Vol. 55 OCTOBER 1979 No. 4 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist GILL—A New Species of Pulvinaria Targioni-Tozzetti (Homoptera: Coccidae) Attack¬ ing Ice Plant in California_ 241 JANSSON—The Identity of Ahuautlea mexicana De La Llave (Heteroptera, CorixidaeL_ 251 JANSSON—A New Species of Krizousacorixa from Mexico (Heteroptera, Corixidae).. 258 GOEDEN and RICKER—Life History of Zygogramma tortuosa Rogers on the Ragweed, Ambrosia eriocentra (Gray) Payne, in Southern California (Coleoptera: Chryso- melidae) _ 261 CHEMSAK and LINSLEY—New Cerambycidae from Honduras (Coleoptera) _ 267 RUST—A New Species of Drywood Termite from Southwestern North America (Isop- tera: Kalotermitidae)_ 273 KOHLMANN—Some Notes on the Biology of Euphoria inda (Linne) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)_ 279 KAMM and McDONOUGH—Sex Attractant for a Plume Moth, Oidaematophorus monodactylus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) _ 284 WIRTH and ASS1S de MORAES—New Records and New Species of Biting Midges from Salt Marshes in California and Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) _ 287 RUDINSKY and VERNOFF—Evidence of a Female-Produced Aggregative Pheromone in Leperisinus californicus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)_ 299 SILVERMAN and GOEDEN—Life History of the Lacebug, Corythucha morrilli Osborn and Drake, on the Ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne, in Southern Cali¬ fornia (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Tingidae)_ 305 SCIENTIFIC NOTES__ 250, 309 LITERATURE NOTICE _ 257 NOTICE_ 278 BOOK REVIEWS _ 283, 303 INDEX TO VOLUME 55_ 311 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1979 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The Pan-Pacific Entomologist EDITORIAL BOARD T. D. Eichlin, A. R. Hardy, Co-Editors S. Kuba, Editorial Asst. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H. B. Leech R. M. Bohart E. S. Ross J. A. Chemsak Published quarterly in January, April, July and October with Society Proceedings appearing in the January number. All communications regarding nonreceipt of num¬ bers, requests for sample copies, and financial communications should be addressed to the Treasurer, Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Application for membership in the Society and changes of address should be ad¬ dressed to the Secretary, Larry Bezark, c/o Department of Entomology, California State University, San Jose, CA. 95120. Manuscripts, proofs and all correspondence concerning editorial matters should be addressed to either Dr. Thomas Eichlin or Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1220 “N” St., Sacra¬ mento, 95814. The annual dues, paid in advance, are $12.00 for regular members of the Society, $7.00 for student members, or $15.00 for subscription only. Members of the society receive The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Single copies of recent numbers are $3.75 each or $15.00 a volume. Write to the treasurer for prices of earlier back numbers. Make all checks payable to Pan-Pacific Entomologist. The Pacific Coast Entomological Society OFFICERS FOR 1979 J. Doyen, President Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer M. S. Wasbauer, President-Elect L. Bezark, Secretary Statement of Ownership Title of Publication: The Pan-Pacific Entomologist. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: Pacific Coast Entomological Society, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118. Editors: T. D. Eichlin and A. R. Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept, of Food and Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. This issue mailed 6 December 1979 Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and Additional offices. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603) PRINTED BY THE ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, U.S.A. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 241-250 A NEW SPECIES OF PULVINARIA TARGIONI-TOZZETTI (HOMOPTERA: COCCIDAE) ATTACKING ICE PLANT IN CALIFORNIA Raymond J. Gill California Dept, of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento 95814 In 1971, specimens of Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi (Vallot) were col¬ lected for the first time in California from ice plant, Carpobrotus edulis, by Napa County Agricultural personnel Henry Stabo and Aldo Delfino. This soft scale, commonly referred to as ice plant scale in California, is known to cause moderate to severe injury to various plant species in the family Aizoaceae (Brain, 1920 and Quintana, 1956). A possible 1949 California record of this species is known from Berkeley on ice plant but the specimens are in too poor condition to be positive about their identity. Because of the localized infestation of P. mesembryanthemi and because of its potential for damage to ice plant used as a ground cover along the State highway system, officials of the California Department of Food and Agriculture considered initiation of an eradication program against the scale. In February 1973, Jerry Vettel and Carl Macguire of that Department visited Berkeley to locate and delimit the infestation supposedly collected there in 1949. They found an identically appearing soft scale on ice plant and on several plants in the family Crassulaceae which proved to be morphologi¬ cally and biologically distinct from P. mesembryanthemi and other known species of Pulvinaria . This new soft scale species is described here as Pul¬ vinaria delottoi Gill, new species. Pulvinaria delottoi new species Suggested common name .—DeLotto iceplant scale. Etymology. —This species is named in honor of Mr. Giovanni DeLotto of the Plant Protection Research Institute in Pretoria, South Africa, who has contributed so much toward our understanding of African Coccoidea. Mr. DeLotto knew about this new species long before it was discovered in Cal¬ ifornia but graciously suggested that I describe it. Type material .—Holotype adult female, Oakland, Alameda County, Cal¬ ifornia, 7 November 1973, collected from Mesembryanthemum sp., R. Dun- kle. Paratype adult females, 50 on 38 slides, from above location and from the following locations: San Leandro, Alameda Co., California, XI-74, on ice plant, Haines; San Leandro, Alameda Co., California, III-20-73, on Me¬ sembryanthemum sp., K. Meehan; Berkeley, Alameda Co., California, III- 242 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 6-73, on Sedum sp., W. Sibray and N. Jones; Berkeley, Alameda Co., California, III-14-73, on Lampranthus sp., N. Jones; Berkeley, Alameda Co., California, 11-28-73, on Mesembryanthemum sp., J. Vettel and C. Mac- guire; San Leandro, Alameda Co., California, XI-8-78, on ice plant, W. Moore; Oakland, Alameda Co., California, IX-13-77, on ice plant, W. Moore; South Africa, VI-3-53, on Cheiridopsis inaequalis, Kamper; Trans¬ vaal, Pretoria, South Africa, VIII-31-59, on Crassula lycopopioides , H. K. Munro; Capitola, Santa Cruz Co., California, XI-29-73 on ice plant, Lom¬ bard and Hancock; San Leandro, Alameda Co., California, III-28-73, on ice plant, F. Hollensteiner; Seaside, Monterey Co., California, IV-2-78, on ice plant, K. S. Hagen; Marina, Monterey Co., California, XI-2-78, on ice plant, B. Oliver; Rancho Santa Fe, San Diego Co., California, XII-1-78, on suc¬ culents, N. Buskirk. Paratype nymphal stages from which the descriptions and illustrations were made: first instar, Oakland Airport, Alameda Co., California, V-13-78, on ice plant, W. Moore; second instar, Oakland Airport, Alameda Co., California, VI-30-77, on ice plant, W. Moore; third instar, Oakland, Alameda Co., California, IX-13-77, on ice plant, W. Moore. The holotype will be deposited in the U.S. National Museum, Natural History, Beltsville, Maryland. Paratypes will be deposited in the following collections: U.S. National Museum, Beltsville; the California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; the University of California, Davis; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg; the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville; the University of Hawaii, Ho¬ nolulu; Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; University of Georgia, Ex¬ periment, Georgia; British Museum (Natural History), London; the Zoolog¬ ical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Leningrad; and the National Collection of Insects, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria. Habit. —All female stages are oval or elliptical in outline, relatively con¬ vex, and occur randomly on the fleshy leaves of the host. The color of all stages is yellow-green to light-green. Eyespots are black. Late instars and adults are devoid of any noticeable wax secretions except for small, thin, transparent wax platelets on the dorsum that are arranged randomly except for several platelets which are arranged longitudinally along the median line. About the time that oviposition begins the adults produce a sparse dorsal covering of white powdery wax. During oviposition the females first develop a yellow, tan or red color along the body margin, but later become com¬ pletely brownish as oviposition nears completion. The ovisac is white and is usually irregular in construction with many loose striations. Length of the ovisac is about equal to the length of the adult female before oviposition. Male stages are unknown. Pulvinaria delottoi is univoltine with oviposition beginning in December and January. More detailed biological studies of both P. delottoi and P. mesembryanthemi have been published by Donaldson et al. (1978). VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 243 Adult female .—(Fig. 1). Oval to almost circular in outline, bluntly pointed anteriorly and broadly rounded posteriorly; slide mounted holotype female 2.5 mm long (paratypes 1.8-5.0 mm), 2.0 mm wide (paratypes 1.2-4.5 mm). DORSUM—Derm membranous. Eyespots round, convex, on lateral mar¬ gins of head. Submarginal duct tubercles absent. Dorsal setae spinelike, bluntly pointed; 7-10 p in length and randomly distributed. Dorsal tubular ducts short, less than 5 p, in length, randomly distributed but absent in the marginal areas. Bilocular microducts common, randomly distributed but absent near margin. Minute disc pores common, their diameter slightly larg¬ er than that of the microducts, randomly distributed except for a single row along the margin. Preopercular pores 7-10 p in diameter, 11 (paratypes 10- 20) extending in loose groups anteriorly of 4th abdominal segment. Anal opercula on caudal Vs of body; caudolateral margin longer than cephalo- lateral margin; each operculum 145 p long (paratypes 123-172 /jl), 98 p wide (paratypes 60-103 p ), with 4 apical setae and 3 subapical setae. MARGIN— Marginal setae stout, straight or slightly bent, bluntly pointed, 30-50 p long (paratypes 25-55 p), 5 p wide at base; setae 13 (paratypes 5-15) between anterior and posterior spiracular clefts on each side, 40 (paratypes 20-40) between anterior spiracular clefts. Spiracular clefts each with three setae; median seta 51 p long (paratypes 37-56 p ), lateral setae smaller, 17-22 p long (paratypes 12-24 /jl). VENTER—Derm membranous. Antennae well developed, normally 8-segmented, sometimes with 7 segments, 335 p long (paratypes 278-358 /jl). Interantennal setae 3-4 (usually 4) pairs, medial pair 44-64 p (paratypes 37-86 /jl), usually twice as long or longer than the lateral pairs. Prevulvar setae 3 pairs. Anal fold with 2 pairs of fringe setae. Legs well developed, lengths: prothoracic, 680 p (paratypes 495-755 p)\ meso- thoracic, 710 p (paratypes 556-835 /jl); metathoracic, 710 /x (paratypes 558— 835 yLx). Tibia and tarsus freely articulated with well developed articulatory sclerosis; claw with or without tiny denticle; claw digitules 2, of equal size. Spiracular furrow with quinquelocular pores in 3-4 irregular rows; 55-63 pores (paratypes 26-80) in anterior furrow, 80-95 pores (paratypes 33-145) in posterior furrow. Tubular ducts of 2 types arranged as follows: ducts with simple inner filament comprising most of the distal area of submarginal duct band; ducts with complex inner filament occupying more mediolateral areas of submarginal duct band and randomly occupying most median areas of head, thorax, and abdomen. Bilocular microducts randomly located throughout submarginal duct band and in median areas of the head, thorax and abdomen. Multilocular pores with 10-11 (normally 10) loculi, in loose single or multiple rows on all abdominal segments; occasional pores on thorax. First instar nymph. —(Fig. 2). Mounted specimens elliptical in outline, widest at middle near posterior spiracular cleft; 1.0-1.2 mm in length and 0.5-0.7 mm in width. DORSUM—Derm membranous. Dorsal setae sparse, PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 245 3 p long or less, in barely discernible medial row on each side. Minute bilocular pores present 1 per body segment in single submarginal row on each side. Discoidal pores associated singly with bilocular pores, occasional elsewhere on dorsum. Each anal operculum 50 p long, 25 p wide; three apical setae, two less than 15 /x long; apical seta longer, up to 155 p. MAR¬ GIN—Spiracular setae 3 in each spiracular cleft; middle setae longest, 7.5- 10.0 ix long and 2.5 p thick; lateral setae pegshaped, 2.5 \x long. Marginal setae slender, curved, 7.5-12.5 /x long; 8 on abdomen, 2 between anterior and posterior spiracular clefts, 12 between anterior spiracular clefts. VEN¬ TER—Body setae less than 5 fx long; on abdomen in submedial row and in submarginal row associated with marginal setae; random along submargin of cephalothoracic region. One pair of interantennal setae. Three pairs of preanal setae. Venter without discernible pores except 1 small trilocular pore on submargin of head on each side laterad of cephalic submarginal seta, 1 larger trilocular pore laterad of each thoracic spiracle, and 1 or 2 quinquelocular pores in each anterior spiracular furrow near spiracular se¬ tae. Antennae 6-segmented, 125-135 p long. Legs 198-210 p long; claw with 2 digitules of subequal length, one slightly thicker than other; two tarsal digitules, smaller one arising more distally on tarsus than larger one; claw denticle not apparent. Second instar nymph. —(Fig. 3). Mounted specimens oval to elliptical, widest in thoracic region; 1.3-1.5 mm long and 0.7-0.9 mm wide. DOR¬ SUM—Derm membranous. Dorsal setae apparently absent. Minute biloc¬ ular pores in a submarginal row on the abdomen and a few randomly located medially. Anal opercula quadrate; each operculum 75-80 p long, 28-30 p wide; 4 apical setae 10—15 p long, 1 subapical seta. MARGIN—Spiracular setae 3 in each spiracular cleft; middle seta largest, 12-22 p long, 3 p thick; lateral setae pegshaped, 5 p long. Marginal setae straight or slightly curved, 14-22 p long; 12-15 on abdomen, 4-5 between spiracular clefts, 12-18 be¬ tween anterior spiracular clefts. VENTER—Most body setae similar, 5.0— 7.5 p long; in 3 rows on abdomen, 1 row adjacent to marginal setae, 2 rows located more medially; a few setae scattered on submargin of head and thorax, and near legs. Two pairs of interantennal setae, 3 pairs of preanal setae, and 2 pairs of fringe setae. Microducts present in a submarginal series on abdomen and in random order elsewhere. Quinquelocular pores in loose single or partial double rows in each spiracular furrow; 7-10 in anterior furrow, 7-10 in posterior furrow. Antennae 6-segmented, 150-160 p long. Legs 266-278 p long; claw with 2 digitules subequal in length, unequal in thickness; 2 tarsal digitules of subequal length and thickness; tibia and tarsus not freely articulated. Third instar nymph. —(Fig. 4). Mounted specimens oval to elliptical in outline, widest in thoracic region; 1.5-2.5 mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide. DOR- 246 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 247 SUM—Derm membranous. Dorsal setae apparently absent. Micropores dis¬ persed evenly over dorsal surface, each pore surrounded by a circular clear area. Anal operculum quadrate; each operculum 105-112 p long, 50-55 p wide; 4 apical setae 10-15 p long, 2 pairs of subapical setae. MARGIN— Spiracular setae 3; middle seta largest, slightly curved, 22-37 p long, 3 p thick, lateral setae 3-7 p long. Marginal setae straight or slightly curved, 17-32 p long; 17-24 on abdomen, 5-7 between anterior and posterior spi¬ racular clefts, 20-22 between anterior spiracular clefts. VENTER—Most body setae 5-10 p long; in three submarginal to submedial rows on the abdomen and dispersed randomly along submargins of head and thorax. Three pairs of interantennal setae, 3 pairs of preanal setae and 2 pairs of fringe setae. Microducts randomly dispersed in broad submarginal band on abdomen and randomly dispersed in more medial areas of body. Quinque- locular pores in 2 loose rows in each spiracular furrow; 14-20 in the anterior spiracular furrow, 17-24 in the posterior furrow. Antennae usually 7-seg- mented, occasionally 6-segmented; 198-216 p long. Legs 340-370 p long; claw usually with tiny denticle, digitules 2, of unequal size; tarsi with 2 subequal digitules; tibia and tarsus not freely articulated. Notes .