Vol. 54 JANUARY 1978 No. 1 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist HARDY and ANDREWS — Studies in the Coleoptera of Western Sand Dunes 1. Five New Polyphylla Harris (Scarabaeidae). 1 GRIGARICK and SCHUSTER — A New Species of Pilactium from Oregon (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae). 9 PHILIP — New Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). III. Notes on Three Rare Species of Diachlorini in Mexico with Descriptions of Neallotypes forTwo. 11 CHANDLER — A New Anthicus from California (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). 15 JOHNSON — Larvae of Ephemerella inermis and E. infrequens (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae). 19 CHEMSAK and LINSLEY — New Neotropical Lamiinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) 26 COOK — A New Genus and Five New Species of Scatopsidae from California, Mexico, El Salvadorand Peru (Diptera). 31 WHEELER — Rev. Modestus Wirtner, Amateur Hemipterist: Correspondence with E. P. Van Duzee. 38 MARI MUTT — A Review of the Genus Mastigoceras with Remarks on its Systematic Position (Collembola: Entomobryidae). 43 HEPPNER — Transfers of Some Nearctic Genera and Species of Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) to Oecophoridae, Copromorphidae, Plutellidae, and Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). 48 PINTO — The Parasitization of Blister Beetles by Species of Miridae (Coleoptera: Hemiptera). 57 PARKER — An Illustrated Key to Alfalfa Leafcutter Bees Eutricharaea (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). 61 KIMSEY — Nesting and Male Behavior in Dynatus nigripes spinolae (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). 65 CORRECTION. 42 EDITORIAL NOTICE. 64 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 60 SCIENTIFIC NOTES.14, 17, 68, 69, 70, 71 BOOK REVIEW. 56 PROCEEDINGS of the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 72 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1978 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST EDITORIAL. BOARD T.D. Eichlin, A.R. Hardy, Co-Editors K.S. Corwin, Editorial Asst. P.H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H.V. Daly E.S. Ross H.B. Leech E.G. Linsley Published quarterly in January, April, July and October with Society Proceedings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of numbers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be ad¬ dressed to the Secretary, Larry Bezark, c/o Department of Entomology, California State University, San Jose, CA 95120 Manuscripts, proofs and all correspondence concerning editorial matters should be addressed to either Dr. Thomas Eichlin or Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1220 “N” St., Sacramento, 95814. 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Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept, of Food and Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and additional offices. Publication #419440 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist Vol.54 JANUARY 1978 No. 1 Studies in the Coleoptera of Western Sand Dunes I. Five New Polyphylla Harris (Scarabaeidae) Alan R. Hardy and Fred G. Andrews 1 Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept. Food and Agric., 1220 “N” Street, Sacramento, 95814 Recent investigations of sand dunes in the Western United States have uncovered many species of Coleoptera which are restricted to one or a few dune systems (see Hardy 1971, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977; Hardy and Andrews 1974; Howden and Hardy 1971; Gordon 1974; Gordon and Cartwright 1977). The reasons for this interesting degree of endemism or reduced distribution will be discussed in detail else¬ where. One of the most commonly encountered groups adapted to sand niches is the family Scarabaeidae, with many subfamilies re¬ presented. Below are described five species of Polyphylla taken in the course of reasearch on sand dunes. One species previously de¬ scribed from this niche is Polyphylla devistiva Young. Polyphylla avittata Hardy, new species (Figs. 1,2,11) Holotype male: Length 22 mm, width 7.5 mm. Integumentary color of head piceous; thorax rufous; elytra rufo-testaceus; ventral surfaces (except abdomen), legs rufo-testa- ceous; abdomen rufo-piceous. Clypeal margin reflexed, outer apical angles well defined; reflexed margins with dense, close white scales (Fig. 11); few scales medially on clypeal disc, along fronto-clypeal suture, scattered over front. Clypeus, front with close to con¬ tiguous large punctures, punctures with single scale or suberect hair. Vertex impunctate, glabrous, shining. Prothorax with close to contiguous punctures, with scales or hairs as above. Scales denser on midline and medio-laterally; prothorax appearing trivittate. Elytra lacking well defined punctures of thorax and head, but sparsely to densely covered with scattered scales, giving appearance of random clumping, without vittae, scales slightly smaller than on prothorax. Pygidium uniformly with scales and short recumbent hairs. 'The authors acknowledge the financial assistance of the Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, under contract No. 14-16-0008-966 for portions of the fieldwork. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:1-8. January 1978 2 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Antennal club (measured in straight line, not along curve) twice length of three basal segments (Fig. 11). Apical segment of maxillary palp slightly less than length of two basal segments; flattened on dorsal surface. Anterior tibia bidentate. Ventral surface of thorax with long grayish hairs. Variation in paratypes: Length 19.5-22 mm, width 7-7.5 mm. Most paratypes (9 of 12) have a faint indication of a third anterior tibial tooth, but this is never developed into more than just a slight flange on the tibial edge. Paratypes agree well in other respects. Female: Unknown. The name refers to the splotched, rather than vittate, elytra. Holotype male, (CAS# 13098) and 12 male paratypes: Utah, Washington Co., 6 mi. S. Hurricane, Hurricane Dunes, VII-15-1975, Fred G. Andrews, Alan R. Hardy, collected at blacklight. (Deposited in USNM, CAS, Howden, CDA and Hardy.) Diagnosis: P. avittata keys to either hammondi or the diffracta com¬ plex (couplet #4) in Fall’s Key (1923:34), depending upon interpreta¬ tion of the bidentate vs. tridentate condition of the anterior tibiae. When scaled dorsally, P. hammondi is unmistakably vittate, unlike the “blotched” elytral pattern of avittata (Figs. 1, 2). P. avittata is also smaller than hammondi. In the diffracta complex (see Young 1976), avittata keys to diffracta, but differs in the “blotched” verses vittate elytra ( diffracta occasionally lack vittae, but are never “blotched”). The “blotched” elytra of avittata resemble the new world species variolosa or nubila, or several old world species, such as fullo, al¬ though not as densely scaled as the old world species. P. avittata differs from nubila by the lack of erect elytral hairs which are present in nubila. From variolosa, avittata may be easily distinguished by the dorsal squamae, which are thin and hair-like in variolosa, but broad and scale-like in avittata, and the sharp clypeal corners of avittata compared with the round clypeal corners of variolosa. Remarks: This species was collected at blacklights placed upon the dunes. The area is also known as the “Warner Valley Dunes” by local residents, and is visible to the south from State Highway 17, to the east of the Virgin River. The dunes are evidently derived from Navajo Sandstone, and are the red color typical of the sand and rocks 'in that part of Utah. Vegetation on the dunes is primarily Artemesia filiformis, while surrounding vegetation is Larrea divaricata Cav. Polyphylla anteronivea Hardy, new species (Figs. 3, 4,12) Holotype male: Length 26 mm, width 8.8 mm. Integumentary color of head piceous to rufo-piceous; thorax rufo-piceous; elytra, ventral body surfaces, appendages testaceous. Clypeal angles well defined (Fig. 12); reflexed margin, disc, front with close to contiguous round to oval, cream to white scales. Front with few semierect cream colored bristle¬ like hairs. Vertex smooth, glabrous, thorax with close to contiguous to densely overlap- ---► Figs. 1-10, Polyphylla new species. Figs. 1 and 2, P. avittata. Figs. 3 and 4, P. anteronivea. Figs. 5 and 6, P. erratica. Figs. 7 and 8, P. pottsorum. Figs. 9 and 10, P. mona- hansensis. All to same scale. VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 3 4 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST ping oval white scales, which obscure virtually entire thoracic integument. Few scattered erect hairs at anterior margin of prothorax. Scutellum contiguously covered with ova) white scales. Elytra anteriorly, along suture, lateral margin and apically, with scattered to contiguous oval white scales. Ventral thoracic segments with sparse, medium, gray to white erect hairs, less dense than in most Polyphylla. Apical segment of maxillary palp short (.7 times length of basal two segments), stout (length 3.2 times width), with small, slightly concave area dorsally. Antennal club 2 (linear measurement) or 2.8 (along curve) times length of basal segments. Anterior tibiae strongly tridentate (Fig. 12). Variation in paratypes: Length 21-29 mm, width 7-10 mm. Except for specimens which have been abraded or greased, the only notable difference is in the elytral scalation, which may be reduced, or may not appear vittate. Female: Unknown. The name refers to the snow covered appearance of the anterior portion of the insect (Fig. 4). Holotype male (CAS #13097) and two male paratypes: California, Inyo Co., Saline Valley Dunes, VI-13-1976 D. Giuliani coll. Thirty-three additional paratypes, all Saline Valley, as follows: Dunes Blacklight, #8, VII-8-1976 D. Giuliani (3); Dunes #11, D. Giuliani VIII-10-1976 (1); VI-1-1974 N. Rulien (1); Dunes, VI-10-1973, J. M. Cicero (21); Dunes, V-18-1973, J. M. Cicero (6); Lake, V-18-1973, J. M. Cicero (1). (Deposited in USNM, CAS, CDA, Cicero, How- den, Nelson, Potts, Rulien.) Diagnosis:/ 3 , anteronivea, by virtue of the strongly tridentate anterior tibiae (Fig. 4), would key to couplet two in Fall’s 1928 key, which in¬ cludes the species cavifrons and hammondi. P. squamiventris Cazier would also run to that portion of the key. P. cavifrons has the antennal club less than twice as long as the basal segments, hair-like dorsal scales, less acute clypeal angles, and a more densely pubescent ventral thoracic area than anteronivea. P. hammondi has a vittate thorax, the anterior angles of the clypeus are narrower than the lateral margins (clypeus of anteronivea is widest at angles), and the front and clypeus are more pubescent than in anteronivea. (It should be noted that although both of the keys by Casey and Fall use the tridentate anterior tibiae of hammondi as significant, in series, Arizona speci¬ mens range from strongly tridentate to weakly tridentate to bidentate. There is, additionally, an undescribed species near hammondi from central Mexico with strongly tridentate anterior tibiae.) P. squamiven¬ tris has an antennal club less than 1.5 times the length of the basal segments, a pronounced pronotal vittae, and unimpressed maxillary palp, which distinguishes this species from anteronivea. P. anter¬ onivea is easily recognized at first glance by the unique vestiture (Figs. 3, 4). P. anteronivea is related to the following species. Polyphylla erratica Hardy, new species (Figs. 5, 6,14) Holotype male: Length 26.5 mm, width 9.7 mm. Integument of head rufous, except piceous vertex, anterior, lateral clypeal margins and angles. Thoracic integument rufous. Elytra, ventral surfaces, pygidium, appendages rufo-testaceous; antennal club testa¬ ceous. Clypeus quadrate, margins strongly reflexed, anteriorly bisinuate, outer angles sharp, nearly spinose (Fig. 14). Clypeal disc with close to contiguous oval white scales; VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 5 Figs. 11-15, Polyphylla, new species. Fig. 11, P. avittata. Fig. 12, P. anteronivea. Fig. 13, P. pottsorum. Fig. 14, P. erratica. Fig. 15 , P. monahansensis. Fig. 11-14to same scale. front with close to contiguous to “shingled” oval white scales, with semierect to erect testaceous hairs; vertex shining, impunctate, glabrous. Prothorax with close, to “shin¬ gled” oval white scales, slightly denser medially, medio-laterally, forming trivittate pro- thoracic pattern normal for genus; few erect to semierect white to testaceous hairs at anterior margin. Scutellum “shingled” with oval white scales. Elytra with oval white scales, which are dense and “shingled” anteriorly; becoming scattered laterally, pos¬ teriorly; forming broken “vittae”. Elytra lacking hairs. Pygidium with close white oval scales. Ventral surfaces nearly completely covered (except sutures) with oval white scales. Thorax ventrally with erect white hairs. Antennal club 2 (linear) to 3.3 (along curve) times length basal segments. Anterior tibiae strongly tridentate. Variation in paratypes: Length 23-27 mm, width 8-9.5 mm. Most pronounced difference is in the squamal vestiture, which may be nearly absent (abrasion?) to the semivittate con¬ dition described above (Fig. 6). Female: Unknown. The name refers to the erratic elytral pattern. Holotype male, (CAS #13099) and three male paratypes: California, San Bernardino Co. [Death Valley National Monument], Saratoga Springs IV-1974, Dusk, D. Giuliani colIr. 62 6 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST additional paratypes as follows: California, Death Valley, Inyo Co. [sic.], Saratoga Springs VI-12-1964, Fred G. Andrews (3); California, Death Valley, V-27/29-1955 Belkin et al., (57); California, Inyo Co., Tecopa VI-17-54, Belkin and McD. (1); California, Inyo Co., Tecopa VII- 11-1953 (1). (Paratypes in USNM, LACM, CAS, Howden, Hardy.) Diagnosis: Polyphylla erratica, because of the tridentate anterior tibia, would key to couplet two in Fall’s key. Species which also have this tridentate characteristic are P. hammondi, cavifrons, squamiven- tris, and anteronivea. P. hammondi has shorter antennal club (1.5 to 2 times length of basal segments, erratica usually greater than 2 times [Fig. 14]), less pronounced clypeal angles, both white and yellow pro- thoracic scales ( erratica has white only), testaceous (as opposed to white) ventral hairs, and usually at least some hairs on clypeus and thoracic disc behind anterior margin ( erratica has hairs confined to front and anterior prothoracic margin). P. cavifrons lacks the clypeal angles, has an anteriorly expanded clypeal shape (quadrate in erra¬ tica) a smaller antennal club (less than twice length of basal seg¬ ments) and fine hair-like scales (oval in erratica). P. squamiventris has a short antennal club (shorter than cavifrons), and an unimpressed maxillary palp (small concave area in erratica). P. erratica is evidently most closely related to the preceding species. P. anteronivea has slightly less well developed clypeal angles, an apically broadened clypeus (quadrate in erratica), less elongate and apically less pointed scales, and an anterior elytral impression which results in a trans¬ verse carina from the scutellum towards the humeral area. Addition¬ ally, anteronivea lacks any trace of a pattern or vittae in the posterior half of the elytra ( erratica usually displays at least some evidence of fragmented vittae posteriorly). Remarks: Some specimens from Saratoga Springs were taken at dusk flying low over Distichlis grass in the salt encrusted bottom of the Amargosa River. These specimens were not attracted to black- light after dark. Polyphylla pottsorum Hardy, new species (Figs. 7, 8,13) Holotype male: Length 20 mm, width 7 mm. Integument of head, prothorax, scutellum piceous; elytra, antennal club, ventral body surfaces pale testaceous; pygidium, basal segments of antennae, legs testaceous. Clypeus widened apically, anterior margin reflex¬ ed, nearly linear, angles sharp, not produced above anterior margin (Fig. 13). Clypeus, front with elongate, pointed white scales, intermixed with semierect gray hairs. Pro- thoracic disc with few erect hairs close to anterior margin; with elongate white scales closely to densely over surface; scales intermixed with recumbent white scale-like hairs medially; Prothorax appearing faintly trivittate (Fig. 8). Elytra sparsely covered with small, elongate, pointed white scales, faintly vittate at elytral base. Pygidium sparsely scaled. Antennal club approximately 2 (linear) to 2.5 times (along curve) length of basal segments (Fig. 13). Ventral abdominal segments glabrous basally near suture, densely scaled api¬ cally; covered with sparse to dense, long, fine pubesence. Ventral surface of thorax den- VOL 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 7 sely covered with long, white hairs, except glabrous patch at midline of metasternum. Anterior tibia distinctly tridentate, not as strongly as previous species (Fig. 13). Variation in paratypes: Length 16-22 mm, width 5.5-7.6 mm. There is some variation in the development of the third (basal) tibial tooth, but in all cases, there is clearly a third tooth present. Variation in scale density varies the elytral appearance from that of gla¬ brous (although scales are present) to distinctly vittate, with vittae extending nearly to elytral apex. Female: Unknown. The name is in recognition of the contributions of Mr. and Mrs. R. W. L. Potts, who first drew my attention to this species. Holotype male (CAS #13101) and 145 male paratypes: Texas, Ward Co., Monahans Sand¬ hills State Park, VI-6/7- 1977, Potts and Potts collrs.; 184 additional male paratypes, same locale, as follows: V-28-1975, Potts and Potts (29); VII-1977, R. Lenczy (8): VI1-15/16-1975, dead at light, G. H. Nelson (36); VII-23/24-1976, ultraviolet light, G. H. Nelson (III). (Depo¬ sited in CAS, USNM, Lenczy, Nelson, Potts, Hardy.) Diagnosis: P. pottsorum is another of the species with tridentate anterior tibiae ( hammondi, cavifrons, squamiventris, anteronivea and erratica, above). From all of these species except squamiventris, pott¬ sorum may be readily separated by the small size (all other species greater than 22 mm in length). P. pottsorum may be distinguished from the closely related squamiventris, by the longer antennae (1.5 times basal segments, in squamiventris vs. 2 times, or more, in pott¬ sorum), presence of clypeal setae, lighter elytral color, impressed maxillary palp, longer, thinner squamae on prothorax, and testaceous legs. PoSyphylla momahansensis Hardy, new species (Figs. 9, 10, 15) Holotype male: Length 26 mm, width 8.5 mm. integumentary color testaceous to ruto- testaceous except for piceous vertex, ocular canthi, clypeal suture, lateral clypeal margins. Apical clypeal margin reflexed; laterally, medially angulate. Reflexed clypeal margin, lateral margins, ocular canthi, lateral portions of front, vertex with close, recumbent elongate white scales. Medial portions of clypeus, front with few scattered white scales intermixed with long, erect testaceous hairs. Thorax trivittate basally; coarsely punctured, each puncture with a recumbent scale or single long erect testa¬ ceous hair. Punctures finer, closer anteriorly at midline. Elytra noticably vittate (Fig. 10), with scales smallerthan thoracic scales. Pygidium without scales, with numerous short, semirecumbent testaceous hairs. Apical pygidial margin reflexed. Antennal club nearly 3 times length of basal segments (straight line measure). Maxillary palp cylindrical in cross section, without flattened area. Anterior tibia bidentate. Thorax ventrally with dense, erect testaceous hairs. Ventral abdominal segments with sparse, recumbent, small white scales. Variation in paratypes: Length 21-27.5 mm, width 7.5-9.5 mm. Most conspicuous variation from the description above is in the shape of the reflexed anterior clypeal margin, which may lack the medial clypeal angulation, and have the lateral angles more rounded; and the anterior tibial teeth, which may be bidentate (as above) to strongly tridentate. The thoracic vittae may be more clearly developed than the type, and the elytral vittae occasionally may be faint, but are, in all specimens examined, clearly discernable throughout their length. Female: Unknown. The name refers to the type locality, Monahans, Texas. Holotype male (CAS #13100) and 39 male paratypes: Texas, Ward Co; Monahans Sandhills State Park, VI-6/7-1977, Potts and Potts. 98 additional paratypes, same 8 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST locale; except, VII-1977, R. Lenczy (8); VII-28-75, Potts and Potts (23); VI1-15/16-75, G. H. Nelson (5); VII-23/24-1976, G. H. Nelson (62). (Deposited in CAS, USNM, Howden, Nelson, Lenczy, Potts, Hardy.) Diagnosis: P. monahansensis keys to hammondi or diffracta, depending upon the dentition of the anterior tibiae (bidentate or tri- dentate). From hammondi, monahansensis may be distinguished by the longer antennal club (length 2.75 times or less length of basal segments in hammondi, 2.75 times or greater [usually ± three times] in monahansensis), position of the teeth on the anterior tibiae (all more apical in monahansensis ); and suberect to erect long hair over disc of prothorax. From diffracta, monahansensis is distinguished by the long antennal club (2 times or less in diffracta), evenly cylindrical maxillary palp (flattened dorsally in diffracta) and apically more expanded clypeus. Polyphylla speciosa Casey Polyphylla rufescenta Tanner 1928:276,N EW SYNONYMY We have recently seen a series of specimens taken at Zion National Park, which display in every respect the characters described by Tanner for his unique male. The “edentate” condition is believed to be derived from wear, as is the case in some individuals in the series above. Literature Cited Fall, H. C., 1928. A Review of the Genus Polyphylla. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 30(2): 30-35. Gordon, R. D., 1974. Additional Notes on the Genus Glaresis. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 87(12): 91-94. Gordon, R. D. and O. L. Cartwright, 1977. Four New Species of Aegialia (s.str.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from California and Nevada Sand Dunes. J. Wash. Acad. Sci.: 67(1): 42-48. Hardy, A. R., 1971. The North American Areodina with a Description of a New Genus from California. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 47(3): 235-242. Hardy, A. R., 1973. A New Species of Phobetus. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 49(2): 127-131. Hardy, A. R., 1974. A New Species of Cyclocephala Latreille from California Sand Dunes. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 50:160-161. Hardy, A. R., 1974. Two New Species of Pseudocotalpa Hardy. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 50: 243-247. Hardy, A. R., 1974. Observations on the Mating Behavior of Pseudocotalpa giulianli Hardy. Coleopt. Bull. 30(3): 301-302. Hardy, A. R., 1976. A New Species of Anomala Samouelle from California Sand Dunes. Coleopt. Bull. 30(4): 365-367. Hardy, A. R., 1977. Observations on Some Rare Scarabaeidae Mainly from California. Coleopt. Bull. 31(1): 91-92. Hardy, A. R. and F. G. Andrews, 1974. Observations on Megasoma with Behavioral Notes on Some Lamellicorn Beetles Associated with Sand Dunes. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 50(2): 124-128. Howden, H. F. and A. R. Hardy, 1971. Generic Placement and Adult Behaviorof the Genus Leptohoplia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 83(3): 337-341. Tanner, V. M., 1928. The Coleoptera of Zion National Park, Utah. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 21: 269-290. Young, R. M., 1976. Polyphylla Harris in America, North of Mexico. Part I: The Diffracta Complex. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 93: 279-318. A new species of Pilactium from Oregon (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae) A.A. Grigarick and R.O. Schuster University of California, Davis, 95616 The genus Pilactium Grigarick and Schuster, 1970 was created for the single species, summersi, which was found in several localities in the mountains of northern California. The following is a description of a second species, collected in the mountains of southwest Oregon. Pilactium henedictae, new species (Figs. 1-3) Male. — (holotype slide-mounted). Head 236/i long, 280p wide; vertexal foveae 101^ between centers. Ventral surface of head with numerous capitate setae arising on tubercules; gular foveae 54^ apart. Eyes moderate, about 8 facets across. Antenna 426^ long; segment I 52p long x 41^ wide; II 46p x 38p; lll-VI 87^ x 29p; VII 25p x 33p; VIII 41fj x 26p; IX 29 x 44^; X 30^ x 51 p; XI 94^ x 62^, with normal acuminate and large tubular setae. Pronotum 209/i long, 313p wide. Elytron 413p long, 265p wide; with 1 sutural, antebasal and subhumeral foveae. Brachypterous. Protrochanter with short, blunt median spine; profemur 265p long x 84^ wide, 25-30 specialized setae on center one-half of segment; mesofemur 210^ x 75^; metafemur 295p x 69^. Mesocoxal cavities open. Specialized setae behind metacoxae. First visible tergite 192p long, 310p wide at base, with numerous specialized setae 207^ across center between basolateral foveae (fig. 3); II 136p long; III 130p long; IV 88^ long. Sternite II with numerous specialized setae along entire basal margin; basolateral foveae present. Sternites II, III with longitudinal row of specialized setae on apical one-half of segment about 73^ from lateral margins; VI with circular group of specialized setae on median apical margin (fig. 2). Penial plate 100p long x 87p wide. Genitalia 196^ long x 100^ wide (fig. 1). Male paratype (point-mounted). Red-brown. Length 1.34 mm, width 0.43 mm. Female unknown. Distribution. — The male holotype and two male paratypes were collected at Soda Mountain Road SE of Ashland, Jackson County, Oregon on X-15-72 by Ellen M. Benedict. Pilactium benedictae differs from P. summersi by the setate area of the first visible tergite being much wider, the setate area of sternite VI more compact and closer to the apical margin, and by the longitudinal row of specialized setae laterally on sternites II and III. Genitalic differences are also present. Literature Cited Grigarick, A.A. and R.O. Schuster. 