Vol. 41 JANUARY 1965 No. 1 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist contents HARWOOD — Observations on distribution and biology of Phlebotomus sandflies from northwestern North America 1 JEWETT — Four new stoneflies from California and Oregon 5 SMITH — A name change and new synonymy for a species of Ardis in North America 9 BUTLER AND WERNER — Light-trap records of three cactus-eating moths in Arizona 10 DAWSON, SOKOLOFF, AND RODRIGUEZ— A sexual aberration in the red rust flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum 13 CALTAGIRONE — A new Phanerotoma from California 17 CAZIER AND MORTENSON — Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid wasps. IV. Nitelopterus laticeps and Nitelopterus texanus 21 CAZIER AND MORTENSON — Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid wasps. V. Bothynostethus distinctus and Entomognathus texana 30 CAZIER AND MORTENSON — Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid wasps. VI. Fernaldina lucae 34 MOORE — Ecbletus, a genus of Staphylinid beetle new to the Nearctic region 44 WIRTH — Two new species of Macrurohelea from Chile 46 BUTLER — A modified Malaise insect trap 51 CHCjO — Some chrysomelid beetles from East Asia in the California Academy of Sciences 54 SLATER AND LATTIN — Lachnestes singalensis (Dohrn), a lygaeid new to the western hemisphere 58 HUFFAKER AND DOUTT — Establishment of the coccinellid, Chilocorus bipustulatus Linnaeus, in California olive groves 61 SCIENTIFIC NOTES 12, 50 RECENT LITERATURE 29, 53 BOOK REVIEW 64 E. 0. ESSIG OBITUARY 63 PROCEEDINGS, PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 65 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA * 1965 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD H. V. Daly, Editor E. G. Linsley J. R. Anderson, Asst. Editor E. S. Ross P. D. Hurd, Jr. L. B. O’Brien, Editorial Assistant H. B. Leech P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer W. H. Lange, Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed- ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sci- ences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be addressed to the Secretary, Dr. Carlton S. Koehler, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members of the Society or $6.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society Officers for 1965 William E. Ferguson, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer C. Don MagNeill, Vice-President Carlton S. Koehler, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October) Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editor: Dr. Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders : none. This issue mailed 4 March 1965. Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. THE ALLEN PRESS **7 N Te< > LAWRENCE, KANSAS The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Yol. 41 January 1965 No. 1 Observations on Distribution and Biology of Phlebotomus Sandflies from Northwestern North America 1 (Diptera : Psychodidae) Robert F. Harwood 2 Washington State University, Pullman Since an earlier report on four species of Phlebotomus from Wash- ington (Fairchild and Harwood, 1961) attempts have been made to determine their life cycle by rearing and to obtain further information on northern limits of distribution. Adults were trapped from burrows of the yellow-bellied marmot, Marmota flaviventris avara Bangs, by the method previously reported. The purpose of marmot burrow habitation has not been determined, though it is suspected the immature stages develop there and adults use such sites for resting. Evidence from laboratory rearing makes it doubtful that mammals serve as the source of an adult blood meal. Additional distribution records, though by no means exhaustive, indicate the northern limits include southern Alberta and British Columbia. Single collections received from cooperators contained Phlebotomus oppidanus Dampf from the vicinity of Kamloops, British Columbia; Phlebotomus vexcitor occidentis Fairchild and Hertig and Phlebotomus aquilonius Fairchild and Harwood from the vicinity of Police Creek in southern Alberta. A number of collections of these three species have been made from marmot burrows along the Snake River in Whitman County, Washington. Six days of trapping burrows of Marmota monax in mid- August of 1963 in the vicinity of Edmonton (54° N) and Peace River, Alberta (55.5° N) failed to yield Phle- botomus. Chambers with moist plaster of Paris substrates were constructed for rearing experiments. General procedures resembled those described by Hertig and Johnson (1961). In place of porous bean pots, a plaster of Paris base was formed at the bottom and sides of 1-pint fiber ice-cream 1 This study was supported by grant AI-2253 from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. 2 Associate Entomologist, Washington State University. Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations Scientific Paper 2547, Project 1434. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 1-4. January 1965 2 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST | VOL. 41, NO. 1 cartons, with a tongue of plaster of Paris extending below a hole in the bottom of the container. Each rearing chamber was placed on a jar filled with distilled water, and cheesecloth wick connecting between the plaster of Paris tongue and the water kept the rearing chamber substrate moist continuously. In a humid rearing room these chambers maintained adequate moisture for at least 2 weeks without replenishment of the water reservoir. Oviposition was obtained by isolating gravid or engorged females in glass tubes plugged at the lower end with moist plaster of Paris. A moist strip of filter paper also served as a resting surface and oviposition site. The upper end of the tube was stoppered with absorbent cotton moistened with 10% sucrose solution, thus providing females with a carbohydrate source. Eggs were transferred to rearing chambers by washing them loose with distilled water and sucking them up with a medicine dropper, or if on filter paper a small part of the strip con- taining eggs was placed directly in a rearing chamber. All rearing, with exceptions noted hereafter, took place at 22° C in dim constant light. A variety of larval foodstuffs was tried. The basal ingredient of all diets consisted of oven-dried (100° C) guinea pig feces. To this various groups had soil, brewer’s yeast, soy flour, pulverized adult mosquitoes, and B vitamin mixtures added. Larvae were observed to feed on all of these foodstuffs, but insect material and some of the abundant molds seemed most acceptable. On several occasions larvae were seen feeding exclusively on a tan-colored Aspergillus mold growing up the plaster sides of the container. Observations on life cycle are based on 25 females which oviposited in the laboratory after taking a blood meal, or as a consequence of being gravid at capture. From 19 instances where larvae were obtained (18 P. vexator occidentis, 1 P. oppidanus ) a fairly complete analysis of post- embryonic development is possible. Figures related here are for P. vexator occidentis though the single group of P. oppidanus larvae were similar in growth characteristics. Adults were offered a variety of vertebrates but fed exclusively on reptiles. Common garter snakes, bull snakes, and two other species of nonpoisonous snakes, and a small lizard were all acceptable. Larger snakes, near 2 feet in length, seemed most readily fed upon. No feeding- occurred upon proffered frogs, young or adult white mice, or humans. Egg development following a blood meal was quite variable. Of nine cases where the timing was relatively exact the preoviposition period varied from 8 to 18 days, a period of 12 days seeming to be most frequent. It is doubtful that the full ovipositional potential was realized January 1965] harwood — biology of sandflies 3 under laboratory conditions where only a single blood feeding took place since the females usually died during the act of egg laying while often still containing fully developed eggs. Numbers of eggs actually laid by P. vexator occidentis ranged from 7-72 with an average of 34.2. Maximum potential for a single oviposition, as indicated by combining eggs laid with full-sized ones remaining in the dead female, was 86. Time from oviposition to larval hatching was 13—14 days. In most instances larval development was halted by diapause in the last instar. Such diapause is characterized by very low larval activity and infrequent feeding. There is evidence that adult emergence early in the season is most likely to yield noncliapause larvae. One P. oppidanus captured on 22 June produced five larvae, three of which (60%) under- went uninterrupted development. A P. vexator occidentis captured on 29 June produced 21 larvae, 8 of which (38%) developed without diapause. In only two instances (P. vexator occidentis ) did nondiapause development occur in the progeny of the females collected after June. One individual captured on 30 July produced 21 larvae from which 2 pupae (9.5%) were obtained; the other captured 10 September pro- duced 14 larvae, one of which (7%) pupated. The nondiapause larval period of progeny from June-captured females took 33-36 days whereas that of the July-captured female took 58 and 212 days and that of the September female took 208 days. Clearly there is a single annual genera- tion in Washington (47° latitude), and nondiapause early season progeny must seldom produce offspring which can reach the last larval instar diapause before low temperatures occur. The diapause observed was not successfully broken though a number of environmental factors were varied. The methods used are briefly mentioned as a guideline for further investigation. In one instance diapause larvae were held at 10° C and 8-hour daily photoperiod for 30 days, being then changed to 22° C and 16-hour photoperiod. Another group was held in the dark at 2° C for 7 days and then returned to standard rearing conditions. Three groups were fed on a diet fortified with B vitamins by soaking dried mosquitoes in the vitamin mixture listed by Fraenkel (1952) for the diet of stored grain insects. Pupal duration ranged from 12 to 20 days, 17 days appearing to be most frequent. In the few instances where adults of both sexes were reared through it was not possible to obtain mating and feeding on snakes. Mating was observed on three occasions when field-captured adults were confined with a snake. Total number of Phlebotomus worked with was rather small, making observations somewhat imprecise though certain conclusions can be 4 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 reached. The present evidence makes it unlikely that the four species of sandflies encountered are of medical importance. Thus far the two commonest species have fed only on reptiles, appear to be relatively short lived as adults, usually have a single annual generation, and lay eggs once, indicating they do not feed repetitively on vertebrates. Observations related here for the life cycle of P. vexator occidentis and P. oppidanus agree rather well with those of Chaniotis and Anderson (1964) for the former species in California. Diapause seems to be the rule in Washington, no doubt because of the higher northern latitude and attendant shorter period of favorable developmental temperatures. For northwestern North America it appears that the northern fringe of distribution of Phlebotomus extends a short distance into Canada just beyond 50° N latitude. Further extensions northward may be found where locally suitable climatic conditions pertain. Acknowledgments Grateful acknowledgment is made to Colin P. Curtis for a sample of Phlebotomus from near Kamloops, British Columbia, and Kurt Depner of Lethbridge, Alberta for specimens collected in southern Alberta. J. A. Shemanchuk, also of Lethbridge, was particularly helpful in aiding in a survey of more northern Alberta locations. Laboratory rearing was particularly aided by Bert Freeman. Literature Cited Chaniotis, B. N., and J. R. Anderson. 1964. Notes on the morphology and laboratory rearing of Phlebotomus vexator occidentis (Diptera: Psychodidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40: 27-32. Fairchild, G. B., and R. F. Harwood. 1961. Phlebotomus sandflies from animal burrows in eastern Washington. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 63: 239-245. Fraenkel, G. 1952. The nutritional requirements of insects for known and unknown vitamins. Trans. IXth Internat. Congr. Entomol., 1: 277-280. Hertig, M., and P. T. Johnson. 1961. The rearing of Phlebotomus sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) I. Technique. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 54: 753-764. January 1965] jewett — new western stoneflies 5 Four New Stoneflies from California and Oregon (Plecoptera) Stanley G. Jewett, Jr. Portland, Oregon Four undescribed stoneflies, including a remarkable species of Capniinae, aquatic in the adult stage, are described below. I am grateful to Dr. A. T. McClay, University of California, Davis, California, to Mr. Ted C. Frantz, Nevada Fish and Game Department, and to Dr. Glenn B. Wiggins of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, for sending material to me for study. Particular thanks are due Mr. Alan V. Nebeker, University of Utah, for making the excellent figures. Financial assistance for carrying on some of the systematic research upon which this paper is based was provided by the National Science Foundation (Grant NSF-G12858) . Capnia lacustra Jewett, new species Color of body and appendages straw to light brown. Apterous. Sternal sclerotization as in Fig. IB. Length of body 4.5 to 5.5 mm. Length of antennae exceeds length of abdomen; length of cerci equal to or exceeding length of abdomen, slightly less than length of antennae. Male. — First nine abdominal tergites without special modifications. Supra-anal process reflexed, very slender, extending forward beyond margin of eighth tergite (Fig. 1) . Female. — Sternites 7, 8, and 9 virtually unmodified, faint anchor-shaped sclerotized area across sternites 7 and 8 on most heavily sclerotized specimens, genital opening narrow lateral slit near posterior margin of eighth sternite (Fig. 1C). Nymph. — Essentially, morphology of nymph, except for developed genitalia, is same as that of adult. Holotype male, allotype female, one male, and one female paratypes and several nymphs. — Bottom of Lake Tahoe at depth of 200 to 264 feet off Cave Rock, Douglas County, Nevada, 22 and 28 May 1962, T. C. Frantz. Additional paratypes include two males, Emerald Bay, at a depth of from 116 to 198 feet, Lake Tahoe, California, 11 July 1962, Cordone, Frantz, Weedlein. Many additional nymphs and several presumed adult females were taken at various places at the southern end of the lake between the first of April and the end of December 1962, from depths of about 100 to slightly over 400 feet. This species is unique among described Plecoptera in its adult aquatic stage (Jewett, 1963). Morphologically, the male genitalia are generally The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 5-9. January 1965 6 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Explanation of Figures Fig. 1, Capnia lacustra Jewett, male genitalia, lateral view; 1A, same, dorsal view; IB, sclerotization of sternum; 1C, subgenital plate of female. Fig. 2, Capnia oswegaptera Jewett, male genitalia of holotype, lateral view; 2A, same, dorsal view; 2B, sclerotization of sternum; 2C, subgenital plate of female. Fig. 3, Isogenus ( Chernokrilus ) venustus Jewett, male genitalia of holotype, dorsal view; 3A, same, lateral view. Fig. 4, Alloperla ( Sweltsa ) calif ornica Jewett, head and pronotum of holotype; 4A, male genitalia, lateral view; 4B, same, dorsal view. January 1965] jewett — new western stoneflies 7 similar to such winged species as Capnia zukeli Hanson and C. confusa Claassen, but the sternal sclerotization is quite different from that of any described species in Capnia. I am not proposing a new generic name for this or the following species, though following recent Japanese authors [vide, Kawai, 1955), this might be justified on the basis of the sternal sclerotization. I am influenced, in part, in this decision by the recent discovery of an undescribed apterous species of Capnia obviously related to C. columbiana Claassen, a group thus exhibiting a range of full-wingedness in both sexes to complete absence of wings in both sexes. Mr. Nebeker has been studying this complex and the results of his work will be published soon. Capnia oswegaptera Jewett, new species Color of body and appendages dark brown except for light median stripe across first eight tergites in female. Apterous. Sternal sclerotization as in Fig. 2B. Length of body: 4.5 mm in male, 6 mm in female. Male. — First nine abdominal tergites without special modifications. Supra-anal process reflexed, slender, extending forward to seventh tergite in unrelaxed abdomen of holotype, probably only to eighth tergite when abdomen thoroughly relaxed. Process grooved dorsally, with translucent part raised slightly near tip and slightly expanded in dorsal view, narrow tip downturned (Figs. 2, 2A) . Female. — Stripe across tergites does not traverse tergites 9 and 10, barely in- vades rear of tergite 1. Eighth sternite (Fig. 2C) modified, along rear margin forming rather heavily sclerotized broad, shallow subgenital plate, very slightly notched medially. Holotype male, allotype female. — Osweg Creek, near mouth, about 2 miles east of Elsie, Clatsop County, Oregon, 1 February 1964. Additional paratypes as follows: two females with same data as for holo- and allotypes except 21 February 1964. Not included as paratypes: one male, Chintimini Creek, Marys Peak, Benton County, Oregon, 3 April 1964, Scott and Wiggins; one male, North Fork of Rock Creek, Marys Peak, Benton County, Oregon, 13 April 1964, Scott and Wiggins. The males from Benton County are slightly smaller than the holotype and the supra-anal process is smaller and without the raised part near the tip. This species is similar to C. disala Jewett known only by the female type (Jewett, 1962) . However, the female subgenital plates are dissimilar and the type of C. disala was taken later in the season. Isogenus ( Cliernokrilus ) venustus Jewett, new species Male. — Length to wing tips 18 mm. Length of body 14.5 mm. General color 3 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 very dark brown with infuscated wings. Head blackish with three-pronged yellow area medially at rear, one prong occupying most of ocellar area; M-line brown- yellow medially extending as V nearly to anterior ocellus. Pronotum black with large median orange-yellow stripe. Mesosternal Y-ridge extends to posterior corners of furcal pits, holotype without discernible auxiliary branches. Appendages dark brown. Venter of thorax and abdomen brown. First nine abdominal segments dark brown, tenth yellow. Seventh and eighth sternite medially with broad lobe, ninth sternite enlarged distally to enclose tenth segment. Tenth tergite cleft, distally forming pair of hairy lobes, below which lies five-pronged base of supra- anal process (Figs. 3, 3A). Process terete, lying between paragenital plates, its tip bluntly pointed and in same plane as rest of structure. Holotype male. — Alta, Placer County, California, 20 May 1952, A. A. Grigarick. Deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. This species differs from the two described members of the rarely collected subgenus Chernokrilus principally in the shape of the male supra-anal process and in the color pattern of the head and pronotum. Two large female specimens of Chernokrilus in my collection from Tehama and Plumas counties, California, may belong to this new species. The color pattern of the heads is similar. Alloperla (Sweltsa) calif ornica Jewett, new species Male. — Length to wing tips 11 mm. Length of body 8 mm. General color brownish yellow. Head (Fig. 4) with indistinct darker area occupying ocellar- triangle, frons, and clypeus. Outer margins of pronotum narrowly edged with brown, inner margins with broader, darker brown edging that forms median dark stripe across pronotum; pronotal rugosities light brown. First seven abdominal tergites bear median dark stripe. Abdomen, thoracic segments, appendages, and major wing veins with noticeable brown pigment against yellow ground color. Supra-anal process arising from deep groove in tenth tergite, strongly reflexed, deeply notched in lateral view, apically narrow, long, and upturned, in dorsal view greatly expanded medially (Figs. 4A, 4B). Holotype male and one male paratype.— Richardson Springs, near Chico, Butte County, California, 5 April 1962, S. G. Jewett, Jr. Holotype deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, the paratype in my collection. This species is related to Alloperla coloradensis (Banks) and to A. fidelis Banks, but the head and pronotal color pattern is different. The supra-anal process is much longer, the enlarged median area much less expanded, than in A. coloradensis. The process is less slender than that of A. fidelis. January 1965] SMITH SYNONYMY IN ARDIS 9 Literature Cited Jewett, Stanley G., Jr. 1962. New stoneflies and records from the Pacific Coast of the United States. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 38 (1) : 15-20. 1963. A stonefly aquatic in the adult stage. Science, 139 (3554) : 484-485. Kawai, Teizi. 1955. Studies on the holognathous stoneflies of Japan. II. Descriptions of two genera, one new subgenus and three new species of the family Capniidae. Mushi, 28 (2) : 5-11. A Name Change and New Synonymy for a Species of Ardis in North America (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae) David R. Smith Oregon State University, Corvallis Eide (1948) reported on a sawfly, identified as Ardis sulcata (Cam- eron), damaging Manetti rose and wild rose in the state of Washington. It was believed to be an introduced species. Middlekauff (1958) sub- sequently recorded this species from California on the basis of specimens reared from rosebuds. As a result of recent investigations on the genus Ardis and correspondence with Mr. R. B. Benson of the British Museum, it was found that these records were based on a misidentification. Ardis sulcata is not known to occur in North America. The species referred to by Eide and Middlekauff should be known as Ardis brunniventris (Hartig), a form found throughout the Holarctic Region. This con- clusion is based on comparisons of North American specimens with a determined specimen of brunniventris sent to me by Mr. Benson and further substantiated by Mr. Benson from North American specimens which I sent to him. A key separating the adults of sulcata and brun- niventris was published by Benson (1952). The known range of this species in North America includes: Alberta, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Manitoba, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. The following synonymy is based on the examination of North Ameri- can types : Ardis brunniventris (Hartig) Monophadnus brunniventris Hartig, 1837. Fam. Blattwespen und Holzwespen, nebst Einleitung Naturgesch. Hym., p. 274. Selandria irrogata Cresson, 1880. Amer. Entomol. Soc. Trans., 8: 13. $ . N. syn. Aphanisus odoratus MacGillivray, 1908. Canadian Entomol., 40: 296. 5. N. syn. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 9-10. January 1965 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 10 [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Aphanisus pcirallelus MacGillivray, 1923. Illinois Univ. Bull., 20 (50) : 7. $ . N. syn. Literature Cited Benson, Robert B. 1952. Tenthredinidae. In Handbook for the identification of British insects. Proc. Royal Entomol. Soc. London, 6 (2b) : 1-137. Eide, Paul M. 1948. A tip-infesting sawfly on rose. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 41 (5) : 819-821. Middlekauff, W. W. 1958. A rose tip sawfly new to California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 34 (4) : 202. Light-Trap Records of Three Cactus-eating Moths in Arizona 1 (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae, Phycitinae) G. D. Butler, Jr. and F. G. Werner University of Arizona, Tucson The giant cactus or saguaro, Cereus giganteus Engelm. ( Carnegiea gigantea Britt, and Rose, is seriously affected by a bacterial disease, Erwinia carnegieana Standring, which has as its most important known vector the pyralid Cactobrosis jernaldialis (Hulst). Detailed studies of the bacterial necrosis and its vector were reported by Boyle (1948) . To determine the period of Cactobrosis flight, a black light trap was run at the Saguaro National Monument, 20 miles to the east of Tucson, Arizona. The trap was run for the entire night for 2 or 3 consecutive nights. This sequence was repeated at irregular intervals during the spring and summer of 1960 and the spring of 1961, when 84 collections were made. The collection of insects from each night was kept sepa- rately and sorted dry. Cactobrosis and similar appearing moths were sorted out, relaxed, pinned, and identified. The identification of the cactus-eating moths collected was made ac- cording to the criteria given in the following key. 1. Scales on thorax with streaks of darker color (tan to brown) (if specimen is greasy, a drop of ammonia brings out this marking of individual scales). Maxillary palpi slender 2 Some of scales on thorax brown, others white, with a brown marking across back part of mesothorax and base of wings. Thorax stout. Maxillary palpi inflated. Antennae bipectinate in male, simple in female Albarada parabates (Dyar) 2. Antennae bipectinate Cactobrosis jernaldialis (Hulst) $ 1 University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 894. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 10-12. January 1965 January 1965] butler & werner — cactus-eating moths 11 Table 1. Number of moths collected at a black light trap at Saguaro National Monument, Tucson, Arizona, 1960 and 1961. Number of Cactobrosis Albarada Cahela Collections Males Females Males Females Males Females 1960 March 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 April 14 59 35 15 0 3 1 May 13 48 36 123 2 3 1 June 10 167 71 38 1 42 9 July 1 5 1 6 0 8 0 August 2 1 0 31 1 1 0 September 1 1 0 13 1 1 0 1961 J anuary 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 February 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 March 3 10 1 0 0 0 0 April 10 52 13 8 0 4 0 May 16 61 18 20 1 18 3 June 9 92 42 22 3 18 2 Antennae simple 3 3. Antennae with a conspicuous fringe of erect setae, which are half as long as the width of the antenna, along one side __ Cahela ponderosella (B. and McD.) $ Antenna with a very short fringe, which is barely visible 4 4. “Neck” with a vertical, curved tuft of long, slender, feather-like scales on each side, arising from very base of procoxa and extending to dorsal surface, often overlapping onto posterior portion of eyes, unless it is held down by the erect scales of the posterior margin of the head (also in g ) Cactobrosis fernaldialis (Hulst) 2 “Neck” with no such structure Cahela ponderosella (B. and McD.) 2 Both sexes of three species of moths were identified in the collections. The number of moths collected in the monthly catches during 1960 and 1961 is given in Table 1. Cactobrosis fernaldialis first appeared in small numbers during March. It was quite abundant during April and May and most abundant during June. Only a few samples were collected in July, August, and September, but it appears as if there were a few Cactobrosis in flight during these months. Males represented 66% and 74% of the Cactobrosis collections in 1960 and 1961, respectively. The larvae of the genus Cactobrosis are described by Heinrich (1956) as being bluish, not banded or conspicuously spotted. The eggs are laid singly. The food plants are listed as F erocactus wislizeni (Engelmann) and probably other species of F erocactus ; Peniocereus greggii (Engel- THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 12 [VOL. 41, NO. 1 mann) ; Carnegiea gigantea (Engelmann) ; Homalocephala texensis (Hopffer) . Albarada parabates (Dyar) was another pyralid that was collected from the light trap from April to September. Approximately 98% of the moths collected in 1960 were males. There was a large flight of moths in May 1960 and the significant numbers caught in the few summer collections that year indicated that the moths flew in considerable num- bers throughout the summer. The eggs are laid singly or in masses of two or three, according to Heinrich (1956). The larvae are bluish and solitary feeders in Opuntia ( Cylindropuntia ) imbricata (Haworth) and probably several other Cylindropuntias. Cahela ponderosella (B. and McD.) was in flight from April through September but it appeared to have a more pronounced peak of abun- dance during May, June, and perhaps July. In 1960, 84% of the moths collected were males. In 1961, 86% were males. The larvae of this species are whitish and not banded or conspicuously spotted. According to Heinrich (1956), they are solitary in habit and bore in stems of Cylindropuntias, such as Opuntia ( Cylindropuntia ) imbricata (Ha- worth) . The eggs are laid singly. Literature Cited Boyle, A. M. 1948. Further studies of the bacterial necrosis of the giant cactus. Phytopathology, 39 (12) : 1029-1052. Heinrich, C. 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 207: 244, 248, 260. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Anchon regalis Capener, not Spalirisis nigris Funkhouser (Homoptera : Membracidae). — Capener (1953, Jour. Ent. Soc. Southern Africa, 16 (2) : 112— 131) published a description of a new species which he named Anchon regalis. Subsequently, Capener {ibid., 17 (2) : 175-194) synonymized his species with Sparlirisis nigris Funkhouser and transferred the latter species to the genus Anchon. The name Spalirisis nigris was published (Funkhouser, 1951, Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 208, Membracidae, 383 pp., 14 pi.) as a nomen novum for Spalirisis majusculum Distant, a previously unpublished name cited by Funkhouser as a manuscript name in the British Museum. The name Spalirisis nigris was accompanied by a figure but not by a written description, and therefore is not valid according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1961). Consequently, the name Anchon regalis Capener is the valid name of this species. — Paul P. Cook, Jr., Seattle University, Seattle, W ashington. January 1965] dawson, et al. — aberrant tribolium 13 A Sexual Aberration in the Red Rust Flour Beetle, Tribolium ccistaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) Peter S. Dawson, Alexander Sokoloff, and Peter Rodriguez University of California, Berkeley Hermaphroditism and intersexuality are common throughout the ani- mal kingdom, the former being functional in many animal groups and the latter resulting from genic or chromosomal disturbances in other- wise normal individuals. Among insects, fuctional hermaphroditism is present in some species of scale insects of the genus I eery a; the stonefly, Perla marginata ; and possibly the phorid fly, Termitoxenici (Hughes-Schrader, 1948). In lcerya and Perla, an ovotestis is present which differentiates both male and female gametes. In addition, isolated examples of intersexes and hermaphrodites have been reported in a number of insects (e.g., Baynes, 1960; Weinreich, 1962; see also Balazuc, 1948). To our knowledge, no cases of her- maphroditism or intersexuality have been found among tenebrionid beetles. It is the purpose of this report to describe a single incidence of a possible hermaphrodite or, more probably, an intersex in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst. The individual in question was discovered in the pupal stage in a strain of T. castaneum which had been selected for fast development. The selected line orginated from the University of California synthetic stock described by Lerner and Ho (1961). The pupa was immediately isolated and, after a drawing had been made, was transferred to a vial of fresh flour to await eclosion. The appearance of this pupa is contrasted with that of normal male and female pupae in Fig. 1. In addition to seemingly normal female genital lobes, a pair of medial, small genital lobes resembling somewhat those of normal males was observed. After eclosion, the adult beetle was examined further. Males of this particular species of flour beetles are characterized by possession of a secondary sex “spot” on the femur of the first pair of legs which is absent in females. The aberrant individual had no sex spot, indicating that it was female (Fig. 2) . However, examination of the abdomen revealed the presence of a distinct penis and a pair of fleshy, partly sclerotized claspers. In addi- Tiie Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 13-16. January 1965 14 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 tion a definite ovipositor, albeit abnormal, was present. Fig. 3 compares the appearance of the genitalia of this imago with that of normal males and females. The presence in this individual of structures at the base of the penis resembling “claspers” is puzzling. Normal males of this species do not possess such structures, although they are present in a closely related species, Tribolium conjusum Duval. Even there they are definitely not sclerotized as in the abnormal beetle. \M ' \A/ \xA - ctj (TJ K n la lb tc 2a 2b 2c January 1965] dawson, et al. — aberrant tribolium 15 Attempts were made to mate the aberrant adult, first with females and then with males, but no progeny were obtained. This may have been due in part to the fact that the genitalia were abnormally extended from the abdomen and could not be retracted. This has been observed in our laboratory to result in sterility when it occurs in otherwise normal beetles. After “mating” with normal males the beetle was found in moribund condition and placed in fixative to preserve the internal tissues for cytological observation. The fixed abdominal contents appeared more like testicular than ovarian tissue. These tissues were serially sectioned and observed for the presence of bisexual gonads (gonads appeared to be of only one sex) and for chromosomal abnormalities. Unfortunately no chromosomes could be found in any of the sections. That this is not a usual case of hermaphroditism is evident from Figs. 2 and 3. The femurs of both front legs were obviously female since no trace of a sex spot was observed. The genitalia included a distinct aedeagus and ovipositor and, in addition, a pair of supernumerary “claspers.” The failure of cytological studies to shed any light on the situation makes explanation of the observations difficult. A somewhat similar situation has been observed in Homoeogryllus japonicus (Ohmachi, 1935; reviewed in White, 1951). A strain of this species of cricket produced some genetically male individuals in which Explanation of Figures Fig. 1. The posterior ends of a normal male (la), a normal female (lc), and the aberrant (lb) pupae in T. castaneum. Note that, in the latter, genital lobes characteristic for the two sexes are present (20 X)- Fig. 2. Left forefemur of a normal T. castaneum, male (2a), the aberrant beetle (2b), and a normal female (2c). The basal pit with associated hairs, a secondary sex character restricted to males, is absent from the femur in the aberrant indi- vidual (80 X ) • Fig. 3. Semischematic lateral views of the extruded genitalia in a normal male (3a), the aberrant individual (3b), and a normal female (3c) in T. castaneum. Note that the aberrant individual has a distinct aedeagus and an ovipositor, com- bining the genital organs of both sexes in one individual. In addition, the her- maphrodite or intersex (3b) possessed a pair of movable, sclerotized, “claspers” (arrow) which are normally absent in T. castaneum but are present in T. con- jusum (25 X ) • 16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 the tegmina were altered so as to appear somewhat female in appearance. This change was shown to be due to a sex-linked mutation. It is possible that the present abnormality resulted from a comparable mutation which modified a genetically female individual into the ob- served intersex. Since no sibs of the affected beetle were available, further breeding tests could not be carried out. Although Smith (1952) has shown that an X-Y pair of sex chromo- somes is present in T ribolium, it is not known whether sex determination is regulated by a balance between sex chromosomes and autosomes or by the presence-absence of the Y chromosome. If the former mechanism is correct, as is the case in Drosophila (Bridges, 1925), then the abnormal beetle could be an intersex which resulted from a disturbance in chro- mosomal balance. This seems to us to be the most plausible explanation. Acknowledgments The work reported here was carried out during the senior author’s tenure of an NIH Genetics Training Grant (USPHS-5T1-GM-367) and was supported, in part, by USPHS Grant GM-08942 to Dr. I. M. Lerner. We are grateful to Dr. Howell V. Daly of the Department of Entomol- ogy, University of California, Berkeley for preparing the serial sections for cytological observation. Literature Cited Balazuc, J. 1948. La teratologie des Coleopteres et experiences de transplanta- tion sur Tenebrio molitor L. Mem. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris, 25: 1-293. Baynes, E. S. A. 1960. An hermaphrodite Anthocharis card-amines L. (Lepidop- tera, Pieridae). Entomol. Gazette, 11: 68. Bridges, C. B. 1925. Sex in relation to chromosomes and genes. Amer. Natural- ist, 59: 127-137. Hughes-Schrader, S. 1948. Cytology of coccids (Coccoidea-Homoptera) . Adv. Genetics, 2 : 127—203. Lerner, I. M., and F. K. Ho. 1961. Genotype and competitive ability of Tribo- lium species. Amer. Naturalist, 95: 329-343. Ohmachi, F. 1935. Studies on male intersexuality in Homoeogryllus japonicus Dlettaan I. Breeding experiments and genetical analysis. Zeit. indukt. Abstamn. Vererb., 68: 309-330. Smith, S. G. 1952. The cytology of some tenebrionoid beetles (Coleoptera) . Jour. Morphol., 91: 325-364. Weinreich, E. 1962. Ein Halbseitenzwitter von Odontolabis siva (Lucanidae). Entomol. Blatter, 38: 198-199. White, M. J. D. 1951. Cytogenetics of orthopteroid insects. Adv. Genetics, 4: 268-330. January 1965] caltagirone — new phanerotoma 17 A New Phanerotoma from California (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) L. E. Caltagirone University of California, Berkeley A series of specimens of Phanerotoma has been reared from the co- coons of the phycitid, Paramyelois transitella (Walker), by Mr. Douglas W. Price from the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis. This material was obtained from almond nuts collected in the vicinity of Arbuckle, Colusa County, California. Superficially the para- sites look similar to Phanerotoma jlavitestacea Fischer, but a careful analysis of the morphological characters indicates that they are a dif- ferent and undescribed species. Phanerotoma jlavitestacea was imported from Israel in 1962 (Cal- tagirone, Shea, and Finney, 1964) and colonized in the Arbuckle Dis- trict in 1963 against the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella. It has apparently established itself in the release area. To facilitate the recognition of both species in the evaluation of the natural enemies of the navel orangeworm, it seems advisable to describe this new species at this time. Phanerotoma inopinata Caltagirone, new species Length about 4.5 mm. Female. — Head seen from above quadrate, 1.66 times as wide as long (varying from 1.54 to 1.64 in the female paratypes) (length measured from the anterior margin of the antennal sockets to an imaginary, transverse, vertical plane touching the most posterior part of the temples) ; eyes large, almost hemispherical, salient, their longest diameter 2.06 the length of the oeellocular line (varying from 2.0 to 2.26 in the paratypes), with very short sparse hairs; face 1.58 as wide as long from the base of antennae to the base of clypeus (varying from 1.56 to 1.59 in the paratypes), finely transversely rugulose, uniformly covered with white, dense, short hair, with a broad, inconspicuous, median longitudinal elevation that origi- nates just below the antennal sockets; distance between the antennal sockets 0.73 of the distance between the anterior tentorial pits (varying from 0.67 to 0.74 in the paratypes) ; clypeus 1.93 times as wide as long (varying from 1.83 to 1.93 in the paratypes), with the apical tenth slightly projected, apical margin evenly arcuate with three minute teeth medianly, the distance between the apices of the lateral teeth 0.35 the width of clypeus (varying from 0.33 to 0.36 in the paratypes), finely rugulose punctate, hairy, some hairs near the apical margin conspicuously longer; genae 0.65 the width of mandible at base (varying from 0.70 to 0.86 in the paratypes) ; temples convex, not receding, 1.07 as wide as length of oeellocular line (varying from 1.0 to 1.15 in the paratypes) finely, vertically striated; occiput excavated, the excavation at the uppermost part of the occipital carina as deep as length of the oeellocular line (varying from 0.82 to 1.0 in the The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 17-20. January 1965 18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Explanation of Figure Fig. 1, Phanerotoma inopinata, female, right forewing (drawn from paratype). paratypes) ; vertex and frons coarsely transversely rugulose; ocelli forming an equilateral triangle, largest diameter of lateral ocelli 1.5 the length of the posterior interocellar line (varying from 1.33 to 1.85 in the paratypes), and 0.43 the length of the ocellocular line (varying from 0.43 to 0.5 in the paratypes) ; mandibles bidentate, with the apical half slender, width just behind the subapical tooth 0.3 the width at base (varying from 0.39 to 0.43 in the paratypes) , subapical tooth hardly one-half as long as the apical tooth is wide at base, displaced basad so that the free tip of apical tooth is 0.44 the width of mandible at base (varying from 0.48 to 0.52 in paratypes) ; antennae inserted opposite upper fourth of eyes, 23-segmented, scape 2.3 times as wide as long (varying from 2.1 to 2.3 in the paratypes), first funicular segment slightly longer than second, second and third subequal, fourth slightly shorter than third, all 15 basal funicular segments longer than wide, the apical five moniliform. Thorax narrower than head; mesoscutum evenly rounded anteriorly, opaque, granular, covered with short, thin hairs, notaulices faint, extending nearly to middle, lateral lobes slightly raised; furrow between mesoscutum and scutellum narrow and deep ; scutellar triangle shiny, finely longitudinally striate punctate on disc, covered with short, fine hairs except at apex, distinctly foveolate at base (10 pits in the type, varying from 8 to 11 in the paratypes), apex and a transverse strip along posterior margin of scutellum bare, shiny, and polished, sides of the scutellum declivous, coarsely longitudinally striated; postscutellum coarsely longi- tudinally striated, with a smooth, shiny posterior margin; mesopleurum finely closely punctate, prepectal carina becoming foveolate dorsally, an ill-defined, crescent-shaped, regulose area on disc; propodeum 0.85 times as long as first tergite (varying from 0.77 to 0.86 in the paratypes) , uniformly convex, coarsely rugose, with an ill-defined transverse carina; foreivings a trifle longer than length of thorax and abdomen together; radius originating in the apical third of stigma, length of first abscissa 0.57 that of second (varying from 0.57 to 0.71 in para- types), second abscissa of radius 1.21 the length of second intercubital (varying from 1.20 to 1.67 in paratypes), third abscissa of radius slightly curved toward costa, recurrent vein received at base of second cubital cell, nervulus postfurcal for 0.75 its length (varying from 0.77 to 1.0 in paratypes) , anal cross vein present, January 1965] caltagirone — new phanerotoma 19 faint towards margin; middle tibia straight ventrally, gibbous dorsally, the gib- bosity rather conspicuous, on basal half of tibia, inner tibial spur 0.59 the length of basitarsus (varying from 0.51 to 0.56 in the paratypes) ; hind tibia moderately clavate, 5.7 times as long as thick (varying from 5.0 to 5.4 in paratypes) . Abdomen oval, 1.12 times as long as thorax (varying from 1.12 to 1.15 in paratypes), 1.85 times as long as wide (varying from 1.74 to 1.79 in paratypes), 0.4 as deep as wide (varying from 0.38 to 0.47 in paratypes) ; first and second tergites subequal in length, third 1.36 times as long as second (varying from 1.23 to 1.42 in paratypes), with an apical, moderately deep, wide emargination ; carinae on first tergite reaching beyond the middle; first and second tergites coarsely longitudinally striate, third finely striate; ovipositor barely projecting beyond margin. Tawny, apical ten antennal segments, eyes, and ocellar triangle black; tip of mandibles, and shining polished areas of scutellum and postscutellum reddish brown ; mesoscutum with a blackish hue; palpi, prothorax, fore- and middle legs, hind coxae, a ring on middle of hind tibiae, and most of first and second tergites paler; third tergite reddish; apical third of hind tibiae brown. Wings hyaline, parastigma brown, stigma brown with base, apex, and narrowly along posterior margin con- colorous with wing membrane; an infumated transverse band from parastigma to anal margin including basal vein and nervulus, and another from stigma including most of second cubital cell. Explanation of Figures Figs. 2-7, Phanerotoma inopinata, female. 2, clypeus. 3, tip of left mandible. 4, left middle tibia. 5, left hind tibia. 6, abdomen (carapace), lateral view. 7, third abdominal segment, rear view (drawn from paratype). 20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Male. — Similar to female in general structure and coloration; all funicular segments longer than wide, apical margin of third abdominal segment with at most a shallow emargination. Some other characters in the paratypes as follows: longest diameter of eye varying from 1.82 to 2.04 times the length of ocellocular line; face varying from 1.66 to 1.85 times as wide as long; clypeus varying from 1.82 to 2.2 times as wide as long; distance between lateral clypeal teeth varying from 0.31 to 0.38 the width of clypeus; longest diameter of lateral ocellus varying from 1.22 to 2.36 times the length of the posterior interocellar line. Holotype jemale. — Frenzen Road, 6 miles west Arbuckle, Colusa County, California, emerged in laboratory, host collected winter 1964 (D. W. Price) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Paratypes: one female, same data as type; two females, same locality and collector as type, emerged in laboratory 18 January 1964, host collected 18 December 1963; two females, Hillgate Road, 4 miles west Arbuckle, Colusa County, California, emerged in laboratory 26 February 1964, host collected 29 January 1964 (L. E. Caltagirone) ; one male, same data as type; three males same locality and collector as type, emerged in laboratory 18 January 1964, host col- lected 18 December 1963; one male, Hillgate Road, 5 miles west Arbuckle, Colusa County, California, emerged in laboratory 18 January 1964, host collected 18 December 1963 (D. W. Price) ; three males reared in laboratory, progeny of the paratype emerged on 26 February 1964. Host: Paramyelois transitella (Walker), Lepidoptera : Phycitidae. Biological observations: This is an egg-larval parasite; the egg is laid in the host’s egg, the larva completes its development after the host larva has spun the cocoon; pupation occurs in a cocoon spun by the larva inside that of the host. Phanerotoma inopinata differs from P. flavitestacea as follows: First abscissa of radius longer than half the second; recurrent vein received at base of second cubital cell; distance between lateral clypeal teeth one-third the width of clypeus; sides of scutellum and postscutellum tawny, concolorous with rest of notum inopinata Caltagirone First abscissa of radius shorter than half the second; recurrent vein either interstitial or prefurcal; distance between lateral clypeal teeth less than one-fourth the width of clypeus; sides of scutellum, and sometimes of postscutellum, dark brown flavitestacea Fischer Literature Cited Caltagirone, L. E., K. P. Shea, and G. L. Finney. 1964. Parasites to aid con- trol of navel orangeworm. California Agriculture, 18 (1) : 10-12. January 1965 j cazier & mortenson — nitelopterus 21 Studies on the Bionomics of Sphecoicl Wasps. IV. Nitelopterus laticeps and Nitelopterus texanus (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) Mont A. Cazier 1 and Martin A. Mortenson 2 University of California, Berkeley The genus Nitelopterus is represented in America north of Mexico by 12 species (Muesebeck, Krombein, Townes et al ., 1951) of which only one has evidently been studied bionomically in any detail. Krombein and Evans (1954, 1955) made observations on N. slossonae Ashmead in Florida, and Krombein (1961) recorded that the males of N. calif orni- cus visit the flowers of Euphorbia albomarginata Torrey and Gray near Portal, Arizona. The present studies are concerned with N. laticeps (Ashmead) and N.? texanus (Ashmead) which were found in the vicin- ity of Portal, Cochise County, Arizona during the summer of 1963. The writers would like to express their appreciation to K. V. Krom- bein, Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Research Branch, U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C. for the wasp determinations and to W. J. Gertsch, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, for the determinations of the spider prey. We would also like to extend our thanks to E. G. Linsley, Ray F. Smith, and P. D. Hurd, Jr., University of California, Berkeley, and to H. E. Evans, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, for their assistance. To Dr. and Mrs. Ralph G. Willy we extend our appreciation for allowing us the use of their ranch during the summer months of 1963. The project was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant GB-379. Nitelopterus laticeps (Ashmead) Habitat. — Three females of this species were observed between 3 and 12 June 1963 at a location 2 miles northeast of Portal at an eleva- tion of 4,700 feet. They were active in an open area about 50 m wide by 100 m long which was surrounded primarily by Flour ensia cernua DC. (tarbush) and a mixture of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. (mesquite), Acacia constricta Benth (whitethorn), Acacia greggii Gray (catclaw acacia), Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville (creosote bush), and Cliilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet (desert willow) . The most abundant herbs within the clearing were V erbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth and 1 Research Entomologist, University of California, Berkeley; Professor of Entomology, Arizona State University, Tempe. 2 Laboratory Technician, University of California, Berkeley. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 21-29. January 1965 22 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Hook (crownbeard) , Solanum elaeagni folium Cav. (horse nettle), Salsola kali L. (Russian thistle), Senecio longilobus Benth (groundsel), Perezia nana Gray (desert holly), Eriogonum abertianum Torr. (buck- wheat), Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) Standi., Baileya multiradiata Harv. and Gray (desert marigold), Baileya pleniradiata Harv. and Gray, and the grass Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth (tobosa) . The ground in the area was relatively flat and consisted of a loose, sandy soil on the surface, varying in depth, with hard-packed, sandy soil immediately beneath. These were overlying a hard caliche layer that was from 10 cm to about 80 cm beneath the surface. Between 3 and 10 June the entire area was dry and very hot, few flowers were in bloom, and there had evidently been no rain for several weeks. During the night of 10 June there was a light rain that dampened the ground but on the morning of 11 June between 8:10 and 8:20 a.m. a moderately heavy local storm soaked the ground to a depth of 3.2 cm in the open area. This increased the insect activity for a few days but the ground was dry again on 13 June. Krombein and Evans (1954) found N. slossonae active in Florida between 29 March and 5 April 1953 on sand flats covered with sparse vegetation. The same authors (1955) reported finding N. slossonae active in several localities in Florida between 20 March and 3 April 1954 on sand and on the side of a sandy ridge along a road. It would appear, therefore, that N. slossonae in Florida is active earlier in the season than N. laticeps in Arizona and that it prefers sparsely vegetated sandy areas in contrast to N. laticeps, which inhabits areas of sandy soil that are well populated with various species of annual and perennial herbs and grasses. Hunting BEHAVIOR. — On 11 June a female of N. laticeps was watched for a period of about 35 minutes as she was evidently hunting for prey in an area of roughly 3 square meters. All of her activity was on the ground and she paid no apparent attention to numerous plants around and under which she was working. She held her abdomen slightly elevated and her antennae vibrated rapidly up and down as she made rapid, jerky movements using both the legs and wings for propulsion. In her quest for spider prey she rapidly investigated openings beneath stones and twigs, cracks in the ground, or the burrows of other insects. She was observed investigating the same situations two or three times as her erratic movements carried her back over some of the ground al- ready covered. Ants and other insects encountered during these activi- ties were ignored, as was the observer, who at times was directly over January 1965] cazier & mortenson — nitelopterus 23 her. Unfortunately she found no prey during this period and we were therefore unable to obtain any information on capture and paralysis. Prey carriage.- — On 3 June at about 10 a.m. a female was captured as she was dragging her long-legged spider prey along the ground. She appeared to have one of the spider’s front legs in her mandibles and was walking backwards, pulling it along the ground. During the few minutes she was under observation she made no attempt to fly with the prey. On 12 June at 1:45 p.m. a small (5 mm) female was seen as she was taking her spider prey toward the nest entrance which was about 2 m away. During most of the trip she walked backward, pulling the spider by one of its legs, frequently shifting her hold to different legs. On several occasions she straddled the spider, holding one of its legs in her mandibles while attempting to fly. Most of these attempts were unsuccessful but on several she managed to fly from 3 to 5 cm with the spider dangling loosely down beneath her body, its legs dragging on the ground. She avoided natural obstacles on the way to the nest, going around rocks and sticks, often deviating considerably from a straight line to the entrance. In the last 50 cm she had to make a right-angled turn in order to reach the nest entrance, arriving there at 1:53 p.m. The anterior and middle legs on the right-hand side of the spider were missing beyond their coxae and may have been amputated to facilitate transportation. Krombein and Evans (1954) reported that N. slossonae held the spider ventral up next to her body and moved toward the nest awkwardly and slowly by taking short leaps forward. The wasp held the spider’s forelegs near their apices between her mandibles. The spider’s third and fourth legs on the left side and the second and fourth legs on the right side were missing beyond the coxae and were probably amputated to make transport easier. The same authors (1955) reported seeing a female flying with a small immature spider that was held underneath. It would appear from this that both N. slossonae and N. laticeps at- tempt to fly with their prey with more or less success, depending on the size of the spider. Both species evidently hold the prey by their legs with their mandibles and sometimes practice leg amputation, probably to facilitate transportation. Burrow site. — The female that was followed as she carried her spider prey entered a small (2.5 cm diameter) rodent burrow situated at the base of a clump of grass ( Hilaria mutica [Buckl.] Benth) . This burrow sloped slightly downward and under the grass plant and the open wasp burrow was on the bottom of the left-hand side of the rodent burrow, 2.5 cm in from its entrance. The wasp nest was therefore under the 24 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 grass plant and about 6 cm beneath the ground level inside the base of the plant which was elevated about 2 cm above the surrounding ground level. Krombein and Evans (1955) followed a prey-laden female of N. slossonae to her nest which was in the side of a sandy ridge along a road. The nest entrance was closed and the wasp deposited her spider on the ground while she opened it. When leaving she closed the entrance to her incompletely stocked burrow. From these single observations on each species it appears that N. slossonae nests in the open and closes her burrow entrance after each trip, whereas N. laticeps uses the en- trances to rodent burrows for nesting sites and leaves the burrow en- trance open until the nest is fully stocked and the egg has been laid. Prey storage. — The female N. laticeps entered the burrow without releasing her hold on the long-legged pholcid spider and remained in the burrow until 2:15 p.m. or for an elapsed time of 22 minutes. When the burrow was excavated, it was found that two of these spiders had been stored at the end of the burrow, not in an enlarged cell, and their bodies had been pushed in toward the end with their long legs trailing back toward the entrance. The body of the second specimen had been pushed in between the legs of the first specimen so that their bodies were close together. The egg had been laid on the last spider stored. Krombein and Evans (1955) found a spider that had been stored by a female N. slossonae in a small terminal cell. No egg had been laid on it. They also noted that the female laid the spider down on the ground while she opened the nest entrance, entered the burrow, then came out, grasped the spider by its legs, and dragged it into the burrow. She re- mained inside for a few seconds, then came out, closed the entrance, and was captured. Closing activities. — When the female came out of her burrow at 2:15 p.m., she began covering the entrance. Loose dirt and small pebbles were thrown behind her with the front legs as she faced away from the entrance. When a small amount had accumulated in the en- trance, she would back into it and appeared to be pushing the dirt farther down into the burrow. Additional dirt would be thrown into the entrance and the procedure for plugging the burrow repeated until after 5 minutes the entrance was closed. The female was collected at 2:20 p.m. Krombein and Evans (1955) reported that N. slossonae “raked” some sand over the entrance before departing from an incomplete burrow. This species may be found to adopt a similar procedure for closing a finished burrow as recorded above for N. laticeps. Judging from the CAZIER & MORTENSON NITELOPTERUS 25 January 1965 % Explanation of Figure Fig. 1. Dorsal view of Psilochorus rockefelleri Gertsch (Pholcidae) , showing egg of Nitelopterus laticeps (Ashmead) attached to dorsal surface of the cephalo- thorax, above the base of the left hind leg. single observation on the latter species, the entrance is left open between prey-collecting trips. Burrow design.- — The entrance and burrow were 3 mm in diameter. The burrow extended straight out, at right angles to the rodent burrow, for 2.5 cm parallel to the ground surface. There were no bends, enlarge- ments, or cells in the burrow and the prey had been pushed into the end. Krombein and Evans (1955) found the burrow of N. slossonae ex- tending into the ground, obliquely for 5 cm, terminating in a small cell where a spider had been stored. It would thus appear that the two species differ in that N. slossonae makes a cell for prey storage whereas N. laticeps does not. The angle and length of the burrows may not prove to be significantly different when more nests are studied. 26 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. 41, NO. 1 Prey analysis. — The spider that was collected with a female N. laticeps and the two specimens dug from the nest of a second female were paralyzed adult females of P silo chorus rockefelleri Gertsch belong- ing to the family Pholcidae. Members of this family are commonly found under rocks, logs, and in other relatively dark situations. In such habitats they would be subject to the depredations of N. laticeps which, as recorded earlier, hunts on the ground. Krombein and Evans (1954, 1955) found that N. slossonae collected Habrocestum pulex (Hentz) and Metapliidippus galathea (Walck.), both belonging to the family Salticidae or jumping spiders. They also indicate that the latter species is abundant in grassy fields or on trees and bushes, which might indicate that N. slossonae hunts in these situations rather than on the ground, which at present is indicated for N. laticeps. Egg. — The egg was loosely attached by one end to the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax, above the base of the left hind leg (Fig. 1), on the last specimen stored. It was slightly bowed medially and extended up over the base of the abdomen. At the age of about 18 hours, the egg was translucent and measured 1.5 mm by 0.25 mm. Both spiders were still alive but paralyzed and remained in this condition until 17 June (5 days after storage), when they Avere preserved. On 13 June while the spiders were being transferred to petri dishes the egg was dislodged and, even though it remained in the bottom of the dish, it hatched on 15 June or about 50 hours after being laid. The larva was placed back on the spider but died 2 days later without feeding on or penetrating the spider. Nitelopterus ?texanus (Ashmead) Even though the single female submitted to K. V. Krombein for identification could be only provisionally identified as N. texanus, it seems worthwhile to record our limited observations on this species. The specimen, which was collected at Portal, Arizona, 5 July 1963, is in the collection of the United States National Museum. Habitat. — Our observations were made in the enclosed yard area of the Willy ranch, located in Portal at the mouth of Cave Creek Canyon at an elevation of 4,700 feet. This compound is in the thorn-shrub area that borders Cave Creek and in Avhich the primary vegetative cover con- sists of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. (mesquite), Mimosa biuncifera Benth (wait-a-minute) , Acacia constricta Benth (whitethorn), Acacia greggii Gray (catclaw acacia), Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. (chicle), Flourensia cernua DC. (tarbush), Larrea tridentata (DC.) January 1965] cazier & mortenson — nitelopterus 27 Coville (creosote busli), and several species of Opuntia, Agave, and Yucca. South of the compound, beginning next to the juniper post fence, there was a dense growth of Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. (Apache plume). The vegetation within the yard area consisted of a mixture of introduced ornamentals, fruit and shade trees, and a number of native plants that grow wild in the immediate vicinity. The main shade cover was provided by Chinese elm trees ( Ulmus sp.) but there were also small apple ( Malus sp.), plum ( Prunus sp.), peach ( Prunus sp.), walnut ( Juglans major [Torr.] Heller), elderberry ( Sambucus sp.), and hackberry ( Celtis reticulata Torr.) trees in the yard. There were several areas that were open and devoid of trees and shrubs, although bordered by them, in which the ground was either sandy, rocky, or with loose or compact soil. It was in one of these open areas that the burrow was located. Prey carriage. — The female was first observed at about 11:12 a.m. on 5 July 1963 as she was dragging her small, reddish spider along the ground about 30 cm north of the juniper post fence and parallel with it. She was holding the spider by one leg with her mandibles and was going backwards toward the nest entrance, pulling the spider along behind. During the 4 minutes that she was watched, she changed her hold to different legs on the spider three times, but made no attempt to fly. She arrived at the nest entrance, which was open, at 11:16 a.m., put the spider down in front of the entrance, entered the burrow, turned around, put her head back out of the entrance, grasped the spider by a leg, and pulled it down into the burrow. The carriage behavior of AO? texanus is similar to that recorded for N. laticeps except that she made no attempt to fly. The burrow of both of these species was open when the females arrived but AO? texanus re- leased the spider at the nest entrance, entered the burrow, and then reached out and pulled the spider in, a behavior pattern similar to that reported for AO slossonae by Krombein and Evans (1955). AO laticeps did not release the spider at the burrow entrance. Between prey-collect- ing trips AO laticeps and AO? texanus leave the nest entrance open, whereas AO slossonae closes the entrance between such trips. Burrow site. — The burrow was located in an open area devoid of small plants and in which the ground consisted largely of loose, sandy soil. It was about 5 m west of the Chinese elm tree, 4 m east of a small peach tree, and 30.5 cm north of the juniper post fence. The entrance was on the side of a small pile of loose, sandy soil. The burrow site of AO? texanus appears to be more nearly like that of AO slossonae (Krombein and Evans, 1955), which used the side of a THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 28 [VOL. 41, NO. 1 sandy ridge. TV. laticeps used the entrance to a rodent burrow for her nesting site and the burrow was beneath a grass plant. Burrow design. — The entrance and burrow were 3 mm in diameter and nearly round. The burrow was slightly curved throughout its length of 2.5 cm, the end was only about 6 mm below the depth of the burrow entrance, and about 6 cm below ground level. It terminated in a small cell, 4 by 4.5 mm in diameter, which contained two spider prey. In TV. laticeps and TV.? texanus the burrows were nearly horizontal and each was 2.5 cm in length. In N. slossonae (Krombein and Evans, 1955) it was oblique and 5 cm in length. In TV.? texanus and TV. slossonae the incompleted burrows terminated in a small cell in which prey were found. In TV. laticeps no such cell was located at the end of a completed burrow. Prey storage and analysis. — When the female of TV.? texanus pulled her prey into the burrow at 11:16 a.m., she evidently made no special effort to orient this spider with the one already in the cell even though she spent 2 minutes in the burrow. When she emerged from the burrow at 1 1 : 18 a.m., she made no effort to close the entrance and was captured as she attempted to fly away. The burrow was incomplete as no egg had been laid. Both spiders belong to the family Theridiidae and con- sisted of one subadult female of Steatoda fulva Keyserling and one im- mature Latrodectes mactans F. Krombein and Evans (1954, 1955) reported that TV. slossonae used species in two different genera of Salticidae as prey. TV. laticeps was found to use one species belonging to the family Pholcidae and TV.? texanus used species in two different genera of Theridiidae. However, these results were obtained on too few observations to enable us to make any definite statement as to the extent of this apparent specificity at the present time. Summary 1, At least three species of Nitelopterus ( laticeps , slossonae, and ? texanus) nest in the ground, either in loose sand or sandy soil. 2, TV. laticeps used the entrance of a small rodent burrow as a vestibule for its nest entrance. 3, The burrows are short, 2.5-5 cm in length, nearly horizontal or oblique, and in TV. slossonae and TV.? texanus terminate in a small cell. No cell was evident in N. laticeps. 4, At least in TV. laticeps , each burrow evidently contains only one accumulation of prey and one egg. 5, TV. slossonae from Florida stores spiders belonging to the family Salticidae. N.? texanus from Arizona stores spiders belonging to the family Theridiidae. TV. laticeps also from Arizona stores spiders belonging January 1965 CAZIER & MORTENSON NITELOPTERUS 29 to the family Pholcidae. 6, N. slossonae and N. laticeps, at least on occa- sion, amputate legs from their prey, probably to facilitate transportation. 7, N. laticeps and N.? texanus drag their prey along the ground, the former occasionally tries to fly with it. N . slossonae either flies with or drags its prey in short leaps along the ground. The nature of this be- havior is probably determined by the size of the spider. 8, N. slossonae closes the burrow entrance while she is out collecting prey, whereas N. ? texanus and N. laticeps leave it open while they are away. 9, The egg of N. laticeps is loosely attached by one end to the dorsal surface of the spider’s cephalothorax, above the base of the left hind leg, on the last specimen stored. 10, Evidently from two to three spiders are stored in each nest. Literature Cited Krombein, K. V. 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog, first supplement. U. S. Dept, of Agric., Agric. Monogr., No. 2, p. 187. 1961. Some insect visitors of mat Euphorbia in southwestern Arizona (Hy- menoptera, Diptera). Entomol. News, 72 (3) : 80-83. Krombein, K. V., and Howard E. Evans. 1954. A list of wasps collected in Florida, March 29 to April 5, 1953, with biological annotations (Hy- menoptera, Aculeata). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 56 (5): 225- 236. 1955. An annotated list of wasps collected in Florida, March 20 to April 3, 1954 (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 57 (5) : 223-235. Muesebeck, C. F. W., K. V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes. 1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog. U. S. Dept, of Agric., Agric. Monogr. No. 2, p. 944. RECENT LITERATURE The Skippers of the Genus Hesperia in Western North America with Special Reference to California ( Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae) . By C. Don MacNeill. University of California Publications in Entomology, vol. 35: iv -f- 221 pp., 28 compound figs. (pp. 194-221), 8 pis., pi. I being a frontispiece in color. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles; Cambridge University Press, London. 7 April 1964. Price $5.00. A careful study of a difficult group. The copious biological data, mostly original, result from a great deal of painstaking fieldwork as well as laboratory rearings. In the taxonomic section emphasis is on characters other than maculation. Three new subspecies are described; nine other geographic segregates are dis- tinguished for the first time hut not named. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences , San Francisco. 30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Studies on the Bionomics of Sphecoid Wasps. V. Bothy no stethus distinctus and Entomogncithus texana (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) Mont A. Cazier 1 and Martin A. Mortenson 2 University of California, Berkeley The genus Bothy no stethus is represented in the fauna of America north of Mexico by a single species, about which no bionomical informa- tion has evidently been published (Muesebeck, Krombein, Townes et al., 1951: 941; Krombein et al., 1958: 186). B. distinctus Cresson, which was originally described in 1891, has been recorded as occurring from New Jersey to Florida on the east coast, Kansas in the midwest, Louisi- ana in the south, and Texas in the southwest. The present studies were made at Portal, Cochise County, Arizona, which appears to represent the westernmost record for the distribution of the species. The European genus Entomognathus is represented in the fauna of America north of Mexico by five species, all of which belong to the subgenus Toncahua (Muesebeck, Krombein, Townes et al., 1951: 1013; Krombein, 1963). The subgenus Entomognathus occurs in Europe where the species are known to nest in the ground and to provision their nests with chrysomelid beetles. This typical subgenus is not known from North America. The prey preference of our Nearctic species of Toncahua has not been previously recorded (Krombein, 1963). This latter author also reports that the two common Middle Atlantic states species, E. lenapeorum Viereck and E. memorialis Banks, are sylvicolous forms which nest in rather heavy soil; E. arenivaga Krombein from Florida and possibly North Carolina occurs in open, sparsely vegetated sandy areas; the habitat preference of E. texana Cresson, occurring from Texas to Kansas and Pennsylvania, is unknown. Evidently the same condition exists relative to E. mexicana Cameron which occurs in Texas and Mexico. The present observation on E. texana was made at a location 1 mile north of Rodeo, Hidalgo County, New Mexico, which evidently represents the westernmost extension of its known distribution. The writers would like to express their appreciation to K. V. Krom- bein for the wasp determinations, and to G. B. Vogt for the prey identi- fications, both from the Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Research Branch, U. S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D. C. We also extend our thanks to E. G. Linsley, Ray F. Smith, and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., 1 Research Entomologist, University of California, Berkeley; Professor of Entomology, Arizona State University, Ternpe. 2 Laboratory Technician, University of California, Berkeley. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 30-33. January 1965 January 1965] cazier & mortenson — bothynostethus 31 University of California, Berkeley, for their assistance. To Dr. and Mrs. Ralph G. Willy and Finley Richards we extend our appreciation for allowing us to use their properties for research purposes. The project was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant GB- 379. Bothynostethus distinctus Fox Habitat. — The female was first observed on 1 July 1963 in the en- closed yard area of the Willy ranch in Portal, Arizona. This compound is located in the thorn-shrub area that borders Cave Creek at the mouth of Cave Creek Canyon, and in which the primary vegetative cover con- sists of Prosopis julijlora (Swartz) DC. (mesquite), Mimosa biuncifera Benth (wait-a-minute) , Acacia constricta Benth (whitethorn), Acacia greggii Gray (catclaw acacia), Flourensia cernua DC. (tarbush), Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville (creosote bush), Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. (chicle), Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. (Apache plume), and several species of Opuntia, Agave, and Yucca. The vegetation within the compound consisted of a mixture of in- troduced ornamentals, fruit and shade trees, and a number of native plants that grow wild in the immediate vicinity. The main shade cover was provided by Chinese elm trees ( Ulmus sp.) but there were also small apple ( Malus sp.), plum ( Prunus sp.), peach ( Prunus sp.), apricot ( Prunus sp.), walnut ( Juglans major [Torr.] Heller), elderberry ( Sam - bucus sp.), hackberry ( Celtis reticulata Torr.) trees in the yard. There were several areas that were open and devoid of trees, shrubs, and herbs, although bordered by them, in which the ground was either sandy, rocky, or with loose or compact soil. It was in one of these bare areas of sandy soil that the burrow was located. Nest entrance. — The female was first observed about 10:15 a.m. on 1 July as she entered and left what appeared to be a vertical, non- symmetrical, rodent burrow that measured about 1.3 cm in diameter. When this burrow was later dug it was found to contain a solpugid at about 7 cm from the surface and four lizard ( Cnemidophorus sp.) eggs at around 21 cm from ground level. At any rate, this burrow was being used as a vestibule for the nest of B. distinctus, whose entrance was located on the east wall of the burrow at a depth of 5 cm below ground level. This was located in an open area of sandy soil about 2 m north- east of a small peach tree, the nearest vegetation to the hole. General behavior and orientation. — It was practically impossible to obtain information on the female’s flight or the method of carrying prey because of the rapidity with which she entered and left the vesti- bule. Most of the time all that could be seen was a small, dark streak 32 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 as she went in and out. The depth of her nest entrance in the larger burrow prevented any observations on opening or closing activities, excavation, entering, or departure behavior. On 2 July at 11:34 a.m. she was observed entering the hole, only to appear a few seconds later, circled the hole twice out to a distance of about 30 cm, and landed on the edge of the hole for about 5 seconds before departing. This may have been the orientation flight but it was only seen on this one occasion. Prey collecting. — We were unable to observe the female capturing prey but did take times on her as she left the burrow, returned with or without prey, and departed again. On 1 July between 11:33 a.m. and 12:13 p.m. (40 minutes), she made 11 round trips, spending from 1 to 6 minutes hunting, and from 60 to 90 seconds in the burrow between each trip. Between 12:13 and 2:37 p.m. (2 hours and 14 minutes) she remained in the burrow. Between 2:37 and 2:50 p.m. (13 minutes) she made five round trips, spending from 50 seconds to 4 minutes in the field and from 40 seconds to 3 minutes in the burrow between trips. From 2:50 to 3:30 p.m. (40 minutes) she remained in the burrow. Between 3:30 and 3:40 p.m. (10 minutes) she made six round trips, spending from 35 seconds to 2 minutes in the field and from 30 to 70 seconds in the burrow between trips. Between 3:40 and 4:08 p.m. (28 minutes) she remained in the burrow. From 4:08 to 4:23 p.m. (15 minutes) she made seven round trips, spending from 35 seconds to 2.5 minutes in the field and from 30 to 55 seconds in the burrow between trips. She was not seen to leave the burrow again on this day. We could not always be sure that she had prey on the homing flights, but the above figures will serve to show that the activity both inside and outside the burrow is very rapid and is occasionally interrupted with long periods spent inside the nest. Burrow design.— As indicated previously, the entrance to the burrow was 5 cm below ground level, in the east wall of the larger (1.3 cm) burrow. It measured 2 mm in diameter and increased immediately to 2.5 mm in the burrow proper. The burrow extended eastward and down- ward at about a 45° angle for 1 cm, turned abruptly downward for 1.5 cm, then eastward at a 45° angle for 1 cm, turned back toward the west and downward at about a 45° angle for 7 cm where it entered the loose dirt in the larger burrow and was lost. Excavation of the surrounding area failed to disclose any of the prey. Prey analysis. — Although we cannot be sure that all the prey were the same, the specimen she was carrying when captured at 3:25 p.m. on 2 July was a chrysomelid beetle belonging to the genus Monoxia sp., subfamily Galerucinae. January 1965 j cazier & mortenson — bothynostethus 33 Entomognathus (Toncahua) texana Cresson A female of this species was collected in flight, with prey, 1 mile north of Rodeo, New Mexico on 4 September 1963. This locality is on the edge of the old San Simon river bed at an elevation of about 4,000 feet. The specimen was taken at the base of a slight hill on the east side of the broad riverbed where the ground consists of a sandy soil with a few areas of exposed caliche. The vegetation in the immediate vicinity consisted of a rather dense growth of Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth (tobosa) and other grasses, in which there were scattered patches of open ground. Ephedra trifurca Torr. (joint fir) was also abundant and numerous large, dense thickets of Koeberlinia spinosa Zucc. (crown of thorns, crucifixion thorn ) were present, especially on the slope extend- ing up from the bottomland. Other plants in the immediate vicinity included Gilia longiflora (Torr.) G. Don., Eriogonum trichopes Torr. (wild buckwheat), Salsola kali L. (Russian thistle), Tridens pulchellus (H. B. K.) Hitchc. (fluff grass), and Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) Gray (snakeweed) . This area would appear to be similar to the habitat recorded for E. arenivaga by Krombein (1963) except that it might be more heavily vegetated. The prey being carried by the female at the time of capture was the chrysomelid beetle (subfamily Galerucinae) Diahrotica tricincta Say. This, the first prey record for any of our Nearctic species, indicates that species belonging to the subgenus Toncahua, like their European rela- tives in the subgenus Entomognathus , store chrysomelid beetles. How- ever, the European species evidently store members of the subfamily Halticinae, whereas the present record indicates that at least E. ( T .) texana of our Nearctic species stores members of the subfamily Galeru- cinae. As reported earlier, Bothynostethus distinctus also stores beetles belonging to the latter subfamily. Literature Cited Krombein, K. V. 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog, first supplement. U. S. Dept, of Agric., Agric. Monogr. No. 2. 1963. Notes on the Entomognathus of eastern United States. (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) . Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 76: 247-254. Muesebeck, C. F. W., K. V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes. 1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog. U. S. Dept, of Agric., Agric. Monogr. No. 2. 34 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Studies on the Bionomics of Sphecoid Wasps. VI. Fernaldina lucae (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) Mont A. Cazier 1 and Martin A. Mortenson 2 University of California, Berkeley The genus Fernaldina was described by Bohart and Menke (1963) based on Sphex lucae Saussure which, at the present time, is the only species in the genus. The species is widely distributed throughout the western states from British Columbia, Canada, into northern Mexico; in the midwest from South Dakota to Texas and northern Mexico; and in the southeastern states of Georgia and Florida. The only biological information on F ernaldina lucae (Saussure) that has been published is concerned with their sleeping behavior. Evans and Linsley (1960) recorded the species as being a casual member of the sleeping aggrega- tions of wasps and bees on Melilotus alba Desr. (white sweet clover) at a location 5 miles southwest of Portal, Arizona. Linsley (1962) pub- lished additional information gathered in the same situation and de- scribed their sleeping posture, orientation, site selected, gregariousness, and regularity. According to Bohart and Menke (1963), the nesting- habits of the species are unknown. The present studies were made at Portal, Cochise County, Arizona, between 20 and 29 June 1963. The writers would like to express their appreciation to R. M. Bohart, University of California, Davis, for the identification of the wasp and other encouragement gratefully received. To A. B. Gurney, Division of Insects, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., we are indebted for the name of the prey. We also extend our thanks and appreciation to E. G. Linsley, R. F. Smith, and P. D. Hurd, Jr., Uni- versity of California, Berkeley, for their continued assistance. To Dr. and Mrs. Ralph G. Willy we extend our appreciation for allowing us the use of their property for research purposes. The photographs were taken by the junior author. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant GB-379. Habitat. — The first female of F ernaldina lucae was observed as she was engaged in excavation activities on 20 June, and the second was seen bringing in prey on 29 June 1963. The burrows of both females were in the enclosed yard of the Willy ranch located in the thorn-shrub area 1 Research Entomologist, University of California, Berkeley; Professor of Entomology, Arizona State University, Tempe. 2 Laboratory Technician, University of California, Berkeley. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 34-43. January 1965 January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina 35 that borders Cave Creek at the mouth of Cave Creek Canyon in the Chiricahua Mountains. The primary vegetation cover surrounding the compound consists of Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. (mesquite), Mimosa biuncifera Benth (wait-a-minute) , Acacia constricta Benth (whitethorn), Acacia greggii Gray (catclaw acacia), Flourensia cernua DC. (tarbush), Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville (creosote bush), Bumelia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers. (chicle), Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. (Apache plume), and several species of Opuntia, Agave , and Yucca. The vegetation within the compound consisted of a mixture of in- troduced ornamentals, fruit and shade trees, and a number of native plants that grow wild in the immediate vicinity. The main shade cover was provided by Chinese elm trees ( Ulmus sp.), but there were also small apple ( Malus sp.), plum ( Prunus sp.), peach ( Primus sp.), apri- cot ( Prunus sp.), walnut ( Juglans major [Torr.] Heller), elderberry (. Sambucus sp.), and hackberry ( Celtis reticulata Torr.) trees in the yard. There were several areas that were open and devoid of trees, shrubs, and herbs, although bordered by them, in which the ground was either sandy, rocky, or with loose or compact soil. Both burrows were in open areas, the first in compacted soil and the second in rocky ground about 20 m east of the first. Burrow location. — The first burrow was situated at the base of a 10.2 cm vertical bank, on the west side of a previously excavated hole that had purposely been left only partially filled. The entrance was 5 cm north of a Philanthus anna Dunning burrow in the same bank. The soil was compacted at this depth, sandy in texture, and there were no plants in the immediate vicinity. The second burrow was also located in an open area about 1.52 m south of a building in level, dry, rocky soil. The entrance was 5 cm from the base of an isolated Baileya mul- tiradiata Harv. and Gray plant, in a small (2.5 cm in diameter), flat spot from which the larger pebbles had been removed. Excavating behavior. — The first female was observed at 9:00 a.m. on 20 June, as she began digging what we thought was a new burrow. Additional information obtained from this burrow and from the be- havior of the second female indicates that the burrow had already been dug, a single prey stored, and the egg laid, probably on the preceding day. She was evidently reopening the burrow to store additional prey. The excavated dirt was piled up in front of the entrance and the female was going into the burrow head first, backing out with a load of dirt, and depositing each load on the accumulated tumulus. There were no spreading activities and the dirt was not being thrown out behind by 36 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Explanation of Figures Fig. 1 (upper left) F ernaldina lucae (Saussure) female on tumulus pile, throw- ing loose dirt into burrow entrance with her front legs. Fig. 2 (upper right) F ernaldina lucae (Saussure) female pushing dirt into burrow entrance with her head and anterior legs. Fig. 3 (middle left) Female of F ernaldina lucae (Saus- sure) in final act of closing burrow entrance. Fig. 4 (middle right) Burrow design of second nest showing course around large rock and female tettigoniid stored at end. Fig. 5 (lower left) Male tettigoniid from first nest showing egg of F ernaldina lucae (Saussure) attached to the venter of the thorax and the antennal amputation. Fig. 6 (lower right) Female tettigoniid stored in end of second burrow showing its head-first position, on its right side, and with the hind tibiae bent forward. January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina 37 the action of the anterior legs as it is in many other wasps. She was engaged in these activities for 30 minutes or until 9:30 a.m., when she came out, rapidly threw loose dirt back over the entrance with her front legs, and flew away without making an orientation flight. Burrow closing. — Each time the female left the burrow to collect prey the entrance was closed with loose dirt as described above. How- ever, after the cell is stocked or when she evidently leaves the burrow to spend the night out, the closing procedure is quite different. While facing away from the entrance, standing on the tumulus pile, she would throw some loose dirt into the entrance (Fig. 1), turn around, and push the dirt down into the burrow with her head and anterior legs (Fig. 2) . These actions were repeated several times until the entrance was indis- tinguishable from the surrounding soil (Fig. 3). It was evidently one of these overnight, compact plugs that was being removed when the female was first seen. Prey carriage. — The homing flights were too rapid to allow for observations on the method of holding the prey, but the female flew directly to the entrance site, deposited the tettigoniid on the ground with its head forward next to the edge of the entrance. She then pulled some of the loose dirt in the plug out with her front legs and pushed the rest inside as she entered. She turned around in the burrow, re- turned to the entrance, reached out and grasped the base of one of the tettigoniid’s antennae, and pulled it head first into the burrow. It required only about 10 seconds for the female to open the burrow and get the prey inside. Prey collecting. — Neither of the females of Fernaldina lucae were seen in the act of hunting or collecting their prey. We did, however, obtain some data on the time spent in such activities. The first female closed her burrow and flew away at 9:30 a.m. and was not seen again until 12:00 a.m. when she returned with a nymphal tettigoniid (2.5 hours). She closed the burrow and flew away at 12:01 p.m. and re- turned with another nymphal tettigoniid at 12:11 p.m. (10 minutes). At 12:12 p.m. she came out and began filling the burrow with a compact plug, as described earlier. She was collected at 12:13 p.m. when the plug was nearly complete. When the burrow was excavated, it was found that the first prey stored had an Opuntia sp. thorn protruding from its abdomen and was heavily infested with fly larvae. Whether or not this was a self-impaled tettigoniid, a shrike-impaled specimen, or an im- palement by Fernaldina lucae is unknown. The heavy fly larva in- festation of this specimen would seem to indicate that it had been impaled for some time. 38 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 The second female was first seen at 1:15 p.m. on 29 June, as she came into her previously prepared burrow with prey. She was in the burrow for 30 seconds, came out, closed the burrow with a loose plug, and flew away. She was not seen again until 4:00 p.m. when she came in without prey, entered the burrow for about 90 seconds, covered the entrance as before, and flew away. At 4:10 p.m. a straw was placed over the poorly closed entrance, and at 5:45 p.m. it had been moved and the entrance effectively plugged. No further activity occurred up to 7:30 p.m. when a plastic container was put over the entrance to capture the female as she emerged the following morning. The next day at 8:30 a.m., while we were excavating the burrow, the female returned without prey and was captured. She had spent the night out and was evidently returning to remove the compact plug before collecting more prey. Such behavior had already been observed on the first female. Only one tettigoniid nymph was found in the burrow and this had the wasp’s egg on it. Amputation. — Prior to carrying the prey to the nest, both females of Fernaldina lucae had amputated the antennae of each tettigoniid near the middle of the third segment (Fig. 5). This may have been done to facilitate transportation as the antennae are normally very long and might impede progress. It might also be done to facilitate holding the prey by the basal antennal segments during flight, not observed, or to get them out of the way so these basal segments can be more readily grasped when pulling the prey into the burrow. Burrow design. — Both burrows were simple in design, shallow in depth, and evidently constructed to house only one cluster of prey and one wasp egg. The entrance and burrow in the first nest measured 10 mm in diameter, although somewhat irregular in spots. The burrow extended slightly downward and inward from the base of the vertical bank for 7.6 cm in a shallow curve. It made a 90° turn to the left at this point, directly into a cell which was only slightly wider than the burrow (12 mm) but 3.8 cm in length. It was horizontal in position, 6.3 cm in depth below the nest entrance, and 16.5 cm below ground level at the top of the 10.2 cm vertical bank. The linear length was 11.4 cm. The second burrow was more irregular than the first because of the rocky soil in which it had been excavated. The entrance, which was in level ground, was elliptical in shape, roughly 14 mm wide and 9 mm high, and was not symmetrical. The burrow entered the ground at a shallow angle toward the north, and because of the rocky soil, its diameter and configuration were irregular (Fig. 4) . It went gradually downward toward the north for 10.2 cm, 5.1 cm of which was along January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina 39 the side of a rock which formed the east side of the burrow. It followed the contour of the rock around a 90° bend and continued along its margin for an additional 2.5 cm going east. At this point it turned northeast at about a 45° angle for 2.7 cm to the end of the burrow. The linear length of the burrow was 15.4 cm, the end of the burrow was not enlarged, and the stored tettigoniid was at a depth of 5.1 cm below ground level (Fig. 6). The end of the burrow, where the prey was found, was roughly 12 mm wide and its bottom and west side were lined with rock. Prey storage. — In the first burrow the terminal cell was found to contain three katydids which were shingled one on top of the other, head first in the cell, on their right sides, and with the legs extended out behind. The first specimen stored was a winged male (Fig. 5) and the other two were nymphs in two different instars. The second burrow contained a single nymphal female katydid, stored as given above except that its tibiae were bent forward along the femora (Fig. 6) . Prey analysis. — All four prey found in the two burrows belonged to the orthopterous family Tettigoniidae (long-horned grasshoppers) . All three specimens from the first burrow were consumed by fly larvae. The nymphal female (Fig. 6) from the second burrow was Insara sp., probably elegans Scudder. Egg. — Both females of Fernaldina lucae had laid a single egg on the first prey stored in the burrow. In the first burrow it was on an adult male tettigoniid (Fig. 5), and in the second, on a nymphal female of Insara sp. (Fig. 6). The first female had stuck the head end of the egg to the membrane between the pro- and mesosterna, inside of and slightly behind the left (venter up) front coxa. As the prey was arranged in the cell, the posterior portion of the egg was almost vertical, and except for leaning against the middle coxa on the right side, was free of con- tact with the prey (Fig. 5) . It was translucent, pale yellow in color, slightly bowed medially, and measured 0.75 mm in width by 3.5 mm in length. The second female had attached the head end of the egg to the membrane inside of and in front of the left front coxa (venter up), in front of the mesosternal plate. As placed in the nest, the posterior end protruded upward, resting against the right middle coxa. It was sym- metrical, slightly bowed medially, translucent, pale yellow, and measured 0.75 mm in width by 3 mm in length. As indicated previously, the egg in the first burrow was probably laid 19 June and the above description of it was made on 20 June. By 6:17 p.m. on 21 June both ends of the egg had become clear and by 8:40 a.m. on 22 June, the head end, next to the prey, was beginning to 40 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. 