreign subscriptions, $4.00 per year in advance. Price for single
copies, $1.00. Make checks payable to “Pan-Pacific Entomologist,"

MEMOIRS SERIES
of the

PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE SUCKING LICE by G. F. Ferris.$6.00

A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge on
the Anoplura of the world. Published by the Society,
October, 1951.

THE SPIDER MITE FAMILY TETRANYCHIDAE by A. Earl
Pritchard and Edward W. Baker.$10.00

This world-wide treatment deals with the systematics
identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and
includes descriptions of thirty-three new species. Pub¬
lished by the Society, July, 1955.

Send orders to: Treasurer, Pacific Coast Entomological Society,
California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park 18, San
Francisco.

Entered as second class matter, February 10, 1925, at the post office at
San Francisco, under act of August 24, 1912.

The Pan-Pacific Entomologist

Volume XXXII October, 1956 No. 4

NEW SPECIES OF OXYBELUS FROM WESTERN
NORTH AMERICA

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Richard M. Bohart and Evert I. Schlinger

University of California, Davis

In connection with a survey of the genus Oxybelus in Cali¬
fornia, several undescribed species have been found. In order to
have names available for use in a more comprehensive paper, their
descriptions are given below. Holotypes of the new species have
been deposited in the California Academy of Sciences in San
Francisco, paratypes will be deposited as indicated below. We
wish to thank Dr. K. V. Krombein at the United States National
Museum for comparing types and giving advice on various prob¬
lems connected with this study. We feel that the new species can
be readily recognized from their descriptions, however, they are
included in a key supplemented by illustrations in a paper now
in progress.

The following abbreviations have been used for the various
collections involved: American Museum of Natural History
(AMNH) ; Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia (ANSP) ;
British Museum of Natural History (BMNH) ; California Academy
of Sciences (CAS) ; California Insect Survey (CIS) ; Museum of
Comparative Zoology (MCZ) ; University of Arizona (UA) ;
University of California, Davis (UCD) ; University of California,
Riverside (UCR) ; University of Kansas (UK) ; United States
National Museum (USNM).

Oxybelus californicum Bohart and Schlinger, new species

Male: Length of body 4.5 mm., forewing 3.5 mm. Color, black with
yellow and some reddish markings. Mandible mostly, pronotal lobe and
angle, fore and mid femora apically, tibiae and tarsi mostly, and tranverse
lateral spots on abdominal tergites I and II, yellow. Flagellum apically,
tegula, tarsi apically, and pygidium, reddish brown. Squama brownish
transparent, mucro brownish becoming black basally. Wings light brown
stained, veins brown. Pubescence moderate, silvery, fairly thick on face
and mesopleuron. Puncturation moderate, close, rather fine on head and
mesonotum, fine and moderately close on abdominal tergites.

Head with apical margin of clypeus nearly truncate medially with a
small tooth below antennal socket, interantennal tooth weak and longi¬
tudinal, frons at its narrowest point equal to width of compound eye, ocellar

148

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

tubercles undeveloped, interocellar area dull and closely punctured, temporal
carina sharp and well developed. Thorax with sharp and complete pronotal
carina, mesonotal groove strong in posterior two-thirds, but weak in anterior
one-third, squamal point weak, lateral, surpassed by well developed sub¬
median lobe; mucro expanding slightly towards apex, nearly parallel-sided,
moderately emarginate, grooved throughout, semi-elliptically depressed
toward apex, its greatest breadth 2.5 times mid ocellus, median carina
moderate on postscutellum; posterior area of propodeum obliquely striate,
indistinctly areolate, its enclosure long, ovoid, indistinctly carinulate and
shiny, lateral area of propodeum carinulate except for smooth basal spot,
lateral carina distinct throughout; forewing with median cell very evenly
and thickly setose; hind femur with weakly developed distal keel. Abdomen
slightly constricted between segments, lateral tooth very weak on tergite IV,
moderate on V and VI, penult tergite carinate sublaterally, pygidium complete
and narrow.

Female: Length of body 4 to 6.5 mm., forewing 2.5 to 5 mm. As
described for male except as follows: Color about as in male, but more
extensively yellow which usually includes most of pronotal margin, lateral
spots on scutellum and postscutellum, quadrate lateral spot on abdominal
tergite I, and transverse lateral spots on III and IV; abdominal segments
V and VI mostly red. Puncturation on abdominal tergites finer and more
polished toward mid line. Mucro somewhat shorter and more shallowly
emarginate.

Holotype male: Davis, Yolo County, California, September
19, 1954, on Polygonum aubertii Henry (A. T. McClay). Para-
topotypes: 120 cT cf and 25 $ 9? July to September, 1951 to 1955
(E. I. Schlinger, A. T. McClay, R. C. Bechtel). These specimens
will be deposited in the following collections: AMNH, ANSP,
BMNH, CAS, CIS, MCZ, UA, UCD, UCR, UK, and USNM.

Specimens have also been examined from the following counties
in California: 233 cfc? and 123$? from Butte, Contra Costa,
Fresno, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Lassen, Los Angeles, Mariposa, Mendo¬
cino, Mono, Monterey, Napa, Nevada, Orange, Riverside, San
Bernardino, San Diego, San Joaquin, Shasta, Solano, Sonoma,
Stanislaus, Trinity, Tulare, Ventura, and Yolo.

Another 108 specimens were examined from the following
western states: Arizona, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon,
Utah, and Washington.

The distinct mesonotal groove and narrower mucro distin¬
guishes this species from emarginatum Say. The evenly setose
median cell of the forewing and the stained wings differentiate it
from both parvum Cresson and emarginatum Say.

This species is common in California where it rivals quadri-
notatum Say and emarginatum Say in abundance.

October, 1956] bohart & schlinger—oxybelus

149

Oxybelus krombeini Bohart and Schlinger, new species

Agreeing with the above description of O. californicum except
as follows:

Male: Length of body 4.5 mm., forewing 3.0 mm. Also yellow are:
Scape and pedicel mostly, complete band across pronotum, spot on tegula,
scutellum laterally, postscutellum mostly, hind femur apically, and promi¬
nent subapical bands on tergites I-IV, very narrowly interrupted medially;
flagellum brownish yellow, tegula mostly pale orange. Puncturation of
abdominal tergites moderate, close, evenly spaced, the integument dull
along mid line. Thorax: Squama with strong lateral point exceeding weak
submedian lobe. Abdomen: Lateral tooth weak on tergite III, moderate
on IV-VI.

Female: Length of body 5.0 mm., forewing 3.2 mm. As described for
male except as follows: antenna mostly brownish yellow, pronotal band
narrowly interrupted at middle and beyond humeral angle, postscutellum
dark medially, tergal bands more broadly interrupted medially on I and II,
V reddish apically, pygidium red with golden setae.

Holotype male: Woodlake, Tulare County, California, in
rotary trap, June 12, 1947 (N. W. Frazier). Paratypes: 1 same
data as holotype; 2cf cf, Three Rivers, Tulare County, California,
August 5, 1940 (L. C. Kuitert). Metatype: lcf, Turlock, Stanislaus
County, California, June 22, 1952 (R. R. Snelling). Paratypes will
be deposited in these collections: CIS, UCD, and UK.

This species is very closely related to californicum, but the
distinctive coloration, puncturation, and form of the squama will
easily separate krombeini. The tergal yellow bands are somewhat
variable. One of the male paratypes has complete bands, and the
metatype has them distinctly broken medially.

Oxybelus canalis Bohart and Schlinger, new species

Agreeing with the above description of O. californicum except
as follows:

Male: Length of body 3.5 mm., forewing 2.4 mm. Pronotum all black,
bind femur apically yellow, flagellum testaceous beneath, squama hyaline,
wings nearly water clear. Mesonotal punctures and those at middle of
tergite II well spaced, shiny between. Thorax with deep mesonotal groove,
edge sharp, ending in a submedian posterior boss; squamal point strong,
submedian lobe hardly developed; mucro with greatest breadth 2.2 times
that of mid ocellus, deeply emarginate at apex; median cell of forewing
with fine, scattered setae on anterior (leading) one-third, nearly bare other¬
wise ; posterior area of propodeum granulate, obliquely striate above, en¬
closure broad with cross striae. Abdomen with lateral teeth of tergites
undeveloped (present but small on V and VI on some paratypes).

Female: Length of body 3 to 4 mm., forewing 2 to 3 mm. Agreeing
with the description of 0. californicum female in coloration and pubescence;

150

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

puncturation and structure as in male of canalis except that mucro averages
a little shorter and stouter.

Holotype male: Riverside, Riverside County, California,
June 6, 1943 (P. H. Timberlake). Paratopotypes: 6cT cf and
3 $ 9, collected on various desert flowers from April 14 to October
5 (P. H. Timberlake) ; 1 9? August 2, 1915 (F. C. Bishop). These
specimens will be placed in these collections: CAS, UCD, UCR, and
USNM. Other paratypes: 3 9 9, Hemet, Riverside County, Cali¬
fornia, August 11, 1946 (C. Grainger) in the CIS collection.

Other specimens examined were 11 $ $ and 9$ 9. 1$, Redlands, San
Bernardino County, California, 1913 (F. R. Cole, USNM); 19, Castaic
Junction, Los Angeles County, California, IX-11-50 (P. H. Timberlake,
UCR) ; 6$ $ , 4 9 9, Tucson, Arizona, June-July (G. D. Butler, F. Werner,
R. H. Crandall, UA, UCD) ; 1 $, Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains,
Arizona, VI-29-55 (G. D. Butler, F. Werner, UA) ; 1$, Continental, Arizona,
VI-14-55 (G. D. Butler, UA) ; 19, Tanque Verde, Arizona, IX-12-55 (F.
Werner, UA) ; 29 9, Las Cruces, New Mexico, VI-12-50 (L. D. and R. H.
Beamer, UCD, UK); 1$ Animas, New Mexico, VIII-12-55 (R. R. Dreis-
bach) ; 1$, Roosevelt, Utah, VI-29-54 (G. F. Knowlton, UK) ; 1$, Nombre
de Dios, Durango, Mexico, VIII-1-51 (P. D. Hurd, CIS).

This species is related to parvum Cresson and could be con¬
fused with that species on the basis of the nearly asetose median
cell. However, the deep and sharply-edged mesonotal groove
differentiates canalis. With respect to californicum, which has a
somewhat less developed mesonotal groove, the difference in
setation of the median cell is striking.

Oxybelus timberlakei Bohart and Schlinger, new species

Male: Length of body 6 mm., forewing 4.5 mm. Color, black and brown,
with whitish yellow and reddish markings. Spot on pronotal lobe, spot on
tegula, outer one-third of postscutellum, femora apically, outer surface of
tibiae, lateral transverse spots on tergites I to IV, whitish yellow. Mandible
mostly, flagellum, fore tibia partly, tarsi dully, abdominal tergites V to VII,
sternites III to VII, reddish. Eyes brown. Wing membrane lightly stained,
veins brown. Pubescence silvery, thickest on face and mesopleuron and
propodeum above. Puncturation moderately close and coarse.

Head with apical margin of clypeus strongly tridentate, middle tooth
beak-like, frons at narrowest point 1.2 times width of compound eye, ocellar
tubercles and temporal carina undeveloped. Thorax with pronotal carina
sharp, nearly continuous, not rounded off at pronotal angle, mesonotum
with shallow median groove, faint anteriorly, squamal point lateral, depressed,
surpassed by submedian lobe; mucro gently flared, slightly emarginate,
shallowly grooved throughout, greatest breadth two times mid ocellus,
median carina weak on postscutellum; posterior area of propodeum some¬
what areolate, enclosure broadly wedge-shaped, weakly carinulate, lateral
propodeal carina complete but weak medially, lateral area of propodeum

October, 1956] bohart & schlinger—oxybelus

151

granulate, weakly carinulate above and behind; median cell of forewing
rather densely but somewhat unevenly setose; hind femur with well developed
distal keel. Abdomen somewhat constricted between segments, lateral tooth
weak on tergites III and IV, moderate on V and VI, penult tergite not
carinate, last tergite broad, polished laterally and toward base, pygidium
poorly defined except in apical third.

Female: Length of body 8 mm., forewing 5.5 mm. As described for
male except as follows: Pronotum sometimes all dark brown, tibiae with
outer basal whitish yellow spot only, and fore tibia mostly reddish.
Pubescence the same, but that of mesonotum partly fulvous, pygidial setae
reddish. Clypeus with blunt longitudinal interantennal tubercle, apical
clypeal margin nearly truncate medially, toothed below antennal socket,
frons at narrowest point 1.5 times width of compound eye; mucro shorter,
1.5 times as long as broad in dorsal view, nearly truncate; lateral propodeal
carina crossed by several carinulae; pygidium well developed.

Holotype male: Herkey Creek, San Jacinto Mountains,
Riverside County, California, June 8, 1937, on Rhamnus cali-
fornica Eschscholtz (P. H. Timberlake). Paratypes: 6S S and
3 $ all from California as follows: 1 S, Glenville, Kern County,

IV— 22—50 (R. M. Bohart, UCD) ; IS, Bryson, Monterey County,

V— 20—20 (E. P. Van Duzee, CAS) ; IS, Palm Springs, Riverside
County, V—23—17 (E. P. Van Duzee, CAS) ; IS, Banning, River¬
side County, V—28—28 (E. C. Van Dyke, CAS) ; 1 $, Riverside,

VI— 23—38 (P. H. Timberlake, UCR) ; 1 $, Pine Valley, San Diego
County, VIII—2—26 (F. W. Kelsey, UCD) ; 1 S, 14 miles east Santa
Maria, Santa Barbara County, VI—20—52 (R. H. and L. D. Beamer,
UK) ; IS, California Hot Springs, Tulare County, VI—3—39 (E.
C. Van Dyke, CAS). Paratypes will be deposited in the following
collections CAS, UCD, UCR, UK, and USNM.

This species is similar to robertsonii Baker with which it agrees
in the broad short postscutellum and the dense silvery pubescence
of the dorsal surface of the propodeum. It can be distinguished
from robertsonii by the more densely setose median cell of the
forewing and the weakly carinate, broadened last abdominal tergite
of the male.

This species is named for Mr. P. H. Timberlake whose large
collection of Oxybelines has added greatly to our study.

Oxybelus linsleyi Bohart and Schlinger, new species

Male: Length of body 7 mm., forewing 5 mm. Color, black marked
with yellow. Mandible mostly, median apex of clypeus, pronotal margin
except in middle, postscutellum, legs partly including spot on hind coxa,
abdominal tergal bands on I to V, broadened sublaterally on I, narrowly
broken medially on I and II, narrow broken bands on sternites II and III,

152

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

yellow. Legs partly brown to reddish. Eyes brown. Wing membrane light
brown stained, veins brown. Pubescence moderate, greyish to silvery, thick
on face. Puncturation close and coarse, punctures of vertex and mesonotum
separated by less than puncture diameter.

