Vol. 47 JANUARY 1971 No. 1 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist RICE — Flight characteristics of Enoclerus lecontei, Temnochila virescens, and Tomicobia tibialis in central California (Coleoptera: Cleridae, Ostomi- dae; Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) 1 ALLEN — Insect distribution studies II 8 CAROLIN — Extended diapause in Coloradia pandora Blake (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) 19 FENDER — A new California species of Silis (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) 24 HORNING — -Two new species of Chrysura from western North America (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) 26 FISHER AND ORTH — A synopsis of the Nearctic species of Antichaeta Haliday with one new species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) 32 WILLIAMS — A redescription of the scorpion Vejovis crassimanus Pocock (Scorpionida: Vejovidae) 44 LABERGE — A new subgenus of Andrena found in California and Oregon (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) 47 BRAGG — A new species of Phaeogenes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) 57 BRIGHT — New species, new synonymies and new records of bark-beetles from Arizona and California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 63 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 70 PROCEEDINGS 71 SCIENTIFIC NOTE 82 BOOK REVIEWS 83 RECENT LITERATURE 84 BOOK NOTICE 84 NEW JOURNAL 84 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1971 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD R. W. Thorp, Editor E. G. Linsley R. O. Schuster, Asst. Editor E. S. Ross P. D. Hurd, Jr. D. L. Briggs, Editorial Assistant H. B. Leech P. H. Arnaud, Jr. Treasurer W. H. Lange, Jr. Advertising Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed- ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be addressed to the Secretary, Dr. Marius S. Wasbauer, Bureau of Entomology, Cali- fornia Department of Agriculture, 1220 N. St., Sacramento, California 95814. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $7.50 for regular members of the Society, $5.00 for student members, or $10.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $2.50 each or $10.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society Officers for 1971 F. L. Blanc, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer D. G. Denning, President-elect Marius S. Wasbauer, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher, Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editor: Dr. Robbin W. Thorp, Department of Entomology. University of California, Davis, California 95616. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. This issue mailed 13 April 1971. Second Class Postage Paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66044. ALLEN PRESS, INC. LAWRENCE, KANSAS «/.**■ The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 47 January 1971 No. 1 Flight Characteristics of Enoclerus lecontei , Temnochila virescens , and Tomicobia tibialis in Central California (Coleoptera: Cleridae, Ostomidae; Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Richard E. Rice Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, 95616 Field experiments on the response of some predators and parasites of bark beetles to various chemical attractants (Rice, 1969) provided op- portunities to observe diurnal flight patterns and flight ranges of these insects. Sex ratios of responding insects were also calculated. The pred- ators Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), and Temno- chila virescens chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Ostomidae), and the parasite Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), were studied at the Boyce Thompson Institute Forest Research Labora- tory, Grass Valley, California, during 1965 and 1966. All observations and experiments were performed in the Boyce Thompson experimental forest at elevations of 2,200 to 2,500 feet. The forest stand is comprised primarily of second growth ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Lawson, intermixed with incense cedar, Libocedrus decurrens Torr., sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana Dougl., and Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Occasional stands of California black oak, Quercus kelloggii Newb. are also present. Prevailing winds during the summer months are generally upslope from the southwest, varying from 0 to 5 mph during the day. Flying insects were normally collected in field olfactometers (Vite, Gara and Kliefoth, 1963) which were baited with chemical attractants or with bark beetles feeding in logs. Counts were made hourly and all insects collected were removed from the trapping area to avoid influenc- ing later collections. For flight range and dispersal studies, the two predator species were marked by spraying the chilled, immobile insects with flourescent aerosol paints (Chapman, 1966) just prior to release. Diurnal Flight Characteristics Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) . — Hourly collections of E. lecontei attracted to traps baited with male Ips confusus (LeConte) were made from sunrise until dark on several days during 1965 and 1966. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 1-8. January 1971 2 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Fig. 1. Diurnal flight patterns of Enoclerus lecontei and Temnochila v irescens. 28 August 1965; Grass Valley, California. The diurnal flight pattern for E. lecontei (Fig. 1) is characteristic of the flights observed for this insect throughout the summer collecting periods. Flight normally started during morning hours when the tem- perature approached 23° C. The number of clerids collected would build up to a small peak at approximately 1100 hours then decrease toward midday. During the early afternoon clerid flight again increased and reached a maximum at approximately 1500 hours. The number de- creased as sunset approached; by sundown very few E. lecontei were collected regardless of the temperature. Clerids were not collected after dark. During midsummer E. lecontei was collected at temperatures as high as 35° C. Minimum temperatures at which this predator was col- lected were in the range of 21° to 22° C. These collections occurred dur- ing midday in late October. The sex of attracted E. lecontei was determined using the method of Berryman (1966). Of 116 clerids field-collected on 8 and 9 June 1966, 66 were males, 50 were females, for a sex ratio of 1.3 males to 1.0 female. A Chi-square test indicates that this ratio is not statistically significant however, and a 1:1 sex ratio should be expected. JANUARY 1971] PREDATOR AND PARASITE FLIGHT 3 Temnochila VIRESCENS (Mannerheim) . — The collections from three olfactometers for one day were pooled in order to provide sufficient data on the diurnal flight of T. virescens. One olfactometer was baited with 200 I. confusus males in ponderosa pine logs, one with turpentine, and the third with n-heptane. The turpentine and heptane were placed in 50 ml beakers containing 40 ml of dry packed ponderosa pine sawdust soaked to saturation with the liquids. A characteristic flight pattern (Fig. 1) is shown for T. virescens. During the two summers of field work at Grass Valley, only slight activ- ity by ostomids was observed in the morning hours regardless of the temperature. The main flight during summer commenced at approxi- mately 1400 to 1500 hours and reached a peak at about 1700 hours. Ostomids were often collected after sundown when temperatures re- mained high enough, but were not attracted to the traps after darkness. In addition to the differing flight patterns shown by collections in olfactometers, the late afternoon and evening activity of T. virescens on bark beetle infested trees was considerably greater than that of the clerids. Infested trees were observed during these periods or at night with a flashlight. Ostomids could be found moving rapidly over the bark, while clerids were seldom seen after sundown except when hiding under bark scales. Clerid activity on trees was greater during mid- afternoon and seemed to decrease starting at about 1700 to 1800 hours when the ostomids’ greatest flight occurred. Activity of ostomids on the olfactometers was similar to that observed on trees. Temnochila virescens attracted to traps during the early afternoon would often seek a crack or hole where they could hide and would then come out after midafternoon and begin feeding on bark beetles lying on the apron of the olfactometer. Temnochila virescens had previously been observed in flight at tem- peratures between 24° to 34° C (Gara and Vite, 1962) . This predator was collected during this study at temperatures ranging from 21° to 35° C. Overwintered adults collected in the early spring would com- mence flight when temperatures rose above 21° to 22° C regardless of the time of day. This resulted in peaks of flight during midday rather than in the late afternoon as with adults which emerged during the summer. The sex of T. virescens collected in Ips confusus baited olfactometers during portions of the 1965-66 seasons was determined using the method of Struble and Carpelan (1941). Of 760 ostomids sexed, 386 were males, 374 were females, for a 1:1 sex ratio. 4 THE PAH-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Time of Day Fig. 2. Diurnal flight pattern of Tomicobia tibialis. 7 October 1965; Grass Valley, California. Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead. — -The diurnal flight pattern of this parasite was determined by baiting field olfactometers with male Ips confusus feeding in ponderosa pine logs. No significant seasonal changes or deviations from the typical flight pattern (Fig. 2) were observed in the field during 1965 and 1966. The data indicate that T. tibialis is capable of initiating flight at approximately 16° C. The number of parasites collected increased with temperature until approximately 1000 to 1100 hours. After this time the numbers collected each hour decreased, reaching the zero point at approximately sunset each day. The sharp midday decrease in collec- tions (Fig. 2) was apparently not due to high temperatures, as similar drops in numbers of responding T. tibialis were observed when midday temperatures were only 22° to 23° C. Also, low numbers of the parasites were often collected when midafternoon temperatures were in the range of 33° to 34°C. It was observed that T. tibialis tended to leave the smooth surfaces of the olfactometers as late afternoon approached even though attractive odors were still being emitted. Although these insects were often ob- served on mass-attacked logs during late afternoon and evening, they JANUARY 1971] PREDATOR AND PARASITE FLIGHT 5 Table 1 . Changes in the sex ratio of Tomicobia tibialis Ashm. col- lected at different seasons of the year. Grass Valley, California. Date Number Collected Ratio of T. tibialis males : females 1965: Sept. 13 150 1.00 : 2.96 Oct. 8 106 1.00 : 2.54 1966 : May 20 72 2.42 : 1.00 24 64 2.54 : 1.00 June 11 42 1.34 : 1.00 27 138 1.00 : 1.38 July 19 62 1.00 : 1.22 Sept. 22 35 1.00 : 2.51 were usually gone from the traps by shortly after sunset. However, they would begin returning by dawn if the temperature was above 16° C. The sex of T. tibialis attracted to Ips confusus males was determined on several occasions during this study (Table 1), and showed a striking shift in the ratio between the spring and fall collections. Seasonal Occurrences of Predators and Parasites Temnochila virescens overwinters as an adult and begins flight in the spring with the onset of warm weather (Struble, 1942). This predator Table 2. Summary of predator dispersal studies, Grass Valley, Cali- fornia. 1965 and 1966. No. Predators Distance Date Re- Date from Released Temp. 0 C 1 Released captured Recaptured Release (m) 1965: Aug. 31 25 ±1 120 T. virescens 2 Sept. 1 31 3 Sept. 2 31 1 Sept. 3 122 Sept. 11 17 ±7 75 T. virescens 1 Sept. 15 229 1 Sept. 22 229 1 Sept. 23 229 1966 : May 2 28 ±1 356 T. virescens 12 May 3 101 Aug. 9 27 ± 7 140 T. virescens 1 Aug. 10 490 a 75 E.lecontei 1 Aug. 10 2094 Aug. 19 23 ±8 45 T. virescens 1 Aug. 20 730 40 E. lecontei 1 Aug. 20 730 1 Daytime temperature mean and range while olfactometers were operating. 2 Recaptured downwind from release point; all others upwind. 6 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. I and six species of bark beetles were observed at Grass Valley in flight and on a mass-attacked log on 31 March 1966. Temnochila virescens was subsequently collected in baited traps throughout the spring and summer until mid-October with no complete break in continuity. Enoclerus lecontei was first collected on 3 May 1966, approximately 5 weeks after the first collections of T. virescens. This late emergence and flight probably affects the overall efficiency of E. lecontei as a natural control agent on scolytids because this predator is absent during the first bark beetle mass attacks in the spring. Collections of E. lecontei continued through October, when trapping was terminated in both 1965 and 1966. T omicobia tibialis was collected in olfactometers on 4 April 1966 and thereafter until late October. The number of parasites collected started to decrease sharply from about mid-September on as the maturing larvae began to enter diapause (Bedard, 1965) resulting in fewer numbers of emerging adults. Predator Dispersal Several releases of marked predators were made to study the long- range dispersal of the two species. Predators marked with different colors of spray paint were released at varying distances from olfactom- eters baited with n-heptane, monoterpenes and Ips confusus males in ponderosa pine logs. The released beetles were placed either on logs or on a 2 ft 2 canvas in direct sunlight and were allowed to fly at will. The results of the dispersal studies are given in Table 2. It is apparent from these data that movement in the forest of both T. virescens and E. lecontei can be fairly rapid under favorable weather conditions. Most of the studies were made when daytime temperatures were averaging well above the minimums for good predator activity. Under marginal temperature conditions however, such as experienced following the 11 September 1965 release, movement is much slower, and at least T. virescens is capable of remaining in the release area for several days until conditions for flight improve. Discussion The three insect species considered in this study are often directed, in response to their various attractants, to exactly the same host location. As a result it might be predicted that a high degree of interspecific com- petition for hosts could exist between these species. However, it was shown by this study that the diurnal flight characteristics, daily activity JANUARY 1971] PREDATOR AND PARASITE FLIGHT l rhythms on trees, and response to environmental factors (such as tem- perature) of the two predators and the parasite differ considerably. These behavior patterns would tend to separate the three species, thereby reducing competition among them. It would also seem to increase their combined effect on their common scolytid hosts, in that at least one of the three species is actively flying and searching for hosts at any given time of day, given suitable temperatures. The flight distance-time relationships shown by the two predators were not too unexpected, as both of these species are strong, active fliers. It was somewhat surprising though to find that T. virescens would apparently stay in the release area as long as it did (up to 12 days) , even under relatively cool temperature conditions. The reasons for the seasonal shift in the sex ratio of T. tibialis are not known at this time. In the way of conjecture, it might be surmised that this is a simple case of arrhenotoky, such as occurs among many other parasitic Hymenoptera. Because of the preponderance of females in the population in the fall, as shown by the data, it would seem logical to assume a similar dominance of diapausing female prepupae in the winter, and female adults in the first spring generation. Relatively low numbers of males in the spring would then tend to let many females go unmated, resulting in a greater proportion of males in the second genera- tion. Such seems to be the case, as shown in the May and early June collections. As the season progressed, however, more females would become mated, resulting in the shift in the late summer and fall back to greater numbers of females. That such a system of parthenogenesis is in fact operating in T omicobia tibialis should be studied in greater detail both in the field and laboratory. Acknowledgments Appreciation is expressed to the Boyce Thompson Institute for pro- viding facilities and financial support for this work, and to Dr. G. B. Pitman and Dr. J. P. Vite of the Boyce Thompson Institute, and Dr. F. E. Strong, University of California, Davis, for their many helpful suggestions during these studies. Literature Cited Bedard, W. D. 1965. The biology of T omicobia tibialis (Hymenoptera: Ptero- malidae) parasitizing Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Cali- fornia. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 23: 77-81. Berryman, A. A. 1966. Studies on the behavior and development of Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott), a predator of the western pine beetle. Can. Entomol., 98: 519-526. 8 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Chapman, J. A. 1966. The effect of attack by the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) on log attractiveness. Can. Entomol., 98: 50-59. Gara, R. L, and J. P. Vite. 1962. Studies on the flight patterns of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in second growth ponderosa pine forests. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 21 : 275-290. Rice, R. E. 1969. Response of some predators and parasites of Ips confusus (LeC.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to olfactory attractants. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 24: 189-194. Struble, G. R. 1942. Biology of two native coleopterous predators of the moun- tain pine beetle in sugar pine. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 18: 97-107. Struble, G. R., and L. H. Carpelan. 1941. External sex characters of two im- portant native predators of the mountain pine beetle in sugar pine. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 17 : 153-156. Vite, J. P., R. I. Gara, and R. A. Kliefoth. 1963. Collection and bioassay of a volatile fraction attractive to Ips confusus (LeC.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 22: 39-50. Insect Distribution Studies II Robert P. Allen Bureau of Entomology California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento Behavior of any species of insect or other organism when introduced into a new territorial environment is often, but not always, inconsistent with its previous history. A careful study of distributional data along with behavioral phenomena of introduced insects is at the same time very interesting and frustrating. When conclusions are reached, al- though these can be only tentative, they may be helpful in learning to live with the introduced pest species. An earlier study (Allen, 1963) analyzed the history of olive scale in the United States, and included essential background material applicable to this and future efforts. This paper will attempt to bring up to date the history and distributional patterns of several more introduced insects. Coverage will be limited to California. This will not be so lengthy as the work on olive scale; partly because the patterns seem less compli- cated, and partly in the interest of covering more species. Species to be considered here are unrelated but have the following in common: (1) They have all been introduced into California within the last 75 years. (2) They have attracted considerable attention as actual or potential plant pests. (3) They have been in California long enough that a pattern is discernible. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 8-19. January 1971 JANUARY 1971] ALLEN INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES 9 Collection records of the California Department of Agriculture, and personal observations in the field, are the primary sources of this material. These are supplemented with records as they appeared in current literature. Information and advice from many Agricultural Commissioners, Farm Advisors, coworkers and other friends are grate- fully acknowledged. Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (oriental fruit moth) Introduced into the United States sometime prior to 1915, oriental fruit moth gradually spread to all peach-growing areas east of the Rocky Mountains (Metcalf and Flint, 1962) . This oriental pest of rosaceous fruits also occurs in Europe, Australia, North and South America. It is known primarily as a pest of peaches, doing serious damage by mining the twigs and burrowing in the fruit. It is a small olethreutid producing one to seven generations per year. The first collection of oriental fruit moth in California was in Orange County late in 1942. Subsequent intensive survey efforts disclosed light infestations in neighboring Los Angeles, Riverside and San Bernardino counties early in 1943. Before the end of that year collections in Kern, Tulare, Stanislaus and Sutter counties precluded any possibility of an eradication program which had been considered. Continued intensive survey through the 1945 season added Kings, Fresno, Sacramento, Placer, Merced and Santa Clara counties. Some of the collections were single adult specimens from infestations so light that no more were taken until years later. Meanwhile oriental fruit moth was found for the first time in Colorado, Idaho, Oregon and Utah. Until 1954 the pest was all but forgotten, although occasional col- lections of strays came from the southern counties. Large scale libera- tion of the introduced hymenopterous parasite Macrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer may have helped to keep the population to a minimum. Some- what contrary to expectations, the parasite became established and has persisted in some native host larvae, apparently from the last releases in 1946 to the present. In 1953 bait trapping in Tulare, Fresno and Merced county orchards known to be infested several years earlier produced no specimens. But late in the 1954 season the first heavy outbreak in the state appeared at Kingsburg, involving Fresno, Kings and Tulare counties (Summers et al., 1956) . Oriental fruit moth then spread throughout the peach- growing portions of these three counties becoming heavy and general by 1961. Riverbottom lands suffer much the worst in these counties, 10 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 with peaches some distance from major streams consistently being only lightly infested. Fifteen years after collection of a lone adult at Denair, Stanislaus County, oriental fruit moth appeared northeast of Modesto in 1958. The following year it was troublesome. Infestation around neighboring Escalon, San Joaquin County, was very heavy in 1963. Spread through Madera and Merced counties also had occurred, so that 1963 was a bad year throughout the San Joaquin Valley, including Kern County. A similar pattern, centering around Gridley in Butte County, de- veloped in the Sacramento Valley. Infestations apparently followed the channels of fruit movement, developing from the first collection about 1958 to major proportions in 1962-63. This center also involves peach-producing areas of Tehama, Sutter, Yuba, Placer and Sacramento counties. Apparently oriental fruit moth now occupies most of its potential territory in central California, and has belatedly fulfilled expectations as a major pest of deciduous fruits, especially peaches. Elsewhere, especially nearer the coast, oriental fruit moth so far has not appeared or has been negligible. There are scattered collection records from San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Benito, Santa Clara, San Mateo and Colusa counties. Paramyelois transitella (Walker) (navel orangeworm) The taxonomic history of this phycitid moth dates from 1863, while a summary of distributional records indicates its occurrence from the southern United States to central South America (Heinrich, 1956) . Attention was attracted in southern Arizona in 1921 by the larvae working in navel orange fruits. Although infestation was almost entirely limited to splits, fungus-infected or other previously damaged fruit, California authorities issued a Quarantine Circular against Arizona citrus. This was in effect from 1922 until 1930, when navel orangeworm was decided to be only a scavenger and the restriction lifted. Many other hosts are recorded. These could be summarized as almost any damaged, overripe or mummified fruit which is neither too wet nor too dry. First California collections of navel orangeworm in Orange County late in 1942 attracted little attention. Adults appeared frequently during the next three years in diamalt bait traps used in large numbers for oriental fruit moth. Larvae were noted in their normal role as scavengers. Earliest records for Los Angeles, Riverside and San JANUARY 1971] ALLEN — INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES 11 Bernardino counties came in the summer of 1943; for Imperial and San Diego, in February 1944. First indications of navel orangeworm as a serious pest came with a few collections in walnuts in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties in late 1947. The only previous record in walnut was in Orange County in 1943. The known host range was extended to include almonds in the Antelope Valley of Los Angeles County early in 1948. Appearance of navel orangeworm at Fresno in late 1948 was followed by a survey which disclosed it in mummy fruits and walnuts at a few scattered locations, but not of general distribution. By 1949 it was spreading rapidly and recognized not only as a walnut pest, but threaten- ing to almonds. New county records during that year were Tulare, Kern, Madera, Merced, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Sacramento, Tehama, and Contra Costa. In the latter county it did not reach the walnut orchards in the western portion for several more years. In the Sacra- mento Valley, fill-in was rapid. With minor exceptions, all walnut- and almond-growing areas in California are now considered infested, with greater damage to almonds in the more northern counties. Navel orangeworm is reported as of little importance in Yolo and Shasta counties. It often penetrates walnuts through codling moth entrance holes. Central coast counties from Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo are uninfested or practically so. No records from the north coast counties are known. Thus an insect known only as a scavenger has developed into a serious pest of walnuts and almonds in a 20-year period (Wade, 1961). Potentialities of navel orangeworm as a citrus pest may have been discounted too early. Substantial losses of navel oranges due to larval infestation were reported late in 1969 from Oroville, Butte County, and Gustine, Merced County. RHAGOLETIS COMPLETA Cresson (walnut husk fly) Walnut husk fly, a serious pest of walnuts and occasionally found in late peaches, apparently is native to the Great Plains states (Boyce, 1934) . It has a definite preference for soft-hulled over hard-hulled walnuts, with the soft blacks an important factor in population build-up and spread. Walnut husk fly first appeared in California in the Chino- Ontario-Pomona area in the fall of 1926, and soon became established as a troublesome pest. Early collection records indicate that it reached Riverside County in 1930, Orange County in 1937, and San Diego County in 1939. Some climatic limitation appeared to be in operation, 12 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vol. 47, NO. 1 for walnut husk fly was not found in Ventura County until the fall of 1948. The appearance of an infestation in Somona County, 300 miles farther north, in late 1954 seemed to justify an eradication attempt. This was unsuccessful. During 1957 the fly not only reached adjoining Napa County, but appeared in distant Santa Clara, Stanislaus and Merced counties. Collections in Santa Barbara County beginning in 1956 perhaps were the result of natural spread from Ventura. Extension over the remainder of the state has been gradual, but by no means consistent. Populations in Merced County were heavy in the late 1950’s, but with an abundance of effective traps in operation each season, the fly was not collected in Madera, Fresno, or Tulare counties until 1963 or 1964, or in Kings County until 1965. Infestations in Fresno, Kings and Tulare counties are still scattered and light. In Kern County, midway between heavy infestations of long standing, walnut husk fly has not yet been found on the floor of the San Joaquin Valley. Several collections were taken 1955-1957 in fringe and moun- tainous areas on both sides, including Bodfish, Tehachapi, Caliente, Frazier Park, and Maricopa. Extension into some northern California counties may have been from either south or north, since walnut husk fly appeared in Oregon for the first time at Medford, in 1963. Although some more or less isolated walnut plantings seemingly have escaped infestation so far, there are now collection records from nearly all California counties where walnuts are grown. Trinity and Inyo seem to be exceptions. Tehama County, with considerable walnut acreage and a diligent trapping program, did not produce a collection record until September 1968. Northern county records vary from recent collections of a few stray adults (Del Norte, Siskiyou, Humboldt, Lassen, Shasta, Glenn, Colusa) to fairly heavy though spotty infestations of several years’ standing (Butte, Lake, Mendocino) . Sierra foothill counties from Fresno to Sierra all have light to heavy infestations in the lower portions where there is host material. Of special interest are numerous collections of adult walnut husk fly under seemingly impossible conditions, and 50 or more miles from any possible host material. Adults are wanderers and strong fliers, but no explanation is offered for their presence in high mountain and desert areas. The most striking records, all since 1961, are: Coleville, Mono County; Markleeville and Fredericksburg, Alpine County; at 7,200 feet on the Sonora Pass Highway, and at 7,500 feet on the Tioga Pass Highway in Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County. The latter JANUARY 1971] ALLEN — INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES 13 collection was repeated at the same location after a two-year interval. The upper limit for black and English walnuts at these latitudes is about 3,000 feet. Cnephasia longana Haworth (omnivorous leaf tier) The earliest American appearance of this European tortricid moth was in 1929 in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, from whence it spread over a large part of western Oregon and southwestern Washington (Edwards and Mote, 1936). Young larvae mine leaves; older larvae spin loose webbing and generally feed on growing foliage tips, and flowers. The host list is almost interminable, but strawberries have been the only fruit seriously attacked. There is but one annual genera- tion. Eggs and young larvae spend summer, fall and winter in crevices of bark, cracks in posts and similar places. Small larvae are wind- dispersed on threads in early spring. This accounts for infestations being heaviest near trees, fences, and wooden pole lines. Omnivorous leaf tier first was recognized in California in the spring of 1947 near the Stanford University campus. Obviously this appearance was due to introduction rather than to natural spread. In this portion of San Mateo County it did considerable damage to flax. The following year the known range was extended northward to San Francisco, with serious losses to flower growers in the Millbrae area (Middlekauf, 1949) . In the early summer of 1949 large strawberry plantings near Sunol, Alameda County, were heavily infested, with considerable fruit being unmarketable (Allen, 1952) . About the same time omnivorous leaf tier appeared in strawberries and numerous flower hosts from Santa Cruz southward into northern Monterey County. For several years there were apparently two separate infestations, centering around San Francisco and Monterey bays, respectively. Careful inspection up to 1950 indicated the northern and eastern limits to be Petaluma in Sonoma County, Napa in Napa County, Rockville in Solano County, and Liver- more in Alameda County. Considering the great abundance of host material, and the history in Oregon, 20 years have not added greatly to the known distribution of omnivorous leaf tier in California. There have been no outbreaks approaching those of 1948-49. Strawberry growers have had some sporadic trouble, but now keep this moth completely in check with insecticides. The moth obviously requires a coastal climate and is unlikely to move farther inland, although it occurs farther inland in Oregon. Failure to extend its range appreciably up and down the coast is less understandable. The two original infestations came together 14 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 some years ago in Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties. Recent surveys in wild flowers indicate that continuous infestation extends no farther than Healdsburg in Sonoma County, Oakville in Napa County, San Juan Bautista in San Benito County, and Greenfield in Monterey County. However, stray collections have been taken at Stafford 14 June 1960 and Loleta 25 May 1965 in Humboldt County, and at Edna 28 April 1967 in San Luis Obispo County. Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull (cabbage seedpod weevil) This small gray European weevil in the larval stage is destructive to cruciferous seed crops. The first North American record (1931) was in the heart of the major cabbage seed-growing area in Washington state, and subsequent losses were sometimes of major proportions (Hanson et al ., 1948) . Rapid spread is augmented by the general abundance of wild hosts, particularly mustards and radishes. Subse- quently the weevil appeared in Idaho and Oregon. Appearance of cabbage seedpod weevil in the San Francisco Bay region in the mid-1940’s was obviously due to an introduction (Hagen, 1946) . Infestation in Del Norte, western Siskiyou and northern Hum- boldt counties by 1950 probably was the result of natural spread from Oregon. The earliest California record is Brentwood, Contra Costa County, May 1945. By 1950 the weevil had spread to include parts of Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Sacramento and Yolo counties. Move- ment southward in the San Joaquin Valley ended with very light popu- lations in Merced County. Attempts to repeat collection of the species at Santa Rita on Highway 152, based on a stray adult taken in May, 1950, have been futile. Apparently the line has held ever since. Cabbage seedpod weevil spread farther southward in coastal counties, including Santa Clara and northern San Benito, but reached a temporary limit for some years in the vicinity of King City, Monterey County. In 1956, what appeared to be a local infestation developed near Arroyo Grande, San Luis Obispo County. The earliest Santa Barbara County collection record is from Gaviota in 1961. Distribution gaps in inter- vening coastal territory gradually filled in. Careful survey in the spring of 1967 indicated that the distribution of the weevil was continuous as far south as Ventura and Sespe in Ventura County, where it abruptly terminated. However, there are collection records from Buena Park and Fullerton in Orange County, 50 miles farther southeast, dated early 1965 ; there are none from Los Angeles County. Since populations in central coast counties and in Washington have been heavy, rapid and thorough occupation of intervening territory JANUARY 1971] ALLEN INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES 15 would be logical. This has not been the case. After 20 years, distribution is more or less continuous through the north coastal counties, but populations are not heavy. The weevil is continuous northward in the Sacramento Valley only to Marysville and Yuba City. Numerous efforts have turned up but a few isolated collections in Lake, Butte, Tehama and Shasta counties, and none in Colusa or Glenn. The weevil has penetrated the Sierra Nevada foothills, with collections recorded from western Nevada, Placer, Amador, Calaveras and Tuolumne counties. Cabbage seedpod weevil activities in California are now of little more than academic interest. Growers of cruciferous seed crops in the central coast area have had sporadic trouble with this weevil in past years. Acreages of these crops have declined, and those remaining are well protected with insecticides. Lepidosaphes ficus (Signoret) (fig scale) Fig scale, probably of Mediterranean origin, is thought to have been introduced into California at Fresno in 1905 on fig cuttings from Algeria (Simmons et al ., 1931). It spread very slowly, the known infestation having a radius of less than a mile in 1917. By 1931 it had spread some 60 miles to the southeast. The pest gradually spread over the east side of the San Joaquin Valley from Stockton to the Kern County line. Fig scale is usually found on the leaves, twigs and fruit of figs, but there are a few records for elm and walnut. Dispersal beyond those geographical limits has been almost negligible, although there is no lack of host material in most parts of the state. Fig scale was not found in Bakersfield until 1952, and it never has been a problem in Kern County. Although continuous on the east side, fig scale never has been found on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. Within these limits fig scale apparently spread slowly but surely, and became a serious pest where host material was contiguous. This accounts for the spread and build-up in the fig-growing portions of Fresno, Madera, Merced, and Tulare counties. It seems unable to move more than very short distances unless carried. Occurrences of fig scale outside the contiguous area are limited to very small widely scattered spot infestations. A few specimens were taken on a ranch in central Santa Clara County in 1939. However, a thorough search of the locality in 1966 indicated that the scale had disappeared completely. A small infestation found at Orland, Glenn County, in 1947 persists but has spread little in 20 years. Fig scale was found in San Diego County as early as 1941. By 1953 there were infestations of minor significance 16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vol. 47, NO. 1 in Vista, Carlsbad, and Escondido. About the same time, specimens were taken at three locations in central Orange County. In the city of Sacramento, two small separated infestations appeared in 1964. An isolated fig tree in the mountains above Jackson, Amador County, was found to have fig scale in 1960. Infestation of figs in the central San Joaquin Valley was generally heavy and troublesome during the 1930’s and 1940’s. Since 1950 populations have lagged, although occasional local outbreaks have required insecticides. A logical explanation for the decline is the intro- duction of a hymenopterous parasite, Aphytis sp., in 1949 (Doutt, 1954) . Previous attempts to establish parasites were unsuccessful, but this one soon began to produce results. There may be some climatic limitation on the spread of fig scale out of the San Joaquin Valley. Sporadic outbreaks in its present range are to be expected, but the presence of effective parasites may keep it below economic levels. Asterolecanium arabidis ( Signor et) (pit-making pittosporum scale) Of European origin, this pit-making scale is also known in several eastern states. The earliest American record is in 1925. The mature scale is small, convex, creamy-white to tan, with a delicate white fringe around the margin. The host list is very diverse, but only a few common hosts will be considered here. Conspicuous symptoms of infestation are pitting, swelling, and distortion of the host plant. Two separate patterns of distribution in California must be con- sidered: in native and in cultivated hosts. Deerweed, Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley, a common native legume, is not the only wild host but is the most important one. Cultivated hosts include a great diversity of families and species, usually grown at a considerable distance from wild hosts. The earliest official collection of A. arabidis in California was in western Contra Costa County on deerweed in 1940 (Essig, 1945). Later surveys disclosed infestations on the same host in Alameda, Marin, San Mateo, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties. A. arabidis was found at Stockton in 1944, seriously damaging Pittosporum tobira Aiton (the most commonly infested cultivated host) and privet ( Ligus - trum sp.). Small scattered infestations in cultivated hosts were found in Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, Santa Clara, Solano and Sonoma counties by 1950. Only at Stockton has infestation in cultivated hosts become widespread, and privet attacked to any extent. From 1944 to the early 1950’s most P. tobira and privet in that city were badly JANUARY 1971] ALLEN — INSECT DISTRIBUTION STUDIES 17 distorted from scale infestation. There are no known wild hosts in the vicinity. Deerweed is a common shrub in the Coast Ranges, from Humboldt County to the southern end of the state, and somewhat less abundant in the Sierra foothills. Occurrence of pit-making scale on this host is rather general from the Mendocino-Sonoma county line south to the Carmel Valley in northern Monterey County. Although the distribution of host material is continuous there are no records from coastal areas farther south, excepting one on cultivated Pittosporum tobira at Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo County, in 1963. Scattered Sierra foothill records on deerweed, mostly dating back many years, include El Dorado, Amador and Mariposa counties. Infestation in cultivated plants has been of much concern because of the severity of damage and the wide host range. Early records in San Joaquin and the bay counties were followed by collections in the counties of Sacramento, 1947; Yolo, 1948; Tulare, 1948; Tuolumne, 1951; Fresno, 1951; El Dorado, 1952; Butte, 1956; Yuba, 1956; Sutter, 1959; Mendocino, 1960 and Glenn, 1969. While in mountain counties infestation could have spread from native hosts, those on the valley floor probably resulted from movement of scales on cultivated host material. Only infestations in established plantings are here con- sidered; many collection records and a greater host list could be re- ported from nursery surveys. Large gaps in the distribution within the San Joaquin Valley have been partially filled with collections in the counties of Stanislaus, 1958; Kern, 1965, and Kings, 1969. There are no records from farther south. Although no effective parasites are known, pit-making scale has declined sharply in recent years. Infestations are much less common and severe, even in Stockton. Good trimming and treatment of infested shrubs greatly reduce severity, and sometimes seem to eliminate the scale. Present infestations in cultivated hosts, however severe, are spotty and scattered. There is no satisfactory explanation for the means of dispersal, the geographic limits or the current decline of this species. Pit-making scale is a pest which might get out of control at any time. Lecanium KUNOENSIS Kuwana (kuno scale) Although kuno scale was not described until 1907, from Japanese material, early authorities reported what undoudtedly was this species in the Oakland hills in 1896 (McKenzie, 1951). Principal hosts are rosaceous, especially plum, peach, apple, pear, quince, cherry, almond, 18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 hawthorn, and Cotoneaster. There are records on English walnut, and California buckeye ( Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.). Kuno scale builds up heavy populations, produces honeydew, and causes serious loss of tree vitality. Kuno scale is known to occur only in Japan and California. De- limitation surveys in 1946 indicated an extent of about 100 square miles involving western Contra Costa and northern Alameda counties, at elevations not exceeding 500 feet. With an abundance of host material in all directions, there seems to be no explanation for the failure of this scale to spread farther by natural means in a period of 70 years. Limited distribution in one area is no proof that an insect will not live or do well in another. Kuno scale was found in Butte County at Chico, 160 miles farther north and under central valley conditions, in 1960. The following year it appeared at Paradise, 15 miles northeast of Chico, in the foothills, and at an elevation of 1,700 feet. Infestation at Chico was limited to a few contiguous hosts in a residential district, and apparently has been eradicated by the Butte County Department of Agriculture. The scale has been more severe and widespread at Paradise, and a considered eradication attempt was precluded when the native plum Prunus subcordata Benth. was found to support scale populations. In 1966 kuno scale appeared at Lakeport, elevation 1,300 feet, in Lake County. This is about 80 miles west of Paradise, and the same distance north from the original Alameda-Contra Costa infestation. Infestation apparently is limited to a few small properties, and eradi- cation by county authorities is under consideration. Sudden extension of range and distant outbreaks of a pest long resi- dent to a limited area are unexplainable phenomena with which ento- mologists have to deal. There is no real basis for prediction, but kuno scale could follow the pattern of walnut husk fly and sooner or later become general in distribution. Literature Cited Allen, R. P. 1952. Distributional analysis of certain insect pests introduced into California. Unpublished MS thesis, Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 1963. Insect distribution studies I — olive scale. Calif. Dep. Agr. Bull., 52(3) : 174-181. Boyce, A. M. 1934. Bionomics of the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa. Hilgardia, 8(11) : 579 pp. Doutt, R. L. 1954. Biological control of fig scale. Calif. Agr., 8(8) : 13. Edwards, W. D., and D. C. Mote. 1936. Omnivorus leaf tier, Cnephasia longana Haw. J. Econ. Entomol., 29(6) : 1118-1133. JANUARY 1971] CAROLIN — DIAPAUSE IN COLORADIA PANDORA 19 Essig, E. 0. 1945. The pit-making Pittosporum scale. Calif. Dep. Agr. Bull., 34(3) : 134-136. Hagen, K. S. 1946. Occurrence of Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull in California. Pan-Pac. Entomoh, 22(2) : p. 73. Hanson, A. J., E. C. Carlson, E. P. Breakey and R. L. Webster. 1948. Biology of the cabbage seedpod weevil in northwestern Washington. State Coll. Wash., Pullman, Bull. 498, 15 pp. Heinrich, C. 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae, p. 47. US Nat. Mus. Bull., 207, 581 pp. McKenzie, H. L. 1951. Present status of the kuno scale, Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana, in California. Calif. Dep. Agr. Bull., 40(3) : 105-109. Metcalf, C. L. and W. P. Flint. 1962. Oriental fruit moth, pp. 763-765, in Destructive and Useful Insects. 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1087 pp. Middlekauf, W. W. 1949. The omnivorous leaf tier in California. J. Econ. Entomol., 42(1) : 35-36. Simmons, P., W. D. Reed and E. A. MacGregor. 1931. Fig insects in California. US Dep. Agr. Circ., 157 : 56-61. Summers, F. M., L. C. Brown, J. H. Foott and J. L. Quail. 1956. Flare-up of oriental fruit moth. Calif. Agr., 10(1) : 6. Wade, W. H. 1961. Biology of the navel orangeworm, Paramyelois transitella (Walker) on almonds and walnuts in northern California. Hilgardia, 31(6) : 129-171. Extended Diapause in Coloradia pandora Blake (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) V. M. Carolin, Jr. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture Portland, Oregon The pandora moth, Coloradia pandora Blake, is a periodic pest of pine forests in western United States. It is one of the largest defoliating insects in North America and an obvious food source for many forest dwellers, including man; Aldrich (1921) and Essig (1934) have documented its use by Indian tribes. Principal hosts are ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., Jeffrey pine, P. jeffreyi Grev. & Balf., and lodgepole pine, P. contorta Dougl. Larvae feed in fall, overwinter, and feed again in spring in an exposed position on pine branches. Pupae are formed in early summer in loose mineral soil at a depth of 1 to 5 inches where they overwinter. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 19-23. January 1971 20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Damaging infestations were at first recorded only for southcentral Oregon and eastcentral California. In an Oregon outbreak during 1918-26, subsequent damage to ponderosa pine stands caused by bark beetles (genus Dendroctonus ) was far greater than the primary damage by the defoliator (Patterson, 1929) . In 1937-39, an extensive outbreak occurred in northcentral Colorado, the first recorded in the Rocky Mountains, and around 4,000 lodgepole pines died as a result of the defoliation (Wygant, 1941). In 1959-66, small outbreaks occurred in Oregon, California, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah; the Rocky Mountain outbreaks were of longest duration (Carolin and Knopf, 1968) . Outbreaks have occurred only in areas of loose soils, such as those formed from pumice or decomposed granite. After studying an outbreak in Oregon’s Klamath County, Patterson (1929) stated “The generations of Color adia -pandora are biennial, the life cycle of the species covering a period of exactly two years. . . .” He observed that flights occurred in the even-numbered years in this particular area, although “a few stragglers departed from the cycle of the main broods and emerged in the odd years.” Wygant (1941), studying an outbreak in Colorado, also found major flights in the even years but noted that a small proportion of the pupae remained in the soil through two winters, with adults emerging the following summer. Massey 1 estimated this holdover population in the same outbreak as “apparently less than 5 percent.” In recent widespread series of flare-ups, occasional deviations from the even-year flight patterns were evident. In 1961, numerous moths were collected at light traps in the Custer National Forest, Wyoming (Terrell, 1962) . In 1962, both second-year larvae and adults were reported in an infestation along the Colorado-Wyoming border (U. S. Forest Service, 1963). Then, in 1964, surveys of pupal density in June and September in the Sequoia National Forest, California, revealed many unemerged pupae remaining after moth flight, indicating either a population holdover until the third year or high mortality in the pupal stage. 2 In 1965, an off-year flight occurred on the Winema Forest near Chemult, Oregon (Orr, 1966) . On the basis of these reports and a study still in progress, Carolin and Knopf (1968) concluded that in some areas at least, a substantial part of the generation remains in the soil for two years and some individuals for three and four years. Flexibility in the life cycle of the pandora moth is now apparent from 1 Unpublished M. A. thesis, “The Pandora Moth ( Coloradia pandora Blake), a Defoliator of Lodgepole Pine in Colorado.” Duke Univ., Durham, N. C. 1940. 2 Insect Evaluation Report, U. S. Forest Service, California Region, 1966. JANUARY 1971] CARO LIN— DIAPAUSE IN COLORADIA PANDORA 21 the record by Aldrich (1921), which noted large larvae in the Mono Lake, California, area only in even-numbered years. It is further sup- ported by unpublished records, 3 beginning in 1957, which show major flights occurring in odd-numbered years in the Mt. Laguna area of southern California and a similar incidence in 1937 for a locality near Prescott, Arizona. 4 These various deviations from the normal periodicity in flight years could have significant impacts on survival of the pandora moth, damage to host trees, and abundance of animals that feed on this insect. Insight into variation in population behavior, specifically in regard to pupal diapause and moth emergence, has been obtained from a 5-year study of a sample of pandora moth pupae collected near Chemult, Oregon, on 25 August 1964. A large moth flight, occurring as expected in an even-numbered year, was just ending. Two of our entomologists, R. L. Furniss and R. G. Mitchell, were visiting the area and on inspira- tion dug into the soil to search for unemerged pupae. A total of 168 unemerged pupae was collected with little difficulty and turned over to the author for analysis as to viability and survival. Methods At the start, obviously dead pupae were discarded and, over a period of two months, seven apparently sound pupae were dissected anteriorly to determine viability as indicated by pulsing of the aorta. The remain- ing pupae were placed on moist soil in sturdy cardboard boxes, over- wintered in a large open shed at Portland, Oregon, and brought into a basement laboratory room early the following summer (1965) for moth emergence. The boxes were stacked on a frame in a muslin-covered cage with a sliding screened door; the soil and pupae were moistened at approximately 7-day intervals. A single, overhead bulb provided continuous subdued illumination, and laboratory temperatures ranged from 21° to 25°C. over the 2-month holding period. Three weeks after the last moth emerged, apparently dead pupae were dissected and remaining pupae were returned to the outside shed. This procedure was repeated through the summer of 1969. Results Most of the pupae proved to be holdovers, and some emergence occurred every summer for five consecutive years. After initial dis- 3 Summary of Pandora Moth Detection Records, California Region, dated 8 March 1967, and provided by U. S. Forest Service, Division of Timber Management, San Francisco, California. 4 Personal communication from George R. Struble, Research Entomologist, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. 22 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Table 1 . Emergence of Coloradia pandora from holdover pupae collected near Chemult, Oregon, in August 1964. Pupae in rearing Adults emerging Pupae dissected Year Males Females Living Dead 1964 168 Number 7 11 1965 150 19 8 0 13 1966 110 26 15 2 9 1967 58 4 9 0 0 1968 45 5 16 0 5 1969 19 2 8 1 8 Totals 168 56 56 10 46 sections in 1965, 150 apparently sound pupae remained. From this number of pupae, 112 adults were reared and 38 pupae were dissected or broken open to verify obvious or suspected mortality. One pupa remained alive after emergence ended in 1969 but was dissected. The sex ratio of adults obtained was equal for the 5-year period, with 56 males and 56 females emerging. However, males predominated in the first two years, when emergence was heaviest; and females pre- dominated in the next three years. The incidence of female emergence increased from around 30 percent in 1965 to around 80 percent in 1968 and 1969. Data are summarized in Table 1. No attempt was made to mate insects in 1965, but in 1966 and 1967 some females were mated and laid fertile eggs. In 1968, male and female emergence intermeshed, and it was assumed that mating would take place without stimulation, such as exercising the males. However, no mating occurred. In 1969 only two males were available for mating; one was crippled at emergence and the other emerged when no females were available. Oviposition from 1966 and 1967 matings appeared normal. Four gravid females in 1966 laid an average of 77 eggs, and two gravid females in 1967 laid an average of 118 eggs. Most of the eggs hatched, and larvae fed normally on pine foliage provided them. Another female in 1967 found a mate after it had laid infertile eggs, and five of 14 eggs subsequently laid proved fertile. Discussion and Conclusions Diapause of pandora moth pupae collected after moth flight in 1964 lasted as long as five years, with a single living pupa going into its JANUARY 1971] CAROLIN — DIAPAUSE IN COLORADIA PANDORA 23 sixth year in diapause. Since the age of these pupae was unknown when collected, the duration of diapause could be six years or longer. Diapause under field conditions could be further extended by lack of suitable soil temperatures for physiogenesis. In studies on Saturnia pyri Schiffer- miiller, Rivnay and Sobrio (1967) found that termination of diapause and activation of physiogenesis took place within a restricted tempera- ture range. Some emergence of pandora moth must take place every year. And, in so-called “flight years,” the adults must stem from pupae of different ages. The majority, however, are probably from pupae which have been in the soil one year, as indicated by earlier observers. These results indicate that pupal density surveys to estimate adult populations will overestimate these populations in flight years and fail to consider off-year flights. Until more is known about the diapause components in different populations, correction factors should be determined by rearing overwintered pupae found in the surveys to estimate percent emergence for the coming summer. Literature Cited Aldrich, J. M. 1921. Coloradia pandora Blake, a moth of which the caterpillar is used as food by Mono Lake Indians. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 14: 36-38. Carolin, V. M., Jr., and J. A. E. Knopf. 1968. The pandora moth. U. S. Forest Serv. Forest Pest Leafl., 114, 7 pp. illus. Essig, E. 0. 1934. The value of insects to the California Indians. Sci. Mon., 38: 181-186. Orr, P. W. 1966. Oregon and Washington. In Forest insect conditions in the United States — 1965. U. S. Forest Serv., pp. 7-12. Patterson, J. E. 1929. The pandora moth, a periodic pest of western pine forests. U. S. Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull., 137, 20 pp., illus. Rivnay, E., and G. Sobrio. 1967. The phenology and diapause of Saturnia pyria Schiff. in temperate and subtropic climates. Z. Angew. Entomol., 59 pt. 1: 59-63. (Abstract in Rev. Appl. Entomol., 57: 245.) Terrell, T. T. 1962. Northern Rocky Mountain States. In Forest insect con- ditions in the United States — 1961. U. S. Forest Serv., pp. 13-15. U. S. Forest Service. 1963. Central Rocky Mountains. In Forest insect condi- tions in the United States — 1962, pp. 15-17. Wygant, N. D. 1941. An infestation of the pandora moth, Coloradia pandora Blake, in lodgepole pine in Colorado. J. Econ. Entomol., 34(5) : 697-702. 24 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vol. 47, NO. 1 A New California Species of Silis 1 (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) Kenneth M. Fender Linfield Research Institute McMinnville, Oregon 97128 The interesting little Silis, herein described, was taken on a collecting trip in the San Bernardino Mountains by Frank M. Beer, Oregon State University, and me in 1969. The excellent revision of the genus by J. W. Green in 1966 permits the ready recognition of almost any male, except those in which Green himself admitted difficulties with species complexes. The terminology utilized here will follow pretty much that of Mr. Green. Silis (Silis) greeni Fender, new species (Figs. 1-4) Black. Pronotum pale rufous, explanate anterior and anterolateral margins paler; head in front of antennae and basal two antennal segments testaceous beneath; thorax pale rufous beneath; pubescence cinereous, depressed, fine, short and inconspicuous. Length 5 mm. Male. — Length : width ratio about 2.75 : 1. Antennae slender, filiform, nearly as long as body, intermediate segments about four times as long as wide, vestiture short and decumbent. Pronotum (Fig. 1), anterior process broad, elevated, some- what backwardly extended, with small marginal indentation towards outer side; excision of lateral margin narrow; apical margin of posterior process shallowly concave. Genitalia (Figs. 2 — 4) . Dorsal plate not emarginate, apically rounded; laterophyses short, acute, abruptly turned up near apices, not very conspicuous, not extending beyond apical margin of dorsal plate when viewed from above; basophyses concealed in type. Female. Unknown. Holotype male, Seven Oaks, San Bernardino County, California, 5,250 ft., 27 June 1969, collected by F. M. Beer and K. M. Fender, in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. This species is most closely related to S. arizonica Van Dyke and S. fenestrata Van Dyke. From each of these it may be separated by the broad, somewhat backwardly extended anterior process with a small indentation towards the outer side. The anterior process has a narrow backward extension without an indentation towards the outer side in S. arizonica and S. fenestrata. The laterophyses are conspicuous and extend beyond the apical margin of the dorsal plate when viewed 1 This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant: GB-6283X. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 24-25. January 1971 JANUARY 1971] FENDER — A NEW SILIS 25 Figs. 1-4. Silis ( Silis ) greeni Fender, holotype. Fig. 1. pronotum, dorsal view. Fig. 2. male genitalia, ventral view. Fig. 3. same, lateral veiw. Fig. 4. same, dorsal view. from above in S. arizonica and S. fenestrata. The male of S. fenestrata has the pronotum pale fulvous with all margins black. This species is named for Mr. J. W. Green in acknowledgment of his fine work with the Lycidae, Lampyridae and Cantharidae. Literature Cited Green, J. W. 1966. Revision of the Nearctic species of Silis (Cantharidae: Coleoptera). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 32(16): 447-513; 65 figs. 26 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Two New Species of Chrysurct from Western North America (Hymenoptera : Chrysididae) Donald S. Horning, Jr. Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand The following two species are described to make the names available for biological studies now in progress on nearctic Chrysurct. 1 The more unfamiliar terms and ratios used in the descriptions, or those which need precise definition are: Coarse puncture: large puncture, usually at least 0.40 times midocellus breadth. Dense puncta- tion (spacing) : punctures nearly contiguous. Fine puncture: very small puncture, usually less than 0.20 times midocellus breadth. Head length: maximum length from vertex to anterolateral corner of clypeus (Fig. 10, HEL) . Head width: maximum width in front view (Fig. 10, HEW). Least interocellar distance: shortest distance between inner margins of lateral ocelli (Fig. 10, GID). Least interocular distance: least distance between inner margins of compound eyes (Fig. 10, LID). Length: maximum length with head vertical, clypeus to apical margin of tergite III. Malar space: shortest distance between bottom of compound eye and mandibular articulation (Fig. 10, MS). Medium puncture: average size puncture, about 0.30 times midocellus breadth. Moderate punctation (spacing) : punctures separated by about one puncture diameter. Ocellocular distance: least distance from inner margin of compound eye to lateral ocellus (Fig. 10, OOD). Scapal basin: in general, the area beginning a short way below midocellus, between compound eyes, and above antennal sockets. Scape: length of first antennal segment measured in dorsal view. Sparse punctation (spacing) : punctures separated by an average of two or more puncture diameters. Subantennal distance: distance from bottom of antennal socket to lower clypeal margin (Fig. 10, SAD). Width: maximum distance at posterior margin of tergite I. The shape of the inner, apical, and outer margin of the cuspis (Fig. 6 a-c) and the gonostyle (Fig. 7 a-c) are of fundamental importance in the definition of male Chrysura. The digitus (Fig. 6 d) is nearly uniform in the nearctic species, both in length and the number of tooth- like projections. For this study, the genitalia were cleared in hot five per cent potassium hydroxide for ten minutes, dehydrated with absolute 1 Part of a dissertation, Biosystematics of the Nearctic Chrysura with a Consideration of Related Palearctic Forms (Hymenoptera : Chrysididae) , submitted to the University of California, Davis, as a partial fulfillment for the Ph.D. degree, 1969. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 26-32. January 1971 JANUARY 1971] HORNING — TWO NEW CHRYSURA 27 alcohol, transferred to xylene, mounted on slides, with the aedeagus flattened, and with the gonostyle separated from the cuspis and digitus. The mean of the ratios, and the standard deviation of the mean for the series examined follows the ratio for the holotype, i.e., head 1.2 (x = 1.2 ± 0.04) times broader than long. The length and width of specimens varies considerably, but the length-width ratio is relatively constant. Chrysura crescentis Horning, new species Male. — Length 3.7 mm (2.5-5.0 mm, x = 4.0 mm, n = 7), width 0.9 mm (0.8-1.2 mm, x = 1.1). Light bluegreen on vertex, green on scapal hasin and face venter; sternite II with two elongate, noncontiguous dark violet spots (Fig. 1) ; legs blue-green, tarsi reddish-brown; flagellomeres I— III green dorsally; wings uniformly subfuscous except darker marginal cell; scapal basin with scattered light brown semi-erect hair, long erect brown hair on vertex and sides of head, similar hair on thorax, whitish on abdomen. Punctures of head and thorax moderate, of two sizes: larger ones on vertex, sides of head, pronotum, and metanotum, medium and nearly touching; smaller punctures on frons and face below compound eyes more separated; abdomen with dense punctation, nearly equal, but more separated on posterior margin of tergite II; tergite III with very fine, dense punctures behind pit row. Head 1.0 (x := 1.0 ± 0.06) times broader than long; head width 1.9 (x rr 1.9 ± 0.06) times least interocular distance; scape 2.5 (x = 2.4 ± 0.12) times and ocellocular distance 1.4 (x = 1.8 ± 0.29) times least interocellar distance, respectively; flagellomere I 1.9 (x = 2.0 ± 0.14) times as long as II in dorsal view, 1.2 (x 1.1 ± 0.18) times as long as malar space; subantennal distance 1.8 (x 1.8 ± 0.24), and malar space 2.4 (x =r 2.8 ± 0.30) times midocellus breadth, respectively; scapal basin with a small median vertical carina (Fig. 10) , limited above by a prominent, rounded brow just above midpoint of compound eyes, as seen in an oblique lateral frontal view; propodeal teeth distinct, oblique, not hooked at ends; hind femur somewhat elongate, 3.3 (x = 3.1 ± 0.19) times its greatest width. Tergite II with a hardly developed longitudinal carina, extending into tergite I; tergite III, in profile, sloping evenly to transverse row of pits, with median pits deeper and somewhat elongate, lateral pits smaller; pits not confluent; apical margin a smooth crescent (Fig. 12) ; sternites II, VIII, and genitalia (Figs. 1, 3-4, 6-7). Female. — Length 3.8-5.0 mm (x rr 4.2 mm, n = 6), width 0.9-1. 1 mm (x = 1.0 mm). Color, vestiture, and punctation similar to males. Flagellomere I 1.1 ± 0.04 times as long as malar space; malar space 2.6 ± 0.08 times midocellus breadth. Spots on sternite II nearly absent; thorax generally darker blue, abdomen of some specimens dark violet dorsally; tergite IV green to golden, exerted in all specimens examined. Variation. — The elongate spots on sternite II range from distinct to nearly absent due to the lack of pigmentation. The vertical median carina on the scapal basin is absent in some specimens. The green on the lower part of the scapal basin may have golden highlights. 28 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vol. 47, NO. 1 9 JANUARY 1971] HORNING — TWO NEW CHRYSURA 29 This species may be distinguished from other nearctic Chrysura by the unusually slender form, the fine, even punctation on the abdominal tergites, the elongate and somewhat pointed third tergite, its crescent shaped apical margin (Fig. 12) , and the reduced pit row. Material examined. — 7 males, 6 females. Collection data as given below extend from 29 March (Samuel Springs, Napa Co., California) to 8 July (Tanbark Flat, Los Angeles Co., California) . Holotype male, (UCD) Johnsdale (2 mi. e.), Tulare County, California, 27 April 1964, on Ceanothus sp. (C. A. Toschi). Paratypes. — California: Los Angeles Co.: Altadena, 4 April 1911, (USNM) ; Big Tujunga Canyon, 11 April 1953, (LACM) ; mountains near Claremont (CORN) ; Santa Susana Pass, 4 June 1961, (M. E. Irwin, UCD) ; Tanbark Flat, 8 July 1950, (B. J. Adelson, UCD), 22 June 1950, (J. W. MacSwain, CIS). Mariposa Co.: Miami Ranger Station, 9 June 1942, (UCD). San Benito Co.: Pinnacles National Monument, 24 April 1948, (J. W. MacSwain, CIS). San Luis Obispo Co. : La Panza Camp, 25 April 1968, (P. A. Opler, CIS) . Range. — Foothills of central and southern California in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. Floral records. — Ceanothus sp., Rhus diversiloba. Biology. — No host known. Chrysura boharti Horning, new species Male. — -Length 7.0 mm (5. 5-8. 5 mm, x zz: 7.5, n zz 13), width 2.4 mm (1.9— 3.1 mm, x = 2.6 mm). Light green with scattered golden reflections; sternite II with two medium size, median dark spots (Fig. 2) ; legs green; first tarsal segment green dorsally, remaining segments dark reddish-brown; flagellomeres I— II greenish dorsally, remaining flagellomeres dark reddish-brown; wings uniformly subfuscous except fuscous marginal cell; scapal basin with scattered, white erect hair, more abundant on vertex, similar hair on rest of body, semi-erect and shorter on abdomen. Punctures of head medium, median area of clypeus with coarser moderate punctures, fine dense punctures laterally and below antennal sockets; pronotal punctures coarse, intermixed with finer ones, medium and moderate on scutum, coarse, nearly touching punctures on scutellum and metanotum; abdomen with medium, moderate punctures, slightly coarser on tergite I. Head 1.2 (x zz 1.2 ± 0.04) times broader than long; head width 2.0 (x zz 2.0 ± 0.06) times least interocular distance; scape 2.7 (x zz 2.5 ± 0.20) times and ocellocular Figs. 1-9. Chrysura crescentis n. sp. Figs. 1, 3-4, 6-7. Fig. 1. Sternite II. Fig. 3. Sternite VIII, typical form. Fig. 4. Sternite VIII, variation from Big Tujunga Canyon, Los Angeles Co., California. Fig. 6. Left digitus (d) and cuspis (a zz inner margin, b zz apical margin, c zr outer margin) of male genitalia. Fig. 7. Right gonostyle (a zz inner margin, b zz apical margin, c zz outer margin). Chrysura boharti n. sp. Figs. 2, 5, 8-9. Fig. 2. Sternite II. Fig. 5. Sternite VIII. Fig. 8. Left digitus and cuspis of male genitalia. Fig. 9. Right gonostyle. 30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Figs. 10-13. Chrysura crescentis n. sp. Figs. 10, 12. Fig. 10. Male, front view of head. Fig. 12. Male, tergite III. Chrysura boharti n. sp. Figs. 11, 13. Fig. 11. Male, front view of head. Fig. 13. Male, tergite III. distance 1.3 (x =: 1.3 dt 0.05) times least interocellar distance, respectively; flagellomere I 2.0 (x = 2.0 ± 0.16) times as long as II in dorsal view, 1.6 (x rr 1.7 ± 0.15) times as long as malar space; subantennal distance 1.5 (x = 1.7 ± 0.19), ocellocular distance 2.0 (x = 2.3 ± 0.17), and malar space 1.8 (x = 1.9 ± 0.17) times midocellus breadth, respectively; scapal basin nearly flat, with a small median carina (Fig. 11), with very faint cross striae below ocelli, brow not prominent; propodeal teeth distinct, oblique, ends rounded as viewed dorsally; hind femur elongate, 3.3 (x =: 3.1 ± 0.12) times its greatest width. Tergite III sloping evenly to transverse row of irregular, very small pits, some contiguous especially medially; apical margin arcuate, no median indentation (Fig. 13) ; sternites II, VIII, and genitalia (Figs. 2, 5, 8-9) . Female. — Length 7.2-9. 5 mm (x = 8.1, n = 11), width 2.3-3.1 mm (x r= 2.6 mm) . Similar to males. Flagellomere I 1.6 ± 0.09 times as long as malar space; malar space 2.2 ± 0.14 times midocellus breadth. Color more green blue with less golden reflections except on face; flat golden green shiny spot JANUARY 1971] HORNING TWO NEW CHRYSURA 31 above antennal sockets; vertex hair light brown. Tergite III arcuate but more pointed medially; punctures on pit row more evident than for males, but still indistinct. Variation. — Some specimens are entirely medium green with no golden highlights. The tegulae may be light green or may have a dark blue to purple spot. The large, dark spots on sternite II vary in intensity but they are always distinct. The metanotum is distinctly to moderately conical. This species can be separated from other Chrysura by the distinctly arcuate third tergite and near absence of pits on the pit row. It can be best separated from the closely related C. pacifica (Say) by the malar space being 1.9 times the midocellus breadth (2.5 times in C. pacifica ) . The male genitalia closely resemble those of C. pacifica. However, in C. boharti , the cuspis has a characteristic bend (Fig. 8) and the apical margin of the gonostyle is broad (Fig. 9), with no definite indentation as in C. pacifica. Material examined. — 15 males, 12 females. Collection data as given below extend from 25 May (Hansen, Twin Falls Co., Idaho) to 23 July (Bannock Pass, Lemhi Co., Idaho) . Holotype male, (UCD) Crooked Creek Laboratory, 10,150 ft., White Mountains, Mono County, California, 23 June 1961, (J. Powell) . Paratypes. — California: Lassen Co.: Hallelujah Junction, (D. R. Westrom, UCD) ; county only, 4 June 1913, (F. W. Nunemacher, CAS). Mono Co.: Crooked Creek Laboratory, 10,150 ft., White Mountains, 20-29 June 1953, (J. W. Mac- Swain, UCD, CIS, CNC) , (G. W. Frankie, UCD, CIS), 23 June 1961, (J. S. Buckett, UCD), 26 June 1961, (J. Powell, UCD), 26 June 1961, (G. I. Stage, CIS), 16 July 1961, (W. A. Foster, CIS). Nevada Co.: Sagehen Creek near Hobart Mills, 23 June 1962, (M. E. Irwin, UCD), 9 July 1954, (J. A. Powell, UCD). Idaho: Butte Co.: Craters of the Moon National Monument, 15 July 1957, (A. R. Gittins, IDAHO). Lemhi Co.: Bannock Pass, 23 July 1965, (R. L. Westcott, IDAHO); Meadow Lake — Gilmore (6 mi. w.), 20 July 1964, (R. L. Westcott, IDAHO). Twin Falls Co.: Hansen, 26 May 1929, light trap, (USNM). Utah: Cache Co.: Logan, 5 June 1952, (G. E. Bohart, E. A. Cross, UCD). Kane Co.: Navajo Lake — 9,000 ft., 19 June 1940, (R. M. Bohart, UCD). Washington: Lincoln Co.: Sprague, 20 June 1920, (M. C. Lane, USNM). Wyoming: Albany Co.: Foxpark — 9,100 ft., 15 June 1920, (UCD). Canada: British Columbia: Copper Mountain, 29 June 1928, (G. Stace-Smith, CNC). Range. — C. boharti has been collected at somewhat forested, higher elevations in the western United States and Canada. It appears to be principally a Great Basin species. Floral records. — Achillea sp., Viola sp. Biology. — No host known. 32 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 I take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. R. M. Bohart, University of California, Davis, who has contributed to our knowledge of Chrysidi- dae. Acknowledgment s Material has been examined and deposited in the following institu- tions: California Academy of Sciences (CAS) ; University of California at Berkeley (CIS) ; Canadian National Collection, Ottawa (CNC) ; Cornell University (CORN) ; University of Idaho, Moscow (IDAHO) ; Los Angeles County Museum (LACM) ; United States National Mu- seum (USNM) ; University of California at Davis (UCD) . I appreciate the help of Mr. R. 0. Schuster and Miss Susan K. Senser who gave assistance in the preparation of the illustrations. A Synopsis of the Nearctic Species of Antichaeta Haliday with One New Species (Diptera : Sciomyzidae) T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth 1 University of California College of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Riverside We refer the North American species of Antichaeta to black forms (our designation) and the “yellow forms” of Steyskal (1960) as follows: The black forms (A. johnsoni (Cresson), A. melanosoma Melander, A. canadensis (Curran) ) are the dominant species east of the Rocky Mts., and the “yellow forms” (testaceous is more accurate) (A. fulva Steyskal, A. borealis Foote, A. testacea Melander, A. robiginosa Mel., and A. vernalis Fisher and Orth 2 n. sp.) are the dominant repre- sentatives of the genus from the Rocky Mts. to the Pacific Ocean. Steyskal (1960: 25) based his interpretation of the phylogeny of the “yellow forms” in part on the status of the anterior surstyli. We have seen males of all five “yellow forms” and agree that these structures are lacking in A. fulva. However, both left and right anterior surstyli are present in the four remaining species. 