41, NO. 1 darken. Unfortunately, at this latter time, it was noted that this prey was heavily infested with medium-sized fly larvae that were rapidly cleaning out the inside. By 9:00 p.m. on the same day, the other two katydids were also fly blown. At this same time the wasp egg was just beginning to hatch and to show slight movements. The head end was dark, the median portion light, yellowish green, and the posterior end was still pale. By 8:20 a.m., 23 June, the first instar wasp larva was dead due to lack of food and probably also as a result of the violent action of the fly larvae, which had by this time consumed the insides of all the prey. If we figure that the egg was laid about 12:00 p.m. on 19 June, and as observed was hatching at 9:00 p.m. on 22 June, we have an incubation period of about 81 hours. The egg from the second nest didn’t hatch and was obviously defunct about 96 hours after being laid. Predators. — During the time that both females and their burrow entrances were kept under observation we saw no sign of parasite or predator activity. However, as noted above, we found that the first tettigoniid stored in the first burrow was fly blown. This was the prey on which the wasp egg had been laid and the one which had an Opuntia sp. thorn in its abdomen. Also, this prey had been stored prior to our finding the burrow, probably the day before or on 19 June, so we cannot be sure how or where it was originally infested. However, it contained ten fly larvae which is, in our experience, more than is usually found on a single prey that has been attacked by flies as it was being- taken into the burrow. We think it more probable that it was larvi- posited on while impaled on the Opuntia thorn. The ten larvae had consumed all three pre}^ stored in the first nest by 9:00 p.m. on 22 June (about 3 days) and began crawling around the dish, evidently looking for more food. Beginning at 8:20 a.m. on 23 June, these larvae were fed on fresh pupae of the geometrid moth Eucaterva variaria Grote. One larva pupated on 27 June, four on 28 June, four on 29 June, and one on 1 July. One larva that pupated on 29 June emerged on 12 July (14 days), one that pupated on 28 June emerged on 11 July (14 days) , and two that pupated on 29 June emerged on 13 July (15 days). The remaining six pupae went defunct. From this it can be seen that under artificial conditions the larval stage lasted from about 8 to 12 days, the pupal stage from 14 to 15 days. From the approximate date of larviposition (19 June) to the emergence of the adults required from 23 to 25 days. All four flies were Senotainia ( trilineata Wulp complex) sp. belong- ing to the family Sarcophagidae. This species is very common in the area in which these studies were made, and has been reared from the January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina 41 nests of a number of other wasp species. However, in the other species we have either observed the flies following the prey-laden wasps to their nests, larvipositing on the prey as it was being carried or pulled into the burrow, or briefly entering open burrows. No such behavior was seen with Fernaldina lucae. Behavior sequence. — Our studies on the two females of F ernaldina lucae, observed at different stages in their nesting behavior, indicate a rather definite behavioral sequence, at least in some aspects. We have no idea how long it takes a female to dig her rather shallow (11.4^-15.4 cm) burrow, but with a wasp of this size it is probably a matter of a few hours. When the burrow is complete, one prey is stored, an egg is laid on the venter of its thorax, the burrow is closed with a compact plug, and the female spends the night “sleeping” on vegetation (Linsley, 1962) . The next morning she returns to the burrow, removes the com- pact plug, investigates the burrow, closes the entrance with a loose dirt plug, and flies away in search of additional prey. Prey-collecting trips varied in time from 10 minutes to 2.5 hours. No definite orientation flights prior to departure or patterned approach flights were observed, but this may have been due to the fact that neither of the burrows were under observation when first established. The reported lack of such behavior would indicate an overnight retention of the clues or landmarks. The females fly in with their prey, land immediately in front of the closed entrance, deposit the tettigoniid on the ground so that its head is next to the entrance, remove the plug, enter the burrow and turn around, reach out, grasp the prey by the base of its antennae with the mandibles, and pull it head first into the burrow. The long antennae of the prey are amputated at about the middle of the third segment before the female returns to the burrow with the paralyzed victim. The burrow is left open while the female is inside but is closed with a loose dirt plug while she is out collecting. The prey are stored head first in the end of the burrow or in a slightly enlarged terminal cell. Each specimen was found to be placed on its right side, shingled over preced- ing specimens, and with or without its posterior legs extending out behind. The maximum number per cell was three specimens, both nymphs and adults and male and female tettigoniids were used. It would appear that only one accumulation of prey and one wasp egg is placed in each burrow, and that three medium-sized katydids are required for the development of the F ernaldina lucae larvae. When the nest has been completed, the female closes the burrow with a compact plug, using her head and anterior legs to push the dirt down in the 42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 burrow. The wasp’s prey are predatized by the sarcophagid fly Seno- tainia ( trilineata Wulp complex) sp. Comparison. — Bohart and Menke (1963) place the genus Fernaldina in a position intermediate between Sphex and Isodontia on morphologi- cal characteristics. In nesting habits and types of prey, F ernaldina would appear to be more nearly like Sphex than Isodontia. Sphex and F ernaldina are ground-nesting genera, they construct their own burrows, which are not lined with plant tissues, and both stock their nests pri- marily with Tettigoniidae. Isodontia , on the other hand, uses abandoned burrows of ground- and plant-nesting bees, hollow stems and holes in various plants, pitcher plants, and dead, rolled leaves of Yucca. They evidently prefer oecanthine Gryllidae for prey but also use tettigoniids on occasion, and line their nests with plant fibers. Some species of Sphex are gregarious in their nesting habits, whereas F ernaldina and Isodontia appear to be solitary. In certain behavioral characteristics the same close relationship be- tween Sphex and F ernaldina evidently exists, probably as a direct result of their similarities in nesting habits and types of prey stored. Using Sphex ichneumoneus (Linnaeus) for comparative purposes, the Peck- hams (1898) reported that during excavation the females back out of their burrows carrying some loose dirt in their mouths and anterior legs and deposit this on the tumulus. When plugging the burrow, loose dirt was pushed in and then tamped down with the head. The female deposits her prey in front of the burrow entrance, goes inside and turns around, then reaches out and pulls it inside by its antennae. The prey are stored head first at the end of the burrow and the egg is laid on the venter of the thorax. The illustrated burrow is shaped like our first burrow of F ernaldina lucae. The egg-laying period is brief and the females evi- dently spend the night out. These characteristics are shared with F ernaldina lucae. The Peckhams (1898) make no mention of antennal amputation by Sphex ichneumoneus , and Reinhard (1929) shows pictures of the prey of this species with the wasp egg and larvae attached, in which the antennae are intact. The Peckhams (1905) have a drawing of a Sphex in front of her burrow entrance with prey and both antennae of the katydid are complete. F ernaldina lucae amputates the tettigoniid an- tennae at about the middle of the third segment. Rau (1944) found the egg of Sphex pensylvanicus Linnaeus on the abdominal venter of the katydids rather than on the venter of the thorax as mentioned above for the other two species. The Peckhams (1898) did not indicate that Sphex ichneumoneus closed the burrow entrance while out looking for January 1965] cazier & mortenson — fernaldina 43 prey, as does Fernaldina lucae. Gillaspy (1962) reported that in Sphex tepanecus Saussure the cells ranged in depth from 31 to 60 cm. In Sphex ichneumoneus they are 17.8 cm (Peckhams, 1898), in Sphex pensylvani- cus 21.5 cm (Rau, 1944), and in Fernaldina lucae the linear lengths of the burrows varied from 11.4 cm to 15.4 cm. There appears to be con- siderable variability in biology and behavior between the various species of Sphex , and we anticipate that when additional examples of Fernaldina lucae are studied, some additional variability will be found in this single species. Also, we would expect to find an orientation flight from new burrows, spreading activities on tumulus piles, a pattern on the homing- flights, predatory flies at the burrow entrances, and perhaps a number of false burrow starts. What information we have presented here will serve as a starting point for studies on this species. Literature Cited Bohart, R. M., and A. S. Menke. 1963. A reclassification of the Sphecinae with a revision of the Nearctic species of the tribes Sceliplironini and Sphecini (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Univ. of California Pubs. En- tomol., 30 (2) : 91-182. Evans, H. E., and E. G. Linsley. 1960. Notes on a sleeping aggregation of solitary bees and wasps. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 59 (1) : 30-37. Gillaspy, J. E. 1962. Nesting behavior of Sphex tepanecus Saussure. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 57 : 15-17. Linsley, E. G. 1962. Sleeping aggregations of aculeate Hymenoptera — II. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 55(2) : 148-164. Peckham, G. W., and E. G. Peckham. 1898. On the instincts and habits of the solitary wasps. Wisconsin Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 2, Sci. Ser. 1. 245 pp. 1905. Wasps social and solitary. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Cambridge. 311 pp. Rau, P. 1944. The nesting habits of the wasp, Chlorion (Ammobia) pennsyl- vanicum L. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 37 : 439-440. Reinhard, E. G. 1929. The witchery of wasps. The Century Co., New York. 291 pp. 44 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41. NO. 1 Ecbletus , a Genus of Staphylinid Beetle New to the Nearctic Region (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) Ian Moore San Diego Natural History Museum Ecbletus was originally described by David Sharp in the Biologia Centrali-Americana : Insecta, Coleoptera, vol. 1, pt. 2, suppl., p. 708. It was based on three specimens of a single species, E. simplex, from Panama, which was illustrated on plate 18, fig. 24. No other species has been described. The new species described here was collected in California by Frank E. Blaisdell over 50 years ago. Ecbletus Sharp Form. — Small, parallel, not robust. Integument very finely sculptured, shining. Head. — Orbicular, slightly narrowed behind the eyes, without a nuchal con- striction. Eyes moderate, somewhat prominent. Antennae hardly incrassate; their fossae located in front of the eyes, above the bases of the mandibles, not under a ridge or prominence. Mandibles short, stout, curved, pointed at apex. Labrum transverse, narrowing rapidly from base to apex, which is broadly truncate. Maxillary palpi four-segmented; first segment short; second elongate, curved, widest at apex; third about as long as second but wider at apex; fourth almost as long as third, at base almost as wide as third, thence rapidly narrowing to the narrowly truncate apex. Inner lobe of maxilla not visible, outer lobe broad at apex, which is densely ciliate. Labial palpi three-segmented; first segment largest, others each narrower than preceding; all segments longer than wide. Ligula shallowly but acutely emarginate at apex. Gular sutures well separated, widely diverging behind. Infraorbital carina lacking. Thorax . — Pronotum subquadrate. Prosternum moderate, its process short. Lateral prosternal sutures distinct. Hypomera delimited by a carina. Trochantin minute. Prosternal epimera not delimited by sutures. Mesosternum short, its process short, acute, extending a very short distance between the coxae. Metasternum large, its process short, acute, hardly extending between the coxae. Elytra quadrate, sutural stria very fine. Scutellum small. Anterior coxae large, prominent, transverse, extending to the hypomera, contiguous. Middle coxae large, contiguous. Posterior coxae transverse and somewhat triangular. Tibiae without spines except at apices. Tarsi five-segmented, posterior tarsi about as long as tibiae, first segment a little longer than second, second to fourth decreas- ing very little in length, fifth about as long as first four together. Abdomen . — First five visible segments with paratergites. Fifth visible tergite a little longer than preceding. Tergites not impressed. First visible sternite without a small keel between the coxae. Sternites not constricted at base. Distribution. — This anomalous genus has been previously known only by the single species, E. simplex Sharp, which was based on The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 44-46. January 1965 January 1965] moore — new ecbletus from California 45 Fig. 1. Ecbletus leechi Moore. three specimens collected by Champion in Panama in the 1880’s. Consequently, the single specimen of the new species found by Blaisdell in California is a very interesting addition to our fauna. Notes. — This genus belongs in the Phloeocharinae. In many characters it resembles members of the Pteroniinae, from which it can be easily separated by its prominent anterior coxae and relatively shorter elytra. Previously placed in the Phloeocharinae were Rimulin- cola and Olisthearus. The former has been removed to the Oxytelinae and the latter belongs in the Olisthaerinae. Ecbletus leechi Moore, new species Color. — Head, pronotum, and abdomen dark piceus; appendages and elytra rufo- testaceus, with the scutellar region clouded. Head . — Head wider than long; surface evenly convex, very finely reticulate, and with a few almost imperceptible punctulae; a few scattered punctures and two long setae on either side behind the eyes. Surface beneath very finely, evenly reticulate. Eyes prominent, about as long as the tempora. Antennae slender, hardly incrassate, about as long as the head and pronotum; the first segment large, second almost as long and a little narrower than first, fourth to eighth decreasing slightly in length, eighth not longer than wide, ninth and tenth some- what longer than wide, eleventh longer than tenth. Thorax . — Pronotum transverse, apex slightly emarginate, sides and base arcuate, angles rounded, the entire border margined by a carina; surface evenly convex except for a very vague central impression in the basal fourth, finely reticulate, with scattered minute punctulae throughout. Under surface feebly reticulate. Prosternum with scattered setose punctures. Elytra . — Elytra conjointly one-fourth longer than wide with the sides parallel and the angles rounded, the inner apical angle minutely so. Surface shining, minutely irregularly wrinkled throughout. Epipleura shining. Sutural stria very fine. 46 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Abdomen . — Abdomen subparallel, widest at apex of fifth segment. First four segments subequal in length, fifth one-third longer than fourth. Surface above and beneath minutely reticulate, with very fine scattered punctures and very fine sparse pubescence. Side margins with long, coarse pubescence. Sternites unmodified. Legs.- — Femora elongate-oval, flattened dorsoventrally. Tibiae almost straight, slightly widened apically, finely pubescent and with a few moderate apical spines. Anterior tarsi with the first four segments moderately dilated; fifth slender, almost as long as the first four together. Middle and posterior tarsi with the first four segments short, decreasing slightly in length, fifth about as long as first four together. Length .- — 2.5 mm. Holotype . — Sex unknown. Mokel Hill, Calaveras County, California, VII— 18-10, Frank E. Blaisdell collector, in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Notes. — This species can be distinguished from the only other known species, simplex, by the eyes being about as long as the tempora and by the punctulae of the pronotum. In the latter species, the eyes are about one-half the length of the tempora and the pronotum is said to be impunctate. It is a pleasure to name this interesting insect in honor of Hugh B. Leech of San Francisco to whom I am indebted for many favors. Two New Species of Mcicrurohelea from Chile (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) Willis W. Wirth Entomology Research Division, Agric. Res. Serv., U. S. Department of Agriculture, W ashington, D. C. Ingram and Macfie (1931, Dipt. Patagonia and S. Chile, part II, fasc. 1, p. 203) proposed the genus Macrurohelea for two species, the type species M. caudata Ingram and Macfie from southern Chile, and M. thoracica Ingram and Macfie from southern Argentina. In this genus the eyes are widely separated and in part finely pubescent, the legs are slender and unarmed, the fourth tarsomere is slightly bilobed, the fifth tarsomere is unarmed, and the female claws are small and equal. The wing venation is similar to that of Stilobezzia, with two radial cells present; the costa extends to about two-thirds of the wing length, the medial fork is petiolate, and the wing surface bears microtrichia but no macrotrichia. The female abdomen is uniquely modified distally, The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 46-50. January 1965 January 19651 wirth — macrurohelea from chile 47 C Explanation of Figures Fig. 1, Macrurohelea kuscheli new species, female wing. Fig. 2, M. kuscheli new species, segments 9-15 of female antenna. Fig. 3, M. setosa new species, male genitalia. with the tenth segment long and cylindrical and bent forward and appressed to the venter of the preceding segments of the abdomen; there are two or three spermathecae present. The male genitalia are similar to those of Stilobezzia, with Y-shaped aedeagus and separate, long, slender, distally enlarged parameres with laterally bent basal arms. In the tribe Stilobezziini the genus Macrurohelea is separated from Acanthohelea Kieffer, Echinohelea Macfie, and Serromyia Meigen by the absence of femoral spines; from Stilobezzia Kieffer and Monohelea Kieffer by the equal tarsal claws; and from Parabezzia Malloch by the presence of two radial cells. The genus Luciamyia de Meillon is known only from females of one species, L. biloba de Meillon from South Africa. It is closely related to Macrurohelea , having two radial cells, unarmed femora, equal tarsal claws, and five-segmented palpus, but differs in having only one spermatheca, the wing densely hairy, and the wing venation greatly modified. Vein M2 is entirely absent and the second radial cell is greatly prolonged and broadened distally. The costa, vein R4 + 5, and vein M x meet in a point at the wing tip where there is a distinct indentation at the wing margin and the fringe is modified into lanceolate scales. 48 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 The only other known species of Macrurohelea is commoni Lee (1962, Proc. Linnaean Soc. N. S. Wales, 87: 339) which was recently described from females from Australia. In the present paper two additional new species are described from central Chile and a key is presented for the separation of the five presently known species. Key to the Species of Macrurohelea (Females) 1. Second radial cell of wing 2.0 times as long as first; antennal ratio 0.59, segments 11-14 each broader than long (Chile) kuscheli new species Second radial cell at least 3 times as long as first; antennal ratio 0.90-1.20, segments 11-14 each at least twice as long as broad 2 2. Large species, wing 2.1-2.7 mm long; antenna long and slender, antennal ratio 1.07-1.20 3 Smaller species, wing 1.3-1. 5 mm long; antennae shorter, antennal ratio 0.90-1.00 4 3. Legs with numerous long spinose hairs; wing brownish, the veins dark brown; body dark brown (Chile) setosci new species Legs with inconspicuous hairs; wings pale including veins; body yellowish brown (Argentina) thorucica Ingram and Macfie 4. Wing with second radial cell 4.3 times as long as first; two large and one small spermathecae present, without sclerotized necks (Australia) commoni Lee Wing with second radial cell 3.2 times as long as first; two subequal spermathecae present, each with distinct sclerotized neck (Chile) caudata Ingram and Macfie Macrurohelea caudata Ingram and Macfie Macrurohelea caudata Ingram and Macfie, 1931, Dipt. Patagonia and S. Chile, part II, fasc. 4, p. 205 (male, female; Casa Pangue, Chile; fig. female abdomen, male genitalia). New record. — Ancud, Chiloe Island, Chile, 2-7 April 1920, Cornell Univ. Expedition, one female (Cornell Univ. coll.). Macrurohelea thoracica Ingram and Macfie Macrurohelea thoracica Ingram and Macfie, 1931, Dipt. Patagonia and S. Chile, part II, fasc. 4, p. 206 (male, female, Bariloche and L. Gutierrez, Argentina; fig. wing) . This species is known only from the types from the Rio Negro Territory of Argentina. I have not seen this species. Macrurohelea commoni Lee Macrurohelea commoni Lee, 1962, Proc. Linnaean Soc. N. S. Wales, 87: 339 (female; Clyde Mountain, N. S. Wales; fig. antenna, palpus, interorbital space, apex abdomen, wing). January 1965J wirth — macrurohelea from chile 49 I have studied this species and placed it in the key from a paratype kindly deposited in the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Lee. Macrurohelea kuscheli Wirth, new species (Figs. 1, 2) Female. — Wing length 0.94 mm. Head dark brown, including antennae and palpi. Eyes broadly separated, two setae on anterior convex margin of frons between them; interfacetal areas with short pubescence. Antenna (Fig. 2) very short, lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 20-15-15-15-15-15-14-14- 12-12-12-12-28, antennal ratio 0.59, segments 4-10 moniliform, segments 11-14 slightly broader than long. Palpi shrunken, not measured ; segments short, apparently nearly in proportion as figured by Lee for M. commoni. Mandible with ten teeth. Thorax dark brown, scutellum concolorous. Legs dark brown, with sparse, fine hairs; hind tibial comb with five spines, the second from the spur longest; tarsi without strong, ventral, spinose setae; fifth tarsomere slender; claws equal, small, from one-third to one-half as long as fifth tarsomere. Wing (Fig. 1) pale grayish, veins slightly brownish; costa short, extending only to 0.68 of wing length; second radial cell 0.5 as long as second. Halter brownish. Abdomen dark brown; terminal segments modified as usual in the genus. Spermathecae three, shrunken in type specimen and not measured, apparently two subequal ovoid large ones, each about 0.50 mm long, without sclerotized necks, plus a very small one about a fourth as large. Male. — Unknown. Distribution. — Chile. Holotype female. — Algarrobo, Valparaiso, Chile, 18 September 1951, G. Kuschel (Type No. 67379, U.S.N.M.). This species is unique in the genus for its small size, very short antenna with transverse subapical segments, and short second radial cell. Macrurohelea setosa Wirth, new species (Fig. 3) Female. — Wing length 2.1 mm. Head dark brown, including antennae and palpi. Eyes broadly separated, a group of four setae on interocular space; inter- facetal areas with distinct pubescence. Antenna with lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 15-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-14-15-16-18-28, antennal ratio 1.07 ; seg- ments short tapering, tenth segment 1.6 times as long as broad, eleventh segment 2.3 times as long as broad. Palpal segments long and slender, lengths in propor- tion of 5-15-20-15-25, third segment 3.3 times as long as broad, with an indistinct, very shallow, irregular, distal sensory pit. Mandible with 12 teeth. Thorax dark brown, scutellum concolorous. Legs dark brown; with numerous, stout, long, setose hairs, the longest on tibia twice as long as diameter of tibia; hind tibial comb of five spines, the second from the spur longest; hind tarsal ratio 2.3; fifth tarsomere very slender, nearly three times as long as fourth; tarsi with spinose ventral setae present; claws equal, strong, slightly curved, each about 50 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. 41, NO. 1 half as long as fifth tarsomere. Wing pale brownish infuscated, veins dark brown; costa extending to 0.81 of wing length; second radial cell long, 2.9 times as long as first, relatively narrow, especially distad. Halter infuscated. Abdomen dark brown; sparse short setae present. Terminal segments modified, narrowed, elongated, and bent forward ventrally as in other species of the genus. Spermathecae two, ovoid, tapering to the duct and with short sclerotized neck, measuring 0.111 mm by 0.080 mm and 0.088 mm by 0.080 mm, including the sclerotized necks. Male. — Similar to the female with the usual sexual differences; claws broken and not examined; hind tibial comb with seven spines, hairs of legs longer and stronger than in female, forecoxa with a group of unusually stout blunt-tipped hairs as in Parabezzia. Genitalia (Fig. 3) : Ninth sternum moderately long, with transverse caudal margin, the posterior membrane spiculate a short way; ninth tergum constricted subapically, with a short, bilobed distal expansion. Basistyle stout; dististyle slender, slightly curved, with blunt-pointed tip. Aedeagus with low, rounded, basal arch, the basal arms short and very stout; midportion gradually tapering distally to about two-thirds total length, the distal third very slender, with peglike distal point. Parameres each with stout curved basolateral arm, distal portion straight, slender, without expanded tip. Distribution. — Chile. Holotype female ; allotype male. — Vegas de San Andres, 2,250 meters, Atacama, Chile, 28 September 1952, G. Kuschel (Type No. 67380, U.S.N.M.). This species is easily recognized by its deeply infuscated wings, large size, uniform dark brown body and legs, strongly setose legs, spermathecae with short necks, elongated antennae and palpi, and characteristic male genitalia. SCIENTIFIC NOTE A secondary sexual character in Corythucha Stal (Hemiptera : Heteroptera : Tingidae ). 1 — Although it is well known that there are differences between the sexes of Corythucha Stal in the degree in which the eyes are exposed by the pronotal hood, no mention was found to sexual differences in the antenna. Twenty species of this genus were examined and all showed the same characteristic antennal dimorphism. The males have two distinct types of pilosity, long and short, scattered, erect setae whereas the females have only long setae. Although the setation occurs on all segments, it is most readily visible on segment three. Bailey (1951, Entomol. Amer., 31: 21) states that antennal dimorphism occurs between the two sexes in Melanorhopala Stal and in this case was responsible for the confusion of several species that had been described. — John D. Lattin, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 1 Supported, in part, by the General Research Fund, Oregon State University, Corvallis. January 1965] butler — modified malaise trap 51 A Modified Malaise Insect Trap 1 George D. Butler, Jr. University of Arizona, Tucson Malaise insect traps are being used by a number of entomologists with good success (Townes, 1962, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 64 (4) : 253- 262). The trap consists of a large net stretched across an area where insects are flying. When insects encounter the net they fly upward and are funneled into containers at the top of either end of the net. The trap has not gained as widespread use as its effectiveness might warrant which is due perhaps to its cost, large size, and unavailability. In an effort to popularize this very effective method of collecting, I have designed an inexpensive and easily made modification from a mosquito bed-net, with a plastic bag to hold the insects (Fig. 1) . Five of these nets were used in the Chiricahua Mountains near the Southwestern Research Station at Portal, Arizona during July 1964, with excellent results. A bed-net is modified by cutting off one side, leaving a 1-foot strip across the top. A hole is cut in the net at the center of the top, and a coffee can, with the top and bottom removed, is firmly tied into the opening. To provide greater strength, a 10-inch square of muslin can be sewed to the top of the net before the hole is cut. Two light wooden stakes, wooden dowels, or lengths of electrical conduit are permanently tied across each end of the net on the inside, to hold the net open. A 4-foot length of nylon cord is tied to the ends of the two stakes to make a loop at each end of the net. These loops are used to suspend the net from a length of closeline tied between two trees or other objects. The angle of the net ends and their distances below the line are adjusted with the knots of the nylon strings. Nylon is preferred as the knots can be untied easily. A short length of string is tied around the coffee can to permit it to be tied up tightly to the line. If the ends of the net are tied so they hang about 18 inches from the line and the coffee can is tied up tightly, a funnel-shaped roof for the trap is formed leading up to the can. The Malaise trap at the Research Station was out of operation for several months awaiting the arrival of the special plastic collecting containers that are mounted at the top of each end of the trap. No special container is needed for the modified trap. A large plastic bag is fastened to the coffee can with a heavy rubber band. Bags salvaged 1 University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 915. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 51-53. January 1965 52 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [ VOL. 41, NO. 1 Explanation of Figure Fig. 1. A modified Malaise insect trap made of an insect bed-net and plastic collecting bag. from 5-gallon milk boxes worked well. These provided unbreakable, transparent, waterproof, easily changed containers of light weight and small volume for easy transport. I used a piece of cheesecloth inside each plastic bag to keep the insects apart after they were trapped and a small cloth bag of paradichlorobenzene as a killing agent. Cloth may not be necessary for most collecting and a better killing agent might be used. Some of the advantages of the modified Malaise insect trap include the low cost of less than five dollars each, the easy and rapid setup time of less than 5 minutes, and the light weight and relatively small volume, as at least six complete traps can be carried in a G. I. barracks bag. With several of the smaller traps, collections can be made at several different locations at the same time, and the risk of loss by vandalism or flash flood is spread out among several installations. Where, as in most cases, traps are to be left unattended, the relatively small value of the trap should reduce the chances of the unit being stolen. Several small traps were used with good success in the Chiricahua Mountains. One trap was suspended across a small unused woodland road and in 24 hours 80 Diptera, 25 Hymenoptera (10 families), January 1965] butler — modified malaise trap 53 21 Lepidoptera, and 4 Coleoptera were collected. Another trap in a dry wash (Fig. 1) yielded some excellent material and during one 24-hour period 240 Diptera, 150 Homoptera (mostly leafhoppers) , and 25 each of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera were caught. Some interesting material of several orders, including several aquatic orders, was collected from traps suspended over flowing streams. One trap was suspended between two trees at the top of a ridge at the end of a long valley about 1 mile south of Onion Saddle. This net was left for several days and yielded some very interesting material that had come up the valley and over the ridge on the updraft of air. A final example of the use of the trap illustrates an application utilizing a bait. A net was suspended between two juniper trees on a sparsely vegetated south slope with little apparent insect activity. A few scattered century plants were in bloom. Two flowering stalks were cut and placed in the opening of the trap. In a 24-hour period 300 Hymenoptera, 150 Diptera, 80 Lepidoptera, 10 Coleoptera, and specimens of several other orders were collected from a location that would have yielded only a few speci- mens with a lot of effort using a hand net. Among the large number of specimens collected were several very unusual ones that I have not previously encountered on numerous other collecting trips in the area. The trap continued to attract insects for several days and nights and it required but a few minutes to change the plastic bag each day. Many insect collectors will find that the use of several of these modified Malaise insect traps on their collecting trips would be very profitable. They can be inexpensively made, easily transported, quickly set up, and emptied whenever convenient, either hours or days later. This basic design offers a good starting point for many modifications for specialized collecting. RECENT LITERATURE The Ecology and Morphology of Thinobius frizzelli Hatch, an Intertidal Beetle. By Trevor Kincaid. Cover 12 pp., pis. I-VI. Privately published. The Calliostoma Company, 1904 East 52nd, Seattle, Washington. 1961. The Stapfiylinid Genera Pontomalota and Thinusa. By Trevor Kincaid. Cover -j- 10 pp., pis. I-IV. Loc. cit., 1961. Professor Kincaid not only wrote these two useful papers, but set them in type and printed them in limited editions. It is unfortunate that he used a rubber cement in mounting the plates and two corrections to the bibliography of the first. In the intervening years the cement has stained the paper, and lost its holding power. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, 54 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 Some Chrysomelid Beetles from East Asia in the California Academy of Sciences (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) Michio Chujo Entomological Laboratory, Kagaiva University, Takamatsu-shi, Japan The chrysomelid beetles recorded in the following paragraphs were mixed with many examples of East Asian coccinellid beetles sent from the California Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. to Mr. M. Miyatake of the Ehime University, Matsuyama-shi, Japan, for identification. As a result of my examination of these examples by the kind consideration of Mr. Miyatake, I found some noteworthy problems. Therefore, I will describe or record here those facts, together with a list of all specimens. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Miyatake who gave me this opportunity to study these interesting examples. Most of the examples will be sent back to the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. Subfamily CHRYSOMELINAE Plagiodera hanoiensis Chen Plagiodera hanoiensis Chen, 1934, Rech. Chrys. Chine, p. 58 (Tonkin: Hanoi) ; 1936, Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, 105: 167 (key), 170-171 (Tonkin: Hanoi). Specimens examined. — One example, Luichow-pen, Kwangtung, South China, 1 September 1950, J. L. Gressitt leg. Distribution. — North Viet-Nam; South China. This species may be newly added to the fauna of China by the present paper. Subfamily ALTICINAE Argopistes biplagiatus Motschulsky Argopistes biplagiatus Motschulsky, in Schrenck, 1860, Reisen u. Forsch. Amur- Lande, 2 (2) : 236, pi. xi, fig. 25 (East Siberia: Dauria and Amur). — Argopistes unclecimmaculatus Jacoby, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 738-739 (Japan: Sapporo). Specimens examined. — Three examples, Hakone, Japan, April 1895, Koebele Collection; two examples, Japan (without collecting data), Koebele Collection; one example, China (without collecting data), Koebele Collection; one example, Hong Kong (without collecting data), Armitage Collection; one example, Tai Yong, East Kwantung, China, 4 August 1936, J. L. Gressitt leg. Distribution. — East Siberia; Japan; China. Argopistes coccinelliformis Csiki Argopistes coccinelliformis Csiki, in Junk-Schenkling, 1940, Col. Cat., 169: 524 (Japan and Loo-Choo) (nom. nov. pro. A. coccinelloides Baly, 1874) ; Chujo The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 54-58. January 1965 January 1965] chujo — chrysomelids from east asia 55 and Kimoto, 1961, Pacific Ins., 3 (1) : 174 (Indo-China, South China, Formosa, Korea, Ryukyu Islands, Japan and Bonin Island). =: Argopistes coccinelloides ( nec Suffrian, 1868) Baly, 1874, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, p. 202 (Japan). Specimens examined. — One example, Okinawa, April 1912, J. C. Thompson leg. ; one example, Mimasaka, Japan, July 1912, J. C. Thompson leg. Distribution. — Japan; Bonin Island; Loochoos; Korea; South China; Formosa; Indo-China. Argopus fortunei Baly Argopus fortunei Baly, 1877, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, p. 181 (China). Specimens examined.- — One example, Foochow, China (without collecting data) , presented by C. R. Kellogg. Distribution. — South China; Yunnan; North Viet-Nam. Chilocoristes funesta Weise Cliilocoristes funesta Weise, 1909 (1910), Verb. Nat. Ver. Briinn, 48: 41 (Burma: Pegu) ; Chen, 1934, Sinensia, 5 (3-4) : 320-321, fig. 63 (Yunnan, Tonkin, and Pegu) ; Heikertinger and Csiki, in Junk-Schenkling, 1940, Col. Cat., 169: 527 (Burma, Tonkin, and Yunnan). Specimens examined. — Three examples, Hong San, southeast Kiangsi, China, 15 July 1936, J. L. Gressitt leg.; two examples, Liungchon San, southwest Fukien, China, 21 July 1936, J. L. Gressitt leg. Distribution.- — Burma; North Viet-Nam; Yunnan; South China. This is a new record of this species from the South and Southeast districts of China. Chilocoristes pallidus (Baly) Acrocrypta pallida Baly, 1876, Entomol. Monthly Mag., 13: 224 (Sumatra). Chilocoristes pallidus (Baly), Chen, 1933, Sinensia, 3 (9): 240 (Island Hainan); 1934, Stylops, 3 (4) : 73 (transferred from the genus Acrocrypta to the present genus) ; Heikertinger and Csiki, in Junk-Schenkling, 1940, Col. Cat., 169: 527 (Sumatra and Hainan). Specimens examined. — One example, Fan Ta, Island Hainan, 17 July 1935, J. L. Gressitt leg.; one example, Dwa Bi, Island Hainan, 20 July 1935, J. L. Gressitt leg. Distribution. — Sumatra; Island Hainan. Neortliaea gressitti Chujo, new species Body very strongly rounded in its outline, only a little longer than broad, strongly narrowed in front and behind, very strongly convex on the dorsum. General color black, very strongly lustrous, without metallic sheen; labrum dark yellow- brown, palpi dark red-brown, antennae dark yellow- to red-brown, with the terminal segments slightly infuscated, scutellum piceous, and tarsi red-brown to piceous. Head. — Front-vertical area very highly convex, finely but sparsely punctured at the median area, and very strongly and broadly excavated and smooth at each side as usual; clypeus distinctly limited from frons by an interantennal transverse inpression, gently convex, smooth and finely but sparsely punctured on the 56 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 postmedian area, alutaceous or roughly shagreened on the other parts. Antennae about a half as long as the body; first segment the longest, thickened terminally and somewhat bent, second thinner and shorter than the first, but much thicker and not shorter than the third, third most slender, fourth the shortest but broader than the third, fifth more strongly dilated terminally than in the fourth and nearly equal in length to the third, sixth through tenth distinctly dilated terminally in each and almost equal in length with one another, eleventh about as wide as the tenth but much longer than the latter and a little shorter than the first, with the apex pointed. Pronotum very much broader than long, strongly narrowed anteriorly; front border narrowly bordered and deeply emarginated, front corners nearly right angle in each, with a denticular projection which bears a distinct setigerous pore at its outer end, lateral borders sharply ridged and slightly rounded, basal corners rounded with a distinct setigerous pore, basal border narrowly marginated and arched posteriorly with the median part especially strongly arched towards the scutellum; dorsum transversely convex, finely and closely punctured, Avith a distinct furrow closely along each lateral border and an obtuse short notch at each side just before the inside of humerus. Scutellum obtrigonate, with the apex not sharply angulated and the surface flattish and rather faintly shagreened. Elytra somewhat broader at the base than the pronotum, strongly rounded at the basal corners and also at each side and apex; dorsum very strongly convex, distinctly and closely clothed larger punctures (these punctures forming irregular but partly regular files) and finer punctures placed confusedly; basal two-thirds of lateromarginal areas distinguish their convexity in a good width from the discal area and lacking the coarser punctures on them, but finely and sparsely punctured; humeri distinctly convex, sparsely clothed with very fine punctures; elytral epipleura very broad and distinctly concave at the posterior end, impunctate but not smooth. Underside distinctly pubescent-punctate; intercoxal area of prosternum broad; acetabula closed behind; mesosternum broad between the mesocoxae, very deeply furrowed transversely, concealed under the very medioanterior projection of metasternum in the natural state. Legs robust; femora distinctly grooved at the underside respectively for the reception of the corresponding tibia when in repose; third tarsal segment of each tarsus bilobed; claws strongly appendiculate. Length. — 4.25-4.50 mm. Holotype. — Mt. Dome, Island Hainan, South China, 13 July 1935, J. L. Gressitt leg.; 1 paratype, Dwa Bi, Island Hainan, South China, 22 July 1935, J. L. Gressitt leg. Distribution. — Island Hainan (South China). This new species is somewhat allied to N. julva (Jacoby) from India in the body without a metallic sheen which is commonly seen in the other known species of this genus, but is separated from the Jacoby species by the following characteristics: body smaller and deep black in the general coloration, front-vertical area and the medioposterior raised area of clypeus finely but distinctly punctured, third segment of antenna not longer than fourth, humeri and lateromarginal areas of January 1965] chujo — chrysomelids from east asia 57 elytra rather finely but distinctly punctured, elytral epipleura impunctate, etc. Viewed from a different point, the present species is somewhat allied to N. micans (Baly, 1875) from India, Burma, Malaya, North Viet-Nam, South China, Sumtra, Java, and Borneo, but is distinguished from the Baly species in the following points: body much smaller (much less than 5.0 mm), deep black in the coloration of dorsum, without metallic luster, front-vertical raised area finely but distinctly punctured, pronotum more strongly punctured, characteristically punctured on the elytra, etc. The trivial name of this new species is dedicated to Dr. J. L. Gressitt who is the first collector of these interesting specimens. SCHENKLINGIA MIWAI (Chujo) Eucycla miwai Chujo, 1937, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, 27 (162): 52 (key), 53-54 (Formosa: Rimogan). Specimens examined. — One example, Shinten, North Formosa, 3 February 1932, J. L. Gressitt leg. Distribution. — Formosa. Sphaeroderma apicale Baly Sphaeroderma apicalis Baly, 1874, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, pp. 205-206 (Japan: Nagasaki). Specimens examined. — One example, Hong San, southeast Kiangsi, China, 29 June 1936, J. L. Gressitt leg.; one example, Tai-ka, Tin-tong, Long-chong District, Kwangtung, South China, 7 August 1947, Tseng et Lam leg. Distribution. — Japan; South China; Formosa; North Viet-Nam. South China may be a newly recorded locality for this species. Sphaeroderma atrum Jacoby Sphaeroderma atra Jacoby, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 735-736 (Japan: Oyama, Kiga 7 Nikko). Specimens examined. — One example, Japan (without collecting data), Koebele Collection. Distribution. — J apan. Sphaeroderma fuscicorne Baly Sphaeroderma fuscicornis Baly, 1864, Entomol. Monthly Mag., 1: 134 (China); 1874, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, pp. 202-203 (Japan: Nagasaki and Tsu Sima) . Sphaeroderma fuscicornis Baly var. b. Jacoby, 1885, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 735 (Japan: Kashiwagi, Tsumago and Fukushima, together with the nominate form by Baly) . Specimens examined. — -Two examples, Nikko, Japan (without collecting data), Koebele Collection. Distribution. — China; Japan 58 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 One of the present examples belongs to the form described by Jacoby, 1885, as the var. b. of S. fuscicorne Baly, 1874, which has the elytra completely black, and the metathorax and metafemora piceous to black. Sphaeroderma tibiale Chujo Spliaeroderma tibialis Chujo, 1937, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, 27 (161) : 37 (key) , 41 (Formosa: Shinchiku). Specimens examined. — One example, Rokld, South Formosa, 14 May 1934, J. L. Gressitt leg. Distribution. — Formosa. This species was described with a single example and the sex of it was not marked in the original description. However, judging from the structure of its anterior legs described in the original description, it may be thought a male example. In the present (female) example the anterior legs are not specialized. Lachnestes singalensis (Dohrn), a Lygaeid New to the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera) James A. Slater 1 and John D. Lattin 2 University of Connecticut, Storrs; Oregon State University, Corvallis Lachnestes singalensis (Dohrn) is a lygaeid of wide distribution in the Oriental and Ethiopian regions. It was originally described by Dohrn (1860) from Ceylon and subsequently has been reported from India by Walker (1872), Atkinson (1882), Lethierry and Severin (1894) (all as Rhyparochromus semilucens) , Distant (1901) (as Rhyparochromus convelatus) , Distant (1904, 1913), Maxwell-Lefroy (1909a, b) , Bergroth (1915), Chatterjee (1937), Bhasin (1953), Hober- landt (1954), Parshad (1957, 1958); Madagascar by Distant (1904, 1913), Hoberlandt (1954); Seychelles Islands by Distant (1913); Nyasaland by Distant (1918) (as Aphanus nigrellus ) ; French Sudan by Hoberlandt (1954) ; Central Africa, Natal by Lindberg (1958) ; Kenya by LePelley (1960) (see Slater, 1964, for the references cited above) . Therefore, it is of great interest that the junior author was able to collect a considerable series of this Old World species on 28 July 1952 1 This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the National Science Foundation. 2 Supported, in part, hy the General Research Fund, Oregon State University. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 58-60. January 1965 January 1965] slater & lattin — introduced lygaeid 59 Explanation of Figure Fig. 1 . Lachnestes singalensis (Dohrn) . at the Ferreira Ranch, 43 miles north of Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico while on a collecting trip sponsored by the Associates of Tropical Biogeography, University of California, Berkeley. The insect was 60 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 abundant, some 53 specimens were taken at light and many more were present. The specimens were collected by placing a large bowl of water beneath a 500-watt bulb hung in the yard of the ranch headquarters. This bowl was full to overflowing with a wide variety of insects by morn- ing. The locality is situated in the thorn forest belt near the coast of the Gulf of California at an elevation of about 200 feet, well removed from any town. Although Sehor Ferreira engages in extensive agricultural activities in the area, it is difficult to imagine how this insect was intro- duced into the region. Presumably the species will prove to be more widely distributed in Mexico. The tribe Rhyparochromini, to which Lachnestes belongs, is poorly represented in the Western Hemisphere. Peritrechus, with four species in the United States, the monotypic genus Uhleriola in the central and western states, and a species of Dieuches from Arizona are the only genera previously known. This last record is of particular importance as Dieuches is a very large Old World genus with many closely related species found almost throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. It was unknown in the Western Hemisphere until Torre- Bueno (19466) described Dieuches occidentalis from Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. The formal description of this species appeared after the citation in the Synopsis (1946a). Torre-Bueno mentioned additional specimens from the Chiricahua Mountains, Santa Catalina Mountains, Graham Mountain, and Globe, all Arizona localities. The evidence upon which the original description was based leaves room for doubt as to the correct identity of this species. Ultimately it may be shown to be an introduction from the Old World. Lachnestes singalensis is not closely related to any of the other Western Hemisphere members of the tribe and can be recognized readily by the numerous upstanding coarse hairs distributed over the entire dorsum (Fig. 1). Acknowledgments We would like to extend our thanks to Sehor Ferreira for making the collection of this species possible and to Miss Gail Skilton (Univer- sity of Connecticut) for the preparation of the figure. Literature Cited Slater, James A. 1964. A catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the world. University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Volumes I and II, pp. 1-1668. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la 1946a. A synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America north of Mexico, Part III. Entomol. Amer., 26 (n.s.) : 119. 19466. A North American Dieuches (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae, Beosini). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 41: 126-128. January 1965 1 huffaker & doutt — chilocorus in olive groves 61 Establishment of the Coccinellid, Chilocorus bipustulatus Linnaeus, in California Olive Groves (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) C. B. Huffaker and R. L. Doutt University of California , Berkeley The coccinellid, Chilocorus bipustulatus Linnaeus, has long been reported to be an important enemy of both armored and unarmored scale insects in southern Europe and the general Mediterranean region ( Smith, 1915). Bouhelier (1932) cited it is as effective against Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock in Morocco. Likewise, Bohn (1954) credited it with some importance in the natural control of Quadr aspidiotus schneideri Bohn in Austria. Also, Borg (1929) considered it, along with Exochomus quadrimaculatus Barvosky and Coccinella septem- punctata Linnaeus, as responsible for curtailment of spring and early summer outbreaks of various species of aphids in Malta. There have been three distinct attempts to establish C. bipustulatus in California orchards. The first was in 1915 when H. S. Smith received Italian material from F. Silvestri and G. Rossetti. About 700 individuals of this species were colonized in a mixed orchard of lemons, oranges, and olives at Fairoaks, California, on 21 July and 17 September, the citrus being infested with Coccus citricola Campbell and the olives with Saissetia oleae (Bernard). It bred actively during the first season but did not become established (Smith, 1915). Again in 1927 (Essig, 1931), Smith received this species from Europe and attempted to establish it in citrus groves of southern California. Although it persisted in the vicinity of Santa Barbara for a year at least, it apparently did not become established. In 1952 and 1953 C. bipustulatus was released in the attempt to control Parlatoria oleae (Colvee) on infested dooryard trees and shrubs and in commercial orchards involving many kinds of host plants throughout the San Joaquin Valley (Doutt, 1954) . About 41,000 of this coccinellid were released in 1952 and 1,800 in 1953. Although re- production was generally observed during the same summers during which the releases were made, it was only rarely recovered the subsequent year and not at all in 1954 or 1955. However, W. W. Wiard and C. B. Huffaker recovered a single specimen at the Newcombe property, Madera, California in August 1956. Later that year and during the early spring months of 1957, C. B. Huffaker and C. E. Kennett collected considerable numbers both at that location and at another former The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 61-63. January 1965 62 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 release site in Merced, California. A survey of the areas where releases were made during 1952 and 1953 was conducted in 1957 but no additional recoveries were made. Insectary production from the field-collected adults was renewed by G. L. Finney and additional attempts were made to establish the species during 1956 to 1960. A total of 1,100 adults were released during 1956 and 2,650 in 1957. No releases were made in 1958. In 1959 a total of 5,880 were released in Fresno (3,662), Tehama (2,100), and Glenn (118) counties, and in 1960 the field colonization attempts were ended with 672 being released in Madera, Tulare, and Tehama counties. During 1958 C. bipuslulatus was found in large numbers (thousands present) at Herndon, Fresno County, where it had been colonized on several occasions since 1952, including 1957. In 1958 it was also found to be abundant at the Connor and Oberti properties in Madera, and common at the Sheeler Ranch in Madera. The Oberti property is about 1 mile from the previous, nearest colonization site, the Connor property, and the Sheeler Ranch is 2 to 3 miles from that location. All of these properties are commercial olive groves. There was then a long period, from 1960 to 1964, when no additional releases and no recoveries of C. bipustulatus were made. In March 1964, however, C. E. Kennett and W. Barnett found thousands of them in a small block of scaly, untreated olives at the River Ranch about 3 miles from the Oberti property cited above. This coccinellid was also again recovered in large numbers in 1964 at the Herndon location for the first time since 1958. No releases had been made at that site since 1957. This predator seems thus to be tenuously established in three counties of California, namely Fresno, Madera, and Merced. Little is known about the effectiveness of this predator in this country. It has only been taken on olives and only during years or at locations when olive scale, Parlatoria oleae, has attained appreciable densities. On all occasions when the coccinellid has been found in abundance, fair to high densities of this scale were present, and, as well, black scale, S. oleae, was in many instances somewhat more abundant than usual. The predator seems unable to survive at low scale densities. Also, it appears unable to rely entirely on black scale, as this species has at times been fairly abundant continuing into the years following the recoveries of this coccinellid at certain locations, while the pred- ator was not found during those following years. It is possible that the migratory habits of this species, as reported by Borg (1929), may be a reason why its establishment in this country has been difficult and may not even yet have been fully accomplished. January 1965] huffaker & doutt — chilocorus in olive groves 63 If such is the case, the extensive use of insecticides in the areas in question would seem to pose a substantial obstacle to its success. Literature Cited Bohn, H. 1954. Auftreten von Quadraspidiotus schneideri n. sp. (Homopt., Diaspidoid.) in Osterreich (Kurze Mitteilung) . Pflanzenschutzberichte, 12 (pt. 3-4) : 55-57. Borg, P. 1929. (Report of the Plant Pathologist.) Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric. Malta, 1928-1929, pp. 12-15. Bouhelier, R. 1932. La lutte contre les cochenilles nuisibles aux aurantiacees. Def. Cult. Dir. Gen. Agric. Comm. Colon. (Morocco), 6: 1-60. Doutt, R. L. 1954. An evaluation of some natural enemies of the olive scale. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 47 : 39-43. Essig, E. 0. 1931. A history of entomology. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1029 pp. Smith, H. S. 1915. Recent ladybird introductions. Monthly Bull. Calif. State Hort. Comm., 4: 523-524. ^dttianl ©liner 35ssig Professor Edward Oliver Essig, long-time teacher and reseacher in the Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, past-president and honorary member of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, passed away 23 November 1964, in Lafayette, California. A biography will appear in a future issue of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Contributions to establish a memorial fund for the purchase of rare books in the entomological field are suggested to honor his memory. These books will be placed with the E. 0. Essig historical collection in the Entomology Library at Berkeley. Donations to this fund may be sent to the Department of Entomology and Parasitology, 122 Giannini Hall, University of California, Berkeley 94720. Checks should be made payable to the Regents of the University of California. 64 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 BOOK REVIEW Guide to the Insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or True Flies of Connecticut. 9th Fascicle. Simuliidae and Thaumaleidae. By Alan Stone. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. Bulletin Number 97, 126 pp. 1964. This (the ninth fascicle) concludes a series of bulletins on the families of Nematocera. As with previous bulletins, which have proved most useful to students of Diptera, the faunal coverage and usefulness of this bulletin will extend far from the borders of Connecticut. Following a brief introduction on family characters, biology, economic importance, and relationships to other taxa, one unfamiliar with the family will find an extremely useful and well-illustrated section on the “Characters Used in Keys and Descriptions.” An especially valuable and commendable feature of this publication is the keys to the larvae, pupae, and adults. Keys at the generic and subgeneric level will apply to the entire North American fauna, whereas the keys to species undoubtedly will be most useful throughout northeastern United States. All keys are printed in large, easy to read type. For all except four species (three of which were well illustrated when described) there are detailed illustrations of the important morphological characters of larvae, pupae, males, and females. The clear reproduction of the superb specific illustrations by several Japanese artists should prove to be extremely valuable to workers throughout North America. Although admittedly conservative in his recognition of genera, the author has incorporated recent knowledge recognizing several species initially determined by cytological studies of salivary gland chromosomes. He also has adapted the morphological terminology recently proposed by R. W. Crosskey for the larvae. For each species one finds a list of important synonymic references plus a selected list of previous taxonomic references, brief but pertinent morphological descriptions with valuable comments on relationships to other species, the type locality, distribution, and pertinent factors on bionomics. Cnephia ( Ectemnia ) loisae Stone and Jamnback, 1955, is synonymized for the first time under Cnephia ( Ectemnia ) invenusta (Walker), 1848, but the date of Walker’s descrip- tion is omitted. Cnephia ( Stegopterna ) mutata (Malloch) was placed in the subgenus Mallochianella by Stone and Jamnback, 1955, not, as stated, in Stegopterna. Such minor errors as these and the few printing errors detected certainly do little to detract from the overall excellence of this bulletin. The major criticism perhaps is that the literature cited in the selected bibliography may be too brief for one unfamiliar with the family. Although, for example, the morphological terminology and larval illustrations of Crosskey (1960) are used, the literature reference to this work is not cited. This commendable treatment of the Simuliidae certainly is a fitting finale to the series of bulletins on the Nematocera. The inclusion of the family Thaumaleidae is an added bonus. Dipterists and simuliidologists should welcome this very useful addition to our knowledge of the Simuliidae. — John R. Anderson, University of California, Berkeley. January 1965] pacific coast entomological society 65 PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY J. A. Powell W. E. Ferguson C. S. Koeiiler P. H. Arnaud, Jr. President Vice-President Secretary Treasurer Proceedings Two Hundred Eigiity-eigiith Meeting The 288th meeting was held Friday, 14 February 1964, at 7:30 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with President Powell presiding. Members present (38) : .7. R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Birchim, F. L. Blanc, J. A. Boyer, J. S. Buckett, D. J. Burdick, H. V. Daly, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, R. H. Gonzales, R. H. Goodwin, E. R. Gunderson, R. E. Hall, D. D. Jensen, C. S. Koehler, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, D. L. Linsdale, A. E. Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, Lois and C. W. O’Brien, L. Parks, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, Judy Ross, W. E. Simonds, F. E. Skinner, J. B. Snell, C. Slobodchikoff, W. A. Steffan, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., D. Veirs, V. B. Whitehead, R. H. Whitsel. Visitors present (18) : Mrs. C. P. Alexander, Barbara Barr, R. E. Bellamy, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Bellamy II, Bonnie R. Billeb, R. L. Campbell, L. Etzel, R. M. Hawthorne, Evelyn Langston, Martha Michelbacher, Mrs. LeRoy Parks, J. H. Poorbaugh, S. Prasertphon, Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Regnart, Kathleen Rentz, Barbara Allen Wilson. The minutes of the meeting held 22 November 1963 were summarized. Ten new members were elected: J. A. Boyer and E. R. Gunderson, San Jose, California; A. R. Hardy, G. R. Noonan, and E. R. Sleeper, Long Beach, California; R. Dolphin, Lafayette, Indiana; L. E. Eighme, Corvallis, Oregon; J. L. Johnson, Riverside, California; F. A. Thompson, Fresno, California; R. H. Whitsel, Burlingame, California. In addition, R. E. Eastwood and R. E. Hall, San Jose, California, and J. Wilcox, Anaheim, California, were reinstated to membership. First known record of Grylloblatta from coastal U. S. — Dr. J. Gordon Edwards displayed a nymph of Grylloblatta (Orthoptera : Grylloblattidae) collected by Richard D. Spadoni, a student at San Jose State College. The specimen was found along a cold creek bank near Areata in Humboldt County, California, on 29 November 1963. This is the first known record of Grylloblatta from the coastal region of the United States, and probably represents a new species. Comments on Introduction to Comparative Entomology by R. M. and J. W. Fox. — Dr. J. Gordon Edwards circulated this new book and commented that it offers a new approach to the teaching of general entomology, with the primary emphasis on comparative morphology, physiology, embryology, and evolution of all Arthropoda. There are no keys in the book, and no information on collecting or preserving specimens, but the authors state, “should the need to 66 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 identify arise . . . there are excellent keys available in many books and research papers — that is why colleges have libraries.” Similarly there is no discussion of insect control methods and only brief generalizations concerning the agricultural and medical importance of arthropods, for the authors point out: “serious study of such topics properly belongs in advance courses for specialists.” The book is well written and attractive, and presents an entirely new approach to the study of entomology. The guest speaker for the meeting was Dr. C. P. Alexander, Professor Emeritus, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. His illustrated lecture was entitled “Concerning Dipterologists.” A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — C. S. Koehler, Secretary. Two Hundred Eighty-ninth Meeting The 289th meeting was held Friday, 13 March 1964, at 7:30 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with President Powell presiding. Members present (41) : C. P. Alexander, R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., F. L. Blanc, R. M. Bohart, D. C. Brodahl, J. S. Buckett, L. E. Caltagirone, M. Collins, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, R. H. Gonzales, R. H. Goodwin, A. A. Grigarick, E. R. Gunderson, K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, P. D. Hurd, Jr., C. S. Koehler, J. F. Lawrence, W. H. Lange, H. B. Leech, E. G. Linsley, C. D. MacNeill, A. S. Menke, A. E. Michelbacher, Lois O’Brien, J. A. Powell, J. L. Reed, W. E. Simonds, F. E. Skinner, G. I. Stage, L. A. Stange, R. E. Stecker, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. W. Thorp, Catherine Toschi, R. van den Bosch, D. Veirs. Visitors present (25) : Mabel Alexander, Barbara Barr, R. L. Beard, Bonnie Billeb, Margaret Bohart, L. Carnes, A. E. Doremus, John and Lisa Doyen, L. Etzel, G. W. Frankie, Julius and Elinor Freitag, Judy Froebe, D. Hille Ris Lambers, Juanita Linsley, Martha Michelbacher, D. R. Miller, V. Moericke, R. Penrose, E. Riek, Dorothy Tanner, M. Tauber, Janice Winston, D. Wustuer. The minutes of the meeting held 14 February 1964 were summarized. Two new members were elected: A. M. Barnes, Berkeley, California; D. J. Sullivan, S.J., St. Mary’s College, California. In addition, one former member, J. Gustafson, San Francisco, California, was reinstated to membership. Migration of the dragonfly, Tarnetrum corruptum (Hagen). — Mr. P. E. Turner, Jr., reported on a small libellulid dragonfly, Tarnetrum corruptum (Hagen), which began a 3-evening migration over the San Francisco Bay area on 24 September 1963, and which was most numerous on the third evening. Mr. Bryan Furman collected a sample of twenty-seven specimens on 24 September in Kensington, Contra Costa County; these were badly tattered, but the live, migrating individuals were not tattered. The migrants seem to have been at least one day old, because the sample specimens had their full coloration. The sample included ten males, fifteen females, and two individuals whose sexes could not he determined. The dragonflies were flying eastward with a light westerly breeze on these warm evenings, and passed over Kensington between 17:50 and 19:50 PDT on 24 September, crossing the Lake Drive ridge at their January 1965] pacific coast entomological society 67 apparently normal flight altitude of ten to twenty feet. This seems to be the first record of a migration by this genus, although a number of migrations by the closely related genus Sym.petrum., excluding S. corruptum (Hagen), have been recorded. The direction of the breeze indicates that the dragonflies were probably migrating from lakes and ponds in Marin County. Dr. Philip Corbet (A Biology of Dragonflies , Quadrangle Books, Inc., Chicago, 1963) has pointed out that odonate populations scatter after emergence and assemble before mating, and that migration can take place because of unfavorable seasonal temperatures, predation on tenerals by matures, long maiden flights, overpopulation, and threatened loss of temporary habitats; the latter three of these causes seem to offer the most plausible explanations for this particular migration. I wish to thank Dr. D. P. Furman for the weather and migration data and for the specimens collected by Mr. B. Furman, whom I also thank for collecting the specimens. The speakers for the evening were: Dr. D. Hille Ris Lambers, Entomologist, Netherlands Agricultural Research Council, The Hague, The Netherlands, who spoke on “Aphid Hunting,” and Dr. A. E. Michelbacher, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley, whose illustrated lecture was entitled “Squash Bees and General Collecting in Mexico and Central America.” A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — C. S. Koehler, Secretary. Two Hundred Ninetieth Meeting The 290th meeting was held Friday, 17 April 1964, at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with President Powell presiding. Members present (37) : C. P. Alexander, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., D. C. Brodahl, J. S. Buckett, D. J. Burdick, L. E. Caltagirone, H. V. Daly, R. L. Doutt, J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, R. H. Gonzales, R. H. Goodwin, E. R. Gunderson, J. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, C. B. Huf faker, C. D. Johnson, C. S. Koehler, G. Kuno, H. B. Leech, A. E. Michelbacher, W. W. Middlekauff, Lois O’Brien, T. A. Schultz, C. Slobodchikoff, J. B. Snell, R. E. Stecker, W. A. Steffan, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, Catherine Toschi, P. E. Turner, W. J. Turner, D. Veils, V. B. Whitehead. Visitors present (26) : Mabel Alexander, G. S. Asokasrinivasan, Barbara Barr, R. G. Brownlee, Donna Butler, R. L. Campbell, John and Lisa Doyen, LaVerne Erwin, L. Etzel, A. Finlay, Mrs. C. D. Johnson, Helen Kretner, Martha Michel- bacher, B. Moore, A. K. Ota, R. Penrose, R. R. Pinger, Jr., E. Riek, Bonnie Sidloff, Karen Smith, R. D. Spadoni, M. Tallery, M. Tauber, Sandra Turner, Barbara Allen Wilson. The minutes of the meeting held 13 March 1964 were summarized. Three new members were elected: C. D. Johnson and W. Turner, Berkeley, California; T. Schultz, San Francisco, California. One former member, G. W. Frankie, Berkeley, California, was reinstated to membership. President Powell read parts of a letter from the Entomological Society of India, which is celebrating its silver jubilee during the third week in April 1964. A motion was made that the Pacific Coast Entomological Society transmit a 68 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 message of good will to the Entomological Society of India on this occasion. The motion was seconded and passed by unanimous vote. The Secretary was directed to prepare and send the letter. Amphizoa larvae searching prey in foamy eddy at night. —Dr. J. Gordon Edwards exhibited a Kodachrome slide of several larvae of Amphizoa lecontei swimming and crawling about over floating debris in an eddy of Swiftcurrent Creek, in Glacier National Park, Montana, at midnight. During the day these larvae usually cling to partly submerged twigs and roots, with their caudal spiracles at the surface. Because of their apparent sluggishness these larvae were formerly believed to be scavengers; however, it was found that both the larvae and adults of Amphizoa are strictly predaceous. Although quiescent during the daytime, they become very active at night and can then be found foraging for the naiads of Plecoptera and Ephemoptera upon which they feed. Although the larvae remain in the water, the adults are often seen (at night) running along the shore of the creek much like certain ground-beetles in search of prey. Sphecoid bees from nocturnal clusters on branches in Wyoming. — Dr. J. Gordon Edwards exhibited a Kodachrome slide showing more than 100 bees of the species Steniolia obliqua clustered near the tip of a lodgepole pine branch in Jackson Hole. This same branch has been clustered upon each night for the past several summers, even though the nearest nesting sites are in coarse soil some distance away. Dr. Howard E. Evans counted the bees in this cluster and marked them with nail polish in 1961, and made the following observations: in mid-July there were 91 females and 71 males in the cluster, and considerable mating occurred in late afternoon at the cluster. The proportion of females increased nightly, and eventually the cluster became entirely female. Marked individuals from the cluster were later found in other clusters up to a mile away, while many new individuals joined the original cluster on this twig. The reason for this unusual behavior is not known, but it is possible that it serves to bring the sexes together for mating purposes. Trachykele opulenta Fall (Buprestidae) emerging from furniture. — Mr. Terry L. Erwin exhibited a living specimen of this species which was brought to San Jose State College by a San Jose lumber retailer for identification. This spectacular, green, iridescent beetle had been found as a result of sounds it made while gnawing its way out of a davenport frame constructed of incense cedar. It emerged on 10 March 1964 and has been kept alive for a month and a half in a small plastic box containing only a wad of cotton soaked with sugar water. Beetles of this species usually fly about near the tops of sequoia and incense cedar trees, hence they are relatively rare in insect collections. An effort will be made to keep the insect alive for further observations and longevity studies. The principal speaker for the meeting was Mr. John F. Lawrence, a doctoral candidate in entomology at the University of California, Berkeley. His illustrated lecture was entitled “Host Selection in Fungus Beetles with Special Reference to the Ciidae.” A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — C. S. Koehler, Secretary. January 1965 ] pacific coast entomological society 69 Two Hundred Ninety-first Meeting The 291st meeting was held Friday, 16 October 1964, at 7 :45 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with President Powell presiding. Members present (54) : J. R. Anderson, L. C. Armin, J. Birchim, J. A. Boyer, G. M. Buxton, L. E. Caltagirone, D. Cavagnero, J. A. Chemsak, H. V. Daly, J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, D. Giuliani, R. H. Goodwin, A. A. Grigarick, J. Guggolz, J. Gustafson, Hilary Hacker, K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, P. A. Harvey, H. R. Hepburn, D. H. Janzen, C. D. Johnson, C. S. Koehler, R. L. Langston, T. H. Lauret, H. B. Leech, C. D. MacNeill, A. S. Menke, Lois O’Brien, F. Parker, L. Parks, Judy Perlstein, D. C. Rentz, C. J. Rogers, E. S. Ross, R. D. Sharp, W. E. Simonds, F. E. Skinner, C. Slobodchikoff, J. B. Snell, L. A. Stange, R. E. Stecker, R. E. Stevens, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, Catherine Toschi, W. J. Turner, D. Veils, M. Wasbauer, R. H. Whitsel, R. F. Wilkey. Visitors present (58) : Judi Anderson, Mary Benson, N. Binger, Joan Bonora, Patricia Bragado, Cathy Bromage, R. G. Brownlee, R. L. Campbell, Milton and Mayreece Cavagnero, Mary Ann Chemsak, Christine Clark, David and Irene Collins, George and Jeanne Downing, A. Dunn, LaVerne Erwin, L. Etzel, R. Garabedian, Mrs. A. A. Grigarick, Sylvia Hepburn, Karen Janzen, Margaret Johnson, Evelyn Langston, G. E. Lindway, R. P. Maynard, Dr. and Mrs. D. McLean, Karen Menke, P. A. Oplar, Ellen Parker, R. L. Perron, S. Prasertphon, Mr. and Mrs. A. Raske, Mr. and Mrs. R. Rollins, Marti and Wilda Ross, Jim, Roberta, and Barbara Savage, K. Schroen, Joanne Slansky, Dr. and Mrs. R. Soulhwood, R. D. Spadoni, Corrine Sparks, Joyce Stevens, M. Tauber, R. L. Tossan, Sandra Turner, Martha, Dick, and Christine Usinger, V. Vesterby. The minutes of the meeting held 17 April 1964 were summarized. Ten new members were elected: Miss C. S. Bolton, Davis, California; P. A. Gieke, Hayward, California; j. Guggolz, Richmond, California; R. L. Johnson, Jr., Monterey, California; H. R. Hepburn, R. D. Sage, R. D. Sharp, M. R. Sparks, and R. E. Stevens, Berkeley, California; B. Noe, Ada, Ohio. One former member, D. Dahlston, Albany, California, was reinstated to membership. A native cerambycirl in an imported host plant. — Dr. John A. Chemsak reported on an adult male cerambycid, Paranoplium gracile gracile (LeConte), which emerged from a section of large bamboo grown in La Jolla, California. The specimen and wood were made available by R. Goodwin, University of California, Berkeley, in September 1964. The larval gallery was exposed in the wood which was 7 mm thick, to determine its orgin and configuration. Ovi- position apparently occurred at a node just above the diaphragm. The larval gallery extended across the wood near the node in a meandering manner, becoming successively larger in diameter. After about three inches, the gallery went up a right angle parallel to the grain of the wood for two inches. The pupal chamber was constructed perpendicular to the horizontal burrow with an emergence hole about one inch from its base. The larval gallery was very tightly packed with very fine powdery frass. This is one of the few native species thus far known to utilize a host extremely different from its native one. The host plant of this California species is Quercus agrifolia but information on larval habits is lacking. 70 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 A noise-making moth. — Mr. David C. Rentz displayed an interesting noise- making noctuid moth, subfamily Heliothidinae, collected around a black-light in Durango, Mexico, in 1960. This insect made a low crackling sound, not unlike that produced by crumpling cellophane, as it flew around the light. Examination of the wings shows clear, membranous areas on the anterior of the forewings which probably vibrate to produce the peculiar sound. Only one specimen was collected. Additional locality records of Trulactylus minutus . — Mr. David C. Rentz reported that collection of the tridactylid Tridactylus minutus in northern California has resulted in the extension of the range of that species. T. minutus was collected recently in Mendocino County at the small town of Hansen and in the Sierra in El Dorado County at Caldor. This extends the range somewhat as this species was hitherto known from Calaveras, Humboldt, Los Angeles, Monterey, Riverside, and San Diego counties. Tridactylids can be found along streams on moist sand hanks where they closely resemble their background. Their small size and quick jumping ability makes them easily overlooked and thus records are scarce. The program for the evening consisted of observations and entomological findings resulting from the 1964 Galapagos Expedition. Illustrated reports were presented by Dr. R. L. Usinger, Mr. David Cavagnero, and Dr. John A. Chemsak. A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — C. S. Koehler, Secretary. Two Hundred Ninety-second Meeting The 292nd meeting was held Friday, 13 November 1964, at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with President Powell presiding. Members present (26) : P. H. Arnaud, Jr., J. Birchim, J. S. Buckett, L. E. Caltagirone, J. A. Chemsak, H. V. Daly, W. E. Ferguson, G. W. Frankie, R. E. Hall, C. S. Koehler, H. B. Leech, D. D. Linsdale, C. D. MacNeill, A. E. Michelbacher, C. W. O’Brien, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, E. S. Ross, F. E. Skinner, J. B. Snell, V. Strombler, D. J. Sullivan, S.J., R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, P. E. Turner, Jr., S. P. Welles. Visitors present (15) : Mary Ann Chemsak, Sharon Connolley, M. R. Gardner, D. M. Hutt, Jaquith Jones, R. M. Lloyd, Martha Michelbacher, P. H. Raven, Kathleen Rentz, Mrs. Jon Snell, H. A. Sweet, Stella Tatro, Kenneth and Shirley Tucker, E. G. White. The minutes of the meeting held 16 October 1964 were summarized. Three new members were elected: Miss B. Billeb, S. P. Welles, and Miss B. Wilson, Berkeley, California. Females of Melanoplus borealis palaceus Fulton with frayed wings. — Mr. David C. Rentz diplayed a series of specimens of the above species, collected in early October 1964, in a meadow at Plaskett Meadows Campground in Glenn County, California. The females had tattered wings, whereas the wings of the males were normal. Some females, which are normally fully alate, had their wings gone almost to the bases. They gave the apparance of having been chewed. January 1965 ] pacific coast entomological society 71 It is well known that certain male crickets ( Orocharis ; Hapithus ) are commonly found with chewed wings. They are eaten by the female during mating. However, it is not known that grasshoppers engage in this activity. Since the male grass- hopper assumes the dorsal position in mating and since the specimens mentioned above did show this peculiarity only in the males, it seems that there is a possibility of the female wings serving as food during mating. Only further observation in the field will determine the cause of this interesting occurrence. Orchelinium delicatuin Bruner in California . — Orchelimum delicatum Bruner, a conocephaline katydid, not previously known from California, was collected 8 miles north of Lone Pine, Inyo County, 24 July 1964, by Jim Birchim. A series of ten katydids was taken at night while the males were stridulating. The katydids were perched on the tops of cattail ( Typha ) in a roadside trench that was choked with aquatic vegetation. Two females and eight males were collected. Five of the males collected were stridulating loudly on the top sections of the Typlia, and the other three were observed eating the pistillate spike of the Typha. Two color phases were collected, a dominant green phase (two females and six males) and a straw-brown phase (two males). Previous to this collection of 0 . delicatum , only one other member of that genus had been found in California, 0. gladiator. Habits of Phymatodes decussatus decussatus (LeConte). — D r. John A. Chemsak showed slides of adults of the cerambycid, Phymatodes decussatus decussatus (LeConte), emerging from logs of Prunus. Subsequent to the emergence of dozens of adults, the nature of the larval work was observed. Larvae feed upon the cambium layer, scoring the underlying wood to form irregular galleries tightly packed with fine frass. The pupation chambers are initiated at a shallow angle into the heartwood, then curve gradually to become parallel with the grain of the wood. These chambers are about 15-20 mm in length, 4 mm in diameter, and extend into the heartwood about 4 mm below the feeding surface. All previous host records for the species are Quercus spp. Dr. H. V. Daly read a letter which had been prepared by the Society officers of 1963 and sent to the Entomological Society of Canada and to the Entomological Society of Ontario in recognition of the centennial year of entomology in Canada. The letter is printed in The Canadian Entomologist, 1964, 96: 83. The principal speaker for the meeting was Dr. Peter H. Raven, Division of Biological Sciences, Stanford University. This illustrated lecture was entitled “Pollination Studies, Behavior of Bees, and Onagraceae.” A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — C. S. Koehler, Secretary. Two Hundred Ninety-third Meeting The 293rd meeting was held Friday, 11 December 1964, at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, with President Powell presiding. Members present (41) : R. P. Allen, J. R. Anderson, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Mary Benson, J. Birchim, R. M. Bohart, j. S. Buckett, L. E. Caltagirone, H. V. Daly, D. G. Denning, J. G. Edwards, T. L. Erwin, W. E. Ferguson, J. Guggolz, J. Gustafson, 72 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 1 K. S. Hagen, R. E. Hall, H. R. Hepburn, P. D. Hurd, Jr., C. S. Koehler, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, D. D. Linsdale, C. D. MacNeill, A. E. Michelbacher, Lois O’Brien, F. H. Parker, R. L. Penrose, J. A. Powell, J. L. Reed, D. C. Rentz, C. J. Rogers, E. S. Ross, F. E. Skinner, C. Slobodchikoff, R. W. Thorp, Catherine Toschi, P. E. Turner, Jr., D. Veirs, S. P. Welles, R. H. Whitsel. Visitors present (13) : J. K. Anderson, W. R. Bauer, G. Buckingham, J. T. Doyen, M. R. Gardner, Martha Michelbacher, Frances Powell, Kathi Rentz, A. Slate, L. Stipe, H. A. Sweet, Stella Tatro, M. Tauber. The minutes of the meeting held 13 November 1964 were summarized. Two new members were elected: Miss Mary Benson, Davis, California; R. L. Penrose, San Jose, California. The Secretary noted with regret the death of E. O. Essig, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley, on 23 November, in Lafayette, California. President Powell announced that Dr. W. H. Lange, Jr. had been elected Chairman of the Advertising Committee. Dr. H. V. Daly, noting the important duties of this office, expressed sincere appreciation, on behalf of the Society, to Dr. J. E. Swift, who has served as Chairman during the past 7 years. President Powell announced the appointment of Dr. David H. Kistner and Dr. K. S. Hagan (Chairman) to the Publication Committee, with terms to expire in 1967. The report of the auditing committee was given by Dr. E. S. Ross, and Dr. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., read the financial report of the Treasurer. The financial records of the year 1964 are in order, and both reports were accepted by the Society. K. S. Hagen, Chairman of the Nominating Committee, presented the names of the nominees, and the following persons were elected as Society officers for 1965: President, William E. Ferguson; Vice-President, C. D. MacNeill; Secretary, C. S. Koehler; Treasurer, P. H. Arnaud, Jr. The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. J. A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley, and President of the Society. His illustrated lecture was entitled “Yucca Moths in California.” A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — C. S. Koehler, Secretary. 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An emulsifiable concentrate that mixes fast, does not need constant agitation, and leaves no sediment in spray tanks. yvf; X;X ;!■ : xv Kf/Mv X FERBAM Fungicide used in control of scab and cedar apple rust and as a protective fungicide for other crops. Also used to control blue mold in tobacco plant beds. FUNGICIDES '••x.v 'y&y' ZIRAM Fungicide used extensively on vegetables and on some fruit crops. Best used as a preventive treatment. . ' • ’ ■ . i ■ VELSICOL® 2-1 Turf fungicide used to control brown patch, dollar spot, snow mold and other turf diseases. PMA An organic foliage fungicide also used for post emer- gence crabgrass control, seed treatment, and turf disease control. VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION/341 E. Ohio St., Chicago, III. 60611 VELSICOL INTERNATIONAL CORP., C.A./p. O. Box 1687, Nassau, Bahamas, VELSICOL CORPORATION OF CANADA, LIMITED/2 Carlton SI., Suite 1018, Toronto 2, Canada VELSICOL INTERNACIONAL DE MEXICO S.A. OE C.V. /Morelos No. tIO-Desp. 209, Mexico 6, D.F. 