Head with apical margin of clypeus strongly tridentate, middle tooth
somewhat beak-like, frons at narrowest point 1.3 times width of compound
eye, ocellar tubercles and temporal carina undeveloped. Thorax with pro-
notal carina distinctly broken at pronotal angle, not sharp, mesonotum not
distinctly grooved, postscutellum unevenly and shallowly excavated posteri¬
orly, lateral squamal point surpassing submedian lobe; mucro parallel-sided
on basal three-fourths, apical one-fourth narrowing, wedge-shaped, shallowly
grooved throughout, its median breadth two times mid ocellus, median
carina of postscutellum moderately developed; posterior area of propodeum
areolate, enclosure broadly wedge-shaped, shiny, but somewhat carinulate,
lateral pi’opodeal carina distinct, unbroken, lateral propodeal area carinulate;
median cell of forewing rather sparsely and unevenly setose; hind femur
with well developed distal keel. Abdomen somewhat constricted between
segments, lateral tooth weak on tergite II, strong on II to VI, penult tergite
not carinate, pygidium rather broad, with median area separated from
lateral area by well developed carina.

Female: As described for male except as follows: Pale color markings
nearly ivory, none on head, pronotal band broadly interrupted, legs mostly
brownish spotted with ivory, abdominal tergal bands sometimes broadly
interrupted, sternal bands often extended. Pubescence sparse on face, mostly
fulvous on vertex and mesonotum, silvery and dense on lower occipital
orbit, lower mesopleuron and between meso- and metasternum; pygidial
setae reddish, penult setae mixed reddish and greyish. Puncturation on
mid-vertex somewhat transversely striate; upper anterior mesopleuron shiny
with large, sparse punctures. Clypeus with cone-like interantennal tubercle,
apical clypeal margin convex medially, toothed below antennal socket; frons
at narrowest point about two times width of compound eye; lateral propodeal
area polished antero-basally; tarsal segment I of fore leg fringed with
nine or ten macrosetae, II to IV each with three, two long and one short.

Holotype male: Keen Camp, San Jacinto Mountains, River¬
side County, California, May 31, 1939, on Pentstemon (E. G.
Linsley). Paratypes: 7 d d and 3^9, all from California: River¬
side County: Id, Idyllwild, VI—19—51 (G. C. Bechtel, UCD) ;
1 9, Idyllwild, VII—14—12 (P. H. Timberlake, UCR) ; Id, Taquitz
Lodge, San Jacinto Mountains, V—13—37 (E. P. Van Duzee, CAS) ;
1 9, Pinon Flat, San Jacinto Mountains, V—24^39 (E. S. Ross,
CAS); Los Angeles County: Id, Claremont (C. F. Baker,
USNM); Id, 1?, Tanbark Flat, VI-23-50 and VI-27-50 (R.
Schuster, CIS, F. X. Williams, CAS) ; Id Mount Wilson, VI—22—
46 (R. M. Bohart, UCD); Tulare County: Id, Camp Nelson,
VIII—3—13 (R. L. Beardsley, MCZ) ; Monterey County: Id,

October, 1956] bohart & schlinger—oxybelus

153

Paraiso Springs, V—26—50 (R. M. Bohart, UCD), Arroyo Seco
Camp, 24c? cf, 14 ??, Y—27—56 and VI-6—56 (R. M. Bohart and
R. C. Bechtel, UCD).

This species is related to 0. subulatum Robertson, differing
principally in having a broader mucro and a more transverse
squama. The female is the only one seen with shaggy, silvery
pubescence on the lower mesopleuron, and two large macrosetae
on the fore tarsal segments III and IV.

This species is named for Dr. E. G. Linsley, who has collected
many interesting Oxybelines.

Oxybelus macswaini Bohart and Schlinger, new species

Male: Length of body 5.5 mm., forewing 3.8 mm. Color, black, with
yellow and some reddish markings. Mandible mostly, narrow transverse
stripe along pronotal carina, broken medially, lateral scutellar spot, post-
scutellum except clear membranous squama, mucro basally (clear mem¬
branous towards apex), femora partly, tibiae mostly, front tarsus mostly
(mid and hind tarsi somewhat reddish), narrow subapical bands on tergites
I-IV, median subapical spot on V, yellow. Antenna, tegula, wing veins,
tibiae partly, abdominal sternites I-IV, brownish. Abdominal segment V
partly, VI-VII entirely, reddish. Pubescence moderate, silvery, thick on face.
Puncturation moderately close and coarse.

Head with apical margin of clypeus strongly tridentate, middle tooth
somewhat beak-like, frons at narrowest point as wide as compound eye,
ocellar tubercles moderately developed, punctured, temporal carina well
developed, originating at inferior angle of mandible base. Thorax with
sharp, nearly continuous pronotal carina, not rounded off at pronotal angle,
mesonotal groove shallow, faint anteriorly, postscutellum with semi-circular
apical notch, which is three times breadth and equal to length of parallel¬
sided mucro; mucro truncate apically, longitudinally grooved throughout,
median breadth equal to mid ocellus, median carina of postscutellum
moderately developed; posterior area of propodeum areolate, enclosure
broadly wedge-shaped, smooth and shiny, lateral area of propodeum carinu-
late, lateral carina distinct and complete; forewing with median cell
sparsely and unevenly setose; hind femur with moderately developed distal
keel. Abdomen not unusually constricted between segments, lateral tooth
weak on tergites V-VI, penult tergite not carinate, pygidium narrow, median
area separated from lateral area by well developed carina.

Female: Length of body 6 mm., forewing 4 to 5 mm. As described for
male except as follows: Color about as in male but yellow markings paler
yellow, bands on tergites I and II expanded sublaterally. Clypeus is quin-
quedentate, teeth smaller, median tubercle carinate; mucro tapers evenly
to bluntly rounded apex, its median breadth is about two-fifths its length.

Holotype male: Tracy, San Joaquin County, California,
July 29, 1949 (J. W. MacSwain). Paratypes: lcf and 2 9?, same
data as holotype except, 1 ?, VIII-1-48 (J. W. MacSwain) and

154

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

1 $, VI—21—49 (R. F. Smith). Paratypes will be deposited in the
CIS, UCD, and USNM collections.

0. macswaini is closely related to laetum Say, but differs in
having a strong temporal carina, having the squamal points closer
together, the postscutellar carina less projecting, the male penult
tergite not carinate, the male pygidium red instead of black, and
the female clypeus with a median apical tooth.

Oxybelus xerophilum Bohart and Schlinger, new species

Male: Agreeing with above description of male of 0. macswaini except
as follows: Length of body 5.0 mm., forewing 3.5 mm. Head and thorax
except legs without bright yellow markings, but brownish yellow on
mandible mostly, tegula partly, and tarsi mostly; basal sternites black,
abdominal segments V-VII reddish; pronotal angle, squamal membrane and
mucro distally whitish; eyes brown. Punctures somewhat sparser, those on
vertex separated by their diameters or more.

Clypeal margin with mid tooth smaller than lateral ones, squamal
points of postscutellum separated by three-fifths of postscutellar breadth
(one-half in macswaini ), hind femur with small distal keel. Lateral tergal
teeth present but weak on III-VI.

Holotype male: Stovepipe Wells, Death Valley, Inyo
County, California, March 30, 1953 (J. W. MacSwain). Meta¬
types: 2<$ cf, Willcox, Arizona, VII—9—55 (G. Butler, F. Werner,
UA) and VI11-5-55 (R. R. Dreisbach, UCD).

0. xerophilum is related to macswaini but differs primarily in
the brown eyes, and the more widely separated squamal points as
in laetum. The latter has grey eyes and dark posterior abdominal
tergites.

Oxybelus crandalli Bohart and Schlinger, new species

Female: Length of body 4.0 mm., forewing 3.0 mm. Color, black with
whitish yellow and some brown markings. Mandible mostly, scape, pronotum,
tegula partly, scutellar spots, squama medially (otherwise translucent),
mucro distally, fore and mid femora and tibiae mostly, basal spot on hind
tibia, double median spot at summit of tergite I, faint posterior fasciae on
tergites II-IV, whitish yellow. Flagellum and fore tarsus light brown.
Mandible apex, clypeal margin, legs partly, spot on tegula, wing veins,
dark brown. Eyes grey. Pubescence dense, mostly appressed, silvery, thick
over most of body including propodeum dorsally and laterally; scattered
over tergites but concentrated into posterior bands on I-V; venter with
scattered upright pubescence suggesting sternal bands. Puncturation moder¬
ate, rather coarse and sparse on mesonotum and scutellum, similar on
mesopleuron but obscured by pubescence, medium and close on tergites.

Head with clypeal margin quadridentate, no median tooth, a small knob
above; frons at narrowest point 1.5 times width of compound eye, ocellar
tubercles small and shiny; temporal carina undeveloped. Thorax with

October, 1956] bohart & schlinger—oxybelus

155

complete pronotal carina; mesonotal groove apparently absent; squamal point
short and broad, no submedian lobe; postscutellum twice as broad as
squamal length; median carina faint on postscutellum; mucro damaged,
flaring, apparently short, narrow basally; dorso-lateral propodeal carina
projecting shelf-like; forewing with median cell setose along anterior one-
third; hind femur without definite distal keel. Abdomen slightly con¬
stricted between segments, pygidial setae silvery.

Holotype female: Tucson, Arizona, June 13, 1938 (R. H.
Crandall). This peculiar Oxybelus appears to have no close rela¬
tives. It is the only one we have seen with appressed silvery
pubescence on the propodeum laterally, and with enlarged pale
markings toward the middle of the first abdominal tergite. We
have seen a male from Lewisville, Arkansas, June 2, 1919 (J. C.
Bradley, Cornell University) which agrees in all important respects,
and is probably the same species. The mucro is similar to that of
parvum Cresson, narrow at the base, flared and emarginate distally.

Oxybelus hurdi Bohart and Schlinger, new species

Male: Length of body 6.0 mm., forewing 5.0 mm. Color, black, with
yellow and some reddish markings. Humeral spot, fore and mid tibiae
mostly, hind tibia partly, lateral spots on tergites I-II, bands across III-VI,
narrowly broken on III-IV, deep ivory yellow. Flagellum beneath, entirely
toward apex except for all black last segment, mandible mostly, tarsi partly,
reddish. Tegula, wing veins, tip of hind femur, mucro, brownish to dark
brown. Squama dirty whitish. Eyes greenish tan. Pubescence silvery on head
and mesopleuron, fairly thick on face and gena, sparse elsewhere, fulvous
on mesonotum. Puncturation coarse, particularly on abdominal tergites.

Head with apical margin of clypeus moderately tridentate, frons at
narrowest point as wide as compound eye, lateral ocellar tubercles prominent,
and smooth, vertex tubercle present and prominent, no temporal carina.

Thorax with sharp, continuous pronotal carina, no mesonotal groove,
squama large, point posterior, inner posterior margin of squama forming a
broad inverted V, mucro large, expanding gradually toward apex which is
sharply emarginate; propodeum areolate above, mostly smooth posteriorly,
but finely punctate, enclosure stout and shiny, lateral carina sharp and
complete, lateral surface rather shiny with a few large oblique carinae;
forewing with median cell thickly setose on anterior two-fifths, sparsely
so otherwise; hind femur with distal keel produced about three ocellus
diameters into an extremely prominent, broad, convex lamina. Abdomen
constricted between segments, submedially depressed, deeply channeled at
middle of first tergite, laterally toothed on tergites II-V, sublaterally carinate
on VI, pygidium narrowly wedge-shaped.

Female: Length of body 8.0 mm., forewing 7.5 mm. As described for
male except as follows: Pronotum, mid and hind tibia entirely, tarsi mostly
dark. Clypeus obscurely 5-lobed, baso-median tubercle prominent, some¬
what longitudinal, with sparse long hair. Pubescence of face rather sparse.

156

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

Mucro broad but sides nearly parallel. Penult tergite and pygidium with
light golden setae.

Holotype male: Ahuacatlan, Nayarit, Mexico, July 18, 1951
(P. D. Hurd) on Donnellsmithia Hintonii. Paratopotype: 1 9;
same data as holotype, in CIS collection.

O. hurdi is most closely related to cochise Pate and the male
has similar antennal coloration. However, the broad and emargin-
ate mucro, together with the greatly produced hind femoral apex
distinguish it from all related species, including cornutum Robert¬
son and subcornutum Cockerell.

This species is named for P. D. Hurd, Jr., whose extensive
collections of this genus both in Mexico and California have
added greatly to our knowledge.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: NOTICE OF PROPOSED
USE OF THE PLENARY POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES FOR
THE AVOIDANCE OF CONFUSION AND THE VALIDATION
OF CURRENT NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE (A.(N.S.)26)

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers
is involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned names
included in Part II of Volume II of the Bulletin of Zoological
Nomenclature, which will be published on 9th May, 1956.

(1) daea Dampf, 1910 (Palaeopsylla) (Class Insecta, Order Siphon-
aptera), determination of (Z.N. (S) 846).

The present notice is given in pursuance of decisions taken on
the recommendation of the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology,
Paris, July 1948 (see Bull. zool. Nomencl. 451—56, 57—59; ibid.
5:5-13, 131).

Any specialist who may desire to comment on any of the
foregoing applications is invited to do so in writing to the Secre¬
tary to the International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village
East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.l, England) as soon as possible.
Every such comment should be clearly marked with the Com¬
mission’s File Number as given in the present Notice. —Francis
Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.

October, 1956] bohart & schlinger—oxybelus

157

AN ANNOTATED SYNONYMICAL LIST OF NORTH
AMERICAN OXYBELUS

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Richard M. Bohart and Evert I. Schlinger

University of California , Davis

Since the appearance of the Hymenoptera Catalogue 1 , many
changes in nomenclature have been discovered pertaining to the
genus Oxybelus Latreille. Some of these changes were reported by
Krombein 2 who synonymized 10 of the 65 species listed in the
catalogue. We have recorded here 32 more synonyms, and have
added ten species recently described. The total number of recog¬
nized species and subspecies in this list is 50 3 . This number repre¬
sents about 50 per cent of the names which have been proposed
since the first species, quadrinotatum Say, 1824, was described
from North America.

As Pate 4 pointed out, the name Oxybelus is neuter and not
masculine gender. This necessitates changing several name end¬
ings to bring them into agreement with Oxybelus. All the specific
names known to us for this region have been cited below, includ¬
ing four old names which were unintentionally omitted from the
Hymenoptera Catalogue.

We wish to thank K. V. Krombein of the United States National
Museum and L. W. Quate of the University of Nebraska for their
assistance in examining and making available various type speci¬
mens necessary for this study. Comparisons with types were made
also by W. L. Brown, Jr., of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
and H. L. Grant, Jr., of the Academy of Natural Sciences at
Philadelphia.

Genus OXYBELUS Latreille-

Oxybelus Latreille, 1796. Precis Caract. Gen. Ins., p. 129. No species.

This generic name was apparently derived from the Greek

Oxy- (= sharp) and belos (= dart or spear), the noun belos

being of neuter gender.

Type species: Vespa uniglumis Linnaeus. First included species, Latreille,
1802.

1 Burks. B. D. in Muesebeck, C. F. W., et al, 1951, Hymenoptera of America north of
Mexico, Synoptic Catalogue, U.S. Dept. Agr., Agri-Monograph No. 2, pp. 1030-1034.

2 Krombein, K. V., 1955. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 50:70-74.

3 This number does not include O. analis bimini Krombein from the British West Indies
(1953, Amer. Mus. Nov. 1633:18).

4 Pate, V. S. L., 1937. Phil. Jour. Sci. 64:376, footnote.

158

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

(For a complete generic synonymy, see the Hymenoptera
Catalogue cited above, see footnote 1 .)

An Alphabetical List of the Oxybelus Species of North
America 5 .