—Three specimens from Transvaal on Crassula lycopopioides have considerably fewer marginal setae than all of the other specimens of P. delottoi, but they appear to be identical in all other respects. In North America, adult females of Pulvinaria delottoi are readily distin¬ guishable from most species of Pulvinaria because of the stout, straight marginal setae which are nearly subequal in size to the large spiracular setae. Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon) is the only other North American congener with similar marginal setae, but differs as follows: P. innumera¬ bilis has medial spiracular setae more than twice as long as the marginal setae, lateral spiracular setae which are more than Vi the length of the marginal setae; an almost total absence of tubular ducts on the medial areas of the head; and no denticle on the claw. P. delottoi has the medial spirac¬ ular setae nearly subequal in length to the marginal setae; lateral spiracular setae which are less than Vi the length of the marginal setae; usually a denticle on the claw; and an extension of the tubular duct band onto the medial areas of the head. Pulvinaria delottoi differs from its nearest North American relative, P. mesembryanthemi (Vallot) as follows: P. mesembryanthemi has marginal setae which are blunt, strongly curved and much smaller than the medial spiracular setae; about 50 preopercular pores; ventral bilocular microducts which are clustered mainly along the submargin between the tubular duct band and the body margin; and apparently is restricted to the plant family Aizoaceae. P. delottoi has marginal setae which are more pointed, nearly straight and nearly as long as the median spiracular setae; less than 20 preopercular pores; bilocular microducts which are randomly distributed 248 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 5. Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi, adult female VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 249 mainly within the tubular duct band; and can be found on plants in the Aizoaceae and Crassulaceae. Since P. delottoi and P. mesembryanthemi are usually found on the same hosts and are nearly identical in their ap¬ pearance in the field, an illustration of P. mesembryanthemi (Fig. 5) has been provided to facilitate their identification. Descriptions of P. mesem¬ bryanthemi can be found in DeLotto (1967) and Hodgson (1967) which will also be useful in separating the two species. In the key to North American Pulvinaria species provided by Steinweden (1946), P. delottoi will key by changing the couplets as follows: 1. Marginal setae all long, stout, spike-like and thick throughout their length except for the pointed apex. 1A Marginal setae of various forms, but never this thick and spike¬ like . 2 1A. Marginal setae Vi the length of the medial spiracular setae; lateral spiracular setae more than Vi the length of the marginal setae; tubular ducts normally absent from the median areas of head; usually restricted to deciduous hosts . innumerabilis Marginal setae length nearly subequal to that of medial spiracular setae; lateral spiracular setae much less than Vi the length of the marginal setae; tubular ducts relatively numerous on the median areas of the head; restricted to hosts in the Aizoaceae and Cras¬ sulaceae . delottoi Both P. mesembryanthemi and P. delottoi n. sp. cause moderate injury to ice plant along the State highway system in the San Francisco Bay region of California. Injury to the ice plant has been severe enough to prompt the California Department of Transportation to contract with the University of California at Berkeley to study the two species and to recommend methods of control. The two species are thought to be native to southern Africa, and Dr. Richard Tassan from the U. C. Berkeley, Parasite Introduction Labo¬ ratory was sent there to locate and introduce natural enemies. Acknowledgments I am grateful to Douglass R. Miller, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA and to Steve Nakahara, APHIS, USDA, for reviewing this manuscript and suggesting many useful improvements. Special thanks are due to Charles Papp for assistance with the illustrations. Literature Cited Brain, C. K. 1920. The Coccidae of South Africa—V. Bui. Ent. Res., 11:1-41. DeLotto, G. 1967. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) of South Africa. S. Afr. J. Agric. Sci., 10:781-810. 250 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Donaldson, D. R., et al. October 1978. Scales threaten iceplant in Bay Area. California Ag¬ riculture, 32(10):4 and 7. Hodgson, C. J. 1967. Some Pulvinaria species (Homoptera, Coccidae) from the Ethiopian region. J. Ent. Soc. Sth. Afr., 30:198-211. Quintana, F. J. 1956. Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi (Vallot). (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) nueva cochinilla para la fauna Argentina y sus zooparasitos. LaPlata Univ. Nac., Fa- cultad de Agron. Rev., 32(1):75-110. Steinweden, J. B. 1946. The identity of certain common American species of Pulvinaria (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Microentomology, 11(1): 2-28. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, p. 250 SCIENTIFIC NOTE FIRST RECORD OF BOMBYLIIDAE FROM SANTA BARBARA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA (DIPTERA) On May 24, 1976, three specimens of Lepidanthrax were observed in flight, resting, and feeding behaviors on Santa Barbara Island, California. One specimen, a male, was collected and determined as Lepidanthrax bor- ius Hall. All specimens observed were on the eastern side of the island near a quonset hut. The specimens observed alighted on flowers of the ice plant, Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L., and either rested on the plant or fed on the nectar and/or pollen. Resting periods lasted from a few seconds to less than half a minute, whereupon the bee fly would fly to another section of the plant and hover for a few seconds before alighting. The ice plant appeared to be the only suitable source for nourishment for the bombyliids; hence they did not stray from the small patch from which the observations were made. Hall (1977, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 102:289-371) records this species from Riverside, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Siskiyou, Trinity and Tuolumne counties in California. This is the first record of Bombyliidae from Santa Barbara Island and the first insular record of this species; most other records of L. bonus are from montane habitats. There is only one other record of a species of Lepidanthrax from an insular habitat (L. diam- phus Hall was recorded from Cedros Island off the west coast of Baja Cal¬ ifornia). Neal L. Evenhuis, Dept. Entomol., Bernice P. Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 19000-A, Honolulu, HI 96819. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 251-257 THE IDENTITY OF AHUAUTLEA MEXICAN A DE LA LLAVE (HETEROPTERA, CORIXIDAE) Antti Jansson Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Helsinki, P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland Olivares (1964) proposed the synonymy of Krizousacorixa femorata (Guerin-Meneville) with Ahuautlea mexicana de la Llave. This proposal was based on wide generalizations of de la Llave’s (1832) text, and it was unfortunate that Sailer (1977) adopted the synonymy in the preface to the reprint edition of Hungerford’s (1948) monograph on the Corixidae of the western hemisphere. In the following, I am reviewing the literature con¬ cerned, and clarifying the identity of the species of Corixidae involved. The whole matter is connected to the old Mexican habit of making use of aquatic Heteroptera collected from Lake Texcoco. Adult water bugs have been used mainly as food for caged birds, but when prepared in a particular way they have also been used for human food. Eggs of these insects have also been collected, and when dried, they have been used as flour from which a particular bread or cake was baked. The original Aztec word for these water bugs was “axaxayacatl” (also spelled “axayacatl”). In Mexican markets these insects have been called “mosca,” and the eggs “ahuautle,” but in the literature the name “ahuautle” has been generally used for both the insects and the eggs. Already in 1600s these bugs were mentioned in the literature (cf. Guerin- Meneville, 1862; Champion, 1901; Hungerford, 1948), but at that time they were erroneously believed to be flies: “De Axayacatl, seu musca palustri aquosa facie constante,” and the eggs were called “muscarum ovae” (Gue¬ rin-Meneville, 1862). The mistake was probably due to the market sellers who, besides calling the insects “mosca,” also called them “mosquitos” (cf. Virlet d’Aoust, 1858; Guerin-Meneville, 1862). When it is known that salt flies, genus Ephydra, were also collected from Lake Texcoco and sold on the markets (Deevey, 1957; Dibble and Anderson, 1963), the mistake is rather understandable. The first description of a species of Corixidae sold on the markets was that by Say (1832), who described Corixia mercenaria. There has been some confusion about the actual printing year and, for instance, Lundblad (1928) referred to “Say 1831,” but Hungerford (1948) to “Say 1832.” Indeed, front page of the paper gives the date as Dec. 1831, but in the text Say himself referred to another one of his papers from January 1832; thus, the descrip¬ tion of C. mercenaria evidently was not published until in early 1832. The 252 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST original specimens of C. mercenaria have been lost, but the species has been interpreted very well by several authors (Champion, 1901; Lundblad, 1928; Jaczewski, 1931; Hungerford, 1948). In addition, Lundblad (1928) based his description of the genus Corisella mainly in C. mercenaria, and Hungerford (1948), selecting C. mercenaria as the type species of Corisella, also chose a whole series of neotypes labeled ” Mexico, Lake Texcoco, D.F., 7-26-37, H. D. Thomas; Purchased as Hautle collected in L. Texco¬ co.” These are located in the Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, and to comply with the Code, I have labeled one male specimen to be the neotype. A second description of a species from the “ahuautle” appeared in July 1832: Ahuautlea mexicana de la Llave 1832. There is no doubt that the animal was one of the small species of Corixidae, but according to the characters given it is not possible to recognize the species. The description was translated to French (de la Llave, 1862), and Guerin-Meneville (1862) commented on the description, but he was also unable to recognize the species. De la Llave (1832) gave no reference to where his material was deposited, and no subsequent indications exist. The description of A. mex¬ icana was quoted in full by Orozco y Berra (1864), but the species remained unnoticed by hemipterologists until late 1950s. A third species from the market product, Corixa femorata, was described and discussed by Guerin-Meneville (1857a, 1857b, 1857c, 1858). The type specimens were thought to have been lost until Hungerford (1929) located them in the Paris Museum, and then described a new genus, Krizousacorixa, in which C. femorata became the type species (Hungerford 1930). Referring to a letter by Mr. Laverriere, mailed in 1858 from Mexico, Guerin-Meneville (1862) further explained that the market product was sold id two qualities: ”mosca grande,” which consisted of individuals of Notone eta unifasciata Guerin-Meneville, and ”mosca corriente,” consisting of individuals of Co¬ rixa femorata and C. mercenaria ; identification of the species was possible because the letter included parts of the insects. Ancona (1933) has been the only investigator who has studied the com¬ position of the market product by sampling Lake Texcoco itself. In the 1930s the main species were Notonecta unifasciata Guerin-Meneville and Krizousacorixa azteca Jaczewski, but in small numbers K. femorata (Gue¬ rin-Meneville), Corisella mercenaria (Say), and C. texcocana Jaczewski [=C. tarsalis (Fieber)] were also taken. Rather surprisingly, Ancona (1933) did not report C. edulis (Champion), although it has bem included in the product both before and after the 1930s (Champion, 1901; Olivares, 1964). On the other hand, in late 1800s Kirkaldy (1898) reported only one species of Corixidae, C. mercenaria, and according to Olivares (1964) there were only two species in the 1960s, C. mercenaria and C. edulis. Differences in the species composition may have been caused by large scale changes in VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 253 ecological conditions of the lake (Olivares, 1964), but differences in the collecting sites may have affected the results as well. Confusion about the species arose when Deevey (1957) found de la Llave’s (1832) description of Ahuautlea mexicana. Deevey claimed that A. mexicana "appears to be the correct name, though it has been ignored by zoological writers; it has priority over the generic name Krizousacorixa Hungerford 1930 and the specific name Corixci femorata Guerin-Meneville 1857." Deevey (1957) did not present any facts to support this claim but, on the contrary, in the next paragraph he explained that Ancona’s (1933) study "suggests that the axaydcatl is ordinarily Krizousacorixa azteca Jac- zewski, 1931; it may also be K. femorata (Guerin-Meneville, 1857), while Corisella texcocana Jaczewski and C. mercenaria (Say) may be less im¬ portant components of the product, along with the backswimmer Notonecta unifasciata Guerin-Meneville." Further, in a caption for a reproduction of an old drawing Deevey wrote: "Fig. 220, the first figure of a corixid water bug, the axaydcatl, Ahuautlea mexicana de La Llave (? = Krizousacorixa azteca Jaczewski)." The figure, also reproduced in Dibble and Anderson (1963), presents aquatic insects which look like hybrids between Dytiscidae and Corixidae, and also possess characters of Gyrinidae, Naucoridae, and Notonectidae; if they were originally drawn from Corixidae, the result cer¬ tainly was not very convincing, and gives no clues for the species in ques¬ tion. Olivares (1964), referring to de la Llave (1832) and Deevey (1957), then firmly proposed the synonymy of K. femorata with A. mexicana. He had no new evidence for the identity of A. mexicana, but he very freely inter¬ preted de la Llave’s original text and, for instance, claimed that the descrip¬ tion referred to "males with greatly thickened femur" (obviously meaning the foreleg femur, which is greatly thickened in males of Krizousacorixa). However, de la Llave (1832) did not distinguish characters separately for males and females, and further, by calling all the segments of the legs as ‘tarsi,’ he described the forelegs as short and thick, consisting of two ‘tarsi,’ of which the second one was spoon-shaped and fringed by hairs ("Los don anteriores son cortos y gruesos compuestos de dos tarsos, de los que el segundo termina dilatandose en forma algo concava 6 acucharada, y rodea- do este organo por una pestana de cercias"). Thus, because the first ‘tarsus’ (=femur) was not described any thicker than the second one (=tarsus, ap¬ parently including the tibia also), the structure of the forelegs gives no fur¬ ther evidence for the identity of the species in question. The characters of the head and the form of the eyes of A. mexicana, also considered specific by Olivares (1964), fit in any of the species reported from the "ahuautle." Thus, no facts remain to support the proposed synonymy. In the original description of A. mexicana de la Llave (1832) gave one rather confusing character: a black spot on the pronotum. Such a pronotal 254 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST spot does not appear in any of the species in the “ahuautle,” but yet it gives a good clue for the genus in question. In both Krizousacorixa and Corisella, as well as in many other Corixids, the color of the mesonotum varies from pale to black according to the development of the flight muscles (cf. Young, 1965). In the genus Krizousacorixa the pronotum is not trans¬ lucent, and the darkness of the mesonotum cannot be seen without lifting the pronotum. In the genus Corisella, in contrast, the pronotum is rather translucent and darkness of the mesonotum (especially in the main flightless form which is common and in which the mesonotum is black postero- medially only) gives the insects an appearance whereby they seem to have a black spot on the pronotum. Say (1832) did not mention this character in the original description of C. mercenaria, but in the first redescription of the species Champion (1901) both mentioned and illustrated it. Rather sur¬ prisingly, Champion (1901) did not mention the spot for C. edulis, in which it is often equally well visible. Thus, it is obvious that de la Llave (1832) was dealing with a species placed today in the genus Corisella. Of the three species of Corisella reported from the “ahuautle,” C. tarsalis can be ex¬ cluded because it has embrowned hind leg tarsi, and the legs of A. mexicana were described pale. However, in lack of original specimens it will never be possible to say which one of the remaining