1970. A new genus in the tribe Euplectini. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 46:36-39. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:9-10. January 1978 10 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 3 Figs. 1-3. Pilactium benedictae Grigarick and Schuster, new species. Fig. 1. Male genitalia dorsal. Fig. 2. Male sternite VI. Fig. 3. First visible tergite. New Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera). III. Notes on three rare species of Diachlorini in Mexico with descriptions of Neallotypes for two Cornelius B. Philip Research Associate, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco 94118 Despite increasing collection of Tabanidae in various parts of Mexico, certain distinctive elements among the Tribe Diachlorini remain seldom taken and inadequately known. The present report provides new information on three such species, recently described from Chihuahua to Chiapas, and describes neallotypes for two of them from other states. Bolbodimyia lampros Philip and Floyd Until the specimen described below was provided through cour¬ tesy of Dr. W. W. Middlekauff of the University of California, Berkeley, the type male of this striking species remained the only known speci¬ men. Fortunately the former supplies information on the previously unknown female, and confirmatory diagnostic characters. Neallotype female. Length 13 mm, a little shorter than the type male. Otherwise, and except for the usual sexual differences, this is tinctorially in good agreement with the type from Chihuahua, considerably to the north and inland from the locality of the present specimen. The original speculation that the bright (like a “Jack-O-Lantern”), entirely orange abdomen might suggest a possibly sexually dichromatic species is thus eliminated, and this distinctive character precludes running lampros in Stone’s (1954) key to other species of the Neotropical genus, though B. celeroides Stone from Colombia does have an entirely orange venter. The name thus aptly applies to the bright, almost luminous orange abdomen in contrast to the predominantly dark notum and wings in both sexes. The neallotype female also otherwise has the same basic coloration of blackish body, legs and wings, orange face, genae and beard, plus orange hair patches on pre-alar lobes and upper pleura as in the type male. The shiny black antennal scapes are more swollen below, bases of reddish plates a little wider, dark palpi longer, and dorsum of abdomen predominantly orange-haired. Frons gently divergent below, index about 1:2, a rather broad, lanceolate, black median callus and black boss at vertex without ocelli, flanked on sides by gray pollenosity, basal callosity shining black, a little broader than tall, some¬ what swollen in profile, below which the shining black subcallus is strongly protuberant to bases of antennae. The hyaline apical crescents are reduced in the blackish wings about as in the male, but all tibiae appear a little more swollen. Locality. — Mexico: Jalisco, Guadalajara, 4.iv.72, E.A. Kane and B. Villegas. In Califor¬ nia Academy of Sciences, No. 13037, on permanent deposit from University of California, Berkeley. The same features by which Tidwell and Philip (1977) differentiated their newly described B. bermudezi from the type male, will also dis¬ tinguish the females, namely (in lampros), the more reddish antennal flagellum, the pre-alar thoracic hair patches orange and extending onto upper pleura, entirely orange abdomen and wing infuscation not restricted to a costal band; in addition, the eyes are not obviously hairy, and the median callus of the female frons is more restricted. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:11-13. January 1978 12 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Stenotabanus (Aegialomyia) yaquii Philip When this surprising beach-inhabitant on the western coast of Mexico was described recently, an important, pertinent male from the coast farther south was overlooked in a collection of Mexican horse flies received some years ago from Mrs. Reginald H. Painter of Manhattan, Kansas. It is here described as neallotype of the typical form because of the entirely red antennae including styles. Neallotype male. Length 10.5 mm, a little larger than the type female from Sinaloa, the antennal plates, as usual in males, a little narrower, and the palpi subovoid, half again longer than thick. The upper, pale yellow, enlarged facets are bare, occupy the upper three-fourths of the eye area, and are somewhat rolled over the occipital margin behind; lower small facets sharply black. Wing venation, reddish legs and halteres as in the female, but the body is paler grayish, the pattern of small, double-paired spots more obscure. Locality: Mexico: Colima, 4.5 km NW Manzanillo, 26.viii.62, R.H. & E.M. Painter, colls. In California Academy of Sciences, no. 13038. While this was collected even south of Nayarit where the types of S. (A.) yaquii subspecies occidentalis Philip were taken, the question still remains of whether intergradation will eventually be found between the 2 forms. More collecting along western beaches in Mexico, possibly in the vicinity of mangrove (as in the case of S. (A.) littoreus (Hine) on the eastern Gulf Coast), should provide more adequate series of both sexes, to decide if these characters are plastic and subject to variation. The males of related magnicaiius Stone and pechumani Philip of Gulf Coast of Mexico lack evidence of any abdominal patterns in unsoiled specimens, and, though the distribution of enlarged eye facets is about the same in the former, the palpi are more pointed and the flagella brown to black apically; in pechumani, the male eyes are very narrowly separated mesally, and upper facets less enlarged, more restricted, and the flagellum mostly black. Both sexes of yaquii bear considerable resemblance with their all- red antennae to S. (A.) littoreus (Hine), particularly from mangrove beaches on the Atlantic Gulf Coast from Quintana Roo, Mexico, to Panama; littoreus, however, are more brownish overall, the scutellum reddish. The male, especially, of yaquii is a much grayer insect with darker thoracic integument underlying the pale gray pollenosity, including the scutellum. The eye pattern was only faintly revived in one of four eastern littoreus, but it appears to resemble that in yaquii, namely, two green stripes on a purple ground. Teskeyellus hirsuticornis Philip and Fairchild The describers of this peculiar, Mexican tabanid, considered its systematic relationships as “unclear,” but believed it “belongs in the more primitive section of Diachlorini with Dasybasis and VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 13 Stenotabanus .” Their attempts, however, to check this by genitalic dissections in each sex eventuated unsuccessfully, possibly be¬ cause the specimens were somewhat teneral. This surmise regarding primitive diachlorine relationships was confirmed in a delicate, genitalic preparation from the allotype male during a recent visit of Dr. Sixto Coscaron, La Plata University, Argentina, to the California Academy of Sciences. The allotype and genitalic mount have been returned to Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. In addition to the postulated autogenous development, because of discovery of eggs in the sectioned abdomen of the apparently somewhate teneral holotype female, other unusual features are the biannulate antennal styles in both sexes and the female frons with a deep notch at vertex but no calli below, as figured by the describers. The collector did not recall the circumstances of the original capture, but it must have been near some breeding site where botn sexes were present, at just over 2100 meters altitude, in Chiapas near San Cristobal. It is disappointing that no additional, fully mature specimens have turned up in subsequent collections by several collectors of Tabanidae in the general area. I am indebted to Dr. Coscaron for the genitalic studies and con¬ firmatory opinion regarding diachlorine relationships. Literature Cited Philip, C.B. 1976. New North American Tabanidae (Diptera). XXII. New species in the Tribe Diachiorini in Mexico. Wasmann J. Biol. 34:43-51. Philip, C.B. and G.B. Fairchild. 1974. A peculiar new genus of Diachiorini (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Mexico. Canad. Entomol. 106:985-986. Philip, C.B. and L. Floyd. 1974. New North American Tabanidae. XXI. Another new Bol- bodimyia from Mexico. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 50:145-147. Stone, A. 1954. The genus Bolbodimyia Bigot (Tabanidae, Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 47:248-254. Tidwell, M.A. and C.B. Philip. 1977. A new Bolbodimyia from Mexico’s central plateau (Diptera: Tabanidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 53:97-100. 14 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST SCIENTIFIC NOTE Notes on the Larval Habits of Asemum caseyi Linsley and A. nitidum LeConte (Co- leoptera: Cerambycidae) — Little has been published regarding the larval habits of Asemum caseyi Linsley and A. nitidum LeConte, two cerambycids common on the Pacific Coast of North America. Linsley (1957, Amer. Mus. Nov. 1828: 13-14; 1962, The Ceramby¬ cidae of N. Amer. Pt. II, Univ. Calif. Pub. Entomol. 19:82-83) provides the only information on A. caseyi, listing four species of Pinus attacked and stating simply that the habits of A. caseyi “are similar to those of A. nitidum LeConte.” The habits of the latter are summarized (Linsley 1962), “the larvae bore in the sapwood and heartwood and require one or two years to complete their development.” The only additional information to be gleaned from the literature are Hopkins’ (1902, Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. Proc. 22d. Ann. Meet., p. 68) remarks that in Western Oregon and Washington A. nitidum is “a very common enemy of the Douglas spruce and western hemlock” and “the healed-over wounds in the living bark cause gum spot defects in the wood, and the trees die from successive attacks,” and Lange’s (1937, Pan-Pacific Entomol. 13:174) observation that the species was the most common cerambycid occurring on Jeffrey and ponderosa pines during a 1935 salvage operation in the Lassen National Forest of California. The following observations are presented to supplement those reviewed above. On June 19, 1977, nonteneral adults of A. nitidum were found in their pupal chambers in the sapwood of a 50 cm high standing stump of Pinus sp. at an elevation of about 850 m on the east slope of Mt. Hamilton, Santa Clara Co., California. This locality represents a minor range extension for A. nitidum since Linsley (1962, Fig. 31) shows the species occurring in the California coast ranges only to the north of San Francisco Bay. Although the tree had apparently been sawed down because it was largely dead, the stump had recently oozed sap from the saw cut and the bark was still tight on the portion not attacked by the bee¬ tles. Adults were taken from pupal chambers oriented parallel to the grain and lying from 2 to 4 cm beneath the surface of the wood. Others lay yet deeper within the wood. Exit holes in the thick bark indicated that many adults had already emerged. Pupation occur¬ red in a head-up position and a short (4 to 6 cm) exit gallery, which was tightly packed with frass, proceeded obliquely upward from the top of each chamber to the surface of the wood. Most of the larval feeding apparently occurred deep within the trunk, since the workings beneath the bark were not extensive and galleries other than exit galleries were not found in the outer sapwood. In January, 1976, at an elevation of 1700 m on Mt. Gleason in the west San Gabriel Mountains of Los Angeles County, California, I encountered a large downed bigcone pine, Pinus coulteri D. Don, which had broken off a meter or so from its base. The tree had been dead long enough to allow cerambycid larvae, primarily Rhagium inquisitor (Lin¬ naeus), to mine extensively beneath the bark of the fallen trunk. Upon my return in March, 1977, only a few adult cerambycid emergence holes were present and numerous larvae were still working. Larvae of what later proved to be Asemum caseyi were found construc¬ ting pupal chambers in the 2 cm thick bark. Galleries penetrating the sapwood to an un¬ determined depth and tightly packed with granular frass continued into the bark a few millimeters, then turned and ran parallel to the grain a short distance before widening into rather flattened pupal chambers lying parallel to the inner surface of the bark. An oblique exit gallery was subsequently made by each larva from one end of its pupal chamber to within a couple of millimeters of the outer surface. Infested bark was taken from Mt. Gleason and placed on a screened-in porch at an ele¬ vation of 300 m on the costal slope of the nearby Santa Monica Mountains where the mean daily temperatures were slightly higher than those on Mt. Gleason. Adult A. caseyi emerged from P. coulteri bark in late May and early June, 1977, and incidentally estab¬ lished a new host record forthe species. Given that A. caseyi and A. nitidum are sympatric throughout most of the major moun¬ tain ranges of California, it is reasonable to suppose that the slight differences in larval habits noted here serve to reduce competition between these congeners. — DURWARD D. SKILES, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California Los Angeles, 90024. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:14. January 1978 A New Anthicus from California (Coleoptera: Anthicidae) Donald S. Chandler Red Bluff, California 96080 Recent studies in the dune areas near the mouth of the Sacramento River have resulted in the collection of a new species of Anthicus. This species appears to be restricted to these dune areas and its existence in this restricted habitat is being brought to the attention of the Office of Endangered Species. I would like to thank Dr. F. G. Werner, University of Arizona, and Christine A. Janus-Chandler for checking the manuscript. All mea¬ surements are in millimeters. Anthicus Sacramento, new species (Figs. 1-3) 3.18-3.63 long. Head and prothorax rufescent, elytra all testaceous to piceous with large testaceous areas at humeri and in apical fourth in most specimens, legs testaceous. Head, pronotum and underside of body covered with faintly reticulate sculpture. Body and elytra with moderately dense, subdecumbent setae. Holotype male: 1 mi. W Isleton. Head 0.71 long, truncate at base, basal angles rounded, widest just behind eyes, 0.68; punctation moderately dense across front, sparse along narrow longitudinal line at center of frons, setae on frons 0.06 long. Eyes large, last segment of maxillary palpus obliquely truncate. Antennae rufescent, antennomeres elongate, length/width antennomeres l-XI: I 0.17X0.07, II 0.12X0.06, III 0.16X0.06, IV 0.15X0.06, V 0.17X0.06, VI 0.15X0.06, VII 0.15X0,06, VIII 0.12X0.06, IX 0.15X0.07, X 0.12X0.08, XI 0.17X0.08. Pronotum cordate, 0.70 long, maximum width 0.72 at 0.46 from base, 0.48 wide at base, prominent at apical angles, dorsal margins abruptly sloping to collar, faintly rugulose appearance caused by slightly raised edges around numerous setal punctures, punctures denserthan on head. Collar rugulose, 0.31 wide. Elytra 1.80 long, with prominent humeral angles, widest at middle, maximum width 1.14 at 0.70 from b^se, elytra without reticulation, setae 0.08 long, punctures separated by at least their own width. Hind wings fully developed. Ventral sclerites of thorax with punctation similar in size and spacing to that of elytra. Abdomen similar but with smaller punctures. Setae along posterior margin of propleura directed laterally. Femora moderately thick, profemur 0.67X0.23, protibia 0.58X0.10, metafemur 0.78X0.23, metatibia 0.81X0.09, metatibia with medial expansion at 0.30 from base, shallow emargination extending from expansion to 0.60 from base. Sternite seven biemarginate at apex with center produced, dense short setae directed medially along apex. Specimens examined: HOLOTYPE male: Grand Island, 1 mi W Isleton, Sacramento County, California, 13 July 1975, J. Doyen, P. Opler, J. Powell, deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. 36 PARATYPES: California: Solano County: 8 males, 3 females, Rio Vista, 21 August 1974, D. S. Chandler, collected in sand dune area (D. S. Chandler collec¬ tion); 6 males, 4 females, 2 mi SW Rio Vista, 18 August 1974, J. Doyen & P. Opler (Univ. Calif., Berkeley). Sacramento County: 10 males, 2 females, eutopotypical (Univ. Calif., The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:15-17. January 1978 16 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1. Lateral view right metatibia of male. Fig. 2. Ventral view male genitalia. Fig. 3. Left lateral view male genitalia. Berkeley). 1 male, 1 female, Grand Island, 23 March 1966, M. S. Wasbauer (Calif. Dept, of Agriculture). If the reticulation on the head and thorax is visible, sacramento keys to couplet 11 in Werner’s (1964) key to North American Anthicus. If the reticulation is not visible, sacramento will key to couplet 23. At couplet 11 the species can be separated from maritimus LeConte by the prominent elytral humeri and elongate antennal segments, and from custodiae Werner by the fainter microreticulation and denser setation. It can be separated at couplet 23 by the rounded basal angles of the head and the size being greater than 3.00. A. sacramento apparently is restricted to the sand dune areas near the mouth of the Sacramento River. This is important as these small areas are often used for recreation by offroad vehicles and as a source of material for the sand and gravel industry. This species conceivably would become extinct if its restricted habitats were removed or altered. VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 17 A similar situation is possibly threatening the existence of Anthicus antiochensis Werner, which is restricted to the small sand dune area near Antioch, California. The dune area, including the type locality, has been severely reduced by the construction of a large industrial plant. The type series of antiochensis was collected prior to the con¬ struction of the plant in 1952-1953. Only recently was a small series collected, despite repeated attempts to collect the species during the intervening years. Literature Cited 4 Werner, F. G. 1964. A revision of the North American species of Anthicus, s. str. (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. America 4:197-242. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Notes on Mantids (Stagmomantis, Iris) as Possible Predators of Conenose Bugs (Triatoma , Paratriatoma). — Wood (1975, NPCO News 35:18) reported experimental destruction of Triatoma by a mantid, Litaneutria (?). Mantids were confined to covered cir¬ cular plastic dishes, 26 cm in diameter and 10 cm deep. A piece of damp filter paper covered the floor of the container. For aeration, the lids were drilled with five holes, 3 mm in diameter. A male California mantid, Stagmomantis calitornica Rehn & Hebard, ate one male Triatoma protracta navajoensis Ryckman except for five legs and two wings. Six days later it ate one replete fifth instar nymph except for head, legs and the posterior half of the abdomen. Three female Mediterranean mantids, Iris oratoria (Linnaeus), were collected X-13-75 on oleanders at Borrego Springs, San Diego Co., CA. Strohecker (1952, Pan-Pacific Ent. 28:138) first reported this mantid from the Coachella Valley east of the Borrego Valley in California. In the laboratory at Thousand Oaks they were at first confined to plastic dishes and offered chiefly T. p. navajoensis as food. The mantids feed from any position, horizontal, head up or head down. The pattern of feeding was to grasp the triatome by the head and abdomen with both forelegs and begin chewing vigorously on the thorax with the victim held horizontally. In most instances the prothorax and head were consumed first, followed by the rest of the thorax and abdomen. By eating the smaller portion first, the mantid freed one leg for aid in holding and manipulating the heavier abdomen. The insect systematically chewed along the outer edges of the exoskeleton, segment by segment, pausing periodically to consume the internal tissues. Individual legs of the The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:17-18. January 1978 18 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST triatomes were consumed quickly from coxa to tarsus or vice versa with no foreleg involved. Smaller third instars were consumed in two or three minutes, fifth instars and adults in 40 to 59 minutes. The isolation area in the back yard consisted of a 360 x 120 x 30 cm rough redwood garden box with 70 cm vertical uprights at each end supporting a horizontal bamboo pole. Measurements for the garden box, and egg cases below, indicate length, width and height. The box was planted with lettuce, beets, carrots, peppers and parsley and covered with green nylon netting. The most noticeable insect inhabitants were ants, aphids and small beetles. The redwood box extended east and west with the north side bordering a cement walk extending 105 cm to the south wall of the house. The east, south and west sides of the box were surrounded by pea gravel covered open space 105 to 240 cm from the nearest uncovered ground surface, trees or other plants. A redwood tub with flowering carnations was placed at the west end of the box for transfer of the mantid when replanting the box..Observation of feeding behavior was made on both confined and freed mantids. One female Iris which ate two fifth instar T. p. navajoensis was released in the garden box X-18and recaptured X-31-75. On X-18-75 another female which also ate two fifth instar T. p. navajoensis deposited one egg case averaging 13 X 75 X 5.5 mm on filter paper in the laboratory. Another female which ate 13 conenose bugs (four third, one fourth, four fifth instar nymphs and one male T. p. navajoensis; one male T. p. protracta (Uhler); and one fifth instar and one male Paratriatoma hirsuta Barber) was released XI-18-75 in the garden box while depositing salivary fluids on the writer's fingers. This female deposited two egg cases 18X6X5 mm and 17X5X5 mm in tandem on the outside of the rough redwood siding in a nail depression 22.5 cm below the SE corner of the box on 1-11-76. A single egg case 14 X 8 X 6 mm was deposited by the same female 1-12-76 on a vertical support at the E end of the box 67.5 cm above the gravel surface, under and slightly N of the end of a 2.5 cm diameter bamboo pole supporting the netting. Gurney (1955, ibid 31:67-72) measured three egg cases 10, 16 and 20 mm long, 6-7 mm wide at base and 5 mm high for one captive female at Riverside, CA. When the netting was removed over the growing plants, the female remained at the E end of the box on the vertical support near the single egg case. During warm sunny January days the mantid wandered off onto the white stucco house wall into the shade, was recaptured and placed on carnation plants at the W end of the planter box. From XI1-28-75 to 1-31-76 this mantid ate five conenose bugs handed it in the garden with forceps (one fourth instar T.p. navajoensis, one fifth instar P. hirsuta plus the adults indicated above). Argentine ants, aphids and other insects were available to the mantid which remained free in the garden. It hung mostly head down on the plant stems near buds or flowers until a victim came within reach. On 11-7-76 the mantid moved under the shelter of a large white carnation flower during a three day rain. On Feb. 26 a distended abdomen indicated feeding on available garden insects. Total length on Feb. 27 was 48 mm. On Feb. 28 with an 80°F air temperature, the mantid refused one fourth instar and one female T. p. navajoensis offered on forceps. On Mar. 28 at 63°F, one fourth instar was refused. The mantid disappeared IV-7-76. The first mantids hatched in the laboratory were noted VI1-20-76 or 276 days after deposit of the single egg case on the filter paper. The last mantid observed hatching was on IX-3-76. Of 46 nymphs hatched 31 were released alive on garden plants, 10 were found dead and five others had been partially eaten. None were seen hatching from the double or single egg cases on the garden box. Six nymphs measured 6 mm and one 10 mm long. Laboratory temperatures averaged much cooler than outside air temperatures. One 40 mm nymph was captured in the front yard on XI-9-76. Another 44 mm nymph rested on a 150 cm pole in the sun 104 cm above the ground from Sept. 23 among tomato plants and disappeared X-8-76. One 45 mm nymph was collected on the netting over the garden box on IV-8-77, fed on one fourth instar T. p. navajoensis in the laboratory and was released I V 10-77. It is therefore certain that some mantids will eat Triatoma and Paratriatoma. Those occurring in natural microhabitats of conenose bugs and their environs, especially dens of the wood rat, Neotoma, would be most significant in possible control of conenose bugs . — SH ERWIN F. WOOD, 614 West Shenandoah St., Thousand Oaks, CA 91360. Larvae of Ephemerella inermis and E. infrequens (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) Stephen C. Johnson Dept, of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112 The larvae of the mayfly Ephemerella infrequens McDunnough and the cognate species, Ephemerella inermis Eaton are very similar. To date, the best descriptions of the larvae are given by Allen and Edmunds (1965), but the characters described are highly variable and display enough overlap to make positive identification of most speci¬ mens impossible, even with large series of larvae. The larva of a third closely related species, E. lacustris Allen and Edmunds, known only from Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, can be easily distinguished from the other two by the presence of distinct posterolateral projections on abdominal segments 3-9 and claws with 10-13 denticles, while larvae of E. inermis and E. infrequens have projections on abdominal segments 4-9 and claws with 6-10 denticles. Photomicrographic examination of an assemblage of reared material of both species generously provided by W.R. Good of the University of Wyoming, enabled recognition of morphological charac¬ ters that will separate the larvae of the two species. The specimens were collected by W.R. Good from two localities in Wyoming: E. infrequens from Nash Fork Creek, Albany Co. and E. inermis from the Snake River at Cattle bridge, Teton Co. A subsequent redetermination of the extensive collection of preserved larval E. inermis and E. infrequens at the University of Utah has provided more information concerning their range, habitats, and biology. Taxonomy Adults of the two species are distinguished by the shape of the male genitalia (Fig. 1), however, no reliable morphological differences between the larval stages have been reported by earlier authors. Needham (1927) described the larvae and adults of E. inermis from material reared on the Logan River, Utah. McDunnough (1928) pointed out that the genitalia figured by Needham in his description were those of E. infrequens, not E. inermis. It seems probable that the larvae were also E. infrequens and it is therefore interesting to note that while the larvae described by Needham had distinct paired pale spots on the abdominal terga, later authors (Traver, 1935; Day, 1956; Allen, 1960, 1968; Allen and Edmunds, 1965; Jensen, 1966) indicate that larvae of E. inermis have distinct spots on the terga and larvae of E. infrequens do not. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:19-25. January 1978 20 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of male genitalia, (a) E. infrequens and (b) E. inermis, magnification 172X. VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 21 In the material I have examined, both E. inermis and E. infrequens may have paired submedian spots on the posterior margin of the abdominal terga, but the spots are variable and often indistinct or absent. The color is similar and extremely variable in the two species; body coloration is usually light to dark reddish or chocolate brown with variable pale markings, but it is not uncommon to find specimens that are uniformly pale or concolorous dark brown. Legs are usually pale with conspicuous dark bands but also may be con¬ colorous. Allen and Edmunds (1965) and Jensen (1966) have noted that the larvae of E. inermis often have small paired undulations or proturber- ances on the posterior margin of some abdominal terga, and use the presence of the character to identify the species. My observations indicate this character occurs with equal frequency in both species. The new characters described below, which are differences in leg armature and claw morphology, show consistent interspecific differ¬ ences. Mature larvae of both E. inermis and E. infrequens have one or more rows of spines on the posterior margins of the femora (Figs. 2a, c). However, the spines of E. infrequens are generally .07-.09 mm or longer (Fig. 2a). This is considerably longer than those of E. inermis which are usually .02-.05 mm long with only a few as long as .06-.07 mm (Fig. 2c). E. infrequens also has a distinct subapical band of spines on the dorsal surface of the forefemora (Fig. 2a) while E. inermis has no band or at most a sparse indistinct subapical band consisting of only a few spines (Fig. 2c). Also the rows of spines on the posterior margin of the forefemora of E. inermis may be incon¬ spicuous or absent (Fig. 2c). The least variable difference between the larvae of these two species is the shape of their claws. Both E. inermis and E. infrequens have claws with 7-10 denticles. However, the anterior margin of the claw of E. inermis is strongly curved between the most distal denticle and the tip, often with an arc of 90 degrees or more (Fig. 2d). In contrast the claw of E. infrequens is very gently curved in this region (Fig. 2b). Characters common to Ephemerella inermis and E. infrequens Mature larva. General body color either uniform light to dark reddish or chocolate brown, or light to dark reddish or chocolate brown with highly variable pale markings. Head brown with variable pale markings at vertex. Thoracic notum brown with variable pale sinuate markings; lateral margin of pronotum usually pale; femora pale with variable brown markings; posterior margins of femora with one or more rows of spines; tibiae concolorous pale or pale to light brown with one basal and one midlength dark brown band; tarsi uniformly pale or pale to light brown with basal dark brown band; 22 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of: (a) fore, middle, and hind legs of E. infrequens, row of spines on posterior margin of femora (ps) and subapical band of spines on dorsal surface of forefemora (ss), magnification 25X. (b) claw of E. infrequens, magnification 260X. (c) fore, middle, and hind legs of E. inermis, magnification 25X (d) claw of E. inermis, magnifi¬ cation 260X. VOL 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 23 claws with 6-10 denticles. Abdominal terga may be uniformly pale to light or dark brown, or brown with a pale median longitudinal stripe and variable pale submedian spots on the posterior margins; postero¬ lateral projections on segments 4-9, lateral margins of projections pale; well developed paired abdominal tubercles absent, however slight paired projections or undulations sometimes may be present on posterior margin of any or all terga of abdominal segments 3-9; abdominal sterna light brown. Caudal filaments pale with brown transverse bands, whorls of spines on posterior margin of segments in basal two-thirds, heavily setaceous on distal one-third. Ephemerella inermis Eaton Mature larva. Body length 5-9 mm, terminal filaments 4-5 mm. Pale stripe across face at anterior medial margin of eyes; stripe often interrupted at center of frons. Posterior margins of femora with one or more rows of short spines, .02-.05 mm long, which may be inconspicuous or absent on forefemora; forefemora with sparse dorsal subapical band of spines, or subapical band absent or represented by only a few spines; claws sharply curved. Distribution: E. inermis is lower boreal and widely distributed in western North America from central British Columbia austrad to southern California, and central Arizona and New Mexico (Fig. 3). Ephemerella infrequens McDunnough Mature larva. Body length 5-11 mm, terminal filaments 4-6 mm; pale stripe across face usually interrupted at center of frons to form two pale spots or medially extending bars at the anterior medial margin of the eyes; posterior margins of femora with one or more rows of spines .07-.09 mm long, always present on forefemora; forefemora with distinct subapical band of spines on dorsal surface; claws gently curved. Distribution: E. infrequens is a mid-boreal species extending from central Alaska austrad to central California and northern New Mexico along the Cascade-Sierra and Rocky Mountain ranges (Fig. 3). Collections used to derive the ranges given by Allen and Edmunds (1965) and Allen (1968) probably consisted of composites of both species and do not accurately represent their distribution. My modifi¬ cation of the northward extent of the two species is based upon the identification of all available specimens from Northern British Colum¬ bia and Alaska as E. infrequens. Particular northern locality records which were originally identified as E. inermis and have been subse¬ quently identified as E. infrequens are as follows: Alaska: Anon Creek, S.E. Mainland, 25’, 26-IV-58, G.L. Miller; McMannus Creek, 60 mi. N.E. Fairbanks, 23-VI11-66, L. Boddis (Allen, 1968); British Columbia: Terrace, 12-VII-72, G.F. Edmunds, Jr. Biology Larvae of E. infrequens may be found in clear, fast-flowing streams with rocky substrates. They inhabit the underside of rocks in the riffles of a stream and seem to prefer rocks of medium size over small stones or pebbles. They range in elevation from sea level in Alaska 24 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 3. Distribution map of E. infrequens and E. inermis. and the coastal streams of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia to 4,000-10,000 ft. in the rest of western U.S. and Canada. They are less tolerant of silt than E. inermis and may be abundant in streams at high elevations. Larvae of E. inermis may be found in a wide variety of streams from sea level to 7,000 ft. in western North America, but are generally more abundant in clear rather than silty water (Allen and Edmunds, 1965). These larvae occur in a wide range of current speeds that include currents slower than those suitable for E. infrequens. They also appear able to tolerate a broader temperature range than E. infrequens and are frequently found in cool streams at lower elevations. Larvae inhabit a wide range of substrate types and are commonly found on various sized rocks and pebbles in midstream and on rocks and vege- VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 25 tation near the edge of a stream. Presently there are two rivers from which both E. inermis and E. infrequens are known, the Weber River in Utah and the Teton River in Idaho. In both cases the species appear to be allopatric with E. inermis occurring downstream from E. infrequens. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank G.F. Edmunds, Jr. and D.N. Alstad for their advice and assistance; also W.P. McCafferty and R.K. Allen for reading and commenting on the manuscript. Literature Cited Allen, R.K. 1960. Systematic revision of the genus Ephemerella of North America (Ephem- eroptera:Ephemerellidae), including some eastern North American species. M.S. thesis, Univ. Utah 312 pp. Allen, R.K. 1968. New species and records of Ephemerella (Ephemerella) in western North America (Ephemeroptera:Ephemerellidae). Kans. Entomol. Soc. 41:557-567. Allen, R.K. and G.F. Edmunds, Jr. 1965. A revision of the genus Ephemerella (Ephemerop- tera:Ephemerellidae) VIII. The subgenus Ephemerella in North America. Misc. Pub. Entomol. Soc. 4:244-282. Day, W.C. 1956. Ephemeroptera, pp. 79-105. in: R.L. Usinger, Aquatic Insects of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 508 pp. Jensen, S.L. 1966. The Mayflies of Idaho (Ephemeroptera). M.S. thesis, Univ. Utah 365 pp. Needham, J.G. 1927. The Rocky Mountain species of the mayfly genus Ephemerella. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 20:107-117. McDunnough, J. 1928. Ephemerid notes with description of a new species. Can. Entomol. 60:238-240. Traver, J.R. 1935. Part II Systematic, pp. 237-739. in: J.G. Needham, J.R. Traver, and Yin Chi Hsu, The Biology of Mayflies. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York 759 pp. New Neotropical Lamiinae (Coleoptera: Ceram bycidae) John A. Chemsak and E.G. Linsley University of California Berkeley, 94720 It has become necessary to review certain segments of the Neo¬ tropical fauna in conjunction with our studies on North American Lamiinae. Several of the more interesting and significant new species are described below. This work was carried out during the course of a National Science Foundation-sponsored study on North American Cerambycidae through Grant GB-BM574. Celeste Green prepared the illustration. Peritapnia pilosa, new species Male: Form moderate-sized, depressed, integument black, shining. Head densely micropunctate with larger punctures sparsely interspersed, each puncture bearing a long, erect seta; antennae extending about three segments beyond elytra, scape gradually enlarging toward apex, segments three to six stout, third segment shorter than first, fourth equal to third, fifth subequal to fourth, segments densely clothed with fine, ap- pressed pubescence, basal segments with several, long, erect hairs at apices. Pronotum broader than long, sides angulate, acutely tuberculate at middle; disk slightly convex, densely micropunctate with larger seta-bearing punctures sparsely interspersed; prosternum transversely rugulose, glabrous, intercoxal process barely arcuate, about one-third as broad as coxal cavities; meso- and metasternum barely punctate, densely clothed with very fine appressed pubescence. Elytra about 11/z times as long as broad; punctures behind scutellum large, subconfluent, extending along suture to middle, other basal punctures irregular, smaller, all punctures becoming very fine toward apex; erect setae arising out of large punctures at least twice the length of second antennal segment, underlying pubescence dense, fine, appressed; apices narrowly rounded. Legs densely micropunctate, finely, densely pubescent. Abdomen micro-punctate with a few larger punctures interspersed; last sternite rounded at apex. Length, 9 mm. Female: Form similar. Antennae slightly shorter. Abdomen with last sternite excavated at middle, the depression bounded posteriorly by a transverse, arcuate carina. Length, 8-9 mm. Holotype male (California Academy of Sciences) from 56 miles NW Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, 27 July, 1963 (J. Doyen). Two female paratypes from 23 miles S. Matias Romero, Oaxaca, 14 August, 1963 (F.D. Parker and L.A. Stange). The long, erect setae of the head and elytra will separate this species from other Peritapnia. Peritapnia minima, new species Tapeina nudicornis Horn, 1894:340 (not Bates 1885). Peritapnia nudicornis, Horn, 1894:403; Linsley, 1942:75. Male: Form small, depressed, integument rufo-piceous, appendages reddish brown. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:26-30. January 1978 VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 27 Head minutely punctate, very finely pubescent, long, erect setae present along anterior margin and around eyes; antennae extending about three segments beyond elytra, scape gradually enlarged, segments three to five slightly enlarged, third segment equal in length to first, fourth equal to third, fifth shorter than fourth, segments very finely, rather sparsely pubescent, basal segments with several long, erect setae at apices. Pronotum broader than long, sides angulate; disk thinly impressed behind apex and before base, middle vaguely, shallowly tricallused; punctures very fine, dense; pubescence minute, appressed, with a few, long, erect setae interspersed; prosternum transversely rugulose, intercoxal process almost plane, more than one-half as broad as coxal cavities; meso- and metasternum finely punctate and pubescent. Elytra about IV2 times as long as broad; punctures behind scutellum moderately coarse, usually separated, extending along suture to beyond middle, other basal punctures finer, rather sparse, irregular; erect setae arising out of punctures shorter than second antennal segment, underlying pubescence very fine, dense; apices narrowly rounded. Legs with femora strongly clavate, finely punctate and pubescent. Abdomen finely punctate and pubescent; last sternite rounded at apex. Length, 6-9 mm. Female: Form similar. Antennae slightly longer than body. Abdomen with last sternite impressed and carinate at middle. Length, 7-9 mm. Holotype male, allotype (California Academy of Sciences) and 44 paratypes (19 males, 25 females) from 2 miles NE San Pedro, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 19 September, 1967, under bark of Bursera (J. Chemsak, A. & M. Michelbacher). Additional paratypes all from Baja California Sur as follow: 6 males, 6 females, 3.5 miles NE San Pedro, 7 September, 1967 at light (Chemsak and Michelbacher); 2 males, 3 females, 3 miles N. San Pedro, 6 July, 1938 (Michelbacher & Ross); 3 females, 10 Km. S San Pedro, 23 August, 1976 (E. Giesbert); 6 males, 6 females, 5 miles SW La Paz, 7 September, 1967, under bark of Bursera (Chemsak and Michelbachers); 1 male, 2 females, 7 miles W La Paz, 6 August, 1966 (E.G. & J.M. Linsley, P.D. Hurd, Chemsak), 6 September, 1967 (Chemsak and Michelbachers); 1 female, 5 miles S La Paz, 17-22 September 1967 (Chemsak & Michelbachers); 4 males, 1 female, 15 miles W La Paz, 5 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross); 2 males, 1 female, 20 miles NW La Paz, 16 July, 1938 (Michelbacher & Ross); 15 males, 9 females, 26 miles W La Paz, 11 August, 1966, at lights (Chemsak, Powell and Doyen); 1 female, 25 miles W La Paz, 30 August, 1959 (Radford & Werner); 1 male, 1 female, El Triunfo, 7 July, 1938 (Michelbacher & Ross); 1 male, 1 female, 2 miles NW El Triunfo, 12 August, 1966 (Chemsak, Doyen and Powell); 4 male, 4 females, San Jose del Cabo, 11 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross), 11-16 September, 1967 (Chemsak and Michelbachers); 3 males, 1 female, 6 miles N San Jose del Cabo, 15 September, 1967 (Chemsak and Michelbachers); 2 females, 10 miles SW San Jose del Cabo, 9 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross); 18 males, 24 females, 7 km. N Cabo San Lucas, 26-27 August, 1976 (E. Giesbert); 3 males, 2 females, San Bartolo, 13 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross); 1 male, 5 miles W San Bartolo, 13 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross); 3 males, Todos Santos, 15 July, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross); 1 male, 4 miles N Todos Santos, 2 September, 1959 (Radford and Werner); 1 female, El Carrizal, 25 August, 1976 (E. Giesbert). Additional specimens from 10 miles S Punta Prieta, 15 miles N El Refugio, 20 miles N Comondu, and 45 miles N San Ignacio are also assignable as this species. In several of these localities P. minima occurs sympatrically with P. fabra Horn, which suggests a possible subspecific relationship between fabra and the Cape population. However, the lack of adequate material from the central and northern parts of the peninsula and apparently significant structural differences make a subspecific designation untenable at this time. The broad, flattened intercoxal process of the prosternum, smaller average size and antennal scape equal in length to the third segment separate minima from fabra. P. nudicornis (Bates) differs by the longer setae on the elytra, pale pubescent humeri of the males, and by having the antennal scape longer than the third segment. 28 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Pseudotapnia, new genus Form small, depressed. Head small, front broader than long; palpi slightly unequal, apical segments slender, cylindrical; eyes small, finely faceted, deeply emarginate, lobes connected by a line; antennal tubercles small, widely separated; antennae slender, short, six segmented, scape small, slightly clavate, sixth segment slightly flattened. Pronotum broaderthan long, sides rounded, unarmed, base broadly, deeply transversely impressed, apex very shallowly compressed; disk almost plane; prosternum narrow, narrowly impressed at apex; intercoxal process flat, less than one-half as broad as coxae, coxal cavities closed behind, feebly angulate externally; mesosternum short, with intercoxal process about as broad as coxae, flattened, abruptly declivous anteriorly; coxal cavities closed to epimeron; metasternum with epimeron narrow, tapering posteriorly. Elytra about 1 Vi times longer than broad, strongly convex toward apices; epipleurae vertical to behind middle; apices narrowly rounded. Legs short; femora strongly clavate; middle tibiae with a small external sinus; tarsi short, moderately broad, third segment cleft to base, claws divergent. Abdomen with first sternite broad, sternites two to four narrow and last broad. Type species: Pseudotapnia curticornis, new species. This genus may be readily recognized by the short broad form and apparently six-segmented antennae. This latter characteristic appears to have developed by the fusion of the distal segments. The affinities of Pseudotapnia are difficult to assess but the genus appears to resemble Peritapnia Horn in a number of structural characters, thereby placing it into the tribe Acanthoderini. Pseudotapnia curticornis, new species (Fig. 1) Female: Form small, depressed; integument black, pubescence gray and black. Head with front rather finely, separately punctate, densely clothed with small tufts of short appressed pubescence; vertex short, punctation and pubescence as on front; inter- antennal area plane; antennae extending a little beyond elytral humeri, third segment much longer than scape, fourth equal to third, fifth and sixth combined shorter than fourth, third segment, apical one-half of fourth, and fifth and sixth black. Pronotum with disk coarsely, densely punctate, densely clothed with small tufts of grayish, appressed pubescence, one or two long erect setae present at sides on apical margin of basal impression; prosternum thinly pubescent, coxae with a dense patch of appressed pubescence on front; meso- and metasternum finely punctate with patches of appressed pubescence at margins. Scutellum broader than long, densely pubescent. Elytra coarsely, separately punctate over basal one-half, punctures becoming obsolete toward apex; pubescence dense, short, appressed, grayish except for an almost heart-shaped black band at base, broader, short black bands below humeri directed back and toward disk and an irregular black median band, the arcuate pale basal bands consisting of white instead of gray pubescence. Legs with tops of apical one-half of femora and outside margins of tibiae to middle densely gray pubescent. Abdomen finely punctate; last sternite narrowly impressed longitudinally at base, apex rounded. Length, 7 mm. Holotype female (California Academy of Sciences) from Coco Solo Hospital, Canal Zone, 15 May, 1974, light trap (D. Engleman). The size, shape, color pattern and short antennae make this species very distinctive. The antennae and markings of the elytra suggest a mimetic association with an ant, although we are unaware, at this time, of any specific model. VOL 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 29 Fig. 1 Pseudotapnia curticornis, new species 30 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Lypsimena tomentosa, new species Female: Form moderate sized, subparallel; integument reddish brown, pubescence pale brownish and gray, dense, appressed, obscuring surface, erect hairs almost absent. Head short, densely pubescent; median line shallow, becoming a suture on vertex; vertex short, moderately densely punctate, punctures obscured by pubescence; antennae slender, slightly longer than body, segments densely clothed with short appressed pubescence, basal segments with a few long suberect hairs internally which decrease in length toward apices, third segment longer than first, remaining segments gradually decreasing in length. Pronotum broader than long, sides broadly rounded, disk convex, rather coarsely, confluently punctate; pubescence appressed, obscuring surface, sides with several long erect hairs interspersed; prosternum narrow, coxal cavities closed behind; meso- and metasternum densely pubescent, punctures obscured. Elytra more than twice as long as broad; basal punctures rather coarse, dense, becoming obsolete behind middle; pubescence appressed, pale brownish, with white or gray pubescence suffused over disk away from suture, base, and apex; apices narrowly subtruncate. Legs short, femora gradually expanded toward apices; front tibiae with an internal sinus, middle tibiae with an external sinus. Abdomen minutely, densely punctate, very densely clothed with appressed pubescence; last sternite broadly subtruncate at apex. Length, 9- 10 mm. Holotype female (Cornell University) and seven female paratypes from Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, 4-24 April, 1898, 2-24 May, 1898 (E.A. Klages). The very dense appressed pubescence which completely obscures the body surface will readily separate this species from other known Lypsimena. The only significant variation observed in the type series is in the amount and extent of suffused whitish pubescence on the elytra. This is almost absent in some individuals but quite distinct in others. Literature Cited Horn, G. H. 1894. The Coleoptera of Baja California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, 4: 302-449. Linsley, E.G. 1942. Contributions toward a knowledge of the Insect fauna of Lower California. No. 2. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 4,24: 21-96. A New Genus and Five New Species of Scatopsidae from California, Mexico, El Salvador and Peru 1 (Diptera) Edwin F. Cook Department of Entomology, Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55108 Material sent to me for identification in 1977 from the California Academy of Sciences by Paul Arnaud contains a new species of Swammerdammella, a new Psectrosciara and an additional species that necessitated a reexamination of two species included in my 1956 paper as the dampfi complex in Rhexoza. The reexamination has required the erection of a new genus, below. In addition 2 species from an earlier California Academy of Science loan are described as a new species of Rhegmoclemina and a new species of Colobostema. All are from California, Mexico, El Salvador and Peru. When I reviewed the genus Rhexoza in 1975 I deliberately ignored the two species included in the group I had termed the dampfi complex of Rhexoza in 1956. This was because these were 2 rather different species, and while they fit in the tribe Swammerdamellini they both differed in characteristics that I considered necessary for inclusion in the described genera making up that tribe. The discovery of a new species very near R. dampfi (Duda) has prompted me to erect a genus for these two species. Rhexoza cryptica Cook, originally placed with R. dampfi, must be placed in Swammerdamella despite the fact that it lacks the “key” character for inclusion in that genus. Segment 7 is not concealed in segment 6 in the male and tergum 7 is differently modified (see Cook 1956, Fig. 5D). Aside from this, it has identical head structure, maxillary palp form, chaetotaxy and genital vesica and apodeme size. The wing venation and antennal structure are like S. pygmaea (Loew). There is also an aedeagal plate in the male which I overlooked in my earlier description in addition to the posterior median process. Akorhexoza, new genus Antennae 10-segmented (8 flagellomeres) slightly longer than height of head capsule; cardo-stipites broad, band-like, fused mesally and setose; maxillary palpi large, rather reniform; proboscis nearly as long as head capsule height; label la elongate, rather slender; occiput sparsely setose posteriorly, very few microtrichia only near foramen; eyes with setae between facets. Thorax with triangular spiracular sclerite, longer than ‘Paper No. 10,060 Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Station, St. Paul, Minnesota. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:31-37. January 1978 32 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST high; the usual pleural setae, including lower epimerals; wing venation similarto Rhexoza, costal-radial complex ending before middle of wing; M fork longer than stem; M, and M 2 diverging to wing margin; setae dorsally on costal-radial complex; wing membrane beset with microtrichia. Male abdomen with 7 evident segments; 7 pair of spiracles; with modified 8th tergum; sterna absent on segments 1-4; small triangular sclerite on 5 and 6; terga present on 1-7; segment 7 modified; sternum 7 with bilobed posterior expansion, tergum 7 posteriorly deeply emarginate. Tergum 8 either bifurcate or truncate; genitalia with sclerotized penis, reduced penis valves and an elongate median process which may be the fused gonocoxites. Female abdomen with 7 segments; sternum absent on 1-6; sternum 7 sclerotized; terga 1-7 sclerotized. Segment 8 and terminalia of female very dif¬ ferent in the 2 included species. Tergum either divided or entire; cerci large or small, 8th valvifers present or absent. Type species of the genus: Akorhexoza dampfi (Duda). Diagnosis. —Length of costa between R x and R 3 greater than length of Rij abdominal segment 7 visible in males; males with tergum 7 not produced posteriorly, with an obvious tergum 8 and with sternum 7 deeply emarginate posteriorly. The two included species can be distinguished readily. A. cactivora has tergum 8 apically truncate in the male and the female has paired posteriorly projecting, acute valvifers. A. dampfi has tergum 8 pro¬ duced into 2 posteriorly-directed points in the male and the female has apically rounded setose valvifers. Akorhexoza dampfi (Duda), new combination This species was redescribed in 1956 but some additional characters should be added to that redescription. Male. — Flagellomeres with about 13 setae in a single whorl in addition to microtrichia and campaniform sensilla; maxillary palpi 0.17 mm long: label la slender, nearly as long as palpi; rostrum long; occiput sparsely setose, with 3 campaniform sensilla on each side; cardo-stipites conspicuous, with about 18 setae on each side. Supraalar setae 13-21; preepisternals 16, anepisternals 23; upper episternals 13; subalars 21; subspiraculars 14-21 (2 large); lower epimerals 13; pedicellars 3-6. Wings 1.90- 2.17mm long; Ri and R 3 with only dorsal setae; R 3 terminates before middle of wing; section 2 of costa about 1/3 longer than R,; membrane microtrichiose. Abdominal terga 2- 6 rectangular, sparsely setose; tergum 1 anteriorly emarginate, narrower than succeeding terga; tergum 7 yellow, posteriorly emarginate, with long marginal setae and small sparse setae anteriorly; tergum 8 sclerotized, yellow-brown, posteriorly produced in 2 apically acute triangular processes; sterna 1-4 unsclerotized; sterna 5 and 6 small, (less than Vz width of terga) triangular, sparsely setose; sternum 7 deeply emarginate posteriorly, no tooth on posterior margin; no sternum 8. Genitalia with small setose penis valves; median ventral process with a few small marginal setae, penis conspicuous, sclerotized. Females.—Very like male in size and color. Cardo-stipites with 25 setae on each side. Supraalar setae 25-29; preepisternals 20; anepisternals 41; upper episternals 18; subalars 25; subspiraculars 22 (3 large); lower epimerals 13, pediciliars 5. Wings as in male. Abdominal terga 1-6 as in male; tergum 7 with a crescent shaped posterior emargination; all tergites sparsely setose; sterna 1-6 not sclerotized, sternum 7 sclerotized, with a median rounded emargination, produced triangularly laterad of emargination. Tergum 8 divided by large cerci, sparsely setose, microtrichiose, yellow; tergum 8 produced posteriorly as two adjacent apically rounded, setose processes. Redescription based on 1 d, 1 9 from Brownsville, (Mexico) [sic] 10-21-48. VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 33 Akorhexoza eactiwra, new species Male.—About 2.00 mm long; color dark grey brown, membrane pale; head and thorax shining, abdomen dull (specimens all slide mounted). Antennal flagellomeres with a single whorl of about 13 short, stout setae in addition to campaniform sensilla and micro- trichia; maxillary palpi large, 0.16 mm long; labella slender but nearly as long as palpi; rostrum long; cardostipites conspicuous with 11-17 setae on each side; occiput sparsely setose with vertex more densely setose. Supraalar setae 15; preepisternals 10-11; anepisternals 22-23; upper episternals 8; subalars 7-9; subspiraculars 6-9 (2 large); lower epimerals 1-5; pedicellars 3. Wings 1.75-1.90 mm long; R, and R 3 with dorsal setae only; R., terminates before middle of wing; section 2 of costa scarcely longer than R,; membrane microtrichiose. Abdominal tergites 2-7 conspicuous, rectangular, wider than long, sparsely setose; tergum 1 anteriorly emarginate, short; tergum 8 (Fig. 3) dark, heavily sclerotized, produced posteriorly in atuncate process; tergum 7 (Fig. 2) large, longer than preceding and deeply emarginate posteriorly; sterna 1-4 unsclerotized, 5 and 6 small, triangular; sternum 7 (Fig. 2) large, deeply emarginate posteriorly, a strong tooth-like process on each side of emargination; no evident sternum 8. Genitalia (Fig. 1) very like that of dampfi except penis valves less conspicuous, with fewer setae; median process (gonocoxites) with a regular row of long setae on each side ventrally. Female.—Size and coloration as in male. Maxillary palpi 0.15 mm long; cardo-stipites with 12-17 setae on each side; supraalar setae 13-15; preepisternals 6-10; anepisternals IQ- 23; upper episternals 6; subalars 6-8; subspiraculars 5-6 (2 large); lower epimerals 2-4; pedicellars 3. Wings as in male, 1.70 mm long; abdominal terga 1-6 as in male; sterna 1-6 unsclerotized; sternum 7 sclerotized; all sclerites sparsely setose, setae small, tergum 8 small, with a few setae and microtrichia laterally, mesally bare. Cerci small, setose and microtrichiose. Genitalia (Fig. 4) with a pair of apically acute valvifers fused with sternum 8; very distinct from terminalia of 9 dampfi. Holotype d. N. San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico. 4-VIII-1966, reared ex Ferrocactus. In collection of University of Minnesota. Paratypes: 1 9 same date as holotype, in University of Minnesota collection; 1 d, 1 9, Teotihuacan pyramid to the sun, Mexico. 27-XI1-1970, (P.H. & M. Arnaud), at flowers of Cassia tomentosa L.f. [sic] in collection of California Academy of Sciences. Psectrosciara arnaudi, new species Male.—Total length 2.5 mm. Color dark blackish brown; head and thorax shining, abdomen dull; legs unicolorous with body except hind femora somewhat darker; halteres brown. Maxillary palpi 0.112 mm long; labella small, 0.15 mm; rostrum short; no evident cardo-stipites; gular area partially sclerotized, bearing some setae; head capsule posterior to eyes with short setae and at least 3 pairs of campaniform sensilla on lower half; antennae 10-segmented, with numerous short setae. Supraalar setal row not particularly distinct, about 6-7 setae in this position; upper episternals 7; anepisternals 24; preepisternals 40+ ; subalars 12; subspiraculars 8; lower epimerals 0. Wings pale brown, beset with microtrichia; setae on veins and membrane behind M 2 ; veins con¬ spicuous, Ri and R 2 darker than those posteriorly; M, scarcely connected to M 2 at base. Genitalia (Fig. 5) similar to those of P. oregonensis Cook; dorsal process small, detached from tergum 8. Female. — Unknown. Holotype d Mexico, Baja California, 22 miles S. San Vincente, 300 ft., 6 April 1969. (Stanley C. Williams). In collection of California Academy of Sciences. 34 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 1-4. Akorhexoza cactivora. Fig. 1. male genitalia; Fig. 2. male segment 7; Fig. 3. male tergum 8; Fig. 4. female genitalia; Fig. 5. Psectrosciara arnaudi, male genitalia. Figs. 6-8. Rhegmoclemina acrolophia. Fig. 6. male sternum 7; Fig. 7. male genitalia, dorsal aspect; Fig. 8. male genitalia, ventral aspect. VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 35 This will key to couplet 3 in my 1958 paper along with P. bakeri Cook and P. discata Cook. The genitalia, however, have stout, uncurved gonocoxites and a median ventral process not evident in those species. Rhegmoclemina (Neoirlhegmoclemma) acrolophia, new species Male.—Length about 2.5 mm; dark blackish brown, head and thorax shining, abdomen dull, all concolorous. Antenna with 10 flagellomeres, each with a single whorl of about 19 long setae as well as microtrichia and campaniform sensilla; maxillary palpi short (0.075 mm), ovate; cardo-stipites indistinct, fused mesally, with 13 setae on each side; rostrum short, less than head capsule height; occiput setose with long setae, microtrichiose posteriorly; eyes with setae between facets. Spiracular sclerite triangular; supraalar setae 14; preepisternals 18; anepisternals 14; upper episternals 9; subalars 11; subspiraculars 7 (2 large); lower epimerals 0; pedicellars 0. Wing length about 2.5 mm, wing dull, densely microtrichiose; a few setae dorsally on Cu 1(> ; section 2 of costal margin short, shorter than R 3 . Abdominal terga 1-6 sparsely setose, setae more abundant on posterior segments; sternum 1 absent; sterna 2-6 like terga, with longer more numerous setae; tergum 7 short, with deep, rounded posterior emargination; sternum 7 (Fig. 6) shieldshaped, apodemes well separated; all sclerites with short, dense microtrichia; spiracles present on segments 1-7. Genitalia (Figs. 7 and 8) similar to those of the African species R. chaetophora Cook and R. divergens Cook. Genital capsule produced ventrally as 2 long, slender, setose processes; the processes tipped by 2 or 3 setae and a blunt spiniform seta; penis valves dark, elongate, heavily sclerotized and assymetrical, each with few setae and/or campani¬ form sensilla apically; gonocoxites dark, heavily setose; penis stout, expanded apically, apex assymetrical. Holotype d. Peru, West Crest Carpish Mountains, 40 Mi S.W. Tingo Maria. 17.X.1954 (Schlinger and Ross). In collection of California Academy of Sciences. The only other described southern South American species is Rhegmoclemina constricta (Duda) from Chile. R. acrolophia has very different genitalia from those illustrated by Edwards in which there seems to be but a single pair of posteriorly directed appendages. Swammerdamelia glocHiis, new species Male.—Length 0.90 mm; blackish brown, dull, unicolorous except tarsi pale yellowish- white; halteres dark. Antennae damaged in the only specimen; maxillary palpi large, 0.10 mm long; cardo-stipites with 3 setae on each side, microtrichiose; occiput sparsely setose, microtrichiose. Supraalar setae 10; preepisternals 3; anepisternals 10; upper episternals 5; subalars 6; subspiraculars 2; lower epimerals 0; pedicellars 1. Wings damaged on only available specimen. Abdominal terga and sterna sparsely setose, micro¬ trichiose; segment 7 largely concealed in segment 6; tergum 6 longer than preceding terga, without evident microtrichia except near anterior margin; segment 7 (Fig. 9) similar to that of S. pusilla, no specialized seta groups; genital vesica and apodemes 0.20 mm long. Genitalia (Fig. 10) with triangular gonocoxite; penis valves small, rounded lobes with few setae; aedeagal plate bluntly pointed, wider than long. Female.—Total length 1.05 mm, wing length 0.99 mm with typical venation, colored like male; maxillary palpi 0.11 mm long; cardo-stipites with 6 setae on each side; head other¬ wise as in male. Supraalar setae 9; preepisternals 2; anepisternals 9; upper episternals 5; subalars 4; subspiraculars 1-2, lower epimerals 0; pedicellars 1. Seven abdominal seg- 36 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 9-11. Swammerdamella glochis. Fig. 9. male segment 7; Fig. 10. male genitalia; Fig. 11. female genitalia; Figs. 12-13. Colobostema leechi. Fig. 12. male tergum 7; Fig. 13. male genitalia. ments; all sclerites sparsely setose and microtrichiose; spermatheca spherical .075 mm in diameter. Genitalia (Fig. 11) with tergum 8 rounded posteriorly, concealing larger cerci beneath, with irregular rows of setae, all microtrichiose; sternum 8 bilobed, micro¬ trichiose, setae only on posterior margin laterally. Holotype d. El Salvador, Quezaltepque, 500 M. VI-19-62. (D.Q. Cavagnaro and M.E. Irwin). Paratype 9, same data as holotype. In collection of California Academy of Sciences. This is the only described Swammerdamella from Central America with a median process on tergum 7. Colobostema leechi, new species Male. —Length 2.25 mm, dark grey-brown, unicolorous, dull; wings infuscated, veins conspicuous. Antennae missing in only specimen; maxillary palpi short, ovate .08 mm long; labella small, about twice as long as maxillary palpi; rostrum short; cardo-stipites VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 37 not evident; occiput sparsely setose, microtrichiose. Eyes with setae and microtrichia between well-separated facets. Anterior spiracular plate as high as long, triangular; no supraalar setae; no preepisternal setae; anepisternal setae numerous on anterior margin; upper episternal setae 6; subalars 12, subspiraculars 11; lower epimerals 10. Wings 2.65 mm long, faintly brownish, veins obvious, membrane microtrichiose, costa and radial complex with setae; 2nd section of costal margin subequal to section 3; M 2 subequal to base M. Abdomen with terga and sterna sparsely setose, densely microtrichiose; segments 1-6 unmodified; tergum 7 (Fig. 12) reduced laterally, trilobed on posterior margin; sternum (Fig. 12) expanded dorsally to include 7th spiracle; genital vesica and apodemes 0.33 mm long. Genitalia (Fig. 13) with tergum 9 produced posteriorly, terminat¬ ing in 2 divergent points; gonocoxite setose, emarginate distally; penis valves swollen basally, acute apically; penis somewhat sinuous, not projecting beyond gonocoxites. Segment 7 very similar to those of European species C. triste (Zetterstedt) and C. nigripenne (Meigen) with spiracles in sternum rather than tergum as other North American Colobostema. Holotype d. Mill Valley, Marin Co. California, 10-IV-40, (H.B. Leech) collector. In collection of California Academy of Sciences. This species differs from the other American Colobostema with unbanded legs in having a truncate median lobe on the posterior margin of tergum 7 rather than a median incision. Literature Cited Cook, E.F. 1956. A contribution toward a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part III. The genus Rhexoza. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 49:1-12 Cook, E.F. 1958. A contribution toward a monograph of the Scatopsidae (Diptera). Part VII. The Genus Psectrosciara Kieffer. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 51:587-595. Cook, E.F. 1975. A Reconsideration of Nearctic Rhexoza (Diptera: Scatopsidae). Pan- Pacific Entomol. 51:62-75. Rev. Modestus Wirtner, Amateur Hemipterist: Correspondence with E.P. Van Duzee A.G. Wheeler, Jr. Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg 17120 Amateurs were largely responsible for the early growth of Ameri¬ can entomology. A later contributor was a Pennsylvania priest, the Rev. Modestus Wirtner, O.S.B. During the first 15 years of the twen¬ tieth century, Father Modestus collected Hemiptera in the vicinity of churches he served in western Pennsylvania and assembled an im¬ pressive collection, which culminated in the 1904 publication of the only useful general account of Pennsylvania Hemiptera. Little information has been available regarding the role of Rev. Wirtner in American hemipterology. For example, Osborn (1937,1952) was unable to supply a year of birth and devoted only one sentence to his activities. Recently, Wheeler and Henry (1977) presented a bio¬ graphical sketch of Father Modestus and, after examining his collec¬ tion, which is housed at St. Vincent College, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, made additions and corrections to the 74 species of Miridae given in his 1904 list. Rev. Wirtner’s interest in entomology began during his seminary days at St. Vincent when he volunteered to work on the insect collec¬ tion under the Rev. Jerome Schmitt, designer of the Schmitt box and student of ants and pselaphid and scydmaenid beetles (Gurney et al., 1975). While Rev. Schmitt taught at Belmont Abbey College in North Carolina in the early 1880’s, Father Modestus was left in charge of the collection (Wheeler and Henry, 1977). After his ordination into the Order of St. Benedict in July 1886, Father Modestus spent 12 years at churches in remote regions of Colorado before returning to western Pennsylvania in 1889. He had become interested in Hemiptera while stationed in Colorado and now wanted to acquire facility with that group of insects. He began to correspond with many of the leading specialists in Hemiptera: E.D. Ball, Otto Heidemann, Herbert Osborn, O.M. Reuter, J.G. Sanders, and E.P. Van Duzee, then America’s foremost hemipterist. Father Modestus sent specimens for determination and retained much of the information provided by specialists (D.M. DeLong, pers. com.). With the aid of identified specimens, Rev. Wirtner was able to make many of his own determinations. Later (1917) he described a new genus and species of Miridae from Pennsylvania. Rev. Wirtner’s file of letters apparently was destroyed, but much of his correspondence with Mr. Van Duzee fortunately has been pre¬ served at the University of Missouri and at the California Academy of Sciences where Van Duzee served as curator of insects for many The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:38-42. January 1978 VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 39 years. In Missouri the St. Louis physician and lepidopterist Dr. E.P. Meiners collected the letters and writings of several early entomolo¬ gists (Remington, 1962) and purchased some of Van Duzee’s corres¬ pondence. Upon Meiners’ death in 1960, these letters were incor¬ porated into the holdings of the University of Missouri, Columbia. Through the courtesy of W.R. Enns in the Department of Entomology, I obtained copies of letters written by Rev. Wirtner to Van Duzee, many on small, ruled tablet paper. However, only two of Mr. Van Duzee’s replies to Father Modestus were located. Much of the missing correspondence (20 letters) was obtained from the Archives of the California Academy of Sciences. I have deposited copies of the Wirtner-Van Duzee letters in the Center for the History of Entomology at the Pennsylvania State University. The Wirtner-Van Duzee Letters 1 Father Modestus first wrote to Mr. Van Duzee in late 1899 when he was stationed at St. Boniface Church near Pittsburgh and Van Duzee was librarian at the Grosvenor Public Library, Buffalo, New York (1). Both were 38 years of age. During the early years of their correspon¬ dence, Rev. Wirtner addressed Mr. Van Duzee as “Dear Sir,” but beginning in 1907 he used the salutation “Dear Friend.” Van Duzee initially addressed Father Modestus as “Dear Sir,” then used “My dear Sir” or “My dear Dr. Wirtner” in later letters. Although the tone of his letters to Wirtner was formal, he gave encouragement to the priest and offered to assist him at any time with his studies on Penn¬ sylvania Hemiptera (2). Acquiring the Literature. — In his first letter (1) Rev. Wirtner expres¬ sed his wish to accumulate the literature pertaining to Hemiptera and that he would like to receive papers issued by the Buffalo Society of Natural History. In his next letter (3) Father Modestus enclosed $.75 for copies of two papers by Van Duzee and indicated he would gladly purchase other of Van Duzee’s descriptions and revisions. Mr. Van Duzee replied that the Society’s officers would not sell Bulletins at less than $1 but that he would sell him his “extras” for $.75 (4). He sent Rev. Wirtner a list of all reprints available at prices ranging from $.05 to $.75 (5). Wirtner returned Van Duzee’s letter, checking titles of 14 papers and enclosing a postal order for $2.26 (6). Enthusiasm for Collecting and Exchange of Specimens. — As an avid insect collector, Father Modestus sometimes grew impatient for spring to arrive. In 1904 he wrote his friend in Buffalo: “I hope that spring weather will soon show itself so as to do some more collect¬ ing.” (7). After a poor summer for collecting, he would express his disappointment to Mr. Van Duzee (8,9). Van Duzee occasionally wrote about his collecting trips (10), but more obvious in his correspondence was his keen desire to acquire ‘Numbers in parentheses in text refer to the Wirtner—Van Duzee letters listed following Literature Cited. 40 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST additional species of Hemiptera for his personal collection. In an 1899 letter he asked if Rev. Wirtner might have any pentatomids he wished to exchange for species not represented in his Pennsylvania material (11). Upon receipt of tentatively determined pentatomids, Mr. Van Duzee noted a few of Wirtner’s misidentifications and emphasized the potentially new material for his collection, which he kept. “I will put in a good return for all of these specimens retained and trust you will not think I have kept too much. My collection is now so complete in the North American forms it is very difficult to add a new one and when I do get one I prize it highly.” (12). Later, Van Duzee hinted: “If you are ever willing to part with your Geotomus Uhleri [Cydnidae] I will give you some large showy species_” (13). He must have felt this too overt a suggestion, for he explained: “.... but I do not want you to consider this as a request for it. I merely thought if I could add a new species to my collection without robbing yours it might be well for both.” (13). To enrich Van Duzee’s collection, Rev. Wirtner sent him Hemiptera collected in Florida by Rev. Schmitt and also specimens he had acquired from Africa and South America (14). He suggested that Mr. Van Duzee write Mr. Edward Klages, an amateur entomologist in the Pittsburgh area who had recently returned from a collecting trip to South America and who now wished to dispose of some specimens (15). Van Duzee wrote to Klages but doubted whether any business could be transacted because he had such limited funds for buying specimens (16). Mutual Praise and Advice. — That Father Modestus was appreciative of the favors extended him by Mr. Van Duzee is apparent throughout his correspondence, but he did not hold the respected hemipterist in such awe that he was hesitant to give advice. He informed Van Duzee in 1907 (17) and again in 1915 (18) of the correct spelling of the tingid genus Corythucha, even though Van Duzee already had made the cor¬ rection in several previous papers (19). When Father Modestus learned of Van Duzee’s desire to issue a catalogue of North American Hemiptera, he urged that type-species, even ones not occurring in North America, be included for all genera. He further offered advice on what he considered the correct Latin form of family names, e.g., Reduviadae, Veliadae (18). Van Duzee felt free to point out errors in Rev. Wirtner’s (1904) list of western Pennsylvania Hemiptera but complimented him for “the careful and accurate manner in which it has been prepared_” (20). He then praised the work as “one of the best local lists I have yet seen.” (20). Problems in Meeting Van Duzee. — Several times Father Modestus expressed a desire to meet Mr. Van Duzee and examine his collec¬ tion. In June 1902 he invited Van Duzee to visit him on a proposed trip from Buffalo to Pittsburgh (21) but that trip had to be canceled (22). In VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 41 1907 Rev. Wirtner suggested that they get together during the AAAS meeting in Boston that summer (17), but he was unable to attend the meeting. He then indicated that he would be able to visit Van Duzee in Buffalo during the summer of 1908 (23). That trip, too, was post¬ poned (24), and it appears that the two never got together before Van Duzee moved to California in 1913. They last corresponded in 1915, and Rev. Wirtner’s work on Hemiptera virtually ended when he left Pennsylvania for Kentucky in 1916. Even though he returned to western Pennsylvania in 1919, Wirtner’s study of Hemiptera was cur¬ tailed by church duties (Wheeler and Henry, 1977) and his association with Mr. Van Duzee apparently was not renewed. Acknowledgments I am grateful to the Rev. Maximilian G. Duman, O.S.B., Department of Biology, St. Vincent College, for his assistance and interest throughout this study. Dr. W. R. Enns, Department of Entomology, University of Missouri, and Mrs. Margaret Campbell, Archivist, California Academy of Sciences, kindly provided copies of the Wirtner-Van Duzee correspondence. Finally, I thank Dr. K. Valley and T. J. Henry, Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, for reviewing the manuscript. Literature Cited Gurney, A.B., A. Mallis, and R. Snetsinger. 1975. Who designed the Schmitt box? Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 21:225-228. Osborn, H. 1937. Fragments of entomological history. Publ. by the author, Columbus, Ohio, 394 pp. Osborn, H. 1952. A brief history of entomology. Spahr and Glenn Co., Columbus, Ohio, 303 pp. Remington, P.S. 1962. Edwin Paul Meiners (1893-1960). J. Lepid. Soc. 16:71-75. Wheeler, A.G., Jr. and T.J. Henry. 