1. abdominale Baker (U.S. west of 100th Meridian, north to Idaho,

Nebraska).

Oxybelus abdominalis Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:158. Type $,
Colorado.

Notoglossa calligaster Viereck, 1906. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 32:214.
Type 9, Kansas. Specimens from Kansas which fit Viereck’s
description agree with females of abdominale from several
western states. New Synonymy,
acutus Baker = subulatum Robertson
albomaculata Mickel=ztaenigaster (Viereck)
albosignatus Smith = subulatum Robertson
americana Robertson = emarginatum Say

2. anale Cresson (Cuba and Nicaragua).

Oxybelus analis Cresson, 1865. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 5:149. Types
4$ $, 2$ $, Cuba. We have seen many specimens from
Havana, Cuba, and one $ from Granada, Nicaragua.
apicatus Smith rrrobertsonii Baker
argentarius Mickel=: exclam ans Viereck

3. argenteopilosum Cameron (Western North America from Oregon and

Colorado south to Tehuantepec, Mexico).

Oxybelus argenteopilosus Cameron, 1891. Biologia Cent. Amer.,
Insecta, Hymen., Fossores 2:158. Type (no sex given), Guer¬
rero, Mexico.

4. argypheum Bohart and Schlinger (California, Arizona, and Colorado).

Oxybelus argypheum Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., 69:38. Type 9 , California.

5. aztecum Cameron (Vera Cruz, Mexico).

Oxybelus aztecus Cameron, 1891. Biologia Cent. Amer., Insecta,
Hymen., Fossores 2:157. Type, apparently 9 , Vera Cruz, Mexico.
We have not seen this species.

6. bipunctatum Olivier (Europe; U.S., in New England States).

Oxybelus bipunctatus Olivier, 1811. Encycl. Method. Ins. 8:597.

Europe. This is apparently an introduced species.

Oxybelus nigroaeneus Shuckard, 1837. Essay on Indig. Fossor.
Hymen., p. 113. Type $ , Europe.

Oxybelus laevigatus Schilling, 1848. Schles. Gesell. Vaterland.
Kult. Arb. im Jahre 1847, p. 105. Europe.

Brodiei Provancher = uniglumis quadrinotatum Say

5 The distribution cited in parenthesis following the specific name is based primarily on
observed specimens, and does not include recorded distribution of other workers, except
where no doubt of the species was evident. Also, due to the small number of workers with
this genus in our region, no complete citation for each species seemed necessary. Only
the species and subspecies that were considered valid have been numbered.

October, 1956] bohart & schlinger—oxybelus

159

7. bugabense Cameron (Panama).

Oxybelus bugabensis Cameron, 1891. Biologia Cent. Amer., Insecta,
Hymen., Fossores 2:156. Type $, Panama. We have seen one
male from Corozal, Canal Zone. This species is related to
frontale and may be synonymous with mexicanum.

8. califomicum Bohart and Schlinger (Western U.S. and northern Mexico).

Oxybelus califomicum Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Pan-Pac. Ent.
32:147. Type $, California.
calligaster Viereckmabdominale Baker

9. canalis Bohart and Schlinger (Southwestern U.S., north to Utah;

northern Mexico).

Oxybelus canalis Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Pan-Pac. Ent. 32:149.
Type $ , California.
carolinus Banks rrpackardi Robertson

10. cochise Pate (Southwestern U.S. and Baja California, Mexico).

Oxybelus cochise Pate, 1943. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 38:93.
Type $ , New Mexico.
cockerelli Baker = subcornutum Cockerell

11. cocopa Pate (Southern California).

Oxybelus cocopa Pate, 1943. Pan-Pac. Ent. 19:121. Type $, Cali¬
fornia.

coloradensis Baker = parvum Cresson

12. comutum Robertson (U.S. west of 100th Meridian; Montana south to

Guadalajara, Mexico).

Oxybelus cornutus Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:80.
Type $ , Montana.

Oxybelus quadricolor Cockerell and Baker, 1896. Psyche 7 (supp.) :
21. Type 9 , New Mexico.

Oxybelus polygoni Rohwer, 1909. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 35:116.
Type $ , Colorado.

13. crandalli Bohart and Schlinger (Arizona and Arkansas).

Oxybelus crandalli Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Pan-Pac. Ent. 32:154.
Type $, Arizona.

14. cressonii Robertson (Central U.S.; Utah and Texas east to Virginia,

north to Michigan).

Oxybelus cressonii Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:83.
Type $ , Illinois.

15. decorosum (Mickel) (U.S. east of 100th Meridian; Vermont and

Minnesota south to Florida).

Notoglossa decorosa Mickel, 1916. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 42:430.
Type $ , Nebraska.

defectus Cockerell and Baker r=packardi Robertson
delicatus Mickel = sericeum Robertson
denverensis Rohwer = subcornutum Cockerell
dilutus Baker = emarginatum Say

16. emarginatum Say (U.S.; southern Canada, south, nearly to Mexico

City).

160

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

Oxybelus emarginatus Say, 1837. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1:375. Type
$ , Indiana.

Oxybelus dilutus Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:159. Type 9, Colorado.
The mucro of the holotype is more slender than usual, but
falls within the limits of emarginatum. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus trifidus Cockerell and Baker, 1896. Psyche 7 (supp.) :23.
Type $, New Mexico. The species name was based on an
imperfection of the mucro. New Synonymy.

Notoglossa americana Robertson, 1901. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
27:204. Types $ 9, Illinois. Paratypes of americana in the
Illinois Natural History Survey collection were compared by
B. D. Burks with specimens of emarginatum determined by
K. Y. Krombein and were found to be conspecihc, according
to a letter from Dr. Krombein. New Synonymy.

Notoglossa pacifica Rohwer, 1909. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 35:119.
Type $ , Washington.

Notoglossa minor Mickel, 1916. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 42:428.
Type $, Nebraska. The holotype appears to be merely a
small emarginatum. New Synonymy.

17. exclamans Yiereck (Western U.S., north to S. Dakota, east to Alabama,

Florida, south to Chihuahua, Mexico).

Oxybelus exclamans Viereck, 1906. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 32:215.
Type 9, Kansas.

Oxybelus townsendi Rohwer and Cockerell, 1908. Ent. News 19:180.
Type $, New Mexico. Our specimens fit the description of
exclamans exactly. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus argentarius Mickel, 1916. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 42:431.
Type 9, Nebraska. The type of argentarius was found to
agree well with 9 9 of an associated series of $ $ and 9 9
of exclamans. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus pectorosus Mickel, 1918. Univ. Studies (Nebraska) for
1917, 17:321. Type $, Nebraska. The type has the mucro
imperfect distally. It agrees well with a specimen compared
with the type of townsendi by Dr. Krombein. New Synonymy,
fastigatus Mickel = taenigaster (Viereck)
floridanus Robertson = laetum fulvipes Robertson

18. fossor Rohwer and Cockerell (U.S. west of 100th Meridian, north to

Nebraska; Baja California, Mexico).

Oxybelus fossor Rohwer and Cockerell, 1908. Ent. News 19:179.
Type 9 , New Mexico.

Oxybelus umbrosus Mickel, 1916. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 42:432.
Type $, Nebraska.

Oxybelus puente Pate, 1943. Pan-Pac. Ent. 19:125. Type $, Cali¬
fornia. We have seen topotypical specimens of puente which
agree with variations found in the widespread fossor. New
Synonymy.

19. frontale Robertson (U.S. east of Rocky Mountains; Texas north to

Michigan and Pennsylvania).

October, 1956] bohart & schlinger—oxybelus

161

Oxybelus frontalis Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:83.
Types $ 9 , Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Texas.
fulvipes Robertson, see laetum fulvipes Robertson
glenensis H. S. Smith=robertsonii Baker
heterolepis Cockerell = packardi Robertson
hirsutus Baker = robertsonii Baker

20. hurdi Bohart and Schlinger (Nayarit, Mexico).

Oxybelus hurdi Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Pan-Pac. Ent. 32:155.
Type $ , Mexico.

impatiens Smith = uniglumis quadrinotatum Say
incisura Mickel rrparvum Cresson

21. inomatum (Robertson) (Northeastern U.S., Michigan to Massachu¬

setts, and south to North Carolina).

Notoglossa inornata Robertson, 1901. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 27:203.
Types $ 9 , Illinois.
intermedium Baker =:parvum Cresson

22. krombeini Bohart and Schlinger (California).

Oxybelus krombeini Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Pan-Pac. Ent.
32:149. Type $, California.

23. laetum Say (U.S. east of 100th Meridian; Texas to North Carolina,

north to Michigan and Massachusetts).

Oxybelus laetus Say, 1837. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1:375. Type $,
Illinois.

24. laetum fulvipes Robertson, new combination (Southeastern coastal

states, north to Virginia).

Oxybelus fulvipes Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:82.
Type $ , Florida.

Oxybelus floridanus Robertson, 1901. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
27:203. Type $ , Florida. New Synonymy,
laevigatus Schilling=bipunctatum Olivier

25. linsleyi Bohart and Schlinger (California).

Oxybelus linsleyi Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Pan-Pac. Ent. 32:151.
Type $ , California.

26. longispina Cameron (Yucatan, Mexico).

Oxybelus longispina Cameron, 1891. Biologia Cent. Amer., Insecta,
Hymen.; Fossores 2:157. Type $, Yucatan. We have not seen
this species.

27. macswaini Bohart and Schlinger (California and Arizona).

Oxybelus macswaini Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Pan-Pac. Ent.
32:153. Type $ , California.

28. majus Mickel (Eastern U.S.; Texas to North Carolina, north to Michi¬

gan and Virginia).

Oxybelus major Mickel, 1916. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 42:434. Type
$, Nebraska. The abdomen of the holotype is missing and
the mucro is broken near the tip.
manni Rohwermventrale Fox

29. mexicanum Robertson (Mexico, British Honduras, and Nicaragua).

162

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

Oxybelus mexicanus Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:83.
Type $ , “Mexico”. We have seen males from Belize, British
Honduras, and San Marcos, Nicaragua.
minor Mickel = emarginatum Say
montanus Robertson — uniglumis quadrinotatum Say
mottensis Mickel = subulatum Robertson
mucronatus Packard — subulatum Robertson

*

30. nigrum Robertson (Southeastern Canada; northeastern U.S., from

Illinois to Minnesota and New York).

Oxybelus niger Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:82.
Type $, Illinois.

nigroaeneus Shuckard = bipunctatum Olivier
pacifica Rohwer=emarginatum Say
Packardi Dalla Torres subulatum Robertson

31. packardii Robertson (U.S.; California to Texas and Florida, north to

Ohio and Illinois).

Oxybelus Pachardii Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:80.
Types $ $, Illinois and Texas. This species was placed as a
synonym of laetum by Krombein (1955), however, we believe
that the two species are distinct, and Krombein has indicated
his agreement in a letter of January 3, 1956.

Oxybelus Packardii var. texanus Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer.

Ent. Soc. 16:81. Types $ $ , Texas. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus heterolepis Cockerell and Baker, 1896. Psyche 7 (supp.) :

22. Type $ , New Mexico. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus heterolepis var. defectus Cockerell and Baker, 1896.

Psyche 7 (supp.) :23. Type $ , New Mexico. New Synonymy.
Oxybelus unicus Mickel, 1918. Univ. Studies (Nebraska) for 1917,
17:323. Type $ , Nebraska. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus carolinus Banks, 1921. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 14:18. Type
$ , North Carolina. On the basis of information on the holotype,
furnished by Dr. Brown, we feel this species is packardii. New
synonymy.

32. paenemarginatum (Viereck) (Kansas).

Notoglossa paenemarginatus Viereck, 1906. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
32:214. Type $, Kansas. We have not recognized this species.
Perhaps it is a variety of emarginatum Say.

33. paracochise Bohart and Schlinger (Arizona and Texas; northern

Mexico).

Oxybelus paracochise Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 69:37. Type $ , Arizona.

34. parvum Cresson (U.S. west of 100th Meridian; Nebraska and Utah, to

southern California, and south to northern Mexico).

Oxybelus parvus Cresson, 1865. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 4:476. Type
$ , Colorado Territory.

Oxybelus intermedius Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:160. Type $,
Colorado. New Synonymy.

October, 1956] bohart & schlinger—oxybelus

163

Oxybelus coloradensis Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:160. Type $,
Colorado. New Synonymy.

Notoglossa incisura Mickel, 1916. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 42:430.
Type $ , Nebraska. New Synonymy,
pectorosus Mickel = exclamans Yiereck

35. pitanta Pate (Southwestern U.S., California and Nevada to New

Mexico).

Oxybelus pitanta Pate, 1943. Pan-Pac. Ent. 19:123. Type $, Cali¬
fornia.

polygoni Rohwer —cornutum Robertson
puente Pate = fossor Rohwer and Cockerell
punctatus Bakerssubcornutum Cockerell

36. pyrura (Rohwer) (Guatemala).

Notoglossa pyrura Rohwer, 1914. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47:520. Type
$ , Guatemala. We have not seen this species.
quadricolor Cockerell and Baker = cornutum Robertson
quadrinotatus Say, see uniglumis quadrinotatum Say

37. rancocas Pate (New Jersey).

Oxybelus rancocas Pate, 1943. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 38:91. Type
$ New Jersey. We have seen the paratype male of this unusual
species.

38. rejectum Baker (Colorado).

Oxybelus rejectus Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:59. Type $, Colorado.
Known only from the type, this may prove to be an abberant
cornutum.

39. robertsonii Baker (Northwestern U.S.; Nebraska to Oregon, south to

California and Nevada).

Oxybelus robertsonii Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:156. Type $,
Colorado.

Oxybelus varicoloratus Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:157. Type $,
Colorado.

Oxybelus hirsutus Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:157. Type $, Colorado.
Oxybelus apicatus H. S. Smith, 1908. Univ. Studies (Nebraska)
8:409. Type $ , Nebraska. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus glenensis H. S. Smith, 1908. Univ. Studies (Nebraska)
8:410. Type $, Nebraska. An examination of the holotypes
of apicatus and glenensis in the Univ. of Nebi'aska collection
has shown them to be the two sexes of robertsonii. New
Synonymy.

40. seticeum Robertson (U.S., south to La Paz, Baja California, Mexico).

Oxybelus sericeus Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:81.
Type $, Illinois.

Oxybelus delicatus Mickel, 1918. Univ. Studies (Nebraska) for 1917,
17:322. Type $, Nebraska. We have seen the holotype of
delicatus.

41. sericeum crocatum Krombein (Mississippi and Georgia).

Oxybelus sericeus crocatus Krombein, 1955. Bull. Brooklyn Ent.
Soc. 50:73. Type Mississippi.

164

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

42. simile Cresson (U.S. west of Rocky Mountains).

Oxybelus similis Cresson, 1865. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 4:476. Type
$ , Colorado.

Notoglossa striatifrons Mickel, 1916. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 42:429.
Type $ , Wyoming. H. L. Grant has furnished us with a draw¬
ing of the holotype squamae and mucro of simile. It agrees
with the holotype of striatifrons except in the more rectangular
mucro of the former. However, some of our specimens show
variation in this respect. New Synonymy.

43. sparideum Cockerell (Southwestern U.S., Arizona to Texas and Okla¬

homa, south to Vera Cruz, Mexico).