two species was involved. C. mercenaria seems more probable because it was described only a few months earlier than A. mexicana, while C. edulis was not described until some 70 years later; during the past 150 years C. mercenaria seems to have occurred in Lake Texcoco continuously, but C. edulis has been lacking from the lake at least periodically (e.g. Ancona, 1933). To clear up the confusion I hereby designate the specimen already designated as the neo¬ type of C. mercenaria, also as the neotype of A. mexicana. This action fixes Ahuautlea mexicana de la Llave 1832 as a junior objective synonym of Corixia mercenaria Say 1832. The generic name Ahuautlea de la Llave 1832 is older than the generic name Corisella Lundblad 1928. However, the latter is well known and widely used (e.g. Applegate, 1973; Brooks and Kelton, 1967; Hilsenhoff, 1970; Hungerford, 1948; Jansson, 1976; Lansbury, 1955, 1960; Scudder, 1976; Wilson, 1958; and many others), while the former has appeared only in the wrong combination as a proposed replacement for Krizousacorixa (Deevey, 1957; Olivares, 1964; Sailer, 1977). To avoid further confusion about the matter, I shall write to the Commission on Zoological Nomencla¬ ture and ask for suppression of the generic name Ahuautlea in favor of the generic name Corisella. Changes in the names used for the species of Corixidae reported from the “ahuautle” can be summarized as follows (for complete references before 1948 and not included in the literature cited, see Hungerford 1948). VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 255 Corisella edulis (Champion) Corixa edulis Champion 1901. Arctocorisa edulis, Kirkaldy 1909. Arctocorixa edulis, Van Duzee 1917, Hungerford 1925, Blatchley 1926, Hungerford 1928. Corisella edulis, Lundblad 1928, 1929, Jaczewski 1931, Millspaugh 1939, Griffith 1945, Hungerford 1948, Lansbury 1955, Wilson 1958, Olivares 1964, Hilsenhoff 1970. Corisella mercenaria (Say) Corixia mercenaria Say 1832. Ahuautlea mexicana de la Llave 1832, 1862. New Synonymy. Corixa mercenaria, Fieber 1851, Guerin-Meneville 1857, 1858, 1862, Uh- ler 1876, Kirkaldy 1898, Champion 1901. Arctocorisa mercenaria, Kirkaldy 1909. Arcotocorixa mercenaria, Van Duzee 1917, Blatchley 1926. Corisella mercenaria, Lundblad 1928, 1929. Corixa mercenaria, Hungerford 1929. Corisella mercenaria, Jaczewski 1931, 1933, Ancona 1933, Hungerford 1948, Deevey 1957, Olivares 1964. Corisella tarsalis (Fieber) Corisa tarsalis Fieber 1851. Corixa tumida Uhler 1877. Corisa tumida, Gillette 1895. Arctocorisa tarsalis, Kirkaldy 1909. Arctocorixa tarsalis, Van Duzee 1917. Sigara tarsalis, Lundblad 1931. Corisella texcocana Jaczewski 1931, Ancona 1933. Corisella tumida, Walley 1936. Corisella tarsalis, Hungerford 1948. Corisella texcocana, Deevey 1957. Corisella tarsalis, Brooks & Kelton 1967, Hilsenhoff 1970, Applegate 1973, Jansson 1976, Scudder 1976. Krizousacorixa azteca Jaczewski Krizousacorixa azteca Jaczewski 1931, Ancona 1933, Poisson 1935, Hun¬ gerford 1948. Ahuautlea mexicana, Deevey 1957 (erroneous synonymy). Ahuautlea azteca, Olivares 1964, Sailer 1977 (erroneous combination). Krizousacorixa femorata (Guerin-Meneville) Corixa femorata Guerin-Meneville 1857, 1858, 1862, Virlet d’Aoust 1858, Kirkaldy 1898. 256 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Corixa abdominalis , Champion 1901 (erroneous synonymy). Arctocorisa femorata, Hungerford 1925. Corixa femorata, Hungerford 1929. Krizousacorixa femorata, Hungerford 1930, Jaczewski 1931, Ancona 1933, Hungerford 1948. Ahuautlea mexicana, Deevey 1957, Olivares 1964, Sailer 1977 (erroneous synonymy). Acknowledgments I am indebted to Dr. G. W. Byers (University of Kansas, Lawrence) for loan of the Corisella mercenaria material. I also wish to thank Mr. H. Silfverberg (Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki) for valuable dis¬ cussions on the nomenclatorial questions. Literature Cited Applegate, R. L. 1973. Corixidae (water boatmen) of South Dakota glacial lake district. Ento- mol. News, 84:163-170. Ancona, H. L. 1933. El Ahuautle de Texcoco. Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nacional Mexico, 4:51-69. Brooks, A. R., and L. A. Kelton. 1967. Aquatic and semiaquatic Eleteroptera of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Hemiptera). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, 51:1-92. Champion, G. C. 1901. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heter- optera. Vol. 2:375-383. Deevey, E. S. 1957. Limnologic studies in Middle America. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts Sci., 39:217-328. Dibble, C. E., and A. J. O. Anderson. 1963. Florentine Codex. Book 11—Earthly Things. Part 12, 297 pp. Guerin-Meneville, F. E. 1857a. Entomologie appliquee hautle-pain d’insectes. Le Moniteur Universel, Journal Officiel de l’Empire Frangais, 330:1298. Guerin-Meneville, F. E. 1857b. Notice. Societes savantes; Seance du 23 novembre 1857. Rev. Mag. Zool. 2 e ser., 9:522-526. Guerin-Meneville, F. E. 1857c. Memoire sur trois especes Hemipteres du groupe des punaises aquatiques, dont les oeufs servent a faire une sorte de pain nomme Hautle au Mexique. Soc. Imp. Zool. d’Acclim. 4:578-581. Guerin-Meneville, F. E. 1858. Pain d’insectes, nomme Ahuautle au Mexique, fait avec une farine compose d’oeufs de punaises aquatiques. L’lllustration, Journal Universel, 32:47. Guerin-Meneville, F. E. 1862. Analyses d’ouvrages nouveaux; Ahuautle, notice par M. de la Llave, etc. Rev. Mag. Zool. 2 e ser., 14:282-285. Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1970. Corixidae (water boatmen) of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts & Letters, 58:203-235. Hungerford, H. B. 1929. Concerning two of Guerin-Meneville’s types in the National Museum of Paris (Hemiptera: Notonectidae and Corixidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 6:73-77. Hungerford, H. B. 1930. New Corixidae from western North America (Hemiptera). Pan-Pac. Entomol., 7:22-26. Hungerford, H. B. 1948. The Corixidae of the western hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. BuU., 32:1-827. Jaczewski, T. 1931. Studies on Mexican Corixidae. Ann. Mus. Zool. Polonici, 9:187-230. VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 257 Jansson, A. 1976. Audiospectrographic analysis of stridulatory signals of some North Amer¬ ican Corixidae (Hemiptera). Ann. Zool. Fennici, 13:48-62. Kirkaldy, G. W. 1898. An economic use for waterbugs. Entomol. Monthly Mag., 34:173-175. de la Llave, P. 1832. Ahuautle. Registro Trimestre, Mexico, 1:331-337. de la Llave, M. (=Monsieur, no initials given). 1962. Ahuautle, notice. French translation by M. A. Salle, from Registro Trimestre, Mexico 1832. Rev. Mag. Zool. 2 e ser., 14:222- 223 and 251-255. Lansbury, I. 1955. Distributional records of North American Corixidae (Hemiptera: Heter- optera). Canadian Entomol., 87:474-481. Lansbury, I. 1960. The Corixidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) of British Columbia. Proc. Ento¬ mol. Soc. B.C., 57:34-43. Lundblad, O. 1928. Drei neue Corixidengattungen. Zool. Anz., 79:148-163. Olivares, B. R. 1964. A reconsideration of the nomenclature of one of the species of Mexican Corixid (Hem.), known as 'Ahuautle.’ Entomol. Monthly Mag., 100:240. Orozco y Berra, M. 1864. Memoria para la carta hidrografica del Valle de Mexico. Mexico, Boix, 185 pp. Sailer, R. E. 1977. Preface to the reprint edition. (In) Hungerford, H. B. 1948: The Corixidae of the western hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull 32. Reprinted by Ento¬ mol. Reprint Specialists, Los Angeles, pp. v-vi. Say, T. 1832. Descriptions of new species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America. New-Harmony, Indiana, 39 pp. Scudder, G. G. E. 1976. Water-boatmen of saline waters (Hemiptera: Corixidae). (In) Cheng, L.: Marine insects. North-Holland Publ. Co., pp. 310-368. Virlet d'Aoust, M. (=Monsieur, no initials given). 1858. Note: De la formation des oolithes et des masses nodulaires en general. Bull. Soc. Geol. France 2 e ser., 15:187-205. Wilson, C. A. 1958. Aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera of Mississippi. Tulane Stud. Zool., 6:115-170. Young, E. C. 1965. The incidence of flight polymorphism in British Corixidae and description of the morphs. J. Zool., 146:567-576. LITERATURE NOTICE The United States Department of Agriculture has recently been publishing titles in a series entitled Advances in Agricultural Technology. Titles so far noted have included material on mass rearing techniques, artificial diets, and various pieces of equipment used in rearing, etc. The series is published by the USDA, SEA, P.O. Box 53326, New Orleans, LA 70153. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 258-260 A NEW SPECIES OF KRIZOUSACORIXA FROM MEXICO (HETEROPTERA, CORIXIDAE) Antti Jansson Dept, of Zool., Univ. of Helsinki, P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland When identifying miscellaneous Mexican Corixidae I found a few speci¬ mens of Krizousacorixa which did not agree with the descriptions of the previously known species (cf. Hungerford, 1948). This new species is de¬ scribed herein, and compared to the other species of the genus. Krizousacorixa tolteca, new species Size. —Length 4.7-5.6 mm; width of head 1,6-1.75 mm. Color .—General facies light brown, but dark individuals may exist as in the related species. Head and legs pale yellow, mesosternum and abdominal venter smoky to black in males, smoky to yellow in females. Pronotum crossed by slender, irregular brown lines; in brachypterous individuals their number 10-12 in males, 6-8 in females. Hemelytra marked with numerous irregular and much furcated transverse lines which are, especially in the basal part of clavus, clearly narrower than the pale interspaces. Membrane separated from the corium by a pale line. Embolium smoky to pale. Structural characteristics (only brachypterous individuals are known ).— Head broadly inflated in both sexes (Figs. 5-6). Frontal depression of male broad and shallow. Interocular space about equal to width of an eye; in dorsal view the space behind eyes broad near the inner angles, but narrows laterally (Figs. 5-6). Post-nodal pruinose area of fore wings clearly shorter than middle tibia. Front legs of male as in Fig. 1; femur with 8 rows of pronounced stridulatory pegs on the expanded base, and dorsally to these a round patch of very densely inserted hairs surrounded by an area of longer hairs; pala relatively narrow, broadest beyond the middle. Palar pegs in two rows; the upper row of about 12 pegs rather curved and with the most distal peg out of line; lower row of about 5 pegs located in the middle of the row of lower palmar bristles (Fig. 1). Middle leg femur:tibia:tarsus:claw = 100:43:27:43. Hind leg femur Tibia Tarsus Ltarsus 2 = 100:94:125:53. Male abdomen dorsally as in Fig. 2; the fifth abdominal tergite with a prestrigilar tuft of hairs; strigil small, with 3 combs. The right paramere as in Figs. 3-4. Comparative notes .—According to the eight individuals from which the description was drawn, K. tolteca is clearly the smallest species of the genus. However, as in K. femorata (Guerin-Meneville) and K. azteca Jac- VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 259 Figs. 1-6. Krizousacorixa tolteca n. sp. Fig. 1. Front leg of male. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of male abdomen. Fig. 3. Genital capsule of male. Fig. 4. Variation in shape of the right para- mere. Figs. 5-6. Dorsal views of the head, male and female. Figs. 7-9. K. azteca Jaczewski. Fig. 7. Front leg of male. Figs. 8-9. Dorsal views of the head, male and female. Figs. 10-12. K. femorata (Guerin-Meneville). Fig. 10. Front leg of male. Figs. 11-12. Dorsal views of the head, male and female. Scale lines (1 mm) apply as follows: a = Figs. 5-6, 8-9, and 11-12; b = Fig. 2; c = Figs. 1, 3-4, 7, and 10. 260 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST zewski, considerable variation in size of individuals may be possible also in K. tolteca. The most reliable character that applies to both sexes and readily separates K. tolteca from the other two, is the length of the post-nodal pruinose area: It is clearly shorter than the middle tibia in K. tolteca, but about equally long or even longer than the middle tibia in the others. In addition, males of the three species are easily recognized by differences in the arrangement of the palar pegs (Figs. 1, 7 and 10). In preliminary iden¬ tification the dorsal view of the head may also be useful (Figs. 5-6, 8-9 and 11 - 12 ). Etymology .—The species is named for one of the old local tribes, the Toltecs. Holotype male. —Mexico, Puebla, Lake Alchichios, 18.XII. 1948, H. B. Leech collector. Deposited in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Paratypes .—1 S and 1 9, data as the holotype. 1 6 and 1 $ Mexico, Puebla, Alchichica, 16.VIII. 1974, leg. H. Brailovsky. 2 6 6 and 1 9 Mex¬ ico, Alchichica, 7.IX. 1977, Harry Brailovsky Col. The paratypes are de¬ posited with the holotype, in Brailovsky collection in Mexico D.F., in N. Nieser collection in Utrecht, and in my collection in the Zoology Depart¬ ment, University of Helsinki. Acknowledgments I am indebted to the following for loan of material: Dr. P. H. Arnaud (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco) and Dr. N. Nieser (Utrecht, Netherlands). Literature Cited Hungerford, H. B. 1948. The Corixidae of the western hemisphere (Hemiptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. BuU., 32:1-827. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 261-266 LIFE HISTORY OF ZYGOGRAMMA TORTUOSA ROGERS ON THE RAGWEED, AMBROSIA ERIOCENTRA (GRAY) PAYNE, IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) R. D. Goeden and D. W. Ricker Dept, of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside 92521 Zygogramma tortuosa is one of several stenophagous species of phy¬ tophagous insects associated with the native perennial ragweed, Ambrosia eriocentra, in southern California (Goeden and Ricker, 1976b). This leaf beetle was exported by us to the U.S.S.R. in 1976 for quarantine study by Dr. O. V. Kovalev, All-Union Institute of Biological Control, Kishinev, Moldavia, U.S.S.R., as a candidate agent for the biological control of rag¬ weeds (Goeden et al., 1974). Unfortunately, the adults defoliated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., an important cultivar in Eurasia, in laboratory feed¬ ing tests; consequently, the colony of Z. tortuosa was destroyed and no use was made of this natural enemy in ragweed control in the U.S.S.R. (O. V. Kovalev, pers. commun.). We herein describe our ancillary, field, insectary, and laboratory findings on the life history of this heretofore little-known leaf beetle. Insectary con¬ ditions were 27 ± 1°C, 40-70% relative humidity, and a 12/12-hr (light/dark) photoperiod. Distribution and host plant .—Linell (1896) gave the range of Z. tortuosa as Arizona and New Mexico. We studied field populations at the following Mojave Desert locations in northeastern San Bernardino Co.: Cedar Can¬ yon, Hackberry Mountain, and Mountain Pass. In southern California, these beetles, like their host plant, are largely confined to sandy or gravelly wash¬ es at ca. 800-1600 m elevations in or near the following types of plant communities described in Munz (1974): Creosote Bush Scrub, Joshua Tree Woodland, and Pinyon-Juniper Woodland. Our faunistic studies of ragweeds in southern California indicated that Z. tortuosa is a true monophage, whose only natural host plant is A. eriocentra (Goeden and Ricker, 1976b). In the insectary, Z. tortuosa additionally has been reared from egg to adult on potted specimens of Ambrosia chenopo- diifolia (Bentham) Payne, A. confertiflora Decandolle, A. dumosa (Gray) Payne, A. ilicifolia (Gray) Payne, A. psilostachya Decandolle, and A. pumila (Nuttall) Gray. None of these ragweeds is attacked by Z. tortuosa in nature (Goeden and Ricker, 1975, 1976a, 1976c). Biology .— Egg. —The egg (Fig. la) is oblong and yellow-orange to salmon pink. The chorion is sub-lustrous and finely and regularly punctate. Fifty 262 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1. Life stages of Zygogramma tortuosa. (a) egg mass, lOx, (b) newly hatched larvae, 5x, (c) third instar and feeding damage on leaf of Ambrosia eriocentra, 5x, (d) mature, fourth instar, 7x, (e) pupal cell, rule divided into mm, (f) adult female, 6x, (g) immature ovaries of newly emerged female, lOx, (h) adults in copula, 4x. VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 263 eggs averaged (±S.D.) 1.36 ± 0.05 mm in length and 0.60 ± 0.03 mm in greatest width. In the field, eggs usually were laid on end at an angle in elongate clusters along the midribs on the undersides of the distal halves of the laminae of the younger, more apical leaves (Fig. la). Mature leaves also bore eggs. Each egg was firmly affixed with a clear, mucilaginous secretion to the leaf surface. An average of 7.9 ± 3.7 (range: 2-21) eggs were counted in 139 clusters examined in the field. Only 2 (0.2%) of 1083 eggs examined were laid singly. The incubation period was 3-4 days under insectary conditions. Larva .