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Delnav has proved to be superior for control of all ticks in homes, dog- houses, lawns and other outdoor areas, including hard-to-kill brown dog tick. CITRUS MITES . . . Delnav has shown citrus growers how they can gain superior control of mite infestations at low cost. Delnav gives effective long-lasting protection, and there’s no preharvest waiting period. LIVESTOCK INSECTS . . . Delnav has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a dip or spray with no preslaughter interval required. Animals may be treated any time before slaughter. Delnav controls ticks, lice, horn fly and sheep ked. DELNAV is the technical grade of the chemical 2,3,p-dioxanedithiol S, S-bis ( O , O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) . 120 MONTGOMERY STREET, SAN FRANCISCO 4 - CALIFORNIA vm 1km DEVELOPMENfOF^ll^ PROTECTION MATERIALS AND IMPROVED SERVICE FACILITIES FOR BIGGER YIELD AND BETTER QUALITY. NIAGARA- FOR MORE THAN A HALF-CENTURY-YOUR PARTNER IN AGRICULTURAL chemical Progress;- j '• # Putting Ideas to Work NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION ANAHEIM • FRESNO • RICHMOND • YAKIMA Home Office: MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK IX Recognize this mark? CHEMAGRO CORPORATION KANSAS CITY 20 • MISSOURI It is the Chemagro Corporation trademark. You see it on all chemical products manufactured by Chemagro. More often, it is called the Chemagro bullseye. The blue bullseye is well known throughout all areas of agriculture. Insecticides, pesticides and defoliants identified by it result from years of continuous research. Currently we have fourteen products marked with the familiar bullseye. Soon there will' be more. Watch for them. They will be easily identified by the blue bullseye. You will be able to rely on our new products as completely as you do our present ones. Because they, too, will come from sound, basic research. CHEMAGRO CORPORATION KANSAS CITY 20 • MISSOURI X Plagued by mites who seem to thrive on phosphate? Get aramite®, effective, approved miticide. Tests in the field for the past twelve years prove ARAMITE kills a wide variety of mites, including those who resist phosphate, and not one has developed a resistance to ARAMITE. Applied as a wet spray or dust, aramite has a long residual. It kills both nymph and adult mites on cotton, ornamentals, fruit and shade trees. Approved by the U.S.D.A. for mite control of cotton, aramite is safe to use and does not harm bees or other beneficial insects. For effective, economical mite control, order aramite from your local supplier. NAUGATUCK CHEMICAL DIVISION United States Rubber Dept. 9141 AR Elm Street Naugatuck, Connecticut DISTRICT OFFICES: Akron • Boston • Portland • San Francisco • Chicago • Detroit Gastonia • Los Angeles • Dallas • New Brunswick, N.J. • Dominion Rubber Company, Ltd., Montreal • CABLE: Rubexport, N.Y. XI INSECT PINS $4./ M - (1 0 Packages) PROMPT DELIVERY CLAIR ARMIN 417 PALM AVE. LOWEST PRICES IN U.S. REEDLEY, CALIF. PUBLICATIONS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131 pages). 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST. Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or $1.50 per single issue. MEMOIR SERIES. Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world. Published October 1951. Price $6.00. Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages. Published July 1955. Price $10.00. Send orders to : Pacific Coast Entomological Society c/o California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author. Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi- cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes. Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. 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Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format: Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2 : 211 - 212 . 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp. Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts , 1963, 43 (1) : 5-11. Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot- notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. 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Private investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds to cover this charge may apply to the Society for a grant to cover the page charges. A brief statement by the author on the reprint order form will suffice as an application. All articles are accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit and without regard to the financial support of the author. Since you can’t wrap them in cellophane... protect them with KELTHANE Control all the mite species attacking your fruits and nuts with Kelthane; today, as in the past, the safest and most effective miti- cide. A good program of mite control begins with early sprays, while foliage is light, for good coverage and penetration. Early sprays also hit the mite populations before they begin to multiply. Follow-up applications as required must be continued at full dosages. Heavy foliage requires thorough spraying to obtain good coverage. Delays in getting your Kelthane program under way, faulty coverage, in- adequate dosage and poor timing of your sprays will surely start mites on the road to resistance. All of these factors are within your control. With your help Kelthane will continue to give you the best in mite control. ROHIVI A. f>HILADELPM I A, PA .19 10 5 Vol. 41 April 1965 No. 2 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist CONTENTS TAUBER AND TOSCHI — Life history and mating behavior of Tephritis stigmatica (Coquillett) 73 PRICE — A Review of Comatomenopon, with descriptions of two new species 80 McPHERSON — Notes on the life history of Notonecta hoffmanni 86 DODGE — A new Tricharaea Thomson with unusual variation in male chaetotaxy 90 CHEMSAK — Notes on the habits of Trichoderes pini Chevrolat 93 PETERSON — A new Phenacoccus from southern California 96 BAILEY AND CAMPOS-S.— The Thysanoptera of Chile 101 BOHART — Synonymy of North American Odynerini described by Peter Cameron 107 USINGER AND UESHIMA — New species of bat bugs of the Cimex pilosellus complex 114 ZWICK AND PEIFER— Observations on the emergence and trapping of male Pleocoma minor Linsley with black light and female-baited traps 118 KISTNER — A revision of the species of the genus Phyllodinarda Wasmann with notes on their behavior 121 POWELL — Rearing records for five conifer feeding buprestids in California 133 SCIENTIFIC NOTES 100, 132, 139 BOOK REVIEW 140 RECENT LITERATURE 89, 113 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 106 OBITUARIES 85, 95 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1965 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD H. V. Daly, Editor E. G. Linsley J. R. Anderson, Asst. Editor E. S. Ross P. D. Hurd, Jr. L. B. O’Brien, Editorial Assistant H. B. Leecii P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer W. H. Lange, Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed- ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sci- ences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be addressed to the Secretary, Dr. Carlton S. Koehler, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members of the Society or $6.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society Officers for 1965 William E. Ferguson, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer C. Don MacNeill, Vice-President Carlton S. Koehler, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October) Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editor: Dr. Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: none. This issue mailed 11 June 1965. Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. THE ALLEN PRESS **7(1*° LAWRENCE, KANSAS O.s. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 41 April 1965 No. 2 Life History and Mating Behavior of Tephritis stigmatica (Coquillett) (Diptera : Tephritidae) Maurice J. Tauber and Catherine A. Toschi University of California, Berkeley, California Tephritis is a genus of flies which is worldwide in distribution. Eleven species have been recorded from California and of these T. stigmatica (Coquillett) has the largest individuals (Foote and Blanc 1963). Foote (1960) published the most recent taxonomic review of the genus Teph- ritis. He gives the Western United States as the area of distribution of T. stigmatica. Foote and Blanc (1963) in their bulletin on California tephritids compiled the most complete list of collection and rearing rec- ords in California. Senecio integerrimus Nuttall, Senecio douglasii Candolle, and Senecio sp. are given as larval hosts. The adults are re- ported to have been collected from Achillea sp., Chrysothamnus sp., Eriogonum sp., Grindelia sp., Lepidospartum squamatum (Gray) Gray, Medicago sativa Linnaeus, Pinus coulteri D. Don, and Pinus lamhertiana Douglas. We found larvae in the composite host Senecio integerrimus at Sage- hen Creek Wildlife and Fisheries Station. This locality has an elevation of approximately 7,000 feet and is about 12 miles north of Truckee, Nevada County, California. Flower heads containing larvae were col- lected on 27 June 1964 and the insects were reared in the laboratory. This paper gives an account of the life history based on a single gen- eration obtained from these plants. The mating behavior of T. stig- matica is described. This species shares some elements in its behavior with another tephritid Euleia fratria (Loew) (Tauber and Toschi, 1965). These activities are compared. Life History The head of Senecio integerrimus consists of many flowers each of which has a corolla. The young larva mines down one corolla to the ovary. After mining the ovary the larva moves laterally to the ovary of an adjacent flower. This lateral movement is repeated and results in The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 73-79. April 1965 74 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Explanation of Figure Fig. 1. Copulatory position of T. stigmatica. The two arrows indicate fore and mesotarsi. Actual size of male is 10 mm. damage to a localized area. Feeding by the older larva is largely con- fined to the ovaries, but the receptacle and the corolla also are slightly affected. The flower heads that we collected were usually mined by one larva, but some contained two to four larvae. When more than two larvae were present the damaged areas tended to merge. It was noted that multiple infestations were associated with large flower heads. The puparium is usually found partly embedded in the receptacle. On occasion pupation occurs just below this region. However, in all cases noted, the longitudinal orientation of the pupa is vertical and the ante- rior end is up. Under laboratory conditions (temperature 24 ± 4° C ; re- lative humidity 55 ± 8%) the time spent within the puparium is approxi- mately 14 days. Samples of flowers were dissected beginning 27 June but puparium formation was not observed until 30 June. Adult emer- gence began on 14 July and was completed within 7 days. Eighty-six adults were reared (49 females and 37 males). The days of initial and terminal emergence as well as the 3 days of maximum emergence coincided for the two sexes. This emergence pattern differs from that of E. jratria in that the males of E. fratria emerge earlier (Tauber and Toschi, 1965). Adults were fed water, sugar, and enzymatic protein hydrolysate of yeast. The range of longevity was 6 to 187 + days. Parasites. — Four species of chalcidoid parasites were reared from T. stigmatica during this study. Two individuals belonging to the tribe April 1965] tauber & toschi — tephritis behavior 75 Table 1. Comparison of mating activities in T. stigmatica and E. jratria. T. stigmatica E. jratria Activity (1), slight lateral wing dis- placement Activity (2), alternate wing wave ini- tiated from midline of body Activity (2), wing vibration during wing wave Activity (3), dorsoventral movement of abdomen Male steps to one side while advancing towards female (rare) Turning to face each other while on same plane Male and female assume “head up-tail down” stance (abdomen close to substrate, forelegs extended), wings parted; not seen in same context as in E. jratria Males court males, no attempted mounting Not observed Alternate wing wave initiated after both wings are extended laterally No vibration during wing wave Not observed Male and female step to one side and back again, while advancing (common) Same as T. stigmatica Male assumes “head up-tail down” stance, keeping body length orientated to moving female, wings fully extended laterally Males court and mount males Merisini (Pteromalidae) and three specimens of Tetrastichus sp. (Eu- lophidae) emerged from puparia about 14 days after collection. After 8 months in the laboratory seven Habrocytus sp. (Pteromalidae, tribe Pteromalini) and one Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae) emerged from puparia. In all cases the hosts were taken from the field as eggs or larvae. The trophic relationship between these parasites and the fly is not known. Mating Behavior Males and females of T. stigmatica show a complex courtship display which consists of recurring, specific types of activity. These activities were observed when the insects were subject to natural and artificial illumination simultaneously. The courtship sequence is as follows: Heterosexual behavior. — Activities (1), (2), (3), and (4) below are performed by both sexes. (1) Both wings are moved laterally, at the same time, either to the left or to the right (i.e., like windshield wipers moving synchronously in the same direction) . The angle of displacement from the longitudinal axis of the body is slight. The plane of the wings is parallel to the substrate. This act is more frequent at the beginning of courtship. 76 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Table 2. Comparison of T. stigmatica and E. fr atria copulatory positions. T. stigmatica E. jratria Male Head held above female scutellum Mouthparts associated with dorso- central bristles of female thorax Wings completely overlap Fore tarsi along notal and pleural region of anterior segment of female abdomen Mesotarsi along pleural and sternal region of posterior part of female abdomen Hind tarsi on substrate Female Wings parted Ovipositor telescoped Male and Female Both sexes quite separate except for these points of contact: female bris- tles, fore and mesotarsi, and genitalia Head above anterior abdominal nota of female Not observed Wings parted Fore tarsi along pleural region of ante- rior segments of female abdomen Mesotarsi on substrate Hind tarsi on substrate Wings parted Ovipositor telescoped Male forecoxae appear to rest on female abdomen; male foretarsi and genitalia also in contact (2) One wing at a time is moved laterally from the longitudinal axis of the body until it forms a 90° angle. As the wing passes laterally to or fro through the 45° point it vibrates rapidly. The plane of the wing is rotated so that it forms a right angle to the substrate, with costal margin up, when the wing is fully extended. The wing may be held in this pose for a few seconds or it may be returned immediately to the original position. In the meantime the other wing is held resting above the body. When the extended wing is returned it may either repeat the original movement or the other wing may repeat this movement. (3) During activity (2) rapid dorsoventral movements of the abdo- men are often seen. (4) It appears that either sex makes the initial approach. When an individual passes within % to 1 inch of another of the opposite sex either one or both may turn and approach the other so that they come face to face. During the approach the male may take a few rapid steps to one side while still facing the female. Activity (2) continues through- out this performance. However wing movement is frequently in phase when the face to face position is assumed. That is, either both left wings April 1965] tauber & toschi — tephritis behavior 77 Table 3. Summary of T. stigmatica life history. Species Distri- bution Hosts Egg Stage Larval Stage Puparium Adult Longevity Parasites Western Senecio probably mainly approx. 14 187 + days; on T etrasticlius U. S. A. integerrimus in within days; water, carbo- sp. corolla ovaries partly in hydrate, enzy- Senecio receptacle matic protein Merisini douglasii hydrolysate Eurytoma of yeast Habrocytus Senecio sp. or the apposed wings (e.g., female left and male right) may be moved out and back, synchronously. It appears that courtship may be broken off as well as recur at any point along the above sequence. (5) After a number of bouts of activity (4) the following may ap- pear. The male moves closer to the female and she decamps. He follows her and attempts to copulate. The copulatory position is shown in Fig. 1 and certain of its features are described in Table 2. We have observed individual T. stigmatica pairs to remain in copulation for at least 3 hours. Homosexual behavior. — Activities (1), (2), and (3) are performed by males or females when they are reared in isolation from the opposite sex. In the presence of females, the males were also observed performing action (4) . This was followed by disengagement. Males were never observed mounting males as was seen by Tauber and Toschi (1965) in the case of E. jratria. Discussion A comparison of the activities found in the mating behavior of T. stigmatica and E. jratria in Table 1 reveals similarities and differences. Table 2 compares their copulatory positions. Spieth (1952) surveyed the courtship and copulatory behavior of 21 species groups of the genus Drosophila. He states that some elements of their mating behavior are widespread but that qualitative and quan- titative interspecific differences exist. A comparison of courtship pat- terns of T . stigmatica and E. jratria reveals such differences between the two species. Qualitative characteristics present in T. stigmatica and absent in E. jratria are: wing movements as in activity (1), wing vibration during activity (2), and abdomen vibration as in activity (3). A qualitative 78 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 character present in E. fratria and absent in T. stigmalica is mounting of males by males. Quantitative differences in the mating behavior of the two species are present in the wing waving movements, “side stepping” by the ad- vancing male, and characteristics of the copulatory position (e.g., T. stigmatica holds the female abdomen with two pairs of legs rather than one pair) . Feron (1962) investigated specific stimuli involved in the mating of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wied. He found that both males and females react to chemical stimuli and that the males react to visual stimuli as well. The specific stimuli leading to successful mating in T. stigmatica have not been investigated. However, we can try to relate the discrete courtship actions with the category of stimuli that they might subserve. Wing vibration during activity (2) and abdomen movement in activ- ity (8) may serve to produce auditory stimuli. Waldron (1964) has shown that sound production is significant in the mating behavior of certain Drosophila species. It is conceivable that auditory as well as visual stimuli could, for example, be implicated in keeping male and fe- male wing movement in phase during activity (4) . The precise and immediate orientations of either sex to its partner, the wing display, and the “side step” during activity (4) strongly suggest that vision plays an important role in mating. In the case of the “side step” the male while changing his direction of movement remains oriented to a motionless partner. Chemical stimuli have been implicated in the behavior of other tephritids (Feron, 1962) . Spieth (1952) in his consideration oi Drosoph- ila speculates that wing action by the male could direct odorous sub- stances towards the female. In T. stigmatica wing movement could also serve this function in both sexes. Summary The known life history of T. stigmatica is summarized in Table 3. This table is styled after Christenson and Foote (1960) who may be con- sulted for comparison with 14 other tephritids. For comparison with E. fratria see Tauber and Toschi (1965). The mating behavior of T. stigmatica has been described. A comparison was made between the courtship display and copulatory position of T. stigmatica and those of E. fratria. Stimuli which may be involved were discussed. April 1965 ] tauber & toschi — tephritis behavior 79 Acknowledgments We want to thank Dr. J. A. Powell for reading the manuscript and Drs. Ray F. Smith and W. W. Allen for encouragement. Dr. F. R. Cole determined the fly and Dr. G. I. Stage determined the parasites. The help of Miss Theresa Toschi is acknowledged with thanks. This work was done during the appointments of C. A. T. as a Hilgard Scholar and of M. J. T. as a University Fellow. Literature Cited Christenson, L. D., and R. H. Foote. 1960. Biology of fruit flies. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 5: 171-192. Feron, M. 1962. L’instinct de reproduction chex la Mouche mediterraneene des fruits Ceratitis capitata Wied (Dipt. Trypetidae) . Comportement sexuel. Comportement de ponte. Rev. Path. veg. Ent. agric. France, 41 (1 and 2) : 1-129. Foote, R. H. 1960. The genus Tephritis Latreille in the Neararctic region north of Mexico: descriptions of four new species and notes on others. (Diptera: Tephritidae) J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 33(2) : 71-85. Foote, R. H., and F. L. Blanc. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, 7 : 1-117. Spieth, H. T. 1952. Mating behavior within the genus Drosophila (Diptera). Bull. Amer. Mus. Hist., 99: 401-474. Tauber, M. J., and C. A. Toschi. 1965. Bionomics of Euleia fratria (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae). I. Life history and mating behavior. Canad. J. Zool. 43: 369-379. Waldron, I. 1964. Courtship sound production in two sympatric sibling Drosoph- ila species. Sci., 144: 191-193. NEW JOURNAL Publication of a new entomological journal entitled u Quaestiones Entomoligicae, a periodical record of entomological investigations” will start in January 1965, from the Department of Entomology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. It is intended to provide prompt low-cost publication for accounts of entomological research of greater than average length. Subscription rates will be the same for institutions, libraries, and individuals, $4.00 per volume of 4 issues, normally appearing at quarterly intervals; single issues $1.00. An abstract edition will be available, printed on one or both sides (according to length) of 3 X 5 inch index cards (at $1.00 per volume) or on 5 X 8 inch standard single row punch cards ($1.50 per volume). Communications regarding subscriptions and exchanges should be addressed to the Subscription Manager at the above address. 80 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 A Review of Comatomenopon , with Descriptions of Two New Species 1 (Mallophaga : Menoponidae) Roger D. Price University of Minnesota, St. Paul The amblyceran genus Comatomenopon Uchida, 1920, is currently recognized as containing three species restricted in their known distribution to the heron family (Ciconiiformes : Ardeidae) (Emerson, 1957). In the course of revisional studies of the genera within the large Colpocephalum complex, to which Comatomenopon belongs, I have obtained specimens representing these known Comatomenopon species as well as those of two undescribed species and one species not hitherto included within this genus. It is my purpose to present here the results of my study of these lice. Genus COMATOMENOPON Uchida Comatomenopon Uchida, 1920, Annot. Zool. Japan, 9: 648. Type species: Comatomenopon elongatum Uchida. The original description of this genus (Uchida, 1920) is as follows: “Menoponidae with elongate, whitish translucent body. Head long, rounded at anterior margin; temples prominent; lateral margin with a deep, distinct notch just in front of eye. No spines on ventral surface of head. Mesothorax small, scarcely separated from metathorax. A series of combs upon the ventral surface of posterior femora, and also on each side of certain abdominal sternites. Gastric teeth present at the distal end of crop. Male genitalia consisting of a very long and slender basal plate, continuous distally with a broad lamina, at the base of which elongate and inwardly curved parameres are set.” In addition to the above, the known members of this genus have the following pertinent features in common: Head with (1) occipital setae all long; (2) three very long marginal temple setae; (3) terminal antennal segment undivided, at least a third longer than width of second segment; (4) weakly developed preocular nodi, and occipital nodi and associated carinae essentially absent; and (5) only one to two medium setae immediately anterior to subocular comb row. Thorax with only two minute median prosternal setae. Abdomen with (1) tergites undivided and approximately equal in length; (2) sternite III with two lateroposterior comb rows on each side; (3) vulva without lateral auxiliary row of hooked setae; (4) no ventral plates bearing setae between vulva and anus; (5) absence of internal reticulate structure 1 Paper No. 5539, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 80-85. April 1965 April 1965] PRICE REVIEW OF COMATOMENOPON 81 in female genital chamber; (6) anus of female essentially oval, without inner setae; (7) male genitalia close to Fig. 2, with genital sclerite having pair of pointed lateroposterior projections and a longer median process, and with an unbarbed penis; and (8) generally little sexual dimorphism other than that associated with ventral terminalia. The affinities of this genus seem closest to Ciconiphilus Bedford, especially to Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus (Boisduval and Lacordaire), a species also common to the Ardeidae. However, the consistently different Comatomenopon head shape and the tendency for a pro- portionately longer slender abdomen, along with other minor features of structure and chaetotaxy, enable separation from the known species of Ciconiphilus. Comatomenopon elongatum Uchida Comatomenopon elongatum Uchida, 1920, Annot. Zool. Japan, 9: 649. Type host: Sterna sinensis Gmelin — probably error. True host probably Egretta garzetta (.Linnaeus) (see Emerson, 1957: 710). Illustrated and discussed by both Uchida (1920) and Emerson (1957). Head with 4 rather short middorsal setae ; male with about 15 short dorsal anterior head setae. Margin of pronotum with 4-5 long setae on each side in addition to 2-4 short setae near lateral angle (no short seta between second and third long setae) ; minute inner dorsal pronotal setae, much shorter than outer dorsal setae. Metanotum with 8-9 long marginal setae and 45-50 medium anterior setae, sparse medially; posterior margin of femur III with 2-3 short setae. Abdomen with postspiracular setae very long on I— VIII ; 6-8 uniformly long tergocentral setae on I-VII, 5-6 on VIII; 18-28 anterior tergal setae on I— II, 11-16 on III- VI, 6-7 on VII, and 3 on VIII (Fig. 8). Tergite IX with 2 very long setae on each side and 2 short inner posterior setae. Sternal setae: I, 9-12; II, 44-54; III, 33-37, including 4 or so median marginal setae distinctly longer than others; IV, 50; V, 37; VI-VII, 22-23. Posterior comb row on III with 1-3 short fine outer marginal setae (as in Fig. 1). Ventral terminalia of female much as in Fig. 1. Vulva with 18 medium evenly spaced marginal setae, 27 anterior setae. Anus of female with 37 short ventral setae, shorter medially, and 42 medium dorsal setae. Material. — 1 2, 1 $ (types), Sterna sinensis (but probably Egretta garzetta ), Formosa; 2 $2, Demigretta gularis (Bose), Annobon Is., Gulf of Guinea. Comatomenopon xenicum (Kellogg), new combination Colpocephalum xenicum Kellogg, 1910, Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Zool. Exped. Kilimandjaro, 3 (15) : 52. Type host: Ardea ( Ardetta ) sturmi — Ixobrychus sturmii (Wagler). Very close to C. elongatum. Longer tergocentral setae, especially on posterior segments, with some extending across at least following two tergites (Fig. 9) ; 82 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Figs. 1-2. Comatomenopon exilis Price. 1, Female, dorsoventral (X54); 2, Male genitalia (X98). Figs. 3M<. C. elbeli Emerson. 3, Sternite III, lateroposterior ( X 86 ) ; 4, Female, complete dorsal, terminalia ventral (x40). Figs. 5-7. C. ibis Emerson. 5, Female terminalia, dorsoventral ( X 64 ) ; 6, Female head, prothorax, dorsal ( X 64) ; 7, Sternite III, lateroposterior (XllO). Fig. 8. C. elongatum Uchida, female terminalia, dorsal ( X 37 ) . Figs. 9-10. C. xenicum (Kellogg). 9, Female terminalia, dorsal (x44); 10, Male tergite IX, dorsal (X47). Figs. 11-12. C. grayi Price. 11, Sternite III, lateroposterior (Xl30) ; 12, Male head, prothorax, dorsal (X64). April 1965] price — review of comatomenopon 83 those on IX extending well beyond tip of abdomen. Tergite IX of male (Fig. 10) with six setae medioanterior to very long setae. Material. — 1 2, 1 $ (types), Ardea sturrni, East Africa. Comatomenopon ibis Emerson Comatomenopon ibis Emerson, 1958, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12) 10: 711. Type host: Bubulcus ibis ibis (Linnaeus). Close to C. elongatum, but differing in the following: Head with 4 long middorsal setae (Fig. 6). Pronotum (Fig. 6) with 6-8 long marginal setae on each side and 5-9 shorter setae; inner dorsal pronotal setae longer, almost length of outer. Femur III of male with 5 posterior marginal setae. Most sternites each with up to 10-15 more setae; marginal setae on sternites IV-VII much longer laterally than in median area. Sternite III marginally with uniformly long median setae between comb rows, except for 1 very long seta on each side; 3-5 long and few shorter setae outside posterior comb row (Fig. 7). Female terminalia (Fig. 5) with inner posterior setae on tergite IX of 1 long and 1-2 shorter setae on each side; vulva marginally with 24-28 medium setae; anus somewhat protruding, with 32-33 short to medium ventral setae and only 26-27 longer dorsal setae. Material.- — -1 $ (paratype), 2 2 2, Bubulcus ibis coromandus (Boddaert), Thailand. Comatomenopon grayi Price, new species Type host. — Ardeola grayii (Sykes). Head of female as for C. ibis (Fig. 6) ; head of male (Fig. 12) differs from all other known species with large number (33-40) of stout dorsal frontal setae. Pronotum (Fig. 12), as well as remainder of thorax, abdomen, and male genitalia close to C. elongatum, differing by having female with several long marginal setae outside of comb rows on sternite III (close to Fig. 7) and male with somewhat longer such setae (as in Fig. 11) and longer median projection of genital sclerite than shown in Fig. 2. Material. — Holotype $ (in British Museum (Natural History)), 2 $ , 2 2 paratypes, Ardeola grayi , Ceylon, March 1935, Meinertzhagen Collection, Slide 3459. Comatomenopon elbeli Emerson Comatomenopon elbeli Emerson, 1958, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12) 10. 712. Type host: Ardea purpurea purpurea Linnaeus. Distinguished from other species in many ways. Only 2 short middorsal head setae (Fig. 4). Pronotum marginally with 3-4 long median setae on each side and 4-7 short setae at each lateral angle; minute inner dorsal setae and 1-2 longer outer setae. Female abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 4. Postspiracular setae very long on I— III and VII- VIII, much shorter on IV-VI. At least posterior ter- gites partially fused with pleura. Very long median tergocentral setae on I- VI; much shorter and uniform on VII-VIII. Tergites III-VII with 0-3 short anterior setae, more numerous on I— II and VIII. Tergite IX with number of 84 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 short anterior setae in addition to marginal setae. Sparse sternal chaetotaxy, with most sternites having fewer than 20 setae, the majority of these marginal. Short relatively stout setae outside posterior comb row on sternite III (Fig. 3). Vulva with 65 very long heavy marginal setae. Anus ventrally without median setae, but with 5-6 long setae laterally plus 2-3 minute setae interspersed; 51 setae dorsally, much longer laterally. Male differs from female in having, among other things, (1) very long postspiracular setae on I— VIII ; (2) more uniform and shorter tergocentral setae on I-VI; and (3) posterior margin of femur III with 7 or so setae, instead of 2-3. The genital sclerite appears to have a longer median process than in Fig. 2, but this is not clear in specimens available. Material. — 1 2, 1 $ (paratypes), Ardea p. purpurea, Kenya; 2 2 2,1 $, Ardeola speciosa (Horsfield), no data; 1 $, Platalea alba Scopoli, Kenya (probably a straggler) . Comatomenopon exilis Price, new species Type host. — Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin). As in Fig. 1 and separable from other known species as follows: Inner middorsal head setae longer than outer. Margin of pronotum with 5 long and 3 short setae on each side, distributed as shown; minute inner dorsal setae. Metanotum with 9-10 marginal setae, but only 9-14 anterior setae, most of these lateral. Generally few, if any, median anterior abdominal tergal setae: I, 0-1; II-V, 0-3; VI, 0-1; VII- VIII, 0. Tergite IX without anterior setae, with 2-3 long inner posterior setae. Sparse sternal setae: I, 2-5; II- VI, 16-26; VII, 13-19. Ventral terminalia close to C. elongatum. Material. — Holotype 2 (at U. S. National Museum), Least Bittern, Meredosia, Illinois, 15 May 1934. Paratypes from type host: 4 2 2, 4 $ $, Meredosia, Illinois, 15 May 1934; 9 2 2,3 $ $, Durant, Bryan County, Oklahoma, 25 June 1959, G. M. Sutton, G. M. S. 13839. Key to the Species of Comatomenopon 1. Four long middorsal head setae (Figs. 6 or 12) 2 Either 2 or 4 shorter middorsal head setae (Figs. 1 or 4) 3 2. Each side of pronotum marginally with at least 6 long and 4 short setae and both sides with long inner dorsal pronotal seta, almost as long as outer dorsal seta (Fig. 6) ; male with fewer than 25 prominent dorsoanterior head setae ibis Emerson Each side of pronotum marginally with 5 long and 2 short setae and at least 1 side with minute dorsal pronotal seta (Fig. 12) ; male with over 30 prominent dorsoanterior head setae (Fig. 12) grayi, n. sp. 3. Fewer than 20 anterior metanotal setae; no anterior setae on abdominal tergites VII- VIII (Fig. 1) exilis, n. sp. Over 30 anterior metanotal setae; anterior setae on both abdominal tergites VII-VIII 4 4. Female with over 50 very long marginal vulval setae (Fig. 4) ; male with 5 or more setae on posterior margin of femur III elbeli Emerson April 1965] price — review of comatomenopon 85 Female with fewer than 25 medium marginal vulval setae; male with only 2-3 setae on posterior margin of femur III 5 5. Both sexes with longer tergocentral setae on abdominal segments VI-VIII (Fig. 9) ; male with over 5 setae medioanterior to very long setae on last tergite (Fig. 10) xenicum (Kellogg) Both sexes with shorter tergocentral setae on abdominal segments VI-VIII (Fig. 8) ; male with only 2 setae medioanterior to very long setae on last tergite (as in Fig. 8) elongatum Uchida Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the following individuals whose assistance has made this work possible: Dr. Theresa Clay, British Museum (Natural History) ; Dr. K. C. Emerson, Still- water, Oklahoma; Dr. Robert E. Elbel, Dugway, Utah; and Dr. Per Inge Persson, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm. Literature Cited Emerson, K. C. 1957. New species of Comatomenopon (Mallophaga: Amblycera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (12) 10: 710-712. Uchida, S. 1920. On a second collection of Mallophaga from Formosan birds. Annot. Zool. Japan, 9: 635-652. a. £arl J^ritchard Members of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society will be saddened to learn of the death of Dr. A. Earl Pritchard on 28 February 1965. Dr. Pritchard became a member of the Society in 1947 and contributed to the Memoir Series of the Society as a senior coauthor. He was well known as a systematist of the Acarina, Cecidomyiidae, and Asilidae. 86 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Notes on the Life History of Notonecta hofjmanni (Hemiptera : Notonectidae) J. E. McPherson San Diego State College, San Diego The backswimmer, Notonecta hoffmanni Hungerford, is a common inhabitant of freshwater ponds and streams in its known range. It has a limited distribution, being found only in Arizona, southern California, Baja California, Mexico (Hungerford, 1925) and New Mexico (Sailer, 1942). The male and female adults were originally described by H. B. Hungerford in 1925 and up to the present time no further work has been done on the taxonomy or biology of this species. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the life history of N. hoffmanni with special attention given to the length of the life cycle and feeding habits. The investigation was conducted in a 150-foot-long section of Viejas Creek located 3 Vz miles east of Alpine, San Diego County, California at an elevation of 2,230 feet above sea level. This creek is one of the few streams in San Diego County which runs the entire year. It originates in drainage from Chiquito Peak, the Viejas and Poser mountains which are to the north and from mountains in the Cleveland National Forest which are to the south, becoming a permanent flowing stream in the Viejas Indian Reservation. It winds through the hills for only a few miles and then joins the Sweetwater River approximately 1 mile north of the eastern end of the Loveland Reservoir. Materials and Methods The field observations were begun in late August of 1963 and continued through August 1964. With the approach of the reproductive period in late winter, weekly observations were begun. Water tempera- tures were recorded as well as dates of copulation, oviposition, stages of egg development (browning and eyespot appearance), and the emergence of the different instars. All notes were taken in the late morning and early afternoon hours. The fact that adults were present from the previous year made detec- tion of the newly emerged individuals difficult. The problem was solved by screening off an outpocketing of the stream, approximately 3 feet by 3 feet, removing all stages present and replacing these with fifth-instar nymphs. In addition, notes were taken on the number of developmental stages The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41 : 86-89. April 1965 April 1965] MCPHERSON — NOTES ON NOTONECTA 87 and the feeding habits in the laboratory as well as in the natural environ- ment. Oviposition, hatching, and molting were observed in the laboratory. Life History In the early part of March, copulation and oviposition were observed in the stream. The water temperature varied between 14° and 18° C during this period. Copulation takes place with the male in a dorsolateral position to the female; the latter does the swimming for the pair. Eggs are laid in irregular rows on the stems of vegetation beneath the water surface. They were first found in the easternmost part of the study area on stems of Vinca major L., a garden escape. This was the section from which most of the observations were taken. In sub- sequent days, I found them on stems of Juncus acutus L. var. sphaero- carpus Englm. and Heleocharis sp. Oviposition begins with a series of dorsoventral undulations of the posterior third of the abdomen; these movements cease as the egg appears. The female rests quietly for a few seconds after attaching the egg to a substrate. The egg laying takes about IV 2 minutes. Fresh eggs are white but darken as they mature. Following this, the eyespots begin to appear, and just before hatching they are well developed. Large hairs of the nymph are visible through the chorion at this time. Hatching occurs with the formation of a dorsoventral slit at the cephalic (widest) end of the egg. Rhythmic movements of the head are noticeable at this time. Body contractions are evident as the nymph emerges through the ventral side of the cephalic end in a jerky manner. The nymph is surrounded by an embryonic (vitelline) membrane which is visible as it emerges from the egg. The nymph subsequently frees itself from this membrane, with the metathoracic legs being the last to leave the egg. In the middle of April, I first noticed the darkening of the eggs but was unable to detect eyespots until the first of May. On this day I found a newly emerged nymph. It was very light in color and was swimming beneath the surface near the shore among the stems of Heleocharis sp. Molting takes place by the emergence of the later in- star through a longitudinal slit in the dorsum of the earlier instar. On 21 May I found a second nymphal instar near the shore but not as close to the vegetation as the previous instar. The water temperature was 22.5° C. On 8 June I observed a third nymphal instar in the deeper part of the pool swimming among the adults. The water temperature was 88 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 15° C at this time. Later in the week the relative numbers of first, second, and third nymphal instars were approximately equal. During the following week, the fourth nymphal instars began to appear. First and second nymphal instars were still present in small numbers. The water temperature was 16° C. On 26 June I found adults of different species of backswimmer, Notonecta kirbyi Hunger- ford, which had probably migrated into the area. The water temperature was 20.8° C on this day. On 6 July I observed the first fifth nymphal instars in the area. The water temperature had risen to 21.2° C. Two weeks later, the fifth nymphal instars were the most abundant of the immature stages. Three first nymphal instars were collected as well as older stages. Few specimens of N. kirbyi were collected. On 29 July a newly emerged adult was collected. The water temperature was 18.9° C at this time. During August, the number of adults of N. hoffmanni increased; at least some of these will remain in the area to begin the reproductive cycle again in March of the following year. The population size at this time was estimated to be 307 individuals by using the Lincoln Index method. Specimens had been successfully marked with colored fingernail polish. At the end of summer, it was no longer possible to collect adults of N. kirbyi. Feeding Habits N. hoffmanni normally feeds on insects which fall to the surface of the water ; these are abundant in the spring and appear to be adequate to sustain all stages of the species. I have found them feeding on Hymenoptera, mainly ants, Diptera, and Hemiptera, especially mirids, which had fallen from the overhanging branches or had been blown into the water by the wind. Clark (1928) reported that Notonecta undulata Say was attracted to its prey by sight and by vibrations due to the hapless insect’s movements on the surface of the water. This is prob- ably true of N. hoffmanni. It grabs the prey with the prothoracic and mesothoracic legs and then inserts its proboscis as the animal is dragged beneath the water surface. It does not return to the surface until the prey has ceased struggling. Summary It was found that at Viejas Creek, the life cycle of Notonecta hoffmanni began in the early part of March with copulation and ovi- position occurring simultaneously. Eggs were found on the submerged parts of stems of Vinca major, Helocharis sp., and ] uncus acutus var. sphaerocarpus. April 1965] MCPHERSON NOTES ON NOTONECTA 89 A first nymphal instar was captured on the first of May followed by the first noted appearances of the second, third, fourth, and fifth nymphal instars and the adults on 21 May, 8 June, 18 June, 6 July, and 29 July, respectively. N. hoffmanni normally feeds on insects which fall from the overhanging branches or are blown into the water by the wind. Literature Cited Clark, L. B. 1928. Seasonal distribution and life history of N otonecta undulata in the Winnipeg region, Canada. Ecology, 9: 383-403. Hungerford, H. B. 1925. N otonecta hoffmani [sic] sp. n. Can. Entomol., 57 : 241. Sailer, R. I. 1942. Distribution record for Notonecta hoffmanni Hungerford 1925. Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 15: 6. RECENT LITERATURE Occasional Papers, Bureau of Entomology, California Department of Agriculture. Six numbers of the Occasional Papers of the Bureau of Entomology of the California Department of Agriculture have been published during the past five years. These are : No. 1, Eriophyid studies XXVII, by H. H. Keifer, 18 pp., 1959. No. 2, Eriophyid studies XXVIII, by H. H. Keifer, 20 pp., 1960. No. 3, The United States species of fire ants of the genus Solenopsis, subgenus Solenopsis Westwood with synonymy of Solenopsis aurea Wheeler, by Roy R. Snelling, 11 pp., 12 figs., 1963. No. 4, Three new tubuliferous thrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) , by Tokuwo Kono, 8 pp., 6 pis., 1964. No. 5, An index of the Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of California, with selected references, by R. M. Thompson and Geo. M. Buxton, 62 pp., 1964. No. 6, Thysanoptera studies 2, The new generic status and synonymy of Anapho thrips arizonensis Morgan, with the description of the male (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), by Tokuwo Kono and Kellie O’Neill, 4 pp., 2 pis., 1964. The masthead states that individual copies will sent free of charge upon request and a regular mailing list will be maintained, including libraries and specialists, by writing to: R. F. Wilkey, Editor, Bureau of Entomology, State Department of Agriculture, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, California 95814. — P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 90 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 A New Trichar aea Thomson with Unusual Variation in Male Chaetotaxy 1 (Diptera : Sarcophagidae) H. Rodney Dodge Washington State University, Pullman The following species of T richaraea appears to be nndescribed. Pre- viously known species are from east of the Andes. This species agrees with them in general characters (the male genitalia are not useful in this group) but the body is darker grey, with thoracic vittae well defined, wing veins yellow only before the level of the costal spine, the front over 0.40 of the head width, the frontal vitta black on most of its length and wider, almost as wide as a parafrontal before the ocelli. In Townsend’s (1935) key to Agriini (p. 176 et seq .) the larger males will run to either T richaraea or Mallonotum Aldrich in couplet 2, depending on the presence or absence of median marginal bristles on the third abdominal segment; the small males and females trace to Sarothromyia Brauer and von Bergenstamm in couplet 31. Xenagria mallogaster Blanchard is a related species with setules on vein 3 beyond the anterior cross vein, the prosternum bare, and body pile apparently longer. Tricharaea penai Dodge, new species Length 4.5-8.25 mm. A blackish grey species with thoracic stripes and abdominal tessellation weak but distinct, the latter in certain views; male with all femora enlarged, femora, pleurae, and abdomen wholly with erect, short, woolly hairs except on the smallest males; frontal vitta wholly black or reddish at lunule; vibrissal axis longer than antennal axis (epistoma strongly protuberant, metacephalon moderately so) ; parafrontofacials with dense black setules. Male foretarsi with erect setules, segments 2-4 globular. Male. — Front at narrowest 0.40 to 0.44 (average 0.425 of seven specimens) of head width; frontal rows of 4-7, usually 5 or 6 bristles, parallel, reaching base of second antennal segment; frontal vitta velvety black or reddish near lunule, which is concealed; proclinate frontoorbitals usually 1; reclinate frontoorbital 1; ocellars very strong; outer vertical 0.6 of inner; parafrontofacials bright grey pollinose with numerous scattered black setules; antenna black, third segment 0.82 to vibrissa and 1.5 X second segment; arista short plumose on basal 0.67; vibrissae at epistoma, which is strongly warped forward; vibrissal span 1.33 X width of parafacial; cheek black-haired, 0.25 of head height, constricted just before metacephalon, the latter with black beard ventrally; occiput convex, with few pale hairs below the neck; palpus blackish, clavate, slightly shorter than width of eye in lateral view. Head as long as high at both antennal and vibrissal angles; in some specimens longer than high. 1 Scientific paper 2612, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Project No. 9043. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41; 90-92. April 1965 April 1965] DODGE — NEW TRICHARAEA 91 Thorax black with grey pollen, distinctly trivittate. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals 0:0; dorsocentrals 2:3; intraalars 1:2; supraalars 1:3; humerals 2; notopleurals 2; postalar declivity bare; scutellars 2 marginal, no apical, 1 weak discal; propleuron bare; prosternum and metasternum setuled; sternopleural 1; beret bare; hypopleurals 4-5; infrasquamals present, few. Wing hyaline, veins yellow basad of the costal spine, which is as long as anterior cross vein; vein 3 setuled above about 0.5 or less to cross vein; vein 1 with 0-3 setules beyond the node; posterior cross vein oblique, straight; vein 4 bent at obtuse angle; costal sections (from base) 20/35/15/57/17/5; basicosta yellowish-white; epaulet pale brown; squama yellowish white, fringed with white hairs. Legs black, femora enlarged; middle femur without comb; hind tibia not villous; foretarsus five-sevenths of tibia, with erect setules, segments 2-4 globular, together only 0.75 of basitarsus; hind coxae setuled posteriorly. Chaetotaxy variable, as described beyond. Abdomen grey pollinose with slight pattern, in posterior view uniformly grey with a median dark line; entirely clothed with erect pile and nearly bristle- less (large males) varying to small males with marginal rows on last two segments; sterna without bristles. Genital segments small, black, with fine hairs, no bristles. Forceps with a small internal tooth subapically. Female. — Front 0.43 of head width, with 2 proclinate frontoorbitals; frontal vitta like male, slightly narrowed towards the ocelli and about 0.33 of frontal width at any point; head may be longer than high; sternopleurals always 2; sides of thorax and venter of abdomen with erect pile; legs with femora slender, fore- tarsus equal to tibia, the joints not modified; abdomen broad and flat, basal 2 segments with weak lateral marginal bristles; segments 3-4 with marginal rows and 4th with a more or less complete row of discal bristles; sterna 2-4 with 1 pair bristles; genital orifice small, rather narrowly triangular; genital segments black, pollinose, the tergum divided, the last sternum ( ? ) deeply notched. Otherwise much like the male. Type series. — Twenty-one males, 25 females, Maullin (Coast of Llanique Province, below Maullin River), Chile, 16-21 February 1957, Luis Pena collector. Holotype male and other types at Washington State University; sets of paratypes showing variation to be sent to U. S. National Museum, California Academy of Sciences, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, and Canadian National Collection. Variation in chaetotaxy is remarkable and is described as follows. Six males have 3-6 bristles in MR (marginal row) of the fourth tergum, a LD (lateral discal) and perhaps a LM (lateral marginal) pair on the first, and no other abdominal bristles. These are the largest males. One male as above but with MM (median marginal) pair on third tergum. One male like the 6 but with LM on the intermediate segments, no MM. One male had MR on last two terga, no LM on second tergum. One male had LM on terga 1-2 and 3 bristles on left half of MR of tergum 3. Two males had MM on third tergum and LM on terga 1-3. Nine males had MR on terga 3-4, LM on terga 1-2. These are the smallest males, the largest 6 mm long; they are also the least “woolly.” The basic 92 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 minimum pattern of bristles in the male sex is therefore a MR on tergum 4 and a LD pair on tergum 1. To this may be added a variable number of marginals on tergum 3 and/or LM on terga 1-3. The females all have MRs on terga 3-4 and weak LM on terga 1-2. They also have a more or less complete row of weaker discal bristles on tergum 4. Variation in male femoral bristles is also remarkable. The largest male has 2 preapical bristles on anterior side of hind femur and a trans- verse row of 3 preapicals on posterior side of mid femur, the femora con- spicuously swollen and densely furry. The smallest male has an antero- dorsal row of 3—4 on apical half of hind femur and two weaker bristles in the anteroventral row, one at basal third of length, and 2 subapica] bristles on posterior side of hind femur; the middle femur with a weak anterior bristle at middle; the vestiture much less conspicuously furry. All tibiae bear erect ventral pile (furry) in the large males, but have only recumbent setules in the small males and in the females. Males have but one sternopleural bristle (one male had two on one side only) ; females always have two. By contrast, related species such as Saro- thromyia femoralis (Schiner) have two or two with a weak third in both sexes. The males varied from 4.5 to 8.25 mm in length; females from 5 to 6.7 mm. There are no females comparable in size to the largest males. The largest male has the abdomen wholly furry ; most specimens have at least some reclinate setules along the middorsal line and the small males have only a few erect hairs laterally above the level of the LM. The dorsal setules on the apical section of vein 1 (beyond the node) are a noteworthy and variable character. Twenty percent of the females had 1—3 setules on at least one wing, whereas 48% of the males possessed these setules. I have designated the largest male as holotype; it has an apical setule on one wing. Literature Cited Townsend, C. H. T. 1935. Manual of myiology, Vol. II. Itaquaquesetuba, Brazil. April 1965] DODGE — NEW TRICHARAEA 93 Notes on the Habits of Trichoderes pini Chevrolat (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) John A. Chemsak 1 University of California, Berkeley A few field observations were made on the habitat and habits of the prionine species Trichoderes pini Chevrolat at a site 10 miles west of El Salto, Durango, Mexico during July of 1964. The area is near the southern end of the Sierra Madre Occidental just east of the western escarpment at an elevation of about 9,000 feet. Vegetation is pine-oak forest, now interrupted by open meadows. Extensive lumbering in the area has left many large fallen pine logs and standing stumps in various stages of decay. Since adults of T . pini were attracted in numbers to lights here, efforts were made to obtain the immature stages. The habitat was quite similar to that illustrated by Palm (1951, Opusc. Ent., 16: 55) for Tragosoma depsarium Linnaeus. Larvae were first encountered in a large decaying pine log. Most of the wood had been reduced to a spongy mass but one area located at the side near the top was infested with larvae. The wood here was soft but firm and easily pulled apart. The moisture content was high with water appearing from a squeezed handful of the woody material. No definite larval galleries were observed since the moist darker frass material completely filled in the areas behind the feeding larvae (Fig. 1) . Burrowing appeared to be random except that later instar larvae were found closer to the surface than the earlier ones. A large number of larvae were also found in a standing stump. The decayed wood was moist and soft but firm. Excavation of the stump verified the observations made in the log, that is, the later instar larvae occupied the areas near the top of the stump and successively earlier instars were found progressively lower. Pupae and teneral adults were found in pupal chambers about an inch below the cut surface of the stump. The consistency of the wood at these upper levels was firmer and less moist with meandering larval galleries obvious. The oblong pupal chamber was constructed parallel with the grain of the wood and plugged at the lower end with coarse fibrous woody particles (Fig. 1) . The chamber has a diameter of almost 0.5 inches and 1 National Science Foundation Grant GB-2326 on North American Cerambycidae is gratefully acknowledged. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 93-95. April 1965 94 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Explanation of Figures Fig. 1. (upper) , Portion of decaying Pinus wood with longitudinal section of pupal chamber of Trichoderes pini (natural size). Fig. 2. (lower), Larva of T. pini in situ in a decayed pine log (natural size). April 1965] chemsaic — habits of trichoderes pini 95 is about 2 inches long. The pupa is oriented with the head toward the top and emergence is through the top. Of the dozens of pine stumps and logs in the immediate area, only a few were found to contain larvae of T. pini. In all cases the infested wood was in a similar stage of decay with the texture and moisture content the same as described above. Other stumps and logs were either fresher or much older. This would indicate that requirements for larval development are rather narrow and oviposition will occur only in substrate meeting optimum conditions. The duration of larval life was not determined but it would appear to require at least 2 years. Adult emergence is spread over a fairly long period as indicated by the fact that adults were active at least from June through August. Also, numerous instars of larvae were found. One fully developed pupa was found which had been half devoured by a woodpecker. These birds were observed to work the pine stumps on a number of occasions. The proximity of the pupating beetle to the outside surface appears to make them easy prey for the birds. James 2L (5. Helm Readers will be saddened to learn of the death, on 25 January 1965, of Mr. James Abram Garfield Rehn, authority on Orthoptera, editor of the T ransactions of the American Entomological Society for many years, and Curator of Insects, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 96 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 A New Phenacoccus from Southern California (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Pseudococcidae) David M. Peterson University of California, Riverside On 22 June 1963, R. L. Westcott found this mealybug infesting He- lianthus tephrodes Gray in the sand hills of Imperial County, California, west of Yuma, Arizona. Westcott gave this catch along with an ant found in association with it to Roy Snelling of the Los Angeles County Museum. I volunteered to identify the mealybugs and found they resembled Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend and Cockerell, especially with respect to the circulus. Not satisfied with their identification, I sent them to Richard Wilkey of the California Bureau of Entomology, Sacra- mento, for comment. Finally, H. L. McKenzie of the University of Cali- fornia, Davis, was consulted and he found the species to be new. I wish to express my gratitude to all the above-mentioned people but especially to H. L. McKenzie who extended to me the privilege of describing this species and who reviewed the manuscript. I take this opportunity to name this species for C. F. Harbison, curator of ento- mology at the San Diego Natural History Museum. Phenacoccus harbisoni Peterson, new species Holotype female. — Range of lengths of 31 mounted specimens: 3.25 to 5.60 mm, mean: 4.46 mm. Dorsum with 18 pairs of cerarii, one pair between frontal and ocular pairs, each usually with two cerarian setae hut occasionally more on ante- rior cerarii (up to five), and three larger conical cerarian setae on anal cerarii; all cerarii with slight concentration of trilocular pores. Dorsal multilocular disk pores absent on body anterior to third abdominal segment, a few laterally and occasion- ally absent on third segment, gradually increasing in number posteriorly, absent on ninth segment. Dorsal setae small and sparse. Trilocular pores sparse, evenly spread over dorsum showing slight segmental concentrations on abdomen. Oral collar tubular ducts loosely follow segmentation on abdomen, present on thorax from sixth cerarius back. Anal ring of normal size and form for genus; with six setae, all about twice anal ring opening diameter. On venter, no multilocular disk pores present anterior to third abdominal seg- ment, a few laterally placed multilocular pores present on third segment, increas- ing posteriorly with median pores from fifth segment to ninth. Quinquelocular pores present from interantennal area to eighth abdominal segment along median area bounded roughly by spiracles. Medium-sized oral collar ducts present laterally throughout body showing segmental concentrations; smaller oral collar ducts pres- ent from fourth adbominal segment to anal lobes. Ventral body setae longer, more numerous than on dorsum. Trilocular pores evenly distributed, replaced by quin- queloculars medially anterior to sixth segment. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 96-100. April 1965 April 1965 ] PETERSON — A NEW PHENACOCCUS 97 Explanation of Figure Fig. 1. Phenacoccus harbisoni Peterson. Circulus medium sized with tendency for ox-yoke like anterolateral extensions as in Phenacoccus gossypii though much less pronounced; not divided by inter- segmental fold. Antennae average size for genus, nine segmented. Legs short, femora extending only halfway or less to body margin from coxae in mounted 98 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 specimens; plantar surface of claw with denticle or tooth; ends of claws occasion- ally appearing “worn down.” The unmounted, alcohol preserved, adult female with well-defined hody segmen- tation. Head appears dorsally as a flat anterior extension; pronotum with some- what rectangular raised hump, its bordering sutures well defined medially; mesonotum and metanotum each less well defined, shorter humps with sutures partly obliterated; abdominal segments two to nine easily discernible as short humps; two series of punctures located on intersegmental sutures divide dorsum longitudinally in thirds and become slit-like on abdomen. Subcutaneous clear circular spots extend laterally across each body segment; venter appears similar to dorsum except two additional rows of punctures are present and well defined laterally making four rows of longitudinal punctures in ail; circulus well defined and sclerotized. All preserved specimens in the type series lacked evidence of wax. Holotype adult female (mounted on a slide by itself) and paratypes (31 mounted and about 73 preserved in alcohol) have been deposited in the University of California collection at Davis. Additionally, five para- types have been deposited in the Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California; two with the San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California; five with the California State Department of Agriculture, Sacramento; two with the United States National Collection of Coccoidea, Washington, D. C.; and two in the British Museum (Natu- ral History) , London, England. This accounts for all type material. Type and paratype adult females were collected by R. L. Westcott from a sunflower, Helianthus tephrodes Gray, in the sand hills 0.8 MILES east of Gray’s Well, 3.5 miles east of Gordon’s Well, and 18 miles west of Winterhaven on State Highway 80 located in southeast Imperial County, California, on 22 June 1963. Paratypes were also collected by the author from the same locality and host and from a second host, Petalonyx Thurberi Gray, the sandpaper plant, as identified by Miss Bonnie Templeton. This area could be characterized as rolling, shifting sand dunes, very dry, with sparse vegetation, subject to great tempera- ture changes, and probably as unlikely a spot for mealybugs as could be imagined. On 28 December 1963, the author visited the type locality and found the mealybugs abundant on a few Helianthus tephrodes and less numer- ous on Petalonyx Thurberi. The mealybugs had a small amount of powdery wax on them but no filaments. Later, on specimens collected live, filaments of wax were exuded enveloping the insect and an orange egg mass. The mealybugs produced an abundance of honeydew which coated the leaves below and formed a crust on the sand beneath the infested plants. They were present mainly on the stems near the leaf nodes. The author estimated that an average heavily infested plant had April 1965] PETERSON — A NEW PHENACOCCUS 99 at least 150 individuals. The plants which were infested appeared some- what more protected from the wind than noninfested plants but that this favored the insect is conjecture. An ant, Myrmecocystus semirufus Emery, as determined by Roy Snelling, was seen in association with the mealybugs. This species, as pointed out by H. L. McKenzie in personal corre- spondence, keys to Phenacoccus infernalis McKenzie (McKenzie, 1964: 239), but differs by the greater numbers and extent of quinquelocular pores over the ventral median surface. It is also related to Phenacoccus graminosus McKenzie but has quinquelocular pores more extensive on the abdomen, a larger and more laterally extended circulus, and is with- out the multilocular disk pores along the lateral margin of the thorax both dorsally and ventrally. Phenacoccus eremicus Ferris, though close, differs from Phenacoccus harbisoni in not having ventral quinquelocular pores in the head region or on abdominal segments seven and eight, and by having very restricted multilocular disk pore distribution dorsally. Phenacoccus harbisoni differs from Phenacoccus gossypii in lacking the greatly expanded circulus, though Phenacoccus harbisoni has some lateral elongation ; by lacking the row of setae possessed by Phenacoccus gossypii along the anterior margin of the circulus ; by lacking the extent of small trilocular pores lateral to the anal ring; and by having a more uniform distribution of pores, ducts, and setae on the median ventral surface of the thorax. Lastly, both Phenacoccus hurdi McKenzie and alleni McKenzie have eight rather than nine antennal segments. The following is a modification of McKenzie’s (1964) key to North American species of Phenacoccus which includes Phenacoccus harbisoni. 16 (14) Dorsal multilocular disk pores occurring for the most part along posterior border of segments six and seven; cerarii with little con- centration of trilocular pores and with cerarian setae small and inconspicuous eremicus Ferris Dorsal multilocular disk pores present in considerable numbers on most abdominal segments; cerarii distinct, with medium trilocular pore concentration, and with larger cerarian setae 16a 16a (16) Quinquelocular pores present over entire median ventral portion of body from head through eighth abdominal segment; circulus not divided by segmental line, slightly produced anterolaterally ; three large anal lobe cerarian spines present harbisoni, new species Quinquelocular pores on venter present only near mouth parts, few in number; circulus divided by segmental line; two large anal lobe cerarian spines present infernalis McKenzie The suggested common name is Harbison’s mealybug. 100 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Literature Cited McKenzie, H. L. 1964. Fourth taxonomic study of California mealybugs, with additional species from North America, South America, and Japan (Ho- moptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) . Hilgardia, 35 (10): 211-272. SCIENTIFIC NOTE New host plant for Tephritis araneosa (Diptera : Tephritidae) - 1 — In his 1951 study of the genus Tephritis, Quisenberry (Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 24: 56-72) noted that Tephritis araneosa (Cocquillett) was widely distributed in western United States and had been reported from Lander, Farson, and Big Creek, Wyoming. He recorded the following as host plants of the larval stage: Artemisia dracunculoides in Colorado, Tanacetum huronense and Arnica foliosa in Oregon. During the spring of 1960 it was observed that the flowers of Erigeron pumilus, near Dwyer, Wyoming, were infested with an organism which caused a rotted appearance at the base of the disc flowers. Removal of the disc flowers laid bare oval, black puparia. Several infested plants were brought into the laboratory in mid- June, where they were transplanted into a box covered with cotton mesh screening. A few days later, nine adults of Tephritis areneosa emerged from the infested flower heads. In 1961, Erigeron pumilus began to blossom in the Dwyer area about 2 June. Examination of the blossoms at this time revealed that the plants are damaged before the blossoms open, since damage was already apparent and only mature larvae and puparia were found. The larvae feed at the base of the disc flowers, which soon rot leaving a streak across the blossom which is readily visible from several feet away. Infested blossoms were collected to determine how many larvae invade a single blossom. Out of 32 blossoms, 26 contained one larva or puparium; 5 contained 2 and 1 contained 4. Random counts were made of 695 blossoms on 16 June; 7% were found to be infested. General blossoming of E. pumilus occurred around 25 May in the spring of 1962. A random sample of 221 blossoms on this date indicated that 20.8% were infested with T. araneosa. Of 216 blossoms examined on 1 June, 13.9% were in- fested. A final count was made on 8 June, when 48 blossoms were examined, of which 10.4% were infested. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Cedric L. Porter, of the Rocky Mountain Herbarium, for identifying Erigeron pumilus, and to Dr. R. H. Foote, of the U. S. National Museum, for identification of Tephritis araneosa. — R. J. Lavigne, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 1 Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as Journal Paper No. 232. April 1965] bailey & campos-s. — thysanoptera of chile 101 The Thysanoptera of Chile Stanley F. Bailey and Luciano E. Campos-S . 1 University of California . Davis More than 100 years have elapsed since the first study of this group of insects was made in Chile when Blanchard (1851) described seven species from this country. In 1919, Porter summarized the knowledge of the group and pointed out the economic importance of two species. Moulton (1926, 1930) described two new species and recorded four additional species as occurring in this part of South America. Hood (1931) added one new species. In 1932-1933, Moulton brought together all the information on this group of insects in a series of articles. We now add seven additional species to the list which brings the total to 22. The paucity of knowledge of the thrips of this country points up the opportunity for future study as there are doubtless many more species present in Chile. The species previously reported from Chile are Aeolo- thrips jasciatus Linnaeus, Anaphothrips secticornis Trybom, Chirothrips manicatus Haliday, Dorythrips chilensis Hood (Bailey, 1954) Graphido- thrips stuardoi Moulton. Blanchard (1851) described (in addition to Aeolothrips fasciatipennis ) Thrips femoralis, T. annulicornis, T. striati- ceps, T. rugicollis, T. tibialis , and T. laevicollis. Moulton (1933) stated that “The descriptions (of Blanchard) are incomplete and the species cannot be properly identified or placed.” The location of the types is unknown to us. During 1956-1958, 56 thrips collections were made principally by J. Matte. Other collectors were J. Lopez, M. Mario, F. Larrain, G. Herrera, N. Hichins, L. Campos, and R. Gonzalez. Our re- port is based on this material. Aeolothrips fasciatipennis Blanchard, 1851. — This species of Aeolo- thrips is very close to A. fasciatus. In 1933, Moulton pointed out some comparative characters. The six specimens we have at hand have been compared with typical A. fasciatus. Comparative measurements (in mm) are as follows: Antennal Segments Sensoria (length) III IV V VI to IX III IV A. fasciatus 0.118- 0.086- 0.073- 0.067- 0.025- 0.032- 0.124 0.109 0.080 0.073 0.044 0.054 A. fasciatipennis 0.135- 0.099- 0.076- 0.044^ 0.048- 0.054- 0.160 0.102 0.086 0.060 0.067 0.064 The antennae are longer in the Chilean species. (Figs. 1 and 2). The 1 Graduate student, 1957-1959 ; presently Professor, Escuela de Agronomia, Universidad de Chile. Santiago. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 101-106. April 1965 102 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 2 Explanation of Figures Fig. 1. Antenna of female Aeolothrips fasciatipennis Blanchard, Segments III— IX. Fig. 2. Antenna of female A. fasciatus Linnaeus, Segments III-IX. Fig. 3. Meso- and metanota of female A. fasciatus. Fig. 4. Meso- and metanota of female A. fasciatipennis. All drawings made with camera lucida. Magnification: refer- ence line (see Fig. 2) equals 0.01 mm. total length of segments III— IX ranging from 0.378 mm to 0.418 mm: in A. fasciatus the measurements vary from 0.351 to 0.378 mm. In addition to the bases of the femora being light brown in Blanchard’s species, the bristle pattern on the mesonotum is another character of use in separat- ing them. The center pair of bristles are much more delicate and shorter than the heavy mid-laterals and posterior pair. Furthermore, the sculp- turing on the mesonota and metanota is much fainter and nearly without polygonal areas, clearly seen on A. fasciatus (Figs. 3 and 4). When males are available for study the genitalia should exhibit additional differences. This species having been practically unknown for over 100 years, now appears to be a common insect in this country. We are desig- nating one of the six female specimens studied as the neotype. It was April 1965] bailey & campos-s. — thysanoptera of chile 103 collected at Ocoa, Province of Valparaiso, 17 December 1957, on Mar- rubium vulgare by J. Matte. Other specimens were from Hijeulas, Quillota, and Pocochay on Rosa , Salix, and Spartium in November and February, all taken by J. Matte. This neotype is in the senior author’s collection. A further comment may be made on the difficulty of making positive identifications in the Aeolothrips fasciatus complex. It now appears that, as more specimens become available, “series” or other categories will have to be established for this group to better handle taxonomically the variations on such a polymorphic species. Based on the information available at present, we consider A. fasciatipennis and A. fasciatus to be distinct species. Like its common and widespread relative it appears to have general distribution as the following records indicate: Valparaiso: Hijuelas, on Mimbre (Salix viminalis L.) and Boldo (Boldea boldus) ; Ocoa, on maicillo ( Sorghum halepensis) and cicuta ( Conium maculatum L.) ; Pocochay, on retamo ( Spartium junceum ) ; Quillota, on rose; San Isidro (Quil- lota), on corn. New Records for Chile Limothrips cerealium Haliday, the European grain or cereal thrips. Valparaiso: Ocoa, on tomato, maicillo ( Sorghum, halepensis) , and cicuta ( Coni- um maculatum L.). Talca: Pencahue, under grape bark. Limothrips angulicornis Jablonowski. Valparaiso: Ocoa, on wheat; Pocochay, on alcayota ( Cucurbita sicifolia Buche). Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel, the European grape or vine thrips. It is very likely it was introduced in soil with grape seedlings. Valparaiso: Pocochay, on grape. Anaphothrips zeae Moulton Valparaiso: Hijuelas, on junco ( J uncus graminifolius E. Mey) ; Ocoa, on cicuta ( Conium maculatum L.) ; Pocochay, on lirio ( Iris cristata) . Santiago: La Rincon- ada, on corn. Heterothrips sp. It is not surprising to find this genus represented. There are many species known from Brazil. It is interesting to note that, to date, none of the North American species (Bailey & Cott, 1954) are known in South America or vice versa. Santiago: San Jose de Maipo, on bollen o guaye ( Kageneckia ohloga) . Liothrips sp. This representative of the very large, worldwide genus which con- tains over 115 species, reminds one of the large L. varicornis Hood. Valparaiso: La Cruz, on avocado (palto) ; Lliu-Lliu, on Peumus holdus. Haplo thrips niger (Osborn). It is not surprising that this common European and North American thrips has found its way to Chile. Valparaiso: La Cruz, on alfalfa. 104 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Other Species Identified Aptijiothrips rufus Gmelin Valparaiso: Hijuelas, on junco ( Junco graminifolius E. Mey). Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche, greenhouse thrips. It is to be expected that this common economic species would be transported about on potted plants, ornamentals, etc. It apparently was well established when first reported by Porter in 1919. Coquimbo: Haullillinga, on chirimoya ( Anona cherimolia) . Valparaiso: La Cruz, on avocado (palto). Santiago: Maipo, on pears. O’Higgins: La Rosa, on grapes. Frankliniella cestrum Moulton. The very large genus of flower-inhabiting thrips, Frankliniella, is abundantly represented in South America. In Chile, F. cestrum Moulton, appears to be the most common. Together with the cosmopolitan onion thrips, it has a long list of hosts and can he expected to be a garden and orna- mental pest some seasons (Porter, 1923, 1924). The species in this large genus are variable and difficult to identify. Coquimbo: Los Cruces, on grape flowers; Ovalle, on grape. Aconcague: Los Andes, on corn. Valparaiso: Hijuelas, on wheat, Peumus boldus, artichoke ( Cynara scolymus L.), mimbre ( Salix viminalis L.), and junco; Ocoa, on cicuta ( Conium maculatum L.) and toronjil cuyano ( Marrubium vulgar e) ; Pocochay, on grape, beans, gladiolus, and retamo ( Spartium junceum ) ; Puchuncavi, on lentils ( [Lens sculenta L.) ; Quillota, on rose; San Isidro (Quillota), on cala lily ( Zante - deschia aethiopica) ; Tabolango, on Peumus boldus. Bio-Bio: Mulchen, on beans. Santiago: Cajon del Maipo, on Trevoa toinervis. Thrips tabaci Lindeman, onion thrips. Atacama: Copiapo, on onion. Coquimbo: Ovalle, on grape. Valparaiso: Hijuelas, on mimbre ( Salix viminalis L. ) , junco (J uncus graminifolius E. Mey), potato, and hinojo ( F oeniculum vulgare Hill) ; La Cruz, on alfalfa; Llay-Llay, on sunflower ( Helianthus anuus L.) and onion; Ocoa, on garlic, tomato, wheat, maicillo ( Sorghum halepensis) , cicuta ( Conium maculatum L.), and toronjil cuyano ( Marrubium vulgare ); Pocochay, on grape, retamo (Spartium junceum), beans, peas, gladiolus, lirio ( Iris cristata) , and alcayota ( Cucurbita sicifolia) ; Puchuncavi, on lentils ( Lens sculenta L.) ; Quillota, on onion and rose; San Isidro (Quillota), on parsley, oreganum, cabbage, squash, and beans. Bio-Bio: Mulchen, on beans. Remarks on future thrips collecting: There remain large numbers of species to be collected from Chile. Collections made from the flowers of shrubs and perennials at or near the end of the rainy season should in- clude several aeolothripids related to and including Dorythrips as well as the widespread Taeniothrips species. Spider mite infestations on trees and vines perhaps will show Scolothrips or possibly Franklinothrips species to be beneficial. Fungus feeding species in the suborder Tubulifera should be found in the regions of higher rainfall, such as those south of the Bio-Bio river and the foothills of the Andes as far north as San Fernando. In the April 1965] bailey & campos-s. — thysanoptera of chile 105 drier portions of the country, namely north of the River Mauie, such common genera as Haplothrips, Leptothrips, and Phlaeothrips will un- doubtedly be collected near the end of the rainy season. Collections should be made by beating dead bushes and limbs, shaking loose bark over white cloth or paper, screening leaf mold and sweeping perennial and annual plants. Burned-over areas as well as land which is flooded annually should be avoided. Special collecting methods should be em- ployed for cacti, as well as the examination of leaf galls, hollow stems, and beetle burrows. The most unusual and interesting types of thrips probably will be discovered in such niches. In general, the greatest number of species could be expected in the temperate regions of the country with 500-1,000 mm of rainfall, mild winter temperatures, and the greatest variety of native plants. The promising collecting areas, following Almeyda’s division of the country (1958) should be the south- ern part of the “matorral” and northern portion of the “parques” zones. The most productive local collecting areas should be the margins of moist meadows at the edge of native woods and streams. Thrips usually reach their greatest seasonal abundance in early summer (November in Chile) in a climate having a definite dry season following a mild, rainy winter. Such conditions will be found at elevations below 200 m in the province of Bio-Bio and up to 1,500 m in the province of Santiago. Literature Cited Almeyda A, Elias y Fernando Saez S. 1958. Recopilacion de datos climaticos de Chile y mapas sinopticos respectivos. Ministerio de Agricultura. Proyecto 14: Investigaciones economicas agricolas. Santiago, Chile. 165 pages. Blanchard, E. 1851. In Tome VI, pp. 148-52, of Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile Zoologia, Claudio Gay. Bailey, S. F. 1954. A review of the Melanthripinae with descriptions of two new species (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) . Entomol. Soc. Wash., 56(2): 78- 85, PI. I, figs. 1-8, PI. II, figs. 1-16. Bailey, S. F. and H. E. Cott. 1954. A review of the genus Heterothrips (Thy- sanoptera: Heterothripidae) in North America, with descriptions of two new species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 47 (4) : 614-635. Hood, J. D. 1931. A new genus and species of Aeolothripidae (Thysanoptera) from Chile. Bull. Brook. Entomol. Soc., 26 (1) : 1-3, fig. 1, a-c. Moulton, D. 1926. A new species of Frankliniella from Chile. Revista Chilena Hist. Nat., 30: 9-10, figs. 1-3. 1930. A new genus and species of Thysanoptera from Chile with notes on other species. Ibid., 34: 272-275. 1932. The Thysanoptera of South America. Rev. de Entomol., 2 (4) : 463-4, 466. 1933. Ibid., 3 (1) : 100, 101, 108, 119-120, 132. (This series presents keys to genera and species as well as hosts and distribution, and an index.) 106 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Porter, C. E. 1919. Los Tisanopteros. Act. de la Soc. Scien. du Chili, 25 : 64- 83. (This reference has a bibliography and reviews the subject to date. The same article was published in Revista Chilena Hist. Nat., 23: 55-73.) 1923. Los Tisanopteros. Ann. Zool. apl., Santiago, 7: 21-32 (1920?). 1924. Los estudios sobre tisanopteros Chilenos. Revista Chilena Hist. Nat., 38: 36-42. ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Notice of proposed use of plenary powers in certain cases (A. [n.s.] 66). In accordance with a decision of the 13th International Congress of Zoology, 1948, public notice is hereby given of the possible use by the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature of its plenary powers in connection with the following cases, full details of which will be found in Bulletin of Zoological No- menclature, Yol. 21, Part 5, published on 26 November 1964. (2) Designation of a neotype for Lygaeus quadratus Eabricius, 1798 (Insecta, Hemiptera). Z.N. (S.) 1560; (9) Suppression of Laemophloeus immundus Reitter, 1874 (Insecta, Coleoptera). Z.N. (S.) 1649. Any zoologist who wishes to comment on any of the above cases should do so in writing, and in duplicate, as soon as possible, and in any case before 26 May 1965. Each comment should bear the reference number of the case in question. Com- ments received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomen- clature. Those received too late for publication will, if received before 26 May 1965, be brought to the attention of the Commission at the time of commencement of voting. All communications on the above subject should be addressed as follows: The Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History) , Cromwell Road, London, S. W. 7, England. — W. E. China, Acting Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature. April 1965] BOHART SYNONYMY OF ODYNERINI 107 Synonymy of North American Odynerini Described by Peter Cameron (Hymenoptera : Eumenidae) R. M. Bohart University of California, Davis In the short period of seven years, 1905 to 1912, the prolific Hyme- nopterist, Peter Cameron, described 99 species of Odynerus- like wasps from North America. His work was careless, his descriptions poor, his locality data were often vague or omitted, his generic assignments were characteristically erroneous and contradictory, and he eschewed illus- trations. Consequently, it is not surprising that only 28 of the 99 names which he proposed are still in use for species or subspecies. Four others are unrecognized, and the rest are synonyms. One additional name was a typical Cameron mistake. The holotype of his Odynerus simplicipes (1905b: 380) is a male specimen of Eupa- ragia maculiceps (Cameron), a masarid. In 1960, with the help of a Guggenheim Foundation grant I was able to study about 500 type specimens of American wasps in European mu- seums. The bulk of the Cameron material is located at the British Mu- seum of Natural History, London (BMNH), where Dr. I. Id. H. Yarrow and Mr. J. F. Perkins were most helpful during my stay and subse- quently through correspondence. Also, a significant number of type specimens are in the collection of the Entomology Institute of the Tech- nische Hochschule in Zurich, Switzerland (indicated below as Zurich), where I was assisted by Dr. P. Bovey and Dr. Willie Sauter. Many of Cameron’s American wasps were sent to him by C. F. Baker of Pomona College, Claremont, California (indicated below as Pomona) . I have examined the few types which were returned there. The following list contains all of the known Cameron names assignable to North American species of the genera, Odynerus Latreille, Stenodyn- erus Saussure, Parancistrocerus Bequaert, Euodynerus Dalla Torre, Ancistrocerus Wesmael, Pachodynerus Saussure, Symmorphus Wesmael, Leptochilus Saussure, Dolichodynerus R. Bohart, Maricopodynerus Viereck, and Pterocheilus Klug. Each item contains the name with its original generic placement, reference, sex, locality, present location of the type or types, presently used equivalent name, and pertinent syno- nyms. acanthopus (Odynerus), 1908: 223. 5 2, Fedor, Texas. Lectotype 2, BMNH; paralectotype 2, Zurich; paralectotype 2, tristylopized, Pomona #4465. Parancistrocerus pedestris (Saussure), 1855, new synonymy. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 107-113. April 1965 108 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 acapulcoensis (Nortonia), 1907: 186. 2, Acapulco. Holotype, BMNH. r= Eu- menes sp. (probably) . acuticarinatus (Odynerus), 1909a: 82. 2, Nogales, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH. = Pachodynerus astraeus (Cameron), 1905, new synonymy, aequalis (Odynerus), 1906b: 329. 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown; pseu- dotype $ , Copper Basin, Arizona, BMNH. = Euodynerus foraminatus aequalis (Cameron), which predates E. sapelloensis (Cameron), 1909b, E. deficiens (Cameron), 1909b, and E. jeromensis (Cameron), 1909b. antheus (Ancistrocerus) , 1908: 210. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype $, Zu- rich; paralectotype $, Pomona #4842. = Stenodynerus kennicottianus an- theus (Cameron) which was selected by first reviser over S. tityrus (Cam- eron), 1908, and S. satyrus (Cameron), 1908. approximatus (Odynerus), 1909a: 79. $, Fedor, Texas. Holotype, BMNH (head- less) ; pseudotypes, “Lee Co., Tex.” and “Colo.,” BMNH and Zurich. = Steno- dynerus anormis (Say), 1824. argelus (Odynerus), 1905c: 391. $, “Mexico.” Holotype, BMNH. = Stenody- nerus otomitus (Saussure), 1857. arizonaensis (Odynerus), 1908: 208. $ 2, Congress, Arizona. Lectotype, BMNH; 2 2 from Congress, Arizona in Pomona College are not this species but Parancistrocerus toltecus (Saussure). = Par ancistrocerus leionotus yumus (Viereck) , 1908 which predates Cameron’s name. Revised synonymy, astraeus (Odynerus), 1905c: 390. 2, “Mexico.” Holotype, BMNH. r= Pachody- nerus astraeus (Cameron) which predates P. pulverulentus (Viereck), 1908, and P. acuticarinatus (Cameron), 1909. auranus (Odynerus), 1906a: 148. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype, Pomona #3956. — Euodynerus auranus Cameron s.s. bakeri (Pterochilus) , 1909b: 123. 2, Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH. = Pterocheilus bakeri Cameron. bakerianus (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 220. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype, BMNH. — Leptochilus bakerianus (Cameron) which predates L. occidentalis Bohart, 1955, new synonymy. basimacula (Nortonia?), 1908: 224. 2, Fedor, Texas. Holotype, BMNH. = Ste- nodynerus histrionalis paenevagus Viereck), 1906, new synonymy, belizensis (Ancistrocerus), 1907: 189. $, Belize. Holotype, BMNH. = Stenody- nerus (or a new genus) belizensis (Cameron), belti (Odynerus), 1907: 189. $, San Marcos, Nicaragua. Holotype, BMNH. = Euodynerus crypticus (Say), 1823, new synonymy, birkmanni (Odynerus annulatus), 1909b: 124. No sex, Fedor, Texas. Holotype 2, BMNH. = Euodynerus annulatus (Say) s.s., 1824. blakeanus (Odynerus), 1909a: 80. 2, Lee Co., Texas. Holotype, BMNH. = Eu- odynerus foraminatus blakeanus (Cameron) which predates E. fedoris Bohart, 1945, new synonymy. bradleyi (Odynerus?), 1909a: 81. 2, Durango, Colorado. Type location un- known. Unrecognized species. bruesi (Odynerus), 1909a: 81. S, Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH. Leptochilus rufobasilaris (Ashmead), 1896. chelonogastrus (Odynerus), 1908: 202. 2, Jerome, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH. =: Maricopodynerus maricoporum (Viereck) , 1908, which predates Cameron’s name. April 1965] BOHART SYNONYMY OF ODYNERINI 109 claremontensis (Odynerus), 1905a: 122. 2, mountains near Claremont, Califor- nia. Holotype, BMNH. zz Stenodynerus claremontensis (Cameron), cockerelli ( Ancistrocerus) , 1908: 220. 2, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype, Zurich, zz Euodynerus cockerelli (Cameron) which predates E. infuscipennis (Bo- hart) , 1942, new synonymy. cogitans (Symmorphus) , 1906b: 325. 2, Canada. Holotype, BMNH. zz Sym- morphus canadensis (Saussure), 1855. congressensis (Odynerus), 1909b: 132. $ 2, Prescott and Congress, Arizona. Lectotype 2, BMNH #18.543a, Congress, Arizona; paralectotype $, BMNH #18.543b, Prescott, Arizona. zz Euodynerus pratensis (Saussure), 1870. cosmiogaster (Odynerus), 1905a: 123. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype, BMNH. zz Pterocheilus decorus Cresson, 1879. crassispinus (Odynerus), 1909b: 130. £, Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH. zz Stenodynerus anormis (Say), 1824, new synonymy, cratocerus (Leptochilus) , 1909b: 122. $ $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype $ , BMNH, and 1$ paralectotype (no abdomen), BMNH. zz Pterocheilus pro- vancheri (Huard), 1897. cressoni (Odynerus), 1908: 198. $ 2, Las Vegas, New Mexico. Type location unknown, pseudotype from Congress, Arizona in BMNH is not this species but Euodynerus oslarensis (Cameron). zz Stenodynerus taos (Cresson), 1868. crotchii (Odynerus), 1908: 197. $ 2, Lee Co., Texas. Lectotype 2, BMNH (no head or abdomen on lectotype or lectoparatype $ ) . Unrecognized species be- cause of condition of type specimens, possibly a Leptochilus. cytainus (Odynerus), 1906a: 149. 2, Claremont, California. Lectotype 2, BMNH #18.553; paralectotype 2, topotypic, Pomona #3948. zz Ancistroce- rus adiabatus cytainus (Cameron). deficiens (Odynerus), 1909b: 126. $ , Prescott, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH (cyanided). zz Euodynerus joraminatus aequalis (Cameron), 1906, new synonymy. durangoensis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 216. $, Durango, Colorado. Holotype, Zu- rich. = Ancistrocerus durangoensis Cameron, edwardsii (Odynerus), 1908: 207. 2, mountains near Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH. zz Ancistrocerus spilogaster Cameron, 1905, new synonymy, fedorensis (Odynerus), 1908: 200. $, Fedor, Texas. Holotype, BMNH. zz Lep- tochilus bellulus (Cresson), 1872. flavobalteatus (Pterochilus) , 1909a: 84. 