1977. Rev. Modestus Wirtner: Biographical sketch and additions and corrections to the Miridae in his 1904 list of western Pennsylvania Hemiptera. Great Lakes Entomol. 10:145-157. Wirtner, P.M. 1904. A preliminary list of the Hemiptera of western Pennsylvania. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 3:183-232. Wirtner, P.M. 1917. A new genus of Bothynotinae, Miridae (Heter.). Entomol. News 28:33- 34. Letters Cited 1. Oct. 13, 1899, from Rev. Wirtner to E.P. Van Duzee. 2. Mar. 24, 1908, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 3. Oct. 16, 1899, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 4. Oct. 26, 1899, from Van Duzee to Wirtner. 5. Nov. 1, 1899, from Van Duzee to Wirtner 6. Note appended Nov. 6, 1899, by Wirtner to Van Duzee’s letter of Nov. 1, 1899. 7. Apr. 20, 1904, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 42 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 8. Apr. 30, 1903, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 9. Nov. 25, 1903, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 10. Aug. 31, 1907, from Van Duzee to Wirtner. 11. Dec. 11, 1899, from Van Duzee to Wirtner. 12. Apr. 7, 1903, from Van Duzee to Wirtner. 13. Apr. 13, 1903, from Van Duzee to Wirtner. 14. Apr. 6, 1903, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 15. Aug. 8, 1901, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 16. Aug. 10, 1901, from Van Duzee to Wirtner. 17. Aug. 16, 1907, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 18. Feb. 25, 1915, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 19. Mar. 9, 1915, from Van Duzee to Wirtner. 20. Dec. 31, 1904, from Van Duzee to Wirtner. 21. June 14, 1902, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 22. June 19, 1902, from Van Duzee to Wirtner. 23. May 1, 1908, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. 24. June 1, 1908, from Wirtner to Van Duzee. Correction — Note on Polygonia faunus arcticus In a recent article on this subject (Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 53:179-180, the second paragraph (p. 179) should be corrected to read: #32 — Type series, leg. Owen Bryant, consisted of 7 males and 7 females, including the holotype male and allotype female, which are presently in the collection at the Ohio State University, Columbus, and 2 paratypes, which were given by me to the American Museum of Natural History. These were taken May 18, 1931, in grass and on the border of woods about a lake. — Cyril F. dos Passos. A Review of the Genus Mastigoceras with Remarks on its Systematic Position (Collembola: Entomobryidae) Jose A. Mari Mutt University of Illinois and Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbaria 61801 The genus Mastigoceras was erected by Handschin (1924) for the Brazilian species Mastigoceras camponoti. The description was based on two specimens. Cassagnau (1963) studied three Brazilian speci¬ mens and added various details to the original description. While examining the collections of the Illinois Natural History Survey I found an additional 30 specimens and it is my intent to take advan¬ tage of this find and redescribe the species in the light of char¬ acters recently introduced in collembolan taxonomy. Remarks will also be made on the systematic position of Mastigoceras in relation to the other members of the tribe Orchesellini. Mastigoceras has so far remained monotypic and Southern Brazilian in distribution. I wish to thank Dr. C. Baroni Urbani and the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland, for the loan of the two syntypes of Mastigoceras camponoti. Thanks are also due to Dr. R. MacLeod for the opportunity to use the facilities of the Center for Electron Micro¬ scopy, University of Illinois. Mastigoceras Handschin Medium sized (up to 2.4 mm) members of the tribe Orchesellini (but see later under the discussion on the systematic position of this taxon). Antennae five segmented (Fig. 3), very long, up to three times longer than head and body combined. Eight eyes on each side of head. Dorsal head and body macrochaetotaxy reduced (Fig. 1). Head and body covered with strongly fusiform slightly serrated scales which are absent from all other parts of animal. Abd. 4 dorsally not over 1.5 times longer than Abd. 3. Manubial organ and dental spines absent. Mucro with two teeth and a basal spine. Mastigoceras camponoti Handschin Mastigoceras camponoti Handschin 1924:22. Cassagnau 1963:128. Salmon 1964: 484. Habitus as in figures 2 & 3. Length excluding antennae and furcula up to 2.4 mm. Body background color light yellow. Distribution of purple pigment as in figures 2 & 3 (see also Cassagnau 1963:129, Fig. 1a,c). Pigmentation is somewhat variable but at least lateral bands and limits of body segments are always deeply pigmented. Bands of pigment on legs very conspicuous, always present. Head and body covered with slightly serrated, strongly fusiform scales (Fig. 9) which are absent from antennae, legs, collophore, and furcula. Antennae five segmented due to subdivision of first segment (Ant. 1), which is very short (Fig. 3). Ant. 2 robust, bearing several macrochaetae. Ants. 3-5 conspicuously annu- lated and unusually long, whip like (hence name of genus). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:43-47. January 1978 44 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Eight eyes on each side of head (Fig. 8), G & H small but well developed. Labral chaeto- taxy following formula 5,5,4,; all setae smooth. Apex of labrum without spine like or cone like projections. Labial chaetotaxy as in figure 5. Differentiated seta of the outer labial papilla small, far from reaching apex of its papilla (Fig. 7). Maxillary palp (Fig. 6) with apical and subapical seta. Dorsal head macrochaetotaxy as in Fig. 1. Venter of head with numerous long ciliated setae. Collarette reduced. Tibiotarsi devoid of smooth setae with the exception of opposite seta to tenent hair present on metathoracic legs. Claw structure as in Fig. 4. Unguis always quadridentate. Unguiculus with very small outer tooth. Tenent hair long, apically strongly clavate. Abd. 4 dorsally not over 1.5 times longer than Abd. 3. Dorsal body macrochaetotaxy as in Fia. 1. Manubrium dorsally with a lasiotrichium placed on the basal medial portion of the seg¬ ment and with numerous short and long slightly or conspicuously ciliated setae. No smooth setae found upon manubrium but a pair of these present on proximal dorsal por¬ tion of dentes. Dental spines absent. Mucro with two teeth and basal spine. Material Examined and Repository : 1) Brazil, Minas Gerais, Sul de Minas, in nests of Camponotus rufipes, April 29, 1922. 2 syntypes. 2) Brazil, 10-8-27, 22 specimens (no other data). 3) Sao Paolo, 7 specimens (no other data). 4) Pava, 1 specimen (no other data). Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland, has the specimens from locality no. 1 and two specimens from locality no. 2. Other specimens from localities 2, 3 & 4 are in the Illinois Natural History Survey. This genus being monotypic, the generic diagnosis suffices to se¬ parate the species from any other Collembola. The length of the antennae, the head and body macrochaetotaxy, the distribution of scales, and the reduction of the collarette (a tuft of macrochaetae on the anterior margin of the mesothorax) are all characteristics peculiar to this genus. Handschin’s original description of Mastigoceras camponoti ascribes to this species four segmented antennae. Cassagnau (1963) showed the antennae to be five segmented. The statement by Salmon (1964: 132) that Gisin (1960) considered this genus as a synonym of Heteromurus Wankel is a mistake. Gisin’s position concerned Typhlopodura Absolon, erected for a European cave species with long antennae. The Systematic Position of Mastigoceras As stated earlier, Mastigoceras has been considered to belong in Figs. 1-7, Mastigoceras camponoti. Fig. 1, Distribution of head and body macrochaetae (each dot represents a seta) and lasiotrichia. Only the lasiotrichia figured were found but more are probably present. Fig. 2, Dorsal habitus and pigmentation. Fig. 3a, Lateral habitus and pigmentation. Fig. 3b, First antennal segment indicating sub¬ division into Ants. 1 & 2. Fig. 4, Claw complex of metathoracic leg. Fig. 5, Chaetotaxy of base of labium. Fig. 6, Maxillary palp. Fig. 7, Outer labial papilla and its differentiated seta. VOL 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 45 46 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 8-9, Mastigoceras camponoti. Fig. 8, Scanning electron micrograph of right eye patch. 7QQx. Fig. 9, SEM of dorsal metathoracic scales, 1,000x. VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 47 the tribe Orchesellini (e.g. Womersley 1938, Salmon 1951). I am pre¬ sently revising this tribe and it has become evident that Mastigoceras is not a close relative of any other genus in this tribe. All orcheselline species which I have studied to date share a fundamental pattern of head macrochaetotaxy. The most conspicuous feature of this pattern is a line of setae extending from the mid line of the head to eyes G & H (see for example the figures of head chaetotaxy in Mari Mutt 1977a,b). Such a line of setae is absent in Mastigoceras. Other members of this tribe possess a tuft of many macro- chaetae on the anterior margin of the mesothorax (the collarette). This tuft is reduced to 9-10 setae in Mastigoceras. Besides head macrochaetotaxy and the reduction of the collarette, Mastigoceras has as unique features its reduced body macrochaeto¬ taxy, absence of scales on the furcula, and the morphology of the antennae. Stach (1960) restricted the tribe Orchesellini to include only the type genus Orchesella and remarked that additional tribes should be erected for groups of other genera in the tribe. It is quite apparent to me that a new tribe should be erected for Mastigoceras. I hesitate, however, to establish such a taxon in this paper because it is unclear at this time how many tribes will be erected for the genera of the old tribe Orchesellini. Suffice it to note here that Mastigoceras is not a close relative of any other orcheselline genus but belongs in a group by itself. Literature Cited Cassagnau, P. 1963. Collemboles d’Amerique du Sud, II. Orchesellini, Paronellinae, Cyphoderinae. Biol. Amer. Australe, C. Delamare Deboutteville & E. Rapoport, Eds. CNRS, Paris, 2: 127-148. Gisin, H. 1960. Collembolenfauna Europas. Ed. Mus. Hist. Nat. Geveve, 1960, 312 pp. Handschin, E. 1924. Neue myrmecophile und termitophile Collembolenformen aus Sud- Amerika. Neue Beitr. Syst. Insektenk. 3:13-19, 21-28. Mari Mutt, J.A. 1977a. A new species of Heteromurus from the Solomon Islands (Collem- bola: Entomobryidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 52(4): 326-330. Mari Mutt, J.A. 1977b. Dicranorchesella, a new genus of springtails from Mexico (Collem- bola: Entomobryidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 79(3): 377-382. Salmon, J.T. 1951. Keys and bibliography to the Collembola. Zool. Pub. Viet. Univ. Coll. 8: 1-82. Salmon, J.T. 1964. An Index to the Collembola. Bull. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 7:1-651. Stach, J. 1960. The apterygotan fauna of Poland in relation to the world fauna of this group of insects, tribe Orchesellini. Polska Akad. Inst. Zool., 1960,151 pp. Womersley, H. 1939. Primitive insects of South Australia. Government Printer, Adelaide, 322 pp. Transfers of Some Nearctic Genera and Species of Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) to Oecophoridae, Copromorphidae, Plutellidae, and Tortricidae 1 (Lepidoptera) John B. Heppner 2 Department of Entomology and Nematotogy, I FAS, University of Florida, Gainesville During revisionary studies of North American Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) — Glyphipterigidae (Copromorphoidea) and Choreutidae (Sesioidea) — several genera and species assigned to this group, most recently by McDunnough (1939), were found to belong to other families. The mostly western North American species are herein transferred to appropriate families so the names can be properly assigned in the forthcoming checklist fascicle of the series, The Moths of America North of Mexico. Other genera associated with Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) will be further assigned to appropriate families in a world catalog of these names currently in preparation (Heppner, in prep.). In addition to the taxa noted below, Thelethia extranea (Edwards), also included in the glyphipterigids by Meyrick (1913) and McDunnough (1939), has already been placed in Tegeticula (Incur- variidae: Prodoxinae) by Davis (1967). Type specimens were examined at the following institutions and the curators at each are gratefully thanked for their help: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP); British Museum (Natural His¬ tory), London (BMNH); Canadian National Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa(CNC); Humboldt Universitat, Zoologisches Museum, Berlin (HZMB); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge (MCZ); National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington (USNM); and Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna (NHMV). Other species in some of the transferred genera may upon further investigation remain in these genera and also be transferred. Species having lectotypes instead of holotypes have this noted below each name: lectotypes have been chosen and will be designated in re¬ visions currently in preparation except for the oecophorid species for which the lectotype is designated here so this will be made available for other workers at this time. In the synonymies below the sequence includes the citations for the original description, the type-species of the genus, designator of the type-species (if not by monotypy), and the included species from North America. Under the specific names there is the original cita¬ tion, type data and location of the type, followed by the original 'Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 606. 2 MaiI address: Dept, of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash¬ ington, D.C. 20560. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:48-55. January 1978 VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 49 generic combination if different from the current generic placement. Type locality information in brackets is augmented data, mostly county names not usually noted in the original locality data. Oecophoridae "Glyphipteryx” [sic] quinqueferella Walsingham, 1881, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881:322. Lectotype d (BMNH). California: [Hatchet Creek], Shasta County. This species was originally described by Walsingham in the genus Glyphipterix (Glyphipterigidae), undoubtedly due to the superficial re¬ semblance of the adult to several species of this genus in California. The genitalia and other adult morphological characters, notably the long labial palpi and scaled haustellum (glyphipterigids have a naked haustellum), indicate that this species is an oecophorid. The species appears to be related to members of the oecophorid genus Fabiola in the tribe Oecophorini (Hodges, pers. comm.). The female is unknown and no biological information is available. Males have been collected in montane areas of California in the Sierra Nevada and near Mt. Shasta. The lectotype d is hereby se¬ lected from among 4 syntypes in the British Museum (Natural His¬ tory) with the following label data: LECTOTYPE [round, purple edge]/ [reversed] Type H.T. [round, red edge]/Hatchet Creek, Shasta Co., CALIFORNIA, 14-17. VII. 1971, Wlsm. 92020/Walsingham, Collection, 1910-427/[Durrant label] TYPE d descr., fig. d./LECTOTYPE d, Glyphip¬ teryx quinqueferella Wlsm., By Heppner ’76/.BM. d, Genitalia Slide, No. 20231. There are three other syntypes extant, all labelled paralecto- types, with the same locality data as above: USNM (2d) and MCZ (Id). The three paralectotypes at the British Museum are also from the Walsingham collection: 3d, Wlsm. 92021 to 92023. Copromorphidae Lotisma Busck, 1909, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 11:98. Type-species: Sciaphila trigonana Walsingham, 1879, orig. desig. trigonana (Walsingham, 1879), N. Amer. Tort, in Butler, lllus. Heterocera Br. Mus. 4:22. (Sciaphila). Lectotype 9 (BMNH). California: Mendocino, [Mendocino County]. kincaidiella Busck, 1904, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 27:747. (Hemerophila). Lectotype d (USNM). Washington: Seattle, [King County]. vulcanicola Meyrick, 1932, Exot. Microlepid. 4:285. Holotype d (NHMV). Costa Rica: Irazu. 50 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Lotisma was proposed for a single species, L. trigonana, which was originally described as a tortricid. Lotisma was placed in Glyphipteri- gidae (auctorum) by Barnes and McDunnough (1917), but Meyrick (1927) considered it (together with Ellabella, below) to be near the ethmiids. In his treatment of New World Ethmiidae, Powell (1973) noted that both Lotisma and Ellabella are neither ethmiid nor gele- chioid. Morphological features of adult Lotisma species and characters of the larva of L. trigonana demonstrate affinities to other members of the Copromorphoidea. The lack of reduced wing venation and larval characters do not indicate a position in the Carposinidae, as in¬ dicated by MacKay (1972), but show relationships to other species of Copromorphidae. The Copromorphidae are here extended into North America from the Neotropics for the first time by the inclusion of Lotisma in this family. Only two species of Lotisma are known thus far. The genus will be discussed further in a review currently in preparation. Lotisma tri¬ gonana has been reared from Arbutus menziesii Pursh and Gaultheria shallon Pursh (Ericaceae) (label data) in British Columbia and is dis¬ tributed from British Columbia south. Populations in Mexico appear the same but are beyond the range of the hosts. Plutellidae Ellabella Busck, 1925, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 27:46. Type-species: Ellabella editha Busck, 1925, orig. desig. Probolacma Meyrick, 1927, Exot. Microlepid. 3:362. Type-species: Probolacma melanoclista Meyrick, 1927, by monotypy. Spilogenes Meyrick, 1938, Dtsch. Entomol. Zeit. Iris 52:19. New synonymy. Type-sp.: Spilogenes chalazombra Meyrick, 1938, by monotypy. chalazombra (Meyrick, 1938), Dtsch. Entomol. Zeit. Iris 52:19. (Spilogenes). New combination. Lectotype 6 (BMNH). China: Likiang, [Yunnan Province]. editha Busck, 1925, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 27:48. Holotype 9 (USNM). British Columbia: Saanichton. melanoclista (Meyrick, 1927), Exot. Microlepid. 3:362. (Probolacma). Holotype 9 (BMNH). Texas: Alpine, [Brewster County]. Ellabella was described in Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) and more re¬ cently was considered in Ethmiidae (Clarke, 1955). Meyrick (1927) considered the genus (as Probolacma), together with Lotisma, to be near the ethmiids. As noted above, Powell (1973) indicated that neither genus is gelechioid. The naked haustellum and the large 4- segmented maxillary palpi, among other characters, warrant the VOL 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 51 transfer of the genus to Plutellidae. Based mainly on larval char¬ acters, I consider Plutellidae distinct from Yponomeutidae rather than a subfamily of the latter. Spilogenes is a synonym of Ellabella: the statement by Meyrick (1938) that Spilogenes lacks maxillary palpi is erroneous. Ellabella ap¬ pears to be an archaic genus with one species in China and two in North America. This odd distribution is not uncommon in western North America where a number of archaic animal and plant groups have nearest relatives in the Far East. The biology of Ellabella remains unknown. Homadaula Lower, 1899, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 24:115. Type-species: Homadaula lasiochroa Lower, 1899, by monotypy. Paraprays Rebel, 1910, Dtsch. Entomol. Zeit. Iris 24:13. Type-species: Paraprays punctigera Rebel, 1910, by monotypy. Stichotactis Meyrick, 1930, Exot. Microlepid. 3:562. Type-species: Stichotactis calamitosa Meyrick, 1930, by monotypy. anisocentra Meyrick, 1922, Entomol. Mitt. 11:47. Holotype 9 (HZMB). China: Tsingtau [ = Ch’ingtao], [Shantung Prov.]. usuguronis Matsumura, 1931, 6000 lllus. Ins. Japan-Empire, 1098. (Hyponomeuta). Holotype (?) (Hokkaido Univ.?). Japan. albizziae Clarke, 1943, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 93:206. Holotype d (USNM). D. C.: Washington. Homadaula was included in the Glyphipterigidae when Clarke (1943) redescribed H. anisocentra as a new species introduced into North America, although Meyrick and Lower described the taxa in Plutel¬ lidae. The placement of the genus in Plutellidae was substantiated by Friese (1962), although not accepted by Clarke (1968), and again noted by Heppner and Dekle (1975). Pupal behavior and larval characters exclude the genus from Glyphipterigidae and demonstrate affinites to other Plutellidae, whereas the tineoid abdominal articulation (Heppner, 1977) excludes the genus from the Sesioidea. There are several species of Homadaula in the Far East and Old World tropics, but only H. anisocentra has been found in eastern North America and in California. The larvae of this species feed on leaves of Albizzia and Gleditsia trees (Leguminoseae) in North Amer¬ ica. Araeolepia Walsingham, 1881, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881'303. Type-species: Araeolepia subfasciella Walsingham, 1881, by mono¬ typy. subfasciella Walsingham, 1881, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881:303. Lectotype d (BMNH). Oregon: Currant Creek, [Grant County]. 52 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Araeolepia was described as a tineid (sensu lato) but considered in Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) by Busck (1922). Superficially similar to certain western plutellids, it is actually closely related to Ellabella. Araeolepia has been difficult to place due to what appears to be a tortricoid abdominal articulation. Following comparisons with Ellabella, it is evident that the apodemes are broadened but otherwise tineoid. The 4-segmented maxillary palpi and wing venation characters are typical of plutellids. The male genitalia are unusual but similar to Ellabella. Araeolepia is monobasic and the single known species has been collected in mostly arid regions of Oregon, Nevada, and Utah, south to Southern California. Tortricidae Hilarographa Zeller, 1877, Hor. Soc. Entomol. Ross. 13:187. Type-species: Phalaena Tortrixswederiana Stoll, [1790], subseq. desig. by Walsingham, 1897, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1897:51. swederiana (Stoll, [1790]), Uitland. Kapell. Suppl., 75; pi. 16, fig. 5 [Cramer, v. 5]. (Phalaena Tortrix). [Type lost?]. [Surinam]. Hilarographa (auctorum) jonesi Brower, 1953, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 46:196. Holotype d (Brower Coll.). Massachusetts: Martha’s Vineyard, [Dukes County]. youngiella Busck, 1922, Can. Entomol. 53:278. Lectotype 9 (CNC). British Columbia: Departure Bay. olympica Braun, 1923, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 49:118. Holotype 9 (ANSP). Washington: Olympic Hot Springs, Clallam County. youngella Brower, 1953, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 46:197, misspelling. regalis (Walsingham, 1881), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881:319. (Glyphipteryx [sic]). Holotype 9 (BMNH). California: Mt. Shasta, [Siskiyou Co.]. Hilarographa was included by Meyrick (1913) in his conglomerate Glyphipterigidae. The genus resembles genera now in Choreutidae, but unlike choreutids, has a naked haustellum. The forewing venation has CuA2 distant from the end of the cell as in tortricids and, to¬ gether with genitalic characters and the tortricoid abdominal articula¬ tion, is placed in the Tortricidae. Diakonoff (1977) has recently trans¬ ferred the genus, together with Mictopsichia, to a new tribe of Tortri¬ cidae, the Hilarographini, of the subfamily Chlidanotinae. The note in VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 53 the description of the tribe (Diakonoff, 1977) that some species of Hilarographa have a scaled haustellum is erroneous. The presence of hami and slit valvae (with coremata therein) in the male genitalia, and the typical tortricid ovipositor, together with an asteriod signum and complex accessory bursa-ductus bursae ar¬ rangement, in the female genitalia in H. swederiana and relatives, in¬ dicates that the Hilarographini are closely related to Southeast Asian chlidanotines and, yet, also show some similarity to Neotropical Polyorthini. Consequently, the Hilarographini may represent a transi¬ tional group between the South American Polyorthini and the South¬ east Asian Chlidanotinae. The North American fauna will be treated in a revision currently in preparation and will include a new species from Cuba similar to H. regalis. These species will require a new genus since adult morpho¬ logical characters indicate that they are not congeneric with H. swederiana, the type-species of Hilarographa. The species remaining in Hilarographa appear to be restricted to the Neotropics, with most Old World species belonging in Thaumatographa. Hilarographa regalis larvae have been recorded as feeding on the roots of Pinus sabiniana Douglas (Pinaceae) (label data). Idiothauma and Thaumatographa, listed as synonyms of Hilarographa by Meyrick (1913), are distinct genera of the Old World tropics; also members of Hilarographini. Mictropsichia Hilbner, [1825], Verz. bek. Schmett., 374. Type-species: Phalaena Tortrix hubneriana Stoll, [1787], subseq. desig. by Walsingham, 1914, in Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Lepid.Heterocera 4:303. Mictopsychia Riley, 1889, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 1:58, misspelling. fuesliniana (Cramer, [1781]), Uitland. Kapell. 