1 Specialist and Laboratory Technician, respectively. 2 Fisher and Orth hereafter abbreviated F. & O. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 32-43. January 1971 JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA 33 Five of the eight species of Antichaeta known to occur in North America have been collected only above 40° N. Latitude. 3 * * The southern- most record known in California is that of A. testacea from the Laguna Mts., San Diego Co., approximately 15 miles north of the Mexican border, 33° N. Latitude. Antichaeta testacea is the most widespread and numerous species collected in California, approximately 300 speci- mens have been collected since 1962. It occurs the length of the state and has been taken from sea level to 7,000+ feet elevation. Antichaeta vernalis and A. robiginosa (except for an isolated male labelled Wood- lake, Calif., approximately 36° 30 7 N. Latitude) occur north of 39°. Antichaeta borealis was collected only once in extreme northeastern California. A few reference specimens of most species were loaned to us by L. Y. Knutson (United States National Museum) and B. A. Foote (Kent State University, Kent, Ohio) . Our assessment of these specimens along with published keys and descriptions were used to formulate a key based on reasonably constant gross (external) characters by which the eight North American species can be separated. Determina- tions can be confirmed by examination of the male postabdomen at 40-70X magnifications following excision and light boiling in 10% KOH. The bicolored character of the 3rd antennal segment is most pro- nounced in A. borealis and A. fulva , less so in A. robiginosa and A. testacea , and least in A. vernalis. In the testaceous (“yellow”) species, females are commonly more intensely colored than the males. The eighth and last sterna are also helpful in distinguishing females, but are not highly reliable characters. The aristal plumosity, i.e., length of longest aristal hairs, which grades from rather long, as in A. robiginosa (Fig. 6) and A. testacea , to short in A. vernalis (Fig. 7) is more reliable. Lengths of longest aristal hairs of A. borealis and A. fulva fell between the extremes and in that order. On the basis of characters of the immature as well as adult stages, Knutson (1966: 72) considered H emitelopteryx brevipennis (Zett.) as congeneric with Antichaeta analis Meigen, the type species of Antichaeta Haliday. This corroborated the work of Steyskal (1960) who had transferred H emitelopteryx johnsoni to Antichaeta (subgenus Par anti- chaeta) . 3 Six species of this holarctic genus have been described from northern and central Europe, the southernmost being A. analis (Meigen) from Lake Balaton, Hungary (47° N. Latitude)' — -(Knutson, 1966:73). 34 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vol. 47, NO. 1 Key to the Nearctic Species of Antichaeta 1. Scutellum with 2 bristles. 1 pair dc. Head and palpi black; 1 pair fo; antennae yellowish, aristal hairs short, dense, black. Thorax testaceous; dorsum with 2 broad blackish stripes joined at anterior margin. Fore coxae whitish; legs yellowish, except for black fore tibiae and tarsi. Abdomen blackish brown. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Ontario. [Cresson, 1920: 51; Steyskal, 1960: 19] johnsoni (Cresson) Scutellum with 4 bristles. 2 pairs dc. 2 2. 1 pair fo. Head: frons and palpi black; anterior and ventral margins of eyes with whitish-pruinose border; antennae yellowish, aristal hairs short, dense, black. Thorax black; forelegs black distad of middle of femur, basal half of fore femur and middle and hind legs yellowish except for brownish 4th and 5th tarsal segments. Abdomen black. Michigan, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Ontario, Quebec, Utah, Wisconsin. [Melander, 1920: 318; Steyskal, 1960, Fig. 1] melanosoma Melander 2 pairs fo. 3 3. Head: frons blackish, anterior margin extensively to slightly yellow; medifacies black to yellow; anterior fo one-half to two-thirds length posterior fo; palpi brown to black; antennae yellow; aristal plumosity short, dense, black. Thorax black. Forelegs black distad of middle of femur; basal portion of fore femur and middle and hind legs yellowish except for brownish 4th and 5th tarsal segments. Abdomen black. Alberta, Maine, Manitoba, Michigan, North Dakota, Ontario, Saskatche- wan, Wisconsin. [Curran, 1923: 277; Steyskal, 1960: 20, Fig. 8] canadensis (Curran) Head yellow to testaceous; aristal hairs black. Thorax and abdomen mostly testaceous; dorsum with 2 narrow brown median vittae bordered by broader, pruinose stripes; legs yellowish to testaceous, 4th and 5th tarsal segments brownish, forelegs infuscated (tibia and tarsus black in A. borealis female). Females usually more intensely pigmented than males, (“yellow forms” of Steyskal, 1960) 4 4. Anterior fo approximately half length posterior fo. Antenna testaceous, 3rd segment blackish on apical half, more or less; aristal plumosity short, sparse (longest hairs average length 0.073 mm; range of 2 specimens 0.070 mm-0.075 mm). Abdomen brown, infuscated; male andrium and terminal segments of female testaceous. Idaho, New York. [Steyskal, 1960 : 20, Figs. 2^4] fulva Steyskal Anterior and posterior fo nearly equal in length 5 5. Thoracic dorsum mostly testaceous 6 Thoracic dorsum mostly cinereous blue _ 7 6. Antenna testaceous, 3rd segment blackish on apical half, more or less; aristal plumosity sparse, somewhat longer than in A. fulva (longest hairs average 0.095 mm; range of 3 specimens 0.090 mm-0.100 mm). Distal portion of foretibia and entire tarsus black in female, infuscated in male, as in other “yellow forms.” California, Idaho, Montana, Ohio, New York. [Foote, 1961: 161-2, Fig. 1] borealis Foote JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH — NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA 35 Antenna testaceous; 3rd segment lightly tinged with black on apical half, more or less; aristal plumosity sparse, long (as in A. robiginosa ) (longest hairs average 0.116 mm; range of 15 specimens, 0.112 mm-0.127 mm). Abdomen testaceous, mottled; andrium uniformly testaceous. California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah. [Melander, 1920: 318; Steyskal, 1960, Figs. 5-7] testacea Melander 7. Antenna testaceous; 3rd segment usually tinged with black on apical half, more or less, occasionally only lightly tinged with brown; aristal plumosity, long, sparse (Fig. 6) (longest hairs average 0.129 mm; range of 16 speci- mens, 0.120 mm-0.142 mm). Thorax testaceous; dorsum with 2 narrow brownish vittae bordered by much broader pruinose cinereous-blue vittae. Sides of thorax whitish-pruinose, except for upper half of pro-, meso-, and pteropleuron. Male postabdomen, Figs. 1-4; female terminalia, Fig. 5. California, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Nova Scotia (Stone, et al., 1965: 688). [Melander, 1920: 317] robiginosa Melander Apical half to two-thirds of 3rd antennal segment at most lightly tinged with brown; aristal hairs sparse, short (Fig. 7) (longest hairs average 0.062 mm; range of 7 specimens 0.055 mm-0.067 mm). Thoracic dorsum as in A. robiginosa ; female, sides of thorax pruinose, cinereous-blue; upper third of pro-, meso-, and pteropleuron testaceous. Lateral coloration not as pronounced in male, similar to male of A. robiginosa. Male post- abdomen, Figs. 8-11 ; female terminalia, Fig. 12. California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington (see section on variant) vernalis Fisher and Orth, n. sp. Descriptions The original description of Antichaeta robiginosa Melander was based on a single female labelled 3-Forks, Montana, 1 August 1918 (Melander, 1920) [Three Forks, Gallatin Co.]. A male labelled Roberts, Marion Co., Oregon, 5 March 1940 (coll. R. E. Rieder) assumed to be this species, was figured by G. C. Steyskal (1960, Figs. 10-11) and those drawings formed our concept of the species until late May 1969. During a survey of the family Sciomyzidae in California, 4 a form which did not fit the published descriptions of species of Antichaeta was collected. We considered it to be a new species and the first draft of the present paper was prepared in that context. However, after L. V. Knutson compared Melander’s holotype female and several male specimens of A. robiginosa in the collection of the United States Na- tional Museum with drawings of our proposed new species, he (cor- respondence with R. E. Orth, 27 May 1969) concluded that our presumed “new species” actually was A. robiginosa and that Steyskal (1960) had inadvertently figured our vernalis. 1 University of California, Agriculture Experiment Station Project No. 2037. 36 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 We have seen the specimen from Roberts, Oregon, that Steyskal figured, and it fits our concept of A. vernalis. Antichaeta robiginosa and A. vernalis n. sp. are closely similar in gross aspect. Consequently, a photo only of A. robiginosa is shown (Fig. 13) . The original description of A. robiginosa is insufficient to separate it from closely related species. Accordingly, we are redescribing the species on male characters, and are designating a neallotype male. Antichaeta robiginosa Melander Neallotype male. — Head. Frons subshiny, yellowish except for shiny meso- and parafrontal stripes and very narrow whitish-pruinose stripes bordering eyes. Occiput in oblique view (looking directly down onto frons) with brown median area bordered by two elongate whitish-pruinose spots; ochraceous laterally. Face strongly pruinose, medifacies and oral margin largely yellow, parafacies whitish. Palpi testaceous. Antennae testaceous; first segment very small; second bowl- shaped, shorter than high; third compressed, ovoid, nearly twice as long as high; first and second segments lightly pruinose; third segment pubescent, apical % to % tinged with black; arista black, plumose (Fig. 6). Two pairs of fronto- orbital bristles; anterior pair approximately 0.75 length of posterior pair. Thorax. Testaceous laterally; pleura heavily pruinose below, lightly so above; sternopleura and hypopleura darkened, pruinosity silvery. Dorsum with two parallel brownish vittae, bordered by broader pruinose cinereous-blue vittae; testaceous and pruinose laterally. Scutellum brownish. Forelegs brownish, partially infuscated; mid- and hind femora and tibiae ochraceous, tarsi lightly ochraceous, fourth segment partially infuscated, terminal segment wholly infuscated. Halters testaceous. Wing, 5.0 mm. Abdomen. Testaceous, mottled; andrium uniformly testaceous. Postabdomen as figures 1-4. Wing length, 11 $ — 4.8 mm-5,5 mm (average 5.2 mm). Female. — Color as male. Wing length, 7 $ — 5.2 mm-5.5 mm (average 5.3 mm). Terminalia as in figure 5. Neallotype male.- — Collected two miles south of Alturas, Modoc Co., California, elevation 4,300 feet, Latitude 41° 28' North, Longitude Fig. 1-4. Antichaeta robiginosa Melander. Allotype, male. U.S.A., Calif., Shasta Co., 5% mi- NW/Anderson, 480 feet elev., 24 May 1967 (T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth), AS-571. Fig. 1. Postabdomen, posterior view, inverted; Fig. 2. Postabdomen, dextral view; as, anterior surstylus. Fig. 3. Postabdomen, sinistral view; as, anterior surstylus. Fig. 4. Fifth sternum. Fig. 5. Antichaeta robiginosa Melander. Female. U.S.A., Calif., Modoc Co., 2 mi. S/Alturas, 4,300 feet elev., 6 June 1967 (TWF & REO), AS-593. Terminal sterna. Fig. 6. Antichaeta robiginosa Melander. Female. U.S.A., Calif., Mendocino Co., 2 mi. N/Willits, 1,330 feet elev., 12 June 1966 (TWF & REO), AS-482. Dextral antenna. Fig. 7. Antichaeta vernalis. Paratopotype, female. U.S.A., Calif., Mendocino Co., 2 mi. N/Willits, 1,300 feet elev., 11 April 1967 (R. A. Shippey, U. C. Agr. Ext.). Dextral antenna. JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH NEARCTIC ANTIC HAETA 37 5 7 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 120° 32' West approximately, 10 June 1966 (T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth) Field Accession No. AS-463. Distribution. — California : Inyo Co, : 1 $ , Deep Springs Lake, Buckhorn Springs, 5,000 feet, 16 April 1966 (F. & O.), AS-413. Mendocino Co.: 1 2,2 mi. north of Willits, 1,330 feet, 16 May 1966 (R. A. Shippey) ; 1 $ , 2 2 , 12 June 1966 (F. & 0.), AS-482 ; 2^,11 April 1967 (R. A. Shippey); 2 $, 23 April 1968 (F. & O.), AS-669 (Fig. 13). Modoc Co.: 2 mi. south of Alturas, 4,300 feet, 1 10 June 1966 (F. & O.), AS-463; 12,6 June 1967 (F. & O.), AS-593; 1 $, 3 mi. north of Eagleville, 4,640 feet, 10 July 1968 (F. & O.), AS-703; 1 2, north of Likely, 4,400 feet, 8 June 1966 (F. & O.), AS-453; 1 $, Willow Ranch, 4,700 feet, 9 June 1966 (F. & O.), AS-460. Mono Co.: 1 2, Mono Lake, 21 July 1911 (J. M. Aldrich coll., det. L. V. Knutson, USNM). Shasta Co.: 1 $, south of Redding, Mosquito Abatement District Headquarters, 480 feet, 24 May 1967 (F. & O.), AS-571. Tulare Co.: 1 $, Woodlake, in rotary trap, 24 May 1947 (no collector given, U. C. Berkeley). Montana: 1 2, Holotype, 3-Forks, (Three Forks, Gallatin Co.) 1 August 1918 (A. L. Melander, USNM). Oregon: Lake Co.: 12,9 mi. south of Lakeview, 4,750 feet, 8 August 1968 (F. & O.), AS-748. Lane Co.: 1 2, west of Eugene, 400 feet, 8 August 1968 (F. & O.), AS-739. Wasco Co.: 1 £ , 13 mi. north of Warm Springs, Hwy 26, 2,600 feet, 18 June 1969 (R. E. Orth), AS-790. Washington: King Co.: Seattle, 3 $ (no date, J. M. Aldrich coll., det. L. V. Knutson, USNM). Deposition of neallotype and additional material.— Neallotype and four specimens, United States National Museum; four specimens, California Academy of Sciences; seven specimens, Department of Ento- mology, University of California, Riverside. Antichaeta vernalis Fisher and Orth, new species Anticliaeta robiginosa, Steyskal 1960, figs. 10-11 (not Melander 1918; mis- identified) . Coloration and morphology as stated for A. robiginosa except as follows: Holotype male. — A ntenna, apical % of third segment at most lightly tinged with brown; arista dark brown, hairs black, short (not plumose). Tarsi, lightly infuscated. Wing, 5.0 mm. Postabdomen as in figures 8-11. Allotype female. — T horax, approximate upper % of meso- and pteropleura and most of propleuron testaceous, pruinose cinereous-blue below. Wing, 5.2 mm. Terminalia as in figure 12. Holotype male, 2 mi. north of Willits, Mendocino County, Cali- fornia, Hwy 101, 1,330 feet elevation. Latitude 39° 27' North, Longi- Fig. 8-12. Antichaeta vernalis Fisher and Orth, n. sp. Holotype. Fig. 8. Postabdomen, posterior view, inverted. Fig. 9. Postabdomen, dextal view. Fig. 10. Postabdomen, sinistral view. Fig. 11. Fifth sternum. Fig. 12. Allotype: terminal sterna. JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH — NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA 39 11 40 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 tude 123° 21' West, 23 April 1968 (T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth), field accession number AS-669. Allotype female, same locality, 24 April 1968 (F. & 0.), AS-671. Paratopotypes. — 1 S , 1 May 1967 (R. A. Shippey, genitalia only — specimen mutilated beyond repair) ; 2 2 , 11 April 1967 (R. A. Shippey) ; 1 2 , 23 April 1968 (F. & 0.), AS-670. Paratypes. — California: Plumas Co.: 1 $, 1 2, Rock Creek, Hwy 36 (40° 20' N., 121° 06' W.) 4,900 feet, 8 June 1966 (F. & O.), AS-451. Oregon: Marion Co.: 1 $, Roberts, 5 March. 1940 (R. E. Rieder). Other material. — Idaho: 1 2, Moscow Mt., 10 August 1924 (A. L. Melander). Oregon: Marion Co.: 1 2, Turner, 8 March 1942 (R. E. Rieder). [Rieder (Personal correspondence with T. W. Fisher, 18 November 1969) fixed his collec- tion localities as Roberts, approximately 5 miles southwest of Salem on River Road, and Turner, approximately 10 miles southeast of Salem — both distances as measured from the center of the city.] Washington: 1 2, Mirror Lake, (Whatcom Co. ?), 26 June 1941, Bishopp, No. 29135, Lot No. 41-13667 (Yates and Knipling; J. M. Aldrich collection, det. L. Y. Knutson, USNM) . Variant. — The male and female (wing lengths, 4.4 mm and 4.5 mm, respectively) from Rock Creek, Plumas Co., California, not only are smaller than the other paratypes, but their coloration is very similar to that of A. robiginosa. Short aristal hairs and terminalia appear to be identical to A. vernalis. The name of the new species is derived from the latin vernalis (= of, or belonging to spring) and alludes to the season when this species was most often collected. Deposition of type material. — Holotype and allotype, California Academy of Sciences, CAS No. 10208. The male paratype from Roberts, Oregon, was returned to Oregon State University. Field Observations The neallotype male of A. robiginosa was collected in the Modoc Na- tional Wildlife Refuge, two miles south of Alturas. The roadside ditches along Highway 395, which transects the refuge, were the usual collecting sites. This location is at the western fringe of the Great Basin bio- coenose at approximately 4,350 feet elevation on the west side of the Warner Mountains. It is part of a broad, flat, marshy valley which is drained by the South Fork of the Pit River. In Modoc Co. 25 of the 44 species of Sciomyzidae known to occur in California were found. A total of 6 A. robiginosa occurred in 5 of 51 samples collected with a D-Vac suction collector and with aerial-sweep nets near Alturas during a four-year period. In these 51 samples, 5 A. testacea and 1 A. borealis were collected in 2 and 1 samples, respectively. A. robiginosa accounted JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA 41 Fig. 13. Antichaeta robiginosa Melander, male. U.S.A., Calif., Mendocino Co., 2 mi. N/Willits, 1,330 feet elev., 23 April 1968 (TWF & REO), AS-669. for two percent of the population of sciomyzid flies in samples in which it occurred. Although an uncommon species itself, considering all areas collected, A. robiginosa occasionally occurs with other species of Antichaeta. A. robiginosa and A. borealis occurred together in a marshy meadow on the east side of the Warner Mountains, 3 miles north of Eagleville, 4,640 feet elevation (41° 20 / N., 120° 08' W.). At Buckhorn Springs near Deep Springs Lake, Inyo Co., 5,000 feet elevation (37° 21' N., 118° 00' W.), A. robiginosa and A. testacea have been collected only on separate dates, indicating a possible difference in seasonal activity. In Mendocino Co. at the A. vernalis type locality, A. robiginosa and A. vernalis occur in the same marshy pasture along Highway 101 two miles north of Willits. In the Alturas area a curious distributional rela- tionship of A. robiginosa and A. testacea was observed. Antichaeta robiginosa but not A. testacea was collected along Highway 395 between Alturas and Likely, 18 miles to the south, and A. testacea but not A. robiginosa was collected approximately 8 miles west of Alturas along 42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Highway 299. Close similarities of elevation, habitat, and snail fauna throughout this area apparently mask the • critical factors which are responsible for the separation of these two species. Although A. 7 -obiginosa presently is found mainly well above 1,000 feet elevation and above 40° North Latitude, its previous distribution probably covered a much broader geographic range, including much of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California. This is indicated by the fact that a single male was collected near Redding, Shasta Co., 450 feet elevation (40° 39' N., 122° 24' W.) , at the northern end of the Sacramento Valley, and that the first, and southernmost specimen of A. robiginosa we saw was a male collected at Woodlake, Tulare Co., California, 24-V-1947 (36° 26' N., 119° 07' W.). This locality, at 450 feet elevation, is near the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains well toward the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. Several attempts were made to collect A. robiginosa in this area without success, but A. testacea was fairly common. A. robiginosa probably no longer occurs in the Woodlake area for one or more reasons. Drainage and reclamation projects associated with agricultural development of the valley, which has been continuous from approxi- mately 1850 to the present, may have forced A. robiginosa toward the foothills into a more restricted habitat. There it had to compete with an established and presumedly superior ecological homologue, A. testacea. The species might also have been eliminated from the area by the mosquito control program which began in 1922 when the Delta Mosquito Abatement District (Tulare Co.) was formed. A specimen of A. robiginosa was taken in 1947 at which time chlorinated hydro- carbons were in vogue. In the 1950’s these pesticides were replaced by organo-phosphates for mosquito control work. During the five- year period 1964 through 1968, an annual average of 1,266 pounds of liquid ethyl parathion and 6,883 pounds of liquid Baytex (pounds of actual toxicants) were applied to aquatic habitats in the 712 square miles comprising this single district. There are 60 such districts in California (Anon. 1965-69), and currently, attempts are being made to expand the use of biological or ecological methods of mosquito control in their programs. If this trend persists, perhaps in time certain species may reappear in the urban or suburban aquatic habitats. The extent of this former habitat may be surmised from diaries of early expeditions and travelers which describe a vast marsh extending north and south from the Stockton area, requiring a trip of hundreds of miles to go around it. The “vast marsh” implies a habitat which probably included mud banks and hummocks, much of which was JANUARY 1971] FISHER & ORTH — NEARCTIC ANTICHAETA 43 covered with thatches of dead vegetation under which hygrophilous snails could thrive — just as they do today in marshy habitats. Although there is no laboratory data to confirm the biologies of A. robiginosa or A. vernalis, they are probably dependent on hygroph- ilous snails or their eggs, e.g., Succineidae, for oviposition sites and development of first-instar larvae which is the case with A. testacea (Fisher and Orth, 1964). Snails of the family Succineidae were present at all sites where A. robiginosa and/or A. vernalis were collected. These snails were especially abundant at Alturas, Willits, and Deep Springs. Acknowledgments The guidance and critique of L. V. Knutson, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, throughout the preparation of this paper is very much appreciated. Figures 1-12 were drawn by R. E. Orth; Figure 13, photo by E. B. White, UCR. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1965-1969. Year Book(s), California Mosquito Control Associa- tion, Inc., Visalia, California. Approximately 54 pp. each. Cresson, E. T., Jr. 1920. A revision of the Nearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera, Acalyptratae) . Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 46: 27-89, 3 pis. Curran, C. H. 1923. New cyclorrhaphous Diptera from Canada. Can. Entomol., 55: 271-279. Fisher, T. W. and R. E. Orth. 1964. Biology and immature stages of Antichaeta testacea Melander (Diptera : Sciomyzidae) . Hilgardia, 36(1): 1-29. Foote, B. A. 1961. A new species of Antichaeta Haliday, with notes on other species of the genus. (Diptera : Sciomyzidae) . Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 63(3) : 161-164. Knutson, L. V. 1966. Biology and immature stages of malacophagous flies: Antichaeta analis, A. atriseta, A. brevipennis, and A. obliviosa (Diptera : Sciomyzidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 92: 67-107. Melander, A. L. 1920. Review of the Nearctic Tetanoceridae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 13(3) : 305-332. Steyskal, G. C. 1960. The genus Antichaeta Haliday, with special reference to the American species (Diptera : Sciomyzidae) . Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett., 45: 17-26. Stone, A., C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote, and J. R. Coulson. 1965. A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Dep. Agr., Agr. Handb., No. 276, 1696 pp. 44 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 A Redesciption of the Scorpion Vejovis crcissimcinus Pococlc (Scorpionida : Vejovidae) Stanley C. Williams Department of Biology, San Francisco State College San Francisco, California In 1898, R. I. Pocock described nine North American species of scorpions belonging to the genus Vejovis in a brief, but important, paper. One of these, Vejovis crassimanus Pocock, has caused con- siderable confusion even though it supposedly occurs in the Texas scorpion fauna. Examination of the cotypes used in the original de- scription of this species revealed that Pocock apparently based his description on two specimens, one he thought to be a male, the other he thought to be a female. Study of these two specimens further revealed that they are both female specimens, but each represents a distinct and different species of Vejovis. To clarify this problem, the specimen which Pocock apparently believed to be the male, and upon which most of the description was based, is here redescribed and designated as the lectotype of Vejovis crassimanus Pocock. The second specimen appears to belong to the “eusthenura” group of Vejovis and appears to be closely related to Vejovis coahuilae Williams. Thanks are gratefully acknowledged to D. J. Clark, of the Department of Zoology, British Museum of Natural History, for arranging the loan of the type specimens used in this study, and to C. A. Steketee for clerical assistance. This study was partially supported by the National Science Foundation through research grant GB 7679. Vejovis crassimanus Pocock (Figs. 1, 2) Diagnosis. — Large species of Vejovis belonging to the “p unc tip a lpi” group. Coloration: more or less uniform yellow with faint underlying dusky markings on carapace; fingers reddish. Metasoma with inferior median keels smooth to crenulate on segment I, crenulate to serrate on II to IV; inferior lateral keels of segment I crenulate to serrate, serrate on II to V. Ventral surface of vesicle smooth, lustrous, with about five pairs long hairs. Pedipalps with movable finger shorter than carapace length, palm distinctly swollen, fingers unscalloped. Very closely related to Vejovis cazieri Williams in structure from which it differs in the following characteristics: lacks pair of longitudinal stripes on the mesosomal dorsum; vesicle not as hirsute (with about five pairs of conspicuous hairs, not with about 30 pairs of conspicuous hairs) ; tarsomeres less hirsute; metasoma with inferior median keels not set with long conspicuous hairs (each segment with three pairs of hairs in V. cazieri) ; chela narrower than metasomal The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47 : 44-47. January 1971 JANUARY 1971] WILLIAMS — SCORPION REDESCRIPTION 45 Figs. 1 and 2. Vejovis crassimanus Pocock, lectotype female (S. C. Williams). Fig. 1. Dorsal view. Fig. 2. Ventral view. segment I width. Also related to Vejovis mexicanus C. L. Koch and Vejovis granulatus Pocock, but V . crassimanus distinguished from V. granulatus by lack of distinct longitudinal stripes on mesosomal dorsum and by more swollen pedipalp palms. Distinguished from V. mexicanus by relatively shorter movable finger of pedipalp, which is distinctly shorter than carapace (not equal to, or longer than, carapace) . Lectotype female. — Coloration. — Color pattern somewhat obscured by poor preservation. Uniform yellow with faint indication of underlying faint dusky markings on dorsum of carapace and mesosoma. Pedipalp fingers reddish. Carapace. — Lateral eyes three per group; median eyes on raised ocular tubercule; carapace surface coarsely granular. Mesosoma. — Tergites coarsely granular; two pairs of serrate lateral keels on last tergite. Sternites smooth and lustrous; one pair crenulate keels on last sternite. Stigma long oval. Metasoma. — Dorsal and dorso-lateral keels serrate on segments I to IV, each keel ends posteriorly in very slightly enlarged tooth on segments I to III. 46 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Table 1 . Measurements (in millimeters) of Vejovis crassimanus Pocock, lectotype established by S. C. Williams. Lectotype (female) Total length 55.0 Carapace, length 7.6 (approx.) width (at median eyes) 6.0 (approx.) Metasoma, length 26.6 segment I (length/width) 3.7/3.7 segment II (length/width) 4.3/3.6 segment III (length /width) 4.4/3.5 segment IV (length/width) 5. 8/3.4 segment V (length/width) 8.4/3. 2 Telson, length 7.8 Vesicle (length/ width) 5. 2/2.8 depth 2.6 Aculeus, length 2.6 Pedipalp Humerus (length/width) 5. 5/2.0 Brachium (length/width) 6.0/2. 4 Chela (length/ width) 11.3/3.6 depth 3.8 movable finger, length 6.5 fixed finger, length 4.6 Pectines teeth (left/right) 15/15 Dorsolateral border of segment V irregularly crenulate. Inferior lateral keels of segment I crenulate to serrate, serrate on II to V. Inferior median keels smooth to crenulate on segment I, crenulate to serrate on II to IV, serrate on V. Inferior intercarinal spaces of segment V essentially smooth with a few scattered granules. Telson . — Ventral surface smooth and lustrous; with about five pairs of long hairs almost approximating aculeus length. Chelicerae . — Inferior surface of movable finger completely lacking denticles. Pedipalps . — Palm of chela well swollen inwardly, keels well developed and smooth to granular. Fingers short. Internal margin of fingers not scalloped, internal borders essentially meet along entire length when chela closed. Standard Measurements . — Table 1. Type data. — Vaejovis crassimanus Pocock, 1898, (lectotype female, S. C. Williams), “San Diego, Texas, 1889, William Taylor.” Type depository, British Museum of Natural History. Lectotype in poor physical condition. Metasoma disarticulated be- JANUARY 1971] LABERGE NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA 47 tween second and third segments, large piece of carapace loose, anterior border of carapace almost completely missing, one pedipalp missing, chelicerae in separate vial, walking legs with most tarsomeres missing. Base color appears darkened due to poor preservation. Literature Cited Pocock, R. I. 1898. The scorpions of the Genus Vaejovis contained in the collec- tion of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist., ser. 7, 1: 394-400. A New Subgenus of Andrena Found in California and Oregon (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) Wallace E. LaBerge Illinois Natural History Survey, JJrbana 61801 The three species included in Nemandrena were brought to the at- tention of the author by R. W. Cruden, University of Iowa, who found they are important pollinators of Nemophila menziesii H. & A. (Hydro- phyllaceae) (Cruden, in press). Two of the bees were undescribed and the third was known only from the holotype. The bees form a rather unique natural grouping meriting subgeneric recognition and are of special interest because of the convergence in the form of their mouth- parts with other Andrena , as described below. One of the three species has the pronotum with humeral angles and ridges much as in the Opandrena- Andrena s. str.-Belandrena group of subgenera. The other two species lack even a trace of these angles and ridges and seem to be related to Melandrena (= Gymnandrena) . The presence of this pronotal character in a species of a subgenus generally characterized by the lack of the humeral angle is known in several subgenera, i.e., Diandrena, Hesper andrena, Callandrena. It seems that the three species in question are most closely related to the T ylandrena- Melandrena group of subgenera. The subgenus Nemandrena can be recognized readily in both sexes by the extremely narrow, pointed galeae, a character shared with Belandrena Ribble (1968a), A. ( Micrandrena ) lamelliterga Ribble (1968b), Scoliandrena and, perhaps, a few other Andrena. The Nemandrena galeae, however, are dulled by fine, regular tessellation, whereas the other forms with small galeae have shiny galeae which The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 47-57. January 1971 48 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 are at most very delicately shagreened. In addition, the labral process of the male of N emandrena is uniquely horned, as described below, and the mesoscutum of the female is sculptured with extremely fine, longi- tudinal rugulae, also a unique Andrena character. The short, narrow, pointed galea is presumably an adaptation to the chief nectar and pollen plants visited by these bees. The three species of N emandrena, two species of Belandrena and A. (Micr andrena) lamelliterga all seem to he oligolectic on plants of the family Hydrophyl- laceae, in particular species of Nemophila and Phacelia. The narrow galeae of these three groups of bees are then a functional convergence formed by an adaptation to the same or related plants, as the three groups of bees are not closely related to one another. The Scoliandrena, also with narrow galeae although somewhat wider than in the other three groups, seem to be more closely related to the Nemandrena. At least these two subgenera both appear to have been derived from the Tylandrena-Melandrena stock and they resemble one another in the lack of tergal pale fasciae and in the long, spinelike, simple hairs of the front coxae. However, the small Scoliandrena galeae were produced as an adaptation to the narrow-tubed boraginaceous flowers of Cryptantha to which they are oligolectic. Also, the small Scoliandrena galeae differ markedly from those of N emandrena by bearing numerous, short, hooked hairs, presumably used for pulling pollen from deep within the corolla tube of Cryptantha. The subgeneric and specific descriptions given below follow the form and use of terms defined in papers bearing on a monographic revisional study of the Western Hemisphere species of the genus Andrena previously published by the author (1964, 1967, 1969) . Nemandrena LaBerge, new subgenus Type species. — Andrena torulosa LaBerge. Medium-sized bees; facial quadrangle distinctly broader than long; eyes with inner margins parallel; vertex above lateral ocellus equals one to one and one-half ocellar diameters; labial palpus normal; maxillary palpus longer than galea by last two palpal segments when extended; galea extremely narrow, short and acutely pointed; labral process triangular; clypeus relatively flat, with a low, rounded, subapical, shiny boss; malar area linear; genal area in profile one and one-half times as broad as eye or broader. Pronotum with or without humeral angle and dorsoventral ridge; propodeum with dorsal enclosure finely tessellate, rugulae, if present, extremely short and confined to extreme base. Tergal integu- ment finely and obscurely punctate, surfaces reticularly shagreened or finely tessellate. Hind tibial spur normal. Pterostigma about as broad as from inner margin prestigma to anterior wing margin; with three submarginal cells; vein 1st m-cu meets second submarginal cell slightly before middle of cell. Vestiture JANUARY 1971] LABERGE NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA 49 variously colored; terga without trace of apical pale fasciae; sterna with single row of subapical, extremely long, plumose hairs but not forming a dense sub- apical fimbria. Female. — -Facial fovea shallow, extending to below lower margins of antennal sockets, well- separated from compound eye especially in lower half, separated from compound eye especially in lower half, separated from lateral ocellus by at least one ocellar diameter; labrum below process with a strong, transverse, shiny sulcus ending at each apicolateral angle of labrum in a raised, acute process directed apically and slightly laterally, without cristae; subgenal coronet present, well developed. Mesoscutum between parapsidal lines to posterior margin with longi- tudinal, parallel, extremely fine rugulae and dense tessellation; middle basitarsus not broadened medially; tibial scopal hairs simple, rather short; trochanteral flocculus complete, well formed; propodeal corbicula complete anteriorly with abundant internal simple hairs. Pygidial plate without internal raised triangular area. Male. — Clypeus and parocular areas black; labral process with a strong apicomedial horn on surface almost as long as process; mandibles not decussate, femalelike; first flagellar segment at least twice as long as second. Mesoscutum with fine rugulae as in female but much less distinct and usually reduced to short rugulae on declivous posteromedian area. Sterna 2-5 without dense subapical fimbriae; sternum 6 not reflexed apically. Gonohase with ventral-median processes extremely thin and long. Andrena (Nemanclrena) torulosa LaBerge, new species This small gray species can be told from the other two species of N emandrena by the presence of a strongly developed humeral angle and dorsoventral ridge on the pronotum in both sexes. If this character were overlooked, A. torulosa would be extremely similar to A. crudeni whose description follows, but differs from A. subnigripes by the paler vestiture of the metasoma and legs. So similar are A. torulosa and A. crudeni that one wonders whether or not the complicated-looking, pronotal character difference could not be produced by a single Mende- lian locus with a dominant gene producing one or the other condition. No intermediates have been found and there seems to be complete geographic separation between the two species. It is hoped that giving both forms specific status will keep the problem from becoming lost in the literature. Female. — Measurements and ratios. — N = 20; length, 9-11 mm; width, 3.0- 3.5 mm; wing length, M = 3.65 ± 0.110 mm; FL/FW, M rz 0.88 ± 0.003; FOVL/FOVW, M = 3.17 ± 0.050. Integumental color. — Black except as follows: tips of mandibles rufescent; flagellar segments 3- or 4-10 dark brown below; wing membranes hyaline, veins dark reddish-brown; terga 2-4 with apical areas slightly hyaline; sterna 2-5 with apical areas hyaline; distitarsi slightly rufescent; tibial spurs testaceous. 