Oxybelus sparideus Cockerell, 1895. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 22:292.
Type $, New Mexico. We have seen specimens from Vera
Cruz, Mexico, which appear to be conspecific with sparideum.
Striatifrons Mickel = simile Cresson
striatus Baker = subcornutum Cockerell

44. subcornutum Cockerell (U.S. from Arizona to east coast, Michigan

south to Chihuahua, Mexico).

Oxybelus subcornutus Cockerell, 1895. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
22:293. Type $, New Mexico.

Oxybelus cocherellii Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:61. Type $ , Colorado.
We have seen a paratype $ which agrees well with sub¬
cornutum. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus punctatus Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:60. Type $, Colorado.
According to Dr. Krombein, the mucro and squamae of the
holotype are somewhat deformed, but it agrees in most respects
with subcornutum. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus denverensis Rohwer, 1909. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 35:118.
Type $ , Colorado. The description of denverensis falls within
the limits of subcornutum. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus striatus Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:60. Type $, Colorado.
The description of striatus also agrees with subcornutum. New
Synonymy.

45. subulatum Robertson (Northeastern U.S.; Colorado to Massachusetts,

north to Canada).

Oxybelus mucronatus Packard, 1867. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 6:436.
Types $ $, Pennsylvania and Illinois. Preoccupied by Fabri-
cius, 1793.

Oxybelus subulatus Robertson, 1889. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:79.

Types $ 9, Colorado, Montana, Illinois, and Pennsylvania.
Oxybelus albosignatus H. S. Smith, 1908. Univ. Studies (Nebraska)
8:85. Type 9, Nebraska. The $ paratype falls within the
varietal limits of subulatum. New Synonymy.

Oxybelus Packardi Dalla Torre, 1890. Wien. Ent. Zeit. 9:203. New
name, preoccupied by Robertson, 1889.

Oxybelus acutus Baker, 1896. Ent. News 7:61. Type 9, Colorado.
The species was based on the short, sharp mucro, but our
specimens show this feature to be variable. New Synonymy.

October, 1956] bohart & schlinger—oxybelus

165

Oxybelus mottensis Mickel, 1918. Univ. Studies (Nebraska) for
1917, 17:323. Type 9, North Dakota. We have examined the
holotype of mottensis. New Synonymy.

46. taenigaster Viereck (West Central U.S., Nebraska south to Oaxaca,

Mexico).

Notoglossa taenigaster Viereck, 1906. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 32:215.
Type $, Kansas.

Oxybelus fastigatus Mickel, 1916. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 42:433.
Type $ , Nebraska. The holotype has been examined and com¬
pared with a paratype of albomaculata. New Synonymy.
Notoglossa albomaculata Mickel, 1918. Univ. Studies (Nebraska)
for 1917, 17:320. Type $, Nebraska. We have seen a $ para¬
type which agrees with our interpretation of taenigaster. New
Synonymy.

texanus Robertson = packardii Robertson

47. timberlakei Bohart and Schlinger (California).

Oxybelus timberlakei Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Pan-Pac. Ent.
32:150. Type $, California.
townsendi Rohwer and Cockerell =rexclamans Viereck
trifidus Cockerell and Bakerr=emarginatum Say
umbrosus Mickel = fossor Rohwer and Cockerell
unicus Mickel r=packardii Robertson

48. uniglumis quadrinotatum Say, new combination (U.S.; southern Canada,

south to Puebla, Mexico).

Oxybelus quadrinotatus Say, 1824. In Keating, Narr. Long’s 2nd
Exped., 2 (appen.) :338. Type (no sex given), Pennsylvania.
Oxybelus impatiens Smith, 1856. Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus. 4:390.
Type 9 , California.

Oxybelus interruptus Cresson, 1865. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 4:475.
Type 9 , Colorado Territory.

Oxybelus Brodiei Provancher, 1883. Nat. Canad. 14:36. Type 9.
Oxybelus quadrinotatus var. montanus Robertson, 1889. Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:78. Types $ 9, Montana. This variety is
merely one of many occurring throughout the population of
quadrinotatum. New Synonymy,
uniglumis uniglumis (Linnaeus) occurs in Europe

49. ventrale Fox (Pacific Coast States; Baja California, Mexico, north to

Washington).

Oxybelus ventralis Fox, 1894. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2) 4:107.
Type 9 , Baja California, Mexico.

Oxybelus manni Rohwer, 1909. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 35:117.
Type 9, Washington. The description of manni falls within the
limits of ventrale specimens. New Synonymy.

50. xerophilum Bohart and Schlinger (California and Arizona).

Oxybelus xerophilum, Bohart and Schlinger, 1956. Pan-Pac. Ent.
32:154. Type $ , California.

166

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

INSECTS FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH OSMIA LIGNARIA
PROPINQUA CRESSON IN A COLORADO NESTING SITE

(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

On September 4, 1954, one and a half miles north of Rustic,
Colorado, in La Poudre River Valley, I excavated a small group
of Anthophora bee tunnels constructed in a hard earth bank which
had been formed by a road cut. Only one Anthophora larva was
found, which failed to mature and thus could not be identified.
In the Anthophora tunnels were a number of cells occupied by
pupae and adults of Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson. Two of
the Osmia cells were infested by pupae of a ptinid beetle, which
were reared and identified as the depredator Ptinus californicus
Pic. A single female of a sapygid wasp was reared from one
Osmia cell, and has been tentatively identified as Sapyga angustata
Cresson. If the identification is correct, this is a new host for the

species, although Sapyga emarginata Cresson has been reared
from the same species in Colorado. 1 Also found in the burrows
were three adult specimens of the meloid beetle Tricrania, stans-
buryi Haldeman. One of the meloids was found occupying an
Osmia cell. It was not determined whether the other two had
been associated with Anthophora or Osmia cells. T. stansburyi
has apparently not been previously recorded from this species
of Osmia. 2 For the identifications made above I am indebted to
Robert C. Bechtel, Paul D. Hurd, E. Gorton Linsley, and John W.
MacSwain.—R. S. Beal, Jr.

1 Linsley, E. Gorton, 1944. Host relationships of some sapygid wasps (Hymenoptera,
Sapygidae). Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 39:54-55.

2 Linsley, E. G., and J. W. MacSwain, 1951. Notes on the biology of Tricrania stansburyi
Haldeman (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 50:92-95.

October, 1956] strandtmann & furman—mites 167

A NEW SPECIES OF MITE, PARANEONYSSUS ICTERIDIUS,
FROM THE NASAL CAVITIES OF BLACKBIRDS

(Acarina: Rhinonyssidae)

R. W. Strandtmann 1 and Deane P. Furman 2

Mesostigmatid nasal mites of birds have been known since the
last century. Until recently, however, little was known of the
incidence and geographical distribution of what is now recognized
to be a family composed of numerous genera and many species
of mites living in the avian respiratory tract. The reason for this
lies in the cryptic habitat of these blood sucking parasites.
Ordinary collecting techniques do not reveal their presence. Only
when the nares are opened or flushed out are the mites exposed.

The new species of Paraneonyssus described here is one found
to be of very common occurrence on several icterid birds in Cali¬
fornia and Texas.

Paraneonyssus Castro 1948:274

Small, elongated nasal mites with two large dorsal shields and short
peritremes. Stigmata dorsal and over coxa III. Sternal, epigynial and anal
plates present. Sternal plate longer than wide, with two pairs of pores. The
sternal setae present but not always on the plate. Epigynial plate rounded
posteriorly and bearing a pair of setae. Anal plate generally oval and
probably always with three setae and a cribrum. Movable segments of the
palp longer than the fused coxae. Deutosternal teeth present; tined palpal
seta present. Chelicerae slender, long, not attenuated or if so, only the
apical one-half or less is involved. Chelae very small, less than one-tenth
the total length of the chelicerae.

De Castro (1948) proposed the name Paraneonyssus as a sub¬
genus of Neonyssus for those nasal mites with two large dorsal
plates in which the posterior plate is large but narrower than the
anterior. In 1949 Pereira and de Castro revised the classification
of the Rhinonyssidae, and placed considerably more emphasis on
the chelicerae. This resulted in a more natural arrangement and
it became apparent that mites of the Paraneonyssus complex are
much more closely related to Ptilonyssus than to Neonyssus.
Paraneonyssus was accordingly made a subgenus of Ptilonyssus.

Ptilonyssus, sensu strictu, always has a small pygidial plate
and the chelicerae are always strongly and abruptly attenuated.

Both Paraneonyssus and Ptilonyssus parasitize only Passeri-
form birds.

1 Department of Biology, Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas.

2 University of California, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Berkeley, California.

168

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

Explanation of Plate I

Paraneonyssus icteridius, female. Fig. 1, dorsal view; Fig. 2, ventral view.

Paraneonyssus icteridius Standtmann and Furman, new species

A small, delicate mite characterized primarily by the stout
apical spurs on tarsi II, III, and IV.

Female: Idiosoma —610 microns long; 308 microns wide. Dorsum (Fig.
1)—Podosomal plate rounded pentagonal with posterior margin almost
straight; 188 microns long by 194 microns wide; minutely punctate with
approximately 18 to 20 circular pores most of which bear minute setae;
surface bearing a cellular pattern as figured. Opisthosomal plate large,
measuring 194 microns long by 183 microns wide; widest anteriorly and
tapering posteriorly; a pair of short spinules on posterior margin; the
posterior margin varies from straight to deeply indented; surface bearing
eight pairs of pores with minute setae and markings as on podosomal plate.
A pair of small platelets located between the two dorsal plates. Peritreme
short, approximately as long as diameter of stigma; located over coxa III.
Unarmed cuticula bearing three pairs of short setae near postero-lateral
borders of podosomal plate, one posterior to the stigma, two pairs lateral
to opisthosomal plate and one pair posterior to it; cuticula finely striated.
Venter (Fig. 2)—Setae of venter all short, 9 microns or less, and delicate.

October, 1956] strandtmann & furman—mites

169

Sternal plate with indistinct margins as figured, bearing the first pair of
sternal setae and two pairs of pores; second and third pairs of sternal setae
located off the plate, and occasionally the first pair of setae may be off the
plate also. Pair of metasternal setae present, but no metasternal pores.
Genitoventral plate small, with rounded posterior margin extending to
level of posterior edge of coxa IV, bearing one pair of setae. Anal plate
broadly rounded anteriorly, acuminate posteriorly; adanal pair of setae
located anterior to anal opening; post-anal seta present and of same size
as adanal setae. Unarmed region of opisthosome bearing two transverse
rows of four setae each and two posterior transverse rows of two setae each.
Cuticula finely striated. Legs: As figured, short, bearing the normal coxal
setation; setae of legs in general very short and stout, a few longer
setae dorsally, particularly on tarsi. Tarsi II (Fig. 11), III and IV each
with two prominent ventral apical spines. All tarsi with pretarsi, caruncles
and claws; paired claws of tarsi I delicate and not of typical claw shape
compared to those of other legs which are prominent and flaring. Gnatho-
soma (Figs. 7 and 8)—Paired gnathosomal setae very short, delicate;
deutosternal groove bearing single column of five denticles, rarely six or
seven; two pairs of lateral and one pair of distal hypostomal setae present
though much reduced. Epipharynx indistinct. Tectum a simple membranous
flap, reaching as far as the middle of palp femur. Forked seta of palpus
present (Fig. 10). Chelicerae as figured, narrowly elongate, 74 microns
long, distal to basal piece; movable digit three to four microns long; fixed
digit slightly smaller (Fig. 8).

Explanation of Plate II

Paraneotvyssus icteridius, male. Fig. 3, ventral view; Fig. 4. dorsal view.

170

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

Explanation of Plate III

Paraneonyssus icteridius, nymph. Fig. 5, ventral view; Fig. 6, dorsal
view; Fig. 6-a, enlarged dorsal seta; Fig. 6-b, enlarged pygidial platelet
and attached seta.

Male: Idiosoma —420 microns long by 216 wide. Irregularly oval with
shoulders over coxae II and lateral indentations over coxae IV. Dorsum
(Fig. 4)—Podosomal and opisthosomal plate structure and shape similar
to female; vestigial setae visible in some pores of plates, as figured. Peritreme
and unarmed cuticula as in female. Posterior tip of anal plate frequently
folded over margin of opisthosome to extend onto dorsal surface, but it
may also be entirely ventral. Venter (Fig. 3)—All ventral setae minute.
Holoventral plate poorly defined, elongate, extending from posterior margin
of coxae I to mid-level of coxae IV, bearing male genital opening at anterior
margin; three pairs of sternal setae; a pair of pores behind first and second
pairs of setae; a fourth pair of setae located lateral to the plate at level of
posterior fourth of coxae III. Anal plate as in female. Unarmed region of
opisthosome as in female. Legs —As figured, similar to those of female, but
claws of tarsus I of normal shape. Gnathosoma —Similar to female. Forked
seta of palpus present. Chelicera (Fig. 9) stouter than in female, with a

Explanation of Plate IV

Paraneonyssus icteridius, Fig. 7, ventral view of gnathosoma of female;
Fig. 8, dorsal view of gnathosoma of female showing tectum and chelicera;

October, 1956] strandtmann & furman—mites

171

Fig. 9, chelicera of male; Fig. 10, ventral view of left pedipalp, tibia and
tarsus of female; Fig. 11, ventral view of tarsus II of female; Fig. 12,
dorsolateral view of tarsus I of female.

172

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

long movable digit, to which is fused the even longer spermatodactyl, as
figured; fixed digit indistinct but appears as a relatively short spur.

Nym.pha —The nymphal stages of the Rhinonyssidae are very similar
so we are not certain which stage we have although it is probably the
deutonymph. Length, 430 microns. Venter (Fig. 5)—The ventral plate lies
between coxae II and III. It is twice as long as broad, has a pair of
anterior, marginal setae, a pair of marginal setae mid-laterally, and a pair
of postero-lateral setae as figured. Some or all of these setae could very likely
be found on the plate on occasional specimens. The metasternal setae are
lacking. The anal plate as in the female. The opisthosoma bears six or seven
pairs of tiny setae. Dorsum (Fig. 6)—The podosomal plate is present and
similar to that of the female. The opisthosomal plate is lacking but in its
place are two rows of indistinct small platelets. The pygidial area has two
platelets each of which bears a prominent, lightly barbed seta. These setae
constitute a striking dissimilarity between the nympha and the adults. The
male and female both lack them. Legs —The tarsal spurs of legs II, III and
IV are present although smaller than in the adults. The claws also are
smaller. Otherwise the chaetotaxy of the legs is as in the female. Gnathosoma
—Similar to the female.

Larva —Three of the more than 50 females studied contained hexapod
larvae. These were not disssected out. They showed no unusual features.

Holotype female collected in nasal turbinates of the cowbird,
Molothrus ater californicus Dickey and Van Rossem, at Bakers¬
field, Kern County, California; allotype male same data. Both
are deposited in the U.S. National Museum (Type No. 2228),
along with several paratypes. Selected as paratypes are 15 females,
5 males and 7 nymphs from the same host specimens and locality
as the holotype and allotype, all collected by G. Hutson, ornitholo¬
gist of the encephalitis research unit of the Hooper Foundation
for Medical Research, under the supervision of W. C. Reeves.
Other specimens included as paratypes are 35 females, 3 males,
2 nymphs and 1 larva collected from Molothrus ater in Texas, as
follows: Caldwell County, June 9, 1950 (5 females) ; Clay County,
April 13, 1952, R. W. Mitchell, collector (19 females, 2 males,
2 nymphs) ; Leon County, March 1, 1950, E. 0. Hunt, collector
(1 female, 1 larva) ; Lubbock County, November 4, 1950 (4
females) and November 18, 1952 (6 females, 1 male). These
41 mites were taken from 5 of 7 birds examined.