4:163; pi. 372, fig. E. ([no original combination]). [Type lost?] [Surinam], fueslynialis Cramer, 1782, ibid. 4:249 [index], emendation. (Phalaena Pyralis). fueslyniana Verloren, 1837, Cat. Syst. Cramer, 138, misspelling. (Pyralis). fuesslyana Walsingham, 1914, in Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Lepid. Heterocera 4:304, emendation. hubneriana (Stoll, [1787]), Uitland. Kapell. Suppl., 4i; pi. 8, fig. 5 [Cramer, v. 5]. (Phalaena Tortrix). [Type lost] [Surinam]. hubnerana Hubner, [1825], Verz. bek. Schmett., 374, misspelling. 54 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Mictopsichia is similar to Hilarographa in a number of characters and has been included in the Tribe Hilarographini by Diakonoff (1977). The naked haustellum, tortricoid abdominal articulation, and wing vena¬ tion, indicate a placement in this tribe of Tortricidae. The genus is included here because of a male (USNM) collected in Florida nearly 100 years ago. The specimen appears to be near M. fuesliniana. The origin of the Florida specimen has not yet been deter¬ mined, but it is a doubtful resident as no further specimens have been captured and the genus is not known from the West Indies. Both Cramer and Stoll have been cited as author of Mictopsichia fuesliniana. Opinion 516 (1958) was instituted in part to settle the authorship question of the Cramer and Stoll works, but it contains several errors in reference to Cramer ([1780J-1782) and the supple¬ ment by Stoll ([1787]-1791) (W. D. Field, pers. comm.). A major discre¬ pancy of Opinion 516 involves its acceptance of the two works as binomial, whereas the text is not always binomial. However, since Clerck’s leones Insectorum Rariorum is accepted, which also is not consistantly binomial, Opinion 516 can be followed in this regard. Roepke (1956) noted that Cramer’s complete 4 volume work was pub¬ lished in 33 parts, with the index to volume 4 as the last issue of 1782. Stoll’s volume is often cited as a fifth volume of the Cramer series. Using Opinion 516, it is customary now to use the generic combina¬ tion of the index, but use the date and spelling of the species name from the text: thus, M. fuesliniana (Cramer, [1781]) instead of M. Fues- lynialis (Cramer, 1782). In addition, Opinion 516 is incorrect in giving Stoll authorship of most of volume 4 of Cramer ([1780]-1782). Notwith¬ standing the fact that Stoll may have edited this volume, neither posthumous publication — Cramer died in 1776 — nor footnotes by Stoll changes the authorship from Cramer to Stoll. In lieu of a revised Opinion 516, I use the corrections thereof as noted above, with Cramer being cited as author of M. fuesliniana instead of Stoll. Acknowledgments The following kindly commented on the manuscript: A. Diakonoff (Rijksmuseum van Naturlijke Historic, Leiden, Netherlands), J. F. G. Clarke and W. D. Duckworth (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.), and D. H. Habeck (University of Florida). Research for this paper was conducted, in part, while on a Smithsonian Institution pre- doctoral fellowship at the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. Examination of types at various institutions in North America and Europe was funded by a National Science Founda¬ tion dissertation grant (DEB 76-12550), the Smithsonian Institution, and the Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. VOL 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 55 Literature Cited Barnes, W. and J. McDunnough. 1917. Check list of the Lepidoptera of boreal America. Herald Press, Decatur, 392 pp. Busck, A. 1922. Microlepidoptera from British Columbia. Can. Entomol. 53:276-280. Clarke, J.F.G. 1943. A new pest of Albizzia in the District of Columbia (Lepidoptera: Glyphi- pterygidae). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:205-208; pi. 21-25. Clarke, J.F.G. 1955. Catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick. Volume 1. British Museum, London. 322 pp. Clarke, J.F.G. 1968. The correct name for the mimosa webworm (Lepidoptera: Glyphiptery- gidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61:228-229. Cramer, P. [1 780]-1782. De Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. IV. Deel. Baalde, Amsterdam. 258 pp.; pi. 289-400. Davis, D.R. 1967. A revision of the moths of the subfamily Prodoxinae (Lepidoptera: In- curvariidae). Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 255:1-170. Diakonoff, A. 1977. Description of Hilarographini, a new tribus in the Tortricidae (Le¬ pidoptera). Beitr. Entomol. 12:299-331. Heppner, J.B. 1977. The status of the Glyphipterigidae and a reassessment of relation¬ ships in yponomeutoid families and ditrysian superfamilies. J. Lepid. Soc. 31:124-134. Heppner, J.B. (in prep.). A world catalog of genera associated with the Glyphipterigidae (auctorum) (Lepidoptera). (ca. 50 pp.). Heppner, J.B., and G.W. Dekle. 1975. Mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Fla. Dept. Arg., Entomol. Circ. 157:1-2. MacKay, M.R. 1972. Larval sketches of some microlepidoptera, chiefly North American. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 88:1-83. McDunnough, J. 1939. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part II. Microlepidoptera. Mem. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2:1-171. Meyrick, E. 1913. Carposinidae, Heliodinidae, Glyphipterygidae. In H. Wagner, Lepidop- terorum Catalogus. Part 13. W. Junk, Berlin. 53 pp. Meyrick, E. 1927. Hyponomeutidae. Exot. Microlepid. 3:360-362. Meyrick, E. 1938. Microlepidoptera excl. Pyralidae [part]. In A. Caradja and E. Meyrick, Materialien zu einer Mikrolepidopterenfauna des Yulingshanmassivs (Provinz YCj’nnan). Dtsch. Entomol. Zeit. Iris 52:1-29. Opinion 516. 1958. Determination under the plenary powers of the relative precedence to be assigned to certain works on the order Lepidoptera (Class Insecta) pub¬ lished in 1775 by Pieter Cramer, Michael Denis & IgnazSchifferm'dller, Johann Christian Fabricius, Johann Casper Fuessley, and S. A. von Rottemburg re¬ spectively. Opin. Declar. Int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 19:1-44. Powell, J.A. 1973. A systematic monograph of New World ethmiid moths (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Smithsonian Contr. Zool. 120:1-302. Roepke, W. 1956. Enkele aantekeningen over het Werk van Pieter Cramer en over zijn Persoon. Entomol. Ber. 16:22-25. Stoll, C. [1787]-1791. Aannangsei van net Werk, de Uitlandsche Kapellen, voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America, door den Heere Pieter Cramer, vervattende naauwkeurige afbeeldingen van Surinaamsche Rupsen en Poppen; als mede van veele zeldzaame en nieuwe ontdekte Uitlandsche Dag- en Nagt-Kapellen, Gravius, Amsterdam. 184 pp.; 42 pis. (often cited as Cramer, v. 5). 56 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST BOOK REVIEW Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera — Glenn B. Wiggins, University of Toronto Press, Toronto and Buffalo, ISBN-0-8020-5344. 0/63/4 x 93/4/$25.00 Illustrated/ 410 pp /1977. Approximately 1200 species of Trichoptera have been described from the Nearctic region, but about 70% of these species are known only from the adult stage. This has hampered both ecological and taxonomic studies on caddisflies, particularly in the Western United States where little work has been published on larval-adult associations or on taxonomic keys to the immatures stages. This treatise on the larval stages of North American caddisflies is the result of several years work in which over 350 larval-adult associations were made, 200 of these for the first time. Larvae have now been associated for all but 6 of the 142 genera the author recog¬ nizes (genera known to occur north of the Mexican border and excluding the Caribbean Islands). Diagnostic characters are given for 24 genera for the first time. Dr. Wiggins considers this book “a reference work” to the "identity, structure, and bio¬ logy of North American caddisfly genera,” and "a stage in the evolution of such a refer¬ ence.” The 18 families the author recognizes are arranged alphabetically as are the genera in each family. Preceding the systematic section (the major portion of the book) several chapters are devoted to "Classification and Phylogeny”; "Biological Considerations” (habitat diversity, respiration, feeding, case-making, life cycles); "Morphology” (the larval characters here are exceptionally well illustrated); and "Techniques” (collecting, rearing, preserving larvae). Following a larval key to the Trichoptera families in North America, each chapter is de¬ voted to one family, including a general overview of the systematics, morphology, and ecology of the group, and a key to the genera. Each genus is treated under the headings of “Distribution and Species”; "Morphology”; "Case”; "Biology”; and “Remarks”; which includes a 2 page layout with text and a full page illustration which generally includes figures of the entire larva, head and thorax, key taxonomic characters, and case. The ex¬ cellent quality of the figures by Anker Odum attests to his fame as a scientific illustrator. There are interesting tidbits of natural history information throughout the book which suggest fascinating research projects for undergraduates and graduate students such as the broad temperature tolerances of many species, unique case-making behavior of others, and the complicated life cycles of temporary pond species. The literature cita¬ tions include the most pertinent references. The book is free of typographical errors and is very well indexed, including a boldface type designation for the principal reference. This book is a must for all freshwater biologists, ecologists, and entomologists with and interest in aquatic insects. Dr. Wiggins’ work should provide an impetus for further species level work on this fascinating group of animals. It is appropriate that this work is dedicated to Professor Herbert H. Ross, whose 1944 classic “The Caddis Flies, or Tri¬ choptera, of Illinois,” has been the cornerstone of Trichoptera research in North Amer¬ ica. Dr. Wiggins’ work follows this tradition of excellent quality in every respect. — Donald G. Denning and Vincent H. Resh. The Parasitization of Blister Beetles by Species of Miridae 1 (Coleoptera: Meloidae; Hemiptera: Miridae) John D. Pinto Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 The attraction of certain insects to living adult blister beetles for purposes of feeding is well documented. Ceratopogonid flies belong¬ ing to Atrichopogon (Meloehelea) have been recorded pursuing meloids in swarms, piercing their intersegmental membrane and sucking hemolymph (Blair, 1937; Edwards, 1923). Various anthicid beetles in Anthicus and Pedilus have also been observed attacking and feeding on a variety of blister beetles (Pinto and Selander, 1970). That certain Miridae also feed on meloids has apparently not been as widely re¬ cognized. Two Canadian records, one by Fox (1943) of Hadronema mili- taris Uhler “attacking Lytta nuttalli Say,” and another by Church and Gerber (1977) of this same mirid feeding on hemolymph of L. nuttalli and L. viridana LeConte, are the only published observations of this relationship of which I am aware. Field work in southern California and in Arizona has convinced me that Hadronema spp., and perhaps other mirids, frequently attempt to feed on meloids. Most records involve Hadronema uhleri Van Duzee 2 . This species has been associated with the following meloids: Lytta moerens (LeConte) (Menifee Valley, Riverside Co., CA), L. crotchi (Horn) (Gavilan Hills, Riverside Co., CA; G.R. Ballmer, observer and collector), L. stygica (LeConte) (Whitewater Cyn., Riverside Co., CA; L. Lacey, observer and collector), Tegrodera erosa LeConte (Menifee Valley), and Cordylospasta opaca (Horn) (Summit Valley, San Bernar¬ dino Mts. CA). In addition to H. uhleri, I have observed H. bispinosa Knight similarly associated with Epicauta andersoni Werner and E. ventralis Werner (3 mi. N. Flagstaff, AZ), and Halticotoma nicholi Knight, associated with Megetra cancellata (Brandt and Erichson) (Portal, AZ). A single H. nicholi was also taken feeding on an individual Meloe laevis Leach (Portal, AZ; S. I. Frommer, observer and collector). Behavior of the mirids is similar in all cases. The following remarks, however, pertain specifically to Hadronema uhleri and Lytta moerens observed in Menifee Valley. A small population of 20 meloids, includ¬ ing several mated pairs, was found over ca. 50 m 2 , feeding on flowers of Astragalus sp. on 14 May 1975. One to seven mirids occurred on the vegetation adjacent to almost every individual or mated pair of Lytta. The mirids, with rostrum directed forward, periodically advanced slowly toward a beetle (Fig. 1) and, upon reaching it, inserted the ‘This study was supported in part by Grant BMS75-17779 from the National Science Foundation. Identifications of all Miridae were verified by Dr. Randall T. Schuh of The American Museum of Natural History. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:57-60. January 1978 58 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1. Female Hadronema uhleri feeding on a Lytta crotchi at Gavilan Hills, Riverside Co., CA. (Photo by G. R. Ballmer). mouthparts into a membranous area of the beetle’s body. Areas com¬ monly probed included the membrane between the tarsal claws, between the various leg segments, between the coxae and venter, and between the abdominal terga and sterna. Beetles normally be¬ came irritated immediately or within 10 sec. of being bitten. They reacted by kicking, scraping with the legs, and/or decamping. The Hadronema usually responded by quickly retreating. Occasionally mirids appeared to have difficulty extricating their mouthparts quick¬ ly enough and remained attached to the beetle for a short time after this negative behavior began. Reflex bleeding, a common response of meloids to external irritation, was never associated with mirid at¬ tacks. Most of the mirids remained on the plant during their attempts to feed. However, a few bugs climbed directly on the beetle’s dorsum. The Hadronema were most commonly associated with mated indi¬ viduals. Mated pairs reacted less vigorously to mirid attacks than did solitary individuals. The latter commonly walked or flew from attack sites, although this movement could not definitely be attributed to the mirids. When a meloid moved, the remaining mirids became agi¬ tated. If the beetle moved to a nearby site on the same plant, most of the Hadronema followed either by walking or flying. If the beetle left the plant entirely, the mirids also quickly dispersed and were soon lost from sight. Feeding behavior was also elicited when a drop of Lytta mioerens VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 59 hemolymph was placed on the end of a match stick and introduced into a cage containing several H. uhleri. Several of the bugs quickly aggregated on and around the stick and placed the apex of their rostrum on that portion containing the fluid. The effect of mirid attacks on the meloids, besides being a source of irritation, is unknown. On a few occasions, several Hadronema were observed feeding on soft cadavers of Lytta moerens. Whether or not they caused the death of the beetles was not determined. Certain insects that parasitize adult meloids are sensitive to the odor of cantharidin, a component of rneloid hemolymph, and can be captured in traps baited with this substance (Gornitz, 1937; Chandler, 1976). Consequently, it seemed likely that cantharidin would also be attractive to Hadronema. To verify this, baits were prepared by placing a small amount of cantharidin (synthetic powder) on 8-cm. diameter filter paper and dissolving it in acetone. After the acetone had evapor¬ ated, the cantharidin-impregnated filter papers were placed in petri dishes. Four baited dishes were tested in the field in Menifee Valley on 26 April 1977. No meloids were present at this locality, but several Hadronema uhleri had been observed in low numbers on black sage, Salvia mellifera Greene, several days previously. The baited dishes were placed on the ground under Salvia 10m apart from one another. Alternating with these baited units were 4 dishes containing white filter paper that had been treated with acetone but not cantharidin. Units were checked every 15 min. for 1 hr. During this time baited dishes collected 32 individuals of H. uhleri, with an average of 8 per unit (range, 6-11). None of the control units contained mirids. In addi¬ tion to the Hadronema, two of the baited dishes contained a single individual of an unidentified species of the mirid genus Sixeonotus. Although the Hadronema were relatively abundant at the bait, 50 con¬ current sweeps of black sage at a site adjacent to the baited areas captured only asingle specimen. All specimens of Hadronema uhleri collected and observed feeding on meloids were females. The sample of H. bispinosa from Flagstaff, AZ, contained both sexes but it was not noted if both males and fe¬ males were attempting to feed. It is assumed that all of the mirids mentioned here are primarily phytophagous, and that their relation¬ ship with meloids is ancillary to their primary food sources. Literature Cited Blair, K.G. 1937. Midges attacking Meloe beetles. Entomoi. Mon. Mag. 73:143. Chandler, D.S. 1976. Use of cantharidin and rneloid beetles to attract Anthicidae (Co- leoptera). Pan-Pac. Entomoi. 52:179-180. Church, N.W., and G.H. Gerber. 1977. Observations on the ontogeny and habits of Lytta nuttalli, L. viridana and L. cyanipennis (Coleoptera: Meloidae): The adults and eggs. Can. Entomoi. 109:565-573. 60 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Edwards, F.W. 1923. New and old observations on ceratopogonine midges attacking other insects. Ann. Trap. Med. Parasit. 17:19-29. Fox, N.B. 1943. Some insects infesting the “selenium indicator” vetches in Saskatche¬ wan. Can. Entomol. 75:206-207. Gornitz, K. 1937. Cantharidin als Gift und Anlockungsmittel fur Insekten. Arb. Physiol. Angew. Entomol. Berlin. 4:116-157. Pinto, J.D., and R.B. Selander. 1970. The bionomics of blister beetles of the genus Meloe and a classification of the New World species. III. Biol. Monogr. 42:1-222. ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE ANNOUNCEMENT A.N. (S.) 104 The required six months’ notice is given of the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological No¬ menclature in connection with the following names listed by case number: (see Bull. Zool. Nom. 34, part 3, 9 November, 1977). 2199 Pangonia conica Bigot, 1857: designation as type-species of Mycteromyia Philippi, 1865 (Insecta, Diptera, TABANIDAE). 2209 Attelabus Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Coleoptera): request for con¬ firmation of designation of type-species. 2217 Cataphryxus Shiino, 1936 (Crustacea, Isopoda): proposed con¬ servation underthe plenary powers. Comments should be sent in duplicate (if possible within six months of the date of publication of this notice in Bull. Zool. Nom. 34, part 3), citing case number to: R.V. Melville, The Secretary, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, LONDON, SW7 5BD, England. Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. An Illustrated key to Alfalfa Leafcutter Bees Eutricharaea (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) F.D. Parker Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA Utah State University, Logan, 84322 The distribution of leafcutter bees Megachile, subgenus Eutricharaea, formerly included the continents of the Old World, but recently several species have become established in the continental United States (Hurd, 1954; Parker et al., 1976). The species in North America are associated with leguminous plants, especially alfalfa. One, M. pacifica (Panzer), is used commonly for alfalfa pollination; another, M. concinna Smith, is used for alfalfa pollination but mostly inadvertently by way of trapping populations of wild leafcutter bees in southwestern states and then transporting them to seed-growing regions in the northwest. Populations of concinna in California are fre¬ quently confused with pacifica (one sample of supposed pacifica sent to me by a California leafcutter bee dealer was all concinna). The following key and illustrations will separate the established species in North America, though Hurd (1954) reported another species, “M. argentata Fab.” from California. I have not included this species because of the taxonomic confusion surrounding the correct name and identity. However, it is similar to concinna and is readily identified in the male by the median swelling on the apical margin of the 4th sternum and the cleft, digit-like paramere. Females of “argentata” have two patches of white hair on the last sternum. I have not attempted to record the present distribution of these species because of the constant mixing of leafcutter bee populations from many areas via the “bee-board” traffic. Key to the North American Eutricharaea Males 1. Foveae on tergum 2 oval, distinct (Figs. 1, 2). Hair fringe on front tarsi short not more than width of basitarsus (Fig. 4), gena behind mandibular base round.2 Foveae on tergum 2 indistinct, indicated by short hair only; hair fringe on front tarsi longer than width of basitarsus (Fig. 3); gena behind mandibular base formed into sharp projec¬ tion, points clearly seen in facial view (Fig. 5); apical sterna as in Fig. 6. concinna Smith 2. Foveae present on terga 2 and 3 (Fig.2); apical sterna as in Fig. 8 . apicalis Spinola Foveae absent on tergum 3 (Fig. 1); apical sterna as in Fig. 7 . pacifica (Panzer) The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:61-64. January 1978 62 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 1-2. Dorsal view of abdomens of male, 1 -pacifica, 2-apicalis. Figs. 3-4. Front leg of male showing hair pattern on tarsi, 3 -concinna, 4 -apicalis. Fig. 5. Front view of head of male concinna, arrow indicates swelling on gena. Figs. 6-8. Apical sterna of males, 6- concinna, 7-pacifica, 8 -apicalis. VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 63 Figs. 9-11. Facial view of female heads, 9 -concinna, 10 -pacifica, 11-ap/ca//s. Figs. 12-13. Lateral view of abdomen of females, 12 -apicalis, 13 -pacifica. Figs. 14-15. Dorsal view of female head, 14 -concinna, 15 -pacifica. Arrows indicate differences in shape of heads. 64 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Females 1. Clypeal margin with median triangular-shaped projection (Fig. 11); scopal hairs black on sterna 5, 6; foveae on terga 2, 3 (Fig. 12) . apicalis Spinola Clypeal margin truncate or excised medially (Figs. 9, 10); scopal hairs white on sternum 5; foveae absent on tergum 3 .2 2. Postocular area as wide as least ocellocular distance (Fig. 15 arrows); clypeus with short shiny median lobe (Fig. 10); foveae on tergum 2 oval, pubescence on dorsum yellowish- white . pacifica (Panzer) Postocular area less than ocellocular distance (Fig. 14 arrows); clypeal margin with shallow median excision (occasionally with small median tooth (Fig. 9); foveae on tergum 2 in¬ distinct, with short hairs; pubescence white. . concinna Smith Literture Cited Hurd, P.D. 1954. Distributional notes on Eutricharaea, a Palearctic subgenus of Megachile, which has become established in the United States. Entomol. News 65:93-95. Parker, F.D., P.F. Torchio, W.P. Nye, and M. Pedersen. 1976. Utilization of additional species and populations of leafcutter bees for alfalfa pollination. J. Apic. Res. 15:89-92. EDITORIAL NOTICE We the editors regret to announce that we will be losing the ser¬ vices of our Editorial Assistant, Chris Walby. We want to thank her for all her help, and wish her well in her new position. Nesting and Male Behavior in Dynatus nigripes spinolae (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) Lynn Siri Kimsey Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Dynatus nigripes spinolae (Lepeletier) is a very large impressive look¬ ing wasp in the family Sphecidae. It is quite rare in collections and until recently almost nothing was known of its biology. Males are readily distinguished from females by their oddly clubbed hind- femora and strongly produced nasiform clypeus. Individuals were first observed flying about one portion of Snyder- Molino trail on Barro Colorado Island in the Canal Zone in Panama. Further examination showed that all activity was centered around a small dead tree (Fig. 3) on the right side of the trail in a section of secondary forest dominated by Oenocarpus palm. All of this acitivity was observed between September 12, 1977 and September 17, 1977. The previous year this same species of wasp was seen near the same tree during the same season but no further observations were made. On the first day a female was seen working mud into a hole in the tree and removing material from inside the hole as well (Fig. 3a). She worked it into a ball with her mandibles and tossed it into the air with a flip of her head as far as half a meter away from the tree. Observa¬ tions made the previous year showed that this same hole had been used by nesting Centris vittata Lepeletier (Anthophoridae) in July, though it had been considerably enlarged since then. Two days later the hole was completely sealed and two Dynatus were observed mating on a lower part of the tree. The male sitting on top of the female grasped her around the prothorax with his mandi¬ bles (the strongly produced clypeus probably aids in this as well) curl¬ ing the tip of his abdomen beneath hers (Fig. 4). The male remained on top of the female for five minutes with actual copulation occurring several times, each lasting about one minute. The female finally be¬ gan moving restlessly and flew away. The male flew around the tree and then landed on the spot where the mating had occurred, about 15cm above the ground. This was next to two holes, one sealed and the other open (Figs. 3e, f). The male remained within 5-10cm of these holes for most of the rest of the day. A female landed on the tree and began inspecting holes, when she got near the male jumped at her and she flew away. The next day observations were made for most of the day. The male was still sitting by the holes, though he flew at and around any large object approaching the tree. Another male landed on the tree and The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:65-68. January 1978 66 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1-2. Diagrams of Dynatus nest (a). 