—There are four instars. The larvae are cyphosomatic, slightly C-shaped, and legged. They generally are sluggish in their locomotion, which is aided by abdominal terminalia modified as a protrusible “proleg.” Their general body color is yellowish-white and is derived from the copious fatty tissue that accumulates beneath the thin, semi-transparent, unsclero- tized integument of the thorax and abdomen. The head capsule is dark yellow. The antennae, legs, mouthparts, and spiracles are more heavily sclerotized and darkened. The head capsule widths of 15 each, first-fourth instars averaged: 0.55 ± 0.004 mm, 0.80 ± 0.010 mm, 1.16 ± 0.017 mm, and 1.55 ± 0.014 mm, respectively. Larvae hatched concurrently from the same egg mass (Fig. lb). The newly eclosed larvae rested on or near their discarded chorions until their exo¬ skeletons hardened. They then moved to and immediately began to feed, at first somewhat gregariously, on the younger, terminal foliage. Second in¬ stars began to feed as scattered individuals. Older larvae solitarily fed on the margins of the blades of both young and old leaves. Irregular, slightly ragged, elongate incisions were made along the leaf margins, though the midribs usually remained uneaten (Fig. lc). Larval feeding also was evi¬ denced by the brownish-black, stringy feces that littered attacked foliage. In nature, individual plants rarely were severly defoliated, because field populations of Z. tortuosa seldom were high and feeding was dispersed. In isolated insectary rearings on bouquets of fresh branch terminals of A. eriocentra, larval development by 15 individuals lasted 20 ± 3 (range: 13- 22) days. An average of 8 ± 3 (range: 1-11) days (ca. 40%) of the last part of this period was spent at rest on a leaf as a nonfeeding, fourth instar. The first larval stadium lasted 2-3 days; the second stadium, 1-2 days; the third stadium, 1-5 days; and the fourth stadium, 5-17 days. The larvae grew in length from 1.5-2.5 mm as first instars to 4-6.5 mm as fourth instars. Moult¬ ing usually occurred on leaves. The mature larvae (Fig. Id) became posi¬ tively geotactic and crawled or dropped to the ground and tunneled into the soil. Pupa .—No pupae were observed in nature. In moist, sandy, potting soil in cagings in the insectary, 24 prepupae formed spherical pupal cells of compacted, not glued, soil particles (Fig. le) that measured 6.1 ± 0.8 (range: 264 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 4.6-7.8) mm in diameter. The pupal stadium lasted 4-5 days. An additional 4-5 days were spend hidden in the soil, first as prepupae, then as newly formed, fully sclerotized and pigmented adults. Adult .— The adult (Fig. If) is an attractive, ferrugineous beetle with pearly white and black-patterned elytra. The posterior margin of the fifth abdominal sternite is weakly trilobed in the male, smoothly rounded in the female. Both sexes emerged concurrently and in approximately equal numbers from insectary rearings (1:1.4, females:males, n = 223). Newly emerged females did not mate and were sexually immature (Fig. lg). In nature, these new adults emerge and feed actively on leaves for 1-2 weeks, then scatter, and bury themselves at unknown depths, presumably in the sandy soil of the desert washes containing their host plants. After feeding on the foliage of potted A. eriocentra in the insectary, 74 newly formed beetles buried themselves separately in the potting soil at a mean depth of 35 ± 12.7 (range: 5-60) mm. Females dug from the soil showed no oogenesis upon dissection (Fig. lg). Twenty pairs (1 male, 1 female) of newly formed beetles also were held in the insectary in separate cages provided with bouquets of fresh A. psilostachya foilage, renewed weekly, but no soil as a hibernation medium. Under these conditions, 19 males lived an average of 106 ± 40 (range: 36-172) weeks; 16 females, 131 ± 50 (range: 34-197) weeks. These data exclude beetles that died accidentally or escaped. At intervals of 1-10 months, the survivors resumed feeding for 1 to several weeks and then became inactive again. In mid-January, 1974, we carefully excavated ca. l A m 3 of loose sand and gravel to a depth of ca. 20 cm from beneath an isolated clump of A. eri¬ ocentra at the Hackberry Mountain site that had borne many larvae and adults the previous fall. Only 1 dead, but intact beetle was found at a depth of 43 mm, indicating that the beetles scattered and did not concentrate beneath their host plants for hibernation. Diapausing in scattered locations serves to spread the risk of accidental death in their unstable, harsh envi¬ ronment, which is subject to flash flooding and severe erosion following moderate to heavy, seasonal rainfall. Sixteen, overwintered, feeding and mating females field-collected from plants on July 25, 1974, before oviposition had begun, were caged sepa¬ rately, each with a male and a bouquet of A. eriocentra (renewed daily), in the insectary. The beetles laid 145 ± 67 (range: 21-242) eggs during a 10.5 ± 2.6 (range: 7-18)-day oviposition period. Based only on days when females oviposited, they laid 15.8 ± 11.9 (range: 1-48) eggs daily. These females were observed in copula (Fig. lh) an average of 3 (range: 0-7) times and lived an average of 2 (range: 0-12) days after they ceased oviposition. Beetle flight only was observed once in the field. Here, a beetle crawled to the apex of a vertical branch at mid-day on September 3, 1975, and took flight in still air. It flew over 2 large A. eriocentra at ca. 1-m height, up the VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 265 wash, and out of sight. Most beetles observed in the field during the day were individuals at rest in sun or shade on leaves and stems, where copu¬ lation also occurred (Fig. lh). Host specificity .— Forty, newly hatched larvae were individually trans¬ ferred with a fine, camel hair brush to the leaves of each of 6, potted ca. 30- cm tall, vegetative, sunflower shoots in ventilated, glass-topped, 34 x 32 x 35-cm, sleeve cages in the insectary. All but 4 of the larvae died as first instars, and the survivors died as new second instars after they had vacated the plant. Sixteen (40%) of 40 larvae similarly transferred as a check to a potted A. eriocentra subsequently were recovered as adults. Therefore, it is doubtful that Z. tortuosa would have reproduced on sunflowers in Russia. Both overwintered, sexually mature beetles and newly emerged, imma¬ ture adults fed readily on leaves of bouquets of sunflower shoots in the insectary (3 replicates of 8 beetles each). As a further test, 150, 100, and 100 overwintered, field-collected, sexually mature beetles were individually transferred on 3 separate days, respectively, in August, 1977, to leaves of 6 sunflower plants (81-112 cm in height) grown in a 1.1-m row out-of-doors at Riverside. After 1 or 2 days in all 3 trials, no beetles remained on these plants; moreover, no feeding or oviposition by Z. tortuosa occurred. There¬ fore, it is questionable whether Z. tortuosa would have attacked sunflower if released in the field in Russia. However, the induced feeding obtained there on sunflower in the laboratory caused sufficient concern to reject this beetle as a biological control agent. Seasonal history .— Beetle emergence, feeding, and maturation is trig¬ gered by mid-summer/early-fall rainfall sufficient to cause water flow in the desert washes. This activity occurs regardless of the condition of the A. eriocentra present, i.e., abundant host-plant foliage generated by ample winter moisture will be unexploited if no mid-summer/early-fall rainfall stim¬ ulates beetle emergence and reproduction. Similarly, if rainfall is too light, beetle emergence may be limited, and oviposition also limited or absent, again, even in the presence of abundant host-plant foliage. If no rainfall occurs or no water flows from higher areas receiving rain in a wash con¬ taining diapausing beetles, they presumably remain underground for an ad¬ ditional year. Judging from their insectary longevity and observed field be¬ havior, their diapause may extend for 2 or 3 (possibly more) years under extreme drought conditions. Zygogramma tortuosa is univoltine, at best, in southern California. Beetle emergence, mating, and initial oviposition were observed in late-July through September, 1971-72, 1974-78, at those study sites where detectable rainfall and water run-off had occurred during the previous 1-2 weeks. Lar¬ vae and F, beetles were present in early-August through mid-October. Mortality factors . —No parasites were reared from egg masses collected in the field. Larvae and adults of Z. tortuosa accidentally cannibalized eggs. 266 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Egg predation by adults of Hippodamia convergens Guerin (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was observed repeatedly. Moreover, Nabis americoferus Carayon (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Nabidae) was a suspected egg predator as well as a confirmed predator on young larvae. An adult of Sine a confusa Caudell (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Reduviidae) was observed preying on an adult Z. tortuosa. Doryphorophaga doryphorae (Riley) (Diptera: Tachini- dae) was reared from a prepupae collected as an early instar in the field. Acknowledgments Zygogramma tortuosa was identified by Dr. R. E. White, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, USD A, % U.S. National Museum of Nat¬ ural History, Washington, D.C. The entomophagous insects were identified by Drs. R. D. Gordon, J. L. Herring, and C. W. Sabrosky, same address. Literature Cited Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1975. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia confertifiora, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 4:301-306. Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976a. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:45-50. Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976b. The phytophagous insect faunas of ragweeds, Ambrosia chenopodiifolia, A. eriocentra, and A. ilicifolia, in southern California. En¬ viron. Entomol., 5:923-930. Goeden, R. D., and D. M. Ricker. 1976c. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:1169-1177. Goeden, R. D., O. V. Kovalev, and D. W. Ricker. 1974. Arthropods exported from California to the U.S.S.R. for ragweed control. Weed Sci., 22:156-158. Linell, M. L. 1896. A short review of the Chrysomelas of North America. J. New York Entomol. Soc., 4:195-200. Munz, P. A. 1974. A Flora of Southern California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1086 pp. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 267-272 NEW CERAMBYCIDAE FROM HONDURAS (COLEOPTERA) John A. Chemsak and E. G. Linsley University of California, Berkeley 94720 In conjunction with our studies to make the cerambycid fauna of Hon¬ duras better known, a number of undescribed species were encountered. Some of the more obvious ones are described below to supplement a list presenting records of some Cerambycidae from Honduras which is in press. We are grateful to E. Giesbert and J. V. Mankins for making their spec¬ imens available for description. This study was carried out in conjunction with a National Science Foundation sponsored study on North American Cerambycidae through Grant DEB 76-23849 AOl. Types are deposited at the California Academy of Sciences, San Fran¬ cisco. Lophalia auricomis, new species Male .—Form moderate sized, slightly tapering; integument black, each elytron with two glabrous, slightly elevated, longitudinal, yellowish vittae. Head with front with a median impunctate area; vertex flattened, contig¬ uously punctate; pubescence moderately dense, dark, erect; antennae stout, extending a little beyond elytra, segments minutely, densely punctate, seg¬ ments to fifth densely clothed with dark, suberect and subdepressed setae, remaining segments with a few setae at apices. Pronotum about as long as broad, sides shallowly rounded; apex narrower than base, base narrowly impressed; disk with punctures moderately coarse, dense, except for a gla¬ brous longitudinal median line; pubescence golden, appressed, transverse, moderately dense; prosternum barely impressed, irregularly punctate, densely pubescent, intercoxal process abruptly declivous, coxal cavities open behind; mesosternum minutely, densely punctate, densely golden pu¬ bescent; metasternum medially subglabrous, sides densely, minutely punc¬ tate, densely golden pubescent, intercoxal process elevated above coxae, abruptly declivous. Elytra less than 2 Vi times as long as broad; each elytron with a broad, glabrous, subsutural longitudinal yellowish vitta and a narrow sub marginal one beginning behind humerus and not attaining apex; basal punctures coarse, separated, becoming finer and denser toward apex; each puncture giving rise to a rather short, depressed, dark seta; apices sinuate- truncate, outer angle usually dentate. Legs slender, rather coarsely punc¬ tate; front tibiae densely clothed with short suberect pubescence. Abdomen finely densely punctate and pubescent at sides, broad median area very 268 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST sparsely punctate; last sternite truncate to shallowly-emarginate at apex. Length, 14-15 mm. Female .—Form more robust. Antennae about as long as body. Abdomen with last sternite broadly truncate at apex. Length, 16 mm. Holotype male, allotype from Yoro, Yoro, Honduras, 28 December 1977 (J. V. Mankins). Paratypes, all from Honduras as follows: 1 6, same data as types; 1 6, 1 $, El Taladro, La Paz, 26 December 1977 (Mankins); 1 $, Omoa, Cortes, 30 December 1977 (Mankins). This species differs from others presently in the genus Lophalia by the transverse, appressed, golden pubescence of the pronotum. Tragidion cyanovestis, new species Male .—Form elongate, cylindrical, sides tapering at middle; integument black, elytra orange; pubescence black with strong turquoise reflections in oblique light, pale on elytra. Head very finely, densely punctate, densely clothed with short, erect, dark pubescence; antennae extending about four segments beyond elytra, segments slightly expanded at apices, laterally car¬ inate, subglabrous, eleventh elongate, appendiculate. Pronotum broader than long, sides with small, obtuse tubercles; disk convex, with a vague callus on each side of middle; punctures rather fine, very dense, pubescence dense, subdepressed and suberect; prosternum impressed, densely punctate and pubescent; meso- and metasternum densely, minutely punctate, densely pubescent. Elytra more than 2 V 2 times as long as basal width, sides gradually impressed behind basal one-fourth; each elytron with three elevated costae beginning at base and ending before apex; surface subopaque, finely, sparse¬ ly punctate; pubescence minute, appressed; apices rounded. Legs slender; posterior femora not attaining elytral apices; posterior tibiae expanding to¬ ward apices, with a dense brush of sub-erect hairs over apical one-half. Abdomen minutely, densely punctate, finely, moderately densely pubes¬ cent; last sternite broadly subtruncate at apex. Length, 17-23 mm. Female .—Form similar. Antennae extending a little beyond middle of elytra, outer segments abbreviated. Abdomen with last sternite broadly truncate, internal setal brush evident. Length, 20-24 mm. Holotype male, allotype from Zamorano, F. Morazan, Honduras, 3 June 1975 (E.A.P.), 25 July 1977 (J. V. Mankins). Paratypes, all from Honduras, as follow: 2 6 6, Zamorano, 19 February 1977 (E.A.P.), 12 August 1978 (Mankins); 1 6,2 $ $, El Taladro, La Paz, 3 September 1978 (Mankins), 23 July 1978 (Mankins); 1 6, La Paz, La Paz, 21 July 1978 (Mankins); 1 6,2 $ $, Siguatepeque, Comayagua, 5 June 1976 (Mankins, Flores); 1 $, Tegucigalpa, Distrito Central, 21 May 1978 (Mankins); 2 6 6, Lago Yojoa, Santa Barbara, 10 September 1978 (Mankins). In addition to the rather slender, tapering form, this species is distinctive VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 269 by having all of the dark pubescence emit strong turquoise reflections in oblique light. Corynellus cinnabarinus, new species Female .—Form moderate sized, broad, flattened; integument black, shin¬ ing, most of head, pro no turn and elytra reddish. Head with front short, coarsely, irregularly punctate; vertex densely clothed with fine recumbent, reddish pubescence; antennal tubercles obtuse, black; antennae extending to about apical l A of elytra, segments tapering toward apex; scape clothed with long erect black hairs, segments to seventh with numerous long hairs— mostly beneath, scape longer than third segment, fourth subequal to third, fifth longer than fourth but shorter than first, eleventh appendiculate. Prono- tum broader than long, sides broadly rounded; disk with a broad depression on each side of middle behind apical margin; punctures moderately coarse, well separated; pubescence reddish to orange, appressed, denser at sides, longer erect hairs numerous; prosternum barely impressed, almost impunc- tate, intercoxal process narrow, flat, coxal cavities wide open behind; meso- and metasternum shining, subglabrous. Elytra rather strongly expanding from behind humeri; basal punctures moderately coarse, dense, becoming liner toward apex; pubescence dense, fine, appressed, reddish, with nu¬ merous long, erect hairs interspersed; apices rounded. Legs short, shining, sparsely punctate and pubescent; tibiae arcuate. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctate and pubescent, tapering strongly toward apex; last sternite trun¬ cate at apex. Length, 11-13 mm. Holotype female from San Isidro, Comayagua, Honduras, 16 July 1978 (J. V. Mankins). One female paratype from 45 km S Tela, Yoro, Honduras, 25-27 May 1978 (E. Giesbert). Also tentatively assigned as this species is one female from Turrialba, Costa Rica, 2-4 February 1978 (E. Giesbert). This specimen differs by having a broad black longitudinal band on the pronotum and a black scutellum. C. cinnabarinus differs from other known Corynellus by the reddish col¬ oration and more broadly explanate elytra. Anelaphus giesberti, new species Male .—Form moderate sized, sides parallel; integument reddish brown, head and pronotum darker. Head moderately, coarsely, irregularly, con- fluently punctate; antennal tubercles flattened, obtuse; palpi with apical seg¬ ments dilated, triangular; pubescence yellowish, depressed, rather sparse, dense in eye emarginations, on apex of antennal tubercles, and narrowly along outside of face; eyes coarsely faceted, deeply emarginate, upper lobes small; antennae slender, 11-segmented, slightly longer than body, segments 3 to 5 spined at apices, spine of segment 4 small, that of fifth segment 270 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST minute, segments non-carinate, scape cylindrical, longer than third segment, fourth slightly shorter than third, segments to sixth with a fringe of long suberect hairs beneath, basal segments sparsely pubescent, segments from about sixth moderately densely clothed with very short, yellowish, de¬ pressed pubescence. Pro no turn slightly broader than long, sides broadly rounded; apex and base very narrowly impressed; disk convex, slightly shining, coarsely, confluently punctate, center with a slightly elevated, often irregular, more sparsely punctate callus; pubescence yellowish, appressed, rather sparse except for small patches at sides before middle and usually three basal patches, long erect hairs sparsely interspersed at sides; proster¬ num impressed, coarsely, shallowly punctate over apical two-thirds, pubes¬ cence fine, pale, appressed, with longer suberect hairs interspersed, coxal cavities narrowly open behind; mesosternum barely punctate, finely pubes¬ cent; metasternum glabrous medially, densely pubescent toward sides. Scu- tellum densely yellow pubescent. Elytra about 2.75 times longer than broad; basal punctures moderately coarse, contiguous, becoming finer and sparser from behind middle to apex; pubescence short, erect, with longer hairs interspersed toward apex, condensed whitish patches present at base inside of humeri, smaller patches scattered over surface becoming more numerous behind middle; apices truncate, outer angles dentiform. Legs moderate; fem¬ ora carinate dorsally at apices; tibiae carinate. Abdomen minutely punctate with large punctures interspersed; pubescence moderately dense, short and appressed and long and suberect; last sternite broadly rounded at apex. Length, 12-15 mm. Female .—Form similar. Antennae about as long as body. Abdomen with last sternite rounded at apex. Length, 13-15 mm. Holotype male from 45 km S Tela, Dept. Yoro, Honduras, 800 m, 25-27 May 1978 (E. Giesbert). Paratypes as follow: 1 6, 3 $ 9 , same data as type; 2 6 6 , 3 9 9 , Peten, Tikal, Guatemala, 13 March 1956, 5 and 9 April 1956 (I. J. Cantrall), 20 May 1956 (T. H. Hubbell). This species differs from other known Anelaphus by the yellowish pu¬ bescence of the head and pronotum, erect pubescence of the elytra with scattered white condensed patches, and the truncate elytral apices with the outer angles dentiform. The white patches of the elytra vary in number in the type series. Peranoplium inornatum, new species Male .—Form moderate sized, subparallel; integument dark reddish- brown; pubescence moderate, grayish, short. Head moderately coarsely, confluently punctate; pubescence moderately dense, short, appressed, me¬ dian line vague, extending onto vertex; antennae shorter than body, third segment with a short tooth, remaining segments unarmed, third segment VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 271 longer than scape, fourth equal to third, fifth longer than fourth, basal seg¬ ments moderately densely clothed with pale depressed pubescence, outer segments densely clothed with very fine short pubescence, segments five to ten with small apical poriferous areas at outside margins. Pronotum slightly broader than long, sides feebly rounded; disk coarsely, shallowly alveolate- punctate; pubescence moderate, depressed, sides with several long erect hairs; prosternum barely impressed, sparsely punctate over basal two- thirds, sparsely pubescent, coxal cavities closed behind; meso- and meta¬ sternum coarsely, contiguously punctate, moderately densely clothed with recumbent pubescence; scutellum densely clothed with white recumbent pubescence except for median line. Elytra a little more than 2 Vi times longer than broad; basal punctures coarse, contiguous, becoming finer and shallow over apical one-half; pubescence moderately dense, subdepressed and re¬ curved, hairs shorter than length of second antennal segment, each elytron with four longitudinal rows of suberect yellowish hairs; apices rounded. Legs densely pubescent, densely punctate; tibiae carinate. Abdomen finely, densely, shallowly punctate, moderately densely pubescent; last sternite subtruncate at apex. Length, 11-13 mm. Female .—Form similar. Antennae extending to about second abdominal segment. Length, 11-12 mm. Holotype male from El Taladro, near La Paz, La Paz, Honduras, 12 February 1978 (J. V. Mankins). Paratypes as follow: 1 6 , same data as type; 1 S, 1 9, Siguatepeque, Honduras, 5 September 1976 (J.V.M.), 26 June 1978 (Rosales); 1 9 , Zamorano, Honduras, 23 December 1977 (J.V.M.); 5 9 9 , Zamorano, 9 September 1978 (J.V.M.). This species is distinguished by the dark reddish brown integument and short, pale, recurved pubescence. The rows of suberect golden pubescence on the elytra are similar to those of piceum Chemsak but inornatum differs by having the pubescence shorter than the second antennal segment. Strangalia hondurae, new species Female .—Form moderate sized, strongly tapering posteriorly; integument black, basal margin of pronotum and elytra orange-brown, legs except tarsi orange-yellow, underside with orange patches on metasternum and abdo¬ men, elytra narrowly black on lateral margins. Head with front elongate, frons finely, densely punctate, sparsely pubescent; vertex finely, densely punctate, with larger punctures interspersed, pubescence sparse; antennae extending to about second abdominal segment, segments from sixth thick¬ ened, opaque, poriferous areas small. Pronotum slightly shorter than basal width, sides slightly sinuate; apex narrowly, broadly impressed; disk covex, shining, punctures very sparse, fine; pubescence sparse, very short, with several long erect hairs at sides; prosternum narrowly impressed before 272 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST coxae, finely punctate posteriorly, subglabrous over apical two thirds; meso- and metasternum finely, densely punctate, densely clothed with short de¬ pressed pubescence. Elytra less than three times as long as broad, sides narrowing before middle; punctures fine, dense, separated; pubescence short, dark, depressed; apices emarginate truncate, angles denate. Legs slender, finely pubescent; posterior tarsi elongate. Abdomen finely, sparsely punctate and pubescent; last sternite lightly impressed at apex; last tergite notched at apex, apices acute. Length, 16 mm. Holotype female from Sigautepeque, Honduras, 8 March 1977 (C. Majia). This species superficially resembles S. opleri Chemsak and Linsley from Costa Rica. The two may be easily separated, however, by the densely punctate and pubescent pronotum of opleri. Tetraopes mankinsi, new species Female .—Form moderate sized, robust; integument black, head red, pronotum reddish except for umbone, an apical and basal median spot, small spots beneath lateral tubercles, apical and basal margins with black bands extending up from underside partially onto disk, elytra orange, humeri with rectangular dorsal black patches, each elytron with a moderately broad, oblique black band at middle, bands not attaining lateral margins or suture. Head with front moderately coarsely, rather sparsely punctate; vertex slightly concave, sparsely punctate; pubescence fine, short, grayish, denser around eyes and cheeks, long, erect, black setae rising out of each puncture; antennae black, shorter than body, tapering apically, segments to about eighth lightly cinereous pubescent beneath, long erect setae decreasing in number toward apex. Pronotum broader than long, sides with prominent, obtuse tubercles; umbone abruptly elevated, prominent, longer than broad, deliminated posteriorly by a deep transverse sulcus; punctures sparse, each bearing an erect black seta, umbone densely punctate at middle, erect hairs forming a dense brush; pubescence cinereous, dense, fine; prosternum nar¬ row, densely cinereously pubescent; meso- and metasternum densely pu¬ bescent. Elytra about twice as long as broad; punctures fine, sparse, each bearing an erect dark seta, setae decreasing in length toward apex; cinereous pubescence very short, dense, not obscuring surface; apices rounded. Legs short, densely pubescent. Abdomen densely pubescent, long, suberect hairs sparse; last sternite vaguely impressed longitudinally. Length, 12 mm. Holotype female from Comayagua, Honduras, 4 June 1978 (Rosales). Paratypes as follow: 1 6, Siguatepeque, Honduras, 25 June 1975 (J.V.M.); 1 $, San Salvador, El Salvador, 23 May 1960 (J. Bechyne). The distinctive black markings of the pronotum and elytra will separate this species from other known Tetraopes. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 273-278 A NEW SPECIES OF DRYWOOD TERMITE FROM SOUTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA (ISOPTERA: KALOTERMITIDAE) Michael K. Rust Dept, of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside 92521 Field surveys of insects associated with the shrub jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Sneid., conducted by Dr. John Pinto and Saul From- mer of the University of California, Riverside, revealed a heretofore un¬ known species of drywood termite of the genus Incisitermes Krishna. The habits of this new species differ from most of the other Incisitermes in that it infests living plants (as do some species of Neotennes Holmgren). The primary gallery extends through the living trunk and stems and occasionally into dead limbs. Other southwestern Incisitermes are most frequently found within dead portions of cacti, shrubs, and trees. Colonies of the new species have also been found within living sugar-bush, Rhus ovata Wats., in close proximity to infested jojoba. Only on a single occasion has this new species been found solely within dead wood. Incisitermes fruticavus, new species (Figs. 1-9) Description based on 27 imagoes and 84 soldiers preserved in alcohol. Imago. — Head .—Epicranium and genae light yellowish brown with a few stiff, short bristles. Frons yellowish brown grading to sordid brown ante¬ riorly with a row of evenly spaced stiff bristles along the anterior margin and with broad brownish black ridge extending from anterior dorsal margin of antennal sockets medially (Figs. 1,2). Clypeus whitish with translucent margins. Labrum large, brownish, strongly convex with a few stiff, yellow¬ ish bristles. Compound eyes large, black, less than width of eye distant from ventral margin of the head and one-fourth width of eye distant from antennal sockets. Ocelli nearly touching compound eyes; one-half length of eyes in diameter. Scape, pedicel and flagellum light yellowish brown; flagellum with 14-16 segments (ca. 2.7 mm long), about 2. lx as long as head capsule. Basiflagellomere slightly more elongate than other segments and darker yel¬ lowish brown. Thorax .—Dorsum light yellowish brown. Pleural region whitish. Prono- tum 1.6x broader than long with shallow emarginations anteriorly and pos¬ teriorly (Fig. 3). Tibial spurs 3:3:3 and arolia absent. Wing membrane hya¬ line, veins along anterior margin light brown. Abdomen .—Dorsum light yellowish brown. Venter whitish with pale yel¬ lowish tinge. Figs. 1-3. Incisitermes fruticavus, new species, structural details of imago morphotype. 1, dorsal aspect of head. 2, right lateral aspect of head. 3, dorsal aspect of pronotum. Scale a—Fig. 3; Scale b—Figs. 1-2. Measurements in mm (N = 27) Length of head to base of mandibles Width of head Diameter of eye Distance from eye to ventral margin Length of ocellus Length of right basiflagellomere Width of right basiflagellomere Maximum length of pronotum Width of pronotum Length of body with wings Mean S.D. Range 1.29 0.06 1.17-1.39 1.23 0.03 1.15-1.30 0.33 0.02 0.29-0.37 0.25 0.03 0.19-0.33 0.17 0.02 0.13-0.19 0.16 0.02 0.13-0.23 0.11 0.01 0.10-0.12 0.89 0.05 0.81-1.00 1.45 0.06 1.31-1.58 14.93 1.17 13.20-18.84 VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 275 Figs. 4-9. Incisitermes fruticavus, new species, structural details of soldier holotype. 4, dorsal aspect of head. 5, right lateral aspect of head. 6, dorsal aspect of right antennal ridge and basal segments. 7, dorsal aspect of clypeus and labrum. 8, right lateral aspect of prono- tum. 9, dorsal aspect of pronotum. Scale a—Figs. 4, 5, 9; Scale b—6-8. Measurements in mm (N = 27) Mean S.D. Range Length of body without wings 7.61 0.79 6.08-9.12 Length of forewing from humeral suture 11.94 0.83 10.64-14.88 Width of forewing 3.63 0.23 3.28-4.16 Soldier. — Head .—Epicranium and genae light reddish brown with a few 276 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST stiff, short bristles. Frons light reddish brown grading to dark brown ante¬ riorly with several long hairs along anterior margin. Antennal sockets with dorsal margin forming a protruding blackish crest (Figs. 4-6) and anterior dorsal margin forming a broad blackish ridge extending medially. Clypeus whitish. Labrum brownish 1.5x broader than long with numerous short and 3-4 longer hairs on dorsal apex (Fig. 7). Base of mandibles dark reddish brown grading to black anteriorly. Compound eyes small, elliptical and translucent, 1.5x width of eye distant from margin of antennal socket. Ped¬ icel and scape blackish brown. Basiflagellomere 2.17x longer than wide, length equal to next 3 segments, dark reddish brown basally fading brownish tinge in distal fourth, distal third enlarged with numerous long brownish hairs (Fig. 6). Flagellum with 10-12 segments (holotype = 12), extending 2- 3 segments beyond the tip of mandibles. Thorax .—Pronotum dark reddish brown; dorsum and pleural areas with faint reddish brown tinge. Pronotum as broad as head, anterior margin emarginate and reflexed dorsad, lateral margins smoothly curved. Abdomen .