Other birds found infected were one eastern meadow lark,
Sturnella magna\ (Leon County, Texas, E. O. Hunt, collector) ;
one yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
(Kern County, California) ; 11 common red-wings, Agelaius
phoeniceus (two from Kern County, California, nine from Lub-

October, 1956] strandtmann & furman—mites

173

bock County, Texas) ; four tri-colored red-wings, Agelaius tricolor,
(Kern County, California) ; one Brewer’s blackbird, Euphagus
cyanocephalus, (Lubbock County, Texas) ; one bronze grackle,
Quiscalus quiscula, (Pampa, Texas) ; one western tanager, Piranga
ludoviciana (Kern County, California).

The specific name was chosen because of the common occur¬
rence of the mite in birds of the family Icteridae. The only non-
icterid host is the western tanager, but it is very closely related
to the Icteridae.

It does not seem strange that cowbirds should have a species
of nasal mites similar to those of other Icteridae, since they are
frequently raised by icterid foster parents. It is interesting to note,
however, that commonly cowbirds do not seem to support nasal
mites of species found in non-icterid foster parents. The implication
here is that host specificity of these nasal mites is operative even
in the face of ample opportunities for cross transmission of
parasites.

It should be noted that the mites from the meadow lark
(Sturnella) averaged 720 microns long, considerably larger than
those from the other birds. Also some mites from the redwing
blackbird had six deutosternal teeth and one from the bronze
grackle had seven deutosternal teeth.

The new species here described may be distinguished from the
other three species of this genus by its strong claw-like setae on
tarsi II, III, and IV. Paraneonyssus hirsti (Castro and Pereira)
lacks these entirely. Paraneonyssus enriettii (Castro and Pereira)
is said to have one apical claw-like seta on tarsi II—IV and also
has a smaller opisthosomal plate. Paraneonyssus travassosfilhoi
(Castro and Pereira) has four prominent setae on the podosomal
plate and four on the opisthosomal plate.

References

Berlese, A. and Trouessart, E. L.

1889. Diagnosis d’acariens nouveaux ou peu connus. Bull. Biblioth.
Scient. Ouest. 2 an. 2 pt. (9) : 126-130. (Orig. not seen.)

Castro, M. P. de

1948. “Restruturacao Generica Da Familia ‘Rhinonyssidae Vitzthum,
1935’ (Acari Mesostigmata: Gamasides) E Descricao de Algumas
Especies Novas.” Arquivos do Instituto Biologico 78(13) :253—
284. Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Castro, M. P. de and Pereira, C.

1949. “Revisao de Subfamilia ‘Ptilonyssinae Castro, 1948’ (Acari
Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae Vitzthum) com a Descricao de
Algumas Especies Novas.” Arquivos do Instituto Biologico.
19(15) :217—235. Sao Paulo, Brazil.

174

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

Recent Literature

TAXONOMIC APPRAISAL AND OCCURRENCE OF FLEAS
AT THE HASTINGS RESERVATION IN CENTRAL CALI¬
FORNIA. By Jean M. Linsdale and Betty S. Davis. Univ. Calif.
Publ. in Zoology, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 293—370, incl. pis. 11—22;
27 text figs, [charts]. University of California Press, Berkeley
and Los Angeles; March 19, 1956. Price $1.50.

A report on 27 species of fleas taken from 34 species of mam¬
mals (24,759 fleas from 2,459 mammals), from 1,600 acres of
protected land. _

The following three items are from the series University of
California Publications in Entomology.

THE FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALS (PERGANDE) COM¬
PLEX IN CALIFORNIA (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). By
Douglas E. Bryan and Ray F. Smith. Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 359—
410, 10 text figs, [charts] ; March 16, 1956. Price 75 cents.

A study of variability, based in part on reared specimens of
known inheritance, and giving a foundation for the evaluation of
other species in the genus.

THE LARVAL TROMBICULID MITES OF CALIFORNIA
(Acarina: Trombiculidae). By Douglas J. Gould. Vol. 11, No.
1, pp. 1—116, incl. pis. 1—26; March 28, 1956. Price $2.00.
This is a study of the systematics, distribution, and hosts of
larval trombiculids in California. There are keys to the sub¬
families, genera, subgenera, and species. New species are described
in Leeuwenhoekia (2), Trombicula (4), and Euschongastia (9).
There is a classified list of hosts on pp. 73—78.

A REVISION OF THE GENUS PSELAPTRICHUS BRENDEL
(Coleoptera: Pselaphidae). By Robert O. Schuster and Gordon
A. Marsh. Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 117—158, 74 text figs., 5 maps.
May 7, 1956. Price $1.00.

This study is based on more than 3,000 specimens from about
100 localities “All available biological data are included, variation
in three populations is analyzed, and distributional information is
summarized for the genus.” There is a key to the genera of the
tribe Bythinini, and one to males of the species of Pselaptrichus.
Twenty-two of the 30 known species are described as new; only
one is over 2 mm. long! Accurate identifications require slide
mounts of males, with the genitalia extruded or dissected out.
—Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences.

October, 1956]

ROTH—AGELENIDAE

175

TAXONOMIC CHANGES IN THE AGELENIDAE

(Arachnida)

Vincent D. Roth

State Department of Agriculture, Salem, Oregon

A number of errors in the literature, involving new synonomy
and other needs for nomenclatorial changes in the family Agele-
nidae, have come to my attention during the past few years. Since
these occur in several genera, it was deemed advisable to present
them in one general paper and not to wait until the various genera
were revised. The errors in a recent paper by E. Schenkel (1950)
on “Spinnentiere aus dem westlichen Nordamerika” seemingly
were caused by a lack of essential literature. The author states in
his introduction, “Da mir die Literatur uber nordamerikanische
Spinnen nur sehr unvollstandig zuganglich ist.”

AGELENINAE

A comparison of the Tegenaria of the Western Hemisphere
with those of Europe has shown that all of our species are synony¬
mous with European species with one possible exception, T.
flexuosa F. 0. Pickard-Cambridge of Mexico, which probably
will eventually prove to be synonymous. Recently an additional
species of Tegenaria was noted from Mexico in the American
Museum of Natural History at New York City, New York by Dr.
W. J. Gertsch. This specimen, a single male from Taxco, Guerrero
in Mexico, collected by Leo Isaacs in October, 1945 is as yet
unidentified. This specimen is very similar to T. longimana Simon
from “Rossia merid. Batoum (Radde)” in the Caucasus Mountains
at the east end of the Black Sea. It differs in part by its smaller
size (5.5 to 11 millimeters) and the length of the cymbium which
is three and one-half times as long as the length of the bulb
compared to two times as long in T. longimana Simon. Only those
doubtful species of Tegenaria remain unsynonymized which were
insufficiently described, for which types are not known, and which
have never been subsequently collected. They include: T. arboricole
Walckenaer (Georgia), T. flavens Hentz (Alabama), T. nemor-
ensis Walckenaer (Georgia), and T. insularis Walckenaer (Cuba).

These Tegenaria now known in the Western Hemisphere are

1 The author is indebted to Hr. W. J. Gertsch of the American Museum of Natural History
and to Dr. R. L. Usinger of the University of California at Berkeley, both of whom have read
this paper and offered many helpful suggestions and criticisms.

176

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

probably all introductions from Europe. One of the most common
of the species, T. domestica (Clerck) is known to have followed
the dispersal of civilized man and is now established in temperate
and tropical areas around the world. The other species of Tegen¬
aria have similar habits, all being found in, on, or near human
dwellings, and are especially good subjects for introduction in
commerce.

Tegenaria atrica C. L. Koch

Tegenaria atrica C. L. Koch 1843:105, figure 825.

T. gigantea Chamberlin and Ivie 1935:31, figure 106 (male), new
synonomy.

T. gigantea. Exline 1936:21, figure 3 (male).

T. gigantea, Exline 1938:25, figures 30-31 (male).

T. gigantea, Roth 1952:286, figures 3—5 (female).

Present distribution: Southern half of Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, Canada and most of Europe east to 31° east
longitude from Spain to Denmark and Sweden.

Tegenaria larva Simon

Tegenaria larva Simon 1875:86—87, plate 5, figure 8 (male).

Tegenaria praegrandis Fox 1937:176—177, figure 3 (female), new
synonymy.

T. praegrandis Fox was based upon a specimen which as
indicated by Roth (1952:287), was probably mislabeled and was
not collected in the United States.

Present distribution: Southwestern Europe including British
Isles, Germany, France, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Spain and
Portugal.

Tegenaria pagana C. L. Koch

Tegenaria pagana C. L. Koch 1841:31, figures 612-613.

T. obscura Banks 1898:230—231, figure 26 (female), new synonymy.
(Preoccupied by T. obscura Koch and Berendt 1854:46-47, figure 36, an
amber fossil spider.)

T. antrias Crosby 1926:2, figure 3 (female), new synonymy.

T. antrias Roth 1952:284.

In a paper on Tegenaria in 1952 I indicated that T. obscura
Banks was “close to and probably identical with T. antrias Crosby.”
Additional study and specimens from southern California have
convinced me that both species are identical.

Present distribution: Southern United States from Alabama
to California and northern Mexico; Europe, south from Germany
and east to Asia Minor, northern Africa and west to the Azores.

October, 1956 ]

ROTH—AGELENIDAE

177

Agelenopsis aperta (Gertsch)

Agelenopsis gertschi Schenkel 1950:79—81, figure 28 (female), new
synonymy.

Females taken from Mt. Diablo, in the same county as the
type of A. gertschi, agree with the description of the latter species
and are undoubtedly A. aperta (Gertsch).

Calilena restricta dixiana Chamberlin and Ivie
Calilena multiformis dixiana Chamberlin and Ivie 1941:608, figure 52
(female).

This variety was inadvertently called “multiformis dixiana ’
in the original description. However, there is no species named
multiformis, and according to Dr. R. V. Chamberlin (In litteris,
December 27, 1949) dixiana is a variety of C. restricta Chamberlin
and Ivie.

Calilena umatilla Chamberlin and Ivie
Calilena umatila Chamberlin and Ivie 1941:609, figures 54 (female),
70—71 (male).

According to Dr. Chamberlin (in lift., December 27, 1949)
the name umatilla was mispelled in the original description. It
was used correctly on page 610 of the same paper.

Hololena FURCATA Chamberlin and Gertsch
Agelenopsis furcata, Schenkel 1950:86.

Melpomene penetralis (F.O.P.C.), new combination
Agelenopsis penetralis F. 0. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902:337, figure 8(9).

Rualena balboae Schenkel, new combination.
Agelenopsis balboae Schenkel, 1950:82—84, figure 30 (female).

Calymmaria californica (Banks)

Tegenaria californica, Schenkel 1950:90.

Blabomma californica (Simon), new combination
Chorizomma californicum Simon 1895:136—137, figure (male).

C. californicum. Simon 1898:268, figures 257, 264 (male).

Blabomma grandis Chamberlin and Ivie 1937:219—220, figures 35—36
(male), 34, 37—39 (female), new synonymy.

B. grandis. Exline 1938:19—20, figures 6, 23-24 (female).

B. grande, Roewer 1944:9.

Chorizomma californicum., Roewer 1944:11.

Yorima californica of Chamberlin and Ivie is not Simon’s
species but is a new one recently named Yorima angelica Roth.
The misidentification was probably due to the fact that Simon
described and illustrated only six eyes, apparently overlooking the
minute anterior median eyes.

178 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

Blabomma foxi Chamberlin and Ivie
Blabomma guttata Chamberlin and Ivie 1937:220—221, figures 41—42
(in part, male only).

Blabomma guttata Chamberlin and Ivie was based upon a
female holotype and a male allotype from Berkeley, California.
The latter specimen was found to be a misidentification after a
series of more than 40 specimens of both sexes of B. guttata
Chamberlin and Ivie were collected one mile west of Orinda in
Contra Costa County, California and a small series of both sexes
of B. foxi Chamberlin and Ivie were taken in the Berkeley Hills,
California. In addition, males and females of a third species near
B. foxi Chamberlin and Ivie confirm this placement of sexes.

CYBAEINAE

Cybaeus adenes Chamberlin and Ivie
Cybaeus adenes Chamberlin and Ivie 1932:24—25, figure 59 (female).

C. grizzlyi S'chenkel 1950:86—88, figure 32 (male), new synonymy.

C. adenoides Schenkel 1950:88—90, figure 33 (female), new synonymy.

A large series of male and female C. adenes Chamberlin and
Ivie have been taken by the author from Marin County and the
Berkeley Hills in California which includes the three type localities.
They all agree with one another and with Schenkel’s species.

Cybaeus blasbes Chamberlin and Ivie
Cybaeus blasbes Chamberlin and Ivie, 1932:22, figure 55.

Type locality should read North Fork (not Northfolk), Cali¬
fornia, Madera County.

Cybaeus cribelloides Chamberlin and Ivie
Cybaeus cribelloides Chamberlin and Ivie 1932:26, figure 62 (female).
C. consocius, Gertsch and Ivie 1936:22, figure 48 (male).

C. cribelloides Chamberlin and Ivie 1942:18, figures 45—46 (male).

Genus Cybaeina Chamberlin and Ivie, 1932
In a recent paper by Roth (1952) on Cybaeina, several errors
occurred: page 195 under the heading “Cybctenia confusa Cham¬
berlin and Ivie” the line should read “Figures 1, 3, 6”; page 197
under the heading “ Cybaeina sequoia Roth, new species” the line
should read “Figures 2, 4, 5”; and the measurements on page 201
are for females rather than males as indicated.

Literature Cited*

Banks, N.

1898. Arachnida from Baja California and other parts of Mexico. Proc.

Calif. Acad. Sci. (Zoology), series 3, 1 (7) :205—308.

* Not seen by author.

October, 1956]

ROTH-AGELENIDAE

179

Chamberlin, R. V. and Wilton Ivie

1932. North American spiders of the genera Cybaeus and Cybaeina.
Bull. Univ. Utah, 23(2) : 1—<43.

1935. Miscellaneous new American spiders. Bull. Univ. Utah, 26(4):
1-79.

1937. New spiders of the family Agelenidae from western North
America. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 30(2) :211—241.

1941. North American Agelenidae of the genera Agelenopsis, Calilena,
Ritalena and Tortolena. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 34(3) :585—628.

1942. A hundred new species of American spiders. Bull. Univ. Utah,
32(13) : 1-117.

Crosby, C. R.

1926. Some arachnids from the Carlsbad Cave of New Mexico. Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash., 28(1) :1—5.

Exline, H.

1936. New and little known species of Tegenaria (Araneida: Agelen¬
idae). Psyche 43(1) :21—26.

1938. The Araneida of Washington: Agelenidae and Hahniidae. Univ.
Wash. Pub. Biol., 9(1) :1—44.

Fox, I.

1937. Notes on North American Agelenid spiders. Canad. Ent., 69:174—
177.

Gertsch, W. J. and Wilton Ivie

1936. Descriptions of New American spiders. Amer. Mus. Novitates,
858:1-25.

Koch, C. L.

1841. *Die Arachniden, Nurnberg 8:1—131.

1843. *Die Arachniden, Nurnberg 10:1—142.