2, Durango, Colorado. Holotype, BMNH. zz Pterocheilus morrisoni Cresson, 1879, new synonymy, foxeanus (Ancistrocerus) , 1906b : 333. $ , Sunbury, Pennsylvania. Holotype, Zurich. zz Par ancistrocerus pedestris (Saussure), 1855, new synonymy, fulvicarpus (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 222. 2, southwest Colorado. Holotype, Zu- rich. zz Ancistrocerus durangoensis Cameron, 1908, new synonymy, fulvitarsis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 205. $ 2, Santa Clara Co., California. Lecto- type 2, Ziirich; paralectotype $, BMNH. zz Ancistrocerus catskill halophila (Viereck) , 1902. gunnisonensis (Ancistrocerus), 1906a: 146. $, Gunnison, Colorado. Holotype, Zurich. zz Ancistrocerus catskill (Saussure), s.s., 1853. halmus (Odynerus), 1905c: 389. $ 2, Mexico. Lectotype $ , BMNH. zz Euody- nerus alvarado (Saussure), 1857, new synonymy. 110 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 harringtoni (Odynerus), 1906b: 327. 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown; pseudotype from Colorado in BMNH. = Euodynerus foraminatus (Saussure), 1853, s.s. new synonymy. heterospilus (Odynerus), 1908: 201. $ 2, Fedor, Texas. Lectotype, BMNH; paralectotype 2 , Zurich. = Leptochilus monolobus Bohart, 1951, new name for heterospilus Cameron, preoccupied. hornii ( Symmorphus ) , 1909b: 123. 2, Gunnison, Colorado. Holotype, BMNH. = Symmorphus cristatus (Saussure), 1855. howardi (Ancistrocerus) , 1909a: 78. 2 2, Lee Co., Texas. Lectotype 2, BMNH #18.562a; paralectotype 2 (headless), topotypic, BMNH #18. 562b. rr Ancis- trocerus adiabatus (Saussure), 1853, s.s., new synonymy, iolans (Odynerus), 1905b: 389. 2, Mexico. Holotype, BMNH. = Stenodynerus iolans (Cameron) which predates S. pulchricornis (Cameron), 1905, new synonymy. jeromensis (Odynerus), 1909b: 131. $, Jerome, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH. — Euodynerus foraminatus aequalis (Cameron), 1906. lecontei (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 218. 2 2, Orrnsby Co., Nevada; Berkeley and Golden, Colorado (latter was a $). Lectotype $ (Golden, Colorado), BMNH. = Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer) s.s., 1798. leensis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 215. $, Lee Co., Texas. Holotype $, Zurich; a pseudotype 2 from Lee Co., Texas in Pomona #4869. = Par ancistrocerus saecularis (Saussure) s.s., 1853. leucospilus (Odynerus), 1909: 133. $, Prescott, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH. Pterocheilus laticeps Cresson, 1872. lindemanni (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 219. $, Lee Co., Texas. Holotype, Zurich. = Stenodynerus lindemanni (Cameron). lineativentris (Ancistrocerus), 1906a: 146. S, Mountains near Claremont, Cali- fornia. Holotype, Pomona #3949. = Ancistrocerus lineativentris Cameron s.s. longipilosus (Odynerus), 1908: 199. 2 2, Golden, Colorado; San Miguel, Colo- rado. Lectotype 2 , Golden, Colorado, BMNH. r= Ancistrocerus catskill albo- phaleratus Saussure, 1855. luteicollis (Pterochilus) , 1909a: 84. 2 2, Orrnsby Co., Nevada and Claremont, California. Lectotype 2 , Claremont, California, BMNH. = Pterocheilus mi- randus Cresson, 1879. macfarlandi (Odynerus), 1909a: 79. 2, Sapello Canon, New Mexico. Holotype, BMNH. — Parancistrocerus macfarlandi (Cameron) which predates P. chiri- cahuae Bohart, 1949, new synonymy. maculifrons (Pterochilus), 1908: 226. 2, Berkeley, Colorado. Holotype, BMNH. rr Euodynerus annulatus (Say) s.s., 1824. managuaensis (Ancistrocerus), 1906a: 145. 2, Managua, Nicaragua. Holotype, BMNH. = Stenodynerus otomitus (Saussure) , 1857. mathewi (Odynerus), 1906d: 268. $, Vancouver’s Island. Holotype, Zurich. rr Stenodynerus blandus (Saussure), 1870. mediatus (Odynerus), 1909a: 79. $2, Three Rivers, California. Lectotype $, BMNH. = Stenodynerus claremontensis (Cameron), 1905, new synonymy, minnesotaensis (Odynerus), 1908: 231. $ , Minnesota. Holotype, Zurich. = Pa- rancistrocerus perennis (Saussure), 1857 (cyanided), new synonymy, nearcticus (Ancistrocerus), 1906b: 332. $, Wilmerding, Pennsylvania. Type location unknown; pseudotype from Jeannette, Pennsylvania in BMNH is not this species. = Ancistrocerus adiabatus (Saussure) s.s., 1853. April 1965] BO HART SYNONYMY OF ODYNERINI 111 nevadaensis (Nortonia), 1905a: 124. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype, Pomona #3453. = Symmorphus cristatus nevadaensis (Cameron), nigrohirsutus ( Ancistrocerus ?), 1908: 203. 2, Boulder, Colorado. Holotype, Zurich. = Euodynerus morelios (Saussure), 1857. orasus (Odynerus), 1908: 196. $, Fedor, Texas. Holotype, BMNH; pseudotype 9, Pomona #4653 is same species. = Euodynerus annulatus arvensis (Saus- sure) , 1870, variety, new synonymy. ormsbyensis (Ancistrocerus), 1905a: 120. £ £, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype £, BMNH #18.570a; paralectotype $ , topotypic, Pomona #3451. = Ancis- trocerus catskill (Saussure) s.s., 1853, revised synonymy, oslarensis (Odynerus), 1908: 199. 2 2, Congress, Arizona. Lectotype 2, Po- mona #4468; specimen in BMNH mislabeled “type” of cressoni Cameron may be part of type series, also. = Euodynerus oslarensis (Cameron), packardi (Odynerus), 1906c: 335. 2, “North Mexico.” Type locality unknown. = Parancistrocerus toltecus (Saussure), 1857, new synonymy, pallidipictus (Odynerus), 1909a: 83. 2, Hot Springs, Arizona. Location of type 2 unknown; pseudotype 2 2, Lee Co., Texas, Zurich, and Pomona, rr Steno- dynerus taos (Cresson), 1868, new synonymy, parvispinosus (Ancistrocerus), 1906b: 332. 2, New Mexico, Santa Fe District. Holotype, Zurich. = Parancistrocerus pedestris (Saussure) s.s., 1855. pelias (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 208. 2 9, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype 2, BMNH; pseudotype $, Zurich is not this species. = Stenodynerus cochisen- sis (Viereck), 1908, which predates Cameron’s name, philetas (Odynerus), 1908: 214. 2 2, Fedor, Texas. Lectotype 2, Zurich; para- lectotype 2, topotypic, Pomona #4874. = Stenodynerus anormis (Say), 1824. phoenixensis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 225. $ 2, Phoenix, Arizona. Lectotype £, BMNH. = Stenodynerus microstictus (Viereck) , 1906. pictiventris (Odynerus), 1906b: 331. 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown; pseudotype 2 from Thumb Butte, Arizona in BMNH agrees with original description. “ Ancistrocerus bustamente (Saussure) , 1857, new synonymy, pilosellus (Odynerus), 1912: 221. 2, Costa Rica. Holotype, BMNH. = Ancis- trocerus parredes (Saussure), 1857. pruinosus (Pterochilus) , 1908: 227. 2, Prescott, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH. rr Pterocheilus pruinosus Cameron. pulchricornis (Ancistrocerus), 1907: 187. £, Belize. Holotype, BMNH. = Ste- nodynerus iolans (Cameron), 1905b, new synonymy, pulchrinervis (Odynerus), 1906b: 328. 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown. Unrecognized species. quebecensis (Ancistrocerus), 1906b: 333. £, Montreal, Canada. Holotype, Zu- rich (headless specimen). = Ancistrocerus catskill albophaleratus (Saus- sure) , 1855, new synonymy. rivularis (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 215. £, Three Rivers, California. Holotype, BMNH. = Euodynerus foraminatus scutellaris (Saussure), 1870, new syn- onymy. rnficaudis (Odynerus), 1906b: 328. 9 2, New Mexico. Type location unknown; pseudotypes from Texas at BMNH and Zurich. = Euodynerus annulatus Say, 5 . 5 ., 1824. santafeae (Odynerus), 1906b: 330. 2, New Mexico. Location of type unknown; pseudotype from Salida, Colorado in BMNH. r= Euodynerus foraminatus (Saussure) s.s., 1853. 112 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 sapelloensis (Odynerus), 1909b: 125. 9, New Mexico. Holotype, Zurich; pseu- dotype $ , Las Vegas, New Mexico, BMNH, is the same subspecies. = Euody- nerus foraminatus aequalis (Cameron), 1906. satyrus (Ancistrocerus) , 1908: 211. No sex, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype 8, Zurich. = Stenodynerus kennicottianus antheus (Cameron), 1908, selected by first reviser. sayi (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 221. 8, “southwest of the United States.” Holotype (Ormsby Co., Nevada), BMNH. = Leptochilus sayi (Cameron) which pre- dates L. williamsi Bohart, 1955, new synonymy, scudderi (Odynerus), 1908: 196. 2, “southwest of the United States.” Type lo- cation unknown; pseudotype 2, Chimney Gulch, Colorado, BMNH #18.541, does not agree with original description. Unrecognized species, simplicipes (Odynerus), 1905b: 380. 8, Mexico. Holotype, BMNH. = Eupara- gia maculiceps (Cameron) (Masaridae). simulator (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 222. $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Holotype, BMNH. = Ancistrocerus simulator Cameron, spilogaster (Ancistrocerus), 1905a: 121. 8, “Nevada or southern California.” Lectotype 8 , Zurich, Ormsby Co., Nevada. =r Ancistrocerus spilogaster Cam- eron which predates A. edwardsii (Cameron), 1908. sulciventris (Odynerus), 1909b: 130. 2, Nogales, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH. = Euodynerus annulatum (Say), 5.5., 1824. tanynotus (Odynerus ?), 1909b: 133. 2, Congress, Arizona. Holotype, BMNH. = Dolichodynerus tanynotus (Cameron). tityrus (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 211. 2 9, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype 2, BMNH; paralectotype 2, topotypic, Zurich; paralectotype 2, topotypic, Po- mona College. = Stenodynerus kennicottianus antheus (Cameron), 1908, se- lected by first reviser. tosquineti (Odynerus), 1909a: 82. $, Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH. = Leptochilus tosquineti (Cameron). trichionotus (Ancistrocerus), 1905a: 120. 8, Stanford University, California. Holotype, Pomona College, Claremont, California. = Ancistrocerus catskill halophila Viereck, 1902. trichiosomus (Odynerus), 1909b: 127. 8, Gallinas Canyon, New Mexico. Holo- type, BMNH. Euodynerus tempiferus Viereck, 5.5., 1908. trisulcatus ( Symmorphus ) , 1906b: 327. 8, mountains nr. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Type location unknown; pseudotype from Nevada at BMNH is not this spe- cies. = Symmorphus meridionalis (Viereck) , 1906, which predates Cameron’s name. trituberculatus (Ancistrocerus) , 1907 : 188. 8 , Belize. Holotype, BMNH. =r Eu- odynerus trituherculatus (Cameron). truncatus (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 217. 2, Berkeley, Colorado. Holotype, Zurich. = Stenodynerus anormis (Say), 1824. vegasensis (Odynerus), 1908: 210. No sex, Las Vegas, New Mexico. Lectotype 8, Ziirich; pseudotype 2, topotypic, BMNH is Stenodynerus papagorum (Viereck). = Stenodynerus taos (Cresson), 1868. ventones (Ancistrocerus), 1908: 209. 8, Fedor, Texas. Lectotype, Zurich; para- lectotype 8 , Pomona #4844. = Stenodynerus ventones (Cameron), viereckii (Odynerus), 1909b: 127. 2, Claremont, California. Holotype, BMNH. Euodynerus hidalgo viereckii (Cameron). April 1965] BOHART SYNONYMY OF ODYNERINI 113 visellus (Odynerus), 1906a: 147. $ $, Ormsby Co., Nevada. Lectotype $, BMNH; paralectotype $, Ormsby Co., Nevada, Pomona #3954. = Euody- nerus foraminatus scutellaris (Saussure), 1870, new synonymy. Literature Cited Cameron, Peter. 1905a. (October 27). On some Hymenoptera (chiefly un- described) collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and southern Califor- nia. Invertebrata Pacifica, 1: 120-132. 1905b. (October). Descriptions of new species of neotropical Hymenoptera. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 31: 373-388. 1905c. (October). Descriptions of four new species of Odynerus from Mexico. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 31: 389-391. 1906a. (May 24). On new Vespidae collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in west- ern North and Central America. Invertebrata Pacifica, 1: 145-150. 1906b. (December). A contribution towards a knowledge of the nearctic Odynerinae. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 32: 325-334. 1906c. (December) . Description of a new species of Odynerus from north Mexico. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 32: 335. 1906d. (December). Description of a new species of Odynerus from Van- couver’s Island. Entomologist, 39: 268. 1907. (October 8). On some Diplopteryga of Belize and Nicaragua. Inverte- brata Pacifica, 1: 183-190. 1908. (July). A contribution towards the knowledge of the Odyneridae of the southwest of the United States. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 34: 195-228. 1909a. (October). On some Diplopteryga from the southwest of North Amer- ica. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1: 78-85. 1909b. (December). Some Odynerinae of the southwest United States. Po- mona Jour. Entomol., 1: 122-135. 1912. The Marabunta or wasps. Part III. Timehri. Jour. Roy. Agric. and Commercial Soc. British Guiana, 2: 207-231. RECENT LITERATURE The Cerambycidae of North America. Part IV. Taxonomy and Classifica- tion of the Subfamily Cerambycinae, Tribes Elaphidionini through Rhinotragini. By E. Gorton Linsley. University of California Publications in Entomology, vol. 21 : x + 165 pp., 52 figs, in text. 27 March 1963. Price $3.50. Part V. Taxonomy and Classification of the Subfamily Cerambycinae, Tribes Callichromini through Ancylocerini. By E. Gorton Linsley. Ibid., vol. 22: frontispiece in color, viii 197 pp., 60 figs, in text. 19 March 1964. Price $4.00. These parts are in the format of earlier ones noticed in this journal. Part IV includes the proposal of a new tribal name and the descriptions of two new species and two new subspecies. Part V contains the descriptions of a new tribe and a new genus. New synonymies are announced in both, especially in the Clytini. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 114 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 New Species of Bat Bugs of the Cimex pilosellus Complex (Hemiptera : Cimicidae) Robert L. Usinger and Norihiro Ueshima University of California, Berkeley For many years North American bat bugs were considered to belong to a single species, Cimex pilosellus (Horvath). In 1939 a second spe- cies, Cimex adjunctus Barber, was recognized with distribution largely in the eastern United States. As a result of experimental crosses and cytogenetic studies (Ueshima, N. 1963, Chromosoma, 14: 511-521) it now appears that four additional species should be recognized. Descrip- tions are given at this time in order to make the names available for a forthcoming monograph. Types are deposited in the United States Na- tional Museum. Cimex latipennis Usinger and Ueshima, new species Female. — Head 0.76 mm wide, 0.63 mm long, the ratio of width to length 23 : 18; interocular space five times as wide as an eye, 16 : 3. Antennae 1.53 mm long; proportion of segments 5 : 15 : 17 : 12. Rostrum with second segment reaching about to base of head; proportion of segments 7:6:7. Pronotum 1.2 mm wide, 0.46 mm long; ratio of width to length 36 : 14; ratio of pronotal width to head with 36 : 23; sides broadly rounded on anterior half, less so posteriorly, subdepressed laterally and subbasally; longest bristles at sides about 0.166 mm, distinctly longer than width of first antennal segment, 5:3; bristles on disk fine and much longer than distance between bristles. Hemelytral pads 1.85 times as wide as long, 25 : 13.5; bristles on disk much longer than distance between bristles. Abdomen with longest bristles at hind margins of anterior tergites approximately 0.13 mm, exceeding hind margins by three-fourths their lengths. Paragenital sinus very broad and shallow, the ectospermalege transverse and tubular. Legs with hind femora 2.84 times as long as wide, 27 : 9%. Bristles of hind tibiae shorter than thickness of tibia, 2 : 2%. Male. — Like the female but with longest bristles at sides of pronotum slightly shorter and longest bristles of hind tibiae about as long as thickness of tibia. Size. — female, length 5 mm, width (pronotum) 1.2 mm, (abdomen) 2.5 mm; male, length 4.8 mm, width (pronotum) 1.2 mm, (abdomen) 2.2 mm. Holotype female , allotype male, and eleven paratypes (slide mounted) , near Klamath Lake, Oregon. Specimens are also at hand from Vale, Oregon, May 1934, French Glen, Flarney Co., Oregon, 14 Aug. 1954 (G. G. Hansen) , and Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa Co., Calif., 23 July 1946 (R. L. Usinger). These agree with the types but are not included in the paratype series. This species is closest to typical C. pilosellus but differs in the wider The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 114-117. April 1965 April 1965] usinger & ueshima — new species of bat bugs 115 hemelytral pads, smaller size and distinctive chromosome pattern, the haploid number at second metaphase being 14A + XY. Cimex antennatus Usinger and Ueshima, new species Female. — Head 0.85 mm wide, including eyes; ratio of width to length (exclud- ing labrum) 34 : 28; width of interocular space 0.65 mm, 6 times as wide as an eye. Antennae 1.7 mm long; proportion of segments 6 : 22 : 23 : 17. Rostrum 0.75 mm long; second segment reaching hind margin of head; proportion of segments approximately 9 : 8 : 10. Pronotum 1.3 mm wide and 0.55 mm long at middle; ratio of width to length 50 : 22 and ratio of pronotal width to head width 50 : 34; sides evenly arcuate and narrowly sublaterally depressed; disk with bristles longer than distance between bristles except at middle; side bristles relatively stout, truncate and serrate, the longest 0.31 mm, exceeding width of first antennal segment. Hemelytral pads nearly twice as wide as long, 37 : 20; disks with bristles over twice as long as distance between bristles. Abdomen with bristles of terga about 0.25 mm long, much longer than distances between bristles; posterior rows of bristles exceeding edge by much more than half the length of bristles. Ectospermalege tubular beneath asymmetrical emargination of hind margin of 4th visible ventral segment. Legs stout; hind femora 2.5 times as long as wide, 40 : 16. Male. — Like the female but pronotum 1.26 mm wide. Size. — male, length 5.8 mm, width (pronotum) 1.26 mm, (abdomen) 2.6 mm; female, length 5.35 mm, width (pronotum) 1.3 mm, (abdomen) 2.6 mm. Holotype female , allotype male, and 19 paratypes (slide mounted), Pope Valley, California, ex Antrozous pallidus (A. Beck and N. Ueshima) . This species has a haploid chromosome count of 11A + XY. It differs from C. pilosellus and C. ad functus in the relatively narrower pronotum. It differs from C. incrassatus of Arizona and Southern Cali- fornia in having shorter bristles and less incrassate hind femora. Additional specimens are at hand as follows: 1 adult and 4 nymphs, San Jose, Calif., 24 April 1942; 1 specimen, near Woodland, Yolo Co., Calif, ex Tadarida mexicana ; 1 specimen, Alameda Co., Calif., 5 April 1945, ex Antrozous, No. AP 21677; 1 specimen, Gualala River, Mendocino Co., Calif. (H. S. Fuller). Cimex incrassatus Usinger and Ueshima, new species Female. — Head 0.8 mm wide, 0.625 mm long; ratio of width to length 32 : 25; interocular space 0.60 mm, six times as wide as an eye. Antennae 1.5 mm long; proportion of segments 6 : 18 : 20 : 16. Rostrum with second segment not quite reaching hind margin of head; proportion of segments 8 : 8 : 10. Pronotum 1.2 mm wide and 0.5 mm long, the ratio 48 : 20; ratio of pronotal width to head width 48 : 32 ; sides slightly more arcuate anteriorly, feebly depressed laterally, the longest side bristles about 0.28 mm, distinctly longer than width of first antennal segment, 23 : 18, relatively stout and serrate on outer edges; bristles of disk generally longer than distance between bristles except at middle. 116 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Hemelytra nearly twice as wide as long, 36 : 19; disk with bristles generally over twice as long as distance between bristles. Abdomen with bristles about 0.25 mm, much longer than distance between bristles, the posterior row of bristles on each segment exceeding hind margin by much more than half a bristle length. Ectospermalege tubular beneath the rather broadly and evenly emarginate hind margin of fourth visible ventral segment. Legs stout; hind femora 2.17 times as long as wide, 37 : 17. Male. — Similar to female but with lateral bristles of pronotum somewhat thinner and hind femur 0.40 times as stout as long. Size. — male, length 5.2 mm, width (pronotum) 1.1 mm, (abdomen) 2.49 mm; female, length 5.25 mm, width (pronotum) 1.2 mm, (abdomen) 2.8 mm. Holotype female , allotype male, and 16 paratypes, St. David, Cochise Co., Arizona, ex Eptesicus fuscus (N. Ueshima). The haploid chromo- some complement is 10A + XY at 2nd metaphase. This species differs from C. antennatus not only in number of auto- somes but also in the slightly longer bristles, stouter hind femora, and different antennal proportions. Additional specimens in the U. S. National Museum are: 34 specimens, Mine tunnel, Picacho Peak, Arizona, 24 May 1940 (G. M. Kohls), No. AP17865; 5 specimens, near Red Rock, Picacho Peak, Arizona, 1940, biting Myotis velifer velifer (J. Bequaert) ; 2 specimens, Salt Lake City, Utah, 4 Oct. 1948 (K. R. Kelson) No. 90876; 5 specimens, Vidal, Calif., 7 June 1940 (G. M. Kohls), Cory- norhinus rafinesquii pallescens, No. AP17886; 2 specimens, Mine tunnel, Laguna Dam, Calif., 21 May 1940 (G. M. Kohls), No. AP17859; Miescal, Arizona, July 1928 (R. H. Beamer) ; 1 specimen, Mine tunnel, Arivaca, Arizona, 27 May 1940 (G. M. Kohls), No. AP17873; 1 specimen, Nogales, Ariz., 7 Oct. 1940' (Ehinger) ; 2 specimens, Wilcox, Ariz., 4 Aug. 1909 (A. K. Fisher) from Antrozous ; 1 specimen, Wilcox, Ariz., July 1961 (C. R. Ash) ; 4 specimens, Burney Mine Rd., Pinal Co., Ariz., Eptesicus fuscus (G. Vr. Bradshaw) ; 1 specimen, Graham Mtns., Graham Co., Ariz., Aug. 1951, Myotis ; 1 specimen, Mexico: 9 mi. N. E. Acatzingo, Puebla, 13 Aug. 1954 (A. A. Alcorn), Eptesicus ; 1 specimen, Santa Catarina, Nueva Leon, Mexico, Apr. 1940 (E. V. Miller) on Pipistrellus hesperus; 3 specimens, 8 mi. S. Winkleman, Pinal Co., Arizona, 23 May 1959 (A. Ross) ex Myotis velifer ; 1 speci- men, Willcox, Cochise Co., Ariz., 1 Aug. 1959 (A. Ross) ex Eptesicus fuscus; 1 specimen, Madera Canyon, Pima Co., Ariz., 15 April 1959 (A. Ross) ex Eptesicus fuscus; 3 specimens under bridge, near Willcox, Cochise Co., Ariz., 30 July 1959 (A. Ross), ex Antrozous pallidus; 3 specimens, same data but 10 June 1959 (L. Cockrum) ex Eptesicus fuscus; 13 specimens, Willcox, Cochise Co., Ariz., 21 June 1959 (G. Vr. Bradshaw) ex Eptesicus fuscus; 3 specimens, White Oak Mine, Walker Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., 28 May 1959 (A. Ross) ex Eptesicus fuscus; 3 specimens, Hiway Bridge, U. S. 70, 7.3 mi. N. W. of Pima, Arizona, 20 Sept. 1959 (G. Vr. Bradshaw) ex Myotis yumanensis No. 1754; 1 specimen, Beehive Mine, Tucson Mt., Pima Co., Ariz., 30 May 1959 (G. Vr. Bradshaw) ex Myotis velifer; 1 specimen, Twin Windmills, 5 mi. S. E. Kingman, Mohave Co., Ariz., 11 July 1959 (Wm. Musgrove), ex Pipistrellus hesperus; 1 specimen, Panaca, Lincoln Co., Nevada, 2 Sept. 1955 (R. F. Koontz) ; 2 specimens, Alice Mine, 2 mi. S. W. Vidal, San Bernardino Co., Calif. April 1965] usinger & ueshima — new species of bat bugs 117 Cimex brevis Usinger and Ueshima, new species Female. — Head 0.675 mm wide, 0.55 mm long; ratio of width to length 27 : 24; interocular space 0.525 mm wide, seven times as wide as an eye. Antennae 1.425 mm; proportion of segments 4 : 18 : 19 : 16. Rostrum with second segment sur- passing base of head; proportion of segments 8:7:8. Pronotum 1.1 mm wide, 0.45 mm long; ratio of width to length 44 : 18; ratio of pronotal width to head width 44 : 27 ; sides almost evenly arcuate, subdepressed laterally, the longest bristles at edges 0.437 mm, very thin, twice as long as width of first antennal segment; bristles on disk generally longer than distance between bristles, even at center. Hemelytra over twice as wide as long, 34 : 14, the disk with bristles generally twice or more as long as distance between bristles. Abdomen with bristles over 0.25 mm long, those near hind margins of segments surpassing the margin by more than half their length. Ectospermalege widened, the notch in hind margin of fourth visible ventral segment rather narrowly emarginate. Legs with hind femora slightly more than 2*4 times as long as wide, 32 : 12. Male. — Like the female but pronotum 42 : 18. Hemelytra twice as wide as long, 32 : 16. Size.— male, length 4.85 mm, width (pronotum) 1.1 mm, (abdomen) 2.2 mm; female, length 4.75 mm, width (pronotum) 1.1 mm, (abdomen) 2.3 mm. Holotype female , allotype male, and 23 paratypes, Staples, Minnesota (R. Ryckman) associated with unidentified bat. Haploid chromosome complement at second metaphase, 14A + X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Y. This species is closest to C. adjunctus but differs in the long tibial bristles and smaller size. 118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Observations on the Emergence and Trapping of Male Pleocoma minor Linsley with Black Light and Female-Baited Traps 1 (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) R. W. ZwiCK AND F. W. Peifer Mid-Columbia Branch Experiment Station Hood River, Oregon Further investigations into the emergence and possible existence of a female sex pheromone of Pleocoma minor Linsley were conducted during the fall of 1964 in the Hood River valley of Oregon. Since the earlier work of Fisher (1961) and Ellertson (1964) indicated that males of Pleocoma are attracted to black light during emergence flights, this method of estimating peak periods of adult activity has been employed in continuing studies of their biology and distribution. Existence of a female sex pheromone which enables the winged male to seek out the flightless females in the soil is also being investigated and preliminary observations are reported. A black light trap was suspended from a pear tree 3 feet above ground level in a 4-acre mixed D’Anjou and Bartlett pear orchard 1.5 miles southwest of Oak Grove, Oregon, at an elevation of 1,560 feet above sea level. A General Electric F15T8/BL flourescent tube fixed horizon- tally over a metal funnel trap with power supplied by a drop cord from an outbuilding at the edge of the orchard was used in this area. This black light trap was in almost continuous nightly operation beginning 30 September 1964, from dusk to after dawn. A second black light trap of the type used by Ellertson (1964), with identical 15-watt tube mounted vertically over a metal collecting funnel, was operated for 2 weeks in early October in the Pine Grove, Oregon, area with negative results. The Pine Grove orchard of Newtown and Delicious apples is located 2.5 miles directly south of the town of Hood River, Oregon at an elevation of 440 feet above sea level. Female-baited traps were set out in the Pine Grove area on 12 Sep- tember and at Oak Grove on 5 October 1964. Traps using live females were of two types. Most were constructed of 14 ounce polystyrene beverage containers in which a live female of P. minor was confined in soil 2 inches under a tight-fitting wire mesh screen baffle. An overlap- ping plastic container top with 2-inch diameter entrance hole permitted males to drop into traps which were buried to soil level in each study 1 Technical Paper No. 1928, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 118-120. April 1965 April 1965] zwick & peifer — notes on pleocoma 119 llJ UJ UJ CD < z cc u OD z 3 2 IOO, 80, 70 60 50 40 15 ■» BL Capture • Female-baited Capture 40, 30, I • tliii.Ui. i 25 SEP 5 15 25 OCT Explanation of Figure 14 NOV 24 Fig. 1. Male Pleocoma minor captured at black light and female-baited traps in Hood River valley, Oregon, 1964. area. This buried trap proved to be more effective in catching males than several other above ground types constructed of metal funnels on stands under screen baffles with a female confined in a screen mesh cage wired to the funnel or baffle. Females used for baiting these traps were dug from soil during emergence activity in several locations. It is not known if they had been inseminated or were virgin. Up to 12 female- baited traps were in position at Pine Grove and six at Oak Grove during the periods of trapping. These numbers varied however, since some of the females died, other traps were robbed by skunks, and several females burrowed through the sides of the polystyrene containers and escaped. Replacement of female beetles was made as they became available. 120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Emergence of P. minor at the Pine Grove area was first observed with the finding of a single male on 9 September 1964, in an adjacent orchard block. The first female-baited trap was installed on 12 September at Pine Grove and most were in position by 17 September. Sprinkler irri- gation of a portion of the area on 24 September failed to increase beetle emergence which apparently was largely completed at Pine Grove by October. Male activity in the higher Oak Grove location was first noted on 30 September with the black light catches reaching a peak during the second week of October. Figure 1 indicates the totals caught in black light and female-baited traps at both areas. Of a total catch of 500 males, 461 were taken from black light at Oak Grove and 39 in female-baited traps at both areas. Of the latter number, only the four at Pine Grove and five at Oak Grove were captured in the female-baited traps located over 10 feet from Oak Grove black light trap when the two types of trap were being operated concurrently at this site. These observations indicate that the emergence of P. minor males occurs earlier at the lower elevations in the Hood River valley as com- pared with the higher elevations. Existence of a female sex pheromone is suspected, but further investigation as to its attractancy to males and source, and more definitive methods of bioassay are needed. Literature Cited Fisher, Jean. 1961. Attraction of Pleocoma dubitalis dubitalis Davis to black light (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 37 (3): 164. Ellertson, F. E. 1964. Trapping male Pleocoma with black light. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40 (3) : 171-173. April 1965] kistner — revision of phyllodinarda 121 A Revision of the Species of the Genus Phyllodinarda Wasmann with Notes on Their Behavior 1 (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) David H. Kistner Chico State College, Chico, California The genus Phyllodinarda was first described by Wasmann (1916: 105) to contain two species, P. xenocephala Wasmann from Cameroun and P. kohli Wasmann from the Congo Republic. In the same paper, he described the tribe Phyllodinardini to contain only this genus. In the original description of the genus, he compared it with the genus T rilobitideus Raffray and to the Cephaloplectinae. Trilobitideus was placed in its own subfamily, the Trilobitideinae in the same paper. Later (Wasmann, 1917: 328) he redescribed the genus and each of the two species as new again under the same names and then proceeded to a detailed morphological comparison of the genus with various genera, including Dinarda Mannerheim, Rhoptrodinarda Brauns, Allodinarda Wasmann, Trilobitideus Raffray, T ermitodiscus Wasmann, Discoxenus Wasmann, and the tribes Trichopsenini and Termitopsenini. After doing all this, he came to the conclusion that Phyllodinarda was not very closely related to any of these and hence justified his inclusion of the genus in a tribe all by itself. There the matter has rested for some time. Bernhauer, Scheerpeltz, and Schubert (1926) recognized the tribe and placed it in their catalog almost 200 pages from the tribe Myrmedoniini to which it is probably most closely related and of which it is probably a member. Students of the Coleoptera will recognize that the Cephaloplectinae was placed in the family Limulodidae by Seevers and Dybas (1943), and that Seevers (1965) has reduced the Trilobitideinae to a tribe, Trilobitideini, of the subfamily Aleocharinae. Also since Wasmann’s time, Rhoptrodinarda and Allodinarda have been stated to be more closely related to Zyras Stephens than to Dinarda Mannerheim (Bern- hauer, Scheerpeltz, and Schubert, 1926), thus placing them in the tribe Myrmedoniini. So the whole classification has shifted in such a way as to make a new study of the genus appropriate and to try to place it in relation to its Aleocharine relatives. The purpose of this paper is to re- describe and illustrate the generic characters of Phyllodinarda , to re- describe the old species and describe a new species, and to provide 1 This study was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (Grant NSF-GB-1366) . The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 121-131. April 1965 122 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Fig. 1. Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann, dorsal aspect of whole animal. Photo taken with an Exacta XVIIa with a 50 mm lens at 32 cm of extension. behavioral notes about the genus which provide some insight about its relations to its ant hosts. Some of the specimens included in this paper were studied at the Chi- cago Natural History Museum (C.N.H.M.) where both Dr. Rupert L. Wenzel and Dr. Charles H. Seevers were helpful in allowing the investi- gator use of the collections and library of that institution. Other specimens were borrowed from the collections of the Musee Royal de l’Afrique Cen- trale, Tervuren (M.R.A.C.) for which I am grateful to M. P. Basilewsky, Curator and Chief of the Section of Entomology of that institution. Most of the specimens were collected by my wife, myself, and assistants in Africa, in which case they are in my collection (D.K.). The initials given above indicate the location of specimens cited. The ant hosts were determined for the material which we collected by Professor J. K. A. Van Boven, Universite de Louvain. We are extremely grateful for these determinations. The assistance provided by Mr. Paul Edmiston and Mr. John Shower, Chico State College, in the preparation and dissection of material for study is also gratefully acknowledged. Certain concepts in the behavior section have been made clearer by discussion with numer- ous colleagues, but principally Professor Charles H. Seevers of Roose- velt University. However, any errors eventually uncovered are my responsibility as the advice of colleagues was not always followed. April 1965] ICISTNER REVISION OF PHYLLODINARDA 123 Explanation of Figures Figs. 2-8. Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann: 2, head, ventral, mouthparts, and antennae removed; 3, pronotum, right half, dorsal, legs removed, 4, elytron, right dorsal; 5, antenna; 6, labrum; 7, right mandible; 8, left mandible. All micro- photographs on this plate and the following were taken with a Leitz Orthomat Computerized Photomicrography Apparatus. 124 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Explanation of Figures Figs. 9-14. Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann: 9, maxilla; 10, prothoracic leg; 11, mesothoracic leg; 12, metathoracic leg, without coxa; 13, labium; 14, details of spatulate setae on pronotum. Genus Phyllodinarda Wasmann Phyllodinarda Wasmann, 1916, p. 105; 1917, p. 329-349. Type of the genus: Phyllodinarda xenocephala Wasmann, fixed by Blackwelder, 1952, p. 307. April 1965] kistner — revision of phyllodinarda 125 The genus is distinguished from all other staphylinid genera by many characteristics (see Fig. 1). The main problem has been to determine its relationships. Distinguishing characteristics include its very small, elbowed, and compressed antenna; its dorsoventrally flattened shape; its unique setae on the head, pronotum, elytra, and abdomen; and the way in which the eye has a ventral window. Head triangular in shape, dorsoventrally flattened (Figs. 1 and 2). Gular sutures all but obliterated, with just a bint of a median line where the gula ought to be. Eyes directed forward along the narrow anterior axis with a ventral window so that certain facets are directed ventrally. Antennae reduced in size and inserted be- tween the eyes on the ventral surface of the head. Antennae with a very large first segment which forms an elbow, rest of the segments strongly compressed with the lateral edges expanded so as to cover the petioles; 11-segmented; shaped as in Fig. 5. Labrum shaped as in Fig. 6. Mandibles are not symmetrical; left mandible shaped as in Fig. 8; right mandible shaped as in Fig. 7. Maxillae shaped as in Fig. 9; palpi 4-segmented. Labium shaped as in Fig. 13; palpi 3- segmented. Pronotum dorsoventrally flattened and expanded laterally; shaped as in Fig. 3. Prosternum extremely small, subtriangular in form and fits in the median area shown in Fig. 3. Mesothoracic peritremes also extremely small but sclerotized. Elytra expanded laterally; shaped as in Fig. 4. Meso- and metasternum flat and without distinguishing features. Leg axis greatly shortened so that the legs do not usually protrude from under the pronotum and elytra and are hence usually invis- ible from the dorsal side. Proleg shaped as in Fig. 10. Mesoleg shaped as in Fig. 11. Metaleg shaped as in Fig. 12 with a flattened subtriangular coxa. The femora of all legs are expanded so as to form a shield for the tibiae in repose. Tarsal formula, 4-5-5. Abdomen dorsoventrally flattened and expanded laterally. Overall shape as in Fig. 1. Two pairs of paratergites on segments III-VI, one pair of segment VII. The pairs of paratergites are extremely wide on segment III, each pair on each side making up about % of the total width of the segment. The width of these para- tergites narrows drastically on each succeeding segment contributing greatly to the posterior tapering of the abdomen. Segment VIII without paratergites. Seg- ment IX without paratergites and shaped as in Fig. 15. The anterior edge of the sternite of segment IX is evenly rounded in females (as in the figure) but contains a long process on each side in males. Tergite VII with a tergal gland at the mid- line. Male genitalia tubular, variable by species. Spermatheca of female with a sclerotized tip leading to a long many coiled but not twisted spermathecal duct. The sclerotized tip of this is variable by species whereas the coiled portion does not appear to vary. The whole dorsal surface of the animal and the ventral surface of the head contains two kinds of setae. One kind is not unusual as they are found on many staphylinids. These are best seen in the photos of the legs (Figs. 10, 11, and 12) but are also to be seen on the photos of the head, pronotum, and elytra. The other kind is a large spatulate seta which can be seen in the photos of the head, pronotum, and elytra. This seta 126 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Explanation of Figures Figs. 15-20. Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann: 15, 9th abdominal segment, female, dorsal view; 17, median lobe of the male genitalia; 18, spermatheca, coiled sperma- thecal duct removed. P. xenocephalla Wasmann: 16, median lobe of male genitalia. P. alzadae Kistner: 19, median lobe of the male genitalia; 20, spermatheca, coiled spermathecal duct removed. Each scale represents 0.25 mm. The larger scale refers to Figs. 18 and 20, while the smaller applies to all other figures. emerges from a puncture which penetrates the exoskeleton. Each seta has a hollow tube running through it which emerges at the apex and when enlarged (Fig. 14) can be seen to have a fimbriated tip. Wasmann (1917) showed that there were gland cells underneath the skeleton at the base of these setae. Our investigations confirm this. The ventral surface of the abdomen, and the ventral surface of the thorax does not April 1965] kistner — revision of phyllodinarda 127 contain the spatulate type of setae but does contain the more usual kind of setae. Relationships. — This genus has many specialized features which are unique to it and have obscured its relationships for many years. If the specialized head shape and the unique setae are ignored, then many resemblances of the genus to Zyras ( Batsa ) Blackwelder (= W ats a Bernhauer) are seen. The latter should probably be a genus instead of a subgenus. However, only two or three specimens have ever been captured and a detailed comparison will have to await more specimens. Only the characteristics which, in my opinion, place it in the tribe Myr- medoniini are listed: (1) Mouthparts: Labium and labrum closely ap- proximate those of Zyras ( Aulacocephalonia ), Myrmechusa , and other Myrmedoniini. The maxilla has the extra long galea which also approxi- mates all other Myrmedoniini. (2) Legs: Coxal structure with the short internal processes. Tarsal formula, 4-5-5. (3) Abdomen: Shape of the abdominal segment IX complex, even to the sexual difference of the anterior border. Highly coiled spermathecal duct with a sclerotized spermatheca. Tergal gland on abdominal segment VII. Any of these characteristics taken individually would not define the Myrmedoniini but when they are considered as a group, they adequately define the Myrmedoniini. The species present a rather uniform external appearance. P. kohli is a little larger on the average but small specimens are caught and these fall within the range of the other two species. The easiest way to determine them is to dissect out the genitalia and compare them with the figures. In the field, a generic determination plus a local- ity is about all that can be done. Phyllodinarda xenocephala Wasmann (Fig. 16) Phyllodinarda xenocephala Wasmann, 1916, p. 107, Plate 3, fig. 4 (Cameroun: Grand Batanga, with Dorylus {Anomma) nigricans ssp. sjoestedti var. rufescens Wasmann, Coll. G. Schwab; Lolodorf, Coll. Miss Makenzie) ; 1917, p. 330, plate 9, figs. 35 and 36 (same data) ; Mann, 1922, p. 628 (Cameroun: Akono- Olinga, with D. (A.) nigricans ssp. sjoestedti Emery). Distinguished from all other species by the shape of the median lobe of the male genitalia. Color varies from light reddish brown to dark reddish brown. Head somewhat darker than the rest of the body. Dorsal surface of the entire animal glistening underneath the mat of spatulate and pointed setae. Median lobe of the male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 16. Spermatheca unknown. 128 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Measurements. — Protonum length, 0.93-1.00 mm; elytra length, 0.55- 0.66 mm. Number measured, 4. Material examined.— Cameroun : 2, with no further locality data, Coll. Thaxter (C.N.H.M.) ; 1, Akono-Olinga, with Dorylus ( Anomma ) nigricans ssp. sjoestedti Emery, Coll. G. Schwab (C.N.H.M.) ; 1 male, Edea, 27 July 1962, from the end of a raiding column of D. (A.) nigricans ssp. sjoestedti var. rufescens (Wasmann) Emery, nest No. 85, Coll. D. H. Kistner (D.K.). Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann (Figs. 1-15, 17-18) Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann, 1916, p. 107 (Congo Republic, St. Gabriel near Stanleyville, 20 August, 29 August 1910, with Dorylus ( Anomma ) wilverthi Emery, Coll. P. H. Kohl) ; 1917, p. 330, Plates 9 and 10, figs. 37-51 (same data, added that the specimens were taken from the end of a raiding column). Color varies from a light reddish brown to dark reddish brown. Head usually a little darker than the rest of the body. Dorsal surface of the entire body glistening underneath the mat of spatulate and pointed setae. Median lobe of the male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 17. Sperma- theca shaped as in Fig. 18. Measurements: Pronotum length, 1.00-1.15 mm; elytra length, 0.65- 0.70 mm. Number measured, 10. Material examined. — Congo Republic: 2, Cotypes, P. kohli Wasmann, det. E. Wasmann, St. Gabriel near Stanleyville, 20 August 1910, with Dorylus ( Anomma ) wilverthi Emery, Coll. P. H. Kohl, (C.N.H.M.) ; 1, Cotype, P. kohli Wasmann, det. E. Wasmann, same data but lacking a date (C.N.H.M.) ; 1, Stanleyville, Coll. Fr. Majelka (C.N.H.M.) ; 1, Yangambi, March 1955, with ants, (Coll. J. Decelle) (M.R.A.C.) ; 29 (12 males, 11 females), Yangambi, 2 July 1960, from the end of an emigration column of D. (A.) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 19, Coll. D. H. and A. C. Kistner and R. Banfill, (D.K.) ; 1 female, Yangambi, 3 July 1960, from the end of a raiding column of D. (A.) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 24, Coll. D. H. and A. C. Kistner and R. Banfill (D.K.) ; 2 males, 9 July 1960, from the end of a raiding column of D. (A), nigricans ssp. sjoestedti var. rufescens (Wasmann) Emery, nest No. 35, Coll. D. H. and A. C. Kistner and R. Banfill (D.K.). Phyllodinarda alzadae Kistner, new species (Figs. 19-20) Color varies from light reddish brown to dark reddish brown. Head darker than the rest of the body. Dorsal surface of the entire body glistening underneath the mat of spatulate and pointed setae. Median lobe of the male genitalia shaped as in Fig. 19. Spermatheca shaped as in Fig. 20. Measurements: Pronotum length, 0.96-1.05 mm; elytra length, 0.65- 0.68 mm. Number measured, 6. April 1965] kistner — revision of phyllodinarda 129 Holotype. — female, No. 11328, Uganda, Kisubi Forest near Entebbe, 19 July 1960, from the end of an emigration column of Dorylus ( Anomma ) wilverthi Emery, nest No. 37, Coll. D. H. and A. C. Kistner and R. Banfill (D.K.). Paratypes: 5 (4 males), same data as holotype. Behavior of the Species All records of all the species show that the specimens were only seen at the ends of raiding and emigration columns. We never saw them in the central parts of any columns. This indicates that these myrmeco- philes do not participate in the raiding and emigration aspects of colo- nial behavior. They would therefore fall into the category of what I have called the nonintegrated groups. All groups of myrmecophiles, at least as far as those con- cerned with Driver Ants in Africa are concerned, fall into two general categories. The integrated groups are those that participate in the raid- ing and emigration activities of the colony and are thus seen in the columns at all times except perhaps when the ants are at their highest level of excitation, namely at the raiding head. Two staphylinid groups make up the majority of the integrated forms, namely the Pygostenini and the Dorylomimini. The Dorylomimini are morphological mimics of the ants and achieve integration by means of passing antennal scru- tiny by the ants. The Pygostenini are what I have called primarily be- havioral mimics in that they fold their abdomens (the tips of which are morphologically narrowed) over their backs when in contact with the ants and thus present an ant-like “appearance” to the antennae of the ants. Both groups have evolved phoretic members from ancestral types which had these basic modifications. The Dorylomimini has evolved one genus, Dorylocratus Wasmann (Kistner 1964), which has secondarily evolved a glandular abdomen. The glands of the females are attractive to worker ants. The basic modification (morphological or behavioral mimicry) has been evolved independently in at least two other staphy- linid groups in Africa but on a limited basis both host-wise and geo- graphically. All of this has been documented in a series of papers which are in various stages of completion. The whole concept of integrated myrmecophily can thus be viewed as adaptations to the predominant integrating mechanism of the society. In African Driver Ants, where trophallaxis is poorly developed at best, and sight is nonexistent among both queens and workers, antennal palpation seems to play a dominant role and thus the majority of the integrated myrmecophiles “feel” like 130 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 ants. In many North American and European ants, as well as termites, trophallaxis appears to play a more dominant role and the myrmeco- philes and termitophiles display more glandular development. The nonintegrated forms are represented by an even larger number of myrmecophiles, each genus of which has its own story or series of adap- tations to the ant colony. When the whole picture is gradually assem- bled, we shall see a whole series of relationships from facultative preda- tion to obligate predation, from facultative scavenging to obligate scav- enging with quite a few of the different groups of Staphylinidae and other insects involved and with phylogenetic series representing progres- sive degrees of adaptation. The detailed analysis of these interrelation- ships, both phylogenetic and ecologic, has just been started with the description of the behavior of Myrmechusa Wasmann (Koblick and Kistner, 1965) as the first completed work. In Phyllodinarda then, we have a nonintegrated genus with a whole series of structural modifications which are perhaps more bizarre than those of many integrated forms. We attempted in the field to determine how the beetle uses these. The following protocols have been extracted from our field notes on Phyllodinarda kohli Wasmann in Yangambi, Congo Republic, 2 July 1960. The end of the emigration column that we sampled on the previ- ous day commenced about 8:00 o’clock in the morning. Among literally thousands of myrmecophiles that streamed by, the Phyllodinarda were very noteworthy. Most of the specimens (18 of 29) streamed by during the first hour of observation and collecting. They have a “halt, take cover, and proceed” kind of gait. They lurked under blades of grass, dead leaves, and twigs along the trail, then when they detected a break in the activity they would lumber along for awhile and then take cover again. Twice we saw an ant move toward a Phyllodinarda whereupon the Phyllodinarda would depress itself against the ground. When it did this, in each instance we saw the worker ant approach the beetle and move its mouthparts and antennae over the dorsal surface. After a brief instant of this, the ant pulled back and departed. We attempted to smell the beetle but no odors were detectable either in the air or in the aspirator when the beetle was captured, although it was apparent that the ant was repelled. Protocols on the other species yield no new data, although we did see one more ant-beetle encounter as described above for P. alzadae Kistner. For the Kisubi captures (P. alzadae ), we noted the manner of walking which consists of each tagma raising and lowering in sequence and thereby producing a dorsoventral undulating appearance. We were not April 1965 J kistner — revision of phyllodinarda 131 fortunate enough to see them eating, and stomach analysis yielded noth- ing that was identifiable. Phyllodinarda is probably either an obligate predator or scavenger associated with driver ants since they have never been captured in any other situation. Because it follows so closely upon the end of the column where there are straggler ants, we are inclined to the view that it is a predator. The scavengers are typically farther away from the ants or making their way between the small dirt particles of the trail roadway. Its method of eluding stray ants consists of the obvi- ous avoiding reaction in hiding under debris along the trail and proceed- ing when there are few ants passing. However, its legs are so short and it is so slow that chance encounters with ants seem to be not infrequent. When an encounter occurs, its depression on the ground may prevent the ant from picking it up, but this I doubt because the ants are quite capable of picking up similarly shaped insects such as roaches which are a regular feature of their diet. The dorsoventral compression when depressing on the ground may squeeze the products of the glands at the base of the hollow spatulate setae up through the setae. This the ant finds unattractive and hence pulls back away from the beetle. In his analysis, Wasmann (1917) considered the genus to be a “V ertreter des extremsten T rutztypus” (a representative of the extreme defensive form) . It is hard to conceive how the flattened form could serve to protect this insect from the ants, but the shortening of the legs and antennae as well as the compression of the antennomeres could have a protective value. In any event, the concept of a specially adapted predator or scavenger with an obligate relationship to driver ants is an idea that has wider currency in biology and describes its situation better than the word synoeckete or synecthran. The records from Cameroun for P. xenocephalla and from the Congo for P. kohli indicate that host specificity applies only at the subgeneric level. Literature Cited Bernhauer, Max, 0. Scheerpeltz, and K. Schubert. 1926. Staphylinidae. Cole- opterorum Catalogus, pars 82: 499-988. W. Junk, Berlin. Blackweller, R. E. 1952. The generic names of the beetle family Staphylinidae. U.S.N.M. Bull., 200, iv -j- 483 p. Kistner, D. H. 1964. New species of the genus Dorylocratus with notes on their behavior. (Coleoptera Staphylinidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40 (4): 246-254. Koblick, T. A. and D. H. Kistner. 1965. A revision of the species of the genus Myrmechusa Wasmann from tropical Africa with notes on their behavior and their relationship to the Pygostenini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 58 (1) : 28-44. 132 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Mann, W. M. 1922. Notes on a collection of West African myrmecophiles. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 45: 623-630. Seevers, C. H. 1965. The systematics, evolution, and zoogeography of Staphylinid beetles associated with Army Ants. (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) . Field- iana: Zool., 47 (2) : 137-351. Seevers, C. H. and H. S. Dybas. 1943. A synopsis of the Limulodidae (Coleop- tera) : a new family proposed for the myrmecophiles of the subfamilies Limulodinae (Ptilliidae) and Cephaloplectinae (Staphylinidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 36 (3) : 546-586. Wasmann, Erich. 1916. Neue dorylophile Afrikas (Col.) (217. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Myrmekophilen) . Entomol. Mitt., 5 (1-8): 92-109, 134— 147. 1917. Neue Anpassungstypen bei Dorylinengaste Afrikas. (Col. Staphylinidae). (218. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Myrmekophilen) . Zeitschr. wissenschaftl. Zool., 117 (2) : 257-360 + 4 plates. SCIENTIFIC NOTE A new locality record of Mohavacris timberlakei Rehn, at Bishop, Inyo County, California (Orthoptera : Tanaoceridae) . — Mohavacris tim- berlakei was described in 1948 from a unique male specimen captured near Highway 138, Mohave Desert, California, 3,600 feet elevation (Edith M. Timber- lake, 20 April 1947), probably a few miles east of Llano near the course of Rock Creek wash. Additional specimens have since been captured by Grant, Heifer, Hubbell, Rentz, and Tinkham in the near vicinity and as high as 5,750 feet at Cactus Flat in the San Bernardino National Forest on Highway 18. Rentz has taken specimens from the Cajon Pass area well after dark on Artemisia tridentata. We were surprised to find a male of this rare species from a fluorescent black light trap at Bishop in April of 1964. The trap, operated by Mrs. Ruth Keleman, was situated on a porch 3 feet above ground level. The trap rim, an additional 3 feet high, was successfully negotiated by this strong jumper. After the capture, the trap was placed among the native vegetation and, although a diligent search was made, no additional specimens were found or taken in the trap. Bishop has an average rainfall of 5 inches annually and is about 4,500 feet above sea level. This capture suggests the possibility of the discovery of additional specimens of Mohavacris timberlakei from within, and areas immediately surround- ing, the Mohave Desert. Mohavacris timberlakei is not known to be sound producing; however, Rentz states that Tanaocerus, the other known genus of the family, will drum upon a branch and make a knocking sound. — G. M. Buxton, California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento. April 1965] powell — conifer feeding buprestids 133 Rearing Records for Five Conifer Feeding Buprestids in California (Coleoptera : Buprestidae) Jerry A. Powell University of California, Berkeley During the past few years several species of flat-headed borers have been obtained from conifers of secondary importance, as a result of California Insect Survey investigations in various parts of the state. Some of these records represent previously unrecorded host associations for the beetles involved. Rearing was accomplished by placing bulk material in screen cages or cardboard boxes in a greenhouse at Berkeley, where they were subjected to broad temperature fluctuations and ex- treme drying. Since March 1963, an insectary building with controlled temperature (66—68° F) has been used. Acknowledgment is made to the following, who provided identifica- tions: G. H. Nelson (Buprestidae), Loma Linda University; D. E. Bright (Scolytidae) and J. A. Chemsak (Cerambycidae) , University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Chemsak also helped with surveillance of the rearing materials. Additional thanks are extended to those who assisted with field collections, cited below, and to D. L. Wood, University of California, Berkeley, who read the manuscript and offered helpful suggestions. Chrysobothris purpurata Bland During examination of Cupressus goveniana in San Luis Obispo County in early May 1962, a number of oval emergence holes were observed at the distal ends of cones (Fig. 1). Adult buprestids were discovered concealed in the clumps of cones. The beetles taken repre- sented three species, single individuals of an Anthaxia and Chrysobothris mali Horn, together with several C. purpurata Bland. The collection site, which has been described elsewhere in connection with a study of the cerambycid Callidiellum (Chemsak and Powell, 1964), is located at about 2,500 feet elevation some 2 miles northwest of Cuesta Pass in the southern Santa Lucia Range. Material containing larvae of the ceram- bycid was obtained mainly from slash left by roadwork, but the Chryso- bothris were found among cones of healthy, primarily young trees. A number of clumps of unopened, green cones which showed scattered emergence holes were collected. Sectioning the cones revealed that larval feeding had resulted in replacement of developing seed and scales by The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 133-138. April 1965 134 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 Explanation of Figures Figs. 1-3. Mature, green cones of Cupressus goveniana, showing work of Chrysobothris purpurata Bland; collected near Cuesta Pass, San Luis Obispo County, California, 5 May 1962. 1, Distal end with emergence hole; 2, 3, longitu- dinal sections through pupal chambers. frass in approximately the distal one-third or one-half of the cone (Figs. 2, 3), with the pupal chamber subtending the characteristic emergence hole (Fig. 1). One adult of C. purpurata was found in a pupal chamber, but no larvae were discovered. Evidently the spring emergence was near completion at the time of the collection, since no beetles issued from these cones during the first few months. Two adults of C. purpurata were reared late in 1962, possibly the result of oviposi- tion in the field during April or May. The locality was revisited in early April 1963, and buprestid larvae were located in the current season’s green cones, but none showed emer- gence holes. Thus cones evidently are used by C. purpurata in a typical fashion from year to year, a rather peculiar habit for Chrysobothris. Keen (1958) does not record any Buprestidae in cones of Cupressus in his cone and seed insects summary. I have not encountered these char- acteristic emergence holes in cones elsewhere during the examination of a number of cypress species in California and Baja California. Adults of C. purpurata were also reared incidentally from cypress slash caged for Callidiellum. This material, which was collected on 5 May 1962, consisted of dying or recently killed branches some of which had partially opened cones from previous years. Eight C. purpurata emerged between 12 May and 20 June 1962, and adults representing sub- sequent generations issued in February and December 1963, and in April and May 1964. Later generations used branches for larval feeding, but it is not certain that this is true of all those reared from this material in 1962. Old cones on these branches contained emergence holes, none of which appeared recent. Emergence from cones usually occurs adja- April 1965] powell — conifer feeding buprestids 135 cent to or across the margins of scales, so that the holes are later bisected by cone dehiscence. Opened cones are not used for larval feeding. Suc- cessful pupation occurred in the larger sticks (15 to 25 mm in diameter) that were caged. Emergence did not occur from the many smaller branches and twigs which were also present in the same containers. Pupation galleries in the dry wood were of about the same configuration as those in the cones; they entered the branches nearly perpendicularly to the grain and ranged 8 to 10 mm in length, with a slight curvature. Chrysobothris ignicollis Horn This and the following species were reared from the same lot of Junip- erus calif ornicus collected on the western edge of the Mojave Desert in October 1960. Keen (1952) lists C. ignicollis as a species which works in unseasoned logs of juniper and cypress in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain regions. The collection site, near Desert Springs (now “Pinon Hills”), San Bernardino County, was visited on 17 October, when it was observed that numerous dying or dead, brown branchlets and terminals were present on these trees. Several small branches were barked and bupres- tid larvae were discovered. A collection of the affected branches was made with the assistance of P. D. Hurd, Jr. on 20 October. Rather than buprestids, however, the principal insect reared proved to be a cerambycid which has subsequently been described as Callidium powelli by Linsley and Chemsak (1963), and habits of which have been briefly recorded (Chemsak and Powell, 1964) . Emergence of the ceram- bycid began soon after the collection date and that of the Chrysobothris was delayed. The delay may have been the result of an extended feeding cycle on the part of the buprestids, and the primary cause of the dieback is unknown. Members of the genus Callidium characteristically feed in the sapwood region but apparently normally work in dead or already dying material. No scolytids were reared from the collection. Emergence of C. ignicollis occurred both in April and in late 1961, and again in April and in late 1962. Chrysobothris speculifera Horn This little-known species was obtained in the same collection as C. ignicollis , discussed above. About a dozen individuals of C. speculifera were reared from Juniperus calif ornicus ; all emerged in April 1961, except one which was obtained late the same year. Evidently C. ignicollis was better adapted than was C. speculifera under the rearing conditions to the use of dry host material which was 136 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 severely affected by larval feeding in the cambium area. No emergence of C. speculifera was noted in 1962, although individuals representing additional generations of C. ignicollis were still appearing. By this time at least two generations of Callidium had also utilized the small sticks, and virtually all the sapwood and peripheral heartwood to a depth of 3 or 4 mm had been replaced by tightly packed frass. Chrysobothris caurina Horn Chrysobothris caurina is listed as a widespread species in the western United States utilizing unseasoned logs or lumber of pines and other conifers (Essig, 1926; Keen, 1952). During the summer of 1961 I had the opportunity to make use of the University of California, Crooked Creek Physiology Research Station, located at 10,150 feet elevation in the White Mountains, Mono County, and to survey the insect fauna of the area. The endemic bristle-cone pine, Pinus aristata, was examined on numerous occasions but with surprisingly negative results. Fallen limbs were exceedingly rare, although the ancient trees featured exten- sive standing dead portions, and almost no evidence of wood-boring beetle activity could be found. On one occasion, however, a large, recently fallen limb was discovered and with the assistance of members of the entomology summer field course, portions of the main branch were examined in late June. Numer- ous buprestid and occasional cerambycid larvae were found under the bark. A few small side branches (mostly 2-10 cm diameter) were boxed on 4 July 1961 for rearing. A cerambycid of the genus Callidium , the widespread C. antennatum hesperum Casey, again proved to be the pre- dominant species in the emergences (Powell, 1962; Chemsak and Powell, 1964) . Although scores of this beetle were obtained, only a few individ- uals of the buprestid, Chrysobothris caurina , matured; these emerged in April 1962. The P. aristata material was retained until 1963, but no further Chrysobothris emergences were recorded. Possibly larvae of C. caurina were relatively more common in the main trunk of the fallen limb, or were adversely affected by rearing conditions in the greenhouse. Individuals of two species of Scolytidae were also reared from this material, but it appeared as though wind was the primary cause of the limb’s falling. The scolytids, members of the genera Carphoborus and Pityophthorus, have subsequently been described as new by Bright (1964). Melanophila californica Van Dyke This beetle is widespread in the western United States, where it April 1965] powell — conifer feeding buprestids 137 reportedly utilizes pines, primarily Pinus ponderosa and P. jeffreyi ; secondary hosts include P. tuberculata, P. sabiniana, and P. radiata (Keen, 1952) . A detailed study of the species’ biology was conducted by West (1947), who stated that M. californica cannot regularly be shown to be abundant wholly as the result of some preceding primary factor. Monterey pine, Pinus radiata, is grown extensively as an ornamental and shade tree in inland Coast Range valleys of central California, even though climatic conditions in these areas differ appreciably from those of native sites along the immediate coast. Weather at localities such as the Monterey coast is characterized by cool, foggy summer days, mod- erate winter temperatures, and heavy rainfall, while inland valleys ex- perience hot, dry summers, subfreezing winter temperatures, and some- what lower annual precipitation. Despite these differences, the trees do fairly well in Contra Costa County, and the species is preferred, owing to its rapid growth. During 1961 and 1962, however, a large number of Monterey pines in the Walnut Creek area abruptly died or suffered ab- normal limb dieback. Although the cause of this sudden dying is not known, and the ultimate agent may have varied from tree to tree, it seems likely that the overall decline was the effect of drought conditions during the preceding 3 years, coupled with an abnormally hot summer in 1961. Some trees which died abruptly contained a tremendous num- ber of pitch tubes developed by adults of Dendroctonus valens LeConte in the basal trunk region, and this scolytid was indicated as the final cause of death. In other instances trees survived the presence of numer- ous D. valens , but many large limbs died. Often dead trees or those with flagged branches were left standing, contributing to the buildup of secondary insects likely to migrate to other weakened individuals. Several trees planted 50 or 60 years ago in shallow soil on a limestone spur ridge of Shell Ridge near Walnut Creek were among those involved. At least two died and were left standing for one season. Another, which was severely affected by Dendroctonus before receiving treatment in 1961, lost many larger limbs during 1961 and 1962. Two of the branches which faded during 1962 were removed from the tree in Octo- ber and caged. Six individuals of Melanophila californica were reared during 1963. The only other species obtained from these branches was the large scolytid, Ips mexicanus (= radiatae) Hopkins, also represented by only six specimens. During 1963 and 1964 no additional trees were observed to die in the vicinity, but some additional branches were killed on weakened trees. Another large limb was removed from the previously sampled tree, in October 1963. Foliage on this branch turned brown during the summer, 138 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 and examination of the cambium region revealed two adults of Ips mexicanus in egg galleries and a large number of both adults and larvae of a small scolytid, Pityophthorus gracilis Swaine. Again, only a few adults of Melanophila calif ornica emerged from the caged material dur- ing the following year. Although P. gracilis was also obtained only in small numbers, emergence and reentry into the bark by this beetle may have escaped notice owing to its small size. In any event, the low nu- merical density of M. californica in recent dieback suggests that the species is a secondary one in this complex. Melanophila consputa LeConte and M. acuminata DeGeer, have been attracted to smoke at this same site (Powell, 1963) but were not obtained from the weakened Pinus radiata. Literature Cited Bright, D. E. 1964. Descriptions of three new species and new distribution records of California bark beetles (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40: 165-170. Chemsak, J. A., and J. A. Powell. 1964. Observations on the larval habits of some Callidiini with special reference to Callidiellum cupressi (Van Dyke) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) . Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 37: 119- 122 . Essig, E. 0. 1926. Insects of western North America. Macmillan Co., New York, 1035 p. Keen, F. P. 1952. Insect enemies of western forests, rev. ed. U. S. Dept. Agric., Misc. Publ., 273, 280 p. 1958. Cone and seed insects of western forest trees. U. S. Dept. Agric., Tech. Bull., 1169, 168 p. Linsley, E. G., and J. A. Chemsak. 1963. Some new North American Cerambyc- idae. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39: 207-212. Powell, J. A. 1962. (Rearing of Callidium antennatum hesperum Casey). In Proc. Pacific Coast Ent. Soc., 277th meeting. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 38: 70. 1963. (Attraction of Melanophila to a small, smoky fire). In Proc. Pacific Ent. Soc., 283rd meeting. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39: 64-65. West, A. S., Jr. 1947. The California flat-headed borer ( Melanophila californica Van Dyke) in ponderosa pine stands of northeastern California. Canad. Jour. Research, D, 25: 97-118. April 1965] SCIENTIFIC NOTE 139 SCIENTIFIC NOTE An unusual pattern of behavior for the solitary wasp Stenodynerus claremontensis (Hymenoptera : Vespidae). — During the summers of 1962 and 1963, while conducting a biological study on the ground-nesting vespid wasp Stenodynerus claremontensis (Cameron) in the Parma region of southwestern Idaho, a previously unrecorded behavior pattern for solitary wasps was observed. On 14 different occasions while excavating nests the disturbed female wasp was seen to concentrate her attention on a newly laid egg, eventually carrying it off. The nesting site at which the observations were made was located in a clay bank, approximately 1 meter high, in which each female constructed a single nest containing up to 12 cells. A nest consisted of a short, 2 to 3 cm, horizontal tunnel, turning downward to a 5 to 14 cm vertical tunnel with closed side branches at the bottom containing pairs of completed cells. In constructing the nest the female started a single cell at the bottom of the vertical shaft, suspended an egg from the upper third of one of the walls, provisioned the cell with 14 to 46 small caterpillars, and finally sealed it. A second cell was started immediately above the first and was similarly provisioned and sealed. Above this pair of cells a new side tunnel was started and the process repeated. Several hundred of these nests were excavated during the two summers, the majority of them in the evening between 6 and 8 p.m. after the female wasp had entered the burrow for the night. The female was usually found facing outward within a few centimeters of the entrance. As excavation progressed she backed down the tunnel and into the cell at the bottom. With care this cell could be opened enough on one side to observe what happened inside without disturbing the contents. If no quick or threatening movements were made by the observer the female wasp usually did not immediately leave. On two occasions when the egg was attached to the removed section of cell wall the wasp thoroughly examined the inside of the cell, the edges of the opening, and searched among the caterpillars in the cell bottom for 2 or 3 minutes before leaving. When the cell still contained an egg she soon centered her attention on it, touching it with her antennae and tentatively pulling on it with her mandibles. The egg eventually was freed and fell to the bottom of the cell, forcing the female to hunt for it. When the egg was relocated she reexamined it and attempted to grasp either the egg or the filament on the posterior end by which it was attached to the cell wall. For a wasp which easily carried and maneuvered caterpillars and pellets of dirt as small as the egg, she appeared to have great difficulty with the smooth egg. Eventually the wasp obtained a secure grip on the middle of the egg (a slightly curved, round-ended cylinder 0.7 mm in diameter and 2.7 mm long) and either flew off with it immediately, or while carrying it examined the broken cell and surrounding area for up to 30 seconds before leaving. In only one case did the female drop the egg and fly off without it, and only once did the female return (without the egg) to the site of the destroyed nest. This behavior was entirely restricted to newly laid eggs. Never was it seen associated with eggs estimated to be over 40 hours old (eclosion took place in 70 to 80 hours) , with early instar larvae, or the prey stored in the cell. What eventually became of the egg, or why the wasp behaved in this manner were not determined. — George P. Markin, University of Idaho, Moscow. 140 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 2 BOOK REVIEW An Introduction to the Study of Insects. By Donald J. Borror and Dwight M. DeLong. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, ed. 2, xii -}- 819 pages, illus. 1964. $10.75. This updated revision of this well-known text has made a good book even better. Although it remains a book which is primarily useful for identification of insects, it contains a wealth of information on distribution and biology, much of which has been augmented. The sections concerning morphology, physiology, and development are minimal. They cover only the information needed to make use of the main body of the book dealing with classification and identification. However, even these sections have been improved and brought up to date. Perhaps the most important addition to these sections is the increase in the references following each of these chapters. But what of the classification portion of the book? This too has been expanded and has been greatly modified as well. Most of the keys have been changed and many now deal with a greater number of taxa. The key to orders now includes four more orders, Protura, Embioptera, Zoraptera, and Strepsiptera, which had been omitted from the first edition. The Orthoptera keys deal with more families, and keys to the subfamilies are now separate and more extensive in coverage. The classification is still conservative (e.g., the Mantodea, Blattaria, and Phasmodea are still considered suborders) but the expanded coverage makes up for this and in many cases the authorities responsible for the classifications used are named. There are of course errors of commission and omission. In spite of the expansion in the classification of the Homoptera, two families of North American Fulgoroidea are omitted (Kinnaridae and Tropiduchidae) although two families included are not found in North America according to Metcalf (Lophopidae and Ricaniidae) . The Coleoptera key now treats all the North American families and has been greatly modified. Unfortunately, at least in the case of the Curculionidae, the key to subfamilies is quite misleading. Only 15 of the 42 North American subfamilies are included, but the key implies that all are treated. Some spelling errors are as follows: p. 212, Acanaloiidae, read Acanaloniidae ; p. 242, Machilidae, read Malachiidae; p. 285, Clambidiae, read Clambidae; and p. 329, Curculionoidae, read Curculionoidea. Finally concerning this portion of the book, we must not neglect the excellent enlarged section dealing with Arthropoda other than insects. The final sections of the book dealing with the relations of insects to man, col- lecting and preserving insects, and activities, projects in insect studies, and the glossary have been only slightly modified. The chapter on insect control has been omitted. In general, as has been indicated above, the errors are relatively minor and the additions more than make up for them. Here is a book which will serve well in many entomology courses just as the first edition has in the past. — Charles W. O’Brien, University of California , Berkeley. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS Advertisers Index Name Page Colloidal Products Corp. i Shell Chemical Company ii California Chemical Company — Ortho Division iii American Cyanamid Company iv Velsicol Chemical Corp. v Mountain Copper Company, Ltd. vi Trojan Laboratories vi Hercules Powder Company vii Niagara Chemical Division — Food Machinery Chemical Corp. viii Chemagro Corporation ix United States Rubber x Insect Pins xi D-Vac Co. xi Leitz, Inc. xii Rohm & Haas Company xiv 1 What is a spray adjuvant ? A substance added to a spray formula to improve the performance of the active ingredient. Your Agricultural Chemical Distributor will be happy to supply literature and recommendations as to the proper Multi-Film Spray Adjuvant for your specific application, or write direct to : Colloidal Products Corporation 100 Gate 5 Road, Sausalito, California 11 How to put the finishing touch on any insect control program D on't run a needless risk. Complete your program by making sure that empty in- secticide containers won’t cause problems. The picture above shows how easily a tractor wheel crushes an empty 5-gallon pail. Puncturing, burying, or burning are other positive ways to deal with containers or packages. By eliminating the possibility of misuse of a pesticide container, you protect yourself, your family, workers and livestock. The destruction of empty containers — or disposal by other recognized methods— is one of the essential parts of any pesticide pro- gram. For safety and effectiveness throughout your program, follow these simple steps: ( 1 ) read the label on any pesticide carefully, before you start, (2) follow the directions and precautions exactly, (3) make sure your application goes only on the crop to be pro- tected; drift to neighboring cropland or streams is bad business, (4) never clean or flush out your equipment near a stream, and (5) complete the job by crushing and bury- ing all small empty containers. To dispose of drums: return them to the formulator, sell them to a cooperage equipped to decontaminate them, or destroy them ac- cording to procedures recommended by the U.S.D.A. Play it safe and you do a great deal to en- sure the efficient and profitable performance of any pesticide. Shell Chemical Company Agricultural Chemicals Division Ill By Wt. '-dlpyridylium dibromide* 40% 60% Diquat ion per gallon as 4 lbs. salt ORTHO' DEPTH OF WATER « -t) 1 lONTENTS 5 GALLONS USE STRICTLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH WARNINGS AND DIRECTIONS; AND IN FEDERAL /LND STATE REGULATIONS. Y CONTAINER WHEN EMPTY. NEVER RE-USE. lew herbicidal chemical for use in the desic- jnts in preharvest application in order 1o nical and hand harvesting. It is also recom- general weed killer and as an aquatic weed id herbicidal action is usually quite rapid a few days. Diquat is inactivated on contact se on lawns. DIRECT! activity, ORT 6 to 8 ounces oer acre. (1 oun 1 liquat is more eff> N-PLANTED AREAS: 4 Gardens, Buildings nee Lines, Parkways arv^®rivew< roadleaved and Grass-Type Weei (2 teaspoonluls to 1 gal. water). XI lorough weed contact. Apply prefera p to seeding of weeds. Repeat applicatio! nlain control, particularly on grasses and \void spray contact with foliage of food plants. harvest Desiccation of Foliage— 1 quart per •Is. water by ground application, and 10 to 20 gals, water by airplane application. Apply os plants reach maturity and use full coverage spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. SORGHUM (Seed Crops only): Preharvest Desiccation of Foliage— l quart per acre in 20 to 30 gals, water by ground sprayer ap- plication and 5 to 10 gals, water by air. Apply within 1 2 weeks of harvest and when seeds have not more than 30%i ure. Do not use. seed from treated plants for food, feed^ purposes. 9UATIC WF« (Infesting still and slol | canalii^^ATING WEEDS (Water Led ^Apply 2 to 3 quarts per acre, 'u! _ _ TsDray per ocre for thorough coveroge. Spray floating 1 folios* is thoroughly wet. Water Lettuce— Aerial Ap- _7-5.9ols. dilute spray per acre. Avoid drift of spray ht Vegetation to avoid severe plant injury. Repeat treat- ment when new Infestation occurs. SUBMERSED WEEDS— (Coon- tail, Elodea, Pond Weeds, Southern Naiad)— Use 1.5 to 2.5 ppm (by weight) Diquat cation injected below the water surface ond distributed as evenly as possible. Repeal treatment when new infestation occurs. See dilution chart. Note: Inject below * Do not use treate swimming, sprayinc after treatment. Do CAUTION: Do nol eep livestock out; equipment I application Concen or dothii when hone spray ml othing on get medical off water. Ke iOlt Ovoid drift k might be damaged use Of Consumption. NOTICE: The stale □genii concerning They are believed tforts of use which i trol, California Ch» authorize any age guarantee or repre material, except th the label. Neither shall be held respc or property damag or to any person fre whether or not in c oil risk and liability and accepts and us Recommended reading for all ages This is an ORTHO label. You see it on drums, cans, jugs and sacks of pesticide. And no matter how old you are — or how long you’ve been using pesticides — you should always read it carefully from beginning to end. It takes ORTHO chemists literally years of testing to determine correct label directions and cautions on new products. And they’re constantly re-testing the old ones to come up with new uses and new label directions. So if you want to get the most effective, econom- ical and safest performance from a pesticide, reading its label is a “must”. If you’re too young to read, this label should never be left within your reach. You might get hurt. And if you’re a field worker who can’t read, your boss should tell you why pesti- cides — and even empty pesticide containers — can be dangerous. Pesticides can only help you if you use them correctly. Make sure you do. Read the label. CALIFORNIA CHEMICAL COMPANY ORTHO DIVISION, 200 Bush St., San Francisco 20, California r.M, REP, V.s. PAT, QFF.: ORTHO ON ALL CHEMICALS, READ DIRECTIONS AND CAUTIONS BEFORE USE. 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FUMIGANTS ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE An insecticidal fumigant, nematocide and soil insecticide. Usually used in combination with methyl bromide. PE5TM ASTER® METHYL BROMIDE An insecticidal fumigant, rodenticide, nematocide, and herbicide. ;> y. c ; i; ix-: x/:':':;. x. t-.v.jxj /:•' : : : : i.J: ‘Sgi-g' FUNGICIDES ’>;• •>>' •-:< '•£. < :::• .->> ?>* Xvv. . •.:• •• : ; v. • ; : ' •• . ; VELSICOL MEMMI .B-EC MERCURIC FUNGICIDE Controls brown patch, dollar spot, copper spot, melting out (Helminthosporlum), gray leaf spot of St. Augustine Grass, and cottony blight (Pythium) or Rye grass. An emulsifiable concentrate that mixes fast, does not need constantagitation.and leaves no sediment in spray tanks. FERBAM Fungicide used in control of scab and cedar apple rust and as a protective fungicide for other crops. Also used to control blue mold in tobacco plant beds. ZIRAM Fungicide used extensively on vegetables and on some fruit crops. Best used as a preventive treatment. VELSICOL® 2-1 Turf fungicide used to control brown patch, dollar spot, snow mold and other turf diseases. PMA An organic foliage fungicide also used for post emer- gence crabgrass control, seed treatment, and turf disease control. VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION/341 E. Ohio St., Chicago, III. 60611 VELSICOL INTER NATIONAL COBP., C.A./P. O. Box 1687, Nassau, Bahamas, VELSICOL CORPORATION OF CANADA, LIMITED /2 Carlton SI., Suite 1018, Toronto 2, Canada VELSICOL INTERNACIDNAL DE MEXICO S.A. DE C.V./ Morelos No. 110-Desp. 209, Mexico 6, D.F. VI FERRIC 27 A NEW AND IMPROVED IRON FOR AGRICULTURE Free flowing — granular — for easy applica- tion by airplane or ground applicators. MOUNTAIN Ferric 27 contains 27% Iron expressed as metallic from Ferric Sulphate and Ferric Oxide. Iron deficiencies in rice and other crops are being recognized as a limiting factor to maximum production. Mountain Ferric 27 has been proved ef- fective. Samples for testing available upon request. THE MOUNTAIN COOPER CO., LTD. 100 Mococo Road, Martinez, Calif. A Service for the Field Testing & Evaluation of Agricultural Chemicals Under Western Conditions Entomology Chemistry Floriculture Engineering Plant Pathology Trojan Laboratories Box 420 Montebello, California Vll DELNAV* (dioxathion) TOXAPHENE (chlorinated camphene, 67-69% Cl) ...proved toxicants from Hercules SV65-1 ® HERCULES TRADEMARK Specify toxicants with proved effectiveness. Write for technical information and recommendations POWDER COMPANY 120 Montgomery Street San Francisco, California 94104 vm AMD BETTER 0 U AL ITfv'N IAGARA— FO R.M ORE TJslAN A ' VOUR PARTitefMN ASR^^|jR/ifi ■ • ' - ’ " ' '' ‘ CHEMICAL PROGRESS. Putting Ideas to Work NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION ANAHEIM • FRESNO • RICHMOND • YAKIMA Home Office: MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK Recognize this mark? Ctiemagra, V CHEMAGRO CORPORATION KANSAS CITY 20 • MISSOURI It is the Chemagro Corporation trademark. You see it on all chemical products manufactured by Chemagro. 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Whether you require only bright-field viewing or fluorescent and phase contrast methods, you will find that all Leitz stands can be fitted to handle each technique easily. Leitz laboratory instrumentation permits research in depth: -A superb micromanipulator with motion reduction to 1:1/800. -Several microtomes are available for the flaw- less preparation of microsections for applications in elec- tron, phase contrast, research, and routine microscopy. -Heating and cooling stages for high- and low-temperature thermal observations. -The ultimate in microprojection for teaching and conference purposes. -A complete range of photomicrographic cameras— including the exclusive, automatic Orthomat. These are but a few examples from the complete line of Leitz scientific instruments. Write for complete descriptive information of the individual instrument which you require. 54164 Xlll PUBLICATIONS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Yol. 2 (numbers 1—9, 131 pages) . 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST. Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or $1.50 per single issue. MEMOIR SERIES. Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world. Published October 1951. Price $6.00. Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages. Published July 1955. Price $10.00. 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ROHtVI PHILADELPHIA, PA, 10105 Vol. 41 JULY 1965 No. 3 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist CONTENTS CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY — New Genera and Species of North American Cerambycidae 141 BUTLER AND RITCHIE — Additional Biological Notes on Megachile concinna Smith in Arizona 153 LINSLEY — Notes on Male Territorial Behavior in the Galapagos Carpenter Bee 158 WICKMAN — Black-Backed Three-Toed Woodpecker, Picoides arcticus, Predation on Monochamus oregonensis 162 HYNES — The Immature Stages of the Genus Lipsothrix in the Western United States 165 TAYLOR — Notes on Some South African Bees 173 COBBEN — A New Shore-Bug from Death Valley, California 180 LABERGE AND HURD — A New Subgenus and Species of Matinal Andrena from the Flowers of Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) in Mexico 186 CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY— A Revised Key to the Species of Elytroleptus with Notes on Variation and Geographical Distribution 193 CARAYON AND USINGER — A New Genus of Neotropical Anthocoridae that Resembles the Bed Bug 200 ARNAUD AND RENTZ — Ceracia dentata, a parasite of Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica in California 204 SCIENTIFIC NOTE 179 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA * 1965 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr. H. V. Daly, Editor J. R. Anderson, Asst. Editor L. B. O’Brien, Editorial Assistant E. S. Ross H. B. Leech P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer W. H. Lange, Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed- ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sci- ences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be addressed to the Secretary, Dr. Carlton S. Koehler, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members of the Society or $6.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society Officers for 1965 William E. Ferguson, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer C. Don MacNeill, Vice-President Carlton S. Koehler, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October) Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editor: Dr. Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: none. This issue mailed 16 August 1965. Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. THE ALLEN PRESS LAWRENCE, KANSAS The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 41 July 1965 No. 3 New Genera and Species of North American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) John A. Chemsak and E. G. Linsley University of California, Berkeley In the relatively brief interval since the publication of parts 2-5 of a monographic study of North American Cerambycidae (Linsley, 1962a, 1962b, 1963, 1964) , a number of undescribed genera and species have been discovered which extend our knowledge of the nature and scope of the tribes Methiini, Elaphidionini and Clytini. Some of these have been described previously (Chemsak and Linsley, 1964a, 1964b). Others are characterized below. We also take the opportunity to describe a new subspecies of Arhopalus rusticus (Linnaeus) which represents a significant extension of the known range of that species. Arhopalus rusticus hesperus Chemsak and Linsley, new subspecies Color piceous to dark brown; antennae with second segment at least twice as long as apical width; pronotum distinctly impressed; posterior tarsi with third segment as long as broad; pubescence of elytra very fine, short, subdepressed. Length, 15-25 mm. Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from Pinyon Flat, Riverside County, California, 28 May 1960 (J. Geest) ; allotype fe- male from Lower Covington Flat, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California, 28 June 1961 (R. E. Somerby) ; paratypes as follows: 1 male, 1 female, Westgard Pass, 7,200 feet, Inyo County, California, 26 July 1962 (D. C. Rentz, C. D. MacNeill) ; 1 female, White Mountains Research Station, 10,150 feet, Mono County, Califor- nia, 17 July 1961 (D. C. Rentz). This subspecies may be separated from A. rusticus montanus (Le- Conte), from the southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent ranges of Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico, by the darker coloration, broader third segment of the posterior tarsi, and the finer, shorter pubescence of the elytra. A. rusticus has not been known previously from California. It ap- parently occurs along the east side of the Sierra Nevada from Mono County into montane areas of the northern Colorado Desert. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 141-153. July 1965 142 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 Haplidoeme Chemsak and Linsley, new genus Form slender, elongate, depressed, sides parallel. Head large, front short; eyes moderately deeply emarginate, not embracing antennal insertions, widely separated above and below, lower lobe large; palpi short, unequal, slightly dilated at apex; antennae about as long as body, segments thickened and slightly expanded, second segment longer than broad, segments without acute tubercles or apical spines, basal segments with few apical setae. Pronotum slightly broader than long, sub- parallel, sides slightly rounded to subangulate before middle, apex and base not impressed; disk subopaque, vaguely punctate; prosternum not impressed, coxae subconical; intercoxal process narrow, laminiform, extending slightly behind coxae; episternum of metathorax narrowing behind. Elytra elongate, parallel sided, feebly costate; apices rounded; legs slender, femora not clavate; posterior tarsi with first segment longer than two following together, third segment feebly cleft. Type species. — Haplidoeme schlingeri Chemsak and Linsley, new species. This genus appears to have no clear affinities with other known Methiini. The thickened, expanded antennal segments are similar to those in Pseudomethia but Haplidoeme differs by the longer second antennal segment, elongate elytra, the eyes not embracing the antennal insertions, and the more rounded pronotum. This genus shares a number of characters with Haplidus of the Hesperophanini. However, it appears to us to be clearly assignable to the Methiini. Haplidoeme may be placed in Linsley ’s (1962b: 14) key to the Methiini as follows: 1. Elytra entire; anterior coxae separated by a narrow prosternal process 2 Elytra abbreviated, or if (rarely) nearly as long as abdomen, anterior coxae contiguous, without prosternal process Coleomethia, Tessaropa, Pseudomethia, Styloxus, and Methia 2(1). Pronotum rounded, unarmed at sides 3 Pronotum tuberculate at sides Eudistenia and Vandykea 3(2). Pronotum constricted or subparallel at base; palpi feebly dilated; inter- coxal process of prosternum long 4 Pronotum lobed at base; palpi broadly dilated; intercoxal process of prosternum short Malacopterus 4(3). Antennae with basal segments not possessing acute tubercles; inter- coxal process of prosternum not pointed at apex 5 Antennae with basal segments armed with acute tubercles beneath, intercoxal process of prosternum pointed at apex Oeme 5(4). Antennae with segments filiform; base of pronotum impressed; eyes embracing antennal insertions Paranoplium Antennae with segments thickened; base of pronotum not impressed; eyes not embracing antennal insertions Haplidoeme July 1965] chemsak & linsley — new cerambycidae 143 Haplidoeme schlingeri Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 1) Male. — Form slender, depressed; color testaceous, head and pronotum slightly darker; pubescence sparse, short and suberect and long and erect. Head broader than pronotum; antennal tubercles prominent, area behind concave, vertex sub- opaque, vaguely punctate; pubescence sparse, long, erect; eyes moderately deeply emarginate, upper lobes small, separated above and below by about twice diameter of antennal scape; antennae with segments thickened, third segment subequal in length to first, fourth subequal to third, fifth longer than fourth, eleventh longer than tenth, slightly appendiculate, basal segments shining, sparsely pubescent and ciliate at apices, segments from fourth subopaque. Pronotum broader than long, sides slightly inflated before middle, disk subopaque, vaguely, shallowly punctate; sparsely clothed with long, erect hairs; stridulatory plate of mesonotum evenly convex; scutellum small, rounded, glabrous; prosternum shallowly trans- versely rugulose; metasternum sparsely pubescent. Elytra over three times longer than broad, disk feebly bicostate; surface subopaque, shallowly, vaguely punctate; pubescence very short, sparse, suberect with longer, more erect hairs sparsely interspersed; apices rounded. Legs slender, moderately pubescent; posterior tarsi slender, first segment longer than following two together, third segment feebly cleft. Abdomen sparsely pubescent; last ventral segment broad, shallowly emargi- nate medially. Length, 10 mm. Female. — Antennae slightly shorter; abdomen with apex of last ventral segment subtruncate. Length, 10 mm. Holotype male , allotype female (California Academy of Sciences) and three female paratypes from Deep Canyon, Riverside County, Cali- fornia, 9 October 1963, at light (E. I. Schlinger, M. E. Erwin) ; 22 August 1963, at light (E. I. Schlinger) ; 30 June 1964, at white light (G. Ballmer, K. Brown) . This species resembles a small Aneflomorpha or Haplidus. Among the North American Methiini it is distinctive in the pale coloration, thickened, nontuberculate antennae, entire elytra, and rather feebly (for a methiine) emarginate eyes. We take pleasure in naming this species after E. I. Schlinger who made available to us extensive collections of Cerambvcidae from the •> vicinity of the Philip L. Boyd Desert Research Center, Deep Canyon, Riverside County, California. Metliia curvipennis Chemsak and Linsley, new species Male. — Form small, short; elytra pale brownish; pronotum, underside, and appendages darker brown, head fuscus; pubescence pale, fine, sparse. Head nearly as broad as elytra; eyes narrowly rounded beneath, separated by about diameter of antennal scape, separated above by less than diameter of third antennal segment, deeply emarginate, lobes connected by a single row of facets; vertex behind eyes opaque, distinctly punctate; antennae extending about five segments beyond elytra, scape with a moderate tooth at apex, segments three to five subequal in length, remaining segments gradually decreasing in length. Pronotum about as long as 144 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 July 1965] chemsak & linsley — new cerambycidae 145 broad, sides slightly subangulate at middle, barely impressed at base, not im- pressed at apex; disk flattened, subopaque, minutely reticulate punctate with scattered larger vague punctures each bearing a long curved seta; stridulatory plate of mesonotum with an elevated longitudinal ridge; prosternum shallowly im- pressed transversely, not inflated. Elytra slightly more than twice as long as broad, covering only first two abdominal segments, sides attenuated from slightly before middle, dehiscing at suture, apices rounded; disk partially subopaque, base very shallowly, coarsely punctate, punctures not evident toward apex; each elytron vaguely costate; pubescence fine, sparse, longer, and suberect at base. Legs slender, tibiae with bristling hairs. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctate, and pubescent; apex of last sternite emarginate. Length, 4^5 mm. Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) and two male para- types from Deep Canyon, Riverside County, California, 20 June 1963, 24 June 1964, at light (E. I. Schlinger) . This species is related to M. falli Martin and M. carinata Linsley by possessing the ridged stridulatory plate of the mesonotum. M. curvipen- nis differs from falli in the noninflated, impressed prosternum, less broadly rounded sides of the pronotum, less prominent apical tooth of the antennal scape, and the single row of facets connecting the eye lobes. From carinata it may be distinguished by having the eyes nar- rowly rounded beneath, less widely separated eyes above and below, and connected by a single row of facets. M. curvipennis also possesses an apical tooth on the antennal scape. Astromula Chemsak and Linsley, new genus Form elongate, robust, a little depressed. Head narrower than prothorax; front short, moderately channeled medially, antennal tubercles barely elevated; genae short, acute; mandibles stout, arcuate; palpi subequal, apical segments feebly dilated; eyes deeply emarginate, coarsely faceted; antennae stout, short, extend- ing to a little before middle of elytra in males, segments unarmed, noncarinate, barely excavated beneath. Prothorax broadly rounded at sides, not impressed basally nor apically; disk convex, without dorsal calluses; prosternum feebly transversely impressed, anterior coxal cavities slightly angulate externally; an- terior intercoxal process arcuate, expanded apically, coxal cavities open behind by width of apex of prosternal process; intercoxal process of mesosternum deeply notched medially, cavities open to epimeron; episternum of metathorax broad in front. Elytra subparallel, without costae; apices rounded, unarmed. Legs short, stout; femora gradually enlarging; tibiae flattened, vaguely carinate; tarsi ex- panded, first segment of posterior pair shorter than following two together, third segment cleft to base. Abdomen normally segmented, last tergite exposed. Type species. — Astromula nitidum Chemsak and Linsley, new species. In the recent key to the genera of North American Elaphidionini Explanation of Figure Fig. 1. Haplidoeme schlingeri Chemsak and Linsley, female. 146 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 July 1965] chemsak & linsley — new cerambycidae 147 (Linsley, 1963), this genus would run out with Micranoplium and Anoplocurius, genera to which it is only distantly related. It is more closely related to Eustromula, from which it differs in the unspined antennae, the noncallused, subglabrous pronotal disk, the absence of pronotal pubescent patches, and the scarcely carinate tibiae. Astromula nitidum Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 2) Male. — Form elongate, robust, a little depressed; color dark castaneus; pu- bescence moderate, short, golden, subdepressed, and recurved. Head narrower than pronotum; front and vertex minutely, shallowly punctate, pubescence fine, depressed; antennae not extending to middle of elytra, segments without apical spines, scape stout, conical, with a dorsal, oval, confluently punctate area near apex, scape longer than third segment, third longer than fourth, fifth subequal to third, segments six to nine subequal, slightly shorter than fifth, tenth equal to fourth, eleventh longer than third, vaguely appendiculate, basal segments with a few long suberect apical hairs, segments from fourth flattened, densely clothed with short appressed pubescence. Pronotum broader than long, sides broadly rounded, apical and basal impressions absent; disk subglabrous, finely, sparsely, shallowly punctate, without calluses, punctures at sides coarse, confluent, rugose; pubescence at sides distinct, appressed and recurved with a few long erect hairs; prosternum impressed, rather finely, confluently punctate before coxae, intercoxal process slightly expanded at apex, coxal cavities open behind by about width of apex of intercoxal process; meso- and metasternum rather densely clothed with subdepressed golden pubescence; scutellum subglabrous. Elytra subparallel, over twice as long as broad; base rather finely, separately punctate, punctui-es becoming finer and denser toward apex; pubescence sparse, consisting of short, golden, recurved hairs; apices rounded, unarmed. Legs short, stout, densely pubescent; femora finely, densely punctate. Abdomen finely, densely punctate, densely clothed with depressed golden pubescence; apex of last sternite broadly subtruncate, apex of last tergite rounded. Length, 21 mm. Female. — Antennae slightly shorter; pronotum with a vague suggestion of an obtuse tubercle at sides; prosternum coarsely, confluently punctate before coxae; apex of last abdominal sternite rather narrowly rounded, apex of last tergite trun- cate. Length, 25 mm. Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from Squaw Tank, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California, 16 June 1960 (J. Geest, W. Schilling) ; allotype female from Lower Covington Flat, Joshua Tree National Monument, 12 July 1961 (D. Gillmore) ; two female paratypes from Valyermo, Los Angeles County, California, 8 July 1962 (D. E. Rich). Explanation of Figure Fig. 2. Astromula nitidum Chemsak and Linsley, male. 148 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 This species superficially resembles Eustromula validum LeConte in size and facies. The two may be readily separated by the glabrous pronotal disk and absence of antennal spines of A. nitidum. Tanyochraethes Chemsak and Linsley, new genus Form slender, elongate. Head with front elongate, not carinate; vertex narrow, elongate; antennae slender, not spinose, shorter than body length in both sexes. Pronotum rounded, approximately as long as broad, apex narrower than base, disk convex, not carinate; prosternum barely impressed, intercoxal process slender, arcuate, expanded at apex, coxal cavities widely open behind; mesosternum with intercoxal process gradually declivous in front, not protuberant; episternum of metathorax more than four times as long as wide. Elytra subparallel or slightly attenuated; pubescence depressed, uniform or forming definite bands consisting of thicker, colored hairs; each elytron with an obtuse nonprominent subsutural carina over apical half; apices usually feebly undulate truncate, outer angle more strongly dentate than inner. Legs slender, rather elongate, posterior femora feebly dentate; posterior tarsi with first segment longer than following two to- gether, apical segment cleft to base. Type species. — Tanyochraethes tildeni Chemsak and Linsley, new species. This genus differs from Anthohoscus Chevrolat (= Clytanthus Thomson) by lacking a frontal carina on the head, having a gradually declivous mesosternal process, and by the less prominent carinae and apical spines of the elytra. The shape of the mesosternal process and lack of an elongate apical spine of the elytra distinguish it from T richoxys Chevrolat, and the more elongate front of the head and gradually decli- vous mesosternal process from Ochraethes Chevrolat. In addition to the new species described below, the Mexican and Cen- tral American species previously assigned to Anthohoscus (Blackwelder, 1946) should be included in Tanyochraethes. These are T. anthophilus (Chevrolat), T. cinereola (Bates), T. clathratus (Bates), T. hololeucus (Bates), T. nigropunctatus (Chevrolat), T. ochrozona (Bates), and T. truquii (Chevrolat) (see figure 4). In Linsley ’s (1964) key to North American genera of Clytini Tanyo- chraethes will come out in the couplets involving Clytoleptus, Saro- sesthes, Ochraethes , and Triodoclytus. Tanyochraethes tildeni Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 3) Male. — Form elongate, sides subparallel; ground color black, pubescence gray- ish and yellow-orange; elytra with rather orange colored appressed pubescence forming a W-shaped stripe at basal one-third, a slightly oblique transverse band at middle, and an oblique band at apical one-third, suture broadly pubescent from scutellum to subapical band. Head with front elongate, vertex finely channeled between antennal tubercles; antennal tubercles small, subcontiguous; front and July 1965] chemsak & linsley — new cerambycidae 149 Explanation of Figure Fig. 3. Left: Elytral pattern of Tanyochraethes tildeni Chemsak and Linsley; right: typical elytral pattern of T. smithi Chemsak and Linsley. vertex finely punctate, densely clothed with thick, appressed, grayish and yellow pubescence; antennae slender, extending to a little beyond middle of elytra, seg- ments unarmed, scape slender, longer than third segment, third segment equal to fourth, fifth longer than fourth, sixth longer than fifth, seventh and eighth sub- equal to sixth, ninth and tenth shorter, eleventh equal to scape, basal segments moderately clothed with grayish recumbent pubescence, remainder densely pu- bescent, long coarse, darkened suberect hairs present internally from third seg- ment but decreasing in number distally where they are confined largely to apices of segments, segments from sixth carinate along inside margin. Pronotum about as long as broad, sides rounded, apex narrower than base, base feebly impressed at sides; disk convex, densely, moderately coarsely and finely punctate, punctures subcontiguous, center with a small linear glabrous callus behind middle; pubescence griayish yellow, dense, appressed; prosternum barely impressed, densely clothed with gray recumbent pubescence; episternum of metathorax densely clothed with thick yellow and white recumbent pubescence; scutellum July 1965] chemsak & linsley — new cerambycidae 151 narrowly rounded apically, sparsely pubescent. Elytra more than two and one-half times as long as broad, sides slightly tapering apically; punctures minute, dense; pubescent pattern consisting of a broad yellow and white basal band, an orangish sutural band extending from scutellum to base of subapical band, an orangish W-shaped band extending obliquely back from humeri to basal two-fifths and obliquely forward to join sutural band, an orangish oblique median band joining at sutural band, and a broader, oblique subapical orangish band, bands extending almost to margins and joined marginally by a narrow, thinner whitish band, apex with a broad band of sparse whitish pubescence; black spots densely clothed with fine recumbent black pubescence; apices feebly sinuate truncate, outer angle more strongly dentate than inner. Legs slender, femora moderately densely pubescent. Abdomen densely, finely punctate, densely whitish pubescent, first three sternites with a large patch of recumbent yellow pubescence at sides; apex of last sternite broadly, shallowly emarginate. Length, 12-14 mm. Female. — Antennae slightly shorter, not carinate; apex of last abdominal sternite rounded. Length, 13 mm. Holotype male , allotype female (California Academy of Sciences) from Welder Wildlife Reserve, San Patricio County, Texas, 2 November 1963 (J. W. Tilden) ; 3 male paratypes with same data. The pubescent pattern is quite uniform in all five specimens. This species is named for J. W. Tilden who made the material avail- able for study. Tanyocliraethes smithi Chemsak and Linsley, new species (Fig. 3) Male. — Form slender, elongate. Color usually black, pubescence yellow, dense, appressed, usually forming an undulating pattern on elytra. Head with vertex finely channeled, densely clothed with appressed yellow pubescence with few long erect hairs interspersed; punctures fine, dense; antennae extending to about apical one-third of elytra, scape slender, longer than third segment, third segment subequal to fourth, fifth longer than fourth, sixth longer than fifth, subequal to scape, seventh and eighth equal to sixth, ninth and tenth subequal, shorter than eighth, eleventh subequal to scape, basal segments sparsely pubescent, with a few long suberect hairs internally, outer segments densely clothed with very short brownish appressed pubescence, segments six to at least nine usually with a fine internal carina. Pronotum about as long as broad, sides rounded; disk convex, densely moderately coarsely punctate, with a small basal glabrous spot at middle, sides more coarsely, separately punctate; pubescence yellow, dense, uniform, and depressed with a few long white erect hairs interspersed; prosternum feebly im- pressed, densely clothed with recumbent yellow pubscence; meso- and metasternum densely clothed with depressed yellow pubescence with a few long white erect hairs <; — Explanation of Figure Fig. 4. Upper left: Elytral pattern of Tanyocliraethes clathratus (Chevrolat) ; upper right: T. cinereola (Bates) ; lower left: T. truquii (Chevrolat) ; and lower right: T. hololeucus (Bates). 152 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 interspersed; episternum of metathorax very densely clothed with yellow recumbent pubescence; scutellum densely pubescent. Elytra slightly less than three times as long as broad, sides subparallel; subsutural costae over apical one-half obtuse, not prominent; punctures minute, dense; dense yellow pubescence interrupted by four black spots, first obliquely arcuate, extending from humeri to basal fourth well away from suture, second submedian, arcuate, broader, extending from margins, separated by sutural yellow pubescence, third broadest, postmedian, ex- tending obliquely from near suture to margins, fourth subapical, roughly triangular with the base at margins, dark areas clothed with black depressed pubescence; apices obscured by the long pubescence, feebly sinuately truncate, angles dentate. Legs slender, femora moderately densely pubescent. Abdomen finely shallowly punctate; sternites very densely yellow pubescent at sides, middle sparsely pu- bescent with a few long white hairs interspersed; apex of last sternite shallowly emarginate. Length, 9-13 mm. Female. — Antennae extending to about middle of elytra, noncarinate; apex of last abdominal sternite broadly rounded. Length, 8-12 mm. Holotype male and allotype female (American Museum of Natural History) from 4 miles west Mazamitla, Jalisco, Mexico, 6,800 feet, 16 October 1950 (Ray F. Smith) ; eleven paratypes (7 male, 4 female) with same data; one male paratype from Mazamitla, 3 September 1963 (A. E. Michelbacher) . This species is somewhat variable in the pubescent pattern of the elytra. In some cases the appressed yellow pubescence is suffused over most of the surface with the black markings greatly reduced. Also, in a few specimens the integument beneath the transverse yellow bands is brownish. We take pleasure in naming this species for Ray F. Smith who col- lected the type series. Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation through Grant GB-2326. Appreciation is also expressed to the following who made collections of Cerambycidae available for study : H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences; J. G. Rozen and P. Vaurie, American Museum of Natural History; E. I. Schlinger, Univer- sity of California, Riverside; E. L. Sleeper, Long Beach State College, California; and J. W. Tilden, San Jose State College, California. Special thanks are extended to Celeste Green, Division of Entomology and Acar- ology, University of California, Berkeley, for preparing the illustrations, and to J. N. Knull for the loan of a type specimen of Methia from his collection. July 1965] butler & ritchie — biology of megachile 153 Literature Cited Blackwelder, R. E. 1946. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 4. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 185: 551-763. Chemsak, J. A., and E. G. Linsley. 1964a. Methiine Cerambycidae of Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Jour. New York Entomol. Soc., 72: 40-61, fig. 1964b. Descriptions and records of Mexican Methiini (Coleoptera: Ceram- bycidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40: 158-161. Linsley, E. G. 1962a. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part II. Taxonomy and classification of the Parandrinae, Prioninae, Spondylinae, and Aseminae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 19: 1-102, figs. 1-34, 1 pi. 1962b. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part III. Taxonomy and classi- fication of the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribes Opsimini through Mega- derini. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 20: 1-188, 56 figs. 1963. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part IV. Taxonomy and classifi- cation of the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribes Elaphidionini through Rhinotragini. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 21: 1-165, figs. 1-52. 1964. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part V. Taxonomy and classifi- cation of the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribes Callichromini through Ancylocerini. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 22: 1-197, figs. 1-60. Additional Biological Notes on Megachile concinna Smith in Arizona 1 (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae) George D. Butler, Jr. and Philip L. Ritchie, Jr. University of Arizona, Tucson The life history and nesting habits of Megachile ( Eutricharaea ) con- cinna Smith in southern Arizona were discussed by Butler and War go (1963) . It was concluded at that time that M. concinna was not a poten- tially manageable pollinator in southern Arizona due to the reluctance of the bees to utilize artificial holes for nesting and the presence of a chalcid parasite. The successful management of M. rotundata (Fabri- cius) in northern areas, by Stephen (1962), Bohart and Knowlton (1964), and Hobbs (1964), prompted additional observations on M. concinna in 1964 reported in the present paper. Emergence of bees from straws. — Field collections of leafcutter bees at Tucson indicate that spring generation adults become active during April and May. On 20 June 1964, bees hibernating in milk straws were collected from a research farm and a residence where they 1 Journal paper. University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station technical paper No. 962. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 153-157. July 1965 154 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 Table 1. Emergence of Megachile concinna adults from straws col- lected from fields on 20 June 1964, Tucson. June July Emergence Number of Dates Bees 24-26 3 27-29 0 30-2 0 3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 53 92 71 83 36 0 had been in shelters for approximately 11 months. The emergence of adult bees from the straws is shown in Table 1. These results indicate that the end of the emergence of overwintering bees may come as late as the latter part of June, while the emergence of the first generation adults may occur during early July. Observations on pollinator activity in a birds-foot trefoil field and a small alfalfa field several miles away indicated that bees were very numerous in July, but became less abundant in August, and were very scarce in early September. It was of interest that during August a birds-foot trefoil field of about 1 acre was very attractive to the leafcutter bees, while an acre of alfalfa being grown for seed about 100 yards away, had no leafcutter bee activity. Length of developmental stages. — Milk straws with newly con- structed cells were collected at 2-day intervals and brought to the lab- oratory where they were held in three temperature cabinets (modified household refrigerators) . The cabinets were programmed so they had fluctuating temperatures with 12 hours at one temperature and 12 hours at another 20° F higher. The time required for adult bees to develop from the newly laid egg is given in Table 2. The developmental period from egg to adult decreased from approximately 6 weeks, at an average temperature of 75° F, to 4 weeks at 85° F, and to 3 weeks at 95° F. The duration of the pupal stage was compared in 4 cabinets with 20° F fluctuating temperatures and in 3 with constant temperatures. Larvae which had completed their development were transferred from their cells to small plastic petri dishes and observed daily until they Table 2. The number of days for the development to adult stage of Megachile concinna eggs held in temperature cabinets with 12-hour fluctuating temperatures. Temperature °F Number of Bees Number of Days 75 (65-85) 8 41-44 85 (75-95) 12 26-30 95 (85-105) 11 19-22 July 1965] butler & ritchie — biology of megachile 155 Table 3. The duration of the pupal stage of Megachile concinna in temperature cabinets with constant and with 12-hour fluctuating tem- peratures. Temperature °F Number of Bees Duration in Days Mean Range 65 (55-75) 1 29.0 29 75 (65-85) 3 19.7 19-20 75 constant 3 17.7 17-18 85 (75-95) 3 11.3 10-12 85 constant 6 10.0 10 95 (85-105) 6 9.2 8-10 95 constant 2 8.5 8-9 pupated and changed to adults. These results are shown in Table 3. Development of the pupal stage at a constant 95° F was 8.5 days, or approximately twice as rapid as at a constant 75° F. At the 12-hour fluctuating temperatures, development at an average of 95° F was also twice as rapid as that at 75° F, and three times as rapid as at 65° F. Development took slightly longer at fluctuating temperatures than at constant temperatures. Flight room observations. — Preliminary studies were made of the activity of M. concinna in a flight room. The room was 8 feet long by 4 feet wide and 6 feet high, made of 2 X 4 inch lumber, and had the sides covered by 6-mill black plastic sheeting sprayed with aluminum paint. The ceiling was covered by white cheese cloth, above which were suspended two 8-foot 4-bulb fluorescent lights, controlled by time clocks. Bees collected in the field or reared from cells in straws were placed in the room. Bouquets of alfalfa flowers, potted alfalfa plants, and a 1 to 3 sugar-water mixture were provided for food and leaves. Boxes of milk straws (% 2 -inch inside diameter) supplied holes for nesting. It became difficult to supply a constant pollen source in mid- July as the bees rapidly tripped the flowers on the potted alfalfa plants provided. Ground honeybee-collected pollen was offered but the leafcutter bees were unable to pack it until its stickiness had been removed by washing with 70% alcohol. The bees dropped into the petri dish with the pollen, tumbled around in it for about a half a minute and then flew up to clean themselves and pack the pollen on their abdomens. After gathering a load of pollen, the bees stopped at the sugar-water before going to their cells, where they successfully provisioned them. Larvae raised in the flight room in mid- July appeared to be almost 156 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 all in a diapause condition, which would be an advantage in “artificial production.” One male bee emerged without a diapause. Preliminary observations indicate that it may be possible to rear M. concinna in a flight room, possibly as small as 9 cubic feet, by pro- viding milk straws in which to nest, alfalfa leaves or other leaves for cell construction, and dishes of pollen and of a sugar-water mixture for provisioning the cells. Only a small percentage of field-collected bees became acclimated to room conditions and made cells, but room-emerged bees might acclimate more readily. Parasites and predators. — Tetrastichus megachilidis Burks was observed as an important parasite of M. concinna as in early July 1962, when 20 per cent of the cells were parasitized. Parasitism increased to 42 per cent by mid-September, when as many as 93 per cent of the innermost cells, those containing females, were parasitized, according to Butler and Wargo (1963). In 1964, straws containing cells con- structed from 16 to 27 July were brought to the laboratory. Larvae and prepupae were removed and placed in small petri dishes. T. megachilidis adults from 12 larvae emerged between 5 and 15 August with a mean developmental time of 20 days and a possible range of from 9 to 30 days. A parasitized M. concinna larva was placed in a constant temperature cabinet at 85° F and observed daily. All parasites pupated on 24 July and transformed to adults on 30 July, for a pupal stage of 6 days. The pupal stage of M. concinna at this temperature lasted 10 days. Only a few parasites were reared out or observed during July, so it appears that field populations might develop without parasitism from April through June. Cells made during this period could be removed and stored, and should be free of T. megachilidis. Cells made after June are likely to be parasitized and, at present, it is not possible to separate cocoons of parasitized bees from those that are unparasitized. A bombyliid, Anthrax cintalpa Cole (det. N. Marston) was reared in 1964 from M. concinna cells for the first time in our experience, but only from the first generation and in low numbers. It is apparently associated in the nest blocks with Chalicodoma chilopsidis (Cockerell) and C. occidentalis (Fox). The bombyliid occurs throughout the moun- tainous part of the western United States, north to British Columbia and south into southern Mexico, according to Marston (personal correspon- dence). It was reared by R. W. Thorp from both M. rotundata and M. concinna in California. A dermestid, Trogoderma sp., was commonly found in boxes of straws brought in from the field. Although it was usually associated with cells from which bees had emerged or in which eggs or larvae had July 1965] butler & ritchie — biology of megachile 157 died, there was considerable evidence that beetles were attacking cells with healthy bees, particularly when these cells were constructed in straws with old cells. These beetles, thus, might become a problem following the continued reuse of soda straws in nest boxes. Discussion The spring generation adults of Megachile concinna appear during April, May, and June and the emergence of the first generation adults takes place during early July. Populations of bees appear to be highest during July and then gradually diminish to relatively low levels by September. Parasitism appears to be at a minimum during June and July, which suggests that following the pollination of the first alfalfa seed crop, nest boxes should be taken from the field and placed in storage at about 40° F until the following spring. The major limiting factor in the manipulation of this species still appears to be the inability to get the bees to accept artificial nesting holes. Most of our unsuccessful attempts have been made during late July and in August. Perhaps adults from overwintering pupae might accept nesting holes if they were to emerge from them and if nesting sites were available early in the season. There is considerable competition for nesting holes in blocks with the two common species of Chalicodoma in June in southern Arizona but these species can not nest very successfully in soda straws. Preliminary studies in a flight room indicate that it may be possible to rear M. concinna indoors by providing milk straws in which to nest, alfalfa leaves or other leaves for cell construction, and dishes of pollen and a sugar-water mixture for provisioning the cells. There are a num- ber of details in this procedure that need to be investigated further, but the technique offers many possibilities for basic studies on the biology of this bee as well as its commercial production. Literature Cited Bohart, G. E., and G. F. Knowlton. 1964. Managing the leaf-cutting bee for higher alfalfa seed yields. Utah State Univ. Extension Leaflet, 104. Butler, G. D., Jr., and M. J. Wargo. 1963. Biological notes on Megachile concinna Smith in Arizona. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 39: 201-206. Hobbs, G. A. 1964. Importing and managing the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee. Canad. Dept. Agr. Publ., 1209. Stephen, W. P. 1962. Propagation of the leaf-cutter bee for alfalfa seed produc- tion. Oregon Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull., 586. 158 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 Notes on Male Territorial Behavior in the Galapagos Carpenter Bee 1 (Hymenoptera : Apidae) E. Gorton Linsley University of California, Berkeley, California Incidental to a study of the floral relationships of the Galapagos Car- penter Bee, Xylocopa ( Neoxylocopa ) darwini Cockerell (Linsley, Rick, and Stephens, 1965), brief opportunities were offered in which observa- tions could be made on territorial behavior among the males. These observations, although fragmentary, are offered at this time, since there is relatively little in the literature regarding this phenomenon in Neoxy- locopa , the largest subgenus of New World or American carpenter bees (Hurd and Moure, 1963). The Galapagos Carpenter Bee, like other members of the New World subgenus Neoxylocopa, is markedly sexually dichromatic, the females being dark, the males ferruginous. This greatly eases the task of the observer in an area like the Galapagos where but a single species occurs. However, on the mainland where species may have overlapping ranges, the two sexes are almost impossible to associate except in nest-collected series (Hurd and Moure, 1963). Females of the Galapagos Carpenter Bee nest in wood and their nest- ing habits have been briefly alluded to elsewhere (Williams, 1926; Hurd, 1958b; Linsley, 1965; Linsley, Rick, and Stephens, 1965). Since territorial behavior among males did not appear to be associated with female nest sites, this information will not be repeated here. Territoriality among males. — On 23 January 1964, in the mid- Transition Forest Zone of Santa Cruz Island, at 12:20 p.m. a male was observed “defending” a territory in an open area, about 10 feet by 15 feet, in the woodland area adjacent to the trail to the highlands above Academy Bay. The plant “defended” was a shrub of Alternanthera echinocephala, varying from about 20 to 36 inches in height. The defense consisted of a constant patrolling of the plant, interrupted by temporary pauses during which the male poised in the air, generally from 2 to 3 feet above the ground. Whether patrolling or poised, the “defender” darted after each male Xylocopa that tried to enter the defended zone, also at butterflies and finches (Geospiza) , but made no attempt to investigate or molest female Xylocopa entering the area or working nearby flowers for pollen or nectar (females do not visit 1 Contribution No. 26 from the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 158-161. July 1965 July 1965] LINSLEY — GALAPAGOS CARPENTER BEE 159 Alter nantheral) . Some invading males persistently tried to chase away the “defending” male, and often these were pursued round and round the plant for several seconds before leaving and sometimes they were chased completely out of the area so that the “defender” was absent from the “defended” zone for 20-30 seconds. In one 10-minute period three males and one finch were pursued and four females collecting pollen from Galactea jussiana var. volubilis within the “defended” zone were ignored. Female Xylocopa have a hum different from that of the males, and perhaps they are identified in this manner. On two occasions, females were seen to fly within 15 inches of a male without producing a reaction. Near midday, male activity was not altered visibly when clouds covered the sun. Also, during hovering flight, the legs did not hang loose as they do in Protoxaea (Cazier and Linsley, 1963) . At times, the “defending” male flew to the highest branch of Alternanthera (39 inches above the ground) as though to alight or pause for a moment, but did not actually do so during 45 minutes of observation. On this day a heavy tropical downpour began at 1:05 p.m. and the male disappeared. No further observations were possible on that occasion. Two days later, at a somewhat higher elevation along the same trail, three males were encountered at 1:10 p.m. chasing one another in a broad circle in a similar open area of woodland. When one flew off the other two settled in hovering flight guarding a dead tree overgrown with the yellow pea-flower, Rhyncosia minima , but separated from each other by a large, arborescent tree cactus, Opuntia echios , approximately 7 inches in diameter at chest level where the bees were poised. Both males com- monly pursued the same intruder, but afterwards returned to their re- spective territories. Between 2:10 and 2:40 p.m. along a section of the trail about 1 km in length leading down to the lower edge of the Transition Zone, 17 separate male territories were noted. The bees were mostly poised be- tween 30 and 40 inches above the ground, each facing an open area or patrolling the “defended” plants, several of which were Alternanthera. Between 2:40 and 3:10 p.m., eight established territories were observed along the trail in the Upper Arid Zone. Captured individuals all had intact wing tips and pubescence and appeared to be freshly emerged. In two cases, captured males were replaced in territory by another male within minutes, in one case within seconds. Ten undisturbed territories, seven in the Transition Zone and three in the Arid Zone, were tagged with the intent of marking the males and keeping them under observa- tion for a period of consecutive days. However, unfavorable weather and other circumstances prevented further visits to these sites on sunny 160 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 days until 23 February, 30 days later. At this time only seven of the ten tags could be located, but of these, six territories were occupied pre- cisely as before. However, the male bees occupying them were young adults with fresh wings and pubescence, suggesting that physical char- acteristics are an important feature of territory selection and that the same “territories” are attractive to a succession of male bees. Territoriality among carpenter bees in general. — Hurd (1958a) has summarized the available information on territoriality among car- penter bees in general, and Janzen (1964) and O’Brien and Hurd (1965) have supplemented the summary with new data on Notoxylo- copa. Included in Hurd’s summary are data on representatives of the subgenera Koptorthosoma , Xylocopoides, Notoxylocopa, Alloxylocopa , and Neoxylocopa. Hurd quotes Michener, as authority for the observa- tion that males of Xylocopa ( Neoxylocopa ) varipuncta Patton, as well as similar species in Brazil, Mexico, and Panama, fly about within the branches of a selected tree or group of bushes for hours at a time, return- ing to the same place day after day. Michener is quoted also as speculat- ing that the purpose of the flight may be related to mating in some way. On the other hand, Janzen (1964), associated male territoriality in Notoxylocopa with physical prominences, such as clumps of herbs, ex- ceptionally tall plants, and hedges, rather than areas immediately above flowers frequented by females, a situation more similar to that observed in the Galapagos Carpenter Bee. Conclusions From the limited observations recorded above, the following con- clusions, in part tentative, may be drawn: (1) Males of the Galapagos Carpenter Bee exhibit definite territorial behavior. (2) Individuals identified with this behavior pattern give every evi- dence of being freshly emerged or relatively young adults. (3) Territorial sites appear to exhibit physical characteristics that make them attractive to males whose flight is synchronic as well as to those whose flight is allochronic. (4) No clear evidence is available to relate this behavior to mating; perhaps its principal function is spacing, or, as suggested for Protoxaea by Cazier and Linsley (1963) and for Notoxylocopa by Janzen (1964), defense of the pollen and nectar sources of the female. Acknowledgments The writer expresses his appreciation to the University of California July 1965] LINSLEY GALAPAGOS CARPENTER BEE 161 administration, the associates in Tropical Biogeography (through Grant no. 91) and the National Science Foundation (through grant GE-2370) for the opportunity to participate in the Galapagos International Scien- tific Project, during which the observations here reported were made. Spe- cial thanks are also due Paul D. Hurd, Jr., of the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, for encouraging studies of the Galapagos Carpenter Bee and for reading the manuscript and making helpful suggestions. Literature Cited Cazier, M. A., and E. G. Linsley. 1963. Territorial behavior among males of Protoxaea gloriosa (Fox) (Hymenoptera : Andrenidae) . Canadian Entomol., 95: 547-556, 2 figs. Hurd, P. D., Jr. 1958a. Observations on the nesting habits of some New World carpenter bees with remarks on their importance in the problem of species formation. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 51: 365-375, 5 figs. 1958b. The carpenter bees of the eastern Pacific Oceanic Islands. Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 31: 249-255, 4 figs. Hurd, P. D., Jr., and J. S. Moure. 1963. A classification of the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) . Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 29: 1-365, 244 figs. Janzen, D. H. 1964. Notes on the behavior of four subspecies of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa ( Notoxylocopa ) tabaniformis in Mexico. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 57 : 296-301, figs. 1, 2. Linsley, E. G. 1965. Pollinating insects of the Galapagos Islands. In Bowman, R. I. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galapagos International Scientific Project. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles (in press). Linsley, E. G., C. M. Rick, and G. Stephens. 1965. Observations on the floral relationships of the Galapagos Carpenter Bee (Hymenoptera : Apidae) (in press) . O’Brien, L. B. and P. D. Hurd, Jr. 1965. Carpenter bees of the genus Notoxy- locopa (Hymenoptera : Apoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 58 (2): 175-196. Williams, F. X. 1926. The bees and aculeate wasps of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) 2: 347-357. 162 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 Black-Backed Three-Toed Woodpecker, Picoides arcticus , Predation on Monochamus oregonensis (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) Boyd E. Wickman Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture Berkeley, California During the course of studying insect-caused deterioration of wind- thrown timber in northeastern California in the spring of 1964, activity of the black-backed three-toed woodpecker, Picoides arcticus (Swain- son), was noted in forests heavily damaged by the wind. Windthrown and broken Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and white fir, Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.), at 4,000 feet elevation, 3 miles south of Burney, Shasta County, were infested with two species of cerambycids, Monochamus oregonensis LeConte and Semanotus liti- giosus (Casey). The wind damage had occurred in October 1962, and no black-backed three-toed woodpeckers were seen in the area during the summer of 1963. But in April 1964 two pairs of these woodpeckers were seen work- ing on one of the study areas that covered about 50 acres. The M. oregonensis being preyed upon were late-larval instars and were either feeding under the bark or just entering the wood. The S. litigiosus were mainly emerging adults. This woodpecker is one of the larger woodpeckers that occurs in the boreal forests of North America. About 9 to 10 inches long, it has a dark back, sooty white breast, and barred sides. The male has a yellow cap on its head (Peterson, 1961). Bent (1964) reported that this bird excavates nests mainly in dead standing trees in windfalls or burned- over forests, and that it gets three-quarters of its food from wood-boring beetle larvae, mainly Cerambycidae and Buprestidae. In studying the feeding habits of woodpeckers, Beal (1911) considered the species of Picoides the most important of the woodpecker predators of wood-bor- ing insects. Grinnel et al. (1930) observed the feeding habits of the woodpecker in the Lassen Peak region. They watched one individual bore through bark 20 mm thick in 3 to 5 minutes. On one tree they found the wood- pecker had punctured the bark 22 times in an area 30 by 60 cm; each hole led to the tunnel of a wood borer. These holes were 12 mm in diam- eter by 20 mm deep. The stomach of one bird contained ten wood-borer The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 162-164. July 1965 July 1965] WICKMAN WOODPECKER PREDATION 163 larvae, each nearly 20 mm long. Grinnel et at. stated that “many of the still-living trees in that locality had been saved from complete destruc- tion by the insects, by the activity of this woodpecker.” The case may be overstated because few wood-boring insects are known to kill trees — instead they attack dead or dying trees. Nevertheless the importance of woodpeckers as predators has long been recognized; and their obvious activity on the windthrown study area prompted further observations. Intermittent observations were made of the feeding habits of the woodpecker during a 2-week period. The birds were quite tame and could be approached easily, then watched with the aid of field glasses. They flaked off bark 10 to 20 mm thick in about 5 minutes, and extracted large white grubs from the cavities. The wood- peckers worked for 15 to 20 minutes on one tree and usually obtained several larvae. Then they flew to another standing wind-broken tree nearby and searched up and down, occasionally cocking their heads to one side, apparently listening for the larvae. The feeding larvae make enough noise to be audible to humans several feet away. But after a woodpecker has tapped on a tree for several minutes the chewing noise of the larvae within usually stops. This is possibly why the woodpeckers fly to another tree after a short interval. The woodpeckers were seen more frequently working in standing broken-off trees rather than down trees. The standing trees had about the same Monochamus population as the down trees. One male bird was shot while working 50 feet up on a wind-broken white fir, 18-inch d.b.h., on 14 April at noon. The stomach was immedi- ately dissected to determine the number, form, and species of insect present. It contained six cerambycid larvae in various stages of disinte- gration. An analysis of the stomach contents showed: (a) one whole fresh larva 50 mm long, head capsule 6 mm wide, M. oregonensis-, (b) four head capsules 4 to 7 mm wide, probably M. oregonensis ; (c) one pair mandibles, probably M. oregonensis ; and (d) four pieces of ceram- bycid larval bodies in various stages of disintegration. No S. litigiosus adults or bark beetle larvae were found in the stomach, though they were plentiful in many of the trees where woodpeckers were active. Baldwin (1960) and Otvos 1 have seen closely related species of wood- peckers working from dawn till dusk. Assuming that the black-backed three-toed woodpecker has this feeding habit, one bird could conceivably account for 10 to 12 Monochamus larvae a day. Therefore, the four woodpeckers might have removed 40 to 50 larvae per day in or near the 50-acre study area. The average Monochamus population in each 1 Personal communication with Imre S. Otvos, Graduate Student, University of California, 1965. 164 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 windthrown tree was estimated to be between 30 and 40, and there were more than 200 infested trees on the study area. This woodpecker activ- ity, therefore, can be considered important predation. Actually my estimates are probably conservative. Beal (1911) states that “stomachs containing 15 to 20 cerambycid larvae were common, and one held 34. Probably the stomach is filled several times each day, and it does not seem unreasonable to assume that a bird will eat 50 of these insects every 24 hours for 6 months and at least 25 daily for the other half of the year. At this rate one bird will annually destroy 13,675 of these destructive grubs.” It is not known what species of cerambycids Beal was referring to, but they may have been much smaller in size than these Monochamus larvae. By early July the woodpeckers had completed their nesting, and all of the remaining Monochamus larvae were burrowing deep in the wood. Possibly because food was becoming harder to obtain, the woodpeckers left the area for easier pickings. Both in Europe and in the United States, woodpeckers are receiving increased attention as a control factor for tree-killing bark beetles. The efficiency of the black-backed three-toed woodpecker should merit its designation as an important natural enemy of wood-boring insects. Literature Cited Baldwin, P. H. 1960. Overwinting of woodpeckers in bark beetle-infested spruce-fir forests of Colorado. Xllth Internatl. Ornith. Cong. Proc., Helsinki, 1958: 71-84. Beal, F. E. L. 1911. Food of the woodpeckers of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Biol. Surv. Bull. 37. 64 p. Bent, A. C. 1964. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. Ed. 2, Dover Pubs., Inc., New York. 334 p. Grinnel, J., J. S. Dixon, and J. M. Linsdale. 1930. Vertebrate natural history of a section of northern California through the Lassen Peak region. Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v. 35. 594 p. Peterson, R. T. 1961. A field guide to western birds. Ed. 2, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 240 p. July 1965] HYNES IMMATURE CRANEFLIES 165 The Immature Stages of the Genus Lipsothrix in the Western United States (Tipulidae : Diptera) C. Dennis Hynes 1 California State Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo There are five species of the genus Lipsothrix presently known to occur in America north of Mexico. The habitats of the four species described in this paper, Lipsothrix shasta, L. nigrilinea , L. hynesiana , and L. fenderi , are quite similar to that described by Rogers and Byers (1956) for L. sylvia , the single species found in the eastern United States. There appear to be no striking differences among the species in habitat preference in so far as type or condition of wood and size of stream. In fact, L. nigrilinea and L. fenderi have been collected side by side in the same log or branch. The larvae of L. hynesiana have been observed to form burrows in the wood along which are found feeding chambers. The larvae position themselves in these chambers with the body bent back in such a manner that the head lies just beyond the spiracular disk. These chambers be- come packed with fecal pellets, and the chambers are continually en- larged as the larvae feed. It is apparent that as the larvae mature they tend to remain in the feeding chamber, leaving just prior to pupation to take a position just beneath the outer surface of the log or branch. Another observation of this species, and one which must eventually be considered by those who might work on the habitat restrictions of species within this genus, is that the eggs have a very thin and delicate chorion and will often burst when placed in water, even that from the microhabitat. This indicates an extreme sensitivity to solute concentra- tions in the water and may explain why the immature stages of all species have not been found in conditions other than those described by Rogers for L. sylvia. Lipsothrix hynesiana emerges primarily during the period extending from November through March, with the peak emergence around De- cember and January. Lipsothrix shasta emerges during the months of June and July, but judging from observations on the size of the larvae in the habitats almost certainly continues emerging for the remainder of the summer. Little information concerning seasonal emergence has been gathered for L. fenderi and L. nigrilinea , but the specimens reared in 1 The author wishes to thank the National Science Foundation for support through grant GB-1820. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 165-172. July 1965 166 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 the laboratory emerged during the months of August, September, and October in both cases. Specimens of L. sylvia were obtained through the courtesy of Dr. R. D. Alexander, curator of insects, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. All specimens collected personally by the author were fixed in hot Bouin’s solution for twenty minutes and stored in 70% isopro- panol. Sections of the head capsules were made according to methods described by Woodring and Cook (1962). Observations concerning the various structures and sutures were made from these sections as well as from whole mounts. Comparisons of the western forms are made with specimens of the eastern L. sylvia, and this information is included in the keys to the immature stages. The terminology used in the descrip- tions of the head capsule is basically that suggested by Cook (1949) . Lipsothrix shasta Alexander Last instar larva. — Length 22.0-31.0 mm; dextrosinistral and dorsoventral diameters both 1. 1-1.6 mm. Body elongate, vermiform, terete except for the thorax and creeping welts. Thoracic segments of greater diameters and somewhat more flattened than remainder of body segments. Integument with gold-colored pile only slightly darker and longer around area of creeping welts. Creeping welts with microscopic hooks on dorsal and ventral surfaces of abdominal segments 2-7. Dorsal welts formed by three apparent zones, with the middle zone much darker than the anterior and posterior zones. Anterior and posterior zones scarcely dif- ferent from the remainder of the segment. Combined length of segments 7-9 less than length of abdominal segment 5. Spiracular disk with four lobes, expanded, the dorsal lobe only slightly evident. No marking occurs on the dorsal lobe. The dorsolateral lobe with a very faint brown mark extending the length and width of the lobe to the base and around the upper margins of the spiracle. The ventro- lateral lobes with slightly darker, but still very light, brown marking extending the length and width of the lobe. The setal fringe between the ventrolateral lobes similar to that of the remainder of the fringe surrounding the spiracular disk, approximately 0.048-0.064 mm long. The spiracular opening has no darkened spot occurring in the center of the spiracle. There are four anal gills present, subequal in length and width. Each anal lobe has three bulbous expansions appearing off the ventral margins (Fig. 13). These expansions become progressively smaller towards the outer tip, the lobe very slightly expanded before the tip. The head capsule (Figs. 1 and 2) is compact and massive. Length 1.36-1.39 mm (from the posterior margin of the maxillary segment to the anterior apices of the labrum) : width 0.096-1.008 mm (at posterior mandibular articulation). Areas of the clypeus strongly sclerotized. The major portion of the ocular lobes strongly sclerotized but abruptly less so in area immediately surrounding the eye. The maxillary plate strongly sclerotized, anterior margin with three subequal teeth; posterior margin deeply cleft, the incision nearly dividing the central tooth. The remainder of the maxillary segment gradating to an unsclerotized state at the posterior apices. In the so-called incision area of the dorsolateral portion of the head capsule, there occurs a sclerotized triangular plate, incurved at the posterior margins, which July 1965] HYNES — IMMATURE CRANEFLIES 167 Explanation of Figures Figs. 1-2. Lipsothrix shasta, dorsal and ventral view of head capsule, respec- tively. Figs. 3-5. Spiracular disks of L. hynesiana, L. nigrilinea, and L. fenderi , respectively. 168 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 corresponds to the posterior border of the maxillary segment. The clypeo-frontal suture becomes obliterated at the extreme anterior limits. The postfrontal suture is not apparent superficially. The antennae are composed of a single segment, the basal portion very wide, the remainder cylindrical and heavily sclerotized, the apical papilla small with two elongate setae on either side. The antennae are inserted beneath small overhanging extensions of the antennal segment. The man- dible is much the same as that described for L. sylvia by Rogers and Byers (1956). The anterior mandibular articulations are located laterad and below the antennal foramina. Whether or not this corresponds to the antennal buttress of other species is not clearly resolved. The posterior mandibular articulation is located slightly laterad of the maxillae. The articulations are so placed as to give the mandible a completely horizontal action. The labium retains the prementum which appears as a toothed plate. The hypopharynx is a relatively large, setulose lobe separated from the prementum by the opening of the salivary duct. The maxillae are deeply cleft as in L. sylvia, giving a biloped appearance, and bearing the one-segmented palpus. A small triangular cardo is present and articulates with the lateral portion of the structure called the maxillary plate. The suture occurring between the maxillary plate and the remainder of the ocular lobe is the premaxillary suture. Pupa. — Length 15.0-16.0 mm; females somewhat longer than males; diameter at base of wing pads 1.44-1.63 mm. Form terete, gradually tapering from thorax to the cauda. Metathoracic breathing horns (Fig. 6) forming a cup or bowl with the diameter slightly greater than that of the thorax. There is no dorsocephalic extension of this cup; the basal half of the bowl is lighter in color and separated from the distal half by a dark ridge. A dark brown seam occurs adjacent to the frontal edges extending from the base to the ventrocephalic edge of the horn. The anterior portion of the thorax is dark brown, gradually becoming lighter at the posterior margins of the metathorax: abdomen dull white with cauda reddish brown. The posterior edges of wing pads end at junction of abdominal segments 2 and 3; apices of all tarsal sheaths are found at mid-length of abdominal segment 4; the antennal sheaths terminating beyond proximal ends of metathoracic femora and bases of wing pads, distance equal to about one-fifth the length of the antennal sheath. Wing pads and leg sheaths become blackish brown with age. Ventral creeping welts occur on segments 5-7 ; dorsal creeping welts on segments 5-7, with welts on segments 3 and 4 scarcely evident. Sternite of segment 8 with a single, pale brown, unarmed tubercle on posterior margin. On the dorsum of segments 8 and 9 occur five areas with fingerlike projections. The anterior of these areas is located on segment 8 and has two pencillike setae directed laterally and cephalad. The posterior areas on segment 8 have two lobes or fingerlike projections, with a very short seta on the medial projection and two pencillike setae on the lateral projection. On segment 9 are located two fingerlike projections, each with four pencillike setae. Cauda of the male has small, curved hooks directed dorsally and cephalad, a slight protrusion occurring at the base of each hook. The ventrolateral margins also with a sharp projection. Female with hooks much smaller and pro- jection dorsally near apices of sheaths of tergal valves. Lipsothrix nigrilinea (Doane) Last instar larva. — Length 21-31 mm; dextrosinistral and dorsoventral diam- eters the same, 1.3-1. 6 mm. Integument with gold-colored pile, darker and longer around creeping welts. Dorsally, the anterior and posterior tufts surrounding the July 1965] HYNES IMMATURE CRANEFLIES 169 Figs. 6-10. Breathing horns of L. shasta, L. nigrilinea, L. fenderi, L. hynesiana, and L. sylvia, respectively. Figs. 11-14. Anal lobe structure of L. hynesiana, L. fenderi, L. shasta, L. sylvia, respectively. 170 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 welt area are much darker than the medial zone. Spiracular disk with lobes ex- tended, the dorsal lobe scarcely evident with no markings. The dorsolateral lobes have brown marks extending the length and width of the lobes to the bases and around the upper margins of the spiracles. The ventrolateral lobes have slightly darker markings extending the width and length of the lobes. All markings gen- erally much darker than those found in L. shasta. The setal fringe surrounding the spiracular disk generally longer (0.096-0.112 mm) and darker than that of L. shasta. Spiracular openings darkened, giving the appearance of a black spot in center of the spiracle (Fig. 4). Four anal gills present, subequal in length and width. Each lobe with three bulbous expansions appearing off ventral margins. These expansions becoming progressively smaller and only slightly expanded before the tip. Remainder of the details of the body form, spiracular disk, and head capsule similar to those given for L. shasta. Pupa. — Length 12.0-14.0 mm. General body form and characteristics very similar to those of L. shasta, differing only in degree of sclerotization and generally much darker than that of L. shasta. Breathing horns (Fig. 7) cuplike with no extension of the dorsocephalic margin. The upper one-half to one-third of the anterior margin appears crenulate. These crenulations should not be confused with the extremely minute pits and occasional notches which appear in the same area on the pupal forms of the other species. The basal half of the cup light brown, outer half darker, separated by a dark brown ridge. Lipsothrix hynesiana Alexander Last instar larva. — Length 22.0-30.0 mm; dextrosinistral and dorsoventral diameters 1.2-1. 6 mm. Diameter of thoracic segments and creeping welts somewhat greater. Form elongate, vermiform, terete except for region of creeping welts. Integument with pile slightly yellow, creeping welts darker. There is no apparent division of the creeping welts into an anterior or posterior zone and no noticeable increase in the length or darkening of the setae surrounding the welt as a whole. The spiracular disk (Fig. 3) has four openly extended, elongate lobes, the dorsal lobe only slightly in evidence. The dorsal lobe has no markings. The dorsolateral lobes have brown markings that extend from the tip of the lobe to the spiracles. The basal portion of the markings darker than the distal area. The lateroventral lobe has a brownish stripe extending from the median area. There are four anal lobes (Fig. 11), elongate, subequal in size with no apparent bulbous enlargments. The head capsule and remaining body form very similar to that described for L. shasta. Pupa. — Length 13.5-14.0 mm; dextrosinistral diameter at base of wing pad 1.1- 1.6 mm; dorsoventral diameter 0.1 mm less than the dextrosinistral diameter of each specimen observed. General body form similar to that of L. shasta. Breathing horns (Fig. 9) cuplike with dorsocephalic margin extended forward as in L. fenderi. The extended tip of breathing horn not so thin as in L. fenderi. The en- tire margin of the breathing horn with a dark rim. The male and female cauda similar to that described for L. shasta. Lipsothrix fenderi Alexander Last instar larva. — Length 16.0-30.0 mm; dextrosinistral and dorsoventral diameters both 0.63-0.96 mm, the thoracic segments and creeping welts somewhat greater. General body form similar to that of L. sylvia and extremely delicate. July 1965] HYNES IMMATURE CRANEFLIES 171 The spiracular disk has five lobes folded back on each other so as to form a termi- nal cone and concealing the inner surface and markings of the lobes (Fig. 5). This closely parallels the description for L. sylvia, but fenderi does possess a definite dorsal lobe marked with an unbroken, thin, dark brown stripe from the tip to the base of the lobe. The dorsolateral lobes marked faintly at the tip, be- coming darker mid-length and again fading to light brown at the spiracles. The ventrolateral lobes marked with uneven stripes, darker brown at the junction of the stripes and a small abruptly dark spot occurring at the base of the lateral stripe. The margins of each lobe bear a row of slender, pale setae, appearing as a tuft at the tips of the lobes. Creeping welts seen only under higher magnifications and show no apparent darkening of the area. There are four slender anal lobes (Fig. 12) with the anterior pair nearly five to six times longer than the very short posterior pair. There are no expansions as in the case of L. shasta. The head capsule differs in structure from that of the other species only in that a short, but definite, tooth appears on each side of the three larger ones giving the maxillary plate the appearance of having five teeth. Corresponding lateral teeth are only faintly observed in all the other species. The clypeal area from the region of the clypeo-labral suture to about mid-length of the clypeus is less sclerotized than the surrounding area. Pupa. — Length 11.0-14.0 mm; females slightly longer than males. Dextrosinistral diameter at base of wing pad 1.4 mm; dorsoventral diameter at base of wing pad 1.1-1. 2 mm. General coloration of the body pale white, body form similar to that of L. sylvia but, unlike the latter species, L. fenderi has very little darkening of the wing pads or leg sheaths as the pupa matures. Breathing horns (Fig. 8) cuplike at base, with the dorsocephalic margins extending forward and beyond the basal cup into thin, delicate points. The dorsal margin of the breathing horn is seamed with dark brown from the base of the horn to its tip. Two short setae occur on the tips of the curved hooks on the cauda of the male. Other details of the male and female cauda similar to those described for L. shasta or L. sylvia. The characters used in the following keys to the immature stages can be applied to either living or preserved specimens. Although the fourth instars were used for the larval keys, the characters used for description will apply for all instars except the first, which appears to be different in structure from those of the later instars. Key to the Larval Forms of the Genus Lipsothrix in North America 1. Spiracular disk with lobes expanded; inner surfaces and markings clearly seen 2 Spiracular disk with lobes forming a terminal cone; inner surfaces and markings not clearly seen 4 2. Anal lobes with elliptical, bulbous expansions 3 Anal lobes with no bulbous expansions L. hynesiana 3. Spiracle with a darkened, central area L. nigrilineo Spiracle without a darkened central area L. shasta 4. Anal lobes subequal in size and shape (Fig. 14) L. sylvia Anal lobes with anterior pair five to six times longer than posterior set L. fenderi 172 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 Key to the Pupal Forms of the Genus Lipsothrix in North America 1. Breathing horns cuplike, with dorsocephalic edge of each horn extending forward 3 Breathing horns with no such extension as described above 2 2. Anterior edge of breathing horns crenulate; apices of the leg sheaths mid-length of abdominal segment four - L. nigrilinea Anterior edge of breathing horns not crenulate; apices of leg sheaths at posterior margin of abdominal segment four L. shasta 3. Dark seam extending from dorsal base to forward extension of breathing horn L. fenderi Dark seam extending from dorsal base past forward extension to the ventro- cephalic margin of the breathing horn 4 4. Dorsocephalic extension pointed or acute (Fig. 10) L. sylvia Dorsocephalic extension rounded L. hynesiana From the data presented in this paper, certain affinities appear among the species described. Study of the morphological patterns in the larval and pupal structures indicates the formation of two species groups within the generic limits as now defined. One group, composed of L. shasta and L. nigrilinea, is very closely allied in all structures studied. The eastern L. sylvia and the western L. fenderi are also closely allied in details of body structure of the larval and pupal forms and compose the second group. The affinities of L. hynesiana to either group are still in question. The larval characteristics of this species indicate rela- tionship to the shasta-nigrilinea group. In the pupal forms, however, the structure of the breathing horns is more like that of the fenderi— sylvia group. The adult characteristics also show a greater affinity with those of L. fenderi than to those of the other American species (Alexander, 1964) . In view of these data, L. hynesiana must, at present, be con- sidered as belonging to the fenderi— sylvia group. Literature Cited Alexander, C. P. 1964. Undescribed species of Nearclic Tipulidae (Diptera) IV. The Great Basin Nat., 24 (1) : 19-25. Cook, E. F. 1949. The evolution of the head of the larvae of the Diptera. Micro- entomol., 14 (1) : 1-57. Mitchell, Roger D., and David R. Cook. 1952. The preservation and mounting of water-mites. Turtox News, 30 (9): 169-172. Rogers, J. Speed, and George W. Byers. 1956. The ecological distribution, life history and immature stages of Lipsothrix sylvia (Diptera: Tipulidae). Occas. Papers of the Mus. Zoo., U. of Mich., 572: 1-14. Woodring, J. P., and E. F. Cook. 1962. The internal anatomy, reproductive physiology, and molting process of Ceratozetes cisalpinus (Acarina: Oribatei). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 55: 164-181. July 1965] TAYLOR SOUTH AFRICAN BEES 173 Notes on Some South African Bees (Hymenoptera : Colletidae, Megachilidae) J. S. Taylor Wilderness, C. P., South Africa Since the publication of previous notes on the biology of the following three species of indigenous bees, viz. Heriades freygessneri Schletterer (Megachilidae) in 1962 ; Megachile ( Eutricharaea ) gratiosa Gerstaecker (Megachilidae) in 1963; and Nothylaeus heraldicus (Smith) (Colle- tidae) in 1962, more data has been accumulated necessitating in some respects modification of earlier findings, but also largely confirming as well as adding to the data already published. The following notes deal with all three species referred to above, but before treating each sep- arately a few general remarks may not be out of place. Since his retirement the writer has been living at Wilderness, C. P., and the artificial nests or “hives” were brought there from Port Eliza- beth and set up in the late autumn of 1963. Plastic tubing is now used entirely for the nests. Although slightly opaque it is sufficiently clear to allow of observation. Another advantage is its pliability, thus render- ing it easy to pierce holes for ventilation which is very necessary if mold and “sweating” are to be avoided. The most suitable size of tubing was found to be one-fourth inch in diameter; larger sizes are accepted by all species of bee, but they often result in nests which are malformed or out of alignment. Transparent cool-drink “straws,” made of cellophane and measuring one-tenth of an inch in diameter were also used but were found to be too small. In a few cases Heriades freygessneri managed to nest successfully in them, but the majority nesting attempts were abortive, while the other two species ignored them completely. At Wilderness, nest sites were established on shelves below east and west facing windows of the writer’s dwelling house. All three species have used both aspects, but the easterly one, which is subject to more sunshine in the earlier part of the season, is, on the whole, more favored, except in midsummer and autumn. The three species are dealt with in detail separately as follows. Heriades freygessneri Schletterer The first indication of the presence of this species at the nest sites at Wilderness was on 25 November 1963 and it was active there until the following June. During the previous season at Port Elizabeth it had been active at the nest site since July and nesting commenced as early The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 173-179. July 1965 174 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 as 3 August. In the present 1964-1965 season, following upon an unusually long and severe winter with a late spring and summer, this bee was not seen at the nest site until 10 January while at the time of writing, 28 January, only one individual has nested there so far. In all years, however, bees had emerged from nests kept in the insectary from August, the nests concerned having been formed late in the previous season. Such emergences, however, are somewhat sporadic and depend upon climatic conditions (i.e., temperature). Sustained and large-scale emergence does not normally occur until the advent of settled warmer weather, generally in November, but in the present season the peak was not reached until 4 to 6 weeks later (December-January) . Taylor (1962) stated that the male of Heriades freygessneri had never been seen at the nest site. Since then, however, males have been ob- served at and in the nest sites. This was particularly the case during the early part of the season in 1961 at Port Elizabeth when sometimes one and sometimes two males together were noted at rest in the vials or tubes, either in old nests or in as yet unoccupied vials, where they might remain for several days. The male has been recorded seeking the female at the sites as early as 13 September and mating has also been seen there, while attempts by the male to mate with others of its sex have likewise been observed. During a mild winter, as in 1962, this bee may be active almost throughout. In that year there were some 80 emergences from autumn- constructed nests. Emergences ceased in mid-September and were re- sumed early in November. At Wilderness the period occupied by the immature stages, i.e., egg to adult, has been, in those examples which wintered the larval and pupal stages, somewhat longer than at Port Elizabeth, the maximum recorded being 320 days as against 302 days at the latter place. In summer there is little difference and the period usually occupies from 50 to 60 days at both places. A few shorter periods have been obtained, however, the shortest recorded being 1 of 24 days which was quite exceptional. The longest developmental period recorded, 320 days, con- cerned a nest completed on 20 January 1963, at Port Elizabeth and re- moved early in May to Wilderness. Although emergences from nests formed in January and February generally take place by the following April at the latest, from this particular nest they did not commence until 28 November and they then continued until 4 December. In the earlier paper (Taylor, 1962) the maximum number of occupied cells in a nest was given as nine; later as many as 13 cells have been found. At Port Elizabeth the gumlike material used in nest construction July 1965] TAYLOR SOUTH AFRICAN BEES 175 was pine resin and was evidently obtained from pine trees growing in close proximity to the nest site. At Wilderness the gum used varies from white to black in color and is quite odorless. Its source remains unde- termined but it is certainly not pine resin while there are no pine trees growing within 200 yards of the nest sites. Pine trees are not, of course, indigenous in South Africa and these bees must normally obtain their gum from other sources. Although, as stated in the earlier paper, there is a marked tendency for the first emergences from a nest to be males, this is by no means in- variably the case. From 82 nests, males commenced to emerge before females in 67, or approximately 81.7 per cent. The curious habit of Heriades freygessneri of dismantling and clear- ing out nests of its own species only to start building afresh, recorded and referred to earlier (Taylor, 1962), has also frequently been ob- served at Wilderness, despite the fact of there being ample vacant nest sites at the time. Sometimes a newly emerged female will commence to clear out her own nest before finally leaving it. Natural enemies. — In addition to those mentioned in the earlier paper, two other species of insect parasites have since been obtained from the nests of Heriades freygessneri. These are (1) the eulophid Melitobbia sp., previously reared from the nests of the leaf-cutting Mega- chile ( Euricharaea ) gratiosa Gerstaecker at Port Elizabeth (Taylor, 1963). In 1962 this eulophid was also obtained from the nests of Heriades freygessneri at Port Elizabeth. It commenced to emerge from the nests of its host in 21 to 62 days after their completion, but in no case did it affect all the cells as bees also emerged from all the nests concerned. This parasite has not yet been obtained at Wilderness. The other parasite (2) which has been reared from the nests of Heriades freygessneri at both Port Elizabeth and Wilderness is the parasitic megachilid Afrostelis aethiopica (Friese). This parasitic bee has been obtained from nests in January, February, April, and June. The June individual emerged long before its hosts of the same nest which did not emerge until the following December. On 27 January one of these para- sitic bees emerged from a nest sealed on 30 April. Mention may here be made of a small species of psocid which fre- quents the nests of the various bees, particularly those of Heriades freygessneri. It is a scavenger, however, and apparently does not harm the bees. It has been determined as a species of Lipocelis, a genus of worldwide distribution. 176 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 Megachile (Eutricharaea) gratiosa Gerstaecker In a previous paper on the subject (Taylor, 1963) details were given of investigations carried out at Port Elizabeth up to the late summer of 1962. These were continued there until May of the following year, and since then at Wilderness, C. P. Activity at the nest site commenced unusually early in the 1962—1963 season, due probably to the mild winter and spring, and nest construc- tion commenced on 13 August, the earliest date hitherto being 5 Septem- ber, while the species was to be seen at the site until the end of April (1963). At Wilderness, however, it has been much later in making its first appearance, and in 1963 it was not observed at the sites until 25 November; in the present 1964—1965 season, except for one incompleted nest in October, no indication of this bee was recorded at the sites until 3 January. Emergences from nests of the previous season kept indoors have also been much later at Wilderness; in 1963, the first emergence took place on 14 December; in 1964, on 30 December. In the present season emergence from wintering nests has not only been later but also fewer in number, while activity at the nest sites has also been considerably less. Up to the end of January not more than three individual female bees have nested. As in the case of Heriades freygessneri the general late- ness in appearance is attributed to the severe and prolonged winter, while the prevailing conditions of extreme drought are probably largely responsible for the present lack of activity. The period spent in the nest (i.e., egg to adult) has varied from 30 to 323 days, and while in the majority of nests formed in January and February emergences took place in late summer or autumn, in some cases these were delayed until the following season, even as late as December and January. As before, emergences from any one nest usually took place within a few days of one another, but in one excep- tional case there was a time lag of 27 days. While the majority of nests at Wilderness have been constructed of green leaf, certain individuals seem to prefer flower petals, and these nests, in consequence, present a colorful appearance when fresh. The petals of cultivated Salvia , Lavender and Cassia sp., also of indigenous species such as Polygala myrtifolia and Virgilia oroboides (Keurboom) , have all been used in nest construction. Natural enemies. — The eulophid Melitobbia sp., continued to occur at Port Elizabeth in 1963, and was found to emerge from nests as early as 31 days and might continue to do so for up to 84 days after their July 1965] TAYLOR — SOUTH AFRICAN BEES 177 completion. As mentioned when discussing Heriades freygessneri this parasite has not hitherto been found at Wilderness. The sarcophagid Miltogramma , sp., previously recorded at Port Elizabeth, is of fairly common occurrence at Wilderness and has been reared from summer nests there as well as from those which overwinter. Two individuals of this parasitic fly have been obtained from a single cell nest from which they emerged 20 days after its formation. In another instance the parasite emerged 208 to 211 days after the completion of the host’s nest. At Port Elizabeth a few individuals of a species of Coelioxys , a genus of parasitic Megachilidae, were obtained from the nests of Megachile gratiosa. This proved to be a new species and has subsequently been named Coelioxys vumbula by Prof. J. J. Pasteels of Brussels (personal communication Dr. K. V. Krombein). One of these parasitic bees emerged 34 days after the completion of the host’s nest. Pollination of alfalfa. — In the previous paper on Megachile gratiosa reference was made to another species of Megachilidae, namely Megachile ( Eutricharaea) rotundata Fabricius, an important pollinator of alfalfa in the Pacific Northwest which is there mass-produced for the purpose. Several enquiries have been received from the United States of Amer- ica as to the pollinators of this crop in South Africa, but little seems to be known about the subject here and no specific investigations appear to have been made. It has apparently been assumed that the principal pollinator of alfalfa, or lucerne as it is more generally known locally, is the common Hive or Honey Bee Apis adansonii Latr. (usually known as A. mellifera in South Africa). The fact that “Lucerne Honey” is so widely known and popular lends support to this assumption. The writer made a preliminary investgation last summer (1963—1964) in alfalfa lands at Wilderness, and the only bee found in any quantity in attendance on the blossoms was the common Hive Bee. Megachile gratiosa was not recorded among the alfalfa, although both sexes were present at the flowers of a composite weed Senecio ilicifolium growing at the edges of the alfalfa fields, as well as elsewhere in the vicinity. Dr. G. E. Bohart, in charge of Wild Bee Investigations at Logan, Utah, in a personal communication, states that honey bees in a warm, dry climate such as in central Utah, California, and Arizona, are effi- cient pollinators of alfalfa. Climatic conditions in South Africa, where this crop is grown commercially, approximate to those obtaining in the southwestern United States. One would therefore expect the principal pollinator in South Africa to be the honey bee, and investigations at 178 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 Wilderness, which is almost next door to the alfalfa producing district of Oudtshoorn, indicate that this is indeed the case. Nothylaeus heraldicus (Smith) Investigations on this colletid have also been continued and largely confirm but also supplement the data given in the previous paper on the subject (Taylor, 1962). It was then stated that the Membrane Bee ap- peared to be active throughout the year in the Eastern Cape, and that it nests there almost continuously, as against findings in the Western Cape where there are two generations per year. This has now been confirmed at both Port Elizabeth and Wilderness, and adults have emerged in all months with the exception of February, but emergences from nests formed in late December are soon likely to remedy this omission. The duration of the immature stages (i.e., from egg to adult) has occupied from 38 to 46 days in summer, and from 69 to 119 days in autumn and winter. The parasite Gasteruption caffrarium Schletterer has also been recorded at Wilderness, and the duration of its immature stages would appear to approximate to the host’s. The contents of many cells suffer fatally from mold, and quite fre- quently nests, although fully stocked with food, seem to be completely sterile. Such sterile nests may be the work of old and spent females, as has been suggested elsewhere. Occasionally a tube containing no nest is sealed by a membrane bee. While emergences from any given nest generally occur on the same day or within a few days of one another they are sometimes spread over a number of days, and the longest period of emergence for one nest was 23 days. This, however, was exceptional. Up to eight adult progeny have emerged from one nest. While the number of cells comprising a nest rarely exceeds eight, it more often varies from three to six. The number of cells seems mainly to be limited by the length of the contain- ing tube or hole. Summary An account is given of the occurrence, behavior, and habits of three species of solitary bees, viz. Heriades freygessneri Schletterer and Mega- chile ( Eutricharaea) gratiosa Gerstaecker (both belonging to the Mega- chilidae) and Nothylaeus heraldicus (Smith) (Colletidae) in artificial nests at Port Elizabeth and Wilderness, C. P. This account supplements and brings up to date earlier and separately published papers on the three species. July 1965] TAYLOR SOUTH AFRICAN BEES 179 Some observations on the pollination of alfalfa in South Africa have been included. Acknowledgments The writer is much indebted to Dr. K. V. Krombein, U. S. National Museum, for his generous and ever-ready assistance in naming insect material, and also to Miss G. V. Britten, Albany Museum, for the deter- mination of plant material. Thanks are likewise due to the S. A. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research for the award of a grant for equipment and transport, and to Dr. G. E. Bohart, Wild Bee Pollination Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for information regarding the pollination of alfalfa in America. Literature Cited Taylor, J. S. 1962. Notes on Heriades freygessneri Schletterer (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) . Jour. Entomol. Soc. South Africa, 25 (1): 133-139. 1962. A note on Nothylaeus heraldicus (Smith) The Membrane Bee. Pan- Pac. Entomol., 38 (4) : 244-248. 1963. Notes on the Leaf-cutter Bee Megachile ( Eutricharaea ) gratiosa Gerstaecker (Hymenoptera: Megachildae) . Ibid., 39 (2) : 129-134. SCIENTIFIC NOTE An apparently new dragonfly record for California (Odonata, Libellulidae ) . — On 26 June 1960, and 12 July 1964, J. W. Kamp of Redding, California and the author collected at Wilson Lake, Tehama County. Wilson Lake is a reedy lake reached by a dirt road that turns to the left off Highway 89 about 2 miles south of Child’s Meadow. Each time the males of Ladona julia Uhler were taken at the edge of the lake, but- no females were taken. Eight male specimens are now at hand. The key character that separates Ladona from Libellula and Plathemis is the two-celled front wing triangle. In five of the eight specimens the triangle is two-celled, in two specimens the triangle is two-celled on the right forewing, three-celled on the left forewing. In one specimen the forewing triangle is three-celled in both forewings. Although the facies is alike in all the specimens and they are obviously a sample from one population, the last specimen will key to Libellula. Such variation is frequent in Odonata. Ladona julia is easily recognized, once known, even prior to capture. The dorsum of the synthorax and the terga of abdominal segments 2-4 are glaucous, appearing white in the field. The rest of the insect is dark. The males spent their time sitting on the ground at the edge of the lake unless disturbed, and were easy to capture. They were very heavily infested with red mites. Another dragonfly, Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen, was common at the same time and place. — J. W. Tilden, San Jose State College, San Jose, California. 130 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 A New Shore-Bug from Death Valley, California (Heteroptera : Saldidae) R. H. COBBEN Laboratory of Entomology W ageningen, The N etherlands In the course of a general investigation of aquatic insects of Saratoga Springs, Death Valley, California, Dr. John Belkin collected a series of Pentacora. The specimens were submitted to R. L. Usinger who recog- nized them as representing an undescribed species and referred them to me. A general description of this interesting area is given in Belkin and McDonald (1956). Pentacora saratogae Cobben, new species Holotype male. — For measurements see Table 1, specimen a. Rather stout, pre- dominantly yellow grayish colored, short haired, macropterous. Head: moderately shining, with short silvery pubescence, one erected dark bristle on the vertex posteriorly of each ocellus in addition to the three pairs of brown trichobothria ; vertex, gula, and a quadrangular area around ocelli black, a yellowish stripe along the inner side of the eye connecting a round yellowish spot on the vertex; ocelli large, pale, separated from each other less than its own diameter; eyes grayish, with few very short hairs; rostrum brownish, extending to the bases of the hind coxae. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. lc) three times wider as long medially, covered by adpressed silvery hairs and with two dark erected bristles on the front side of the dome; moderately shining; pale yellowish colored, dome black with pale markings as figured; lateral sides slightly concave, dome flattened with transverse groove. Scutellum black with light V sign at apex and an oblique pale stripe in the anterior edges. Ventral side of thorax yellowish brown, mid-ventral parts of meso- and metathorax black. Wings: Hemelytra entirely pale, veins of corium and membrane fuscous, regularly covered with short brown hairs. Hind wings reaching almost the top of the hemelytra. Abdomen: Segments yellowish, tergites and anterior border of sternites black. Coupling plate with seven to nine short dark pegs and some long hairs at the inner edge. Extremities: Antennae light yellowish, segments one and two laterally brown; with short silvery hairs, segment one moreover with some dark bristles, segments three and four moreover with scattered semi-long, erected, pale hairs; segment two as long as segments three and four, segment three longer than four. Legs pale, coxae of front and midlegs proximally and hind coxae almost entirely black, femora dark brownish on back side, top of tibiae and last tarsal segment fuscous, beset with short silver hairs and dark spines. Genital structures: Paramere as figured (Fig. 3a). Parandria, phallus, median endosomal structure, filum gonopori as in P. sphacelata (Figs, la, b; 2c-f of P. sphacelata ). Total length 5.31 mm, total width 2.20 mm. Allotype female. — For measurements see Table 1, specimen b. Differing from holotype only in slightly larger dimensions, concavity of pronotal sides more dis- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 180-185. July 1965. July 1965] COBBEN A NEW SHORE-BUG 131 Table 1. Measurements of specimens from the type series of Pen- tacora saratogae Cobben. (Measurements in mm) . Speci- men Sex Total Length Total Width Total Width Head Width of Narrowest Ocellus Vertex Width of Width Frons a $ holotype 5.31 2.20 1.12 0.49 0.40 0.08 b $ allotype 5.72 2.46 1.27 0.53 0.45 0.10 c $ paratype 4.85 2.05 1.19 0.45 0.39 0.10 d 2 paratype 5.40 2.39 1.26 0.50 0.45 0.10 e 2 paratype 5.72 2.48 1.30 0.55 0.46 0.10 Speci- men Head Distance Pronotum Antenna Hind Leg Between Length Width Width Ocellus Collar Base 1 2 3 4 ti 2ta 3ta a 0.06 0.60 0.80 1.82 0.30 1.13 0.63 0.50 2.40 0.42 0.50 b 0.07 0.65 0.85 2.03 0.40 1.20 0.65 0.55 2.60 0.43 0.50 c 0.05 0.60 0.80 1.70 0.40 1.00 0.60 0.54 0.40 0.45 d 0.07 0.63 0.80 1.91 0.37 1.15 0.63 0.55 2.50 0.45 0.48 e 0.07 0.67 0.85 2.03 0.40 1.20 0.63 0.55 2.60 0.48 0.53 tinct, less extensive dark markings on ventrum and legs; pregenital plate entirely pale, not produced backwards medially; exocorium preapically with a dent marking the place to which the coupling plate of the male is fixed during copulation. Total length 5.72 mm, total width 2.46 mm. PARATYrES, 1 male, 8 females. — For measurements see Table 1, specimens c, d, e. Agreeing with the description of holotype and allotype. Total length 4.85 to 6.00 mm, total width 2.05 to 2.53 mm. Material. — Holotype male , allotype, and four female paratypes from: Saratoga Springs, Death Valley, California, 2 December 1954, col- lected by Dr. J. N. Belkin. The remaining paratypes we found in a saldid collection of the Leningrad Museum, sent to us by Dr. I. Kerzh- ner. These latter specimens were also collected in Death Valley, Cali- fornia, at Bad Water, 25 March 1936 by Dobrshansky. All types and paratypes are in the California Academy of Science, San Francisco, except the following : one male and one female paratype in the collection of Cobben; four female paratypes in the Leningrad Museum. This new species has its closest affinities with P. sphacelata (Uhler, 1877). The latter species is predominantly halophilous and has been reported from the east coastal states of North America, Missouri, Utah, 182 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 Explanation of Figures Fig. 1. a, b, Pentacora sphacel.ata (Uhler: a, coupling-plate of male, front view; b, parandria. c, Pentacora saratogae Cobben, pronotum of holotype. California, Texas, Mexico, West Indies, Trinidad, Peru, and from the west part of the Mediterranean region in the Old World. The most southern record, Peru (Galapagos, Albemarle Is.), refers to the material described by Heidemann (1901) as Saida rubromaculata , a species which Drake (1954) after studying the types synonymized with P. sphacelata. Recently additional P. sphacelata from the Galapagos have been col- lected by R. L. Usinger (Tortuga Bay, Lagoon, Sta. Cruz, 10 February 1964) . The present author had the opportunity to compare this material with specimens from Central and North America and, indeed, found no significant differences. The specimens of P. saratogae Cobben, collected in 1954, all have the second antennal segment about as long as the segments 3 + 4. Of the July 1965] COBBEN A NEW SHORE-BUG 183 Explanation of Figures Fig. 2. Pentacora sphacelata (Uhler) : a, male from St. Martin; b Curagao (Caribbean region) ; c, d, left paramere: c, front view; d, as the direction of the arrow in c; e, f, median endosomal structure: e, f, left view. , male from observed in front view; 184 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41 , NO. 3 Explanation of Figures Fig. 3. Left paramere of: a, Pentacora saratogae Cobben, liolotype; b, P. signoreti (Guerin) ; c, P. ligata (Say) ; d, P. hirta (Say). July 1965] COBBEN — A NEW SHORE-BUG 185 sample from 1936 all female specimens lack the antennae. The single male bears only one antenna of which the segment is only 0.87 times the length of 3 + 4, tending more to the conditions in P. sphacelata. The body dimensions of the specimen in question lie considerably below that of all other material at hand. It may be that the second segment grows proportionately longer in larger individuals. A similar allometric tendency has been traced in other saldids. The differences between P. saratogae Cobben and P. sphacelata can be tabulated as follows: P. saratogae Total length generally above 5.2 mm, total width generally above 2.1 mm. Segment 2 of antennae longer than 0.85 X the length of segments 3 — (— 4. First antennal segment with dark base. Lateral sides of pronotum concave (Fig. lc). Pronotum and scutellum not obviously shining. Dome of pronotum more extensively black colored (Fig. lc). Hemelytra pale, with a weak tendency to shadowing. Femora dorsally homogeneously dark. Paramere with processus hamatus curved half-way (Fig. 3a). P. sphacelata Total length below 5.2 mm, total width below 2.1 mm. Segment 2 of antennae only 0.65- 0.82 X the length of segments three -f- four. First antennal segment with light base. Lateral sides of pronotum straight or slightly convex (Figs. 2a, b). Pronotum and scutellum shining. Dome of pronotum less extensively black colored (Figs. 2a, b). Hemelytra with greater tendency to darkening (Figs. 2a, b). Femora dorsally with scattered dark spots. Paramere with processus hamatus curved at its base (Fig. 2c) . I am grateful to Dr. J. N. Belkin, Professor R. L. Usinger, and Dr. J. Kerzhner for the opportunity of investigating the new species. Literature Cited Belkin, John N. and William A. McDonald. 1956. A Population of U ranotaenia anhydor from Death Valley, with descriptions of all species and dis- cussion of the complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 49 (2): 105-132. 186 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 A New Subgenus and Species of Matinal Andrena from the Flowers of Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) in Mexico (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) Wallace E. LaBerge and Paul D. Hurd, Jr. University of Nebraska, Lincoln and University of California, Berkeley Although the squash and gourd bees of the genera Peponapis and Xenoglossa (Hurd and Linsley, 1964) are the only known bees in the Americas whose females obtain their pollen solely from the Cucur- bitaceae (genus Cucurbita) , a few other species of bees may ultimately be shown to be similarly restricted to the pollen of certain other Cucurbitaceae. Among this latter group is a new species of Andrena from the Valley of Mexico which represents a new subgenus and whose observed behavior at the pollen source suggests that it may be oligolectic on the cucurbit genus Sicyos. The activity pattern of these bees at the flowers of Sicyos deppei also indicates that it is a matinal bee which appears to be closely synchronous with the early morning flowering of this cucurbit. Like the oligolectic evening primrose bees of the subgenus Onagrandrena, the new species is chiefly black in coloration and bears a striking similarity to certain matinal species of that unrelated subgenus of Andrena. The study site, situated some 3 kms south of Chapingo in the Valley of Mexico was first visited in the late forenoon (11:30-12:00) of 30 July 1962. Here the vines of this cucurbit were growing rampant over the roadside shoulders and ditches. A few of the vines had climbed 10 or more feet into the pepper trees ( Schinus molle ) which lined that side of the road. The small and rather inconspicuous white flowers, often hidden from view by the dense foliage of the vines, were numerous and were being visited by large numbers of syrphid flies and a few halictine bees. Examination of the flowers revealed that although nectar was abundant most of the available pollen had been removed. On the following day the site was revisited shortly before 10:00 a.m. and within a 15-minute period four males and five females of the new Andrena were collected from those flowers chiefly shaded from direct sunlight or nearly obscured by the leaves of the vines. Syrphid flies and a few other bees including a very dark colored Collates were also collected. Observation of the Andrena females before collection from the flowers indicated that they were in quest of nectar. As on the preceding day most of the available pollen had already been removed from the flowers. The site was again The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 186-193. July 1965 July 1965] laberge and hurd — new matinal Andrena 187 revisited on 3 August shortly after 9:00 a.m. At the outset of the ensuing one-half hour period of observation many males and females of the new Andrena were in evidence especially at the flowers that were protected by the foliage from direct rays of the sun. All of the females were actively gathering the remaining pollen while the males coursed through the foliage of the vines. Several males were observed to copulate with the pollen gathering females on the flowers. In two instances copulating pairs dropped from the flower to a leaf before separation. By 9:30 a.m. there were noticeably fewer females and none were observed to collect pollen. The numbers of males also declined so that in the last 15 minutes of observation (9:30 to 9:45) only a few individuals of either sex were evident. Like those bees seen at about the same time on 31 July these males and females were seeking nectar chiefly from those flowers most protected from the direct rays of the sun. On 4 August the site was revisited for the last time. Upon arrival at 7:10 a.m. the sun had just cleared the horizon and was not yet shining on the Sicyos vines. None of the flowers had opened nor did they begin to open until the more exposed flowers received direct sunshine at 7:30 a.m. Unfortunately air temperatures during the period of study (7:10 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.) are unknown, but at the outset jackets were required for comfort. Shortly before 8:05 a.m., when the first female Andrena was seen with a partly completed pollen load, a large number of flowers were open and many other flowers were in various stages of opening. During the next half hour all the flowers that were to bloom that day had opened and the numbers of Andrena , particularly the pollen gathering females, became increas- ingly abundant. The largest numbers of females were observed collecting pollen between 8:30 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. when a large roadside herd of cattle forced an abrupt departure. The foregoing observations, while somewhat fragmentary and extending over several days, seem to demonstrate that the new species of Andrena is a matinal species rather closely synchronized with the flowering characteristics of its pollen source, Sicyos deppei. Since the pollen of that plant is available for collection when the flowers open, the period of maximum pollen gathering by the Andrena females appears to coincide with the main opening of the flowers (maximum pollen available) rather than before that period or after it. At least at that locality large numbers of syrphids are attracted to the nectar of this plant, but these do not arrive at the flowers until towards the end of the activity of the Andrena which is the first insect to arrive at 188 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 the flowers in the morning. Possibly the later arrival of the syrphids and some other bees also in quest of nectar may be occasioned by the higher temperatures prevailing near the end of the activity of the Andrena. It is not clear from these studies whether the chiefly black colored Colletes, which was observed in low numbers near the end or after the activity of the Andrena ceased, is seeking nectar, pollen, or both. According to Dr. Thomas W. Whitaker the genus Sicyos consists of about 30 species, all New World in occurrence, and appears to be one of the most hardy, if not the hardiest of the Cucurbitaceae. One of the species in the eastern United States is called the “Bur Cucumber” and Dr. Whitaker comments that none of the species are of known economic use. The description which follows describes this Andrena as a new species and new subgenus and is based upon 32 specimens (11 males and 21 females). We wish to acknowledge the field assistance of Professor Ray F. Smith, University of California, Berkeley, Dr. Astrid Lpken of the Zoological Museum, University of Bergen, Norway, and Mr. John K. Drew, formerly a graduate student in the Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley. We are also indebted to Dr. Thomas W. Whitaker, Geneticist, U.S.D.A. Horticultural Field Station, La Jolla, California for the identification of Sicyos deppei and for information concerning this genus of Cucur- bitaceae. Professor E. Gorton Linsley, University of California, Berkeley has our thanks for a critical and helpful review of the manuscript. This study is one of a series of studies made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF GB-1021, “Insect pollinators of the Cucurbitaceae”) . Celetandrena LaBerge and Hurd, new subgenus Type species.- — Andrena vinnula, new species. Celetandrena is a monotypic subgenus from Mexico which is dis- tinctive in that the females lack the subgenal coronets. Several species of Callandrena also lack the subgenal coronets in the females, but these may be readily distinguished from the females of Celetandrena by the lack of humeral angles on the pronotum, the short maxillary palpi, and the usually broadened middle basitarsi. The female of Celetandrena is referred to either Leucandrena or Onagrandrena in the key to subgenera of Andrena published by LaBerge (1964, p. 285, couplet 23). Celetandrena females may he distinguished from females of either Leucandrena or Onagrandrena by the lack of subgenal coronets. The male of Celetandrena is less distinctive than the female. In LaBerge’s key (op. cit., p. 290, couplet 24) the male is referred to July 1965] laberge and hurd — new matinal Andrena 189 Andrena s. str. or to Onagrandrena. The males of Celetandrena are like those of Andrena s. str. in the presence of pronotal humeral angles, the broad head and genal areas, and the wing venation. They are unlike most Andrena s. str. and unlike Onagrandrena in possessing yellow clypei. They also differ from the Onagrandrena in the smooth- ly sculptured propodeal enclosure. Medium-sized bees with vestiture chiefly black. Facial quadrangle distinctly broader than long; lateral ocellus separated from vertex by slightly more than one ocellar diameter; labial palpus normal; maxillary palpus normal, exceeding galea by about length of last three palpal segments; clypeus short, broad, protruding beyond ends of compound eyes by one-fourth median clypeal length or less; malar space linear; genal area in lateral view considerably broader than eye. Pronotum with humeral angle (weak in female), ridge extending down from humeral angle blunt, uninterrupted, often partially absent in female, groove behind ridge narrow, shallow; propodeum with dorsal surface smoothly rounded to posterior, almost completely declivous in males; enclosure of propodeum finely sculptured, lateral margins slightly concave. Tergal integument punctate, shiny. Hind tibial spurs normal. Pterostigma narrow, about as broad as from inner margin of prestigma to wing margin; first transverse cubital vein separated from pterostigma by several vein widths; vein 1st m-cu meeting second sub- marginal cell at about two-thirds distance from base of cell. Female. — Facial fovea broad, shallow, upper end occupying most of space between eye and lateral ocellus; labral process large, semicircular in outline, weakly, if at all, emarginate. Middle basitarsus not expanded medially. Subgenal coronets absent; tibial scopal hairs highly plumose throughout; trochanteral flocculus complete, hairs long and plumose ; propodeal corbicula complete anteriorly, with several internal, plumose hairs. Male. — Clypeus yellow, parocular areas occasionally yellow; mandibles decussate; first flagellar segment subequal to or slightly longer than second segment. Sternum 6 with apex not reflexed, with broadly V-shaped apical emargination. Andrena (Celetandrena) vinnula LaBerge and Hurd, new species Female. — Measurements and ratios: N = 20; length, 10.5-12.0 mm; width, 2.5-3.5 mm; wing length, M = 4.62 ± 0.119 mm; FL/FW, M = 0.89 ± 0.001 ; FOVL/FOVW, M = 2.80 ± 0.044. Integumental color: Integument black except as follows: eyes grey; wing membranes hyaline, moderately infumate; tarsal claws and tibial spurs rufescent. Structure: Scape longer than flagellar segments 1-3; flagellar segment 1 equal in length to segments 2 plus 3, segment 2 slightly shorter than 3 and each shorter than segment 4. Eye almost four times as long as broad, inner margins converging slightly towards vertex. Malar space linear, eight times as long as broad. Mandibles bidentate, in repose outer mandible extends about one-fourth beyond middle of labrum; without ventrobasal lamella. Galea short, evenly curved from dorsum to sides, blunt, surface moderately shiny, with fine reticular shagreening. Maxillary palpus normal, segments in ratio of about 1.5 : 1.8 : 1.2 : 1.4 : 1.0 : 1.0. Labial palpus with first segment relatively short, curved slightly, not flattened, segments in ratio of about 1.8 : 1.0 : 1.0 : 1.0, last two segments attached to preceding segments subapically. Labral process large, flat, semi- 190 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 circular, with small median emargination usually present. Clypeus evenly rounded, short, protruding beyond eyes by about one-forth its median length; punctures irregular, generally round, separated by one to two puncture widths, with indistinct, longitudinal, median, impunctate, raised area, surface dulled by reticular shagreening. Supraclypeal area minutely, indistinctly punctate, dulled by tessellation. Genal area distinctly broader than eye in profile (about as 5:4), with minute punctures separated mostly by two to three puncture widths, surface dulled by reticular shagreening except near eye margin. Vertex of moderate height, above lateral ocellus equals slightly more than one ocellar diameter; with minute indistinct punctures crowded above ocelli, sparse above foveae, surface dulled by fine tessellation. Face above antennal fossae with fine rugulae above (near ocelli), interrugal spaces with small punctures, surface moderately shiny, irregularly shagreened. Facial fovea occupying most of space between eye and ocellus, extending down to below lower margin of antennal fossa, shallow. Pronotum with extremely weak, rounded humeral angles, dorsolateral ridge not evident above, weakly expressed below; surface dulled by coarse, reticular shagreening. Mesoscutum with round punctures of irregular size and spacing, separated mostly by one-half to two puncture widths, surface moderately dulled by coarse reticular shagreening. Tegulae shiny, impunctate. Scutellum similar to mesoscutum but punctures more crowded along midline and shagreening weak. Metanotum with minute punctures and tessellation dulling surface. Propodeum with dorsal enclosure with sides curved slightly inwards, finely sculptured, tessellate except slightly more roughened near base; dorsolateral and posterior surfaces with minute round punctures separated mostly by one puncture width, surface dulled by fine reticular shagreening; corbicular surface with scattered punctures, moderately shiny, coarsely shagreened. Mesepisternum opaque, with minute indistinct punctures and dense tessellation. Metepisternum below similar to corbicular area but impunctate. Middle basitarsus normal, parallel-sided, narrower than hind basitarsus. Flind tibia relatively narrow. Claws and tibial spurs normal. Wings with pterostigma about as broad as from inner margin of prestigma to wing margin, prestigma in length equals less than one- third of pterostigma. Metasomal tergum 1 with minute round punctures separated mostly by three to five puncture widths or more, surface shiny, unshagreened. Terga 2-3 with slightly larger punctures separated mostly by two to four puncture widths except extremely narrow apical impunctate margins, surfaces shiny, unshagreened. Pygidial plate V-shaped with rounded apex. Sterna 2-5 with narrow apical impunctate areas, basal areas with punctures crowded apically, sparser basally, surfaces moderately dulled by reticular shagreening. V estiture : Generally black except metasomal terga 2-4 usually with apical fimbriae, broadly interrupted medially, of white to brown hairs. Pollen collecting hairs black, structurally as in subgeneric description. Male. — Measurements and ratios: N = 11; length, 8.0-10.0 mm; width, 2.0- 2.5 mm; wing length, M rr 4.15 ± 0.086 mm; FL/FW, M = 0.80 ± 0.011 ; FS1/FS2, M = 1.20 ± 0.26. Integumental color : Black except as follows: clypeus yellow except small maculae below and mesad of tentorial pits and extreme lateral angles; parocular areas often with small yellow maculae below; wing membranes somewhat infumate ; sterna and distitarsi slightly rufescent. July 1965 ] laberge and hurd — new matinal Andrena 191 Explanation of Figures Figs. 1-5. Terminalia of Andrena vinnula LaBerge and Hurd. 1-3. Genital capsule in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. 4-5. Ventral views of sterna 7 and 8. Structure : Antennae long, extending well beyond tegulae in repose; scape equals less than flagellar segment 1-3; flagellar segment 1 slightly longer than segment 2 and subequal to succeeding segments. Eye about three times as long as broad, inner margins parallel. Malar space as in female. Mandibles 192 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 decussate, in repose outer mandible extends about one-third its length beyond middle of labrum. Galea as in female. Maxillary palpus as in female but segments in ratio of about 1.2 : 1.4 : 1.0 : 1.3 : 1.0 : 1.0. Labial palpus as in female but segments in ratio of about 1.6 : 1.0 : 1.0 : 1.0. Labral process slightly reflexed, shallowly and broadly emarginate, subtrapezoidal in outline. Clypeus flat, not protruding beyond ends of eyes, with irregularly scattered punctures separated by two to six puncture widths, surface shiny, unshagreened. Supraclypeal area with minute punctures and coarse shagreening dulling surface. Genal area broader than eye, about as 3:2; sculptured as in female but unshagreened area next to eye broader. Vertex above lateral ocellus equals about one and one-half ocellar diameters, sculptured as in female. Face above antennal fossae as in female. Pronotum with well-developed humeral angles, dorsoventral ridge extending down from angle rounded, furrow behind ridge shiny, unshagreened; sculpturing as in female. Mesoscutum, scutellum, and metanotum as in female. Propodeum as in female but lateral surfaces more coarsely shagreened. Episterna, wing venation, claws, and spurs as in female. Metasomal terga sculptured as in female but tergum 5 similar to 4. Sterna 3-5 with apical areas with minute scattered punctures, basal areas with punctures coarser and slightly more abundant, surfaces shiny, with coarsely reticular, fine shagreening. Sternum 7 not reflexed apically, shiny, apical margin broadly emarginate. Sternum 7 (Fig. 1) deeply emarginate with two acute long apical teeth; hairs sparse. Sternum 8 (Fig. 2) with apical portion shorter than basal, with apex broad, slightly emarginate, narrowly hyaline; hairs at apex not extending beyond hyaline margin; laterally, in middle of neck region, hairs longer, directed more laterad. Gonoforceps directed posteriorly, apex pointed in lateral view, with few short sparse hairs dorsally. Aedeagus strongly bent downwards, apex narrow, not expanded, in lateral view longer than gonoforceps (Figs. 3-5). V estiture : Black except as follows: clypeal hairs ochraceous to brown; lower episternal hairs pale ochraceous to brown; sternal hairs brown; outer surfaces hind tibiae and tarsi brown. Metasomal terga without apical fimbriae; sterna without distinct apical bands of long hairs, hairs generally short. Type material. — Holotype male and allotype female from 3 kilom- eters SOUTH of Chapingo, Mexico, Mexico, were collected by P. D. Hurd, 31 July 1962, on flowers of Sicyos deppei. Twenty female and ten male paratypes were collected at the same locality as the holo- type from flowers of Sicyos deppei as follows: 3 2 2,1 $ , 31 July 1962, J. K. Drew; 1 2,2 $ $ , 31 July 1962, P. D. Hurd; 10 2 2 , 3 $ $ , 3 August 1962, P. D. Hurd; 1 2,3 August 1962, J. K. Drew; 2 2 2,2 $ $ , 4 August 1962, P. D. Hurd; 3 2 2,2 $ $ , 4 August 1962, J. K. Drew. The holotype and allotype are in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes have been deposited in the collections of the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. July 1965] 193 CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY ElytroleptUS Literature Cited Hurd, P. D., Jr., and E. G. Linsley. 1964. The squash and gourd bees — genera Peponapis Robertson and Xenoglossa Smith — inhabiting America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Hilgardia, 35(15) : 375-477, 1 frontis., 18 figs. A Revised Key to the Species of Elytroleptus With Notes on Variation and Geographical Distribution (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) J. A. Chemsak and E. G. Linsley University of California, Berkeley Since the publication of recent taxonomic treatments of Elytroleptus and related lycid-like Cerambycidae (Linsley, 1961a, 1962a, 1962b), a significant amount of previously unstudied material from Mexico has been received which reveals that the type of polychromatism which has been recorded for Elytroleptus apicalis LeConte, E. pallidus (Thomson), E. scabricollis Bates, and E. dichromaticus Linsley, is far more wide- spread than published reports indicate. Since this polychromatism involves various combinations of Lycus- like, Lycostomus- like, and Calopteron- like coloration patterns, these data are of significance not only from the taxonomic viewpoint, but also in connection with studies of lycid mimicry, of which a number are currently underway and others have been published recently (e.g., Linsley, 1961b; Linsley, Eisner, and Klots, 1961; Eisner, Kafatos, and Linsley, 1962; Selander, Miller, and Mathieu, 1963; Emmel, 1965). For the latter reason, especially, we offer a revised key to species which takes this new information into account, together with notes on variation and distribution for certain of the species. Key to the Species of Elytroleptus 1. Elytra gradually dilated from base or from in front of middle, quad- ricostate toward apex (small individuals of ignitus occasionally lack the fourth costa) ; larger species, 12-17 mm in length 2 Elytra subparallel, at most slightly widened apically, tricostate through- out; smaller species, 7-12 mm in length 7 2(1) Elytra bicolored or concolorous yellow or rufo-testaceous 3 Elytra entirely black; pronotum with surface densely clothed with appressed golden tomentum except for an oval black area on posterior half of disk and another black area on each side behind lateral angle. 13 mm. Mexico (Oaxaca) nigripennis 3(2) Elytra concolorous yellow or rufo-testaceous or with apices black 4 Elytra with a black antemedian band and apices broadly black with The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 193-199. July 1965 [vol. 41, NO. 3 194 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST a violaceous or bluish cast; pronotum with surface densely clothed with appressed golden tomentum except for median and lateral longitudinal black vittae. 15 m m. Mexico (Mexico and Veracruz) grandis 4(3) Elytra concolorous yellow or rufo-testaceous 5 Elytra with apices black; pronotum usually pale or dominantly so, discal longitudinal ridges moderately densely clothed with golden appressed pubescence, center shining, coarsely, confluently punctate. 12-17 mm. Western Texas to southern Arizona and northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, Durango) apicalis 5 (4) Pronotum dominantly yellowish, center usually pale, shining, coarsely confluently punctate 6 Pronotum black except for two longitudinal densely tomentose yellowish or rufous vittae, center subopaque, rather finely, densely, rugosely punctate; elytra yellowish to rufous. 11-15 mm. Southern Arizona to Chiapas, Mexico rufipennis 6(5) Elytra with numerous erect hairs over basal half; pronotum with sides densely bristling with long erect hairs; eyes with internal margins densely clothed with erect hairs. 11-13 mm. Southern Arizona and northern Mexico (Chihuahua) ignitus Elytra without erect hairs at base, pubescence uniformly subdepressed; pronotum with sides sparsely clothed with erect hairs; eyes with internal margins lacking long erect hairs. 12-17 mm. Southern Arizona and northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila) apicalis 7(1) Elytra bicolored or black 8 Elytra concolorous yellow or rufo-testaceous 13 8(7) Pronotal disk with bands of yellow or red, appressed pubescence 9 Pronotal disk subglabrous, pubescence fine, erect, appressed pubescent bands lacking 10 9(8) Pronotum with golden yellow bands; elytra strongly costate, humeri obliquely yellow from lateral margins to suture near scutellum. 8-11 mm. Southeastern Canada to Florida and eastern Texas floridanus Pronotum with red bands; elytra less strongly costate, entirely black or with basal one-fourth reddish yellow extending obliquely back- ward from sutural margin to sides and along lateral margins to apex (var. obliquus) . 7-10 mm. Western Texas and northern Mexico (Durango) immaculipennis 10(8) Elytra coarsely punctate, no more than three rows of punctures present between costae at basal area 11 Elytra moderately coarsely to finely punctate, four or more rows of punctures present between costae at basal area 12 11(10) Elytra with costae very strongly elevated beyond basal one-fourth, dark pattern occupying apical one-half, directed forward along suture, occasionally transverse but not arching back toward suture. 8-11 mm. Texas and northern Mexico (Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon) divisus Elytra with costae only moderately elevated beyond basal one-fourth, July 1965 ] chemsak and linsley — Elytroleptus 195 dark pattern occupying apical one-third, arching back toward suture. 8-10 mm. Mexico (Queretero, Hidalgo) dichromaticus 12(10) Body densely clothed with long, erect flying hairs; elytra with broad apical dark band arching back toward suture or rarely, transverse. 7-12 mm. Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Queretero, Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Veracruz) scabricollis Body sparsely clothed with short, subdepressed pubescence; elytra with dark pattern extending obliquely up suture to basal one-fourth. 6-11 mm. Mexico (Chihuahua) humeralis 13(7) Pronotal disk with bands of yellow or rufous appressed pubescence 14 Pronotal disk subglabrous, pubescence fine, erect, appressed pubescent bands lacking 16 14(13) Elytra finely punctate, many more than four rows of punctures present between costae at basal area 15 Elytra coarsely punctate, only four rows of punctures present between costae at basal area; pronotum with disk very coarsely, confluently punctate. 8-11 mm. Mexico (Puebla, Oaxaca) similis 15(14) Elytra with a few erect hairs basally, sides not densely bristling with erect hairs; costae moderately strong and broad at base; color yellowish to rufous. 8-13 mm. Mexico (Durango, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Hidalgo, Mexico, Distrito Federal, Jalisco, Puebla) pallidus pallidus Elytra densely clothed with erect bristling hairs over basal half, becoming sparser toward apex; costae strongly elevated and broad at base; color yellow. 7-11 mm. Mexico (Mexico, Michoacan) pallidus villosus 16(13) Elytra moderately coarsely to finely punctate, more than three rows of punctures present between costae at basal area 17 Elytra coarsely punctate, only three rows of punctures present between costae at basal area. 8-10 mm. Mexico (Queretero, Hidalgo) dichromaticus 17(16) Elytra densely clothed with very long, erect bristling hairs, sides slightly broadened behind middle. 7-12 mm. Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Queretero, Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, Veracruz) scabricollis Elytra with short erect hairs moderately dense at base only, sides subparallel, rarely slightly expanded. 7-11 mm. Southern Arizona to western Texas and Mexico (Sonora, Nayarit, Durango, Guanajuato, Mexico) to Honduras luteus 1 Elytroleptus nigripennis Bates This species is still known only from the type from Oaxaca. Elytroleptus grandis Linsley Presently known from the states of Morelos and Mexico. Elytroleptus apicalis (LeConte) One of the group of species possessing both black tipped and con- colorous elytra. Unrecorded localities include; Chihuahua: Chihuahua 1 We are unable to separate E. lineatus Knull and E. davisi Knull (from western Texas) from E. luteus Duges on the basis of the original descriptions. 196 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 (Wickham) ; 25 miles west Hidalgo del Parral, 15 July 1964 on f lowers of Clematis pauci flora and Mimosa biuncifera (J. A. Chemsak and J. Powell) (a black-tipped female was taken feeding on a plain lycid, Lycostomus ) ; Tamaulipas: Llera Mesa, 1,800 feet, 7 June 1961 (U. Kansas Mex. Exped.) ; Coahuila: 9 miles west Saltillo, 9 July 1960, on Solidago (R. B. Selander and J. M. Mathieu) ; Durango: 5 miles west Durango, 23 June 1964 (H. F. Howden) ; Zacatecas: 17 miles north Fresnillo, 16 July 1954 ( J. W. MacSwain) . Elytroleptus rufipennis (LeConte) New Mexican material has been seen from the following localities: 30 miles west Tepalcates, Durango, 6 June 1964 (H. F. Howden) ; Epazoyucan, 8,100 feet, Hidalgo, 17 June 1961 (U. Kansas Mex. Exped.) ; 7.5 km above Soyalo, Chiapas, 18-19 April 1959 (T. C. Emmel) . Elytroleptus ignitus (LeConte) Examples of the immaculate form of E. apicalis LeConte resemble this species and most records from Mexico are based upon this form (Linsley, 1962; Selander, Miller, and Mathieu, 1963). The principal exception involves specimens from Primavera, Chihuahua, 5,500 feet, July 1947, W. Gertsch, Rockefeller Expedition, American Museum of Natural History, recorded by Linsley (1962) . Elytroleptus immaculipennis Knull A specimen from 5 miles west Durango, Durango, 23 June 1964 (H. F. Howden) has the elytra totally black and the pronotum possesses the typical reddish pubescent bands. Elytroleptus divisus (LeConte) New records: Huasteca Canyon, near Monterey, Nuevo Leon, 11-13 July 1963, on Karwinskia humboldtiana (H. F. and A. T. Howden). Elytroleptus dichromaticus Linsley A male with black-tipped elytral apices is before us from 1 mile northwest of San Juan del Rio, Queretero, 6 July 1964 (C. D. John- son), suggesting that the dichromatism evident in this species will ultimately be shown to involve both sexes. Elytroleptus scabricollis Bates The concolorous form of E. scabricollis apparently occurs throughout the range of the species. However, near the southern limits of its dis- tribution (Oaxaca and Puebla), the dominant (or possibly the only form) is concolorous. New locality records for this species include: Sonora: 2 miles July 1965] CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY Elytroleptus 197 southeast Alamos, 21 July 1960 (R. B. Loomis and J. Maris) ; Alamos, 30 July to 9 August 1957 (R. L. Westcott) ; San Bernardino, 15 July 1935; 10 miles east Navajoa, 13 August 1959; Sinaloa: 18 miles south Guamuchil, 7 August 1964, on Croton culicanensis (J. A. Chemsak and J. Powell) ; 8 miles south Elota, 2 July 1963 (F. D. Parker, L. A. Stange) ; 5 miles north Mazatlan, 24 July to 7 August 1964 on Buddleia wrightii and Jatropha curcus (J. A. Chemsak, J. Powell, H. F. Howden) ; Nayarit: 10 miles east Acaponeta, 4 July 1963 (Parker and Stange) ; Jalisco: 3 miles southeast Plan de Barran- cas, 8 July 1963 (Parker and Stange) ; Mexico: Bejucos and Tejupilco, Temescaltepec, 4 July 1932 (H. E. Hinton, R. L. Usinger) ; Morelos: Yautepec, 13 July 1963 (Parker and Stange) ; 13 miles south Cuerna- vaca, 8 July 1962 (D. H. Janzen) ; Puebla: 10 miles southeast Tehuitzingo, 3 July 1963 (U. Kansas Mex. Exped.) ; 8 miles southeast Tehuitzingo, 29 June 1963 on flowers of Xanthoxylum (U. Kansas Mex. Exped.) ; Oaxaca: 56 miles northwest Tehuantepec, 27 July 1963 (J. Doyen) ; 6 miles north and 16 miles south Juchitan, 3-5 July 1955 (U. Kansas Mex. Exped.) ; Veracruz: Cotaxtla, 29 June 1962 (D. H. Janzen). Elytroleptus humeralis Linsley Known only from the type series from Chihuahua. Elytroleptus similis Chemsak and Linsley, new species Male. — Form slender, elytra subparallel, slightly broadened apically; ground color yellowish-testaceous, head partially, pronotum partially, often some tibiae and femora and abdomen partially rufo-testaceous, head with black longitudinal bands extending full length across eyes to neck, neck often narrowly black, pronotum with center and sides dominantly black, underside usually black, antennae, tarsi, often some tibiae partially and some femora apically black; pubescence sparse. Head finely punctate, vertex between eyes clothed with golden appressed pubescence, long erect hairs sparse; antennae serrate from fifth segment, extending a little beyond middle of elytra, basal segments clothed with coarse suberect hairs, segments to seventh with a few suberect hairs on outside margin, distal segments densely clothed with very short appressed black pubescence, scape robust, a little longer than third segment, fourth shorter than third, fifth equal to scape, segments from sixth gradually decreasing in length, eleventh longer than tenth, appendiculate. Pronotum slightly broader than long, sides broadly rounded with an oval impression above the margin on each side; disk with two elevated, yellow appressed pubescent longitudinal ridges, center very coarsely, confluently punctate; lateral margins clothed with golden appressed pubescence, long, erect hairs more numerous at sides; prosternum feebly impressed, shining, sparsely clothed with long erect hairs; mesosternum shining, densely, shallowly punctate, sparsely pubescent; metasternum shining, glabrous and impunctate at middle, shallowly, moderately densely punctate toward edges, pubescence whitish, fine, erect, rather sparse; scutellum 198 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 black, densely appressed pubescent. Elytra less than three times as long as broad, sides feebly dilated toward apex, tricostate, costae strong but not broad; punctures moderately coarse, subbasal punctures arranged in no more than four rows between costae, punctures finer at apex; pubescence fine, very short, subdepressed, basal area with longer erect hairs sparse; apices narrowly rounded. Legs slender, femora very sparsely punctate, sparsely pubescent, tibiae thinly clothed with suberect hairs no longer than width of tibiae. Abdomen shining, rather sparsely, very shallowly punctate, thinly clothed with pale suherect hairs; apex of last sternite broadly rounded, notched medially. Length, 8-11 mm. Female. — Antennae extending to about middle of elytra; abdomen with last sternite shallowly emarginate-truncate, a dense fringe of curved hairs present at apex. Length, 9-10 mm. Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from 19 miles northwest “Calcaloapan” (Cacaloapan) , Puebla, Mexico, 23 July 1963 (W. A. Foster) ; allotype female from Tehuacan, Puebla, 23 June 1951 (H. E. Evans) ; paratypes as follows: 1 male, Tehuacan, Puebla, 23 June 1951 (H. E. Evans) ; 2 males, 10.2 miles west Puebla- Veracruz Boundary, Highway 150, 5 July 1962, on Tecoma stans (D. H. Janzen) ; one female, Tlacolula, Oaxaca, 5,249 feet, 16 July 1955 (P. and C. Vaurie) . E. similis falls in the species group which possesses unexpanded, tricostate elytra and appressed pronotal pubescent bands. It is closely related to E. pallidus but may be distinguished from that species by the more coarsely punctate elytra with the punctures being arranged in no more than four rows between the costae at the basal area. Thus far, only forms with concolorous elytra are known. Elytroleptus pallidus pallidus (Thomson) New material has been studied from the following localities: Durango: Durango, 3 July 1964, 16 July 1964, 17 July 1964, 21 July 1964, 24 July 1964, 27 July 1964, on carrot flowers and flowers of zucchini squash (J. A. Chemsak, H. F. Howden, L. A. Kelton) ; 5 miles west Durango, 21-23 June 1964 (H. F. Howden) ; Zacatecas: 32 miles northwest Fresnillo, 8-9 July 1964 (C. D. Johnson) ; Hidalgo: 4 miles west Pachuca, 7,900 feet, 16-17 June 1961, on flowers of Schinus mole, Opuntia , and at light (U. Kansas Mex. Exped.) ; 3 miles west Pachuca, 24 June 1954, on pepper tree (U. Kansas Mex. Exped.) ; Tulancingo, 6,750 feet, 14 June 1961 (U. Kansas Mex. Exped.) ; Jalisco: 6 miles west Chapala, 30 June 1963 (J. Doyen); Mexico: 11 miles west Texcoco, 20 June 1962, on Schinus mole (D. H. Janzen) ; San Juan Teotihuacan, 13 July 1962 (A. E. Michelbacher) ; Distrito Federal: Lomas de Chapultepec, 28 June 1932; Puebla: 10.2 miles west Puebla-Veracruz Boundary, Highway 150, 5 July 1962, on Tecoma stans (D. H. Janzen). July 1965] CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY Elytroleptus 199 Elytroleptus pallidus villosus Linsley This densely pubescent subspecies primarily occurs in the State of Mexico. However, we have seen specimens from Morelia, Michoacan, 15 July 1956 (R. and K. Dreisbach) . Elytroleptus luteus Duges This species is quite variable and may segregate into recognizably distinct populations in Mexico and in southwestern United States. New records from Mexico include: Sonora: Alamos, 9 August 1957 (R. L. Westcott) ; Nayarit: 3 miles northwest Santa Maria del Oro, 27 June 1963 (J. Doyen) ; Chihuahua: 25 miles west Hidalgo del Parral, 15 July 1964, on Clematis pauciflora (J. A. Chemsak) ; Durango: 18 miles west Durango, 7,200 feet, 31 July 1964 on Buddleia cordata (J. A. Chemsak) ; Honduras: Zomorano, 27 April to 5 May 1964 (G. A. Axtell) . Acknowledgments The support of the National Science Foundation through Grant GB-2326 is gratefully acknowledged. We are also indebted to the following persons and their respective institutions for making material available for study: G. Byers, University of Kansas; P. J. Darlington, Jr., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard; H. F. Howden, Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences; A. T. McClay, University of California, Davis; G. Pechu- man, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; J. G. Rozen and P. Vaurie, American Museum of Natural History; E. L. Sleeper, Long Beach State College; and F. Truxal, Los Angeles County Museum. Literature Cited Eisner, T., F. Kafatos, and E. G. Linsley. 1962. Lycid predation by mimetic adult Cerambycidae. Evolution, 16: 316-324, figs. Emmel, T. C. 1965. A new mimetic assemblage of lycid and cerambycid beetles in Central Chiapas, Mexico. Southwest. Nat., 10(1): 14-16, fig. Linsley, E. G. 1961a. A review of the Pteroplatini of North and Central America. Pan-Pacific Entomol., 37 : 1-15, figs. 1961b. Lycid-like Cerambycidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 54: 628-635, figs. 1962a. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part III. Taxonomy and classi- fication of the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribes Opsimini through Megaderini. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 20: 1-188, figs. 1962b. Synopsis of the genus Elytroleptus Duges (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Folia Entomol. Mexicana, 3: 1-13, figs. Linsley, E. G., T. Eisner, and A. B. Klots. 1961. Mimetic assemblages of sibling species of lycid beetles. Evolution, 15 : 15-29, figs. Selander, R. B., J. L. Miller, and J. M. Mathieu. 1963. Mimetic associations of lycid and cerambycid beetles (Coleoptera) in Coahuila, Mexico. Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 36: 45-52. 200 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 A New Genus of Neotropical Anthocoridae that Resembles the Bed Bug (Hemiptera) Jacques Carayon and Robert L. Usinger Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and University of California, Berkeley Several years ago an interesting brachypterous anthocorid was found in a collection of miscellaneous Cimicidae in the Paris Museum. It proved to be a female and was in such poor condition that a formal description did not seem to be justifiable. Since that time two ad- ditional females have turned up at the California Academy of Sciences from the collections of E. S. Ross and E. I. Schlinger. Although a male would be desirable, the species is so unusual that it is described at this time to make the name available for comparative studies and to call attention to its unique characteristics. The type is in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Astemmocoris Carayon and Usinger, new genus Body stocky, broadly oval, rather flat. Surface semiglabrous, shiny, generally finely punctured or shagreened, with short bristles on head and pronotum; pilosity appressed. Lateral margins of pronotum without hairs. No long bristles at tip of abdomen. Head rather obtuse at apex, subtriangular, eyes moderately protruding and widely separated, occupying basal angles without touching anterior margin of pronotum. Ocelli present only in submacropterous form, situated just behind and mesad of eyes. Antennae with first segment short, not reaching apex of head; second a little longer and thicker than third and fourth segments, the latter filiform and clothed with long hairs. Rostrum extending to posterior coxae; first segment very short, reaching to level of insertions of antennae, second segment very long, enlarged basally and attaining apex of middle coxae. Pronotum subrectangular, its anterior margin slightly concave between two rounded projections formed by convergent anterior angles; posterior margin broadly concave in front of scutellar base. Anterior collar very narrow, distinctly constricted laterally. Disk convex, finely punctured and with a transverse de- pression on each side of middle in posterior half; sides strongly depressed. Scutellum almost equilateral, rather flat and smooth in brachypterous form, convex and shining in front and then flat and wrinkled in the submacropterous form. Hemelytra in submacropterous form leaving abdomen broadly exposed laterally and posteriorly; corium rather dull, finely shagreened and covered with short, appressed hairs; costal margin dilated like sides of pronotum and a little reflexed; median groove and cuneal fracture distinct, exocorium a little narrower than clavus. Membrane dull with a single short vein, scarcely visible, near outer margin. Hemelytra in brachypterous form, pad-like, about as wide as long and not reaching posterior margin of second abdominal segment; neither a groove The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 200-204. July 1965 July 1965] carayon and usinger — a new anthocorid 201 nor a cuneus visible on corium, costal margin dilated basally, membrane reduced to narrow apical edge of corium. Mesosternum strongly grooved at middle (Fig. lb). Metasternum sulcate, its posterior margin distinctly produced. Metapleura evenly shagreened except for ostiolar canals. Ostiolar groove well developed, forming a thick, posteriorly concave, transverse elevation, from the lateral apex of which a narrower longitudinal branch arises and bends forward, reaching anterior metapleural margin. Metapleuron narrowly depressed behind and laterad of scent gland canals. Legs nearly alike; femora rather enlarged, without true spines but with a row of inconspicuous spiniform hairs along ventral surface; tibiae spined and hairy, without apical tufts (spongy fossae). Abdomen rather flat and wide, lateral margins without a longitudinal suture on each side of first tergites; last segment distinctly concave at middle in dorsal view. Disk covered with short hairs that are broadly ovoid at base and very tapered apically. Ovipositor well developed. No copulatory tube or well differentiated ecto- spermalege, but ventrally near right margin at junction of segments VII and VIII with an irregular cuticular swelling suggesting a primitive type of ectospermalege. Type species: Astemmocoris cimicoides, new species Astemmocoris differs from all other anthocorids by: 1) the complete absence of ocelli in the brachypterous form (Fig. la) and 2) the absence of longitudinal sutures at the sides of the first abdominal tergites (Fig. lc). In spite of its peculiarities Astemmocoris belongs, without any doubt, in the subfamily Lyctocorinae ( sensu Poppius, 1909, Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae, 37(9): 1-43). Many characteristics and especially the structure of the scent canals show a relationship to the genus Lyctocoris. Astemmocoris differs, however, in the characters mentioned above, in the absence of a genital apophysis on the ventral surface of sternite VII, and in the probable presence of an ectospermalege (Fig. Id) which is completely lacking in Lyctocoris and its allies. Because of their ecological characters, with a tendency to occasional hematophagy, and the cimicoid habitus in the larvae and brachypterous adults, the anthocorids of the “Lyctocoris Group” are closest to the Cimicidae. However, these anthocorids have unique characters that are not found in other members of the family or in the Cimicidae and therefore they cannot be considered as ancestors of latter group. Males of the “Lyctocoris Group” have two parameres; their intro- mittent organ is not the left paramere but the phallus itself which has a seminal duct with a tracheal structure and a sharp sclerified vesica for injection, structures that have never been observed in the Cimicidae. 202 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 ''*****, **« July 1965] carayon and usinger — a new anthocorid 203 Of all the anthocorids the brachypterous Astemmocoris most closely resembles Cimicidae. Although reinforced by the complete absence of ocelli, this resemblance is not, in itself, sufficient proof of close relationship. It is, nevertheless, of great interest to show how the general form of Cimicidae could have been derived from an anthocorid- like ancestor. Astemmocoris cimicoides Carayon and Usinger, new species Submacropterous female (Fig. If). — Body 2.8 times as long as wide across hind angles of pronotum; greatest width near middle of abdomen (2.04 mm). Head as long as pronotum at middle, its dorsal surface almost smooth except for fine punctures forming an inverted triangle between eyes; bases of hairs inconspicuous; dorsal interocular space 3.2 times as wide as diameter of an eye. Antennal segments one to four: 0.2 mm, 0.66 mm, 0.46 mm, 0.46 mm. Segments of rostrum: 0.2 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.36 mm. Pronotum 2.7 times as wide as long at middle, its surface covered with inconspicuous fine hairs; sides broadly margined, especially anteriorly where they form rounded angles; anterior margin distinctly surpassing eyes laterally; posterior disk, except for transverse depressions, finely wrinkled. Scutellum broad at base and about one-third longer than pronotum. Hemelytra dull, covered with fine hairs that are more apparent than on rest of body. Abdomen broadly oval, disk shining, shagreened, covered with short hairs that are thick at base and tapered apically; posterior margins of tergites slightly concave near sides. Length of ovipositor about equal to % total length of abdomen. General color almost uniformly yellowish brown to reddish brown, rather pale yellowish ochre on anterior part of head, antennae, rostrum, legs, most of undersurface and part of scutellum. Pronotal collar, and particularly cuneus and membrane of hemelytra dark brown or almost black. Brachypterous female (Fig. le). — Resembles submacropterous form but distinctly wider (2.28 mm) with interocular space 4.2 times as wide as diameter of an eye, pronotum 2.9 times as wide as long at middle and hemelytral pads about as wide as long, leaving abdomen broadly exposed. Size. — Submacropterous female 4.35 mm; brachypterous females 4.20 and 3.90 mm. Holotype submacropterous female. — Monson Valley, Tingo Maria, Peru, 23 September 1954 (E. I. Schlinger and E. S. Ross). Paratypes: 2 females, one from Macoa, Marino, Colombia, 710 miles, 2 March 1955 (E. I. Schlinger and E. S. Ross) and the other from French Guyana, Explanation of Figures Fig. 1. Astemmocoris cimicoides: Brachypterous female, French Guyana; a) head and anterior portion of pronotum; b) internal view of ventral surface of thorax; c) right side of basal abdominal tergites; d) internal view of ovipositor (arrow indicates ectospermalege) ; e) brachypterous female, Macoa, Colombia; f) submacropterous female holotype, Tingo Maria, Peru. 204 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 St. Jean du Maroni, August. The latter is partially damaged and mounted on a slide. It is in the collection of the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Ceracia dentata a parasite of Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica in California (Diptera : Tachinidae and Orthoptera : Acrididae) Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. and David C. Rentz California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Ceracia dentata (Coquillett, 1895), is a well-known endoparasite of Acrididae, having been reared from three of its subfamilies — the Cyrtacanthacridinae, Oedipodinae, and Acridinae. As early as 1897, Coquillett (1897, p. 9) recorded this tachinid as a parasite of Chortophaga viridifasciata (De Geer) on the basis of a rearing by T. Pergande from an adult collected at St. Louis, Missouri in June 1877. Subsequently it has been recorded from at least eight species of Melanoplus (Cyrtacanthacridinae), Cammula and Chortophaga (Oedi- podinae), and Aulocara and Psoloessa (Acridinae). References to these rearings are listed in Greathead’s (1963) very useful paper on insect enemies of Acridoidea. Data on rearings of Ceracia dentata from a new host genus and species, Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica (Thomas) collected in the city of San Francisco, are presented below. Of the two subspecies of Chimarocephala pacifica, our rearings have been made from the nominate subspecies which occurs in the Coast Ranges from Sonoma County south into Monterey County. The females occur in several color phases, from brown to green, with most of our rearings from the former. From four female nymphal grasshoppers of C. p. pacifica collected on the San Miguel Hills (elevation about 500 feet) in San Francisco, California, a total of 14 C. dentata larvae emerged. The nymphs were collected alive at the end of December 1959 and during January 1960 by Rentz, from green grassy slopes having southern exposures. These were briefly reported upon by Rentz (1961) without naming the tachinid. Both adult and nymphal stages of C. p. pacifica were collected together, however, only the nymphal females produced parasites. Only four of approximately 50 field collected nymphs produced C. dentata parasites. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 41: 204-206. July 1965 July 1965] ARNAUD & RENTZ- — CERACIA REARING 205 In the San Miguel Hills, located in an area of relatively mild winter temperatures, the grasshopper nymphs were observed from late November, through December and in January. Adult C. dentata are active throughout the year in central California, utilizing C. p. pacifica as a winter host. Our rearings were from the nymphal stage, however, two adult females collected in 1961 had attached eggs of C. dentata. The adult C. p. pacifica occur only into the spring, and they are then absent in the summer and early fall, with the nymphs reappearing in the late fall. i Ceracia is reported to glue its eggs on the host and the larvae to gain pntry through the host integument. Several adult females collected iand killed in the field in 1961, upon later examination, showed several eggs on the head, thorax, and hind femur, which are presumed to be the eggs of C. dentata. One of these females, with eggs attached to pronotum and metapleura, , is illustrated in Fig. 1. Only one of the four parasitized nymphs bore two eggs on its integument at the time of its death ; the others had none. The rearings were made at room temperatures at the California Academy of Sciences. The adult parasites were maintained in pint jars without the addition of water or food. The four rearings of C. dentata from female grasshopper nymphs, summarized in Table 1, are as follows : Rearing 1. — Brown phase, collected 26 December 1959, with enlarged abdomen, sluggish in movement. On 29 December 1959, three larvae emerged from host abdomen between 1100-1330 hours, here reported as first group, and two additional larvae emerged and pupated after 1700 hours and before 0740 hours 30 December 1959, reported as second group. Of the first group, one male emerged 15 January 1960 and was killed in cyanide 17 January 1960, while the two females emerged 17 January 1960 and died 26 January 1960. Of the second group, one male emerged 15 January 1960 and was killed in cyanide on 17 January 1960, while nothing emerged from one puparium. Table 1. Summary of rearings of Ceracia dentata. Rearing 1 2 3 4 Number of C. dentata 5 3 2 4 Sexes 2 $ £,29 5,1? 2$ $,1? i£,i? 2 $ £,19,1? Length of pupation 17-19 days 12 to 14 days, data incomplete 10 (+ ?) days, data incomplete 16 days Length of adult life 2 5 5 — 9 days 2 $ $ — unknown 2 $ $ — 5 days 1 5 — 7 days 1 $ — 6 days 1 $ , 1 9 — 8 days 19 — 9 days 206 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 3 Explanation of Figure Fig. 1. Adult female of Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica (Thomas), right lateral view, with three eggs of Ceracia dentata (Coquillett) attached to pronotum and metapleuron. Specimen collected at Twin Peaks, San Francisco, California, 4 February 1961 (D. C. Rentz). Photographic print kindly made by Mrs. Marjorie S. Favreau from a negative taken by Arnaud. Rearing 2. — Brown phase, collected 17 January 1960. On 18 January 1960 three larvae emerged and pupated same day. Two males and one female emerged on weekend 30 or 31 January 1960 to 1 February 1960. Both males died 5 February 1960; the female died 7 February 1960. Rearing 3. — Brown phase, found dead 16 January 1960 in rearing cage, with two puparia nearby. One male emerged 26 January 1960 and died 1 February 1960. Nothing emerged from one puparium. Rearing 4. — Green phase, collected 16 January 1960. Four larvae emerged and pupated same day. Two females and one male emerged 1 February 1960. The male and one female died 9 February 1960; the second female died 10 February 1960. Nothing emerged from one puparium. Literature Cited Coquillett, D. W. 1897. Revision of the Tachinidae of America north of Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. No. 7, p. 1-154 (revised index, p. 149-156). Greathead, D. J. 1963. A review of the insect enemies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera) . Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London, 114(14): 437-517, figs. 1-66. Rentz, D. C. 1961. [Parasitism of Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica (Thomas)]. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 37(1) : 60. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS Advertisers Index Name Page Colloidal Products Corp. i Shell Chemical Company ii California Chemical Company — Ortho Division iii American Cyanamid Company iv Velsicol Chemical Corp. v Mountain Copper Company, Ltd. vi Trojan Laboratories vi Hercules Powder Company vii Niagara Chemical Division — Food Machinery Chemical Corp. viii Chemagro Corporation ix United States Rubber x Insect Pins xi D-Vac Co. xi Leitz, Inc. xii Rohm & Haas Company xiv 1 What is a spray adjuvant? A substance added to a spray formula to improve the performance of the active ingredient. Your Agricultural Chemical Distributor will be happy to supply literature and recommendations as to the proper Multi-Film Spray Adjuvant for your specific application, or write direct to : Colloidal Products Corporation 100 Gate 5 Road, Sausalito, California 11 How to put the finishing touch on any insect control program ^on't run a needless risk. Complete your program by making sure that empty in- scticide containers won’t cause problems. The picture above shows how easily a :actor wheel crushes an empty 5-gallon pail, 'uncturing, burying, or burning are other usitive ways to deal with containers or ackages. By eliminating the possibility of misuse f a pesticide container, you protect yourself, our family, workers and livestock. The destruction of empty containers— or isposal by other recognized methods— is one f the essential parts of any pesticide pro- ram. For safety and effectiveness throughout our program, follow these simple steps: 1 ) read the label on any pesticide carefully, iefore you start, (2) follow the directions and precautions exactly, (3) make sure your application goes only on the crop to be pro- tected; drift to neighboring cropland or streams is bad business, (4) never clean or flush out your equipment near a stream, and (5) complete the job by crushing and bury- ing all small empty containers. To dispose of drums: return them to the formulator, sell them to a cooperage equipped to decontaminate them, or destroy them ac- cording to procedures recommended by the U.S.D.A. Play it safe and you do a great deal to en- sure the efficient and profitable performance of any pesticide. Shell Chemical Company Agricultural Chemicals Division Ill FALFA AND flj >n of Foliage -* und sprayer c, apply to sed ^ days of hi teed or ojfl | i i By Wt. '-dipyridylium drbromido* 40% 1 60% Diquat ion per gallon as 4 lbs. salt lONTENTS 5 GALLONS .. USE STRICTLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH WARNINGS AND DIRECTIONS; AND IN FEDERAL ^AND STATE REGULATIONS. if CONTAINER WHEN EMPTY. NEVER RE-USE. lew herbicidal chemical for use in the desic- ants in preharvest application in order to nical and hand harvesting. It is also recom- general weed killer and as an aquatic weed id herbicidal action is usually quite ropid a few days. Diquat is inactivated on contact se on lawns. N-PLANTED AREAS: Vfcjll J Gardens, Buildings crlHpther nee Lines, Parkways ansPrivewi roadleaved and Grass-Type Wee* (2 teaspoonfuls to 1 gol. water). lorough weed contact. Apply preferal p to seeding of weeds. Repeat application ntaln control, particularly on grasses and Vvoid spray contact with foliage of food plants. harvest Desiccation of Foliage— 1 quart per ils. water by ground application, and 10 to DEPTH OF WATER (f-t) 1 2 DIRECT!* 20 gals, water by airplane application. Apply os plants reach maturity and use full coverage spray. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. SORGHUM (Seed Crops only): Preharvest Desiccation of Foliage— 1 quart per acre in 20 to 30 gols. water by ground sprayer ap- plication and 5 to 10 gals, water by air. Apply within 2 weeks of harvest and when seeds have not more than ure. Do not use seed from treated plants for food, feed^H . purposes. 7 X (Intoning still and slowH Rating WEEDS (Water Letfl Apply 2 to 3 quarts per acre □kes ray piy 2 . > p# acre for thorough coverage. Spray floating OB is thoroughly wet. Water Lettuce— Aerial Ap- I*. dilute spray per acre. Avoid drift of spray ogototlon to ovoid severe plant injury. Repeat treat- ment when new Infestation occurs. SUBMERSED. WEEDS— (Coon- tail, Elodea, Pond Weeds, Southern Naiad)— Use 1.5 to 2.5 ppm (by weight) Diquat cation injected below the water surface and distributed as evenly as possible. Repeat treatment when new infestation occurs. See dilution chart. activity, ORTH 6 to 8 ounces per acre. (1 ourf >iquat is more eff< SOYBEANS (Seed Crop only): PreharvesL 1 quart per acre in 20 to 30 plication and 5 to 10 gals. _ use scen^^^^^Rat e v per^« tkx) anl Kq when Dd not u 1 Note: Inject below i Do not use treate swimming, spraying after treatment. Do CAUTION: Do not eep livestock out equipment f! application 1 incen hit doi fothing ledical < water. Ke id drift t< damaged :onsumption. NQfUCE: The state concerning They are believed Mora of use which ■ tfal, California Ch< authorize any age guarantee or repre material, except th the label. Neither . shall be held respc or property damag or to any person fre whether or not in c all risk and liability and accepts and us Do air Apply within for. reated plants teed Recommended reading for all ages This is an ORTHO label. You see it on drums, cans, jugs and sacks of pesticide. And no matter how old you are — or how long you’ve been using pesticides — you should always read it carefully from beginning to end. It takes ORTHO chemists literally years of testing to determine correct label directions and cautions on new products. And they’re constantly re-testing the old ones to come up with new uses and new label directions. So if you want to get the most effective, econom- ical and safest performance from a pesticide, reading its label is a “must”. If you’re too young to read, this label should never he left within your reach. You might get hurt. And if you’re a field worker who can’t read, your boss should tell you why pesti- cides — and even empty pesticide containers — can be dangerous. Pesticides can only help you if you use them correctly. Make sure you do. Read the label. CALIFORNIA CHEMICAL COMPANY ORTHO DIVISION, 200 Bush St., San Francisco 20, California r.M. RE9. y.S. PAT, QFF.: ORTHO ON ALL CHEMICALS, READ DIRECTIONS AND CAUTIONS BEFORE USE. IV HAS AN IDEAL PESTICIDE FOR EVERY PURPOSE INSECTICIDES MALATHION — provides truly broad-spectrum control, with exceptionally low mammalian toxicity. Available in all popular formulations for application in any type of equipment. THIMET® ph orate— provides sys- temic control of many pests at- tacking corn, peanuts, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat, alfalfa, orna- mentals and other crops. CYGON* dimethoate — controls house flies up to 8 weeks or longer. Also used to control many pests attacking fruit, veg- etables and ornamentals. THIOPHOS® parathion— one of the first, and still highly effective and widely-used organic phos- phates. FUMIGANTS AERO® liquid HCN— controls all common insects infesting stored grain. CYANOGAS® calcium cyanide- controls rodents (A-Dust) and stored grain pests (G-Fumigant). FUNGICIDE CYPREX® dodine-effectively combats a wide number of dis- eases attacking fruit, nuts and ornamentals. WETTING AGENTS VATSOL® — useful in reducing the surface tension of water in order to increase the effective- ness of insecticide and fungicide sprays and dusts. Available in powder, pellet, paste and liquid forms. A70% liquid formulation is marketed under the trade- name of S'JR-TEN*. HERBICIDES AMINO TRIAZOLE-provides outstanding control of Canada Thistle and other weeds. CYTROL®— a liquid form of AMINO TRIAZOLE which is also highly effective against quack- grass and other weeds. AERO CYANATE— provides out- standing weed control in onions. GROWTH REGULANT CYCOCEL®— produces more compact red poinsettias with brighter colored bracts and deeper green foliage. Also useful on lilies, geraniums, chrysanthe- mums, camellias and carnations. V VELSICOL PESTICIDES; INSECT, WEED, AND PLANT DISEASE CONTROLS Velsicol pesticides have demonstrated great utility, throughout the world. If you are interested in the protection of food or fiber crops, public health, pest control operation , or related fields, we would like to offer you technical information about these versatile compounds. Please write Velsicol Chemical Corporation, 341 E. Ohio Street, Chicago, III. 60611 H E R B1 C 1 0 E S BANDANE® Pre-emergence crabgrass control that's safe for new and I established lawns. BANVEL® D A herbicide for control of broadleaved perennial weeds in turf. V;. ; . v;.;\ 1 M S E C TI P IDES CHLORDANE A broad range chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. The leading lawn, garden, household insecticide. ENDRIN An insecticide that is effective against many hard to kill insect pests of cotton, tobacco, tree fruits, etc. HEPTACHLOR A versatile chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. Widely used for soil insect control on major crops. METHYL PARATHION A versatile insecticide used in combination with Endrin in all purpose sprays and dusts. FUMIGANTS ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE An insecticidal fumigant, nematocide and soil insecticide. Usually used in combination with methyl bromide. PESTMASTER® METHYL BROMIDE An insecticidal fumigant, rodenticide, nematocide, and herbicide. FUNGICIDES VELSICOL MEMMI ,8-EC MERCURIC FUNGICIDE Controls brown patch, dollar spot, copper spot, melting out (Helminthosporium), gray leaf spot of St. Augustine Grass, and cottony blight (Pythium) or Rye grass. An emulsifiable concentrate that mixes fast, does not need constant agitation, and leaves no sediment in spray tanks. FERBAM Fungicide used in control of scab and cedar apple rust and as a protective fungicide for other crops. Also used to control blue mold in tobacco plant beds. ZIRAM Fungicide used extensively on vegetables and on some fruit crops. Best used as a preventive treatment. VELSICOL® 2-1 Turf fungicide used to control brown patch, dollar spot, snow mold and other turf diseases. PMA An organic foliage fungicide also used for post emer- gence crabgrass control, seed treatment, and turf disease control. VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATIOIM/341 E. Ohio St., Chicago, III. 60611 VELSICOL INTERNATIONAL CORP., C.A./p. O. Box 1687, Nassau, Bahamas, VELSICOL CORPORATION OF CANADA, LIMITED / 2 Carlton St., Suite 1018, Toronto 2, Canada VELSICOL INTERNACIONAL DE MEXICO S.A. OE C.V./ Morelos No. 110-Desp. 209, Mexico 6, D.F. VI Mountain Products BLUESTONE (Copper Sulphate) Briks • Granular Crystal Large Crystal Crystal Smal Hi-Sol Crystal • Snow Crystal Powdered Monohydrated Copper Sulphate Basic Copper Sulphate Copper Hydroxide Copper Carbonate Cuprous Oxide Copper Pigment Zinc Sulphate 36%-Mono Zinc Sulphate 28%-Cubes Zinc Oxide (Ag. Grade) Basic Zinc Sulphate Ferric 27 (Ferric Sulphate) Industrial Iron Oxide THE MOUNTAIN COPPER CO., LTD. 1 00 Mococo Road, Martinez, California 94553 A Service for the Field Testing & Evaluation of Agricultural Chemicals Under Western Conditions Entomology Chemistry Floriculture Engineering Plant Pathology Trojan Laboratories Box 420 Montebello, California Vll DELNAV* (dioxathion) TOXAPHENE (chlorinated camphene, 67-69% Cl) ...proved toxicants from Hercules SV6S-I ® HERCULES TRADEMARK Specify toxicants with proved effectiveness. Write for technical information and recommendations POWDER COMPANY 120 Montgomery Street San Francisco, California 94104 vm Putting ideas to Work NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION ANAHEIM • FRESNO ■ RICHMOND • YAKIMA Home Office: MIDDLEPORT, NEW YORK I Recognize this mark? CHEMAGRO CORPORATION KANSAS CITY 20 • MISSOURI It is the Chemagro Corporation trademark. You see it on all chemical products manufactured by Chemagro. More often, it is called the Chemagro bullseye. The blue bullseye is well known throughout all areas of agriculture. Insecticides, pesticides and defoliants identified by it result from years of continuous research. Currently we have fourteen products marked with the familiar bullseye. Soon there will 1 , be more. Watch for them. They will be easily identified by the blue bullseye. You will be able to rely on our new products as completely as you do our present ones. Because they, too, will come from sound, basic research. CHEMAGRO CORPORATION KANSAS CITY 20 • MISSOURI X .V^?A5SSSfiSESS8SI8ffl Kill those cotton-picl< with Aramite mites Plagued by mites who seem to thrive on phosphate? Get ARAMITE®, effective, approved miticide. Tests in the field for the past twelve years prove aramite kills a wide variety of mites, including those who resist phosphate, and not one has developed a resistance to aramite. Applied as a wet spray or dust, aramite has a long residual. It kills both nymph and adult mites on cotton, ornamentals, fruit and shade trees. Approved by the U.S.D.A. for mite control of cotton, aramite is safe to use and does not harm bees or other beneficial insects. For effective, economical mite control, order ARAMITE from your local supplier. 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Whetheryou require only bright-field viewing or fluorescent and phase contrast methods, you will find that all Leitz stands can be fitted to handle each technique easily. Leitz laboratory instrumentation permits research in depth: -A superb micromanipulator with motion reduction to 1:1/800. -Several microtomes are available for the flaw- less preparation of microsections for applications in elec- tron, phase contrast, research, and routine microscopy. -Heating and cooling stages for high- and low-temperature thermal observations. -The ultimate in microprojection for teaching and conference purposes. -A complete range of photomicrographic cameras— including the exclusive, automatic Orthomat. These are but a few examples from the complete line of Leitz scientific instruments. Write for complete descriptive information of the individual instrument which you require. 54 I G4 E. LEITZ. INC.. 400 PARK AVENUE SOUTH. NEW VOlllf 10. N . V. LEICA AND LEICINA CAMERAS • LENSES ■ PROJECTORS • MICRO Ssl OPES Xlll PUBLICATIONS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131 pages). 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST. Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or $1.50 per single issue. MEMOIR SERIES. Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world. Published October 1951. Price $6.00. Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages. Published July 1955. Price $10.00. Send orders to: Pacific Coast Entomological Society c/o California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author. Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi- cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes. Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor , Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Typing. — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and ample margins. 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Private investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds to cover this charge may apply to the Society for a grant to cover the page charges. A brief statement by the author on the reprint order form will suffice as an application. All articles are accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit and without regard to the financial support of the author. Since you can’t wrap them in cellophane... protect them with KELTHANE Control all the mite species attacking your fruits and nuts with Kelthane; today, as in the past, the safest and most effective miti- cide. A good program of mite control begins with early sprays, while foliage is light, for good coverage and penetration. Early sprays also hit the mite populations before they begin to multiply. Follow-up applications as required must be continued at full dosages. Heavy foliage requires thorough spraying to obtain good coverage. Delays in getting your Kelthane program under way, faulty coverage, in- adequate dosage and poor timing of your sprays will surely start mites on the road to resistance. All of these factors are within your control. With your help Kelthane will continue to give you the best in mite control. ROHIVl PH1LADCUPH IA.PA-I9I0 5 Vol. 41 OCTOBER 1965 No. 4 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist CONTENTS In Memoriam EDWARD OLIVER ESSIG 1884-1964 MICHELBACHER — Edward Oliver Essig, 1884-1964 207 SMITH — The bibliography of Edward Oliver Essig and insects named by him 235 HIGGINS AND WOOLLEY — A new genus of moss mites from northwestern United States 259 DENNING — New Trichoptera from United States and Mexico 262 BARNES — Three new species of the genus Anomiopsyllus 272 ALLEN — The adult stages of Ephemerella (Drunella) pelosa Mayo 280 Notice to subscribers 258 Index to Volume 41 283 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1965 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD E. G. Linsley P. D. Hurd, Jr. H. V. Daly, Editor J. R. Anderson, Asst. Editor L. B. O’Brien, Editorial Assistant E. S. Ross H. B. Leech P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer W. H. Lange, Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed- ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and all financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sci- ences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be addressed to the Secretary, Dr. Carlton S. Koehler, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $5.00 for regular members of the Society or $6.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $1.50 each or $6.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society Officers for 1965 William E. Ferguson, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer C. Don MacNeill, Vice-President Carlton S. Koehler, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October) Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editor: Dr. Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: none. This issue mailed 28 October 1965. Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. ALLEN PRESS INC. LAWRENCE, KANSAS \ The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Yol. 41 October 1965 No. 4 ^dtoard ©Itocr Tssig Edward Oliver Essig, Professor Emeritus of the University of Cali- fornia, died 23 November 1964, at the age of 80. He was born at Ar- cadia, Indiana, 29 September 1884. Within a year of his birth, his mother died and until 1887 he was cared for by an aunt. In that year the family moved to California, settling in Guerneville. His father re- married 5 July 1887 and the second wife reared Essig and an older brother with tenderness and love as if they were her own. This relation- ship endeared his stepmother to him and made for a normal, happy life. In later years he reflected back on this with a great deal of satis- faction and appreciation. The senior Essig was primarily a farmer and although a man of ability he had a tendency to move about in search of better living con- ditions for his family. After a short stay in Guerneville he moved the family to Calistoga (1888). Here Essig experienced a number of pleas- ing early boyhood events which left him with many happy memories of the region. In later years he always enjoyed visiting the area and next to Berkeley it would have been his choice of a place to live. Edward was only about 9 years old when the family moved to Flor- ence, Oregon, near the mouth of the Siuslaw River. Here a living was made by fishing and helping in managing a hotel. The stay there was of rather short duration and the family returned to California where the rest of Essig’s youth was spent in the vicinity of Fortuna. His rural existence kept Essig in close contact with nature and he early developed the power of close observation and a keen interest in the animals and plants that surrounded him. Out of this there grew a love and tender- ness for all living things. About 1904 Essig went to Eureka on his own and attended Kildale Normal. There he came to the attention of the minister of the Con- gregational Church who recognized him as possessing unusual ability. Because Essig’s parents were of humble means, they could not finance his schooling. However, the minister made arrangements whereby Edward was sent to study in Pomona Preparatory School before enter- 208 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Fig. 1. Englewood School, near Pepperwood, California where Professor Essig attended the 9th and 10th grades in 1902 and 1903. His early schooling at hest was very primitive, but he realized the importance of a good education. This desire prompted him at his own expense to attend Kildale Normal School in Eureka, California. ing Pomona College. He intended to prepare for the ministry but the course of his career was altered, for upon entering college he came under the influence of two outstanding Professors — A. J. Cook and Charles Fuller Baker. They exerted a profound effect upon him and kindled the inspiration that launched him on his outstanding and seldom equaled entomological career. In order to help finance his way through college, Essig waited on tables and received sleeping quarters in the College Bell Tower for ringing the bell. Two summers were spent at the Lodge in Yellowstone National Park. Here he served as busboy and bellhop and greatly appreciated the generous tips that he employed to further his education. It also afforded him an opportunity to inves- tigate the interesting natural features of the region. Professor Essig received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1909 and his Master of Science degree in 1912. His ability, enthusiasm, capacity, forcefulness, and effectiveness emerged while he was still a student. This is well illustrated in the Pomona Journal of Entomology which October 1965] michelbacher — edward Oliver essig 209 Fig. 2. Photograph taken of Professor Essig on the occasion of his graduation from Pomona College in 1909. At this time he had already firmly established the foundation for his outstanding career. had its beginning in 1909. This organ served as a vehicle for his earliest and numerous excellent publications, and, interestingly enough, as these decreased so did the size of the Journal. To fully appreciate the quality, industry, and capacity of Professor Essig one needs but to glance through the early volumes of the Pomona Journal. The mastery of subject matter, the depth of organization, and the excellent quality of the figures reflect the effort of a mature scientist and not that of a be- ginner. His earliest investigations involved aphids and scales, and this trend can be traced to the fact that his introduction to entomology was 210 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 in the citrus area of southern California, an environment highly favor- able to homopterous insects. However, Professor Essig’s interests rap- idly expanded to other entomological areas as well as to allied fields. A letter from Russel S. Woglum to Professor Essig on his retirement from the University in 1954 also demonstrates how firmly he had es- tablished his entomological career while still a student. “It is now 47 years since that old master, Dr. A. J. Cook, proudly introduced you to me at Pomona College as his foremost student and one who would make a great place for himself in entomology in years to come, and what a prophet Cook really was.” Woglum also recalled that one day in the office of Theodore Pergande, the old master of aphidology remarked: “The enthusiasm of this man Essig is most remarkable.” These early words of praise did not go unanswered. From the start Professor Essig’s work was of the highest caliber but excelled as his experience expanded. This is revealed in a letter from Professor C. F. Baker dated 15 June 1911. “Your manuscript and drawings just in! These drawings are splendid work — the best you have ever done! If you can get out work like this, your accumulated papers will be the most important American contribution to the knowl- edge of APHIDIDAE. These drawings excel your earlier drawings in many respects. The shading is better, the line work is better, treatment of the thorax and wing attachments is far better. I think you may very well be proud of this work. I cannot imagine where you found the time to do it all.” Essig had unlimited admiration for C. F. Baker, and often expressed his feeling of devotion. That he held Baker in highest esteem is expressed in his closing line of Baker’s obituary (Essig, 1928) which stated “Although he died comparatively young, he did the life- work of 10 men.” Immediately upon graduation Professor Essig was appointed Horti- cultural Commissioner in Ventura County where he served with dis- tinction from 1910 to 1911. Probably his most outstanding accomplish- ment while there was his investigations leading to the control of the citrus mealy bug, which at that time was devastating the citrus orchards. Concerning this project A. J. Cook (1914) stated: “In the study and control of this pest he made a phenomenal record. This work attracted wide attention by its originality and success.” The magnetic character, and the almost unlimited capacity of accomplishment is also reflected in comments by C. B. Messenger (1911). He noted that although not one member of the board of supervisors was a farmer, they had suf- ficient faith in Essig’s reputation to grant him practically every request October 1965] michelbacher — edward Oliver essig 211 for supplies and appliances. As a result he had a well-equipped office, and nearly everything needed in a laboratory for original investiga- tions. “In return for this confidence manifested by the board of super- visors, Mr. Essig has given his days to work in study and inspection in the field and his nights to work in the laboratory, and the result is that for original research and actual accomplishments we do not believe there is a commissioner in the state superior. Especially along the lines of withertip and mealy bug investigations has Mr. Essig been persistent. We do not recall any man or body of men that has gone after the mat- ter as he has.” It is also interesting to note that he published the first County Bulletin ever issued by a County Commissioner in this state. It dealt with Russian thistle. A second bulletin, “Annual report of the work of the County Horticultural Commissioner for the year ending June 30, 1911” gave a comprehensive account of the year’s accomplish- ments. Here it might be well to point out that he made many important con- tributions, through original research, to the biology and control of numerous agricultural pests. Besides aphid and scale insects, he pio- neered the investigations with paradichlorobenzene leading to the con- trol of the California peach tree borer. He investigated and determined that the blackberry mite, Eriophyes gracilis (Nalepa), was the cause of the redberry in the Himalaya blackberry and developed a method of control. The above items serve as examples of his many successful ven- tures into the economic field. Essig followed A. J. Cook to the California State Commission of Horticulture where he served as Secretary to the Commission from 1911 to 1914. In commenting on this move C. F. Baker (1911) said “It will be of interest to all concerned to know that Professor Cook has taken to Sacramento with him from Ventura County our Mr. E. 0. Essig, the best County Commissioner of Horticulture ever known in the State of California.” Essig was named editor in chief of the Monthly Bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture. In the preface to the first number published in December 1911 he called for the cooperation of all interested persons from all segments of agriculture to share in mak- ing the publication a success. In unity he believed there was strength and that the combined efforts of the group would aid in the solution of many perplexing problems confronting agriculture. Under his enthusiastic and untiring leadership the call was answered. The publi- cation also afforded a vehicle in which he poured out his seemingly inexhaustible energies. His extremely valuable and timely publication “Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California” appeared in Volume 2 212 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 and immediately became the entomological bible for the entire state. The demand for it was so great that for a while it became a collector’s item until his revised and enlarged treatise was published in 1915. These publications furnished the foundation for his outstanding work “Insects of Western North America” which was published in 1926 and became the most used entomological text in western North America. It also contributed greatly to his stature and entomological reputation throughout the world. Another major contribution by Essig concerned the State Plant Quarantine Law which was enacted 2 January 1912. According to Armitage (1955) E. 0. Essig was responsible for the language of the law which now is incorporated almost verbatim in the California Agri- cultural Code. “This enactment was precipitated by the appearance of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the Hawaiian Islands and total absence of any federal safeguards against its early introduction into California. The State Plant Quarantine Law was followed closely by passage of the National Plant Quarantine Act for which the California law served as a model.” In 1914, although greatly reluctant, A. J. Cook consented to Essig joining the Division of Entomology at the University of California as an Instructor in Entomology. Cook felt that there would be a great saving in handing over all research work even along purely practical lines to the State University. This determined him to suggest and con- sent to the transfer of Prof. H. S. Fawcett from the commission to the Division of Mycology of the State University. He believed that the transfer of E. 0. Essig trended in the same direction and for that reason he was more reconciled to the change. In answer to Essig’s resignation from the State Commission of Horticulture, A. J. Cook wrote: “I need not tell you that I have regarded your services as invaluable. Your work in organizing the office, changing chaos to order; your invalu- able aid in starting the new work of the commission, especially your services in connection with the Monthly Bulletin; your valuable labor, almost gratuitous, in building up the collection; your work as cor- respondent, identifying insects and giving suggestions to county com- missioners and fruit growers; and perhaps best of all your splendid service in giving to our fruit growers the valuable work on Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California, as also your invariable willingness, I may say eagerness, to aid everyone in the department in their varied line of duties, has certainly not only met our most cordial appreciation but has endeared you to everyone of the commission. I assure you that we feel that whatever of success we may have attained here is in no October 1965] michelbacher — edward Oliver essig 213 small part owing to your indefatigable labors . . . The impact that Essig left upon the State Department of Agriculture is further reflected in a letter he received upon his retirement from the University of Cali- fornia from W. C. Jacobsen, Director of the California State Depart- ment of Agriculture. He stated “. . . to salute the father of economic entomology in California” and “It became traditional after 1913 to ask What does Essig say.” Professor Essig continued to maintain a close relationship with the State Department of Agriculture and was one of the very few men to be made an Honorary Member of the State As- sociation of County Agriculture Commissioners. One interesting item that involves A. J. Cook, Professor Essig, and Dr. L. 0. Howard bears mentioning at this point. In a letter to Essig in March of 1944, L. 0. Howard mentioned that Cook once said that he considered Essig and Howard the two brightest men he had ever met and that the future of economic entomology was in their hands. This early prediction of Cook’s (Cook died in 1916) certainly came to pass. Furthermore, Essig and Howard cooperated and developed a solid friendship for one another. These great entomologists had nothing but praise and warm regard for one another. In 1916 Essig attained the rank of Assistant Professor and advanced to Associate Professor in 1921. He received his Professorship in 1928 and became Professor Emeritus in 1954. In 1925 he was given the additional title of Associate Entomologist in the Experiment Station which changed to Entomologist in the Experiment Station when he was elevated to the full professorship in 1928. From 1942-1943 he served as Acting Chairman of the Division of Entomology and Parasitology and as Chairman from 1943-1951. Under his influence and encourage- ment the Division grew and expanded to a height never before achieved. Among the innovations during his tenure were the initiation of the California Insect Survey; the first course in Insect Pathology given in any University; the establishment of a course in Plant Nematology; and the addition of a scientific illustrator to the staff. Further, the work in all other fields was strengthened and accelerated. The scope of the California Insect Survey has continued to expand and a remarkable fund of knowledge concerning the distribution of California and Pacific area insects is being accumulated. The contributions made by the ven- ture into insect pathology have been equally rewarding. The course in Plant Nematology paved the way to the establishment of a separate De- partment to supervise the ever expanding need of this important seg- ment of agriculture. All of this speaks well for the vision of Professor Essig as well as the high caliber of men chosen to lead the new ventures. 