Vol. 54 APRIL 1978 No. 2 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist RENTZ — New Species and Records of Western Orthoptera (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae; Acrididae; Tettigoniidae; Stenopelmatidae). 81 BOHARTand IRWIN — A Study of Stylopization in the Bee Genus Dufourea . 98 DEYRUP — Notes on the Biology of Pissodes fasciatus LeConte and its Insect Associates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 103 PHILIP — New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). XXV. The Genus Hybomitra and Some Other New Tabanine Horse Flies in Mexico. 107 CHEMSAK— Review of the genus Essostrutha Thomson (Coleoptera: Ceram bye idae)... 125 DAVIS and ZACK — New Host Records and Notes on the Dipterous Family Aulacigas- tridae. 129 WAGNER — The Genus Dolichovespula and an Addition to its Known Species of North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). 131 DEYRUP and DEYRUP — Pupation of Hemerobius In Douglas-fir Cones (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). 143 DAVIS — Two New Genera of North American Incurvariine Moths (Lepidoptera: Incur- variidae). 147 MOORE — A Second Species of Rothium, An Intertidal Beetle from the Gulf of California (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). 155 CHEMSAK — A New Species of Pterotus LeConte from California (Coleoptera: Lampyri- dae). 157 HEPPNER — Homonymy of Macropia (Diptera: Tachinidae; Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) . 159 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 97,160 SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 153,158 RECENT LITERATURE. 102,106,128,142 OBITUARY. 154 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1978 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL BOARD T.D. Eichlin, A.R. Hardy, Co-Editors K.S. Corwin, Editorial Asst. P.H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H.B. Leech H.V. Daly E.S. Ross E G. Linsley Published quarterly in January, April, July and October with Society Proceedings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be ad¬ dressed to the Secretary, Larry Bezark, c/o Department of Entomology, California State University, San Jose, CA 95120 Manuscripts, proofs and all correspondence concerning editorial matters should be addressed to either Dr. Thomas Eichlin or Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1220 “N” St., Sacramento, 95814. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $12.00 for regular members of the Society, $7.00 for student members, or $15.00 for subscription only. Members of the society receive The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Single copies of recent numbers are $3.75 each or $15.00 a volume. Write to the treasurer for prices of earlier back numbers. Make all checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society OFFICERS FOR 1978 John R. Anderson, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer John T. Doyen, President-Elect Larry C. Bezark, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editors: T.D. Eichlin and A.R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept, of Food and Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and additional offices. Publication #419440 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol.54 APRIL 1978 No. 2 New Species and Records of Western Orthoptera (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae; Acrididae; Tettigoniidae; Stenopelmatidae) D.C.F. Rentz Division of Entomology, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, A.C. T. 2601, Australia. This report is based on collections made primarily by staff members of the Oregon State Department of Agriculture (ODA) and the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDA). A single record of a pygmy grasshopper is included here because it is the second known specimen of its species. A new band-winged grasshopper is described reinstating Agymnastus as a distinct genus. The Jerusalem cricket described in this paper is of interest because of its endemic distribution in a sand dune system in northern Arizona. Such unique species merit special consideration especially in light of the destruction of dune habitats by off-road vehicles. The author would like to thank Mr. Kenneth Goeden of the Oregon State Department of Agriculture and Drs. Fred G. Andrews and Alan R. Hardy of the California Department of Food and Agriculture for permitting me to study their material. Carolyn Mullinex is thanked for her illustrations. Figures 21 and 22 were provided by Dr. F. G. Andrews. Tetrix sierrana Rehn and Grant Tetrix sierrana Rehn and Grant, 1956, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 108: 110. Type locality: Sugar Pine, Madera County, California, 4,300-5,000 feet elevation. Holotype female deposited in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, number 5,792. This species has been known only from the holotype. It is distin¬ guished from T. subulata (Linnaeus), the only other species in the genus within its range (Rehn and Grant, 1961), by the anterior margin of the carina of the fastigium of the vertex which is interrupted by the median carina. In T. subulata, the transverse carina is only slightly in- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:81-97. April 1978. 82 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST terrupted by the median carina. The tegmen is two-thirds or less the length of the middle femur in T. sierrana but in T. subulata it is as long or longer. Although the author has searched the type locality several times, the species was never located and the type was regarded as an aberrant or mislabelled individual. This record from a locality 20-25 air miles from the type locality provides substantial evidence for the validity of 7. sierrana. Additional collecting is still necessary to pro¬ vide males of this elusive little grasshopper. Record. — CALIFORNIA: Mariposa County: El Portal, 23.VI.1953 (D. Giuliani, 19, CAS). Agymnastus Scudder, new status Agymnastus Scudder, 1897, Canadian Entomol., 29:75. Type of the genus: Leprus ingens Scudder, by original designation. In 1968 Strohecker, Middlekauff and Rentz synonymized Agymnastus with Xanthippus noting that its generic status was best left to revisionary studies. At the same time Agymnastus haemopterus Strohecker was synonymized under Xanthippus olancha (Caudell). The synonymy of this species is unquestionable but the status of Agymnastus should be changed. That Agymnastus is distinct from Xanthippus is apparent from both the type of the genus, A. ingens, and A. venerabilis Rentz, new species. The two genera are close but separable on the basis of the following: the fastigium of the vertex is always distinctly carinate or rugose in Agymnastus but smooth or with only a minute carina in Xanthippus ; the pronotum is much more tuberculate in Agymnastus species than it is in any Xanthippus species and the median pronotal carina is less defined than it is in Agymnastus species; the internal pagina of the hind femur in Agymnastus is jet black, often with a bluish overcast. There are no subapical annuli. This combination of characters is approached in Xanthippus only by X. corallipes pardalinus and X. olancha. The tegminal coloration is different in Agymnastus from that of Xanthippus. In Agymnastus the tegmen is either concolor- ous dark brown or with a few obscure blotches. In Xanthippus the tegmen is usually marbled or speckled, never concolorous. The wing disc color in Agymnastus is always opaque and bright yellow. In Xanthippus this color can be yellow, orange, red, or various shades of pink. The two genera seem to be distinct with respect to the phallic complex although Barnum (1959) has shown this can be quite uniform in oedipodines. The epiphallus of Agymnastus is smoothly rounded at the base of the posterior projections. In Xanthippus corallipes (type of Xanthippus) and several other species which I have examined, there is a broad raised area with acute projections on each side. The lophi in Agymnastus are stout and gracefully incurved with apices rather blunt. In Xanthippus the lophi are twisted and the apices are acute. In X. corallipes the dorsal valves of the aedeagus are acute; in VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 83 Agymnastus \.\aey are blunt. Agymnastus species may prefer a different habitat or feed on different host plants from Xanthippus species because I know of no records of both genera occurring sympatrically. A close relative, the ubiquitous Cratypedes neglectus (Thomas), is, however, sympatric with species of both genera. Agymnastus venerabilis, new species (Figures 1-8) HOLOTYPE MALE. CALIFORNIA: TUOLUMNE COUNTY: Dardanelle, 19 July 1961. D.C. Rentz collector. Holotype and allotype deposited in California Academy of Sciences, number 12772. Head highly rugose with margins of fastigium subparallel; fastigium of vertex deep, with short median carina; occiput with oblique ridges running from eye; frontal costa deep, narrowed dorsally, expanded mesad at bases of antenna, constricted again at base; eye small; antenna filiform, not at all flattened. Pronotum with median carina hardly definable, indicated on prozona which is tectately raised, mesozona with median carina completely obliterated, surface slanting distad, not raised as high as prozona, metazona with median carina indicated fairly well; lateral carinae faintly indicated on prozona as a series of coalesced tubercles; entire surface of pronotum with scattered large rugae; lateral lobe with sides parallel, surface somewhat rugose, metasternal interspace broad, at least IV 2 times broader than long. Legs: hind femur without abnormal inflated development, inner and outer margins of hind tibia bearing 9 spines, apex with a pair of spurs, ventral surface with a pair of spurs on internal and external surfaces. Abdomen: apex of abdomen bulbate, cercus stout, straight, subconical, supra-anal plate almost smooth, longitudinal ridges indistinct; epiphallus (Fig. 7) with bridge narrow, ancorae elongate, directed dorsad and inward, anterior projections dorsally truncate and not extending above base of ancorae; lophi elongate, produced on internal margins, surface at that point highly granulate, anterior projections and dorsal margin of bridge connected by granulate membrane. Phallic complex (Fig. 6) with rami of cingulum hooklike, directed distad; dorsal valves of aedeagus stout, broad, apex blunt or slightly obtuse; apical valves produced basally, tapering to acute apex; apodemes straight, apices acute, not spatulate. Color: entire ground color of body dark brown, with faint tannish tinge; distal margin of pronotum rimmed with straw brown; tegmen with converging yellow stripes dorsally; field of tegmen mottled, always a light crescentic or quadrate mark mesad in distal third; wing intense yellow, opaque, brown band intensive, opaque, occupying entire distal edge exclusive of apical margin; spur long, narrow, extending almost to base of wing; outer pagina of hind femur with 3 faint black opaque bands; entire inner surface of hind femur dark black with bluish overcast except for subapical red annulus; hind tibia intense coral red throughout, no subapical annulus, spines black-tipped. ALLOTYPE FEMALE. Same data as for holotype. Differs from holotype in following: size larger, form more robust; fastigium of vertex with poorly indicated transverse carina; metasternal interspace 3V2 times broader than long; overall ground color grey, tegmen with light mottled areas as indicated for male; outer pagina of hind femur with only two small black areas. Derivation of name. — This species is named after its importance in recognition of Agymnastus as a distinctive generic unit. Variation. — Topotypes are variable to some extent in the rugulosity of the head and pronotum and coloration. Some males have the tegmina immaculate dark brown except for the dorsal stripes and light median mark. The tannish overcast of the type is over¬ shadowed by the dark brown of darker specimens. The coral red color of the hind tibia is faintly present on both the fore and middle tibia of one of the topotypic males. 84 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 1-8. Taxonomic characters in Agymnastus venerabilis Rentz, new species. Fig. 1. Head, pronotum, allotype female. Fig. 2. Lateral view pronotum, allotype female. Fig. 3. Left tegmen and wing, paratopotype male. Fig. 4. Holotype male, head and pronotum. Fig. 5. Holotype male, pronotum, lateral view. Fig. 6. Aedeagus. Fig. 7. Epiphallus, paratopotype male. Fig. 8. Hind femur holotype male. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 85 Sex Length Body Length Pronotum Width Prono¬ tum Length Hind Femur Width Hind Femur Length Tegmen Holotype d 24.6 6.0 4.7 13.2 3.9 23.5 Allotype 9 39.3 8.3 6.3 16.4 5.3 26.0 Paratopotype d 22.3 5.5 4.0 11.8 3.5 22.0 Carrville 9 35.5 8.4 6.3 15.7 5.3 26.8 9 35.3 8.8 6.5 16.6 5.5 28.8 >» d 22.3 5.4 3.7 12.1 3.5 24.5 Big Bend Mtn. d 25.0 6.5 4.3 12.2 3.9 23.7 Iceberg Mdw. d 24.9 6.4 4.5 12.0 3.6 23.5 North Fork 9 36.5 9.5 7.2 18.0 5.8 30.3 West Point 9 33.9 10.0 6.6 17.2 5.8 29.9 Table 1. Measurements in mm of specimens of Agymnastus venerabilis n.sp. Records. — CALIFORNIA, BUTTE COUNTY: Big Bend Mountain, 23.V.1928 (H.H. Keifer, Id, CDA). CALVERAS COUNTY: West Point, 8.VIII.1929 (-, 19, CAS). MADERA COUNTY: Trinity County; Carrville, 29-VI-1913, 30.V.1934, 30.V.1935, 23.VI.1931 (E.C. Van Dyke, Id, 39, CAS). North Fork, 11.VI.1933 (R.P. Allen, 19, CAS). TUOLUMNE COUNTY: Dardanelle, 19.VII.1961 (D.C. Rentz, holotype, allotype, Id, CAS). Iceberg Meadow, 7,000 ft. elev., 27.VI.1961 (M. Lundgren, Id, DCR). Diagnosis. — Differs from A. ingens by its more slender appearance, smaller size, more rugose head and pronotum and less “inflated” outer face of the hind femur. Females are much less robust than those of A. ingens and are fully capable of flight. Discussion. — A. venerabilis was found along Highway 108 in grassy meadows among giant granite boulders. The exact locality is along the Stanislaus River. Cratypedes neglectus (Thomas) was taken at the same time and could be confused with this species unless carefully examined. Field separation of the two species may be made by the color of the inner face of the hind femur. C. neglectus never has the internal surface black with a bluish overcast. Instead, it is brown and there are two straw brown annuli. Females of A. venerabilis are fully capable of flight and do so without hesitation. This is in contrast to the more coastal A. ingens (Scudder) which is totally flightless in that sex. I have an additional undescribed species of Agymnastus before me from the California Academy of Sciences collection labelled “Siskiyou County, Cal.” It is part of the A. Koebele collection. Because the specimens lack specific locality data, Koebele collection material sometimes bears questionable data, and the three specimens are females, they are not being described at this time. They are immediately recognizable as members of Agymnastus by the characters noted above. The species is more robust than A. venerabilis and females seem capable of flight. The tegmen is colored 86 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST as described for the type of A. venerabilis. The hind tibia, however, is yellow and the internal surface of the hind femur is black with a subapical yellowish annulus. Idiostatus Pictet Idiostatus Pictet, 1888, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneva, 30:63. Type of the genus: Idiostatus californicus Pictet, by monotypy. Rentz revised this genus in 1973 and later Rentz and Lightfoot (1976) added a new species from Oregon and provided additional notes. Subsequently, Mr. Kenneth Goeden of the Oregon State Department of Agriculture submitted for identification an additional undescribed species of Idiostatus (in the Apollo Group) from Oregon. His collection also included specimens of /. apollo Rentz and extends the known range of that species into southern Oregon. Mr. Goeden’s collection notes indicate that both species, I. apollo and I. goedeni, new species, are rare in nature and could be easily overlooked because of their small size. There is also some suggestion that these species occur late in the year and are not present in consecutive years at a given locality. Many miles of night driving and searching were required before the small series was secured. Idiostatus apollo Rentz (Figures 9-11) Idiostatus apollo Rentz, 1973, Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 29&136. Type locality: 7-9 miles East of Cedarville on Highway 299, 4,700 ft. elev., Modoc County, California. Holotype deposited in California Academy of Sciences, number 10,491. This rare species was described from northeastern California with records from north of Reno to northwest Nevada, adjacent to its dis¬ tribution in California. The records presented here extend the range of the diminutive species considerably. The record from Abert Lake region is of interest because the author visited the area in September 1968 and did not find the species. The area was also searched in 1974 and 1975 by D.C. Lightfoot while studying and collecting I. chewaucan Rentz and Lightfoot but no I. apollo were ever found. The tendency for desert-inhabiting Idiostatus species to not be found in consecutive years in certain localities is repeated over and over again (see Rentz, 1973, Rentz, and Lightfoot, 1976). I. apollo is apparently such a species. Records. — OREGON: Lake County: Adel, 6 miles east, 14.VIII. 1974 (K. Goeden, 2d, ODA). Abert Lake, north end, junction highway 395 and Paisly road, 2.VIII.1976 (K. Goeden, 1 d, last instar 19, ODA). VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 87 Figs. 9-11. Diagnostic structures in Idiostatus apollo Rentz, all drawn from male, 6 mi. E. Adel, Oregon. Fig. 9. Apex of abdomen, male. Fig. 10. Right arm titillator. Fig. 11. Subgenital plate. 88 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Idiostatus goedeni, new species (Figures 12-16) HOLOTYPE MALE. OREGON: Klamath County: 4 miles northeast of Olene, 25.VIII.1971. K. Goeden collector. “In sagebrush”. Holotype and allotype deposited in California Academy of Sciences, number 12,773. Size small for genus, larger in size than I. apollo. Head with fastigium of vertex well pro¬ duced, more truncate than in /. apo//o; eye not as bulging, positioned lower on head. Thorax: pronotum with anterior sulcus more distinct, heavily engraved on shoulders, obsolete mesad; metazona with slight depression mesad. Fore tibia armed on dorsal surface with 2 spines on posterior margin, anterior margin unspined; middle tibia armed on dorsal surface with 2,3 spines on anterior margin, posterior margin with 4 spines; hind tibia with internal ventral apical spur long, three-quarters length of metatarsus. Abdomen: tenth tergite with median portion inflexed; cercus subquadrate in form, outer toe absent, internal tooth apical; titillators with arm long, without distinct teeth; subgenital plate with apex narrow, shallowly V-shaped, styles short. Coloration: ground color basically dark brownish, very similar to that described for I. apollo ; dorsum of abdomen with 3 distinct longitudinal stripes; head striped dorsally, pronotum with lateral lobes dark, dorsal portion of disc pinkish, the lateral margins emphasized with white, posterior ventral portion of lateral lobe and veins of tegmen white; cells between tegminal veins dark smoky brown; femora and tibiae speckled, without annuli; outer pagina of hind femur speckled, without longitudinal stripe. ALLOTYPE FEMALE. Same data as holotype. Similarto holotype except anterior sulcus of pronotum more deeply engraved. Subgenital plate with moderately narrow median incision, lateral lobes rounded; cercus conical, straight, apex subacute. Ovipositor slightly upcurved, dorsal surface with cutting edge minutely serrate. Records. — OREGON: Klamath County: Olene, 4 mi. northeast, 25.VIII.1971 (K. Goeden, holotype, allotype, 2d paratypes, CAS, ODA). Siskiyou County: 4 mi. southeast Malin, 21.VIII.1970 (R.L. Westcott, Id paratype, ODA). Variation. — The single male from near Malin, Oregon is significantly smaller in size than those from the topotypic series. However, the genitalia are similar enough to consider this specimen as I. goedeni. The topotypic series of males is uniform in the critical characters. The coloration of all specimens is dark grey brown with a purplish broad longitudinal stripe. No light brown specimens have been collected. Diagnosis. — Recognized as a member of the Inyo Group (see Rentz, 1973: 134) by the small size, contrastingly-colored male tegmen without distal spot. As with its relative I. apollo Rentz, /. goedeni Rentz, new species is rare in nature and nocturnal. Males differ from I. apollo in lacking a distinct outer “toe” of the cercus (compare Figs. 9,15) and in slightly larger size and darker coloration. The titillator (Fig. 16) is toothed only at the tip. Females are slightly larger than those of I. apollo and the ovipositor is distinctly but minutely serrate on the dorsal and ventral margins. In I. apollo it is smooth. Total Length Width Length Hind Length Exposed Length Length Pronotum Pronotum Femur Tegmina Ovipositor Holotype 16.2 4.2 2.8 14.1 2.3 Allotype 18.0 4.9 2.6 17.6 14.2 Table 2. Measurement in mm of specimens of Idiostatus goedeni n.sp. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 89 12 Figs. 12-16. Diagnostic structures in Idiostatus goedeni, new species. Fig. 12. Ovipositor, allotype female. Fig. 13. Subgenital plate, allotype female. Fig. 14. Subgenital plate, holotype male. Fig. 15. Apex of abdomen, holotype male. Fig. 16. Right portion of titillator, holotype male. 90 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Discussion. — The topotypic series was taken during the day in a sagebrush-juniper association. The collector states that the series was actually taken on shadscale, Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. and Frem.) Wats, not sagebrush as indicated on the label. Much searching was required before the small series could be obtained. Idiostatus inermoides Rentz Idiostatus inermoides Rentz, 1973, Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 29:77. Type locality: 1.5-4.5 miles west of Denio junction on Highway 140, Humboldt County, Nevada. Elevation 1460 feet. Holotype male in California Academy of Sciences, number 10,487. This species was described from a single locality in Nevada. Notes on its biology reveal that it has a preference for greasewood, Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. Rentz and Lightfoot (1976) recorded /. inermoides from Harney County, Oregon during the 1974 and 1975 seasons. The records listed below indicate that the species, which is another which may not be present at a given locality in consecutive years, was present in the same area of southern Oregon from 1972-1975. The specimens listed below were collected in shadscale, Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. and Frem.) Wats. Records. — OREGON: Harney County: Denio, 10 mi. NE, 15.VIII.1972(K. Goeden, Id, 19, CDA). Fields, 12 mi. S. 15,VIII.1973 (K. Goeden, Id, ODA). Idiostatus martinellii Rentz Idiostatus martinellii Rentz, 1973, Mem. Amer. Entom. Soc., 29:119. Type locality: 7-9 miles east of Cedarville on Highway 299, Modoc County, California. Holotype male in California Academy of Sciences, number 10,489. This is the first record of the species from Oregon. Rentz, (1973: 122-123) cites particulars concerning the distribution and bionomics of the species in northeastern California and adjacent Nevada. Record. — OREGON, Lake County: Adel, 10 mi. SE, 15.VII.1976 (K. Goeden, 3d 19, ODA), in shadscale in association with I. apollo Rentz. Eremopedes (Eremopedes) ateloploides (Caudell) (Figures 17-20) Stipator ateloploides Caudell, 1907, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 32:350. Type locality: San Jose del Cabo, Baja California, Mexico. Holotype female, last instar, deposited in U.S. National Museum, number 10,172. Pediodectes ateloploides, Rehn and Hebard, 1916, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 42:45. Eremopedes (Eremopedes) ateloploides, Rentz, 1972, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 124:55. This species was described from a last nymphal instar female and has been known only from immature specimens. The specimen VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 91 mm Figs. 17-20. Diagnostic structures of male Eremopedes (E.) atelo- ploides Caudell. Fig. 17. Subgenital plate. Fig. 18. Titillator. Fig. 19. Left cercus. Fig. 20. Apex of abdomen, cerci hidden. 