—Dorsum and venter faint sordid reddish brown. Measurements in mm (N = 84) Mean S.D. Range Holotype Length of head to base of mandibles 2.38 0.16 1.92-2.81 2.29 Width of head 1.74 0.09 1.50-1.92 1.71 Length of left mandible 1.53 0.10 1.27-1.73 1.50 Width of postmentum at widest point 0.63 0.04 0.56-0.75 0.58 Width of postmentum at narrowest point 0.35 0.04 0.27-0.46 0.37 Length of postmentum 1.47 0.17 1.23-1.88 1.44 Length of right basiflagellomere 0.36 0.03 0.28-0.44 0.35 Width of right basiflagellomere 0.16 0.01 0.14-0.19 0.16 Maximum length of pronotum 1.18 0.10 0.92-1.56 1.19 Width of pronotum 1.72 0.10 1.46-1.92 1.67 Ratio of head length: width 1.37 0.10 1.10-1.59 1.34 Ratio of basiflagellomere length: width 2.17 0.20 1.72-2.64 2.19 Ratio of pronotum length: width 0.69 0.05 0.59-0.77 0.71 Holotype soldier, 1.1 mi N Aguanga, CA, 116°52'W 33°27'N, 658 m (2160 ft), January 3, 1978, collected from jojoba, S. chinensis by M. K. Rust and R. H. Scheffrahn. Paratype soldiers (collected from jojoba unless otherwise noted); 16 sol¬ diers from same colony as holotype and 3 and 7 soldiers from other colonies, same locality and date as holotype, M. K. Rust and R. H. Scheffrahn; 5.6 mi S Sage, CA, Riverside Co., 116°54'W 33°31'N 701 m (2300 ft); 2 soldiers, 28 April 1977; 3 soldiers, 5 May 1977; 2 soldiers, 10 May 1977, M. K. Rust; VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 277 2 soldiers, 16 December 1977, C. Barbour and R. E. Wagner; 2, 4, 5, 7 and 15 soldiers from separate colonies and 13 soldiers from sugarbush, R. ovata, 19 February 1978, M. K. Rust and R. H. Scheffrahn. Paratype imagoes (collected from jojoba); 5.6 mi S Sage, CA, Riverside Co., 116°54'W 33 0 31'N 701 m (2300 ft), 21 imagoes 30 June 1977, M. K. Rust and D. A. Reierson. Six imagoes differentiated in laboratory from colony collected on 19 February 1978 by M. K. Rust and R. H. Scheffrahn. Holotype, 3 paratypes, and 3 paratype imagoes in collection of American Museum of Natural History, New York; 3 paratypes and 3 paratype imagoes in collection of both California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco and United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.; 74 paratypes and 18 paratype imagoes in collection of University of California, Riverside. Since soldiers and alates of many Incisitermes species generally lack sin¬ gle diagnostic characters, I. fruticavus was named for the peculiar habit of infesting living shrubs (frutex = L., shrubs and cavus = to hollow out). In the past 30 years only two papers have dealt with the systematics of North American termites. Snyder (1949) in his world catalog determined several synonyms of southwestern United States species. In his generic revision of the family Kalotermitidae, Krishna (1961) established several new genera. Three species of southwestern termites, Kalotermes arizonen- sis Snyder, K. banksi Snyder and K. minor Hagen, were transferred from Kalotermes Hagen to Incisitermes Krishna. The soldier of I. banksi (cotype of Kalotermes lighti Snyder = banksi was based on two soldiers, neither specimen was designated as holotype by Snyder (1926)) is smaller than that of I. fruticavus with length of the head to the base of the mandibles 1.82 mm. The 9-10 flagellomeres extend barely beyond the tips of the mandibles in I. banksi. The basiflagellomere ratio is 1.84 in I. banksi and 2.17 in /. fruticavus. The imagoes of I. fruticavus can also be easily distinguished from those of I. banksi, they are larger, lighter colored, and lack arolia. The imagoes of I. minor with the reddish head and thorax and dark brown abdomen can be readily distinguished from those of I. fruticavus. The soldiers of I. minor have longer head capsules and shorter antennae than I. fruticavus. The Incisitermes imago most similar to I. fru¬ ticavus is I. schwarzi (Banks). Arolia are present and the anterior margin of the eye nearly touches the antennal socket in I. schwarzi and the anterior margin of the eye is clearly separated from the antennal socket in I. fruti¬ cavus. The head of the soldier of I. schwarzi is more rounded and shorter than that of I. fruticavus. Basiflagellomere ratio of I. schwarzi is ca. 1.78. Acknowledgments I thank Drs. Jerry Rosen and Randy Schuh of the American Museum of Natural History and Drs. O. Flint and Don Davis of the National Museum 278 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST of Natural History for providing termite specimens. I would like to espe¬ cially thank Drs. John Pinto of the University of California, Riverside (UCR), Kumar Krishna of the American Museum of Natural History, and William Nutting of the University of Arizona and Messrs. Robert Wagner and Saul Frommer from UCR for their help in the preparation of this manu¬ script. I am also indebted to Mr. Rudolf Scheffrahn and Donald Reierson for their assistance in collecting specimens. Literature Cited Krishna, Kumar. 1961. A generic revision and phylogenetic study of the Family Kalotermi- tidae (Isoptera). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 122:307^108. Snyder, T. E. 1926. Notes on termites from Arizona with description of two new species. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 28(21):389-397. Snyder, T. E. 1949. Catalog of the termites (Isoptera) of the world. Smith. Misc. Coll., 112:1- 490. NOTICE Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Symposium V, Biological Control In Crop Production. —Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, Beltsville, MD, May 18-21, 1980. Contact: E. M. Dougherty, Chairman, Publicity Committee, BARC Symposium V, Building 011A, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 279-283 SOME NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF EUPHORIA INDA (LINNE) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) Bert Kohlmann Instituto de Ecologia, Apartado Postal 18-845, Mexico 18, D.F. This paper records a year’s observations (IV-1975/V-1976) on Euphoria inda (Linne) in the areas of Ciudad Satelite (Estado de Mexico) and Mexico City. The habitat of Euphoria inda where studied is a good example of the exploitation of man-made conditions by an insect species. Observation of behavior was done in the field under natural conditions. Some larva material was taken and reared in terraria with rich soil for ob¬ taining pupae and adults. Specimens were killed in boiling water and pre¬ served in 70% alcohol. Ciudad Satelite is situated in the state of Mexico, about 8 km to the NNW of Mexico City but in its metropolitan zone and in the spur of the Sierra de las Cruces (de las Cruces mountain range). It exemplifies the type of suburbs that began to appear in the late 50s around Mexico City. Euphoria inda (Linne) has been observed to emerge in mid-April in Mex¬ ico City and in mid-May in Ciudad Satelite, coinciding with the first rains. By the end of June and beginning of July, one can find the dead adults in stacks of strawy litter. At the time of eclosion, the fields in Ciudad Satelite are covered mostly by grasses, particularly by Andropogon barbinodis Lag- erini (Gramineae), which indicates that these fields were at some time in the past overgrazed by cattle. But there are also some dispersed stacks of fallen and dry grasses from the preceding dry season and great heaps of grass, leaves and plants, which accumulate regularly in the same spot throughout the year by gardeners who make the house-gardens near the fields. E. inda is seen flying in the morning until midday, when they spend the hottest part of the day in the heaps of grass. They are again active in the afternoon. These beetles fly near the ground until they find a heap and then land on or very near to it. It has been noted that these artificial piles have much more attraction to the beetles than the natural ones; and the devel¬ opment of the larvae has only been seen in the artificial ones that develop rich soil under the exterior layer of dry vegetal debris. In Mexico City E. inda has been observed to go to heaps of vegetal matter, clearly distinguishing between these and yellow spots of dry lawn. When the piles have been pulled apart with great care E. inda has been found singly or in pairs. 280 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1. An artificial heap of grass and leaves is seen against a house-wall. In Ciudad Satelite a great number of adults are seen flying around the piles and although they make a very audible noise, I haven’t observed birds or any arthropod preying on them. In mid-June larvae of the second stage have been observed in the rich soil; in July larvae of the third stage and prepupae are found; in August larvae of the third stage, prepupae and pupae can be found; in September there are still larvae of the third stage, prepupae and pupae and in October there are larvae of the third stage, prepupae, pupae and adults; in January there are only adults. All these stages can be found at different depths depending on how thick the layer of rich soil is, I have found these stages to be from 4 to 17 cm deep. A behavioral characteristic that has been ob¬ served to be constant is that when the larva of the third stage is about to pupate, it migrates down to the limit between the rich soil and the mineral soil. These larvae have a great accumulation of excrement in the last part of their body, which can be clearly seen, since the end part of the body looks black. The excrement was analyzed and vegetal fibers and little pieces of non-digested vegetal tissue were found. I think this excrement is used for cementing the cocoon around the larva, since the prepupae presented none or almost no excrement left in the final part of the intestine. The cocoon is made of mineral soil, it is oval shaped, is 17-20 mm in length and 13-15 mm in width, the wall is 1 mm thick and is smooth. VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 281 Fig. 2. General view of the suburban area of Ciudad Satelite. Houses mixed with fields. Discussion The larvae of Euphoria inda were compared with Ritcher’s (1966) de¬ scription. The larvae feed in rich soil, and Ritcher cited Bruner (1891) that adult E. inda in the U.S. were found to feed upon flowers and ripe fruit, such as apples, peaches and pears. I never found the adults of E. inda in flowers in Mexico City nor in Ciudad Satelite. Euphoria basalis (Gory & Percheron) was found in flowers in Mexico City and E. basalis and Cotinis mutabilis (Gory & Percheron) were found in flowers in Ciudad Satelite, the latter species has also been collected in Ciudad Satelite in traps baited with peaches, mangoes and bananas. Ritcher (1966) also reports that in Wiscon¬ sin the “adults were in flight from late August to September” and that the “winter is passed in the adult stage.” Since the seasons around Mexico City are divided in one dry and cool epoch and a warm and rainy one, the behavior of E. inda is somewhat different, so the adults fly from May to June and pass the winter as adults in their cocoons. The use of these artificial heaps of grass and leaves is an example of the exploitation of an environment created by man, this niche must certainly exist in natural conditions, but perhaps not in such an abundant and rich state and almost devoid of competition. Other types of animals were found associated with piles. There were found for example: Acarina, very small 282 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST ARaneae and Chilopoda, Gasteropoda, larvae and pupae of Lepidoptera, larvae and pupae of Diptera (which fed on the rich soil), there were adults of Staphylinidae, Histeridae and Aphodiinae (Scarabaeidae), some larvae and adults of Carabidae were found and there were also some Nematoda and many Isopoda. This fauna being so minute in relation to the size of E. inda, they can hardly present the danger of being predators of the beetle’s larva. Latrodectus mac tans (Araneae: Theridiidae) and Calosoma la eve Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae), which occur in the fields, could easily prey upon the larvae, but until now, they haven’t been found in the heaps. Sometimes the pupae were found dead inside their cocoons by some sort of milky disease, covered with fungus and sometimes with Nematoda inside their body cavities. These straw piles maintain a more or less stable temperature and humidity throughout the year, serving as a climatic buffer. The niche of vegetal heaps is very unstable, since it is man dependent. The moment will come, where there will be no fields left in Ciudad Satelite and the numbers of the population will diminish. The formation and colo¬ nization of the heaps is not too old, at least in Ciudad Satelite, where the first houses were built in 1957. These piles concentrate and support a high population density of E. inda and are a relative “competitive vacuum’’ as Pianka (1974) once wrote. There could also be the possibility that this species is found in the periphery of Mexico City associated with forestal or agricultural refuses. Ritcher (1966) records the following general distribution of E. inda in the U.S.: “from Connecticut to Florida, and westward to Oregon and Arizona.” Bates (1889) records the distribution in the U.S. as east of the Rocky Moun¬ tains and in Mexico in Puebla and Chalchicomula (Salle) in the state of Puebla, Guanajuato in the state of the same name, Zapotlan (Hoge) in the state of Colima and in Mexico City. A. Hardy (1979, personal communi¬ cation) has recorded it also from the states of Chihuahua, Durango, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Sinaloa and Veracruz and in the south of Canada. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Monsieur Gaston Ruter from the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris for verifying the identification of Euphoria inda. I am also grateful to Dr. Gonzalo Halffter, Director of the Institute of Ecology, Mexico City and to Dr. Alan Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Labora¬ tory, C.D.F.A., Sacramento, California for reviewing this manuscript. I am indebted to my friend Thomas Zoebisch for taking the photographs. VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 283 Literature Cited Bates, H. W. 1889. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Ins. Col., Vol. II, Part 2:373. Pianka, Eric R. 1974. Evolutionary Ecology. Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., New York, 356 pp. Ritcher, Paul O. 1966. White Grubs and Their Allies. Studies in Entomology Number Four. Oregon State University Press, Oregon, 219 pp. BOOK REVIEW Beetles From the Early Russian Exploration of the West Coast of North America 1815-1857. E. G. Linsley, editor, Intro, by Keir B. Sterling. Arno Press, New York, pages unnumbered, but approximately 540 pp. $40.00, hardbound. In recent years there has been a decline on the commercial market of original material of reprint form of older scientific literature. The disadvan¬ tage to workers who are attempting to build libraries in their respective specialities has been partially overcome by the rapid advancements in the field of copier technology. This, however, is of use only if an original copy of the work can be located. Many important works are rare, and there are only a few copies in existence, which may not be available for reproduction. The book reviewed here is of decided importance since it helps bridge this gap by bringing together papers from a number of rare or difficult to obtain sources and reprints them. Editor Linsley has selected eight of the most significant papers dealing with Coleoptera collected during 1812 to 1841, when the Western United States was a Russian Colony. The collection contains papers by C. G. Mannerheim (6), E. Menetries (1) and V. I. Mot- schulsky (1). With this work in hand the only significant descriptive litera¬ ture on Coleoptera from this material a researcher would lack would be the papers by J. F. Eschscholtz (1822, Entomographien; 1829, 1831, 1833, Zoo- logischen Atlas . . .) and those of P. F. M. A. Dejean (1837, Catalogue des Coleopteres . . . , etc.) As indicated above, the book is a reprint of eight papers, each preserved with the original pagination and type font (including an interesting typo in the first word of the second article). The introduction by Sterling is inter¬ esting, but, unfortunately, brief. The binding is excellent and attractive. The volume should prove invaluable to systematists working on the North American fauna. We look forward to other titles in Arno Press’ ”Biologists and Their World” series. A. R. Hardy, Co-editor. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 284-286 SEX ATTRACTANT FOR A PLUME MOTH, OIDAEMATOPHORUS MONODACTYLUS (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PTEROPHORIDAE ) 1 2 J. A. Kamm AR, SEA, USDA, Legume and Grass Seed Production Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331 AND L. M. McDonough AR, SEA, USDA, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, 3706 W. Nob Hill Blvd., Yakima, Washington 98902 Oidaematophorus monodactylus (L.) is a member of the family Ptero- phoridae (plume moths), primarily leaf rollers or stem borers that feed on a wide range of host plants (Barnes and Lindsey, 1921; Lange, 1950). O. monodactylus may be useful as a biological control agent of bindweeds, Convolvulus spp., since large releases of larvae limit growth of hedge bind¬ weed (Parrella and Kok, 1978). Other members of the family are agricultural pests, such as the artichoke plume moth Platyptilia carduidactyla (Riley) (Lange, 1942). A sex attractant for these species would provide a simple way to detect and assess populations in the field. The present paper describes the relative attractiveness to male O. mono¬ dactylus of certain aldehydes and mixtures of aldehydes with other com¬ pounds during field tests made in search for sex attractants of Lepidoptera pests of commercial grass seed production. Materials and Methods Field tests were conducted near Albany (1977) and Imbler (1978), Oregon, in commercial fields of bluegrass bordered by fence rows along which weeds (including field bindweed) and shrubs were growing. The test compounds were obtained from Farchan Division of Story Chem¬ ical Company, Willoughby, OH, and were used as received. These com¬ pounds contained 1-3 percent of the geometrical isomer. Test compounds were dissolved in dichloromethane and impregnated into No. 1 red rubber septa (West Company, Phoenixville, PA) (Maitlen et al., 1976). Four rep¬ licates of each bait and unbaited control traps were randomly dispersed in the field and rerandomized daily. Each bait was exposed 2^1 days in the field in Pherocon® 1 C traps suspended from wire stakes so the traps were just above the canopy of grass. VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 285 Table 1. Mean daily catch per trap of male O. monodactylus. x males/ /^g/dispenser trap Date 1977 Albany, Oregon (Z)-ll-hexadecenal + (E)-ll-hexadecenal (Z)-ll-hexadecenal + (Z)-7-hexadecenal + (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol acetate (Z)-ll-hexadecenal 4- (Z)-ll-hexadecen-l-ol acetate + (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol acetate 1978 Imbler, Oregon (E)- 7-dodecenal (Z)-ll-hexadecenal + (Z)-ll-hexadecen-l-ol acetate (Z)-ll-hexadecenal + (Z)-ll-hexadecen-l-ol acetate + (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol acetate (Z)-9-dodecenal (Z)-9-dodecenal 800:200 0.5 June 25-26 800:200:1000 0.5 June 29-30 1000:1000:1000 1 July 27- Aug 8 1000 0.5 June 15-19 1000:1000 1.8 June 20-23 500:400:100 1 June 20-23 1000 12 June 15-19 1000 28 June 5-8 Results and Discussion Only baits that were aldehydes or mixtures of aldehydes and acetates were attractive to O. monodactylus (Table 1). None of the unbaited check traps caught moths. Relative to the other test compounds, (Z)-9-dodecenal was highly attractive but only to males. No virgin females were available to use as trap bait, and therefore the efficiency of (Z)-9-dodecenal as an attractant was not determined. Nevertheless, a low dosage of this aldehyde was effective, so the compound may be a primary component of the sex pheromone of O. monodactylus (Roelofs and Carde, 1977). However, (E)- 9-dodecenal was 1-3 percent of the test bait and may increase or decrease trap catch. Often, one or more secondary components may be required for optimum trap catch. The other baits attracted less than two males per trap, so they are probably not pheromone components. However, they were slightly attractive, which may indicate a general sensitivity of the species to aldehydes. One approach to obtaining attractants for insects is the systematic testing of compounds and mixtures in the field (Underhill et al., 1977). They found aldehydes were common constituents of the sex attractants of certain taxa and that a specific aldehyde often is a pheromone component of several related species. Since (Z)-9-dodecenal is the first sex attractant reported for a plume moth, a similar approach may be useful in identifying attractants for other species of the Pterophoridae. 