1, dorsal view. 2. lateral view. Fig. 3. Diagram of tree showing nest locations, Dynatus nests (a, e, f), nests of Centris vittata Lep. (b, c), nest of Centris labrosa Friese (d). Fig. 4. Mating position of Dynatus nigripes spinolae (Lep.). walked down the trunk until it saw the resident male and then it flew away. A female was observed entering the open hole (Fig. 3f) carrying cockroach nymphs three times this day. She landed on the tree within 10cm of the open hole, walked down to it, entered it, dropped off the cockroach and left. The nymphs were held with the dorsum along the wasp’s venter, their legs hanging down, grasped in the female’s VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 67 mandibles by the base of their antennae. Each time the female ap¬ proached the nest carrying a cockroach and the male was present he climbed on her back and attempted to mate with her. She brushed him off as she entered the nest but when she left it he again climbed on her back and they mated. Then she flew off and he remained by the nest. The female apparently spends no time at the nest aside from initial preparation, provisioning and closure. A strange male approached the resident male, as it was sitting by the nest and the resident attacked it. They rolled off the tree grap¬ pling and buzzing into some leaves below but the strange male soon broke away and flew off. The resident male then returned to the nest, proceeded to groom and then wandered around the tree trunk investi¬ gating every movement, although curiously it never seemed aware of a Centris labrosa Friese nesting nearby in the tree (Fig. 3d). The first sealed nest found (Fig. 3a) was opened to determine how many cells it contained and other data. Each nest, at least at this site, consisted of one cell (Fig. 1, 2). It contained 15 nymphal cockroaches ranging in size from 12 to 40mm and weighing an average of 0.55g, giving a total of 8.2g of prey per egg. Two species of cockroaches were used, probably: 2 Eublaberus distanti Kirby and 13 Archimandrita tessellata Rehn (Blaberidae). Unfortunately the egg was never found. The cockroaches appeared to be unparalyzed and could move about freely in the cell except that they were packed in too tightly. The nest was never closed until finished so it is unclear what keeps the cock¬ roaches in the nest. When the provisioning was completed, the female plugged the entrance tunnel with 1.5 to 2.0cm of mud of about the same color and texture as that on the adjacent trail. Apparently all the female does to initially prepare the nest is to enlarge it, no other modifications are made and mud is only used to plug the entrance. It takes her between three and four days to complete the nest. The tree in which these nests were built had been dead for more than three years. Many animals were nesting in it aside from Dynatus including a large colony of Nasutotermes termites, an eumenid wasp and two species of Centris: C. labrosa Friese and C. vittata Lepeletier. Despite this the wood was still incredibly hard. The tree itself was 17cm in diameter and 3m tall. Another interesting aspect noted was that this species excretes large amounts of water. This is not ordinarily reported in literature about sphecid wasps but it is commonly seen in some bees. This could be due to the large size of these wasps which makes it more ob¬ vious. The male did leave the nest several times a day for half an hour or more, probably to visit nectar producing flowers. A. S. Menke col¬ lected individuals at the flowers of a specific shrub in Venezuela (Bohart and Menke, 1976). 68 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Conclusion The behavior of male Dynatus nigripes spinolae is much like the be¬ havior of some Trypoxylon (Rau, 1928) and Oxybelus (Bohart and Marsh, 1960) males where the male remains at the nest while the female is out foraging. The male remains at the nest for as long as it takes for the female to complete it, except for occasional feeding excursions. The result is that the male mates repeatedly with a single female until the nest is completed, usually three to four days. If that female builds another nest nearby the male will stay with her. If she leaves to build a nest elsewhere the male will remain at the old nest for a few hours and then leave to look for another female. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Frank W. Fisk for determining the cock¬ roach nymphs, Mr. Roy R. Snelling for determining the species of Centris and Dr. R.M. Bohart for comments and criticisms of the manu¬ script. Also I would like to thank the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute for allowing me to work on Barro Colorado Island. Literature Cited Bohart, R. M. and R. M. Marsh. 1960. Observations on the habits of Oxybelus sericeum Robertson. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 36:115-118. Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid wasps of the world: a generic revision. U.C. Press, Berkeley, 695pp. Rau, P. 1928. Field studies in the behavior of the non-social wasps. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 25(9):325-489. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Observations on Monarthrum dentiger (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Its Primary Sym¬ biotic Fungus, Ambrosiella brunnea (Fungi imperfecti), in California. The ambrosia beetle Monarthrum dentiger (LeConte) was collected in California during a study of the ectosym- biotic interrelationships of Western ambrosia beetles and their symbiotic fungi. This re¬ port records the association of the symbiotic fungus Ambrosiella brunnea (Verrall) Batra with M. dentiger for the first time. This fungus had previously been associated with M. mali (Fitch) and M. fasciatum (Say) in the Eastern United States (Batra, 1967. Mycologia, 59: 976-1017) and M. scutellare (LeConte) in British Columbia (Funk, 1965. Can. J. Bot., 43: 929- 932). Doane and Guilliland (1929, J. Econ. Entomol., 22:915-921) probably observed this fungus in their study of the biology of M. dentiger. Isolations of A. brunnea from tunnels, larval niches, and the forecoxal mycangia of the female beetles, were made on 0.6% malt extract agar and 3% malt extract — 1% yeast extract agar using techniques of Batra (1963, Kan. Acad. Sci., 66:213-236). Microscopic ob¬ servations of dissected beetle and thin sections of wood from tunnels and larval niches were mounted in 1 % KOFI or 0.5% trypan blue stain. Upon dissection of adult male (15) and female (20) beetles, fungal cells were found only in a forecoxal enlargement of the female beetle. This forecoxal mycangia of M. dentiger appeared similiar in structure to those previously described by Batra (1963, Ibid.) for M. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:68-69. January 1978 VOL 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 69 mali and M. fasciatum and by Farris (1965, Proc. Entomol. Soc. B.C., 62:30-33) for M. scutel- lare. !n November of 1970, live specimens of M. dentiger were removed from a Quercus agri- fola Nee collected in the Castle Rock State Park, Santa Clara County. The host tree was leafless and appeared to have recently died. The gallery systems contained numerous adult beetles which appeared inactive in their brood niches. Upon microscopic study, these tunnels and niches appeared to lack active fungal growth and did not yield A. brunnea when isolations were attempted. Within dissected mycangia only a few thick wall fungal cells were observed. Only a single successful isolation of A. brunnea was ob¬ tained from dissected mycangia of eight female adult beetles. In July of 1971 beetles were recollected from dead 0. agrifola and 0. lobata Nee at the Castle Rock site and from Q. agrifola near Camp Saratoga, Santa Clara County. These galleries contained active mono¬ gamous pairs of adult beetles; eggs in small cradles in lateral walls of the tunnels; and lar¬ vae, pupae, and teneral adults developing within larval niches.The parental pair of beetles were continuing to lengthen the tunnels system in the host. A thin palisade of fungal growth lined the tunnels and larval niches. Larvae were actively feeding on this fungal layer. Seven isolations from larval niches all yielded cultures of A. brunnea. The fungus taken from the mycangia appeared to be rapidly budding. All eight isolations attempts yielded cultures of A. brunnea. Other observations of the biology of M. dentiger were similar to those made by Doane and Guilliland (Ibid.). The larger oak ambrosia beetle M. scutellare was also collected from these same host tress and also yielded A. brunnea from their tunnels and mycangia. — RICHARD A. ROEPER and JOHN R. J. FRENCH, Departments of Botany and Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Cicada (Diceroprocta apache (Davis)) mortality by feeding on Nerium oleander. In mid- July 1977, there was a strong emergence of cicadas, Diceroprocta apache, in the vicinity of Tacna, Yuma County, southwestern Arizona. In this desert habitat the adult cicadas were feeding on the sap of many species of desert shrubs, including Prosopis juliflora, Cercidium floridum, Cercidium microphyllum, and Acacia gregii. It was commonplace to flush two to fif¬ teen adult cicadas from a shrub of one of these species. In the grounds of a motel and several private gardens in Tacna, Nerium oleander had been planted as an ornamental tree. Cicadas were often observed feeding on the twigs of these trees. The plants ranged from 2 to 3 m in height and were of approximately the same size as native desert shrubs. Oleander is native to old world arid areas such as the Mediterranean. It is in the family Apocynaceae and it is widely reputed to be poisonous to livestock when fed upon. If the foliage is broken, it produces a bitter white latex. Characteristically, oleander bushes are very free from herbivore damage, no matter where they are planted. Under 10 separate oleander bushes in central Tacna, I counted 28, 12, 15, 17, 3, 22, 9, 7, 16, and 23 dead cicadas. Under one bush, I know that at least 6 died during the night as they fell on top of my car which had been parked underneath the bush. Both sexes were among the corpses. No dead cicadas were encountered under a total of 17 shrubs of other species, all of which had cicadas feeding on them in central Tacna. The dead cicadas were in various stages of decomposition, which suggests that they had died over a period of several days. I interpret these observations to mean that oleander is a novel food plant in the habitat of these cicadas, a food plant with which they have not evolved the ability to avoid. In other words, there may well be plants which adult D. apache do not feed on in south- The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:69-70 January 1978 70 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST western Arizona deserts, since they surely must have the ability to avoid poisonous food plants indigenous to their own habitat. However, the fact that they fed on oleander and were apparently killed by it suggests that their avoidance behavior is specific to the set of plants native to the habitat rather than some kind of generalized behavior which would allow them to recognize oleander as a poisonous plant. Judging from the miniscule pro¬ portion of oleander in the total biomass of plants fed on by the total cicada population, it seems extremely unlikely that these cicadas would ever evolve resistance to oleander, even if the relevant mutant were to appear. Ackowlegements I thank Tom Moore for identifying the cicada and comments on the manuscript. This study was supported by grant number BMS 75-14268 from the National Science Founda¬ tion. — D. H. JANZEN, University of Pennsylvania, Biology, Philadelphia 19104. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Population increase of introduced Elaterids, Conoderus exsul and C. falli. (Coleoptera: Elateridae).— Since its interception at Alameda, CA. in 1937 the sugarcane wireworm Conoderus exsul (Sharp) has currently been recorded from 14 counties in California. The southern potato wireworm, Conoderus falli Lane first intercepted in 1963 near Palm Springs has been reported from 4 counties. To learn more of the build-up of these elaterids records were kept of adults trapped at a 15 watt survey type fluorescent black light, located at Riverside and at Olive, CA. (Orange Co.), about 30 miles from Riverside. Adults were collected daily or on alternate days during the months May to November 1977. In the years 1974-76 inclusive the adults were collected between 9 and 10 p.m., from a suspended canvas at the top of which was placed a portable type black light of the same size and wattage as above. Table 1 shows that the regulation survey type trap used in 1977 was either superior to the hand method of recovering adults, or was an indication of the tremendous build-up of both species in the 4 year period of these studies. At Olive in the years 1974-76 catches of C. exsul adults increased gradually, a trend to be expected, whereas at Riverside there was but slight difference in numbers of adults collected annually. The sizeable increase in numbers of C. exsul adults trapped at both locations in 1977 is an indication that this species has become well adapted climatically to this area. The peak of C. exsul adult catches at both locations in 1977 occurred during July and August, a total of 30 and 37% were trapped at Riverside, respectively and 31 and 49% at Olive. Table 1.—Yearly catches of Conoderus exsul and falli adults at black light. Riverside and Olive, CA. 1974-77. C. exsul C. falli Riverside Olive Riverside 1974 286 518 436 1975 211 1238 440 1976 219 1564 401 1977 3106 3652 2289 The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:70-71. January 1978 VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 71 Although C. falli adults have been recovered in several areas in Orange County none were trapped at the Olive location. The data at Riverside show that fewer but equal numbers of adults were trapped in the 3 earlier years followed by a substantial increase in 1977. Catches of C. falli adults in 1977 were also the largest in July and August, each 26% of total, and due apparently to the hot days and 70-75°F temperatures between 8 to 10 p.m. This insect has for years been a destructive pest of potatoes and of various vegetable crops in southeastern U.S. — M.W. STONE, 131 Sir Damas Dr., Riverside, CA. 92507 and J. WILCOX, 7551 Vista Del Sol, Anaheim, CA. 92807. SCIENTIFIC NOTE Abundance of house dust mites, Dermatophagoides., in elementary schools of Orange County, California. — House dust mites of the genus Dermatophagoides (Pyroglyphidae), notably D. farinae Hughes and D. pteronyssinus (Trouessart), are the most important ar¬ thropods producing allergens present in house dust in homes. Only 2 investigations have dealt with the occurrence of these mites in structures other than human dwellings. Oshima (1964, Jap. J. Sant. Zoo. 15: 233-44) found Dermatophagoides spp. to be dominant on floors of elementary and high school s in Japan, while Nakada and Yoshikawa (1976, Ann. Rep. Tokyo Metro. Res. Lab. P.H. 27: 264-69) recovered 3 Dermatophagoides spp. from seats and floors of 12 Tokyo theaters, noting that D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus were among the most common Acari collected. The abundance of Dermatophagoides mites was determined in Orange Co. elementary schools as part of an investigation to determine sources of allergenic materials in these schools. Nine schools, each with shag carpeting, were individually sampled early in the school year (Oct. 1976) and again later (Mar. 1977). Samples were collected by vacuuming a 5m 2 surface area of the floor for 5 min with a house dust concentrator (Furumizo, R. T. 1975, Calif. Vect. Views 22: 19-27) attached to a Hoover portable vacuum cleaner Model S1015. After each minute the concentrator was replaced with a clean one to avoid clog¬ ging. During a school visit, 6 such areas were sampled, each taken from a different class¬ room. After sampling, the concentrator was placed in a 300ml specimen jar to which 65% ethyl alcohol was added. The volumetric washing technique (Furumizo, 1975, loc. cit.) was used to separate and isolate mites from dust in the laboratory. Results showed that 6 of the 9 schools sampled yielded mites (mean of 4 mites/5 m 2 area; range = 1-9) of which 62% of the specimens were D. pteronyssinus, with the remain¬ ing being D. farinae. Two schools yielded both species, while the remaining 4 were singly infested with D. pteronyssinus. For the Oct. samples, 69% of D. farinae collected were live, while 41% were live D. pteronyssinus. The Mar. samples yielded no specimens of D. farinae, while just 4 schools were infested with D. pteronyssinus. The low mite numbers found in these schools as compared to 93% of nearby Orange Co. homes being infested with Dermatophagoides spp. which yielded a mean density of ca. 400 mites/5 m 2 area (Lang, J. D. and M. S. Mulla 1977, Environ. Ent. 6: 213-16), are probably due to school carpets being cleaned daily after school. This hygienic practice would probably remove mites as well as reduce human skin scales and other food detritus they feed on. The much lower mite numbers occurring in schools in Mar. as compared to Oct. is probably the re¬ sult of seasonal conditions, since the authors have previously noted that Dermatopha¬ goides populations decline in the spring in Orange Co. The low Dermatophagoides num¬ bers collected from Orange Co. elementary schools would probably thus play an insigni¬ ficant role in contributing to allergenic disorders present in these schools. — JAMES D. LANG, MIR S. MULLA, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 and CLAIBOURNE I. DUNGY, Department of Pediatrics, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA92717. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54:71. January 1978 72 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY R.E. Stecker C. Dailey L.G. Bezark P.H. Arnaud, Jr. President President-Elect Secretary Treasurer PROCEEDINGS THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SEVENTH MEETING The 377th meeting was held Friday, 18 February 1977 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Stecker presiding, and 45 members and 49 guests present. The minutes of the meeting held 17 December 1976 were summarized. The following persons were elected to membership: student member, N. Hrebtov; regular member, C.S. Papp. President Stecker suggested that more wives be elected to family membership. He also solicited aid in the preparation of the refreshments which are served after each meeting. The audience was then polled as to a tentative date on which to hold the Society’s annual picnic. On behalf of Dr. A.R. Hardy, Co-editor of the Pan Pacific Entomologist, President Stecker indicated that the October 1976 issue and the January 1977 issue would be completed soon, and that the Society had changed publishers. The current publisher is the Allen press of Lawrence, Kansas, and the new publisher is Image Printing & Publishing of Sacramento, California. Under notes and exhibits, Mr. Wells gave a note on a male of the “reakirtii form” of Anthocharis sara Lucas, with yellow wing patches. Dr. J.G. Edwards reported on several host plants of gypsy moth larvae, and discussed larval coloration as an aid to their identi¬ fication. The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Edward S. Ross, Curator, Department of Ento¬ mology, California Academy of Sciences. His illustrated talk entitled “Insect Encounters in Mexico and Central America,” was enjoyed by everyone in attendance. Refreshments, including some homemade cookies, were served in the Trustee’s room following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary. THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-EIGHTH MEETING The 378th meeting was held Friday, 18 March 1977 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Audi¬ torium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Stecker presiding, and 46 members and 26 guests present. The minutes of the meeting held 18 February 1977 were summarized. The following persons were elected to student membership: R. Cave, C. Tontsch. President Stecker told the Society that the annual picnic would be held 23 April 1977 at Martin’s Beach, near Half Moon Bay. Dr. A.R. Hardy, Co-editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, indicated that the October 1976 issue of the journal would be mailed in March 1977. He also made a call for manuscripts for upcoming issues and stated that we should be up to date with the July 1977 issue. D.H. Kavanaugh indicated that the Academy was going to receive a compactor for the Entomology Department, which would increase the collection’s capacity by more than 200% and would probably accommodate the insect collection’s increases for the next 25 years. The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Norman Gary, Professor of Apiculture, Univer¬ sity of California, Davis. His illustrated talk entitled “Update on the Africanized Honey¬ bee,” was enjoyed by everyone present. Refreshments were served in the Entomology Conference room, following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary. VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 73 THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-NINTH MEETING The 379th meeting was the annual field trip and picnic, held Saturday, 23 April 1977, at Martin’s Beach near Half Moon Bay. There were 16 members and 22 guests present. People enjoyed insect collecting and lunches barbequed on the beach. The blue skies and sunshine nicely complemented the volleyball game that was enjoyed by most of the picnic’s participants. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary. THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTIETH MEETING The 380th meeting was held Friday, 20 May 1977 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Stecker presiding and 25 members and three guests in attendance. The minutes of the meeting held 18 March 1977, and the annual picnic held 23 April 1977 were summarized. The following persons were elected to membership: student members, P.J. Johnson, W. Wright, J. Liming, D. Cozzola; regular members, C.E. Hornig, A. Pfuntner. On behalf of Dr. A.R. Hardy, Co-editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, the Secretary exhibited the new issue of the journal indicating the changes in format, and indicated that the journal should be up to date with one of the forthcoming issues. Under notes and exhibits, L. Wilcox reported on a female phengodid collected in Nevada City, California. The following notes were presented: GYPSY MOTH CONFUSION (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE). — Subsequent to the detection of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) in San Jose, California, consider¬ able publicity resulted. Adults were trapped in 1975 and 1976 with egg masses also being found in late 1976. Federal, State, and County agencies received calls from the general public, biologists, and even park rangers, on several other species in the belief that they were the gypsy moth. The following five lepidopterans have been confused with the gypsy moth: Pacific tussock moth, Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval (Lymantriidae): males similar in appearance to gypsy moth, but smaller, females wingless. Found in coastal areas at low elevations, Pacific Northwest to southern California. The hairy larvae are commonly found on many fruit and ornamental trees. Oslar’s tussock moth, H. oslari Barnes (Lymantriidae): males almost as large and similar in maculation to the gypsy moth, females wingless. Found in the Sierra Nevada and eastward. Prefers conifers, particularly Douglas fir. California tent caterpillar, Malacosoma caiifornicum (Packard) (Lasiocampidae): both sexes of the adults are winged and quite different from the gypsy moth; however, the hairy larvae and the cocoons are similar and are often confused with the gypsy moth. The species has a wide host range, often including fruit trees and ornamental trees and shrubs. The species is widespread in California along with three related species. One of these is the Santa Cruz tent caterpillar, Malacosoma ambisimile (Dyar). It is found in the Santa Cruz mountains on native trees and shrubs, but has spread to orchards in the Santa Clara Valley and the Watsonville area. Completely unrelated to the gypsy moth is the California oak moth, Phryganidia californica Packard (Dioptidae). The greyish translucent adults are day-fliers and no cocoons are formed (the pupae being hanging chrysalids), both characteristic of the butterflies. The yellow and black striped larvae are naked, having none of the hairyness of the lymantriids or lasiocampids. With mild winters the populations have been heavy the last two years in coastal California. Many coast live oaks have been defoliated, and the larvae are also destructive on cork oak, holly oak and the deciduous oaks. Even more distantly related to the gypsy moth is the mourning cloak butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus) (Nymphalidae). No confusion with the large, dark-maroon adult exists, but the blackish larvae with a row of red spots dorsally is often mistaken for the larvae of the gypsy moth. These caterpillars have spines rather than hairs, and are gregarious on willows, elms, poplars and hackberries throughout the North Temperate Zone. — ROBERT L. LANGSTON, Kensington, California. 