92 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST reported here is the first adult and first male ever seen. As noted previously (Rentz 1972:55), E. (E.) anteloploides shows certain similari¬ ties with the mainland Mexican E. (E.) colonialis Rentz in that all femoral carinae are armed on the ventral surface with large, stout teeth. Such a condition is unique in the genus. It can now be said that the last abdominal segment of males, including cerci and tenth tergite, is also very similar in the two species. The coloration of the male is almost precisely as seen in the photograph of the immature type (Rentz, 1972: 55, Figs. 6,7). Description of male. Head with eye situated high, very large, round, moderately pro¬ truding; fastigium of vertex moderately produced, about as broad as first antennal article, weakly longitudinally sulcate. Thorax: pronotum rather smooth, not glabrous, transverse sulcus present on prozona, moderately deeply engraved. Obsolete mesad for a short distance; surface of disc with V-shaped median impression indicated solely by color; anterior margin of disc feebly emarginate, posterior margin truncate; surface of disc entirely without any trace of median or lateral carinae. Prosternum armed with a pair of widely separated peg-like processes; mesosternal lobes acutely produced, much more so than metasternal lobes which are low and rounded; thoracic auditory structure elongate, half concealed by lateral pronotal lobe. Appendages: fore tibia armed dorsally with 3 equally spaced spines on posterior margin, anterior margin unarmed, ventral surface bearing 6 spines on both margins; fore femur armed on ventral surface only on internal margin with 1,2 teeth, genicular lobe armed only on internal surface; median tibia armed on dorsal surface with 2 spines on anterior margin, positioned medially, posterior margin with 4 evenly spaced spines, ventral surface bearing 6 spines on both margins; median femur armed on ventral surface on anterior margin only with 2,3 teeth positioned distad, both genicular lobes armed, the internal lobe with 2 teeth; posterior tibia armed dorsally with a great many spines of alternating lengths, ventral surface with 7 evenly distributed spines on both margins; apex of hind tibia armed dorsally with a pair of stout spurs of equal lengths, positioned somewhat subapically, ventral surface with 4 spurs positioned apically, the internal of which is the longest, two-thirds as long as adjacent metatarsus; plantula quadrate in outline, about half as long as metatarsus; posterior femur armed ventrally on outer margin with 5,7 teeth distributed in distal half, internal margin with 5 teeth positioned as above, genicular lobes unarmed. Tegmina slightly protruding beyond pronotum, veins heavy but not appreciably raised. Abdomen: tenth tergite rather deeply incised (Fig. 20), with V-shaped incision, very hirsute between the projections; cercus with single internal tooth, preceded by a distinct swelling; subgenital plate (Fig. 17) without a distinct median incision; titillators (Fig. 18) with arms convergent, heavily toothed on external margin. Coloration: ground color washed greyish brown, dorsum with broad lighter brown, contrasting median longitudinal stripe; lateral pronotal lobes darker, intensified medially; tegmen with veins very light, cells of lateral portion jet black, those of median portion straw brown; fore and median femora with ill-defined subapical annulus, hind femur plain, without annuli or markings on outer surface. Record. — MEXICO, BAJA CALIFORNIA: SUR, Bahia El Coyote, 12.VIII.1968 (R. Bandar, Id, CAS). Measurements. — Total length 25.0; pronotum, length 7.0, width 4.5; length hind femur 18.9. Stenopelmatus Burmeister Stenopelmatus Burmeister, 1838, Handbuch der Entomologie, 2:720. Jerusalem crickets of the genus Stenopelmatus attract attention wherever they occur because of their size and ferocious appearance. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 93 Fig. 21. Moenkopi dunes, habitat of species. Fig. 22. Living male, S. navajo. Stenopelmatus navajo, new 94 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST As a result there are a great many specimens in collections, although most are immature and not of great use in taxonomic studies (Tinkham and Rentz 1969). The discovery of a large undescribed species apparently endemic to a system of isolated sand dunes in northern Arizona is of great interest. This species is very large and immediately recognizable as different because of its pale, almost white coloration (Fig. 22). S. fuscus (Haldeman), the widespread species typically found in northern Arizona, occurs on the periphery of the dunes and may venture onto the dunes at times. S. navajo, new species, is probably most closely related to S. fuscus since the spination of the legs is almost identical between the two species. S. navajo is larger than any individuals of S. fuscus seen from the periphery of the dunes. The pale coloration of the new species is of obvious protective value when the crickets are foraging on the dune’s surface. Stenopelmatus navajo, new species (Figures 21-30) HOLOTYPE MALE. ARIZONA: Coconino County: 3.1 miles southwest of Moenkopi, 17 July 1975. F.G. Andrews, A.R. Hardy collectors. Holotype, in alcohol, deposited in California Academy of Sciences, number 12,775 through courtesy of California State Department of Food and Agriculture. Head megacephalic, depth of head from occiput to apex of mandibles (16.5 mm), greatest width of head (13.0). Eye inverted pyriform, prominent. Thorax: pronotum ampliate forward, lateral margins broadened at ventral projecting edge; in lateral profile, pronotum not appearing especially humped, anterior suture marked; anterior margin of pronotum emarginate, fringed with decurved hairs, posterior margin obtuse. Abdomen: supra-anal plate minute, triangulate (Fig. 25), uncinate hooks prominent at lateral bases; cercus erect, pubescent, cylindrical; subgenital plate (Fig. 24) with apex broad, truncate, with minute median projection. Legs: forelegs with femur in lateral profile with upper margin arcuate, ventral margin straight; fore tibia unspined dorsally, apical calcars typical, 3 inner long, 2 outer short, dorsal external the shortest; ventral surface of fore tibia with 2 staggered apical calcars, distal one slightly longer. Middle femur typical; middle tibia with 5 calcars, much smaller than those of fore tibia, preceded by a single spine of similar size situated mesad on dorsal surface; ventral surface with a pair of subapical spurs positioned at base of calcars III and IV. Hind legs typical in form; hind tibia with 6 apical calcars increasing in size gradually from outer- external to innermost calcar; dorsal surface with 3 outer stout spines, 5 inner spines much more widely spaced, the first placed beyond middle of tibia; number II calcar subequal to number III but same length as number I; ventral surface of tibia with a pair of subapical spines, the innermost much the longer, situated opposite calcars III and IV. Setation: vestiture sparse, hind tibia with a row of close-set setae on dorsal margin of outer surface, the ventral margin of internal surface with similar row of setae; outer surface of hind femur with a row of widely spaced setae on dorsal margin, ventral margin -► Figs. 23-30. Diagnostic structures in holotype male Stenopelmatus navajo new species. Fig. 23. Lateral view pronotum. Fig. 24. Subgenital plate. Fig. 25. Apex of abdomen. Fig. 26. Lateral view apex of abdomen. Fig. 27. Head. Fig. 28. Right hind tibia. Fig. 29. Middle tibia. Fig. 30. Fore tibia. VA VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 95 96 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Length Body Length Pronotum Length Hind Femur Length Hind Tibia Holotype Paratypes (n = 7) 45.3 9.6 13.5 12.0 32.0-41.0 7.0-9.0 10.2-12.8 10.0-12.0 Table 3. Measurements in mm of specimens of Stenopelmatus navajo n.sp. with much more dense row of setae; cercus sparsely setose, inner surface with a shorter, more densely packed coat of setae; supra-anal plate with 10 elongate setae positioned around periphery; entire abdomen sparsely setose, the setae more concentrated at lateral margins, especially near spiracles. Coloration: ground color pale whitish; bands of abdomen very pale brown; head and pronotum pale whitish except mandibles and genae dark brown; eye darker brown; legs concolorous pale whitish, spines all with apices dark brown. Records. — ARIZONA: Coconino County: Moenkopi, 2.4 mi., and 7.6 mi. southeast, 3 July 1972, 17.VII, 1975, F.G. Andrews, E.A. Kane, A.R. Hardy, 76, 3 first instars, (CAS, CDA). Diagnosis. — Size very large for genus. Ground color whitish, bands of abdomen very pale brown. Spination of legs very similar to that described for S. fuscus (Haldeman) in Tinkham and Rentz (1969). Discussion. — No adult females have been discovered. The entire type series consists of males as indicated above. Such is unusual among Jerusalem crickets where most collections contain females and juvenile males, (Tinkham and Rentz 1969). Experience with species in the genus from central California indicates that adult and subadult males of Stenopelmatus bear hooks at the base of the cerci. To date there are no known external characters to definitely recognize adult males. The type of S. navajo was selected because it bears the hooks at the base of the cerci and is the largest specimen in the type series. F.G. Andrews (pers. comm.) states that the first locality listed above is a sand ridge running north and south along Highway 264; the other locations are an immense sand dune area extending many miles. The two dominant shrubs are greasewood (Sarcobatus sp.) and mormon tea (Ephedra sp.). The activity of the Jerusalem crickets begins at dusk when individuals can be seen searching the sand from bush to bush. According to Andrews, this activity extends into the early morning hours. Their pale coloration renders them difficult to see on the dunes except when moving. When disturbed, the crickets rapidly burrow in the sand where they are difficult to locate despite their large size. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 97 Literature Cited Barnum, A.H. 1959. The phallic complex in the Oedipodinae (Orthoptera:Acrididae). Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State College, University Microfilms, 59-3370, 220 pp. Rentz, D.C. 1972. Taxonomic and faunistic comments on Decticine katydids with the description of several new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 124: 41-77. Rentz, D.C. 1973. The shield-backed katydids of the genus Idiostatus, Mem. Amer. Ento- mol. Soc., 29:1-211. Rentz, D.C. and Lightfoot, D.C. 1976. Notes on distribution of Oregon shield-backed katy¬ dids with the description of a new species of Idiostatus. Entomol. News, 87: 145-158. Strohecker, H.F. Middlekauff, W.W. and Rentz, D.C. 1968. The grasshoppers of Califor¬ nia. Bull. Calif. Insect. Surv., 10:1-177. Tinkham, E.R. and Rentz, D.C. 1969. Notes on the bionomics and distribution of the genus Stenopelmatus in central California with the description of a new species. Pan- Pacific Entomol., 45:4-14. Zoological Nomenclature Announcement A.N. (S.) 105 The required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the following names listed by case number: (see Bull. Zool. Nom. 34, part 4, 28 February, 1978). Opinion No. 1237 CARABIDAE (Coleoptera), proposals concerning the names of four Linnean species. Comments should be sent in duplicate (if possible within six months of the date of publication of this notice in Bull. Zool. Nom. 34, part 4), citing case number to: R.V. Melville, The Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, LONDON, SW7 5BD, England. Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. A Study of Stylopization in the B©e Genus Dufaurea R.M. Bohart Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis 95616 and M.E. Irwin University of Illinois and Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana 61801 Strepsipteran parasites of the bee genus Dufourea Lepeletier have been known from very few reported cases. Bohart (1941) described Eurystylops desertorum from a small series of females extracted from Dufourea boregoensis (Michener) collected near Indio, California. Bohart (1943) described E. tetonensis from a small series of females extracted from Dufourea maura (Cresson) collected in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. The third species known was described by Hofeneder (1949) as E. oenipontana based on two females taken from Dufourea inermis (Nylander) collected in Innsbruck, Austria. A fourth Eurystylops was extracted from two species of Conanthalictus collected in Andreas Canyon, Riverside County, California. It was named conanthalicti by Kinzelback (1971). The writers in June and July, 1962, located two areas at about 6,300 feet elevation in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains of California where Dufourea trochantera G. Bohart was plentiful and showed abundant evidence of stylopization by a new species described herein as Eurystylops sierrensis by the senior author. The two areas in question were a semi-arid edge of a meadow at the University of Cali¬ fornia Sagehen Creek Project, 12 miles north of Truckee in Nevada County (Station I) and a similar meadow margin 2.3 miles west of Highway 89 on the independence Lake Road some 30 miles north of Truckee in Sierra County (Station II). No nesting sites of the bee hosts were found at the Sagehen locality, but a large nesting colony was observed at Station II. Bees at both sites were visiting dense low- growing masses of Phacelia humilis T. and G. Parasitized D. trochantera are not readily detected by the casual observer because the exserted cephalothorax of the Eurystylops is obscured by abdominal hair bands on the dorsum of the bee. However, stylopized specimens have the pygidium mostly hidden and dull, the general color browner, and the abdomen somewhat bloated. Parasitized female D. trochantera do not regularly collect pollen. In the 1962 study, tabulations were made on the number of females carrying pollen on the legs. At Station 1,284 females were examined The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:98-102. April 1978. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 99 and 12.7 percent of them were unstylopized and without pollen, 59.5 percent were unstylopized and bore pollen, 27.4 percent were stylopized and without pollen, and 0.4 percent (one stylopized bee with a light amount of pollen on the abdomen) bore a trace of pollen. Similarly, in 1962 at Station II, 289 female bees were examined and 15.5 percent were unstylopized and without pollen, 39.1 percent were unstylopized and bore pollen, and 45.4 percent were stylopized and without pollen. Collecting at Station 1 encompassed four days from June 29 through July 2, 1962 and eight days from June 19 through July 10, 1964. Bees were netted at random near midday, on or about the patches of Phacelia. Out of a total of 681 bees, 307 were males and 374 were females. Of the males 4.9 percent were parasitized, 4.3 percent of these being monostylopized (13 bees), 0.3 percent were distylopized (1 bee), and 0.3 percent were tristylopized (1 bee). Of the females 29.8 percent were parasitized, with a percentage breakdown of 24.9 with one parasite (93 bees), 4.1 with two (15 bees), and 0.8 with three (3 bees). At Station II collecting encompassed two days, July 6 and 7, 1962, and two days, July 8 and 10, 1964. A total of 632 bees were netted, of which eight were males and 624 were females. The female bees were 41.8 percent parasitized (261 bees) probably the highest rate ever reported for bees of any sort. The percentage of females bearing one, two, three or four Eurystylops were 31.7 (198 bees), 8.8 (55 bees), 1.1 (seven bees), and 0.2 (one bee) respectively. When comparing the two years it is apparent that we collected later in the season in 1962 than in 1964. The numbers of male bees collected at Station I dropped sharply after June 29, 1964, and that was our starting reference for 1962. By the first of July, 1964, the females were being collected in greater quantity than were the males, whereas before that date, the reverse was true. Although several males were collected after July 1, 1964, none were parasitized, whereas many of the females were. Perhaps the males bearing parasites die sooner, leaving by July 1 a predominantly parasite-free male population; but the females with their extra stores of food are able to survive for longer periods even though parasitized. During two days of collecting at Station II in 1962 a phenomenal 45.4 percent parasitization of female bees was recorded (290 total female bees). Two years later, with a considerably larger sample (334 female bees) a somewhat lower percentage was noted: 38.6. In both years males were very scarce at Station II, correlating well with time of year. Altogether, 1,313 D. trochantera were examined at the two stations. Of these, 388 bore parasites and multiple parasitism occurred in 83 of the bees giving a total of 483 Eurystylops. This was an excellent opportunity to observe the position of the parasites as indicated by 100 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST the location of the exserted cephalothorax of the female Eurystylops. As in other stylopids on bees the female parasite rides upside down and backwards with its head protruding through the intersegmental membrane between abdominal terga of the host. In 305 monosty- lopized bees the parasite was always under apparent tergum IV. The position was lateral but with no obvious choice between right or left side. The 71 distylopized bees had parasites nearly always under apparent tergum IV, one on each side. One bee had a parasite under tergum IV and another under III but on opposite sides. In 11 tristylopized bees, seven had two parasites under IV and one under III, two had all three parasites under IV, and two had one parasite under IV and two under III. In the only quadristylopized specimen captured there were two parasites under IV and two under III. These data show a clear preference for a position under apparent tergum IV with a second choice under III. It seems likely that parthenogenesis occurs in E. sierrensis and possibly within the entire genus. In the five described species only females are known. This is quite unlike the situation in Stylops which parasitize Andrena. An example of the latter is Stylops pacifica Bohart, studied by Linsley and MacSwain (1957). The bee hosts of this species bear male pupae or empty pupal cases (exuviae). In the two year period of their study, 1954 and 1956, the total number of Andrena caerulea Smith ( = A. complexa Viereck) examined was 4,473 of which 476 were stylopized. Female Stylops constituted 60.5 percent and males 39.5 percent. They stated that “the sex ratio of S. pacifica is probably one to one’’ (Linsley and MacSwain, 1957:408). In our study 1,313 Dufourea trochantera were examined and 388 of these bore 483 parasites, all female Eurystylops. In the halictid, Lasioglossum zephyrum, male parasites of Halictoxenos jonesi Pierce occur throughout the summer according to Batra (1965). However, male parasites are most common in August and September. Since the populations of Dufourea trochantera which we studied are one-brooded, the presence of male parasites in a second brood can be discounted. Also, there is a possibility that males may occur but kill the host bee as it emerges. No evidence of this sort has been reported for any strepsipteran. There is also the outside chance that male parasites may attack some other insect host, perhaps not even a bee. Although this is not known in Stylopidae, it does occur in the strepsipteran family Myrmecolacidae. Males of this tropical group parasitize ants while females attack Orthoptera. Linsley and MacSwain, (1957) stated that the aedeagus of the male Stylops penetrates and broadly ruptures the membrane of the entrance to the median brood canal. Several specimens of Stylops spp. from Andrena spp. were examined and compared with specimens of Eurystylops sierrensis in Dufourea trochantera. No rupturing could be VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 101 seen in the membrane of E. sierrensis where the outer lip of the brood canal was smooth and continuous. On the contrary, the Stylops had the outer lip somewhat jagged and there was evidence of punctures in more than one place. These observations point toward partheno¬ genesis in Eurystylops. Eurystylops sierrensis Bohart, new species (Fig. 1) Female holotype (Univ. Calif. Davis): Head and spiracular areas light, remainder of cephalothorax testaceous, basal band fuscotestaceous. Shape of head and thorax as in Fig. 1; mandible approximately triangular, apical tooth nearly straight; apex of head broad, convex. Thorax with transverse band of about 70 transparent spots just posterior to laterobasal angles of head; with an irregular line of 16 pigmented spots between spiracles; cephalothorax widest just behind spiracles. Cephalothorax in mrmwidth 0.555, width at base of head 0.465, length 0.380, length to collar 0.340, length to front edge of spiracles 0.295. Holotype female, Sagehen Creek, Nevada County, California, June 29, 1962, ex Dufourea trochantera G. Bohart, on Phacelia humilis T. and G. (R. Bohart and M. Irwin). Paratypes, 32 females, same data as holotype but collected from June 24 to July 1; 14 females, Independence Lake Road, Sierra County, California, July 7,1962, same host and collectors as holotype. Paratypes in collections of U.S. National Museum, California Academy of Sciences, and U.C. Davis. E. sierrensis is about a fourth larger than desertorum (Fig. 2) but is different also in the presence of a transverse band of clear spots just behind the head, and in being more angled behind the spiracles. In Figs. 1-2. Cephalothoraces of female Eurystylops, ventral. 102 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST the last two characters it agrees with tetonensis. However, it is about a fourth smaller than the latter, and the ratio of head width to cephalo- thorax width is greater (0.865:0.758). Therefore, the cephalothorax appears to be more compact. Acknowledgments We wish to thank F.D. Parker for assistance in collecting at Station I, G.E. Bohart for checking our determination of Dufourea trochantera, R.K. Kinzelback for comments on taxonomy of Eurystylops after studying our material, and Ms. Katie Bear for the illustrations. Literature Cited Batra, S.W.T. 1965. Organisms associated with Lasioglossum zephyrum. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 38:367-389. Bohart, R.M. 1941. A revision of the Strepsiptera with special reference to the species of North America. Univ. Calif. Pub. Entomol. 7:91-160. Bohart, R.M. 1943. A new generic name in Strepsiptera and description of a new species. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 38:12-13. Hofeneder, K. 1949. Uber einige Strepsipteren. Broteria (s§r. Ci§nc. Nat.). 18:109-162. Kinzelback, R.K. 1971. Morphologische Befunde an F&cherfluglern and ihre phylogene- tische Bedeutung. Zoologica, 41 Band, 5 Lieferung, Heft 119(2): 129-256. Linsley, E.G. and J.W. SWaeSwain. 1957. Observations on the habits of Stylops pacifica Bohart. Univ. Calif. Pub. Entomol. 11:395-430. RECENT LITERATURE Diagnostic Manual for the Identification of Insect Pathogens. G.O. Poinar, Jr. and G.M. Thomas. 1978. Plenum Publ. Corp. 210 pp. $19.50 Biological Control by Augmentation of Natural Enemies. R.L. Ridgway, "S.’S. Vinson Eds. 1977. Plenum Publ. Corp. 480 pp. $39.50 Biochemical intervention Between Plants and Insects. J.W. Wallace, R.L. Mansell Eds. 1976. Plenum Publ. Corp. 425 pp. $35.00 Evolutionary Strategies of Parasitic Insects and Mites. P.W. Price Ed. 1975. Plenum Publ. Corp. 224 pp. $25.00 Evolution of Insect Migration and Diapause. H. Dingle. Ed. 1978. Springer-Verlag. 