50 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Structure . — Antennal scape length equal to flagellar segments 1-3 plus three- fourths of segment 4; flagellar segment 1 as long as segments 2 plus 3 plus three- fourths of 4, segment 2 about equal in length to 3 and each shorter than 4, segments 2 and 3 about as long as broad or shorter, 4-10 longer than broad. Eyes each about four times as long as broad, inner margins parallel. Malar space linear, width of base of mandible equals about 5.5 times minimum length of malar space. Mandible short, in repose extending beyond middle of labrum by about one-fifth its length. Galea dull, tessellate, short, extremely narrow and pointed. Maxillary palpus extends beyond tip of galea by last two segments; segmental ratio about 1.0:1.0:1.0:0.8:0.5:0.7. Labial palpus with first segment slightly curved; segmental ratio about 1.0:0. 7:0. 5:0.6. Labral process triangular, depressed medially near apex and with a small median protuberance just basad of depression or with a distinct median longitudinal rugula with a small lateral concavity on either side near apex (holotype of first type) ; labrum apical to process with a strong transverse shiny sulcus. Clypeus relatively flat, with a distinct median subapical shiny boss, lateral to boss gibbous subapically, remainder with large, crowded punctures but extremely shallow and obscured by fine dense tessellation. Supraclypeal area sculptured like clypeus but punctures smaller. Genal area in profile as broad as one and one-half times eye width, surface dulled by minute, relatively sparse punctures and coarse reticular shagreening. Vertex short, above lateral ocellus equal to one ocellar diameter or slightly more, surface opaque, dulled by dense regular tessellation and small sparse punctures. Face above antennae with fine longitudinal rugae, interrugal spaces dulled by fine reticular shagreening. Facial fovea short, narrow, extends to just below lower margins antennal sockets, separated from lateral ocellus by one ocellar diameter or more, well separated from margin of compound eye. Pronotum with well-formed humeral angle, triangular in lateral view, and dorsoventral ridge not crossed by an impressed oblique suture; surface tessellate, area behind dorsoventral ridge slightly roughened. Mesoscutum between parapsidal lines except in anterior third with extremely fine, close-set, longitudinal rugulae, with minute obscure punctures separated mostly by one to two puncture widths or more, surface opaque, dulled by fine regular tessellation. Scutellum similar but without rugulae or these short and evanescent. Metanotum dulled by close-set minute punctures and dense tessellation. Propodeum with dorsal enclosure smooth, tessellate, with a few extremely short rugulae at base; dorsolateral and posterior surfaces with distinct sparse punctures and surface coarsely tessellate; corbicular surface coarsely tessellate, punctures extremely sparse. Mesepisternum with fine shallow punctures obscured by fine dense tessellation. Pterostigma about as broad as from inner margin prestigma to anterior wing margin; vein 1st m-cu meets second submarginal cell at or before middle of cell. Metasomal terga with apical areas indistinct, basal areas with small punctures separated mostly by one to two puncture widths, more crowded on terga 2 and 3 than on 1 and 4, apical area punctures sparse; punctures obscured by coarse, irregularly and finely reticulate shagreening. Pygidial plate V-shaped with rounded apex, without raised internal triangular area, with strongly curved rows of close-set coarse punctures (unless worn). Sterna 2-5 with narrow impunctate apical areas, basal areas with crowded punctures in apical halves, impunctate basally, surfaces moderately dulled by fine reticular shagreening. JANUARY 1971] LABERGE — NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA 51 V estiture . — Generally cinereous but vertex and facial foveae with brown hairs, terga 5 and 6 brown medially, tarsi with outer surfaces at least partly brown, hind tibiae with scopal hairs below basitibial plates and along posterior border brown, and fore and middle tibiae with outer surfaces brown at least in part. Fore coxae (and to a lesser degree middle coxae) with long, stiff, simple hairs. Terga without apical pale fasciae; sterna 2-5 with short hairs in basal areas and subapical fringes of extremely long, plumose hairs. Propodeal corbicula with moderately long, plumose hairs anteriorly, with abundant internal long simple hairs; tro- chanteral flocculus complete; tibial scopal hairs simple, relatively short (but along posterior margin at least as long as median width of tibia) . Male. — Measurements and ratios . — N = 16; length, 8-10 mm; width, 2-3 mm; wing length, M = 3.43 ± 0.196 mm; FL/FW, M - 0.81 ± 0.004; FS1/FS2, M = 2.33 ± 0.052. Integumental color . — Black except as follows: mandibles with tips rufescent; flagellar segments 2- or 3-11 reddish-brown to dark brown below; wing mem- branes hyaline, colorless, veins dark reddish-brown; terga 2-5 with apical areas slightly translucent; sterna 2-5 with apical areas hyaline or rufescent; distitarsi rufescent; tibial spurs testaceous. Structure . — Antennae moderately long, in repose reaching to metanotum; scape length equals first two and one-half flagellar segments or slightly more; flagellar segment 2 distinctly shorter than 3 and shorter than broad, segments 3-11 longer than broad. Eyes each about three and one-third times as long as broad, inner margins parallel. Malar space and galeae as in female. Mandible as in female but slightly longer. Maxillary palpus as in female hut segmental ratio about 0.7:1.0:0.9:0.8:0.7:0.7. Labial palpus as in female but ratio about 1.0:0.5:0.6:0.5. Labral process triangular with a prominent median horn half as long as length of process rising from surface subapically; apical part of labrum not strongly sulcate as in female. Clypeus broad, relatively flat with a prominent median shiny elevated boss, surface elsewhere dulled by crowded, extremely shallow punctures and fine, dense tessellation. Supraclypeal area, genal area, vertex and face above antennae as in female except genal area slightly broader, face above antennae with rugae weak especially near ocelli and vertex somewhat taller. Thoracic sculpturing as in female except mesoscutum with rugulae scarcely visible except in posterior declivity, much finer than in female and scutellum without evident rugulae. Wing venation as in female. Tergal sculpturing as in female except basal area punctures sparser (separated mostly by two to four puncture widths) and apical areas of terga 2-5 shinier, shagreening finer. Sterna 2-5 as in female but punctures extremely sparse. Sternum 6 with a broad, very shallow, apical emargination, subapically with a median, slightly protuberant, triangular knob; medially impunctate and dull to moderately shiny. Terminalia as figured (Figs. 1-5), note the following: falcate apical processes of gonocoxites; shape of volsellae; sternum 8 with apical area with short stout pointed hairs medially. V estiture . — Generally white to cinereous; clypeus with thick beard; terga without pale apical fasciae; sterna 2-5 without distinct subapical fimbriae but with a single transverse row of subapical, extremely long, plumose hairs (longest laterally) . 52 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Holotype female, 2.1 miles south of the Oakville Road on the Silverado Trail, Napa County, California, on Nemophila menziesii atomeria , 19 February 1967, by R. W. Cruden. Allotype, 2 2 and 3 $ paratypes same data as type. Additional paratypes include 230 2 and 15 $ as listed below. California: Humboldt Co.: Kneeland (16.3 mi. S.) : 1 2 on A. m. atomeria, 2 May 1965, R. W. Cruden. Lake Co.: Anderson Spring: 1 2, 30 March 1961, J. S. Buckett. Route 20 (2.1 mi. E. of Rte. 53) : 2 2 on N. m. menziesii, 26 April 1965, R. W. Cruden. Route 175 (2 mi. S. of Rte. 29) : 13 $ on N. m. menziesii, 30 April 1966, R. W. Cruden ; 19 2 on N. m. menziesii, 7 May 1966, R. W. Cruden ; 1 2 on A. m. menziesii, 5 May 1966, R. W. Cruden. Sawmill Flat, Bartlett Mt. : 2 2 on A. m. atomeria, 9 May 1965, R. W. Cruden. Marin Co.: Fort Baker: 1 2, 15 March 1925, C. L. Fox. Lake Lagunitas: 1 2 , 30 March 1961, D. Q. Cavagnaro, Woodacre: 1 $,17 March 1929, M. C. Van Duzee. Mendocino Co.: Mendocino Pass: 1 2 , 19 April 1948, R. M. Bohart. Ryan Creek: 1 2 , 17 April 1938, N. F. Hardman; 8 2 , 12 April 1941, N. F. Hardman; 3 2 , 13 April 1941, N. F. Hardman; 2 $ on Arctostaphylos sp., 26 March 1949, P. D. Hurd; 1 2 on Nemophila sp., 18 April 1954, R. Craig. Napa Co.: Chiles-Pope Valley Road (0.2 mi. N. of Rte. 128) : 1 2 on A. m. menziesii, 27 March 1965, R. W. Cruden. Monticello (11 mi. S.) : 8 2 , 20 March, 2 2, 25 March 1930, L. M. Smith; 2 2, 29 March 1956, E. A. Kurtz. Pope Valley (3.3 mi. S.) : 6 2 on A. m. liniflora, 16 April 1966, R. W. Cruden; 1 2 on Platystemon californica, 2 2 on A. m. menziesii, 8 2 on A. m. liniflora, 20 April 1966, R. W. Cruden; 1 2 on Limnanthes douglasii, 26 April 1966, R. W. Cruden ; 1 2 on P. californica, 8 2 on A. m. atomeria, 16 April 1967, R. W. Cruden. Silverado Trail (2.7 mi. S. of Oakville Road) : 5 2,1 $ on A. m. atomeria, 24 March 1967, R. W. Cruden. Sonoma Co.: El Verano (1 mi. S.) : 54 2,7 $ on Nemophila sp., 9 March 1967, R. W. Thorp, B. J. Donovan and R. Adlakha; 37 2 on L. douglasii, 29 March 1967, R. W. Thorp and B. J. Donovan; 22 2 on L. douglasii, 3 April 1967, R. W. Thorp and B. J. Donovan. Lichau Road (2.8 mi. E. of Pressley Road) : 1 2 on A. m. menziesii, 8 May 1965, R. W. Cruden. Triniti: 1 $,26 March 1937. Triniti Road (2.1 mi. E. of Cavedale Road) : 2 2 , 12 April and 3 2 24 April 1965, on A. m. atomeria, R. W. Cruden. A single female paratype was collected at Mark West Sprgs., California, on Nemophila sp., 23 April 1935, by E. P. Van Duzee, but the author has not been able to locate this site. Oregon: W ashington Co.: Forest Grove: 1 2,2 April, 1 $, 4 April and 2 2, 1 $, 6 April 1918, F. R. Cole; 1 $,23 March and 1 2 , 29 March 1919, L. P. Rockwood. The holotype and allotype are preserved in the collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Paratypes are deposited in the col- lections of The University of California at Berkeley and at Davis, the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, Professor P. H. Timberlake at Riverside, California, Dr. R. W. Cruden, Iowa City, Iowa, Oregon State University at Corvallis, Utah State University at Logan, the University of Kansas at Lawrence and the United States National Museum in Washington, D. C. JANUARY 1971] LABERGE — NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA 53 Figs. 1-15. Genital capsules (dorsal, ventral and lateral views) and sterna 7 and 8 of the following: A. torulosa (1-5), A. crudeni (6-10), and A. subnigripes (11-15). 54 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Andrena (Nemandrena) crudeni LaBerge, new species Andrena crudeni is almost indistinguishable from A. torulosa except for the fact that A. crudeni lacks completely the pronotal humeral angle and ridge in both sexes. Female. — Measurements and ratios. — N = 20; length, 9-12 mm; width, 2.5- 4.0 mm; wing length, M — 3.61 ± 0.102 mm; FL/FW, M - 0.86 ± 0.003; FOVL/FOVW, M = 3.22 ± 0.072. lntegumental color. — As in A. torulosa. Structure. — Structure and sculpture of head as in A. torulosa except as follows: maxillary palpus with segmental ratio about 1.0: 1.0: 0.7: 0.7: 0.6: 0.4; labial palpus with ratio about 1.0:0.6:0.4:0.6. Thoracic and metasomal sculpture and structure as in A. torulosa except pronotum completely lacks humeral angle and dorsoventral ridge, laterally pronotum rather evenly and finely tessellate. Vestiture . — As in torulosa but head with vertex and along inner margins compound eyes usually with abundant reddish-brown hairs. Male. — Measurements and ratios . — N 9; length, 8-10 mm; width, 2. 0-2. 5 mm; wing length, M = 3.32 ± 0.229 mm; FL/FW, M = 0.80 ± 0.008; FS1/FS2, M = 2.37 ± 0.087. lntegumental color . — As in A. torulosa. Structure. — Structure and sculpture of head as in torulosa except as follows: maxillary palpus with segmental ratio about 1.0 : 1.0: 1.0: 0.9: 0.7: 0.6 ; labial palpus with ratio about 1. 0:0.5 :0.4:0.4. Thoracic and metasomal structure and sculpturing as in A. torulosa except as follows: pronotum completely lacks humeral angle and dorsoventral ridge, surface finely and regularly tessellate; terminalia as figured (Figs. 6-10), note apical process gonocoxite longer, less falcate; sternum 7 broader at apex; shape of volsellae; sternum 8 lacking short stout hairs medially. Vestiture. — As in A. torulosa. Holotype female , 10 miles north of Caliente, Kern County, California, on Nemophila menziesii menziesii , 21 March 1965, by R. W. Cruden. Allotype, 2 2 and 2 $ paratypes same data as type. Addi- tional paratypes include 125 $ and 6 S from California, all collected by R. W. Cruden on Nemophila menziesii menziesii unless otherwise indicated. Amador Co.: Jackson (0.5 mi. S. on Rte. 49) : 1 2 , 17 April 1966. Calaveras Co.: Angels Camp (1.9 mi. S. at Rte. 49) : 3 2, 3 April 1965. Mokelumne River and Rte. 29: 1 2 , 29 April 1967. Mokelumne River and Rte. 49: 4 $,17 April 1966. Fresno Co.: Fresno (Shaw Avenue): 2 2, 2 $, 5 March 1957. Watts Valley (7 mi. W. of and near Watts Creek) : 25 2,3 $ , March 1967, on N. m. menziesii, John Weiler. Kern Co.: Caliente (10 and 11 mi. N.) : 22 2,1 <3,6 April 1966. Glennville (3.8 mi. N.) : 2 2 , 14 April 1965, on N. m. menziesii, R. A. Schlising. Granite-Glennville Road (8.8 mi. N.E. of Woody-Granite Rd.) : 2 2, 14. April 1965, on N. m. menziesii, R. A. Schlising. Lake Isabella (1 mi. W.) : 1 2 , 21 March 1969. Walker Basin (15.2 mi. N. of Caliente) : 4 2,6 April 1966. Madera Co.: Bass Lake Road (Rte. 432, 0.4 mi. S. of Rte. 222): 2 2 , 15 May JANUARY 1971] LABERGE NEW SUBGENUS OF ANDRENA 55 1967. Coarsegold (3.1 mi. N.E. at Rte. 41): 12 2 , 15 May 1967. Monterey Co.: Jolon (12.9 mi. S. on Jolon-Bradley Rd.) : 1 $ , 20 March 1965. Spring Road (1.7 mi. N.E. of Mission Rd.) : 3 2 , 19 March 1965. Nevada Co.: Route 49 (1.8 mi. N. of County line) : 1 2 , 24 April 1966. San Benito Co.: Lonoak Road (11.3 mi. E. of Rte. 101) : 3 2 , 19 March 1965. San Luis Obispo Co.: Palo Prieto Road (4.5 mi. S. of Rte. 466) : 1 2 , 26 March 1965. San Miguel (1.4 mi. E.) : 2 2 , 20 March 1965. Tulare Co.: Badger (2.9 mi. N.) : 1 2 , 15 April 1965, on N. m. menziesii, R. A. Schlising. Tuolumne Co.: Black Oak Road (3.5 mi. N. of Sonora-Tuolumne Rd.) : 4 2 , 13 May 1967, on Nemophila maculata, R. W. Cruden. Soulsbyville Road (0.5 mi. N. of Sonora-Tuolumne Rd.) : 5 2 , 13 May 1967, on N. maculata , R. W. Cruden. Standard Road (at Sonora-Tuolumne Rd.) : 3 2, 13 May 1967, on N. maculata, R. W. Cruden. Thell-Ward Ferry: 20 2 , 13 May 1967. A single female in the P. H. Timberlake collection, Riverside, Cali- fornia, bears no collection data. The paratypes are distributed to the same collections as listed for A. torulosa. The holotype and allotype are in the collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey. Andrena (Nemandrena) subnigripes Viereck Andrena ( Andrena ) subnigripes Viereck, 1916, Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Phila- delphia, 68: 581. Andrena ( Cryptandrena ) subnigripes: Lanham, 1949, Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 8: 223. This small, brightly colored species is closely related to A. crudeni. Like A. crudeni, it differs from A. torulosa by lacking the pronotal humeral angle and ridge. The female of A. subnigripes differs from that of A. crudeni by having the metasomal and leg hairs black and the thoracic hairs fulvous to fox-red. The male of A. subnigripes differs from that of A. crudeni by having black hairs on the last few metasomal segments and having dark ochraceous thoracic hair. Viereck’s (1916) original description of the A. subnigripes female is excellent. Female . — Measurements and ratios . — N rr 20; length, 10-12 mm; width, 3. 0-3. 5 mm; wing length, M zr 3.74 ± 0.099 mm; FL/FW, M rz 0.84 ± 0.003; FOVL/FOVW, M = 3.09 ± 0.050. Integumental color . — As in A. torulosa but terga not at all translucent apically and tibial spurs dark reddish-brown. Structure . — Head structure and sculpturing as in A. torulosa except as follows: maxillary palpus with segmental ratio about 1.0:1.0:0.9:0.7 :0.6 :0.7 ; labial palpus with ratio about 1.0:0.5:0.5:0.4. Thoracic and metasomal structure and sculpturing as in A. torulosa except pronotum completely lacks humeral angle and dorsoventral ridge, surface dull, finely and regularly tessellate and terga 1-4 with apical areas slightly shinier. V estiture . — Head hairs dark ochraceous to fulvous with dark brown hairs usually present on vertex and on all specimens along inner margins of eyes, on lower parts 56 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 of genal area, on mandibles and labrum, in facial fovea and a few dark brown hairs mixed with the paler hairs on clypeus especially apically. Thorax fulvous to bright fox-red above, fulvous on sides and a few dark brown hairs ventrally. Metasomal hairs black or blackish-brown except tergum 1 basally and tergum 2 at extreme base at sides; first two sterna with hairs often pale. Leg hairs black to dark brown except hind trochanteral flocculus ochraceous and usually some femoral hairs pale; fore coxae with long spinelike hairs dark brown. Hair form and pollen collecting hairs as in A. torulosa. Male. — Measurements and ratios. — N = 4; length, 9-10 mm; width, about 2.5 mm; wing length, 3.35-3.50 mm; FL/FW, 0.78-0.79; FS1/FS2, 2.00-2.50. Integumental color. — As in A. torulosa. Structure. — Head structure and sculpturing as in torulosa except as follows: maxillary palpus with segmental ratio about 0.9:1. 0:0. 9 : 0.9 :0.6 : 0.7 ; labial palpal ratio about 1.0:0.6:0.4:0.6. Thoracic and metasomal structure and sculpturing as in torulosa except as follows: pronotum completely lacks humeral angle and dorsoventral ridge, surface finely and regularly tessellate; terga 1-5 with apical areas shiny, shagreening extremely delicate; terminalia as figured (Figs. 11-15), note gonocoxites with apical processes less falcate; note shape of volsellae; sternum 8 with apical area with median hairs stout but not short as in torulosa. Vestiture. — Head and thoracic hairs ochraceous to pale fulvous. Metasomal hairs ochraceous except last three or four terga and sterna with dark reddish- brown hairs. Leg hair ochraceous except as follows: inner surfaces tarsi dark brown (hind) to reddish-brown (fore and middle) ; hind tibia with outer surface with some brown hairs along posterior margin and surrounding basitibial plate; middle tibia with outer surface with brown hairs at least apically. Type material. — The holotype female of A. subnigripes from South- ern California is in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences (No. 4018) . Distribution. — This species is known from only a few localities in California and the data is given below in full. Fresno Co.: Shaw Avenue east of Fresno. 37 2, 4 $, on Nemophila menziesii menziesii , 5 March 1967, R. W. Cruden. Tulare Co. : Strathmore. 12,1 April 1933, P. H. Timberlake. Acknowledgments I wish to thank Dr. R. W. Cruden for the generous loan of his many specimens collected during his studies of the plant genus Nemophila and also for allowing me to distribute paratypes of these unusual new bees to several museums. I wish also to thank Mr. John K. Bouseman (Urbana, Illinois), and Mrs. Ellen Larson (Chadron, Nebraska) for their skill in aiding in preparing the drawings for this paper. I am grateful to the National Science Foundation (Grant GB 7374) for continued support of a revision of the genus Andrena. JANUARY 1971] BRAGG — NEW PHAEOGENES 57 Literature Cited Cruden, R. W. Genecological studies of Nemophila menziesii H. & A. (Hydro- phyllaceae) . II. Pollination. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot., (in press ) . LaBerge, W. E. 1964. Prodromus of American bees of the genus Andrena (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) . Bull. Univ. Nebr. State Mus., 4: 279-316. 1967. A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part I. Callandrena. (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) . Bull. Univ. Nebr. State Mus., 7 : 1-316. 1969. A revision of the bees of the genus Andrena of the Western Hemisphere. Part II. Plastandrena, Aporandrena, Charitandrena. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 95: 1-47. Laniiam, U. N. 1949. A subgeneric classification of the New World of the genus Andrena. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 8: 183-238. Ribble, D. W. 1968a. A new subgenus, Belandrena, of the genus Andrena (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 41: 220-236. 1968b. Revisions of two subgenera of Andrena : Micrandrena Ashmead and Derandrena, new subgenus (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Bull. Univ. Nebr. State Mus., 8: 237-394. Viereck, H. L. 1916. New species of North American bees of the genus Andrena from west of the 100th meridian contained in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Philadelphia, 68: 550-608. A New Species of Phaeogenes (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) D. E. Bragg University of California, Davis A new species of Phaeogenes , tribe Alomyini of the subfamily Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) , was discovered during a study of the parasitoids of the artichoke plume moth, Platyptilia carduidactyla (Riley) (Lepidoptera : Pterophoridae) (Lange, 1950). As the new species, Phaeogenes cynarae , doesn’t conform well to the existing key for the Alomyini (Townes, et al ., 1965) , Dr. Henry Townes was kind enough to confirm the species as being in the genus Phaeogenes sensu lato , as compared to Phaeogenes in the strict sense. 1 This paper presents the description of Phaeogenes cynarae for the benefit of future workers in the ecology of the species and its host. 1 Personal communication, 9 December 1969. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 57-62. January 1971 58 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Fig. 1. Phaeogenes cynarae Bragg, Holotype: a. Clypeus; b. Right basal antennal segments; c. Areola; d. Dorsal view of mesoscutum showing notauli; e. Right hind coxa showing carina and secondary carinae; f. Postpetiole and second abdominal tergite showing sculpture; g. Tyloids of male (Allotype) antenna, flagellar segments 8-12. Phaeogenes cynarae Bragg, new species Female holotype. — Morphological Characters . — Gena only slightly impressed before the hypostomal carina; clypeus prominent with sparse setation, bell-shaped and apically thickened (Fig. la) ; basal segments of antenna quadrate, 1.5 X JANUARY 1971] BRAGG NEW PHAEOGENES 59 longer than wide (Fig. lb) ; areola longer than wide, truncate (Fig. lc) ; notauli weakly impressed (Fig. Id) ; transverse carina of hind coxa strongly raised with parallel secondary carinae (Fig. le) ; postpetiole sculptured with longitudinal striae (Fig. If) ; second abdominal tergite thyridia prominent with gastrocoeli impressed, and striae anterior to the thyridia (Fig. If). Length 9 mm. Coloration . — ’Head and thorax black; antenna red-brown, darkened near the apex; coxae and legs red; abdomen red-brown; postpetiole red-brown. Male allotype.- — Morphological Characters. — Like female except lacking carina on hind coxa; flagellar segments 8-12 with the tyloids occupying the length of the segments, long-oval in shape (Fig. lg). Length 12 mm. Coloration. — Frons, clypeus, and mouthparts lemon yellow; scape yellow anteri- orly; coxae and trochanters yellow; alary sclerites yellow; head and thorax black; legs red; postpetiole black; abdomen red. Variation in paratype series. — C oloration is the only variable noted. The females vary as follows; head and thorax black to light brown; the antenna may have flagellar segments 8-10 white; abdomen red to brown, with segments 6-7 rarely darkened; postpetiole black to red. The males may have the frons, clypeus, and mouthparts individually yellow or not; the alary sclerites yellow or not; the coxae and tro- chanters yellow or not; and the abdominal segments 6-7 rarely black. The range of length in females is 5-10 mm, and 5—12 mm in males. Holotype female , PROGENY OF A FEMALE COLLECTED IN SALINAS, Monterey County, California, 24 June 1969, D. E. Bragg. Allotype, progeny of same female as holotype. Paratypes (67 2, 78 <$). — California: Mono Co.\ Hilton Creek, $, 4 Sep- tember 1956, R. M. Bohart (UCD). Monterey Co.: Arroyo Seco Camp, $, 5 June 1958, R. M. Bohart (UCD); Castroville, 2 2 , 29 June 1937, W. H. Lange (USNM), 2, 8 July 1969, D. E. Bragg; Salinas, 2 2, ^ , 8 November 1968, 2 2 , 13 March, 2, 22 April, 44 2 , 52 <$,24 June (progeny of collected female, siblings to holotype and allotype) , 2 , $ , 15 July, 2 2,4 <$ , 12 August 1969, $, 2 March 1970, D. E. Bragg. Nevada Co.: Sagehen Creek, $, 23 August 1968, D. S. Horning (UCD) ; Scott’s Flat, 2 , 10 July 1968, 2 , 10 July 1969, D. E. Bragg. Plumas Co.: Antelope Valley, 2 <$ , 2 August 1969, D. E. Bragg. San Luis Obispo Co.: Arroyo Grande, $, 7 May 1930, ? (UCB), 2, ?, R. Van den Bosch H-13-1 (USNM). San Mateo Co.: Halfmoon Bay, 2,3 $, October, 3 2, November 1936, $, 5 April 1937, W. H. Lange (USNM); Pescadero, $, 25 October 1937, W. H. Lange (USNM). Connecticut: New Haven Co.: New Haven, $, 15 April ?, Mary Urban (USNM). Michigan: Monroe Co.: Monroe, $, 27 June 1931, L. G. Jones (USNM). Nebraska: Seward, 2 2 , 13 July 1955, C. Brand- horst (USNM). Oregon: Benton Co.: Corvallis, 2, 6 April 1928, H. A. Scullen (USNM); Douglas Co.: Diamond Lake, $, 23 July 1966, P. Rude (UCB). Washington: Pierce Co.: Paradise Valley, Mt. Ranier, $, 4 September 1932, J. F. Clarke (USNM). Other material seen. — California: Mendocino Co.: Hopland Field Station, 8, 13 July 1956, P. D. Hurd (UCB). Monterey Co.: Salinas, $, 22 April, 3 $, 24 June 1969, D. E. Bragg. Indiana: York, $ , 5 April 1931, L. G. Jones (USNM). 60 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Fig. 2. Phaeogenes ischiomelanus Wesmael: a. Clypeus; b. Right basal antennal segments; c. Areola; d. Right hind coxa showing carina and secondary carinae; e. Postpetiole and second abdominal tergite showing sculpture; f. Tyloids of male antenna, flagellar segments 6-10. Deposition of type material. — Holotype, allotype, all specimens noted as “(UCD)” above, plus twenty other paratypes, to the Museum, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis. All speci- mens noted as “(UCB)” above plus twenty other paratypes, to the California Insect Survey Collection, Department of Entomology, Uni- versity of California, Berkeley. All specimens noted as “(USNM)” above plus ten other paratypes to the U. S. National Museum. Twenty paratypes to the American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Michi- gan, and sixty-five paratypes retained by the D. E. Bragg private collection, currently located in Davis, California. Distribution. — Phaeogenes cynarae is a transition zone species associated with its host on plants of the genera Cirsium Miller and Cynara Linnaeus. Distribution seems to be limited more by favorable physical factors, especially available water and shelters, than by host abundance. Distribution is throughout the continental United States. Fig. 3. Phaeogenes fuscicornus Wesmael: a. Clypeus; b. Right basal antennal segments; c. Areola; d. Right hind coxa showing carina; e. Postpetiole and second abdominal tergite; f. Tyloids of male antenna, flagellar segments 7-10. Discussion Phaeogenes cynarae is closely related to Ph. ischiomelanus Wesmael in Perkins’ (1959) Ph. fuscicornus Wesmael group, on the basis of morphological characters. 2 Phaeogenes cynarae is the only known nearctic species in the fuscicornus group, and differs from Ph. ischio- melanus and Ph. fuscicornus in several ways. Since the palearctic species are described in Perkins’ (1959) work, only distinguishing characters not treated by Perkins will be discussed here. Phaeogenes ischiomelanus has the clypeus (Fig. 2a) less dome-shaped and less apically thickened; the basal antennal segments are more elongate (Fig. 2b) ; the areola is short and squared with thinner carinae (Fig. 2c) ; the carina of the hind coxa, while possessing parallel secondary carinae, is less pro- nounced (Fig. 2d) ; the postpetiole is less strongly sculptured, and the second abdominal tergite has smaller thyridia (Fig. 2e) ; and the tyloids 2 Personal communication, 2 February 1970, Dr. R. Carlson. 62 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 of the male antenna are on flagellar segments 6-10 and are more slender (Fig. 2f) than those of Ph. cynarae. Phaeo genes fuscicornus has a broader, more shallow clypeus with no apical thickening (Fig. 3a) ; the basal segments of the antenna are more squat (Fig. 3b) ; the areola is hexagonal and as wide as long (Fig. 3c) ; the carina of the hind coxa is prominent, but without secondary carinae (Fig. 3d) ; the postpetiole is smooth (Fig. 3e) ; and the tyloids of the male antenna are on flagellar segments 7-10 and are shorter and wider (Fig. 3f) than those of Ph. cynarae. By the judicial use of Perkins’ key and the figures shown in this paper, investigators should be able to determine specimens of Ph. cynarae. Phaeogenes cynarae is a pupal parasitoid of Platyptilia carduidactyla, which species is its only known host. Females insert one egg into a fourth instar host larva, and the adult wasp emerges from the pupa 15—30 days later. Biological data, including specific details of behavior and ecology are still being obtained and will be published along with data for other parasitoids of P. carduidactyla at a later date. Acknowledgments Gratitude must be expressed to Dr. Henry Townes, Dr. Leopoldo Caltagirone, and Dr. Robert Carlson for advice on the preparation of this paper. Dr. Robert Carlson of the USNM, Dr. Leopoldo Caltagirone of UCB, and Mr. R. 0. Schuster of USD were kind enough to provide the aforementioned paratypes and other specimens including those of the palearctic species. Literature Cited Lange, W. H. 1950. Biology and systematics of plume moths of the genus Platyptilia in California. Hilgardia, 19: 615-669. Perkins, 1. F. 1959. Hymenoptera Ichneumonoidea Ichneumonidae: key to subfamilies and Ichneumoninae I. Handb. Ident. Brit. Insects, 7 (2) : p. 102, 110. Townes, H. K., S. Momoi, and M. Townes. 1965. Eastern Palearctic Ichneu- monidae. Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst., 5: 592-593. JANUARY 1971] BRIGHT — NEW BARK-BEETLES 63 New Species, New Synonymies and New Records of Bark-Beetles from Arizona and California (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) Donald E. Bright, Jr. Entomology Research Institute Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa Continuing studies on the bark-beetle fauna of California have re- vealed three new species and five new cases of synonymy. Also included herein is a description of a new species of the genus Pityolrichus Wood and a note on a species previously unrecorded from the United States. Besides Pityotrichus, the new species and most of the synonyms represent species in the genus Pityophthorus Blackman. Pityophthorus brucki Bright, new species Female. — 1.8 mm long, 2.5 times longer than wide; body reddish-brown, vestiture yellowish. Frons flattened from eye to eye, slightly concave in center; surface shining, punctures moderate in size; vestiture short and sparse in central portion, with fringe of very long, yellowish setae, longest reaching from vertex to epistomal margin, sometimes covering entire frons. Antennal club 1.3 times longer than wide, widest through third segment; segments one and two combined definitely shorter than segments three and four combined; first segment notably narrower than others; all segments strongly arcuate. Pronotum slightly wider than long, widest behind summit; sides rather broadly rounded, faintly constricted in front of middle; anterior margin rather narrowly rounded, bearing two prominent asperities; asperities of anterior slope erect, rather sharp, arranged in broken concentric rows; posterior portion shining, punctures rather close, separated by a distance equal to their diameters; impunctate median line broad, very faintly elevated. Elytra about as wide as pronotum, 1.8 times longer than wide; sides parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded at apex; striae punctured in regular rows, only the first impressed; strial punctures faint, shallow, a little larger in first striae; interspaces wider than striae, dull, with a row of very faint punctures on first, third, fifth and alternate interspaces; vestiture of very fine strial setae and slightly longer interstrial setae. Declivity convex, not sulcate; suture and first striae impressed below general elytral surface; lateral margins rounded, devoid of granules; strial punctures not visible, indicated only by rows of very fine setae. Male. — Similar in size and proportions to female. Frons flattened nearly to eyes, divided by a distinctly elevated, longitudinal carina in center, area on each side of carina roughened by large, shallow punctures; vestiture sparse. Pronotum similar to female except asperities more strongly elevated and sharper. Elytra similar to female except strial punctures larger and deeper. Declivity similar to female except suture more deeply impressed. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 63-70. January 1971 64 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Type material. — Holotype female, Mt. Hawkins, San Bernardino County, California, 23 June 1940, Pinus lambertiana, C. R. Bruck collection, J. N. Knull collection. Allotype male, and 10 paratypes with same data. Two paratypes, Idyllwild, Riverside Co., California, 24 October 1941, Pinus lambertiana , D. DeLeon collector. The holotype, allotype and four paratypes are in the Ohio State University collection, Columbus, Ohio. Additional paratypes are in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario and the California Insect Survey, Berkeley. Remarks. — P. brucki ranges in size from 1.5 to 1.8 mm, and averages 1.6 mm. In one of the males the frontal carina extends to the epistomal margin but in three others it does not. The characters of the female frons and the declivity of both sexes display little notable variation. This species illustrates some of the difficulties with Blackman’s (1928) groups. Based on antennal characters, this species clearly belongs to group I but it lacks the elevated ninth elytral interspace which is supposed to be characteristic of that group. Since I believe the antennal character is more fundamental, this species is placed in group I. It appears to show some relationship with P. scalptor Black- man but the relationship is remote. Pityophthorus sierrensis Bright, new species Female. — 2.6 mm long, 2.9 times longer than wide; body black, antennae reddish-brown, vestiture yellowish. Frons finely, densely punctured and pubescent on a semicircular area, this area not reaching eyes on sides and extends dorsally above upper level of eyes, setae rather dense, the longest ones about as long as antennal funicle; surface between eye and pubescent portion smooth with a few faint, shallow punctures; surface above pubescent portion more densely punctured, punctures larger than on side, more closely placed and deeper. Antennal club 1.3 times longer than wide, widest through second segment; first segment nearly straight, second rather weakly arcuate. Pronotum 1.1 times longer than wide, widest behind summit; sides broadly arcuate, faintly constricted in front of middle; anterior margin broadly rounded, bearing numerous asperities; asperities of anterior slope rather low, numerous, arranged in no definite order; posterior portion minutely reticulate, rather dull, punctures close, deep; transverse impression behind summit evident; impunctate median line broad, faintly elevated. Elytra as wide as pronotum, 1.8 times longer than wide; sides parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded at apex; striae punctured in regular rows, first definitely impressed; strial punctures small, separated by a distance equal to little more than their diameters; interspaces wider than striae, minutely reticulate, hearing row of fine punctures on first, third, fifth and alternate interspaces, these about same size as strial punctures but much sparser; vestiture consisting of very fine strial setae and somewhat longer interstrial setae. Declivity sloping; first interspace elevated and granulate; second interspace sulcate and distinctly JANUARY 1971] BRIGHT NEW BARK-BEETLES 65 widened; third interspace elevated as high as first, granulate; punctures in first striae obsolete, smaller than on disk in striae two and three; ninth interspace faintly elevated on lateral portions; vestiture on declivity a little longer than on disk. Male. — Similar in size and proportions to female. Frons faintly impressed above epistomal margin; longitudinal carina distinct, not tooth-like, elevated from epistomal margin to above upper level of eyes; area on each side of carina strongly punctured, punctures large, deep and close; vestiture sparse except along epistomal margin, consisting of short setae, somewhat longer in impressed area above epistomal margin. Pronotum similar to female except asperities more erect and sharper. Elytra similar to female. Declivity similar to female except second interspace not as deeply sulcate and granules in first and third interspace a little larger. Type material.