214 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Fig. 3. A photograph taken in 1922 at Mt. View, California of probably the first or at least one of the earliest summer 99 Field Course groups. Left to right, John Lamiman, Professor Essig, Buck, Jansen, Stanley Flanders, White, and Flory H. Wymore. The group studied and collected insects and related pests in cultivated and uncultivated regions throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. Pro- fessor Essig’s knowledge of insects and plants made him an ideal leader for such a group. Further, he effectively utilized his time to collect insects and saw to it that they were immediately curated. Through his own efforts he prepared an ex- cellent and outstanding teaching collection much of which is still in use. Professor Essig’s service with the University was continuous except for a leave of absence (1917—1919) during and after the First World War. He served as Farm Advisor in Ventura County and following the close of the war he managed the Lima Bean Selling Agency, Oxnard, California which efficiently and effectively marketed the large quanti- ties of this commodity that had accumulated. This latter project was completed in September 1919. Professor Essig then returned to the University where he devoted his full energy for the remainder of his career. He was so dedicated to the University that he never seriously considered the acceptance of any number of important and influential entomological positions offered him. Yet his stay at the University was not without its problems, especially in the late nineteen thirties. His dynamic character was not to be submerged by the forces working against him and shortly he was elevated to the chairmanship of the Division of Entomology and Parasitology. October 1965] michelbacher — edward Oliver essig 215 Of all of Professor Essig’s accomplishments, none stands out more vividly than his ability as a teacher. He was freely accessible to stu- dents, ready to listen to their problems, and he stimulated them to put forth their best efforts. He had the power to render encouragement, increase morale, and develop confidence when students were in greatest need of such help. Because of his warmth and personal interest in stu- dents he was called “Prof” and frequently known to them as their best friend. He was always ready to see that they received fair treatment, and represented them when such service was called for. Further, Pro- fessor Essig’s lectures were well organized and outstanding because of the wealth of knowledge and experience he had at his disposal. Also, his command of language, and his contagious enthusiasm for the sub- ject matter made his lectures very easy to assimilate. He furnished his graduate students with wise counsel, and where possible left the decision on conducting research up to them. Although always available for con- sultation, he was anxious to develop independent thinking on the part of the student. In order to facilitate teaching Professor Essig developed an outstand- ing series of Riker mounts. These were excellently done, and today they remain the mainstay of this aid to teaching. Relations with students were encouraged through field trips and his wholesome influence, rare wit, along with his knowledge of nature al- ways made these outings most delightful and enjoyable occasions. He frequently took part in the summer practice field course in entomology and several times was in complete charge. This course brought the students in closest association with him, in the field, laboratory, and camp life. Many students remember this stimulating experience as a standout in their University training. On the occasion of his retirement a number of them recalled happy and beneficial experiences encountered during the course. In his letter to Professor Essig, Howard L. McKenzie wrote: “The 99 Course at Yosemite which was under your direction, was something I shall never forget, both entomologically and socially. Entomologically, because I was fortunate enough to have had brushed off on me some of your enthusiasm for this science, and socially, be- cause I would not have missed for anything the time you threw the pan of dish-water on the ground only to discover later it was some one else’s choice soup.” To fully appreciate the above, it must be remembered that Professor Essig was a most fastidious person. Another insight into the richness of the association is reflected in a letter from Betsy S. Schneider: “The best and most educational experience of my life was 216 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Fig. 4. The 1931 Summer 99 Field Course held in Yosemite National Park, California. Professor Essig, Robert Kitchel, Gordon Smith, Howard McKenzie, E. Gorton Linsley, David Prendergast, Donald Clancy, Pauline Schulthess (now Lange) , Dorothy Hildebrand, G. W. Scott, and Margaret Baldwin (now Kessel) . Professor Essig was always available to his students. Of this group a number have made rich contributions to entomology. One of these, E. Gorton Linsley, is now Dean of the College of Agriculture. Upon Professor Essig’s retirement from the University, Linsley wrote: “. . . I am sure that when the history of Ento- mology has been adequately written, no name will stand so high as yours in in- fluence on the development of this science in our beloved western United States. “I was sixteen years old when I obtained my copy of Insects of Western North America and I have kept it within easy reach ever since. It is thumbed and worn but remains one of my most valued possessions. Your counsel and encouragement in my pre-college days was an important factor in my choice of a profession. Your inspiring teaching in the lecture room, laboratory, office, and field helped ignite a spark which remains unextinguished. At critical stages in my life you have always been there to give me sound advice, assistance, and support.” Photograph Courtesy of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. the Entomology 99 Course of 1935 at Fort Seward. I have never had such a wonderful experience before or since. You taught us more Ento- mology and Ecology in those all too short six weeks (and made it an adventure) than we learned in many a full semester’s work on the campus.” October 1965] michelbacher — edward Oliver essig 217 To add further to a better understanding he organized a student group called “Fitchia” so named after the first economic entomologist, Asa Fitch. This informal association met once or twice a month, often in his home, and on occasion conducted field trips. Anyone interested in entomology was welcome to attend. Under his inspirational leader- ship recent literature and current problems were discussed. Often a dis- cussion of some phase of biology was carried out by an authority in the field. The prime purpose of the organization was social and it was a medium whereby students, their wives, staff members, and other in- terested biologists could become better acquainted, and develop a better rapport. In this it was highly successful and students and others look back on “Fitchia” with a high degree of satisfaction and appreciation. The students developed a deep feeling of gratitude for Professor Essig. They all felt that he had instilled in them the determination necessary to put forth their best efforts. By his actions he taught them the value of integrity, industry, kindness, consideration, generosity, and tolerance. During his long and able teaching career a great number of students came under his influence. At any given time there were many students and the quality and potential abilities of these are well re- flected in a letter from Kenneth Maehler to Professor Essig on his re- tirement from the University. . . One thought leads to another and soon I am reminiscing over my graduate days in 1938 when so many fine entomologists were there at California together. Many of these men have since reached a place of eminence in their chosen field. I can see them now — (C. D.) Michener, (U. J.) Gressitt, (E. G.) Tinsley, (R. L.) Usinger, (M. A.) Cazier, (E. S.) Ross, (H. B.) Teach, (P.) DeBach, (L. R.) Jeppson, (D. D.) Jensen, the Boharts (R. M. and G. E. ), (W. C.) Reeves, (F. W.) Baker, and many others. To me it was a real privilege to have an opportunity to be associated with those men who have since proved they were the very best. . . . Perhaps a little of Essig rubbed off on each of us.” Although impressive, Maehler’s list is not complete and he must have been a bit girl shy for he failed to mention any of a number who were a credit to entomology. Professor Essig had a personal interest and a deep understanding of the problems confronting foreign students. This sympathetic feeling was communicated to them through kindness and a willingness to serve them wherever possible. Thus he strengthened them and gave them courage, determination, and enthusiasm when this was a real necessity. That they appreciated what he did is clearly shown in letters he received from them on his retirement from the University. The following quota- tions bear witness to this: Dr. S. M. Cendana of the Philippines wrote: 218 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Fig. 5. A photograph taken of Professor Essig, Dr. Stanley B. Freeborn, and Dr. A. M. Boyce at the Pacific Coast Branch meeting of the Entomological Society of America held in Riverside, California in 1946. Freeborn and Boyce, who have contributed so much to entomology, held Essig in highest esteem. On the oc- casion of Essig’s retirement Freeborn wrote: “I wonder if you ever realized in the early days in the southwest corner of the second floor of Agriculture Hall how much you were admired by a floundering new employee named Freeborn. You knew exactly what you were doing, why you were doing it, and how to do it. . . .” On the same occasion Boyce wrote: “Janet and I will be ever grateful for the help and encouragement you gave us during our student days, and we have always appreciated your progressive and stimulating attitude as a teacher and as a research worker. But these great characteristics of yours became very strikingly apparent to us when we visited about 40 countries in the Eastern Hemisphere in 1951 and found that Professor E. 0. Essig was the best known American ento- mologist in most of those countries. This recognition is a great tribute to you personally and it contributes to the prestige of the University of California.” “I remember that day, August 9, 1931, when I, a foreign student, who was new on the Campus and forlorn, went to you for advice. Being an oriental, I thought that you were not interested in me. But my impres- sions were quickly changed, for after you had learned of my intentions and saw how seriously I meant to work, you formulated the conduct of my studies in such a way that I have nothing but admiration for you. If October 1965] michelbacher — edward Oliver essig 219 I have successfully gone through U. C., it was due to your guidance and fatherly interest in me. I am ever grateful! ... I was among those privileged to have received the benefits of having been a student under a very competent, fatherly, and inspiring teacher.” Dr. M. Puttaru- draiah, Director, College of Agriculture Rural University, India, com- ments: “. . . my great teacher. I remember the day of my entry into the great University of California when everything looked difficult to me and when I approached you with despair, I returned instilled with new hopes and determination. From the day of my entry . . . till I completed my degree I had numerous occasions to approach you with many difficulties . . . and every time I returned inspired with hope, confidence, and unbounded joy. My heart swells with pride when I am reminded of the several occasions when I came to you with references from the Indian Embassy on which you had to write regarding my progress . . . and your spontaneous recommendations and expressions that I was the best Indian student there gave me added enthusiasm for the prosecution of my studies. . . . Your name is an inspiration and makes me feel confident of doing some work to the benefit of the farmers. ... I always remember the great University and the great teachers under whom I studied, and in fact the two years of my stay there have been the happiest in my life.” Another of these letters that expresses deep appreciation is that from Dr. Zeliha Diizgiines of Turkey: “E. 0. Essig was one of the names of the prominent entomologists that I learned at the very beginning of my life in this field despite the fact that I did not know any English. It was the desire of understanding your publication which inspired me to learn your language. When I had a chance to make a postgraduate study in the United States in 1946, I did everything I could to work with you at your department. I have been thanking God since then for having helped me to be proud of being one of your students. ... I will never forget your encouraging me in the first semester in Berkeley when I had so little English that I could hardly follow the lectures and then suggesting that I go for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. . . . Your way of studying under a heavy administrative work was amazing to me everytime I happened to come to your office.” His students left the University inspired and with a deep feeling of appreciation to a great teacher whose first interest was devoted to them. His work with students certainly resulted in a rich and fruitful harvest. Many of them have become leaders in the field of entomology and have contributed greatly to the acknowledged influence Professor Essig has exerted throughout the world. 220 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 October 1965] MICHELBACHER — EDWARD OLIVER ESSIG 221 C /2 pH cd £ ’c/2 C/2 W ?H o C/2 C/2 0 M— I o fH Dh o • rH C/2 • rH > • rH 02 02 C/2 fH 02 ■"d d 03 [ft w c/5 02 bD d cd J fH OP • rH N cd H Ift d o3 03 02 d d c /2 02 d 3 PQ c/2 d oj r~| .s *53 -M C/3 ^ CJ p£ O G o rS CD CD Sh pq co H cS & H K ^fin'ONCOaOHNco^ coffjcocococo^^^^^ !>. D3 r O G 4— 1 G 4 -H d 02 r-j r~| o MH 03 fH o 3 o C /2 r-j d 02 fH bD MH • rH rd gg 04 4-3 4 -H OG s co S CO 4 -H co s co 02 o o PQ ft 02 a co h-l G J3 ° o X! CM CD S G CD o 1 jg 13 4-4 1:3 -rt ft G V n 5 C/2 fH G d G 02 o H bJJ G o3 £ 02 ega gG 13 o 4-H 03 a fH • rH rd CO O K/j cd H H C/2 fH 02 H *4H o on o 13 d2 4-H C/3 4H fH O 03 ft) 02 § G X G K 02 1 5 pp H

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Pi d d 1 — p d cd H d cJ & 1 — i d p PQ a cd P pH CM co Mb LO bd CO Ob o pH CM od TT* D 228 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 ation. He was never at a loss for words, nor encountered any difficulty in expressing himself. As a result, he was an excellent extemporaneous speaker and spoke with eloquence. Further, there was a sparkle in his eyes and he possessed the power to instill enthusiasm in his listeners. He used his speaking ability to good advantage, and it was one of the important components that contributed to his leadership. Many oc- casions arose where this characteristic was called on to avoid what otherwise might have been an embarrassing situation. A good example to illustrate this occurred shortly after the end of World War II. A group of Russian entomologists was visiting and observing entomologi- cal practices in the San Francisco Bay Area. Several staff members were asked to show them about. In turn, these staff members, including Professor Essig, were invited to a buffet dinner at the Russian Consul- ate. It was a rather elegant affair and food of all kinds was spread on some 30 or 40 feet of table space. The Iron Curtain had already made its appearance and this cast a degree of uneasiness over the occasion. At the end of the meal and without any forewarning Professor Essig was called upon to make some remarks. An ordinary person might have encountered some difficulty, but not Professor Essig. He was completely at ease and after thanking our hosts he outlined in a most interesting manner the very important contributions made by the early Russian entomologists to the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Fort Ross and the San Francisco Bay Area. He named the important workers and what they accomplished. He brought out such interesting points as the California poppy being collected and named after Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, the outstanding entomological figure during the Russian occupation of California. Also in 1841 the ascent and naming of Mt. St. Helena, California, by I. G. Vosnesensky and T. T. Tschernikh and on the summit the placing of a small inscribed copper plate an- nouncing the event. He concluded his talk by saying that throughout the world the aim of entomologists is the same and that a spirit of co- operation exists. The talk was given with the greatest of finesse and all present were awed by the performance. The evening ended with a feeling of satisfaction. Professor Essig possessed a photographic and retentive mind. What he once experienced was quickly recalled. To supplement this remark- able ability he kept files where information was placed in an orderly and systematic manner. With what was in his mind and files, the material dealing with a particular subject could be easily assembled. To make his files complete he provided them, wherever possible, with figures and photographs. As a result he became interested in photog- October 1965] michelbacher — edward Oliver essig 229 raphy early in his career. He stressed that a suitable, excellent figure could often contribute much to the text and in some cases tell a better story than words. In 1938 he took up color photography at which he excelled. He developed a wonderful taste for composition and his pic- tures had a most pleasing quality. His selection of subject matter was good and as a result he was in considerable demand to give illustrated talks. He also used slide materials to good advantage in his class lec- tures. Essig was a bibliophile, and stressed the importance of books as ento- mological tools. He developed an impressive library and brought to- gether an excellent collection of old and rare entomological volumes. This endeavor led to a profound interest in history, especially as it influenced entomology. His pursuit and research into the subject formed the basis for his numerous publications on the historical aspects of entomology. His most important publication was “History of Ento- mology” published in 1931. He laid the foundation for this work in 1926, and the early findings were given in a paper presented at the Philadelphia meeting of the Entomological Society of America, in con- junction with the American Association of Economic Entomologists, in December 1927. With the industry, concentration, and devotion he could apply to such a problem, he finished the manuscript in 1930. Hilton (1931) concluded his excellent review of the book as follows: “From the general outline that has been given of this valuable work of Professor Essig I think it is not hard to see that we have a very unusual contribution to the literature of entomology and, indeed, of Zoology. It ought to be of value to the student of the subject in many ways but there is also very much of value to many others not specialists in this field — for all who grow plants in California, for those who are inter- ested in the progress of science and for the general reader who should know more of the complex insect environment about us.” His knowl- edge of the entomological history of the west has certainly not been equaled by any other person. His love for rare books was infectious and this brushed off on a number of his students and associates. It was certainly a marvelous experience for those who had the opportunity to meet and discuss his- torical volumes with him. One gained the feeling and an insight into the growth and development of the science of entomology. One can have nothing but appreciation and respect for those who, oftentimes under most unfavorable conditions, paved the way. Essig’s interest in the founders of entomology was profound and his writings have done much to preserve this interesting and important phase of history. His 230 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 contributions and dedication to this area of history led him to become most active in the History of Science Society. His deep feeling for zoological history was reflected by the pictures that adorned the walls of his office and included such great men as Linnaeus and Fabricius (see Bookplate). His valuable library was left to the Department of Entomology and Parasitology to become a part of that department’s library. The portion that pertains primarily to the history of ento- mology is to be incorporated as a special section in the Entomology Library. The rare and difficult to replace volumes are to be housed in a special glass case. He also gave his aphid collection of more than 32,500 prepared slides to the Department of Entomology and Para- sitology. This collection, which became part of the California Insect Survey research collection, along with his extensive specialized library of books, journal reprints, and special card index files related to aphid studies are to be housed together. This provision is to facilitate the usefulness of the collection to all research workers on aphids who may wish to consult it. Professor Essig gave his large and valuable worldwide collection of Coccidae to the California Academy of Sciences. He began accumulat- ing this collection in 1908 and it is one of the most important col- lections to be found on the Pacific Coast. The only sabbatical leave Professor Essig took was one in 1936-37. The principal purpose was to study and field collect in a number of European countries. Most of his time was spent in Great Britain and Belgium, although he visited Holland, Luxembourg, France, Switzer- land, Austria, Germany, and Czechoslovakia. It was a rich experience and afforded him an opportunity to study the aphid collections in many museums visited. Also, he was able to meet and confer with many leading European entomologists and he felt that he gained much from these contacts. It gave him a better understanding of their personalities and entomological viewpoints. He did miss the California sunshine and found field collecting of aphids in winter to be rather on the dismal side. In his usual fashion he kept complete records of the trip which filled five ring binders and four large photograph albums. This trip Bookplate. Professor Essig’s bookplate portrays his life interests in an excel- lent manner. For the most part it is self-explanatory. It shows him working at his desk in his office at 200 Agriculture Hall with a view of the Campanile from his window. Two objects need some explanation. In the top center is a picture of his beloved summer home, “Ips Lodge,” on Echo Lake, California; and on the left is the Bell Tower on the Pomona College campus. October 1965] michelbacher- EDWARD OLIVER ESSIG 231 232 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 also made it possible for him to visit English iris gardens and to confer with hybridizers there. He was most pleased to see his iris blooming on foreign soil. His sabbatical letters to A. E. Michelbacher were bound and are deposited in the historical files of the Pacific Coast Ento- mological Society. The list of publications and the insects named by Professor Essig are given under the heading “The Bibliography of Edward Oliver Essig and the Insects named by him,” page 235. In the above-mentioned section, the scope of his research and publications are touched on. There was not a phase of entomology that escaped his interest, and he made rich contributions to most of them. Also in the body of this article, his research and publications have been mentioned in connection with certain facets of his life. One other of his publications bears special mention and that is “College Entomology” published in 1942. In this book he brought together a great mass of entomological information and presented it in an advanced and readily available style. In com- menting on the book, Charles P. Alexander wrote: “. . . I may say that I have never seen a book that impressed me more favorably than this. It is really a great monument to your genius and ability, and a fit successor to the two preceding volumes on Entomology that you have published. I feel that as a reference work for the advanced col- lege students throughout the English-speaking world it may well replace the three texts commonly used in various countries; that is, Imms, Comstock, and Tillyard.” Professor Harry S. Smith wrote “. . . How fortunate our present-day students of entomology are to have available such a useful lot of material under one cover. How you and I would have enjoyed having something like this when we were undergraduates! You have once more made entomologists indebted to you for a most useful volume, . . . .” In this volume, Essig endeavored to update the nomenclature and classification and concerning this Curtis W. Sabrosky wrote: “I feel that you should indeed be complimented for the up-to- the-minute nomenclature and classification, and the consistent usage therein which you have adopted in this text. Your labor has thereby brought together in one place a vast amount of information which has hitherto been widely scattered and rather difficult for the general stu- dent to find. ... I admire particularly the splendid drawings which set forth clearly the principal structures in the different orders, and the outline method of presenting much information under each order.” There were probably many insects and related organisms named after E. 0. Essig. However, a continuous record was not kept so that the list which follows must be considered most incomplete. October 1965] michelbacher — edward Oliver essig 233 Some Genera and Species Named in Honor of E. 0. Essig Symphyla Symphylella essigi Michelbacher ACARINA Eriophyes neoessigi Keifer (Eriophyidae) Eriophyes essigi Hassan (Eriophyidae) Brevipalpus essigi Pritchard (Phytoptipalpidae) Uropoda essigi Banks HEMIPTERA Essigaspis MacGillivray (Coccidae) Aleyrodes essigi Penny (Aleyrodidae) Corythucha essigi Drake (Tingidae) Essigella Del Guercio (Aphididae) Kermes essigi King (Dactylopiinae) Lygidea essigi Van Duzee (Miridae) Macrotylus essigi Van Duzee (Miridae) Capitophorus essigi Hille Ris Lambers (Aphididae) Sipliocoryne essigi Gillette and Bragg (Aphididae) Myzus essigi Gillette and Palmer (Aphididae) P seudoepameibaphis essigi Knowlton and Smith (Aphididae) Amphorophora essigwanai Mason (Aphididae) Obtusicauda essigi Soliman (Aphididae) Myzocallis essigi Shinji (Aphididae) Macrosiphum eoessigi Knowlton (Aphididae) Arytaina essigi Jensen (Psyllidae) COLEOPTERA Hyperaspis essigi Malkin (Coccinellidae) Athous essigi Van Dyke (Elateridae) Onychylis essigi Tanner (Curculionidae) Osphya essigi Van Dyke (Melandryidae) LEPIDOPTERA Amorbia essigi Busck DIPTERA Palpomyia essigi Wirth (Ceratopogonidae) Rhabdophaga essigi Felt (Cecidomyiidae) 234 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 HYMENOPTERA Andrena essigi Timberlake (Andrenidae) Callirhytis essigi McCracken and Egbert (Cynipidae) Camponotus essigi M. R. Smith (Formicidae) Tiphia essigiW. Allen (Tiphiidae) It is difficult to find words that fully express how great a man Pro- fessor Essig really was. What has been written here has fallen short of full justice, and has failed to portray adequately the full impact he made in this country and throughout the world. Through his entire life he contributed to the welfare and advancement of science, and to those individuals who came under his influence. Few men have been fortunate enough to be endowed with the outstanding qualities reflected in him. Many persons looking back on their careers credit him with exerting a decisive force in the success they have enjoyed. Those not reached in person were influenced by his reputation and publications. Words of appreciation in kindly and eloquent terms have flowed richly to Professor Essig. Certainly no entomologist has accomplished more for so many people as he has done. His passing is a deep loss to all of us who knew him but there is satisfaction in knowing that his reputa- tion and accomplishments live on to the enrichment of others. Professor Essig is survived by his wife, Marie, and a daughter by a former marriage. His wife deserves special mention because of the devotion and care she gave him when this was most needed. She filled his life with love and affection, and in later years as his health failed gave him a sense of security. Literature Cited Armitage, H. M. 1955. Edward Oliver Essig — A Personal Tribute. Quarterly Bull. Calif. State Dept. Agric., 44 (1) : 1. Baker, G. P. V. M. H. 1936. Review, The Iris Year Book, Great Britain, p. 37-41. Cook, A. J. 1914. Essig goes to State University. The Monthly Bulletin, State Commission of Horticulture, 3 (8) : 330-331. Essig, E. 0. 1928. Charles Fuller Baker. Philippine Jour. Science, 35 (4) : 429- 437. Hilton, W. A. 1931. A New Book by E. 0. Essig ’09. Pomona College Magazine, 19 (9) : 354-355. MacDougall, Mark. 1958. Collector’s Items. Amer. Fuchsia Soc. Bull., 30 (12) : 3-4. Messenger, C. B. 1911. A Commissioner Makes Good. Pomona College Jour. Entomol., 3 (3) : 515-517. Weed, Howard E. 1934. Famous Hybridizers of Iris. Flower Grower, 21 (7) : 288-289. J. B. Lyon Company, Albany, N. Y. This article was prepared by Dr. A. E. Michelbacher, Professor Emeritus , University of California, Berkeley, with the assistance of Drs. P. D. Hurd, Jr., D. D. Jensen, R. F. Smith, and R. L. Usinger. October 1965] SMITH ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 The Bibliography of Edward Oliver Essig and Insects Named by Him The scientific writings of E. 0. Essig are truly impressive not only because of their number, but more importantly because of their diver- sity and the fact that they include five books (87, 287, 324, 408, 486) . Probably no single contribution had more influence on the development of entomology in the West than “Insects of Western North America.” Included in his writings are contributions to systematic entomology, bionomics, economic entomology, biological control, weed control, ecology, plant pathology, plant quarantine, history of entomology and of early California, floriculture, plant breeding, apiculture, teaching of entomology, household pests, and sericulture. Professor Essig’s first paper and his last paper deal with systematics of aphids. He was never able to spend as much time with his aphid collection as he would have liked. It is interesting to speculate how much more he would have published on the aphids if he had more time or if his failing health had not terminated his aphid research. Never- theless, he described nine genera of aphids: Aloephagus Essig (476), Canadaphis Essig (377), Chileaphis Essig (495), Eichochaitophorus Essig (52), Fullawaya Essig (52), Gentnera Essig (489), Israelaphis Essig (494), Micrella Essig (52), and Spicaphis Essig (495). The list of the 115 new insect species described by E. 0. Essig is ap- pended below. All but nine of these are aphids. List of the Insect Species Described by E. 0. Essig Aloephagus myersi Essig (476) Amphorophora bartholomewi Essig (409) Amphorophora occidentalis Essig (409) Amphorophora patchiae Essig (409) Amphorophora peruviana Essig (495) Amphorophora phacelia Essig (409) Amphorophora tolmiea Essig (409) Amphorophora tuberculaceps Essig (409) Amphorophora urtica Essig (409) Anuraphis madronae Essig (285) Aphis alstroemeriae Essig (495) Aphis caenotlii-hirsuti Essig (40) Aphis cari Essig (223) Aphis cookii Essig (41) Aphis hiltoni Essig (265) Aphis japonica Essig and Kuwana (230) Aphis marthae Essig (495) Aphis sierra Essig (458) Aphis siphonella Essig and Kuwana (230) Aphis somei Essig and Kuwana (230) Aphis spinosula Essig and Kuwana (230) Aphis thalictrii Essig and Kuwana (230) Calaphis magnoliae Essig and Kuwana (230) Canadaphis carpenteri Essig (377) Cavariella pustula Essig (376) 236 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Cerosipha calif ornica Essig (437) Chaitophorus japonica Essig and Kuwana (230) Chaitophorus salicicola Essig (40) Chaitophorus sali japonica Essig and Kuwana (230) Cliileaphis michelbacheri Essig (495) Chromaphis celticolens Essig and Kuwana (230) Cinara alacra Hottes and Essig (498) Cinara alticola Hottes and Essig (505) Cinara americana Hottes and Essig 497) Cinara anzai Hottes and Essig (497) Cinara azteca Hottes and Essig (505) Cinara californica Hottes and Essig (497) Cinara cognita Hottes and Essig (505) Cinara commatula Hottes and Essig (505) Cinara curtihirsuta Hottes and Essig (507) Cinara clubia Hottes and Essig (505) Cinara hirsuta Hottes and Essig (504) Cinara hirta Hottes and Essig (498) Cinara inscripta Hottes and Essig (497) Cinara kinoi Hottes and Essig (497) Cinara lassenensis Hottes and Essig (497) Cinara nigrita Hottes and Essig (498) Cinara oregoni Hottes and Essig (497) Cinara onatei Hottes and Essig (497) Cinara serrai Hottes and Essig (497) Cinara setulosa Hottes and Essig (511) Cinara vagabunda Hottes and Essig (498) Eonaphis pauliani Essig (515) Eicho chaitophorus populifolii Essig (52) Eriococcus cocker elli Essig (115) Euceraphis japonica Essig and Kuwana (230) Fullawciya saliciradicis Essig (52) Gentnera oregona Essig (489) Israelaphis carmini Essig (494) Lachnus calif ornicus Essig (1) Lachnus gl.ehnus Essig (211) Lachnus pinidensiflorae Essig and Kuwana (230) Macrosiphum adenocaulonae Essig (371) Macrosiphum albijrons Essig (40) Macrosiphum barri Essig (473) Macrosiphum chilensis Essig (495) Macrosiphum edrossi Essig (495) Macrosiphum hagi Essig and Kuwana (230) Macrosiphum huantanci Essig (495) Macrosiphum ibotum Essig and Kuwana (230) Macrosiphum laevigatae Essig (40) Macrosiphum muermosa Essig (495) Macrosiphum nickeli Essig (514) Macrosiphum nipponicum Essig and Kuwana (230) Macrosiphum nishigaharae Essig and Kuwana (230) Macrosiphum nuble Essig (495) Macrosiphum scoliopi Essig (371) Macrosiphum tucumani Essig (495) Micrella monelli Essig (52) Micromyzus alliumcepa Essig (369) Micromyzus oliveri Essig (369) Mindarus victoria Essig (385) Monellia calif ornicus Essig (84) Myzocallis arundinariae Essig (223) Myzocallis capitata Essig and Kuwana (230) Myzocallis macro tub erculata Essig and Kuwana (230) Myzus aquilegiae Essig (223) Myzus humboldti Essig (406) Myzus langei Essig (371) Neuquenaphis chilensis Essig (495) Neuquenaphis michelbacheri Essig (495) Nipponaphis cuspidatae Essig and Kuwana (230) Paulianaphis madagascariensis Essig (515) Pemphigus fraxini-dipetalae Essig (40) Pemphigus radicicola Essig (1) Plienacoccus ramonae Essig (5) Prociphilus osmanthae Essig and Kuwana (230) Protodiaspis agrifolia Essig (128) Pseudococcus agrifoliae Essig (5) October 1965] SMITH ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 Pseuclococcus artemisiae Essig (5) Pseudococcus bakeri Essig (28) Pseudococcus obscurus Essig (5) Pseudococcus yerba-santae Essig (91) Rhopalosiphum lespedezae Essig and Kuwana (230) Rhopalosiphum magnoliae Essig and Kuwana (230) Rhopalosiphum violae Essig (1) Riper sia smithii Essig (16) Schizolachnus curvispinosus Hottes, Essig, and Knowlton (506) Siphocoryne bicaudata Essig and Kuwana (230) Siphorcoryne japonica Essig and Kuwana (230) Spicaphis michelbacheri Essig (495) Symydobius agrifoliae Essig (223) Symydobius macrostachyae Essig (52) Symydobius salicicorticis Essig (52) Thomasia crucis Essig (52) Throacaphis umbellulariae Essig (336) 1. Aphididae of Southern California I. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1(1) :1— 10, 7 figs. March, 1909. 2. Notes on Coccidae I. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1(1) :11— 14, 3 figs. March, 1909. 3. A General Account of the Purple Scale, ( Lepidosaphes beckii) . Claremont Pomological Club. Bull., no. 2, pp. 5-10, 7 figs. April, 1909. 4. Notes on Californian Coccidae II. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1 (2) :31— 34, 6 figs. June, 1909. 5. The Genus Pseudococcus in California. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1(2) :35— 46, 11 figs. June, 1909. 6. Aphididae of Southern California II. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1(2) :47— 52, 4 figs. June, 1909. 7. Host Index to Californian Coccidae. (Joint authorship with Prof. C. F. Baker) Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1(2) :53— 70. June, 1909. 8. Black Scale and Nightshade. Calif. Cultivator, p. 516. November, 1909. 9. Combating the Citrus Mealy Bug. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1(4) :89— 91. De- cember, 1909. 10. Notes on California Coccidae III. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1(4) :92-97, 7 figs. December, 1909. 11. Aphididae of Southern California III. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 1(4) :98-99, 1 fig. December, 1909. 12. Milkweed Bug. Calif. Cultivator, p. 86. January 20, 1910. 13. The Citrus Mealy Bug. Calif. Cultivator, p. 235, February 24, 1910. 14. The Natural Enemies of the Citrus Mealy Bug I. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2 (1) : 143-146, 3 figs. March, 1910. 15. The Genus Pseudococcus in California II. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2(1): 147-148, 2 figs. March, 1910. 16. Notes on California Coccidae V. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2(2) :209— 222, 14 figs. May, 1910. 17. Aphididae of Southern California IV. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2(2) :223- 224, 1 fig. May, 1910. 18. Russian Thistle. Calif. Cultivator, p. 617. May 19, 1910. 19. Russian Thistle in Ventura County with Location, Description and Measures for its Control. Ventura County Hort. Commr. Bull., 1, pp. 1-18, 4 figs. July 18, 1918. 20. Citrus Growers’ Meeting. Calif. Cultivator, p. 84. July 28, 1910. 21. Apricot Scales. Calif. Cultivator, pp. 198-199. September 1, 1910. 238 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 22. Spraying for the Citrus Mealy Bug. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2 (3) :246-259. September, 1910. 23. The Natural Enemies of the Citrus Mealy Bug, II. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2(3) :260-274, 3 figs. September, 1910. 24. Some Variations in the Wings and Antennae of Trifidaphis radicicola Essig. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2(3) : 283—285, 1 fig. September, 1910. 25. Russian Thistle. Calif. Cultivator, pp. 243-245. September 15, 1910. 26. The Citrus Mealy Bug. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2(4) :289-320, 9 figs. De- cember, 1910. 27. Aphididae of Southern California, V. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2(4) :335 — 338, 2 figs. December, 1910. 28. A New Mealy Bug Infesting Walnut, Apple and Pear Trees. Pseudococcus bakeri, n. sp. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 2(4) :339— 345, 2 figs. December, 1910. 29. The Use of Sodium Cyanide. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3(1) :385— 389, 1 fig. February, 1911. 30. The Natural Enemies of the Citrus Mealy Bug, III. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3(1) : 390—397, 4 figs. February, 1911. 31. Aphididae of Southern California, V. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3(1): 400— 403, 4 figs. February, 1911. 32. Notes on Coccidae, VI. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3(1) :401M-11, 5 figs. Feb- ruary, 1911. 33. Wither-tip of Citrus Trees. Pomona Jour. Econ. Bot., l(l):25-56, 8 figs. February, 1911. 34. Wither-tip of Citrus Trees. Proc. 39th Fruit Growers’ Convention, California, pp. 28-39. March, 1911. 35. Host Index to California Plant Lice, (Aphididae). Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3(2) :457-468. May, 1911. 36. Notes on Coccidae, VI. Published in two parts: Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3(1). Feb. 1911; Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3(2) :469. May, 1911. 37. Die-back or Exanthema of Citrus Trees. Pomona Jour. Econ. Bot., 1(2): 73-82, 2 figs. May, 1911. 38. Annual Report of the Work of the County Horticultural Commissioner for the Year Ending June 30, 1911. Ventura Co. Hort. Comrnr., Bull. no. 2, pp. 1-60, 50 figs. June, 1911. 39. The Natural Enemies of the Citrus Mealy Bug, IV. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3(3) :518-522, 3 figs. September, 1911. 40. Aphididae of Southern California, VII. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3(3) :523- 557, 17 figs. September, 1911. 41. Aphididae of Southern California, VIII, Plant Lice Affecting the Citrus Trees. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 3 (4) :586-619, 16 figs. December, 1911. 42. Our Aims. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(1) :3. December, 1911. 43. Spraying for Black Scale on Deciduous Fruit and Olive Trees. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(1) :15— 17. December, 1911. 44. National Quarantine Law. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(1) :23— 25. December, 1911. 45. The Potato Eelworm, ( Tylenchus devastatrix) . Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(1) : 26—30, 2 figs. December, 1911. October 1965] SMITH ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 46. Plant Lice. Proc. 40th Fruit Growers’ Convention, pp. 11-19. December, 1911. 47. Potato Eelworm, ( Heterodera radicicola) . Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(2) : 61-62. January, 1912. 48. A Bacterial Gummosis of Cherries. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(2) :66— 77. January, 1912. 49. Horticultural Meeting in Humboldt County. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(3) : 108. February, 1912. 50. Plant Lice Affecting Citrus Trees. Part I. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1 (4) :115-133, 6 figs. March, 1912. 51. The Walnut Plant Louse, ( Chromaphis juglandicola (Kait) Walker). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(5) :190— 194, 2 figs. April, 1912. 52. Aphididae of Southern California, VIII. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 4(2) :698- 745, 7 figs. May, 1912. 53. The Potato Tuber Moth, ( Phthorimaea opercuella Zeller) . Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(6) :203-213, 8 figs. May, 1912. 54. National Quarantine Law. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(6) : 2.40— 242. May, 1912. 55. Eastern Rates to Santa Barbara Convention. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(6) :245. May, 1912. 56. Publications on Frost Protection. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(6) :245. May, 1912. 57. The Monthly Bulletin. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1 (6) :245-246. May, 1912. 58. Quarantine at Honolulu. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(6) :246. May, 1912. 59. Plant Lice Affecting Citrus Tree. Part II. Natural Enemies of the Citrus Plant Lice. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1 (7) :282— 296, 10 figs. June, 1912. 60. Preserving Fruits for Exhibits. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(7) : 315-317. June, 1912. 61. Inspection of Nursery Stock Passing Through the Mails. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(7) :334. June, 1912. 62. Publications of the County Commissioners. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(7) :335. June, 1912. 63. British Columbia and Fruit Fly. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1 (7) :335. June, 1912. 64. A Valuable Quarantine Officer. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1 (7) :336. June, 1912. 65. Three Destructive Diseases of the Peach. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1 (8) : 337-359, 4 figs. July, 1912. 66. Proceedings of the Santa Barbara Convention. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(8) : 380. July, 1912. 67. Alfalfa Weevil not in Humboldt County. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(8) : 381. July, 1912. 68. The Alfalfa Weevil — Review. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(8): 401. July, 1912. 69. Santa Barbara Convention. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(8) :401. July, 1912. 240 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 70. Weinland and Mediterranean Fruitfly. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(8) : 401-402. July, 1912. 71. Host Index to California Coccidae. (with C. F. Baker) . Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1 (10) : 740-763. September, 1912. 72. State Fruit Growers’ at Fresno, California. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(10) : 799-800. September, 1912. 73. Inspection at Honolulu. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(10) :829. September, 1912. 74. The Present Quarantine Force. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(10) : 830. September, 1912. 75. Demurrage Accruing of Shipments of Trees and Plants Held for Inspection or Treatment. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1 (10) :830— 831. September, 1912. 76. Lectures on Horticulture. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(10) :831. September, 1912. 77. Arizona and Inspection of Mexican Fruits. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(10) : 832. September, 1912. 78. Horticultural Conditions in Humboldt County. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1 (11) : 883-884. October, 1912. 79. Federal Quarantine. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(11) : 886. October, 1912. 80. Annual Reports of the County Commissioners. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(11) :886. October, 1912. 81. Parcel Post and Horticultural Quarantine. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(11) : 887-888. October, 1912. 82. New Subscriptions for the Monthly Bulletin. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(11) : 887-888. October, 1912. 83. Division Reports. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(11) :888. Octo- ber, 1912. Corrections. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(11) :88. October, 1912. 84. Aphididae of Southern California, X. Pomona Jour. Entomol., 4(3) :758- 797. November, 1912. 85. The Raspberry Horn-tail. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 1(12) :889- 901, 12 figs. November, 1912. 86. Host Index to California Plant Lice, II. (Aphididae). Pomona College Jour. Entomol., 4(4) :826-828. December, 1912. 87. Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(1 & 2) :i-xxi, 1-351, 15 pp. Index, 321 figs. January and February, 1913. 88. Scutellista cyanea Motsch., Bred from Phenacoccus artemisiae Ehrh. Po- mona College Jour. Entomol. & Zool., 5(1) : 55. March, 1913. 89. Some Changes in the Generic and Specific Names of Plant Lice. Pomona College Jour. Entomol. & Zool., 5(1) :63. March, 1913. 90. The Control of the Pernicious or San Jose Scale, ( Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 6 (2) :270-273. April, 1913. 91. The Yerba Santa Mealy Bug, {Pseudo coccus yerba-santcie n. sp.). Pomona College Jour. Entomol. & Zool., 5(2) :85-87, 2 figs. June, 1913. 92. Pear-Leaf Blister-mite attacking Fruit. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(6) : 563-564, 1 fig. June, 1913. October 1965] SMITH ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 93. University of California Journal of Agriculture. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(6) :564. June, 1913. 94*. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(6) : 569. June, 1913. 95. The Branch and Twig Borer, ( Polycaon confertus Lee.). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(7) :587-589, 1 fig. July, 1913. 96. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(7) : 597. July, 1913. 97. The Manzanita Serica, ( Serica anthracina Lee.). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(8) :622-623, 1 fig. August, 1913. 98. The Prune Aphis, ( Aphis prunifolicte Fitch.). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(8) :624, 1 fig. August, 1913. 99. The Destructive Eleodes, ( Eleodes omissa var. borealis Blaisd.). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(8) :627, 1 fig. August, 1913. 100. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(8) :630. August, 1913. 101. The Fruit-Tree Bark Beetle, ( Scolytus rugulosus Ratz.). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(9) :658. September, 1913. 102. Codling Moth Attacking Walnuts. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(9) : 659. September, 1913. 103. The Potato Tuber Moth. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(9) :665- 666, 1 fig. September, 1913. 104. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(9) : 668. September, 1913. 105. The Western Twig Borer, ( Amphicerus punctipennis Lee.). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(10) :681-684, 3 figs. October, 1913. 106. A New Appointment. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(10) :693. October, 1913. 107. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(10) :705. October, 1913. 108. A Serious Philippine Orange Moth, Prays citri Mill., ( Prays nephelomina, Meyrick.). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(11) : 722-723, 1 fig. November, 1913. 109. A New Method of Destroying Woolly Aphis. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(11) :725. November, 1913. 110. The Rose Aphis. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(11) : 725. Novem- ber, 1913. 111. Two Spray Formulae for Fruit Flies. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(11) :726. November, 1913. 112. Some Interesting Fruit Flies. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(11) : 726. November, 1913. 113. Spraying to Control Tomato Thrips. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(11) :728. November, 1913. 114. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(11) : 731. November, 1913. 115. A New Eriococcus. Pomona College Jour. Entomol. & Zool., 5(4) :179— 181, 2 figs. December, 1913. 116. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 2(12) :776. December, 1913. 117. The Cherry Fruit Sawfly. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(1) :31- 35, 3 figs. January, 1914. THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 242 [vol. 41, NO. 4 118. Date Growing in Old and New Worlds. Review. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(1) :39. January, 1914. 119. Reports of State Fruit Growers’ Convention. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(1) :41. January, 1914. 120. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(1) :47. January, 1914. 121. Report on Mealy Bug Situation at Upland, California. Pacific Fruit World, 39(15) :l-2. January 24, 1914. 122. The Caltrop or Ground Bur-nut, ( Tribulus terrestris) . Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(2) :78-79, 1 fig. February, 1914. 123. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(2) : 85. February, 1914. 124. The Mealy Bugs of California. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(3) : 97-143, 32 figs. March, 1914. 125. Report of Resolution Committee, (Joint Authorship). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(3) :158-160. March, 1914. 126. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort.. Monthly Bull., 3(4) :189. April, 1914. 127. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(5) :221. May, 1914. 128. The Second Protodiaspis. Pomona College Jour. Entomol. & Zool., 6(2) :76- 80, 3 figs. June, 1914. 129. Mr. Leroy Childs Receives New Appointment. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(7) :291. July, 1914. 130. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(7) :296. July, 1914. 131. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(8) :383. August, 1914. 132. Insect Notes. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 3(10) :445. October, 1914. 133. Apple Leaf Hopper, Empoasca mali Leb. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:502-503. 1914. 134. Flat-headed Apple Tree Borer, Chrysobothis femorata Fab. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:507-508, 1 fig. 1914. 135. Cottony Maple Scale, Pulvinaria vitis Linn., Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:518. 1914. 136. Greedy Scale, Aspidiotus camelliae Sign, Aspidiotus rapax Comst. In Low- ther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:518. 1914. 137. Ivy or Oleander Scale, Aspidiotus hederae, Vail. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:530. 1914. 138. Red or Six-spotted Spider or Mite, T etranychus bimaculatus Harv., Tetrany- chus sexmaculatus Riley. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort. 1:536-537, 1 fig. 1914. 139. Scurfy Scale, Chionaspis jungura Fitch. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:539-540. 1914. 140. Black Scale, Saissetia oleae Bern. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:550, lfig. 1914. 141. Common Termites, Termes lucifugus Rossi. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:550-551, 1 fig. 1914. 142. Frosted Scale, Eulecanium pruinosum Cop. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:551-552, 1 fig. 1914. 143. Asparagus Miner, Agromyza simplex Loew. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:561. 1914. October 1965] SMITH ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 243 144. Common Asparagus Beetle, Crioceris asparagi Linn. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:561-562. 1914. 145. Bean Weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Family Bruchidae) Bruchus obtectus Say. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:575-576, 1 fig. 1914. 146. Bean Thrips, Heliothrip fasciatus Pergande. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:576-577. 1914. 147. Lima Bean Pod Borer, Etiella zinckenella Treit. (Family Pyralidae). In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:578-579, 1 fig. 1914. 148. Beet Army Worms, Laphygma exigus Hubn. (Family Noctuidae) Caradrina exigua Hubn. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:612. 1914. 149. Beet Louse, Pemphigus betcie Doane. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:612- 613. 1914. 150. Minute False Chinch Bug, Nysius angustatus minutus Uhl. (Family Lygaeidae). In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:613. 1914. 151. Western Armyworm, Chorizagrotis agrestis Grote (Family Noctuidae). In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:614. 1914. 152. The Rose Scale, Aulacaspis rosae Bouche. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:652. 1914. 153. Snowy Tree Cricket, Oecanthus niveus DeGeer. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 1:653. 1914. 154. Cabbage Louse, Aphis brassicae Linn. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2: 677-678. 1914. 155. Harlequin Cabbage Bug, Murgantia liistrionica Hahn (Family Pentatom- idae). In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:683-684. 1914. 156. Hop Flea Beetle, Psylliodes punctulata Melsh (Family Chrysomelidae) . In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:684-685. 1914. 157. Imported Cabbage Worm, Pontia rapae Sch. (Family Pieridae) Pieris rapae Linn. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:685-686. 1914. 158. Cantaloup Fly, Euxesta notatci Wield. (Family Ortalidae). In Lowther’s Ency. Prac. Hort., 2:755. 1914. 159. White-lined Sphinx, Celerio lineata Fab. (Family Spliingidae) Deilephilci lineata Fab. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:755-756. 1914. 160. Celery or Parsley Caterpillar, Papilio polyxenes Fab. (Family Papilionidae) Papilio asterias Fab. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:770, 1 fig. 1914. 161. Celery Fruit Sawfly, Hopl.ocampa cookei Clark. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:791. 1914. 162. Cherry Scale, Eulecanium cerasorum Ckl. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:791-792, 1 fig. 1914. 163. Fall Canker Worm, Alsophila pomelaria Harris (Family Geometridae) . In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:795. 1914. 164. Alfalfa Crane Fly, Tipula simplex Doane (Family Tipulidae). In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:822-823. 1914. 165. Alfalfa Looper, Autographa gamma californica Speyer (Family Noctuidae). In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:823-824. 1914. 166. Clover or Almond Mite, Bryobis pratensis Garman. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:824. 1914. 167. Grasshoppers. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:824-826, 2 figs. 1914. 168. Striped Cucumber Beetle, Diabrotica vittata Fab. Iji Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:860-861. 1914. 244 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 169. Common or Greenhouse White Fly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westw. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:861. 1914. 170. Western 12-spotted Cucumber Beetle, Diabrotica soror Lee. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:861. 1914. 171. Imported Currant Borer, Sesia tipuliformis Clerck (Family Sesiidae) Aegeria tipulijormis Clerck. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:875-876, 2 figs. 1914. 172. Rose Pests. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:971-972. 1914. 173. Ivy or Oleander Scale, Aspidiotus hederae (Vail.). In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1003. 1914. 174. Red Violet Louse, Rhopalosiphum violae Perg. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1003. 1914. 175. Grape Pests. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1128-1130, 1 fig. 1914. 176. Grapevine Hoplia, Hoplia callipyge Lee. (Family Scarabaeidae) . In Low- ther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1135, 1 fig. 1914. 177. Grape Phylloxera, Phylloxera vastatrix Planchon. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1136-1137. 1914. 178. Grasshoppers. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1138-1139, 2 figs. 1914. 179. Red or Orange Scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii Mask. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1139-1140. 1914. 180. Small steel-blue Grapevine Flea Beetle, Haltica carinata Germ. (Family Chrysomelidae) . In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1140-1141. 1914. 181. Wireworms (Elateridae) . In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1141. 1914. 182. Lemon Pests. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1237-1238. 1914. 183. Diplacus Ceroputo, Ceroputo yuccae Coq. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 2:1243. 1914. 184. The Brown Scale, Coccus hesperidum Linn. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1371. 1914. 185. Olive Pests, Chrysomphalus rossi Mask. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1457. 1914. 186. Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3: 1475. 1914. 187. Orange Pests. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1491-1497 and 1497-1499. 1914. 188. Parsnip Louse. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1526. 1914. 189. Pea Weevil. Laria pisorium Linn. (Family Bruchidae) . Bruchus pisorium In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1530. 1914. 190. Hemispherical Scale, Saissetia hemisphaerica Targ. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1563-1564. 1914. 191. Spotless Fall Web Worm, Hyphantria textor Harris (Family Arctiidae). In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1570, 1 fig. 1914. 192. West Indian or White Peach Scale, Aulacaspis pentagona Targ. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1571. 1914. 193. Pear Pests. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1649-1650 and 1652-1653. 1914. 194. Pineapple Scale, Diaspis bromeliae Kern. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1687. 1914. 195. Natural Enemies of Plant Lice. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1687- 1690. 1914. October 1965] SMITH — ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 196. Long-tailed Mealy Bug, Pseudococcus longespinus Targ., Pseudococcus adoni- dium Linn. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1697, 1 fig. 1914. 197. Mealy Plum Louse, Hyatopterus arundinis Fab. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1698. 1914. 198. The Tachina Flies. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1700, 1 fig. 1914. 199. Potato Pests. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1726, 1727-1728, 1729, 4 figs. 1914. 200. Brown Day Moth, Pseudohazis eglanterina Boisd. (Family Saturniidae) . In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1742-1743. 1914. 201. Fruit-tree Pulvinaria, Pulvinaria amygdali Ckll. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1744, 1 fig. 1914. 202. Raspberry Horn-tail, Hcirtigia cressoni (Family Siricidae) Hartigia abdomi- nalis. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1775-1776, 1 fig. 1914. 203. Sprays. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1862, 1866, 1867, 1869. 1914. 204. Strawberry Pests. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1936, 1938, 1951. 1914. 205. Tomato Sphinx, Phlegethontius sexta Johan. (Family Sphingidae) Proto- parce sexta Johan., Protopare Carolina Linn. In Lowther’s Encyc. Prac. Hort., 3:1983, 1 fig. 1914. 206. Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California (second edition) Compl. Bull. Supplement, Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., pp. i-LXXI plus 1— 541, 503 figs. 1915. 207. The Ontario Mealy Bug, Pseudococcus sp., (Order Hemiptera, family Coc- cidae). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 4(7) : 343-344, 1 fig. July, 1915. 208. The Dried-fruit Beetle. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 8(4) :396— 400, 4 figs. August, 1915. 209. New Records of the Shot-hole Borer. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 4(9) :445. September, 1915. 210. The Western 12-spotted Cucumber Beetle. Univ. Calif. Jour. Agric., 3(1) : 12-15, 3 figs. September, 1915. 211. Aphididae of California XI. Pomona Jour. Entomol. and Zool., 7 (3) :180- 200, 9 figs. September, 1915. 212. The Brown Ctenucha. Pomona Jour. Entomol. and Zool., 7 (4) :241-244, 7 figs. December, 1915. 213. The Soft Bamboo Scale, Asterolecanium bambusae Boisduval. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 5(2) :72— 73, 1 fig. February, 1916. 214. The California Peach Borer, Aegeria opalescens. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 5(3) :107. March, 1916. 215. The Distribution of California Insects, I. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 5(3) : 113-120, 6 figs. March, 1916. 216. Journal of Entomology and Zoology — A Review. Pomona Coll. Quart. Mag., 4(3) :142-143, 1 pi. March, 1916. 217. A Coccid-feeding Moth, Holcocera iceryaeela (Riley) , ( Blastobasis iceryaeela Riley). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 9(3) :369-370, 3 figs. 1916. 218. Two Newly-established Scale Insects. (Order Hemiptera, Family Coccidae). Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 5(5) :192— 197, 6 figs. May, 1916. 219. The Genus Vanessa in California. Pomona Jour. Entomol. and Zool., 8 (3) :97-lll, 11 figs. September, 1916. 246 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 220. The Chrysanthemum Gall Fly, Diarthronomyia hypogaeci (F. Low). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 9(5) :461-468, 3 figs, and 2 pis. October, 1916. 221. The Citrophilus or Upland Mealy Bug. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 5(10) :376-377. October, 1916. 222. Dr. Albert John Coolc — A Tribute. Pomona College Quart. Mag., 5(1) : 1 3 — 15. October, 1916. 223. Aphididae of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Tech. Bull., 1(7) :301 — 346, 30 figs. July, 1917. 224. The Tomato and Laurel Psyllids. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 10(4) :433— 444, 2 figs, and 1 pi. August, 1917. 225. The Olive Insects of California. Calif. Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull., 283:1-64, 21 figs. September, 1917. 226. Live Stock Situation in Ventura County. Farm Bureau Monthly, Ventura Co., 3(1 & 2) :2-3. January and February, 1918. 227. Feeding Cactus. Farm Bureau Monthly, Ventura Co., 3(4) :l-2. April, 1918. 228. Work of Farm Advisor. Farm Bureau Monthly, Ventura Co., 3(6) :1. June, 1918. 229. The European Earwig, Forficula auricularia Linn. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 11 (3) :338, 1 pi. June, 1918. 230. Some Japanese Aphididae (with S. I. Kuwana) . Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 8(3) : 35-112, 40 figs. July, 1918. 231. Worms Attacking Beans. Farm Bureau Monthly, Ventura Co., 3(8) :1, 3, 4, 2 figs. August, 1918. 232. Handbook of Plant Disease and Pest Control (with R. E. Smith and George P. Gray). Univ. Calif., Coll. Agric., Circ., 204:1-36. August, 1918. 233. Can Ventura County Make Crop Increase for 1919? Farm Bureau Monthly, Ventura Co., 3(9) :l-4. September, 1918. 234. A Record of the Corn Ear Worm Attacking Beans and a Suggestion as to the Reason of the Outbreak. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 7 (9) : 544U545. September, 1918. 235. Smilo Grass. Farm Bureau Monthly, Ventura Co., 4:4, January, 1919. 236. Two Interesting Weeds. A New Weed and a Forage Plant Introduced into Ventura County. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 8(2) : 79. Febru- ary, 1919. 237. New Hosts of Oak-root Fungus in Humboldt County. Calif. State Com. Hort. Monthly Bull., 8(2) :79-80. February, 1919. 238. Grape Scale in California. Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 9(1 & 2) : 37-39. February, 1920. 239. Important Dried Fruit Insects in California. Calif. Cult., 59(8) :279-288. February, 1920; Rural World 22(48) :2. February, 1920; Monthly Bull. Dept. Agric. Calif., Supplement to 9(3) :119— 125. March, 1920. 240. Some Suggestions for Codling Moth Control. San Bernardino Co. Farm Bur. Monthly, 2(9) :12. April, 1920. 241. Green Apple Aphis. San Bernardino Co. Farm Bur. Monthly, 2(9) :12. April, 1920. 242. Some Common Insects Attacking Beans in California. Calif. Bean Growers Jour., 1(7) :137, 148. May, 1920. 243. The Pear Thrips. Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric., Circ., 223:9, 3 figs. November, 1920. October 1965] SMITH ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 244. Control of the Brown Apricot Scale and the Italian Pear Scale on Deciduous Fruit Trees. Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric., Circ., 224:11, 5 figs. December, 1920. 245. Suggestions on Pear Thrips Control. Univ. Calif. Jour. Agric., 6(8) : 6, 31. December, 1920. 246. The Alfalfa Crane Fly and Damage to Pasture Lands. Calif. Cattleman. 4(21) :4-5. April, 1921. 247. Some Interesting Economic Insects Recently Observed in California. Monthly Bull. Calif. Dept. Agric., 10(4) :140-143. April, 1921. 248. Plant Disease and Pest Control (with W. T. Horne) . Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric., Circ., 227:1-69. June, 1921. 249. Dust Insecticides in California. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 14(5) :392-394. Oc- tober, 1921. 250. Practical Hints on Spraying. Pac. Rural Press., 102(14) :342. October 1, 1921. 251. The Peach Twig Borer. Placer Co. Fruit Growers’ Convention, pp. 33-35. October, 1921. 252. The Argentine Ant Builds Earthen Protections for Mealy Bugs. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 14(6) :506-508. December, 1921. 253. Para-Dichlorobenzene, A Soil Fumigant. Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 11(1) : 28-32, 1 fig. January, 1922. 254. Two Interesting New Blister Mites (with E. H. Smith) . Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 11(1) :63. January, 1922. 255. The Paradichlorobenzine Treatment. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 15 (2) : 178. April, 1922. 256. Mealybug Control on Pear Trees. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 15 (2) : 181-182. April, 1922. 257. The European Red Mite. Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 11 (4) : 409-411, 1 fig. April, 1922. 258. The European Red Mite in California. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 15 (2 ) : 181. April, 1922. 259. Fruits and Berries Adaptable to the Berkeley Hills. Cragmont Planning Commission. Bull. no. 5. May, 1922. 260. The Artichoke Plume Moth. ( Platyptilia sp.) Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 11(5—6) :454— 456, 1 fig. May-June, 1922. 261. Note on Two New Blister Mites. Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 11 (5 — 6) :466. May-June, 1922. 262. Nematodes Attacking Dahlia Tubers. Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 11(5-6) :465-466, 1 fig. May-June, 1922. 263. The Dried Fruit Beetle. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 15(3) :260. June, 1922. 264. The Dipterous Parasite of the Cottony Cushion Scale. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 15(3): 246. June, 1922. 265. A New Aphis on California Sage. ( Aphis hiltoni n. sp.) Pomona Jour. Entomol. & Zool, 14(3) :61-62, 1 fig. 1922. 266. Insect Notes from Laguna Beach, California. Pomona Jour. Entomol. & Zool., 14(4) :75-78. 1922. 267. Para-dichlorobenzene, a New Soil Fumigant. Orchard and Farm, p. 3. March 4, 1923. 268. Preventing “red-berry” disease. Orchard and Farm, p. 16. April 15, 1923. 243 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41 , NO. 4 269. Plant Disease and Pest Control (with W. B. Herms and W. T. Horne) . Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric. & Exp. Sta. Circ. 265, 104 pp. June, 1923. 270. “Redberry” of Blackberries. Calif. Cultivator, 61(15) :384. October, 1923. 271. Economic Notes: The Thistle Butterfly; Pear Leaf Blister Mite; Garden Centipede. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 1(1): 45 . July, 1924. 272. Economic Notes: The Elmdeaf Beetle; a Cypress Moth; Protection of Seed Wheat from Insects; Flea Larvae in Sugar. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 1(2) : 93— 94. October, 1924. 273. Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Plants for the Berkeley Hills. Cragmont Improvement Association Bull., 7, 12 pp. December, 1924. 274. Economic Notes: Telea polyphemus on Elm; White Wax Scale; Coloradia pandora on Pine. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 1 (3) :142-143. January, 1925. 275. Insects in Relation to Agriculture. Calif. Cultivator, 64(21) :585-596, 1 fig. May, 1925. 276. Economic Notes: A Prospaltella as an Egg Parasite of the Codling Moth. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 1(4) :188. May, 1925. 277. Economic Notes: Amphipod in City Water System. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 1(4) : 189-190. May, 1925. 278. Economic Notes: European Earwig; Beet Army Worm on Cotton; The Cur- rant Moth on Peanuts; The Alder Flea Beetle; The Monterey Cypress Bark Beetle. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2(l):45-46. July, 1925. 279. Plant Disease and Pest Control (Revised) (with W. T. Horne and W. B. Herms). Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric., Agric. Exp. Sta., Circ., 265:1-122. September, 1925. 280. Leptoglossus clypealis Heid., Life History Note. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2(2): 92. October, 1925. 281. Ash-leaf Bug, Neoborus illitus Van Duzee. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2(2) :92. October, 1925. 282. The Blackberry Mite, Cause of Redberry Disease of the Himalaya Black- berry, and its Control. Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric., Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 399:3-10, 1 ph, 5 figs. December, 1925. 283. A Butterfly Migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2(4):211. April, 1926. 284. Insect Pest Survey Report of California Insects. Ins. Pest Sur. Bull., Bur. Entomol., U.S.D.A., 6:246, 250, 254, 258, 264, 265, 277, 285, 288. 1926, 285. The Madrona Aphis. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 3(1) :42. July, 1926. 286. Insects in the Yosemite Museum. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 3(1): 43 . July, 1926. 287. Insects of Western North America. The Macmillan Company, N. Y., 1035 pp., 766 figs. September, 1926. 288. Paradichlorobenzene as a Soil Fumigant. Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric., Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 411:1-20, 10 figs. October, 1926. 289. Swarming Termites. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 3(2) :92. October, 1926. 290. The Fall Spray Program for Deciduous Orchards. The Blue Anchor, 3(11) : 10, 26, 4 figs. November, 1926. 291. The White-lined Sphinx. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 3(3) :145. January, 1927. 292. Spray Calendar for Southern California. American Fruit Grower Mag., 47 (2) :38. February, 1927. 293. Some Insects from Adobe Walls of Old Missions of Lower California. Pan- Pac. Entomol., 3(4) :194-195. April, 1927. 294. Oil Sprays. Calif. Cultivator, 68(22) :647. May, 1927. October 1965 ] SMITH ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 249 294a. Plant Disease and Pest Control (revised) (with W. T. Horne and W. B. Herms). Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric. Exp. Sta., Circ., 265:1-132. May, 1927. 295. Spray Calendar for Southern California. American Produce Grower, 2:8. 296. Red Spider Control. California Cultivator, 68(15) :375. October, 1927. 297. Obituary — Charles Fuller Baker. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 20(5) :748-754, 1 pi. October, 1927. 298. The Need in the Study of Insect Injuries: Economic Entomology. Sympo- sium: Needed Lines of Investigation in American Entomology. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 20 (4) :451-454. December, 1927. 299. Rice Bugs. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 4(3) :128. January, 1928. 300. Spray Calendar for Southern California. Amer. Fruit Grower Mag., 48(2) : 32. February, 1928. 301. Charles Fuller Baker. Philippine Jour. Science, 35 (4) :429— 438, 1 pi. April, 1928. 302. An Outbreak of Halisidota argentata Pack. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 4(4) : 186. April, 1928. 303. Some Vacation Biters. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 4(4) :185-186. April, 1928. 304. Charles Fuller Baker, “A Recognized Leader.” Pomona Coll. Quart. Mag., 16(4) : 175-179. June, 1928. 305. Why Irises. Western Homes and Gardens, 12(9) :13, 1 fig. September, 1928. 306. Some Insects of Yosemite National Park. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 5(2) :76-78. October, 1928. 307. Southern California Spray Schedules. Amer. Fruit Grower Mag., 49(2): 27-28. February, 1929. 308. Bearded Irises — Plicatas. Western Homes and Gardens, 13(1):11-12, 2 figs. February, 1929. 309. Man’s Influence on Insects. Science Monthly, 28:499-506, 6 figs. June, 1929. 310. Obituary — Warren Thompson Clarke. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 22 (3) :608-609, 1 pi. June, 1929. 311. Entomological Sentiment. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 22 (2) : 335-340. June, 1929. 312. Doctor L. O. Howard Honored by the University of California. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 22(3) :604U605. June, 1929. 313. Ornamentals: Trees, Shrubs and Plants for the Berkeley Hills. Cragmont Improvement Assn. Bull., 7:1-12. December, 1929. 314. Origin of the Bean Weevil, Mylabris obtectus (Say). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 22(6) : 858-861. December, 1929. 315. Nitidulid Beetle Reared from Orange. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 23(1) :287. February, 1930. 316. How to Conti'ol the Mealybug in our Gardens. Western Homes and Gardens, 18(3) :6-7, 3 figs.; 18(4) :7-8, 3 figs. March and April, 1930. 317. Termites. Texas Citriculture, 6(12) : 10—11, 2 figs. June, 1930. 318. The Fire Ant. Texas Citriculture, 7(1) : 15, 2 figs. July, 1930. 319. Plant Disease and Pest Control (with W. T. Horne and W. B. Herms). Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric., Agric. Exp. Sta., Circ., 265:1-144. Revised edition. July, 1930. 320. Plant Quarantine. Science, 71 (1840) :350— 353. April, 1930; Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 19:477-481; Calif. Cultivator, 75:146, 173. August, 1930. THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 250 [vol. 41, NO. 4 321. Outlines of History of American Entomology (Ent. 132). Mimeo., 73 pp. August, 1930. 322. Cottony Cushion Scale. Texas Citriculture, 7(5): 14 — 15, 27, 4 figs. No- vember, 1930. 323. A Modern Gnat Trap. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 23(6) : 997—999, 1 pi. Decem- ber, 1930. 324. A History of Entomology. The Macmillan Co., N. Y., 1029 pp., 263 figs. 1931. 325. Charles Fayette McGlashan. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 7 (3) :97-99. January, 1931. 326. Plant Quarantine. Texas Citriculture, 7 (10) : 13, 35. April, 1931. 327. The Negro Scale in California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 8(1) : 36. July, 1931. 328. Note on the Redwood Scale. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 8(1) : 48. July, 1931. 329. A Small Insect Which Stings Severely. Science, 75(1939) :242-243. Febru- ary, 1932. 330. The California Salmon Fly. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 8(4) :162. April, 1932. 331. George Albert Coleman (1866-1932), Obituary. Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 21(4, 5, 6) :246-247. April, May, June, 1932. Calif. Fish and Game, 18(3) :255-257. 332. Pests and University Aid. Pacific Rural Press, 123 (26) :568-569. June, 1932. 333. The Black Onion Fly, Tritoxa jlexa (Wiedemann). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 25 (3) : 727-728. June, 1932. 334. The California Tortoise Shell Butterfly. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 25 (5) : 1108. October, 1932. 335. The Oakland Spring Flower Show. Amer. Iris Soc. Bull., 45:40-42, 1 fig. October, 1932. 336. A Genus and Species of the Family Aphididae New to North America. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 6(1): 1—8, 8 figs., 1 pi. October, 1932. 337. Bee Stains on Fruit. Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 21(10-11): 430-431, 2 figs. October and November, 1932. 338. The Stinging Epyris (with A. E. Michelbacher) Science, 76 (1975) :407-408. November, 1932. 339. The Cribrate Weevil, Brachyrrhinus cribricollis (Gyllenhal). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 25(6) :1240. December, 1932. 340. The Original Description of Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) . Jour. Econ. Entomol., 25(6) :1207-1208. December, 1932. 341. The Insect Menace. Pomona Coll. Mag., 21(2):61-63. January, 1933. 342. Scoring and Rating New Irises. Amer. Iris Soc. Bull., 46:16-18. January, 1933. 343. Farm Machinery in Relation to Insect Control. Pacific Rural Press, 125(6) : 96. February, 1933. 344. Alonzo William Lopez, Obituary. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 26(11) :306-307. February, 1933. 345. A Pest of Sierra Plums (with H. H. Keifer). Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 22(2-3) : 153-155, 1 fig. February-March, 1933. 346. Raymond Louis Nougaret, Obituary. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 26 (3) :739— 741, 1 pi. June, 1933. 347. Nomenclature of the Vegetable Weevil. Science, 77 (2008) :605-606. June, 1933. 348. Ptinus tectus Boieldieu. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 26 (3) :734^735. June, 1933. 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Michelbacher) . Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric., Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 567:1-99, 16 figs. December, 1933. 356. Shinkai Inokichi Kuwana, Obituary. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 26(6) : 1185—1188, portrait. December, 1933. 357. Fuchsias. The National Hort. Mag., 13(1) :l-59, 47 pis. January, 1934. 358. Historical Background of Entomology in Relation to the Early Development of Agriculture in California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 10(1) :1-11. January, 1934. 359. Note on the Alder Scale. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 10(1) :44, January, 1934. 360. William Sherman Wright, Obituary. Entomol. News, 45(l):27-28. January, 1934. 361. Insects and Other Pests Attacking Agricultural Crops (with W. M. Hoskins) . Univ. Calif. Agric. Ext. Service Circ., 87:1-155. (Revised January, 1944). September, 1934. 362. The Value of Insects to the California Indians. Scientific Monthly, 38(2) : 181-186, 8 figs. February, 1934. 363. Trichodes ornatus (Say). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 27(3) :724. June, 1934. 364. Twelve Years of Intensive Iris Breeding in California — Methods and Records. Amer. Iris Soc. Bull., 52:3-30. July, 1934. 365. Report on Alfalfa Weevil Investigation in California (with A. E. Michel- bacher). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 27 (5) :960— 966, 1 table. October, 1934. 366. Iris Species Growing in California. Amer. Iris Soc. Bull., 54:20-23. Decem- ber, 1934. 367. A Progress Report on the Behavior of the Alfalfa Weevil in Middle Califor- nia, 1935 (with A. E. Michelbacher). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 27(6):1119- 1127, 4 tables. December, 1934. 368. Field Observations on the Alfalfa Weevil in Middle California (with A. E. Michelbacher). Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 24 (4—6 ) : 221-231, 5 figs. April-June, 1935. 369. California Aphididae. New Cloudy-veined Species. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 11 (4) :156-162, 3 figs. October, 1935. 370. A Check List of Fuchsias. Published by Amer. Fuchsia Soc., 23 pp. April, 1936. THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 252 [vol. 41 , NO. 4 371. New California Aphididae. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 12(2) :65-72, 4 figs. April, 1936. 372. The Important Tomato Insects of California (with A. E. Michelbacher) . Univ. Calif. Agric. Ext. Service Circ., 99:1-38, 24 figs. May, 1936. 373. A Sketch History of Entomology. Osiris, 2(4) :80— 123. June, 1936. 374. Reconditioning Aphids for Study. Science, 84(2167) :47-48. July, 1936. 375. Some California Iris Hybrids. The Iris Year Book, pp. 35-37. 1936. 376. A New Aphid from California (Homoptera-Aphidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 13 (1-2) :46-48, 1 fig. January-April, 1937. 377. Order Homoptera, Family Aphididae. (Insects and Arachnids from Cana- dian Amber). Univ. Toronto Studies, Geol. Ser. No., 40:17-21, 2 figs. 1937. 378. Some Observations in English Iris Gardens. Amer. Iris Soc. Bull., 69:3-21. February, 1938. 379. The Ornate Aphid, New to North America ( Myzus ornatus Laing) . Pan- Pac. Entomol., 14(2) :92-95, 1 fig. April, 1938. 380. Caterpillars Attacking Tomatoes (with A. E. Michelbacher) . Univ. Calif. Coll. Agric., Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., 625:1-42, 21 figs. July, 1938. 381. Aphids Feeding on Celery in California. Hilgardia, 11(9) :459— 492, 12 figs. September, 1938. 382. The Pea Mite ( Penthaleus major Duges) . Insect Pest Survey Bull., Bureau Entomol. & Plant Quarantine, 18 ( 7 ) : 480. September, 1938. 383. Some New and Little Known Aphididae of California. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 31 (6) :780 — 781. December, 1938. 384. Caterpillars Attacking Tomatoes in the Northern Tomato Producing Section of California (with A. E. Michelbacher) . Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 28(3) :214-222, 2 figs. March, 1939. 385. A New Aphid of the Genus Mindarus from White Fir in British Columbia (Homoptera, Aphididae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 15(3) :105 — 110. July, 1939. 386. The Blue Oak Mite or Pea Mite, Penthaleus major (Duges), in California. Calif. State Dept. Agric. Monthly Bull., 28 (7-9) : 507-508, 1 fig. July- September, 1939. 387. 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February, 1943. 420. The Cork Oak Cynipid in California. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 36(1) :123-124. February, 1943. 421. Orchid Insects. The Orchid Digest, 7(l):4-7. March, 1943. 422. Report of the Representative to the Committee on Biology and Agriculture of the National Research Council. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 36(1) : 155 — 156. March, 1943. 423. Biological Interrelations of Household Insect Pests. Pest Control Operator’s News, 1(5) :1. June, 1943. 424. William Hunter Volck, Obituary. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 36 (3) :485-486. Portrait. June, 1943. 425. The California-Laurel Borer, Rosalia funebris Mots. (Coleoptera: Ceram- bycidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 19(3) :91-92. July, 1943. 426. A Report on the Penetration of Packaging Material by Insects (with W. M. Hoskins, E. G. Linsley, A. E. Michelbacher, and R. F. Smith). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 36 (6) :822 — 829, 3 figs. December, 1943. 427. Sumac-gall Aphid, Malaphis rhois (Fitch) , in Arizona. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 19(4) :147. October, 1943. 428. 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Why So Many Bugs? Texas Farming and Citriculture, 21(1) :21. July, 1944. 436. Penetration of Packaging Materials by Insects (with W. M. Hoskins, E. G. Linsley, A. E. Michelbacher, and R. F. Smith) . Modern Packaging, 17 (11) :109-113, 2 figs. July, 1944. 437. A New Aphid on Guayule and Notes on Other Species of Cerosipha. Hil- gardia, 16(4) :177-184, 6 figs. July, 1944. 438. Needed Changes in Teaching Entomology (Editorial). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 37 (4) :563-565. August, 1944. 439. Taking Stock (Editorial). Jour. Econ. Entomol., 37 (5) :718— 719. October, 1944. 440. Insects and Other Pest Attacking Crops (In California). Univ. Calif. Agric. Ex.t. Service Circ., 87:1-197, 182 figs. (Revised). 1944. October 1965] SMITH — ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 255 441. Entomology. (Records of Events of 1943). 1944 Britannica Book of the Year. (Encyclopedia Britannica). pp. 262-265. 1944. 442. Silkworms in California. Univ. Calif. Extension Serv. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mimeo., 2 pp. September, 1944. 443. 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(Records of Events of 1944) . 1945 Britannica Book of the Year. (Encyclopedia Britannica) pp. 262-265, 1945. 451. Experimental Use of DDT for Insect Control in California (with A. E. Michelbacher). American Fruit Grower, 66(2) :40, 48. February, 1946. 452. Ralph Henry Smith. Obituary. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 39 ( 1 ) : 5—6. March, 1946. 453. Some Known Facts Concerning DDT, the Remarkable New Insecticide. Jour. Calif. Hort. Soc., 7 (3) :408-413. July, 1946. Pests and Their Con- trol, Jour. Pest Control Industry. April, 1945. 454. Experiment Stations Cooperate to Speed Spray Recommendation for 1947 Season. (A contributor) A.I.F. News, 5(2) :9. November, 1946. 455. Entomology. (Records of Events of 1945). 1946 Britannica Book of the Year. (Encyclopedia Britannica) pp. 288-290. 1946. 456. Experiences in Peony Raising in Berkeley. Jour. Calif. Hort. Soc., 8(1): 17-22. January, 1947. 457. Abstracting Entomological Articles and Publications. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 40(3) :456-458. June, 1947. 458. The New Aphid on Penstemon in the Sierra of California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 23(3) : 97-100, 1 fig. July, 1947. 459. Aphids Feeding on Violaceous Plants in California. Hilgardia, 17(18): 595-617. November, 1947. 460. Entomology. (Records of Events of 1946). 1947 Britannica Book of the Year. (Encyclopedia Britannica) . pp. 299-300. 1947. 461. Protecting Tomatoes from Insects. Food Packer, 28(12) :62. November, 1947. 462. Mounting Aphids and Other Insects on Microscopic Slides. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 24(1) :9-22, fig. January, 1948. 463. A Lake County Mystery (Ruppia Balls). Pacific Rural Press, 155(2) :71, fig. January, 1948. 256 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 464. Insects in Relation to Weed Control. Minutes of the Ninth Western Weed Control Conference, February, 1947. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 41(1):58-61. February, 1948. 465. Sol Felty Light. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 24(2) :49— 53. April, 1948. 466. The Ruppia Balls of Little Borax Lake. The Scientific Monthly, 66(6) :467- 471. June, 1948. 467. Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell. Obituary. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 24(3) : 117 — 121, 1 pi. July, 1948. 468. The Most Important Species of Aphids Attacking Cruciferous Crops in California. Hilgardia, 18 (11) :407-422, 5 figs. September, 1948. 469. Insect Survey in Relation to Quarantine and Control of Insect Pests. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 41 (5) :673— 677. October, 1948. 470. Ridding the Garden of Common Pests (with A. E. Michelbacher) . Calif. Agric. Ext. Service Circ., 146:1-39, 45 figs. October, 1948. Revised June, 1950. 471. Entomology. (Records of Events of 1947). 1948 Britannica Book of the Year. (Encyclopedia Britannica), pp. 283-284. 1948. 472. Aphids in Relation to Quick Decline and Trisrezia of Citrus. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 25(1) :13— 23, 3 figs. January, 1949. 473. A New Aphid on Lettuce (Homoptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 25 (4) : 151-153, fig. October, 1949. 