74 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST AN ASTONISHING HOVERING RECORD FOR MALES OF THE WESTERN HORSE FLY, PILIMAS CALIFORNIO A (BIGOT). — During a lecture to our Society on 15 November 1974, entitled “Life in a 300-Foot Giant Sequoia,” our present President, Ron Stecker, included films of insects he observed and collected in the upper canopy of a giant Sequoia tree located near the southern margin of Sequoia National Park at about 1800 meters altitude. His 11-year studies received considerable attention in the scientific community and the media. He showed one fly species hovering above the very top-most stem (under precarious circumstances for collecting and filming at a height of about 90 meters!), which appeared to me to represent the hovering green-eyed, holoptic males of a rather primitive, though not uncommon, western horse fly, Pilimas californica (Bigot). In the past, others and myself have netted such males while they were hovering in sunlit patches along forested roadways and mountain trails, or open-wooded, sunny spots, such as a camp-site in Yellowstone Park. This obvious mating behavior pattern has resulted in capture by collectors of many more males than females from British Columbia and Montana south to Utah and California. I have also seen a female in the collection of CAS taken by Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. in Baja California: Agua Caliente (San Carlos), 18.5 km E Maneadero, 5 August 1973. But that the males might be hovering in an undoubted mating quest at the top of a giant Sequoia towering some fifty meters above the surrounding forest canopy seems rather incredulous; the frequency of such behavior is not likely soon to be checked. Since females are not known to similarly hover, it is reasonable to presume that at least they fly by as high as the questing males. Not quite parallel are the habits, familiarto many of us, of scarcer males of more aggressive species of horse flies, hovering over bare, rocky knobs or objects like fire lookouts on tops of high mountains; for example, I took the previously unknown male of Hybomitra sequax (Williston), among other species, on top of Blue Nose Peak on the Montana-ldaho Divide in this way. Dr. Stecker recently brought me five of his flies for checking. All were males of californica taken just above his tree-top post. Understandably, he was able to net only a small sample (approximately a dozen specimens) during the eleven years of observation atop the sequoia, which dominated the adjacent evergreen forest on a slope some 20 meters above a small creek bottom. Two of his males, plus a female, are being passed among the audience. Finally, projection of a Kodaslide copy of a frame from Dr. Stecker’s movie shows one close-up male sitting on a branch which not only reveals the previously mentioned green, holoptic eyes and bright body colors by which I guessed its identity during the original movie, but attests to the flies also coming to rest in the upper branches of the sequoia during hovering, and probably mating activities. It is trite to point out to tabanidologists that the males at this height are considerably removed from breeding sites where they could have emerged from pupae; the habitat of the immature stages at ground level has never been reported. — CORNELIUS B. PHILIP. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. A FOSSIL OF SCAPHINOTUS INTERRUPTUS FROM THE PLEISTOCENE CARPIN- TERIA ASPHALT DEPOSIT, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE). — A single well preserved abdomen of Scaphinotus interruptus (Menetries) has been found in a study of the fossil insect fauna of the Carpinteria asphalt deposit. This specimen provides a good example of Pleistocene paleoentomology. Studies of Pleistocene insects can provide much useful information (Coope, 1970, Ann. Rev. Ent. 15:97-120), but this field has not received much attention in North America. Fossil deposits were discovered in the Carpinteria asphalt mine in 1927. This mine was located on a coastal bluff about one mile southeast of the town of Carpinteria, in Santa Barbara County, California. The mining operation was later abandoned and the site was used as a refuse dump in the late 1940's, so that today the topography has been altered drastically and the fossil localities are not accessible. Although a series of reports were published on the fossil flora and fauna, the fossil insects have never been examined in detail, except for a study of termite signs (Lance, 1946, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 45:21-27). The unanimous opinion of the published reports dealing with the various fossil groups is that, while organisms were being preserved late in the Pleistocene epoch, the environ¬ ment at Carpinteria was very similar to the present environment of the Monterey VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 75 Peninsula (200 miles northwest). The climate was generally cooler and more humid, though considerable fluctuation of conditions probably occurred during the time the site was active. The fossils are probably 20,000-40,000 years old, although dating is difficult. The fossil specimen agrees well with recent specimens of S. interruptus. This species is presently considered abundant in California from Humboldt County south to Monterey and eastward to the Sierra Nevada, with scattered rare records elsewhere (Gidaspow, 1968, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 140:135-192). Kavanaugh (1977, Pan-Pac. Ent. 53:27-31) and Ingram (1946, Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 45:34-36) have given information on the natural history of this species, which feeds on snails and slugs. The specimen was probably preserved by the asphalt during the Wisconsin Glacial Period, when the southward encroachment of the arctic climate displaced other North American climate zones southward of the equivalent modern zones. A similar southward movement of the species’ present range would account for its occurrence in the asphalt deposit. These conclusions are in agree¬ ment with previous reports and a preliminary analysis of the fossil insect fauna. A detailed analysis of the fossil insect fauna is in preparation. In addition to providing evidence of the climatic conditions that prevailed during the periods of preservation, the study of insects from asphalt deposits and other Pleistocene deposits can yield many other benefits. Identification of fossil insects often requires review and clarification of taxonomic problems of the related recent taxa. Not only does identification of the fossils necessitate thorough study of the morphology of the recent species, but the fossils themselves often prominently show morphological features which may be overlooked in the examination of recent specimens. Fossilized aquatic insects may provide data on the nature of bodies of water which may have occurred in the vicinity of the asphalt seeps. Also, the presence of insect species known to be associated with certain stages of decomposition indicates the time period between death and complete preservation of the vertebrates recovered from the same deposits. Additional finds indicate that several insect species previously thought to have been introduced into California are actually native. Some of the insects from the Carpinteria deposit were loaned to the late Dr. Edwin C. Van Dyke in 1930. This material was apparently never studied, and appears to have been lost. — SCOTT E. MILLER, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California. The main speaker of the evening was Donald R. Dilley, Principle Staff Entomologist, for the California Department of Food and Agriculture. His illustrated talk entitled “California Pest Prevention Systems - Leading to the Eradication of the Gypsy Moth,” was enjoyed by all in attendance. Refreshments, including homemade cookies, were served in the Entomology Con¬ ference room following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary. THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-FIRST MEETING The 381st meeting was held Friday, 21 October 1977 at 7:45 p.m. in the Morrison Audi¬ torium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Stecker presiding and 37 members and 28 guests present. The minutes of the meeting held 20 May 1977 were summarized. The following persons were elected to membership: regular members, Lowe B. Mak, R.A. Beebe; student members, D.G. Casdorph, M.L. Swoveland. The Society was informed of the passing of noted entomologists, Ira LaRivers, William Hovanitz, Chris Henny, and Aleandre Chneour. President Stecker suggested that letters expressing the Society’s feelings be sentto the appropriate family members. Under notes and exhibits, Dr. Edward Smith of California Academy of Sciences, reported on his progress relating to insect anatomy studies and presented photographic slides from a forthcoming publication. INSECTS IN FUNGI. — In collecting various fungi in northern California, a consistent pattern of insect fauna within many types of fungal fruiting bodies was observed. A pilot study was carried out and determined that platypezids, syrphids and mycetophilids may dominate one type of mushroom but may be scarce in another. Certain Coleoptera were 76 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST found to be the only insects inhabiting one particular bracket fungus. — N.N. HREBTOV, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California. A NEW NORTHWESTERN RECORD FOR THE TRIBE ATTINI AND NORTHERN RECORD FOR THE GENUS CYPHOMYRMEX (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE). — The purpose of this note is to report the most northwestern Nearctic record for the tribe Attini and also the northern record of the genus Cyphomyrmex on the basis of a male specimen of Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel collected in Lake County, California by Mr. Hugh B. Leech. It was Dr. George L. Rotramel who studied specimens of our Academy Formicidae, that first recognized the specimen as of special interest and had noted that it should be sent to the Myrmecologist - Dr. Neal A. Weber- forhis study. The ant specimen was sent to Dr. Weber this past winter and he wrote on March 28th that he had identified it as a male of Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel and he further stated: “I congratulate you for preserving and maintaining this tiny specimen of unusual interest to all myrmecologists. It constitutes the northwestern record of Attini, Latitude 39° 06’ N and the northern record of the genus. There ought to be colonies in that area that would well repay biological study.” The four labels attached to the pin of this specimen read: “Lucerne, Lake Co./CAL. 30. VII. 1955/Hugh B. Leech” “Attini d/? Trachymyrex/Det. Rotramel ’75” “Myrmicinae/?Trachymyrmex/Significant record./ should send to Weber.” “Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel/det. N.A. Weber 26.iii.77.” The genus Cyphomyrmex is a member of the fungus-growing tribe Attini. Of the Attini it has been stated that “their activities in cultivating their fungus gardens are among the most remarkable to be found in ants.” (Creighton, 1950, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 104:83.). Weber has provided a fascinating account of fungus-growing ants in an article in Science (153 (3736):587-604, 1966). Most of the species of the genus Cyphomyrmex are found in the tropical regions of Central America and South America, but two species - C. rimosus minutus Mayr and C. wheeleri Forel - are recorded by Creighton (1950:316) as occurring in the United States (he provides a lengthy discussion of the first), and only the latter is known from California. Mai I is (1941, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 40:74) recorded Cyphomyrmex wheeleri from “Three Rivers (Culbertson).” Presumably this is the Three Rivers in Tulare County, and if so, this places the Lucerne locality some 420 airline km NW of Three Rivers. Cook in 1953 (The Ants of California, pp. 215-216) recorded the same collection. — PAUL H. ARNAUD, JR., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. DR. WILLIAM HOVANITZ: Dr. Hovanitz died 14 September 1977 of a sudden heart attack in Santa Barbara, California. Born in Chicago,6 November 1915, he came to California in 1918. He attended the University of California at Berkeley, where he earned a B.S. in entomology in 1938. He joined the Pacific Coast Entomological Society in 1934 and was an active member until he left the San Francisco area. He earned a Ph.D. in genetics from the California Institute of Technology in 1943. Dr. Hovanitz served on the faculties of the University of Michigan, Wayne University, the University of San Francisco, California Institute of Technology, University of California at Los Angeles and Santa Barbara and California State University at Los Angeles. His broad experience included work on insect systematics, mosquitos and malaria, the biology of plant galls and their relationship to cancer, the structure of chromosomes, and the genetics of butterflies and flies. He founded the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera in 1962, editing and publishing it since its founding. At the time of his death, Dr. Hovanitz was preparing to return to his long delayed research on geographical distribution and population and physiological genetics, utilizing butterflies, especially the genera Colias and Argynnis, as experimental subjects. A basic principle in all his research was the importance of interpreting the significance underlying the phenomena we perceive, as opposed to simple description of the physical manifestations of these phenomena. His passing is a profound loss to science, especially Lepidoptera research. A complete obituary and bibliography will appear in the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, which will continue publication. — SCOTT E. MILLER, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California 93105. The main speaker of the evening was Mr. Herman Real, Department of Entomology, University of California Berkeley. His illustrated presentation entitled “Through the VOL. 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 77 northern Neotropics looking for insects,” was enjoyed by all in attendance. Apple juice, coffee and homemade cookies were enjoyed in the Trustee's room following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary. THREEHUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SECOND MEETING The 382nd meeting was held Friday, 18 November 1977 in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Stecker presiding and 30 members and 20 guests in attendance. The minutes of the meeting held 21 October 1977 were summarized. The following persons were elected to membership as student members: R.J. Bury, G.C. Hunter, and J.B. Johnson. Dr. A.R. Hardy, Co-editor of the Pan-Pacific Entomologist, discussed the new system of computerizing membership information. Under notes and exhibits, D.H. Kavanaugh discussed mimicry involving Australian weevils and lycids, and Dr. J.G. Edwards reported on cantharidin used for wart removal. The following note was presented: ADELID LARVAE FROM THE SAN JOAQUIN EXPERIMENTAL RANGE, MADERA CO., CALIFORNIA. — In his synopsis of the adelid moths, Powell (1969, J. Lepid. Soc. 23 (4): 211-240) noted that none of the North American adelids had been reared, and that while he had taken the early instars, he had not found the case-bearing larval stages. In 1970, Powell described the figure-eight shaped case of Adelia septentronella Wish, in the Society’s Proceedings(1971). During a study of the grassland biome (IBP-California grassland) in Madera Co., 0.5 m 2 areas were closed off with a quick trap, the grass clipped, the soil vacuumed and the collected materials placed in large Tullgren (Berlese) Funnels. Among the extracted arthropods were 20 flat, nearly parallel-sided (not pear nor figure-eight shaped) purse-like cases. These were taken on five of six collecting dates between 12 October 1973 and 12 February 1974. Of the total, 17 or 85% were taken from the ungrazed plots with a high of 2.25/m 2 on November 2. The encased larvae were lepidopterans and fit the description of the Adelidae in Peterson (1951, Edwards Bros., p. 81) except the body was flattened, not cylindrical, and the cases were not round or figure-eight shaped, nor composed of leaves. The case was constructed of surface soil and small pieces of organic debris. The larvae were of varous sizes and one was teneral, thus the case makers appear to comprise more than the fully grown larvae. In addition to the characteristics noted by Peterson, the larvae were peculiar in that abdominal segments 2-6 were notably larger than the other body segments, and the dorsum of the meso- and metathoracic segments had well developed sclerites. — D. BURDICK, C. HASEGAWA, Fresno State University, Fresno, California. The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Ken Hagen, Department of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley. His illustrated talk entitled “Biological Control in Latin America,” was enjoyed by everyone present. Coffee, apple juice and homemade cookies from Mrs. C. Dailey, were served in the Trustee’s room following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary. THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-THIRD MEETING The 383rd meeting was held Friday, 16 December 1977 at 8:00 p.m. in the Morrison Auditorium of the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, with President Stecker presiding and 27 members and 15 guests present. Minutes of the meeting held 18 November 1977 were summarized. The following persons were elected to membership: regular member, P.D. Ansley; student members, J.K. Gelhaus, and R.W. Wangenstein. President Stecker called for reports from the standing committees. Dr. Arnaud stated that the Treasurer’s Office is indebted to Mrs. V. Hawley (as volunteer) and Mrs. Gail Freihofer (Entomology Secretary) for their handling of the Society’s accounts and billings, and to our member Mr. H. Vannoy Davis, of the firm of Touche Ross and Co., not 78 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST only for this review of the Treasurer’s records, but also for the annual completion of the Society’s federal and state income tax forms. D.H. Kavanaugh of the nominating committee, presented the names of the nominees for office in the Society for 1978: President, John R. Anderson; President-Elect, Alan R. Hardy; Secretary, Larry C. Bezark; and Treasurer, Paul H. Arnaud, Jr. These nominees were unanimously accepted. President Stecker thanked all those who made this year’s meetings successful. The meeting was then turned overto President John Anderson. The main speaker of the evening was Dr. Ronald E. Stecker, Department of Biology, San Jose State University. His illustrated presentation entitled ‘‘An entomologist’s view of Death Valley,” was enjoyed by the people in attendance. Refreshments were served in the Trustee’s room following the meeting. — L.G. Bezark, Secretary. PCES COMMITTEES 1978 Publication Committee J.D. Pinto T.D. Eichlin J.G. Edwards R.M. Bohart J.A. Powell — Chairman J.T. Doyen Historical Committee D. H. Kavanaugh — Chairman H.B.Leech A.R. Hardy P.H. Arnaud, Jr. E. L. Smith Membership Committee C. Dailey — Chairman D. D. Wilder F. G. Andrews Program Committee J. G. Edwards — Chairman A.R. Hardy K. Hagen Retires After 1978 1979 1980 VOL 54, NO. 1, JANUARY 1978 79 PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY STATEMENTOF INCOME, EXPENDITURES AND CHANGESIN FUND BALANCES Years Ended September 30, 1977 and 1976 1977 1976 Income Dues and subscriptions. $ 8,545 $ 7,027 Reprints and miscellaneous. 7,674 7,206 Sales of memoirs. 326 463 Interest on savings accounts. 915 979 Dividends, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 244 288 Increase in value of capital stock of American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 250 1,140 17,954 17,103 Expenditures Publication costs - Pan Pacific Entomologist. 13,525 11,430 Reprints, postage and miscellaneous. 3,078 2,714 16,603 14,144 Increases in fund balances. 1,351 2,959 Fund balances October 1,1976 and 1975. 26,569 23,610 Fund balances September 30,1977 and 1976 . $27,920 $26,569 STATEMENT OF ASSETS September 30, 1977 and 1976 1977 1976 Cash in bank Commercial account. $ 927 $ 1,610 Savings accounts General fund. 12,662 12,649 Memoirfund. 3,342 2,714 Fall fund. 3,244 2,655 Life membership fund. 2,685 2,131 Total cash in bank. 22,860 21,759 Investment in 80 shares of American Telephone & Telegraph Co. common stock (Life Membership and Fall Funds), at market value. 5,060 4,810 Total. $27,920 $26,569 See accompanying notes to the financial statements. 80 THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Year Ended September 30, 1977 SUM MARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Accounting Method Income, expenditures and assets are recorded on the cash basis of accounting. Marketable Securities American Telephone & Telegraph Co. common stock is carried at market value. Increases and decreases in value are reflected in income. Income Tax The Company is exempt from Federal income and California franchise tax. Accounts Receivable As of September 30,1977 accounts receivable aggregated $927 as follows: August and September, 1977 billings. $ 588 June and July billings. 339 $927 As Chairman of the Auditing Committee, and in accordance with its by laws, I have reviewed the financial records of the Society. During the course of this review nothing was noted which indicated any inaccuracy in the foregoing statements. H. VANNOY DAVIS Chairman of the Auditing Committee October issue mailed February 8, 1978. THE PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Information for Contributors Papers on the systematic and biological phases of entomology are favored, including short notes or articles up to ten printed pages, on insect taxonomy, morphology, behavior, life history, and distribution. Excess pagination must be approved and will be charged to the author. Papers are published after acceptance in approximately the order that they are received. Papers of less than a printed page will be published as space is available, in Scientific Notes. All manuscripts will be reviewed before acceptance. Manuscripts for publication, proofs, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the editor. General. — The metric system is to be used exclusively in manuscripts, except when citing label data on type material, 01 in direct quotations when cited as such. Equivalents in other systems may be placed in parentheses following the metric, i.e. “1370 m (4500 ft) elevation”. Typing. — Two copies of each manuscript must be submitted (original and one xerox copy or two xerox copies are suitable). All manuscripts must be type-written, double-spaced throughout, with ample margins, and be on bond paper or an equivalent weight. Carbon copies or copies on paper larger than 8 V 2 x 11 inches are not acceptable. Underscore only where italics are intended in the body of the text. Number all pages consecutively and put authors name on each sheet. References to footnotes in text should be numbered consecutively. Footnotes must be typed on a separate sheet. Manuscripts with extensive corrections or revisions will be returned to the author for retyping. First Page. — The page preceding the text of the manuscript must include (1) the complete title, (2) the order and family in parentheses, (3) the author's name or names, (4) the institution with city and state or the authors home city and state if not affiliated (5) the complete name and address to which proof is to be sent. Names and descriptions of organisms. — The first mention of a plant or animal should include the full scientific name with the author of a zoological name not abbreviated- Do not abbreviate generic names. Descriptions of taxa should be in telegraphic style. The International code of Zoological Nomenclature must be followed. Tables. — Tables are expensive and should be kept to a minimum. Each table should be prepared as a line drawing or typed on a separate page with heading at top and footnotes below. Number tables with Arabic numerals. Number footnotes consecu¬ tively for each table. Use only horizontal rules. Extensive use of tabular material requiring typesetting may result in increased charges to the author. Illustrations. — No extra charge is made for the line drawings or halftones. Submit only photographs on glossy paper and original drawings. Authors must plan their illustrations for reduction to the dimension of the printed page (105 x 175 mm; 4-1/8 x 6-3/4 inches). If possible, allowance should be made for the legend to be placed beneath the illustration. Photographs should not be less than the width of the printed page. Photographs should be mounted on stiff card stock, and bear the illustration number on the face. Loose photographs or drawings which need mounting and/or numbering are not acceptable. Photographs to be placed together should be trimmed and abut when mounted. Drawings should be in India Ink, or equivalent, and at least twice as large as the printed illustration. Excessively large illustrations are awkward to handle and may be damaged in transit. It is recommended that a metric scale be placed on the drawing or the magnification of the printed illustration be stated in the legend where applicable. Arrange figures to use space efficiently. Lettering should reduce to no less than 1mm. On the back of each illustration should be stated (1) the title of the paper, (2) the author’s complete name and address, and (3) whether he wishes the illustration returned to him. Illustrations not specifically requested will be destroyed. Improperly prepared illustrations will be returned to the author for correction prior to acceptance of the manuscript. Figure legends. — Legends should be typewritten double-spaced on separate pages headed EXPLANATION OF FIGURES and placed following LITERATURE CITED. Do not attach legends to illustrations. References. — All citations in text, e.g., Essig (1926) or (Essig 1958), must be listed alphabetically under LITERATURE CITED in the following format: Essig, E.O. 1926. A butterfly migration. Pan-Pac. 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