Vol. 52 OCTOBER 1976 No. 4 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist CLIFFORD—Observations on the life cycle of Siphloplecton basale (Walker) (Ephemeroptera: Metretopodidae) _ 265 LINSLEY AND ROSS—Plant associations among adult Hippomelas (Coleop- tera: Buprestidae) _ 272 ANDREWS—A new species of Alloxysta hyperparasitic on aphids associated with South American Nothofagus forests (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) _ 286 DENNIS AND LAVIGNE—Oviposition of Cyrtopogon inversus (Diptera: Asilidae) _ 288 YOUNG—Studies on the biology of Heliconius charitonius L. in Costa Rica (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) _ 291 STONE—Notes on the biology of the introduced elaterid Conoderus exsul (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) _ 304 MIDDLEKAUFF AND LANE—A new species of Apatolestes from California (Diptera: Tabanidae) _ 311 EVANS—Bembicini of Baja California Sur: Notes on nests, prey and distri¬ bution (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) _ 314 POLHEMUS AND CHENG—A new Rheumatobates from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Gerridae) _ 321 MARI MUTT—A new species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands (Collembola: Entomobryidae) _ 326 BOHART AND VILLEGAS—Nesting behavior of Encopognathus rufiventris Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) _ 331 GWYNNE—Observations on the nesting behavior of Ammophila nasalis (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) _ 335 ANDREWS—A new species of Fuchsina Fall with notes on some California Lathridiidae (Coleoptera) _ 339 SCIENTIFIC NOTES_ 271, 313, 323, 338, 347, 348 EDITORIAL NOTICE _ 285 RECENT LITERATURE _ 290, 330, 334 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE _ 320 INDEX TO VOLUME 52 _ 351 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1976 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD T. D. Eichlin, A. R. Hardy, Editors C. M. Walby, Editorial Asst. E. G. Linsley H. V. Daly P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer E. S. Ross H. B. Leech Published quarterly in January, April, July, and October with Society Proceed¬ ings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sci¬ ences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be addressed to the Secretary, Franklin Ennik, Vector Control Section, California Department of Health, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, 94704. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $7.50 for regular members of the Society, $5.00 for student members, or $15.00 for subscriptions only. Single copies are $3.75 each or $15.00 a volume. Make checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society Officers for 1976 F. G. Andrews, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer R. E. Stecker, President-Elect Franklin Ennik, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication : The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editors: T. D. Eichlin, A. R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, Calif. Dept, of Food and Agri¬ culture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. This issue mailed 24 March 1977 Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and additional offices. ALLEN PRESS, INC. '’"'iiP 0 LAWRENCE, KANSAS The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 52 October 1976 No. 4 Observations on the Life Cycle of Siphloplecton basale (Walker) (Ephemeroptera: Metretopodidae) Hugh F. Clifford Department of Zoology University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 Metretopodidae is a small mayfly family placed in the major hepta- geniod phyletic line, the metretopodids representing a special lineage from the Siphlonurinae (Edmunds, 1972). Several workers, e.g. Berner (1950), Burks (1953), have commented on metretopodids exhibiting features in common with both Heptageniidae and Siphlonuridae. Only two genera are now assigned to Metretopodidae. Metretopus , con¬ taining a single North American species (M. borealis Eaton), is Hol- arctic and mainly northern. Siphloplecton is Nearctic and contains five species. Siphloplecton species occur east of the Cordillera over much of North America, usually in slow-flowing streams but oc¬ casionally in lakes. S. basale is the most widely distributed species, ap¬ pearing to be most abundant in northern regions. Detailed life cycle data for North American mayflies are rapidly ac¬ cumulating, but there are apparently no complete studies for any Siphloplecton species. This is especially surprising for the widely dis¬ tributed S. basale , since fully grown nymphs are large, up to 20 mm, and adults, being vigorous fliers with pronounced mottled wings, are easily recognizable on-the-wing. The species is conspicuous enough to be given a special name, Great Speckled Lake Olive, by fly fishermen (Schwiebert, 1973). One reason for the paucity of information, espe¬ cially nymphal data, is that S. basale populations are probably seldom large. But another factor has to do with the habits of the nymphs. The large streamlined nymphs are vigorous swimmers; they not only can avoid standard netting devices, but if caught in anything other than long deep nets they can swim against the current and out of the net. Col¬ lecting medium and large size S. basale nymphs seems more comparable The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 265-271. October 1976 266 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist to capturing small cyprinids than collecting typical bottom fauna. In fact, Leonard and Leonard (1962) used a fine-meshed minnow seine to collect S. basale. Siphloplecton basale occurs in a small brown-water stream of Al¬ berta, Canada, a stream that has been under continuous investigation since 1966. Except for the initial exploratory study, in which a life cycle approach was used to describe the fauna (Clifford, 1969), no study was designed specifically to gather life cycle data on S. basale ; and only two S. basale nymphs were collected during the IV 2 years of the initial study. However considerable information stemming from other studies has now accumulated for S. basale. By treating the 10 years of S. basale data as an entity, S. basale’s life cycle can be described throughout a complete year for the northern stream. Study Area The North Eork of the Bigoray River, located in west-central Alberta (53° 25'N, 115° 30'W), is part of the Arctic Ocean drainage. The stream drains extensive muskeg-type terrain. The water color is dark brown during the ice-free season, but the stream becomes quite clear in late winter. At the sampling site, the stream is small (av¬ erage base flows in winter and summer are 0.14 m 3 /s and 0.83 m 3 /s respectively), slow-moving (average gradient is 3.0 m/km) and meandering. In late summer, aquatic macrophytes, especially Spar- ganium , cover much of the substrate, which is mainly of sand and silt with lesser amounts of small rubble. The Bigoray River can be described as a chironomid-ostracod type stream, these two taxa col¬ lectively comprising on a yearly basis about 49% of the total macro¬ invertebrate fauna by numbers. Ephemeroptera is the third most abun¬ dant taxon, making up 17% of the yearly bottom fauna. There are few resident fish; but shortly after the ice goes out in spring, large num¬ bers of white suckers, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), make a spawning run into the Bigoray River from the Pembina River. Life Cycle Nymphs —Based on 5 years of bottom fauna samples, S. basale makes up only a minor component of the total invertebrate fauna in the brown- water stream. Nymphs made up 0.2% of the total yearly bottom fauna and 1.3% of the total yearly mayfly bottom fauna. Siphloplecton basale is a univoltine species and generations do not overlap (Fig. 1). New generation nymphs first appear in July. They grow rapidly during the remainder of the ice-free season. From July through November, Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 267 17 _ U 15 !_ 13 UJ QC 11 3 < CXL CL. 5 CxL UJ v— i Fig. 1. Growth features and emergence of S. basale as related to average 5-day water temperatures and ice conditions. Range and mean size were compiled by measuring nymphs (numbers above range) collected from 1969 through 1975 and treated as monthly samples. Monthly sampling date is expressed as the average of all collecton dates within the month. nymphs increase in size at a rate of about 0.8 mm per week. Most nymphs appear to be fully grown by November, when the stream be¬ comes completely ice-covered. Nymphs grow very little, if at all, dur¬ ing the long winter. Average ice break-up time at the sampling site is during the second week in April, and shortly after this water tempera¬ tures start to rise. Nymphs do not increase very much in total length after the break-up; however development resumes, and the adults usu¬ ally start emerging during the second or third week of May. Nymphs smaller than 9 mm seemed to be distributed in a variety of habitats including shallow, fast-moving water; whereas nymphs 9 mm and larger were usually found only in slow-moving water having exten¬ sive beds of aquatic macrophytes. Lyman (1956), Lehmkuhl (1970) and Hilsenhoff et al. (1972) have all commented on S. basale nymphs being most abundant in slow-water along the banks and usually as¬ sociated with shoreline vegetation. In contrast, Leonard and Leonard (1962) found S. basale in deep water having a strong current. In the Bigoray River, Sparganium can extend from bank to bank, and the 268 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Table 1. Volume of stomach content items of S. basale nymphs. Vol¬ umes were determined using a Model TA II Coulter Counter. Average Size (mm) Average Volumes (mm 3 ) per stomach Month Numbers Detritus Diatoms Sand and Silt Total Feb.-March 4 16.0 0.66 0.02 0.01 0.69 May 9 16.5 0.62 0.14 0.02 0.78 large nymphs appeared to be distributed across an entire width transect, but the nymphs are such vigorous swimmers that it was difficult to de¬ termine accurately their preferred habitat. Lyman (1955) observed S. basale migrating shoreward just prior to emergence in a Michigan lake. During an April-May study of Leptophlebia cupida s upstream migration (Hayden and Clifford, 1974), we found no S. basale nymphs moving upstream along the banks or even congregating along the shore. During a year’s study of the drifting organisms (Clifford, 1972), 5. basale nymphs comprised a total yearly drift density of 304 per 100 m 3 of water filtered. This was 4% of the total yearly mayfly fauna found in the drift. Only 25% of the S. basale nymphs were larger than 11 mm. Eighty percent of all drifting S. basale nymphs were collected between sunset and sunrise; hence S. basale does exhibit a night-active drift pattern. Nymphs are herbivore—detritivores (Table 1). The stomach analy¬ sis, although based on a small sample size, indicates that by late win¬ ter the nymphs are almost entirely detritivores; but during the ice-free season prior to emergence, they are partly herbivorous, ingesting living diatom cells. White suckers usually make their spawning run up the Bigoray River at about the time S. basale starts emerging, but the nymphs are not a major food item of the suckers (Bond, 1972). Nymphs occurred in the stomachs of 9.5% of the suckers moving up¬ stream from 28 April to 26 May 1969. These nymphs accounted for less than 1.0% of the total number of food items, but 3.9% of the total weight of the stomach contents. There were no S. basale nymphs in stomachs of post-spawning suckers moving downstream between 24 May and 4 June 1969, a period when S. basale is still emerging. Adults—Siphloplecton basale is one of the earliest emerging may¬ flies of the Bigoray River. Subimagos start emerging usually during the second or third week of May, when the water, although still quite cold, is warming rapidly (Fig. 1). Cumulative emergence percentages of Figure 1 were compiled from data of a 1973 emergence study (Boerger Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 269 and Clifford, 1975), in which 16 floating box traps, each 0.1 m 2 in area, were arranged in four transects across the stream; the traps were operated continuously from 25 April to 23 October 1973. Total yearly emergence for S. basale was 44.5 (18.6 males and 25.9 females) per square meter of substrate, and this accounted for 13% of all mayflies emerging during 1973. Assuming the emergence traps were not some¬ how biased in favor of collecting disproportionately large numbers of S. basale, this figure indicates that S. basale is more abundant than would be indicated by bottom fauna samples (1.3% of the total yearly mayfly fauna) or drift samples (4% of the total mayfly fauna). Adults are present for about 1 month, most of the adults having emerged by the middle of June. The timing of this phenophase in the brown-water stream agrees well with S. basale emergence timing in other northern regions: from 23 May to 12 June in Ontario (Clemens, 1915), from 12 May to early June in a Michigan lake (Lyman, 1955), and in early May in Wisconsin (Hilsenhoff et al., 1972). In the Bigoray River, S. basale emerges during full daylight, usually around midday. In Michigan, Lyman (1955) observed a nymph trans¬ forming at 1100 hrs and its subimago stage lasting 48 hours. Males have been observed swarming in full daylight of the afternoon and early evening (Clemens, 1915; Lyman, 1955) and full daylight of the morning (present study). Males swarm above water, usually at a height of 3 to 6 meters. Lyman (1955) gives a description of the male’s hover¬ ing and darting type flight. Leonard and Leonard (1962) noted that once the female enters the swarm and is siezed, the pair rises to tree- top level. Spieth (1940) determined that the S. basale pair normally remains coupled for no more than 1 % minutes; however when captured in a net, the pair might remain in copula for up to 7 minutes. I could not confirm Leonard and Leonard’s (1962) observation that ovipositing females sometimes drop their eggs while in flight. In the Bigoray River, all ovipositing females appeared to release a few eggs at a time by mo¬ mentarily resting on the water’s surface or less frequently by dipping the abdomen into the water. Koss and Edmunds (1974) have described S. basale’s egg. For Bigo¬ ray River adults, average number of eggs per subimago (average size: 15.5 mm) was 2063 (Clifford and Boerger, 1974). Total potential fe¬ cundity generally varied with the female’s size. For example, average number of eggs per millimeter size class of subimagos and imagos (that had not oviposited) combined were 1832 (13 mm), 1633 (14 mm), 2043 (15 mm), 2168 (16 mm), 2499 (17 mm), and 3019 (18 mm). Females have a high total potential fecundity relative to that of most 270 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist mayflies, but this is because S. basale is a large mayfly. Average num¬ ber of subimago eggs per millimeter of total length was 133, which is about in the middle of the range of all Bigoray River mayflies. The ovoid shaped eggs had an average length of 0.21 mm and average width of 0.14 mm. I conclude from the 10 years of data that S. basale is probably more abundant in streams and lakes than would be indicated by bottom fauna samples, since the large fishlike nymphs can often avoid standard col¬ lecting devices. In terms of the Bigoray River’s total yearly mayfly fauna, S. basale made up only 1.3% of the bottom fauna and 4% of the drift fauna, but the subimagos accounted for 13% of all mayflies emerging. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Lewis Berner, University of Florida, for his review of the manuscript and Mr. Hal Hamilton, University of Al¬ berta, for determining the stomach content volumes. Parts of this study were supported through grants from the National Research Council of Canada. Literature Cited Berner, L. 1950. The mayflies of Florida. Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville. 267 pp. Boerger, H. and Clifford, H. F. 1975. Emergence of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from a northern brown-water stream of Alberta, Canada. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19: 3022-3028. Bond, W. A. 1972. Spawning migration, age, growth, and food habits of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), in the Bigoray River, Alberta. M.Sc. thesis, Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Alberta. 125 pp. Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 26: 1-216. Clemens, W. A. 1915. Rearing experiments and ecology of Georgian Bay Eph- emeridae. Contrib. to Can. Biol., Sessional Paper, 396: 113-128. Clifford, H. F. 1969. Limnological features of a northern brown-water stream, with special reference to the life histories of the aquatic insects. Am. Midi. Nat. 82: 578-597. Clifford, H. F. 1972. A year’s study of the drifting organisms in a brown- water stream of Alberta, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 50: 975-983. Clifford, H. F., and Boerger, H. 1974. Fecundity of mayflies (Ephemeroptera), with special reference to mayflies of a brown-water stream of Alberta, Canada. Can. Entomol. 106: 1111-1119. Edmunds, G. F., Jr. 1972. Beogeography and evolution of Ephemeroptera. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 17: 21-42. Hayden, W. and Clifford, H. F. 1974. Seasonal movements of the mayfly Leptophlebia cupida (Say) in a brown-water stream of Alberta, Can¬ ada. Am. Midi. Nat. 91: 90-102. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 271 Hilsenhoff, W. L., Longridge, J. L., Narf, R. P., Tennessen, K. J., and Wal¬ ton, C. P. 1972. Aquatic insects of the Pine-Popple River, Wiscon¬ sin. Tech. Bull. 54, Dept. Nat. Res., Madison. 42 pp. Koss, R. W. and Edmunds, G. F., Jr. 1974. Ephemeroptera eggs and their con¬ tribution to phylogenetic studies of the order. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 55: 267-349. Leiimkuhl, D. M. 1970. Mayflies in the South Saskatchewan River; pollution indicators. The Blue Jay 28: 183-186. Leonard, J. W. and F. A. Leonard. 1962. Mayflies of Michigan trout streams. Cranbrook Inst, of Sci., Bloomfield Hills. 139 pp. Lyman, F. E. 1955. Seasonable distribution and life cycles of Ephemeroptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer, 48: 380-391. Lyman, F. E. 1956. Environmental factors affecting distribution of mayfly nymphs in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Ecology 37: 568-576. Schwiebert, E. 1973. Nymphs. A complete guide to naturals and their imita¬ tions. Winchester Press, New York. 339 pp. Spieth, H. T. 1940. Studies on the biology of the Ephemeroptera. II. The nup¬ tial flight. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 48: 379-390. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Leucopsis klugii (Ilymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) reared from Xylocopa brasilianorum ( Hymen op tera, Apoidea) in Costa Rica. —A nest containing 1 2 Xylocopa brasilianorum (Linnaeus) was found in a slender fence post on 24 January 1975 near the Palo Verde Research Station, Comelco Property, about 15 km SW Bagaces, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. The nest entrance led to a burrow 1.5 cm in diameter that extended lengthwise in the post for 7.4 cm in one direction and 10.4 cm in the other. In the latter section were two completed cells and an incomplete loaf of pollen. In the former section was a pollen loaf with egg, but no pith partition. The bee larva in the first cell constructed by the female bee had been completely consumed by 11 parasitic larvae. Judging by the amount of bee feces in the cell and the absence of pollen, the bee larva was evidently fully grown before death. Later 5$ 2? 2$ S of Leucopis klugii Westwood successfully emerged. The wasps have been deposited in the British Museum and their identity kindly confirmed by Z. Boucek. This is the first host record for L. klugii. Host bees were previously known for 3 of the 9 species in the Neotropical hopei group to which L. klugii belongs (Boucek, 1974, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Suppl. 23: 44). These include species of Megachile (Megachilidae) and Xylocopa (Apidae). —Howell V. Daly, Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Plant Associations Among Adult Hippomelas (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) E. Gorton Linsley Division of Entomology and Parasitology University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 AND Edward S. Ross Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118 Although the genus Hippomelas contains some of the largest and most striking buprestids in North America, relatively little is known of their biology. Yet at times the adults are very abundant and may be seen by the hundreds flying about shrubby plants in the desert or semi- arid southwestern United States and northern Mexico. However, they are usually most active in the warmest parts of the day and their readi¬ ness to take flight and agility in moving around the stems of larger plants makes feeding, mating and other activities difficult to observe except in the late afternoon or early evening. The adults are known to be flower visitors and because many species have a yellow “pollinose” character to the integument it was long be¬ lieved that this was simply pollen inadvertently brushed up from flowers. However, the powdery pattern, although variable, is too consistent, the beetles too large and the distribution over the surface too even to be inadvertent. Furthermore, some of the species which are most heavily “pollinose” visit the same flowers as those that are among the least heavily “pollinose.” Vogt (1949), in commenting upon the Buprestidae of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, has not only helped to clarify this situation in Hippomelas but also where pulverulent character ap¬ pears elsewhere in the Buprestidae by pointing out that it is a secretion (see below). His findings will probably be confirmed in future studies of the family. The majority of the Buprestidae are believed to be host-specific in the larval stage, at least at the generic or family level (see, for example, Barr, 1971; Chamberlin, 1936; Knull, 1925; Vogt, 1949). Further¬ more, among those species which visit flowers in the adult stage, there is a marked tendency among some of them to visit blossoms of the plant The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 272-285. October 1976 Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 273 species which serve as hosts for the larvae especially in such genera as Acmaeodera , although this is by no means a general rule (cf. Beer, 1940, 1944; Linsley and Ross, 1940). As a result, it might be reasonable to suppose that the same correlation applies to some of the species of Hip- pomelas. However, the evidence on this point is mixed. In the hope of stimulating further studies on the subject we are presenting a summary of the published information known to us, together with a few original observations and adult plant associations derived from data on speci¬ mens in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran¬ cisco (CAS), the California Insect Survey, Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley (CIS) and the Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe (ASU). Appreciation is expressed to W. F. Barr and Gayle H. Nelson for read¬ ing the manuscript and providing helpful suggestions and to the latter for kindly identifying much of our material. D. S. Verity provided some useful records from his collection and Mont A. Cazier arranged to have specimens from Arizona State University made available. Juan¬ ita M. (Mrs. E. G.) Linsley ably assisted in making field observations and collections. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) carolinensis (Horn) The original description of this species is correctly cited by Cham¬ berlin as Horn (1883:288). The type locality given by Horn was Wil¬ mington, North Carolina and was undoubtedly based upon erroneously labeled material. It was first recorded from the West (Grand Canyon, Arizona) by Townsend (1895). The records at hand for plant associations for H. ( G .) carolinensis are as follows: from the collection of Arizona State University (all in the San Simon Valley, Cochise Co., Arizona or the adjacent Chiricahua Mountains, det. Nelson) : two miles northeast of Portal, June 18, 1961 (M. A. Cazier) and 8 miles NE of Portal in Turkey Creek Wash, June 10, 1960 (M. A. Cazier) on Acacia greggii and 2.5 miles northeast of Portal, September 6, 1960 (M. A. Cazier) and 5 miles northeast of Por¬ tal, July 13, 1965 (J. H. Davidson, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) on Larrea tridentata ; from the California Academy of Sciences (det. Heifer), Cathedral City, Riverside Co., California, July 16, 1950, four on Larrea [tridentata ], one on Acacia greggii (J. W. MacSwain), same locality, July 13, 1951, three on Acacia greggii (J. W. MacSwain and Ray F. Smith), Whitewater, Riverside Co., California, July 9, 1950, five on Larrea tridentata (T. R. Haig, P. D. Hurd, and H. M. Graham), Palm Springs, Riverside Co., California, July 16, 1950, five on Larrea [triden- 274 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist tata] (P. D. Hurd), Palms to Pines Highway, Riverside Co., Califor¬ nia, elev. 1000 ft. May 28, 1940, one on Larrea tridentata (W. L. Swisher), Banner, [San Diego Co.], California June 25, 1953, cut from Croton root (Heifer collection), and Borego, [San Diego Co.], Califor¬ nia, May 29, 1950, reared from Encelia root (Algert). Records supplied by D. S. Verity include one example 3 miles west of Beaumont, Riverside Co., California, July 9, 1961 on Eriogonum fas- ciculatum , four at 2000 ft. elev., along highway 74, Santa Rosa Mtns., Riverside Co., California, June 17, 1961, on Tamarix , one same area 3500 ft. elevation, May 21, 1962, one 5 mi. south of Palmdale, Los An¬ geles Co., California, July 6, 1957, five 2 mi. southwest of Phelan, San Bernardino Co., California, June 14, 1959, and five specimens with the same data, July 16, 1960. These last four collections were all taken from Juniperus calif or nicus. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) castaneus Helfer Described originally as a subspecies of H. insularis, H. ( G .) castaneus is treated as a full species by Barr (1970). The type series consisted of three specimens from Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California, taken on Larrea mexicana [ — tridentata ], June 30, 1921, by E. P. Van Duzee. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) dianae Helfer Heifer (1954) described this species from a long series of adult speci¬ mens from Palm Springs and Whitewater, Riverside Co., California mostly in July, stating that they were consistently taken on Ephedra. Most of the types and other specimens studied by him are housed in collections of the Essig Museum of Entomology (CIS) and the Cali¬ fornia Academy of Sciences (CAS). Confirming a preference for Ephedra, we have examined material in the collection of Arizona State University as follows: 9 miles west of Winterhaven, Imperial Co., Cali¬ fornia, June 3, 1968 (R. Nevelyn) on E. trifurca 18 miles southeast of Parker, Yuma Co., Arizona, May 14 and 18, 1966 (J. H. Davidson, J. M. Davidson, and M. A. Cazier) on E. trifurca , and 67 miles north of San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, June 6, 1968 (N. Leppla, J. Bige¬ low, M. A. Cazier and J. Davidson) on E. trifurca. In addition, the ASU collection contains two specimens each from Algodones Dunes, Imperial Co., California on Larrea tridentata, June 3, 1970 (M. A. Cazier, 0. Francke and L. Welch) and 16 miles west of Winterhaven, Imperial Co., California, July 12, 1966 (J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) on Eriogonum deserticola. D. S. Verity (in litt.) collected seven specimens Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 275 of this species oil Acacia at Palm Springs, Riverside Co., California, June 22 and 23, 1957 and seven more 2 miles south of Palm Desert, Riverside Co., June 30, 1957. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) compacta Casey A specimen in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences identified as this species by E. C. Van Dyke, was collected on mesquite [Prosopis] at San Pedro Bay, Gulf of California, July 7, 1921 by E. P. Van Duzee. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) insularis Helfer Although Heifer (1953) does not mention the fact, some of the speci¬ mens in the type series (CAS) from San Marcos Island [anglicized to “Marcus Island” by Heifer], Gulf of California, June 19, 1921, collected by E. P. Van Duzee, bear the label “ex Larria (sic) mexicana ” \=Larrea tridentata ]. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) fulgida Barr Barr (1969, 1971) has reported finding larvae and a dead adult of H. (G.) fulgida Barr in the roots of shadscale, Atriplex confertifolia in El¬ more Co., Idaho. However, adults were also found on foliage of willow (Salix sp.), sweet clover ( Melilotus alba ) and Russian thistle ( Salsola kali) . These were regarded by him as visitation rather than true host records (although he did not speculate on the reasons for the visitation, it is possible that in one or more of the instances cited it may have been for the purpose of adult feeding). Barr also added the observation that many specimens had been taken from Japanese beetle traps, providing the first record of the response of a buprestid beetle to this type of chemi¬ cal attractant. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) juniperinus (Wickham) Described from three specimens beaten from juniper in July on Chad- burn’s Ranch in the foothills of the Pine Valley Mountains, about 22 miles from St. George, Utah, at an altitude of about 4500 feet. We are not aware of further published plant associations nor have we seen speci¬ mens bearing host data. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) obliterata (LeConte) Horn (1866, 1868) reported that this species occurs rather abun¬ dantly during the summer “on the low willows that are so plentiful in the Owens Valley [California].” This observation was apparently veri- 276 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist fied by J. W. MacSwain who captured nearly 250 specimens on willow (Salix sp.) at Antelope Springs, Inyo Co., California on July 17, 1953 (CIS, Heifer det.). However, Nelson (in lift.) who examined the Mac- Swain specimens and also collected a long series of specimens at this locality himself does not regard them as obliterata , the type of which he has seen, but as close to or part of the H. fulgida-H. lariversi Barr com¬ plex. Fall (1901) and Van Dyke (1942) have recorded the occurrence of the beetles on flowers of mesquite ( Prosopis juliflora ) at Banning, California, in July. Chamberlin (1926) lists this plant as the host for the species and Van Dyke (1942) reiterates that it is normally found about mesquite (Prosopis). Wickham (1905), without being specific stated that it was found on several desert shrubs. Kunze (1904) ob¬ served adults on little-leaf palo-verde (Cercidium microphyllum) (listed as Parkinsonia ) in Arizona. He remarked that this buprestid, “heavily dusted with yellow powder, and the ground or body color being of a greenish-gray, is found on young “Palo Verde,” the stems of which are bright green. Under a glaring hot sun in May or June this beetle is very alert, and a silken net is soon torn to pieces by the long thorns of this shrubby tree. The bark and thorns of very young “Palo Verde” much resemble obliteratus .” All of these records may require revision when the taxonomic status of H. (G.) obliterata is clarified. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) pacifica Chamberlin Adults of this species were captured on Atriplex polycarpa in late June and early July at a locality 5 miles south of Kettleman City, Kern Co., California (Nelson, 1962). The species had been reported previously as having been collected on “sagebrush” (Chamberlin, 1938). A “co¬ type” bearing this label is in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Hippomelas (Gyascutus) planicosta (LeConte) The first plant association record for this species known to us is that of Townsend (1893) who in a report on some insects of New Mexico stated “This large buprestid was found July 8 on mesquite bushes (Prosopis juliflora ) and later on flowers of the same. On July 17 great numbers were seen on flowers of Larrea mexicana [ —L . tridentata ] or Creosote Btish. When found on the flowers they are covered with pol¬ len, giving them a rich yellow color.” In 1895, he reiterated that the species was common at Las Cruces, New Mexico on Larrea and mes- Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 277 quite. Wickham (1905) stated that it frequents especially the bushes of Larrea [ tridentata ]. Smyth (1934) also confirmed the association with Larrea , stating that they usually carried pollen upon the thorax and forepart of the elytra and commented that when alarmed they some¬ times flew straight up into the air to a height of a hundred feet or more, then took off with the wind. Hurd and Linsley (1975) reported that it was the most abundant species of Hippomelas encountered by them at flowers of Larrea in southeastern Arizona and New Mexico during the summer-fall blooming period (after the arrival of the summer rains). They also reported that in southern California it has been taken in June and July on Larrea when the plants are not in bloom and thus they are believed to be the larval host. They added that during this off-season, J. W. MacSwain took long series from Atriplex at Blythe, Riverside County, California, although these may ultimately prove to be a differ¬ ent species. Plant associations listed on specimens at hand are as follows: Larrea tridentata : New Mexico (Granite Gap, Peloncillo Mts., Hidalgo Co., July 2, 1965, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU) ; Arizona (Dia¬ mond Creek and Colorado River, Mojave Co., June 18, 1972, M. Kolner (ASU) ; 9 miles SE of Bell Butte, Tenrpe, Maricopa Co., June 20, 1972, M. Kolner (ASU) ; 6 miles S of Parker, Yuma Co., July 22, 1967, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier; vicinity of Portal, Cochise Co., various dates in June, July, August and September, M. A. Cazier, E. G. and J. M. Linsley) (CIS) ; Nevada (Overton, August 22, 1930, E. W. Davis) (CAS) ; California (Midway Well, Death Valley, Inyo Co., June 11, 1970, M. A. Cazier, 0. Francke, L. Welch (ASU) ; 5.2 miles S of Sara¬ toga Springs, Inyo Co., June 12, 1970, M. A. Cazier, O. Francke, L. Welch (ASU) ; Indian Wells, Riverside Co., June 6, 1970, M. A. Cazier and O. Francke (ASU) ; Oasis Station, Riverside Co., June 20, 1956, M. Wasbauer (CIS) ; Saltdale, Rivei'- side Co., June 8, 1940, K. S. Hagen (CIS) ; 8 miles NW Palm Springs, Riverside Co., July 28, 1956, M. Wasbauer (CIS) ; Whitewater, Riverside Co., July 9, 1950, P. D. Hurd, Jr. (CIS) ; 2 miles S of Bard, Imperial Co., September 15, 1951, W. L. Swisher) (CIS) ; Baja California, Mexico (67 mi N of San Felipe, June 6, 1968, N. Leppla, J. Bigelow, M. A. Cazier, J. Davidson) (ASU). Prosopis juliflora : Arizona (9 miles SE Bell Butte, Tenrpe, Maricopa Co., June 21, 1972, Donna and Martin Kolner) (ASU) ; California (Winterliaven, Imperial Co., July 12, 1966, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU). Atriplex (various species) : New Mexico (White Sands, National Monument, Otero Co., June 29, 1947, C. P. Strand (CAS) ; Arizona (2 miles NE Portal, Co¬ chise Co., August 5, 1965, J. Hand, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU) ; California (Blythe, Riverside Co., July 4, 1951, J. W. MacSwain and R. F. Smith) (CIS) ; Palo Verde, Riverside Co., July 11, 1966, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU). Tamarix pentandra : Utah (Lime Creek, 8 miles N Mexican Hat, San Juan Co., June 29, 1974, L. Draper, 0. Francke, M. A. Cazier) (ASU) ; Arizona (1 mile SW Marble Canyon, Coconino Co., July 9, 1967, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. 278 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Table 1. Plant associations. Plants Beetles Cupressaceae Juniperus californicus Hippomelas carolinensis Juniperus sp. H. juniperinns Ephederaceae Ephedra sp. H. dianae Ephedra trifurca H. dianae H. imperialis Salicaceae Ii. cuneata Salix spp. H. fulgida H. obliterata Polygoniaceae Eriogonum deserticola H. dianae H. imperialis Eriogonum fasciculatum H. carolinensis Chenopodiaceae A triplex sp. H. planicosta Atriplex confertifolia (larval host) H. fulgida A triplex polycarpa H. pacifica Salsola kali H. fulgida Leguminosae Acacia greggii H. carolinensis H. planicauda H. caelata Acacia constricta H. caelata Acacia vernicosa H. planicauda H. dianae Acacia sp. Mimosa sp. H. planicauda Mimosa dyscocarpa H. planicauda Prosopis sp. H. compacta H. cuneata H. obliterata (?) Prosopis juliflora H. caelata H. cuneata H. planicosta H. sphenica Prosopis pubescens H. cuneata Cercidium microphyllum H. obliterata (?) Cercidium floridum. H. caelata Melilotus albus H. fulgida Dalea spinosa H. planicosta Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 279 Table 1. (Cont.) Plants Beetles Zygophyllaceae Larrea triclentata H. carolinensis H. castanea H. cuneata H. dianae H. insularis H. planicosta H. sphenica Euphorbiaceae Croton sp. (larval host) H. carolinensis Tamaricaceae Tamarix pentandra H. planicosta Tamarix sp. H. carolinensis Compositae Encelia sp. (larval host) H. carolinensis Cazier (ASU) ; Cliff Dwellers Lodge, Coconino Co., July 8, 10, 1967, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU). Dalea spinosa; California (16 miles S of Vidal, Riverside Co., July 14, 1966, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier) (ASU). In terms of numbers, 16 collections from Larrea are represented by 62 indi¬ viduals, 3 collections from A triplex by 58 individuals, two collections from Prosopis by 4 individuals, two collections from Tamarix by 5 individuals and the collection from Dalea by a single specimen. Hippomelas (Hippomelas) planicauda Casey Although we have not found plant associations for this species in the literature, of 23 specimens before as bearing plant records 18 are from Mimosa , 3 from Prosopis and two from Acacia. The collection data as follows: Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona, “on cat claw [Acacia greg- gii], October 5, 1935 (0. Bryant) (CAS) ; Santa Rita Experiment Sta¬ tion, Pima Co., Arizona, elev. 4400 ft., Mimosa dyscocarpa , September 5, 1970, Martin Kolner (ASU) ; Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Ari¬ zona, elev. 4500 ft., Mimosa sp., September 3, 1964, W. Turner (ASU) ; Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Sept. 4, 1934, Mimosa , D. K. Duncan (ASU) ; and one mile E of Portal, Cochise Co., Ariz., Acacia vernicosa, August 18, 1957, J. A. Chemsak and B. J. Rannells (CIS). Nelson (in litt.) confirms that in his experience this species has been consistently taken on Acacia. The adults superficially resemble those of H. ( H .) sphenica. 280 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Hippomelas (Hippomelas) sphenica (LeConte) (Figure 2) The first record of a plant association for Hippomelas sphenica is apparently that of Griffith (1900), who, in discussing the Coleopterous fauna of the Salt River Valley, Arizona, reports finding the species in November, stating that “so closely does it resemble the branches of the mesquite that it requires close searching to find them.” However, the most informative statement about the habits of the beetles is that of Vogt (1949) who observed them in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. He reported as follows: “very common on mesquite, especially on dec¬ adent and fresh cut trees where brush is being cleared. Females were often seen ovipositing in dead mesquite snags. These beetles seem to feed freely on mesquite foliage as evidenced by their copious green- colored fecula. Fresh emerged specimens lack the characteristic yellow pulverulence which seems to be a secretion accumulating with age. Evi¬ dently pulverulence, as it generally occurs among the Buprestidae, is of this nature; therefore, the variations in the definition of the pulveru¬ lent markings in this family. It is pointed out, however, that the pubes¬ cence associated with such markings is apparently unaffected by age but rather by abrasion.” Hurd and Lindsley (1975) while confirming that the species is ordinarily associated with mesquite in the San Simon Valley of Arizona and New Mexico report that it also feeds occasionally at flowers of Larrea tridentata. Garnett (1918) records the capture of a wasp (probably Cerceris) near Barstow, California, carrying a small specimen of H. sphenica, although the identification of the beetle is doubtful (Verity, in litt .). Although we have collected this species from mesquite ( Prosopis juliflora) on a number of occasions, it was not until an hour before sunset on September 2, 1975, at the San Xavier Mission, near Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona that we encountered them in such large numbers that it was possible to make a few observations on adult behavior. The sky was broken to the west providing intermittent sun and the temperature ranged from 22 degrees C to 20 degrees C. The beetles were flying to low growing living mesquite plants, mostly less than 8 ft. tall in a low area adjacent to cultivated fields, mostly planted to cotton. The beetles ranged from one or two per plant to 12 or 15. Both sexes were repre¬ sented and were mostly resting on stems or feeding on foliage, confirm¬ ing the conclusion of Vogt based upon the color of their feces. Nearly all of the plants exhibited extensive feeding damage. During the brief periods when the rays of the sun were unobscured the beetles were more Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 281 Fig. 1. Female of Hippomelas caelata on stem of living Acacia vernicosa, nr. Fairbank, Arizona, July 1965 (E. S. Ross). Fig. 2. Mating pair of Hippomelas sphenica on stem of living Prosopis juli- flora, at San Xavier Mission nr. Tucson, Arizona, after sunset, September 3, 1975 (E. S. Ross). 282 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist active in moving over the stems and leaves, flying about the plants and were more easily disturbed. However, when they were more quiescent they were difficult to see unless silhouetted against the sky because of their cryptic coloration and the fact that they would move to the op¬ posite side of the branch when approached. Although most individuals observed were solitary, some mating was taking place (Fig. 2). Males would crawl over individuals of either sex testing receptivity by probing with the aedeagus. Specimens available with plant association data are as follows: 2.5 miles NE Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona, Prosopis juliflora , July 29, 1959, E. G. Linsley (CIS) ; 2 miles NE Portal, Arizona, Prosopis juliflora, August 18, 1965, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier (ASU) ; 1 mile E Portal, Arizona, Acacia vernicosa, August 18, 1957, J. A. Chem- sak and B. J. Rannells (CIS) ; Portal, Arizona, Prosopis juliflora, August 15, 1958, E. G. Linsley (CIS) ; San Xavier Mission, Pima Co., Arizona, Prosopis juliflora, September 2, 1975, E. G. and J. M. Linsley and E. S. Ross (CA5, C15) ; Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, mesquite [Prosopis], September 2, 1950, W. L. Swisher (CAS) ; and 9 miles NNW Santa Rita Experiment Station, elevation 4150, Prosopis juliflora, August 23, 1971, Martin Kolner (ASU). Hippomelas (Stictocera) caelata (LeConte) (Figure 1) Chamberlin (1926) records the host of this species as Palo Verde (Cercidium floridum) and Van Dyke (1942), apparently following Chamberlin, states that “it breeds in a number of desert trees like the Palo Verde ( Cercidium floridum)” However, this association is cer¬ tainly doubtful and we regard it as regularly attached to Acacia. Cazier (1951) reported the species rather common on Acacia at a number of localities in north central Mexico and we have consistently found it on Acacia constricta and A. vernicosa in southeastern Arizona. In addi¬ tion to our own collections, representative data from material before us is as follows: Granite Pass, Peloncillo Mts., Hidalgo Co., New Mex¬ ico, Acacia constricta, August 6, 1963 and August 27, 1969, A. Raske (ASU) ; same locality and host plant, August 31, 1965, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier (ASU) ; same locality, Acacia greggii, July 21, 1965, A. Raske (ASU) ; Lake Cienega, Hidalgo Co., New Mexico, Prosopis juliflora, July 24, 1964, J. M. Pickle, M. Mortensen and M. A. Cazier (ASU) ; 3 miles E of Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona, Acacia con¬ stricta, August 16, 1965, J. H. Davidson and M. A. Cazier (ASU) ; Tombstone, Cochise Co., Arizona, Acacia vernicosa, August 17, 1957, Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 283 J. A. Chemsak and B. J. Rannells (CIS) ; same locality, Acacia, August 13, 1940, W. L. Swisher (CAS) ; and one mile south of Santa Ana, Sonora, Mexico, on Acacia constricta , September 14, 1953, N. A. Lewis (CAS). Hippomelas (Prasinalia) cuneata (Horn) The first published plant association for this species known to us is that of Smyth (1934) who reported collecting a series of forty examples in an hour’s time from bull’s horn Acacia (probably A. cornigera) near Salina Cruz, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico in August. Subsequently, Nelson (1959) recorded finding adults abundant on Prosopis chilensis [juliflora ] and Acacia greggii at Morong Valley, San Bernardino County, California in July. Material at hand yields the following addi¬ tional information: Thermal, Riverside Co., California, on dead Proso¬ pis, June 18, 1940, W. F. Barr (CAS) ; Borrego Valley, California, Prosopis, June 6, 1946, Donald Davis (CAS) ; 2 miles S. of Bard, Im¬ perial County, California, on mesquite [Prosopis], September 22, 1951, W. L. Swisher (CAS) ; 0.9 miles SE of Bell Butte, Tempe, Maricopa Co., Arizona, Prosopis juliflora, July 21, 1972, Donna and Martin Kol- ner(ASU) ; 3 miles S of Parker, Yuma Co., Arizona, 3 examples on dead Prosopis juliflora, July 9, 1966, J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier (ASU) ; same locality, date and collectors, Prosopis pubescens ; same locality, one example on dead Prosopis juliflora , July 14, 1966, David¬ son and Cazier (ASU) ; and 6 miles south of Parker, Arizona, Larrea tridentata , July 21, 1967, J. H. and J. M. Davidson and M. A. Cazier (ASU). D. S. Verity (in litt .) reports collecting 25 examples of this species on Salix at Lost Hills, Kern Co., California, July 2, 1956, four at Barstow, San Bernardino Co., California, July 7, 1963, and six at Victorville, San Bernardino Co., July 13, 1963. Nelson (in litt.) states that the most abundant he has ever seen this species was in Kern Co., 4 miles E of Lost Hills, on June 25, 1961 where he collected 80 specimens from one Prosopis juliflora tree that was ap¬ proximately a quarter of a mile from any other such trees. These speci¬ mens were collected within 45 minutes. Hippomelas (Prasinalia) imperialis Barr When describing this species, Barr (1969) recorded two occasions on which adults were collected from plants of Eriogonum deserticola on the eastern slopes of the Imperial Valley, California. Subsequently, Walters (1975) has found it on this same plant 5 miles west of Glamis, Imperial County, California in mid-June. Verity (in litt.) collected an example 284 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist on Ephedra , 4 mi. west of Gordons Wells, Riverside Co., California on July 8, 1972. Literature Cited Barr, W. F. 1969. New species of Hippomelas and Acmaeoclera from Western North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 42:321-335, 2 figs. Barr, W. F. 1970. The subgenera of Nanularia and Hippomelas (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Occasional Papers, Biol. Soc. Nevada, 25:1-8. Barr, W. F. 1971. Family Buprestidae, in Hatch, M. H., The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest, 5:55-89. Beer, F. M. 1940. Notes on some Buprestidae of southwestern Oregon (Coleop¬ tera). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 16:13-16. Beer, F. M. 1944. Notes on the hosts, habits and distribution of Oregon Acmaeo- dera (Coleoptera, Buprestidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 20:105-109. Cazier, M. A. 1951. The Buprestidae of North Central Mexico (Coleoptera). Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 1526, pp. 1-56, 51 figs. Chamberlin, W. J. 1926. The Buprestidae of North America exclusive of Mex¬ ico. A catalogue including synonymy, bibliography, distribution, type locality and hosts of each species. Corvallis, Oregon, 289 pp. -f- index. Chamberlin, W. J. 1938. New Buprestidae from California. J. New York Entomol. Soc., 46:445-447. Fall, H. C. 1901. List of the Coleoptera of southern California with notes on habits and distribution and descriptions of new species. Occasional Papers Calif. Acad. Sciences, 8:1-282. Garnett, R. T. 1918. Beetle, Hippomelas sphenicus, prey of wasp (Col.), Entomol. News, 29:142. Griffith, H. G. 1900. Coleopterous fauna of Phoenix, Arizona, and surrounding regions. Entomol. News, 11:561-570. Helfer, J. R. 1953. Two new Hippomelas (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 29:34-36. Helfer, J. R. 1954. A new Hippomelas from California (Coleoptera: Bu¬ prestidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 30:117-118. Horn, G. H. 1866. Notes on the habits of a few California Coleoptera. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Philadelphia, 6:289-293. Horn, G. H. 1868. New species of Coleoptera from the Pacific District of the United States. Trans. American Entomol. Soc., 2:129-140. Horn, G. H. 1883. Miscellaneous notes and short studies of North American Coleoptera. Trans. American Entomol. Soc., 10:269-312. Hurd, P. D., Jr. and Linsley, E. G. 1975. Some insects other than bees associ¬ ated with Larrea tridentata in the southwestern United States. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington, 77:100-120. Linsley, E. G. and E. S. Ross. 1940. Records of some Coleoptera from the San Jacinto Mountains, California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 16:75-76. Knull, J. N. 1925. The Buprestidae of Pennsylvania (Coleoptera). Ohio State Univ. Studies, 2:1-71, 35 figs., 10 plates. Kunz, R. E. 1904. Protective resemblance. Entomol. News, 15:239-244. Nelson, G. H. 1959. Notes on the Buprestidae. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 54:21-24. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 285 Nelson, G. H. 1962. Notes on the Buprestidae: Part III. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 57:56-60. Smyth, E. G. 1934. The gregarious habit of beetles. J. Kansas Ent. Soc., 7:102- 118. Townsend, C. H. T. 1893. Biologic notes on New Mexico Insects. Insect Life, 5:37-40. Townsend, C. H. T. 1895. On the Coleoptera of New Mexico and Arizona, in¬ cluding biologic and other notes. Can. Entomol. 27:39-51. Van Dyke, E. C. 1942. Contributions toward a knowledge of the insect fauna of Lower California. No. 3. Coleoptera: Buprestidae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4)24:97-132, pis. 6-7. Vogt, G. B. 1949. A biologically annotated list of the Buprestidae of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 42:191-202. Walters, G. C., Jr. 1975. Notes on the distribution and biology of certain Buprestidae (Coleoptera) : Part I. Coleopterists Bull., 29:69-70. Wickham, H. F. 1905. New species of Coleoptera from the western United States. Can. Entomol., 37:165-171. EDITORIAL NOTICE With this issue of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, the editorship changes hands. We are certain that the members of The Pacific Coast Entomological Society and other suscribers to the journal join us in thanking the retiring editor, John Doyen and his staff, consisting of John Chemsak, Assistant Editor, and Rollin Coville, Editorial Assistant. For three years John voluntarily served us in a truly professional man¬ ner, producing our publication while employing his own high standards of cjuality and scientific expertise. We are sincerely grateful to John and his staff for their efforts on our behalf.—Editors. 286 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist A new species of Alloxysta hyperparasitic on aphids associated with South American Nothofagus forests (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) Fred G. Andrews California Department of Food and Agriculture , Sacramento, 95814 The following description is done as part of an effort to catalog arthropods associated with species of Nothofagus (Fagaceae). The material was collected by E. I. Schlinger in 1966 and 1967 while survey¬ ing for insects on Nothofagus in the southernmost areas of Chile and Argentina. The aphids N euquenaphis edwardsi Laing and N. schlingeri Ris-Lambers were collected by beating, and held until mummies were noticed. The mummies were individually isolated. Several hundred aphids were parasitized by a species of Pseudephedrus (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) ; six of these aphids were hyperparasitized by a single, previously undescribed Alloxysta species. The presence of a primary and secondary parasite complex on Neu- quenaphis on Nothofagus was previously unknown. This was in part due to lack of collecting and in part due to the low density and high disper¬ sion of the hosts. No other hyperparasites, either cynipid or chalcidoid, were reared, although a single specimen of an undescribed species in the charipine cynipid genus Phaenoglyphis was collected on Nothofagus foliage. The high dispersion of the aphid host suggests that this new Alloxysta has great host-finding capabilities. This species of Alloxysta is immediately distinguishable from all other New World Alloxystinae by its bicolorous state. The equal length of the third, fourth and fifth antennal segments in both male and female and the lack of curvature in any of the male segments is also diagnostic. Alloxysta nothofagi, n. sp. Adult female.—Head above antennal insertion pale reddish-brown; frons, genae, mouthparts and antennae straw yellow. Pleural area including pronotum straw yellow. Mesonotum and abdomen shiny castaneous brown. Entire leg and wing veins pale lemon yellow. Head as wide as high; frons sparsely setose; genae, occiput and vertex glabrous. Antennae 13-segmented, filamentous, cylindrical; segments 1-3 smooth, 4-13 longi¬ tudinally ridged; segments 3-5 in ratio of 19:19:19 (19 = 0.1 mm) (Fig. 2); segments 6-13 slightly wider than 3-5. Pronotum behind occiput densely clothed with transparent decumbent setae. Mesoscutum moderately convex, longer than wide by ratio of 17:15, glabrous. Scutellum with long decumbent transparent setae The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 286-287. October 1976 Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 287 Figs. 1-4. Alloxysta nothofagi Andrews. 1. Antennal segments 3-5, male. 2. Antennal segments 3-5, female. 3. Wing, female. 4. Wing, male. on lateral posterior margins, glabrous above. Wings exceeding body as 88:57 (88 = 1.6 mm). Radial cell, elongate, 1.6 times longer than wide (Fig. 4). Ratio of radial cell length and width to wing width 2.6 and 7.0, respectively; r-1 straight; r-2 evenly arcuate. Adult male.—As in female, except antennae 14-segmented, with 1-3 smooth, 4-14 longitudinally ridged, segments 3-5 without bow and in ratio of 16:16:15 (Fig. 1) ; radial cell 2.3 times longer than wide, ratio of radial cell length and width to wing width 2.5 and 6.1, respectively (Fig. 3). Types.—Holotype male, 3.7 mi. S. Puerto Moreno, Rio Negro Prov., ARGEN¬ TINA, XI-17-1966, E. I. Schlinger (E66-ll-17a) ( Nothofagus antarctica/Neuquen- aphis edwardsi/Pseudephedrus sp.). To be deposited in University of Chile, Santi¬ ago, Chile. Paratypes.—2 males, same data as holotype. 1 female (E67-2-10g), 2 males (E67-2-10b), 18 km W. Angol, Malleco Prov. CHILE 11-10-1967, E. I. Schlinger (Nothofagus obliqua/Neuquenaphis schlingeri/Pseudephedrus sp.). Three para¬ types to be deposited in USNM and two to remain in author’s collection. 288 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Oviposition of Cyrtopogon inversus 1 (Diptera: Asilidae) D. Steve Dennis Environmental Sciences Division, Stearns-Roger, Inc., Box 5888, Denver, Colorado 80217 AND Robert J. Lavigne Plant Sciences Division, Univ. of Wyoming There is a paucity of information concerning the oviposition behavior of asilids belonging to the genus Cyrtopogon Loew. Bromley (1946) observed that, like other members of the subfamily Dasypogoninae, Cyrtopogon females possess spines on the ovipositor which are used to brush soil over the eggs following oviposition. Of the 98 described species of Cyrtopogon (Hull, 1962), detailed observations have been made for one species in Sweden, Cyrtopogon lateralis Fallen and a species in Russia, Grypoctonus ( Cyrtopogon ) daimyo Speiser. Cyrtopogon lateralis females deposit elongate whitish yellow eggs in the soil (Melin, 1923). The presence of large numbers of spines on the ovipositor was presumed to be associated with its habit of ovipositing in hard soil mixed with clay. Melin noted that C. lateralis used these spines to brush soil over the eggs and to hide the oviposition hole. Lehr (1966) made the following observations for Grypoctonus ( Cyrtopogon ) daimyo (translated from the Russian) : “Eggs are deposited in loose soil along pathways, under a grassy slope, or near fruit trees in gardens. During oviposition, the female bends the abdomen and buries it in the ground, often up to the very wings. Judging from the depth at which eggs are found, one may assume that the abdomen extends slightly during oviposition. There is one rosy-yellow egg laid in each place. During oviposition the female crawls from place to place or flies over short distances.” Lavigne (unpublished data) observed a Cyrtopogon sp. (probably glarealis Melander) ovipositing at the base of a grass clump among wood chips in soil and duff near Grassy Lake in Teton National Forest, Wyoming. Oviposition occurred at 3:10 PM in the shade where the soil temperature was 31 °C. The following observations were made of Cyrtopogon inversus on Elk 1 Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as Journal paper no. JA-833. This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Research Grant GB-29617X. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 288-290. October 1976 Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 289 Figs. 1-2. Fig. 1. Coniferous forest clearing where Cyrtopogon inversus ovi- positions were observed. Fig. 2. Elongate creamy white eggs of Cyrtopogon inversus (52x). Mountain near Elk Mountain, Wyoming. The area was located in a coniferous forest clearing at an elevation of 2,520 m above sea level (Fig. 1). Several complete ovipositions were observed between 12:00 noon and 2:30 PM between July 18th and 21st, 1972. All eggs were deposited in the soil or in the soil litter. Prior to oviposition Cyrtopogon inversus females usually “searched” for suitable sites to deposit their eggs. Females flew 45 to 60 cm above the ground in a zigzag path and made two to three 60 to 72 cm circles about a site before landing to oviposit. Once females landed they crawled 2.5 to 5 cm into the shade of vegetation, small pieces of wood, or rocks. As the females crawled along the ground, some were observed to thrust their ovipositor from side to side as we have seen other asilids do in their search for suitable oviposition sites. Once in the shade the flies ordinarily pushed their ovipositors directly into the substrate. However, two females dug their ovipositors into the soil with rapid lateral sweeping movements. It is assumed that most fe¬ males did not exhibit such behavior because of the ease with which they could insert their ovipositors into the loose litter. While ovipositing, females rested their legs on the substrate and kept their wings folded over their body. The arched abdomen was sunk into the substrate up to the posterior margin of the second abdominal seg¬ ment. The average time for a complete oviposition was 2 minutes, with a range between 1 and 3 minutes. Once eggs were deposited, females either withdrew their ovipositor with rapid lateral sweeping movements, which covered the eggs and oviposition hole with soil or litter, or flew off without exhibiting such behavior. At the time of oviposition, substrate surface temperatures ranged 290 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist between 27 and 39°C. The temperature 3 to 4 mm under the surface, at the approximate depth at which the eggs were laid, varied between 32.5 and 37°C. The eggs of Cyrtopogon inversus are creamy white (Fig. 2). Two to four eggs were laid per clutch and apparently “cemented” together. Individual females were observed to oviposit up to three times before being lost to sight. The elongate eggs of this species ranged in length from 1.12 to 1.42 mm, with a mean of 1.31 mm. The average width was 0.48 mm, with a range which varied between 0.42 and 0.56 mm. Eggs examined with a scanning electron microscope, up to 2,000 X, showed no surface sculptur¬ ing. Literature Cited Bromley, S. W. 1946. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Third Fascicle. Asilidae. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 69: 1-51. Hull, F. M. 1962. Robber flies of the world. The genera of the family Asilidae. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 224(1 & 2) : 1-907. Lehr, P. A. 1966. Biology and taxonomy of robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae) of the genera Cyrtopogon Loew and Grypoctonus Speiser of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Collection of Scientific Articles by Graduate Students and Researchers, Kazakh State Univ., Alam-Ata. p. 95-101. (In Rus¬ sian.) Melin, C. 1923. Contributions to the knowledge of the biology, metamorphosis, and distribution of the Swedish asilids in relation to the whole family of asilids. Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala 8: 1-317. RECENT LITERATURE Toxicology of Insecticides. Fumio Matsumura. Plenum Publishing Co., New York, N. Y. 1975. 10011. 504 pp., 89 illustrations, 85 tables. $27.50. Bees and Beekeeping. R. A. Morse. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 1975. 320 pp., 65 illustrations, $13.00. Bees, their Vision, Chemical Senses, and Language. Revised Edition. K. von Frisch. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 1975. 176 pp., $8.75, cloth; $3.45, paper. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 291 Studies on the Biology of Heliconius charitonius L. in Costa Rica (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) Allen M. Young Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 The heliconiine butterfly Heliconius charitonius L. (Nymphalidae), is one of the most geographically widespread members of this subfamily (Heliconiinae) throughout tropical America (e.g., Comstock and Brown, 1950; Brown and Comstock, 1952). The adult is strikingly different in appearance from many other sympatric heliconiines by the distinct black and yellow color pattern of the wings. Adults of this species are known to roost communally (Jones, 1930; Poulton, 1931; Young and Thomason, 1975), a sophisticated behavioral trait (Gilbert, 1975) it shares with other Heliconius. Although the early stages of various Heli¬ conius have been studied in Trinidad (Beebe, Crane, and Fleming, 1960; Alexander, 1961a, b) and Brazil (e.g. Brown and Mielke, 1972), little is known about the biology of H. charitonius in Central America. The apparent coevolutionary associations of Heliconius with certain plant groups in the tropics (Benson et al., 1975; Gilbert, 1975) warrants the study of selected species. This paper summarizes studies on the adult and juvenile biology of H. charitonius in Costa Rica. Study Area and Methods Heliconius charitonius was studied near La Virgen de Sarapiqui (He¬ redia Province) in northeastern Costa Rica; adults and early stages were observed or collected from a strip of young secondary forest (5 years old) bordering a dirt road that separates Finca La Tigre (property of Compania Agricola Myristica, S.A.) and Finca de Oscar Arias. This region of Costa Rica is a transitional zone between premontane and lowland tropical wet forest; it is about 200 meters in elevation with a short, erratic dry period during March and April. Although the area includes primary wet forest habitat, much of it has been converted to various successional stages of secondary forest and cultivated land. Both field and laboratory studies on H. charitonius were carried out from January 11 to February 15, 1976. During this period, field ob¬ servations were conducted as follows: January 11-12 (2 days), Janu¬ ary 15-17 (3 days), January 26—30 (5 days), February 4-7 (4 days), and February 11—15 (5 days). Field studies consisted of (1) searches The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 291-303. October 1976 292 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist for early stages, (2) observations on oviposition behavior, (3) observa¬ tions on the mortality of early stages, (4) recording of adult feeding sites, and (5) recording of other heliconiines active in the same habitat. Laboratory studies dealt with the rearing of individuals from the egg stage primarily for the description of the life cycle, and the estimation of developmental time. Individuals were reared by confining eggs and fresh clippings of the larval host plant into a clear plastic bag kept tightly shut. Field observations were made at several different times during the day. Results Habitat, Oviposition, and Larval Host Plant.—Heliconius charitonius occurs primarily in young secondary forest tropical communities, where adults visit various inflorescences throughout sunny hours of the day. The primary flowers visited include several Compositae, one or more species of Curcubitaceae and Cephaelis tomentosa (Rubiaceae). The Compositae visited have either white or yellow inflorescences while the other plant families visited have deep orange or red inflorescences It is very likely that adults feed on pollen (Gilbert, 1975), although “pollen loads” on probosci are less frequently encountered in this species relative to other microsympatric species such as H. hecale, which bears notoriously large pollen loads. Gilbert (1972), however, reports heavy pollen loads for H. charitonius. Adults generally visit flowers throughout the day on clear sunny days. Typical flower visitations by H. charitonius relative to other Heli¬ conius species, occurred on the sunny morning of February 13, 1976. In a forest edge clearing where one curcubit species and Cephaelis tomentosa were in bloom, with their patches separated by only four meters of bare ground, H. charitonius visited both. There were seven flowers of C. tomentosa with full inflorescences (although 35 in total were present, most of these had dropped the yellow corolla tubes), and eleven flowers of the curcubit. One “fresh” adult visited a curcubit flower at 9:05 A.M. and a “worn” adult soon followed suit at 9:15 A.M. This same individual then flew across and visited a Cephaelis flower by 9:13 A.M. Since no butterflies were marked, “traplining” or other move¬ ment patterns could not be demonstrated. Two other species active in this area visited both flowers: at least two different adults of H. hecale (“fresh”; “worn”) together gave a total of four visits to curcubit flow¬ ers and three visits to Cephaelis, while at least two adults of H. cydno (“fresh”; “worn”) were scored twice on Cephaelis and four times on the curcubit. All of these visits occurred between 8:40 and 9:55 A.M. A similar pattern of visits for the same three species was seen the following Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 293 Fig. 1 . Egg positioning and the egg stage of Heliconius charitonius. Upper left: three eggs are shown in a folded terminal bud of leaflets of T. lobata. Upper left: three eggs are shown; note one egg adjacent to a young extrafloral nectary. Lower left: top view of one egg nestled down in folded leaflets; lower right: the egg. morning. Both H. hecale and H. cydno are more frequent visitors at these particular flowers than H. charitonius. Adults are concentrated in large numbers on a daily basis in patches of young secondary forest where the primary larval host plant, Tetra- stylis lobata (Passifloraceae) is found in close proximity to adult feed¬ ing sites. Tetrastylis lobata is the primary plant used for oviposition by 294 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist H. charitonius in this region of Costa Rica, despite the fact that it often occurs together with other passifloraceous vines such as P. vitifolia and P. edulis. Adult vines of T. lobata are very large and consist of large, bulky patches growing over other vegetation. It generally flowers dur¬ ing January and February, and H. charitonius lays eggs on young and adult vines. Although eggs are laid singly, a female may lay several eggs on the yet folded terminal leaf buds of T. lobata (Fig. 1). One female laid five eggs on a single terminal leaf bud within a 20-minute period one morning. I observed a total of four ovipositions; the first occurred on January 11, 1976 (3:00 P.M.). The female in this instance was very worn and tattered, and she took about 20 seconds to lay one egg. During the oviposition, the wings were fluttering at a steep angle to the body. Several other individuals of H. charitonius were flying in the immediate vicinity of this female, but this did not stop the oviposition. On another day (January 16), a female (fresh) laid three eggs in quick succession on a single terminal unit of folded leaf buds. I have also observed that different females very likely lay their eggs on the same unfolded leaf units or that the same female will return to lay eggs on the same leaf unit on different days. Individual females, presumably searching for oviposition sites, spend a great deal of time selecting such sites. Some¬ times the egg is nestled far down into the whorl of folded leaves, making only the apical aspect visible (Fig. 1). In addition to eggs being at¬ tached to folded leaf buds, they may also be found on the stem near the leaf bud (Fig. 1). Oviposition on tendrils has not been observed. On large vines, eggs are often laid near the top, where most of the folded leaf buds are found; on young vines, eggs are often laid within a few centimeters of the ground, and amidst tall grasses that cover them. As with feeding, I have observed oviposition throughout the day in good weather. Although several other heliconiines lay eggs on Passiflora in the area, none of these lays eggs on T. lobata, and H. charitonius does not lay eggs on Passiflora. I searched a total of eight vines of P. vitifolia and did not find any eggs or caterpillars of H. charitonius ; I did, how¬ ever, find caterpillars of erato, cydno and hecale. It is noteworthy that at least six other heliconiines occur in the same habitat: Agraulis va- nillae, Philaetliria dido, Heliconius cydno, H. hecale, H. erato, and H. sara. All heliconiine eggs found on T. lobata here and reared (a total of 15 eggs collected) proved to be H. charitonius. Caterpillars of H. charitonius feed on both young and old leaves of T. lobata. The following observations on the early stages were made from indi¬ viduals obtained from a set of eight eggs discovered in a single unit of Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 295 Fig. 2. Caterpillars of Heliconius charitonius. Upper left: first instar just above a young extrafloral nectary; upper right: third instar. Lower left: fourth instar; lower right: fifth instar. folded leaf buds; of the eight eggs, four were reared successfully to the adult stage in the laboratory. “Disappearances” of Eggs .—Although several eggs were collected for laboratory rearing studies, I left a total of seven additional eggs on vines in the field to see if they hatched successfully. These eggs were on three 296 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Fig. 3. The pupa of Heliconius charitonius. Upper two and lower left photo¬ graphs: lateral, ventral, and dorsal views respectively. Lower right: a pupa in the field being attacked and eaten by Crematogaster ants. Several individuals of a small ant are shown on and along the abdominal region of the pupa; a single individual of a larger ant ( Ectcitomma ) is present on the pupa along the frontal area of the wing case (barely in focus). Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 297 different vines of T. lobata. They all appeared about the same age from their color. Within two days, all were gone, and no first instar larvae were found. I had searched a total of 12 different vines for Heliconius eggs, but found only three with eggs in the same area of habitat. Early Stages .—The large, yellow egg (Fig. 1) is 1.4 mm high and 0.9 mm at the base; it is elongated and truncated at the top and bottom. It lasts five days as measured on four eggs kept in the laboratory. The first instar larva (Fig. 2) is 3-4 mm at hatching; it is light, translucent orange with a glossy orange-yellow head capsule. It lasts two days (as measured on four individuals). The second instar bears the full complement of head and body scoli, with the ground color of the body remaining light orange. The scoli are black and branched. The head scolus is about 1.2 times the head height. The dorsal prothoracic plate or crest is thin. This instar lasts four days and attains a length of 7 mm. The third, fourth, and fifth instars are virtually identical in appear¬ ance (Fig. 2). The basic color of the body is bluish-white and the head capsule is a glossy pale lemon-yellow. All scoli are black. The head capsule possesses two sets of black blotches. All legs are dull orange; the anal clasper is dull orange with a black spot dorsally. The dark spots on the body segments (Fig. 2) are very dark reddish-brown. The head scolus is about one-half the height of the head. The third instar lasts four days and reaches a length of 13 mm; the fourth instar lasts four days and reaches 30 mm, and the fifth instar lasts three days and reaches 41 mm. A pinkish prepupa (30 mm long) is active prior to pupation. The highly sculptured pupa (Fig. 3) is about 30 mm long with the basic color being brownish-orange. It is moderately patterned with dark lines and reflective silver spots. The silver spots are paired and situated dorsally in the thoracic region and first abdominal segment. Fine streaks of white occur on the wing cases. The head bears broad, well developed spatulate appendages that are 5 mm long. Dorso-lateral flanges occur on the third and fourth abdominal segments (smaller on the fourth) and bearing long, outward and downward-directed spines; shorter spines occur on the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments. Short spines with tuber¬ cles as bases occur on the metathorax and also on the first and second abdominal segments. Very short spines occur along the antenna cases (at forewing costal sutures) ; there are very slight tubercles on the wing cases in future cells M 3 -Cui and Cui-Cu 2 . As measured on four indi¬ viduals, the pupa lasts 10 days for both sexes. From four pupae two males and two females were obtained; three of these adults are shown in Fig. 4. 298 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Fig. 4. Adult Heliconius charitonius. Upper: an adult female just after eclosion (part of pupa case visible to the right). Lower left: three adults reared from the egg stage in the laboratory; lower right: a young adult feeding on a curcubitaceous flower (February 13, 1976, near La Virgen). Pupae as Prey .