350 pp., 103 illus. $22.80. Based upon Symposium “Evolution of Escape in Space and Time”, 15th Int. Congress of Entomology, Washington, D.C. 1976. The Role of Arthropods in Forest Ecosystems. J. Mattson. Ed. 1977. Springer-Verlag. 104 p., 28 illus. Proceedings of 15th Int. Congress of Entomology, Washing¬ ton, D.C. 1076. Atlas of an Insect Brain. N.J. Strausfeld. 1976. Springer-Verlag. 214 pp. 81 partly colored illus., 71 plates. $98.00 An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. R.W. Merritt, K.W. Cummins Eds. 1978. Kendall/Hunt. Publ. Co. 512 pp. $18.95 tentative. Notes ©ra the Biology of Pissodes fasciatus LeConte and its Insect Associates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Mark A. Deyrup Department of Zoology University of Washington, Seattle, 98195 The genus Pissodes includes about 11 species, which are sharply divided into two ecological groups: species that breed in growing terminals and laterals of conifers, and species that breed in boles and stumps of moribund and recently killed conifers (Smith and Sugden, 1969). Pissodes fasciatus LeConte belongs to the latter group, breeding in stumps and boles of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. Pissodes is a notably homogeneous group; size and elytral scale patterns are the only external morphological characters that can easily be used to separate P. fasciatus from sympatric species such as P. strobi (Peck) ( = sitchensis Hopk.) that destroy terminals of healthy conifers. In its habitat preferences, however, P. fasciatus is closely related to Douglas-fir bark beetles, such as Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins and Hylastes nigrinus (Mannerheim). The insect associates of P. fasciatus reflect both its taxonomic and ecological relationships, some being regularly associated with various species of Pissodes, others being regularly associated with bark beetles. Studies of Pissodes fasciatus were undertaken as part of a compre¬ hensive study of the insect fauna of dead Douglas-fir. Most observa¬ tions on P. fasciatus were made in the Cedar River Watershed, Cedar Falls, King Co., Washington. During 1971 trees were cut at monthly intervals and the invading insects were observed and collected. During 1971 through 1976 numerous naturally occuring dead Douglas-fir were examined. Sections of Douglas-fir occupied by Pissodes were brought into the laboratory for examination. Insect associates were removed and placed, usually accompanied by a small piece of bark, on a pad of paper toweling in a 100 x 15 mm. Optilux Petri dish. The Petri dishes were kept at room temperature and the paper toweling was moistened with a few drops of water every other day. Biology Pissodes fasciatus is very abundant in second growth stands in western Washington, where it breeds in shaded boles and stumps of dead and dying Douglas-fir. Cut or windthrown trees supply most of The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:103-106. April 1978. 104 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST the breeding material, but the root crowns of pole-sized suppressed trees are occasionally attacked. Pissodes fasciatus also breeds in the stumps of Christmas trees in open plantations, but only when the stumps are heavily shaded by brush. Larvae occur in bark that is about .5 cm to over 2 cm thick. This habitat of P. fasciatus in thicker bark of shaded Douglas-fir seems very similar to the habitats of the bark beetles Dendroctonus pseudotsugae and Hylastes nigrinus. Pissodes fasciatus, however, prefers a much more humid subcortical environment than that preferred by D. pseudotsugae, and it is usually found in bark actually in contact with wet ground, in the moist bark around the root collar or on the underside of the bole of trees lying in very dense shade. It is not unusual to find D. pseudotsugae occupying the upper side of the bole of a fallen tree and P. fasciatus occupying the lower side. Hylastes nigrinus occasionally occurs in root crowns with P. fasciatus, but more frequently breeds in buried roots. The life cycle of P. fasciatus in western Washington is partially known. Like adult Pissodes approximatus Hopkins (Finnegan, 1958) many adult P. fasciatus apparently overwinter and may be seen mating and ovipositing on freshly fallen or cut trees in early spring when the air temperature first reaches 18-20°C. Oviposition continues into August, and there are many overwintering larvae; it is not known when these overwintering larvae emerge. Recently emerged adults probably feed on phloem of healthy trees as do other bole-inhabiting species of Pissodes (Finnegan, 1958), but it is not known where this feeding occurs, and there are no reports of damage caused by adult P. fasciatus. Oviposition has been observed on several occasions. The female excavates a niche in the outer bark with her rostrum and deposits one to six oval yellowish eggs about 1.2 mm long. The puncture is partially filled in with particles that could be either frass or bits of wood. The larvae make galleries in the inner bark parallel to the grain of the wood. The galleries usually do not engrave the surface of the sapwood. The pupal chamber is lined with bits of wood or bark and may be in the bark or in the surface of the sapwood. If the bark is thin, the pupal cell is likely to be in the surface of the sapwood. Insect Associates In western Washington P. fasciatus is attacked by four parasitoid wasps. Larvae found under particularly thin bark may be attacked by a braconid, Bracon pini( Meusebeck) that has an ovipositor about 1.2-1.6 mm long. Bracon pini is an external parasitoid and there are usually two or three parasites produced from each host. Larvae under thicker bark are vulnerable to another braconid, Coeloides brunneri Viereck, that has an ovipositor 4.5-7 mm long. Coeloides brunneri is a solitary VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 105 external parasitoid. The population of C. brunneri remains at a relatively high level because of the abundance of its primary host, the bark beetle Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. Coeloides brunneri is often the most important parasitoid of P. fasciatus in thin bark. Under slightly thicker bark P. fasciatus larvae remain available to another solitary external parasitoid, Dolichomitus terebrans nubilipennis (Viereck), an ichneumonid with an ovipositor 7.8-10.5 mm long. Finally, the braconid Allodorus crassigaster (Provancher) avoids the problem of bark thickness by ovipositing in the eggs of its host. The solitary parasitoid larva does not kill its host until the latter is almost mature. Female A. crassigaster may be observed waiting a few millimeters from a P. fasciatus that is unconcernedly ovipositing; before the weevil has left the scene its eggs are already being attacked by the braconid. Four additional insects are associated with P. fasciatus in western Washington. The lonchaeid, Lonchaea furnissi McAlpine, is apparently a scavenger, feeding on dead larvae and pupae of P. fasciatus. The dolichopodids, Medetera vidua Wheeler and Medetera arctica VanDuzee, are predators that attack larvae and probably pupae. Adults of a 2.7 mm staphylinid, Atheta sp., have been found in P. fasciatus galleries; the role of this species is unknown. None of these eight species of associates is confined to the galleries of P. fasciatus. Coeloides brunneri, Lonchaea furnissi, Medetera arctica, M. vidua, and Atheta sp. are all common associates of bark beetles. All these species are found in the galleries of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae with the exception of M. vidua, which occurs in more humid habitats such as the galleries of Hylastes nigrinus in roots (Zethner-M^ller and Rudinsky, 1967) or the galleries of Ips concinnus in heavily shaded Sitka spruce. Bracon pini, Dolichomi - tus terebrans, and Allodorus crassigaster are parasitoids of several species of Pissodes, including species that breed in leaders and laterals (Stevenson, 1963; Taylor, 1929; Townes and Townes, 1960). Considering the paramount importance of habitat in the selection of hosts by ichneumonids (Townes, 1960) and braconids (Matthews, 1974), it is probable that the species of Bracon, Dolichomitus and Allodorus that attack Pissodes in the bole and roots of dead trees are in reality sibling species of those that attack Pissodes in terminals and leaders of healthy trees. Acknowledgements This study was supported by National Science Foundation grant no. GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, U.S. International Biological Program. Determinations of associates of P. fasciatus were made by Dr. Paul Marsh (Braconidae) at the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.; Dr. Fred Harmston (Dolichopodidae) of the U.S. Public Health Service, Ft. Collins, 106 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Colorado; and Dr. J.F. McAlpine (Lonchaeidae) at the Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, Canada. Literature Cited Finnegan, R.J. 1958. The pine weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopk., in southern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 90:348-354. Matthews, R.W. 1974. Biology of Braconidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 19:15-32. Smith, S.G., and B.A. Sugden. 1969. Host trees and breeding sites of native North Ameri¬ can Pissodes bark weevils, with a note on synonymy. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62:146-148. Stevenson, R.E. 1963. Insects associated with the Engelmann spruce weevil, Pissodes engeimanni Hopkins. Can. Dept. For. Bi-Mon. Res. Notes 19:2-3. Taylor, R.L. 1929. The biology of the white pine weevil Pissodes strobi (Peck), and a study of its insect parasites from an economic viewpoint. Entomol. Amer. N.S. 10:1-83. Townes, H. 1960. Host selection patterns in some Nearctic ichneumonids. 11th Int. Congr. Entomol., Vienna 2:738-741. Townes, H., and M. Townes. 1960. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 2. Sub¬ families Ephialtinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 216:1-676. Zefhmer-M^ller, O., and J.A. Rudinsky. 1967. On the biology of Hylastes nigrinus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in western Oregon. Can. Entomol. 99:897-910. RECENT LITERATURE The following Occasional Papers in Entomology have recently appeared, and are available free, upon request. No. 22. Akalyptoischion, A New Genus of Lathridiidae from Western North America (Coleoptera). Fred G. Andrews, 23 pp. No. 23. A Revision of the Hoplia of the Nearctic Realm (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Alan R. Hardy, 48 pp. No. 24. A Review of the Genus Coccus Linnaeus in America North of Panama (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). R.J. Gill, S. Nakahara, M.L. Williams, 44 pp. No. 25. Taxonomy and Host Specificity of Nearctic Alloxystinae with a catalog of the World Species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Fred G. Andrews, 128 pp. No. 26. A Classification of the Sesiidae of America North of Mexico (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea), W. Donald Duckworth and Thomas D. Eichlin, 54 pp. Write to: Library Chairman, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, 1220 N St., Sacramento, CA 95814. New North American Tabansdae (Diptera). XXV. The Genus Hybomitra And Some Other New Tabanine Horse Flies in Mexico Cornelius B. Philip California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 94118 Subsequent to Bellardi’s first review (1859) of tabanid species in Mexico, complexity of the fauna there has become apparent, as well as the common ancestral derivation of certain elements in the Tribe Tabanini so recently that attempted groupings within the genus Tabanus sens. lat. into separate subgenera or even genera has not been entirely practical (see Fairchild, 1969) as complicating inter¬ gradation continues to become evident in the Neotropical Region as a whole. It is, nevertheless, useful systematically in some cases to refer relationships to formerly named groups, such as Lophotabanus or Neotabanus pending assessment as further biological information among pertinent species accumulates. Rearing immature stages, which has furnished helpful systematic clues to relationships in the adjacent Nearctic fauna (e.g., Burger, 1975 and other articles on the related Arizona fauna) has still received almost no attention in Mexico, but should be increasingly revealing in the foreseeable future (e.g., Tidwell and Philip, 1977). One tabanine element that has obviously evolved recently in Mexico, is the group of slender-bodied Tabanus with unistriate abdominal patterns but vary¬ ing eye coloration; several of this group are discussed and/or de¬ scribed below. Mexican species of recently separated Hybomitra, which has speciated abundantly in temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, are only sparingly represented in north- central Mexico, as also discussed below. In addition to standard metric abbreviations, others used in text include: altitude - alt., highways - hwys., California Academy of Sciences - CAS, Universities of California at Berkeley, (or) Davis - UC Berkeley, (or) Davis, Canadian National Collection, Ottawa - CNC, G.B. Fairchild, University of Florida, Gainesville - GBF, and L.L. Pechuman, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York - LLP. Specimens formerly published as in collection of the author, “CBP” (or so indi¬ cated to donors of duplicated material), have now been incorporated into the collection of CAS. Tabamus arnaudi, new species Figure 1 Diagnosis: A rather small brownish-red species with brown and gray-lined scutum and distinct (though more reduced than usual in the “Lophotabanus group”) blackish scutellar- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:107-124. April 1978. 108 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST prescutellar “eye spot," mid-row of low to tall, almost equilateral gray triangles on choco¬ late- to red-brown, slender abdomen darkened caudally, reddish antennal plate and 2 hind pairs of legs, and subhyaline wing with normal venation, no spur vein. Holotype female, length 11.5 mm. Eyes bare, purple with 2 median green bands (re¬ laxed). Frons buff-gray pollinose with darker shadows and patch of black hairs but no tubercle at vertex, sides gently narrowed below, index 1/5.0; callosity dark brown, a little taller than broad, narrowly separated from eye margins, and rapidly tapered above into a strong median keel which is flanked by a median patch of evanescent, dusky pollen. Sub¬ callus pale yellow pollinose. Face and cheeks whitish pollinose and pilose below. Scape pale pinkish yellow with pale hairs grading to brown above, about equal in height to base of plate, the latter dull red, dorsally subrectangulate, and distinctly longer than tall and than darkened style. Apical palpal segment (hereinafter often referred to as Palpus II) yellowish with paleand a few black hairs, slender and blunt apically. Scutum dark brown with 2 admedian, gray, pale-haired stripes which together in certain lights form a pale longitudinal mid-stripe in front of the black prescutellum; lateral notal margins also gray. In caudal view, a reduced, basal scutellar spot recedes, leaving hind margin broadly pinkish gray, and shaggy pale-haired. Pleura and coxae gray-white pollinose and pilose. Fore legs with tibiae reddish, pale-haired on about basal halves otherwise black. Two hind pairs of legs reddish with indefinite darker shades basally on femora; hind tibial fringes mostly pale-haired basally. Abdomen dorsally, light chocolate brown, darkening caudally on the last 3 tergites; dark-haired except for pale yellow hairs on gray median triangles, none of which clearly crosses respective tergites, though those on tergites 2 and 3 have faint, attenuated apical extensions; scattered yellow hairs laterally. Venter pale orange yellow, yellow-haired, also darkened caudally. Type locality: Mexico: Chiapas, N slope Cerro Bola, N Cerro Tres Picos, 1524-2134 m alt., 5.V.72. D.E. Breedlove. In CAS, Ent. Type No. 11722. Paratype females: 17, same data as holotype; 10, Chiapas-Oaxaca border, Municipio de Cintalapa, 38 km W Las Cruces, 1372 m alt., 13.V.72. D.E. Breedlove; 5, Chiapas, 61 km W San Cristobal jnc. hwys. 190-195., 12.V.59. H.J. Teskey. In colls. CAS, CNC, GBF, and LLP. Figure 1. Tabanus arnaudi new species, female. Outlines of frons, antennaand palpus. VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 109 Except for darkened apical annuli, antennae may be entirely red; abdomen sometimes darkened, or more reddened basally, and a few of the Cerro Bola series contain dried blood which the collector re¬ ported was probably obtained from range cattle in the vicinity; the flies were netted while they attacked the field party. In a few specimens, the triangles cross some tergites. Frontal indexes vary from 1/4.4-5.3 and body lengths from 11 to 13 mm. Wear may accen¬ tuate the red scutellar margins and decrease the prominence of the prescutellar “eye-spots.” The thoracic stripes and generally smaller size distinguish this from related species, such as T. nebulosus DeGeer from Central America, which furthermore has chunkier palpi and sublateral abdominal spots. T. yucatanus Townsend is another small brownish species from the Yucatan Peninsula which lacks the distinct thoracic lines; the abdominal pattern is trivittate with white- haired triangles and sublateral spots; it has no prescutellar-basal scutellar black-haired “eye-spot,” and has more excised antennal plates with sharper baso-dorsal teeth. The types in CAS prompt me to dedicate this nice species to Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Chairman of the Entomology Department (CAS), whose cordial provision of facilities for my studies on Mexican and other Tabanidae is gratefully acknow¬ ledged. Tabari us glaucomacuSis, new species Figure 2 Diagnosis: Somewhat like T. glauconotatus Philip, this is a medium-sized, blackish fly with gray-lined scutum and 3 rows of prominent, steel gray abdominal triangles. The antenna and fore femur are dark brown to blackish, scape somewhat swollen, wing lightly tinted with faint clouds on crossveins, halter blackish with strongly pale-seamed knob. Holotype female, length 15.5 mm. Eyes bare, each with a strong, median purple stripe, the lower border indefinitely coppery, upper border greenish (relaxed). Frons gray pollinose with nearly parallel sides, index 1/3.8, and sparse black hairs, a small, non¬ elevated dark spot at vertex; callosity shining black, touching eyes at lower corners, abruptly tapered into a strong, black median keel nearly to vertex. Subcallus, face and cheeks steel-gray pollinose with white pile below; no lateral subcallar hairs. Scape rather swollen, gray black with black hairs, a little taller than the black, obtuse-angled plate which is distinctly longer, but a little less tall, than length of the black style. Palpus II robust basally, a little shorterthan proboscis, blue gray, predominantly black-haired. Thorax, including prealarlobes and scutellum, black with gray bloom and obscure pale¬ haired lines dorsally, and whitish pleural and coxal pile. Scutellum with pale hairs on outer corners and a peculiar, central triangle of pale hairs making a suggestion of an un¬ usual geminate black figure on the disc, easily obliterated by wear. Fore tibia basally and 2 hind pairs of legs reddish brown with mixed white and some black hairs, the hind tibial fringe black: fore tibia black on distal half. Wing, including costal cell, subhyaline, cloud on fork and crossveins hardly discernable except to accentuate the veins; venation normal, no spur vein. Abdomen elongated, a third longer than head and thorax together, but not markedly tapered, tergite 7 only moderately narrower than 6. Pattern basically black-haired; median triangles nearly equilateral with apexes just or not quite reaching anterior tergal margins; sublateral spots rhomboidal on first 3 tergites, rounded thereafter and, in some lights, 110 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST isolated from both margins; pale pattern whitish-haired, including narrow incisures. Venter entirely dark gray pollinose with pale hairs, accentuated on incisures, some coarse black hairs caudally. Type locality: Mexico: Nuevo Leon, Chippinque Mesa, Monterey, 26.VIII.60. H.F. Howden. In CNC No. 12923. Paratypes - 2 females, same data. In colls. CNC and CAS. In close agreement with the type, but some characters less well preserved. The bluish-gray pattern has considerable resemblance to T. glauco- notatus Philip from Toluca, D.F., which, however, is smaller, less elon¬ gate, has smaller, more isolated callosity, a distinctly notched vertex, more plainly bicolored legs, whitish opaque, lower squamae, and the median row of truncated triangles continuous, thus dividing the sub¬ median row of paired dark dashes. The scape of T. glaucomaculus is a little more swollen, but not as much as in related T. abditus Philip which has not been taken south of Arizona at present; the eyes of the latter are unbanded, and red under the lateral spots is more evident. The pattern in T. pruinosus Bigot is more reduced and all sublateral spots isolated. Taken at the same time with the glaucomaculis types was a female of casually, morphologically-similar T. cazieri Philip female, which, however, is much browner overall, particularly the scutellum and venter. Figure 2. Tabanus glaucomaculis new species, female. Outlines of frons, antennaand palpus. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 111 Tabari us raSlus, new species Figure 3 Diagnosis: A small reddish-brown species with entirely red antennae, black scutum and scutellum, midabdominal row of tall, white-haired triangles, and clear wing. Holotype female, length, 12 mm. Eyes bare, purple with 2 green bands (relaxed). Frons buff gray, slightly narrowed below, index 1/5.2; paler gray pollinose toward the vertex in certain lights; callosity deep blackish brown, barely separated from eyes below and abruptly tapered into a stout median line to the upper third of frons. Subcallus and upper cheeks buff pollinose; lowercheeks and face whitish pollinose and pilose. Antenna brick- red. style a little darker, scape black-haired, subequal to plate in height; latter subrectan- gulate dorsally and but little longer than style. Palpus II dusky yellow, mostly black-hair¬ ed, and somewhat thickened at knee, blunt apically. Scutum black with suggestions of faint gray lines anteriorly and reddish shades on discs of prealar lobes. Pleura and fore coxae gray pollinose and white pilose. Fore leg otherwise black with concolorous hairs; basal third of tibia reddish with pale hairs; 2 hind pairs reddish with pale hairs, basal two-thirds of femora with brown shadings, hind tibial fringe mostly black. Wing glass clear, costal cell faintly yellow, venation normal without spur vein. Halter with brown stem, orange knob. Abdomen light reddish brown on basal 4 segments above and below, remaining 3 black, black-haired dorsally, pale-haired below; a continuous dorsal row of tall, easily-worn, whitish-haired, truncated triangles which are not expanded along the incisures, a small, elongate dark integumental spot beneath that on t. 2. Type locality: Mexico: Oaxaca, “42 m St. (?S) Oaxaca,” 13.VII.52.945 m. No collector. In coll. L.L. Pechuman. Allotype male, length 11.5 mm. Except for usual sexual differences, like the female and readily associated. Eyes bare, facets gradually, moderately enlarged in about upper half. Black median spots on first 2 tergites larger than in female, and nearly reaching hind margin of t. 2. Palpus II pallid, ovoid, with mixed black and pale hairs. Mexico: Michoacan, Figure 3. Tabanus rallus new species, female. Outlines of frons, antennaand palpus. 