Koch, C. L. and G. C. Berendt

1854. Die im Bernstein befindlichen Crustaceen, Myriapoden, Arachni¬
den und Apteren der Yorwelt (pages 19—94) in Berent, G. C.,
Die im Berstein befindlichen Organischen Reste de Vorwelt,
Berlin 1(2) : 1—124.

Picicard-Cambridge, F. 0.

1902. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Zoologia. London 2:1—CIO.

Roewer, C. Fr.

1944. Katalog de Araneae Bremen, 2:1—160.

Roth, Vincent D.

1952. Notes and a new species in Cybaeina (Arachnida: Agelenidae).
Pan-Pac. Ent., 42 (9) : 195-201.

1952. A review of the genus Tegenaria in North America (Arachnida:
Agelenidae). Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 42(9) :283-288.

Schenkel, E.

1950. Spinnentiere aus dem westlichen Nordamerika. Part I. Verhand-
Natur. Ges. Basel, 61:28—92.

180

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

Simon, E.

1875. Les Arachnides de France. Paris. 2:1—350.

1895. Descriptions de quelques Arachnides de Basse-Californie faisant
partie de collections du Dr. Geo. Marx. Bull. Soc. Ent. France,
20:134-137.

1898. Histoire naturelle de Araignees. 2(2) : 193—380.

SCOLIA PUPAE COLLECTED FROM THE LODGES OF
WOOD-RATS IN ARIZONA

(Hymenoptera: Scoliidae)

Raymond E. Rycicman

Department of Entomology, School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine,
College of Medical Evangelists, Loma Linda, California

On April 14, 1952 the author, assisted by K. Y. Arakawa, was
collecting triatominae from the lodges of Neotoma 20 miles south
of Mesa, Pinal County, Arizona. In this particular habitat the
wood-rats build their nests under and between large boulders.
Two hymenopterous pupae were collected from the nest material
raked out from under a large overhanging boulder. The specimens
were reared out in the laboratory and pinned with the pupal cases.
P. D. Hurd has identified the specimens as Scolia otomita Saussure,
1858. Coleopterous larvae are commonly found in the large
amount of debris which makes up a wood-rat lodge.

The limited information available indicates that these Scoliidae
are parasitic on beetles of the family Scarabaeidae. This is the
first association of Scolia otomita with its breeding site. The
literature on the biology of Scoliidae has been reviewed by Hurd
(1952). It is suggested that collectors interested in the hosts of
Scolia examine coleopterous larvae in the debris of wood-rat
lodges.

Literature Cited

Hurd, Paul D.

1952. The Scoliidae of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv., 1(6): 141—
147.

October, 1956] ritcher & beer—pleocoma

181

NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF PLEOCOMA DUBITALIS

DUBITALIS DAVIS 1

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Paul 0. Ritcher and Frank M. Beer
Oregon State College, Corvallis

Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis Davis is a common, widely distri¬
buted rain beetle occurring in the northwestern part of Oregon.
Linsley (1938) in his distribution summary lists the subspecies
from Washington County (Dilley, Forest Grove) ; Marion County
(Salem); and Benton County (Corvallis). Linsley (1941) also
records it from Yamhill County (McMinnville).

In general, this subspecies occurs in many localities on the
slopes of the east side of the Coastal Range, a few isolated localities
in the Willamette Valley, and to a limited extent on the west slopes
of the Cascade Mountains southeast of Salem. In the Coastal
Range, colonies have been found from about five miles southwest of
Philomath, Oregon (Benton County) to the vicinity of Forest
Grove (Washington County). The subspecies has not been found
on the west side of the Coastal Range. In the Willamette Valley,
colonies occur in the vicinities of Salem, Scio and Sublimity.

Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis is found associated with douglas
fir, usually in old growth timber. Coast Range colonies are at
elevations of 600 to 1200 feet above sea level. Colonies in the
Willamette Valley with which we are familiar occur at elevations
between 300 and 400 feet.

Adult activity. Male flight usually occurs during October and
November after fairly heavy fall rains. Flight occurs in the rain
or when the air is saturated with moisture. Flight is heaviest during
the early morning hours, shortly after dawn, but males have also
been observed flying in small numbers at various times during the
day. (10:00—11:40 a.m., 2:05 p.m.)

In 1954 flight began October 16 (Forest Grove) and continued,
when conditions were favorable, through the second week in
November. The largest flight observed took place on November 5
when 75 males were taken between 6:53 and 7:40 a.m. in Mac¬
Donald Forest, five miles northwest of Corvallis. During this time
a gentle rain was falling and the temperature was 51° F.

Males in flight skim along about 4 to 12 inches above the
ground. They can be knocked down with the hand but are best

1 Financed, in part, by a Grant from Genera) Research Funds, Oregon State College.

182

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

taken by net since when disturbed they fly erratically and often
escape by soaring 20 or more feet into the air. Their widespread
distribution throughout the woods during flight indicates that the
female burrows are not confined to paths and roadways as is
sometimes assumed.

Eleven trips were made between October 12 and November 19,
1954 to observe the activity of Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis and
several hundred burrows were examined. Observations were made
at six different sites in MacDonald Forest and at one site south¬
west of Philomath.

A few female burrows were found along woodland trails on
October 21, 1954, one day after flight began, but none of the
females (4) had yet been found by males. Unmated females are
usually found from two to six inches deep in the soil in a vertical
position, with their heads pointed straight down. In most cases
the female burrow is open to a depth of one or two inches but
there is always pulverized soil above the female, through which
the male must dig. Burrows, below the females, are almost always
packed with pulverized soil.

Between October 22 and November 7, 1954, nine burrows were
found in which males were digging down to females. Often two
or three males were attracted to the same burrow. On October 24
and again on November 9, after most of the flight was over, several
females were observed, in burrows, which had apparently not
been found by males.

In 1955, the earliest record of flight was October 3 when
Kenneth Fender reported seeing five males in flight at McMinn¬
ville, Oregon. At MacDonald Forest, northwest of Corvallis, the
flight period began shortly before October 8 and continued through
November 4.

Oviposition. Egg laying habits have been observed both in the
field and in a temperature cabinet simulating field conditions. It
was found that Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis has egg laying habits
similar to those of Pleocoma behrensi Le Conte as observed by
J. W. MacSwain of the University of California (personal com¬
munication) and similar to those of Pleocoma crinita Linsley
(Ritcher and Olney, 1953).

Soon after mating in October and November of 1954, females
of Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis burrowed down vertically in the
soil. In 1955, in a temperature cabinet which simulated soil temper-

October, 1956] ritcher & beer—pleocoma

183

atures, these same females began laying eggs in late May or
early June. Egg laying was still in progress on June 18, 1955.

On July 23, 1954, a live female with her “nest” of eggs was
dug from the soil beneath a woodland path in MacDonald Forest.
This female was 11.5 inches deep, in a horizontal position, and
in the soil beneath her, between 12 and 17.5 inches in depth, were
50 eggs. These eggs had been laid individually, beginning at the
bottom of the burrow, spiral fashion, with a vertical core of
pulverized soil.

Eggs are dull white in color and ellipsoidal in shape. As they
become older they increase in size and become almost spherical.
Ten eggs from one to three days old ranged from 3.9 to 5.1 mm.
in length and 2.7 to 3.5 mm. in width. The chorion is so tough
that eggs can be dropped on a wooden floor without apparent
injury.

Eggs found in 1954 were kept at a constant temperature of
60° F. which approximated that of the soil where they were found.
Hatching (24 eggs) occurred from August 28 to September 8.

In 1955 seven pairs of beetles, obtained during the 1954 flight,
were used for oviposition studies in a temperature cabinet simula¬
ting soil temperatures. Three females left undisturbed in quart
mason jars of packed sifted soil laid 59, 47 and 14 eggs respec¬
tively (a fourth died early in the spring). Three females moved
to 3-ounce salve boxes and disturbed frequently to get oviposition
records, laid 10, 7 and 8 eggs respectively. Total egg capacity
for five females was 59, 61, 51, 33, and 53 eggs.

Eggs were laid from May 25 through June 18 in the temper¬
ature cabinet. Eggs hatched between September 1 and September
24 at a temperature ranging between 56 and 58° F. The length
of the egg stage for 13 eggs of known age ranged from 83 to 95
days.

Habits of larvae. Nothing at all is known about the feeding
habits of Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis larvae even though the
species is found associated with douglas fir. Larvae which appear
to be full grown, or nearly so, are frequently encountered in forest
soils at rather shallow depths (2.5 to 15.5 inches deep). One
small larva was found at a depth of 43 inches.

Pupation. So far, four pupation records have been secured, all
from MacDonald Forest about five miles northwest of Corvallis, at
a site having an elevation of approximately 1100 feet. On October

184

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXII, No. 4

1, 1952, the writers found an adult male in a pupal cell, beneath
a woodland path, at a depth of five inches. On July 22, 1954, three
pupae, two males and one female, were found in the same area
at depths of 7, 9.5, and 7.5 inches respectively. One male pupa
became an adult September 5, 1954.

Literature Cited

Linsley, E. G.

1938. Notes on habits, distribution, and status of some species of
Pleocoma. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae.) Pan-Pacific Ent. 14 (2)
49-58 and (3) :97-104.

Linsley, E. G.

1941. Additional observations and descriptions of some species of
Pleocoma (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae.) Pan-Pacific Ent. 14 (2)
145-152.

Ritcher, P. 0. and Vernon Olney

1953. White grubs as apple tree pests in the Hood River Valley. Oregon
State Hort. Soc. Rept. 45:41—42.

A BETHYLID PARASITE OF CONE BEETLES

(Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Herbert Ruckes, Jr7

University of California, Berkeley

The only record of a Bethylid parasite on Scolytidae, accord¬
ing to Chamberlin (1939) is a report by Hopkins (1899) that
the genus Pityophthorus, family Scolytidae, was parasitized by
Cephcdonomia hyalinipennis Ashm.

During a study of the Scolytidae infesting the pine cones of
California, eleven adults of Cephalonomia utahensis Brues 1 2 were
collected from sugar pine cones infested ivith Conophthorus
lambertianae Hopk. and ponderosa pine cones infested with
Conophthorus ponderosae Hopk. Upon dissection of the cones,
cocoons of the wasp were found on cone bracts where Conoph¬
thorus had been working and the head capsules of Conophthorus
larvae were enmeshed in the fibers of the cocoons. In one
instance a pupa of Cephcdonomia utahensis was found in a cocoon,
fig. 1. The number of cocoons found in association with individual

1 Studies of the cone and seed insect problems in the California pine region made possible
by a grant from the Gilbert M. Walker Trust.

2 Determined by H. E. Evans, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

October, 1956] ruckes—bethylid parasite

185

Fig. 1. Cocoons and pupa of Cephalonomia utahensis Braes in associ¬
ation with head capsule of Conophthorus lambertianae Hopk.

host head capsules ranged from 1 to 8. A dead C. lambertianae
larva was found in a cone and there were six larvae attached
externally to it. The parasite larvae were erratically arranged on
the host; two on the thorax and the other four on the abdomen.
It was assumed that these were the larvae of C. utahensis, as in
other reported cases of Bethylid parasitism the larvae were ecto-
parasitic on the hosts.

The sugar pine cones containing C. utahensis were collected
from Bucks Lake, Plumas County and Speckerman Mountain,
Madera County. The ponderosa pine cones containing C. utahensis
were collected from Trinity Center, Trinity County, Viola, Shasta
County, Middletown, Lake County, and Figeroa Mountain, Santa
Barbara County. All these points of collection are in California.

Literature Cited

Chamberlin, W. J.

1939. The bark and timber beetles of North America. OSC Coop.
Assoc., Corvallis, Oregon.

Hopkins, A. D.

1899. Preliminary report on the insect enemies of the forests of the
Northwest. U.S.D.A. Div. Ent. Bui. 21, N.S.

186

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: NOTICE OF PROPOSED
USE OF THE PLENARY POWERS IN CERTAIN CASES
FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF CONFUSION AND THE VAL¬
IDATION OF CURRENT NOMENCLATORIAL PRACTICE
(A. [n.s.] 30).

Notice is hereby given that the possible use by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers is
involved in applications relating to the under-mentioned names
included in Part 6 and Double-Part % of Volume 12 of the Bulletin
of Zoological Nomenclature , both of which Parts will be published
on 24th August 1956:

(a) Applications in Part 6 of Volume 12

1. Campsicnemus Haliday, 1851, validation of (Class Insecta, Order Diptera)
(Z.N.[S] 1080).

Any specialist who may desire to comment on the foregoing
application is invited to do so in writing to the Secretary to the
International Commission (Address: 28 Park Village East,Regent’s
Park, London, N. W. 1, England) as soon as possible. Every such
comment should be clearly marked with the Commission’s File
Number as given in the present Notice. Francis Hemming, Secre¬
tary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

SOME SOUTH AMERICAN APHIDS FROM PARAGUAY

(Homoptera: Aphidae)

E. 0. Essig

University of California, Berkeley

Aphids collected at the Experiment Station, Chaco, Paraguay,
February 22 to September 5, 1955 by J. L. Nickel.

1. Brown citrus aphid, Aphis citricidus Kirkaldy, on Kumquat, Caaupe,
Feb. 22, 1956, six small apterous specimens.

2. Melon or cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, on cotton, Dec. 19, 1955,
ten specimens—aptera and alates.

3. Cowpea aphid, Aphis medicaginis Koch, on Sesbania, September 26,
1955. Five small immature specimens.

4. Oleander aphid, Cerosipha nerii (B.d.F.) on oleander, August 28, 1955.
One alate, five immature and apterae.

5. Corn or maize aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), on Sudan grass,
September 26, 1955. Two slides, 14 apterae.

6. Turnip aphid, Rhopalosipham pseudobrassicae (Davis), on turnip, Sep¬
tember 26, 1955. Two slides, 10 apterae and two alates.

7. Paraguayan wild lettuce aphid, Macrosphum nickeli n. sp. A large dark
species.

October, 1956] essig—Paraguayan aphids

187

Macrosiphum nickeli Essig, new species
The Paraguayian Wild Lettuce Aphid
Type: Experiment Station, Chaco, Paraguay, Alate parthenogenetic
female: Appears to be dark reddish-brown with black or very dark markings
on the head, thorax and appendages. The body spines are short and variously
enlarged apically. The antennae are long and slender with 10 to 13 or more
sensoria on segment III of the aptera and 40 to 43 on the alatae. The
cornicles are rather long and slender being also straight or outwardly curved
and with fine reticulations on the apical l/5th. The length slightly exceeds
that of antennal segment III. The rostrum is long and slender and extends
slightly beyond the hind coxae. Segment III is considerably narrower than
IV; both bear more hairs than usual.

The Apterae are much the same as the alatae in general aspects.
The antennae have 11 to 23 sensoria on segment III and the reticm
lations on the cornicles are more pronounced than those of the
alatae and are often curved. The body hairs are pointed or slightly
capitate and the integument densely lined with fine striae and
bears a considerable number of short blunt and pointed setae and
hairs. The rostrum is relatively slender and short and extends just
beyond the second coxae.

The types are in the collection of the author.

Fig. 1. The Paraguayan wild lettuce aphid, Macrosiphum nickeli Essig.
1, rostrum; 2, cauda; 3, cornicle and enlarged apical portion; 4, terminal
antennal segment; 5, antennal segment III of the alate showing sensoria;
6, same for that segment of the apterae; 7, wings; 8, the apical reticulated
portion of the antennae. All greatly enlarged.