—I searched the vicinity of one vine of T. lobata on January 12 and discovered four pupae that later matched the description of the pupa of H. charitonius obtained in the rearing studies. All of these were affixed to plants very close to the vine. Two of the pupae were being attacked by ants (Fig. 3). One pupa was virtually eaten down to the Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 299 last abdominal segment at this time, and the other pupa (located about one meter from the first one) was just in the initial stages of being eaten by two different types of ants. I observed this pupa for two subsequent days and eventually all that remained was the last two abdominal seg¬ ments and cremaster. When first discovered the pupa was being eaten near the head appendages by an ant, Crematogaster sp. (Fig. 3), but two days later, when about half the pupa was gone, three individuals of a much larger ant ( Ectatomma sp.) were also present with the other ants (Fig. 3). Subsequently I discovered three more eaten pupae in the same area, giving a total of five pupae found as ant prey. In the laboratory, three of the original group of eight individuals being reared died as pupae as prey for cockroaches. These pupae were kept in a small screen cage with pupae of other butterflies (Ithomiidae, Brassolidae), but they were the first ones to be attacked by cockroaches during the night. Discussion In terms of phylogenetic considerations (Emsley, 1965), H. chari- tonius is one of the advanced species of the genus, and the morphology of its early stages illustrate close relatedness with other species such as H. hecale and H. cydno , which occur in the same habitat in northeastern Costa Rica. A good characteristic to separate later instar caterpillars of H. charitonius from those of H. cydno or H. Iiecale is the relatively shorter head scolus in the former species. Also, the pupa is more highly sculptured in H. charitonius than in these other species. Recently, Brown and Benson (1975) have argued for the operation of larval mimicry in microsympatric species of Heliconius. Even though the caterpillars of differently closely related species of Heliconius might he feeding on dif¬ ferent host plants in the same habitat, it is held that larval mimicry can act to reduce predation rates by vertebrates. Thus selection would favor the occurrence of species with similar caterpillars in the same habitats. Given divergence in host plants, to reduce competition for larval food, several closely related advanced species might co-occur to reduce preda¬ tion on caterpillars. Thus it is not unexpected to find H. charitonius occurring with H. hecale, cydno, erato , and sara. At least one of these species (//. hecale ) feeds on Passiflora vitifolia here, and it indicates divergence in oviposition and larval feeding from Id. charitonius. In this region of Costa Rica, there are likely no more than seven species of Passifloraceae that could be exploited by Heliconius , so that each species may have a different primary larval host plant (Gilbert, 1975). The multiple oviposition of several eggs on the same vine (either by 300 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist the same or different female) suggests that (1) the larval host plant is viewed by the species as an abundant resource, and (2) this species is not food-limited in the caterpillar stage. Strict resource limitation would be normally expected to provide selection pressure favoring a greater scattering of the eggs. Gilbert (1975), however, points out that vines of Passiflora generally occur at low densities. All Heliconius butterflies are associated with Passifloraceae. Further field observations are needed to see how egg densities of Heliconius correlate with vine size or bio¬ mass. For example, H. charitonius may lay one or few eggs on smaller vines of T. lobata than on larger ones. Benson et al. (1975), report T. lobata as the host plant of H. charitonius in southeastern Costa Rica and Panama; my studies indicate that it is also the host plant in north¬ eastern Costa Rica. Benson et al. (1975) also report that H. charitonius either scatters several eggs on the meristem of T. lobata , or else lay a single egg on the meristem. Despite the occurrence of other Passi¬ floraceae in the habitat (and in the same vine patch), only T. lobata is locally used as the larval host plant; this points to specialization by H. charitonius , something not unexpected (Gilbert, 1975). Lamas (1974) makes some interesting comments regarding larval host plants of the subspecies peruvianus of H. charitonius (Comstock and Brown, 1950; Brown and Comstock, 1952) : he maintains, that in addition to several species of Passiflora , this subspecies, presumed near extinction in Lima, Peru, may exploit other plants as larval host plants. T. lobata is very likely the host plant for this butterfly in other life zones (Holdridge, 1967) in Costa Rica since Standley (1937) mentions that it also occurs in montane tropical wet forest regions. It is possible that H. charitonius uses other Passifloraceae as larval host plants in Costa Rica, but for montane rain forest and premontane wet forests on the eastern slopes of the central Cordillera, the primary host plant is T. lobata. However, other passifloraceous host plants of H. charitonius are known from Costa Rica (Benson et al., 1975). Although T. lobata pos¬ sesses large tendrils, it is interesting that H. charitonius does not lay eggs on them. Heliconius hecale and H. cydno are both known to lay eggs singly on the tendrils of passifloraceous vines (Young, 1973; 1975). There is divergence in the oviposition habits among advanced heli- coniines. Brown (1973) reports that H. nattereri in Brazil oviposits on Tetrastylis ovalis. Apparently this primitive passifloraceous genus is not exploited as a larval host plant by many heliconians. Larval host plant specialization (i.e., one primary host plant in a given region), expected for most species of Heliconius (Gilbert, 1975), couple with considerable mortality of eggs and caterpillars from preda- Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 301 tion (Gilbert, 1975), probably keep the adult populations of individual species at or near the carrying capacity of the environment. Predation by ants on Heliconius pupae warrants further study in terms of its im¬ pact on populations. The well developed and apparently functional extra¬ floral nectaries of T. lobata , P. vitifolia and perhaps other microsympatric Passifloraceae used as larval foods may serve to at¬ tract pupa predators such as ants. Gilbert (1975) points out that these glands attract predatory insects such as ants and wasps; Ehrlich and Gilbert (1973) found that eggs of H. ethilla are eaten in large numbers by ants in Trinidad. Thus the observed disappearances of eggs seen here might be attributed to predation by ants. The fact that only a few out of several vines had Heliconius eggs might be indicative of intense egg predation. It is known that the female pupae of H. charitonius re¬ lease a pheromone which attracts males (Edwards, 1881; Emsley, 1965) ; it would be interesting to know if such a pheromone attracts potential predators such as ants as well. As adult longevity of H. charitonius is high (Cook, Thomason, and Young, in prep.) and vagility generally low (Young and Thomason, 1975; Young and Carolan, 1976), there is further stress placed on Heliconius for local species packing, promoting K-selection as the adap¬ tive strategy. It is generally known that Heliconius butterflies are dis¬ tasteful to vertebrate predators, since presumably cyagenic glycosides and alkaloids from Passifloraceae are retained as “plant poisons” in the insects (Gilbert, 1975). Certainly the vivid yellow and black wing color pattern of H. charitonius suggests unpalatable properties. Although K-selection might be the general adaptive strategy for these butterflies, in regions of Central America such as northeastern lowland Costa Rica, where a large spectrum of secondary habitats are available at the present time, there is opportunity for species such as H. charitonius to be flex¬ ible in the adaptive context. The above considerations suggest that H. charitonius and other mem¬ bers of the genus are not food-limited as caterpillars, owing to a variety of factors primarily (1) availability of a large host plant biomass, (2) specialization by different species on different passifloraceous species in the same region, (3) diversity of oviposition habits by different species (Gilbert, 1975), and (4) high levels of mortality of juvenile stages. The large number of Heliconius species and other heliconiines that usu¬ ally exist in the same region (Gilbert, 1975 mentions 10) warrants fur¬ ther field study directed towards elucidating the mechanisms of co¬ occurrence. At least for H. charitonius , from my preliminary studies, (1) host plant specialization, (2) high selectivity of flower-type visita- 302 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist tion, (3) apparent high mortality of early stages (yet to be confirmed , (4) well developed adult population cohesiveness, and (5) micro- sympatiy with other heliconiines, with perhaps the existence of larva, mimicry, suggests K-selection in secondary tropical habitats. Although very pieliminary and limited, the flower visitation observations sug¬ gest repeated visits to the same flower patches by H. charitonius anc othei species. Perhaps these butterflies are ‘'traplining'’ for nectar and pollen. Gilbert 11975) mentions that advanced species such as H. chari¬ tonius aie expected to trapline daily 7 for nectar and pollen sources, and that they also trapline for egg laying sites. These properties contribute to adult population cohesiveness. Acknowledgments This research is a by-product of National Science Foundation Grant GB-33060. I am grateful to Lenore Durkee (Grinnell College) and Luis Poveda (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica) for assistance with the identi¬ fication of plant species. The full cooperation of Dr. J. Robert Hunter of Compania Agricola Myristica, S.A. (CAMSA) with logistic details is greatly appreciated. Dr. Paul Kannowski identified the ants. Literature Cited Alexander, A. J. 1961a. A study of the biology and behavior of the caterpillars and emerging butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae in Trinidad. West Indies. Part I. Some aspects of larval behavior. Zoologica 46:1-24. lexander, A. J. 1961b. A study of the biology and behavior of the caterpillar* and emerging butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae in Trinidad West Indies. Part II. Molting, and the behavior of pupae and emerging adults. Zoologica 46:105-124. Beebe, W„ Cbane, J. an d Fleming, H. 1960. A comparison of eggs, larvae and pupae in fourteen species of beliconiine butterflies from Trinidad, West Indies. Zoologica 45:111-154. HeHconius demeter , with descripti Allyn Museum 26:1-19. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 303 Comstock, W. P., and Brown, F. M. 1950. Geographical variation and sul>- speciation in Heliconius charitonius (Lep.: Nymphalidae). Amer. Mus. Novit. 1467:1-21. Edwards, W. H. 1881. On certain habits of Heliconia charitonia Linn., a species of butterfly found in Florida. Papilio 1:209-215. Ehrlich, P, R. and Gilbert, L. E. 1973. Population structure and dynamics of the tropical butterfly Heliconius ethilla. Biotropica 5:69 82. Emsley, M. G. 1965. Speciation in Heliconius (Lep., Nymphalidae) : morphol¬ ogy and geographic distribution. Zoologica 50:191-254. Gilbert, L. E. 1972. Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of Heliconius but¬ terflies. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69:1403-1407. Gilbert, L. E. 1975. Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants, pp. 210-240, In Coevolution of Animals and Plants, L. E. Gilbert ed., Univ. Texas Press. 246 pp. Holdridge, L. R. 1967. Life zone ecology. Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica. 35 pp. Jones, F. M. 1930. The sleeping Heliconias of Florida. Nat. Hist. 30:635-644. Lamas, G. 1974. Supuesta extincion de una mariposa en Lima, Peru (Lepi- doptera, Rhopalocera). Revista Peruana de Entomol. 17:119-120. Poulton, E. B, 1931. The gregarious sleeping habits of Heliconius charitonius L. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London 6:4-10. Standley, W. 1937. The flora of Costa Rica. 210 pp. Young, A. M. 1973. Notes on the biology of the butterfly, Heliconius cydno (Lepidoptera: Heliconiinae) in Costa Rica. Wasmann J. Biol. 31: 337-350. Young, A. M. 1975. Observations on the life cycle of Heliconius hecale zuleike (Hewitson) in Costa Rica. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 51:76-85. Young, A. M, and Thomason, J. H. 1975. Notes on communal roosting of Heliconius charitonius (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Costa Rica. J. Lepid. Soc. 29:243-255. Young, A. M. and Carolan, M. E. 1976. Daily instability of communal roost¬ ing in the butterfly Heliconius charitonius in Costa Rica. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc.: In press. 304 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Notes on the Biology of the Introduced Elaterid Conoderus exsul (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) M. W. Stone 131 Sir Damas Dr., Riverside, California 92507 The Sugarcane wireworm Conoderus exsul (Sharp), originally from New Zealand and later Hawaii, was first discovered in 1937 at Alameda, California; currently it is recorded from 14 counties in California. (Stone, 1975). In the Hawaiian Islands the larvae have been found feeding on sugarcane shoots and in Alameda Co., Calif., on grass roots. Larvae of this species made rapid growth when reared in salve cans on wheat. This species could become an important pest of vegetable and field crops with an increase in numbers. Light trap collections in 1974-75 indicate that C. exsul adults have become increasingly abundant in Riverside and Orange counties. This information on seasonal abundance together with preliminary data on the biology of this insect are presented. Conoderus exsul (Sharp) Monocrepidius exsul Sharp 1877: 20. Monocrepulius exsul-. Brown 1880. Manual New Zealand Coleoptera I: 294. (copy of Sharp’s original description). Monocrepidius exsul-. Sharp 1908. Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. Ill, part V: 369 (records it from Hawaii). Monocrepidius exsul-, Williams, 1931: 168. Reports larvae feeding on sugarcane shoots in Hawaii. Conoderus bicarinatus Van Dyke, 1932: 297. Type male, U.S.A. Arizona, Mt. Washington, near Nogales, 6000', July 8, 1919. (J. A. Kusche) No. 3107, CAS. Monocrepidius exsul; Graves, 1938: 91. Larvae and adults collected at Alameda, Cal. Det. hy Van Dyke. Conoderus arizonicus Van Dyke, 1939: 11. New name for C. bicarinatus Van Dyke (nec Reitter, 1891). Conoderus duplicatus Van Dyke, 1943: 44. Unnecessary new name for C. bicari¬ natus Van Dyke (nec Reitter, 1891). Conoderus exsul; Lane, 1954: 246. Report on distribution in Calif. Conoderus exsul; Stone, 1975: 165. Widespread in central and southern Calif. Conoderus bicarinatus Van Dyke appears to be a synonym of exsul. Becker, E. C. (personal comm.) examined the type of exsul and it com¬ pared favorably with California specimens. Adults collected throughout California, Arizona, and also in Hawaii have been found to be similar to the holotype of bicarinatus Van Dyke (No. 3107 CAS). The Van The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 304-310. October 1976 Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 305 Dyke description of this species appears adequate. Additional notes and measurements on both sexes follow. MALE.—Length 8.5 to 12 mm. width 2.6 to 3.2 mm. Antenna slender and thread¬ like extending % to 1 segment beyond apex of hind angles of pronotum. Segments 2 to 5 with following lengths in mm.; .17, .25, .46, .46. Male genitalia (Fig. 6) FEMALE.— (Figs. 4 & 5). Length 11 to 13 mm.; width 3.8 to 4 mm. More robust and larger than male. Antenna shorter extending to apex of hind angle of pro¬ notum. Biological and Morphological Notes Egg.—The egg is whitish, smooth, oval shaped and measures 0.43 by 0.53 mm. Newly deposited eggs have a sticky coating which cause soil particles to adhere, making the eggs difficult to locate in the soil. Adults obtained at black light and confined indoors in 2 oz. soil-filled, salve cans laid eggs from June to early Septem¬ ber. A total of 218 eggs were obtained from one large reared female. Larva.— (Fig. 1). The newly hatched larvae are whitish, but become cream colored after the second moult. When mature the head, thorax and terminal lobes of the ninth abdominal segment are dark reddish. The caudal notch on the ninth segment is nearly closed on immature larvae but gradually enlarges and is V shaped on mature larvae (Fig. 2). Full grown larvae measure 15 to 19 mm. long by 2.2 to 2.8 mm. wide. Pupa.— (Fig. 3). When first formed the pupa is opaque white, but later becomes cream colored and the eyes become conspicuous as dark spots. Mouth parts, an¬ tenna, wing pads and legs are all visible. A sharp spine is present near each ante¬ rior margin of the pronotum and a similar spine is also present at each posterior angle. Two stout shorter spines are located at the tip of the abdomen. Pupae vary greatly in size: 8 to 14 mm. long by 2.5 to 3.4 mm. wide. The duration of the larval period of Conoderus exsul was determined by confining newly hatched larvae individually in 2 oz. salve tins con¬ taining moist 30 mesh soil and wheat, which were replenished at 2 week intervals. The larvae were confined indoors at temperatures of 15-25° C (60 to 78° F). Of a group of 34 larvae which hatched during August 1974, 5 pupated in March 1975, 11 in April, 10 in May and 8 in June- July 1975. The wide range in the duration of the larval period, from 8 to 12 months, is difficult to explain since the larvae, depending on size, were fed equal amounts—2 to 5 kernels of wheat at each feeding. The first adult was obtained on March 20, 1975 or 2.7 months before adults were collected at light outdoors. The pupal period for 29 indi¬ viduals ranged from 14 to 18 days, an average of 15.7 days. Adult longevity varied depending upon temperature, moisture and food availability. When confined in glass jars indoors with moistened cotton and slices of carrot adult life ranges from 25 to 65 days, averaging 38 days. In 1975 rearings of C. exsul were conducted to determine if the dura- Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 307 6 Figs. 5-6. Conoderus exsul, Sharp. Fig. 5. Body outline A. Apices of elytra with rounded notches; found only in C. scissus Schfr. B. Unusual in that the hind angles of the prothorax have paired carina. Fig. 6. Male genitalia (Ventral view) X 75. tion of the larval period varied according to the time at which the egg hatched. Larvae hatching on June 15 and from August 15 to September 15 were reared indoors in containers on wheat as previously described. In the above two groups designated as early (June 15) and late (August 15 to September 15) hatch, 15.8% and 12% of the larvae matured the same year. The larval period in these groups ranged from 54 to 103 days. The pupal period averaged 14 days. (Table 1). In the early <- Figs. 1-4. Conoderus exsul Sharp. Fig. 1. Larva, dorsal and ventral view, X 6. Fig. 2. Larva, ninth abdominal segment, dorsal view. Fig. 3. Pupa, ventral view, X 8. Fig. 4. Adult, female, X 7. 308 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Table 1. Duration of larval stage of Conoderus exsul Sharp. River¬ side, Cal. 1975-76. Larvae completing development in 1975 1976 Date hatched 1975 Pupa¬ tions (%) Larval period Larval period Records (No.) Range (Days) Ave. (Days) Pupations (%) Range (Days) Ave. (Days) June 15 38 15.8 81-103 91 84.2 218-292 251 Aug. 15 to Sept. 15 24 12.5 54-78 62 87.5 180-214 214 hatch overwintering group, pupations began January 22 and terminated April 1, 1976. First and last adults were obtained on February 8 and April 20. In the late hatch overwintering larval group, the first pupation oc¬ curred a month later on February 21 and the last April 23. The above pupae transformed to adults March 12 and May 11. There was not much difference in the duration of the larval period in the early and late hatch groups, as indicated by the averages, 251 and 214 days, respec¬ tively. The same was true of the pupal period for both groups, which ranged from 17 to 23 and averaged 19 days. (Table 2). One would expect that the higher temperatures indoors would be responsible for accelerating larval feeding and for their reaching ma¬ turity abnormally early. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that of 10 medium size larvae dug up outdoors in January and fed lima beans, all pupated in February and March, as was the case with specimens in the containers kept indoors. Information obtained to date indicates that in the presence of ample Table 2. Duration of the pupal period of Conoderus exsul. River¬ side, Cal. 1975-76. Date hatched 1975 Larvae completing development in 1975 1976 Range (Days) Ave. (Days) Range (Days) Ave. (Days) June 15 12-16 14 18-23 19.4 Aug. 15 to Sept. 15 14-15 14 17-20 18.6 Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 309 Fig. 7. Bimonthly catches of Conoderus exsul adults at black light. Riverside, Calif. 1974-75. food a small percentage of C. exsul larvae mature the same season, whereas the maj ority complete their life cycle in the year following. Phenology At Riverside adults were collected nightly at a 15 Watt florescent black light located adjacent to a bare field formerly planted to citrus. J. Wilcox employed a similar trap set-up in an avocado grove located 4 miles east of Olive, CA. (Orange County), about 30 miles from River¬ side. In 1974 at Riverside, adults were first collected on June 14 and were most numerous in the period July 31 to Aug. 31. Emergence terminated on Oct. 17. Trapping at Olive was started later—on Aug. 2—and ter¬ minated Oct. 22, yielding a total of 518 adults. At Riverside 286 adults were collected over a much longer period. Peak emergence at Olive ocurred in the period Aug. 31 to Sept. 15. In 1975 at Riverside the first adult was collected at light on June 11. The largest numbers of adults were obtained when outdoor temperatures at 8 to 9 p.m. remained at 24 to 26° C (75 to 80° F), usually after day¬ time temperatures reached maximums of 35 to 38° C (95 to 100° F). No adults were collected when evening temperatures dropped to below 15° C (60° F). Peak emergence in 1975 occurred in the period Aug. 1 to 31, the same period as in 1974. Adult activity ceased on Oct. 6. A total of 211 adults were collected, with males and females in equal numbers. Fig. 7 shows catches of adults bi-monthly at Riverside in 1974-75. At Olive in 1975 (fig. 8) adults were first collected on June 26 and terminated Nov. 2. The peak of collections occurred Sept. 1 to 15. A total of 1238 adults were taken-—an exceptional number for an intro- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 310 Fig. 8. Bimonthly catches of Conoderus exsul adults at black light. Olive, Calif. 1974-75. duced species, considering that the soil in this grove was of coarse texture, not overly moist and generally unfavorable for wireworm sur¬ vival. Of the total catch 48% were females. Acknowledgments I am especially indebted to J. Wilcox, Olive, California, for making nightly catches of adults during the two seasons of these studies and for his valued suggestions in the preparation and reviewing of the manu¬ script. My thanks to E. C. Becker, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, for his interest and helpful suggestions. Thanks also to D. H. Kavanaugh (Calif. Academy of Sciences) who provided the Type of C. bicarinatus , and to Floyd G. Werner, Univ. of Arizona, who furnished specimens and collection records of C. exsul in Arizona. Literature Cited Graves, H. W. 1938. A Hawaiian Elaterid introduced into California. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 14(2) : 91. Lane, M. C. 1954. Distribution of several introduced species of wireworms. U.S. Plant Pest Control Branch, Coop. Insect Rept. 12: 246. Sharp, D. 1877. Elateridae of New Zealand. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19(4) : 20. Stone, M. W. 1975. Distribution of 4 introduced Conoderus species in California. (Elateridae). Coleopt. Bull. 29(3) : 163. Van Dyke, E. C. 1932. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4th Ser.) 20(9) : 297. Van Dyke, E. C. 1939. A new name for bicarinatus V. D. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 15: 11 . Van Dyke, E. C. 1943. Conoderus bicarinatus V. D. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 19: 44. Williams, F. X. 1931. Handbook of the insects and other invertebrates of Ha¬ waiian sugarcane fields. Hawaiian Sugar Planters Assoc. Honolulu, 168 PP- Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 311 A New Species of Apatolestes from California (Diptera: Tabanidae) Woodrow W. Middlekauff Department of Entomology , University of California, Berkeley AND Robert S. Lane Vector and Waste Management Section, California State Department of Health , Berkeley. The pangoniine genus Apatolestes consists of a primitive group of species confined to the western United States, northern Mexico, and southwestern Canada. It is comprised of 10 previously described species and 1 subspecies, 3 of which are found only in California. The addition of rugosus n. sp. to this list brings the total number of species to 11, with 4 of them confined to the state. The new species was discovered while the authors were studying the tabanid fauna of California, and is described here to make the name available. This species is closely related to A. willistoni Brennan to which it will run in existing keys due to the infuscation present in the costal cells at the bifurcation of veins R 4 -R 5 and along the apical cross veins (Fig. 1). A. rugosus can be distinguished from willistoni by its more robust body and average larger size (12-13 mm) ; wrinkled (rugose) subcallus; ex¬ tensive brown pollinose areas lateral to the ocelli; and hairless middle of the frontoclypeus in the female (Fig. 2). A. willistoni is more slender and averages smaller in body length (8-9 mm) ; the subcallus is smooth, not rugose; the pollinosity next to the eyes on the vertex is gray and the frontoclypeus is hairy. The male has the area of the small eye facets blending into that of the large facets, whereas these areas are sharply demarcated in willistoni. Apatolestes rugosus, n. sp. (Figs. 1-2) Female holotype.— Body length 12 mm. Ratio of basal width of frons to its height and width at vertex is 1:2:1.5; vertex between ocelli and eyes with rusty- brown pollinosity, the pollinose area acutely angled below median ocellus and adjacent to eye; remainder of frons including basal callus shiny, jet black, with a patch of long stramineous hairs above basal callus and adjacent to each eye; basal callus markedly swollen, laterally attaining each eye; subcallus with gray to tan pollinosity and a characteristic pair of wrinkles (Fig. 2) ; frontoclypeus sparsely The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 311-313. October 1976 312 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Figs. 1-2. Apatolestes rugosus, female. Fig. 1. Wing, showing venation and areas of infuscation. Fig. 2. Frontal view of head showing rugose subcallus. covered with long, straw-colored hairs; genae with numerous black hairs especially near eye margins; apical palpal segment with a conspicuous dorsal groove, covered with a few pale, hut mostly black hairs; scape and pedicel with gray pollinosity; the flagellum black. Thorax and scutellum with gray pollinosity, the former with a submedian and a broad black line laterally on each side and both with numerous, short, appressed, pale golden-yellow hairs; pleurae with numerous, long, white and black intermixed hairs. Femora and dorsal surface of tarsi black; tibiae and plantar surface of tarsi dark brown. Abdominal tergites black, each with a transverse band of gray pollinosity expand¬ ing medially on tergites II and III to form small, indistinct triangles. Wing hya¬ line except for infuscated costal cell, cross veins, and a spot at bifurcation (Fig. 1). Male allotype .—Body length, 10.5 mm. Except for sexual differences similar to female holotype. The area of small eye facets brown to black blending impercepti¬ bly into the brown area of large facets above; a few short black hairs at tip of palpi. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 313 Holotype female, University of California Field Station, Hopland, Mendocino Co., California, June 2, 1973, John R. Anderson, collector. Allotype male, taken in copulo with the holotype female. Paratypes. —47 $ ? and 20 S $ , all topotypic, collected on various dates from late May to late July, 1966, 1969, 1972, and 1973. In addition the following speci¬ mens were seen but not placed in the paratype series: 1$, Red Bluff, Tehama Co., VI-12-51 (California Department of Food and Agriculture) and 1 $ , 20 mi. n.w. Macdoel, Siskiyou Co., VII-14-67, L. L. Dunning, collector (U. C. Davis). The holotype and allotype plus some additional paratypes will be deposited in the entomological collection, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Remain¬ ing paratypes will be placed in the U.S. National Museum, Canadian National Collection, Cornell University, and the California Insect Survey. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Liogorytes joergenseni (Brethes), a cicada killer in Argentina (Spheci- dae, Nyssoninae). —The only two wasp genera previously known to provision cicadas are the well-known and widespread Sphecius, and the Australian Exeirus, both genera in the sphecid tribe Gorytini. Now a third gorytin genus, Liogorytes , is known to use cicadas. A nesting colony of L. joergenseni (Brethes) was discovered in a natural spring zone at La Cienaga, Catamarca, Argentina. The first sighting of this colony was made 12 December, 1973, when Stange found a female dominated population (sex ratio 30 females to 1 male) busily engaged in provisioning nests with a species of Cicadidae ( Chonosia sp.). This cicadid was present in tremendous numbers, apparently having emerged from nymphs that had been feeding on the dominant plant in the study zone, a species of Clump Grass (Sporolobus) . Females were observed carrying this medium size cicadid to its ground burrows which were about one-half inch in diameter. Bohart and Stange revisited the site on 27 November, 1975, and found a male dominated population (38 males to 9 females). In contrast to the first experience, only one adult cicadid was found and the population activity was centered upon males searching for females. Based on the material collected to date (78 specimens) the females are rather constant in size (about 22 mm long), whereas the males are highly variable (12 mm to 22 mm). When the site was first visited in 1975, adults of L. joergenseni were quite abundant (about 10 a.m.) but within an hour, after a marked increase in temperature, the adults ceased flying. On a return to the site by Bohart on 16 December, 1975 no adults of either sex were seen and nesting was presumably complete.—R. M. Bohart, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, 95616, and Lionel Stance, Institulo Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina. 314 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Bembicini of Baja California Sur: Notes on Nests, Prey, and Distribution (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Howard E. Evans Department of Zoology and Entomology Colorado State University Fort Collins , 80523 During a trip by air and rental car to Baja California Sur in early .June 1975, my assistants and I collected 9 species of Bembicini and ob¬ tained nesting data on two of these. We had hoped to study Bembix tnagdalenae, described from Bahia Magdalena by C. L. Fox in 1926 and not recovered since. Although we spent several days on the shores of Magdalena and adjacent bays, we failed to find magdalenae but did find nesting aggregations of the related and equally unstudied species B. rugosa Parker. This proved to be a reasonably typical member of the genus in nesting behavior despite its unusual structural features. Brief notes are also presented on other Bembicini collected, as there has been little systematic collecting of Sphecidae in Baja California Sur. Bembix rugosa Parker This species was described from Arizona and to my knowledge has not previously been taken in Baja California Sur. We found it to be not un¬ common in two localities on Bahia Magdalena, on the Pacific side of the peninsula. On June 9 we took several females on tall composites along the roadside about 3 km east of San Carlos, and later the same day we found several females nesting in a man-made excavation into an an¬ chored sand dune, about 1 km from San Carlos but only 100 m from the shores of the bay. The wasps nested in flat or slightly sloping soil within the excavation, but not in the steep-sloping soil walls; we did not see any on top of the dune or in adjacent, more active dunes. The soil in the nesting site was a whitish sand of somewhat coarse texture, with occasional streaks of more compact clay-sand. Empty, broken Bembix cocoons of previous generations were abundant on the sand surface and at depths to 20 cm. Evidently they were in the process of being exposed by the winds from the bay; the active nest-cells we found were deeper than 20 cm. Several of the empty cocoons dug from the sand had fragments of prey around them. These proved to be wings and body fragments of muscoid and syrphid flies, as well as one bombyliid. Several old but The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 314-320. October 1976 Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 315 unbroken cocoons were measured and found to be 8-9 mm in maximum diameter, 20-25 mm in length; the number of pores per cocoon varied from 3 to 6 (x = 4.7, N = 12). In one old cell containing an inviable cocoon, at a depth of 20 cm, there was a female mutillid, Dasyniutilla gloriosa (Saussure). These mutillids were also seen walking over the sand in some numbers. We have no firm evidence that this species is a parasite of Beinbix. From 1000 to 1130 we watched one female B. rugosa make 110 trial burrows, no more than 0.5 cm deep, before finally remaining at one point and digging persistently for several hours. Each trial burrow required only a few seconds of digging, and all were within an area of about 3 square meters. When she finally persisted at one site, she backed out periodically, spraying the sand a considerable distance and producing a rather flat mound. She dug intermittently and had reached a depth of only 25 cm by 1600 hours. We marked several apparently active nests and excavated three of these. One which was open most of the day was found to have a straight, oblique burrow 105 cm long that reached a depth of 40 cm and then rose several cm before terminating blindly. We assume this to have been an incomplete nest that had been abandoned. A second nest was of similar structure, the burrow passing obliquely downward for 35 cm, then obliquely upward for 9 cm, then gradually downward for 3 cm before reaching a cell 4 cm long at a depth of 22 cm. The cell was empty, so we assume this nest had also been abandoned, or at least temporarily evac¬ uated. The third nest was of similar structure although with two lateral turns near the bottom. The major part of the burrow was 70 cm long, forming about a 45 degree angle with the surface that later steepened to about 65 degrees. The female was at the bottom of this burrow, at a depth of 35 cm. Beyond her the burrow passed obliquely upward for 6 cm, then obliquely downward for 5 cm before reaching a horizontal cell measur¬ ing 4 cm long by 1.5 cm high. The cell contained a single fly, Psilo- cephala sp. nr. tergisa (Say) (Therevidae) lying on its back, with a wasp egg 5 mm long attached erect to its side. We also encountered B. rugosa at a locality about 60 km further south, at a site about 2 km south of Puerto Chale, on Bahia de las Almejas, which is an extension of Bahia Magdalena. An estimated 12 females and a few males occupied the top of a low sandhill only 50 m from the man¬ grove-fringed bay. The hill was covered with cacti and bushes; the wasps nested in bare areas but were much attracted to one large bush which was in bloom. Males flew about the flowers and open areas in 316 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist the morning hours of June 10, and several attempted matings were ob¬ served. About 6 nests were marked in various stages of construction. One female dug intermittently for the greater part of the day, then at 1640 made an initial closure of an apparently completed nest. The mound at the nest entrance measured 25 cm long by 14 cm wide and 1.5 cm deep in the center. For 3 minutes the wasp passed over that half of the mound closest to the entrance in irregular zigzag patterns, partially leveling this half of the mound but leaving the other half intact. She then made an elaborate closure, during which she made 18 radiating lines, 9-14 cm long, emanating from the entrance. Between each line she made a short flight, landing at or near the entrance and initiating another line. The result was a small heap of sand covering the entrance and flanked by radiating lines on both sides. This behavior also re¬ quired about 3 minutes, after which the wasp dug through the entrance and closed behind her at 1646 hours. Precisely the same behavior was observed at the nest of a second individual that had been digging most of the day. We did not excavate either of these nests, but rather spent much time digging out another nest which was being provisioned during the after¬ noon. This nest was very deep and difficult to excavate because of the dry, powdery condition of the sand and the fact that the burrow had two sharp lateral curves. It began at about a 45 degree angle with the sur¬ face, then steepened to about 60 degrees; the female was found in this burrow about 1 m from the entrance. At 110 cm from the entrance the burrow made a right angle turn, then went down another 10 cm, to a vertical depth of 78 cm, before passing upward 3 cm and making another right angle bend before passing obliquely downward 4 cm to a cell. The cell measured 1.5 X 4 cm and contained 3 fresh flies and many fly remains, as well as a nearly full-grown wasp larva. Two of the flies were Asilidae (Ablautus flavipes Coquillett), one Mydidae ( Pseudo- nomoneura sp.). We observed an apparent final closure of a fourth nest. This female left a hole 4 cm long by 2 cm wide and 3 cm deep, to one side of which there were about 20 radiating lines each measuring about 15 cm long. We were unable to trace this burrow, which was tightly packed with sand. We did attempt to excavate a fifth nest and were able to follow the burrow for 1.3 m, to a vertical depth of 75 cm, but we failed to find a cell. Bembix sayi Cresson This species has previously been reported from La Paz by C. L. Fox (1923), and there is a pair from Cabo San Lucas in the California Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 317 Academy of Sciences. Its nesting behavior has been described from Florida, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico by Evans (1957, 1966). We encountered the species at only one locality, 16 km west of La Paz, on June 12. About 20 nests were scattered over the flat bottom of an arroyo, about 0.3 km from the shore of Bahia Pichilingue. The nesting area measured about 3 X 10 m, no nests being closer together than 0.5 m and most much more widely spaced than that. The area was sur¬ rounded by tall cacti and bushes. We found no males at this site, and all females showed much wear of the wings and mandibles. Most nest entrances were open during the day, and a bombyliid fly, Exoprosopa sima O.S., was observed flying from hole to hole, apparently ovipositing in them. Several Bembix females were provisioning during the morning hours. One of them brought in 4 flies in a 30 minute period from 1005 to 1035, in one instance requiring only 3 minutes to obtain prey. In each case she plunged quickly into the open hole and emerged within a few seconds. We dug out this nest in the afternoon, at which time it was closed from the inside. It was surprisingly shallow consider¬ ing the extreme heat and very dry soil in this locality. The burrow was oblique, 46 cm long, reaching a cell at a vertical depth of 22 cm. The female was about 35 cm from the entrance and there was a small closure between her and the cell as well as one at the entrance. The cell was 4 cm long by 1.5 cm high and contained a half grown larva, 8 fresh flies, and many fly remains. The flies in this cell were identified as Diacrita costalis Gerstacker (4) (Otitidae), Peleteria neotexensis Brooks (2) (Tachinidae), and Copesty- lum isabellijia (WiWiston) (2) (Syrphidae). We also found the remains of flies around several old cocoons unearthed during our excavations. A sample of these revealed the following: 14 Syrphidae of two species, 3 Sarcophagidae, 1 Callitroga (Calliphoridae), and 1 Diacrita costalis (Otitidae). We observed two instances in which females were engaged in building large mounds of sand, presumably following final closure of the nest. These females would land on top of the mound, then turn off to one side for a distance of 7-10 cm kicking sand behind them, then make a brief flight and land on top of the mound to repeat the performance over a slightly different track. One female made 40 such lines radiating from the mound over a period of 50 minutes, then started a new nest 40 cm away. This “mound-building behavior” was reminiscent of that of B. littoralis Turner, an Australian species which, however, performs the behavior at the initial nest closure (Evans and Matthews, 1973). It is also reminiscent of the still larger mound of Stictia lineata (Fabricus) in 313 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist South America (Evans and Matthews, 1974). The function of these large mounds is in no case understood. Measurements of one of the B. sayi mounds showed it to be 25 cm long by 17 cm wide and 2.5 cm deep in the center. In one case we were able to locate an oblique, open burrow, 20 cm long, at one end of the mound. This is presumably the “back burrow” described for U.S. popu¬ lations. Although U.S. wasps make an elaborate final closure involving radiating lines, then make a “back burrow,” leaving the mounds from both burrows intact, there is no present evidence that they actually build up these mounds (Evans, 1966, Fig. 157). This example of ap¬ parent geographic variation in behavior seems worthy of further study. Bembix occidentalis W. J. Fox We observed females of this species capturing flies from dead fish lying on the beach a few km west of La Paz. We did not discover where they were nesting. The species was not encountered within the nesting areas of B. sayi or B. rugosa. It is, however, widely distributed in Baja California Sur, and in fact part of the type series was from San Jose del Cabo. There are specimens in the California Academy of Sciences from Mulege and Coyote Cove (Bahia Concepcion), both on the Gulf of California. Bicyrtes variegata (Olivier) Two females of this species were seen digging on the beach, well below the high water mark, 16 km west of La Paz. C. L. Fox (1923) recorded variegata from La Paz and from Bahia Concepcion, both records also being from June. Microbembex argyropleura Bohart We took 1 male of this species near San Carlos, and 4 males in dunes near Puerto Chale, 60 km south of San Carlos. It has not previously been reported from south of El Arco, Baja California Norte (Bohart, 1970). Quite possibly some of the Microbembex reported by C. L. Fox (1923, 1926) from the La Paz area properly belong to this recently described species. Alcock (1975) has studied its nesting behavior in Arizona. Steniolia duplicata Provancher This is an abundant wasp in Baja California Sur. We collected 2 females and 3 males at Todos Santos, 1 female near La Paz, and 2 males 77 km northwest of La Paz. Gillaspy (1964) presented several addi- Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 319 tional records. Evans and Gillaspy (1964) reported on several nests from western Texas. Glenostictia bituberculata (Parker) We took two males at flowers of Umbelliferae at Todos Santos. The species has not previously been reported from Baja California, but I have also seen a male from 1.5 mi. east of San Jorge, B.C. Sur, collected July 25, 1971 (Real & Main) [Calif. Acad. Sci.]. Our specimens were compared with the type in the U.S. National Museum. Glenostictia bifurcata (C. L. Fox) We also took 1 male of this little known wasp on Umbelliferae at Todos Santos. The species was described from Baja California Norte (Isla Angel de la Guarda and Bahia de Los Angeles). C. L. Fox (1923) also described Stictiella directa from Bahia de los Angeles and recorded it from Isla del Carmen and Isla Espiritu Santo, B.C. Sur. I have studied part of his type series and regard directa as a synonym of bi¬ furcata (new synonymy). Glenostictia gilva Gillaspy We took a female and 3 males on flowers near La Paz, June 11-14. This species was misidentified as exigua W. J. Fox by C. L. Fox (1923), who recorded it from Isla Espiritu Santo and Todos Santos. Notes on the nests and prey were presented by Evans (1966) and by Alcock (1975). Acknowledgments I am indebted to the following specialists for identifying the fly prey and parasites: G. Steyskal, C. W. Sabrosky, L. Knutson, W. Wirth, and F. C. Thompson. I am especially indebted to Darryl T. Gwynne and William L. Rub ink, who accompanied me on the trip to Baja Cali¬ fornia Sur and assisted in collecting and making field observations. This paper is part of a study of the comparative behavior of solitary wasps, supported by the National Science Foundation, grant GB43790. Literature Cited Alcock, J. 1975. The behavior of some hembicine wasps of southern Arizona (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae, Microbembex, Glenostictia , Xerostictia). Southwest. Nat., 20: 337-342. Boiiart, R. M. 1970. New species, synonymy and lectotype designation in North American Bembicini. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 46: 201-207. 320 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Evans, H. E. 1957. Studies in the comparative ethology of digger wasps of the genus Bembix. Comstock Publ. Assoc., Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, N.Y. 248 pp. Evans, H. E. 1966. The comparative ethology and evolution of the sand wasps. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 526 pp. Evans, H. E. and J. E. Gillaspy. 1964. Observations on the ethology of digger wasps of the genus Steniolia (Hymenoptera:Sphecidae:Bembicini). Amer. Midi. Nat., 72: 257-280. Evans, H. E. and R. W. Matthews. 1973. Systematics and nesting behavior of Australian Bembix sand wasps. Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst., 20 : 1-387. Evans, H. E. and R. W. Matthews. 1974. Observations on the nesting behavior of South American sand wasps (Hymenoptera). Biotropica, 6: 130-134. Fox, C. L. 1923. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. The Bembicini (digger wasps). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4)12: 429-436. Fox, C. L. 1926. Expedition to the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico, in 1925. The Bembicini (digger wasps). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4)15: 219-222. Gillaspy, J. E. 1964. A revisionary study of the genus Steniolia (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae:Bembicini). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 89: 1-117. ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the fol¬ lowing names listed by case number. ANNOUNCEMENT A. N. (S) 99 See Bull. Zool. Nom. 33 part 1, 26th June, 1976. 896. Tipula oleracea (Diptera: TIPULIDAE) : revived proposals for stabilizing names in species-group. ANNOUNCEMENT A. N. (S) 100 See Bull. Zool. Nom. 33 part 2, 30 September 1976. Z. N. (S.) 2140 ERIOCOCCIDAE Cockerell, 1899, proposed conservation of, and Eriococcus Targioni-Tozzetti, 1868, proposed designation of type- species for (Insecta: Homoptera). Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Nat¬ ural History), Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, England, if possible within 6 months of the date of publication of this notice. Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. R. V. Melville, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 321 A new Rheumatobates from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Gerridae) John T. Polhemus 1 3115 So. York , Englewood, Colorado 80110 AND Lanna Cheng Scripps Institution of Oceanography, P. O. Box 109, La Jolla, California 92037 The water strider described here was found in a mangrove swamp. The name is published so that it will be available for a forthcoming work on marine insects. For all measurements 60 units = 1 mm, except where given in mm. Rheumatobates ornatus, n. sp. Length, apterous male, 2.5 mm; macropterous forms unknown. Color deep brown to black; dorsum of thorax and abdomen mostly frosted. Posterolateral portion of thorax, head except median longitudinal black stripe, dorsum of first genital seg¬ ment, connexival margins, orange brown. Broad medial area of pronotum, pleura, most of mesosternum, prosternum and venter of head yellowish to leucine. An¬ tenna brown, lighter ventrally and on base of segment I. Fore femur basally, fore trochanter, posterior trochanter, yellowish brown; remainder of legs brown to deep brown. Rostrum brown. Structural characteristics. Antenna, fore and middle legs o.f male modified. Antennal formula I-IV: male, 40:3:48:37; female, 23:4:27:26. Male antennal segment I as in Fig. le, with tufts of stout hairs basally on segment II directed caudally and ventrally, also long (7) stout curved spine directed ventrally at distal three-fourths on segment III (not visible in figure). Head (between eyes) of male long (30), broad (27); shorter (27) but equally broad (27) in female. Male abdominal dorsum broadly, transversely depressed, tergite II lowest; venter of seg¬ ment VII modified to form a raised clasper (Figure la). Connexiva of male almost vertical, flatter in female. Male fore femur with a dorsal knob basally; middle trochanter with knob directed dorso-posteriorly; posterior trochanter with dorsal knob basally. Anterior tibia of male flattened, with two stiff leucine brushes distally, one dorsal, one ventral; adjacent to dorsal leucine brush is another brush of short stiff black bristles; tibia and tarsus modified as shown in Figure lc, d. Middle femur of male highly modified, excavate above medially, ridged along entire length of caudal margin dorsally, set with two rows of recurved hairs plus several rows of stiff setae directed both anteriorly and posteriorly (Figure lb) ; excavation with a brush of long, stiff black setae which are recumbent or obliquely posteriorly directed (not visible in figure). Acetabula of male excavate laterally, forming an oblique, almost vertical sulcus bordered anteriorly by a tumescence 1 Contribution from the Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80302 and Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, CO 80201. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 321-323. October 1976 322 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Fig. 1. Rheumatobates ornatus n. sp., male. a. Seventh abdominal and genital segments, ventral view. b. Middle femur and trochanter, dorsal view. c. Fore leg, dorsal view. d. Tip of fore tarsus and claws, e. Antenna, dorsal view. bearing a brush of stiff posteriorly directed black setae, which overlay the sulcus. Female similar to male in coloration; length (3 mm). Appendages without modification. Material: Holotype ( $ ), allotype ( $ ), and paratypes, 31 $ S , 16 2 2 , COSTA RICA, Mata de Limon, 29 Dec. 1974, L. Cheng. Holotype, allotype and 2 paratypes in California Academy of Sciences; paratypes in Polhemus Collection and Scripps Oceanographic Institution. Discussion : This species is the only known Rheumatobates with an excavate and expanded middle femur, and it is not close to any described species. R. crassifemur Esaki and its subspecies have the middle femur swollen but not highly modified. The type locality is close to Puntare- nas, and not far from Boca de Barranca; the latter is the type locality of another recently described Rheumatobates associated with the marine habitat (Polhemus, 1975). Biological Notes: The mangrove swamp where R. ornatus was col¬ lected is quite extensive, and connected to the sea only at high tide. The insects were very abundant among the aerial roots of Rhizophora man¬ gle, occurring in groups of 50-100. They came out in the open only when chased from the roots. Both adults and nymphs were present, and several mating pairs were captured. They were found with fish larvae Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 323 that occurred in great numbers in certain areas. The habitat as well as behavior of these skaters were very similar to those of Rheumatobates aestuarius Polhemus found in Baja California (see Cheng and Lewin, 1971). Literature Cited Cheng, L. and R. A. Lewin. 1971. An interesting marine insect, Rheumatobates aestuarius (Heteroptera:Gerridae), from Baja California, Mexico. Pac. Ins. 13(2) : 333-341. Polhemus, J. T. 1975. New estuarine and intertidal water striders from Mexico and Costa Rica (Hemiptera:Gerridae, Mesoveliidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 51(3): 243-247. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Records of Rearing of Tachinids (Diptera) from Insects, Mostly in Washington . 1 —During the summers of 1965-7 numerous insects, largely Lepidopterous larvae, were collected in the vicinity of Pullman and elsewhere in Washington hy Bert A. Freeman and reared at the laboratory in Pullman for de¬ termining their tachinid parasites and parasite-host relationships. Because of the illness of Mr. Freeman the project had to he terminated prematurely and was, consequently, incomplete. Considerable unpublished information was obtained, however, and this is presented here. Various collecting methods were used, but in general larvae of different instars and sometimes pupae and adults were collected under natural conditions and brought into the laboratory where rearing was continued until the parasites emerged and until adult hosts were obtained for purposes of identification or con¬ firmation of their identities. Winter collecting was made under loose bark and in leaf duff on the ground. Some tachinid pupae do not seem very tolerant of artificial media or holding conditions and will not emerge unless natural conditions are closely simulated. For the most part, however, satisfactory results were obtained by exposing tachinid pupae to temperatures of 3° C for two months and then bringing them gradually out of the cold. For winter holding of tachinid and lepidopterous pupae sawdust from kiln-dried lumber proved the best. It could he made to hold sufficient mois¬ ture and, under eastern Washington conditions, very little fungous growth is en¬ countered if the sawdust is changed every three or four weeks. In the following annotated list common names are given only for insects other than Lepidoptera; lack of such indicates a lepidopterous host. Unless otherwise indicated the host is in the larval stage. Collections and rearing, unless otherwise indicated, were done hy Mr. Freeman. Some information based on rearing of in¬ sects obtained other than in Washington is included. The order of listing is alpha¬ betical by tachinid parasites. Dates are those of the collections of the hosts, not of emergence of the parasites. 1 The work was supported by USDA grant 12-14-100-8005 (33). Scientific paper number 4526, Wash¬ ington State University College of Agriculture Research Center, Pullman, Washington. Work was conducted under project 1852. 324 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Athrycia cinerea (Coquillett), ex Prodenia praefica Grote, Prosser, WA., Sept. 3, 1965. Bessa harveyi (Townsend), ex larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), Mt. Spokane, WA., July 24, 1965, and Moscow Mt., near Moscow, IDA., Aug. 6, 1967. Bigonicheta spinipennis (Meigen), ex adult European earwig, Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, Pullman, WA., July 5, 1965, 42 parasites obtained from. 209 hosts. Ex Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch), Puyallup, WA., summer, 1965, reared by E. P. Breakey. Blondelia hyphantriae (Tothill), ex Celerio lineata (Fabricius), Pullman, WA., July 16, 1967. Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), ex Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, Pullman, WA., May 24, 1965, 37 parasites from 347 hosts; Pullman, WA., May 25 and June 1, 1965; Puyallup, WA., June 14, 1965; South Prairie, WA., June 3, 1967. Ex Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar), Pullman, WA., June 17, 1965, 6 parasites from 87 hosts. Ex Stilpnotia salicis (Linnaeus), Pullman, WA., July 2, 1965, 19 para¬ sites from 69 hosts. Ex Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus), Colton, WA., June 18, 1967. Ex Halisidota argentata Packard, Enumclaw, WA., June 24, 1967. Ex Pieris rapae (Linnaeus), Puyallup, WA., reared by Louis Getzin. Doryphorophaga doryphorae (Riley), ex Colorado Potato beetle, Leptinotarsa de- cimlineata (Say). Eleodiphaga pollinosa Walton, ex adult tenebrionid, Eleodes hispilabris Say, Pros¬ ser, WA., June 10, 1967; Snake River, near Pullman, WA., March-April, 1967, 10 parasites from about 100 hosts. Ex adult tenebrionid, Eleodes hovaverrucula Boddy, reared “in numbers.” Ex adult tenebrionid, Eleodes sp., Steptoe Canyon, near Colton, WA. Erynnia tortricis (Cocjuillett), ex Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch), Pullman, WA., June 20, 1965, and July 14, 1967. Ex Lespeyresia pominella (Linnaeus), dia- pausing larvae, Yakima, WA., Feb., 1967, R. B. Hutt. Eusisyropa blanda (Osten Sacken), ex Hyphantria cunea (Drury), Puyallup, WA., June 5, 1965; Orting, WA., Oct. 11, 1966. Ex Archips argyrospilus Walker, Orting, WA., Aug. 6, 1967. Exorista mella (Walker), ex Halisidota maculata (Harris), last larval instar, Step- toe Butte, WA., Oct. 6, 1966. Ex Datana ministra (Drury), Kamiak Butte, near Palouse, WA., Oct. 4, 1966. Ex Prodenia praefica Grote, Genessee, IDA., Aug. 23, 1965. Euexorista futilis (Osten Sacken), ex Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar), on willow, Pullman, WA., June 17, 1966. Gymnoclytia occidentalis Townsend, ex pentatomid, Euschistus impictiventris Stal. Hemisturmia tortricis (Coquillett), ex Archips argyrospilus (Walker), Orting, WA., June 4, 1965, and Aug. 6, 1967. Hyphantrophaga hyphantriae (Townsend), ex Hyphantria cunea (Drury), Steptoe Butte, near Palouse, WA., Sept. 27, 1965, and Sept. 29, 1966; emerged directly from pupa of host. Leschenaultia americana (Brauer and Bergenstamm), ex Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, South Prairie, WA., June 14, 1967. Lespesia sp., ex Papilio rutilis Lucas, Pullman, WA., Nov. 26, 1965 (?overwinter¬ ing pupa). Lespesia archippivora (Riley), ex Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus), Colton, WA., June Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 325 18, 1967. Ex Prodenia praefica Grote, Prosser, WA., Sept. 3, 1965. Ex Colias eurytheme Boisduval, Othello, WA., June 27, 1966. Lixophaga variabilis (Coquillett), ex Laspeyresia pominella (Linnaeus), Wenat¬ chee, WA., Aug. 16-20, 1967. Merida ampelus (Walker), ex Peridroma sauda (Hiibner), Orting, WA., July 30, 1966. Ex Hyphantria cunea (Drury), Steptoe Butte, near Palouse, WA., Aug. 16, 1965. Microphthalma disjuncta (Wiedemann), ex scarabaeid, Polyphylla crinita LeConte, Westport, WA., June 5, 1967, 1 parasite from 24 larvae. Nemorilla pyste (Walker), ex Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch), collected as pupa, Pullman, WA., June 20, 1965. Phryxe pecosejisis (Townsend), ex Heliothis phloxiphaga G. & R., Yakima, WA., June 12, 1966. Phryxe vulgaris (Fallen), ex Heliothis phloxiphaga G. & R., Yakima, WA., July 12, 1966, 1 parasite from 21 larvae. Ex Pieris rapae (Linnaeus), Prosser, WA., May 19, 1965. Tachinomyia sp., ex Halisidota maculata (Harris), on willow, Steptoe Butte, near Steptoe, WA., summer, 1966. Tachinomyia similis (Williston), ex Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, South Prairie, WA., June 14, 1967. Ex Stilpnotia salicis (Linnaeus), Pullman, WA., June 2-4, 1967. Thelymyia mathesoni (Reinhard), ex Hemerocampa pseudotsugata McDunnough, Kamiak Butte, WA., Aug. 15, 1966, collected as last larval instar, parasite emerged from pupa. Uramya halisidotae (Townsend), ex Halisidota argentata Packard, under Douglas fir on ground after windstorm, Tacoma, WA., June 10, 1966; parasites emerged from last larval instar just prior to pupation. Winthemia (Irujopicta Bigot), ex Peridroma sauda (Hiibner), Pullman, WA., June 17, 1966. Winthemia quadripustulata (Fabricius), ex Haliothis zea (Boddie), Grandview, WA., Aug. 28, 1967. Zenillia (?blandita (Coquillett)), ex Hyphantria cunea (Drury). A hyperparasite, the chalcidoid Dibrachys cavus (Walker), was commonly ob¬ served and reared from puparia of Bigonicheta spinipennis (Meigen) during the winter months. Incidence of parasitism ranged from 22 to 35 percent, with three to nine larvae occurring in each of the parasitized pupae. Pupae of the tachinid host were common under the loose hark of cottonwoods and poplars during the winter months in the Pullman area. The above rearing records extend the geographical distribution recorded in the Stone et al. (1965 USDA Agric. Handbook, 276) catalog as follows: Eleodiphaga pollinosa Walton, Washington, previously recorded from New Mexico and Califor¬ nia; Thelymyia mathesoni (Reinhard), Washington, previously recorded from New York to Manitoba and Ohio.— Maurice T. James, Professor Emeritus of Entomol¬ ogy, Washington State University, Pullman 99163. 326 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist A New Species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands (Collembola: Entomobryidae) Jose A. Mari Mutt University of Illinois, and Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana, 61801 Through the courtesy of Dr. P. N. Lawrence and the British Museum (Natural History) I have studied the Orchesellini collected by the Royal Society Expedition of 1965 to the Solomon Islands. The tribe was represented by three species: the one described herein and two new spe¬ cies of Dicranocentrus to be described in an upcoming revision of that genus. The species described below is named after Dr. Lewis J. Stannard, Jr., a leading authority on the Thysanoptera, who has recently retired from the Illinois Natural History Survey after 30 years of service. Heteromurus stannardi, n. sp. Length up to 1.9 mm. General appearance typical of the genus (Fig. 4), the fourth abdominal segment not being over 1.6 times longer than the third. Body background color yellow, very diffuse purple pigment is distributed over the head, body, antennae, and leg segments up to the coxae. Head, body, and appendages (with the exception of the last two antennal segments) covered with scales (Fig. 7). Antennae five segmented, about half as long as the body. Ant. 5 annulated. Two eyes present on each side of the head (Fig. 5). Trochanteral organ composed of about 26 setae. Tibiotarsi covered with ciliated setae, devoid of smooth setae with the exception of the opposite seta to the tenent hair, which is present on the third pair of legs. Claw structure as in figure 6. Tenent hair apically lanceolate, about as long as the unguiculus. Dental spines absent. Mucro as in figure 3, lack¬ ing a basal spine. Head and body macrochaetotaxy as in figures 1 and 2. Material Examined: Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal, Popamanasiu, 1,320 m. el., November 1-4, 1965, mossy ridge forest litter, P. N. Lawrence, coll. Royal Society Expedition, B. M. 1966-1. Holotype and 15 paratypes. Two paratypes are deposited in the collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey, the rest of the material is in the British Museum. Diagnosis : By the persistent absence of the mucronal basal spine, the species comes closest to Heteromurus nitens Yosii (1964), from the Tonga Islands, and to the African species Heteromurus subduvius Barra (1968). Heteromurus stannardi may be readily separated from these species by the structure of the claws and body macrochaetotaxy, which by the way, is different from that of any species for which the pattern is known. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 326-330. October 1976 Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 327 1 3 Figs. 1-3. Heteromurus stannardi. Fig. 1. Dorsal head macrochaetotaxy, each dot represents one seta. Fig. 2. Dorsal body macrochaetotaxy. Fig. 3. Mucro. Figs. 4—5. Heteromurus stannardi. Fig. 4. Photomicrograph of a paratype. 100 X- Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the eyes. 3,000 X- Figs. 6-7. Heteromurus stannardi. Fig. 6. SEM of the hind claw. 1,300 X- Fig. 7. SEM of dorsal abdominal scales. 1,600 X- 328 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 329 330 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Literature Cited Barra, J. A. 1968. Contribution a l’etude du genre Heteromurus Wankel. 1860 (Collemboles). Biol. Gabonica 4: 105-117. Yosii, R. 1964. Some Collembola of the Tonga Islands. Kontyu 32: 9-17. RECENT LITERATURE Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics & Their Control. Dennis S. Hill. 1975. 516 pp. Cambridge University Press, 32 East 57th Street, New York, New York 10022. Price $34.50. Factors Affecting Dispersal Distances of Small Organisms. D. O. Wolfen- barger. 1975. 230 pp. Exposition Press, Inc., 900 So. Oyster Bay Road, Hicksville, New York 11801. Price $15.00. Guide to the Adult and Larval Plusiinae of California (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Thomas D. Eichlin. August 15, 1975. Occasional Papers in Entomology, no. 21, 73 pp. State of California, Department of Food and Agri¬ culture, Division of Plant Industry, 1220 N Street, Sacramento, California 95814. Individual copies sent free of charge upon request. Insect Physiology and Anatomy. N. C. Pant and Swaraj Ghai (eds.). 1973. 276 pp. Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India. Rs 6.00. Living Insects [The Australian Naturalist Library]. R. D. Hughes. 1975. 304 pp. Taplinger Publishing Company, 200 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003. Price $14.95. Mites Injurious to Economic Plants. Lee R. Jeppson, Hartford H. Keifer, and Edward W. Baker. 1975. 638 pp. University of California Press, 2223 Fulton Street, Berkeley, California 94720. Price $30.00. The World of the Honeybee. Colin G. Butler. 1975. 226 pp. Taplinger Publishing Company, 200 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003. Price $14.95. The Butterflies of North America. William H. Howe (coordinating editor and illustrator) and twenty contributors. 1975. 633 pp., 97 colored plates. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Dept. ZP-510, Garden City, New York 11530. Trade edition, price $39.95. Limited edition, limited to 200 copies, numbered and signed by the artist, including a print of special painting suitable for framing, price $150.00. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 331 Nesting Behavior of Encopognathus rufiventris Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) R. M. Bohart and B. Villegas Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis 95616 Encopognathus is a relatively primitive or unspecialized genus of the tribe Crabronini. According to Bohart and Menke (1976), there are 23 described species occurring in widespread temperate and tropical regions of the world except Australia. The only biological reference of which we are aware is a brief note by Arnold (1932) that E. chirindensis (Arnold) provisioned with ants of several species in Rhodesia. In light of our findings this may have been in error. Encopognathus rufiventris Timberlake Nesting site .—A small colony was observed in Arroyo Seco Camp in the hilly Upper Sonoran Life Zone of Monterey County, California at an elevation of 246 meters. From May 28-June 13, 1975 about 35 nests were located in a two square meter area of hard-packed sandy soil alongside wheel tracks of a seldom used dirt road. Perhaps 20 females were active at a time, some constructing burrows and others provision¬ ing. Entrances were scattered but some were only a few cm apart. Daily activity at the nest site extended from 10:15 AM to 5:00 PM, Pacific Standard Time. Females were engaged mostly in nest construction during the morning and provisioning during the afternoon. No males were seen at the nest site but a few were collected on small yellow com¬ posites several hundred feet away. Females exhibited an erratic hover¬ ing flight for two to three seconds just before entering or just after leaving nests. Nest structure .—Ten nests were excavated and dissected, some at the site and others after removal to the laboratory. The entrances were about 3.5 mm in diameter, open at all times, and without a chimney although sometimes under leaves. There was no accumulation of dirt around the entrance since the female carried away excavated material in her mandibles and front legs. In this process she flew backwards from the nest opening for about 25 cm before dropping the load. Typi¬ cal burrows are diagrammed in figs. 3 and 4. Each main tunnel was relatively simple, somewhat undulate, and slanting into the ground for 9.5 to 12 cm. The tunnel ended in a whorl of three to five branches with cells arranged in linear fashion (figs. 3, 4). Loose sandy soil was The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 331-334. October 1976 332 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Figs. 1-4. Encopognathus rufiventris Timberlake. Fig. 1, mature larva, lateral view. Fig. 2, facial view of mature larva with enlargements of labium and mandible. Figs. 3-4, profiles of typical nests. placed between the cells by the wasp as she worked back toward the entrance. Each oval cell was about 3.5 mm wide and 6.5 mm long. The greatest number of cells observed in a single nest was 16. Provisioning .—Prey were small Miridae, all but a few of them adults. Four species were utilized and these were apparently obtained from nearby plants of Verbena lasiostachys and Lotus scoparius. Most fre- Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 333 quent prey were Macrotylus lineolatus Uhler. Other mirids used were Psallus seriatus (Reuter) and several species of Plagiognathus (deter¬ minations by Jon Herring, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Insect Identification, etc.). The female held the paralyzed prey in the middle legs as she returned to the nest. Near the opening the wasp displayed a short hovering and somewhat sidewise motion before plung¬ ing into the open nest. The time absent from the nest by 10 actively provisioning females was 50 seconds to six minutes (average 136 seconds). The prey were packed tightly, head forward or the reverse, and 12 to 18 per cell. Immature stages. —No eggs were found. Larvae pushed the uneaten bug remains to one end of the cell. At maturity a silk lined cocoon was formed which was completely covered with brownish sand grains as illustrated for Entomognathus by Miller and Kurczewski (1972:fig. 4). The cocoons were about 3.5 mm wide and 6.0 mm long. Morphologi¬ cal details of a mature larva are shown in figs. 1 and 2. Figure 1 was drawn from a specimen preserved in alcohol. Figure 2 was drawn from a head briefly treated in hot KOH and mounted in balsam on a slide. Parasites .—Three females of an undescribed species of Spintharosoma (Chrysididae) were collected after they were observed repeatedly en¬ tering the burrows of Encopognathus rufiventris at the nest site. Discussion Four presumably “primitive” genera of Crabronini have the following prey relationships: nymphal and adult mirid bugs used by Enco¬ pognathus, Lygus and other adult mirids by Anacrabro , leafhoppers by Entomocrabro, and chrysomelid beetles by Entomognathus. The use of different orders of insects by related genera may seem unusual. How¬ ever, Belomicrus, which has many points of morphological resemblance with Encopognathus but is in a separate tribe Oxybelini, is known to provision with beetles in one section of the genus and nymphal and adult mirids in another section (Bohart and Menke, 1976). Among pub¬ lished reports on biology and larval morphology, the greatest simi¬ larities with Encopognathus rufiventris have been found in the study of Entomognathus memorialis Banks by Miller and Kurczewski (1972). Burrow formation, larval structure, and cocoon appearance are all much the same as those described and figured by the above authors. Many small sphecids do not make a formal closure of the nest on completion and E. rufiventris belongs to this sort. The entrance is prob¬ ably filled in a short time by blowing dust or as a result of light rains. 334 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist E. rujiventris females have a very short foreleg pecten as would be ex¬ pected in a wasp which omits nest closure. Literature Cited Arnold, G. 1932. New species of the Ethiopian Sphegidae. Occas. Pap. Rhodesian Mus. (1)1: 38. Bohart, R. M. and Menke, A. S. 1976. Sphecid wasps: A world generic re¬ vision. University of California Press Berkeley. 695 pp. Miller, R. C. and Kurczewski, F. E. 1972. A review of nesting behavior in the genus Entomognathus, with notes on E. memoricdis Banks. Psyche 79: 61-78. RECENT LITERATURE Les Carabidae du Quebec et du Labrador. A. Larochelle, Department de Biologie de College Gourget, Rigand. Bull. I. 255 pp. 1975. Available from author, $15.00 (Canadian). This publication is difficult to categorize. The content is nearly evenly split between an annotated catalogue of the species of Carabidae and Cicindelidae known to occur in Quebec, and an atlas of distribution maps. Minor segments are devoted to providing instructions for use of the catalogue and atlas, lists of collections consulted, lists of species doubtfully recorded or to he expected in Quebec, and a bibliography. Printing is by the offset process, with unjustified right margins. A notice near the beginning of the work states that only 400 copies have been printed, possibly explaining the relatively expensive price. Primarily of interest to specialists of Carabidae or of the fauna of eastern Canada.-—Editor. The Stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Illinois. T. H. Frison. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 20:281-471. (Reprinted by Entomological Reprint Specialists, P.O. Box 77224, Dockweiler Station, Los Angeles, California 90007). $15.00. The Mayflies or Epliemeroptera, of Illinois. B. D. Burks. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 26:1-216. (Reprinted by Entomological Reprint Specialists, P.O. Box 77224, Dockweiler Station, Los Angeles, California 90007). $15.00. These works remain useful summaries of the systematics, distribution and biology of the taxonomic groups which are included. Despite the geographic restriction suggested by the titles, the effective area of coverage is much larger, in terms of the proportion of North American species included. Both volumes are generously illustrated, and include lucid discussions of life history and ecology of these important aquatic insects.—Editor. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 335 Observations on the Nesting Behavior of Ammophila nasalis (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Darryl T. Gwynne 1 Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523 During June 8-9, 1975 I made some observations on the nesting be¬ havior of Ammophila nasalis Provancher near San Carlos, Baja Cali¬ fornia Sur, Mexico. These will add to the information on the nests and prey of A. nasalis given by Hicks (1935) (under the name Sphex cras- pedotus ; see Menke 1965). The wasps were nesting in the open spaces between low halophytic shrubs in a large flat area of firm sand. A single nest of A. nasalis was excavated by Dr. A. S. Menke at a similar nesting site on the University of California at Santa Barbara campus at Goleta (June 1959) (personal communication). Hicks’ observations were made along a sandy river- bank of the Los Angeles river near Burbank, California. During mid afternoon on June 8 female A was observed digging a nest. She made several successive flights backwards from the nest entrance dropping a spray of sand 20-30 cm from the nest entrance and 10-20 cm above the ground. Most Ammophila species deposit soil from burrow excavation while in flight (Evans 1959). At 1345 on June 9 female B was observed leaving her nest, which had a small white shell as a temporary closure. She flew about 30 meters and started to investigate some of the nearby shrubs. During the after¬ noon she was observed to return to the nest five times, carrying prey in her mandibles. Upon landing at the nest she first dropped the prey then removed the shell from the burrow entrance (fig. 1). She then grasped the prey and backed into the burrow, then replaced the shell when she left. This sequence was observed during the first four times she re¬ turned to the nest. Similar observations were reported by Hicks (1935). The hunting times ranged from 7 to 12 min. (X = 11, N = 4). When she left on the fifth hunting flight the nest was carefully excavated so that one side was open (fig. 2) ; all of the caterpillar prey were removed except the one bearing the egg. A plastic stake was used to cover the exposed side of the burrow and both the sand and the temporary shell closure were replaced. The female returned in 75 min. and entered the 1 Part of a study of the comparative behavior of solitary wasps, supported by the National Science Foundation grant GB 43790 to Dr. Howard E. Evans. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 335-338. October 1976 336 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 337 nest with prey. She then made a final closure by pushing the shell down into the burrow, depositing pieces of debris into the burrow with her mandibles and using alternate movements of her front legs to push sand into the burrow. The total time for the final closure was three minutes. In his study of A. campestris Jur. {—pubes cens Curtis) Baerends (1941) found that each female takes care of more than one nest at a time. He showed that the wasp visited each hole in the morning before hunting. If prey were removed from a nest by an experimenter, before the morning inspection, the female would bring in more prey than usual to replace the missing ones. If cell contents were decreased after the morning inspection the female did not bring in more prey. Ap¬ parently A. nasalis mass provisions one burrow at a time but like A. pubescens does not respond to the number of prey in the cell during the day. This is evidenced by the above manipulation of cell contents; only two small caterpillars, not enough to sustain a larva, remained with the egg when the wasp made the final closure. The shape of the burrow was typical of other Ammophila species as given by Evans (1959) (fig. 2). The depth of the vertical burrows was 5.5 cm (female A) and 4.0 cm (female B). The single nest which was excavated by Dr. Menke was 5.0 cm in depth but the three examined by Hicks were deeper (8.2-8.6 cm). Each burrow at the Baja California site ended in a horizontal cell approximately 2.5 by 1 cm. The nest of female A, which was not com¬ pleted when excavated, had a lump of sand as a temporary closure and contained 10 geometrid caterpillars (identified by D. M. Weisman). The egg was positioned transversely on the dorsal side of abdominal segments 3 and 4 of the caterpillars. The nest of female B had a total of 12 geometrid prey. Hicks (1935) also observed A. nasalis to use geometrid prey but the single uncompleted nest at Goleta, California contained a lycaenid caterpillar. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Howard E. Evans for commenting on the manuscript and Dr. A. S. Menke for additional information about A. nasalis. Figs. 1-2. Nesting of Ammophila nasalis. Fig. 1. Female B removing temporary closure (shell) from burrow entrance. Fig. 2. Nest of female B showing the tem¬ porary closure in the upper part of the burrow and geometrid caterpillars in the cell. 338 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Literature Cited Baerends, G. P. 1941. Fortpflanzungsverhalten und Orientierung der Grabwespe Ammophila campestris Jur. Tijdschr. Entomol., 84: 68-275. Evans, H. E. 1959. Observations on the nesting behavior of digger wasps of the genus Ammophila. Amer. Midi. Nat., 62: 449-473. Hicks, C. H. 1935. Notes on rare western sphecid wasps. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 11: 97-102. Menke, A. S. 1965. The identity of some Ammophila observed by C. H. Hicks, H. E. Evans and others in connection with biological studies (Hymenop- tera, Sphecidae). Entomol. News, 76: 257-261. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Larvae of Coelus ciliatus parasitized by Reinhardiana petiolata (Coleop- tera: Tenebrionidae; Diptera: Tachinidae). In May and June 1975 two adults of Reinhardiana petiolata (Townsend) emerged from larvae of Coelus ciliatus Eschscholtz collected from coastal sand dunes in California. Adults of this fly are common over much of western North America (Stone, et al., 1965, Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico, U.S. Government Printing Office), but hosts of the immature stages were previously unknown for the tribe Melisoneurini, in which Reinhardiana is classified (P. H. Arnaud, personal com¬ munication) . Flies were reared from two collections of Coleus larvae. One adult female emerged on V-22-1975 from a dead parasitized larva collected at Dune Lakes, 3 mi. S Oceano, San Luis Obispo County, California, IV-29-1975. One adult male emerged about VI-18-1975 from a larva collected at Point Reyes National Sea¬ shore (South Beach), Marin County, California, IV-19-1975. This larva appeared healthy when collected, showing no evident distress until the fly maggot pupated between May 21-28, after killing the host. These dates indicate a pupal period of 23-30 days. The Reinhardiana larvae inhabit the haemocoele of the long, slender host without causing a noticeable bulge until pupation. The fly puparia are about twice the diameter of the beetle larva, whose body wall becomes stretched around the parasite, giving the appearance of a snake containing a recent large meal. Both puparia were lodged in abdominal segments 4-8, at about the midregion of the host’s body. One puparium had the anterior end directed posteriorly in the host, the other anteriorly. Emergence was through the dried body wall near the apex of the puparium. The broad ecological and geographic occurrence of Reinhardiana and the limited Pacific coastal sand dune distribution of Coelus ciliatus suggest a broad host range for this fly, possibly including other families of ground dwelling beetles. The research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BMS 74- 17924. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., kindly determined the adults of Reinhardiana, and assis¬ tance with the fieldwork was provided by L. Fahrquar.— John T. Doyen, Division of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley 94720 and C. N. Slobodchikoff, Department of Biology , Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff 86001. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 339 A new species of Fuchsina Fall with notes on some California Lathridiidae ( Coleoptera ) Fred G. Andrews Insect Taxonomy Laboratory California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento, 95814 In his revision of North American Lathridiidae, Fall (1899) de¬ scribed Fuchsina occulta from the coastal region of California. He characterized this monotypic genus as “. . . the most extraordinary of North American Corticariini” because of the 10-segmented antennae, lack of eyes and differences in elytral and scutellar sculpture. He de¬ scribed Revelieria californica in the same paper. The Lathridiidae are known to feed on fungi in both larval and adult stages (Hinton, 1941; Hammad, 1953). Some species are ar¬ boreal while others are associated with moldy stored products, but most are found in plant litter. Investigations of the litter fauna have largely been in areas where there is a rich humus buildup. Along the Pacific Coast this includes the Coastal Ranges, Transverse Ranges and west side of the Sierra Nevada. The east side of the Sierra Nevada and the basin ranges immediately to the east are in rain-shadow and plant litter and humus are greatly reduced. Historically there has been little in¬ vestigation of the soil fauna in this area. Recent sampling of the dry sparse litter in this area using Berlese funnels has shown the Lath¬ ridiidae to be abundant and widespread. Several new species have been discovered, one of which will be treated in this paper. This interesting but perplexing new desert inhabitant is a second species in the genus Fuchsina. Inclusion of this species in Fuchsina necessitates a slight redefinition of the genus. The following diagnosis will suffice to separate Fuchsina from all other Corticariini. Fuchsina Fall Small, reddish brown, parallel sided. Antennae 10- or 11-segmented with 3- segmented club. Eyes absent or reduced to a single facet. Prosternal fovea present. Scutellum transverse, without ridges or carinae, obtusely pointed poste¬ riorly. Female with 5 abdominal sternites, male with a sixth present, shortened. Fuchsina arida, new species (Fig. 7) Length, 1.2-1.4 mm. Width, 0.4-0.5 mm. Body elongate oval, convex, setiferous. Cuticle shining, reddish brown. Head, thorax, scutellum and abdominal sternites The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 52: 339-347. October 1976 340 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Figs. 1-6. Fuchsina spp.: 1) arida, head, single eye facet; 2) occulta, head, eyeless; 3) occulta , elytral setation; 4) arula, elytral setation; 5) arida, scutellum; 6) occulta, precoxal fovea. with reticulate microsculpture. Head transverse; tempora parallel-sided; frons anterior to eyes sharply tapering to a blunt point; clypeus trapezoidal, expanded anteriorly. Labrum trapezoidal, somewhat surrounding anterior clypeal margin. Antennae 11-segmented; 1st globose, 2nd ovoid, 3rd-8th of equal width, shortening Fjgs. 7-9. Habitus: 7) Fuchsina arida new species; 8) Fuchsinci occulta Fall; 9) Revelieria californica Fall. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 341 342 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist apically until transverse; club segments expanding, 9th oval, 10th transverse, 11th with width one and one-half times length. Eye a single facet (Fig. 1). Pronotum quadrate (width to length ratio 23:20) ; margin subdenticulate; punctation uni¬ form, punctures separated by twice their diameter, fovea anterio-lateral to procoxae (Fig. 6). Coxae conical, intercoxal process % diameter of coxa, closed behind. Scutellum wider than long, ellipsoidal, microreticulate (Fig. 5). Elytra gently inflated, smooth. Elytral setae in 14 or 15 confused rows, (Fig. 4) each emerging from bilobed plaque. No elytral punctures. Tarsi with last 2 segments of equal length. Aedeagus symmetrical. Holotype. (Calif. Acad. Sci. No. 12394) Westgard Pass, Inyo Co., Calif., XI- 1972, berlese pinyon duff. D. Giuliani. Paratypes 2 same data, 12 same locality except XII-72 and from juniper duff, 6 same locality except XII-72 and pinyon duff. Additional specimens. CALIFORNIA. Inyo Co.: Coyote Cr., 7 mi. SW Bishop, 7500', IX-1972, D. Giuliani, pinyon duff [CDFA] (2) ; Fall Cr., 5200', IX-1972, D. Giuliani, golden oak duff [CDFA] (13) ; Grandview Camp, White Mts., 28- VIII-1965, O. Clarke, Juniperus occidentalis duff, [CDFA] (17) ; Onion Valley nr. Kearsarge Pass, 8-VIII-1964, O. Clarke, mixed leaf litter [CDFA] (1) ; Waucoba Spring, 30 IV-1975, F. G. Andrews, A. R. Hardy, Pinus monophylla litter [CDFA] (4) ; White Mts., 28-VII-1965, O. Clarke, Populus trichocarpa duff [CDFA] (1). Modoc Co.: Benton Meadow, 12-VII-1974, soil [CISC] (11); Fan¬ dango Pass, 4-VII-1974, soil [CISC] (2) ; Long Valley, l-VII-1974 and 18-VII- 1974, soil [CICS] (2) ; Shields Creek, 26-VI-1974 and 5-VII-1974, soil and litter [CISC] (4) ; Snell Spring, 26-VI-1974, l-VII-1974, 2-VII-1974, soil [CISC] (11) ; So. Deep Creek, 28-VI-1974 and 16-VII-1974, soil [CISC] (16). Riverside Co.: Whitewater Canyon, 15-11-1959, I. M. Newell, creosote bush duff [CDFA] (11). San Bernardino Co.: 1 mi. NE Arrowbear, 6400', 14-III-1964, E. L. Sleeper, pine- oak duff [CDFA] (30) ; Joshua Tree Nat’l Monument, Fried Liver Wash, 4-II- 1967, Pinyon Wells, 14-V-1966 and 4-III-1967, Pleasant Valley, 7-1-1967, .7 mi. S Squaw Tank, ll-XII-1965, E. L. Sleeper and S. L. Jenkins [LBSC] (5) ; New York Mts., Bathtub Springs, 25-IV-1971, J. D. Pinto, leaf litter [CDFA] (1). San Diego Co.: Borrego, Palm Canyon, 25-IV-1955, R. O. Schuster [CISC] (2). NEVADA. Mineral Co.: 2 mi. W Mina, 6700', III-1973, D. Giuliani, pinyon duff [CDFA] (3); Montgomery Pass, XII-1972, D. Giuliani, pinyon duff [CDFA] (4). ORE¬ GON. Klamath Co.: Bly Mt., 19-III-1959, J. Schuh, yellow pine duff [JSCC] (1). REMARKS: Fuchsina arida differs from F. occulta in having eleven- segmented antennae; it resembles occulta in having (1) elytra without striae or punctures, (2) large number of rows of setae (12 in occulta , 15 in arida ) in somewhat confused lines, (3) scutellum without carina or fovea, exposed portion subtriangular, (4) eye reduced (absent in occulta, a single facet in arida ) and (5) abdominal sternites numbering 5 in females, 6 in males. The naming of a new genus for arida based upon the difference in antennal segment number ( Fuchsina occulta is the only known North American Corticariini to have other than an 11- segmented antenna), or placing it in another existing Corticariini genus Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 343 Table 1 . Morphological characters of the various genera of Corti- cariini in North America. Genus: Fuchsina Corticaria Corticarina Melanoph thalma Cortilena No. of segments in antennae & antennal club 10-11/3 11/3 11/3 11/3 11/2 Posternal fovea present present absent absent absent Abdominal 9 5 5 6 6 6 sternites d 6 5 6 6 5 Elytral setation 12-14 con¬ fused rows, impunctate 8 rows punctate striae 8 rows punctate striae 8 rows punctate striae 8 rows punctate striae Coxal lines first abdominal sternite absent absent absent present present Relative length tarsal segments 2 & 3 1=2 1>2 1>2 1 = 2 1=2 Shape of scutellum triangular without carina or ridges truncate carinate or ridged truncate carinate or ridged truncate carinate or ridged truncate carinate or ridged First tarsal segment of male smooth smooth smooth spinal projection smooth Cj* genitalia symmetric symmetric asymmetric symmetric symmetric was thought unwarranted because of overall similarity to occulta and lack of similarity to other genera. Table 1 depicts those characters historically used (Belon, 1897; Fall, 1899; Von Peez, 1967; Dejoz, 1970) to separate the various Corticariini genera. It can be seen that Fuchsina as constituted by both occulta and arida shows little overall similarity to any other North American genus with the possible exception of Corticaria where a few characters are shared. Fuchsina occulta Fall (Fig. 8) In Mr. Fall’s original description of F. occulta he listed Los Angeles, Los Gatos and Mill Valley as localities of collection and sifting litter at the base of redwoods as the only host data. A number of new distribu¬ tional records are known (Fig. 9). In addition to the coast range collec- 344 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Fig. 10. Known geographical distribution of Fuchsina aridci and F. occulta. Dotted line depicts mountain crests with desert climate to east. Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 345 tion, it can be seen that it is also found on the west side of the Sierra Nevada range and in the southern part of the Klamath Range. Host data show records from Engelmann oak, Black oak, several undeter¬ mined oak species, Pinus ponderosa, Heteromeles arbutifolia , Arcto- staphylos and from the nest of the wood rat Neotoma fuscipes. The pattern of distribution for F. arida and F. occulta show allopatry with all known records of occulta being from the west side of the Sierra Nevada and transverse ranges, while all records for arida are from the east side of the Sierra Nevada and transverse ranges (Fig. 10). In San Bernardino and Riverside Counties the two species are found within 8-10 miles of one another, but always on opposite sides of the moun¬ tains. 346 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Revelieria californica Fall (Fig. 9) This easily recognizable and distinct species was also described by Fall in 1899. He included it in Revelieria along with R. genei of Southern Europe and Northern Africa. It was then known from two Basidiomycetes ( Pleurotus and an unidentified polypore) and at Los Gatos and Ojai, California, both coastal locations. Subsequent collection, mainly by berlese sampling, has shown it to be widespread in California, occurring in the lower elevations of the Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, Klamath Mountains, southern end of the Cascades and on both the east and west sides of the Sierra Nevada (Fig. 11). It has not yet been found outside of California, but it seems likely to be found in the Basin Ranges of Nevada and in Southern Oregon. I have collected it in association with Myxomycete fructifica¬ tions on several occasions. It was found in El Dorado Co. on the under surface of Fuligo septica in association with Odontosphindus clavicornis Casey (Sphindidae), and has been taken three times at Yuba Pass, Sierra Co. on Arcyria versicolor Phill. On two occasions adult speci¬ mens were collected. The third collection was 3X4 inch patch of sporangia infested with Lathridiid larvae. Rearing yielded several hundred Enicmus cordatus Belon adults and only three Revelieria cali¬ fornica adults. Revelieria larvae were not isolated and studied, but dissection of the adult gut yielded typical Arcyria versicolor spores. It has not been recollected in association with higher fungi, but has been berlesed from the litter of Heteromeles arbutifolia , Juniperus sp., Pinus monophylla, Pinus sabiana and Quercus sp. It has not been found to be locally abundant; rarely does a one-half square yard sample contain more than a single specimen and has never contained more than three specimens. Acknowledgments I am indebted to the following individuals for help in obtaining litter samples: R. F. Wilkey, formerly of the California Department of Agriculture; A. J. Gilbert, T. R. Haig, A. R. Hardy, R. Hobza, E. L. Paddock and R. E. Somerby of the California Department of Food and Agriculture; J. T. Doyen and J. D. Pinto of the University of Cali¬ fornia, Berkeley and Riverside respectively; and to D. Giuliani of Lone Pine, California. The following institutions and individuals made specimens available for study: H. B. Leech, California Academy of Sciences; J. Chemsak, Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 347 California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley; Saul Frommer, University of California, Riverside; E. L. Sleeper, Long Beach State University and J. Schuh, Klamath Falls, Oregon. Ms. E. Parker prepared the habitus illustrations and the photomicro¬ graphs were produced on the auto-scan at the University of California, Davis, with the assistance of Mr. R. 0. Schuster. Literature Cited Belon, M. J. 1897. Essai de classification generale des Latliridiidae avec le catalogue systematique et alphabetique de toutes les especes du globe. Rev. Entomol. Franc. 1897: 105-221. Dajoz, R. 1970. Etude des coleopteres Lathridiidae de l’Afrique intertropicale. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr. Ser. in-8. Zool. 184: 1-49. Fall, H. C. 1899. Revision of tbe Lathridiidae of boreal America. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 26: 101-190. Hammad, S. M. 1953. The immature stages of Metophthalmus serripennis Broun. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., Proc. (A) 28: 133-138. Hinton, H. E. 1941. The Lathridiidae of economic importance. Bull. Ent. Res. 32(3): 191-247. Peez, A. von. 1967. Familie: Lathridiidae, p. 168-182. In Freude, Harde, and Lohse, eds., Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, Band 7, Clavicornia. Goeke and Evers, Germany. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Distribution and ecology of Leistus ferruginosus Mannerheim (Coleop- tera: Carabidae). —Leistus jerruginosus is the only widespread American Leistus. Its range as given by Erwin includes portions of Alaska, British Columbia, Wash¬ ington, Oregon, and possibly California. There is one record from western Alberta. Most published records are coastal; the following inland localities may be isolated, relict populations: Jasper, Alberta; Mt. Revelstoke, British Columbia; and Mt. Bonaparte, Okanagon Co., Washington. The following new record extends the known range to western Montana: MONTANA: Ravalli Co., 5 miles SW Florence 3700', June 27, 1967, Loren Russell collector. The single specimen is in the Uni¬ versity of Washington collection. This locality is approximately 350 miles south¬ east of both Mt. Revelstoke and Mt. Bonaparte. All of the Oregon localities given by Erwin (1970. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 46: 111-119) are located west of the Willamette Valley, with five of the six strictly coastal. The following record establishes the presence of L. jerruginosus in the Oregon Cascade Range: OREGON: Marion Co., Silver Creek Falls State Park, June 26, 1972, Loren Russell collector. Erwin (loc cit) saw specimens collected between May and August, with one teneral specimen taken in June suggesting adult hibernation. I have found this species active between April 4 (Seattle, Wash.) and September 20 (Whatcom 348 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Co., Wash.). A teneral specimen was taken April 22 (Seattle), so that larval hibernation may also occur in this species. Lindroth (1961. Opusc. Entomol., Suppl. 20: 1-200) has described the habitat of L. ferruginosus as “on moderately moist, half shaded ground usually near running water.” I have found it in such situations though usually away from water, but also in the following habitats: at the edge of a snowfield (Whatcom Co., Wash., Hannegan Pass 3000', Sept. 30) ; under large rubble constantly drenched by spray of a waterfall (Marion Co., Ore., Silver Creek Falls) ; and on the seabeach near the mouth of a small tidal creek in association with Dyschirius obesus LeC. and Bembulion tigrinum LeC. (Clatsop Co., Ore.). At the first two localities cited the Leistus were associated with staphylinids of the genus Phlaeop- terus. Although the maritime occurrence may have been untypical, it appears that L. ferruginosus can survive in a variety of microthermal habitats. An unusual behavioral characteristic which seems to have escaped notice is the pronounced tendency of L. ferruginosus to ascend moist, shaded vegetation. I have swept or beaten this species from salmon berry ( Rubus spectabilis Pursh) thickets in Washington and Oregon. Eleven specimens were taken in 20 minutes sweeping at sunset (Coos Co., Ore.), including one hand-collected approximately 1 meter above the ground. Scansorial behavior is somewhat surprising in the terrestrial Nebriini, though similar behavior has been noted in the cychrine Scaphinotus angusticollis Mnh. in coastal forests (Van Dyke, 1944. Entomol. Amer., 24: 1-9). Unless stated otherwise, all records are based on material in the author’s col¬ lection.