286 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Acknowledgment We thank D. C. Ferguson, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, AR, SEA-USDA, National Museum, Washington, D.C. for identification of O. monodactylus. Literature Cited Barnes, W., and A. W. Lindsey. 1921. Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of North America. 4:281^178. Published by the authors, Decatur, Illinois. Lange, Jr., W. H. 1942. Certain plume moths of economic importance in California. J. Econ. Entomol., 35:718-24. Lange, Jr., W. H. 1950. Biology and systematics of plume moths of the genus Platyptilia in California. Hilgardia, 19:561-668. Maitlen, J. C., L. M. McDonough, H. R. Moffitt, and D. A. George. 1976. Codling moth sex pheromone: baits for mass trapping and population survey. Environ. Entomol., 5:199- 202 . Parella, M. P., and L. T. Kok. 1978. Oidaematophorus monodactylus: oviposition and devel¬ opment on sweet potato and inundative releases on hedge bindweed. Environ. Entomol., 7:803-806. Roelofs, W. L., and R. T. Carde. 1977. Responses of Lepidoptera to synthetic sex pheromone chemicals and their analogues. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 22:377-405. Footnotes 1 Contribution of Agricultural Research, SEA, US DA in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University. Technical Paper No. 5056 of the latter. 2 Mention of a commercial or proprietary product in the paper does not constitute an en¬ dorsement of this product by the USDA. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 287-298 NEW RECORDS AND NEW SPECIES OF BITING MIDGES FROM SALT MARSHES IN CALIFORNIA AND MEXICO (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) Willis W. Wirth Systematic Entomol. Lab., IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. & Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560 AND Antonio Paulo Assis de Moraes 25326 Acacia Court, Mission Viejo, CA 92692 The description of a new species of Culicoides Latreille is presented here to make the name available for use by the junior author in reporting his studies on the ecology of the Anaheim Bay, Salt Marsh in California. At the same time a redescription and new distribution records are given for its nearest relative, C. mohave Wirth, and a third species of this group from coastal Mexico is described. Two species of Dasyhelea Kieffer recently described by Wirth (1978) from Baja California and Sonora, Mexico, are also reported from Anaheim Bay, and taxonomic and distributional notes are provided for these species. Terminology used in the descriptions follows that of Wirth (1952) and Wirth and Blanton (1959). Holotypes are deposited in the United States National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.; paraptypes will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco and the Los Angeles County Museum in Los Angeles. Along the Pacific Coast of the United States there are only a few salt marshes which have not been greatly modified by land fills, dredging, mar¬ inas, or other enterprises. The Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh (see map, Fig. 1), Orange County, California, is one of these, and it may represent the typical flora and fauna of California marshes. Much of this salt marsh is within the boundaries of the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station, and the marsh area has been set aside as a National Wildlife Refuge. The Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh has the typical floral zonations with Salicornia (pickleweed) in the lower zone, Spartina sp. (cordgrass) in the middle, and Distichlis (salt grass) in the upper zone. The Dasyhelea and Culicoides from Anaheim Bay were collected with fluorescent black-light traps suspended one meter above the soil surface in areas where pickleweed and cordgrass were the dominant vegetation and submerged by high tides. The ceratopogonids were abundant and as many as 4000 specimens of Culicoides and 37,000 specimens of Dasyhelea were 288 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1. The Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh, 1970. Darkened areas represent mud flats exposed between low and mean high tides. All areas are flooded at extreme high tides, except for islands and roads. collected during the 12 month sampling program. The Dasyhelea are non¬ bloodsuckers and the larvae are found on the surface of the intertidal mud or rocks where they feed on various algae. Culicoides mohave Wirth (Figs. 2, 5) Culicoides mohave Wirth, 1952:187 (male, female; Calif., Ariz., fig. wing, palpus, male genitalia). Female (paratype, Vidal, Calif.).—Wing length 1.09 mm; breadth 0.55 mm. VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 289 Fig. 2. Culicoides mohave Wirth: a-e, h, female; f-g, male; a, antenna; b, wing; c, palpus; d, eye separation; e, spermathecae; f, parameres; g, genitalia, parameres removed; h, hind femur and tibia. Head .—Eyes (Fig. 2d) narrowly separated, bare. Antenna (Fig. 2a) with lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 28-20-20-20-20-21-21-21-30-33- 33-35-58; antennal ratio 1.11; last segment rather slender toward tip; sensilla coeloconica (distal sensory pits) present on segments 3, 6-10 or 3, 7-10. Palpus (Fig. 2c) with lengths of segments in proportion of 15-35-52-16-20; palpal ratio 2.1; third segment distinctly swollen, with a broad, shallow, sensory pit. Proboscis short, P/H ratio 0.67; mandible with 14 teeth. Thorax .—Brown with pale grayish pollinosity, mesonotum without dis¬ tinct pattern. Legs stramineous, knee spots dark brown, faint narrow pale rings present at bases of tibiae (Fig. 2h); hind tibial comb with four spines, the one nearest the spur longest. Wing (Fig. 2b) with pattern as figured; very dark costal spot extending to tip of second radial cell; pale spot over r-m crossvein not very distinct, extending caudad past medial stem; cell R5 with a distinct poststigmatic pale spot extending proximad behind second 290 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST radial cell, a more or less rounded pale spot toward apex of cell R5, its size variable but usually meeting anterior wing margin; cell Ml with two elongate pale spots, the distal one not meeting wing margin; cell M2 with an indistinct pale spot lying behind medial fork, a pale spot at level of pale spot in cell M4, and a pale spot at wing margin; cell M4 with a large round pale spot in distal portion; anal cell more or less pale at base and a single pale spot in distal portion; costal ratio 0.54; radial cells distinct, the second with broad lumen; macrotrichia long and moderately numerous, extending proximad nearly to base of anal cell. Halter pale. Abdomen .—Pale yellowish brown, ninth segment brownish. Spermathe- cae (Fig. 2e) two plus rudimentary third and sclerotized ring; oval with long slender necks; slightly unequal, measuring 0.067 to 0.039 mm and 0.055 by 0.038 mm including the necks. Male (Resting Springs, Calif.).—Wing length 1.00 mm, breadth 0.36 mm. Similar to the female with the usual sexual differences; costal ratio 0.46, costa unusually short in male of this species; antenna with lengths of last three segments in proportion of 60-47-60, sensilla coeloconica present on segments 3, 8-10. Genitalia (Fig. 2g): Ninth sternum with broad shallow caudomedian excavation, the ventral membrane bare; ninth tergum tapering distally, caudal margin slightly lobate, apicolateral processes small and pointed. Basistyle with ventral root foot shaped, the posterior heel well developed, toe rather stout, dorsal root moderately long and slender; dis- tistyle long and slender, with bent pointed tip. Aedeagus with basal arch rounded, extending to 0.6 of total length, basal arms slender and curved; distomedian process tapering to rather slender, truncate tip bearing minute spinules. Parameres (Fig. 2f) each with distinct basal knob, rather straight and obliquely directed on basal portion, with a distinct median elbow at about a third of total length, this elbowed portion slender; midportion slight¬ ly expanded distally to well-developed ventral lobe; distal portion abruptly narrowed, slender, curving ventrad and tapering to distal point and bearing a lateral fringe of fine spines. Distribution (Fig. 5).—Restricted to the desert areas of southern Califor¬ nia and Arizona, and the northern portion of Baja California. Types .—Holotype male (pinned with genitalia in micro vial), allotype fe¬ male, 2 males, 27 females (paratypes), Vidal, San Bernardino Co., Califor¬ nia, IV-1948, R. Coleman, light trap (Type no. 59938, USNM). Specimens examined .— ARIZONA: Cochise Co.: Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., VII-1967, W. Brown, light, 5 females. Pima Co. : Quitobaquito, IV-26-1959, M. S. Adachi, 5 females. CALIFORNIA: Imperial Co.: Imperial Dam, VI-28-1954, W. A. Mc¬ Donald, at lights, 3 females. Inyo Co.: Resting Springs, V-29-30-1955, Belk¬ in and McDonald, 3 males, 11 females; Saratoga Springs, Death Valley, VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 291 V-30-1953, J. N. Belkin, 1 male, 5 females; same, VI-VII-1954, Belkin and McDonald, 12 males, 18 females. Riverside Co.: Blythe, VII-20-1947, J. W. MacSwain, light trap, 1 male, 1 female; Mecca, V-1962, M. S. Mulla, 5 males, 5 females; 12 mi SE Mecca, IX-21-1965; J. D. Foulk, reared from damp sand, 1 male; Rancho Dos Palmas, VIII-7-1964, J. D. Foulk, light trap, 1 male; Salton Sea State Park, VIII-13-1964, J. D. Foulk, light trap, 1 male. San Bernardino Co.: Vidal, IV-1947, R. Coleman, light trap, 3 female paratypes. MEXICO: Baja California: Arroyo de Calmajue, V-30-1962, Ryckman, Ryckman, and Christianson, at car lights, 1 male, 33 females; Mulege, VIII- 27-1959, Radford and Werner, light trap, 33 females. Discussion.—Culicoides mohave is the inland, desert inhabiting counter¬ part of the two new coastal species described below. It is most closely related to C. bajensis, which also has narrowly separated eyes and a broad third palpal segment, but differs most notably in its paler color with dull pruinose gray mesonotum, longer and finer wing macrotrichia, shallower palpal pit, and much shorter apicolateral processes on the male ninth ter- gum. Culicoides bajensis, new species (Figs. 3, 5) Culicoides alahialinus Barbosa (misident.); Cheng and Hogue, 1974:215 (Baja Calif., reared crab holes, notes on habitat). Female holotype. —Wing length 1.09 mm; breadth 0.50 mm. Head. —Eyes (Fig. 3c) narrowly separated, bare. Antenna (Fig. 3a) with lengths of flagellar segments in proportion of 32-22-22-22-22-22-22-22-30-32- 32-32-50; antennal ratio 0.95; sensilla coeloconica present on segments 3, 7- 10 or 3, 8-10. Palpus (Fig. 3b) with lengths of segments in proportion of 15- 40-60-16-23; third segment distinctly swollen, with a broad, rather deep sen¬ sory pit; palpal ratio 2.0. Proboscis moderately long, P/H ratio 0.81; man¬ dible with 16 teeth. Thorax .—Dark brown, subshining; mesonotum without prominent pat¬ tern. Legs brown, knee spots darker, tibiae with faint basal pale bands (Fig. 3g); hind tibial comb with four spines, the one nearest the spur longest. Wing pattern as in C. mohave but the pale spots usually slightly more extensive, the distal pale spot in cell R5 broadly meeting anterior wing margin; poststigmatic pale spot in cell R5 only slightly produced proximad behind second radial cell. Both radial cells well developed, costal ratio 0.57; macrotrichia sparser than in C. mohave, shorter and more spinelike. Halter pale. Abdomen .—Brown, paler at base. Spermathecae (Fig. 3d) two plus ru- 292 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 3. Culicoides bajensis n. sp.: a-d, g, female; e-f, male; a, antenna; b, palpus; c, eye separation; d, spermathecae; e, parameres; f, genitalia, parameres removed; h, hind femur and tibia. dimentary third and sclerotized ring; oval with long slender necks; subequal, each measuring 0.053 by 0.032 mm including the necks. Male allotype .—Wing length 0.96 mm; breadth 0.36 mm. Similar to fe¬ male with usual sexual differences. Palpal pit characteristically small and deep. Costal ratio 0.49. Antenna with lengths of last three segments in pro¬ portion of 73-46-55; sensilla coeloconica on segments 3, 8-12. Genitalia (Fig. 3f) with ninth sternum longer than in C. mohave, with a broad, moderately deep caudomedian excavation, ventral membrane bare; ninth tergum taper¬ ing distally with moderately long, slightly divergent apicolateral processes (shorter and stouter than in C. hoguei, but much longer than in C. mohave). Aedeagus with basal arch rounded, extending to 0.43 of total length, basal arms comparatively stout; distomedian process tapering to rather slender, bluntly rounded tip. Parameres (Fig. 3e) each with distinct basal knob, prox¬ imal portion slender and gradually curved, greatly expanded past midlength to a well-developed ventral lobe; distal portion abruptly narrowed, bent ventrad and tapering to slender distal point with lateral fringing spines. Distribution (Fig. 5).—Coastal northwest Mexico (Baja California and northwest Sonora). Types. —Holotype, female, allotype, male, 25 mi N Penjamo, Baja Cali- VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 293 fornia Sur, Mexico, VIII-29-1959, Radford and Werner, light trap (Type no. 62715, USNM). Paratypes, 8 males, 20 females, as follows: MEXICO: Baja California : Bahia Balandra, VI-11-1968, C. L. Hogue and D. B. Bright, reared from burrow of crab, Sesarma sulcatum, 1 male; Isla San Jose, IV-21-1972, L. Cheng, at light on ship, 2 males, 6 females; Isla San Jose, 1 mi S Punta Colorado, IV-8-9-1974, J. T. Doyen, malaise trap, 2 males, 1 female (Calif. Acad. Sci.); Penjamo, 25 mi N, same data as types, 2 males, 7 females; Santa Rita, 9 km SE, VIII-25-1977, E. Fisher and R. Westcott, 1 male, 1 female (Calif. Acad. Sci.). Sonora : Cholla Bay near Puerto Penasco, IV-25-1959, M. S. Adachi, 2 males, 6 females. Discussion.