- — Holotype female, 1 mile south of Onion Valley, Inyo County, California (Robinson Lake, about 10,000 ft.), 4 Sep- tember 1968, D. E. Bright, Pinus Balfouriana. No. 10777 in the Canadian National Collection. Allotype male, same date as holotype. Paratypes: 13, same data as holotype; 48, same locality and date as holotype, Pinus flexilis. The holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes are in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario. Additional paratypes are in the California Insect Survey, Berkeley. Remarks. — Specimens in the type series range in size from 2.4 to 2.7 mm. The frontal carina in some males is more strongly elevated, especially in the lower part, and may be shorter than in other speci- mens. Usually the punctures of the first striae in the declivity are evident and in some specimens may be as distinct as the punctures of the second and third striae. The height and number of granules on the declivital interspaces also varies between specimens. Pityophthorus inyoensis Bright, new species Female. — 2.05 mm long, 2.85 times longer than wide; body dark reddish-brown except pronotum reddish, antennae and legs light brown; vestiture yellowish. Frons finely punctured and pubescent on a semicircular area, this area with a concave circular area in center and slightly protuberant above epistoma, setae moderately abundant, longer and incurved around margin, longest setae slightly longer than antennal funicle; surface above pubescent portion more strongly punctured, punctures larger than in center and more strongly impressed. Antennal club large, 1.2 times longer than wide, widest through second segment; first segment weakly arcuate, others more strongly so. Pronotum 1.1 times wider than long, widest at middle; sides broadly arcuate, faintly constricted in front of middle; anterior margin broadly rounded bearing about six asperities, the median two longest; asperities of anterior slope erect, sharp, arranged in no definite order; posterior portion shining, densely punctured, punctures closer than a distance equal to their diameters, moderately deep ; 66 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 transverse impression not evident; impunctate median line broad, faintly elevated; vestiture abundant. Elytra as wide as pronotum, 1.7 times longer than wide; sides parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded at apex; striae punctured in nearly regular rows, only the first impressed; strial punctures moderate, separated by a distance about equal to their diameters; interspaces wider than striae, minutely reticulate, with row of punctures on first, third, fifth, and other interspaces punctured near declivity except fourth which is impunctate; vestiture consisting of short strial setae and longer interstrial setae. Declivity convex; second interspace barely, if at all, widened and sulcate; strial punctures slightly reduced in size but distinct to apex; suture and first striae depressed slightly; lateral elevations rounded, not elevated higher than suture; first and third interspace very faintly granulate; vestiture as on elytral disk. Male. — Similar in size and proportions to female. Frons flattened on a semi- circular area similar to female, with a distinct tooth-like carina on lower portion just above epistoma; surface impressed above carina; area on each side of carina finely punctured, more strongly so at margins of flattened area; vestiture sparse. Pronotum similar to female except asperities a little higher and sharper. Elytra similar to female. Declivity similar to female except second interspace very slightly wider and less deeply sulcate. Type material. — Holotype female, 1 mile south of Onion Valley, Inyo County, California (Robinson Lake, about 10,000 ft.), 4 Sep- tember 1968, D. E. Bright, Pinus Balfouriana. No. 10964 in the Canadian National Collection. Allotype male, same data as holotype. Paratypes; 19, same data as holotype; 27, Onion Valley, Inyo Co., California, 4 September 1968, D. E. Bright, Pinus Balfouriana. The holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes are in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario. Additional paratypes are in the California Insect Survey, Berkeley. Discussion. — Specimens in the type series range in size from 2.0 to 2.4 mm. The carina on the frons of males varies in height and length but it is always distinctly elevated and toothlike. The amount of pubescence on the female frons also varies. The second declivital interspace on many specimens is not wider than it is on the disk while in others it is slightly wider. This species is related to P. artifex Blackman and P. venustus Black- man but is distinguished by a shorter, higher male frontal carina, by the somewhat less densely pubescent female frons and by the much shallower second declivital interspace. Dendrocranulus californicus (Hopkins) Xylocleptes californicus Hopkins, 1915, U. S. Dep. Agr. Rep., 99: 44. Dendrocranulus californicus, Wood, 1961, Coleopt. Bull., 15: 41. JANUARY 1971] BRIGHT — NEW BARK-BEETLES 67 Xylocleptes venturina Hopkins, 1915, U. S. Dep. Agr. Rep., 99: 44 (new synonymy). Dendrocranulus venturina, Wood, 1961, Coleopt. Bull., 15: 41. Types and paratypes of both of Hopkins’ species have been compared to one another and to several series from various parts of California. No meaningful, consistent differences were noted. This species is somewhat variable in the depth of the concavity on the male frons and in the features of the elytral declivity. In most series examined, examples with various degrees of development of these features could be found. Distribution and host plant are the same, therefore only one species can be recognized. Pityopiithorus monophyllae Blackman Pityophthorus monophyllae Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b) , Tech. Publ., 25: 47. Pityophthorus socius Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b), Tech Publ., 25: 48 (new synonymy). Pityophthorus piceus Bright, 1966, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 42(4) : 297, (new synonymy) . The holotypes of P. monophyllae and P. socius and paratypes of P. piceus were compared to each other. The frons of the holotype of P. socius is less densely pubescent than that of P. monophyllae, but the type series of both species shows a complete range of variation. In other features, the two holotypes are identical. In addition, no differences could be detected when comparing numerous specimens of P. monophyllae and P. piceus. Both P. socius and P. piceus must be considered synonyms of P. monophyllae. Pityophthorus opimus Blackman Pityophthorus opimus Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b), Tech. Publ., 25: 80. Pityophthorus aristatae Bright, 1964, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 40(3) : 166 (new syn- onymy) . Four paratypes of P. opimus from Colorado were compared to para- types of P. aristatae from California and found to represent the same species. The variations seen are considered to be within the normal range for the species. This is the first record of this species by this name from California. Pityophthorus tuberculatus Eichhoff Pityophthorus tuberculatus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 2nd Series, 8: 498. Pityophthorus rugicollis Swaine, 1925, Can. Entomol., 57 : 193 ; Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b), Tech. Publ., 25: 92. 63 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Pityophthorus novellus Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b), Tech. Publ., 25: 96 (new synonymy). Pityophthorus novellus was described from three callow, completely distorted specimens taken from Pinus sahinianae near Tehachapi, California. Two of those specimens (allotype and paratype) have been examined. The allotype is a male and displays enough features to enable one to recognize it as P. tuherculatus. The one paratype is a female and, although distorted, shows the characteristic frontal features of the female P. tuherculatus. Pityophthorus tuherculatus is a common species in California with several records from Pinus sahini- anae. Since no essential differences were noted and since distribution and host plant are similar, only one species can be recognized. Pityophthorus cristatus Wood Pityophthorus cristatus Wood, 1964, Great Basin Natur., 24(2) : 68. This species was described from specimens collected at Perote, Vera Cruz, Mexico (holotype), Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico and Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Subsequently it was recorded from El Salto, Durango, Mexico (Thomas, 1966) . I recently collected this species from two localities in Arizona: Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Clara Co. and Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co. The species is known from Pinus ayacahuite, P. engelmanni and P. leiophylla. These represent the first records of this species from the United States. Genus Pityotrichus Wood Pityophilus Blackman, 1928, Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., ( 1 — b ) , Tech. Publ., 25: 147 (preoccupied). Pityotrichus Wood, 1962, Great Basin Natur., 22 (1-3) : 76. Type species. — Pityophilus harhatus Blackman, monotypic. Members of this genus resemble species in Pityophthorus in general body shape but may be recognized by the enlarged pregular area of the head, which bears a beard-like fringe of long hair-like setae on the female, by the evenly rounded, weakly sulcate elytral declivity and by the antennal club, which is definitely longer than wide, with the first two sutures chitinized. Key to the Species of Pityotrichus 1. Interstrial setae almost as long as the width of an interspace; body 1.6-1. 8 mm long; frons of male flattened, obscurely punctured, not carinate, bearing a few longer setae on periphery of flat area; in Pinus edulis harhatus (Blackman) JANUARY 1971] BRIGHT NEW BARK-BEETLES 69 Interstrial setae very short, much shorter than width of an interspace; body 1.8-2. 1 mm long; frons of male flattened, distinctly carinate, carina elevated, surface distinctly punctured on each side; in Pinus flexilis and P. strobiformis hesperius Bright, n. sp. Pityotrichus hesperius Bright, new species Female. — 1.9 mm long, 2.7 times longer than wide; body reddish-brown, vestiture yellowish. Frons flattened on rather large area, slightly concave in center; surface shining, punctures very closely placed, distinctly impressed; vestiture sparse, consisting of short, fine, scattered, hair-like setae with a few, longer setae intermixed, especially around upper level of concavity. Pregular area greatly enlarged, bearing a semi-circular fringe of long, curved setae, these long enough to nearly cover mouthparts. Antennal club 1.25 times longer than wide, widest through third segment; segments one and two slightly arcuate, chitinized at lateral margins. Pronotum as long as wide, widest just behind middle; sides broadly rounded, distinctly constricted in front of middle; anterior margin broadly rounded, bearing six, erect asperities; asperities on anterior slope erect, sharp, arranged in broken concentric rows; posterior portion shining, punctures rather large, distinctly impressed, close; median line broad, impunctate, faintly elevated; vestiture on posterior punctate portion consisting of fine, hair-like setae, one arising from each puncture. Elytra 1.6 times longer than wide; sides parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded at apex; striae punctured in regular rows, punctures fine, moderately impressed, each puncture bearing a small, erect, hair-like seta, these setae usually but little longer than a distance equal to the diameter of a puncture; interspaces minutely rugose, opaque, distinctly wider than striae, bearing a row of scattered punctures on first, third, fifth and alternate interspaces, each puncture bearing a longer, hair-like seta, these setae much shorter than a distance equal to the width of an interspace. Declivity evenly convex; suture weakly elevated, finely granulate; second interspace widened, slightly impressed; third and remaining interspaces as on disk; strial punctures very faint. Male. — Similar in size and proportions to female. Frons flattened, divided by a definite longitudinal carina in center, area on each side of carina distinctly punctured; vestiture sparse. Pregular area enlarged, only sparsely pubescent. Pronotum and elytra similar to female except more coarsely sculptured. Type material. — Holotype female , Pinaleno Mtns., Graham County, Arizona, 15 July 1968, D. E. Bright, Pinus strobiformis. No. 11445 in the Canadian National Collection. Allotype male, same data as holotype. Paratypes: 28, same data as holotype; 5, Sandia Peak, Bernalillo Co., New Mexico, 9 July 1968, D. E. Bright; Pinus flexilis. The type material is in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario. Remarks. — Specimens in the type series range in size from 1.8 to 2.1 mm. The female frons is sometimes completely flat with no concave 70 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 center portion. The punctures of the striae on the declivity are usually more evident than those in the holotype. The carina on the frons of the male varies in height and length but is always distinctly visible. Literature Cited Blackman, M. W. 1928. The genus Pityophthorus Eichh. in North America. Bull. N. Y. State Coll. Forest., 1 (3-b), Tech. Pub., 25, 212 pp. Thomas, J. B. 1966. Some Scolytidae from the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. Can. Entomoh, 98(8) : 871-875. ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE: Announcement A. (n.s.) 86 Required six-month’s notice is given on the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the following names listed by case number: (see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26, pt. 6, 7 April 1970) : 1791, Suppression of Papilio aglaja Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Lepidoptera) . 1889, Suppression of Culex albirostris Macquart, 1851 (Insecta, Diptera). 1892, Emendation to SPHAERIDAE of SPHAERIIDAE Erichson, 1845 (Insecta, Coleoptera) . 1897, Type-species for Trepsichrois Hiibner, 1816 (Insecta, Lepidoptera). 1898, Type-species for Monroa Warren, 1904, and Hetererccnnis Warren, 1904 (Insecta, Lepidoptera). 1899, Suppression of Hymenitis [Illiger], 1807 (Insecta, Lepidoptera). (see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 27, pt. 2, 10 August 1970) : 1904, Type-species for Phidippus C. L. Koch, 1846; Suppression of Salticus variegatus Lucas, 1833 (Aranaea). 1916, Neotype for Hyocephalus ciprugnus Bergroth, 1906 (Insecta, Hemiptera). 1917, Type-species for Mimecomutilla Ashmead, 1903 (Insecta, Hymenoptera) . 1918, Suppression of Zealanclobates Hammer, 1967 ( Acari) . 1919, Suppression of Clavicera Latreille, 1802 (Insecta, Hymenoptera). 1921, Neotype for Sctperda inornata Say, 1824 (Insecta, Coleoptera). Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History) , Cromwell Road, London S.W. 7, England. Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. — Margaret Doyle. January 1971] PROCEEDINGS 71 PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY R. W. Thorp F. L. Blanc M. S. Wasbauer P. H. Arnaud, Jr. President President-elect Secretary Treasurer Proceedings Three Hundred and Thirty-Second Meeting The 332nd meeting was held Friday, 20 February 1970, at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Thorp presiding. Members present (43) : R. P. Allen, F. G. Andrews, C. Armin, M. Bentzien, R. Blair, F. L. Blanc, I. Boussy, T. Briggs, R. M. Brown, G. Buckingham, P. Cammer, W. Chase, J. A. Chemsak, R. V. Cottam, H. V. Daly, F. Ennik, M. R. Gardner, W. G. Goodman, J. Guggolz, K. S. Hagen, T. P. Heck, M. E. Irwin, W. H. Lange, R. L. Langston, K. Lorenzen, Kathleen Meehan, A. R. Moldenke, P. A. Opler, Judy Perlstein, J. A. Powell, D. C. Rentz, D. W. Ribble, R. Schoeppner, H. I. Scudder, 0. Shields, C. N. Slobodchikoff, R. G. Stecker, L. Stotlemyre, R. W. Thorp, M. S. and Joanne S. Wasbauer, R. H. Whitsel, R. F. Wilkey. Visitors present (37) : J. W. Banne, Mary F. Benson, Nancy Blair, Nancy Brownfield, G. J. Guiliani, Linda Campbell, P. Chase, Barbara and Diane Daly, W. and Patricia Dana, A. Garren, Kathy Green, C. and Etta Hansen, R. and Valerie Hatch, Patricia Haverstock, T. G. Hentey, K. S. Heston, S. E. Heston, Wendy Jacobs, Ellen Lange, Carol La Point, M. Marquis, Allison Moldenke, G. Nichols, Sandra Ortega, Kathy Rentz, E. Rogers, Jr., S. Sims, Susan B. Slightam, J. A. Smith, P. Y. So, B. Stainbrook, H. Stainbrook, V. Stanett, Phyllis Stecker, Joyce Thorp, R. Wehrman, R. White. The minutes of the meeting held 19 December 1969 were summarized. The following names were proposed for membership: Carl Johansen, Fred G. Andrews, Robert L. Mangin, Edvins Kaulens. President Thorp asked for introductions from the floor. Mr. Leech introduced P. Y. So from Hong Kong, interested in coccinellids and biological control of tropical insects. Mr. R. F. Wilkey introduced three outstanding students in the entomology program of the 4-H in Sacramento, Alan Garren, Bill Stainbrook and Hal Stainbrook. President Thorp announced that the next meeting would be held at Morrison Auditorium on April 17. Three speakers are to be featured. The following meeting will be the annual picnic and field day and will be held on Saturday, May 16. Mr. D. C. Rentz showed six slides of the Farallone Islands and the habitat of a crane fly which lives in the masses of mat-like algae on the rocks near shore. Dr. Edwards announced the publication of a new book on the biology and external morphology of bees with a synopsis of the genera of northwestern America, by W. P. Stephen, G. E. Bohart and P. Torchio. The illustrated key is excellent and very easy to use. This was published by the University of Oregon Press at about $1.98. Dr. Powell announced the appearance of the long-awaited Diptera of Western North America by F. C. Cole. It is a UC Press release at about $25.00. 72 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, San Jose State College. His illustrated talk was entitled, “In Search of Insects in Beautiful Costa Rica.” Coffee and other refreshments were served at a social hour in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary. Three Hundred and Thirty-Third Meeting The 333rd meeting was held at 7 :45 p.m. on Friday, 17 April 1970, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. President Thorp presided. Members present (29) : R. P. Allen, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., W. E. Azevedo, M. M. Bentzien, R. G. Blair, F. L. Blanc, D. L. Briggs, T. S. Briggs, R. M. Brown, R. J. Bushnell, P. Cammer, D. C. Carlson, J. F. Emmel, F. Ennik, J. R. Gabel, T. P. Heck, E. L. Kessel, H. B. Leech, K. Lorenzen, D. C. Rentz, D. Ribble, R. E. Stecker, R. W. Thorp, M. S. Wasbauer, S. C. Williams. Visitors present (25) : L. Allen, A. D. Bacon, Nancy Blair, J. Chapman, Rita Dechene, Alexandria Ennik, Mr. and Mrs. K. Falsaulle, Mrs. J. Guggolz, H. E. Hallett, Jr., Meredith Halliburton, R. Halliburton, J. T. Hjelle, Katharine D. Jenkins, Lupe Nava, S. Nava, A. Nonomura, J. Nonomura, Adell Reid, Taly Slay, S. Sims, R. C. Smith, Christie Stecketee, Debbie Sursner, Joyce Thorp. The minutes of the meeting held 20 February were summarized. The following new nembers were elected: Aldro Dean Bacon, John T. Hjelle, Susan Slightam. Mr. R. P. Allen announced a shift of policy in advertising in the Pan-Pacific Entomologist. There will be more smaller ads in the future and less larger ads, with an emphasis on local firms producing collecting equipment, photographic equipment and personal ads for specimens, exchanges, etc. The rate for personal ads will continue at $1.50 per line. He stated that the Society badly needs advertising of this kind. President Thorp announced that, due to increasing costs of publication of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, the Executive Board of the Society voted to increase dues and subscription rates. Annual dues for regular members will be $7.50, those for student members will be $5.00. Members in each category will receive the journal. Subscriptions to the journal for non-members will be $10.00 per year. These new rates go into effect with volume 47, Number 1, January 1971. Mr. Leech announced two new publications. The first is Tuxen’s Taxonomists’ Glossary of the Genitalia of Insects, second edition, which is larger than the first. The first had 284 pages and the second 359. The authors of the various chapters have brought their sections up-to-date or have completely rewritten them. In some cases, sections have new authors. For example, the Hymenoptera chapter is authored by Dr. E. L. Smith of Chico State College. In the first edition, this chapter was done by C. D. Michener. The other publication is A Field Guide to the Insects of America North of Mexico by Borror and White. It is one of the Peterson Field Guide Series and is excellent. There are over 400 pages with 16 color plates and 1300 other illustrations covering 579 families of insects. The price is $5.95. President Thorp called for notes and exhibits. The following notes were presented: January 1971] PROCEEDINGS 73 A Larval Nematode Parasitic on an Anyphaenid Spider. — On 29 August 1969, a spider of the family Anyphaenidae was found on a rock along the Van Duzen River, eight miles south of Highway 36, on Van Duzen Road, Trinity County, California. The spider did not react to prodding, except to move slightly. About one hour after having been placed in a plastic box, it was noticed that the spider had died and that four green nematodes had emerged from the abdomen. The nematodes were moving in an agitated manner, one of them having climbed to the top of the box. At this time, they were placed in 70% isopropyl alcohol. The nematodes have not yet been identified, the problem being that they are larval forms without the important sexual characteristics required for identification. Sexual maturity is very likely attained in a final host such as a bird, small mammal, or invertebrate predator which has eaten the spider.— John T. Hjelle, San Francisco State College. Note on Holes made by Tarantulas ( Thera phosidae and Dipluridae). — During the past month and a half, fourteen tarantula holes have been excavated and measurements taken while in search of theraphosid tarantulas. When digging up a spider, the following procedure has been carried out: 1. The diameter of the mouth of the hole is measured before digging begins. 2. An ordinary flexible electrical wire with markings in centimeters is then inserted into the hole until it meets with positive resistance. 3. The total depth is then read from the graduations on the wire. 4. When the direction of the hole changes, the reading is recorded and the angle from the horizontal is measured with a protractor. 5. The excavating is continued until the bottom of the hole is reached or a tarantula “pops” out of the hole. During the digging, care is taken to avoid dislodging the wire since it acts as a guide to the direction of the hole. However, sometimes I am not always successful and the wire gets pulled out or dislodged. On the fourteen spider holes excavated, the following data have been accumulated. (All measurements in centimeters) : Diameter: 1.0 to 3.0; Average 1.8; Vertical: 10.0 to 40.0; Average 20.5; Angular: 10.0 to 30.0; Average 19.6; Total Length: 15 to 60; Average 33.4; Angle of Turn: 40° to 80°; Average 62.5°. Specific data are as follows: Hole # Diameter Vertical “Horizontal” (Angular) Total Length Angle from Horizontal 1 1.5 30 — 30 — 2 1.0 31 19 50 80° E 3 2.5 15 30 45 70° 4 1.5 — — 20 — 5 1.5 40 20 60 — 6 2.5 25 — 25 — 74 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 Hole # Diameter Vertical “Horizontal” (Angular) Total Length Angle from Horizontal 7 3.0 — 25 25 40° (from surf.) 8 2.0 15 15 30 60° 9 2.0 15 15 15 — 10 1.7 10 30 40 60° SW 11 2.0 — — 35 — 12 1.5 10 15 25 60° S 13 — 30 13 43 60° 14 — 15 10 25 —j © o Laboratory #2 2.0 6 9 15 o O CO 6 1.7 3 5 8 o o © It is assumed that the holes dug under “laboratory” conditions are smaller because of the somewhat confined quarters and limitation of the battery jars used as containers. — J. Russel Gabel, San Francisco State College. Larva and pupa of Adela septentrionella Walsingham. — Kodachrome slides of various stages of this diurnal moth were exhibited. Females oviposit into unopened buds of Holodiscus discolor (Rosaceae), in May in the San Francisco Bay area. The host is a deciduous shrub, without much foliage near the ground, so that it is probable that the younger case-bearing larval stages live on the ground, but they have not been discovered. About a dozen full-grown larvae were recovered from litter beneath Holodiscus near Fairfax, Marin County, on 13 March 1970. The cases were flat, elongate, oval and slightly figure 8 shaped in outline, about 2.3-2.7 X 7. 2-7.4 mm, and were covered with bits of frass and debris. Larvae apparently had completed feeding by this date and pupation occurred soon there- after. The first adult emerged at the end of March, probably well ahead of sibs in the field, as Holodiscus buds were still in an early stage there on 17 April. The bizarre pupa features antennae which considerably exceed the body length, extending free from the wing case tips to wrap around the caudal area of the abdomen (about three times in the male), in the manner of many Trichoptera.— J. A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley. Dasypodinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) versus Dasypodinae (Mammalia: Edentata). — While browsing through the drawers of Hymenoptera at the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, I was struck by the name Dasypodinae in the bee family Melittidae. A mammalogy course at the San Francisco State College had taught me that Dasypodinae is the name of a subfamily of edentate armadillos (Edentata: Dasypodidae) . Reference to Simpson’s 1945 Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 85) verified this. January 1971] PROCEEDINGS 75 Dr. E. I. Schlinger thought that an emendation, rather than a complete name change, might be desirable, based on the fact that the bee genus Dasypoda is the name from which the subfamily name was formed, whereas in the armadillos the subfamily name dasypodinae was based on the generic name Dasypus. The correct names should be Dasypinae for the armadillos and Dasypodinae for the bees. I plan to write a more extensive paper and petition the International Congress on Zoological Nomenclature for the emendation of the subfamily Dasypodinae (Edentata : Dasypodidae) to Dasypinae. Since there is no homonymy at the family level, there appears to be no need to change the family name from Dasypodidae to Dasypidae. I am. indebted to Drs. R. C. Miller and P. H. Arnaud, Jr., of the California Academy of Sciences, and P. D. Hurd, Jr. and E. I. Schlinger of the University of California, Berkeley, for advice. — Thomas P. Heck, Department of Biology, Queens College, Flushing, New York, N.Y. 11367. The principal speakers of the evening and their topics were as follows: Dr. Norman E. Gary, University of California, Davis — “Mating Behavior of the Honey Bee”; Mr. Michael Bentzien, University of California, Berkeley — “Biology of Diguetid Spiders”; Mr. Franklin Ennik, Bureau of Vector Control, California Department of Public Health, Berkeley — “Loxosceles Spiders of California.” A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meetings — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary. Three Hundred and Thirty-Fourth Meeting The 334th meeting was the annual picnic and field day. It was held on Saturday, 16 May 1970, at Angel Island State Park. There were 28 members and guests present: Mr. and Mrs. F. L. Blanc, Mr. and Mrs. Richard Brown and children, Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Ennik and children, Mr. and Mrs. Russel Gabel, Mr. and Mrs. Ron Stecker and children, Dr. and Mrs. Robbin Thorp and children, Dr. and Mrs. Wm. Tilden and children. Members and guests met at the picnic area near park headquarters for lunch at 1:30 p.m. Collecting is not allowed in State parks so major activities were hiking and exploring the island.- — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary. Three Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Meeting The 335th meeting was held at 7 :45 p.m. on Friday, 16 October 1970, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. President Thorp presided. Members present (32) : R. P. Allen, J. A. Anderson, F. G. Andrews, P. H. Arnaud, Jr., F. U. Blanc, I. Boussy, G. Brady, D. L. Briggs, T. Briggs, R. M. Brown, W. L. Chase, J. G. Edwards, W. E. Ferguson, M. R. Gardner, Lauren Green, E. Grissell, J. F. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, J. Hjelle, E. A. Kane, H. B. Leech, R. Lem, R. Main, E. S. Ross, R. E. Stecker, V. Stombler, R. Tassan, R. W. Thorp, M. S. Wasbauer, S. C. Williams. Visitors present (25) : S. Anderson, Madeline M. Arnaud, Kathy Beeby, G. R. Cox, Alice and Jane Edwards, D. Emenegger, Stephenie Ferguson, K. Florens, Donna and Steve Gary, D. Guiliani, Jean Keer, Mr. and Mrs. M. Marquis, Alice E. Munroe, F. R. Nelson, W. A. Nelson, C. B. Philip, Iris Savage, Taly Slay, Joyce Thorp, Marilyn Trochman, K. R. Wald, A. R. Walter, D. Wasbauer. 76 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 The minutes of the meetings held 17 April and 16 May were summarized. The following new members were elected: R. C. Brusca, David duBois, Alexander R. Dutton, Mrs. Douglas Munroe (family membership) , Cornelius B. Philip. President Thorp noted the untimely death of Prof. J. W. MacSwain of the University of California at Berkeley, a long time member of the society. The membership joined President Thorp in observing a minute of silence to honor the memory of Prof. MacSwain. Dr. J. F. Gustafson, Chairman of the Salt Marsh Study Committee made a plea for publication of results of ecological studies on the salt marshes of California. The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. Kenneth S. Hagen, University of California, Berkeley. His illustrated talk was entitled “Recent advances in Biological Control.” A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary. Three Hundred and Thirty-Sixth Meeting The 336th meeting was held at 7 :45 p.m. on Friday, 13 November 1970, in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. President Thorp presided. Members present (37) : R. P. Allen, J. R. Anderson, F. G. Andrews, L. C. Annin, W. E. Azevedo, F. L. Blanc, R. M. Bohart, I. Boussy, G. Brady, T. Briggs, R. M. Brown, R. Bushnell, W. L. Chase, A. R. Dutton, J. G. Edwards, F. Ennik, W. E. Ferguson, M. R. Gardner, J. R. Gabel, Lauren Green, J. Guggolz, J. F. Gustafson, K. S. Hagen, J. T. Hjelle, E. A. Kane, H. B. Leech, R. Lem, W. D. Murray, W. H. Nutting, E. S. Ross, R. Schoeppner, C. W. Slohodchikoff, R. E. Stecker, R. W. Thorp, M. S. Wasbauer, R. H. Whitsel, S. C. Williams. Visitors present (47) : Lisa Anderson, S. Anderson, Margaret Bohart, Melissa Boussy, D. Chandler, J. Chapman, Pat Chase, J. Cronin, M. E. Cronin, Janie Edwards, Mr. and Mrs. D. Emenegger, J. Ennik, Stephenie Ferguson, Toni Gabel, Julia Garcia, R. Gardner, Nancy Gardner, Donna Gary, Linda Goodall, T. Hammer, Martha Hjelle, Janet Holman, D. Jolly, Patty Jones, A. Jung, L. Kane, Jo Anne Kerr, D. Lem, Helen Lepley, Mr. and Mrs. M. Marquis, M. Maloney, Sandy Miller, Mr. and Mrs. K. W. Miller, Judy Oppenheim, Elizabeth Register, Taly Slay, A. Smith, J. R. Smith, D. Stead, Joyce Thorp, W. L. Vaundell, Charlene Williams, R. Wong, Maxine Zack. The minutes of the meeting held 16 October were summarized. President Thorp announced his appointment of the temporary committees for the year: Auditing committee — Mr. H. Vannoy Davis, Chairman; Mr. T. S. Briggs and Dr. C. D. MacNeill. Nominating committee — Dr. W. E. Ferguson, Chairman; Dr. J. F. Gustafson and Dr. K. S. Hagen. The following note was presented: Developmental Anomalies in the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus (Scorpionida : Buthidae). — Two adult specimens of Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing which show developmental anomalies were recently collected in the Salt River Valley of Arizona by Lorin Honetschlager. One specimen was essentially normal with the exception of the telson which was represented as two completely separate telsons. Each telson was fully formed and of equivalent size to that of a normal adult telson for this species. Each telson was also fully functional and January 1971] PROCEEDINGS 77 capable of independent operation. The terminal metasomal segment (segment V) also showed some abnormal development in that it was wider than normal and the inferior median keel was not separate and unpaired, but was in a distinctly paired condition. Between these paired inferior median keels there was an additional inferior median keel (not normally present) which bifurcated posteriorly. The other specimen showing abnormal development was normal except for having two fully formed and separate metasomas and telsons. Each metasoma- telson replicate was essentially normal in size and basic structure, and each was fully functional. The terminal mesosomal segment showed a slight abnormal development in that it was slightly wider than normal and had a distinctly developed inferior median keel (not normally present). The dorsal median keel of this segment was abnormal in that it extended to the posterior margin of the tergum, ending in a distinct bifurcation (this keel is usually short, simple and unbifurcated) . Developmental anomalies of these kinds have only been reported in four other species from two families of scorpions. In the Buthidae it was reported in Buthacus leptochelys, Androctonus crassicauda, and Centruroides infamatus. In the Chactidae it has been reported in Euscorpius carpathicus. The record of Buthacus leptochelys was unusual in that the bifurcation and complete body replication began at the fourth mesosomal segment. The anomalies of the other reported species were much like the specimen of Centruroides sculpturatus reported here with the completely replicated metasoma and telson. Such developmental anomalies are probably attributed to an abnormal midsagittal division of the posterior embryonic germ band. It is interesting to note that this kind of anomaly has never been found to occur in the anterior region of the body or with the other appendages. — Stanley C. Williams, Department of Biology, San Francisco State College. The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. E. S. Ross, California Academy of Sciences. His illustrated talk was entitled “Entomological highlights of a trip to Africa and around the World.” A social hour was held in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary. Three Hundred and Thirty-Seventh Meeting The 337th meeting was held Friday, 18 December 1970, at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Thorp presiding. Members present (29) : R. P. Allen, F. G. Andrews, G. S. Benham, Jr., F. L. Blanc, I. Boussy, R. M. Brown, S. L. Clement, V. Davis, A. R. Dutton, F. Ennik, W. E. Ferguson, E. Grissell, j. Guggolz, T. E. Hewton, Jr., J. T. Hjelle, R. L. Langston, H. B. Leech, C. B. Philip, E. S. Ross, E. I. Schlinger, R. 0. Schuster, R. E. Stecker, V. Stombler, R. W. Thorp, J. W. Tilden, M. S. Wasbauer, Joanne Wasbauer, R. F. Wilkey, S. C. Williams. Visitors present (11) : Judith Benham, Irene Brauer, Karen S. Corwin, Stephenie Ferguson, Netta Leong, P. Rauch, M. Santos, J. A. Smith, Joyce Thorp, R. L. Wong, Virginia Woo. The minutes of the meeting held 13 November were summarized. One new member was elected: Karen S. Corwin. 78 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 President Thorp called for the annual reports of the standing committees. R. E. Stecker, chairman of the Program committee, announced the dates for the 1971 programs: 19 February, 16 April, 15 May, 15 October, 19 November, 17 December. The annual picnic will be 15 May, and Mr. Stecker called for those who have suggestions on an area for the picnic to contact him. Hugh B. Leech, chairman of the Historical committee, announced that the society received some valuable material for the archives during the year. These included from Wayne Gagne, the original illustrations for The Miridae of the Galapagos Islands by Gagne and Carvallo ; from Cornelius B. Philip, a large amount of material from his files at Hamilton, Montana including some valuable signatures on letters dealing principally with Diptera and public health matters; from R. L. Doutt, a longhand manuscript of the late T. D. A. Cockerell; from David Rentz, the manuscript and plates of his Revisionary studies of the Nearctic Decticinae published in the memoirs series. Considerable help was forthcoming this year from Miss Helen Davis, a retired school teacher. Miss Davis very generously donated a good many hours of her time in putting the E. C. Van Dyke corre- spondence in order in files. She also went through some of the early files of the society and arranged them. Mr. Leech then summarized the financial statement for the year in the treasurer’s absence. H. Vannoy Davis, chairman of the Auditing committee presented a summary of the Auditing committee’s review of the Society’s financial condition. President Thorp announced his appointments to the Publication committee through 1973: Don Linsdale, Oakland Museum and Evert I. Schlinger, University of California, Berkeley. Fred Andrews, Bureau of Entomology, Sacramento, was appointed to fill the remaining year of the term of R. F. Wilkey. William E. Ferguson, chairman of the Nominating committee, presented the slate of nominees for offices in the Society during 1971: President, F. L. Blanc; President-elect, D. G. Denning; Secretary, M. S. Wasbauer; Treasurer, P„ H. Arnaud. There were no nominations from the floor. The slate of candidates was unanimously elected to office for 1971. The incoming president, F. L. Blanc, called for notes and exhibits. The follow- ing notes were presented: Clarifications in the Nomenclature of Some North American Scorpionida. — In 1836 C. L. Koch described a new genus and species of North American scorpion based on a specimen he called Vaejovis mexicanus (Koch, C. L. 1836. Die Arachniden. Nuremberg, vol. 3: 51). Later, in 1876, T. Thorell emended the spelling of Vaejovis to “ Vejovis ” based on the belief that “Vejovis” would be a more correct spelling (Thorell, T. 1876. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th. ser., 17 (97): 5, 10). In studying Koch’s manuscript, it is now clear that he definitely intended to use the spelling “Vaejovis” as this generic name is spelled this way uniformly in the text, index, and on the figure. Therefore, Thorell’s emendation must he considered as an unjustified emendation according to Articles 32 and 33 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. As such, Thorell’s “ Vejovis ” must be considered as a junior objective synonym of Koch’s Vaejovis. Because Vaejovis is the nominal genus of its family, this family name should be spelled Vaejovidae, and not Vejovidae. In the same paragraph that Thorell unjustifiably emended Vaejovis he also changed the spelling of Brotheas to Broteas (Scorpionida: Chactidae) for similar January 1971] PROCEEDINGS 79 reasons. This should also be considered an unjustified emendation and the spelling Brotheccs should, therefore, be retained.— Stanley C. Williams, San Francisco State College. Birth Behavior in the South African Scorpion Hadogenes. — During January of 1970, Karl S. Switak, of the California Academy of Sciences staff collected a series of scorpions of undetermined species, but belonging to the genus Hadogenes and family Scorpionidae. These specimens were excavated from burrows two feet deep in Kruger National Park, South Africa. One large female specimen was given to me early in January soon after its arrival in San Francisco. On 13 January she began giving birth. The entire birth process took place over a time interval of 10 days. On the first day only two young were born, and six was the maximum number of young born during any one 24 hour period. During the birth process the female never stilted above the substrate, but held the ventral part of the body close to (but not touching) the ground. The young emerged from the genital aperture in a somewhat precocious condition in that they were not covered by a membrane and were capable of considerable locomotor activity. As the young emerged, they grabbed hold of the ventral surface of the mother’s body, walked upside down to the lateral region of the venter, then quickly ascended to the mother’s back. On the back of the mother they assumed a random spatial orientation, similar to that of Centruroides in die Buthidae. The young remained on the mother’s back as first instar larvae for a minimum of 37 days (13 January to 19 February), with some individuals remaining in this stage somewhat longer (possibly up to 50 days) . The first instar larvae were capable of considerable locomotion, but usually remained motionless and were on the mother’s back at all times. Two individuals in the last first instar larval stage were removed from the mother’s back and placed on the substrate next to the mother. These crawled on the substrate rather quickly and soon encountered the quiescent mother, at which time they promptly ascended her back and took their place with the remainder of the litter. The first instar larvae began molting on 19 February, but the last individual in the fisrt instar did not molt until 5 March. Three of the second instars left the mother’s back four days after the first molt; others remained longer. The birth behavior of several species of North American scorpions has been studied and described (Williams, S. C. 1969. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 37(1): 1-24). It is, therefore, possible to make some comparisons with the birth process in some of the American forms. There was a striking similarity between the birth behavior of this African species and the American forms which have been studied. The following are some of the more important similarities: the young are born alive; the first instar is represented as a larval form which lacks pretarsal claws, and full development of the telson, and is soft and whitish; the first instar larval stage ascends to the mother’s back without touching the ground and remains on the mother’s back in a physically inactive state throughout this stadium; the first molt produces the second instar nymph stage which appears like a miniature adult, with pretarsal claws, and a fully developed telson; the young leave the mother’s back as second instar nymphs; the first instars do not feed; the mother showed no attempt to eat the young of either the first or second instar stage. Birth in this South African species of scorpion differed from the birth process in North American scorpions in the following significant ways: the young were not covered by a membrane or chorion at time of parturition; the young were 80 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 not caught in a cradle formed by the first two pairs of walking legs of the mother; the first stadium was conspicuously long (37 to 51 days compared to 7 to 14 days) ; the birth process occurred gradually over a period of 10 days (not in less than 24 hours) ; the mother did not stilt above the substrate during parturition; the litter did not accomplish the first molt in synchrony in that individuals molted over a time period of 13 days (not within 12 to 48 hours) ; second instar nymphs began leaving the mother’s back in four days (not in about two weeks). — Stanley C. Williams, San Francisco State College. Notes on the cerambycid beetle Vlochaetes leoninus LeConte. — Larvae of the cerambycid beetle Vlochaetes leoninus Leconte were found in large numbers in a felled tree of Pinus ponderosa Douglas on March 28, 1970. At that time sections of the log and pieces of the bark were collected. This material was brought to San Jose and placed in rearing cages kept at room temperature. The locality of the tree was 19 miles east of Red Bluff at a point one mile SW from the confluence of North and South Antelope Creeks, Tehama County, California. The tree, which measured 75cm d.bh., had been growing in an isolated group of several Ponderosa pines along Antelope Creek at an elevation of 1320 feet. Although the known hosts of Vlochaetes include Pinus ponderosa, P. Jeffreyi, Pseudotsuga Menziesii, and Abies concolor (Essig, 1926; Craighead, 1923), the nearest continuous stand of any of these trees is about 5 air miles away. This would indicate that the beetle probably traveled a long distance to attack the log. The time the tree was cut is not definitely known, but on the basis of previous trips to the area, I estimate it had been felled about two years earlier. The trunk of the tree was still moist from winter rains at the time the collections were made. Extensive mining by the larvae was evident in the sapwood of the trunk. Some mining was evident in the heartwood but was much less extensive. The larval galleries were packed tightly with light-colored, moist, finely divided frass. The galleries meander through the wood, intersecting galleries of other larvae, but generally proceeded in the direction of the grain of the wood. There were some larval excavations in the bark, which was about 4cm thick. These were filled with reddish frass and invariably led to pupal chambers. Full grown larvae were found in pupal chambers both in the bark and in the sapwood. Those chambers found in the bark were located 2mm to 8mm from the inner surface of the bark. Pupal chamber shape varied considerably, but most chambers were elongate, the ends rounded, and the sides subparallel. They varied in size from 3cm to 6cm long, from l 1 /2cm to 2% cm wide, and were from 1cm to l%cm deep. The chambers, which are situated lengthwise with the grain of the bark, are sealed from the larval galleries with a frass plug. At the time of collection some prepupal larvae were placed on a layer of tissue in vials which were plugged with moist cotton. These were later stored at room temperature in the dark. One larva pupated on March 30, 1970 and transformed to the callow adult on April 16, 1970. Normal pigmentation developed during several following days. Emergence of adults from pieces of bark and sections of log occurred between April 16, 1970 and June 6, 1970. Peak emergence occurred during the last week in April and the first week in May, in San Jose. A total of 28 adults emerged; 8 males and 20 females. These beetles exhibit a remarkable likeness to bumblebees. They are slow fliers with heavy bodies. When at rest if a beetle is disturbed it raises the short January 1971] PROCEEDINGS 81 elytra, curves the abdomen upward, holds the hind wings at right angles to the body and beats them rapidly without becoming airborne. This display and the buzzing noise which accompanies it may be effective in frightening away predators that have had unpleasant experiences with bumblebees. — David L. Wilson, San Jose State College. The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. R. W. Thorp, University of California, Davis, the outgoing President of the Society. His presidential address was entitled “Bumble Bees and their Ways.” Coffee and other refreshments were available during a social hour in the entomology rooms following the meeting. — M. S. Wasbauer, Secretary. 82 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 1 SCIENTIFIC NOTE A technique for the study of insect-borne pollen. — Fuchsin glycerine jelly provides a method of transforming insect or stigma-borne pollen into a semi- permanent mount in the field. All that is required is a container of jelly, a needle, microscope slides, cover slips and a spirit lamp and the preparations can be made very conveniently and very rapidly. For example, often the best method of identifying insect-borne pollen is to make a set of reference mounts while actually in the habitat under study. The basic material for this technique is fuchsin glycerine jelly. The usual method of preparation is a modification of that described by Kisser (1935, Z. wiss. Mikr., 51: 38-40). The ingredients are: distilled water 175 cc., glycerine 150 cc., gelatin 50 gm., crystalline phenol 5 gm., and crystalline basic fuchsin stain. The gelatin is added to the distilled water in a large beaker and heated until dissolved. The glycerine and phenol are then added and the whole mixture gently warmed and stirred. Add basic fuchsin crystals to obtain the strength of color desired; I find that the color of claret stains most pollen grains very clearly. Too dark a color may obscure morphological detail and too light a color may not highlight such detail sufficiently. The decision on the strength of color does depend upon the type pollen of grains likely to be encountered. For example, Compositae pollen frequently absorbs very much stain, hence a standard (claret) or a weaker color is often desirable. The contents of the beaker, which now resemble gore, must be filtered through glass wool into containers and left to set. Remember the need to prevent contamination: containers should be completely clean and then sealed once the jelly is in place. Sterile plastic petri dishes are perhaps the most useful containers. Basic fuchsin is not the only stain that can he added, it just happens to be a good general stain. Others may be added provided that they are soluble. Ruthenium red has been used to stain the intine of pollen grains and fast green has also been tried as a general stain. A small cube of jelly is placed beside the pollen sample on a clean slide which is then warmed very gently over a spirit lamp until the jelly melts. In the interests of a pure sample use a flamed needle to dissect the jelly from its container. Do not overheat the preparation or the mountant will denature and become unmanage- able. Inversion of the slide over a glass cover slip makes a thin, bubble-free, semipermanent mount. The stain is absorbed very rapidly so that by the time the preparation is placed on the microscope stage the grains are clearly colored. The time taken to absorb stain can he useful in distinguishing between difficult pollen species. The beauty of this technique is that parts of insects (and sometimes whole insects) and parts of flowers, especially intact stigmas, can he mounted with the pollen in situ. Insect integuments and floral tissue normally do not absorb the stain hence pollen grains are instantly conspicuous in the preparation. I have mounted whole styles direct from fresh flowers and whole flies taken in mid-visit to a flower. To remove pollen from an insect a small needle spearing a blob of jelly can be applied to the integument. The jelly is then transferred to a slide with the pollen adhering to it. Slight warming of the blob can help to trap all the pollen. In this way individual groups of grains can be precisely identified and analysed. - — -A. J. Beattie, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305. January 1971] BOOK REVIEWS 83 BOOK REVIEWS Invertebrata Pacifica, Vol. I, pp. 1-197, 1903-1907. Edited by C. F. Baker. Reprinted 1969 by E. W. Classey Ltd., Hampton, Middlesex, England. Available from Entomological Reprint Specialists, P. 0. Box 207, East Lansing, Michigan 48823. $10.80. Invertebrata Pacifica was a rather short-lived serial publication which was ini- tiated by Charles Fuller Baker in 1903, the year of his arrival at Pomona College. On accepting a position with the Estacion Agronomica Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, in 1904, Baker continued his editorship but abandoned the publication when he returned to Pomona College in 1908. He was an enthusiastic and tireless collector of insects and this trait is evident in the content of the publication which is based mostly on material collected by Baker in California, Nevada, Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua. It contains descriptions of approximately 245 new species and 7 new genera by C. F. Baker, A. P. Morse, D. W. Coquillett, J. J. Kieffer, Peter Cameron, J. A. G. Relin, Nathan Banks and J. C. Crawford. The reprint edition of this difficult to obtain series was produced by photo-offset and thus preserves the original format and pagination. The paper is of good quality and the workmanship in the book cloth binding is fair. — Marius S. Wasbauer, California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento. The Kodiak Island Refugium, Its Geology, Flora, Fauna and History. Thor N. V. Karlstrom and George E. Ball, Editors. The Ryerson Press, Toronto, for the Boreal Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, xiv -f- 262 pp., 28 figs., 21 tables, 1 pi. 1969. $10.00. This is a stimulating multidiscipline study of the significance of the biota of a refugium, a nonglaciated area which presumably acted as a refuge while the surrounding areas were ice or snow covered for long periods. Chapter 7 is of particular interest to entomologists. There is a Foreword by J. J. Bond, a Preface by Ball and Karlstrom; the book proper is divided into five Parts. Part I, an Introduction by Karlstrom, and Chapter 1, The biological importance of Pleistocene refugia, by Carl H. Lindroth. Part II gives the Regional setting and geology of the Kodiak Island Refugium, lay Karlstrom. Part III comprises the Botanical investigations of the same area, with four chapters by as many authors. Part IV is largely entomological: Chapter 7, An annotated list of invertebrates of the Kodiak Island Refugium (Lindroth and Ball). Chapter 8, The species of the subgenus Cryobius of the Kodiak Archipelago (Ball) . Chapter 9, An analysis of the carabid beetle fauna of the Refugium (Lindroth) . Chapter 10, The fishes of the Kodiak Island Refugium (J. D. McPhail). Chapter 11, Origin of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of the Kodiak Archipelago (R. L. Rausch). Part V: Concluding remarks concerning the importance of the Kodiak Island Refugium for the survival of the biota (Lindroth). — Hugh B. Leeci-i, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 84 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vol. 47, NO. 1 RECENT LITERATURE The following publications have been issued by the University of California Press : The Flies of Western North America. By Frank R. Cole with the collaboration of Evert I. Schlinger, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 693 pages, illus. 1969. $25.00. University Publications in Entomology: Biology and Taxonomy of Bark Beetle Species in the Genus P seudohyle sinus Swaine (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) . By Donald E. Bright, Jr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 54: 1-46, 4 plates. 1969. $2.00. Taxonomy and Biology of the Lacewing Genus Meleoma (Neuroptera : Chrysopi- dae) . By Catherine A. Tauber. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 58: 1-94, illus. 1969. $3.50. A Taxonomic Revision of the Weevil Genus Dorytomus in North America (Cole- optera : Curculionidae) . By Charles W. O’Brien. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 68: 1-80, illus. 1970. $3.00. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey : The Cephid Stem Borers of California (Hymenoptera : Cephidae) . By Woodrow W. Middlekauff. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv., 11: 1-19, illus. 1969. $1.00. For further information write: Publicity Department, University of California Press, 2223 Fulton Street, Berkeley, California 94720. — Ed. BOOK NOTICE The Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States. Primitive forms, Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. By William T. M. Forbes. Reprinted by Entomological Reprint Specialists, East Lansing, Michigan. 729 pages, illus. 1969. $17.50. This edition is an unabridged facsimile reprint of the work originally published in 1923 as Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Memoir 68. — Ed. NEW JOURNAL Scheduled for April publication is the new International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology with Dr. A. P. Gupta, Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, as its editor-in-chief. 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Send orders to: Pacific Coast Entomological Society c/o California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 Vo!. 47 APRIL 1971 No. 2 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist LEHMKUHL AND ANDERSON — Contributions to the biology and taxonomy of the Paraleptophlebia of Oregon (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) 85 McFADDEN — Two new species of Ptectius with a key to species occurring in America north of Mexico (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) 94 CHEMSAK AND POWELL — Behavior of Leptalia macilenta (Mannerheim) , with a description of the pupa (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 101 MOLDENKE — Host- plant relations of phytophagous beetles in Mexico (Cole- optera: Bruchidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae) 105 CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY — New Neotropical methiine Cerambycidae (Cole- optera) 117 BUTLER — Fluctuations of populations of Lygus hesperus Knight in Cali- fornia alfalfa fields (Hemiptera: Miridae) 123 MOCKFORD — Psocoptera from sleeping nests of the dusky-footed wood rat in southern California (Psocoptera: Atropidae, Psoquillidae, Lipo- scelidae) 127 KHALAF — Five new species of Mordellidae from Louisiana and Mississippi (Coleoptera) 140 BRUSCA — A new species of Leptohyphes from Mexico (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae) 146 CHEMSAK AND LINSLEY — Some aspects of adult assembly and sexual behavior of Rosalia funebris Motschulsky under artificial conditions (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 149 EMMEL AND EMMEL — An extraordinary new subspecies of Cercyonis oetus from central Nevada (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) 155 RITCHER AND DUFF — A description of the larva of Ceratophyus gopherinus Cartwright with a revised key to the larvae of North American Geotrupini and notes on the biology (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 158 BOOK REVIEWS 100, 126, 145 BOOK NOTICES 1 116, 122 SCIENTIFIC NOTES 148, 164 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 0 1971 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD R. 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The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 47 April 1971 No. 2 Contributions to the Biology and Taxonomy of the Paraleptophlebia of Oregon 1 (Ephemeroptera : Leptophlebiidae) D. M. Lehmicuhl 2 and N. H. Anderson Entomology Department, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 This paper reports on the biology and taxonomy of western Oregon mayflies. The data are based primarily on monthly collections from Oak Creek, Benton County, in the foothills of the Coast Range, and bimonthly collections from the Metolius River, Jefferson County, on the east side of the Cascade Range. Details of the sampling areas and methods are given in Lehmkuhl and Anderson (1970) . Allen and Edmunds (1956) reported 10 species of Paraleptophlebia from Oregon. Three of these, P. falcula Traver (type locality, Corvallis, Oregon), P. rufivenosa (Eaton) and P. vaciva (Eaton) (type locality of both, Mt. Hood, Oregon) are apparently quite rare as Allen and Edmunds (op. cit.) did not see Oregon specimens. Males of 5 species were identified from the study area by using Traver ’s (1935) key- — - P. bicornuta (McDunnough) , P. debilis (Walker), P. gregalis (Eaton), P. sculleni Traver, and P. temporalis (McDunnough). However, Day (1954) suggested that P. sculleni may be a synonym of P. gregalis and we have been unable to distinguish the nymphs or females of these species (see below). The other species recorded from Oregon by Allen and Edmunds were P. heteronea (McDunnough) and P. memorialis (Eaton) (as P. pallipes Hagen). The latter occurs in Idaho and California (Day, 1956) but we did not collect it during the present study. P. heteronea was one of the common mayflies in Berry Creek, Benton County, in Kraft’s (1963) study. Female specimens labelled P. heteronea collected by Kraft from Berry Creek were examined by one of us (DML) and were found to be indistinguishable from female P. temporalis of the present study. 1 Technical Paper No. 2881, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. From a thesis by D. M. Lehmkuhl submitted in partial fulfillment by the requirements of the Pli.D. degree. This research was supported by National Science Foundation grants GB-3643 and GB-7958 to N. H. Anderson. a Present address: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 85-93. April 1971 86 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Most Paraleptophlebia species are univoltine and pass the winter in the egg stage; the habitat of nymphs ranges from moderately swift riffles to muddy substrates covered with leaf drift (Gordon, 1933). The biology of P. debilis in a northern stream is discussed by Clifford (1969). Koss (1968) investigated the fine structure of the eggs of several Paraleptophlebia species, including P. debilis. Chapman and Demory (1963) found that the nymphs of Paraleptophlebia fed mainly on detritus. The nymphs came to the top of stones at night and the proportion of algae in their diet increased at night. Gut contents also reflected changes in food availability at different seasons. Keys to the western species of Paraleptophlebia males are given by Day (1956) for California, and Jensen (1966) for Idaho. Jensen provided a key to the mature nymphs, and Day tabulated potential taxonomic characters for the California nymphs. In the present paper we provide keys to the adult females and mature nymphs of P. gregalis, P. temporalis , P. debilis, and P. bicornuta. Key to Females of Paraleptophlebia Lestage of Oregon 1. Notch in terminal abdominal sternite wide at opening, depth of notch about equal to width of opening (Fig. 1) ; with or without conspicuous sclero- tized markings on sternite VIII (Fig. 2 & 3) 2 Notch in terminal abdominal sternite a narrow V-shaped, depth of notch IV 2 to 2 times the width of the opening; no conspicuous sclerotized markings on sternite VIII; sternite VII produced posteriorly to cover part of segment VIII so that in ventral view segment VII about twice as long as VIII; body usually rusty red and wings slightly tinged with yellow - temporalis (McDunnough) 2. Markings on sternite VIII indistinct or absent; fork of Rs in hind wing bisected by a well developed 3rd vein, fork encloses 2 or 3 pairs of crossveins bicornuta (McDunnough) Markings on sternite VIII as in Fig. 2 or 3; fork of Rs in hind wing either lacking or, if present, with usually none and never more than one pair of crossveins 3 3. Sclerotized markings on segment VIII a narrow dark ridge continuing at least x /2 the length of the segment and diverging at both ends (Fig. 3) ; fork of Rs usually present gregalis (Eaton) Sclerotized markings on segment VIII widely divergent at the anterior end and forming a ridge less than % the length of the segment (Fig. 2) ; fork of Rs represented only by detached arms, base of fork indistinct debilis (Walker) Key to Nymphs of Paraleptophlebia Lestage of Oregon 1. Mandibles with large tusks projecting forward and visible from above bicornuta (McDunnough) Mandibles without large tusks 2 APRIL 1971] LEHMKUHL & ANDERSON — PARALEPTOPHLEBIA 87 Figs. 1-3. Abdominal sterna of Paraleptophlebia females: Fig. 1) P. bicornuta; Fig. 2) P. debilis; Fig. 3) P. gregalis. Figs. 4-5. Gills of Paraleptophlebia nymphs: Fig. 4) P. debilis ; Fig. 5) P. temporalis. 88 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 NO. COLLECTED MONTH Fig. 6. Size class distribution of Paraleptophlebia temporalis nymphs in monthly benthos samples, Oak Creek, Benton Co., Oregon. A = adults collected. Nymphs absent in June and July. 2. Tracheae of gills forked in middle (Fig. 5), dark markings or bands lacking on legs temporalis (McDunnough) Tracheae of gills forked at base (Fig. 4) 3 3. Denticles of tarsal claws minute, scarcely if at all visible at 60 X magnifica- tion; femur, tibia and tarsus without definite dark bands gregalis (Eaton) Denticles of tarsal claws larger, usually visible at 30 X ; femur, tibia and tarsus each with a dark band debilis (Walker) Paraleptophlebia gregalis (Eaton) Leptophlebia gregalis Eaton, 1884. Trans. Linnean Soc. London, Sec. Ser.-Zool., 2: 98. Paraleptophlebia sculleni Traver, 1934. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 50: 189. New Synonymy. APRIL 1971] LEHMKUHL & ANDERSON PARALEPTOPHLEBIA 89 NO. COLLECTED MONTH A 94 J A 199 S < 1 1.1-2 2.1-3 3.1-4 4.1-5 5.1-6 6.1-7 > 7 Fig. 7. Size class distribution of Paraleptophlebia temporalis nymphs in benthos samples, Metolius River, Jefferson Co., Oregon. A = adults collected. The type locality of P. gregalis is Mt. Hood, Oregon; subsequently Traver described P. sculleni from a single male collected at Corvallis, Oregon. On the basis of her 1935 key and verification table, it is distinguishable from P. gregalis on color (middle abdominal segments predominantly white in sculleni, and brown in gregalis ) and sculleni is slightly smaller. Day (1954) suggested, because of marked similarity of the genitalia, that “P. sculleni may . . . prove to be a synonym of P. gregalis One of us (DML) has collected extensively from the type locality of P. sculleni. Both color variants of males were obtained but no difference could be found in genitalic structures. In addition, deliberate searches were made and rearings carried out but distinguishable females or nymphs were not found. Thus we believe that only one polymorphic species is involved and the name P. gregalis has priority for the species. The life cycle of P. gregalis is similar to that of P. temporalis. Paraleptophlebia temporalis (McDunnough) P. temporalis had a univoltine cycle in Oak Creek (Fig. 6) . Nymphs were absent in June and July, but the new generation had reached 2 mm in length by August. There was a large increase in the population during September and October, and more than 70% of the annual total nymphs were collected between September and November. Nymphs increased 90 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Table 1 . Distribution of age classes of Paraleptophlebia temporalis in Oak Creek. Age Class* Total for year % per biotope Still Backwater Glide Riffle I 81 5 10 85 II 198 15 8 77 III 42 57 31 12 IV 32 67 28 5 V 5 40 60 0 * I — newly hatched, gills thread-like; II — gills more developed, wing buds absent; III wing buds evident; IV — mesothoracic wing pads completely cover metathoracic wing pads; V — wing pads black. gradually in size during the winter, and adults emerged from April to June. The life cycle is not as clear in the Metolius River (Fig. 7) which is spring fed and has a fairly constant temperature all year. Nymphs of the smallest size class occurred in all collections, so apparently the eggs hatched throughout the year. Adults emerged from June to September, which was somewhat later than at Oak Creek. In Oak Creek, P. temporalis occurred as small nymphs in the riffle areas from August to November. From November to March it was absent from areas of rapid current and was most abundant in slow waters. There was an apparent shift in biotope preference, with eggs hatching in the riffle but the nymphs moving to slower waters as they matured. There is a negative correlation between size and preferred current velocity (Table 1). The species occurred in both gravel areas and plant beds in the Metolius River but was most abundant in the Table 2. Distribution of age classes of Paraleptophlebia temporalis in the Metolius River. Age Class* Total for year % per biotope Mid- Ranunculus Edge- Ranunculus Gravel I 37 11 51 38 II 674 27 45 28 III 227 64 27 9 IV 175 88 11 1 V 20 90 10 0 * See Table 1. APRIL 1971] LEHMKUHL & ANDERSON — PARALEPTOPHLEBIA 91 Table 3. Distribution of age classes of Paraleptophlebia debilis in Oak Creek. Age Class* Total for year % per biotope Still Backwater Glide Edge- Riffle Mid- Riffle I 84 13 20 64 3 II 424 35 28 36 1 III 293 30 26 43 1 IV 297 11 29 60 0 V 22 27 32 41 0 * See Table 1. plant beds. As is apparent in Table 2, the small nymphs were common on gravel substrates where the current was fast, but a lack of large individuals in the gravel suggests a movement to the plant beds prior to emergence. Paraleptophlebia debilis (Walker) This species occurred in both Oak Creek and the Metolius River, but in the latter it inhabited only muddy side pools and was not taken in the routine benthos samples. In Oak Creek, the nymphs were scarce or absent in winter, and young nymphs were first collected in the March samples (Fi g- 8 )- In comparison with P. temporalis , this is a later emerging species. Adults, or nymphs with dark wing pads, were taken from June to November. The life cycle is univoltine with long periods of hatching and emergence and with most adults occurring in the autumn. The eggs apparently have a resting period of several months during the winter. Jensen (1966) reported that prior to emergence nymphs often migrate into the still water of marginal pools. This is a similar observation to that noted for P. temporalis above. As indicated in Table 3, except for a high proportion of small nymphs in the edge of riffle biotope, P. debilis nymphs in Oak Creek were spread through the biotopes sampled, but within these biotopes the nymphs were always in the areas of slowest current velocity. Mating and Oviposition. — The following observations were made at Helmick State Park, Luckiamute River, Polk Co., Oregon, on 24^27 July 1966. Mating swarms appeared suddenly as the sun dropped behind the trees in the late afternoon. Only individual males or small groups of males were seen while the sun still shone on the water. 92 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Fig. 8. Size class distribution of Paraleptophlebia debilis nymphs in monthly benthos samples, Oak Creek, Benton Co., Oregon. A adults collected. BWP — mature nymphs with black wing pads. Nymphs absent November-February. Within 3-4 minutes after the sun ceased shining on the surface, groups of 30-40 males appeared and swarmed 2-4 feet above the water, about 2—10 feet from shore. The dance was performed by the male repeatedly fluttering rapidly upward 4-5 feet above the water, then the wings and cerci were spread, the forelegs were stretched far forward, and they floated down until they were about 2 feet above the surface. Occasionally they fell into the water and usually could not free them- selves. Females appeared about 30 minutes after the males began to swarm. When a female entered a swarm she was immediately grasped by a male. The pair lost altitude and copulation was completed in the time it took them to fall 3 feet. The pair then separated and the female immediately began skipping across the surface of the water depositing eggs. She dropped to the surface of the water, dipped the tip of her abdomen, flew about 2 feet into the air, and dropped again. Three dips were enough to deposit all eggs. The time from the first contact between male and female until the last of the eggs were laid was only APRIL 1971] LEHMKUHL & ANDERSON PARALEPTOPHLEBIA 93 a few seconds. After oviposition the females flew to the bushes along the edge of the stream. Twenty-two males were captured from a mating swarm and kept in a net to determine the length of adult life. These were captured at about 8 p.m. and by 9 p.m. the next day all but one were dead. Thus it appears that males do not live to swarm more than one day. PARALEPTOPHLEBIA BICORNUTA (McDunnoUgh) Although nymphs of several species of Paraleptophlebia have large tusks on the mandibles, P. bicornuta is the only species with tusks in western Oregon. Nymphs were often collected with P. debilis under silty stones in slow moving streams and rivers, and were occasionally collected in Oak Creek. The life cycle of P. bicornuta is similar to that of P. debilis , with adults emerging in summer and fall. Literature Cited Allen, R. K. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1956. A list of the mayflies of Oregon. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci., Arts, Lett., 33: 85-87. Chapman, D. W. and R. Demory. 1963. Seasonal changes in the food ingested by aquatic insect larvae and nymphs in two Oregon streams. Ecology, 44: 140-146. Clifford, H. F. 1969. Limnological features of a northern brown-water stream, with special reference to the life histories of the aquatic insects. Amer. Midland Natur., 82: 578-597. Day, W. C. 1954. New species and notes on California mayflies. II (Ephem- eroptera) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 30: 15-29. 1956. Ephemeroptera. In: Aquatic insects of California, ed. by R. L. Usinger. Berkeley, Univ. Calif., p. 79-105. Gordon, E. L. 1933. Notes on the ephemerid genus Leptophlebia. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 28: 116-134. Jensen, S. L. 1966. The mayflies of Idaho (Ephemeroptera). Unpubl. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Utah, 367 pp. Koss, R. W. 1968. Morphology and taxonomy of Ephemeroptera eggs. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 61: 696-721. Kraft, G. F. 1963. Seasonal occurrence and distribution of insects in Berry Creek. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis. Oregon State Univ., 122 pp. Lehmkuhl, D. M. and N. H. Anderson. 1970. Observations on the biology of Cinygmula reticulata McDunnough in Oregon (Ephemeroptera : Hep- tageniidae) . Pan-Pac. Entomol., 46: 268-274. Traver, J. R. 1935. Systematics. Part II. In: The biology of mayflies, by J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Yin-Chi Hsu. Ithaca, Comstock, p. 239-751. 94 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Two New Species of Ptecticus with a Key to Species Occurring in America North of Mexico 1 (Diptera : Stratiomyidae) M. W. McFadden Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman 99163 In revising the Stratiomyidae of Mexico it was necessary to compare specimens of Ptecticus sackenii Williston from localities in Mexico with specimens from various localities in the United States. While making these comparisons I found two species from Arizona which possess a dark frons as does P. sackenii but differ in several other characters, notably male genitalia. These species, P. melanothorax and P. nigri- tarsis, are described for the first time and bring the total number of species of Ptecticus occurring in America north of Mexico to four. A key is provided to distinguish between the species and a lectotype is designated for P. sackenii Williston. Systematic Treatment James (1935) first reviewed the genus Ptecticus as part of a larger work on the Geosarginae (= Sarginae) and followed a similar procedure in a later review (James, 1941). Notes on biology and a description of the larva of P. trivittatus (Say) was provided by McFadden (1967). Diagnosis. — The genus includes those species of Sarginae that have the second antennal segment extending deeply on the inner side into the third. The vertex is broader than the front and the eyes of both sexes are dichoptic but more so in the female than in the male. The lower squamae are simple and lack the strap-like lobe of Chrysochroma (of authors, not Williston). The American species formerly referred to Chrysochroma are not congeneric and a new name has been proposed for them in another paper (McFadden, 1970) . Key to the Species of Ptecticus in America North of Mexico 1. Frons shining black 2 Frons yellow trivittatus (Say) 2. Mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum orange-yellow 3 1 Scientific Paper 3451, College of Agriculture, Washington State University. Work was conducted under projects 9043 and 1939. The author is indebted to the National Science Foundation, Grant GB-7384 for partial financial support of this project. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 94-100. April 1971 APRIL 1971] MCFADDEN — PTECTICUS IN NORTH AMERICA 95 Mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum dark metallic purple melano thorax McFadden, n. sp. 3. Posterior legs with apical four tarsomeres white; first abdominal tergum entirely yellow sackenii Williston Posterior legs with at least apical tarsomere black; first abdominal tergum with a dark metallic mark nigritarsis McFadden, n. sp. Ptecticus trivittatus (Say) (Figs. 1, 4) Sargus trivittatus Say, 1829, p. 159, Indiana; type presumed lost. Diagnosis. — An entirely pale species that can be separated from each of the other three species that occur in America north of Mexico by the yellow frons and by the distinct male genitalia (Fig. 4) . Distribution. — Insufficient collecting data still prevent accurate definition of the range of this species but probably it extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic coast and from Florida northward to the southern tier of Ontario counties in Canada (Fig. 1). Discussion.- — Ptecticus trivittatus is the most commonly collected form that occurs in this area and during the hot summer months adults can often be seen frequenting garbage or other decomposing organic matter. Additional information on the biology of P. trivittatus and illustrations of the mature larvae are given in an earlier publication (McFadden, 1967). Ptecticus sackenii Williston (Figs. 2, 3) Ptecticus sackenii Williston, 1885, p. 124. Originally described from 4 specimens, 1 male and 3 females, all designated as co types by Williston. By present designation: Lectotype: $ syntype, Shark River, New Jersey. Paralecto- types: 1 $, New York; 1 2, Florida, Ft. George, August 1882. All lectotype material is deposited in the Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence. Diagnosis. — Male genitalia, especially the cerci (Fig. 3), and the white apical four tarsomeres on the posterior legs will distinguish this species from the other two species that have the black frons. Distribution. — From Arizona east to the Atlantic coast, northward to Kansas west of the Mississippi River and as far north as southern Ontario east of the Mississippi (Fig. 2). The range also extends deeply into Mexico. Discussion. — -The range occupied by P. sackenii is similar to that of P. trivittatus and, in fact, the two species are almost wholly sym- 96 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 2 APRIL 1971] MCFADDEN — PTECTICUS IN NORTH AMERICA 97 patric. While P. trivittatus is commonly collected throughout its range, however, specimens of P. sackenii are rather rare and the species is poorly represented in most collections. Ptecticus melanothorax McFadden, new species (Figs. 1, 5) Type material. — Holotype male , S.W.R.S., 5 mi. W. Portal, Cochise County, Arizona, 28 August 1963, Evans, 5,400 ft. Allotype, same data as type. Type and allotype deposited in American Museum of Natural History. One male and one female paratopotype, same data as type, deposited in Washington State University Collection. Diagnosis. — Differing from other species of Ptecticus by having the mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum dark metallic blue-black. Holotype male. — Length 10 mm. Ocellar triangle and frons above tubercle black; tubercle, face and proboscis yellow; pile of frons brownish-yellow, that of vertex pale; pile of face and lower occipital orbit pale; antennae yellow, arista brownish yellow basally, darker at apex; pile of first and second antennal segments pale, except for a small posterolateral group of strong black hairs at distal margin of each segment as viewed from below. Thorax metallic blue-black over most of dorsal surface, becoming progressively lighter toward lateral line where it is yellow; humeri and a broad line along notopleural suture, white; postalar callos- ities reddish yellow; scutellum and postscutellum entirely dark metallic except an indistinct pale area on latter directly beneath apex of scutellum; pile of thorax pale, short and semi-appressed without overlap; pleura and pectus yellow. Wings subhyaline, stigma yellow. Halteres yellow. Legs yellow except for following black areas: tarsi of anterior legs, basitarsi and apical tarsomeres of posterior legs. Abdomen metallic blue-black with yellow areas as follows: a small spot at posterolateral margin of first tergum; second tergum with posterior transverse band, width less than half the length of that segment; a similar band on third tergum about equal to half the length of that segment; fourth tergum with dark area reduced to an indistinct mark near anterior margin, but separated from it by a narrow band of yellow; fifth tergum with a similar mark, but area further reduced; venter of abdomen yellow, except for first ventrite which appears some- what darker. Male genitalia as in Fig. 5. Allotype female. — Length 10 mm. Similar to male except for the following characters and usual sexual differences: arista black basally; scutellum with a narrow but distinct pale apical margin; posterior tibiae dark brown; postero- lateral yellow spot on first abdominal tergum also present on anterolateral corner of second abdominal tergum; width of transverse yellow band on second ab- dominal tergum about half as long as segment; remaining abdominal terga 0.99) . Analyses of the average mean monthly temperatures showed that during March and April 1957 and 1959 temperatures were higher than those in 1958. May temperatures were higher in 1958 than in the other years. Since threshold temperatures for the development of different stages of L. hesperus are about 45° C (Butler and Wardecker, 1971), the average monthly temperature above this threshold was determined and regression equations were calculated for the monthly increase from APRIL 1971] BUTLER — LYGUS POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS 125 Table 2. Rate of increase and decrease of average monthly tempera- tures in Arizona and at two sites in California. Location Year Period of Increase March to July Period of Decrease July to November b a o r b a r 2 Arizona Casa Grande 1967 0.0035 .95 -0.0032 .88 1968 0.0038 .97 -0.0034 .88 California Salinas Valley 1957 0.0032 .97 -0.0041 .75 1958 0.0056 .85 -0.0029 .64 1959 0.0037 .96 -0.0043 .74 San Joaquin Valley 1957 0.0048 .94 -0.0053 .80 1958 0.0073 .84 -0.0042 .72 1959 0.0037 .96 -0.0045 .78 a From the regression equation y — a - ! - bX, where y is the logarithm of the mean m onthly tem- perature minus 45° F. , and .X. is the date. March to July (Table 2). The rates of increase in temperatures in 1957 and in 1959 were similar in both areas and tests of the homogeneity of regression of those slopes showed that they followed a similar pattern to those observed for the increase of lygus bugs. Also, the pooled values for 1957 and 1959 were significantly different from those for 1958; therefore, the temperature increase was different during the 1958 sea- son. The increase in temperature and in population of lygus bugs thus had a correlation coefficient of 0.881 (6 df, P = > 0.99), indication of an association between the increase in number of lygus bugs and the increase in the average monthly temperature. One of the unique characteristics of the population of lygus bugs in Arizona is the rate of increase in the spring being so similar to the rate of decrease in the fall. No such uniformity was observed in California. Again, an explanation can be found in the temperatures. The average monthly rate of increase in temperatures in the spring in Arizona is very uniform and the decrease in the fall is very similar. In California, where hot weather often occurs in August and September, the rate of decrease differs and shows less conformity to a linear decline. Repro- ductive diapause (Beards and Strong, 1966) also affects the numbers present in the fall. Conclusions . — The average rates of increase in the number of adult L. hesperus in alfalfa in two areas of California in 1957 and 1959 were 126 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 similar to the average yearly rate of increase observed in Arizona. How- ever, in 1958, March and April were relatively cool, while May tem- peratures were high. This caused a marked acceleration in the rate of increase. Although uniformity in the buildup of lygus bugs is being stressed in current studies, the number in a given population is in a state of oscillation. In Arizona, increases and decreases in the average monthly tempera- ture during the spring and fall are relatively uniform which causes a corresponding uniform fluctuation in the population of adult lygus bugs. Although there are numerous factors affecting the fluctuation in popula- tion of lygus bugs, heat input and temperature extremes play a domi- nant role. Literature Cited Andrewartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1954. The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. Univ. Chicago Press, 782 pp. Beards, G. W., and F. E. Strong. 1966. Photoperiod in relation to diapause in Lygus hesperus Knight. Hilgardia, 37(10): 345-362. Butler, G. D., Jr., and A. W. Wardecker. 1970. Fluctuations of populations of Lygus hesperus in alfalfa in Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol., 63(4) : 1111— 1114. 1971. Temperature and development of eggs and nymphs of Lygus hesperus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 64(1) : In Press. Smith, R. F., and K. S. Hagen. 1966. Natural Regulation of Alfalfa Aphids in California. Ecology of Aphidophagous Insects, Symposium at Liblice, Czechoslovakia, 27 September-1 October 1965: 297-315. Stern, V. M., R. van den Bosch, T. F. Leigh, 0. D. McCutcheon, W. R. Sallee, C. E. Houston, and M. J. Garber. 1967. Lygus control by strip cut- ting alfalfa. Calif. Agr. Ext. Serv., AXT-241, 13 pp. BOOK REVIEW An English-Classical Dictionary for the Use of Taxonomists. Compiled by Robert S. Woods. Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711. xiv -|- 331 pp. 1966. $5.50. This is the perfect companion to the scholarly Roland W. Brown’s Composition of scientific words. It is a listing of “all words found in unabridged classical Greek and Latin lexicons which could conceivably be used in scientific nomen- clature, including those which would be applicable only in a metaphorical sense.” Because the alphabetized words are in English, in boldface capitals, it is easy to use, and full of suggestions for the student wanting to choose a name for a new taxon. After each term the Greek and Latin words are given; at this point one refers to Brown’s book or to a dictionary for restricted meanings and details. Every page contains a number of words not in Brown, or found there only by patient searching. Mr. Woods’ book deserves much wider advertising than it has had. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. APRIL 1971] MOCKFORD — PSOCIDS FROM WOOD RAT NESTS 127 Psocoptera from Sleeping Nests of the Dusky-footed Wood Rat in Southern California 1 (Psocoptera: Atropidae, Psoquillidae, Liposcelidae) Edward L. Mocicford Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61761 A small collection of psocids from sleeping nests of the dusky-footed wood rat, Neotoma fuscipes Howell, in San Diego County, California, was sent to me by Mr. Tom Ashley of El Cajon, California. The ma- terial includes 21 specimens of four species, three of which are new to science and are here described. One of the new species is also repre- sented in material received from Mr. R. F. Wilkey of the California Department of Agriculture, Sacramento. These records are also included. Two of the new species belong to the genus Liposcelis , a group still little studied, though well represented, in North America. Badonnel has developed a classification of this genus in a series of papers (1962, 1963, 1967, 1969), which I follow in this work. The other new species is in the genus Rhyopsocus, and is a brachyp- terous species very similar to R. squamosus Mockford and Gurney (1956). Comparison requires a redescription of the latter species, the female of which has not previously been described and the male not in sufficient detail. Details of the collecting data and occurrence of the species in each nest are presented in the text. Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein, a species common in the arid regions of southwestern United States, is the spe- cies most frequently encountered in the rat nests. Only one species, Rhyopsocus micropterus Mockford, is represented by both sexes. This may be a question of sampling accident in case of both Liposcelis spe- cies, but Lepinotus reticulatus is parthenogenetic in North America. It is of interest to note that two of the new species, Rhyopsocus micropterus Mockford and Liposcelis triocellatus Mockford, have greatly reduced compound eyes. This fact suggests the possibility that these species may be closely associated with rodent nests. The association is certainly not obligatory in the case of Liposcelis triocellatus , two rec- ords of which are from samples of ground litter and soil. Several papers have documented the association of psocids with warm- blooded vertebrates. Pearman (1960) recorded eight species of psocids 1 Some materials used in this study were provided by a National Science Foundation grant, NSF GB-7729, to Illinois State University. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 127-140. April 1971 128 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 collected on rats in Tanzania and one from St. Helena. The rat species involved were Rattus rattus (Linnaeus), R. rattus alexandrinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) , and Mastomys natalensis (Smith). It should be noted that all but one of the species of psocids reported by Pearman are known from habitats not associated with rats. Badonnel (1969) listed two spe- cies of psocids, Liposcelis ervtomophilus Enderlein and L. bostrychophilus Badonnel, from the fur of mammals in Angola. Seven species of mam- mals were involved, five of them rodents, one an insectivore, and one a fissiped. Gurney (1950) cited records of psocids infesting the fur of chinchillas, puppies, and human hair. Mockford (1967) recorded psocids from plumage of five species of birds. Records of psocids in the nests of birds have been cited by Hicks, Rapp, and Wlodarczyk (literature references in Mockford, 1967). Wlodarczyk and Martini (1969) have studied quantitatively the occur- rence of psocids in bird nests in the Lodz Uplands of Poland. Four species of psocids (three of Liposcelis ) were recorded from a nest of a tree mouse, Dendromus mysticallis ansorgei Thomas and Wroughton, and one (also a Liposcelis ) from the nest of a lemuroid primate, Galago demidovi phasma Cabrera and Ruxton, in Angola by Badonnel (1969). Psocids are probably much more common in the nests both of birds and mammals than the scanty literature records suggest. Measurements for the new species are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Abbreviations used in connection with the measurements are explained as follows: Post. tib. zz: posterior tibia. Post. tars, ti, etc. =z first posterior tarsomere, etc. Ant. fi, etc. zz first flagellar segment, etc. Ant.-Post. eye diam. zz antero-posterior eye diameter. IO/D zz smallest distance between compound eyes divided by greatest antero- posterior diameter of compound eye in dorsal view. PO zz transverse diameter of compound eye in dorsal view divided by greatest antero-posterior diameter of eye in same view. Mx. pip. seg. 4 zz distal segment of maxillary palpus. Post. tr. zz posterior trochanter (measured with femur in Liposcelis ) . Si zz the longest seta of the lateral margin of the pronotum. Sn zz the longest antero-lateral marginal seta of the mesonotum. Mdix = the longest lateral seta of the ninth abdominal tergum. Se zz the longest seta of the epiproct. Photomicrographs were made by Dr. David Weber of the Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, using a Zeiss Photo- microscope II. For the sculpture of the cuticle of the Liposcelis species, APRIL 1971] MOCKFORD PSOCIDS FROM WOOD RAT NESTS 129 phase-contrast microscopy, a 40X oil immersion lens, and high contrast film were used. Specimens were prepared for photography of the cuticle by clearing in hot 8% KOH solution, staining in a saturated solution of light green in 95% ethyl alcohol, and mounting in euparal. Family Atropidae Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein This species is represented by eleven adult females in three nests. It has an extremely wide range (all continents) and has been captured on the plumage of living birds (Mockford, 1967). Records. — San Diego County, California, T. Ashley collector: Cuyamaca Reser- voir, 15 April 1968, nest No. 0-12F7-6, 2 $ ; 5 miles south of Lakeside, 16 April 1968, nest No. 0-12B9-14, 3 2 ; Dulzura, 22 April 1968, nest No. 0-12W12-15, 6 2 • Family Psoquillidae Rhyopsocus micropterus Mockford, new species Diagnosis. — Brachypterous. Differing from the other known bra- chypterous species, R. squamosus Mockford and Gurney, primarily in following features: 1) Compound eye size and number of facets: — much smaller eye with fewer facets in this species; 2) Distal segment of maxillary palpus: — decidedly clavate in R. squamosus , much less so in this species; also, lateral sensilla of this segment differing (Fig. 4 vs. Fig. 9) ; 3) Shape of distal end of hypandrium, it being slightly bilobed in R. squamosus (Fig. 10) and rounded in this species (Fig. 7) ; 4) Shape of tips of external parameres (= porifers), these being bent in R. squamosus (Fig. 11) and curved in this species (Fig. 14) ; 5) Sclerite of orifice of spermathecal duct, it being heavier in R. squamosus than in this species (Fig. 13 vs. Fig. 15) ; 6) Shape of accessory bodies of spermatheca, 2 the sides being approximately parallel in R. squamosus and one side being indented, producing a bean-shaped structure in this species. Male and Female. — Measurements. — (Table 1). Morphology. — Forewings ex- tending to just short of half length of abdomen ( $ ) , just beyond one-third length of abdomen ( 2 ) ■ Hindwings about one-third length of forewings. Epicranial suture present ; frontal sutures absent ( 2 ) , present but faint in $ . Ocelli absent, their places marked by three minute brown spots in cuticle anterior to epicranial 3 Term coined by Pearman (1931). Badonnel (1949) suggests the possibility that they may be homologs of the spermathecal maculae of Atropidae. Such a homology seems likely in view of presence of inward-directed double spines on the pores of these bodies in R. micropterus and R. squamosus, similar to the spines of the spermathecal maculae of Lepinotus inquillinus Heyden (per- sonal observation) . 130 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Figs. 1-10. Figs. 1-7, Rhyopsocus micropterus Mockford, n. sp. : Fig. 1. 2, fore- wing; Fig. 2. $, head in anterior view; Fig. 3. $ , compound eye; Fig. 4. 2, distal segment of maxillary palpus; Fig. 5. $ , distal segment of maxillary palpus; Fig. 6. lacinial tip (L indicates lateral tyne) ; Fig. 7. $ , hypandrium. Figs. 8-10, Rhyopsocus squamosus Mockford and Gurney: Fig. 8. 2, compound eye; Fig. 9. 2, distal segment of maxillary palpus; Fig. 10. $, hypandrium. Scale of Fig. 2 also applies to Figs. 8 and 8; scale of Fig. 4 also applies to Figs. 5 and 9; scale of Fig. 7 also applies to Fig. 10. Scales are in mm. suture. Distal segment of maxillary palpus slightly clavate. Pronotum beset with transverse row of long, backward-directed curved setae. Mesonotum roughly tri- angular with base anterior; showing no trace of divisions into notal lobes. Meta- notum with scutellum distinct. Color (in alcohol ; sexes same) .- — Compound eyes APRIL 1971] MOCKFORD PSOCIDS FROM WOOD RAT NESTS 131 O P4 C- CO o vq vo o d d Ov c— VO CO CTv CO UO CO 00 o CO "5? 03 £ « s 4-5 H 'A g Q <1 lO O O o o o 00 CO o o d d b cd Co |> r- 1 O +2 O £ t - i — I 0*\ csi co c-q odd I— I ao CO CO d d CO '+4 »G ■M bfi G « VO t" vo UO VO O 0 0 0 0 d d d d d a to o © © ©4 fl OJ 0 ) Jh © cn cd fc. HO 50 * O HOI 0 10 r-J 50 Ho O 03 h ■s 5+h 03 O .2 cfi ^ g S 3 S •£ • r-i q O w 0 03 Ph M cfi 0 5+H o ? - — ^ ■*-> 77 n H 03 5 O S X 0 ‘" H Cfi 0 f-H 3 0 3 f-H fi 0 s 03 cn b 5-M 3 o M ^ o3 i/3 JU h33 ^-H -M fl 0 CM w 1-1 P3 C H fl 0 cn 0 f-H d* 0 Sh « Hd § 0 co o to ft H to Pi n O TO -m ft ft O TO ft ft co -ft 3 0 S3 cn [ *3+3 § . s w H E+ 3 <3 a <1 0 '— J ^ “ti TO +73 to o .ir O 50 50 o cm vo o o © © o © LO o CO o © CM CO CM o CM © H o' t>- CO CO © CO © O O CO c 0 o cC CJ Eh Pi o CJ o be C3 C cS c n 50 0 0 o H CO co ov co i—i Tf* LO o o o © o o d d d d o © LO o CO I— ( VO . LO LO LO © O o o o o d d d o d Ov o On r- © i— i i co CM rH i — i o o O o o d d d d d © CO CM co LO CO i— H CM CO co CM CM o © o O O O d d d d d d co co i — i © CO © o o o o d d d d © CM i-H LO r— 1 © CO cO -v co co CO co O O cd O o O © d d *s d d d © fH o cd HH • rH R i— i LO oj CO LO CO © r- r- CJ c— lo- o r- t-- o o o co • r-l o © d d r- d d cd d © 4— 1 CJ R CO © o 00 co 4—* © © p— i T—l CJ i — i i— i R CM pH d d d d R d d C/3 o © © © ft . i — 1 CO h- l> CO co bD F— H o CD O © © o § © © © © d d d o+ CH- CH- CH- CH- CH- CH- 135 136 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Figs. 27-34. Fig. 27, Liposcelis villosus Mockford, n. sp., ?, chaetotaxy of abdominal terga 8-11. Figs. 28-34, Liposcelis triocellatus Mockford, n. sp., $ : Fig. 28. lacinial tip; Fig. 29. T-shaped sclerite; Fig. 30. chaetotaxy of abdominal terga 8-11; Fig. 31. compound eye (arrow indicates anterior direction) ; Fig. 32. chaetotaxy of pronotum and anterior margin of mesonotum; Fig. 33. prosternum; Fig. 34. chaetotaxy of mesosternum. Scale of Fig. 32 also applies to Figs. 33 and 34. Scales are in mm. APRIL 1971] MOCKFORD — PSOCIDS FROM WOOD RAT NESTS 137 Female. — Measurements. — (Table 2). Morphology. — Median suture of vertex absent. Thoracic parapsidal sutures not visible. Lacinial tip (Fig. 24) . First abdominal tergum with a single sclerotized area. Common trunk of gonapophyses (Fig. 21), rather narrow basally. T-shaped sclerite of subgenital plate (Fig. 22) with expanded area around base of stem. Sculpture. — vertex (Fig. 36) with small, slender, transversely oriented areoles separated by depressed lines and bearing ex- ceedingly minute granulations visible with phase-contrast microscopy. Abdominal terga: first tergum with very distinct transverse clear lines separating narrow areoles bearing fine granulations. Remaining terga (Fig. 35 of 5th tergum) bear- ing broader areoles covered with much larger granules, each granule clear in its center. Chaetotaxy. — hairs of vertex sparse, long (about 24 g) , generally shorter than distances between them, but near epistomal suture distances less than hair lengths. Prothorax with Si long, one other long seta along anterior margin of each lateral lobe, and two long setae along anterior margin of median lobe near its lateral edges; a few scattered small setae more posteriorly. Prosternum bearing 10 setae arranged in a U-shaped curve. Synthorax (Figs. 20, 25) with Sn about same length as Si, two other long setae along its anterior margin, and several shorter setae scattered over its dorsal surface; mesosternal row of 9 long setae. Setae of abdominal terga sparse, very variable in length; first tergum with single transverse row of setae; terga 2-7 each with a transverse row and several scattered setae anterior to this. Setae of abdominal terga 8-10 (Fig. 27). Color (in alcohol) . — Compound eyes black. Head reddish-brown, decidedly darker on clypeus than on vertex and frons. Subcutaneous red pigment granules scattered on vertex and frons, concentrated somewhat along epicranial and frontal sutures, and, more strongly around antennal sutures. Thorax, abdomen, and legs medium brown with slight reddish hue. Abdomen dorsally with narrow purple band bordering each intersegmental membrane between abdominal segments 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, and 5-6, the first two rather faint. A narrow, colorless posterior membranous area present on abdominal segments 6 and 7. Holotype female, Cuyamaca Reservoir, San Diego County, Cali- fornia, 15 April 1968, in nest of Neotoma fuscipes (nest No. 0-12F7-6), T. Ashley collector. One 2 paratype, same data as type. Types are in my collection. Liposcelis triocellatus Mockford, new species Diagnosis. — A species of Section I, by absence of posterior mem- branous regions on abdominal terga 3 and 4, and of Group B by having the humeral seta of only medium length and lacking an anterior trans- verse row of setae on each lateral lobe of pronotum. Differing from all other members of this group by possession of only 3 ocelloids in each compound eye. Female. — Measurements. — (Table 2). Morphology. — Median suture of vertex recognizable for short distance as an irregular break in sculpture. Thoracic parapsidal sutures recognizable only as bands of tuberculate sculpture bordered by empty areoles. Lacinial tip (Fig. 28) with denticles strongly diverging. First abdominal tergum divided into three sclerotized areas: one anterior and two pos- 138 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vol. 47, no. 2 Figs. 35-39. Figs. 35 and 36, Liposcelis villosus Mockford, n. sp., $ : Fig. 35. fifth abdominal tergum showing sculpture of integument; Fig. 36. central region of vertex showing sculpture of integument. Figs. 37 and 38. Liposcelis triocellatus Mockford, n. sp., 2 ; Fig. 37. central region of vertex showing sculpture of integu- ment; Fig. 38. regions of abdominal terga 3 and 4 bordering intersegmental line, showing sculpture of integument. Fig. 39, Rhyopsocus squamosus Mockford and Gurney, $ , spermatheca with its accessory bodies, duct, and sclerite of the orifice. APRIL 1971] MOCKFORD — PSOCIDS FROM WOOD RAT NESTS 139 terior. Common trunk of gonapophyses (Fig. 26) elongate, narrow basally. T- shaped sclerite of subgenital plate (Fig. 29). Sculpture . — vertex (Fig. 37) with roughly polygonal areoles, their long axes mostly oriented transversely, separated by depressed lines, and bearing numerous granulations. Abdominal terga: sclero- tized areas beset with large, irregular granules oriented in some areas into trans- verse areoles narrowly separated by lines. The areoles much better developed posterior to segment 4 than anterior to it. On membranous portions of terga 5-7, granules much smaller than anteriorly, becoming increasingly smaller posteriorly and replaced by transverse lines immediately anterior to posterior border of each segment. Chaetotaxy . — hairs of vertex generally shorter than distances between hairs, the hairs about 9 p in length. Prothorax (Figs. 32, 33) with Si of medium length; other dorsal setae few, somewhat shorter than Si. Three prosternal setae. Synthorax (Figs. 32, 34) with Sn about same length as Si; other setae generally shorter, sparse; two setae on parapsidal suture of each side; mesostemal row of 6 setae. Abdominal setae oriented in distinct transverse rows on terga 1 and 2, with one row per tergum; on tergum 3 a distinct anterior and a distinct posterior row with several setae scattered between; more posteriorly row orientation absent, setae scattered; setae on anterior terga about 8 p in length. Terminal abdominal setae (Fig. 30) ; epiproct with 2 straight setae much longer than others. Color (in alcohol). — Compound eyes black; body and appendages pale straw-brown dorsally, somewhat paler ventrally. Holotype female , Cuyamaca Reservoir, San Diego County, Cali- fornia, 15 April 1968, in nest of Neotoma fuscipes (nest No. 0-12F7-6), T. Ashley collector. Two 2 paratypes, same data as type. Same locality, situation, and collector, 22 May 1968, 3 2 paratypes. Types are for the present in my collection. Other records. — California: Los Angeles County, 2 miles south of Pearblossum, 31 March 1959, ex litter and soil (sandy loam) under Cupressus Macnabiana Mur- ray along base of hills, F. C. Raney collector, 21 $ ; Kern County, 11 miles north- east of Caliente, 31 March 1959, ex litter and soil under Pinus Sabiniana Douglas, F. C. Raney collector, 10 2 • Discussion. — This species is probably most closely related to L. hid- den (Hagen) (= L. simulans race A Broadhead according to Pearman, 1951), which has only 5 to 6 ommatidia in the compound eye. It is similar in size and chaetotaxy to L. hidden , but is closer to L. simulans (race B) Broadhead in sculpture of the abdominal terga. It is paler in color than L. hidden or L. simulans. The three previously known spe- cies with greatly reduced number of ommatidia, L. paetus Pearman, L. paetulus Broadhead, and L. parvulus Badonnel, belong to Section II. «- All figures showing sculpture of integument are oriented with the anterior direction upward. Upper scale applies to Figs. 35, 36, 37, and 38; lower scale applies to Fig. 39. Scales are in mm. 140 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Literature Cited Badonnel, A. 1949. Psocopteres du Congo Beige (3 e note) . Bull. Inst. Royal Sci. Natur. Belg., 25: 1-64. 1962. Psocopteres. Biologie de l’Amerique Australe, I: 185-229. 1963. Psocopteres Terricoles, Lapidicoles et Corticoles du Chili. Biologie de l’Amerique Australe, II: 291-338. 1967. Psocopteres edaphiques du Chili (2 e note) . Biologie de l’Amerique Australe, III: 541-585. 1969. Psocopteres de l’Angola et de pays voisins, avec revision de types africaines d’Enderlein (1902) et de Ribaga (1911). Diamang Pub. Cult., 79: 1-152. Gurney, A. B. 1950. Psocids likely to be encountered by pest control operators. Pest Control Technology, Entomology Section, pp. 131-163. Mockford, E. L. 1967. Some Psocoptera from plumage of birds. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 69: 307-309. Mockford, E. L., and A. B. Gurney. 1956. A review of the psocids, or book-lice and bark-lice, of Texas (Psocoptera). J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 46: 353-368. Pearman, J. V. 1931. More Psocoptera from warehouses. Entomol. Mon. Mag., 67: 95-98. 1951. Additional species of British Psocoptera. Entomol. Mon. Mag., 87 : 84-89. 1960. Some African Psocoptera found on rats. Entomologist, 93: 246-250. 1961. Notes on genitalic nomenclature. Psocid News Sheet, No. 3: 3-6. (Mimeographed) . Wlodarczyk, J., and J. Martini. 1969. Probe analizy zasiedlenia gniazd ptasich przez grzki (Psocoptera). Ekol. Pol. Ser. B Ref. Dyskusje, 15: 323-336. Five New Species of Mordellidae from Louisiana and Mississippi 1 (Coleoptera) Kamel T. Khalaf Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 This study was based on specimens sorted from light-trap collections received from the Gulf Coast Mosquito Control Commission, Gulfport, Miss., and the Mississippi Test Support Facility, NASA. The identifi- cation is based on Brimley (1951), following Liljeblad’s classification (1945) . The new species belong to the genus Mordellistena Costa. Their types are mounted in polyvinyl alcohol and deposited in the U. S. Na- tional Museum. 1 This investigation was supported by an Academic Grant from Loyola University. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 140-145. April 1971 APRIL 1971] KHALAF NEW MORDELLIDAE 141 Mordellistena longictena Khalaf, new species Length to apices of elytra around 3.3 mm, pygidium very long and slender, 2.2 mm, hypopygium 0.5 mm. Color of head and prothorax brownish red, venter red, abdomen infuscated. Last abdominal segment (sometimes), pygidium, and elytra black, except for reddish humeral spot occupying proximal one-third of elytron. Antennae dark, except yellowish on first four segments and base of fifth. Palpus brownish, darker distally. First two pairs of legs brownish. Pubescence yellowish. Eyes moderately large, pear shaped, hairy, and finely granular. Antennae sub- serrate, 1.2 mm long, nearly reaching base of pronotum. Proportions of segments 2-5 as 11:10:9:15 and segments 10-11 as 3:4. Terminal segment of maxillary palpi triangular, narrow proximally, apical and inner edges subequal. Scutellum triangular, with obtuse apex. Penultimate segment of front and mid- dle tarsi only slightly notched. Middle tibia shorter than tarsus. Long tibial spur about twice length of the small. Metatibia with three oblique combs, preapical and apical not included, second long and crossing outer face, proximal comb some- times rudimentary. Basitarsus with from four combs to five and a rudiment. Second segment of tarsus with three combs, proximal sometimes rudimentary. Cross vein r light in color (Fig. 1). Medial fleck separated by its own length from posterior wing margin. Four anal veins present. Distinct dark spot present on cross vein r-m. Basal part of anterior fleck distinct. Holotype female , Edward Bayou, Mississippi, 21 September 1966. Paratypes: 1 9, Edward Bayou, Miss., 25 September 1966; 1 9, Pearlington, Miss., 1 September 1966. This species is somewhat allied to M. husseyi Liljeblad. Variations in the latter species were described by Ray (1946). Mordellistena longictena differs from M. husseyi in color (especially the possession of a humeral spot) , presence of three combs on second hind tarsal segment, shape of last segment of maxillary palpi, very long pygidium, and smaller size. Mordellistena gigantea Khalaf, new species Length to apices of elytra 5-5.5 mm, pygidium 2.2-2. 5 mm, hypopygium 0.75 mm. Color dark brown, abdomen dark, metasternum and metacoxae lighter in male. A black patch in male between eyes. Legs (except knees and tarsi) , basal four seg- ments of antennae, and palpi yellowish brown, darker in female. Antennae dark, except basal four segments. Palpi yellow, terminal segment infuscated, darker in female. In female, isolated elytra lighter in color distally. Upper surface with short, dense pubescence. Eyes moderately large, hairy, and finely granulate. Antennae short, 1.2 mm long, subserrate, not reaching base of pro thorax. Proportions of segments 2-5 as 13:16: 14:16 and segments 10-11 as 14:16. Terminal segment of maxillary palpi club shaped or only faintly triangular, apical edge shortest. Scutellum triangular, apex somewhat obtuse. Penultimate segment of front and middle tarsi only slightly notched. Long tibial spur about twice length of the small. Metatibia with three oblique combs, preapical and apical not included, second long and crossing outer face. Sometimes, one or two rudiments replace proximal comb, 142 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 and additional rudiment may be present just beyond long comb. Basitarsus with four combs; sometimes additional rudiment present; second segment with two and a rudiment. In wing (Fig. 2), cross vein r somewhat faint. Medial fleck separated by nearly its own length from wing margin. Four anal veins pigmented; jugal present. Radial cell relatively long. Spurious, pigmented fleck present proximal to vein Rs. Holotype female , Ansley, Mississippi, 30 September 1966. Allotype, Ansley, Miss., 5 September 1966. This species differs from M. husseyi in the form and proportions of antennal segments, and the dimensions of the terminal segment of maxil- lary palpi. Mordellistena mississippiensis Khalaf, new species Small species, total length about 3 mm, pygidium almost 1 mm, proportion of length of pygidium to that of hypopygium 98:35. Color yellowish brown, darker on apical half of elytra, due to dark wings underneath. Ventrally, first two or three visible abdominal segments black. Last four antennal segments infuscated. Pubescence yellow. Eyes small, hairy. Antennae long (1-1.1 mm), filiform, extending beyond base of pronotum. Proportions of basal five antennal segments: 7.5:9.5:6:7:11; segment eleven slightly longer than tenth. Terminal segment of maxillary palpi triangular, apical edge slightly longer than or subequal to inner. Scutellum semitriangular, apex obtuse and rounded. Penultimate segment of front and middle tarsus hardly notched. Middle tibia shorter than tarsus. Long tibial spur twice length of the small. Metatibia with two oblique combs, preapical not included, upper one long and crossing outer face. Basitarsus with three combs and second segment with two. Additional, small, rudimentary comb sometimes is present on tibia and first tarsal segment. In wing (Fig. 3) , cross vein r faint. Medial fleck separated by more than its own length from posterior wing margin. Only trace of fourth anal vein present near base of wing. Holotype male , Gulfport, Mississippi, 18 May 1966. Paratypes: 1 $, Long Beach, Miss., 29 April 1966; 1 $ , NASA (Gate A), Miss., 7 September 1966. This species differs from M. wickhami Liljeblad by its distinctly smaller size, and from M. testacea Blatchley which is described as being uniform in color. It also differs from M. sub focus Liljeblad, in color, size of eyes, proportions of antennal segments, and dimensions of ter- minal segment of maxillary palpi. Figs. 1-5. Hind wings of five new species of Mordellistena. Fig. 1 . M. longictena. Fig. 2. M. gigantea. Fig. 3. M. mississippiensis. Fig. 4. M. mullahyi. Fig. 5. M. louisianae. APRIL 1971] KHALAF — NEW MORDELLIDAE 143 144 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Mordellistena mullahyi Khalaf, new species Length to apices of elytra 3 mm, pygidium 1 mm, hypopygium 0.45 mm. Head, palpi, and antennae yellow. First two pairs of legs yellowish, hind legs darker. Rest of body black, except brownish red on apical part of pronotum, humeral vitta (not reaching middle of elytra, margin, or suture), apical edge of elytra, end of abdomen, and pygidium. Sides of pronotum dark brown. Pubescence grayish. Eyes moderately large, hairy, with moderately coarse facets. Antennae short (0.8- 0.9 mm) , not reaching base of pronotum. Proportions of antennal segments 2-5 as 80:73:73:105 and segments 10-11 as 95:126, segments 7-10 wide. Terminal seg- ment of maxillary palpi triangular, apical edge shortest. Scutellum triangular, with obtuse apex. Penultimate segment of front and middle legs faintly notched. Middle tibia slightly shorter than tarsus, proportion 27 :30. Metatibia with three short, oblique combs, preapical and apical not included, proxi- mal one small. Basitarsus with three combs and a rudiment, second segment with two. In wing (Fig. 4), medial fleck separated by its own length from wing margin. Fourth anal vein nearly missing, hardly indicated near base. Cross vein r distinct. Rs widely pigmented. Spur present on stem of first two anal veins. Dark segment of cross vein r-m quite distinct. Holotype female, Three Rivers, Mississippi, 18 May 1966. This species exhibits some similarity to M. smithi Dury. In the latter species however, the head, thorax, and pygidium are black, and the humeral vitta extends beyond the middle of elytra. Moreover, the two species differ in the structure of the antennae. Mordellistena louisianae Khalaf, new species Length to apices of elytra 2.5 mm, pygidium 1 mm, hypopygium 0.35 mm. Color of head, thorax, venter, legs, antennae, and palpi yellow. Abdomen and pygidium black, both lighter near tip. Elytra yellow, narrowly black at base, at suture to near apex, and at margin in more than the middle third. Base of prothorax and posterior part of elytra infuscated. (The elytra because of dark wings underneath.) Pubescence yellow, except in dark areas. Eyes rather small, finely granular, with erect macrotrichia. Antennae long (1.2 mm) , filiform, extending beyond base of pronotum. Proportions of segments 2-5 as 4.7:4:4:7 and segments 10-11 as 6.2:7. 