— Loren Russell, 828 NW 27th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97330 . Ecological Notes on Chagas’ Zoonosis in New Mexico. —While recording the biogeographical distribution of Chagas’ zoonosis and triatome insect vectors in New Mexico, Wood & Wood (1961, Amer. J. Trop. Med. & Hyg., 10: 155-65) reported a collection from Chaco Canyon National Monument of 11 Triatoma protracta protracta (Uhler), which were renamed Triatoma protracta navajoensis Ryckman (Ryckman, 1962, Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 27: 114-15). Deducting those specimens named T. p. navajoensis, Table 1 of Wood & Wood (1961, loc. cit.) should now read 445 T. p. protracta collected, 436 examined and 16 or 3.8% infected instead of 456-442-18-4%. Corresponding data for the T. p. navajoensis in 1961 should be 11, 6, and 2 or 33% infected. The Navajo conenose bug has been known for its annoyance to man in Chaco Canyon since 1952 when 1 $ and 1 $ naturally-infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas were received from L. P. Arnberger (Wood, 1953, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 52: 57-60; 56: 51, 99). The first T. p. navajoensis reported infected with T. cruzi in Utah was from a cabin in Wayne County (Ryckman, 1962, loc. cit.). During the summers of 1962 and 1963, we investigated conenose bug annoyance to humans at Chaco Canyon, which yielded additional data. Cooperative collecting by all personnel at the Monument produced 18 T. p. navajoensis in 1962 and 9 in 1963. Single specimens received in 1961 and 1964 raised the total for the Chaco Canyon personnel living areas to 40 (15 $,22 2,3 5th instar nymphs) with 34 (13 $,18 2,3 5th instar nymphs) examined including 8 (2 $, 6 2) or 23.5% infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Four T. p. navajoensis were taken from house trailers and 24 from houses. These included infected bugs: 1 $, 1 2 in bedrooms and 1 2 in bathroom, and uninfected bugs: 1 $, 4 2, 1 5th instar Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 349 nymph in bedroom; 2 $ in kitchen and 2 $ in living room. Nine bugs were captured outside homes. Infected were 1 $, 2 2 near a “blacklight” (loaned by the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History) and white muslin “bug sheet” and 1 2 in an empty Sherman live trap set near the canyon wall. Un¬ infected were 2^,1 2 on front porches, 1 $ near the blacklight and 1 5th instar nymph in a live trap. One infected 2 was captured inside the visitor center. No Triatoma annoyance had been noted in recent years in Chaco Canyon according to Archaeologist J. E. Mount. From 1957 through 1960, Superintendent R. Taylor Hoskins and Naturalist Paul F. Spangle forwarded triatomes to us from Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Table 1 of Wood & Wood (1961, loc. cit.) included only the 1957 and 1958 speci¬ mens of Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Stal). Additional bugs received in 1959 brought the totals to 47 collected, 43 examined with 5 or 11.6% infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Sites of capture, where specified, for T. gerstaeckeri were as follows: in¬ side homes (25) : infected: 1 ^ in living room; 1 $ in bathroom; uninfected: 1 2 in living room; 1 $, 1 2 in bedroom; 1 $, 1 2 in bathroom; and 1 2 among stored carpets. Two uninfected males were from the visitor center. Twenty bugs were captured outside houses: infected: 2 2 at the cave entrance and 1 2 col¬ lected by Dr. Gerald Harwood when it flew into the open windows of a parked car at night; uninfected: 9 <3,1 2 on porches, 6 $ from outside screens, and 1 $ behind the visitor center. An infected T. gerstaeckeri in a car in the parking lot suggests a possible dispersal method for this insect vector. High summer temperatures could be lethal for most specimens in cars, but many cars with air conditioning could harbor and transport live Triatoma hundreds of miles from Carlsbad Caverns. Most Triatoma protracta woodi Usinger were found in Neotoma dens (Table 1, Wood & Wood, 1961, loc. cit.) ; however, 1 $ and 2 2 were collected inside homes at Carlsbad Caverns. One $ was taken on 24.VII.1957 from under a damp cloth under the kitchen sink and 2 2 on 6.V1.1960 were from beds. One $ was found outside a home on 6.VIIL1958. All were negative for trypanosomes. Recent correspondence from Environmental Specialist Philip F. Van Cleve at Carlsbad Caverns reports “no annoyance” from Triatoma since 1968, although a few specimens were found in areas of the visitor center and residences during the summer seasons. The reduced incidence of Triatoma seems to be associated with a reduction of the local small mammal population through improved waste- disposal techniques. In southwestern United States, humans may be protected from Chagas’ disease, because of infrequent contacts with infected Triatoma due to better housing with screening of doors and windows, exposure to smaller contaminative droplets with fewer infective parasites per unit volume of feces (Wood, 1960, Exptl. Parasitol., 10: 356-65), and the rapid evaporation of infected bug feces from the surface of the skin in hot weather. Shorter feeding times for the insect vectors, delayed defecation (Wood, 1951, J. Econ. Ent., 44: 52-54) and rapid dispersal from the host after feeding probably reduce the potential for bite wound contamination. Human infection in the United States has so far been linked by Woody et al (1961, J. Pediat., 58: 744) to association with T. gerstaeckeri (28 mm), a larger species than T. p. navajoensis (20-23 mm). Triatoma p. navajoensis is the largest of the widespread North American “ protracta complex” of conenose bugs (Ryck- man, 1962, Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 27: 93-240). The blood meal size of T. p. navajoensis has been determined by Wood (1976, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 350 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist In Press). Subspecies protracta and woodi take much less blood than navajoensis and, therefore, presumably become infected less often from rodent parasitaemias. The relatively smaller size of these insect vectors and consequent smaller amount of ingested blood may assume great importance for the infrequent contaminative transmission to man of this zoonosis of rodents in the United States. The yet smaller size of Paratriatoma hirsuta Barber (12 mm) may explain, in part, why it has not been found naturally-infected despite our examination of 486 specimens. P. hirsuta is readily infected experimentally with Chagas’ trypano¬ some by feeding on an infected Peromyscus (Wood, 1941, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 17: 117). One negative $ P. hirsuta and 1 positive 5th instar T. rubida uhleri nymph were found in the same wood rat den at the Alvarado Mine, near Congress, Yavapai County, Arizona on 30.Y.1940. Twelve P. hirsuta nymphs taken in wood rat dens in the same location on 21 & 22.XII.1940 were also negative. This was at a time of winter temperature stress for the rats, a condition which should have stimulated higher parasitaemias, as noted in Griffith Park, Los Angeles (Wood & Wood, 1967, Pacific Insects, 9: 545). One negative $ P. hirsuta was collected 16.V.1956 from a bed in a home in Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona, where 1 positive 2 T. rubida uhleri was picked up from the cement patio on 12.VI.1970 (Wood, 1975, Pan-Pac. Entomol., 51: 167-8). One negative $ P. hirsuta col¬ lected 9.VIII.1970 from the service room of a residence in Springdale, Washington County, Utah, was associated with 2 positive $ T. p. protracta collected 8 & 23.VII.1970 (Wood, 1973, Ibid, 49: 183-4). Probably heavy parasitaemias of reservoir mammals are necessary for Paratriatoma to become infected due to its much smaller blood meals.— Sherwin F. Wood and Fae D. Wood, 614 W. Shenandoah St., Thousand Oaks, CA 91360. MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME 52 No. 1—January ___ mailed 22 April 1976 No. 2—April __ mailed 23 July 1976 No. 3—July _ mailed 8 September 1976 No. 4—October _ mailed 24 March 1977 Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 351 INDEX TO VOLUME 52 Acanthocinus leechi 203 Adaina ambrosiae 251 Aegialites californicus 82 fuchsi 82 subopacus 82 Alexander, California Crane Flies 244 Allen and Edmunds, A New Mayfly 133 Alloxysta nothofagi 286 Ammophila campestris 337 nasalis 335 Andrews, A New Alloxysta 286 Andrews, Lathridiidae, esp. Fuchsina 339 Anomala diabla 220 eximia 221 hardyorum 221 imperialae 222 kanei 223 sabinae 224 snavis 225 Apatolestes actites 212 rugosus 311 Apiomerus crassipes 178 Aprostocetus diplosidis 80 Armstrong, Distribution of Stelidota 83 Arnaud, A Parasite of Arctidae 90 Arnaud, Charles H. Martin 90 Arnaud, Sarcophaga intercept 89 Ault, Behavior of Belomicrus 29 Barr and Westcott, Notes on Chryso- bothris 138 Belomicrus columbianus 29 Bembex occidentalis 318 rugosa 314 sayi 316 Bicyrtes variegata 318 Bionomics Adaina ambrosiae 251 Aegialites 82 Ammophila nasalis 335 Anthophora urbana urbana 120 Apatolestes actites 212 Apiomerus crassipes 178 Apoidea 177 Aprostocetus diplosidis 80 Belomicrus columbianus 29 Bembix spp. 314 Chalybion californicum 229 Chrysobothris spp. 138 Coelus ciliatus 338 Conoderus exsul 304 Cyrtopogon inversus 288 Encopognathus pectinatus 331 Fuchsina spp. 339 Heliconus charitonius 291 Hoplitis 110 Hordnia circellata 33 Leistus ferruginosus 347 Panurginus atnceps 161 occidentalis 159 Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei 95 Proteriades shoshone 73 Reinhardiana petiolata 388 Revelieria californica 346 Siphloplecton basale 265 Sphaeridium spp. 14 Synnoma lynosyrana 1 Tabanidae 84 Tachinidae 323 Templemania 91 Tenebrio molitor 84 Veromessor pergandei 63 Bohart and Stange, Liogorytes in Argen¬ tina 313 Bohart and Villegas, Behavior of Enco¬ pognathus 331 Book Notices and Reviews 62, 158, 233 Bouseman, Biology of Apiomerus 178 Brephos infans oregonesis 83 Caccoplectus improvisns 156 probus 156 Callophrys (Mitoura) turkingtoni 60 Cattle droppings 13 Chagas’ disease 348 Chalybion californicum 229 Chandler, New Caccoplectus 154 Chandler, on Attracting Anthicidae 179 Charles H. Martin 90 Chemsak and Linsley, The Genus Triacetelus 216 Chemsak and Linsley, Studies of Lep- turinae 38 Cheng, A New Hermatobates 209 Chontalia 44 cyanicolor 44 Choreutis apocynoglossa 256 Choriolaus 38 derhami 40 gracilis 41 Chrysobothris axillaris 139 azurea 139 harri 140 breviloba 140 biramosa calida 140 chrysoela 140 cupressicona 141 deleta 144 edwardsii 145 fiskei 145 ignicollis 145 352 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist inaequalis 146 laricis 146 lata 147 neotexana 147 peninsularis 148 piuta 148 prasina 148 pusilla 149 quadrilineata 149 rossi 150 rotundicollis 150 sexfasciata 151 subcylindrica 151 texana 151 ulkei 152 woodgatei 152 Clement and Rust, Biology of Hoplitis 110 Clifford, Life Cycle of Siphloplectron 265 Coelus ciliatus 338 Coleoptera Anthicidae 179 Bruchidae 50 Buprestidae 138, 272 Carabidae 347 Cerambycidae 37, 38, 137, 203, 216, 227 Elateridae 304 Hydrophilidae 14 Lathridiidae 339 Malachiidae 92 Meloidae 179 Nitidulidae 83 Pselaphidae 97, 154 Pyrochroidae 213 Salpingidae 82 Scarabaeidae 14, 95, 220 Staphylinidae 14, 56 Tenebrionidae 84, 338 Collembola 326 Conoderus exsul 304 Compsilura concinnata 90 Computerized Discriminant Functions 23 Contarinia sorghicola 80 Coville, Spider Wasp Behavior 229 Curicta howardi 208 pronotata 207 Cyrtopogon inversus 288 Daly, Leucopsis Reared from Xylocopa 271 Deformities—Collops 92 Dennis & Lavigne, Oviposition of Cyrto¬ pogon 288 Diedrops 126 aenigma 129 hitchcocki 129 Diptera 18 Asilidae 288 Drosophilidae 167 Ephydridae 126, 242 Muscidae 234 Sarcophagidae 89 Tabanidae 84, 311 Tachinidae 90, 323, 338 Tephritidae 90 Tipulidae 244 Doyen, Book Reviews 158, 233 Doyen and Slobodchickoff, Parasitiza- tion of Coleus 338 Drosophila cuauhtemoci 167 Editorial Notice 285 Encopognathus rufiventris 331 Ephemeroptera 133, 265 Ephydra usingeri 242 Epirrhoe plebeculata 83 Euplecturga 107 fideli 108 impressicollis 107 norstelcha 109 Evans, Bembicini of Baja California 314 Evodinus lanhami 227 Fannia conspicua 238 thelaziae 235 Felix et al., Mexican Drosophila 167 Fuchsina arida 339 occulta 343 Garrison, Variation in Libellula 181 Giuliani, Habitat of Aegialites 82 Giulianium 56 campbelli 56 Glenostictia bifurcata 319 bituberculata 319 gilva 319 Goeden and Ricker, Ragweed Plume Moth 251 Gregarines 84 Grigarick and Schuster, Revision of Oropodes 97 Gwynne, Nesting Behavior of Ammoph- ila 335 Halisidota 90 Heliconus charitonius 291 Hemiptera Gerridae 209, 321 Nepidae 204 Notonectidae 172 Reduviidae 178, 264, 340 Heppner, A New Choreutis 256 Hermatobates singaporensis 209 Hesperoconopa anthracina 245 Heteromurus stannardi 326 Hippomelas 272 caelata 282 carolinensis 273 castaneus 274 compacta 275 Vol. 52, No. 4, October 1976 353 cuneata 283 dianae 274 fulgida 275 imperialis 284 insularis 275 juniperinus 275 obliterata 275 pacifica 276 planicauda 279 planicosta 276 sphenica 280 Homoptera Cicadellidae 33 Hoplitis hypocrita 111 fulgida 114 sambuci 116 Hordnia circellata 33 Hydriomena nubilofasciata 83 Hymenoptera 19 Andrenidae 159 Anthophoridae 120 Apoidea 177, 271 Chalcidoidea 271 Cynipidae 286 Eulophidae 80 Formicidae 63 Megachilidae 73, 110 Sphecidae 29, 229, 313, 314, 331, 335 Hyrtanella 133 christineae 135 Ischalia chinensis 213 James, Records of Tachinids 323 Johnson, A New Callophrys 60 Johnson, Classification of Kytorhinus 50 Kaplan, Deformities of Collops 92 Kytorhinus prolixus 50 Langston, Geometridae 83 Lee et al., A California Coastal Tabanid 212 Leistus ferruginosus 347 Lepidoptera 233, 262 Arctiidae 90 Geometridae 83 Glyphipterygidae 256 Lycaenidae 50 Nymphalidae 291 Pterophoridae 251 Tortric.idae, 91 Leptochoriolaus 47 opacus 47 Lepturges infilatus 137 Leucopsis klugii. 271 Lewis, A New Evodinus 227 Lewis, Female Acanthocinus 203 Libellula luctuosa 181 Linsley, Defensive Behavior of Bees 177 Linsley, Galapagos Moths 262 Linsley and Ross, Plant Associations of Hippomelas 272 Liogorytes joergenseni 313 Literature Notices 12, 22, 59, 153, 166, 228, 243, 250, 290, 330, 334 Lycidocerus 44 sanguineus 45 Mannophorus forreri 37 Mari Mutt, A New Heteromurus 326 Marqua, Cerambycid Distribution 37, 137 Mathis and Wirth, New Neotropical Ephydridae 126 Mayer and Johansen, Biology of An- thophora 120 Megachoriolaus 41 chemsaki 41 Merritt, Book Notice 62 Merritt, Insects of Cattle Droppings 13 Metretopus 265 Microbembix argyropleura 318 Middlekauff and Lane, A New Apato- lestes 311 Molophilus spiniapicalis 247 Moore, A New Staphylinid 56 Mordellistenomimus 43 nanus 43 Nebria desolata 91 Nemognathomimus 42 pallidulus 42 Nothofagus 286 Notonecta 172 Odonata Libellulidae 181 Ormosia denningi 247 loretta 248 Oropodes 97 arcaps 103 dybasi 101 nuclere 105 orbiceps 99 rumseyensis 100 Page and Fisher, Pleocoma 95 Panurginus atriceps 161 occidentalis 159 Parker, A new Megachilidae 73 Philip, Galapagos Tabanidae 84 Pleocoma hirticollis vandykei 95 Polhemus, North American Nepidae 204 Polhemus and Cheng, A New Rheu- matobates 321 Potts, New Anomala 220 Powell, Oviposition of Templemania 91 Powell, Biology Synnoma 1 Proceedings 83 Proteriades shoshone 73 Pseudophilotes 89 Purcell, Host Preference of Hordnia 33 Ranatra montezuma 204 spatulata 206 texana 206 354 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Reinhardiana petiolata 338 Revelieria californica 346 Rhabdomastix brevicellula 244 Rheumatobates ornatus 321 Rissing and Wheeler, Foraging of Vero- messor 63 Russell, Biology Leistus ferruginosus 347 Sarcophaga tibialis 89 Scientific Notes 37, 80, 82, 83, 84, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 137, 177, 178, 179, 203, 212, 262, 264, 271, 313, 323, 338, 347, 348 Scott and Shepard, Computerized Iden¬ tifications 23 Siphloplectron 265 Stelidota geminata 83 Steniolia duplicata 318 Stone, Biology of Conoderus 304 Summers, Scientific Note 80 Synnoma lynosyrana 1 Triacetelus 216 emarginata 218 sericatus 218 viridipennis 217 Triatoma protracta navajoensis 264 Turner, on Fannia Flies 234 Verromessor pergandei 63 Voigt and Garcia, Notonecta nymphs 172 Wirth, A New Brine Fly 242 Wood, Cannibalism in Triatoma 264 Wood and Wood, Chagas’ Zoonosis in Mexico 348 Xylocopa brasilianorum 271 Young, A New Chinese Pyrochroid 213 Young, Biology of Heliconus 291 Zhovreboff, Gregarines and Tenebrio 84 Zoological Nomenclature 28, 180, 241, 320 Published by the Pacific Coast Entomological Society in cooperation with The California Academy of Sciences VOLUME FIFTY -TWO 1976 EDITORIAL BOARD J. T. DOYEN, Editor J. A. CHEMSAK, Assistant Editor E. G. LINSLEY HUGH B. LEECH E. S. ROSS H. V. DALY P. H. ARNAUD, JR., Treasurer 1976 J. G. Edwards C. B. Philip PUBLICATION COMMITTEE 1977 J. A. Powell, Chairman R. W. Thorp 1978 T. D. Eichlin J. D. Pinto San Francisco, California 1976 11 CONTENTS FOR VOLUME 52 Alexander, C. P. s Additions to the Crane flies of California _ 244 Allen, R. K. and Edmunds, G. F., Jr. Hyrtanella: A New Genus of Ephemerellidae from Malaysia_ 133 Andrews, F. G. A new species of Alloxysta, aphid hyperparasite, from South America _ 286 Andrews, F. G. A new species of Fuchsina with notes on some California Lathridiidae _ 339 Ault, S. K. Nesting behavior of Belomicrus columbianus _ 29 Barr, W. F. and Westcott, R. L. Notes on Chrysobothris, and new species from California_ 138 Bohart, R. M. and Stange, L. Liogorytes joergenseni , cicada killer in Argentina_ 313 Bohart, R. M. and Villegas, B. Nesting behavior of Encopognathus rufiventris _ 331 Book Notices and Recent Literature _ 12, 22, 59, 62, 153, 166, 228, 233, 243, 250 Book Review _ 158 Chandler, D. S. New species of Caccoplectus _ 154 Chemsak, J. A. and Linsley, E. G. Mexican and Central American Lepturine Cerambycidae related to Euryptera and Choriolaus _ 38 Chemsak, J. A. and Linsley, E. G. The genus Triacetelus Bates _ 216 Cheng, L. A new species of Hermatobates _ 209 Clement, S. L. and Rust, R. W. Nesting biology of three species of Hoplitis _ 110 Ill Clifford, H. F. Life cycle of Siphloplecton basale _ 265 Coville, R. E. Predatory behavior of the Spider Wasp, Chalybion californicum 229 Daly, H. V. Leucopsis Jclugii (Chalcidoidea) reared from Xylocopa brasili- anorum (Apoidea) in Costa Rica_ 271 Dennis, D. S. and Lavigne, R. J. Oviposition of Cyrtopogon inversus _ 288 Doyen, J. T. and Slobodchikoff, C. N. Larvae of Coelus ciliatus parasitized by Reinhardiana petiolata 338 Editorial Notices _ 125, 264, 285 Evans, H. E. Notes on Bembicini of Baja California Sur_ 314 Felix, R., et ah Population genetics of Mexican Drosophila. II. A new species of the obscura Group _ 167 Garrison, R. W. Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Libellula luctuosa _ 181 Goeden, R. D. and Ricker, D. W. Life history of Ragweed Plume Moth in Southern California_ 251 Grigarick, A. A. and Schuster, R. 0. Revision of the genus Oropodes _ 97 Gwynne, D. T. Nesting behavior of Ammophila nasalis _ 335 Heppner, J. B. A new Choreutis from the San Francisco Bay Area _ 256 James, M. T. Rearing records of Tachinids _ 323 Johnson, C. D. Redescription and phylogenetic affinities of Kytorhinus prolixus _ 50 Johnson, K. A new species of Callophrys from Mexico _ 60 iv Lewis, A. E. A new species of Evodinus from Wyoming _ 227 Linsley, E. G. and Ross, E. S. Plant associations among adult Hippomelas _ 272 Mari Mutt, J. A. A new species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands_ 326 Mathis, W. N. and Wirth, W. W. A new Neotropical Shore Fly Genus with two new species _ 126 Mayer, D. F. and Johansen, C. A. Biological observations on Anthophora urbana urbana _ 120 Merritt, R. W. Food habits of insects inhabiting cattle droppings in north central California _ 13 Middlekauff, W. W. and Lane, R. S. A new species of Apatolestes from California_ 311 Moore, I. Giulianium campbelli , a new genus and species of Marine Beetle from California _ 56 Parker, G. D. A new Proteriades reared from trap stems _ 73 Polhemus, J. T. Notes on North American Nepidae _____ 204 Polhemus, J. T. and Cheng, L. A new Rheumatobates from Costa Rica _ 321 Potts, R. W. L. New species of North American Anomala _ 220 Powell, J. A. Host plant preference, mating and egg development in Synnoma lynosyrana _ 1 Proceedings, Pacific Coast Entomological Society_ 83 Purcell, A. H. Seasonal changes in host plant preference of blue-green Sharp¬ shooter Hordnia circellata _ 33 Recent Literature 290, 330, 334 V Rissing, S. W. and Wheeler, J. Foraging responses of Veromessor pergandei to changes in seed production _ 63 Russell, L. Distribution and ecology of Leistus ferruginosus _ 347 Rust, R. W. Notes on biology of North American Panurginus _ 159 Scott, J. A. and Shepard, J. H. Simple and computerized discriminant functions for difficult identifications: A rapid nonparametric method_ 23 Stone, M. W. Biological notes on Conoderus exsul _ 304 Turner, W. J. Fannia thelaziae , new species of eye-frequenting fly from California and description of F. conspicua female_ 234 Voigt, W. G. and Garcia, R. Keys to Notonecta nymphs of West Coast United States _ 172 Wirth, W. W. A new species of Brine Fly from California rice fields_ 242 Wood, S. F. and Wood, F. D. Ecological notes on Chagas’ Zoonosis in New Mexico _ 348 Young, A. M. Biology of Heliconius charitonius in Costa Rica_ 291 Young, D. K. A new species of Ischalia from Southeastern China _ 213 Zoological Nomenclature 28, 180, 241, 320 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including articles up to ten printed pages on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and may be charged to the author. Papers are published in approximately the order that they are received. Immediate publi¬ cation may be arranged after acceptance by paying publication costs. Papers of less than a printed page may be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes. Manuscripts for publication, proof, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editors, T. D. Eichlin, A. R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, Calif. Dept, of Food and Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814. Typing .— Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy are suitable). All parts of manuscripts must be typed on bond paper with double-spacing and ample margins. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8 V 2 X 11 inches are not accepted. Do not use all capitals for any purpose. Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text, not in headings. Number all pages consecutively and put author’s name at the top right-hand corner of each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes should be typed on a separate sheet. First page. —The page preceding the text of the manuscript should include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the author’s home city and state if not affiliated, (6) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent. Names and descriptions of organisms. —The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. References. —All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig, 1958), should be listed alphabetically under Literature Cited in the following format: Essig, E. 0. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2 : 211 - 212 . 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1050 pp. Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966, 47(21) :8585-8601. Tables. —Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and foot¬ notes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecutively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. Illustrations. —No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings (no photographs of drawings). Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimensions of the printed page (4% X 6% inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the printed page. Drawings should be in India Ink and at least twice as large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. Include a metric scale on the drawing or state magnification of the printed illustration in the legend. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1 mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and addess, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration and/or cut returned to him at his expense. Cuts and illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Figure legends. —Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed Explanation of Figures and placed following Literature Cited. Do not attach legends to illustrations. Proofs, reprints, and abstract. —Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published. Page charges. —All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $18.00 per page. This is in addition to the charge for reprints and does not include the possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for immediate publication. Private investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges. In no case will society grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Pages additional to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per page, without subsidy. PUBLICATIONS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131 pages). 1901-1930. Price $5.00 per volume. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST. Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or $2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) and subsequent issues, $15.00 per volume or $3.75 per single issue. MEMOIR SERIES. Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Pub¬ lished October 1951. Price $6.00. (Plus 350 postage.)* Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July 1955. Price $10.00. (Plus 500 postage.) * Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published July 1968. Price $4.00. (Plus 250 postage.) * Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L. Usinger. 343 pages. Published August 1972. Price $15.00. (Plus 400 postage.) * Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae in the Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Published January 21, 1975. Price $3.00. (Plus 250 postage.)* * (Add 6% sales tax on all California orders (residents of Alameda, Contra Costa and San Francisco counties add 6%%)- Members of the Society will receive a 20% discount. Send orders to: Pacific Coast Entomological Society c/o California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118