474. Preface to “The Nearctic Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) A Generic Classification and Check List by P. W. Oman” (with D. D. Jensen). Memoirs of the Entomol. Soc. of Wash., No. 3. 1949. 475. Entomology. (Records of Events of 1948). 1949 Britannica Book of the Year. (Encyclopedia Britannica), pp. 274^275. 1949. 476. A New Genus and Species of Aphididae on Aloe. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 26 (1) : 22-24, 2 figs. January, 1950. 477. Man’s Six-legged Competitors. Scientific Monthly, 69(1) :15— 19. July, 1949. Canning Trade, 7-8, 18-19. March, 1950. 478. Entomology. (Records of Events of 1949). 1950 Encyclopedia Britannicia, pp. 257-259. 1950. 479. Two Rare and Closely Related Aphids from Australia and China. (Hemip- tera, Aphididae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 44(2) :189— 192, 2 figs. June, 1951. 480. The History of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society (3 photos). (A contributor). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 27 (3) : 97-119. July, 1951. 481. Current Entomology Research Continuous Study Aims of Discovery and Con- trol of All Insects and Mites Harmful to Agriculture in California. Calif. Agric., 5(8) :8-10. August, 1951. 482. Insects in Your Life by C. H. Curran (Book Review). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 27(4) : 180-181. October, 1951. 483. Insects as Human Food by F. S. Bodenheimer, W. Junk, The Hague, 352 pp. (Review). The Scientific Monthly, 73(6) :392— 393. December, 1951. 484. Faneuil Hall Grasshopper. Pest Control, 20(2) :6, 1 fig. February, 1952. 485. The Aloe Aphid, Aloephagus myersi Essig. (Homoptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 28(2) :117— 118. April, 1952. October 1965] SMITH ESSIG BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 486. The Aphid Genus Periphyllus, A Systematic, Biological and Ecological Study. (F. Abernathy, co-author). Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, Calif. I-VII, 1-166, 43 figs. May, 1952. 487. Science in the Garden. Twentieth Ann. Calif. Garden Show. 58-59, 64. May, 1952. 488. A Change in the Nomenclature of the Carrot and Celery Aphids. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 45(4) : 752. August, 1952. 489. A New Genus and Species of Aphidae on Scotch Broom in Oregon (Homop- tera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 28 (4) :215-219, 2 figs. October, 1952. 490. “How Insects Live” in U.S.D.A. The Yearbook of Agriculture, pp. 20-29. October, 1952. 491. The Orchard Grass Aphid, Hyalopteroides humilus (Walker), Hemiptera- Aphidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 29 ( 1 ) : 17—18. January, 1953. 492. Aphid Miscellany (Presidential Address). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 29 ( 1 ) : 1—13. January, 1953. 493. “Edwin Cooper Van Dyke,” Obituary. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 29(2) :73-88, 1 pi. April, 1953. 494. A Remarkable New Aphid from Israel (Homoptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 29(3) :127-128. July, 1953. 495. Some New and Noteworthy Aphidae from Western and Southern South America. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 28(3) :59 — 164. July, 1953. 496. Aphids of the Rocky Mountain Region, by Miriam A. Palmer (Book Review). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 46(3) : 365. September, 1953. 497. Descriptions of New Species of Cinara from Western United States (with F. C. Hottes). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 66:159-172. October, 1953. 498. Four New Species of Cinara (Aphidae), (with F. C. Hottes). Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash., 66:205-210, 1 pi. December, 1953. 499. Series of Short Articles on Ephemeridae, Elephant Beetle, Lariidae, Ar- thropoda, Caterpillar, Cynipidae, Death Tick, Death’s Head Moth, Death- Watch Field Cricket, Fish Fly, Fleas, Flea-Beetles, Flea Hopper, Flea Louse, Dragonfly, Damoiselle, Mole Crickets. Encyclopedia Americana, 1954. 9:142, 203, 235, 339; 10:222, 412. 500. Insects. American Peoples Encyclopedia Yearbook, pp. 503-505. Chicago. 1954. 501. Pucerons (Homoptera-Aphidoidea) des Environs de Leige (Belgique) (with Jean Leclercq). Bull. Inst. Roy. des Sci. Naturelles de Belgique, 30(7): 1-8. January, 1954. 502. Change of the Species Name of Myzus langei Essig to Myzus callangei Essig. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 30(1) :52. January, 1954. 503. Observations on Insects and Mites in Western United States. Agric. Chem., 9(6) :138-140. June, 1954. 504. A New Species of Cinara with Notes on Some Western Species of Aphidae (with F. C. Hottes). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 67:93-99. June, 1954. 505. Descriptions and Notes on Some Species of Cinara (Aphidae) (with F. C. Hottes). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 67:151-158. August, 1954. 506. A New Species of Schizolachnus (Aphidae) (with F. C. Hottes, F. G. Knowl- ton). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 67:273-274. December, 1954. 258 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 507. A New Species of Cinara and Notes on Two Recently Described Species (Aphidae) (with F. C. Hottes). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 67:275-276. De- cember, 1954. 508. Official Entomology in California — some comments, historical and personal. State Dept. Agric. Quart. Bull. Calif., 44 ( 1 ) : 3—16. Jan.-Feb.-Mar., 1955. 509. Common Species of Aphidae Found on Alfalfa and Clovers in California (with R. C. Dickson, Ray F. Smith, and J. E. Swift) . Univ. Calif. Agric. Ext. Service, 2 pp., 1 pi. May, 1955. 510. A Bibliography of Italian Aphidologists. Estratto dal Bollettino del Labora- torio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria “Filippo Silvestii,” Portici, 33:312- 319. June, 1955. 511. A New Species of Cinara from Oregon (Aphidae) (with F. C. Hottes). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 68:61-63. August, 1955. 512. The Spotted Alfalfa Aphid and Other Common Aphids Found in Alfalfa and Clovers in California. Leaflet. 1 p. (2 pages of charts of species involved). October, 1955. 513. Insects of Micronesia — Homoptera: Aphididae. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 6(2) : 15-37, 14 figs. April, 1956. 514. Some South American Aphids from Paraguay. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 32(4): 186-187. October, 1956. 515. Deux Nouveaux Aphides de Madagascar (Homoptera). Le Naturalist Malgache, Tananarine, 9(2) :287-289. 1957. 516. Aphides in La Faune Entomologique de LTle de la Reunion, (with R. Paulian) . Memoires L’lnstitut Scientifique de Madagascar. Series E. Tome, VIII :387. 1957. 517. Insects and Mites of Western North America, 2nd Edition. (Previous edi- tion, under the title Insects of Western North America). Macmillan Co., 1050 pp., 166 figs. 1958. 518. A Formosan Aphid, Micromyzus formosanus Takahashi, on Shallots in Cali- fornia. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 34(1) :33-34. January, 1958. The bibliography and list of insects named by E. O. Essig was pre- pared by Dr. Ray F. Smith, University of California, Berkeley. NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Subscriptions of Society members and other individuals which are not paid by 1 January 1966 will not receive issues of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist until the subscription is paid. — Treasurer. October 1965] higgins & woolley — new moss mites 259 A New Genus of Moss Mites from Northwestern United States 1 (Acari : Oribatei, Eremaeidae) Harold G. Higgins and Tyler A. Woolley 2 Colorado State University, Fort Collins Recent collecting in the United States has shown a considerable num- ber of undescribed oribatid mites. In collections of these mites taken from rather humid habitats in Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming were specimens of an undescribed, large, heavily pigmented eremaeid mite. A description of this new genus and species follows. Megeremaeus Higgins and Woolley, new genus Description. — Large size compared to other known eremaeids; body and legs covered with a heavy cerotegument ; pseudostigmata cuplike, the sclerotized rim elevated high above the surface of propodosoma as shown in Fig. 2; two pairs of anteriorly projecting hysterosomal knobs near the straight dorsosejugal suture; ten pairs of flattened, setose hysterosomal setae; six pairs of genital setae; three pairs of anal setae; scattered pseudoporosae anterior to setae tt; trochanters III and IV with a sharp, heavy spine. Megeremaeus montanus Higgins and Woolley, new species (Figs. 1-7) Diagnosis. — Lamellae parallel for most of their length; sensillus shorter than distance between pseudostigmata with a narrow pedicle and flattened, concave, setose head; lamellar hairs weakly setose, longer than sensillus or rostral hairs; interlamellar hairs shorter than sensillus, setose; irregular sclerotizations between pseudostigmata. Description. — Larger than other known Eremaeus ; body very dark brown; propodosoma slightly wider than long; rostrum blunt; rostral hairs located on sides of rostrum, inserted about half their lengths from tip, weakly setose and shorter than lamellar hairs; lamellae longer than lamellar hairs, parallel for most of their lengths, curving slightly posteriorly toward pseudostigmata with a smooth, lateral edge and a roughened medial edge; an indistinct transverse line anterior to lamellae; interlamellar hairs shorter than sensilli, robust, setose with small insertions; pseudostigmata cuplike, heavy, the sclerotized rim elevated high above surface of propodosoma as shown in Fig. 2; sensillus nearly three times longer than interlamellar hairs, but shorter than distance between pseudostigmata, with a narrow pedicle and expanded, flattened, concave, setose head; a row of faint, irregular sclerotizations on prodorsum between the pseudostigmata. Hysterosoma nearly round with a straight dorsosejugal suture; two pairs of conspicuous, anteriorly projecting knobs posterior to pseudostigmata; ten pairs of 1 Research supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant G-14333. 2 Participant in NSF Research Participation for High School Teachers Program, CSU, summer, 1965; and Professor, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, respectively. 260 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Explanation of Figures Fig. 1. Megeremcieus montcinus Higgins and Woolley, new genus and species, dorsal view. Fig. 2. Pseudostigmata and sensillus, lateral view. Fig. 3. Hystero- somal setae, lateral view. Fig. 4. M. montanus, ventral view. Fig. 5. Leg IV, lateral view. Fig. 6. Leg I, lateral view. Fig. 7. Tarsus of leg I. October 1965] higgins & woolley — new moss mites 261 flattened, setose setae with small insertions as shown in Figs. 1 and 3; scattered pseudoporosae anterior to setae n; entire body heavily pitted and covered with a heavy cerotegument which gives the animal an irregular, reticulate pattern (Fig. 1) . Camerostome oval with flattened sides; apodemata III nearly reaching midline; genital aperture nearly round, more than half its length anterior to anal aperture, each genital cover with six setae in a line along the medial edge; anal aperture trapezoidal, nearly twice as long as genital opening, each cover with three setae; internal preanal piece large and distinct; distinct sclerotizations around genital and anal openings; adgenital setae simple, posterolateral to genital opening; three visible pairs of adanal setae, adai at posterolateral edge of plate, and ada s not reaching the anterior level of anal plate; other ventral setae as shown in Fig. 4. Legs heavy with blunt, heterotridactylus claws, the middle claw being the largest; tarsus I with a famulus-solenidion complex as shown in Figs. 6 and 7; leg IV longer and more slender than other legs; trochanters III and IV with a sharp, heavy spine as shown in Fig. 5. Size. — Length 1,002 /x; width 648 p. Type locality. — One type and one paratype specimen were taken from moss and ferns at Torrey Falls, Trail Lake Ranch, 11 miles southeast of Dubois, Wyoming, 5 July 1964 by H. and M. Higgins. Additional specimens. — Oregon: Five specimens from moss and duff, 31 July 1962 by T. A. Woolley; four specimens from moss and duff in rain forest, Myrtle Creek, 2 August 1962 by T. A. Woolley; one specimen from a rotten log, Cottage Grove, 26 August 1956 by H. and M. Higgins. Washington: One specimen from rotting log at Greenwater, 10 June 1962 by H. and M. Higgins. Wyoming: One specimen from Falls Camp Ground, Togowtee Pass, 23 June 1964 by H. Higgins. Discussion.- — Megeremaeus , new genus, is larger than any known eremaeid, and appears to show a closer affinity with the Eremaeus complex than with T richer emaeus. This affinity is shown by the fewer, shorter hysterosomal setae, the visible internal preanal piece, and the sclerotizations surrounding the genital and anal apertures. It is, how- ever, distinguished from the above-mentioned complex by the two pairs of distinct, anteriorly projecting hysterosomal knobs as well as the greatly elevated pseudostigmata. Megeremaeus montanus, new species, shows a great deal of individual variation in the small sample studied. Some of these variations are expressed in the length and exact location of the hysterosomal setae. There also appears to be a slight variation in the location of the anal setae and in the length of the sensillus. The angle from which this species is observed can alter greatly the appearance of the hysterosomal setae and sensillus. When viewed from the edge or from a direct, dorsal position, the hysterosomal setae ap- pear to be narrow, while in reality they are lanceolate (Fig. 3). The sensillus from some angles fails to show the concave aspect of its ex- panded tip, but rather appears to he long and slightly expanded. 262 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Literature Cited Balogh, J. 1965. A synopsis of the world oribatid (Acari) genera. Acta Zool., 11 (1-2) : 5-99. Michael, A. D. 1887. British Oribatidae. Vol. II. Ray Society, London. New Triclioptera from United States and Mexico D. G. Denning Moraga, California Since the publication of “Evolution and Classification of the Moun- tain Caddisflies” by Ross in 1956, there has been a continued interest in the phylogeny and biogeography of the Trichoptera, with most at- tention given the Rhyacophilidae. The genitalia of male Rhyacophilinae are so diversified that it is diffi- cult to develop a phylogenetic pattern based only on such a complicated structure. Ross recognized this and stated a better “knowledge of the females and larvae should be of great value.” With this in mind, the North American Rhyacophila females known to the writer are divided into three groups: 1) mosana group; no modifications of fifth or sixth sternites, tenth tergum divided into two lobes, terminal segments of abdomen not telescopic; 2) vuzana group; fifth or sixth sternite or both with mesal process, tenth tergum not bilobed, terminal segments of abdomen are telescopic; 3) coloradensis group; seventh segment highly developed, tenth tergum not bilobed, eighth, ninth, and tenth segments may be withdrawn into seventh segment. It is probable that further knowledge of Rhyacophila females will elucidate the phylogeny of the genus, since they are primarily egg-producing organisms and their aquatic oviposition media have not undergone drastic changes. Two new species of Rhyacophila , one new Agapetus, one new Anagapetus, two new Atopsyche , and two new Culoptila have been se- lected for description. The new Rhyacophila , Agapetus , and Atopsyche shed further light on the phylogeny of the family and especially the Rhyacophila female of one of the new species. The new Culoptila rep- resent a great extension northward of the known distribution of the genus. Types are in the writer’s collection unless otherwise indicated. October 1965] denning — new north American trichoptera 263 Rhyacophila mosana Denning, new species The complex male genitalia present several characters which compli- cate the correct placement of the species. The absence of tergal straps and similar claspers suggest a relationship to R. ecosa Ross. However, the dorsal and ventral projections of the tenth tergite are similar to R. unimaculata Denning. However, the female genitalia suggest place- ment in a separate “group.” Male. — Length 9 mm. Fore wings fulvous, translucent spots scattered through wing. Head and thorax brown. Antennae, palpi, legs about same color as wings, spurs dark brown, 2-4-4. Genitalia as in Fig. 1. Fifth sternite hears a dark sclerotized truncate process, sixth sternite with a light-colored acute process. Ninth segment annular, no modifications. Tenth tergite projected caudodorsad, from lateral aspect (Fig. 1) somewhat beak-like; from dorsal aspect (Fig. 1A) distal margin bilobed, two parallel ridges produce a median trough extending to apex, resultant mesal surface concave. Ventral portion of tenth tergite semi- sclerotized, rugose; from ventral aspect (Fig. IB) apical margin emarginate; no tergal straps. Clasper with basal segment long, quadrilateral; apical segment short, narrowed distally, directed caudoventrad ; mesal distal-third covered with dense, short, reddish setae. Aedeagus with central portion somewhat flattened, about half length of clasper arms, mesal portion acute; lateral arms slender, fused, dorsodistal surface covered with short, dense, reddish setae, as viewed from ventral aspect (Fig. 1C). Female. — Length 9 mm. Practically identical to male in general color and characteristics. Fore wings, as in male, with many translucent spots scattered through wing. Genitalia as in Fig. ID. No modifications of fifth or sixth sternites. Eighth sternal margin bearing a row of long, porrect setae, eighth tergum with no modifications. Ninth tergum simple. Tenth tergite semimembraneous, setiferous, apex bearing a pair of minute tubercles; from dorsal aspect tergum divided into two separated lobes. Holotype male. — Castle Crags State Park, Shasta County, Cali- fornia, 20 October 1964, D. G. Denning. Allotype female, same data as for holotype. Paratype female, same data as for holotype. Rhyacophila glaciera Denning, new species This new species is not related to other described species and rep- resents a new “group” in the genus. The bifid claspers, the rotundate- type tenth tergite, and the unfused clasper arms attest to the unspecial- ized nature of this species. The retractile female terminalia are similar to the vuzana group of Rhyacophila females. Male. — Length 11 mm. General color of wings light brown, dark markings scattered through fore wings. Head, thorax, antennae, and palpi darker brown. Legs luteus, spurs 3-4-4. Genitalia as in Fig. 2. Ninth segment annular, narrowed at junction of tergum and sternum. Tenth tergite arcuate, tapering ventrad to 264 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41 , NO. 4 Explanation of Figures Fig. 1. Rhyacophila mosana Denning, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 1A, dorsal portion tenth tergite, dorsal aspect; IB, ventral portion tenth tergite, ventral as- pect; 1C, clasper arms, ventral aspect; ID, female genitalia, lateral aspect. Fig. 2. Rhyacophila glaiciera Denning, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 2A, tenth tergite, October 1965] denning — new north American trichoptera 265 a truncate apex; ventral portion semimembraneous, apex divided into two flat platelike sclerites broadly ovate distally, directed ventrad, best viewed from lateral aspect (Fig. 2). Tenth tergite from dorsal aspect (Fig. 2A) narrowed distally, distal margin with narrow emargination, ventral plates widely separated and porrect from this aspect, no tergal straps. Basal segment of clasper short, wide; apical segment divided into a dorsal and ventral lobe, dorsal lobe about same width throughout, apex rounded, ventral lobe narrowed distally, apex sub- acute; viewed from dorsal aspect upper surface of ventral lobe flattened. Clasper lateral arms separated, slender, from ventral aspect apices divergent, dense mass of reddish setae distally; central body compressed, abruptly narrowed to a long slender apex when seen from lateral aspect (Fig. 2B). Female.- — Length 11 mm. General color of wings, body, appendages, similar to male. Legs yellowish, spurs 3-4-4. Sixth sternum with mesal conical process (Fig. 2C) ; seventh sternum bears no processes. Eighth sternum extended caudad, the internal apodeme extends cephalad to sixth tergum (Fig. 2D) ; ninth segment with no modifications. Tenth tergum not bilobed, internal apodeme extends cephalad to sixth segment (Fig. 2E). Ninth and tenth segments are normally with- drawn into eighth. Holotype male. — Glacier National Park, Montana, 13 September 1964, Joe Schuh and W. C. Peters. Allotype female, same data as for holotype. Paratype male and female, same data as for holotype. Mr. Joe Schuh stated the specimens were collected under a bridge at a side- hill waterfall. Agapetus joannia Denning, new species This new species is related to A. marlo Milne and is an excellent example of parallel development. Although evolved from the same stalk, A. marlo is the dominant species and has become quite widely dis- tributed. Male. — Length 5 mm. Wings light brown, quite densely covered with dark hair. Head, thorax dark brown. Antennae, palpi, legs fulvous, spurs 2-4-4. Fifth sternite (Fig. 3A) with a large sclerotized concentric organ occupying most of sternum, attached apically is an ovate membraneous sac; external mesal ridge present; sixth sternum with a prominent conical mesal process (Fig. 3A). Geni- talia as in Fig. 3. Ninth sternum robust, tergum narrowed, curved caudad. Tenth tergite quadrangular, apex truncate, dorsocaudad corner emarginated, resultant apex bidentate, from dorsal aspect tergite bifurcate, apices flared only slightly dorsal aspect; 2B, aedeagus, lateral aspect; 2C, sixth sternum of female; 2D, eighth sternum of female; 2E, eighth, ninth, tenth abdominal segments of female, dorsal aspect. Fig. 3. Agapetus joannia Denning, male genitalia lateral aspect; 3A, fifth and sixth sternites of male. Fig. 4. Atopsyche hispida Denning, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 4A, aedeagus, lateral aspect; 4B, female genitalia, lateral aspect. 266 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 laterad. Cerci digitate, directed ventrolaterad, setae sparse. Clasper slender; apex divided into a ventral subacute, dorsad-curved lobe, and a dorsal attenuated lobe which is curved slightly mesad from ventral aspect. Aedeagus a long slender rod, extending from sixth sternite. Hololype male . — North Fork Cache Creek, Hwy. 20, Lake County, California, 17 May 1961, M. E. Irwin. Agapetus marlo Milne This species is confined to California and is fairly abundant. It is quite widely distributed, being known from: Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, San Luis Obispo, Marin, and Tuolumne Counties. Atopsyche hispida Denning, new species This species is related to A. calopta Ross. It is selected for descrip- tion at this time as another example of close parallel development of two species. Male. — Length 8-9 mm. Wings dark brown, light-colored narrow band near center, translucent spot near apex, wings with considerable dark hair. Thorax, head, appendages varying shades of light brown, spurs yellowish, 2-4-4. Genitalia as in Fig. 4. Mesal ridges present on sternites 3 to 8, sixth sternite with a long, curved, acute mesal spur reaching to seventh sternal spur; seventh sternite with an acute mesal spur extending midway eighth sternite. Paracercus apex truncate, dorsal margin broadly arcuate, bearing considerable dorsad erect setae and two long slender caudoventrad curved setae; distal corner acute. Cercus inconspicuous, bearing a few setae. Filicercus slender, about twice as long as cercus, bearing a long seta. Basal segment of clasper long, slender; apical segment short, narrowed distally, apex curved ventrad, no mesal setose area. Aedeagus lateral lobes tapering to an obtuse semimembraneous apex, inner sclerotized rod present almost to apex; from basal portion arise a pair of bifid darkly sclerotized caudad-curved attenuated rods, reaching ventrad almost to apex (Fig. 4A). Female. — Length 10 mm. Color, general characters similar to male, legs slightly darker, more pilose, spurs 2-4-4. Genitalia as in Fig. 4B. Fifth sternite with a curved mesal ridge, bearing a long acute mesal spur; sixth sternite with a promi- nent conical spur. Seventh sternum extended caudad, bearing a dense mass of dark setae. Eighth segment narrow, annulate, lightly sclerotized with interseg- mental membrane; extending cephalad from ventral part of tergum is a bilobate sclerotized, pouch-like structure, probably of a sensory nature. Tenth tergum semimembraneous, setiferous, bearing a pair of minute tubercles at apex. Holotype male. — Fortin de las Flores, Veracruz, Mexico, 23 De- cember 1963, M. J. Tauber and C. A. Toscbi. Allotype female, same data as for holotype. Paratype male and female, same data as for holo- type. The holotype and allotype will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. October 1965] denning — new north American trichoptera 267 Atopsyche schmidi Denning, new species This species is a member of the batesi group; it is closely related to A. alconura Ross from Peru. Although widely separated geographically, their close parallel development would suggest a much wider distribu- tion of the two species than is known at present. Male.- — Length 7.5 mm. Fore wings brown, a dark brown spot at junction of Ri + 2 to margin; a tuft of long, thick, dark brown hair arises from upper surface of hind wing near junction to thorax, a long slender fold is developed in wing membrane to receive this tuft; a tuft of long brown hair arises from metathorax near hind wing. Antennae, palpi, legs fulvous, spurs 2-4-4. Genitalia as in Fig. 5. Third tergite possesses a sensory internal sac with a minute opening to exterior (Fig. 5B) ; mesal external ridge present. Sixth sternite with a long ventrad- curved spur, seventh sternum with a slender spatulate-type mesal spur. Paracercus elongated, curved dorsad, bifurcated apex results in an acute dorsad directed apex from lateral aspect (Fig. 5) ; from ventrolateral aspect (Fig. 5A) apex truncate. Cercus flattened, inconspicuous. Filicercus long, slender, slightly capitate. Basal segment clasper long, expanded center portion results in a bowed appearance, apicoventral corner extended slightly ventrad; apical segment narrow, apex trun- cate and curved mesad, ventral margin bearing a row of ventrad-curved setae; from ventral aspect curved basal segments create a cordate appearance. Aedeagus lateral lobes elongated, obtuse from lateral aspect (Fig. 5) ; apices widened with a mesal ridge resulting in a subacute apex from ventral aspect (Fig. 5C) ; internal rod curved slightly dorsad to apex; dorsal external rod bifid at base, curved caudad to an attenuated apex which reaches caudad to apex of lobes. Holotype male . — San Jose, Costa Rica, 4 December 1955, Borys Malkin. It is with pleasure I name this new species in honor of Fernand Schmid, Canada Department of Agriculture, Entomology Research Insti- tute, Ottawa, who has made many outstanding contributions to our knowledge of the Trichoptera. Genus Culoptila Mosely Six years after Martin E. Mosely died in 1948, his paper on “The Protoptila Group of the Glossomatinae” was published by the British Museum. In this paper Mosely erected the genus Culoptila to accom- modate C. aluca , C. amberia , C. rusia, and C. saltena from the south central to southern portion of Mexico. Salient characters differentiating the genus based on male charac- ters are: development of tegulae to very large structures, all four branches of M present in fore wing, spurs 0-4-4, elongation of the dorsal part of the tenth tergum, and a peculiar mesal process of the sixth sternum. The females are similar in general appearance to the males and also possess a similar mesal process of the sixth sternum. 268 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Explanation of Figures Fig. 5. Atopysche schmidi Denning, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 5 A, apex of paracercus, ventrolateral aspect; 5B, third tergite, lateral aspect; 5C, aedeagus, apex, ventral aspect. Fig. 6. Culoptilci moselyi Denning, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 6A, tegula, ventral aspect; 6B, sixth sternite; 6C, tenth tergite ventral prongs, ventral aspect; 6D, aedeagus cover and aedeagus, dorsal aspect. Fig. 7. October 1965] denning — new north American trichoptera 269 The descriptions of the following two species are the first recording of the genus in the United States. The presence of the genus in Arizona attests to the widespread nature of this little-known genus and the presence of favorable aquatic media in the geological past for wide- spread distribution. Culoptila moselyi Denning, new species Male. — Length 4 mm. General color of wings, body, antennae, and palpi ochraceous, legs yellowish. Tegulae very large, convex, circular, a short cylindrical structure arises from inner surface (Fig. 6A) which is probably a sensory organ since the tegulae are hinged to the thorax. Sixth sternum (Fig. 6B) with a large quadrate rnesal process; remainder of sternites with no processes. Genitalia as in Fig. 6. Ninth segment produced dorsocaudad as a dorsal band. Tenth tergum, from lateral aspect, elongated, dorsal portion darkly sclerotized, ventral portion lightly sclerotized, apex subacute and declivent; ventral prongs slender and projected ventrad; from ventral aspect (Fig. 6C) distal margins dark brown, truncate, apices convergent resulting in a circular opening as seen in figure. Aedeagus cover produced caudad as an elongate, slender process when seen from lateral aspect (Fig. 6) ; from dorsal aspect (Fig. 6D) distal portion narrowed, obtuse, caudal portion wide, triangular, flattened. Aedeagus consists of two ap- pressed dark brown heavily sclerotized structures of unequal length, one is fusi- form and stocky, the other slender, acuminate. Female. — Similar in size and general appearance to the male. Fifth sternum bears a sclerotized transverse band, sixth sternum with a flattened, quadrate mesal process, similar to the male but smaller. Holotype male. — Greer, White Mountains (near Springerville) , Apache County, Arizona, 8,000 feet, 7 June 1958, C. P. Alexander. Allotype female, Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, 16 June 1961, S. G. Jewett. Paratype male, Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, 22 July 1958, at light, C. W. O’Brien; 1 male, Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, 16 June 1961, S. G. Jewett. The two paratype males will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. This species is named in honor of the British trichopterist, Martin E. Mosely, Entomology Department, British Museum (Natural History), who died in 1948. Culoptila kimminsi Denning, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 7A, tegula, ventral aspect; 7B, sixth sternite; 7C, tenth tergite ventral prongs, ventral aspect; 7D, aedeagus cover, clasper, aedeagus, ventral aspect. Fig. 8. Anagapetus chandleri Ross, dorsal aspect, tenth tergite of holotype (drawn by H. H. Ross, 1965). Fig. 9. Anagapetus thirza Denning, male genitalia, lateral aspect; 9A, tenth tergite, dorsal aspect. 270 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Culoptila kimminsi Denning, new species This, the second species of Culoptila to be described from United States, is readily distinguished from C. moselyi on the basis of the male genitalia. Unfortunately the specimen is damaged and the head, one pair of wings, and three legs are missing. Male. — Length 4 mm. Wings, body, appendages fulvous, spurs 0-4-4. Tegulae very large, oval, convex, concave mesal surface bears an irregular-shaped structure (Fig. 7A). Sixth sternum with a mesal ridge and a broad, flat, ovate mesal process (Fig. 7B). Genitalia as in Fig. 7. Ninth segment produced dorsocaudad as a dorsal band. Tenth tergum elongated, dorsal portion darkly sclerotized, ven- tral portion lightly sclerotized, apical portion bearing a pair of ventral prongs (Fig. 7) ; from dorsal or ventral aspect (Fig. 7C) apex of tergum broadly ovate, prongs convergent, apices dark, truncate. Clasper slender, elongated, directed caudad (Fig. 7). Aedeagus cover, lateral aspect, narrowed distally, apex acute; from ventral aspect (Fig. 7D) structure is convex, narrow, apex ovate. Clasper, from ventral aspect (Fig. 7D) narrowed distally, apices truncated and curved slightly mesad. Aedeagus heavily sclerotized, dark brown, appears to consist of two subequal processes, one large and stocky, the other slender and acuminate (Fig. 7D) . Holotype male. — Greer, White Mountains, Arizona, 8,000 feet, 7 June 1958, C. P. Alexander. Named in honor of Mr. D. E. Kimmins, Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), who worked in close cooperation with the great British trichopterist, Mr. Mosely, and who made the original illustrations of this interesting genus. Genus Anagapetus Ross Five closely related species, all from the western montane region, comprise the genus Anagapetus. Most of the collection records are from the higher mountains and suggest a distribution of a local nature. Anagapetus debilis Ross The species is recorded from Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Oregon, and Montana. Additional records are available from several localities in Idaho, Alberta, Washington, and Oregon. It is the widest-distributed member of the genus. Anagapetus bernea Ross Ross has recorded the species from Washington and Oregon. Addi- tional records are available from Tehama, Siskiyou, Modoc, Inyo, and Madera Counties, California. Mr. Joe Schuh, Klamath Falls, Oregon, October 1965] denning — new north American trichoptera 271 has collected the species in abundance from a seepage area near the Klamath River in Klamath County, Oregon. Anagapetus hoodi Ross The species was described from specimens collected at Mt. Hood, Oregon. Additional records are available from Baker, Oregon, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon and Mt. Rainier, Washington. Anagapetus chandleri Ross The species was described from a pair collected in Mariposa County, California. Additional records are available from Inyo County, Cali- fornia, 7,800 feet, 13 August 1959, C. P. Alexander, and Fresno County, California, Kings Canyon National Park, 21 June 1963, C. P. Alex- ander. Anagapetus aisha Denning Known only from the type locality, Kings Canyon National Park, California. Anagapetus thirza Denning, new species This is the sixth species to be described in the genus. This new species is superficially very similar to A. chandleri Ross. Major diag- nostic differences occur in the tenth tergite. From lateral view the tenth tergite lobes are declivent, tapering to an acute apex while in A. chand- leri the apex is thumblike. From dorsal aspect tenth tergite lateral lobes of A. thirza are considerably longer, narrower, and tapering much more gradually to an acute apex than in A. chandleri ; also, in A. thirza mesal area between lobes is lightly sclerotized while in A. chandleri the area is membraneous. Dr. H. H. Ross, Illinois Natural History Survey, compared A. thirza to the holotype of A. chandleri. For inclusion in this paper, to illustrate the differences between the two species, the dorsal aspect of the tenth tergite was drawn by Ross from the holotype (Fig. 8) . Male. — Length 5 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown, wings and legs uniformly brown, spurs blackish, 2-4-4. Fifth sternite with a lateral elongated triangular protrusion joined to each with a transverse hand, sixth sternite un- modified except for a transverse band, seventh sternum bears a short, conical mesal process. Genitalia as in Fig. 9. Ninth segment annulate, narrowed dor- sally. Tenth tergite lobe, lateral aspect, sharply declivent, apex acute; from dorsal aspect (Fig. 9A) lateral lobes long and slender, apices acuminate and directed ventrolaterad, scattered setae along dorsal margin; lobes divided by a 272 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 deep mesal trench. Claspers elongate, curved ventrad, apical incision creates a slender dorsal and a wide ventral process, apices bear long slender setae; from dorsal aspect, basal portion of clasper appears greatly inflated. Aedeagus dis- cernible through ninth segment, elliptical, simple, apex truncate. Holotype male.— Cottonwood Creek, Mono County, California, 9,300 feet, 10 July 1961. Literature Cited Ross, H. H. 1951. The caddisfly genus Anagapetus. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 27: 140- 144. 1956. Evolution and classification of the mountain caddisflies. The Univer- sity of Illinois Press, Urbana, 213 p. Mosely, M. E. 1954. The Protoptila Group of the Glossosomatinae (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) . Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) London, 3 (9) : 317-346. Three New Species of the Genus Anomiopsyllus (Siphonaptera : Hystrichopsyllidae) Allan M. Barnes State Department of Public Health, Berkeley, California The genus Anomiopsyllus is composed of small, eyeless, nest-dwell- ing fleas parasitic on wood rats in western North America. As reviewed recently by Hopkins and Rothschild (1962), the genus contains seven species whose known distributions lie entirely within the nearctic region from near Banff, Alberta, Canada to the approximate latitude of Mexico City, Mexico. In the course of more extensive taxonomic and biological studies on the group (Barnes, 1963), three new species have come to light, one of which extends the known range of the genus to the edge of the neotropical region in southwestern Mexico. The present paper presents descriptions of these new species with brief notes on distribu- tion and host occurrence. Anomiopsyllus walkeri Barnes, new species (Fig. 1) This species is most closely related to A. nudatus , but is readily dis- tinguishable in males by the presence of three rather than two spiniform setae in the subapical vertical row along the posterior margin of the clasper, and by the configuration of the dorsal margin of the aedeagus October 1965] BARNES NEW ANOMIOPSYLLUS 273 Fig. 1 . Anomiopsyllus walkeri Barnes, male genital segments. A., aedeagus; Ae.A., aedeagal apodeme; An., anus; D.A., distal arm of sternum IX; F., finger or movable process of clasper; Mb., manubrium; P., fixed process of clasper; P.A., proximal arm of sternum IX; S., sternum; T., tergum. as described below. Females are apparently indistinguishable from A. nudatus. Male. — Head and thorax as in A. nudatus. Abdominal tergum I with row of three, tergum II with four, and terga III to VII with three submarginal setae plus minute intercalary setae. Terga VIII and IX, fixed process of clasper, and manu- brium as in A. nudatus. Movable process of clasper with four heavy, blunt, pos- teriorly directed submarginal spiniform setae, three in a vertical, subapical row; one proximal near base. Sternum IX proximal arm as in A. nudatus ; distal arm narrower, the apex truncate, its setation as in A. nudatus. Aedeagus differing markedly from A. nudatus, its dorsal margin heavily sclerotized and possessing a well-defined median dorsal “hump” above and slightly anterior to the aedeagal struts; neck of aedeagus downcurved from longitudinal axis; apodeme strongly upcurved, scimitar shaped, apical appendage present; penis rods curved as in A. nudatus. 274 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Holotype male and allotype female from 7.0 MILES SOUTH, 5.6 MILES east of Tehachapi, Kern County, California, 19 February 1959, by A. M. Barnes from the nests of Neotoma fuscipes Baird. Seven male and 19 female paratypes were collected from the type locality on 19 February 1959, two females on 2 April 1959, and 22 males, 30 females on 22 January 1960. Also designated as paratypes are: 1 male, 8 fe- males from 1.7 miles northwest of Keene, Kern County, 18 February 1959; 2 males, 3 females, collected 2 to 4 miles southwest of Glenville, Kern County, on 17 February 1959; 2 males, 1 female from 1.8 miles north, 0.7 miles west of Weldon, Kern County, on 16 March 1960; 5 males, 13 females from 3.2 miles east of Lake Isabella, Kern County, on 18 March 1960; 2 males, 2 females in Tulare County, 5.2 miles south, 6.3 miles west of Little Lake, Inyo County. All localities are in Cali- fornia and all collections from nests of Neotoma fuscipes. Type host. — Neotoma fuscipes Baird. The holotype male and allotype female will be deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Paratypes will be placed in the following collections: Museum of the California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley; Bureau of Vector Control, California Department of Public Health, Berkeley; British Museum (Natural History), Tring, Hertford- shire, England; San Francisco Field Station, Communicable Disease Center, U. S. Public Health Service; private collection of Dr. Robert Traub, Bethesda, Maryland. Discussion. — A. walkeri replaces A. nudatus in portions of the Tehachapi and southern Sierra Nevada mountains of California. This sort of replacement is typical of Anomiopsyllus distribution; collection of two Anomiopsyllus species from the same nest, or even the same wood rat colony are exceedingly rare. The distribution of these two species, plus the morphological similarities between them, at first sug- gest that A. walkeri might better be treated as a subspecies of A. nuda- tus. With this in mind, the area of contact between the two species was examined, with special attention given the possibility of morphological intergradation and to the habitats in which the two species were found. Substantial numbers of wood rat (N . fuscipes ) nests were collected from the type locality and adjacent areas during winter and spring of 1959 and 1960. Anomiopsyllus adults typically reach their peak abun- dance during these seasons. Fleas were removed from nests by means of a modified Berlese funnel and examined. Habitat notes were taken along with notes on weather conditions at the time of collection. October 1965] BARNES NEW ANOMIOPSYLLUS 275 The type locality of A. walkeri is on the east slope of Double Moun- tain, the easternmost peak of the Tehachapi chain, at 4,800 to 5,200 feet elevation. Dominant vegetation consists of juniper— Joshua tree woodland ( Juniperus occidental is and Yucca brevi folia) , sagebrush (. Artemisia sp.), and several species of Eriogonum. This area, though desert in character, usually has some persistent patches of snow during midwinter. Average annual rainfall at nearby stations at similar eleva- tions is approximately 11 inches (Climatic Summary of the U. S., 1952) . To the south are alluvial fans grading into Antelope Valley, a relatively flat plain sloping gradually from about 3,500 to 2,500 feet to the south and east. The valley is largely under cultivation or development, but on the alluvial fans and in remaining natural areas on the valley floor, juniper-Joshua tree woodland still exists as habitat for N. fuscipes. At lower elevations, creosote bush ( Larrea tridentata) , a shrub charac- teristic of moderate elevations and gentle slopes in the Mojave Desert, is a codominant. Rare winter snows do not persist even for a day in Antelope Valley, nor on the slopes of Double Mountain below 4,000 feet. Average annual precipitation is 5.18 inches at Lancaster and 6.36 inches at Mojave, two nearby stations below 3,500 feet elevation. Nest collections were made at and near the type locality, on slopes at lower elevations, and in Antelope Valley on 19 February 1959, 1-2 April 1959, and on 22 January 1960. Of 51 nests collected, 34 contained fleas and 24 contained Anomiopsyllus spp., either A. walkeri or A. nudatus. A. walkeri alone was removed from 11 of 22 nests collected at 4,600 feet or above in juniper-Joshua tree woodland; A. nudatus alone was removed from 13 of 29 nests collected in juniper-Joshua tree-creo- sote bush at 4,200 feet or below. A total of 31 male A. walkeri was collected from nests taken at the higher elevations; 52 male A. nudatus were collected from nests at the lower. Females were not considered, since they could not be identified. No evidence of morphological inter- gradation was found. From this evidence, it would appear that A. walkeri is better adapted to areas of some persistent winter snow and higher rainfall, while A. nudatus is better adapted to lower elevations characterized by no win- ter snow and less rainfall, marked by the occurrence of creosote bush. While in neither case is the rainfall great, the rainfall in A. walkeri habitat is roughly twice that of the valley below. The occurrence of the two flea species in nests seems to be mutually exclusive, suggesting the possibility of competition between them. Fur- ther evidence of mutually exclusive competition between these species is gained from a view of collection records apart from their zone of 276 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 contact. During the present study, A. nudatus was collected elsewhere in California outside the range of A. walkeri at elevations up to 7,500 feet, far above the winter snow line, and in areas with average annual precipitations up to 35 inches or more (e.g., Big Bear, California, with a 37.1-inch annual average). Collections of A. nudatus from the Saw- tooth and Liebre Mountains near Sandburg, Los Angeles County, just south of Antelope Valley, and also from near Desert Springs, San Bernardino County, California, were made in the sort of habitat char- acteristically preempted by A. walkeri in the zone of contact between the species. A. walkeri is apparently absent from these areas, and was not found anywhere south, west, or east of the Tehachapi Mountains. In view of its morphological differences, its lack of intergradation at a point of close contact, and despite its distributional pattern, A. walkeri must be considered a full species related to A. nudatus. These considerations further suggest that A. walkeri has evolved in isolation from A. nudatus and subsequently has been brought into contact with the parent species. The species is respectfully named for John R. Walker, California State Department of Public Health. Anomiopsyllus princei Barnes, new species (Fig. 2) Most similar to A. nudatus and to A. walkeri , differing from the former by possessing three spiniform setae along the distal margin of the movable process of the male clasper; from the latter by presence of a row of 6—7 thick, heavy, long setae along the posterior margin of sternum IX and by the linear margin of the aedeagal dorsum. Male. — Head, thorax, and unmodified abdominal segments as in A. nudatus. Male clasper movable process with four heavy, blunt spiniform setae, three distally in a row along posterior margin, one at proximal angle of posterior margin. Ster- num IX similar to A. nudatus but with row of 6-7 thick, heavy setae along pos- terior margin. Aedeagal dorsal margin linear, with no lobes or projections. Female. — Apparently indistinguishable from A. nudatus. Holotype male and allotype female from 15 miles northeast of Luna, elevation 7,200 feet, Catron County, New Mexico, 18 April 1940, U. S. Public Health Service collection no. D-2666. One male and two female paratypes were collected at other localities near Luna, Catron County, New Mexico, all from Sciurus aberti aberti Woodhouse, Abert’s squirrel. Type host. — Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. The holotype male and allotype female will he deposited in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. ; paratypes at the U. S. Public October 1965] barnes — new anomiopsyllus 277 Fig. 2. Anomiopsyllus princei Barnes, male clasper and sternum IX. Fig. 3. Anomiopsyllus oaxacae Barnes, male clasper and sternum IX. 273 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Health Field Station, San Francisco, California, and at the Bureau of Vector Control, State of California, Department of Public Health, Berkeley, California. Discussion. — A. princei appears to bear the same level of relation- ship to A. nudatus as does A. walkeri. In the case of A. princei, the aedeagus appears not to have been affected in the process of speciation. The types were collected from specimens of Sciurus aberti within 15 miles of Luna, New Mexico, at elevations above 7,000 feet. A. nudatus has been collected extensively in the same area at elevations ranging from 4,600 to 8,000 feet. Most of the latter were taken from Neotoma spp. ; none from Sciurus aberti. Many wood rats and their fleas were collected from Catron County and other localities in New Mexico by personnel of the U. S. Public Health Service plague survey crews during 1938 through 1940. Though most of the fleas were triturated and inoc- ulated for plague, it is doubtful that additional specimens of so unusual a species would have escaped the scrutiny of Mr. Frank Prince, who identified most of the material and first noted this species as new. Despite the limited number of specimens available, it is reasonable to believe, at least until further study may prove differently, that Sciurus aberti rather than Neotoma spp. is the true host of Anomiopsyllus princei. Anomiopsyllus oaxacae Barnes, new species (Fig. 3) Most closely related to A. falsicalifornicus but very different from that species and all other known Anomiopsyllus by possession of more and generally longer setae and reduction of sternum VIII of the male which forms a very small ventral sheath at the base of the distal arm of sternum IX. Male. — Head with frontal row of five minute, evenly spaced setae; ocular row of four setae, upper two moderately long, third one-half length of upper two, the lower 1.4 times length of upper two. Thorax similar to congeners, its setae longer than in other known species. Coxa I with row of three anterolateral setae in addition to the anterior submarginal row. Tarsal segment two of tarsus III with longest apical seta not reaching base of claws. Abdominal tergum I with three apical spinelets; tergum II with one. Tergum I with row of four submarginal setae; terga II to VI with five; tergum VII with three. Genital segments similar in structure to congeners except sternum VIII much reduced, forming a narrow sheath about the ventral angle of sternum IX distal arm. Clasper lobe and fixed process of tergum VIII similar to A. falsicalifornicus, the fixed process acuminately bell-shaped, its anterior margin convex, the posterior somewhat concave, the long terminal seta completely apical above four small basal submarginal setae. Manu- brium roughly triangular, the anteroventral tip strongly curved, posterior margin October 1965] BARNES NEW ANOMIOPSYLLUS 279 somewhat sinuous. Movable process of clasper broad, anterior margin linear, apex roundly angulate, the angle between anterior and posterodorsal margin approxi- mately 45°, the latter margin dropping obliquely one-third length of process to its angle with posterior margin; posterior margin of movable process slightly convex, equipped with three heavy, blunt submarginal spiniform setae on inner surface in oblique row along posterodorsal margin; small setae of anterior margin spikelike, prominent; lateral setae in three indistinct, vertical rows of two anterior, three median, and five posterior setae, plus minute occasional setae; articulation of movable process heavily sclerotized, its acetabulum oblong, with one acetabular seta. Sternum IX proximal arm similar to A. falsicalijornicus, the dorsal margin convex, ventral margin relatively linear. Sternum IX distal arm long, narrow, the anterior margin slightly convex, the entire structure slightly curving posteriorly; apex armed with two posteriorly directed rows of heavy spikelike setae, the rows overlapping in lateral view, the outer row of six setae, the inner of three, the latter heavier, blunter; posterior margin with row of 20 evenly spaced, long, thin setae extending from near base of lowest of heavy apical setae three-fourths the distance to base of distal arm. Aedeagus apodeme broadly scimitar shaped, up- curved toward anterior tip, with small apical appendage; “neck” between apodeme and aedeagus proper well defined; aedeagal hood about equal to length of apodeme anterior to the hood; dorsal aspects of hood apparently collapsed in preparation, therefore not describable. Penis rods coiled. Length, 1.7 mm. Holotype male , 2 miles southeast of Matatlan, Oaxaca, Mexico, 24 July 1953, collected by R. H. Baker. The holotype is the only speci- men known. Type host. — Baiomys musculus (Merriam). The holotype male will be deposited in the National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. This species is described from the single male specimen loaned the author by Dr. R. W. Traub and originally noted as new by him. The single specimen represents the southernmost record for the genus. Al- though Baiomys musculus is the type host, the true host may well be Neotoma mexicana whose range includes much of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Acknowledgments The work reported here was supported by the Bureau of Vector Con- trol, California State Health Department. Gratitude is due Dr. Deane P. Furman, Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, under whose direction the work was completed, and to Mr. Frank M. Prince and Dr. Harold E. Stark for their helpful cooperation. 280 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Literature Cited Barnes, A. M. 1963. A revision of the genus Anomiopsyllus Baker 1904 (Sipho- naptera; Hystrichopsyllidae) with studies on the biology of Anomiop- syllus falsicalifornicus. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley. Hopkins, G. H. E., and Miriam Rothschild. 1962. An illustrated catalogue of the Rothschild collection of fleas in the British Museum. Vol. Ill, Hystrichopsyllidae. Univ. Press, Cambridge, 560 p., pis. U. S. Dept. Commerce. 1953. Climatic summary of the United States — Supple- ment for 1931-1952: California. U. S. Gov’t. Print. Off., Washington. The Adult Stages of Ephemerella ( Drunellci ) pelosa Mayo (Ephemeroptera : Ephemerellidae) Richard K. Allen 1 California State College at Los Angeles A collection of mayflies on loan from the California Academy of Sciences included the previously undescribed adults of Ephemerella pelosa Mayo. Ephemerella pelosa Mayo Ephemerella pelosa Mayo 1951: 121; Allen and Edmunds 1956; 87; Day 1956: 98; Allen and Edmunds 1962: 164. Male imago (in alcohol)- — Length: body 9.0-10.0 mm; fore wing 10.5-11.5 mm. Head brown, black laterally; bases of ocelli black with a black line from median ocellus to ventral margin of head; upper portion of compound eyes orange, lower portion black. Pronotum light brown; mesonotum brown medially, light brown laterally; scutellum brown; pleura brown; pleural sutures white; thoracic sterna dark brown; sternal sutures purple; fore wing hyaline, stigmatic area opaque; primary longitudinal veins light brown, intercalary and cross veins pale; legs brown and yellow with black markings; forelegs brown; anterior surface of fore femora brown with black bands near apex and base (Fig. 2) ; fore tibiae dark brown; fore tarsi light brown; middle and hind legs yellowish brown; middle and hind femora yellowish brown with black bands near apex and base; middle and hind tibiae yellow with an apical black macula and suffused with black; tarsi yellow, suffused with black. Abdominal terga pale with purple markings (Fig. 4) ; abdominal sterna purple with pale lateral margins. Penes with a shallow emargination at apex, apices rounded, and each penis lobe with a ventral subapical protuberance (Fig. 3) ; subgenital plate between bases of forceps with a conical projection; terminal segment of genital forceps at least 2.5 times as long as broad. Caudal filaments brown. Female imago (in alcohol). — Length: body 9.0-10.0 mm; fore wing 11.0-12.0 mm. General color paler than male. Head and thorax light brown. Abdominal 1 The research upon which this report is based was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-2425. October 1965] allen — ephemerella pelosa adults 281 Explanation of Figures Figs. 1-4. Ephemerella pelosa. Fig. 1, left fore femur, nymph; Fig. 2, left fore femur, male imago; Fig. 3, male genitalia, dorsal view; Fig. 4, abdominal terga 3-4, male imago. THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 282 [vol. 41, NO. 4 terga yellow with purple markings. Other characters as in male except for usual sexual differences. Material. — One male and nine female imagoes, Sonora Bridge Camp, near Sonora Junction, Mono County, California, 28 July 1962, D. C. Rentz and C. D. MacNeill, in collection California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Remarks. — Allen and Edmunds (1962) tentatively placed the nymph of Ephemerella pelosa in the subgenus Drunella Needham as it pos- sesses a partial adhesive disc analogous to that of Ephemerella ( Drun- ella ) doddsi Needham. This placement now seems correct as the adults herein associated as Ephemerella pelosa belong to this subgenus. The male and female imagoes herein described as Ephemerella pelosa have not been positively associated with the nymphal stage; however, the following evidence indicates that this association is correct: (1) the nymphal and adult stages both have distinctive black bands on the femora (Figs. 1-2), and (2) the type locality of this species is less than 150 miles from the collection site of the adults. In most recent treatment of the subgenus Drunella, Allen and Ed- munds (op. cit.) , the male imago of Ephemerella pelosa will not key beyond couplet 3. The following couplet which will serve to distinguish this species may be inserted after couplet 2. 2a. Femora with black bands near apex and base; subgenital plate between bases of forceps with a conical projection pelosa Femora without black bands; subgenital plate with a V-shaped or a shal- low emargination 3 Ephemerella pelosa may be further distinguished from all known species of Drunella by the purple markings on the abdominal terga (Fig. 4), and by the shape of the penes (Fig. 3). Literature Cited Allen, R. K., and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1956. A list of the mayflies of Oregon. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters, 33: 85-87. 1962. A revision of the genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) . V. The subgenus Drunella in North America. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 3 : 145-179. Day, W. C. 1956. Ch. 3, Ephemeroptera, p. 79-105. In R. L. Usinger (ed.), Aquatic Insects of California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 508 p. Mayo, V. K. 1951. New western Ephemeroptera, II. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 27: 121- 125. October 1965] INDEX TO VOLUME 41 283 INDEX TO VOLUME 41 Acari Oribatei, Eremaeidae, 259 Agapetus joannia, 265 Allen, Richard K., adults of Epheme- rella, 280 Alloperla (Sweltsa) calif ornica, 8 Anagapetus thirza, 271 Anchon regalis valid, 12 Andrena (Celetandrena) vinnula, 188, 189 Anomiopsyllus princei, 276 oaxacae, 278 walkeri, 272 Ardis brunniventris synonymy, 9 Arhopalus rusticus hesperus, 141 Arnaud, Paul H., tachinid parasite of acridid, 204 Astromula nitidum, 146, 147 Astemmocoris cimicoides, 200, 203 Atopsyche hispida, 266 schmidi, 267 Bailey, Stanley F., Thysanoptera of Chile, 101 Barnes, Allan M., new wood rat fleas, 272 Bibliography, Essig, Edward Oliver, 235 Biography, Essig, Edward Oliver, 207 biological control, 61 Birchim, Jim, note on Orchelium, 71 Bohart, R. M., synonymy of N. Ameri- can Odynerini, 107 Book review, 64, 140 Book notice, 29, 53, 53, 65, 113, 113 Butler, G. D., records of 3 cactus-eating moths, 10 modified Malaise insect trap, 51 biological notes on Megachile, 153 Buxton, G. M., new record for Mahava- cris, 132 Cactus-eating moths, 10 Caltagirone, L. E., new Phanerotoma, 17 Capnia lacustra, 5 oswegaptera, 7 Cimex antennatus, 115 brevis, 117 incrassatus, 115 latipeimis, 114 Campos-S., Luciano E., Thysanoptera of Chile, 101 Carayon, Jacques, new genus of antho- corid, 200 Cazier, Mont A., bionomics of sphecoid wasps. IV., 21 V. , 30 VI. , 34 Chemsak, John A., note on native ce- rambycid in imported host, 69 note on larval work of Phymatodes, 71 habits of Trichoderes, 93 new genera of Cerambycidae, 141 revised key to Elytroleptus, 193 Chujo, Michio, chrysomelids from East Asia in CAS, 54 Cobben, R. H., new shore-bug from Death Valley, 180 Coleoptera Amphizoidae, 68 Buprestidae, 68, 133 Cerambycidae, 69, 71, 93, 141, 162, 193 Chrysomelidae, 54 Coccinellidae, 61 Scarabaeidae, 118 Staphylinidae, 44, 121 Tenebrionidae, 13 Comatomenopon exilis, 84 grayi, 83 Cook, Paul P., Jr., note validating An- chon regalis, 12 Culoptila kimminsi, 270 moselyi, 269 Dawson, Peter S., sexual aberration in Tribolium, 13 Denning, D. G., new Trichoptera, 262 Diptera Ceratopogonidae, 46 Psychodidae, 1 Sarcophagidae, 90 Tachinidae, 204 Tephritidae, 73, 100 Tipulidae, 165 Dodge, H. Rodney, new Tricharaea, 90 Doutt, R. L., establishment of coccinel- lid in olive groves, 61 Ecbletus leechi, 44 Edwards, J. Gordon, note on first record of Grylloblatta from coast, 65 book notice, 65 note on Amphizoa larvae, 68 note on nocturnal clusters of sphe- coid bees, 68 Elytroleptus similis, 197 Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae, 280 Erwin, Terry L., note on buprestid from furniture, 68 234 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 41, NO. 4 Haplidoeme schlingeri, 142, 143 Harwood, Robert F., distribution and biology of Phlebotomus, 1 Hemiptera Anthocoridae, 200 Cimicidae, 114 Lygaeidae, 58 Notonectidae, 86 Saldidae, 180 Tingidae, 50 Higgins, Harold G., new moss mites, 259 Homoptera Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae, 96 Membracidae, 12 Huffaker, C. B., establishment of coc- cinellid in olive groves, 61 Hurd, Paul D., Jr., new matinal An- drena, 186 Hynes, C. Dennis, immature craneflies, 165 Hymenoptera Andrenidae, 186 Apidae, 158 Braconidae, 17 Colletidae, 173 Eumenidae, 107 Megachilidae, 153, 173 Sphecidae, 21, 30, 34, 68 Tenthredinidae, 9 Vespidae, 139 Isogenus (Chernokrilus) venustus, 7 Jewett, Stanley G., Jr., 4 new western stoneflies, 5 Kistner, David H., revision of Phyllodi- narda, 121 LaBerge, Wallace E., new matinal An- drena, 186 Lattin, John D., note on secondary sex- ual character in Corythucha, 50 lygaeid new to Western Hemisphere, 58 Lavigne, R. J., note on new host for Tephritis, 100 Leech, Hugh B., book notice, 29, 53, 53, 113, 113 Lepidoptera Heliothidinae, 70 Pyralidae, 10 Linsley, E. G., new genera of Cerambyc- idae, 141 territorial behavior in male carpenter bee, 158 revised key to Elytroleptus, 193 Macrurohelea kuscheli, 49 setosa, 49 Malaise insect trap, modified, 51 Mallophaga Menoponidae, 80 Markin, George P., unusual behavior of Stenodynerus, 139 mating behavior of Tephritis, 73 McPherson, J. E., life history of Noto- necta, 86 Megeremaeus montanus, 259 Methia curvipennis, 143 Michelbacher, A. E., Edward Oliver Es- sig, 1884-1964, 207 migrating dragonfly, note, 66 Moore, Ian, staphylinid genus new to Nearctic, 44 Mortenson, Martin A., bionomics of sphecoid wasps, IV., 21 V. ,30 VI. , 34 Neorthaea gressitti, 55 New journal, 79 Obituary, Essig, Edward Oliver, 63 Pritchard, A. Earl, 85 Rehn, James A., 95 O’Brien, Charles W., book review, 140 Odonata Libellulidae, 66, 179 Orthoptera Acrididae, 71, 204 Grylloblattidae, 65 Tanaoceridae, 132 Tettigoniidae, 71 Trydactylidae, 70 parasite, tachinid on acridid, 204 Peifer, F. W., trapping Pleocoma, 118 Pentacora saratogae, 180 Peterson, David M., new Phenacoccus, 96 Phanerotoma inopinata, 17 Phenacoccus harbisoni, 96 Phyllodinarda alzadae, 129 Plecoptera, 5 Powell, Jerry A., rearing records for buprestids, 133 predation on cerambycid, 162 Price, Roger D., review of Comatome- nopon, 80 Proceedings, 65 Recent literature, 89 Rentz, David C., note on noise-making moth, 70 note on locality records of Tridacty- lus, 70 October 1965] INDEX TO VOLUME 4 1 285 note on females of Melanoplus with frayed wings, 70 tachinid parasite of acridid, 204 Rhyacophila glaciera, 265 mosana, 265 Ritchie, Philip L., Jr., biological notes on Megachile, 153 Rodriguez, Peter, sexual aberration in Tribolium, 13 sexual aberration, 13 sexual character, secondary, in Cory- thucha, 50 Siphonaptera Hystrichopsyllidae, 272 Slater, James A., lygaeid new to West- ern Hemisphere, 58 Smith, David R., synonymy of Ardis brunniventris, 9 Smith, Ray F., bibliography and insects named by Essig, 235 Sokoloff, Alexander, sexual aberration in Tribolium, 13 Stone, Alan, book review, 64 Tanyochraethes smithi, 148, 151 tildeni, 148 Tauber, Maurice J., life history and mat- ing behavior of Tephritis, 73 Taylor, J. S., biology of South African bees, 173 territorial behavior, 158 Thysanoptera, 101 Tilden, J. W., note on new dragonfly record, 179 Toschi, Catherine A., life history and mating behavior of Tephritis, 73 Tricharaea penai, 90 Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae, 262 Turner, P. E., note on dragonfly migra- tion, 66 Ueshima, Norihiro, new bat bugs, 114 Usinger, R. L., new bat bugs, 114 new genus of anthocorid, 200 Werner, F. G., records of 3 cactus-eating moths, 10 Wickman, Boyd E., woodpecker preda- tion on Monochamus, 162 Wirth, Willis W., new species of Ma- crurohelea, 46 Woolley, Tyler A., new moss mites, 259 Zoological Nomenclature, 106 Zwick, R. W., trapping Pleocoma, 118 MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME 41 No. 1 4 March 1965 No. 2 11 June 1965 No. 3 16 August 1965 No. 4 28 October 1965 1965 J. A. Chemsak C. D. MacNeill Published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society in cooperation with The California Academy of Sciences VOLUME FORTY-ONE 1965 EDITORIAL BOARD H. V. DALY, Editor J. R. ANDERSON, Assistant Editor E. G. LINSLEY HUGH B. LEECH E. S. ROSS P. D. HURD, JR. P. H. ARNAUD, JR., Treasurer W. H. LANGE, Advertising PUBLICATION COMMITTEE 1966 1967 N. Gary K. S. Hagen, Chairman R. W. Stark D. H. Kistner San Francisco, California 1965 11 CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 41 Allen, Richard K. The adult stages of Ephemerella (Drunella) pelosa Mayo 280 Anderson, John R. Book Review: Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. 9th Fascicle. Simu- liidae and Thaumaleidae 64 Arnaud, Paul H., and David C. Rentz Ceracia dentata, a parasite of Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica in California 204 Bailey, Stanley F. and Luciano E. Campos-S. The Thysanoptera of Chile 101 Barnes, Allan M. Three new species of the genus Anomiopsyllus 272 Birchim, Jim Orchelimum delicatum Bruner in California 71 Bohart, R. M. Synonymy of North American Odynerini described by Peter Cameron 107 Butler, G. D. A modified Malaise insect trap 51 Butler, G. D. and Philip L. Ritchie, Jr. Additional biological notes on Megachile concinna Smith in Arizona 153 Butler, G. D. and F. G. Werner Light-trap records of three cactus-eating moths in Arizona 10 Buxton, G. M. A new locality record of Mohavacris timberlakei Rehn, at Bishop, Inyo County, California 132 Caltagirone, L. E. A new Phanerotoma from California 17 Ill Carayon, Jacques and R. L. Usinger A new genus of Neotropical Anthocoridae that resembles the bed bug 200 Cazier, Mont A. and Martin A. Mortenson Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid wasps. IV. Nitelopterus laticeps and Nitelopterus texanus 21 Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid wasps. V. Bothynostethus distinctus and Entomognathus texana 30 Studies on the bionomics of sphecoid wasps. VI. Fernaldina lucae 34 Chemsak, John A. A native cerambycid in an imported host plant 69 Habits of Phymatodes decussatus decussatus (LeConte) 71 Notes on the habits of Trichodores pini Chevrolat 93 Chemsak, John A. and E. G. Linsley New Genera and species of North American Cerambycidae ____ 141 A revised key to the species of Elytroleptus with notes on varia- tion and geographical distribution 193 Chujo, Michio Some chrysomelid beetles from East Asia in the California Academy of Sciences 54 Cobben, R. H. A new shore bug from Death Valley, California 180 Cook, Paul P., Jr. Anchon regalis Capener, not Spalirisis nigris Funkhauser 12 Dawson, Peter S., Alexander Sokoloff and Peter Rodriquez A sexual aberration in the red rust flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum : _ _- __ ___i 13 Denning, D. G. New Trichoptera from United States and Mexico 262 Dodge, H. Rodney A new Tricharaea Thomson with unusual variation in male chaetotaxy 90 IV Edwards, J. Gordon First known record of Grylloblatta from coastal U. S. 65 Comments on Introduction to Comparative Entomology by R. M. and J. W. Fox 65 Amphizoa larvae searching prey in foamy eddy at night 68 Sphecoid bees from nocturnal clusters on branches in Wyoming 68 Erwin, Terry L. Trachykele opulenta Fall (Buprestidae) emerging from furni- ture 68 Harwood, Robert F. Observations on distribution and biology of Phlebotomus sandflies from northwestern North America 1 Higgins, Harold G. and Tyler A. Woolley A new genus of moss mites from northwestern United States 259 Huffaker, C. B. and R. L. Doutt Establishment of the coccinellid, Chilocorus bipustulatus Lin- naeus, in California olive groves 61 Hynes, C. Dennis The immature stages of the genus Lipsothrix in the western United States 165 Jewett, Stanley G., Jr. Four new stoneflies from California and Oregon 5 Kistner, David H. A revision of the species of the genus Phyllodinarda Wasmann with notes on their behavior 121 LaBerge, Wallace E. and Paul D. Hurd, Jr. A new subgenus and species of matinal Andrena from the flowers of Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) in Mexico 186 Lattin, John D. A secondary sexual character in Corythucha Stal 50 Lavigne, R. J. New host plant for Tephritis araneosa 100 V Leech, Hugh B. Recent literature : The skippers of the genus Hesperia in west- ern North America with special reference to California 29 Recent literature: The ecology and morphology of Thinobius frizzelli Hatch, an intertidal beetle and The Staphylinid genera Pontomalota and Thinusa 53 Recent literature : The Cerambycidae of North America. Parts IV and V 113 Linsley, E. G. Notes on male territorial behavior in the Galapagos carpenter bee 158 Markin, George P. An unusual pattern of behavior for the solitary wasp Stenody- nerus claremontensis 139 McPherson, J. E. Notes on the life history of Notonecta hoffmanni 86 Michelbacher, A. E. Edward Oliver Essig, 1884-1964 207 Moore, Ian Ecbletus, a genus of Staphylinid beetle new to the Nearctic region 44 O’Brien, Charles W. Book review : An introduction to the study of insects 140 Peterson, David M. A new Phenacoccus from southern California 96 Powell, Jerry A. Rearing records for five conifer feeding buprestids in Cali- fornia 133 Price, Roger D. A review of Comatomenopon, with descriptions of two new species 80 Rentz, David C. A noise-making moth 70 Additional locality records of Tridactylus minutus 70 Females of Melanoplus borealis palaceus Fulton with frayed wings 70 VI Slater, James A. and John D. Lattin Lachnestes singalensis (Dohrn), a lygaeid new to the Western Hemisphere 58 Smith, David R. A name change and new synonymy for a species of Ardis in North America 9 Smith, Ray F. The bibliography of Edward Oliver Essig and insects named by him 235 Tauber, Maurice J. and Toschi, Catherine A. Life history and mating behavior of Tephritis stigmatica (Coquillett) 73 Taylor, J. S. Notes on some South African bees 173 Tilden, J. W. An apparently new dragonfly record for California 179 Turner, P. E. Migration of the dragonfly, Tarnetrum corruptum (Hagen) 66 Usinger, R. L. and Norihiro Ueshima New species of bat bugs of the Cimex pilosellus complex 114 Wickman, Boyd E. Black-backed three-toed woodpecker, Picoides arcticus, pre- dation on Monochamus oregonensis 162 Wirth, Willis W. Two new species of Macrurohelea from Chile 46 Zoological Nomenclature 106 Zwick, R. W. and F. W. Peifer Observations on the emergence and trapping of male Pleo- coma minor Linsley with black light and female-baited traps 118 PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS Advertisers Index Name Page Colloidal Products Corp. i Shell Chemical Company ii a California Chemical Company — Ortho Division iii American Cyanamid Company iv Velsicol Chemical Corp. v Mountain Copper Company, Ltd. vi Trojan Laboratories vi Hercules Powder Company vii Niagara Chemical Division — Food Machinery Chemical Corp. viii Stauffer Chemical Co. ix United States Rubber x ^ Insect Pins xi D-Vac Co. xi Leitz, Inc. xii Rohm & Haas Company xiv 1 What is a spray adjuvant? A substance added to a spray formula to improve the performance of the active ingredient. Your Agricultural Chemical Distributor will be happy to supply literature and recommendations as to the proper Multi-Film Spray Adjuvant for your specific application, or write direct to : Colloidal Products Corporation 100 Gate 5 Road, Sausalito, California 11 lggggl& How to put the finishing touch on any insect control program D on't run a needless risk. Complete your program by making sure that empty in- secticide containers won’t cause problems. The picture above shows how easily a tractor wheel crushes an empty 5-gallon pail. Puncturing, burying, or burning are other positive ways to deal with containers or packages. By eliminating the possibility of misuse of a pesticide container, you protect yourself, your family, workers and livestock. The destruction of empty containers— or disposal by other recognized methods— is one of the essential parts of any pesticide pro- gram. For safety and effectiveness throughout your program, follow these simple steps: ( 1 ) read the label on any pesticide carefully, before you start, (2) follow the directions and precautions exactly, (3) make sure your application goes only on the crop to be pro- tected; drift to neighboring cropland or streams is bad business, (4) never clean or flush out your equipment near a stream, and (5) complete the job by crushing and bury- ing all small empty containers. To dispose of drums: return them to the formulator, sell them to a cooperage equipped to decontaminate them, or destroy them ac- cording to procedures recommended by the U.S.D.A. Play it safe and you do a great deal to en- sure the efficient and profitable performance of any pesticide. Shell Chemical Company Agricultural Chemicals Division Ill r ! By Wt. Ldipyridylium drbromide* 40% 1 60% Diquat ion p«r gallon as 4 tbs. salt I I lONTENTS 5 GALLONS i. USE STRICTLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH WARNINGS AND DIRECTIONS; AND IN FEDERAL /iND STATE REGULATIONS. 1 CONTAINER WHEN EMPTY. NEVER RE-USE. lew herbicidal chemical lor use in the desic- ants in preharvest application in order to nical and hand harvesting. It is also recom- general weed killer and as an aquatic weed id herbicidal action is usually quite rapid a few days. Diquat is inoctivated on contact se on lawns. ORTHO i DIRECTI 20 gals, water by airplane application. Apply as plants reach maturity and use full coverage spray. Do not apply within 7 doys of harvest. SORGHUM (Seed Crops only): Prehorvest Desiccation of Foliage— 1 quart per acre in 20 to 30 gals, water by ground sprayer ap- plication and 5 to 10 gals, water by air. Apply within 1 2 weeks of harvest and when seeds have not more than 30%; ure. Do not use seed from treated plants for food, feed purposes. SOYBEANS (Seed Crop only): Preharves^ 1 quart per acre in 20 to 30 gals^ plication and 5 to 10 gals, wa DEPTH OF WATER 1 2 activity, ORTI 6 to 8 ounces per acre. (1 oun 1 >iquat is more effi Note: Inject below \ Do not use treate swimming, spraying after treatment. Do CAUTION: Do not _eep livestock out; equipment t! g application ' NOt Concert or clolhii Jim wW f && N-PIANTED AREAS I Gardens, Buildings nee Lines, Parkways anVPrivewi roadleaved and Grass-Type Weei (2 teaspoonfuls to 1 gal. wafer). ^ lorough weed contact. Apply preferoi p to seeding of weeds. Repeat applicatio! ntain control, particularly on grasses and Vvoid spray contact with foliage of food plants. harvest Desiccation of Foliage— 1 quart per •Is. water by ground application, and 10 to ioo* is thoroughly wet. Water Lettuce— Aerial Ap- gals. dilutle sproy per acre. Avoid drift of sproy tit vegetation to avoid severe plant injury. Repeat treat- ment when new Infestation occurs. SUBMERSED WEEDS— (Coon- tail, Elodea, Pond Weeds, Southern Naiad)— Use 1.5 to 2.5 ppm (by weight) Diquat cation injected below the water surface and distributed as evenly as possible. Repeat treatment when new infestation occurs. See dilution chart. i Brtntdng water. Ke Prion avoid drill l< ' mighr fee damaged us« or consumption: NOTICE: The state] agents concerning They are believed Hons of use which • irol, California Ch< authorize any age guarantee or repre material, except th- the label. Neither ; shall be held respc or property damag or to any person fre whether or not in c all risk and liability and accepts and uS Recommended reading for all ages This is an ORTHO label. You see it on drums, cans, jugs and sacks of pesticide. And no matter how old you are — or how long you’ve been using pesticides — you should always read it carefully from beginning to end. It takes ORTHO chemists literally years of testing to determine correct label directions and cautions on new products. And they’re constantly re-testing the old ones to come up with new uses and new label directions. So if you want to get the most effective, econom- ical and safest performance from a pesticide, reading its label is a “must”. If you’re too young to read, this label should never be left within your reach. You might get hurt. And if you’re a field worker who can’t read, your boss should tell you why pesti- cides — and even empty pesticide containers — can be dangerous. Pesticides can only help you if you use them correctly. Make sure you do. Read the label. CHEVRON CHEMICAL COMPANY ortho division, 200 Bush St., San Fran- cisco 20, California T.M. REG. U.S. PAT. OFF.: ORTHO TIONS BEFORE USE. ON ALL CHEMICALS, READ DIRECTIONS AND CAU- IV American Cyanamid Company P. O. Box 965 Trenton, New Jersey Please rush my free copy of the 1964 Malathion Grower's Handbook. (PE-5039) Name Address State. Zip Code No. AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY • PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY Insect control easier than ever! This free 55-page Malathion Handbook tells you all you need to know about how to control more than 100 pests which attack animals and nearly every crop grown. It includes all the facts about Malathion's compat- ibility with other chemicals, plus mixing directions, rates of application, residue tolerances and suggestions about when, where and how to apply Malathion. Malathion now has more accepted uses than any other insecticide. Only Malathion offers truly broad- spectrum insect control. And, most important, Malathion gives you the ad- vantage of exceptionally low mammalian toxicity. It is the only phosphate insecticide that is cleared for use directly on humans. What's more, the combination of initial low cost and wide-range effectiveness makes Malathion one of the most economical insecticides you can use. Malathion is available in all popular formulations, and can be applied with any type of equipment. Whatever your insect problem, you'll find an answer in the Malathion Handbook. Order now.' c crAlVAMrn i V VELSICOL PESTICIDES; INSECT, WEED, AND PLANT DISEASE CONTROLS Velsicol pesticides have demonstrated great utility, throughout the world. If you are interested in the protection of food orfiber crops, public health, pest control operation, or related fields, we would like to offer you technical information about these versatile compounds. Please write Velsicol Chemical Corporation, 341 E. Ohio Street, Chicago, III. 60611 .i ■ ■■ ✓ >i ie p si i (d i p te s ; BANDANE® Pre-emergence crabgrass control that's safe for new and established lawns. BANVEL® D A herbicide for control of broadleaved perennial weeds in turf. }■}'<■ :* -i; \\'y\ INSECTICIDES CHLORDANE A broad range chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. The leading lawn, garden, household insecticide. ENDRIN An insecticide that is effective against many hard to kill insect pests of cotton, tobacco, tree fruits, etc. HEPTACHLOR A versatile chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. Widely used for soil insect control on major crops. METHYL PARATHION A versatile insecticide used in combination with Endrin in all purpose sprays and dusts. FUMJGAWTS ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE An insecticidal fumigant, nematocide and soil insecticide. Usually used in combination with methyl bromide. PESTMASTER® METHYL BROMIDE An insecticidal fumigant, rodenticide, nematocide, and herbicide. FUSMGJCIDES w W W € .•••?. ,*?. y- VELSICOL MEMMI .8-EC MERCURIC FUNGICIDE Controls brown patch, dollar spot, copper spot, melting out (Helminthosporium), gray leaf spot of St, Augustine Grass, and cottony blight (Pythium) or Rye grass. An emulsifiable concentrate that mixes fast, does not need constant agitation.and leaves no sediment in spray tanks. FERBAM Fungicide used in control of scab and cedar apple rust and as a protective fungicide for other crops. Also used to control blue mold in tobacco plant beds. ZIRAM Fungicide used extensively on vegetables and on some fruit crops. Best used as a preventive treatment. VELSICOL® 2-1 Turf fungicide used to control brown patch, dollar spot, snow mold and other turf diseases. PMA An organic foliage fungicide also used for post emer- gence crabgrass control, seed treatment, and turf disease control. VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION/^ E. Ohio St., Chicago, III. 60611 VELSICOL INTERNATIONAL CORP., C. A. / P. O. Box 1687, Nassau, Bahamas, VELSICOL CORPORATION OF CANADA, LIMITEO/2 Carlton St., Suite 1018, Toronto 2, Canada VELSICOL INTERNACIONAL DE MEXICO S.A. DE C.V./Morelos No, 110-Desp. 209, Mexico 6, D.F. Mountain Products BLUESTONE (Copper Sulphate) Briks • Granular Crystal Large Crystal • Hi-Sol Crystal Small Crystal • Snow Crystal • Powdered Monohydrated Copper Sulphate Basic Copper Sulphate Copper Hydroxide Copper Carbonate Cuprous Oxide Copper Pigment Zinc Sulphate 36%-Mono Zinc Sulphate 28%-Cubes Zinc Oxide (Ag. Grade) Basic Zinc Sulphate Ferric 2Z (Ferric Sulphate) Industrial Iron Oxide THE MOUNTAIN COPPER CO., LTD. 1 00 Mococo Rood, Martinez, California 94553 A Service for the Field Testing & Evaluation of Agricultural Chemicals Under Western Conditions Entomology Chemistry Floriculture Engineering Plant Pathology Trojan Laboratories Box 420 Montebello, California Vll DELNAV' (dioxathion) TOXAPHENE (chlorinated camphene, 67-69% Cl) ...proved toxicants from Hercules SV65-I ® HERCULES TRADEMARK POWDER COMPANY i Specify toxicants with proved effectiveness. Write for technical information and recommendations 120 Montgomery Street San Francisco, California 94104 Vlll jm DEVELOPMENT Of NEW PROTECTION/MATERIALS AND IMPROVED SERVICE FACILITIES FOR BIGGER YIELD AND BETTER QUALITY. NIAGARA— FOR MORE THAN A HALF-CENTURY— YOUR PARTNER IN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL PROGRESS Putting Ideas to Work NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION ANAHEIM • FRESNO • RICHMOND • YAKIMA Home Office: MIDDLEFORT, NEW YORK Here’s the greatest advance in worm control in many years! Containing the first commercial microhial crop insecticide-it’s THURICIDE® 90TS* ! Thuricide 90TS Flow- able is a liquid which contains bacterial spores of Bacillus thuringien- sis. It singles out and destroys only the leaf- chewing larvae of cerr tain lepidopterous in- sects (caterpillars, loop- ers and hornworms). And Thuricide is harmless to everything else, including man ! Because of its safety, you can use Thuricide 90TS right up to harvest on lettuce, cole crops and other vegetables.' There is no residue tolerance re- quirement on a number of food and forage crops. Use Thuricide 90TS — control worms the safer way. Write for your free copy of Stauffer’s new brochure: “A Revolutionary Concept in Insect Control.” See your dealer — if he hasn’t got Thuri- cide 90TS, he can get it for you. Stauffer Chemical Company, Agricultural Chem- ical Division, 380 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017. ^Trademark of Bioferm Division, International Minerals & Chemicals Corp, READ THE LABEL, HEED THE LABEL AND GROW WITH STAUFFER CHEMICALS Stauffer X Kill those cotton-pickm mites with Aramite Plagued by mites who seem to thrive on phosphate? Get aramite®, effective, approved miticide. Tests in the field for the past twelve years prove aramite kills a wide variety of mites, including those who resist phosphate, and not one has developed a resistance to ARAMITE. Applied as a wet spray or dust, aramite has a long residual. It kills both nymph and adult mites on cotton, ornamentals, fruit and shade trees. Approved by the U.S.D.A. for mite control of cotton, aramite is safe to use and does not harm bees or other beneficial insects. For effective, economical mite control, order aramite from your local supplier. NAUGATUCK CHEMICAL DIVISION United States Rubber Dept. 9141 AR Elm Street Naugatuck, Connecticut DISTRICT OFFICES: Akron • Boston • Portland • San Francisco • Chicago • Detroit Gastonia • Los Angeles • Dallas • New Brunswick, N.J. • Dominion Rubber Company, Ltd., Montreal • CABLE: Rubexport, N.Y. XI INSECT PINS $4./M — (10 Packages) PROMPT DELIVERY CLAIR ARMIN 417 PALM AVE. LOWEST PRICES IN U.S. REEDLEY, CALIF. COMMERCIAL AND RESEARCH ENTOMOLOGISTS Obtain more accurate population counts with a light-weight motor-fan unit which sucks insects into nets D-VAC MOTOR-FAN VACUUM INSECT NETS BACK-PACKS AND HAND MODELS —also— BENEFICIAL INSECTS INSECTORY GROWN AND FIELD COLLECTED T richogramma sp. and Green Lacewings Write for Brochures D-VAC CO. P. O. BOX 20295 RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA Xll (]) New Microprojector XIc (2) Ortholux Microscope with Orthomat Automatic Micro-camera (3) Prado Microprojector (4) Micro- manipulator (5) Base Sledge Microtome (6) SM Microscope (7) Dialux-pol Large Polarizing Microscope ( S ) Panphot Large Camera Microscope (9) Inverted Microscope (10) Aristophot Universal Photomicrographic and Macrophotographic Camera (11) Interference Microscope (12) Large Minot Rotary Microtome type 1212 (13) Labolux Microscope (14) Ortholux Microscope with Heating Stage LEITZ INSTRUMENTS FOR BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH These are basic tools designed to assist in every area where research takes you. Biologists will find a precision Leitz instrument that exactly fits their requirements. Every Leitz microscope, from the Universal Research Ortholux to the SM-f, is available equipped for practically limitless applications. Whetheryou require only bright-field viewing or fluorescent and phase contrast methods, you will find that all Leitz stands can be fitted to handle each technique easily. Leitz laboratory instrumentation permits research in depth: -A superb micromanipulator with motion reduction to 1:1/800. -Several microtomes are available for the flaw- less preparation of microsections for applications in elec- tron, phase contrast, research, and routine microscopy. -Heating and cooling stages for high- and low-temperature thermal observations. -The ultimate in microprojection for teaching and conference purposes. -A complete range of photomicrographic cameras— including the exclusive, automatic Orthomat. These are but a few examples from the complete line of Leitz scientific instruments. Write for complete descriptive information of the individual instrument which you require. 54 164 E. LEITZ, INC., 46a PARK AVENUE SOUTH. NEW YORK 16. N. Y. Xlll PUBLICATIONS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131 pages). 1921-1930. Price $2.50 per volume. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST. Vol. 1 (1924) to present. Price $6.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or $1.50 per single issue. MEMOIR SERIES. Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. A 320-page book which summarizes the knowledge of the Anoplura of the world. Published October 1951. Price $6.00. Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family T etranychidae by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. This worldwide treatment deals with the systematics, identification, and economics of the “Red Spiders” and includes descriptions of 33 new species. 472 pages. Published July 1955. Price $10.00. Send orders to: Pacific Coast Entomological Society c/o California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author. Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi- cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes. Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Howell V. Daly, 112 Agriculture Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Typing. — All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8% X 11 inches are not accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate sheet. First page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if not affiliated, (5) the shortened title (running headline) not to exceed 38 letters and spaces when combined with the author’s last name or names, (6) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent. Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format: Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2 : 211 - 212 . 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp. Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1963, 43 (1) : 5-11. Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot- notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings). Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed page (4 Ys X 6% inches) . If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the printed page. Drawings should be in India Ink and at least twice as large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. Include a metric scale on the drawing or state magnification of the printed illustration in the legend. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration and/or cut returned to him at his expense. Cuts and illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed Explanation of Figures and placed following Literature Cited. Do not attach legends to illustrations. Proofs, reprints, and abstract. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published. Page charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $10.00 per page. This is in addition to the charge for reprints and does not include the possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for immediate publication. Private investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds to cover this charge may apply to the Society for a grant to cover the page charges. A brief statement by the author on the reprint order form will suffice as an application. All articles are accepted for publication only on the basis of scientific merit and without regard to the financial support of the author. Since you cam wrap them in cellophane... protect them with KELTHANE Control all the mite species attacking your fruits and nuts with Kelthane; today, as in the past, the safest and most effective miti- cide. A good program of mite control begins with early sprays, while foliage is light, for good coverage and penetration. Early sprays also hit the mite populations before they begin to multiply. Follow-up applications as required must be continued at full dosages. Heavy foliage requires thorough spraying to obtain good coverage. Delays in getting your Kelthane program under way, faulty coverage, in- adequate dosage and poor timing of your sprays will surely start mites on the road to resistance. All of these factors are within your control. With your help Kelthane will continue to give you the best in mite control. ROHM A. PHILADELPHIA, PA. IBlOS