112 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 13 km N Cuatro Caminos, 300 m. 29.VI.75. E.M. Fisher, in CAS, Ent. Type No. 13103. Another male, same state and collector, 30.5 km S Uruapan, 945 m alt., is omitted from type series because headless. It agrees otherwise with the allotype. These and many other tabanids from southern North America were generously donated by Mr. Fisher of Long Beach State University to CAS. Paratype female, also Oaxaca, 3 km NW Totalapan, 945 m alt., 7.VII.53 (no collector). In CAS. Differs in only minor respects; 11 mm. Frontal index 1/5.7; tergite 3 partially black behind. Distinguished among other, slender, unistriate Mexican species by its smaller size, all-red antennae and narrow, less prominent, pale¬ haired, midabdominal line. Tabanus searsi, new species Figure 4 Diagnosis: A medium-large, reddish-brown species with elongated abdomen and single row of white-haired triangles, rather plainly lined scutums and indefinite blackish spot basally on reddish scutellum, black flagellum, faintly tinted wing, and fore tibia darkened only on about distal third. Holotype female, length, 18 mm. Eyes bare, purple, each with 2 green bands narrower than the median purple interval. Frons pale buff pollinose, slightly widened above, index 1/5.3, callosity reddish brown, narrowly separated from eye margins, double-notched on lower margin, and tapered into a narrow median, bare ridge half way to vertex which is flanked in certain lights by a pair of evanescent brown lines. Subcallus pale buff pollinose. Face and cheeks whitish pollinose and pilose below. Antenna with basal 2 segments pale reddish, scape swollen dorso-apically with black hairs, height subequal to length and to basal height of plate; latter strongly excised, the tooth acute angulate, Figure 4. Tabanus searsi new species, female. Outlines of frons, antenna and palpus. VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 113 mostly black and longer than height, or than style. Palpus II rather slender, pale reddish, nearly as long as unsheathed stylets, tapered to a blunt apex, and with mixed short black and pale hairs. Thorax reddish brown with 2 submedian and 2 sublateral, darker scutal stripes, the sub¬ lateral brown intervals accentuated behind by coarse, easily-denuded pale hairs; prescu- tellum, and red scutellum basally, dull black, but not sufficiently contrasting for assign¬ ment to group “Lophotabanus.” Legs reddish, mostly pale-haired; fore femur and apical third of fore tibia blackish gray, hind tibial fringe pale. Wing venation normal, no spur vein. Halter yellow. Abdomen reddish brown, darkening caudally, last two segments black, mostly black¬ haired dorsally, entirely pale ventrally; pale hairs on edges of tergites, widened on hind corners but not extended along incisures to connect with tall, median, white-haired tri¬ angles on tergites 2 to 5, which only just cross tergites 2-3, but are nearly equilateral and shorter on 4 and 5; tergites 6 and 7 black except fora few pale hairs in the middle. Type locality: Mexico: Chihuahua, Temoris, 1 .VIII. 69. T.A. Sears (to whom the speciesis dedicated), R.C. Gardner, and C.S. Glaser. In UC, Davis, Type No. 441. Paratype female, same data except 2.1 VII.69. in CAS. In good agreement with type, buta recent (dried) blood meal has caused abdomen to appear darker, more tapered and narrower caudally. This has obvious recent ancestral derivation in common with the smaller T. arnaudi new species from Chiapas, which, however, has more reddish, less excised plates, and fore tibiae hardly one-half pale basally. In T. subfemoralis new species from the West Coast, the mid¬ abdominal triangles are yellow-haired and less contrasting, plates more reddish and thoraxes not as plainly lined, in addition to green, only unibanded eyes. Tabarsus subfemoralis, new species Figure 5 Diagnosis: An elongate species with scutums blackish, antennal flagellum and abdomen predominantly reddish brown, last 2 to 3 segments sharply black and midstripe composed of tall, yellow-haired, truncated triangles, plus less distinct, pale yellow, sub¬ lateral spots; legs bicolored. Holotype female, length, 14.5 mm. Eyes bare, green, each with one purple band (relaxed). Frons buff-gray pollinose, with patch of black bristles in a distinct though low notch at vertex; nearly parallel-sided, index 1/4.3; callosity brown, narrowly separated from eye margins and rapidly tapered into a narrow median brown keel which extends over half way to vertex; lower margin with 2 small sublateral notches. Subcallus also buff- gray pollinose. Face and cheeks whitish pollinose and pilose below. Antenna mostly red, scape moderately swollen with black hairs above, plate brick-red, strongly excavated, dorso-basal tooth prominent, acute-angulate, grading to dark brown on style. Palpus II pale yellow, mostly black-haired, slender, a little thickened basally, blunt apically. Scutum including scutellum dull black, with appressed yellow and some sparse black hairs but no plain lines, pleura and coxae gray pollinose and whitish pilose. Fore femur and apical three-fourths of tibia black and mostly black-haired, latter lasally red with pale hairs. Two hind pairs of legs red with pale hairs, basal two-thirds of femora and tips of tibiae and tarsi blackish; hind tibial fringes mostly black with some pale hairs basally. Wing lightly tinted, but accentuated along vein R 2+3 . No spur vein. Halter with brown stem, yellow knob. Basicosta setulose. Abdomen bright reddish, mostly black-haired above, pale yellow-haired below and on a conspicuous middorsal line of tall, truncated triangles which cross tergites 2 to 5, and with more obscure, yellow-haired rhomboidal, sublateral spots; last 2 segments sharply 114 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST black with a reduced median patch of pale hairs on t. 6. Allotype male, length, 13 mm. Eyes bare, facets only slightly and gradually enlarged in upper halves. Tubercle in occipital notch, small and depressed below eye level. Frontal triangle buff-gray pollinose, darker in apex. Face and cheeks gray pollinose and whitish pilose. Palpus II pale yellow, a third longer than thick, blunt apically and with a few black hairs among mostly white ones. Abdomen more slender and pointed than in females; wear has nearly obliterated the middorsal pale-haired row of truncated triangles so that a dull blackish, middorsal spot on tergite 2, and black on segments behind the fourth are accentuated. Otherwise in good agreement with the holotype. Type locality: Holotype, Mexico: Sinaloa, 40 km S Elota, 6.VIII.63. J. Powell. In CAS, Ent. Type No. 11721, on permanent deposit courtesy of UC Berkeley. Allotype: also same state and depository but 8 km N Mazatlan, black light. J.A. Chemsak. Paratype females: 5, same data as holotype, plus 1, same data but 5,VIII, J.A. Chemsak; 1, same data as allotype, plus 19, 22-25.VII.72, black light and Malaise traps. J.A. and M.A. Chemsak, A. and M. Michel- backer; 3, 41.5 km N Pericos, 13.VIII.60. P.H. Arnaud, Jr., E.S. Ross, D.C. Rentz; 10, Mazat¬ lan, “at sea level,” 31.VII.-16VIII.64. W.R.M. Mason, J.F. McAlpine, plus 5 others, same area and dates, up to 549 m alt., McAlpine, Mason, Howden and McGuffin; 1, 21 km and 14, 8 km E Villa Union, 26.VII,64, W.J. Gertsch, J.A. Woods. E Concordia, 5.VIII.64. L.A. Kelton; Nayarit -1,16 km W Acaponeta, 4.VII.62. Sleeper, Anderson and Somberby. Morelos -1,11 km SSW Yautepec, 2.VII.61. “U Kans. Exped." Michoacan - 1, 8 km SW Tiquicheo, 427 m alt., 8.VII.70. E. Fisher, P. Sullivan. Guerrero -1, Acapulco, 4.VII.63. Parker, Stanke; 1, 14.5 km E. Chipaderos, 3.VII.63. Parker, Stanke. In colls. CAS, UC Berkeley and Davis, CNC, USNM, American Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, GBF and LLP. Lenghts, 13-15 mm. Figure 5. Tabanus subfemoralis new species, female. Outlines of frons, antennaand palpus. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 115 Darkening of 2 hind pairs of femora, basally, of tergite 5, and of basal callosity are somewhat variable, and wear may obliterate vague sublateral spots. The black-light captures could indicate either cre¬ puscular habits or attraction from nearby evening perches. Specimens of related, presumed T. femoralis Krober from Guate¬ mala, Honduras and Chiapas differ in fronts being a little narrower (about 1/5), scutums more brownish, eyes purple with 2 green bands, antennal plates more excised and darkened beyond the basal tooth, and wings with brown-margined veins. T. tumiscapens Philip also occurs along the western coast of Mexico and has unibanded eyes, but is quickly differentiated from T. subfemoralis by the more enlarged antennal scapes and browner abdomens with whitish middorsal stripes. T. nondescriptus Fairchild from Darien, Panama, and Columbia, has some resemblance to T. subfemoralis but is more brownish overall, including thorax, femora and tinted wings, and the median triangles are more slender and attenuated apically. Tabanus tumiscapens Philip Originally described from Nayarit (23 May), specimens have since been seen from Puebla (12 August), Michoacan, and Guerrero; most in June and early July, and up to 1100 m alt. A male was taken with 3 females in Puebla and is described below as the neallotype by comparison with the females. Neallotype male, 12.5 mm in length. Eyes bare, the facets moderately enlarged in upper two-thirds. Apical palpal segment subovoid with a blunt, downward-pointed nipple apical¬ ly, about twice longer than thick. Entire whitish body vestiture shaggier, including that on the middorsal stripe of truncated triangles, and white hairs more evident on sides and in¬ cisures of abdomen: a more prominent inverted black integumental triangle crossing first 2 tergites. Black hairs on scutum and scutellum longer, more upright. Neallotype locality: Mexico: Puebla, 11 km NW Tehuitzingo, 1100 m, 1-2.VII.75 E.M. and J.L. Fisher. In CAS, Ent. Type No. 13108. Tabanus femoralis Krober The type female from Guatemala of this rather inadequately de¬ scribed species with broken antennae was a war casualty in Hamburg. Accumulation of a few specimens from Guatemala and Honduras has permitted presumptive recognition, as well as of probable occurrence of femoralis in Chiapas, Mexico. The species will be redescribed by Dr. G.B. Fairchild of University of Florida, based on a Neotype he will establish from among a series of 7 females in CAS 116 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST taken by Mr. E.M. Fisher near Flores, Guatemala, of which the follow¬ ing is a brief characterization that fits some Chiapas specimens as well. Diagnosis: A medium-sized, brownish-red, slender species with thorax including pre- alar lobes cinnamon-brown, and hind margin of scutellum a little more reddish, abdomen elongate, brighter reddish than in related Mexican species with mid-row of tall, pale yellow, truncated triangles on tergites 2 to 6, wings tinted with vein margins darkened apico-costally, and legs mostly reddish, pale-haired, including coxae, the fore femora darker with black hairs. Eyes (relaxed) purple, each with 2 green bands; frons gently con¬ vergent below, index about 1/5, vertex moderately depressed; antenna mostly reddish, style black, plate strongly excised, the dorsobasal tooth subrectangulate; palpus rather slender, yellowish with black and some pale hairs. Material examined: Females: 9, Guatemala; 2, Honduras; Mexico - Chiapas: 2, N Slope Cerro Bola, N Tres Picos, 1524-2134 m alt., 5.V.72. D.E. Breedlove; 1,10 km W San Christo- bal, jnc. hwys. 190-195, 11.VI.60, light. H.J. Teskey; 1, El Sumidero, 7.VI.69. J.E.H. Martin, and 1, same collector but 12.V.69; 1, border Chlapas-Oaxaca, in pine forest, 13.V.67. Halfterand Reyes. In CAS and CNC. Separation from related T. subfemoralis new species is discussed under that species. Occasional specimens from Chiapas are now doubtfully referred here which were at first set up as a distinct species because of vary- ingly prominent suggestions of black-haired, darkened integument in the basal scutellar-prescutellar areas and the lack of pale-haired incisural fringes mentioned originally by Krober. The significance of these differences will have to await interpretation from more adequate material. Tabanus furuncuius Williston Females now assigned to this rather common “species” from Sinaloa to Chiapas, have shown such variation that they are suspected of representing a composite complex. The paler, more reddish form is represented by the syntype female studied in BM (N H) from “Santiago Yacuintla” in Jalisco in the north with reddish legs, callosity, bases of plates, and scutellar margins, as well as basal abdominal segments without black margins enclosing pale median lines. This paler, reddish form has been taken less frequently than a darker form with above-mentioned parts mostly black as represented by the later-synonymized (Fairchild, 1971) T. aztecus Philip. I still doubt this synonymy. The original intention of differentiating the latter from the more reddish syntype of furunculus was unfortunately confused by ascribing in lapsus the syntype characters of furunculus to the very different type of T. haemagogus Williston in BM (NH), and studied by me at the same time. Males are infrequent in collections, but so far only a hirsute, dark form, represented by the other syntype in BM (NH) from Guerrero, has been seen. The white hairs on many parts of head and body are longer than on any females seen. The tubercle in occipital notch is small but at eye level, and eyes are bare, VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 117 upper facets not greatly enlarged, but line of separation at about lower third is distinct. Palpi are ovoid with slightly downward-pointed, blunt apical nipples. It seems not improbable that rearing and biologi¬ cal studies will eventually enable association of these males with a particular group of females in this complex. None of the females with data duplicated with males, in the few instances seen from Nayarit, Morelos and Guerrero, have shown either the same preponderance of long white body hairs or wide middorsal black band enclosing the median white line. For practical, referral purposes, the more reddish female syntype discussed above from Jalisco, primarily described by Williston, is herewith designated as lectotype in BMNH. The front is parallel¬ sided, index 1/3.5, the callosity reddish, quadrate (“quadrilateral”), the 2 hind pairs of legs and hind margin of scutellum red. The first 3 abdominal segments reddish, black-haired except for the white- haired median line, beneath which basally is an obscure dark elongate integumental spot (this becomes accentuated by wear or discoloration). Lengths of females vary from 10 mm (Guerrero) to 15 mm (Chiapas). Revivabie eye patterns show lower borders purple, upper green and a median cross-stripe of each color. While bodies are slender, they are not typically as evenly tapered nor the scapes as swollen as in related T. tumiscapens Philip with single eye stripes, which is more restricted on the West Coast. It is difficult to accept as this species, a series of females from Nayarit with similar appearance, except the abdomens are more strongly tapered and darker above and below. Likewise puzzling are individuals from several localities with middorsal, almost equilateral triangles barely crossing tergites, and with data matching others with more characteristic middorsal lines. Variation is also observed in widths of fronts and shapes of callosities in otherwise inseparable material. For these reasons, I refrain from recognizing the dark ‘‘Aztecus form” until more information is available on this complex, particularly on critical distribution. The genus Hybomitra Enderlein in Mexico To the 5 species of Hybomitra now recognized in Mexico and keyed below, may now be added 2 more newly described species. Only one, H. laticornis (Hine), overlaps the northern Mexican and southern Nearctic faunas, but Burger (1975) considers that the distinctive im¬ mature characters should exclude its assignment to this genus, but it is here retained pending further information. Another Nearctic species that is a vigorous colonizer and recorded as far south as Brazoria County, Texas (Dr. P.H. Thompson, in lift.), H. 118 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST lasiophthalma (Macquart), 1 had suggested (1968) might occur in northern Mexico, but is still unrecorded there. Two others, H. cincta (Fabricius) and H. zonalis (Kirby), occur too far north of the border to make early, meantime unconfirmed, Mexican reports credible. A third, “T”. comastes Williston (= captonis Marten), listed by Townsend (1895), was undoubtedly a misidentification (see Philip, 1975), and speculation as to its identity is useless until more is known about the Baja California taban id fauna. The genus is replaced to the south from Central Mexico by Poecilo- deras Lutz which lacks the characteristic tubercle at vertex, and has other restrictive differences. The 2 Hybomitra species herein added to the Mexican fauna on basis of their vertical tubercles, have imperceptible eye hairs under low magnification. This character is more evident on most species to the north, but varies in Hybomitra as it does in Tabanus. The males, when discovered, will probably have more evident hairs on the eyes, but their apparent lack in the present females is not considered to impede their placement in Hybomitra. Key to females of known Mexican Hybomitra species 1. Wings with prominent, isolated clouds; (subcallus bare and shin¬ ing black) (?Mexico highlands; Nearctic to so.-cent. Texas). ... lasiophthalma (Macquart) Wings hyaline, tinted, or with faint clouds on forks.2 2. Femora dark brown to blackish (2 hind pairs at least basally), tibiae obviously lighter reddish; hind tibial fringes mostly black .... 3 Legs, at least the 2 hind pairs, essentially unicolorous; hind tibial fringes at least basally, mostly pale-haired.4 3. Sublateral abdominal spots on predominantly reddish abdomen; plates as wide as long, usually entirely red, the styles sharply black; eyes (relaxed) green with 1 purple stripe and lower border indefinitely purple; subcallus with upright hairs laterally unless worn ..(some taticornis (Hine), see coupl. 5) Sublateral pale spots on predominantly dark integument; plates narrower, mostly brownish-black; eyes similar, but stripe broad¬ er and lower border more sharply purple; subcallus reddish, thinly pollinose or with bare areas, no lateral hairs. ....(some aitkeni with dark femora, coupl. 8) 4. The fronts moderately narrow, 1/3.5 to 1/4.0 (either 3 rows of gray spots on dark abdomen or subcallus usually with sparse up¬ right hairs laterally) .5 The fronts wider, about 1/3.0.6 VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 119 5. Frons 1/4.0; abdomen with 3 rows of prominent greenish-gray spots separated by paired submedian, sickle-shaped, black¬ haired dashes, pinkish only under the lateral spots on first 2 tergites and first 3 sternites (Mexico, D.F. and Durango). .. zancla Philip Frons 1/3.5; abdomen broadly reddish on sides and with less pro¬ minent sublateral spots on dorsum and venter (NW Mexico, SW U.S.). laticornis (Hine) 6. Midfrontal callus predominantly a linear upward extension of callosity.7 Midfrontal callus an ovoid expansion, narrowly connected or not to basal callosity .8 7. Frons gently convergent below where filled with red basal callo¬ sity; plate shorter than tall and than style (Durango). . howdeni n.sp. Frons parallel-sided and dark brown callosity narrowly separated from eye margins; plate distinctly longer than tall or than style (Chihuahua, Durango) . burgeri n. sp. 8. Eyes sparsely short-pilose with one accentuated median band in life, the lower border less distinctly also purple; abdomen dark with rather isolated, pinkish dashes (NW Mexico) . aitkeni Philip Eyes densely short-pilose; abdomen more broadly reddish on sides .9 9. Vertex with large bare black spot surrounding tubercle; mid-frontal callus flanked by dark pollinose crossband; eyes purple with 2 green bands (Chihuahua, ?Durango). mima Philip Bare area at vertex reduced or wanting; no pronounced dark mid¬ frontal poll i nosi ty beside ovoid mid-callus; eye pattern unknown (“Mexico”). craverii (Bellardi) Hybomitra aitkeni Philip Since description originally from Mexico, D.F. and Durango, much additional material reveals this to be chiefly a montane species, and shows some melanistic variation. Only one record is from Baja Cali¬ fornia: a female taken by Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. (CAS), “Sierra San Pedro Martir, on trail Socorro to La Joya, 9.VI.59,” about 1200 m alt. J.F. McAlpine and colleagues of the Canadian Mexican Expedition took over a hundred specimens from Durango and 1 from Chihuahua, of which 3 males and 46 females were studied, dated 1 June to 27 July, about 2,250-2600 m alt. Except for the usual sex differences and reddish sublateral spots being a little more extensive, males resemble females. While typically, the subcaili in females are pollinose, and femora and sides of basal abdominal segments reddish, in some there may be bare subcallar areas, or the femora are darkened basally and ground color of sublateral spots is buff to steel- 120 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST gray, approaching H. zancla Philip. The latter, however, has narrower fronts and antennal plates, and eyes are purple with 2 green bands. In the most melanistic aitkeni female from Durango in August, the femora are entirely dark, sublateral spots are reduced gray, and mid¬ longitudinal black band occupies middle third of venter. Hybomitra burgeri, new species Figure 6 Diagnosis: A medium-sized, dark grayish species with blackish, middorsal, abdominal stripe serrated along the margins by reddish-yellow, diagonal dashes, over broad red sides, frontal callosity brownish black, the upper corners rounded, narrowly separated from eyes, and a short, linear extension above; 3 vestigial ocelli on a low tubercle with bare spots at vertex, and 2 hind pairs of legs reddish. Holotype female, length 15 mm. Eyes ostensibly bare under low magnification, no bands revived on brief relaxing. Frons gray pollinose, some sparse black hairs above, sides sub-parallel, index 1/3.0; an irregular, bare brownish inverted U-shaped spot at vertex with a vestigial ocellus in each arm, and surrounding a small raised tubercle with a suggested, median ocellus. Subcallus, face and cheeks pale gray pollinose, the beard white. Antenna rather short and compact, reddish basally, brown to black beyond dorso- basal angle of plate, which is a little longer than tall and than style, scape not noticeably swollen. Apical palpal segment pale reddish, swollen basally and attenuated apically, mostly pale-haired. Figure 6. Hybomitra burgeri new species, female. Outlines of frons, antennaand palpus. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 121 Scutum and scutellum blackish (worn) without distinct lines; prealartubercles reddish. Pleura and coxae pinkish gray, mostly white-haired. Legs predominantly reddish with mostly pale hairs including hind tibial fringes; fore femur, fore tibia apically and fore tarsi brown to black. Wing hyaline, costal cell lightly tinted, venation normal without spur vein. Halter with brown stem, pale yellow knob. Abdomen with broadly reddish sides plus accentuated, yellow-haired, sublateral diagonal paler spots, and red, entirely pale-haired venter. The middorsal black stripe on tergites 2 to 5, narrower than scutellum, median pale triangles only faintly evident (perhaps also reduced by wear). Type locality: Mexico: Chihuahua, Sierra Madre Mts., 38 km N Creel, 4VII.72. D. Giuliani, at U.V. light. In CAS, Ent. Type No. 11987. Paratype female, Durango, 10.4 km E El Salto, 21.VI.64. J.F. McAlpine. In CNC. Eyesalso without evident hairs, but possibly with 2 faint green stripes on purple ground (briefly relaxed). Callosity more brown, and only the anteriorocellus suggested on small tubercle at vertex. H. aitkeni Philip also occurs in both states, and specimens were taken in the same vicinity in Durango by the same collector at about the same time as the paratype of burgeri. The former differs in expanded, not linear, midfrontal callus, is darker with more isolated sublateral dashes, and the median eye stripe is more distinct. In H. howdeni new species, also from Durango, the differences in taller, shorter plate and more convergent frons filled below by the callosity, are quickly apparent by comparison with Figure 7; median pale tri¬ angles are plainer in the middorsal black stripe. Ovoid mid-frontal calli differentiate some other related species such as H. craverii (Bellardi). Hybomitra howdeni, new species Figure 7 Diagnosis: A robust, brownish-red species with 3 rows of abdominal maculae, brownish-red legs, hyaline wing, and antenna with peculiarly wide, short, bicolored plate. Holotype female, length 16 mm. Eyes with almost imperceptible, short sparse hairs, an indistinct median purple band revived on each (relaxed). Frons pinkish-gray pollinose (apparently somewhat discolored), gently convergent below, index 1/3.2; a small but distinct tubercle without ocelli beneath black hairs at vertex; callosity red, filling lower frons and abruptly tapered above into a narrow, median red ridge half way to vertex, and flanked by median dark pollinosity reaching nearly to tubercle. Subcallus pinkish pollinose without lateral hairs. Face and cheeks whitish pollinose and pilose with some black hairs on upper parafacials beside the antennal bases. Antenna reddish to black distal ly, black-haired basally, scape swollen, plate as tall as scape, subrectangulate and gently excavated dorsally, distinctively shorter than tall, red basally, sharply black on apical half and on the longer, rather slender style. Palpus II pinkish with mostly pale, and a few black, hairs, swollen basally and tapered to slender points. Scutal and scutellar integument dark, overlain by obscure gray pollinose lines anterior¬ ly, and pinkish ones laterally across pre-alar tubercles, covered with pale hairs with sparse black and appressed scattered coppery ones intermixed. Pleura and coxae pinkish with long white pile. Remainder of legs reddish, darkened distal ly on fore tibiae and tarsi, with mostly white hairs, some black ones dorsally on other tibiae including hind-tibial fringes. Wing venation normal, no spur veins, costal cell faintly yellow. Halter brown, knob mostly pale yellow. 122 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Abdomen rounded behind, not unusually tapered, a middorsal band of black-haired geminate spots enclosing tall, though not quite joined, pale-haired triangles which expand behind but do not join lateral pale-haired, narrow incisural fringes on which are based sublateral, diagonal pinkish spots somewhat as in H. aitkeni Philip, margined out¬ wardly by reddish-brown, black-haired areas. Venter reddish, entirely pale-haired except formedian discontinuous patchesof black hairs. Type locality: Mexico: Durango, 105 km W El Salto, 2700 m alt., 5.V.61. Howden and Martin. In CNC No. 12927. Named forone of the Canadian Mexican Expedition collectors. Specimens of H. aitkeni Philip, taken about the same time within 3.5 km of the type locality of howdeni are distinguished by narrower fronts with black callosities, more slender black plates, and more evident eye hairs. Although 169 H. aitkeni Philip (type locality also El Salto), taken by the Expeditions in later years in various Durango localities, were also studied, none other carried the exact data of the above. Variations in Figure 7. Hybomitra howdeni new species, female. Outlines of frons, antenna and palpus. VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 123 H. aitkeni were discussed previously. Occasional females have brownish callosities, but these are more rounded and narrowly separated from eye margins in slightly narrower, more parallel fronts, antennae more slender, styles not longer than plates, and scutums more plainly lined. In H. laticornis (Hine) with similar though more reddish-patterned abdomens, the fronts are narrower, callosities darker, smaller, and the plates usually entirely red. H. mima Philip from Chihuahua, also has some similarities, but the double green- banded eyes were more densely hirsute, the ocelligerous tubercle en¬ closed by a larger bare brown area at vertex, and the large ovoid blackish median callus, flanked by a transverse black pollinose, mid- frontal spot, is not an extension of the basal callosity. H. craverii (Bellardi) from unknown Mexican locality, with an equally wide frons and red callosity, differs in disconnected median ovoid callus, and plate more slender and longer than style. Some Mangrove-Associated Tabanids, Particularly in Mexico A collection by Dr. John T. Doyen of University of California, Berkeley, in an unbaited canopy trap set in the middle of a mangrove thicket, Isla San Jose, Gulf of Lower California, 10-11 April, 1974, included 4 females of Tabanus guatemalanus Hine and 1 of 7. oldroydi Philip. This reinforces the postulated idea of breeding in such brack¬ ish water ecosystems (Philip, 1976) of certain tabanid species, which includes the above 2 from the eastern and/or northwestern coasts of Mexico, and of 7. vittiger Thomson in the Galapagos Archipelago. On recent specimens from Baja California of 7. oldroydi are labels of collectors or campers from near or behind mangrove. Of course, host-seeking females undoubtedly fly considerable distances from probable mangrove breeding environs, but this hardly explains the record of 7. oldroydi from near Yuma, Arizona (Philip, 1971), which may indicate the species is also breeding along the lower Colorado River. Most are early spring records in April, but 2 are for as late as 17 June and 27 July. The coastal records for 7. guatemalanus are from around the Caribbean and Mexican Gulf Coast areas and include southern Florida, as well as northwestern Mexico from Sonora and Baja California to Nayarit, 10 April to 16 August. I have also seen speci¬ mens from Yucatan, Campeche and Quintana Roo on the eastern coast, 20 March to 15 October. These considerations seem to support specific separation from more inland 7. subsimilis Bellardi to which it has been related by me and others in the recent past. In the American Museum of Natural History is a female of Stenota- banus (Aegialomyia) littoreus (Hine) taken at the port of Progreso, Yucatan, 21 August 1964, a species of which Hine (1907) reports the 124 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST type series of both sexes as collected at Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, “from twigs and branches of mangrove growing just at the edge of the water.” This is probably another species adapted to breeding in such brackish environs. Six more of this species, dated 3, 12.VIII.74, and 4.VIII.75, were taken in a New Jersey Light Trap in or near man¬ grove at coastal Cancun, Quintana Roo, by Dr. Donald J. Pletsch of Mexico, D.F., to whom I am also indebted for the following records from the same environs, all females, in both years: T. guatemalanus, 8, 23-27.111; 3, 21-24.IV; 2, 4-20.V; 3, 2-21.VI; 5, 1-25.VII: 4, 13-15.VIII; and 1, 15.X. T. campechianus Townsend, 3, 24-27.111; 2, 21-27.IV; 3, 5.V; 8, 2.VI; 8, 3-5VII; 13, VIII; and 2, 5-6.XII. These were intermittent collections, so only reflect availability of the flies on the dates of collection in mangrove environs. Literature Cited Bellardi, L. 1859. Saggio di ditterologia messicana. Parte 1.1:80 pp. Torino. Burger, J. F. 1975. The horse flies of Arizona. Ill, Notes on and keys to the adult Tabani- dae of Arizona, subfamily Tabaninae, except Tabanus (Diptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 76:428-443. Fairchild, G. B. 1969. Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae XII. Classification and distribution, with keys to genera and subgenera. Arq. Zool. (Sao Paulo), 17:199-255. Fairchild, G. B. 1971. Family Tabanidae. [Fasc.] 28, 163 pp. In A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Museu de Zool., Univ. Sao Paulo. Hine, J. S. 1907. Descriptions of new North American Tabanidae. Ohio Nat., 8:221-230. Philip, C. B. 1954. New North American Tabanidae, VII. Descriptions of Tabaninae from Mexico (Diptera). Am. Mus. Novit., 1695:1-26. Philip, C. B. 1968. Overlap between Nearctic and Neotropical faunas of Tabanidae in western North America (Diptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 44:332-335. Philip, C. B. 1971. New records of North American Tabanidae I. Species new to the faunas of Mexico and of the United States (Diptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 47:284-287. Philip, C. B. 1975. Note on Tabanus comastes Williston from “Washington Territory” (Diptera: Tabanidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc., 48:7-8. Philip, C. B. 1976. Horse-flies, too, take some victims in cold-blood, as on Galapagos Isles. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 52:84-88. Tidwell, M. A., and C. B. Philip. 1977. A new Bolbodimyia from Mexico’s central plateau (Diptera: Tabanidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 53:98-100. Townsend, C. H. I. 1895. On the Diptera of Baja California, including some species from adjacent regions. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 4:593-620. Review of the genus Essostrutha Thomson (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) John A. Chemsak University of California, Berkeley 94720 The hemilophine genus Essostrutha was proposed by Thomson (1868) to accommodate Saperda laeta Newman from Mexico. Lacor- daire (1872) added the variety miniata and Bates (1881) described three new species of Essostrutha. There appeared to be some uncertainty as to the identities of some of the described forms with Bates pro¬ posing the name fimbriolata for Amphionycha albina Pascoe and also elevating miniata to a species level. As presently defined, this genus occurs only in Mexico and Guate¬ mala. The five species, ramsdeni Fisher (1926), roberto Fisher (1935), scaramuzzai Fisher (1936), montivagans Fisher (1942), and alayoi Zayas (1956) described as Essostrutha from Cuba are tentatively assigned to the genus Adesmus latreille based upon the flattened front of the head, prominent humeri and emarginate apices of the elytra. Esso st rut ha Thomson Essostrutha Thomson, 1868, Physis, 2: 198; Lacordaire, 1872, Genera des coleopteres, 9: 895; Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, 5: 210. Form small to moderate-sized, subparallel. Head with front transverse, convex, median line extending onto neck; mandibles stout, curved at apex; palpi unequal, slender; eyes finely faceted, deeply emarginate, upper lobes small, widely separated, lower lobes as long as genae; antennae slender, a little longer than body, scape much shorter than third segment, fourth slightly longer than scape, segments ciliate beneath, ciliae becoming less numerous toward apex. Pronotum broader than long, sides sinuate; base impressed laterally and dorsally on each side of middle; prosternum narrow, intercoxal process very slender, expanded at apex, coxal cavities closed behind; mesosternum with intercoxal process arcuate, lying below tops of coxae. Elytra about twice as long as broad, disk plane; apices rounded. Legs short, femora rather slender; middle tibiae sulcate externally, front tibiae internally; claws bifed. Abdomen normally segmented. Type species: Saperda laeta Newman (monobasic). The robust form, convex front of the head, rather short antennal scape and fringed antennae characterize this genus. The closest relative, Erana Bates, differs by the smaller size, longer antennal scape and by having the fringe of hairs above as well as below on the antennal segments. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:125-128. April 1978. 126 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figure 1. Known distribution of Essostrutha laeta (Newman) in Mexico. Elytra partially or predominantly reddish to yellow, pale pubescence obscuring surface, if all black, suture not narrowly yellowish pubescent; pronotum very often with four black spots. Larger species, 8-16 mm. Sinaloa, Mexico to Guatemala. laeta Elytra black, pale pubescence not obscuring surface, suture narrowly, densely yellow pubescent; pronotum with two basal black spots only. Smaller species, 7-11 mm. Sonora to Puebla. binotata Essostrutha laeta (Newman) Saperda laeta Newman, 1840, Entomol., 1:13. Essostrutha laeta, Thomson, 1868, Physis, 2:199; Lacordaire, 1872, Genera des coleopteres, 9:895; Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali- Americana, Coleoptera, 5:210. Amphionycha albina Pascoe, 1858, Trans. Entomol. Soc. London (2)4: 256. New synonymy. Essostrutha albina, Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleop¬ tera, 5:211. Essostrutha laeta var. miniata Lacordaire, 1872, Genera des coleop¬ teres, 9:895. New synonymy. Essostrutha miniata, Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Co¬ leoptera, 5:211. Essostrutha fimbriolata Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Co- VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 127 Figure 2. Known distribution of E. binotata Bates. leoptera, 5:210; Casey, 1913, Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 4:364. Chemsak and Linsley, 1970, Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43:410 (lectotype). New synonymy. Essostrutha cinnabarina Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, 5:211; ibid., 1885: 428; Chemsak and Linsley, 1970, Journ. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43:410 (lectotype). New synonymy. Type locality: of laeta, Mexico; albina, Guatemala; miniata, Mexico; fimbriolata, Playa Vicente, Mexico; cinnabarina, Zapote, Guatemala. This common species may be easily recognized by the dense, short, appressed reddish to yellowish or grayish pubescence. Males are generally unicolorous with only the black pronotal spots present but occasionally also have the apices of the elytra narrowly black. Females usually have the elytra broadly black at the apices and at least a narrow black basal band. Occasionally only the humeri are black. Individuals of both sexes with all black elytra do occur, par¬ ticularly in Vera Cruz and neighboring Oaxaca. These occur with normally colored individuals. The most striking variation is expressed by the color of the pale pubescence of the body. This ranges from bright red to yellow to almost gray. The pronotal spots are sometimes reduced to only the basal pair. This species ranges from the state of Sinaloa to Veracruz to Guate¬ mala (Fig. 1). Adults are commonly encountered on grasses and foliage in June through August. 128 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Essostrutha binotata Bates Essostrutha binotata Bates, 1881, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Co- leoptera, 5:212, pi. 15, fig. 18; Chemsak and Linsley, 1970, Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 43:410(lectotype). Type locality: Puebla, Mexico. This species bears a striking resemblance to some of the lampyrid species of Photinus including the yellowish apex of the abdomen. E. binotata has the dense orange pubescence on the head and pronotum with black spots behind the eyes and at the base of the pronotum. The elytra are black with the pubescence not obscuring the surface. The suture is usually narrowly pale pubescent. The legs are generally pale and the antennae are usually narrowly pale annulate. Adults are found in July and August on foliage of weedy plants and sometimes on flowers in the western part of Mexico from Sonora to Puebla (Fig. 2). Literature Cited Bates, H.W. 1879-1885. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, Longicornia 5:1-436, 25 plates. Fisher, W.S. 1926. Descriptions of new West Indian Longicorn Beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 68 (2623): 1-40. Fisher, W.S. 1935. New West Indian Cerambycid Beetles. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 83(2979): 189-210. Fisher, W.S. 1936. New Cerambycid and Buprestid Beetles from Cuba. Mem. Soc. Cuban Hist. Nat. 9:271-273. Fisher, W.S. 1942. New West Indian Cerambycid Beetles, III. Torreia 10:3-43. Lacordaire, J.T. 1872. Genera des coleopteres 9:411-930. Thomson, J. 1868. Physis recueil d’histoire naturelle 2:5-208. Zayas, F. de. 1956. El genero Essostrutha Thoms., adicion de una especie nueva. Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 23:105-114, 7 figs. RECENT LITERATURE Kaston, B.J. 1978. How to Know the Spiders. 3rd edition, Wm. C. Brown Co. 272 pp, 700 figs. $5.95 soft cover. This new edition of Kaston’s well known work in the Jaques Picture Key Nature Series includes 13 genera and 121 species not included in the other editions, bringing the total to nearly twice that covered in the first edition. An excellent introductory section, a combined illustrated glossary and index, as well as superb illustrations serve to make this book indespensible to the spider enthusiast — ARH. New Host Records and Notes on the Dipterous Family Aulacigastridae 1 E. J. Davis and R. S. Zack Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164 The family Aulacigastridae (Diptera) is represented in North America by one described species, Aulacigaster leucopeza (Meigen). Larvae of this fly live in the sap exuded from tree wounds (Malloch and McAtee 1924). Robinson (1953) described the immature stages of A. leucopeza and presented biological notes on its life history. She found adults and larvae occurring on elm and chestnut in Sheffield, England. In the Nearctic region few host records exist for this unusual fly. Christianson and Ryckman (1955) reared adults from larvae they collected on a cottonwood slime flux in California. They also reported U.S. National Museum records of adults on ponderosa pine in New Mexico, elm in Idaho, and oak in California. Teskey (1976) reported Canadian National Collection records of larvae from mulberry, and adults on elm, poplar, and Manitoba maple. Cole (1969) recorded larvae and adults from California but made no mention of the host trees. During the spring and summer of 1977 we took numerous larvae and adults throughout northeastern Oregon. Adults were collected, and larvae reared, from seeps on wounded Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco] trees. Adults were also taken at wounds on ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Douglas), mountain alder [Alnus incana (L.) Moench] and a species of maple ( Acer sp.). Adults were most often encountered in early June on or near the sap flows of wounded trees. They were easily disturbed and usually flew away when we approached the infected trees. The best way to collect them was to wait at the tree for their return, and then slowly aspirate them from the seep area. As the season continued fewer and fewer adults were taken at the seeps. The fact that adults were most prevalent in early June correlates well with Robinson’s hypothesis (1953) that ad ults meet early in the season to mate and lay eggs at the seep. We also found a number of mating pairs at this time. Larvae were taken throughout the season (June to September) at numerous Douglas fir seeps. Those larvae brought into the laboratory to rear eventually eclosed by the end of August or early September. Thus it is probable that eggs are laid in early June, the larvae remain in the seeps throughout the summer, and pupation occurs in late 'Scientific paper number 4998. Washington State University, College of Agriculture Research Center, Pullman 99164. Research done under project 6286, Douglas FirTussock Moth Program, USDA. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:129-130. April 1978. 130 THE PAN-PAGIF 1C ENTOMOLOGIST August or early September. The seeps tend to dry-up as the season comes to an end, and we feel it is probably this change in the larval habitat which is a factor in initiating pupation. It is not known how the fly overwinters. The data seem to indicate that they pass winter as pupae or pharate adults still in the pupal case. We collected no adults at the end of the season, thus we feel it is doubtful that they pass winter in this stage. However, they do occur early the following spring and this supports the contention that they pass the winter as pupae or pharate adults. In addition, upon examination of a seep in mid-September we found a fully formed adult still in the pupal case. It was impossible to tel! if it was going to pass the winter as a pharate adult or if it was going to emerge before the end of the season. As the season was drawing to an end, and nights were growing exceedingly cold, it is doubtful that this adult was going to emerge that season. The larvae that we reared to the adult stage in the laboratory were probably affected by removing them from the drying seep and placing them in more favorable condi¬ tions, and thereby causing an early eclosion. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of W. J. Turner and R. D. Akre in the preparation of this manuscript. The determination of A. leucopeza was verified by C. W. Sabrosky of the U.S. National Museum. Literature Cited Christianson, C. P., and R. E. Ryckmam. 1955. First report of Aulacigaster leucopeza (Mg.) from Baja California, Mexico; California, New Mexico, and Idaho. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 50: 17. Cole, F. R. 1969. The Flies of Western North America. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, xi + 693 pp. MaSloch, J. R., and W. L. McAfee. 1924. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 37: 25-41. Robinson, I. 1953. The postembyonic stages in the life cycle of Aulacigaster leucopeza (Meigen) (Diptera: Cyclorrapha: Aulacigastridae). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. (A) 28: 77-84. Teskey, H. J. 1976. Diptera larvae associated with trees in North America. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 100:1-53. The Genus Dolichovespula and an Addition to Its Known Species of North America (Hymenoptera:Vespidae) Robert E. Wagner Dept. Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 92521 The generic and subgeneric divisions of the subfamily Vespinae were described by Bequaert (1930, 1931). He concluded that the sub¬ family included three genera; Provespa Ashmead for the Oriental nocturnal hornets, Vespa Linnaeus for the true hornets, and Vespula Thompson for the yellowjackets. He recognized two subgenera of Vespula; Vespula for species with short oculo-malar spaces, and Dolichovespula Rohwer for species with long oculo-malar spaces. The most recent major work on the taxonomy and distribution of the Nearctic Vespini was that of Miller (1961) who accepted the generic concepts of Bequaert. By means of distributional data and by accepting “stable color patterns as supplementary evidence to define species” he was very successful in clarifying the status of most North American species. He was also correct when he stated that further elucidation of the taxonomy of the yellowjackets would have to come from field studies (Miller 1958). In recent years many workers have published biological and be¬ havioral studies of these wasps and most of Miller’s taxonomic con¬ clusions have been substantiated. These studies have also provided increasing evidence to support the validity of generic status for Dolichovespula as suggested by Guiglia (1948) and subsequently accepted by Bluthgen (1961), Yamane (1975), and Greene et al. (1976). Of the numerous classifications of Vespinae proposed during the past 50 years, that of Guiglia is the most natural in the opinion of the author and it is followed in this paper. Generic characters. A comparison of the following characters serves to define the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula as natural taxonomic groups at least as distinct from one another as from the closest relative, Vespa. Vespula Thomson, 1869. Opusc. Ent. v. 1 p. 79. Type: Vespa austriaca Panzer. Designated by Ashmead, 1902. (a) oculo-malar space at most half the length of the penultimate antennal segment (b) lateral, vertical carina on pronotum obsolete or faintly marked in only the lower portion (c) branches of the penis completely fused resulting in a disc-like or saddle-shaped apical lobe (d) tyloides (welts) not present on apical flagellar segments of the male antennae (e) mandible of last-instar larva always tridentate (f) spiracular atria of last-instar larva armed with simple, mostly unbranched spines. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:131-142. April 1978. 132 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Dolichovespula Rohwer, 1916. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 22:642. Type: Vespa maculata Linnaeus (a) oculo-malar space nearly as long or longerthan the penultimate antennal segment (b) lateral, vertical carina on pronotum well developed in the upper portion (c) branches of the penis incompletely fused resulting in a pair of pointed apical lobes (d) tyloides (welts) usually present on the apical flagellar segments of the male antennae (e) mandible of last-instar larva always terminating in a single ventral apical tooth' (f) spiracular atria of last-instar larva armed with many multibranched spines The author has collected and examined adults of all known North American species of both genera and found the first three characters to be consistent. The only exception to the fourth, the presence of tyloides on the male antennal segments, in North American Dolicho¬ vespula species is the social parasite, Dolichovespula artica Rohwer. The larval characters are consistent in all North American species collected. Only the larvae of Vespula intermedia (Buysson) and V. austriaca, the nests of which have not yet been discovered in North America, have not been examined. 2 In the course of field investigations of the North American yellow- jackets, the author has discovered that Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabri- cius) which has been considered to be Palearctic is also widely dis¬ tributed in the Nearctic fauna (Fig. 2). A definitive character for dis¬ crimination of this species from related Nearctic species is establish¬ ed and included in the key to species at the end of this paper. Although it was possible to define the distribution of D. saxonica in North America reasonably well, available knowledge on the distribu¬ tion of this and other Dolichovespula species in the Palearctic and Oriental regions was found to be incomplete. Any continuity between the Nearctic and Palearctic populations must, therefore, remain hy¬ pothetical. The Subgenera of Dolichovespula Within North America, only two subgenera of Dolichovespula as defined by Bluthgen (1943) are present. The subgenus Dolichovespula (S. Str.) is represented by the baldfaced “hornet”, D. maculata, which is a particularly distinct, widespread species. It is mentioned here only to provide additional distributional information. Miller (1961) pre- ‘The reported exception to this larval mandible configuration was that of Dolichovespula silvestris Scopoli which according to Short (1952) had a tridentate mandible. I have examined larvae of D. silvestris collected by M.E. Archer and provided to me by O.W. Richards of the British Museum. The larval mandible is not tridentate but is typical of the genus terminating in a single emarginate ventral apical tooth. As Prof. Richards states “the mandibles of the larvae of Dolichovespula are all very much alike” (pers. com.). ^Report of the parasitic association of V. austriaca and Vespula maculifrons (Buysson) by Evans (1975) was erroneous (pers. com.). The host relationship for V. austriaca in North America has yet to be established. Field observations and collection data indicate that Vespula acadica (Sladen) has the greatest distribu¬ tional correlation with V. austriaca and may well be the usual host of this parasitic species. It is probable that V. austriaca may parasitize other Nearctic species of the subgenus Allovespula as well. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 133 sented distributional data which was quite complete, but he did not report the occurrence of this species in Alaska. The author collected several workers of D. maculata between Fairbanks and Harding Lake, about 48 km to the southeast, in early August of 1973 and 1976. It was not encountered at other collecting sites in Alaska during these years. The remaining North American Dolichovespula are found in the sub¬ genus Boreovespula. This taxon is particularly homogeneous and has historically presented taxonomic difficulties at the species level. Birula (1930) recognized only one Palearctic species, Dolichovespula norwegica (Fabricius) and he considered D. saxonica to be a sub¬ species even though he recognized structural differences in the shape of the ocellar triangle, the pattern in punctation, and the male genitalia. These differences were subsequently used to separate the two species by European taxonomists (e.g. Bluthgen 1961, Guiglia 1948). It was only where series of specimens were strikingly different in appearance that Birula saw fit to distinguish them by a subspecific name. Such a case was that of Dolichovespula pacifica (Birula) which he considered to be another subspecies of D. norwegica. In his revision of the Oriental Boreovespula, Yamane (1975) found that there were actually at least two species which had been included in collec¬ tions under the name of D. pacifica. Ratios between the measure¬ ments of head-width versus oculo-malar length of field-collected specimens yielded two distinct groups. When worker specimens collected from nests were measured, he found that their mean ratios agreed with one of the mean ratios previously established. Using these data and other characters (ocellar placement and clypeal mark¬ ings), he was able to separate the specimens into D. pacifica and Dolichovespula saxonica nipponica Yamane. Judging from Birula’s de¬ scription of some males of D. pacifica which had no antennal tyloides, he may also have been examining male specimens of a parasitic species. Both D. pacifica and D. s. nipponica possess tyloides on their antennal flagella and I have been provided male specimens under the name Dolichovespula adulterina (Buysson) by Mr. Yamane which are colored much like D. pacifica but lack tyloides. Birula also commented at length with regard to the apparent tran¬ sition in coloration of the markings on D. norwegica from yellow to ivory-white as he followed the distribution of this species from Europe towards East Siberia. He considered the whitish marked forms to be transitional to D. pacifica even though typically yellow marked D. norwegica were often recorded from the same localities. 1 have only seen two queen specimens of this white marked form, both from the island of Sakhalin. These specimens kindly loaned to me by Mr. Yamane and identified as D. norwegica subsp., are very similar to the Nearctic species Dolichovespula albida (Sladen) (= Vespa marginata 134 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Kirby preoco) but without examing workers and males, their relation¬ ship is unsure. It would certainly not be inconceivable that the dis¬ tribution of D. albida could, in fact, be Holarctic and that within East Siberia it could be sympatric with typical D. norwegica thus explaining Simla's observations of the presence of both color forms. While studying Dolichovespula in Alaska during the summer of 1973, the author found what first appeared to be atypical colonies of Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen). Typical nests of that species which S have collected, were invariably built in cavities in stream banks or within root tangles of uprooted trees adjacent to streams. They were nearly spherical and about 6 cm in diameter with the outer envelopes of grey fibrous paper, entire from the nest pole to its ventral entry. This description also fits nests of D. norvegicoides reported by previous investigators. One atypical nest was located inside a wall void of a wood-siding covered building at King’s Moun¬ tain Wayside, Alaska, about 160 km southeast of Anchorage. The nest was not visible through the 2 cm gap in the siding which was being used by the workers as an entrance. Worker activity was at a rate of about ten per minute. They were net collected until activity had nearly ceased. The siding was then removed, exposing a nest of about 13 cm diameter with a thickness of 4.1 cm due to the constraints of the void (Fig. 1). The colony contained the queen mother and 55 workers, including those which had been netted. It also contained a queen of the social parasite D. arctica. Emergence of male specimens of D. arctica from nest combs within the next few days indicated that a 0. arctica queen had been present In the nest for at least three weeks before the nest was collected. The nest envelope differed from D. norvegicoides nests in that it was composed of nine concentric sheets of grey paper only the middle three of which reached the nest entrance. The outer three sheets each terminated closer to the nest attachment than the one immediately inside it giving the nest a tiered appearance similar to the nests of Palearctic D. saxonica. A second nest of this species was found in a supraterrestrial nest site at Eagle River, Alaska. The nest, which was 10.7 cm in diameter and had one worker and one queen comb, had been constructed on the surface of the ground in a shallow cavity hollowed out of leaf litter among shrubs about 15 meters from the edge of the river. As the term “supraterrestrial” is also meant to indicate, the wasps did not appear to have excavated soil for the nest site. The collected nest compli¬ ment included 41 workers, no identifiable queen mother, 11 new queens and 26 males. The combs were held for further emergence and subsequently produced 51 more queens and four males. The nest envelope was of grey fibrous paper and incorporated leaf fragments. Individual sheets were interconnected at many points, resulting in a spongy fibrous mass rather than the discrete sheets of an aerial or cavity nest. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 135 Figure 1. A nest of Dolichovespula saxonica (F.) in situ in a building wall void at King’s Mountain, Alaska. Siding had been removed to expose the nest. Methods and Materials Since the oculo-malar space is a useful character separating Vespula and Dolichovespula, and is shown to be applicable at the specific level (Yamane 1975), the constancy of this character was investigated in North American Boreovespula. The most widespread and easily recognizable species in the Nearctic region is Dolicho¬ vespula arenaria (Fabricius). This species is very common and speci¬ mens were available from many localities throughout its distribution¬ al range. A series of worker specimens was examined from each of 17 widely separated localities. The width of the head at its widest point and the length of the oculo-malar space were measured for each specimen. The ratio between these measurements for each speci¬ men and the mean ratio for each series were calculated. Six series of worker specimens of D. norvegicoides from various localities as well as samples from the two previously described Alaskan nests, a sample netted at Eagle River, Alaska and a sample from Banff, Alberta, Canada, were measured and ratios calculated. The combined data from the 27 groups which had been measured were subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. In order to show possible clinality of the oculo-malar/head width 136 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST ratios as correlated to latitude, longitude and elevation of the sites of collection, a stepwise regression analysis was performed on each of the three sample groups defined by the previous tests. Results In summary of the analytical results presented in Table 1, the head width/oculo-malar ratios of all 17 D. arenaria samples were signifi¬ cantly different from those of the six samples of D. norvegicoides. The remaining four samples of wasps were also significantly different from D. norvegicoides which they closely resembled, but were not different from D. arenaria in head width/oculo-malar ratios. Results of the stepwise regression analysis of the 17 D. arenaria samples Specimen origin Species n xHW (mm) xOM (mm) HW/OM x (SD) a Latitude Longitude Elevation (M) D. arenaria 5 3.30 0.45 7.258 (0.315)a 34°10’ 117°05’ 1830 10 3.26 0.45 7.222 (0.360)a-b 35°30’ 83°00’ 915 10 3.46 0.48 7.172 (0.230)a-c 37°55’ 122°40’ 300 10 3.38 0.47 7.154 (0.255)a-c 37°45’ 119°30’ 3200 8 3.36 0.47 7.141 (0.375)a-c 48°30’ 96°40’ 300 7 3.52 0.49 7.116(0.111)a-d 37°45' 122°26’ 150 5 3.45 0.49 7.052 (0.382)a-e 37°20’ 122°25’ 230 10 3.29 0.47 7.030 (0.216)a-f 48° 07’ 123°30’ 150 7 3.55 0.51 7.027 (0.395)a-f 36°30’ 118°40’ 1830 10 3.30 0.48 6.878 (0.357)c-g 64°25’ 146°50’ 275 10 3.32 0.49 6.872 (0.304)c-g 64°25’ 146°52’ 230 10 3.45 0.51 6.764 (0.160)e-h 42°20' 85° 15’ 230 8 3.41 0.51 6.740 (0.283)f-h 55°00' 119°00’ 610 10 3.32 0.49 6.737 (0.264)f-h 40°48’ 72°42’ 75 10 3.47 0.52 6.709 (0.187)g-h 53°28' 114° 10’ 640 6 3.50 0.53 6.653 (0.184)g-h 58° 40’ 136°40’ 30 10 3.53 0.54 6.572 (0.283)h 61°20’ 149°30’ 120 D. norvegicoides 10 3.14 0.54 5.877 (0.242)i 64°25’ 146°25’ 230 10 3.20 0.55 5.862 (0.287)i 49° 47’ 94°29’ 305 10 3.38 0.58 5.845 (0.192)i 53°28' 114°00’ 640 8 3.21 0.56 5.730 (0.343)i 45°34' 69°35’ 460 10 3.08 0.54 5.730 (0.317)i 44°23’ 64°15’ 75 10 3.04 0.54 5.609 (0.198)i 64°25’ 146°55’ 230 D. saxonica 10 3.13 0.44 7.068 (0.386)a-e 51°30’ 116°00’ 2440 10 3.23 0.47 6.961 (0.266)b-g 61”46’ 148°30’ 245 10 3.27 0.43 6.815 (0.295)d-h 61°20’ 149°30’ 120 10 3.25 0.48 6.815 (0.289)d-h 61°20’ 149°30’ 120 a Mean ratios not followed by the same letter are significantly different (P = < .05) according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Table 1. Head width/Oculo-malar (HW/OM) length ratios of some Nearctic Dolichovespula species and correlation to the locations of the sites of specimen collections. VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 137 indicate that latitude is the factor most strongly correlated with head width/oculo-malar ratio, followed by longitude and elevation. The formula generated by the analysis was, ratio = 7.3818 - 0.01728 (degrees latitude) + 0.003 (degrees longitude) + 0.00003 (meters elevation), r = 0.4656 n = 146. With D. norvegicoides no significant correlation could be shown among the factors analyzed but this may be due to smaller sample size. Analysis of the four samples of the remaining Dolichovespula species again showed a stronger correlation of the ratio with latitude than with longitude or elevation. The formula generated for this species was, ratio =—1.77769 + 0.13872 (degrees latitude) + 0.99968 (meters elevation), r = 0.3390 n = 40. Due to the narrow range of longitudes represented in the samples, no longitude correlation was calculable. The data presented in Table 1 show that there is a clinality with regard to the head width/oculo-malar length ratio. This ratio becomes smaller with increasing latitude and elevation. The influence of eleva¬ tion would appear to be very slight from the formulae generated by stepwise regression analysis. Discussion The analytical tests performed on data from worker specimens proved the reliability of head measurements for the separation of two very similar appearing species. Examination of queens and males was made to assure that they could also be properly determined. Sixty-one queen specimens which had been previously assigned to D. norvegicoides were measured and their oculo-malar/head width ratios calculated. As had been found with the worker specimens, the queens also exhibited two modes with regard to this ratio. The geo¬ graphic distribution of queens and workers with each type of oculo- malar space coincided. In order to assure the assignment of each of the species to the proper taxon, the type specimen of D. norvegicoides was obtained from the Canadian National Museum. The lectotype queen (No. 6823, Amherst, Nova Scotia, VI1-2-15) was found to possess the longer oculo-malar space of 0.77 mm and a head width of 3.80 mm for a ratio of 5.28. Examination of the allotype male (Sladen’s No. 2186, Inverness, B.C., July 1910, J.H. Keen collector) was also made. This locality is just to the SSE of Prince Rupert, B.C., and is within the geo¬ graphic distribution of D. norvegicoides as delimited by the queens and workers. Although the digitus of the male genitalia provides an excellent means of separating some vespine species within the Boreovespula, the male genitalia of other species are almost identical and other characters must be used to separate these species. Within the sub¬ genus Boreovespula it has been recognized that the presence or 138 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST absence of tyloides or welts on the apical flagellar segments of the male antennae is characteristic of species. For example, Bequaert (1931) was able to structurally separate males of D. albida which possess one basal tyloide on each of the last five antennal segments from those of D. norvegicoides which possess two tyloides on each of the last six segments. Examination of the allotype male verified this tyloide arrangement as did other males collected within the geo¬ graphical distribution of D. norvegicoides as shown on Figure 2. Males collected from the mountains of the Continental Divide of North America, where the species with the short oculo-malar space is distributed, possess a tyloide arrangement different from either D. norvegicoides or D. albida. They possess a single basal tyloid on the apical segment, two tyloides on the next three segments and a single basal tyloide on the fifth and sixth segments. The author has desig¬ nated this arrangement as a tyloide formula of 1-2-2-2-1-1. This Figure 2. The distribution of Dolichovespula saxonica (F.) and Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen) in North America. Note the dotted line which roughly outlines the major mountainous areas of the west. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 139 formula exactly duplicates the tyloide arrangement of the Palearctic species D. saxonica. Comparisons of specimens of all castes of the short oculo-malar species from North America with Palearctic speci¬ mens of D. saxonica demonstrate that they should be assigned to this taxon. The color pattern of all North American D. saxonica examined (310 specimens, including 82 queens, 30 males and 198 workers) is usually less extensively yellow than that of most European speci¬ mens of that species, but is indistinguishable from melanic Palearc¬ tic individuals. The diverse nesting habits exhibited by D. saxonica in North America closely correspond to those reported by European workers for Palearctic populations of this species. In Figure 2, the major mountainous areas of Western North America have been roughly outlined. All of the Nearctic specimens of D. saxonica which I have seen have been collected within these areas. East of these mountains only D. norvegicoides has been found although this species is also found at lower elevations along the Pacific Coast from the Washington-Oregon border northward to Alaska. Within the distribution of D. saxonica limited sympatry of the two species has been noted. The indicated sympatry in Southern Alberta, Canada and in South Central Alaska resulted from collec¬ tions made by the author. The records from the Mackenzie River Delta came from collections made in 1930 and 1931 by Mr. Owen Bryant. Although the specimens were all labeled Aklavik, N.W.T., specimens of other Vespula and Dolichovespula species which inhabit very diverse habitats were also identically labeled. In 1976,1 went to Inuvik which is about 65 km to the east of Aklavik and also on the Mackenzie River Delta and at the same elevation. At Inuvik, D. albida was as common as it is in many other taiga habitats but no other species of yellowjackets were collected. Even now, locations with names are widely separated in the Canadian Arctic and I must suspect that some of the Aklavik specimens may have been collected at consider¬ able distances from the named collecting site, possibly into the Richardson Mountains to the West. Although the author collected D. albida in sympatry with D. saxonica at Eagle River, AK, the terrain in the MacKenzie River Delta is very dissimilar to any sites where I have collected either D. saxonica or D. norvegicoides and the Aklavic record of sympatry remains questionable. The distributional patterns of the two species are less clear at the Northwestern portion of their ranges. It appears that considerable sympatry may occur but it was documented on only one occasion. Although D. saxonica inhabits the higher mountain localities in the Canadian Rocky mountains and southward, in Alaska I have only en¬ countered it at lower elevations in association with mixed hardwood/ conifer forests. In the taiga and coniferous localities of central and Pacific coastal Alaska, D. norvegicoides is quite common. Very few yellowjacket specimens have been available from longitude 150° west 140 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST to the Bering Sea due to the relative inaccessibility of that area. Thorough collecting within that area will be essential to the defini¬ tion of the Northwestern distributional limits of North American species of the Boreovespula. Clarification of any interrelationships between Nearctic and Asian faunas will also require similar data from specimen material collected in Eastern Siberia, particularly the Chukotskiy Peninsula. Key to the North American Dolichovespula 1. Lower half of the sides of the pronotum and lower half of propo- deum transversely striate. Moderately large wasps with indis¬ tinct dimorphism between queen and worker. Male with two prominent tyloides on the flagellar antennal segments particularly the 6th through the 11th. Black marked with ivory white in the one North American species. The baldfaced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata (F.).Subgenus Dolichovespula Lower half of the sides of the pronotum and lower half of propo- deum punctate. Smaller wasps with distinct dimorphism be¬ tween queen and worker. Males with or without tyloides on flag¬ ellar antennal segments. Subgenus Boreovespula .2 2. Workers not present. Anterior margin of the clypeus in the female with prominent tooth-like lateral angles. Flagellar antennal seg¬ ments of the males almost entirely black without or with only slight traces of tyloides. Usually marked with ivory-white al¬ though in some specimens, particularly from the southwestern United States, the markings are sometimes yellowish. Socially parasitic upon other Boreovespula species. . Dolichovespula arctica (Rohwer) Workers present. Anterior margin of the clypeus in the females with broadly rounded lateral angles. Flagellar antennal segments of males with various arrangements of tyloides .... 3 3. Pale markings white or ivory-white. Rufous lateral markings us¬ ually present on second and sometimes also in the first abdomi¬ nal tergites in the worker and male. Rufous abdominal marking absent in queen. Ocellar triangle broad; the distance between the posterior pair subequal to their distance from the inner margins of the eyes. A single basal tyloide present on each of the last five antennal segments in the male. . Dolichovespula albida (Sladen) Pale markings yellow or dirty yellow. Rufous abdominal markings rarely present. Ocellar triangle nearly equilateral; the distance between the posterior pair about 3/4 of their distance to the inner margins of the eyes. Tyloide arrangement different .... 4 VOL. 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 141 4. Yellow bands of first and second abdominal tergites deeply inter¬ rupted by a black median point. Yellow hind margin of pronotum usually produced downward along lateral, vertical carina. Yellow markings along posterior margins of eyes uninterrupted from genal to temporal areas of head. Flagellar antennal segments of the male with two tyloides on each of the apical six segments. Oculo-malar length variable, becoming slightly longer with increasing north latitude... . Dolichovespula arenaria (F.) Yellow bands of first and second abdominal tergites narrow, con¬ tinuous, only faintly narrowed medially. Yellow hind margin of pronotum little or not produced downward along the anterior, vertical carina. Yellow markings along posterior margins of eyes usually reduced to spots on the tempora and usually also on the genae.5 5. Oculo-malar length long. Ratio between head width and oculo- malar length less than 6.40 in the worker and 6.20 in the queen. Antennal flagellum of male with two tyloides on each of the apical six segments. Genal markings usually wider than the temporal markings. Yellow bands on abdominal tergites two through five subequal in width. . Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen) Oculo-malar length short. Ratio between head-width and oculo- malar length greater than 6.40 in the worker and 6.20 in the queen. Antennal flagellum of male with one tyloide on the apical, fifth and sixth segments and two tyloides on the second, third and fourth segments. Genal markings usually narrower than the temporal markings. Yellow bands of increasing width on abdominal tergites two through five, the fifth often bearing a pair of free black spots .... Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabricius) Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Mr. D.A. Reierson for assistance in field collection of specimen material and for review of the manuscript. Assistance with statistical analyses was kindly provided by Dr. V. Sevacherian and Dr. M.K. Rust. Thanks are also given for the loan of museum specimens to Mr. S. Frommer, University of California, Riverside; Mr. J. Chemsak, Univer¬ sity of California Berkeley; Mr. R. Schuster, University of California, Davis; Dr. P. Arnaud, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Mr. R. Snelling, Los Angeles County Museum; and Dr. L. Masner, Canadian National Collections. 142 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Literature Cited Bequaert, J. 1930. On the generic and subgeneric divisions of the Vespinae (Hymenop- tera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25(2):59-70. Bequaert, J. 1931. A tentative synopsis of the hornets and yellow-jackets (Vespinae; Hy- menoptera) of America. Ent. Amer. 12 n.s(2): 71-138. Birula, A. 1930. Uber die russichen Wespen und ihre geographische Verbreitung (Dritter Beitrag) Akad. Nauk. Aun. Mus. Zool. Ac. Sc. U.R.S.S. 31: 291-339. Bluthgen, P. 1943. Toxonomischc und biologische Notizen uber palaarktische Faltenwes- pen. Stettin, ent. Ztg. 104:149-158. Bluthgen, P. 1961. Die Faltenwesper Mitteleuropas (Hymenoptera-Diploptera) Abh. Dt. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. Nr. 2:1-251. Evans, H.E. 1975. Social parasitism of a common yellowjacket. Ins. World Dig. 2: 6-13. Green, A. et al. 1976. The aerial yellowjacket, Dolichovespula arenaria (Fab): Nesting bio¬ logy, reproductive production, and behavior (Hymenoptera:Vespidae) Melan- deria 26: 1-34. Guiglia, D. 1948. Le Vespe D’ltalia. Soc. Ent. Ital. Mem. Suppl. 27:1-84. Miller, C.D.F. 1958. Distributional and nomenclatorial problems in some forms of Vespula in North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Proc. 10th Int. Cong. Entomol. 1: 257-264. Miller, C.D.F. 1961. Taxonomy and distribution of Nearctic Vespula. Can. Ent., 93, Supp. 22: 1-52. Short, J.R.R. 1952. The morphology of the head of larval Hymenoptera with special re¬ ference to the head of the Ichneumonoidea, including a classification of the final instar larvae of the Braconidae. Trans. Royal Entomol. Soc. London 103: 27-66. Yamane, S.D. 1975. Taxonomic notes on the subgenus Boreovespula Bluthgen (Hymenop¬ tera, Vespidae) of Japan, with notes on specimens from Sakhalin. Kontyu. 43(3): 343-355. RECENT LITERATURE Z. Kazab, 1977. Die Tenebrioniden des papuanischen Gebietes S. Strongyliini (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae Pacific Insects Monograph 33:1-219. 79 figs., 16 plates. Dept. Entomology, Bishop Museum, Honolulu. $10.50 soft cover. This work treats 169 species in seven genera (four new) of Strongyliini from New Guinea. The work (in German), is formated as are standard taxonomic treatments. The taxa are profusely illustrated (each of the 79 numbered figures contains six to ten or more clear, informative line drawings). The full page plates (black and white) occasionally leave something to be desired, since the darker beetles are so devoid of detail many appear to be hardly more then silhouettes (see pi. VIII, Fig. A; XII, Fig. 1; etc). This would appear to be of a minimal disadvantage, however, in light of the numerous other drawings. Certain to be indespensible to future workers on the group. — ARH. Pupation of Hemerohius in Doug!as-fir Cones (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) Mark Deyrup and Nancy Deyrup University of Washington, Seattle 98115 Hemerobiids are predators that attack aphidoids and coccidoids; some species are known to have voracious appetites (Killington, 1936), but North American species are usually considered uncommon (Smith, 1923) and thus presumably have a negligible effect on their host populations. Recently, Neuenshwander et al. (1975) has shown that one species, Hemerobius pacificus Banks, is sufficiently abun¬ dant to be a significant predator of aphids. In western North Ameri¬ can H. pacificus is the most frequently encountered hemerobiid as it occurs on herbacious vegetation as well as on deciduous shrubs and trees. It now appears that other species of Hemerobius may also be abundant, but seldom seen because they remain in the crowns of conifers. With the discovery of a principle pupation site of hemerobiids in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) it becomes pos¬ sible to attempt sampling studies as well as obtain large numbers of specimens for other biological studies. Records of pupation sites of North American hemerobiids consist of a few casual observations (Smith, 1923) that suggest that hemero¬ biids pupate in any small enclosed space such as a bark fissure or a curled leaf. Extensive records of pupation sites of European hemero¬ biids (Withycombe, 1922; Killington, 1936, 1937) indicate that arborial hemerobiids travel down the trunk of the tree seeking pupation sites and, in the absence of suitable bark fissures, pupate in moss and leaf litter at the base of the tree. Hemerobiids inhabiting Douglas-fir find in the Douglas-fir cone an idael pupation site adjacent to the larval feeding area. Materials and Methods During the winter of 1976-7 Douglas-fir cones were collected in Seattle city parks (Ravenna, Seward) and on the University of Wash¬ ington campus. Most of the cones were gathered beneath mature trees. At several sites cones from previous years were removed from beneath the trees so that freshly fallen cones containing recently pupated hemerobiids could be easily gathered after wind-storms. Since hemerobiid cocoons remain concealed even in dry, fully open cones, it was necessary to dissect the cones scale by scale, using Crescent (942-5) wire cutters. The cocoons were removed from the cones and placed on a cone scale on a pad of paper toweling in 100 X 15 mm. Petri dishes. The Petri dishes were kept at room temperature and the paper toweling was moistened with a few drops of water every day. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:143-146. April 1978. 144 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Results and Discussion During this investigation 700 recently fallen cones were gathered at random beneath mature Douglas-fir trees. When dissected in the laboratory these cones produced a total of 1,038 hemerobiid cocoons, including 615 occupied cocoons, 372 empty cocoons, 51 parasitized cocoons; 11 active hemerobiid larvae were found. Many pupae and mature larvae were damaged when removed from the cones; 506 specimens were reared to maturity. The species obtained are discussed in the following annotated list. Hemerobius stigmaterus Fitch. Reared 223 females, 212 males, time required for emergence in laboratory 1-24 days; 92% emerged 5.20 days after brought into laboratory. Trees that are heavily infested with aphidoids, particularly Adelges cooleyi (Gillette) may have an average of more than one H. stigmaterus in each cone, indicating that H. stigmaterus may be an important predator. Hemerobius pacificus Banks. Reared 8 females, 7 males, time required for emergence in laboratory 5-22 days, 90% emerged 6-20 days after brought into laboratory. This species has a much broader habitat range than most hemerobiids; it is regularly found on conifers, broadleaf trees, and herbacious vegetation. Hemerobius kokaneeanus Currie. Reared 29 females, 24 males, time required for emergence in laboratory 2-22 days; 90% emerged 8-20 days after brought into laboratory. This relatively large series of a sup¬ posedly scarce species shows even more variation in wing markings than described by Carpenter (1940). Wing markings range from a small spot or row of spots on Cu, to light spots on all veins and to large dark blotches along Cu, and the inner and outer gradates. The amount of infuscation of the wing membrane is also highly variable and not cor¬ related with the extensiveness of wing markings. A series of specimens shows a pro¬ gressive lengthening of the blotches along Cu, and the outer gradates, culminating in a pair of specimens having the typical markings of H. bistrigatus Currie. Carpenter (1940) has already noted the remarkable similarity between the wing shape and genitalia of H. kokaneeanus and those of H. bistrigatus; this new evidence suggests that H. kokaneeanus may be a synonym of H. bistrigatus. Hemerobius bistrigatus Currie Reared 1 female, 1 male, time required for emergence in laboratory 20 days. This pair of specimens is discussed above under H. kokaneeanus. Kimminsia coloradensis (Banks). Reared 1 female, time required for emergence 14 days. Douglas-fir cones make ideal sites for hemerobiid cocoons. Hemerobiids inhabiting Douglas-fir avoid the often lengthy and hazardous search for suitable bark crevices, many of which are al¬ ready occupied by predators, particularly spiders. More predators un¬ doubtedly await hemerobiids that are forced to pupate in leaf litter or moss. Douglas-fir cones, though occasionally inhabited by spiders, are poor habitats for large or mobil predators because the cones VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 145 Fig. 1. Pupa of Hemerobius occupying depression left by fallen Douglas-fir seed. X 5. close tightly during wet weather, leaving only a minute space at the base of each scale. The Douglas-fir seeds occupy a pair of depres¬ sions at the base of each cone scale; after the seeds fall each depres¬ sion forms an oval hollow the size and shape of a hemerobiid cocoon. The hemerobiids show great constancy in choosing these hollows for pupation sites, even though the open cone during a period of dry weather offers a variety of apparently suitable crevices. Only a few larvae were found to have spun cocoons outside of the seed depres¬ sions; these larvae had been crushed by the closing of the cone during wet weather. Although there are obvious mutually beneficial relationships between conifers and hemerobiids, it does not seem likely that the structure or mechanics of the Douglas-fir cone has been modified to provide shelter for hemerobiids. It is possible that hemerobiids in the Douglas-fir forests of western North America show behavioral adaptations that facilitate exploitation of Douglas-fir cones as pupation sites. 146 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST The abundance of Douglas-fir hemerobiids, and their dependable occurance in special pupation sites are factors that allow exploitation by a number of parasitoids. During the present study 8 species of hymenopterous parasitoids were reared from Hemerobius cocoons. There is one previous record of a parasitoid of Nearactic Hemerobius (Muesebeck et al., 1951); there are also records of para¬ sitoids of Micromus (Selhime and Kanavel, 1968) and Symphorobius (Muesebeck et al. 1951). Four of the parasitoids are ichneumonids of the genus Charitopes: these species oviposit on mature larvae within their cocoons and are obvious beneficiaries of the constancy with which hemerobiids choose their pupation sites within the Douglas- fir cone. Three other parasitoids are figitids, including one species of Anacharis and two species of Aegilips; these species presumably oviposit in larvae before the cocoon is spun. A few specimens of an unidentified ceraphronid were reared from Hemerobius cocoons. Only one parasitiod is produced per host, with the exception of the ceraphronid, a pair of which may emerge from a single host cocoon. Literature Cited Carpenter, F. M. 1940. A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae, Berothidae, Sisyridae, Polystoechotidae, and Dilaridae (Neuroptera). Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 74: 193-280. Killington, F.J. 1936. A monograph of the British Neuroptera. Vol. 1 Ray Soc. 122: 1-269. Killington, F.J. 1937. A monograph of the British Neuroptera. Vol. 2 Ray Soc. 123; 1-306. Muesebeck, C.F.W., K.V. Krombein and H.K. Townes. 1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic Catalog U.S. Dept. Agr. Monogr. 2:1-1420. Neuenschwander, P., K.S. Hagen, and R.F. Smith. 1975. Predation on aphids in Califor¬ nia’s alfalfa fields. Hilgardia 43: 53-78. Selhime, A.G., and R.F. Kanavel. 1968. Life cycle and parasitism of Micromus posticus and M. subanticus in Florida. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61:1212-1215. Smith, R.C. 1923. The life histories and stages of some hemerobiids and allied species (Neuroptera). Amer. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 16:129-151. Withycombe, C.L.1922. Notes on the biology of some British Neuroptera (Planipennia) Trans. Lond. Entomol. Soc. 70: 501-594. Two New Genera of North American Incurvariine Moths (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae) Donald R. Davis Dept. Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 Over the past several years I have devoted some effort to a syste¬ matic revision of the American moths of the family Incurvariidae, in¬ volving the subfamilies Incurvariinae, Prodoxinae, and Adelinae. During the course of these investigations, several new generic and specific taxa have been discovered. In order to validate two of these for inclusion in a forthcoming checklist of the Moths of North America north of Mexico, they are described now. The availability of these two generic names will make it possible to list all previously described North American species in a proposed phylogenetic sequence and with proper generic combinations. As a means of clarifying the following generic descriptions, I have included illustrations of critical anatomical features of the type species of each new genus. I wish to acknowledge Ms. Biruta Akerbergs, Mr. Andre Pizzini (deceased), and Mr. George Venable, staff artists of the Department of Entomology, for the illustrations used in this paper, and Mr. Victor Kranz of the Smithsonian Photographic Laboratory for his photo¬ graphic assistance. Tanysaccus, new genus (Figures 1,3,5-6,9-12,17-18, and 20.) Type Species. — Incurvaria aenescens Wlsm.,1888. Adult. — Small, slender-bodied moths with moderately slender wings; wing expanse 12-17 mm. Head (Figures 5-6): Vestiture completely rough. Antennae 27-28 segmented, simple, approximately 0.45-0.55 the length of forewing; basal fourth to one-third of flagellum usually scaled dorsally; remainder of flagellum densely pubescent. Ocelli absent. Compound eyes relatively small, eye index 1 approximately 0.88-0.93; microtrichiae usually absent, sometimes present, scattered, variable in number; rarely exceeding diameter of a single facet in length. Mandibles present, but vestigial. Maxillary palpi elongate, slightly exceeding length of labial palpi, usually four-segmented, rarely with a minute, fifth segment at apex; terminal (fourth) segment longest, exceeding length of basal three segments combined. Galeae relatively short, slightly less than length of maxillary palpi. Labial palpi three-segmented, with second segment the longest and nearly twice the length of apical segment. Thorax: Foretibiae with pectinate epiphysis at middle and extending about 0.6 the distance to apex. Forewings relatively narrow, greatest width approximately 0.32-0.34 the ‘See Powell, 1973:8 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:147-153. April 1978. 148 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 1-4 Adult structure: Fig. 1, Tanysaccus aenescens (Wlsm.), male, Pullman, Wn., wing expanse 15 mm; Fig. 2, Tridentaforma fusco- leuca (Braun), male, Olympic Mts., Wn., wing expanse 15 mm.; Fig. 3, Tanysaccus aenescens, apex of female ovipositor; Fig. 4, Tridentaforma fuscoleuca, apex of female ovipositor. length, with 10 veins from discal cell, occasionally with 9; R„ and , variable, either separate, stalked, or completely fused; R 2 arising from apex of accessory cell approxi¬ mate to R 3 ; Cu la arising considerably closer to M 3 than to Cu u Hindwings approxi¬ mately same width as forewings, with 6 veins arising separate from cell; Cu lfc arising from outerthird of cell; base of medius forked within cell of both wings. Abdomen: Unmodified, without specialized setal tufts or appendages. Seventh sternite of female moderately long, usually averaging 2.8-4.2 length of sixth. Eighth segment lightly and uniformly pigmented, without darkly sclerotized areas laterally. Male genitalia (Figures 9-12): Uncus indistinct, reduced to a pair of small lobes. Vincu¬ lum and saccus Y-shaped, greatly lengthened, gradually constricting to a narrow, blunt end anteriorly; length approximately 2-3X as long as valvae. Valvae sharply constricted at middle, forming two portions; basal half broad, padlike; distal half slender with a promi¬ nent lobe bearing a single apical pecten of 6-20 spines. Juxta sharply divided into two dis¬ tinct regions, a relatively broad, elongate caudal half and an extremely slender, rodlike anterior half. Aedeagus extremely long and slender, usually equalling length of entire genitalia, with a single, elongate, subapical cornutus. Female genitalia (Figures 3, 17-18): Apex of ovipositor compressed, triangular (viewed laterally) with dorsal and ventral cutting edges serrulate and usually asymmetrical (i.e., of unequal lengths). Vestibulum typically very slender, without heavily thickened walls but usually with darkly pigmented areas posteriorly. Ductus bursae usually not thickened, extremely elongate, often more than 1.5 the length of posterior apophyses. A pair of stellate signa present; rays variable, usually slender but short and broad in T. aenescens, ranging in number between 4 and 15. VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 149 Figs. 5-8 Adult head structure: Figs. 5-6, Tanysaccus aenescens Figs. 7-8, Tridentaforma fuscoleuca. (Scale = 0.5 mm.) 150 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Most of the species now grouped under Tanysaccus were formerly placed in either Lampronia Steph. or Greya Bsk. by McDunnough (1939) and others. Three previously described species, Tanysaccus aenescens (Wlsm.), 7. humilis (Wlsm.), and 7. sublustris (Braun), are now recognized as comprising this genus along with one northeastern species yet to be named. This group is characterized by its elongate, typically four-segmented maxillary palpus, relatively short galea, and the unusual form of the male genitalia. The latter is interesting in that it closely resembles that of the prodoxine genus Agavenema Davis (1967), particularly in the elongate saccus and the structure of the valvae. The valvae in both Tanysaccus and Agavenema possess a median lobe bearing a single, crescent-shaped pecten consisting of several stout spines. Tanysaccus differs from Agavenema in nearly all other respects, especially in their different head and thoracic struc¬ ture. For example, the eyes of Agavenema are greatly enlarged (eye index approximately 1.25), the maxillary palpi are five-segmented, and the furcasternum of the metathorax has the furcal apophyses extend¬ ed and fused to the secondary arms of the furcasternum. In Tany¬ saccus the metafurcal apophyses are considerably shorter and free. Another feature of Tanysaccus which serves to distinguish it from both Agavenema and Greya, to which it is perhaps more closely allied, is the triangular form of the apex of the ovipositor (as viewed lateral¬ ly). Tanysaccus also possesses one of the longest ductus bursae in the family. Nothing is known of the biology or immature stages of this gen us, other than that the adults are believed to be diurnal. The elongate saccus in the males of this genus has suggested the specific name which is derived from the Greek, tany (long) and sakkos (bag); it is considered masculine in gender. Tridentaforma, new genus (Figures 2,4,7-8,13-16,19, and 21.) Type species .—Lampronia fuscoleuca Braun, 1923 Adult.—Small, slender-bodied moths with moderately slender wings; wing expanse 8.5- 20.5 mm. Head (Figures 7-8): Vestiture rough. Antennae 40-49 segmented, simple, approximately 0.50-0.55 the length of forewing; basal 0.6 to 0.7 of flagellum scaled dorsally; remainder of flagellum densely pubescent. Ocelli absent. Compound eyes moderately large, eye index approximately 1.0-1.1; microtrichiae few, widely scattered over eye. Mandibles vestigial. Maxillary palpi moderately long, approximately 0.5-0.6 the length of labial palpi, four- segmented, all segments relatively short; apical (fourth) segment slightly longer (appro¬ ximately 1.5X the length of third). Galeae elongate, over 4X the length of maxillary palpi and about 2X the length of labial palpi. Labial palpi three-segmented, with apical segment elongate and equalling length of second. Thorax: Foretibiae with pectinate epiphysis from middle, extending approximately half way to apex. Forewings relatively narrow, greatest width about 3.4-3.6 length, with 10 veins arising usually separately from discal cell; R, arising near basal third of cell; R 2 from apex of accessory cell; R 3 rarely stalked with R 2 ; Cu about equidistant from M, VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 151 Figs. 9-16 Male genitalia: Figs. 9-12, Tanysaccus aenescens ; Figs. 13-16, Tridentaforma fuscoleuca. (Scale = 0.5 mm.) and Cu It Hindwings approximately same width as forewings, with 6 veins from cell; M, and M 2 sometimes connate; Cu u arising from outer third of cell; base of medius forked within cell of both wings. Abdomen: Unmodified, without specialized setal tufts or appendages. Seventh sternite of female 2.4-2.8 the length of sixth. Eighth segment lightly and uniformly pigmented, 152 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 17-21 Adult structure: Figs. 17-18, Tanysaccus aenescens, female genitalia; Fig. 19, Tridentaforma fuscoleuca, female genitalia; Fig. 20, Tanysaccus aenescens, wing venation; Fig. 21, Tridentaforma fuscoleuca, wing venation. (Scale = 0.5 mm.) without darkly sclerotized areas laterally. Male genitalia (Figures 13-16): Uncus reduced, consisting of two small lobes. Vinculum and saccus well developed, V- to Y-shaped, saccus sometimes attenuated; total length 0.6-1.3 the length of valvae. Valvae varying in width from relatively narrow to extremely broad; an equally spaced series of three pectens situated along ventral margin of valva, each pecten consisting of a short transverse row of 5-10 stout spines. Juxta moderately weak, and slender, gradually tapering anteriorly to an extremely slender, acute apex. Aedeagus three-branched with slender median branch the longest (approximately 2X the length of lateral branches) and containing the vesica; cornuti absent. Female genitalia (Figures 4,19): Apex of ovipositor very slender, slightly compressed, acute, smooth, without a serrated cutting edge. Anterior and posterior apophyses ex¬ tremely slender and elongate. Vestibulum relatively small and without heavily thickened VOL 54, NO. 2, APRIL 1978 153 walls but with some sclerotization evident ventrally near posterior end. Ductus bursae membranous, relatively short, less than one-third the length of posterior apophyses. Corpus bursae entirely membranous, without signa. Tridentiforma has been proposed for fuscoleuca Braun. Although only one species is included, considerable variation has been noted in the western populations and it is possible that a second, sibling species exists. This genus may be distinguished from its nearest relatives, Greya and Tanysaccus, by the following combination of characters: the elon¬ gate galeae; the relatively short, typically four-segmented maxillary palpi; the trident-shaped aedeagus and tripectinated valvae of the male, and the elongate, slender ovipositor of the female. The unusual form of the aedeagus, believed to be unique in the Incurvariidae, has suggested the name for this genus, which is de¬ rived from the Latin tridens (trident) and forma (form). The generic name is considered feminine in gender. Literature Cited Braun, A.F. 1923. Microlepidoptera: Notes and new species. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 49(2): 115-127. Davis, D.R. 1967. A revision of the moths of the subfamily Prodoxinae (Lepidoptera: In- curvarilidae). U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 255, pp. 1-170. McDunnough, J. 1939. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Pt. 2, Microlepidoptera. South. California Acad. Sci., 2(1 ):1 -171. Powell, J.A. 1973. A Systematic Monograph of New World Ethmiid Moths (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 120. Walsingham, Lord T. de G. 1888. Steps towards a revision of Chambers’ index, with notes and descriptions of new species. Insect Life, 1(5):145-150. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Some Notes on the Egg Sacs of Aphonopelma chalcodes (Araneae: Theraphosidae) — Two adult female tarantulas of the species Aphonopelma chalcodes Chamberlin produced egg sacs while kept in the laboratory. Both females were taken at Molino Basin, Pima County, Arizona. The first female made her egg sac on April 12, 1975, 241 days after she was captured. It was opened and contained 555 eggs. The second female formed her egg sac on March 1, 1976, 206 days after capture. This egg sac was kept at 23°-27°C in hopes that young would emerge. By 39 days mold became evident. The egg sac was then opened and found to contain 454 eggs. Many of these eggs had advanced to the deutova stage. Baerg (1958, The tarantula. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kan. 88 pp.) found that the tarantula Dugesiella hentzi (Girard) produced 500-1000 eggs per egg sac and required 56 days in the laboratory before its young emerged from the egg sac. — EDWIN W. MINCH, Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:153. April 1978. 154 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST WALTER CARTER 1897-1977 Dr. Walter Carter, a distinguished entomologist in tropical agricul¬ ture, died November 26, 1977 in Walnut Creek, California. A native of Leeds, England, he was educated in British and Canadian schools, Montana State University (B.S. 1923), and the University of Minnesota (M.S. 1924; Ph.D. 1928). He began his career as an entomologist with the Bureau of Entomology, USDA at Twin Falls, Idaho in 1925, and in 1930 he became Head Entomologist of the Pineapple Producers Cooperative Association Experiment Station (later known as the Pineapple Research Institute) in Honolulu, Hawaii, a position he held until his retirement in 1962. Upon his retirement he was named Professor Emeritus at the University of Hawaii, where he had lectured to graduate students, and from 1969 until his death he was Visiting Scholar in the Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Carter was probably best known for his work on mealybug wilt of pineapple, a complex plant disease involving toxic secretions of the mealybug and a transmissible latent factor. His research on this and other plant diseases related to insects culminated in publication of the book “Insects in Relation to Plant Disease” (second edition, 1973), considered the authoritative text on the subject. He wrote more than 90 scientific papers, published in a number of technical journals from 1925 to 1966, and contributed to chapters in the Year¬ books of Agriculture for 1952 and 1953 and in the Annual Review of Entomology for 1961. Dr. Carter traveled extensively in the tropics in connection with his research on mealybug wilt, and as a consultant for the British Colonial Office and the United Nations on problems with tropical crops including cacao, tea, and coconut. He also served as Director of the USDA’s Oriental Fruit Fly Investigations in Hawaii in 1949-1951, and as UNDP country representative in Jamaica in 1964-1965. Dr. Walter Carter was an Honorary Member of the Entomological Society of America, and served as Chairman of the Pacific Branch of that society in 1956. He was also a member of the American Phyto- pathological Society, Sigma Xi, Hawaiian Academy of Science, the Northern California Entomology Club, and the Cosmos Club of Wash¬ ington, D.C. He was the recipient of the C.W. Woodworth Award for Outstanding Achievement in Entomology in 1974, and the Distin¬ guished Service Award of the University of Minnesota in 1961. Dr. Carter is survived by his wife Minnie, sons Howard and Duncan, daughter Mrs. Marjorie Ackerman, sisters Winnie Paul of Eureka, California and Ada Haines of Leeds, England, nine grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. Ray F. Smith, University of California, Berkeley D.G. Denning, Moraga, Calif. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:154. April 1978. A Second Species of Rothium, An Intertidal Beetle from the Gulf of California (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Ian Moore Division of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, California 92502. The genus Rothium, along with its type species, was recently described (Moore and Legner, 1977) from a series of specimens taken from the rocky intertidal coast of northern Sonora, Mexico, in the Gulf of California. Fifteen specimens of a second species of this genus have since been collected in the same habitat on the seashore of the southern part of the Gulf of California in Sinaloa, Mexico. The second species closely resembles the first in size and color, but is quite different in the size of the eyes, length of the elytra and other body configurations. Rothium giulianii, new species Color: Dark testaceous with head, disc of pronotum, bases of elytra and bases of abdominal segments a little darker. Head: Two-thirds wider than long; orbicular, with clypeal area somewhat produced; surface evenly convex, very finely and densely punctured and reticulate; pubescence short, dense, directed forward in front and outward at sides. Eyes not prominent, pubescent, about four times as long as tempora. Tempora rounded, not constricted behind. Antenna moderately incrassate, first segment a little more than twice as long as wide, second segment about as long and about as wide as first, segments three through seven very similar to second, but just perceptively decreasing in length, eighth through tenth noticeably decreasing in length and slightly increasing in width so that the tenth is slightly wider than long; eleventh segment ovoid, a little longer than wide. Thorax: Pronotum subquadrate, about one-fourth wider than long, widest at apical fifth, apex gently arcuate, apical angles narrowly rounded, sides arcuate into the broadly rounded basal angles; base arcuate, about four-fifths as wide as apex; disc gently convex, sculpture and pubescence similar to that of head. Elytra conjointly about as wide as pronotum and about one-fourth longer; humeral angles broadly rounded, apical angles narrowly rounded; sculpture similar to that of head and pronotum, but with the pubescence directed posteriorly. Abdomen: A little tapered to apex. Surface reticulate, sparsely pubescent. Fifth tergite with a polished tumid triangular area occupying about one-fourth of the apical margin and extending anteriorly about two-fifths of the length of the segment. Apex of sixth tergite with two prominent teeth separated by a deep arcuate emangination which occupies one- third of the width of the segment. Length: 4.6 mm. Holotype male: Mexico, Sinaloa, 4 miles north of Mazatlan, 25 April, 1974, intertidal rocks, Derham Giuliani collector. Allotype female: Similarto holotype except that the elytra and first abdominal segment are somewhat paler; the surface of the fifth tergite is without a tumid central area and the apex of the sixth tergite is evenly arcuate. Same data as holotype. Paratypes: Four dd and nine 99, same data as holotype. The color of the paratypes is The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:155-156. April 1978. 156 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST nearly uniform and the size variation is slight. Disposition of Types: The holotype will be placed on permanent loan with the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. The allotype and paratypes are at present in the collection of the University of California at Riverside. Notes: This species has a facies similar to that of R. sonorensis Moore and Legner, but is at once easily distinguished by the much larger eyes which occupy almost the entire side of the head whereas in R. sonorensis they occupy only one-half of the side of the head, by the elytra which are distinctly longer than the pronotum whereas in R. sonorensis they are about as long, and by the more elongate antennal segments with the tenth segment hardly wider than long whereas in R. sonorensis it is tranverse. The configuration of the fourth and fifth abdominal tergites of the male are quite different in the two species. The fifth tergite is unmodified in R. sonorensis, but has a tumid polished triangular area in R. giulianii, and the apical margin of the sixth tergite is provided with three large teeth in the former, but with only two large teeth in the latter. This species is named for its collector, Derham Giuliani. Literature Cited Moore, Ian and E. F. Legner. 1977. A report on some intertidal Staphylinidae from Sonora, Mexico, with four new genera (Coleoptera). Pacific Insects. 17:459-471, 20 Figs. 2 Figs. 1-2, Rothium giulianii, new species. Fig. 1, dorsal aspect. Fig. 2, antenna. A New Species of Pterotus LeConte from California (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) John A. Chemsak University of California, Berkeley The genus Pterotus has contained a single species, obscuripennis, since LeConte proposed it in 1859. P. obscuripennis was described from Fort Tejon, California. It is known from southern Oregon to about El Rosario in northern Baja California. The genus has been placed in the family Phengodidae and presently is considered a member of the Lampyridae. Its family af¬ filiation may be resolved when females become known. Celeste Green is gratefully acknowledged for preparing the illus¬ trations. Pterotus curticornis, new species Male: Form moderate sized, depressed; integument orange, antennae brownish, elytra black. Head small, retractable, sparsely punctate and pubescent; antennae (Fig. 4) extend- 2 Fig. 1, Outline of pronotum of Pterotus obscuripennis LeConte, Fig. 2, outline of pronotum of Pterotus curticornis Chemsak, Fig. 3, antenna of P. obscuripennis, Fig. 4, antenna of P. curticornis. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:157-158. April 1978. 158 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST ing to about base of elytra, segments three to ten pectinate, apical extensions broad, no more than three times longer than segment, segments usually orange, extensions brown. Pronotum (Fig. 2) broader than long, lateral margins foliate; disk irregularly convex, delimited laterally by deep impressions, base narrowly impressed, emarginate at middle, median line narrow, extending from about apical one third almost to basal margin, punctures finer, shallow, subconfluent; pubescence short, rather sparse. Elytra about two and one half times as long as broad, sides shallowly emarginate at middle; each elytron with four costae; disk moderately coarsely, irregularly, reticulate-punctate; pubescence short, black, subdepressed; apices narrowly rounded. Legs slender, orange, tarsi reddish. Abdomen orange, moderately densely clothed with pale depressed pubescence. Length, 11-12 mm. Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from Boyd Desert Research Center, 4 miles S Palm Desert, Riverside Co., California, 12 April, 1963, at light (C.A. Toschi). Three male paratypes, same data (J.A. Powell, R.L. Langston). This species may be separated from P. obscuripennis by the shorter antennae with shorter, broader extensions. The segments are also broader. Additionally the pronotum is less broad in curticornis and the legs are orange and reddish and not infuscated. Literature Cited LeConte, J. L. 1859. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Fort Tejon, California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 11:69-90. SCIENTIFIC NOTE A Note on the Feeding Behavior of Sosippus sp. (Araneae:Lycosidae). A female of Sosippus sp., probably californicus Simon, was taken from her large funnel web character¬ istic of this genus (Comstock, 1971, The spider book. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, N.Y. 729 pp.) at Canyon Lake, Maricopa County, Arizona on August 8,1976 along with an egg sac. She was kept in the laboratory at 23°-27°C throughout her period of confinement in a glass gallon jar. During her confinement in the container, the female constructed a new web. On August 11,1976 the young emerged from the egg sac. When an adult cricket, Acheta domestica Linnaeus, was placed in the web, the adult female spider attacked and quieted it. Then the young gathered and fed in such numbers as to obscure the prey com¬ pletely, while the mother moved off and remained some distance away. It was evident that the young fed as their abdomens became noticeably distended, while they remained gathered on the cricket. A second Acheta domestica was introduced while the young fed from the first, and the adult female Sosippus attacked and fed from the second. This behavior would class these spiders as presocial according to Wilson (1974, The insect societies, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 548 pp.). Thus one additional family should be added to his list of spider families containing species exhibit- ng precursors of social behavior. EDWIN W. MINCH, Arizona State University, Tempe 85281. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:158. April 1978. Homonymy of Macropia (Diptera: Tachinidae; Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) 1 John B. Heppner 2 Dept. Entomology and Nematology, I FAS, University of Florida, Gainesville The generic name Macropia Costa, [1836], was proposed as a sub¬ genus in the introductory discussion to the genus Asopia (treated as a subgenus of Pyralis) in the Lepidoptera part of his work on the fauna of Naples, Italy (Costa, [1836]-1850), for the species of section B of Treitschke’s (1829) treatment of Asopia. Costa did not list any species of Macropia but only noted that all the species of Treitschke’s Asopia section B belonged in the new subgenus. Treitschke (1829) included the following species in section B of Asopia, numbered 9-12, currently in Choreutidae except for #9 (species 1-8 were included in section A and are now in Pyralidae): 9) Asopia nemoralis (Hubner) [now in Pyralidae]; 10) Asopia incisalis Treitschke [ = Eutromula nemorana (Hubner)]; 1 A) Asopia parialis Treitschke [ = Eutromula pariana (Clerck)]; and 12) Asopia alternalis Treitschke [ = Anthophila fabriciana (Linnaeus)]. Macropia Costa was subsequently mentioned by Zeller (1847), who noted that it was a synonym of Choreutis Hubner (Choreutidae) and placed all the choreutid species of Treitschke’s Asopia section B into one genus, Choreutis. Since 1847 Macropia Costa has remained for¬ gotten and, in fact, has never been included in any other work, list, catalog, or generic nomenclator. Although Zeller (1847) mentioned species now retained in Choreutis, the three choreutid species included by Treitschke (1829) in his section B of Asopia are currently assigned to other genera, as noted above. Macropia Costa cannot, therefore, be considered a synonym of Choreutis. No type-species has been designated for Macropia Costa. Inasmuch as both Treitschke and Zeller begin their listing of the original 4 species with Asopia incisalis (now known as Eutromula nemorana), I hereby designate Asopia incisalis Treitschke, 1829, as the type-species of Macropia Costa. Consequently, Macropia Costa, [1836] becomes a junior subjective synonym of Eutromula Frolich, 1828. Macropia Malloch, 1930 (Diptera: Tachinidae), described for a species of tachinid from Australia, is a junior homonym of Macropia Costa, [1836]. Since homonymy is involved, Macropia Costa cannot be considered a nomen oblitum, which it otherwise would be. Macropia Malloch, 1930, is now considered to be a junior synonym of Halydaia 'Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 916. 2 Mail address: Dept, of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:159-160. April 1978. 160 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Egger, 1856, and, thus, does not require a new name. C.W. Sabrosky (USNM) kindly helped in determining the current status of Macropia Malloch in Tachinidae. Literature Cited Costa, O.-G. [1 836]-1850. Lepidotteri. In, Fauna del regno di Napoli, . . . Torchi, Naples. [442 pp.] (Asopia section, 2 pp. [p. 196-197 (Direction 59)] [1836]). Malloch, J.R. 1930. Notes on Australian Diptera. XXIV. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55:303-353. Treitschke, F. 1829. ZUnsler. G. Herminia-Ennychia. In, F. Ochsenheimer, Die Schmetter- linge von Europa. Siebenter Band [7], Fleischer, Leipzig. 252 pp. Zeller, P.C. 1847. Bemerkungen Liberdie auf einer Reise nach Italien und Sicilien beobach- teten Schmetterlingsarten. VII. Isis von Oken 40:641-673. Zoological Nomenclature The following Opinions (listed by number) have been published recently by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen¬ clature (see Bulletin Zoological Nomenclature Volume 34, part 4, 28 February, 1978). Opinion No. 1100 (p. 203) Designation of Musca frit Linnaeus, 1758, as type- species of Oscinella Becker, 1909 (Diptera CHLOR- OPIDAE). 1103 (p. 218) Suppression of nine specific names in the family TETRIGIDAE (Insecta, Orthoptera). 1105 (p. 234) Designation of a type-species for Lonomia Walker, 1855 (Insecta, Lepidoptera). 1106 (p. 237) Conservation of the generic name Rhopalum Stephens, 1829 (Insecta, Hymenoptera). The Commission cannot supply separates of Opinions. January issue mailed April 26,1978 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten rinted pages, on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved nd will be charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received, apers of less than a printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes. All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor. ieneral. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, or in direct quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric, i.e. "1370 m (4500 ft) elevation". yping. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable). All manuscripts must be type-writfen, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an equivalent weight. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8 V 2 x 11 inches are not acceptable. Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Numberall pages consecutively and put authors name on each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate sheet. Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping. : irst Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author’s name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the authors home city and state if not affiliated (5) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent. lames and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated. Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. The International code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed. ables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecu¬ tively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. Extensive use of tabular material requiring typesetting may result in increased charges to the author. lustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings. Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (105 x 175 mm; 4-1/8 x 6-3/4 inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the illustration number on the face. Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed together should be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is recommended that a metric scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be stated in the legend where applicable. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1mm. On the back of each Illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration returned to him. Illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared illustrations will be returned to the author for correction prior to acceptance of the manuscript. "igure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES and placed following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations. References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED in the following format: Essig, E.O. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212. Essig, E.O. 1958. Insects and mites of western North America. Rev. ed. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1050 pp. Abbreviations for titles of journals should follow the list of Biological Abstracts, 1966, 47(21 ):8585-8601. For Scientific Notes the citations to articles will appear within the text, i.e. . . . “Essig (1926, Pan Pac. Entomol., 2:211-212) noted ...”. a roofs, reprints, and abstracts. — Proofs and forms for the abstract and reprint order will be sent to authors. Major changes in proof will be charged to the author. Proof returned to the editor without the abstract will not be published. 3 age charges. — All regular papers of one to ten printed pages are charged at the rate of $18.00 per page. Private investigators or authors without institutional or grant funds may apply to the society for a grant to cover a portion of the page charges. In no case will society grants subsidize more than two thirds of the cost of page charges. Individuals receiving a society subsidy thus will be billed a minimum of $6.00 per page. Pages additional to the first ten are charged at the rate of $30.00 per page, without subsidy. Page charges are in addition to the charge for reprints and do not include the possible charges for extra pagination or the costs for excessive changes after the manuscript has been sent to the printer. Reprint costs. — Current charges for reprints are approximately as listed below. These charges are subject to change, and authors will be billed at the rate in effect at the time of publication. 1-2pp 2 Vi-4 pp 4Vi-8 pp 8 Vi-12 pp 12 Vi-16 pp 1st 100 22.00 32.00 40.00 70.00 75.00 kdditional 100’s 12.00 18.00 25.00 35.00 40.00 PUBLICATIONS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS OF THE PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Vol. 1 (16 numbers, 179 pages) and Vol. 2 (numbers 1-9, 131 pages). 1901-1930. Price $5.00 per volume. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST. Vol. 1 (1924) to Vol. 51 (1975), price $10.00 per volume of 4 numbers, or $2.50 per single issue. Vol. 52 (1976) and subsequent issues, $15.00 per volume or $3.75 per single issue. MEMOIR SERIES. Volume 1. The Sucking Lice by G. F. Ferris. 320 pages. Pub¬ lished October 1951. Price $6.00 (Plus 35c postage.)* Volume 2. The Spider Mite Family Tetranychidae by A. Earl Pritchard and Edward W. Baker. 472 pages. Published July 1955. Price $10.00 (Plus 50c postage.)* Volume 3. Revisionary Studies in the Nearctic Decticinae by David C. Rentz and James D. Birchim. 173 pages. Published July 1968. Price $4.00. (Plus 25c postage.)* Volume 4. Autobiography of an Entomologist by Robert L. Usinger. 343 pages. Published August 1972. Price $15.00. (Plus 40c postage.)* Volume 5. Revision of the Millipede Family Andrognathidae in the Nearctic Region by Michael R. Gardner. 61 pages. Published January 21,1975. Price $3.00. (Plus 25c postage.)* *(Add 6 % sales tax on all California orders (resident of Alameda, Contra Costaand San Francisco counties add 6 V 2 %). Members of the Society will receive a 20% discount) Send orders to: Pacific Coast Entomological Society c/o California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118