—Culicoides bajensis is a much darker species than C. mo- have, slightly larger, and readily separated by the much deeper palpal pit (especially in the male) and by the longer apicolateral processes on the male ninth tergum. Of the three species of the mohave group treated in this paper, C. bajensis is most similar to C. alahialinus Barboas, and its close similarity to alahi- alinus leads us to believe that the mohave group has evolved from a com¬ mon ancestor with th e furens group (see Wirth and Blanton, 1959) that was somewhat intermediate between alahialinus and C. cancer Hogue and Wirth (1968). The known members of the furens group resemble those of the mohave group in general features of the wing pattern, antennal and palpal proportions, antennal sensory pattern, spermathecae, and male gen¬ italia, but all known species of the furens group possess a mesonotal pattern of small punctiform brown dots. In C. alahialinus the mesonotal pattern is rather faint, but in this species the wing is rather uniform grayish brown with an almost imperceptible pattern of a few pale areas, over the r-m crossvein, past the tip of the costa, at the tip of the anal cell, etc. Culicoices cancer, which also breeds in crab holes but is known only from Costa Rica, has a well-developed mesonotal pattern and a more prominent wing pattern than in C. bajensis, including the division of the poststigmatic pale spot in cell R5 into two separate pale spots, and the presence of two pale spots distally in the anal cell. Hogue reared C. bajensis from a burrow of the crab Sesarma sulcatum at Bahia Balandra, west of La Paz, Baja California. The species was con¬ fused with C. alahialinus by Wirth, who furnished Hogue the misdetermi- nation (Cheng and Hogue, 1974). Culicoides hoguei, new species (Fig. 4) Culicoides mohave Wirth (misident.); Ryckman and Ryckman, 1963:65 (Baja California; biting man). Female holotype. —Wing length 1.22 mm; breadth 0.56 mm. 294 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 4. Culicoides hoguei n. sp.: a-e, h, female; f-g, male; a, antenna; b, palpus; c, wing; d, eye separation; e, spermathecae; f, parameres; g, genitalia, parameres removed; h, hind femur and tibia. Head. —Brown, antenna and palpus stramineous. Eyes (Fig. 4d) broadly separated, bare. Antenna (Fig. 4a) with lengths of flagellar segments in pro¬ portion of 30-25-25-25-25-26-26-26-30-33-35-36-50; antennal ratio 0.89; sen- silla coeloconica present on 3,(7),8-10. Palpus (Fig. 4b) with lengths of segments in proportion of 15-40-50-21-30; third segment slightly swollen distally with a moderately large, moderately deep, round sensory pit; palpal ratio 2.5. Proboscis long, P/H ratio 0.94; mandible with 13 teeth. Thorax. —Brown, without prominent pattern. Legs stramineous, knee spots brownish, tibiae (Fig. 4h) with faint basal pale rings; hind tibial comb with four spines, the one nearest the spur longest. Wing (Fig. 4c) brownish with rather indistinct pattern of pale spots as figured; similar to that of C. mohave; costal ratio 0.57; radial cells distinct, second with broad lumen; macrotrichia moderately long and numerous, extending proximad nearly to base of anal cell. Halter pale. Abdomen .—Pale brown, distal segments darker. Spermathecae (Fig. 4e) two plus rudimentary third and sclerotized ring; oval with long slender necks; equal, each measuring 0.051 by 0.029 mm including the neck. VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 295 Male allotype .—Wing length 1.22 mm; breadth 0.45; coastal ratio 0.53. Similar to the female with the usual sexual differences. Antenna with lengths of last three segments in proportion of 70-58-58; sensilla coeloconica on segments 3, 8-12. Genitalia (Fig. 4g): Ninth sternum with broad, shallow caudomedian excavation, ventral membrane bare; ninth tergum slightly ta¬ pering distally, caudal margin transverse, apicolateral processes long and slender, slightly divergent. Basistyle with ventral root foot shaped, posterior heel well developed, toe long and slender, dorsal root long and slender; dististyle long and unusually slender, with bent pointed tip. Aedeagus with basal arch rounded, 0.45 of total length, basal arms slender; distomedian process tapering to slender rounded tip. Parameres (Fig. 4f) each with dis¬ tinct basal knob, slender and curved basally, then somewhat swollen with a low ventral lobe, distad of which it is greatly narrowed and curved ven- trally, tapering to slender point and bearing a lateral fringe of fine spines. Distribution .—Coast of southern California and Gulf Coast of northern Baja California. Types .—Holotype, female, allotype, male, 40 male, 55 female paratypes: Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh, Seal Beach Weapons Station, Orange Co., Cali¬ fornia, V-6-1974, P. Moraes, light trap (Type no. 61315, USNM). Other specimens examined. —MEXICO: Golfo de California: Isla Mira¬ mar, VIII-17-1977, J. Nyhan, 1 female (Calif. Acad. Sci); Isla Pond near Isla Angel de la Guardia, V-25-1962, Ryckman, Ryckman and Christianson, biting man, 3 females; Isla San Esteban, V-24-1962, Ryckman, Ryckman, and Christianson, biting just after dark, 1 female; Isla Salsipuedes, V-22- 1962, Ryckman, Ryckman, and Christianson, biting man, 4 females; Isla San Lorenzo, V-22-1962, Ryckman, Ryckman, and Christianson, biting after dark, 4 females. Variation. —Some minor variation exists in the extent of the pale wing markings, in size, and in structural characters. For example on the female figured (from Isla Salsipuedes) the wing length was 1.33 mm, the costal ratio 0.56, the antennal ratio 0.93 proboscis/head ratio 0.74, and number of man¬ dibular teeth 18. For this reason the Baja California specimens are not des¬ ignated as paratypes. Discussion .—This species is named for Dr. Charles L. Hogue of the Los Angeles County Museum in recognition of his extensive contributions to our knowledge of the biology of the intertidal zone of the Pacific Coast. Culicoides hoguei is closely related to C. mohave Wirth and C. bajensis n. sp., from which it is readily separated in the female by the broad inter¬ ocular space and the slender third palpal segment, and in the male by the less tapering distal process on the aedeagus and the long, slender, diverging apicolateral processes on the ninth tergum. Ryckman and Ryckman (1963) reported this species (as C. mohave, based 296 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 5, 6. Fig. 5. Distribution of Culicoides spp.: closed circles, C. mohave', open circles, C. hoguei\ closed squares, C. bajensis. Fig. 6. Distribution of Dasyhelea spp.: closed circles, D. sonorensis\ open circles, D. bajensis. on misdeterminations by Wirth) biting man at several localities in Baja Cal¬ ifornia. These records are listed above in the list of paratypes. The Ryck- mans (1963) reported on their encounter with this species on the islands of the Gulf of California as follows: “Because these islands were extremely dry and barren with very little rotting vegetation (other than cacti), we believe that Culicoides mohave was probably breeding in organic material on the beaches surrounding the islands. After a few days on the islands, our faces and arms bore small, raised, light welts where we had been bitten by the jejen. One’s length of time on the islands could to some degree be predicted by the presence and number of such welts.” “Culicoides mohave was collected while feeding on man on the following islands under the conditions indicated: Salsipuedes Island, May 22, 1962; South San Lorenzo Island, May 22, 1962, biting in the shade at 2:10 p.m., also biting just after dark; San Esteban Island, May 23, 1962, biting at daybreak; Pond Island, May 26, 1962.” We are unable to explain the lack of records of this species feeding on VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 297 man at Anaheim Bay, while it caused the Ryckmans so much trouble on the Baja California islands. We suspected at first that two different but closely related species were involved, but an especially detailed search for mor¬ phological differences yielded only the minor features listed above, which in our opinion are not distinct enough to warrant description of another species. Perhaps the study of male specimens from Baja California will reveal greater differences, or the collection and study of the immature stages will help us resolve this problem. Dasyhelea bajensis Wirth (Fig. 6) Dasyhelea sp.; Cheng and Hogue, 1974:214 (habitat notes; Baja California). Dasyhelea bajensis Wirth, 1972:192 (male, female; Mexico, California; figs.). Diagnostic characters. —A small species, wing length 0.90 mm. Pale brown, mesonotum with sides and humeri yellowish forming two pairs of broad longitudinal vittae on midportion; scutellum and legs yellowish; an¬ tenna and abdomen brownish. Wing milky white to pale grayish; halter pale. Female subgenital plate as in mutabilis group, with a distinctive anterior sclerotized ring; spermatheca single, subspherical, with a long, slender, curved, petiolelike neck about as long as diameter of spermatheca. Male genitalia with ninth tergum rounded caudad, with minute apicolateral pro¬ cesses; basistyle stout with distinct mesal hump at midlength, dististyle slender, curving to pointed tip; aedeagus forming a more or less equilateral triangle, basal arch low, distomedian process in form of a spatulate blade with truncate tip, a pair of slender basal processes arising laterally on basal arch and nearly meeting mesad at half the length of distomedian process; parameres asymmetrical, basal apodemes forming a slender transverse rib¬ bon, posterior median process short and broad, divided near base and form¬ ing a pair of curved, pointed, laterally directed plates. Distribution (Fig. 6).— Dasyhelea bajensis was described from a series taken in an emergence trap under mangroves near the edge of a wet swamp on Isla San Jose, Baja California, Mexico, by Lanna Cheng (Cheng and Hogue, 1974). The species was also reported from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mex¬ ico. Five specimens were also recorded from Point Mugu, Ventura Co., California. Taken VIII-17-1947 by J. N. Belkin. New records .—CALIFORNIA: Orange Co.: Seal Beach Weapons Sta¬ tion, Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh, V-6-1974, P. Moraes, light trap, 2 males, 4 females. Cheng and Hogue (1974) recorded this species (as Dasyhelea sp.) from Isla San Jose, where it was taken in emergence traps placed on the mud 298 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST amongst aerial roots of Avicennia mangroves at the lower tide levels where the mud surface remained submerged except during low spring tides. Dasyhelea sonorensis Wirth (Fig. 6) Dasyhelea sonorensis Wirth, 1978: 197 (male, female; Mexico; figs.). Diagnostic characters. —A medium-sized species, wing length 1.34 mm. Brownish, mesonotum dull yellowish on sides and humeri with narrow lines on the disc forming two pairs of darker longitudinal vittae; scutellum and legs yellowish. Wing whitish, slightly milky, macrotrichia long and moder¬ ately numerous; halter pale, base of knob dark. Female subgenital plate as in mutabilis group, the anterior sclerotized ring rather quadrate; sperma- theca single, ovoid to retort-shaped, with slender, short, oblique neck. Male genitalia with moderately long, slender apicolateral processes on ninth ter- gum; basistyle without mesal hump, dististyle slender and curving to pointed tip; aedeagus small, triangular, with poorly developed distomedian process and a small blackish, heavily sclerotized subapical spot; parameres asym¬ metrical, basal apodemes broad; median process short, straight and slender, tapering to sharp point. Distribution (Fig. 6).—Described from Sonora (Punta Santa Rosa, Puerto de Lobos, Punta Cirio, Cholla Bay) and Baja California (San Jose de Cabo), Mexico. The type series was swept from dry wrack (mainly eelgrass) on shore, and another series was taken among holes in pitted rhyolite rocks, covered with algae and exposed at low tide. The species has not previously been reported from California. New records .—CALIFORNIA: Orange Co. —Seal Beach Weapons Sta¬ tion, Anaheim Bay Salt Marsh, V-6-1974, P. Moraes, light trap, 40 males, 45 females. This series was mounted on slides from a bulk collection con¬ taining approximately 37,000 Dasyhelea adults. Of 91 mounted Dasyhelea, 85 were D. sonorensis and 6 were D. bajensis. Literature Cited Cheng, L., and C. L. Hogue. 1974. New distribution and habitat records of biting midges and mangrove flies from the coasts of southern Baja California, Mexico (Diptera: Cerato- pogonidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, and Phoridae). Entomol. News, 85:211-218. Hogue, C. L., and W. W. Wirth. 1968. A new Central American sand fly breeding in crab holes (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contr. Sci., 152:1-7. Ryckman, R. E., and A. E. Ryckman. 1963. Loma Linda University’s 1962 expedition to Baja California. Medical entomology and parasitology. Med. Arts Sci. J. Loma Linda Univ. Sch. Med., 17:65-76. Wirth, W. W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 9:95-266. Wirth, W. W. 1978. New species and records of intertidal biting midges of the genus Dasyhelea Kieffer from the Gulf of California (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Pacif. Ins., 18:191-198. Wirth, W. W., and F. S. Blanton. 1959. Biting midges of the genus Culicoides from Panama (Diptera: Heleidae). Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 109:237^182. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1979, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 299-303 EVIDENCE OF A FEMALE-PRODUCED AGGREGATIVE PHEROMONE IN LEPERISINUS CALIFORN1CUS SWAINE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) Julius A. Rudinsky and Suellen Vernoff Dept, of Entomol., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis 97331 Aggregation pheromones in most bark beetle species are produced by the gallery-initiating sex; they attract conspecifics of both sexes to the host and may elicit response from congeneric scolytids (reviewed by Lanier and Burkholder, 1974). Predators and parasites may also respond to these vol¬ atiles (reviewed by Borden, 1974). In Dendroctonus, initial host selection is followed by complex pairing behavior during which both sexes exhibit sonic and other interactions in the gallery (reviewed by Rudinsky and Ryker, 1977). Though it was first reported that the European ash bark beetle, Le- perisinus fraxini, has an aggregative pheromone released by the male (Schonherr, 1970), a later study (Rudinsky and Vallo, 1979) shows that the host-selecting female produces the aggregation pheromone. The literature on Leperisinus Reitter, little of which is recent, was exten¬ sively reviewed by Vernoff (1979). Wood (1977) proposed this genus be placed in synonymy under Hylesinus Fabricius. Sound production and pair¬ ing behavior of the Oregon ash beetle, L. oregonus, and the western ash beetle, L. californicus, are described by Vernoff and Rudinsky (in press). The present report on an aggregative pheromone in L. californicus is the first evidence of such a pheromone in any North American member of this genus. Materials and Methods Briefly, L. californicus was sexed by frons topography and scale size on the elytral declivity (Bright, 1976). L. oregonus was sexed using color pat¬ tern of scales on the elytral declivity (Blackman, 1943, detailed by Vernoff, 1979). Field work was done within ten miles of Corvallis, Oregon. Daily temperature data were provided by the National Weather Service at Oregon State University. All host material was Oregon ash, Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Preliminary tests indicated that Leperisinus spp. could be attracted to ash by olfactory cues emanating from breeding galleries. To determine the origin of these cues, the following field test was performed. Sexually mature L. californicus were collected from the surface of winter-cut logs during beetle flight on 19-20 May 1978 (maximum daily temperatures 28-29°C). Since 300 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Table 1. Field response of Leperisinus californicus to cages containing experimentally infested ash logs, Corvallis, Oregon, June 1978. Treatment Total beetles Response Ratio 6 : $ 27 CAL pairs 183 1:1.4* 27 CAL pairs 52 1:1.5 28 CAL females 167 1:1.3 28 CAL females 168 1:1.4* 24 CAL males 4 1:0.3 23 CAL males 2 1:0.0 107 ORE females 51 1:1.7 82 ORE males 1 0:1.0 Uninfested log 9 1:8.0* Uninfested log 0 0:0.0 Totals 637 1:1.4* Abbreviations: CAL: L. calif ornicus] ORE: L. oregonus. * Significantly different from 1:1 according to Chi-square test (P = 0.05). pairs of this species were observed copulating at gallery entrances and even on cages used for field tests, it is likely that most collected adults had mated. Adults were sexed and stored at 4°C until needed. A small ash was felled and wrapped with white cotton cloth to prevent attack. After 7 days (when the leaves were wilted), it was cut into 60-cm long sections (8-13 cm di¬ ameter), and stored in a cooler (4°C) until needed. Six of these logs were placed separately in white cotton sacks; 23 or 24 male L. calif ornicus were added to each of two logs; 28 females were added to each of two logs, and 27 beetles of each sex were added to each of the final two logs. The sacks were then sealed with masking tape and kept in the laboratory (23°C) for 56 hours to initiate the infestation. On 31 May 1978, each of the six test logs plus two uninfested control logs from the same tree were placed vertically inside eight fine-wire cages (56 x 61 x 86 cm) in an ash stand. Two addi¬ tional cages were used to hold winter-cut logs with L. oregonus males or females respectively, which were introduced in the same way as with L. californicus . The ten cages were set 15 m apart, and Leperisinus landing on them were collected individually in gelatin capsules on 31 May through 5 June 1978 from 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.; previous experience had shown that morn¬ ing flight is minimal. On 6 June the six logs infested with L. californicus were placed in the freezer to kill the beetles, so that subsequent debarking would reveal gallery excavation as of field test termination. For laboratory testing ten female L. californicus were introduced 20 cm apart in an ash log and left to feed for one day at 28°C. Three of the females VOLUME 55, NUMBER 4 301 Table 2. Examined contents of ash logs experimentally infested with L. californicus. Galleries (abandoned) Treatment No. beetles excised No. No. w/ Length eggs (cm) No. No. w/ eggs Length (cm) Pairs I 24 CAL pairs + 3 CAL 9 $ 27 27 65.7 9 0 3.1 Pairs II 25 CAL pairs + 2 CAL 9 9 + 3 CAL