188

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

A NEW RECORD OF THE TICK HAEMAPHYSALIS
CHORDEILIS (PACKARD) IN CALIFORNIA
Stanley J. Carpenter 1

While collecting ticks with a drag cloth at Fort Barry, Cali¬
fornia on January 9, 1952, a single male specimen of Haerna-
physalis chordeilis (Packard) was captured. The specimen was
identified by Dr. Glen M. Kohls of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory,
U.s. Public Health Service, Hamilton, Montana. It appears to be
a new record for the Pacific Coast states.

The known distribution of Haemaphysalis chordeilis, as given
by Cooley (1946) 2 , includes the eastern and southern United
States, west to Texas and Montana and southern Canada, west
to British Columbia. The preferred hosts are said to be ground
birds but it is occasionally found on mammals including man.

The above collection was made on a hill at Fort Barry at an
elevation of approximately 275 feet, overlooking the Golden
Gate. The predominant vegetation of the area consists of the
grass, Elymus triticoides Buckl., and the shrub Baccharis pilularis
DC. The collection was made between 9:00 and 11:00 a.m.
following near freezing night temperature. The day was lightly
overcast, allowing intermittent sunshine.

1 Colonel, MSC, Formerly Chief Entomology Branch, Sixth Army Medical Laboratory, Fort
Baker, California.

2 Cooley, R. A. 1946. The Genus Boophilus, Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis (Ixodidae)
of the New World. Bui. 187, National Institute of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, 54 pp.

BOOK NOTICE

AQUATIC INSECTS OF CALIFORNIA with keys to North
American genera and California species—Edited by Robert
L. USINGER.

This field manual and text provides a general introduction to aquatic
entomology and detailed treatments of the biology and classification of each
group of aquatic insects. Heretofore, detailed information on aquatic insects
has been scattered through periodicals; this volume offers the first oppor¬
tunity for students of entomology, wildlife, and related fields to become easily
acquainted with contemporary work in this area.

The introduction, written from the ecological point of view, presents the
basic concepts of limnology as they apply to insects; the various aquatic
habitats of California are described and original classifications are proposed
for the streams and lakes of the state. The introduction also deals with the
applied aspects of aquatic entomology as they affect mosquito control,
irrigation, pollution, pond and game fish culture, and stream and lake
management.

October, 1956]

INDEX TO VOLUME XXXII

189

Acarina, 93, 127, 167, 189
Achorutes, 18

Acroaspidia myrmicoides, 127
Adephaga, 138
Agelenidae, 175
Agelenopsis aperta, 176
gertschi, 176
Agromyzidae, 11
Alaocephala, 67
Alaocyba, 67

Alaocybites, 55, californica, 57
rothi, 58

Alexander, craneflies, 123
Amber, 51

Andrena (Onagrandrena), 111
Andrenidae, 111
Anthocoris, 47, confusus, 47
nemorum, 47
Anthophora, 166
Anthophora occidentalis, 45
Anthopboridae, 1, 45, 82, 90, 166
Anurophorus, 19
Aonidiella aurantii, 126
Apanteles caberatae, 26
Aphelinidae, 127
Aphelinoidea sp. “M”, 126
sp. “0”, 126
sp. “S”, 126
Aphelinus semiflavus, 126
toxopteraphidis, 126
Aphididae, 126, 186
Aphidius, 126
Aphis citricidus, 186
gossypii, 186
medicaginis, 186
Aphytis immaculatus, 126, 127
Aplastus peninsularis, 21
piceus, 24

Apoidea, 1, 28, 45, 82, 90, 111,
122, 129
Arachnida, 175
Arnaud, Drapetis, 80
Arnaud & Hoyt, Diadocidia, 87
Aspidiotus lantaniae, 126
Asseclamyia, 108, sphenofrons,
109

Barber, Leptocoris, 9
Beal, Osmia parasites, 166
Bechtel, Plastoceridae, 21
Bethylidae, 184
Blabomma californica, 177
foxi, 177
grandis, 177
guttata, 178

Bohart & Powell, Eucerceris, 143
Bohart & Schlinger, Oxybelus
species, 147
Oxybelus catalog, 157

Book notices & reviews, 24, 28,
35, 86, 92, 102, 127, 138, 174
Boreidae, 81

Boreus californicus fuscus, 81
Bothriocraera bicolor, 125
sp., 125

Braconidae, 25, 125, 126
Brevipalpus lewisi, 93
Brumus suturalis, 127
Calymmaria californica, 177
Calyptrosomus, 105
dapsilis, 105

Calilena restricta dixiana, 177
multiformis, 177
umatilla, 177
Calosoma (Callitropa)
fernquisti, 140
Campsicnemus, 186
Carabidae, 54

Carpenter, Haemaphysalis, 188
Centris, 1 (Key, 2)

Cephalonomia utahensis, 184
Cerosipha nerii, 186
Chelostomoides, 129
Chilomenes sexmaculata, 126
Cicadellidae, 126
Circulifer, 45, tenellus, 46, 126
Clausen, parasite and predator
releases, 125
Clypeodytes, 141
Coccidae, 126
Coccinellidae, 127
Coccus hesperidum, 126
Coleoptera, 19, 21, 30, 32, 51, 54,
55, 83, 125, 128, 138, 143,
145, 166, 181

Conophthorus lambertianae, 184
ponderosae, 184
Collembola, 18
Coreidae, 9
Corixidae, 53
Cottle obituary, 19, 142
Craig, Book review, 86
Crenophilus, 19, aeneus, 19
Curculionidae, 55, 143
Cybaeina confusa, 178
sequoia, 178
Cybaeus adenes, 178
adenoides, 178
blasbes, 178
cribelloides, 178
grizzly i, 178
Dacerla, 44

Denning, Trichoptera, 73
Diadasia mexicana, 90
vestita, 91

Diadocidia stanfordensis, 87
Diaspididae, 126

* New names in bold face, synonyms and homonyms in italics.

190

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. XXXII, No. 4

Diptera, 11, 39, 51, 87, 103, 123
125, 186

Doliopygus malkini, 34
ugandae, 35
Drapetis trichura, 80
Durham, amber, 51
Dyslobus lecontei, 143
segnis, 143
sp., 144

Dysticheus rotundicollis, 143
Eoparargyractis, 110
floridalis, 110
irroratalis, 110
plevie, 110
Embiophila, 52
Empimorpha geneatis, 51
Eremochrysa, 49
Eriophyidae, 127
Erratum, 101

Essig, Paraguayan Aphids, 186
Eucerceris flavocincta, 143
ruficeps, 143
superba, 143
Eulaema, 1
Euphyto rixosa, 103
Euplectrus plathypenae, 126
Euthysanius cribricollis, 24
Formicidae, 36
Fossils, Insect, 51, 140
Frick, Liriomyza pusilla, 11
Furman, Book review, 28
Geometridae, 25
Gilbert, weevils, 55, 101
Gressitt, Book review, 92
Haemaphysalis chordeilis, 188
Haltichella sp., 125
Hedychrum nigropilosum, 144
Hemiptera (Heteroptera), 9, 53
Heterosternus, 141
Hemisia, see Centris
Hockeria rubra, 125
Hololena furcata, 177
Holcopasites arizonicus, 82
calliopsidis, 82
robertsoni, 82
Homoptera, 126, 186
Horogenes molestae, 125
sp.125

Hurd, Xylocopa rufina, 28
Hydrophilus aeneus, 19
Hylocurus tresmariae, 32
Hymenoptera, 1, 25, 28, 36, 82,
90, 95, 111, 122, 125, 129,
143, 147, 157, 166, 180, 181
Hyperaspis globosa, 126
Hypogastrura, 18
Ichneumonidae, 125, 126
Incamyia chilensis, 126
Lange, Eoparargyractis, 110

Lattin, Boreus californicus
fuscus, 81

Lee, Trichocorixa calva, 53
Leach, James Edward Cottle,

19,142

Leech, recent literature, 35, 174
book review, 138
Lepidosaphes beckii, 127
Lepidoptera, 25, 110, 126
Lepisma, 101
Lepismatidae, 101
Leptocoris rubrolineatus, 9
trivittatus, 9

Linsley, Oregon Pleocoma, 128
Pleocoma crinita, 145
Linsley & MacSwain,
Onagrandrena, 111
Linsley, MacSwain & Smith,
Mexican Holcopasites, 82
Liriomyza complex, 11
Lymaenon sp. “E”, 126
sp. “Y”, 126
Machlotes, 43
Macrosiphum nickeli, 187
MacSwain & Garner, Millepede¬
feeding Carabids, 54
Mecoptera, 81
Megachile frigida, 95
inermis, 95

Megachile (Chelostomoides),
129, (Key), 134
duplexa, 131
texensis, 132, 135
tucsonensis, 133, 134
Megachilidae, 95, 122, 129, 166
Melandrena, 111
Meloidae, 166
Metaphycus sp. “C”, 126
Meteorus tersus, 25
Metrius contractus, 54
Michelbacher, false spider mite,
93

Middlekauff, Book review, 102
Millipedes, 54
Mipseltyrus parki, 83
mirus, 84

Mitchell, Megachile

(Chelostomoides), 129
Muesebeck, braconid parasites,
25

Muscoidea, 103
Myelois venipars, 126
Mycetophilidae, 87
Neanura, 18
Noctuidae, 126
Nomadopsis, 44
Nomius pygaeus, 141
Oligosita sp. “E”, 126
Onagrandrena, 111
Ophyrastes sulcirostris, 143

October, 1956]

INDEX TO VOLUME XXXII

191

Osmia coloradensis, 122
lignaria propinqua, 166
Oxybelus, 157
abdominale, 158
acutus, 158
albomaculata, 158
albosignatus, 158
americana, 158
anale, 158
apicatus, 158
argentarius, 158
argenteopilosum, 158
argypheum, 158
aztecum, 158
bipunctatum, 158
brodiei, 158
bugabense, 158
californicum, 147, 159
calligaster , 159
canalis, 149, 159
carolinus, 159
cochise, 159
cockerelli, 159
cocopa, 159
coloradensis, 159
cornutum, 159
crandalli, 154, 159
cressonii, 159
crocatum, 164
decorosum, 159
dejectus, 159
delicatus, 159
denverensis, 159
dilutus, 159
emarginatum, 160
exclamans, 160
fastigatus, 160
floridanus, 160
fossor, 160
frontale, 161
fulvipes, 161
glenensis, 161
heterolepis, 161
hirsutus, 161
hurdi, 154, 161
impatiens, 161
incisura, 161
inornatum, 161
intermedium, 161
krombeini, 149, 161
laetum, 161
laetum fulvipes, 161
laevigatus, 161
linsleyi, 151,161
longispina, 161
macswaini, 153, 161
majus, 161
manni, 161
mexicanum, 161
minor, 162

montanus, 162
mottensis, 162
mucronatus, 162
nigrum, 162
nigroaeneus, 162
pacifica, 162
packardi, 162
packardii, 162
paenemarginatum, 162
paracochise, 162
parvus, 162
pectorosus, 163
pitanta, 163
polygoni, 163
puente, 163
punctatus, 163
pyrura, 163
quadricolor, 163
quadrinotatus, 163
rancocas, 163
rejectum, 163
robertsonii, 163
sericeum, 163
sericeum crocatum, 164
simile, 164
sparideum, 164
striatifrons, 164
striatus, 164
subcornutum, 164
subulatum, 164
taenigaster, 165
texanus, 165
timberlakei, 150, 165
townsendi, 165
trifidus, 165
umbrosus, 165
unicus, 165

uniglumis quadrinotatum, 165
uniglumis uniglumis, 165
ventrale, 165
xerophilum, 154, 166
Pacific Coast Ent. Soc., Field
trip, 48

Proceedings, 43
Palaeopsylla daea, 156
Paraneonyssys, 167, icteridius,
167, 168

Patroboidea rufa, 140
Pechuman, Tabanus dietrichi, 39
Pedicia (Tricyphona) hannai
antennata, 124
hannai, 124
Peleteria aclista, 109
Penthemisia, 4, 5
Pentilia sp. nr. nigella, 126
sp., 126

Phanoptera quadripuncta, 44
Phanerotoma dentata, 126
Philopotamidae, 73

192

THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VoL. XXXII, No. 4

Phorocera arnaudi, 106
clunalis, 107
Phryxe tolucana, 104
Phytoptipalpidae, 93
Planococcus citri, 127
Plastocerinae, 21
Pleocoma minor, 128, 146
crinita, 128, 145
dubitalis, 128, 146,181
Polycentropus clinei, 79
arizonensis, 80
smithi, 80

Praon palitans, 126
Prionocera gracilistyla, 123
Promecognathus laevissimus, 54
Prospaltella sp. nr. elongata, 127
Pselaphidae, 83
Pseudaphycus perdignus, 125
sp., 125

Pseudoscutopterus, 141
Psychomyiidae, 73
Ptilonyssus, 167
Pyralidae, 110, 126
Raymondionyminae, 55
Raymondionymus, 60, 67
caecus, 66
heiferi, 65
schusteri, 60

Reinhard, muscoid diptera, 103
Rhantus, 141
Rhinonyssidae, 167
Rhopalosiphum maidis, 186
pseudobrassicae, 186
Rhyacophila acropedes, 73
chandleri, 74
inculta, 74
lineata, 75
pichaca, 75
vao, 74
wallowa, 73
Rhyacophilidae, 73
Ritcher & Beer, Pleocoma
dubitalis, 181
Ross, Book review, 127
Roth, Agelenidae, 175
Rualena balboae, 177
Ruckes, pine cone bee, 122
cone beetle parasite, 184
Ryckman, Scolia pupae, 180
Saissetia oleae, 126
Sapyga emarginata, 166
angustata, 166
Scarabaeidae, 128, 145, 181
Schedl, Scolytoidea, 30, 32
Schuster, Mipseltyrus, 83
Scolia otomita, 180
Scoliidae, 180
Scolytoidea, 30, 32
Siphonaptera, 156
Sitona calif ornicus, 143

Smith, Veromessor, 36
Snelling, Calif. Centris, 1
Sphecidae, 143, 147, 157
Spilicornis picticornis, 126
Stephen, Megachile biology, 95
Stethorus punctillum, 127
sp., 127

Strandtmann & Furman, nasal
mites, 167
Tabanidae, 39
Tabanus dietrichi, 39
Tachinidae, 103
Tegenaria, 175
Tetranychidae, 127
Therioaphis maculata, 50, 126
Thysanura, 101
Timberlake, Diadasia, 90
Tinodes belisa, 78
cascadia, 76, 78
consueta, 78
parvula, 78
provo, 78
signodana, 78
siskiyou, 78
Tipulidae, 123
Trichocentris, 4
Trichoptera, 73
Trichocorixa calva, 53
Tricrania stansburyi, 166
Trioxys utilis, 126
Typhlodromus floridanus, 127
Typhloglymna, 69
Veromessor, 36, andrei, 36
chamberlini, 37
lariversi, 37
lobognathus, 37
pergandei, 37

stoddardi chicoensis, 36, 37
stoddardi stoddardi, 37
Wasbauer, book review, 24
Wormaldia anilla, 79
arizonensis, 79
cruzensis, 79
gabriella, 79
hamata, 79
major, 79
moesta, 79
occidea, 79
pachita, 78
shawnee, 79
sisko, 79
strota, 79
thyria, 79

Xyleborus bostrichoides, 33
diglyptus, 33

Xylochilus, 30, insularis, 31
Xylocopa rufina, 28
Xystocheir francisca, 54
Zoological nomenclature, 18, 101,
156,186

Published by the

Pacific Coast Entomological Society
in cooperation with

The California Academy of Sciences

VOLUME THIRTY-TWO

19 5 6

EDITORIAL BOARD

P. D. HURD, JR., Editor
M. S. WASBAUER, Assistant Editor
HUGH B. LEECH
E. G. LINSLEY
E. S. ROSS
R. L. USINGER
R. C. MILLER, Treasurer
A. E. MICHELBACHER, Advertising

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
1956 1957

E. O. Essig, Chairman E. L. Kessel I

G. F. Ferris H. B. Leech E,

San Francisco, California

1958

R. Leech
G. Linsley

19 5 6

11

CONTENTS FOR VOLUME XXXII
Alexander, Charles P.