5. Terminal segment of maxillary palpi wide triangle, apical edge shortest. Scutellum triangular, apex broadly rounded. Penultimate segment of front and middle tarsi feebly notched. Middle tibia and tarsus subequal in length. Long tibial spur about twice length of the small. Metatibia with two short, oblique combs, preapical and apical not included, proximal one fine and more oblique. Basitarsus with two combs and a rudiment, second segment with two. In wing (Fig. 5), medial fleck eroded, separated by more than its own length from wing margin. Pigmented margin of Rs wider basally. Vein Cu faint and narrow except near apex of loop. Fourth anal vein missing. Radial cell short. APRIL 1971] KHALAF NEW MORDELLIDAE 145 Holotype male, Indian Camp (W. Pearl River) Louisiana, 4 May 1966. This species is somewhat allied to M. dimidiata Helmuth. However, M. louisianae differs in eyes, presence of two combs on second segment of posterior tarsi, color of pygidium, proportions of antennal segments, and shape of maxillary palpus. Mordellistena pratensis Smith and M. errans Fall are seemingly allied species, but were only briefly described. Mordellistena pratensis is a much smaller species with different colora- tion, while M. errans is described as entirely yellow testaceous with the unusual character of having the fourth antennal segment longer than the fifth. Literature Cited Brimley, J. F. 1951. Mordellidae of Prince Edward County, Ontario (Coleoptera) . Can. Entomol., 83: 278-279. Liljeblad, E. 1945. Monograph of the family Mordellidae (Coleoptera) of North America, north of Mexico. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 62. 226 p. Ray, E. 1946. Studies on North American Mordellidae, IV (Coleoptera). Pan- Pac. Entomol., 22: 121-132. BOOK REVIEW The Comparative Anatomy of the Male Genital Tube in Coleoptera. 1969 reprint without change. By David Sharp and Frederick A. G. Muir. Entomologi- cal Society of America, 4603 Calvert Road, College Park, Maryland 20740. $ 10 . 00 . The original of this invaluable work with its 37 plates appeared in Part III of The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for the year 1912, and was published on 24 December 1912. It has been increasingly hard to obtain and as many of the illustrations of male genitalia are still the only ones in print for their respective genera the reprinting is most welcome. This is especially so because the new edition includes as an Appendix, reprints (with original paginations) of two subsequent papers by Sharp and four by Muir, all dealing with continuations of their original study. There is a 2-page preface to the book, by E. C. Zimmerman, and a 2-page introduction by him to the six shorter papers; in the latter he draws attention to corrections to be made in the 1912 work. As Zimmerman remarks, it would be preferable to have a completely revised and expanded edition of Sharp and Muir, but with the help of Lindroth and Palmen’s chapter in Tuxen’s Taxonomist’s glossary of genitalia in insects, and papers by specialists in various families, the student can make excellent use of this first-class reprinting. Counting the plates it is a book of 300 pages, but with the parts in their original pagination, so is not separately paged. — Hugh B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 146 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 A New Species of Leptohyphes from Mexico 1 (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae) Richard C. Brusca California State College at Los Angeles 90032 An undescribed species of Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882, was recently found in a collection of mayfly nymphs from Mexico. I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Richard K. Allen, in recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of this genus. I thank Jerry Bat- tagliotti for preparing the illustrations. Leptohyphes alleni Brusca, new species Nymph. — Length: body 4.0-5. 0 mm; caudal filaments 4. 5-5. 5 mm. General color tan to reddish-brown with gray to black markings. Head tan with scattered black markings and numerous pale spots (Fig. 1) ; maxillary palpi 3-segmented; labrum pale with black lateral margins and marginal setae; labrum deeply emarginate; lateral ocelli moderate in size, median ocellus small. Thoracic nota brown with variable gray markings and numerous pale spots; legs reddish-brown with numer- ous pale spots on femora (Fig. 3a, b) ; femora with large, diffuse, black maculae; tibiae reddish-brown with faint black streak along ventral margin; tarsi pale, with- out markings; femora with short spines (Fig. 3c) ; fore femoral band of spines (Fig. 3a) ; hind femora with marginal spines in raised sockets; hind femora with- out spines on anterior surface; hind femora produced apically, and 50 per cent longer than fore femora (Fig. 3b) ; tibiae with large marginal spines; tarsal claws with 3-4 marginal denticles (Fig. 3d) ; tarsal claws red apically. Abdominal terga reddish-brown with numerous pale spots and diffuse, black, transverse band; terga 1-9 with long posterolateral spines; sterna reddish-brown with diffuse black mark- ings; operculate gills pale at apex and along margin, dark at base; operculate gill with short lateral spine near base (Fig. 2). Caudal filaments brown with pale annulations. Holotype mature nymph , STREAM 10 MILES NORTH Huajuapan DE Leon, Oaxaca, Mexico, 7 September 1968. R. K. Allen, in collection California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Paratopotypes: 3 ma- ture nymphs, same data as holotype, in collection California State Col- lege at Los Angeles. Remarks. — Mature nymphs were collected in a small stream (eleva- tion 5,400 ft.) with a temperature of 70° F. Leptohyphes alleni and Leptohyphes murdocki Allen are the only described species of Lepto- hyphes in which the head, body, and femora are covered with small, white spots. The femoral spines of both species are short and broad, 1 The research upon which this report is based was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-5740X. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 146-148. April 1971 APRIL 1971] BRUSCA A NEW MEXICAN LEPTOHYPHES 147 Fig. 2. operculate gill; Fig. 3a. right fore leg; Fig. 3b. right hind leg; Fig. 3c. fore femoral spine; Fig. 3d. tarsal claw. and the number of denticles on the tarsal claws is indentical. Lepto- hyphes alleni appears to be geographically and seasonally isolated from L. murdocki as the former has been collected in November from south- ern Mexico, and the latter in May from Panama. Leptohyphes alleni 148 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 is distinguished from all described Leptohyphes , by the following com- bination of characters: (1) the maxillary palpi are 3-segmented; (2) the femora are reddish-brown with black maculae; (3) the hind femora are expanded, with an apical projection; (4) the ratio of length of fore femora to hind femora is 50 per cent; (5) the middle and hind tibiae have long spines on the dorsal and ventral margins; and (6) the hind femora are without spines on the anterior surface. Leptohyphes alleni is the first species of the genus to be described from southern Mexico. SCIENTIFIC NOTE On the identity of Panurginus ineptus Cockerell (Hymenoptera : Andrenidae). — The type of P. ineptus recently passed through my hands and I identified it as a true Panurginus although it was transferred to Pseudopanurgus in the Synoptic Catalog (U. S. Dep. Agr. Monogr., 2: 1,100). The first recurrent nervure in this species, as I now recognize it, is received almost interstitially with the first intercubitus, or from about one to three widths of the nervure beyond the intercubitus, so that in some cases it is received about as far from base as the second recurrent nervure is from the apex of the second submarginal cell. Synonymy: Panurginus ineptus Cockerell, 1922, Amer. Mus. Novitates, 36: 8, 10 , $. Panurginus bakeri Crawford, 1926, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 28: 213, $ (new synonymy) . The material recorded below seems to be correctly identified with P. ineptus , although the wing nervures run more or less darker than in the type. The males agree closely with Crawford’s description of P. bakeri and with his figures. Colorado: 1 female, type of ineptus, Tennessee Pass, 10,500 feet, 6-8 August 1920 (Lutz) ; 1 female, Elk Springs, Moffat Co., on Stanleya pinnata, 23 June 1950 (C. D. Michener) ; 1 female, Gothic, 9,500 feet, Gunnison Co., 14 August 1964 (Michener and Downhower) ; 1 male, Slumgullion Pass, 29 June 1937 (R. H. Beamer) . Utah: 1 male, Logan Canyon, 25 May 1954 (Knowlton and Bohart) ; 1 female, 20 miles east of Salt Lake City, 11 June 1952 (W. E. LaBerge) ; 9 males, Wellsville, Cache Co., 13 May 1954 (G. E. Bohart) ; 1 male, Wellsville, 3 June 1937 (F. C. Harmston) ; 1 male, Mill Creek Canyon, Salt Lake Co., 8 June 1955 (J. C. Downey) ; 1 female, Navajo Lake, 9,800 feet, 8 July 1964 (G. F. Knowlton). Wash- ington: 1 male, Van Trump, Mt. Ranier, 21 July 1922 (A. L. Melander) . Oregon: 1 female, Aneroid Lake, Wallowa Co., 1 August 1941 (R. F. Rieder) . — P. H. Tim- berlake, University of California, Riverside 92502. APRIL 1971] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY ROSALIA BEHAVIOR 149 Some Aspects of Adult Assembly and Sexual Behavior of Rosalia funebris Motschulsky under Artificial Conditions (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) John A. Chemsak and E. G. Linsley 1 University of California, Berkeley 94720 During the first week of July 1970, we were informed of the presence of large numbers of Rosalia funebris in the business district of Santa Rosa, California. The beetles were aggregating on the outside walls of a bank building (Fig. 1), and had elicited considerable interest and curiosity from residents. The local newspaper contained an illustrated article referring to the incident. Since few accounts of such assemblages have been published (Essig, 1943, reported on a collection of 150 specimens of Rosalia from a com- mercial paint shop in Ukiah, California), we proceeded to Santa Rosa on 7 July 1970 in order to make first hand observations. Upon our arrival at 11:05 a.m. (PST), numerous adults were visible on the walls of the bank building. Specimens were collected from the outside walls, bushes, and sidewalks around the structure. They were sluggish and not easily disturbed, the males resting much higher than the females. By 12:05 p.m. the sun was shining brightly on the front of the build- ing and at that time only three males were evident, the others having- moved into shade. At 12:30 p.m. the male nearest to the corner of the wall moved around it into the shade; the other two followed at 12:44 p.m. and 1:14 p.m., respectively; the individual closer to the edge moving first. According to bank officials, the beetles had been coming to the building over a period of 10 days to two weeks, reaching a peak during a hot spell at the end of the previous week (1-3 July) when daytime temperatures had risen to 101°-102° F. On 4 July, the temperature began to fall off and by 6 July, noticeably fewer specimens were evi- dent about the building. On 7 July, the first individual seen in flight, a male, arrived at 12:35 p.m., alighting on the northside shady wall. Five additional specimens (4 males, 1 female), appeared during the next 22 minutes, all settling on shady portions of the building. 1 Appreciation is expressed to Dr. L. D. Anderson, University of California, Riverside for calling our attention to tlie aggregating site of Rosalia in the city of Santa Rosa, to Mr. R. F. Davenport, Wells Fargo Bank, Santa Rosa, to officials of the Speed Space Corporation, Santa Rosa for access to facilities to which Rosalia were attracted and for information on the prior history of such be- havior, and to Dr. W. Loher for helpful suggestions. This study was undertaken with support of the National Science Foundation under grant GB-4944X. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 149-154. April 1971 150 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Although the level of activity as reported to us had decreased by 7 July, we collected 32 accessible males and 11 females from the building and immediate vicinity and estimated that 30-40 individuals still re- mained on the walls out of reach, in spite of the fact that Dr. Anderson had taken 75 specimens, 48 males and 27 females, the previous day. According to bank personnel, the beetles had occurred in such large numbers during the peak period that they were a definite nuisance. While in Santa Rosa, we were also informed of reports of large num- bers of Rosalia on the grounds of a prefabrication building plant 4.5 miles north of town. At this site we found the beetles concentrated in the paint shop and painting areas, including the assembly area for pre- fabricated products (Fig. 1). Both sexes were attracted to sites where a flat white latex undercoating was applied to the products. In the several hundred foot long assembly building, the beetles inside were found primarily within 100 feet of the large open end of the structure. Numerous individuals were also present in and about the paint storage sheds nearby (Fig. 1). One empty five gallon paint can contained six females trapped in the paint residue and another three adults (Fig. 1). Most specimens taken in the paint shed were either recently dead or very sluggish to the point of being immobilized. However, the latter individuals became active immediately when captured and placed in plastic bags. Thirty-six specimens (21 males, 15 females) were collected in the plant. All of these were on or near dry paint and none were present on the wet, freshly applied coats on the walls of the finished structures. According to the foreman and several of the workers, beetles had been present during each of the past five years, individuals arriving after the first hot spell of summer. In view of the report by Essig (1943) on the attractiveness of paint to Rosalia , and our observations at the assembly plant, an inquiry at the bank building in Santa Rosa revealed that it had been painted re- cently. The high temperatures in early July had presumably caused volitilization of certain ketones in the paints, suggesting that these were involved in the attraction of Rosalia. According to Essig, the Ukiah specimens were also attracted during a hot spell. Further indication that high temperatures might be a factor in activating attractive ele- ments in the paint was the fact that in the laboratory at room tempera- tures, fresh samples of the same paint used on the building in Santa Rosa elicited no response from the beetles. However, the adults were not long lived enough to permit us to determine whether or not the age of the paint after application might have also been involved. Another APRIL 1971] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY — ROSALIA BEHAVIOR 151 Fig. 1 . Upper left. — site of adult Rosalia funebris Motschulsky assembly in Santa Rosa, California. Upper right. — area of Rosalia assembly north of Santa Rosa. Lower left. — male Rosalia on paint shed. Lower right. — adult Rosalia en- trapped in residue in paint bucket. consideration may be that high temperatures trigger a gregarious re- sponse in the beetles. Since very little information on the habits of Rosalia funebris has been published, all of the live adults collected at Santa Rosa were brought into the laboratory for observations. Reported hosts for this species are Alnus spp., Fraxinus spp., Quercus spp., Salix spp., and Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. (Linsley, 1964). Al- though Umbellularia has not been confirmed as a primary host since the species was designated as the California Laurel Borer by Essig (1926), the adults were introduced into a large rearing cage containing four 10 inch diameter logs of U. californica. These logs had been at- tacked previously by Leptalia macilenta LeConte, lucanids (Platycerus ) , and other deadwood species and were fairly dry at this time. In addi- tion most of the bark had been removed in order to study Leptalia , in particular. However, Rosalia were attracted to the logs and mating and subsequent oviposition were readily observable. Mating behavior. — This activity was studied with individual couples placed in cardboard cartons with transparent tops, as well as those individuals (about 20 males and 10 females) which were introduced into the large cage containing the four laurel logs. 152 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 The same basic mating pattern occurred in all of the numerous cases observed, both in the confinement of the small containers and the rela- tive freedom of movement possible within the cage. After the initial contact, the male mounted the female from the side (Fig. 2). He quickly assumed a parallel position while palpating her pronotum with his palpi and mandibles (Fig. 2). The front legs grasped the female behind the humeri, while the middle legs were extended laterally and the hind pair posteriorly but not in contact with her body. During mating the antennae of the male were gradually arched outward and posteriorly and those of the female were arched forward. Immediately upon assuming this position on the female, the male curved the abdomen forward with the apex forming a scoop-like right angle and attempted to insert the phallus. If joining was successful, the male moved back slightly and gently extracted the female genitalia while lowering the head and touching the pronotum with his mouthparts. The pulling and bowing motions persist for from 30 to 60 seconds and just prior to dis- joining, these actions become very rapid. Usually the bowing occurred every four seconds with faint stridulations audible during the upward motion. The sounds are produced by the movement of the pronotum over the mesonotal plate. In most cases after disjoining, the female would explore the substrate with her ovipositor while the male remained in amplexus with his body at an angle to hers with his mouthparts con- tacting her elytra. The various couples exhibited very little variation in these actions, the principle differences involving the length of time from initial con- tact to complete separation. One pair uncoupled after 8 minutes and remained motionless. One minute later the female moved her antennae and ran her front legs over the scape. About 20 minutes later the male appeared immobile but tightened his grip when the female moved her antennae. A little later the male moved back assuming a 45° angle while the female extruded her ovipositor. In several cases the male grasped the antennae of the female during the rapid terminal copulatory motions and appeared to bite strongly. Competition with other males appeared to be a factor influencing the length of time an individual male remained in contact with a female. Although the high individual density and confined conditions of the cage provided an artificial situation, at least some of the antagonistic behavior exhibited probably occurs in nature. Fighting between males was common, both between individuals and between single males and mating males. The latter situation developed when single males attempted APRIL 1971] CHEMSAK & LINSLEY — ROSALIA BEHAVIOR 153 Fig. 2. Upper left .- — male Rosalia mounting female. Upper right.- — typical mat- ing position of Rosalia. Lower left.— male intruding upon a mating pair. Lower right. — female seeking oviposition niches. to dislodge the male in a mating pair. When thus interrupted, mating males leave the female and engage the intruder. Usually they run di- rectly at the intruder making contact with the head and mandibles. While the two were entangled, each attempted to bite the appendages of the other. Usually one or the other became dislodged from the log and ran off while the victor engaged the female. Size was important in determining the outcome of these encounters and the larger males easily dislodged small opponents. A small male could not successfully mate with a large female since his genitalia could not reach hers while he was engaged in palpating the pronotum. In one instance, a male came upon a mating pair from the front. He hooked his front legs over the antennae of the female and remained face to face with the mounted male (Fig. 2). When the female attempted to move forward, he pushed her backward and when she moved back- ward, he grasped her antennal scape with his mandibles and held her immobile. The trio remained in this position until the mating male dismounted and the female broke loose and attempted to oviposit. In most cases, copulation between the same individuals occurred a number of times. After each joining, the male remained with the female while she oviposited. When an egg was laid, the male usually attempted 154 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 to couple again immediately, with the entire behavioral sequence being repeated. In conclusion, the sexual behavior of Rosalia funebris may be sum- marized briefly for comparison with a number of species studied by Michelsen (1966a, 1966b). It involves licking during amplexus, tap- ping, sound production, and pulling the ovipositor during copulation. This suggests a relatively high degree of evolution of sexual behavior from the “pure licking” of the more primitive forms of Cerambycidae. Oviposition. — After copulation, the females search for oviposition niches. While searching she extrudes the ovipositor and holds her an- tennae forward and extended somewhat laterally with the apices bent to touch the substrate surface (Fig. 2). When a suitable niche or crack was found, the ovipositor was inserted, the antennae were drawn back- ward and extended laterally and a single egg was deposited with gentle pulsations of the body. In most cases, the ovipositor remained in the substrate for a minute or two. On the Umbellularia logs, the niches most commonly selected were split openings at the ends of the logs. However, eggs were also laid in artificial crevices made by the insertion of a knife into the wood. Rosalia eggs are elongate (3+ mm long, .75 mm diameter), whitish, and translucent. The end attached to the substrate is narrower with the surface covered by a slightly sticky gelatinous coating. Unfortunately, the condition of the logs was not conducive to the hatching of eggs and larval development. The reasons for this are not clear but probably involved the nature and moisture content of the wood. In nature the hosts are generally present along water courses and washes where a relatively high moisture content is maintained by the dead wood. It is also possible that Umbellularia is not a suitable host for larval development. Further studies of host requirements for this species are obviously needed. Literature Cited Essig, E. 0. 1926. Insects of Western North America, ix -f- 1035 pp. 766 figs. Macmillan, N. Y. 1943. The California-laurel borer, Rosalia funebris Mots. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 19: 91-92. Linsley, E. G. 1964. The Cerambycidae of North America. Part V. Taxonomy and classification of the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribes Callichromini through Ancylocerini. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 22: 1-197. Michelsen, A. 1966a. The sexual behavior of longhorned beetles. Entomol. Medd., 34: 329-355. 1966b. On the evaluation of tactile stimulatory actions in longhorned beetles. Z. Tierpsychol., 23: 257-266. APRIL 1971] EMMEL & EMMEL — NEW NEVADA CERCYONIS 155 An Extraordinary New Subspecies of Cercyonis oetus from Central Nevada 1 (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) Thomas C. Emmel 2 and John F. Emmel Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32601 and University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco 94122 The small dark woodnymph, Cercyonis oetus Boisduval, occurs from the western ridge of the Sierra Nevada to the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains, in most of the mountain ranges of the western United States and north into western Canada. Three rather weakly differentiated subspecies are known (see Emmel, 1969, for review). Cercyonis oetus oetus Boisduval, with an acutely-angled mesial band and brownish secondaries ventrally, is found in the western third of the species’ range. Cercyonis oetus charon Edwards, with mottled dark brown secondaries ventrally, is distributed from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Canadian border. Cercyonis oetus phocus Edwards has a uniform slate or black-brown phenotype and is found in British Columbia with occa- sional populations in adjacent areas. Because of this relative uniformity of phenotype over a broad range, it was particularly surprising to find in 1969 an extraordinarily distinct set of populations in the center of Nevada. (Several specimens indicat- ing a strange phenotype were taken here also in 1967.) The collectors, John F. Emmel and Oakley Shields, were able to secure nearly 80 speci- mens of both sexes from several localities in the Reese River Valley, west-southwest of Austin in Lander County. This region (5,700 feet elevation) is a relatively flat plain coated with bright white alkaline salts, making the habitat appear mantled by a thin layer of snow. Salt- bush (Atriplex) , composites, and a few other herbs and grasses poke through the alkali crust. The whitish coloration of this new Cercyonis aids in concealment against such an environmental background. Cercyonis oetus pallescens Emmel & Emmel, new subspecies (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4) Male.- — Forewing radius : 19-21 mm. Dorsal surface : soft mouse gray-brown on both primaries and secondaries; in fresh specimens, noticeably lighter than 1 Contribution No. 180, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville. 2 Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Travel and research supported in part by grants from the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, The Allyn Foundation, and the Division of Sponsored Research, University of Florida. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 155-157. April 1971 156 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 Figs. 1-4. Cercyonis oetus pallescens Emmel and Emmel, new subspecies. Dorsal (Fig. 1) and ventral (Fig. 3) surfaces of holotype male and dorsal (Fig. 2) and ventral (Fig. 4) surfaces of paratype female; both from 4 miles northeast of Reese River crossing of State Highway 2, 5,700 ft. elevation, west-southwest of Austin, Lander County, Nevada, 12 July 1969. Fig. 5. Cercyonis oetus oetus Boisduval, male, ventral surface, from Tioga Pass, Yosemite, California, 28 July 1960. Fig. 6. Cercyonis oetus charon Edwards, female, ventral surface, from Hyde State Park road, 7,900 ft. elevation, near Santa Fe, Sante Fe County, New Mexico, 1 August 1963. coloration in all other subspecies. One black ocellus, lacking any lighter ring, on the forewing. Androconial distribution as in other subspecies. Ventral surface : Both forewings and hindwings heavily suffused with white scaling. Two forewing ocelli usually present, some specimens with one, three, or even four forewing ocelli; on hindwing, from none to six small ocelli. All ocelli almost always pupilled with bright white scales. Mesial band marked by dark brown zigzag lines on about half APRIL 1971] EMMEL & EMMEL — NEW NEVADA CERCYONIS 157 the specimens. Head, thorax, abdomen : Same color as adjacent wing surfaces; thus quite white ventrally, in contrast to dark bodies of other named subspecies. Female. — Forewing radius : 21-23 mm. Coloration as for male but with two dorsal forewing ocelli and often three or four ventral forewing ocelli; white scaling even heavier on ventral surface of secondaries. Holotype male , Reese River Valley, 4 road miles northeast of Reese River crossing on Nevada Highway 2, 5,700 ft. elevation, WESTSOUTHWEST OF AUSTIN, SOUTHWEST CORNER OF T. 19 NORTH, R. 43 east, Lander County, Nevada, collected 12 July 1969, by John F. Emmel and Oakley Shields, deposited in the senior author’s collection at the University of Florida. Paratypes. — 61 males, 9 females, from same locality and date as holotype; 5 males, 1 female, Reese River at old U. S. Highway 50, ca. 10 road miles west of Austin, 5,700 ft., Lander County, Nevada, 12 July 1969, same collectors. Paratypes deposited in collections of the Allyn Foundation, Los Angeles County Museum, California Academy of Sci- ences, Carnegie Museum, American Museum of Natural History, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, and the authors. The name of this insect refers to its most distinctive feature: the whitish scaling on the ventral surfaces. It should be noted that each of the four species of Cercyonis is now known to contain such a form, found in arid, alkaline flats in the West: Cercyonis pegala gabbi Edwards — Utah, basins near Great Salt Lake especially. Cercyonis sthenele paulus Edwards — Nevada principally. Cercyonis meadi alamo sa Emmel & Emmel — San Luis Valley, Colorado. Cercyonis oetus pallescens Emmel & Emmel — Reese River Valley, Nevada. Genetic and physiological research on these situations and other adapt- ive strategies in the genus Cercyonis are currently in progress. Earlier publications (Emmel, 1969; Emmel & Emmel, 1969) give a general taxonomic treatment of these satyrids. Literature Cited Emmel, T. C. 1969. Taxonomy, distribution and biology of the genus Cercyonis (Satyridae). I. Characteristics of the genus. J. Lepidopt. Soc., 23: 165-175. Emmel, T. C., and J. F. Emmel. 1969. A new subspecies in the Cercyonis meadi group (Satyridae). J. Lepidopt. Soc., 23: 161-164. 158 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [VOL. 47, NO. 2 A Description of the Larva of Ceratophyus gopherinus Cartwright with a Revised Key to the Larvae of North American Geotrupini and Notes on the Biology 1 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Paul 0. Ritcher and Robert Duff Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331 and California State College, Long Beach 90804 In 1962, a strange, deep burrowing, geotrupid beetle was found in Santa Barbara County, California, which could be of economic impor- tance in golf courses and lawns (Anonymous, 1963). It was described as a new species of Ceratophyus by Cartwright in 1966. Ceratophyus is an old world genus occurring from Morroco and Southwestern Europe to Siberia, South Russia, and Sikkim (Cartwright, 1966). It seems probable, therefore, that Ceratophyus gopherinus is a species of foreign origin that was introduced into California some 10 years ago. The larvae of Peltotrupes youngi Howden, of Mycotrupes gaigei Olsen and Hubbell, and of several species of Geotrupes were described by Howden (1952, 1954, 1955, 1964). In 1967 Howden described the larva of a Mexican species, Ceratotrupes holivari Haeffter and Martinez. In 1955 he gave a key to the genera known at that time. The larvae of several species of Geotrupes were described by Ritcher (1947, 1966) together with keys to the known genera of Geotrupini. Robert Duff discovered the larva of Ceratophyus in February 1970. This is the only genus of Geotrupini now occurring in North America whose larva was unknown. Ceratophyus gopherinus Cartwright, Third-Stage Larva Description based on 12 third-stage larvae collected by Robert Duff from cells deep in the soil 8, 14, and 22 February 1970, at Vandenburg Village, Santa Barbara County, California. Maximum width of head (Fig. 1) 4.14 to 4.86 mm with a mean width of 4.42 mm. Surface light yellow brown to light red brown, finely granulose. Frons, on each side, with one or two posterior frontal setae, one or two setae in each anterior angle, one exterior frontal seta, and one anterior frontal seta. Clypeofrontal suture absent. Epicranial stem continued on frons past juncture of frontal sutures. Epi- cranium, on either side, with an oblique row of 3 or 4 setae. 1 Technical Paper No. 2889. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. This investigation was sup- ported in part by grant GB 6194X from the National Science Foundation. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 158-163. April 1971 APRIL 1971] RITCHER & DUFF CERATOPHYUS LARVA 159 Labrum wider than long, with slightly trilobed anterior margin; lateral lobes broadly rounded, sides constricted toward base. Antenna 3-segmented but distal segment very small, cap-like. Segment 2 with a distal, ovate, sessile sense organ (Figs. 1, 7, 8) . Scissorial area of each mandible with a blade-like anterior portion and a pos- terior tooth. Inner margin of each mandible, between scissorial area and molar region, with prominent process; process bifurcate on left mandible (Fig. 3). Molar areas asymmetrical, left mola overhung dorsally by prominent acia; grinding sur- face of left mandible concave, that of right mandible rather flat. Maxilla (Fig. 4) with separate galea and lacinia. Lacinia with 3 apical unci. Stipes with sparsely set row of 8 to 12 short, conical, stridulatory teeth. No stridulatory teeth on palpifer. Hypopharynx (Fig. 5) with asymmetrical oncyli, more strongly developed on the right. Glossa broadly rounded, not emarginate. Epipharynx (Fig. 2) very similar to that of Peltotrupes youngi Howden. Hapto- merum inconspicuous, bare, mound-like. Each chaetoparia sparsely set with about 20 to 25 slender chaetae of varying lengths, most directed mesad. Pedium bare, surrounded anteriorly and laterally by phobae. Each lateral phoba a dense row of short blunt filaments. Anterior phoba row of shorter filaments and with curved row of 6 macrosensilla along its anterior margin. Haptolachus with curved phoba on right side and smaller curved phoba on the left. Torma slightly asymmetrical, united mesally and with thin posterior and anterior epitormae on the midline. Pternotormae prominent, that on right larger. Spiracles reniform (Fig. 9) ; emargination of prothoracic spiracle facing ventrad, emarginations of abdominal spiracles cephaloventrad. Spiracles on abdominal seg- ments 1-6 similar in size, those on segments 7-8 progressively smaller. Abdomen bluish, greatly swollen posteriorly as in Peltrotrupes and with pro- truding anal lobes on each side of last segment (Fig. 9) . Dorsal lobes incon- spicuous, two in number on segments 1-8. Dorsal lobe 1 much broader, especially on abdominal segments 3-8. Last (tenth) abdominal segment short, obliquely flat- tened, with bare whitish, fleshy anal lobes (Fig. 9). Anal opening bordered dor- sally by flap-like lobe (Fig. 10) . Endoskeletal figure, below dorsal lobe, triangular, sides converging toward anal opening. Impressed area lateral of anal opening sur- rounded by same pigmented line that defines posterior endoskeletal figure. Each impressed area with curved dorsal arm expanded apically, and smaller, curved, lateral arm which tapers to a point (lateral lobes not separated from ventral anal lobes by impressed lines) . Legs 4-segmented with some segmental boundaries poorly defined. All three pairs of legs well developed, metathoracic legs smallest (Fig. 9). Small claws on all legs, smallest on metathoracic legs. Metathoracic legs with stridulatory tubercles on inner face of trochanter and femur (Fig. 6), and one or two tubercles on tibio- tarsus. Stridulatory structure on mesothoracic legs consisting of faintly striated area on outer surface of each coxa. Ceratophyus gopherinus, based on larval characters, represents a distinctly different genus which is not closely related to Ceratotrupes. The less specialized metathoracic legs and the fusion of the anal and ventral lobes of the last abdominal segment distinguish it from larvae of 160 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST [vol. 47, no. 2 Figs. 1-9. Larva of Ceratophyus gopherinus Cartwright. Fig. 1. Head. AA, seta of anterior frontal angle; AFS, anterior frontal seta; DES, dorsoepicranial setae; EFS, exterior frontal seta; ES, epicranial suture; FR, frons; FS, frontal suture; L, labrum; PFS, posterior frontal setae. Fig. 2. Epipharynx. CPA, chaetoparia; APRIL 1971] RITCHER & DUFF — CERATOPHYUS LARVA 161 Fig. 10. Ceratophyus gopherinus. Caudal view of last abdominal segment. AO, anal opening. DAL, dorsal anal lobe; LL, lateral lobe; VAL, ventral anal lobe; VESF, ventral part of endoskeletal figure. Fig. 11. Geotrupes blackburnii excre- menti Say. Dorsal surface of right antenna. Fig. 12. Peltotrupes youngi. Inner surface of metathoracic leg. Fig. 13. Peltrotrupes youngi. Caudal view of last abdominal segment. AO, anal opening; LL, lateral lobe; VAS, ventral anal lobe. other North American Geotrupini. In common with the larva of Pelto- trupes, Ceratophyus has a greatly swollen body, much reduced last an- tennal segment, and similar epipharyngeal characters. The following key (in part from Howden, 1954, 1955, and 1967) can be used to separate the larvae of North American Geotrupini. Lar- vae of the three genera, Ceratotrupes , Geotrupes , and Mycotrupes, are very closely related. The characters used to separate them in the key represent differences which are often found in species belonging to the same genus. Key to Larvae of the Genera of Geotrupini Found in North America 1. Last antennal segment greatly reduced in size, cap-like (Figs. 1, 7, 8) ; abdomen greatly swollen (Fig. 9) 2