Two new crane-flies from Pt. Barrow, Alaska....123

Arnaud, P. H.

Drapetis trichura Melander in California... 80

Arnaud, Paul H. and Charles P. Hoyt

Description of a new species of Diadocidia from California 87
Barber, Harry G.

A new Leptocoris....... 9

Beal, R. S., Jr.

Insects found associated with Osmia lignaria propinqua

Cresson in a Colorado nesting site.....166

Bechtel, Robert C.

A new species of Aplastus from Lower California with

notes on other species of Plastocerinae__ 21

Bohart, R. M. and J. A. Powell

Observations on the nesting habits of Eucerceris flavocincta

Cresson.....143

Bohart, Richard M. and Evert I. Schlinger

New species of Oxybelus from western North America.147

An annotated synonymical list of North American Oxybelus 157
Carpenter, Stanley J.

A new record of the tick Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Pack¬
ard) in California.....188

Clausen, C. P.

Releases of recently imported insect parasites and preda¬
tors in California—1954-55..-..125

Craig, R.

Book review: Radioisotopes in biology and agriculture. 86

Denning, D. G.

Several new species of western Trichoptera. 73

Durham, J. Wyatt

Insect bearing amber in Indonesia and the Philippine

Islands . 51

Essig, E. 0.

Some South American aphids from Paraguay.186

Frick, Kenneth E.

Nearctic species in the Liriomyza pusilla complex No. 1
Introduction . 11

Ill

Furman, Deane P.

Book review: Mosquitoes, their bionomics and relation
to disease... 28

Gilbert, Edward E.

The raymondionymine weevils of California, with a descip-
tion of a new genus, and several new species (see also
erratum, 101) .......... 55

Gressitt, J. Linsley

Book review. Island bibliographies—Micronesian Botany/

Land environment and ecology of coral atolls/vegetation
of tropical Pacific Islands....... 92

Hurd, Paul D., Jr.

Xylocopa rufina utilizing Mexican cedar timbers for nest¬
ing purposes . 28

Lange, W. H., Jr.

Designation of a type for the genus Eoparargyractis Lange 110
Lattin, John D.

The first California record of Boreus californicus fuscus
Carpenter . 81

Lee, Robert D. and Raymond E. Ryckman

First report of Trichocorixa calva (Say) from California 58

Leech, Hugh B.

Recent literature: The blowflies of California. The Car¬
penter bees of California. 35

Book review: The beetles of the northwest. Part I: Intro¬
duction and Adephaga... 138

Recent literature: Taxonomic appraisal and occurrence of
fleas at the Hastings Reservation in central California. The
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergrande) complex in Cali¬
fornia. A revision of the genus Pselaptrichus Brendel..174

Leach, E. R.

James Edward Cottle (1861-1953).19, 142

Linsley, E. Gorton

Pleocoma from the Hood River Valley, Oregon_128

Notes on Pleocoma crinita Linsley...145

Linsley, E. G., J. W. MacSwain and Ray F. Smith

Association of Holcopasites with Pseudopanurgus in Mexico 82

IV

Linsley, E. G. and J. W. MacSwain

Further notes on the taxonomy and biology of the andrenine

bees associated with the Oenothera.Ill

MacSwain, J. W. and W. V. Garner

Notes on two millipede-feeding carabids... 54

Michelbacher, A. E.

The false spider mite, Brevipalpus lewisi McGregor—a

potential pest of English walnut.... 93

Middlekauff, Woodrow W.

Book review: Crop protection....102

Mitchell, Theodore B.

Notes and descriptions in the megachilid subgenus Chelos-

tomoides ..129

Muesebeck, C. F. W.

Two new braconid parasites of the avocado looper.. 25

Pechuman, L. L.

An unusual new Tabanus from Arizona. 39

Reinhard, H. J.

New muscoid diptera mainly from California...103

Ritcher, Paul 0. and Frank M. Beer

Notes on the biology of Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis Davis 181
Ross, E. S.

Book review: The preservation of natural history specimens 127
Roth, Vincent D.

Taxonomic changes in the Agelenidae.....175

Ruckes, Herbert, Jr.

Notes on an osmiine bee nesting gallery in a pine cone.... 122

A bethylid parasite of cone beetles.184

Ryckman, Raymond E.

Scolia pupae collected from the lodges of wood-rats in

Arizona ...180

Schedl, Karl E.

Some bark and ambrosia beetles from the Tres Maria
Islands, Mexico, No. 143. Contribution to the morphology

and systematics of Scolytoidea..... 30

Fauna Aethiopica VIII. 144. Contribution to the morph¬
ology and systematics of the Scolytoidea.. 32

Schuster, Robert O.

Two new species of Mipseltyrus from California. 83

Smith, Marion R.

A key to the workers of Veromessor Forel of the United
States and the description of a new subspecies... 36

Snelling, Roy R.

Bees of the genus Centris in California. 1

Stephen, W. P.

Notes on the biologies of Megachile frigida Smith and
M. inermis Provancher. 95

Strandtmann, R. W. and Deane P. Furman

A new species of mite, Paraneonyssus icteridius, from the
nasal cavities of blackbirds.167

Timberlake, P. H.

Description of two new species of Diadasia from North

America .. 90

Wasbauer, Marius S.

Book review: Freaks and marvels of insect life. 24

MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME XXXII

No. 1 March 14, 1956
No. 2 May 9, 1956
No. 3 August 14, 1956
No. 4 November 7, 1956

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/REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPAL

CITIES

IV

MAIATHION

IS

news!

In 1956, new uses for malathion will undoubtedly be
added to the already impressive list of over 80 uses on
45 crops. Research work across the country shows highly
promising results for malathion in new uses on fruits and
vegetables . . . also in the control of

• mosquitoes

• Household pests

• parasites on cattle, sheep, hogs,
poultry and pets

• stored grain pests

For complete, up-to-date information write to
the developers —

AMERICAN CYANAM0D COMPANY

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS DIVISION
30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y.

DEVELOPERS AND PRODUCERS OF MALATHION AND PARATHION TECHNICAL

V

. . . but ours do

Insects drill, chew and shred crops according to the
tools they carry. Their techniques never change.
The ways which farmers fight these insects, how¬
ever, are constantly improving . . . largely through
chemistry. Today, better weed killers, insecticides
and fungicides help reduce crop losses. Tomorrow,
chemical research promises us even more efficient
control of crop destroyers.

tuted urea herbicides, with their practically season-
long weed control, will be a boon to farmers grow¬
ing asparagus, sugar cane and certain other crops.
One of the very few insecticides approved for use
on dairy cows is methoxychlor, a Du Pont dis¬
covery. Control of the major diseases of tomatoes
is now possible with the newest addition to the list
of Du Pont carbamate fungicides . . . Manzate®.

Diseases, weeds and insects lurk on every farm.
Du Pont scientists are constantly looking for better
ways to stop them. Control of weeds with substi¬

The goal of Du Pont research is chemicals such
as these .. . products to increase your opportunities
for growth and success in agriculture.

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.)

Grasselli Chemicals Department, Wilmington, Delaware

*£« u.s. *AT Off

BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER II V I N G . . . T H » O U G H CHEMISTRY

VI

saves precious shrubs, flowers and
ornamentals from destructive mites

KELTHANE, the new miticide from Rohm & Haas, now offers improved
mite control of both nursery and greenhouse plantings.

KELTHANE IS EFFECTIVE. Even mites resistant to present insecticides and
fumigants can now be effectively controlled with this new miticide.
Kelthane controls red spider mites, cyclamen mites, and several other
species which infest roses and ornamental plants.

KELTHANE IS SAFE. When used according to directions, Kelthane liquid
concentrate can be applied with a good margin of safety on plants, buds
and flowers . . . and without harming humans and animals. What’s more,
the natural beauty of every planting is preserved since there is no visible
residue. Kelthane wettable powder is suggested for use on the more
sensitive varieties.

KELTHANE IS EASY TO USE. It mixes readily with water and forms stable
emulsions. Its long-lasting residual action cuts down applications—one
spraying lasts for several weeks. Commonly used insecticides and fungicides
can be added to the same spray.

Chemicals for Agriculture

ROHM £ HAAS

COMPANY

WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA 5, PA.

Representatives in principal foreign countries

SEND TODAY FOR
MORE INFORMATION

Kelthane is a trade¬
mark of the Rohm & Haas
Company, Phila. 5, Pa.

Vll

MULTI-FILM "L"

"L" STANDS FOR LIQUID

A SPREADER and DEPOSIT BUILDER
that really WETS and still DEPOSITS

MULTI-FILM "L" ADDS A PLUS VALUE
TO NEW ORGANIC PESTICIDES

Colloidal Products Corporation

ESTABLISHED 1920

2598 TAYLOR STREET • SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

Manufacturers of Spreaders - Deposit Builders for Agricultural Sprays

THERE’S AN

Eston Insecticide

for every farm need ...

—^ a a

ALKRON®

parathion formulations

ARATRONf

new miticide containing
aramite

BROMOFUME©

EDB soil fumigants

ESTONMITE®

miticide-ovicide

ESTONATE®

50% DDT liquids and
powders

ESTONOXf

toxophene formulations

MALAPHOSf

malathon formulations

METHYL BROMIDE

space fumigant

TETRON®

TEPP formulations

ALDRIN & DIELDRIN

liquid and dry formulations

TUMBLE-WEEDf

non-selective herbicides

tTrade Mark A . P . bC . C .

SALES REPRESENTATIVES IN ALL MAJOR AGRICULTURAL AREAS

American Potash & Chemical Corporation

ESTON CHEMICALS DIVISION

3100 EAST 26TH STREET, LOS ANGELES 23, CALIFORNIA

Vlll

Now available \

VAPAM

Stauffer’s Sensational Soil Fumigant

You read all about it in the JujjFissue of
Sunset—now this great newjfbon to home
gardeners is a vai IdfeW frt : ga 11 on
containers at lecuping garden supply
dealers throughout the West! VAPAM
is reasonably priced ... is simple
to apply . . . normally permits
replanting in two weeks!

WEEDS • FUNGI • NEMATODES

SOIL PESTS

STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY

SAN FRANCISCO

LOS ANGELES

NORTH PORTLAND

IX

DIAMOND BLACK LEAF
COMPANY

formerly

TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORP.

(The World's Largest Manufacturers of
Nicotine Products)

BLACK LEAF 40
The Standard for Generations

for

Control of Many Insects

It Is Easy on Friendly and
Beneficial Insects

Other BLACK LEAF Products Include
A Full Line of Agricultural Chemicals
and Concentrates

★

SAN JOSE OFFICE: 1336 Boyshore Highway
P. O. Box 817 San Jose, California

X

agricultural chemicals

. . . have made a pathway to higher profits through
increased crop yield and higher quality.

Through experience . . . through research . . . through
chemical progress . . . through quality control, PENNSALT
products have won the confidence and have been a
constant friend of agriculture. With PENCO brand prod¬
ucts you are sure of quality—sure of prompt delivery
and sure of a constant supply. See your nearby PENCO
supplier now.

PENNSYLVANIA SALT
MANUFACTURING COMPANY
OF WASHINGTON

Tacoma, Washington

Aurora, III. • Portland, Ore. • Bryan, Tex.
Montgomery, Ala. • Los Angeles, Calif.
Berkeley, Calif. • Philadelphia, Pa.

u

Penn salt
Chemicals

XI

IF YOU HAVE A BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL PROBLEM

. . . YOUR INQUIRY IS INVITED

AGRICULTURAL

INSECTICIDES

FUNGICIDES

WEED KILLERS

MOYER CHEMICAL COMPANY

P. O. Box 945, San Jose, California

PACIFIC

!

INSECTS CLOSE UP

By

DISCOVERY

EDWARD S. ROSS

This 81-page book with 125

An illustrated magazine
of natural sciences

figures, many of which are in
color, is a must for anyone in-
interested in insects or photogra-

published by the

phy. The book is, without a
doubt, the most excellent of its

CALIFORNIA

kind.

ACADEMY OF

SEND ORDERS TO

SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF

San Francisco 18 ,

CALIFORNIA PRESS

California

BERKELEY 4, CALIF.

Price $1.50 Cloth $2.25

Only one insecticide-

PARATHION

controls
all these
citrus pests
at so little cost
per acre

BUCK SCALC
CITRICOLA SCAIS
COTTONY CUSHION
SCALE

PURPLE SCALE
RED SCALE
YELLOW SCALE
APHIDS

UTTLE FIRE ANTS
MEALY BUOS
ORANGE TORTRIX
PLANT BUOS
THRIPS

One of your most potent and well-proved allies
in the citrus-growing business is parathion. For no
other insecticide gives such a wide, dependable
range of kill at such a tow cost per acre.

A full spray program, for example, using a good
commercial parathion formulation based on
Monsanto’s Niran parathion (1% to 2*^ lbs. of
25% wcttable per 100 gallons of water) controls
every one of the insect pests shown abovie. Result:
better looking yields, better profits for you!

And formulations based on Monsanto Niran
parathion are widely compatible, noncorrosive
to equipment. They arc usable as late as 14
days before harvest.

Handled and applied in accordance with estab¬
lished safety procedures, parathion will do exactly
the job you want it to do, when you want it
done. You can depend on parathion every time!

For names of leading formulators offering spray
products based on Monsanto parathion, write:
MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, 714
West Olympic Blvd., Los Angeles 15, or 111
Sutter St., San Francisco 4, California.

Monsanto also makes methyl-parathion, an im¬
portant member of the Monsanto family of
quality insecticides.

XIKAX: U. S. r*. Of.

Monsanto

THIS MARK

MEANS

X

COMPLETE QUALITY CONTROL
-from formulation to application

To assure the finest, most effective disease
and insect crop-control materials and procedures,
Niagara maintains a never-ending vigilance through
strict adherence to quality control measures every step
of the way. Only through close collaboration of Niagara
research chemists, trained laboratory technicians and
thoroughly experienced entomologists and plant path¬
ologists are the exact combination of basic ingredients
scientifically compounded into Registered Niagara for¬
mulations. Beyond this point Niagara materials are fully
tested and field proved for recommended, applications
under closest supervision of expert field advisors.

Niagara offers specific Field Service Bulletins
on request—please specify crop.

CHEMICAL DIVISION

FOOD MACHINERY AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION
RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA • HOME OFFICE: MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK