Vol. 56 OCTOBER 1980 No. 4 THE Pan-Pacific Entomologist MOCKFORD—Identification of Elipsocus Species of Western North America with De¬ scriptions of Two New Species (Psocoptera: Elipsocidae)_ 241 NUTTING—New California Hyperaspis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) _ 260 SCHUSTER et al.—A New Species of Echiniscus from California (Tardigrada: Echin- iscidae)_ 265 HARTMAN and HYNES—Environmental Factors Influencing Hatching of Tipula simplex Eggs (Diptera: Tipulidae)_ 268 WAGNER—The Nearctic Trichomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) _ 273 BARR—New Genera and a New Species of New World Cleridae (Coleoptera) _ 277 SILVERMAN and GOEDEN—Life History of a Fruit Fly, Procecidochares sp., on the Ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne, in Southern California (Diptera: Tephritidae) _ 283 KAVANAUGH—On Type Specimens of Amphizoa LeConte (Coleoptera: Amphizoi- dae)_ 289 THOMAS—A New Pseudevoplitus Ruckes from Guatemala with a Key to the Species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) _ 293 NELSON—A Review of the Genus Thrincopyge LeConte (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)_ 297 POLHEMUS—Studies on Neotropical Veliidae (Hemiptera). V. New Species of Rhagovelia _ 311 VINCENT—Field Observations on the Biology of Tetragnatha extensa Emerton, in a Riparian Habitat (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) _ 316 LACEY and MULLA—Observations on the Biology and Distribution of Simulium tes- corum (Diptera: Simuliidae) in California and Adjacent Areas _ 323 SCIENTIFIC NOTES Evans and Evans—Swarming of Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys) _ 292 Chemsak and Linsley—Records of Cerambycidae from Cocos Island _ 310 Shapiro—Evidence for a Return Migration of Vanessa cardui _ 319 BOOK REVIEW_ 332 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE_ 333, 334 PROCEEDINGS of the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY_ 335 INDEX TO VOLUME 56 _ 343 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA • 1980 Published by the PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY in cooperation with THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The Pan-Pacific Entomologist EDITORIAL BOARD T. D. Eichlin, A. R. Hardy, Co-Editors S. Kuba, Editorial Asst. P. H. Arnaud, Jr., Treasurer H. B. Leech R. M. Bohart E. S. Ross J. A. 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Hardy, Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, California Dept, of Food and Agriculture, 1220 N St., Sacramento, California 95814. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: None. This issue mailed 12 November 1980 Second Class Postage Paid at San Francisco, California and Additional offices. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist (ISSN 0031-0603) PRINTED BY THE ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, U.S.A. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 241-259 IDENTIFICATION OF ELIPSOCUS SPECIES OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES (PSOCOPTERA: ELIPSOCIDAE) 1 Edward L. Mockford 2 Illinois State University, Normal 61761 This paper presents a taxonomic treatment of the species of Elipsocus found from the eastern slopes and outlier hills of the Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific Coast in the United States and in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The literature reveals only a single named species of Elipsocus in this region, E. occidentalis Banks. The present study recognizes six species. Four are known European species, three of which are recorded for the first time from North America {E. hyalinus (Stephens), E. pallidus Jentsch, and E. westwoodi McLachlan). The fourth European species, E. mclachlani Kimmins is identical with E. occidentalis, and its name falls into the syn¬ onymy of the latter. The other two species are new to science and are named here and described. Banks’ catalogue (1907b) lists six species of Elipsocus for the United States and Canada. Of these, all but two have subsequently been removed— by synonymy, correction of erroneous placement, and restriction of the genus. The remaining two are E. occidentalis, here treated, and E. pumilis (Hagen), an eastern species not currently recognizable by modern criteria. The genus Elipsocus was set up by Hagen (1866) in one of the earliest attempts at higher classification of psocids following their recognition as a natural group. Since its first use, Elipsocus has undergone several restric¬ tions. The usage followed here is that now generally accepted (Badonnel 1943, Roesler 1944), differing only in that female microptery is noted here for the first time in this genus. Species determination in Elipsocus is a difficult task. Reliable characters are few, and the extent of variation of each remains poorly understood. Identification at present relies heavily on minor differences in female exter¬ nal genitalia (male external genitalia apparently offer no useful characters) coupled with color pattern differences in head, forewing, and abdomen. The color pattern characters vary with state of color development at the time of preservation and state of preservation. They are never as obvious in males as in females. Lacinial tip figures generally are included with descriptions, but the actual differences between species in these structures appear to be few. 242 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Several new characters were discovered during this study. The color pat¬ tern of the epiproct appears to be diagnostic for females of most species although it shows no differences in males. A row of small setae occurs on the anterior margin of the forewing very near the wing base and is contin¬ uous onto the humeral lobe. The number of setae in the row (on the wing proper, excluding those on humeral lobe) appears to be relatively constant, subject to sexual dimorphism, within each species and to differ between species. In no case are my data sufficient to allow statistical analysis, but the numbers (BR of Table 1) are recorded for all individuals observed. The ratio of length of pterostigma (measured from base of stigmasac to distal end of pterostigma on wing margin) to forewing length (measured along longest axis of fore wing) appears to be a useful character for some species. Materials and Methods The present study is based on examination of 264 adult specimens from the geographic region indicated above. Morphological observations were made on slide preparations in Hoyer’s medium under a compound micro¬ scope. Color observations were made on whole specimens in alcohol with direct light under a dissecting microscope. Measurements were made with a filar micrometer. The micrometer unit was 0.987 /jl. All characters noted above in the discussion of species determination are recorded for all species. All data in the diagnoses of European species are taken from the North American specimens on hand. Abdominal color patterns of the European species were amply illustrated by Jentsch (1938) and Gunther (1974). No differences were noted in abdominal color pattern between European and North American representatives of these species, and these patterns are not re-illustrated here. The following abbreviations are used in the measurements (Table 1): FW = forewing; HW = hindwing; F = hind femur; T = hind tibia; t l5 t 2 , t 3 = first, second, and third hind tarsomere; cten = ctenidia (comb-based setae) on first hind tarsomere; f x , f 2 , f 3 = first, second, and third flagellomeres; IO/D = least distance between compound eyes divided by greatest antero¬ posterior eye diameter in dorsal view; PO = transverse diameter of eye divided by greatest antero-posterior diameter of eye in dorsal view; FW/P = fore wing length divided by length of pterostigma; BR = row of small setae on anterior margin of fore wing at base; M = macropterous; m = microp- terous. Elipsocus hyalinus (Stephens) Psocus hyalinus Stephens 1836:123. Complete synonymy in Gunther 1974:170. Table 1. Measurements (p.), counts, and ratios for Elipsocus species of western United States and British Columbia. Abbreviations are explained in text. Species 4- sex FW HW F T t, U t,3 cten fi f 2 f 3 IO/D PO BR FW/P guentheri S 3855 2861 587 1177 369 69 102 19 514 410 339 1.57 0.70 0 3.17 guentheri 6 3493 2651 602 1141 348 56 107 20 480 378 324 1.79 0.75 1 3.38 guentheri 3 3940 2944 671 1247 427 89 123 20 595 456 398 1.63 0.78 0 3.33 guentheri 9 M 3831 2843 655 1240 341 84 126 13 503 396 300 2.30 0.60 0 3.26 guentheri 9 m 277 207 521 809 225 63 99 — 245 204 173 2.86 0.54 — — guentheri 9 m 293 203 533 860 242 56 105 — 269 244 200 2.79 0.69 — — obscurus 4000 g. California species . E. obscurus n. sp. 4. Forewing relatively long, around 3400 g\ pterostigma relatively very long, FW/P = approx. 3.27-3.37. BR well developed, with 6-9 setae. E. pcdlidus Jentsch Forewings shorter, <3300 g\ pterostigma relatively shorter, FW/ P = 3.47-3.64. BR with 3-5 setae. 5 5. Abdomen dorsally before clunium pale yellowish white. Forewings generally <3000 p . E. occidentalis Banks Abdomen at least slightly dark pigmented on terga 3-6. Forewings generally >3100 g . E. westwoodi McFachian 258 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 6 . Micropterous. Abdomen almost uniformly reddish brown dorsally and laterally with only very narrow pale intersegmental areas . E. guentheri n. sp. Macropterous. Abdominal coloration not as above . 7 7. Second valvula lacking a minute process on median margin. Ab¬ dominal terga, at least in well colored individuals, with broad transverse bands of reddish brown or dark brown interrupted on dorsal midline of most segments (Figs. 31, 32) .. 8 Second valvula with a minute process on or near median margin (Figs. 3, 8 , 15, 21). Abdominal terga never with broad pigmented segmental bands. 9 8 . Pterostigma medium to dark brown; veins in basal half of forewing brown bordered. Vertex of head pale except for dark brown band along median ecdysial line and dark brown field of spots bordering each eye medially . E. obscurus n. sp. Forewing at most with faint reddish brown wash; no veins bor¬ dered in brown; pterostigma not darker than rest of membrane. Vertex of head uniformly reddish brown. E. guentheri n. sp. 9. Head dark brown except for four pale spots on frons: two on each side between ocelli and antennal base (Fig. 2). Pterostigma gen¬ erally dark brown throughout. Parthenogenetic species . • * •. E. hyalinus (Stephens) Head with more extensive pale areas than described above. Ptero¬ stigma medium brown throughout or dark brown in distal two- thirds, pale brown in basal third, or pale throughout. 10 10. Head with a brown band, sometimes faint, from compound eye through antennal base to clypeus. A pigment spot bordering veins across middle of fore wing (extending to basal fourth of wing in E. westwoodi). Vein Cu la of forewing with broad brown border. . j I Head uniformly pale in region from compound eye to antennal base to clypeus. Forewing lacking distinct pigment spots except for slight pigmentation in some specimens in pterostigma around its distal and posterior margins; forewing generally with yellow¬ ish brown wash, the intensity deepening somewhat along veins in middle of wing.... E. pallidus Jentsch 11 . Abdominal terga uniformly pale yellowish white, at most with a narrow transverse brown spot on each of terga 6 - 8 . Brown spot in middle of forewing restricted to vein borders. ’ ’' *. E. occidentalis Banks Abdominal terga 3-6 dark purple; terga preceding and following these pale yellow. Brown spot in middle of forewing extending to basal fourth of wing... g westwoodi McLachlan VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 259 Acknowledgments The following individuals have collected material included in this study: Mr. S. I. Frommer, Mr. F. Hill, Dr. G. H. Nelson, Dr. J. Pinto, Dr. R. B. Root, the late Dr. H. H. Ross, Mr. R. C. Rounds, and Dr. G. G. E. Scudder. My collecting in Washington and Oregon in the summer of 1963 was sup¬ ported by a National Science Foundation grant to Illinois State University N'SFG 19263). Ms. Marilyn Pearce of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, arranged the loan of types of Elipsocus occidentals Banks. To these individuals and institutions I express my sincere thanks. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1974. Ammendments to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature adopted since the XVI International Congress of Zoology, Washington, 1963. Bull. Zool. Nomen., 31:77-89. Badonnel, A. 1943. Psocopteres. Faune de France, 42:1-164. Banks, N. 1907a. New Trichoptera and Psocidae. J. New York Entomol. Soc., 15:162-166. Banks, N. 1907b. Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except Odonata) of the United States. Pp. I -53. American Entomol. Soc., Philadelphia. Giinther, K. K. 1974. Staublause, Psocoptera. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 61:1-314. Hagen, H. A. 1866. Psocidorum et Embidinorum Synopsis Synonymica. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 16:201-222. Jentsch, S. 1938. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Uberordnung Psocoidea. 3. Zur Copeo- gnathenfauna Nordwestfalens. Abh. Landesmus. Prov. Westf., 9:1-42. Kimmins, D. E. 1941. Notes on British Psocoptera.—I. Elipsocus hyalinus (Steph.), and its allies. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 11, vol. 7:520-530. Me Lachlan, R. 1867. A monograph of the British Psocidae. Entomol. Mon. Mag., 3:177-181, 194-197, 226-231, 241-245, 270-276, pi. II. Roesler, R. 1944. Die Gattungen der Copeognathen. Stett. Entomol. Z., 105:117-166. Smithers, C. N. 1967. A catalogue of the Psocoptera of the world. Australian Zool., 14:1- 145. Stephens, F. 1836. Illustrations of British entomology, or synopsis of indigenous insects, etc., Part 6:115-129. London. Footnotes ! Contribution No. 463, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Depart¬ ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida, 32602. ' Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agri¬ culture and Consumer Services, Gainesville. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 260-264 NEW CALIFORNIA HYPERASPIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) Willard H. Nutting 5616 Estates Drive, Oakland, California 94618 This paper is based on a portion of a doctoral dissertation prepared by Ali A. El-Ali, while a student at the University of California, entitled “A Biosystematic Study of Hyperaspini of California with Emphasis on the Immature Stages.” The dissertation was written under the direction of Dr. Kenneth S. Elagen of the Department of Biological Control, University of California, Albany, California. Plans for publication of the results of this thesis were terminated by El-Ali’s death in 1977, and Dr. Hagen has en¬ couraged me to publish at least a portion of the data. El-Ali dealt with a number of subjects in his study, including a key to the California species of Hyperaspis, descriptions of a number of immatures, a review of the classification system of the tribe Hyperaspini, a study of certain biological attributes of species of Hyperaspis, suggested modifica¬ tions in the groupings of United States Hyperaspis proposed by Dobzhansky (1941) and Watson (1969), and designation of four new species and one new subspecies of Hyperaspis found in California. The present paper deals with the new species only, but it is expected that additional results of El-Ali’s work will be published at a later time. The author is deeply appreciative of Dr. Hagen’s encouragement and of his assistance in the preparation of this paper. In his thesis El-Ali designated four new species and one new subspecies (which is not treated here). The names he proposed are retained, with the exception of H. hageni. Dr. Hagen has requested that this species be named for El-Ali, and I am privileged to do so. Type labels prepared by El-Ali have not been removed from the specimens; however, labels designating Holotypes and Allotypes have been stricken and new labels supplied. As indicated, paratypes have been placed in the following collections: CAS—California Academy of Sciences; USNM—United States National Museum; UCA—University of California-Albany; UCR—University of California-Riverside; WHN—W. H. Nutting. Hyperaspis longicoxitis, new species Broadly oval, strongly convex, each elytron with five distinct separate yellow spots (Figs. 1, 2). In males and females face yellow. In males labrum and mesepimeron yellow; in females, brown. Pronotum in females with a VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 261 Figs. 1-6. Hyperaspis longicoxitis, n. sp. Fig. 1, lateral view. Fig. 2, dorsal view. Fig. 3, tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 4, tegmen, lateral view. Fig. 5, tip of sipho. Fig. 6. siphonal capsule. Figs. 7-12.—Hyperaspis elali, n. sp. Fig. 7, lateral view. Fig. 8, dorsal view. Fig. 9, tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 10, tegmen, lateral view. Fig. 11, tip of sipho. Fig. 12. siphonal capsule. Figs. 13-18.—Hyperaspis querquesi, n. sp. Fig. 13, lateral view. Fig. 14, dorsal view. Fig. 15, tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 16, tegmen, lateral view. Fig. 17, tip of sipho. Fig. 18. siphonal capsule. Figs. 19-24.—Hyperaspis mckenziei, n. sp. Fig. 19, lateral view. Fig. 20, dorsal view. Fig. 21, tegmen, ventral view. Fig. 22, tegmen, lateral view. Fig. 23, tip of sipho. Fig. 24. siphonal capsule. 262 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST pair of lateral vittae as wide as long. Antennae 11-segmented (6 funicle segments). Male genitalia (Figs. 3, 4) with median lobe evenly rounded apically, shorter than parameres; parameres spoon-shaped; tip of sipho (Fig. 5) enlarged, membranous, truncate apically; siphonal capsule (Fig. 6) with outer arm longer than inner arm. Female genitalia with coxites elongated, distinctly more than three times longer than wide, and with distinct styli bearing two long setae on each. Length 2.9 mm, width 2.2 mm. Holotype .—Male. Jacumba, San Diego County, California, June 1955. D. C. Lloyd collector. (CAS). Allotype .—Female. Same data. (CAS). Paratypes .—Total 14 (8 males and 6 females). Same data as holotype. (CAS), (USNM), (UCR), (WHN). This species is unique among the Hyperaspis found in America north of Mexico in that the female coxites are narrow and elongated, not transverse as in the other groups in Hyperaspis. Also, the elytral pattern differs from that of any other species in our fauna. Species with similar characteristics do occur in Central and South America. The color pattern in this group, although usually consisting of five pairs of yellow spots on black elytra, sometimes consists of black spots on yellow elytra. The modification in the female coxite could be connected with certain biological attributes. For example, H. notata Mulsant, which belongs in this group, is a red scale feeder. Hyperaspis elali, new species Elongate oval (somewhat acuminate at apexU somewhat depressed, each elytron with a longitudinally oval apical spot (suggesting a remnant of a discal vitta), definitely closer to suture than to margin, and a midmarginal spot two times as long as wide, located between V 2 to 3 A the length of the lateral margin, a trace of a marginal vitta extending apically (Figs. 7, 8). Lateral vittae on sides of pronotum slightly produced on anterior margin, distinctly narrowed posterially. Antennae 10-segmented (5 funicle seg¬ ments). Male genitalia (Figs. 9, 10) with median lobe broad throughout, about as long as parameres, with subtruncate apex, convex side clearly bisinuate, forming two angulations, one acute at apical fourth, the other about at midmargin; tip of sipho (Fig. 11) with membranous part swollen in a semicircular shape at outer side; siphonal capsule (Fig. 12) with inner arm about as long as outer arm. Length 2.4-2.5 mm, width 1.6-1.7 mm. Holotype .—Male. Yosemite National Park, Tuolumne County, Califor¬ nia, February 5, 1955. R. Schuster collector. (CAS). Allotype .—Female. Eagle Peak Meadows, Alt 7050 ft, Tuolumne County, California, June 2, 1931. E. O. Essig collector. (CAS). Paratypes .—Total 4 (2 males and 2 females). Lyell Canyon, Tuolumne County, California, August 8, 1935. Collector unknown. (CAS), (USNM), (WHN). VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 263 This species has been found only in a limited area in or immediately adjacent to Yosemite National Park. In addition to the specimens noted above, H. elali has been collected on willow in the Hall Natural Area, a few miles northwest of Tioga Pass (at the eastern border of the Park), at an elevation in excess of 3050 meters (10,000 feet). H. elali belongs in the Annexa Group as defined by Dobzhansky (1941). In addition to differences in maculation, the male genitalia exhibit obvious differences. H. annexa Leconte has the median lobe as long as or longer than the parameres, evenly narrowing toward apex. H. quadrivittata Le¬ conte has the median lobe clearly shorter than the parameres, angulated at apical third of the sclerotized side. H. oregona Dobzhansky has the median lobe longer than the parameres, sides more or less parallel, apex slightly bent, angulation feeble. H. elali has a superficial resemblance to H. querquesi, n. sp. (which, however, belongs in the Postica Group) except that the apical spot of H. elali looks like a remnant of a discal vitta, definitely closer to the suture than to the margin. The apical spot of H. querquesi is transversely oval, not a remnant of a discal vitta, and definitely closer to the margin than to the suture. Hyperaspis querquesi, new species Elliptical, each elytron with a transversally oval apical spot and a narrow midmarginal spot, apical spot twice as far from suture as from lateral margin (Figs. 13, 14). Anterior margin of pronotum in males black. Antennae 10- segmented (5 funicle segments). Male genitalia (Figs. 15, 16) with median lobe somewhat shorter than parameres; apex slightly produced on one side, sides parallel with slight angulation at about midmargin of convex side; tip of sipho (Fig. 17) with membranous part not expanded, but open; siphonal capsule (Fig. 18) with outer arm twice as wide as, but shorter than inner arm. Length 2.6-2.9 mm, width 1.9-2.1 mm. Holotype .—Male. Bird Observation Station, Marin County, California, November 14, 1970, collected on Quercus agrifola. Ali A. El-Ali collector. (Cas). Allotype .—Female. Same data. (CAS). Paratypes .—Total 21 (10 males and 11 females). Same collecting data as type, except reared on Phenacoccus solani at Albany, California. (CAS), (USNM), (UCA), (WHN). In addition to the specimens noted above, one female specimen from San Antonio Valley, Santa Clara County, California, collected by W. F. Barr, probably belongs here. It has not been designated as a paratype, however. This species belongs in the Postica Group (which, however, should prob¬ ably be redefined and broadened, rather than limited as in Dobzhansky (1941)). The related species can be separated by the elytral markings as well 264 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST as by comparison of the male genitalia. Both H. postica Leconte and H. quadrioculata Motschulsky lack the strong angulation at convex side of the median lobe. In H. oculaticauda Casey the median lobe is subtruncate and relatively narrow at apex. In H. arizonica Dobzhansky the median lobe narrows evenly apically, with the tip broadly pointed. In addition, differ¬ ences will be observed in the form of the siphonal capsules of these species. Hyperaspis mckenziei, new species Broadly oval, moderately convex, each elytron with a discal spot, more than two times as far from the margin as from the suture, rounded, and apical spot, transversely oval, more than two times as far from the suture as from the margin; spots not connected (Figs. 19, 20). Face with hair above epistomal ridge. Antennae 11-segmented (6 funicle segments). Male genitalia (Figs. 21, 22) with median lobe shorter than parameres, strongly angulated at convex side; parameres spoon-shaped, not constricted at apical third; tip of sipho (Fig. 23) slightly enlarged preapically, divergent apically with few membranous folds; siphonal capsule (Fig. 24) with arms about equal in length. Length 2.1-2.3 mm, width 1.7—1.8 mm. Holotype .—Male. Palm Springs (near Palm Canyon), Riverside County, California, December 31, 1934, collected on Encelia farinosa. H. L. Mc¬ Kenzie collector. (CAS). Allotype .—Female. Same data. (CAS). Paratypes. —Total 4 (1 male and 3 females). Same data as type. (CAS), (USNM), (WHN). This species was named for its collector by El-Ali, and I am pleased to carry out his wishes. This species differs from most other 4-spotted species in that the discal spots are closer to the suture than are the apical ones. It bears a superficial resemblance to H. rotunda Casey. However, H. rotunda is a larger insect with relatively larger elytral spots; and the shape of the median lobe of the male genitalia is different, with the tip subtruncate in H. mckenziei. Literature Cited Dobzhansky, Th. 1941. Beetles of the Genus Hyperaspis Inhabiting the United States. Smith¬ sonian Misc. Coll., 101(6). Watson, W. Y. 1969. Three new Species of Hyperaspis from Eastern North America (Co- leoptera; Coccinellidae). Michigan Entomol., 1(10). PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 265-267 A NEW SPECIES OF ECHINISCUS FROM CALIFORNIA (TARDIGRADA: ECHINISCIDAE) Robert O. Schuster, Albert A. Grigarick and Elizabeth C. Toftner 1 Department of Entomology and department of Genetics, University of California, Davis 95616 The tardigrade species Echiniscus (E.) oihonnae Richters was reported to occur in California (Schuster and Grigarick, 1965) based on specimens incorrectly determined at that time. Comparisons of specimens from Cali¬ fornia with recent acquisitions of E. oihonnae from European localities have brought this error to our attention, and we propose the following name for the species that we formerly considered to be E. oihonnae. Echiniscus (Echiniscus) laterculus, new species (Figs. 1-5) Echiniscus ( Echiniscus ) oihonnae, Schuster and Grigarick (not Richters, 1904), 1965, Univ. of California Pub. in Zoology 76:53-54; Grigarick, Schuster and Toftner, 1975, Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol., 32 Suppl. 133-151; Schuster, Grigarick and Toftner, ibid. 346, 362, 365. Holotype. —Adult female. Length excluding legs IV 440 ^m. Dorsal plates as shown by Fig. 2; sculpture of dorsal cuticle (Fig. 1) weak on anterior halves of plate pairs C and D, anterior half of median II and posterior margin of median III, absent between plates. Ventrally, two jugular plates distinctly granulate (Fig. 3). Head with internal buccal cirrus 25 pan long; external buccal cirrus 40 pun long; buccal papilla 10 pan long located near external cirrus. Lateral filament lengths (approx.) A 130 ptm, C 200 pan, D 180 pan, E 130 pan. Dorsomedian and dorsolateral spines 9 pan or less. Dorsal surface leg IV minutely sculptured; fringe of 6 or 7 teeth (Fig. 5). Leg I with spine; leg IV with small papilla. Inner claws of legs I-IV with basally directed spur; outer claws of legs I—III simple, leg IV with small distally directed spur (Fig. 4). Type series .—Holotype female. Riverton, El Dorado Co., California, II- 1-1974, E. C. Toftner, R. O. Schuster. Deposited with the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California. Paratypes, 150 specimens including larvae, juveniles and adults, all from the same locality with slides labeled as: Nr. Riverton (some with P. G. & E. Falls or P. G. & E. waterfall) El Dorado Co., III-7-1963 or 1965, R. O. Schuster; Riverton, 266 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 1-5. Echiniscus (. E .) laterculus Schuster, Grigarick and Toftner, new species. Fig. 1. Detail of dorsal sculpture. Fig. 2. Dorsal aspect. Fig. 3. Ventral surface of head, jugular plates stippled. Fig. 4. Inner and outer claws of leg IV. Fig. 5. Fringe of leg IV. El Dorado Co., XI-5-1973, R. O. Schuster, E. C. Toftner; Riverton, El Dorado Co., II-1-1974, E. C. Toftner, R. O. Schuster. These specimens were removed from the mosses Hypnum subimpoens Lesq., Anocolia men- ziesii (Turner) Paris, and Scler op odium touretii (Brid.) L. Koch. Etymology. —Latin m. dim., little tiles, for the regular pattern of the dorsal plates. Discussion.— Information on the morphogenesis of this species (Grigar¬ ick, Schuster and Toftner, 1975) has been published with the name E. oi- honnae. By use of the keys in Ramazzotti (1972) E. laterculus can be determined as E. clavisetosus Mihelcic if the ventral plating is apparent or as E. oi- honnae if the plating is not detected. A relationship to E. clavisetosus is VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 267 indicated by the ventral plating and type of cuticular sculpture. The general appearance of E. clavisetosus differs markedly by the presence of filaments B and C rt and by the absence of filament E. Ramazzotti’s key discriminates E. oihonnae in two species groups depending on whether there are lateral filaments in three or four positions additional to the scapular filament. All of the specimens from Europe that we have examined possess filament B, i.e., have lateral filaments in four positions. Filament B is consistently ab¬ sent from E. Iciterculus. Another, perhaps more important, difference is in the nature of the cuticular sculpture. The polygons apparent for E. oihonnae are of uniform density whereas those of E. laterculus have a central pore surrounded by many dark granules (Fig. 1). Echiniscus oihonnae was questionably listed for the fauna of Canada (Murray, 1910). The figure provided by Murray doesn’t agree with the de¬ scription or other figures of E. oihonnae. Riggin (1962) included the species in a key to Echiniscus for the United States without indicating a specific locality or whether or not specimens were seen. The absence of E. oihonnae from later surveys indicates that the species doesn’t occur in North Amer¬ ica. Literature Cited Grigarick, A. A., R. O. Schuster, and E. C. Toftner. 1975. Morphogenesis of two species of Echiniscus. Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol., 32 Suppl.: 133—151. Murray, J. 1910. British Antarctic Expedition 1907-9. Tardigrada, 1(5):83—185. Ramazzotti, G. 1972. II Phylum Tardigrada. Seconda edizioni aggiornata Mem. 1st. Ital. Id¬ robiol. 28: 732 pp. Richters, F. 1904. Arktische Tardigraden. Fauna Arctica, 3:493-508. Riggin, T. G., Jr. 1962. Tardigrada of Southwest Virginia: With the addition of a new marine species from Florida. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull., 152:1-145. Schuster, R. O., and A. A. Grigarick. 1965. Tardigrada from western North America with emphasis on the fauna of California. Univ. of Calif. Pub. in Zoology, 76:1-67. Schuster, R. O., A. A. Grigarick, and E. C. Toftner. 1975. Ultrastructure of tardigrade cuticle. Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol., 32 Suppl.:337-375. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 268-272 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HATCHING OF TIPULA SIMPLEX EGGS (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE) Margaret J. Hartman Department of Biology, California State University, Los Angeles 90032 AND C. Dennis Hynes Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo 93407 The range crane fly, Tipula simplex, is a univoltine species found in the unirrigated pastures in the Central Valley of California. The eggs undergo a summer dormancy, and hatch in the late fall. The larvae feed on grass roots or cow manure. In most years, density ranges from <1-300 larvae/m 2 , with no measureable effect on forage production. In outbreak years, the density reaches or exceeds 3000 larvae/m 2 . At this density, the larvae de¬ nude the hills of all forage (Doane, 1908; Alexander, 1967; Hartman and Hynes, 1977). These periodic high densities could be the result of extremely high fecun¬ dity of the spring females, differential hatching success of the eggs, and/or differential mortality of the early instar larvae. Preliminary investigations indicated that fall hatches would occur if eggs were dried after they were oviposited, maintained at a long photoperiod in the summer, placed in a short photoperiod in September, and then mois¬ tened for two weeks, dried for one week, and then remoistened (Hartman and Hynes, 1977). Here we report on the effect of photoperiod, summer temperature, winter temperature, length of first drying, length of first mois¬ tening, and length of second drying on the hatching success of Tipula sim¬ plex. Materials and Methods Tipula simplex eggs were collected in the field in Tulare County, Califor¬ nia. One hundred ml plastic cups were buried up to the lip, and were par¬ tially filled with moist sand. Females would fall into the cups, and since they are wingless, were trapped. Males would fly into the cups and copulate with the females, then leave. The females would oviposit in the moist sand. The sand was dried and sifted to separate out the eggs. Fifteen thousand, two hundred eggs were counted into groups of 100 and stored dry in glass VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 269 Table 1. Effect of photoperiod on percent hatch. # of eggs Month of moistening Photoperiod Mean % hatch 400 October 10L: 14D 58.4 a 400 October 12L: 12D 62.0 a 400 October 14L: 10D 35.5 b 400 October 16L:8D 0 c Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < .05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. petri dishes at 25°C at 16L:8D photoperiod. When hatching was to be in¬ duced, 100 eggs were transferred onto a piece of filter paper in a water-tight container 9 cm in diameter. The filter paper was moistened with 1.6 ml of distilled water and placed at 15°C at a 10L:14D photoperiod (light phase = 0.76 lux). After two weeks, the lids were removed for one day, allowing the paper to dry. After one week, the paper was remoistened with 1.6 ml of distilled water and the lid was replaced. Hatches were counted twice week¬ ly. Four replicates were used for each test. All tests were performed in the manner described except where specifically stated otherwise. To determine the effect of photoperiod, the eggs were dried until October, and when moistened, were placed at 10L:14D; 12L:12D; 14L:10D; 16L:8B, dried, and remoistened. To determine the effect of length of first drying, the eggs were first mois¬ tened 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 months after oviposition. To determine the effect of summer temperature, eggs were placed in one of the following temperatures (degrees Celsius) in June and held there until September: 25°; 35°; 45°; 35° day/20° night; 45° day/20° night; 55° day/35° night. In only this experiment, the eggs were left in sand until September. To determine the effect of fall temperature, eggs were held until Septem¬ ber, then subjected to one of the following temperatures (° Celsius): 35°; 25°; 15°; 5°; 30° day/15° night; 25° day/15° night; 15° day/5° night. To determine the effect of the length of the first moistening, eggs were held until October, then moistened for 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 or 28 days, then dried for 7 days, then remoistened. To determine the effect of the length of the second drying, eggs were held until October, then moistened for two weeks, then dried for 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 or 28 days, then remoistened. Results and Discussion Photoperiod .—Results are shown in Table 1. A scotophase of 12 or 14 hours allows maximum hatching; under a scotophase of 8 hours eggs will 270 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Table 2. Effect of length of first drying on percent hatch. # of eggs Month of moistening Photoperiod Mean % hatch S.E. 400 April 10L: 14D 0 c 0 400 May 10L: 14D 0 c 0 400 June 10L: 14D 0 c 0 400 July 10L: 14D 0 c 0 400 August 10L: 14D 29.0 b 2.3 400 September 10L: 14D 38.0 b 3.0 400 October 10L: 14D 58.4 a 2.0 400 November 10L: 14D 60.0 a 1.9 400 December 10L: 14D 30.0 b 3.7 400 January 10L: 14D 29.0 b 2.1 400 February 10L: 14D 0 c 0 Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < .05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. not hatch. With a 10 hour scotophase the eggs have a significant hatch rate, but this rate is reduced significantly from that observed under a longer scotophase. Length of first drying .—As can be seen in Table 2, August is the earliest time at which the eggs hatched, even though the photoperiod is artificially decreased as early as April. Hatching can be induced anytime from August through January, but those which are exposed to water in October and November have a significantly greater hatching rate than those exposed either earlier or later. Summer temperatures .—Results are shown in Table 3. Lower summer temperatures give a significantly higher hatching rate, indicating that high temperature is a definite stress on the eggs. Although the highest hatching success occurs in the lowest temperature tested (25°C), we did not test lower Table 3. Effect of summer temperature on percent hatch. # of eggs Summer temperature Month of moistening % Hatch S.E. 400 25° September 37.8% a 3.0 400 35720° September 25.3% b 4.2 400 35° September 12.2% c 3.7 400 45° September 0 d 0 400 45720° September 0 d 0 400 55735° September 0 d 0 Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < .05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 271 Table 4. Effect of fall temperature on percent hatch. Fall # of eggs temperature Time % Hatch S.E. 400 15° September 39.0 a 6.1 400 1575° September 20.5 b 3.8 400 25715° September 19.8 b 0.1 400 5° September 16.0 b 1.0 400 35° September 2.5 c 0.3 400 25° September 0.8 c 0.1 400 30715° September 0 c 0 Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < .05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. summer temperatures, because 25°C was already 15°C or more below the temperatures occurring in the field during summer days. Fall temperatures .—Results are shown in Table 4. A constant tempera¬ ture of 15°C provides significantly higher hatch success than any other test temperature. Constant temperatures higher than 15° are very poor at induc¬ ing hatching. An intermediate level of hatches occurs when daytime tem¬ perature is as high as 25° if nighttime temperature is 15°, or when nighttime temperature is 5°. Length of first moistening .—Length of first moistening from 4 to 28 days has no significant effect on the hatching success. Per cent hatch ranges from 42.3 to 51.8 (not significant at P < 0.05 according to the Duncan Multiple Range Test). Length of second drought .—Results are shown in Table 5. A second drying period of at least one week gives maximal hatch. Outbreak versus nonoutbreak years .—If the hatching success is a major factor in causing outbreaks, we should find that outbreak years differ from Table 5. Effect of length of second drought on percent hatch. Length of # of eggs time (days) Time % Hatch S.E. 400 7 October 51.8 a 5.3 400 14 October 50.8 a 4.6 400 21 October 42.9 ab 4.2 400 28 October 35.2 b 6.7 400 10 October 34.6 b 6.0 400 3 October 34.5 b 2.8 400 0 October 6.4 c 1.5 Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different {P < .05) according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. 272 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST nonoutbreak years by the following criteria: summer temperatures should be cooler, fall temperatures should be closer to 15°C, and/or the first rainfall should be closer to October and November. There should be a definite break between the first set and second set of rains which will allow the fields to dry out, although the amount of rain in the first set and the amount of time between the first and second set should not be important. Tulare County has had devastating crane fly outbreaks in the winters of 1960-1961, 1966-1967, and 1972-1973. We compared the weather for out¬ break and nonoutbreak years, using data collected by the U.S. Weather Bureau from 1960-1976 in Lindsey, Tulare County. Neither summer nor winter temperatures are statistically different in outbreak and nonoutbreak years, assuming that no significant difference between air temperatures in any two years translates to no significant difference between soil tempera¬ tures in those two years. Neither October nor November average temper¬ atures in outbreak years are significantly different from nonoutbreak years. In every year there is a definite break between first rainfall in September (rarely October) and later rains in October or November which, on the average, start in late October (Table 6). Conclusions Hatching can be induced in Tipula simplex eggs between August and January, but hatching success is greatest in October and November. The presence of a second drying period after an early fall rain is essential. Higher hatching success occurs under cooler summer temperatures, and under moderate (15°C) fall temperatures, rather than under very warm or very cold temperatures. However, in Tulare County the October and November temperatures and the time of the second rainfall do not vary significantly between outbreak and nonoutbreak years. We must conclude that some other factors, such as larval survival or female fecundity, is responsible for the extremely high densities which occur about once every six years. Literature Cited Alexander, C. P. 1967. The crane flies of California (Series: Bull. Calif. Insect Survey #8). U.C. Press, Berkeley, 269 p. Doane, R. W. 1908. A remarkable outbreak of Tipula larvae. Entomol. News., 19:437-438. Hartman, M. J., and C. D. Hynes. 1977. The biology of the range crane fly, Tipula simplex (Diptera: Tipulidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 53:118-123. Footnote 1 The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Boston Land Company and the Tulare County Agricultural Commission. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 273-276 THE NEARCTIC TRICHOMYIINAE (DIPTERA, PSYCHODIDAE) Rudiger Wagner Limnologische FluBstation des M.P.I. fur Limnologie, Schlitz (Federal Republic of Germany) While examining the type-specimens of the Nearctic species of the genus Trichomyia Haliday it became evident that, in addition to T. nuda (Dyar), T. wirthi Quate and T. sequoiae Quate, there is an undescibed species, which has been overlooked by Quate (1955). The drawings of his study simplify the complicated construction of the genitalia and the features most important for species-distinction were not taken into account. It is therefore the purpose of this short paper to point out the decisive differences of the genitalia of the species mentioned above and of the new species. I want to thank Dr. Paul H. Arnaud Jr. (California Academy of Sciences, CAS) and Dr. Christian Thompson (U.S. National Museum, Washington D.C., USNM) for the loan of specimens. Trichomyia nuda (Dyar) (Figs. 1-2) Material examined. — 4 S, Fields Church, Va Holmes Run, 6-VI-1961, 15- VI-1961, 1-VII-1961, 2-IX-1961 (all W. W. Wirth, light trap) 1 6, “Mamina” nuda Dyar Md 2246 (all in the USNM) 1 S , Buffalo N.Y. VI. 15.09 Me Van Duzee; 1 6 Gowanda N.Y. VI. 14.12 Me Van Duzee; 1 9 East Aurora N.Y. VI.22.12 Me Van Duzee (all specimens in CAS). Description. —For a general description and the measurements refer to Quate (1955, p. 117-119). Genitalia .—Dististyle slightly curved and a little longer than basistyle. 9th sternite with 3 distal prolongations, the middle one shorter and rounded, the lateral pair thinner, with their tips bent outward. The basal part of the aedeagus consists of an apodeme and of 2 gonoducts, which fuse immedi¬ ately before their entrance into the seminal pump at the distal end of the apodeme. The distal part of the aedeagus consists of a thin plate and mor¬ phologically below it there is the intromitting part of the penis. Morpholog¬ ically above the plate the 2 inner dorsal apodemes of the basistyles, which seem to support the aedeagus, join and form a small bridge. 9th tergite normal with 2 hirsute cerci. 274 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 1-5. Figs. 1-2, Trichomyia nuda (Dyar): 1, styles, aedeagus and ventral bridge 2, 9th tergite and cerci with the apodeme of the basistyles. Fig. 3, trichomyia sequoiae Quate: styles, aedeagus and ventral bridge. Fig. 4, trichomyia californica n. sp.: styles, aedeagus and ventral bridge. Fig. 5, trichomyia wirthi Quate: styles and aedeagus. Trichomyia sequoiae Quate (Fig. 3) Material examined .—Holotype (d) Orick, Humboldt Co., California 3-VII-50 (L. W. Quate); allotype ($) same data, both specimens in CAS. Paratype (d) same data as holotype, in USNM. Description .—For a general description and measurements of antenna, palp and wing refer to Quate (1955, p. 120). Genitalia .—Basistyles each with a ventral prolongation, which is ornated by strong setae, bearing an apical knob (most of the knobbed setae of the VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 275 holotype are broken, but they are visible in the paratype). Dorsally they are fused and ventrally joined by a rather thin sternal bridge. Basistyles basally with a small apodeme, distally near the articulation of the dististyles there are two prolongations, which are parts of the basistyles. The lateral prolon¬ gation slightly curved, the inner one strong with 4 or 5 setae. Dististyles bent medially with rounded tips. All these parts surround and protect the aedeagus, which is placed between them. Aedeagus consists of a basal apodeme, and 2 lateral gonoducts lead into the basal part of the character¬ istic vase-shaped seminal pump. The distal part of the seminal pump leads into a thinwalled sack, bearing 6 flattened spines on each side, the tips of the 2 stronger inner spines bent medially. Trichomyia californica, new species (Fig. 4) Material examined .—Holotype (d) Mill Valley, Marin Co., California 26- V-26 Me Van Duzee (Diaphone VIII 51 LWQ), wrongly associated paratype of Trichomyia sequoiae Quate. Holotype deposited in the CAS (CAS Ent. Type No. 13527). Description .—Vestitute similar to T. sequoiae. Head .—Eyes separated by a distance of 4 facet diameters. Scape larger than pedicel, flagellar segments elongate pyriform, each bearing 2 ascoids, which are twice as long as the segments. Palpus 3-segmented, first segment with a group of sensory rods in a circular depression, the following segments shorter than the first; ratio of segments 4-3-3. Thorax and abdomen without characteristic features. Wing length 2.7 mm. Genitalia .—Compared with T. sequoiae the ventral bridge is very strong. Basistyle of the same shape as in T. sequoiae, also with knobbed setae. There is only 1 appendage near the articulation of the dististyles, its shape is quadrangular with a lateral prolongation. The dististyles are long and slender and their tips are bent caudally. Gonoducts as in T. sequoiae, shape of seminal pump different, and in particular, its walls are much stronger. The thin distal sack is comparatively small and bears only 2 triangular plates on each side. Relations .—The new species is closely related to T. sequoiae Quate, but differs from it by the shape of the ventral bridge, the styles and the seminal pump. Furthermore, the thinwalled sack, which is much smaller in T. cal¬ ifornica n. sp., bears only 2 spines on each side instead of 6 in T. sequoiae. I assume the differences between these 2 species have been overlooked, because the thinwalled sack and its spines, which are poorly sclerotized, are nearly invisible. Another reason might be the small size of the genitalia. 276 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Trichomyia wirthi Quate (Fig. 5) Material examined .—Holotype (6) and allotype (9), both L. Worth Flo. l-VIII-51 (light trap W. W. Wirth) (specimens in the USNM). Description. —For a general description and the measurement refer to Quate (1955, p. 119). Genitalia .—Basistyle with a short apical prolongation ventrally, dististyle slender, its tip slightly bent medially. Apodeme of the aedeagus flattened horizontally with a hole in its base, which might represent the entrance of the gonoduct, because in Trichomyia brasilensis Satchell, which is similar in this respect, an annulated tube is attached to this perforation (the type from the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) has been examined). The distal part of the aedeagus consists only of 2 lateral lamellae surrounded by a thin membranous sack. Relations .—Concerning all known features of body, wing and genitalia, it is my opinion that there are no close relations of T. wirthi to any species of the now known Nearctic Trichomyiinae and to any other species of the genus Trichomyia. While the characteristics used to distinguish subgroups within Trichomyia (Duckhouse 1965, 1972, 1978) clearly place T. nuda (Dyar) into the “group A” (4-segmented palpus, shape of the styles etc.), T. sequoiae Quate and T. californica n. sp. fall into “group B” (3-segmented palpus, shape of the basistyles, articulation of the dististyles etc.). T. wirthi Quate does not seem to be a member of any of these groups, in view of the rather simple build of the aedeagus and gonoducts. Summary The genitalia of the four known species of Nearctic Trichomyiinae, T. nuda (Dyar), T. sequoiae Quate, T. californica n. sp. and T. wirthi Quate are described and figured. The placement of these species into subgroups of Trichomyia are briefly discussed. Literature Cited Duckhouse, D. A. 1965. Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera) of southern Australia, subfam¬ ilies Bruchomyiinae and Trichomyiinae. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 117 (11):329— 343. Duckhouse, D. A. 1972. Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera) of south Chile, subfamilies Sy- coracinae and Trichomyiinae. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 124 (3):231—268. Duckhouse, D. A. 1978. Taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of the genus Trichomyia (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Australia and New Guinea. Systematic Entomol., 3:197-243. Quate, L. W. 1955. A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America North of Mexico. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol., 10:103-273. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 277-282 NEW GENERA AND A NEW SPECIES OF NEW WORLD CLERIDAE (COLEOPTERA ) * 1 * 3 William F. Barr Department of Entomology, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow 83843 In preparing for the coverage of the Cleridae in the new Catalogue of North American Coleoptera it has become apparent that a number of generic name changes will be necessary before a satisfactory listing of the species can be accomplished. In this paper, which deals with several groups of the Enopliini, two new generic names are provided for two North American species and a North American genus formerly in synonymy is resurrected. Also, a new generic name is provided for some South American species, which in turn will now allow for a more realistic arrangement of another genus, several species of which occur in North America. Boschella, new genus Enopliini, Head subquadrate; eyes moderate in size, finely faceted, broadly, rather deeply emarginate behind antennal insertion; antenna (Figs. 1 and 2) 11-segmented, segment 1 enlarged, slightly less than twice as long as the subglobular segment 2, segments 3 and 4 somewhat elongate, seg¬ ments 5-8 compact, subglobose, segments 9-11 forming a loose club, segments 9 and 10 abruptly enlarged, subequal, elongate-triangular, somewhat flattened, male with apical angle of inner margin slightly pro¬ longed, acute, segment 11 elongate with apical half of inner margin slightly emarginate; maxillary palpus with last segment subcylindrical (Fig. 3), labial palpus with last segment elongate-triangular (Fig. 4). Pronotum (Fig. 5) convex, coarsely punctate, disk broadly flattened, usually with a faint lon¬ gitudinal ridge or tumescence on either side of middle; margins entire, lateral and hind margins slightly ridged; lateral margin rather abruptly, broadly expanded at middle; front and hind angles broadly rounded. Elytra elongate, subcylindrical, covering abdomen; surface coarsely, densely punctate, mostly serially arranged; epipleuron indistinct, narrow, extending to middle of elytron. Anterior coxal cavities broadly open behind, proepimeron nar¬ rowly triangular behind cavity, transversely extending to about outer hind cavity. Legs rather slender; fore tibia not serrate along front margin or apically toothed; tarsal segment 1 narrow, plantula distinct, segments 2 and 3 apically expanded with well developed, rounded plantula; pretarsal claws rather large, with a slight basal lobe (Fig. 6). Type of genus: Enoplium fas datum LeConte. 278 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 1-16. Figs. 1-6, Boschella : 1, antenna of male; 2, antenna of female; 3, maxillary palpus, last two segments; 4, labial palpus, last 2 segments; 5, outline of pronotum in dorsal view; 6, pretarsal claws. Figs. 7-11, Exochonotus : 7, antenna; 8, maxillary palpus, last two segments; 9, labial palpus, last two segments; 10, outline of pronotum in dorsal view; 11, pretarsal claws. Figs. 12-16, Parapelonides nigrescens Schaeffer: 12, antenna; 13, maxillary palpus, last two segments; 14, labial palpus, last two segments; 15, outline of pronotum in dorsal view; 16, pretarsal claws. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 279 Boschella is erected to receive the Californian species currently listed in Corporaal’s Catalogue of the Cleridae as Corinthiscus fasciatus (LeConte) and its synonym C. trilobatus (VanDyke). However, the affinities of this genus are not with Corinthiscus s.s., but rather with the Pelonium section of that genus and with the genus described here as Exochonotus. Boschella can be recognized by a combination of features which include the finely faceted eyes, the non-lobed first and second segments of the antennal club, the entire front margin of the fore tibia, the narrow and shortened elytral epipleura and differently shaped last segment of the maxillary and labial palpi. This genus is dedicated to a friend and colleague, the late Robert van den Bosch of the University of California who effectively carried the banner of Biological Control with dedication and forthrightness during his productive career. Exochonotus, new genus Enopliini, Head subquadrate; eyes moderate in size, coarsely faceted, broadly, moderately emarginate behind antennal insertion; antenna (Fig. 7) 11-segmented, segment 1 enlarged, slightly more than twice as long as sub- cylindrical segment 2, segments 3-8 filiform, segments 9-11 forming a loose club, segments 9 and 10 moderately enlarged, subequal, elongate-triangular, indistinctly flattened, segment 11 subovate to elongate in outline; maxillary palpus and labial palpus with last segment triangular (Figs. 8 and 9), max¬ illary palpus larger. Pronotum (Fig. 10) convex, coarsely punctate; disk subflattened or irregularly contoured; margins entire, lateral and hind margin slightly ridged; lateral margin angulately lobed at middle; front and hind angles subrectangular. Elytra elongate, subcylindrical, covering abdomen; surface coarsely, densely punctate, serially arranged; epipleuron distinct, narrow, extending from base to near apices. Anterior coxal cavities open behind, proepimeron narrowly triangular behind cavity, transversely ex¬ tending to midpoint of cavity. Legs rather slender; fore tibia not serrate along front margin or apically toothed; tarsal segment 1 narrow, plan tula distinct, segment 2 slightly wider, plantula distinct, segment 3 expanded, ovate, with plantula rounded apically; pretarsal claws rather large, with a slight basal tooth or a distinct basal lobe (Fig. 11). Type of genus: Lebasiella varipennis Spinola. In addition to the type species which is transferred from Cregya, Pelo¬ nium tuberculatum Pic and P. lobaticolle Lesne are included in Exochon¬ otus. They are transferred from Corinthiscus where they have been placed in Corporaal’s Catalogue. This genus which is restricted to South America shows similarities with Boschella in antennal structure, general body form, the entire front margin 280 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST of the front tibia and in the serially arranged punctation of the elytra. They differ in the form of the last segment of the maxillary and labial palpi, the nature of the elytral epipleura and in the size of the facets of the eyes. Exochonotus shows an intermediate condition with respect to the toothing of the pretarsal claws. A slight toothed condition exists on some specimens examined whereas the others have the claws basally lobed. Pelonides Kuwert Pelonides Kuwert, 1894, Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg. 38:8. This North American genus has been incorrectly associated with the South American genus Pyticara by several clerid workers over the years and most recently was listed as a synonym of that genus in Corporaal’s Catalogue of the Cleridae. After studying nearly all the type specimens of the assigned specimens, I can only conclude that Pelonides must be re¬ garded as a distinct genus and one that is not related to Pyticara. This is indicated by the antennae which are 10-segmented and have the first two segments of the club lobed in Pelonides and are 11 segmented and have the segments of the club parallel-sided in Pyticara. Also, the pretarsal claws are feebly lobed in Pelonides and basally toothed in Pyticara ; the front tibia has the anterior margin entire in Pelonides and serrate in Pyticara ; and the epipleura is weakly reflexed in Pelonides and strongly reflexed in Pyticara. The following names, as listed in Corporaal’s Catalogue under Pyticara, are recognized as belonging to Pelonides : 1. granulatipennis (Schaeffer) 2. humeralis (Horn) militaris (Chevrolat) perroudi (Pic) 3. quadripunctata (Say) quadrinotata (Haldeman) 4. scabripennis (LeConte) 5. similis Knull Parapelonides, new genus Enopliini, Head subquadrate; eyes small, finely faceted, deeply emargin- ate behind antennal insertion; antenna (Fig. 12) 10-segmented, segment 1 enlarged, twice as long as subglobular segment 2, segments 3-5 nearly fili¬ form, segments 6 and 7 shorter and slightly thicker, segments 8-10 forming a loose club, segments 8 and 9 abruptly enlarged, subequal, subflattened, subtriangular, segment 10 slightly longer than segment 9, narrowly ovate; maxillary and labial palpus with last segment subcylindrical (Figs. 13 and 14). Pronotum (Figs. 15 and 17) subovate in dorsal view, strongly convex; VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 281 Fig. 17. P. beckeri Barr, pronotum and elytra. margins entire, lateral and hind margins slightly ridged; lateral margin ar¬ cuate to slightly lobed at middle; front and hind angles broadly rounded. Elytra subovate, broadest behind middle, covering abdomen; coarsely punc¬ tate; epipleuron distinct, rather narrow, broadest below humeri, gradually narrowing to area of greatest elytral width near the apical fourth. Anterior coxal cavities narrowly open behind, proepimeron narrowly triangular be¬ hind cavity, transversely extending at least to midpoint of cavity. Legs rather slender; fore tibia not serrate along front margin or apically toothed; tarsal segment 1 narrowed, plantula inconspicuous, segments 2 and 3 api¬ cally expanded with well developed rounded plantula; pretarsal claws small with a slight basal lobe (Fig. 16). Type of genus: Enoplium nigrescens Schaeffer. Parapelonides is allied to Pelonides. The two genera are separated by the first and second segments of the antennal club being slightly triangular in Parapelonides and apically lobed in Pelonides, by the elytra being densely punctate in Parapelonides and entirely or in part granulose in Pelonides and by the pretarsal claws being conspicuously smaller in Parapelonides. The genus is represented by two species, P. nigrescens from southern Texas and adjacent Mexico which is transferred from Pyticara and the following undescribed species. Parapelonides beckeri, new species (Fig. 17) Female: Somewhat shining; yellow-orange, elytra with a pair of irregular black markings at base and a pair of transverse, black discal spots in front of middle, antennae and legs black except trochanters and basal half of upper and lower surfaces of fore femora yellowish. Head rather densely, 282 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST irregularly punctate, moderately clothed with short, suberect brown hairs; front broadly subdepressed at middle. Pronotum densely punctate laterally, less densely punctate medially, densely clothed with short, suberect brown hairs; lateral margins somewhat lobed at middle. Elytra with punctations serially arranged, rather coarse, deep, becoming obsolete at apical fourth, rather densely clothed with erect and suberect, short tawny hairs and with a few longer hairs at sides; lateral margins feebly bisinuate along apical fourth; apices broadly rounded. Ventral surface impunctate, indistinctly pubescent; metasternum strongly convex. Legs with femora impunctate, tibiae densely, irregularly punctate. Length : 4 mm, width 1.8 mm. Holotype, male (Canadian National Collection), from 12 mi west of Olan- chito, Honduras, Jan. 1949, E. C. Becker. Parapelonides beckeri, the second known species of the genus, is readily separated from the other, P. nigrescens, by several features. Most obvious with this new species the elytra have two pairs of dark spots rather than a pair of broad dark vittae; the elytral punctations are serially arranged rather than being irregularly and densely placed; the sides of the pronotum are slightly lobed at the middle rather than being evenly arcuate; and the middle and hind legs are mostly blackish rather than being distinctly bicolored. This species is named after the collector of the type specimen, Dr. Edward C. Becker, Curator of the Canadian National Collection, in acknowledgment of the many favors he has extended me over the years. Footnote 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as Research Paper No. 8061. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 283-288 LIFE HISTORY OF A FRUIT FLY, PROCECIDOCHARES SP., ON THE RAGWEED, AMBROSIA DUMOSA (GRAY) PAYNE, IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) J. Silverman and R. D. Goeden Dept, of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside 92521 One of several species of gallicolous, stenophagous insects associated with the native, perennial ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa, in southern Califor¬ nia (Goeden and Ricker, 1976a), this tephritid first was identified for us as Procecidochares stonei Blanc and Foote by F. L. Blanc (pers. commun.), based on what was known of this group at that time. Subsequently, R. H. Foote (pers. commun.) determined that it and a different species reared from stem galls on A. eriocentra (Gray) Payne (Goeden and Ricker, 1976b) are both undescribed Procecidochares. We herein describe the life history of the tephritid on A. dumosa, which we call Procecidochares sp. in antic¬ ipation that its taxonomy will be clarified elsewhere in the future. Little information otherwise is available on the biologies of California Proceci¬ dochares spp. (Foote and Blanc, 1963; Tauber and Tauber, 1968). Host-plant and distribution. —Separate Procecidochares spp. gall con¬ generic species of Compositae (Steyskal, 1974). Only 2 of the 9 species of Ambrosia (subtribe Ambrosiinae) native to southern California host Pro¬ cecidochares spp. (Goeden and Ricker, 1974a, 1974b, 1975, 1976a, 1976b, 1977c). And yet, P. stonei reportedly has been reared from Viguirea laci- nata Gray (Foote and Blanc, 1963) and Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook¬ er) Nuttall (Tauber and Tauber, 1968), host-plants belonging to a different subtribe (Verbesininae) and tribe (Astereae) of Compositae (Munz and Keck, 1957), respectively. It is unlikely that these Compositae are galled by a single species of tephritid, P. stonei. Galls characteristic of Procecidochares sp. were observed on A. dumosa at the following locations in southern California: Imperial Co.—Durmid, Niland, Ocotillo; Los Angeles Co.—Llano; Riverside Co.—Desert Center, Mecca, Palm Springs; San Bernardino Co.—Amboy, Apple Valley, Clarks Pass, Twentynine Palms, Yucca Valley; San Diego Co.—Borrego Springs. Biology. —Field data reported herein were obtained at a study site located 8 km northwest of Palm Springs, where a large population of this tephritid had been detected by Goeden and Ricker (1976a). Laboratory and insectary studies were conducted at Riverside. Insectary conditions were 27 ± 1°C, 40-70% relative humidity, and a 12/12-hr (light/dark) photoperiod. 284 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Egg. —The egg is elongate-ellipsoidal, translucent white, and tapers at its micropylar end to a pedicel. Mean (±S.D.) measurements of 31 eggs were: egg body length, 0.38 ± 0.06 mm; greatest width, 0.17 ± 0.06 mm; and pedicel length, 0.10 ± 0.02 mm. Eggs were inserted, cephalic pole first, between the unexpanded, young leaves of axillary and terminal buds. Usually 1 (rarely 2) egg per bud was found in field samples, but as many as 17 eggs were recovered from a single axillary bud in insectary cagings. In the field, most oviposition occurred in axillary buds located 3-20 cm from the apex of the current season’s branch growth. The incubation period was 7-8 days. Larva. —There are 3 larval instars. Twenty-two, 10, and 26 first through third instars averaged 0.16 ± 0.03 mm, 1.09 ± 0.25 mm, and 3.17 ± 0.50 mm in length, respectively; 0.10 ± 0.01 mm, 0.46 ± 0.06 mm, and 1.39 ± 0.28 mm in greatest width, respectively. The cephalopharyngeal skeletons of these 3 instars averaged 0.08 ± 0.01 mm, 0.15 ± 0.03 mm, and 0.27 ± 0.05 mm in length and 0.04 ± 0.01 mm, 0.10 ± 0.01 mm, and 0.21 ± 0.09 mm in greatest width, respectively. The newly hatched larva tunneled directly into the bud and caused it to swell laterally, while halting internode elongation. Thus, the young gall (Fig. la) consisted of a small, compact rosette of stunted, sessile leaves distinct from ungalled buds and the senescent and dead, semi-persistent, grey-green leaves of the terminal branches. Fifteen galls containing aestivating first instars collected in mid-summer (early July) measured 2.5 ± 0.46 mm ex¬ ternally, 0.7 ± 0.49 mm internally, and 0.59 ± 0.19 mm in wall thickness. Farval and gall development resumed concurrent with the vegetative host- plant growth that followed periods of substantive, summer and winter rain¬ fall. Dissections of 20 galls collected at the study site each day after torren¬ tial rains fell on September 10, 1977, indicated that the second and third stadia lasted only 3-6 days and 4-5 days, respectively, under field condi¬ tions. Second and third instars fed actively by rasping the inner wall of the expanding gall with their mouthhooks, thus excavating a round or ellipsoi¬ dal, superficially smooth-surfaced, central cavity (Fig. lb). This gall lumen eventually reached 2-3 times the size of the third instar. The central cavities of 15 fully developed galls measured 5.83 ± 0.33 by 4.71 ± 0.58 mm.The mature larva used its mouthooks to dig an exit tunnel, 1.29 ± 0.12 mm wide (N = 15), leading from the lumen to the gall apex (Fig. lb). Material removed in constructing this exit tunnel apparently was ingested, as the gall lumen remained free of debris. The exit tunnel was completed in 1-3 days. The larva then returned to the central cavity, ceased feeding, and pupari- ated. Pupa .—Twenty puparia averaged 4.09 ± 0.27 mm in length; 1.77 ± 0.18 mm in greatest width. During pupariation, gall growth ceased, but the tissues remained green and succulent. Under insectary conditions, adults emerged VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 285 Fig. 1. Procecidochares sp. (a) young bud gall on Ambrosia dumosa, 4.4x, (b) mature gall in cross section containing puparium and showing exit tunnel, 3.3x, (c) old, empty, woody, persistent galls, 0.4x, (d) mating adults, 8.7x. 8-10 days after pupariation began. Following adult emergence, the walls of the empty galls hardened and darkened and the leaves thereon dried and abscised. Old galls persisted as permanent woody swellings that festooned the stems and branches of the repeatedly galled plants (Fig. lc). Adult .—Under both field and insectary conditions, males began their emergence 1-2 days before the females and they predominated during the early phase of the emergence period. Most emergence occurred during the morning hours. Males also consistently outnumbered females in field col¬ lections. The closest male:female capture ratio recorded was 2.1:1 for 160 adults aspirated in 1 hr during their peak field abundance in October, 1976. Wind speeds greater than 24 kph (15 mph) (measured with a hand-held Dwyer® wind meter at 1-m height) greatly curtailed adult activities and rendered their collection difficult. During such windy periods, most flies rested on sheltered branches inside the crowns of gall-bearing plants. Mating was first observed on the fourth day after adult emergence began in the field; however, in the insectary, newly emerged adults attempted mating as soon as their exoskeletons became fully hardened and pigmented. In nature, males contacted females atop terminal foliage and branches, where the males waited with their bodies oriented horizontally. When a 286 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST female approached, the male responded by crossing his wings repeatedly with a scissors-like motion. This stimulus perceived, the female ceased lo¬ comotion. The pair then faced each other and moved their wings scissors¬ like in unison. After 5-10 sec, the male swiftly ran posteriorly along the female’s dorsum, stopped, turned, and positioned himself, headfirst atop the female (Fig. Id). On occasion, a male flew over a female and mounted her from behind. At this point, if the female was receptive and did not move away, the male clasped her wing bases with his fore tarsi. His mid tarsi clasped the sides of her abdomen at about the fourth segment. His hind tarsi curved under her posterior abdominal segments and aided in uncoiling the aedaegus. As the aedeagus was being uncoiled, the male grasped the ovi¬ positor with his claspers. Upon coupling, the male rested hind tarsi on the plant surface. During copulation, the female’s wings were spread and held motionless at an angle of 45°, while the male’s wings usually remained closed. Both sexes pumped their mouthparts continuously during copula¬ tion. Adults in copula rarely separated if disturbed. The pair usually moved away from an offending stimulus in tandem; however, they were never seen flying while paired. In the insectary, copulation lasted an average of 45 min (range: 28-71 min, N = 15). Mating was observed in the field in the early morning, at mid-day, and in the late afternoon; in the insectary, throughout the photophase. Females first were observed ovipositing 3 days after they began to emerge in the field; however, in the insectary, 16 or 20 (80%) isolated females laid an average of 8 (range: 2-20) eggs 1 day after their emergence. Before ovipositing in nature, the female repeatedly probed a leaf axil on the flush, terminal branch growth with her ovipositor. The ovipositor usually was withdrawn after the deposition of a single egg; however, egg deposition did not always follow ovipositor insertion in accepted buds. After ovipositing, the female always moved to the next, proximal axil. She thus worked her way towards the base of the current branch growth, probing most nodes encountered until she reached the more woody portion of the branch. She then either walked back up the same branch and/or flew to another branch to begin this behavioral sequence anew. Oviposition was observed in the field throughout the day and only oc¬ curred during the photophase in the insectary. Four days after their emer¬ gence in the insectary, 20 females provided with water, honey, and bouquets of freshly cut, terminal branches, deposited 90+% of their total egg pro¬ duction. Their oviposition periods lasted 6 or 7 days, during which time they produced an average total of 107 ± 35 (range: 38-166) eggs. One female laid 78 eggs during a 12-hr photoperiod. The average time required for 10 females to deposit an egg under field conditions was 3.5 ± 0.5 min. In the insectary, the mean longevity of 20 males was 7 ± 1.4 (range: 5- VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 287 9) days; for 20 females, 7 ± 0.8 (range: 5-8) days. Capture records suggested that adults also live about 1 week in nature. Seasonal history. —This tephritid species normally is bivoltine in southern California; however, univoltine reproduction, conceivably even biennial re¬ production, may occur under certain conditions. This is because the re¬ sumption of gall and larval development depends on and coincides with the production of host-plant vegetative regrowth triggered by winter as well as late-summer/early-fall rainfalls. Should only one or neither of these rainfall periods locally produce enough moisture to stimulate and sustain host-plant growth, then local reproduction by Procecidochares sp. is likewise cur¬ tailed. At our study site, first instars remained quiescent in galls for as long as 5 months, from mid-April to early September, 1976, during which time no rainfall occurred and A. dumosa remained dormant. Ten days after a heavy rainfall, most larvae had already reached the third instar in their rapidly growing galls. Natural enemies .—The following parasitic Hymenoptera were reared from fully formed galls collected during 1970 and 1971 at various locations in southern California: Chalcididae —Spilochalcis flavopicta (Cresson); Eu- lophidae— Aprostocetus sp., Tetrastichus sp.; Eurytomidae —Eurytoma (2) spp.; Platygasteridae —Platygaster sp.; Pteromalidae —Halticoptera Stella Girault, Pteromalus sp.; Torymidae —Microdontomerus anthonomus Craw¬ ford, Torymus capillaceus capillaceus (Huber). In addition, a jumping spider, Pellenes signatus (Banks) (Araneida: Sal- ticidae), was observed feeding on adults at Palm Springs. Several full-sized, newly formed galls were observed that had been chewed open and the con¬ tents destroyed, apparently by rodents. Larvae of an undetermined species of Lepidoptera also were found within the developing galls feeding on the plant tissues and, occasionally, on the larvae of Procecidochares sp. Interesting, though as yet unresearched, relationships were suggested by the Apion sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults reared from current sea¬ son’s galls and the eggs of a large weevil ( Ophyrastes sp.) found packed inside an old, weathered gall at Palm Springs. Acknowledgments The technical assistance of Mr. D. W. Ricker, Division of Biological Con¬ trol, University of California, Riverside, is gratefully acknowledged. Our sincere thanks to Dr. G. Gordh, at the same address, and Drs. E. E. Grissell and P. M. Marsh, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., for identi¬ fying the parasites. Dr. R. H. Foote, also at the Systematic Entomology 288 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Laboratory, and F. L. Blanc, California Department of Food and Agricul¬ ture (retired), Sacramento, identified this fruit fly, as previously noted. Literature Cited Foote, R. H., and F. L. Blanc. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California. Bull. California Insect Surv., 7:1-117. Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1974a. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia acanthicarpa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 3:827-834. Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1974b. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia chamissonis, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 3:835-839. Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1975. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia confertijiora, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 4:301-306. Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976a. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia dumosa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:45-50. Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976b. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweeds, Ambrosia chenopodiifolia, A. eriocentra, and A. ilicifolia, in southern California. En¬ viron. Entomol., 5:923-930. Goeden, R. D., and D. W. Ricker. 1976c. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya, in southern California. Environ. Entomol., 5:1169-1177. Munz, P. A., and D. D. Keck. 1959. A California flora. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1681 pp. Steyskal, G. C. 1974. A new species of Procecidochares (Diptera: Tephritidae) causing galls on stems of Hamakua Pamakani ( Ageratina riparia: Asteraceae) in Hawaii. U. S. Dept. Agr., Coop. Econ. Ins. Rpt., 24:639-641. Tauber, M. J., and C. A. Tauber. 1968. Biology of the gall-former Procecidochares stonei on a Compositae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 61:553-554. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 289-292 ON TYPE SPECIMENS OF AMPHIZOA LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: AMPHIZOIDAE) David H. Kavanaugh Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco 94118 The most recent taxonomic treatment of members of the beetle family Amphizoidae was Edwards’ (1951) worldwide revision. He recognized five Amphizoa LeConte (1853:227) species—one Palaearctic and four Nearctic species, one of which ( Amphizoa carinata ) he described as new. Since then, a sixth species, Amphizoa kashmirensis Vazirani (1964:145), has been de¬ scribed from India. Because of more restrictive institutional lending policies than at present and difficulty in visiting major museums across North America and in Eu¬ rope, Edwards (personal communication) was unable to study type material for most of the Amphizoa species. Consequently, his revision contains data only for the type of A. carinata (Edwards, 1951:326). Further, reference to the original descriptions of all nine nominal species (including three junior synonyms) of Amphizoa indicates that lectotypes are needed for all but four (i.e. A. carinata, A. planata, and A. striata Van Dyke and Dysmathes sahlbergii Mannerheim) of these names. The purpose of this report is (1) to provide data (including lectotype des¬ ignations) for type specimens of Amphizoa nominal species which have been located to date and (2) to solicit help in locating the remaining type specimens and/or series. Publication of these data is also prerequisite for their inclusion in the forthcoming fascicle on Amphizoidae (Kavanaugh, manuscript in preparation) in “A Catalog of the Coleoptera of America North of Mexico” (J. M. Kingsolver, editor in chief). Type Specimens of Amphizoa Nominal Species Amphizoa carinata Edwards (1951:326). HOLOTYPE, a male, in California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco [CAS], labelled: “Monkhaven Col. VI-21-35”/‘‘On Conejos River”/‘‘Van Dyke Collection’’/[blank card with left hindwing mounted]/”Holotype Amphizoa carinata Edwards” [red- tipped label]/ 4 ‘California Academy of Sciences Type No. 8130.” Allotype also in CAS. Amphizoa davidis Lucas (1882:157) [=A. davidi Lucas, emended by Wu (1933:335)]. Location of type specimen unknown. 290 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Edwards, Vazirani (personal communication), and I have been unable to locate a specimen of this species in any of the major museums in North America or in Europe or Asia. It is therefore not possible to determine at present if, in fact, this taxon is actually related to the Nearctic Amphizoidae. Because Lucas’ original description gives no clue to the number of speci¬ mens he examined, and in the event that a type specimen or series is even¬ tually relocated, a lectotype should be designated. Amphizoa insolens LeConte (1853:228). LECTOTYPE (here designated), a male, in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts [MCZ], labelled: [gold disk]/“Type 5969” [red label]/ 1 ‘Amphizoa insolens Lee. ’’/‘‘Lectotype Amphizoa insolens LeConte designated by D. H. Ka- vanaugh 1979” [red label]. One paralectotype female also in MCZ. LeConte’s original series apparently included five specimens (LeConte, 1853:228). However, only two specimens likely to have been part of that series have been located at MCZ (A. F. Newton, personal communication). Amphizoa josephi Matthews (1872:119) [=A. insolens LeConte]. LECTO¬ TYPE (here designated), a male, in British Museum (Natural History), London [BMNH], labelled: “Type” [red-trimmed disk]/”Matthews coll. 1904-120.’’/“Amphizoa josephi” [horizontal inked line traversing the label] “Vancouvers-I-” [yellow label]/”Amphizoa josephi, Matthews. Type mihi, D.S.’’/“Lectotype Amphizoa josephi Matthews designated by D. H. Kavanaugh 1979” [red label]. Although the type series presently consists of a single specimen, a lec¬ totype is here designated because Matthews’ original description gives no indication of the number of specimens he studied. Amphizoa kashmirensis Vazirani (1964:145). HOLOTYPE, a male, in Zoo¬ logical Survey of India Collection, Calcutta. I have not yet studied the type specimen [see Vazirani (1964:145) for specimen data], nor have I seen other specimens referable to this species. Therefore, I am not yet certain that this species belongs in genus Amphizoa or even in Amphizoidae. Amphizoa lecontei Matthews (1872:121). LECTOTYPE (here designated), a male, in BMNH, labelled: “Matthews coll. 1904-120.’’/“Amphizoa le¬ contei” [horizontal inked line traversing the label] “Vancouvers-I.” [yel¬ low label]/” Lectotype Amphizoa lecontei Matthews designated by D. H. Kavanaugh 1979” [red label]. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 291 A lectotype is here designated for the same reason as for A. josephi above. Amphizoa planata Van Dyke (1927a:98) [=A. lecontei Matthews]. HOLO- TYPE, a female, in CAS, labelled: “Beaver Cr. Alta” [date illegible] “F. S. Carr”/“Van Dyke Collection’’/“Holotype Amphizoa planata Van Dyke” [red-tipped label]/” = Amphizoa lecontei Matth.”/“California Academy of Sciences Type No. 2453.” Amphizoa striata Van Dyke (1927b: 197). HOLOTYPE, a male, in CAS, labelled: “Northbend King Co. Wsh. VII-1 l-1920”/“Coll. by E. C. Van Dyke’’/“Van Dyke Collection”/“Holotype Amphizoa striata Van Dyke” [red-trimmed label]/”California Academy of Sciences Type No. 2463.” Dysmathes sahlbergii Mannerheim (1853:265) [=A. insolens LeConte]. Originally described as a genus in family Tenebrionidae. Location of type specimen unknown. According to his original description, Mannerheim studied only one spec¬ imen of D. sahlbergii which, therefore, is the holotype. However, no spec¬ imen identified as belonging to this taxon has yet been found in the Man¬ nerheim Collection at Universitetets Zoologiska Museum Entomologiska Avdelningen, Helsingfors [UZMH] (H. Silfverberg, personal communica¬ tion). Acknowledgments I thank A. F. Newton (MCZ) and M. E. Bacchus (BMNH) for lending type material in their care to me for study, and H. Silfverberg (UZMH) for his efforts on my behalf in searching through the Mannerheim Collection. Literature Cited Edwards, J. G. 1951 (1950). Amphizoidae (Coleoptera) of the World. WasmannJ. Biol., 8:303- 332. LeConte, J. L. 1853. Descriptions of twenty new species of Coleoptera inhabiting the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 6:226-235. Lucas, H. 1882. Description d’une espece nouvelle du genre Amphizoa. Bull. Soc. Entomol. France, Series 2, 21:157-158. Mannerheim, G. C. G. 1853. Dritter Nachtrag zur Kaefer-Fauna der Nord-Amerikanischen Laender des Russischen Reiches. Bull. Soc. Imp. des Natural. Moscou, 26:95-273. Matthews, A. 1872. Descriptions of two new species of Amphizoa discovered in Vancouver’s Island by Mr. Joseph Beauchamp Matthews. Cistula Entomol., 1:119-122. Van Dyke, E. C. 1927a. A new species of Amphizoa (Coleoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 3:97-98. 292 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Van Dyke, E. C. 1927b. The species of Amphizoa (Coleoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomol., 3:197- 198. Vazirani, T. G. 1964. On a new species of aquatic beetle of the genus Amphizoa LeConte, 1853 [Insecta: Coleoptera: Amphizoidae] from Kashmir, India. Proc. Zool. Soc., Cal¬ cutta, 17:145-147. Wu, C. F. 1933. Catalogue of Chinese Amphizoidae. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., 7:335. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, p. 292 SCIENTIFIC NOTE SWARMING OF LEUCORRHINIA HUDSONICA (SELYS) (ODONATA: LIBELLULIDAE) On 10 July, 1978 at about 1300 hr, immediately after a thunderstorm, we saw what we believe was an unusual swarm of Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys). This swarm occurred on a partially shaded dirt road (Grassy Lake Rd.) which runs west from Hwy 89 between Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. At about 5-6 km from the intersection, the road approaches the south edge of a large marsh, and there several hundred Leucorrhinia were flying up and down in such a way that the space above the road seemed to be undulating, although the individual dragonflies were not in synchrony. Of those collected, none were teneral, and most were males. However, several mating pairs were observed. Occasionally an individual dragonfly would land briefly on the road, or on top of our car, or in one of the lodge- pole pines beside the road, but most remained in the air. No other odonate species were seen and there were no swarms of midges or other small insects over the road. The swarm extended along the road for about 200 m, and up to a height of 3-4 m. On 10-11 July 1979, we returned to this site, but did not observe a swarm such as we had seen the year before, perhaps because the season was ear¬ lier. However, we did observe, between 1800 and 1900 hr, feeding flights along the edge of the marsh near the road. Leucorrhinia, as well as other species of different genera, were feeding on midges, as has been described by Corbet (1962, Biology of Dragonflies, pp. 151-154) and others. Mary Alice Evans and Howard E. Evans, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Lort Collins 80523. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 293-296 A NEW PSEUDEVOPLITUS RUCKES FROM GUATEMALA WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) 1 Donald B. Thomas, Jr. University of Missouri-Columbia 65211 A recent trip to Guatemala resulted in the collection of 5 specimens of an undescribed pentatomid assignable to the genus Pseudevoplitus Ruckes, 1958. Pseudevoplitus superficially resembles Evoplitus Amyot & Serville, 1843, but differs by having the tip of the scutellum entire versus emarginate, and in having a shorter ostiolar sulcus. Additional characters for diagnosing this genus are given by Ruckes (1958) but include most importantly the structure of the thoracic and abdominal sterna. In Pseudevoplitus the me- sosternal carina is very prominent, broadly contiguous with the metaster¬ num posteriorly and compressed into a crest reaching between the procoxae anteriorly. The metasternum is elevated and notched behind to receive the anteriorly directed spine of the third abdominal segment. The abdominal venter is obtusely, longitudinally keeled mesially. Pseudevoplitus now contains 3 species: the genotype P. paradoxus Ruckes, 1958, found in Peru, P. longicornis Ruckes, 1959, which occurs in Panama and Costa Rica, and the new species described below. These 3 species can be separated by the key provided below following the descrip¬ tion of the new species, and by features of the male genitalia figured by Ruckes (1958, 1959) and accompanying this description. Pseudevoplitus casei, new species (Figs. 1-4) Ovate; dorso-ventrally compressed. Overall color brownish-gray, mottled with dark patches of pigment on prothorax, scutellum and corium; matte dorsally, semi-glossy ventrally. Dorsum and thoracic venter with dense, black to dark brown punctations. Abdominal venter with shallower, less dense, castaneous punctations. Head, measured from base of ocelli to tip of tylus, longer than intraocular width (ratio 9:7). Anteocular margins strongly sinuate, weakly reflexed and thinly margined with castaneous pig¬ ment. Tylus slightly elevated above the plane of the disc; tips of jugae convergent and contiguous; disc evenly, castaneously punctate. Ocelli light red; eyes reddish-brown, somewhat protuberant. Antennae long, total length more than 80% of the total body length; segment I exceeding apex 294 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 3 4 Figs. 1-4. Pseudevoplitus casei Thomas n. sp.: Fig. 1, dorsal aspect; Fig. 2, caudal view of male genital capsule; Fig. 3, ental view of right paramere; Fig. 4, lateral view of aedeagus. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 295 of head; segmental ratios 9:23:23:29:23, i.e. segment I shortest, IV longest, II, III and V subequal; segments infuscated except for short distance at base and apex of segments II through V pale. Rostrum of moderate length, nearly or just attaining base of abdominal setment III in repose; rostral segment II arcuate in lateral view in apposition to mesosternal crest. Buc- culae evanescent posteriorly. Thorax convex dorsally; more than twice as wide across the humeri than long mesially; anterolateral margins straight and distinctly reflexed, the reflexion terminating abruptly at humeri; pos¬ terior margin of pronotum mildly concave. Pronotal punctations densest on either side just posterior to cicatrices. Scutellum longer mesially than wide basally (ratio 10:8); apical half feebly concave; tip bluntly acuminate, mar¬ gined with black; basal angles subfoveolate, black. Apex of corium sinuate, lateral margin reflexed anteriorly; surface with punctations coalescing form¬ ing blotches on disc of corium and apical portions of embolium. Membrane darkly infuscated basally becoming hyaline apically except veins which are distinguished in the middle portion of their length as brown streaks. Con- nexivum broadly exposed; alternately blotched at the angles, maculated thickly between blotches. Prosternum with obtuse, broadly V-shaped Cari¬ na, the notch of the V hidden by the mesosternal crest, the arms of the V paralleling the propleural border and reaching behind eyes. Mesosternum and metasternum as characteristic of the genus: mesosternum either side of carina sparsely to moderately hirsute. Metasternal scent gland canal mod¬ erately wide, elevated from pleural surface, curving anteriorad, reaching 2 /s distance from orifice to pleural margin. Evaporative surface matte, fuscous, mottled with black. Femora maculate; tibia with alternate, castaneous blotches; superior surface narrowly but distinctly sulcate. Abdominal venter bearing anteriorly directed, spinose tubercle on segment III (2nd visible), the tubercle continued posteriorly as a longitudinal, obtuse, mesial keel ornamented with a dark brown, mesial vitta. Ventral abdominal surface semi-glossy, maculate, each maculation bearing a short seta. Spiracles with thin, piceous ring. Connexival apices and lateral abdominal margin just pos¬ terior to apices blotched with black. Male pygophore (Fig. 2) broadly open dorso-posteriorly. Posterior border nearly obsolescent mesially (prominent, entire in P. longicornis)\ inferior margin armed by a pair of broad, blunt cusps, forming a mesial cleft between them, this cleft subtended ectally by a shallow, mesial concavity; much smaller than the mesial concavity of P. longicornis. Head of parameres terete, elongate, black, the tips bluntly acu¬ minate (Fig. 3). Phallotheca of aedeagus bearing a prominent, elongate, mesial horn (Fig. 4). Female 2nd gonocoxites large, quadrate, contiguous mesially, the surface strigose basally, granulate apically. Holotype: Male, 11.5 mm long, 6.7 mm wide across the humeri. Guatemala, Jutiapa Province, Canon de Monjoy; 27 July 1979. E. P. Case and D. B. Thomas, collectors. Deposited in the United States National Museum. 296 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Allotype. —Female, 12.6 mm long, 7.3 mm wide across humeri. Same locality, date and collectors as holotype. Deposited in United States Na¬ tional Museum. Paratypes .—Males (3). All same locality, date and collectors as holotype. Deposited in the author’s collection. Derivation of epithet .—Named for botanist, companion and co-collector of the type series, Elizabeth P. Case of the University of Missouri-Colum- bia. Comments.—Pseudevoplitus casei is clearly closely allied to P. longi- cornis from Costa Rica, as evidenced by the overall morphology, but es¬ pecially by the form of the genitalia. The principal differences between these 2 species being the relative size of the submedial cusps on the inner margin of the pygophore and its subtendant concavity. The new species is more distantly related to the genotype P. paradoxus from Peru, particularly with respect to the form of the male pygophore and proctiger. While this differ¬ ence might support a subgeneric distinction for P. casei and P. longicornis, a nominal separation would seem unnecessary since the genus contains only 3 species. In their major morphological features, in particular the form of the ventral armature, the 3 species are in conformity. Key to the Species of Pseudevoplitus Ruckes 1. Pronotal humeri produced, cornute. Peru. paradoxus Ruckes Pronotal humeri not produced, entire. Central America. 2 2. Rostrum long, attaining abdominal segment V in repose. . longicornis Ruckes Rostrum shorter, not exceeding abdominal segment III in repose .. . casei, n. sp. Literature Cited Ruckes, H. 1958. Some New Genera and Species of Tropical Pentatomids (Heteroptera). Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 1918:1-15. Ruckes, H. 1959. New Genera and Species of Pentatomids from Panama and Costa Rica (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 1939:1-18. Footnote 1 Contribution from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. Journal Series No. 8456. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 297-310 A REVIEW OF THE GENUS THRINCOPYGE LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE) 1 G. H. Nelson 2 College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, California The genus Thrincopyge has 3 known species and belongs to the mono¬ generic tribe Thrincopygini. The last treatment was by Kerremans (1907). Since that work is not readily available and more information has become available, a review of the genus is in order. Only the more important cita¬ tions are listed under the genus and species. The type locality for each species is given as it appears in the original publication, and any additional information is placed in brackets. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the collector’s collection. Abbreviations for collections [brackets] are as published in Arnett and Sam- uelson (1969). The following were not included in that work: W. F. Barr collection = WFBC; British Museum (Natural History) = BMNH; Narodni Museum, Prague = NMPC; and D. S. Verity collection = DSVC. My name is abbreviated GHN. Biology The larvae of Thrincopyge work in the dead flower stalks of Dasylirion spp., Fig. 1, and Nolina spp. [ T. ambiens (LeC.)] (Agavaceae), and adults of all 3 species have been collected on Dasylirion spp. Larvae mine the interior of stalks and pupate there. Adults emerge from March to September and can generally be found at the bases of the leaves, where they usually sit facing upward. It is helpful to have long forceps to collect the adults if they are on Dasylirion spp., which have hooks along the margins of the leaves. Suspicions that adults feed on the leaves of the host plants were confirmed when D. S. Verity collected live adults of T. ambiens and T. alacris LeConte from Arizona and New Mexico and kept them alive for 2 weeks. During that time he reported (in litt.) that they fed voraciously on young leaves of Dasylirion sp. and Nolina sp. They made notches along the margins, sometimes cutting completely through the leaf, causing the distal part to drop. Efforts were unsuccessful to get oviposition in the basal flower stalk of a Dasylirion sp. that had recently bloomed. Frank Parker reported (in litt.) that he has observed T. ambiens feeding on the edges of leaves and inside the center leaf bundle of Nolina sp. in Arizona, including in winter. This indicates the adults might live more than 1 season. 298 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Geographical Distribution This genus occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mex¬ ico. T. ambiens and T. alacris are known from Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and northern Mexico, with alacris extending south to Puebla. Thrin- copyge marginata Waterhouse is recorded from Durango and Jalisco. Family Buprestidae Subfamily Thrincopyginae Tribe Thrincopygini Tribe Thrincopygini LeConte, 1861:154; LeConte & Horn, 1883:198; Kerre- mans, 1902:44; 1907:595. Distinctive features of the monogeneric tribe Thrincopygini include: body elongate, depressed; poriferous area of antennal segments on inner surface and inferior margin toward apex; mesosternum emarginate but not divided; metacoxae dilated medially; last visible abdominal sternite with deep sulcus around margin of apical half; tarsal claws simple. Genus Thrincopyge LeConte Thrincopyge LeConte, 1858:17; 1860:219; 1861:154; LeConte & Horn, 1883:198; Horn, 1885:146; Kerremans, 1900:307; 1902:44; 1907:595; Burke, 1917a:6; Chamberlin, 1926:240; Arnett, 1960:483. Body elongate, parallel-sided, depressed above, convex below. Head convex; foveae for antennal insertion small and widely separated; clypeus shallowly arcuately emarginate; mentum corneous; antennae with segment 1 clavate, twice as long as 2, segment 3 one-half longer than 2, segments 4 to 11 subequal in length to 2, serrate from 5 and with poriferous area on internal surface and inferior margin toward apex of each segment; eyes small, oval. Pronotum wider than long; disk convex, depressed in midline toward base; sulcus along lateral margin basally; scutellum small, distinct. Elytra with disk moderately flattened, with rows of punctures; lateral margins sulcate; apex serrate-truncate. Prosternum broad, with anterior margin feebly arcuately emarginate, lat¬ eral sutures oblique; prosternal process with fine sulcus along lateral margin, apex obtusely rounded, enclosed by mesosternum; mesosternum emargin¬ ate, not divided; meso-metasternal suture entire and straight; metacoxae dilated medially, with anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin oblique; tibiae straight, unarmed; protibia with brush of setae on inner margin at apex, Fig. 9; metatibia with similar brush along outer border, Fig. 10; tarsi broad, segments subequal in length, claws small, simple. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 299 Abdomen convex, not sulcate; sternite 1 distinctly longer than either ster- nites 2, 3, or 4; sternite 5 narrowly rounded or slightly truncate at apex in female, Fig. 7, or broadly rounded to truncately rounded in male, Fig. 8, both with distinct sulcus around inside of apical half, producing deflexed margin. Type species.—Buprestis ambiens LeConte, designated by Chamberlin, 1926:240. Comparisons.—Thrincopyge is the only genus in the subfamily Thrinco- pyginae and has no known close relatives. Chalcophorinae and Buprestinae, which also have the metacoxae dilated medially are nearest, but Thrinco¬ pyge differs from genera in those subfamilies in the following features: body elongate depressed; mesosternum emarginate, not divided; last visible ab¬ dominal sternite with deep sulcus around margin of apical half. Features mentioned as distinctive under the tribe Thrincopygini also serve to distin¬ guish the genus. Immature Stages Larva. —Records of the immature stages of this genus were based on larval studies of T. ambiens by Burke (1917a:6, PI. 4, Fig. 3) as follows: first thoracic segment distinctly larger and broader than segment 2; dorsal and ventral plates of segment 1 rather small, oval, without distinct chitinous rugosities and marked by distinct brownish median sulcus which is enlarged in front and forked behind; median subdorsal areas of thoracic segments 2 and 3 with pair of brown spots; last abdominal segment narrowed and bi- lobed, without chitinous fork at apex. Three larvae of what are possibly T. alacris were collected in Texas, Val Verde Co., near Sanderson, 2 July 1972, R. L. Westcott, in Dasylirion sp. They are similar to the above description but lack the brown spots on tho¬ racic segments 2 and 3. Adults In the following specific descriptions, the generic characteristics already mentioned will usually not be repeated. The species are more strikingly different in their color patterns than they are in external structure and these color differences usually readily distinguish them. The male genitalia are distinctive in the 3 species. Key to the Species of Thrincopyge 1. Pronotum with yellow markings, at least along lateral margins .... 2 Pronotum immaculate, occasionally with red-orange along lateral margins. 3 300 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 1-2. Fig. 1, plant of Dasylirion wheeled Watson showing the workings of Thdncopyge ambiens (LeConte) in the flower stalk. Photo taken by H. F. Howden, near Portal, Arizona. Fig. 2, adult T. alacris LeConte, showing variations in color pattern. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 301 2. Yellow markings usually as spots on elytra and usually along lateral, anterior, and/or posterior margins of pronotum; punctures of pronotum and elytra small and sparse, Fig. 2; male genitalia, Fig. 11. 1. alacris LeConte Yellow markings confined to lateral margin of pronotum and elytra; punctures of pronotum and elytra larger and denser, Fig. 4; male genitalia, Fig. 12. 2. ambiens (LeConte), typical form 3. Elytra immaculate, Fig. 5 .. . 2. ambiens (LeConte), immaculate form Elytra margined with red-orange, Fig. 6 ... 3. marginata Waterhouse 1. Thrincopyge alacris LeConte (Figs. 2, 11) Thrincopyge alacris LeConte, 1858:17; 1860:219, PI. 11, Fig. 2; Waterhouse, 1882:19; Kerremans, 1900:308; 1907:598; Good, 1925:272, Figs. 32, 33 (wing venation). Thrincopyge alacris var. strandi Obenberger, 1936:104 (NEW SYNONYM). Diagnosis. —Blue or greenish blue above and below with yellow markings as follows: on pronotum along lateral margins, usually along anterior margin and as midline spot along basal margin; on elytra as transverse spots at basal fourth, as transverse spot at middle and as elongate spot in apical third, variably reduced; ventrally on metacoxae and sometimes on first and second abdominal sternites; punctures of pronotum and elytra fine and sparse; elytral striae not evident. Male. —Head glabrous, front coarsely punctate and rugose, punctures more sparse toward vertex. Pronotum with anterior margin straight; posterior margin bisinuate; lateral margins parallel at base then arcuately expanding to widest at middle and converging to narrowest at anterior angles; disk glabrous, convex, surface finely chagreened with fine sparse punctures; shallow sulcus along basal margin and posterior three-fourths of lateral margins. Scutellum cordate. Elytra sinuately parallel on anterior two-thirds, then converging to apices; disk glabrous, flattened, with rows of fine punctures not deeply impressed, and sulcate along lateral margins. Ventrally: thoracic sternites moderately densely punctate laterally, sparse medially; prosternal process convex with fine lateral sulcus evident, surface with few elongate punctures; meso- and metasterna flattened in midline; abdominal sternites convex; punctures very fine and sparse toward middle, larger and more dense laterally; fifth sternite with apex broadly rounded, with deep sulcus around apical half producing deflexed margin; femora mod¬ erately robust, sparsely punctate; tibiae more coarsely punctate; protibia with dense brush of setae on inner margin at apex; metatibia with similar brush along outer border. 302 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Male genitalia, Fig. 11. Length 21.5 mm; width 6.7 mm. Redescribed from a male homotype from Arizona, Gila Co., near Globe, Sixshooter Canyon, 18 August 1961, GHN, on Dasylirion wheeleri Watson. Female .—Differs from male in having last visible abdominal sternite more elongate and more narrowly rounded at apex. Variation .—The males vary in size from 16.5 to 22.0 mm long and from 5.2 to 7.2 mm wide; the females from 16.5 to 22.5 mm long and from 5.5 to 7.2 mm wide. This species exhibits a highly variable color pattern ranging from predominantly blue with yellow only along lateral margins of pronotum with no elytral spots to the common pattern of large yellow spots, or pre¬ dominantly yellow (Fig. 2). The variety strandi was based on a specimen in which the yellow color predominates. Of the 10 specimens in the LeConte collection [MCZC] 9 have the background color purplish black, probably resulting from discoloration. Those seen from Coahuila, Mexico are more greenish than blue. Type locality .—Of alacris, “Arizona,” lectotype female [MCZC, Le¬ Conte collection]; of strandi, “Texas,” type [NMPC]. When LeConte described alacris he mentioned 1 specimen from Arizona and numerous specimens from New Mexico. There are 10 specimens in his collection and 9 of these are marked with dark green disks, indicating New Mexico. One female labelled as follows: silver disk [indicating Arizona]/red label with “Type 2713’’/white label with handwritten “Thrincopyge alacris Lec.,” is here designated as the lectotype. The others, numbered 2 through 10 (including 5 males and 4 females) are labelled as paralectotypes. Geographical distribution .—UNITED STATES: Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. MEXICO: Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Puebla, and Zacatecas. New state record: San Luis Potosi, Matehuala, 23 September 1976, J. A. Chemsak, A. & M. Michelbacher [CISC]. Hosts .—Recorded from flower stalks of Dasylirion wheeleri Watson (Chamberlin, 1926); also, Texas, Big Bend Nat. Park, May 1959, H. F. Howden, E. C. Becker, working in flower stalks of Dasylirion leiophyllum Englemann (New host record). Adults have been taken from 5 March to 12 August. Comparisons .—The usual color pattern for alacris, deep blue with yellow spots, is distinctive. The other species are more greenish and any dorsal markings are confined to the lateral margins. Occasional specimens have the yellow markings reduced, but the punctures of the pronotum and elytra are smaller and on the pronotum sparser in alacris than in the other 2 species. A few specimens have been taken among mixed populations of alacris and ambiens that are possibly hybrids of the 2 species with the general facies of alacris but with the yellow markings more confined to the lateral VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 303 Figs. 3-6. Fig. 3, three adults of possible hybrids between Thrincopyge alacris LeC. and T. ambiens (LeC.). Fig. 4, adult T. ambiens (LeC.), typical color pattern, male left, female right. Fig. 5, adult T. ambiens (LeC.), immaculate form, male left, female right. Fig. 6, adult T. marginata Waterhouse, male left, female right. 304 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST parts of the pronotum and elytra and with the dorsal sculpture being inter¬ mediate, Fig. 3. In 2 males available, the genitalia are similar to alacris in one specimen and to ambiens in the other. Records of possible hybrids are as follows: Arizona: Base of Pinal Mts., 3 & 12 June 1958, D. K. Duncan [UAIC]; Pinal Mts., Sixshooter Canyon, near Globe, 7 June 1958, Fig. 2 (left), 5 August 1959, D. S. Verity, on Dasylirion wheeleri Watson [DSVC & GHNC]. New Mexico, Lincoln Co., 9.7 km NW Carrizozo, 24 August 1970, D. S. Verity, on Dasylirion sp. Texas: Presidio Co., 16.1 km N Shaf- ter, 26 August 1971, D. E. Foster [WFBC]; El Paso Co., NW Franklin Mts., elev. 1371 m, Tom Mays Park, 26 September 1975, A. R. Valdez, on Das¬ ylirion sp., Fig. 3 (middle) [GHNC]. MEXICO, Coahuila, 29.7 km S Saltillo, 26 July 1975, T. W. Taylor, on Dasylirion sp., Fig. 3 (right) [GHNC]. D. S. Verity stated (in litt.) that while he found both alacris and marginata in the same plants south of Durango, he found no specimens that might be considered hybrids. 2. Thrincopyge ambiens (LeConte) (Figs. 4, 5, 7-10, 12) Buprestis ambiens LeConte, 1854:83. Thrincopyge ambiens LeConte, 1860:219; Kerremans, 1900:308; 1907:599; Burke, 1917a:Pl. 4, Fig. 3 (larva); 1917b:329. Thrincopyge laetifica Horn, 1885:146; Kerremans, 1900:309; 1907:601 (NEW SYNONYM). Diagnosis. —Relatively slender; green with cupreous tints above and be¬ low, with lateral margins of pronotum and elytra narrowly yellow to im¬ maculate; punctures of pronotum and elytra moderately coarse; elytral striae evident, Figs. 4, 5. Male .—Head glabrous, densely punctate with moderately coarse punc¬ tures; front weakly rugose. Pronotum with anterior margin straight; posterior margin bisinuate; lateral margins obliquely expanding from base to widest at middle, then arcuately converging to narrowest at anterior angles; disk convex, with faint median sulcus at base, a stronger sulcus along basal margin and posterior three- fourths of lateral margins; discal punctures moderately coarse, more dense laterally. Scutellum small, rounded. Elytra sinuately parallel on anterior three-fourths, then converging to api¬ ces, lateral margin faintly serrate toward apex; disk flattened, glabrous, with punctate striae and with sulcus along lateral margins. Ventrally: thoracic sternites densely punctate, punctures of moderate size laterally, very fine and sparse medially; prosternal process feebly convex with fine distinct sulcus along lateral margin, surface with punctures fine and sparse; meso- and metasterna flattened and feebly concave toward mid- VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 305 line; abdominal sternites convex, punctures fine and sparse toward midline and also along posterior margins of sternites 1-4, becoming larger and dense laterally; fifth sternite with apex truncately rounded, with deep sulcus around apical half producing pronounced deflexed margin, Fig. 8; femora moderately robust; protibia with dense brush of setae on inner margin at apex, Fig. 9; metatibia with similar brush along outer border, Fig. 10. Male genitalia, Fig. 12. Length 17.5 mm; width 5.7 mm. Female. —Differs from male in having last visible abdominal sternite more elongate and narrowly rounded at apex. Fig. 7. Length 20.0 mm; width 6.0 mm. Redescribed from homotypes: male from Arizona, Gila Co., near Globe, Sixshooter Canyon, 30 August 1959, F. H. Parker [GHNC]; and female from same locality, 18 August 1961, GHN. Variation .—The males vary in size from 15.0 to 20.0 mm long and from 5.0 to 6.5 mm wide; the females from 16.2 to 22.5 mm long and from 5.2 to 7.5 mm wide. The color varies from the more common green with cupreous tint to almost totally cupreous in some, blue-green in others, and occasion¬ ally the upper surface is almost black. Occasional specimens have a yellow spot or spots ventrally. Immaculate specimens were described as laetifica Horn and until recently no color intermediates had been seen. In a series of 9 collected in Texas, Val Verde Co., near Amistad Dam, Rough Canyon, 5-9 March 1979, Mel [UMRM, GHNC] and 1, same area, 20 March 1976, B. G. Beyer [GHNC], 2 are immaculate and 8 have the yellow lateral margin of the pronotum and elytra much narrower than in those from Arizona and the Chisos Mts., Texas. In 6 of these the yellow elytral margin is also interrupted. Since the male genitalia are identical with typical ambiens, laetifica Horn should be considered a synonym of ambiens (LeConte). Im¬ maculate specimens have also been collected in Texas, Sutton Co., Sonora, 17 June 1968, GHN, dead at leaf bases of Dasylirion sp.; and same locality, 10 April 1950, Beamers, Stephan, Michener, and Rozens [CASC]. Type locality .—Of ambiens, “Frontera (Rio Grande)” [Texas], lectotype female [MCZC, LeConte collection]; of laetifica, “Texas,” lectotype male [MCZC, Horn collection]. There are 3 specimens of ambiens in the LeConte collection [MCZC], 2 of which are labelled “Ariz.” One female, 17.0 mm long, labelled as follows: dark red disk [Texas]/red label with “Type 2714”/white label with hand¬ written “T. ambiens Lee.,” is evidently the one referred to in the original description as from “Frontera (Rio Grande)” and is here designated as the lectotype. As indicated in the original description, it lacks antennae, palpi, left middle leg, right hind leg and all tarsi. It is not certain that the other 2 were before LeConte when this species was described. There are 2 male specimens of laetifica in the Horn collection from which 306 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Figs. 7-13. Figs. 7-10, Thrincopyge ambiens (LeC.). 7) last visible abdominal sternite, female. 8) last visible abdominal sternite, male. 9) right protibia. 10) left metatibia. Fig. 11,7. alacris LeC., male genitalia, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. Fig. 12, 7. ambiens (LeC.), male genitalia, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. Fig. 13, 7. marginata Waterh., male genitalia, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views. (Line = 3 mm). VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 307 he evidently made the original description. One of these, here designated and labelled as lectotype, bears the following labels: white label with “Tex”/ white label with “cJ’’/green label with “PARATYPE, 3500.” This specimen is 16.0 mm long, as indicated in the original description, and 5.2 mm wide. The second specimen, here designated and labelled as paralectotype, bears the following labels: first 2 labels as on lectotype/third label, red with “LEC¬ TOTYPE, 3500”/fourth label, white with T. laetifica Horn. This specimen is 16.5 mm long and 5.2 mm wide. Many specimens in the Horn collection bear “lectotype” labels that have never been validated. In this case, and possibly in others, the lectotype label may have been wrongly applied. Geographical distribution. —UNITED STATES: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas. MEXICO: Coahuila. One specimen [USNMf bears labels “CA” and “Shoemaker Coll.” Its occurrence in California has not been verified. Hosts .—Larvae recorded from Dasylirion wheeleri Watson by Burke (1917b). Its occurrence in Yucca, reported by Chamberlin (1926), has not been verified. Adults have been taken many times in various parts of SE Arizona on D. wheeleri. Other records include Arizona: Gila Co., 12.9 km E Superior, 31 May 1958, GHN; Pinal Mts., Sixshooter Canyon, near Globe, 30 August 1959, F. H. Parker [GHNC]; Icehouse Canyon, near Globe, 31 May 1958, GHN, on Nolina microcarpa Watson; Mojave Co., Hualapai Mts., Hualapai Mt. Park, 27 July 1974, GHN, on Nolina bigelovii (Torrey) Watson. Texas, Big Bend Nat. Park, Green Gulch, 1615 m, 8 May 1959, Howden & Becker [CNCI, GHNC]; Big Bend Nat. Park, Chisos Mts. Basin, 24 June 1963; 21 June 1965, GHN, both dates on Dasylirion leiophyllum Englemann. (New adult host records) Comparisons. — T. ambiens is compared with T. alacris under that species and differs from T. marginata as follows: body more slender than in mar- ginata ; lateral margins of elytra begin converging more apically and are less sinuate toward apices; pronotum typically with yellow lateral margins, im¬ maculate in marginata ; and elytra typically with yellow lateral margins, red- orange in marginata. 3. Thrincopyge marginata Waterhouse (Figs. 6, 13) Thrincopyge marginata Waterhouse, 1890:218; Kerremans, 1907:600. Thrincopyge magnifica Kerremans, 1900:309 [erroneous name for marginata ]. Diagnosis. —Relatively robust; blue-green above and below, with lateral borders of elytra broadly margined by red-orange and ill-defined red-orange spots along midline of sternal areas; punctures of pronotum and elytra mod¬ erately coarse; elytral striae evident. Male .—Head glabrous, coarsely densely punctate, front rugose. 308 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Pronotum with anterior margin straight; posterior margin bisinuate; lateral margins obliquely expanding from base to widest at middle, then arcuately converging to narrowest at anterior angles; disk strongly convex with mid¬ line sulcus basally, basal margin with sulcus and posterior three-fourths of lateral margins with strong sulcus; discal punctures coarse and sparse me¬ dially, denser laterally. Scutellum small, rounded. Elytra sinuately parallel on anterior two-thirds, then converging to trun¬ cate apices, lateral margins toward apex faintly serrate, apices more strongly so; disk flattened, glabrous, with punctate striae and with sulcus along lat¬ eral margins. Ventrally: thoracic sternites with punctures moderate in size and dense laterally, very small and sparse medially; prosternal process feebly convex with sulcus along lateral margin; meso- and metasterna flattened, with weak midline concavity on metasternum; abdominal sternites convex; punctures small and sparse medially becoming large and dense laterally and on apical sternite; last visible sternite with apex truncately rounded, with deep sulcus around apical half producing deflexed margin; femora moderately robust; protibia with dense brush of setae on inner margin at apex; metatibia with similar brush along outer border. Male genitalia, Fig. 13. Length 19.0 mm; width 6.5 mm. Redescribed from a male from MEXICO, Durango, 11.3 km N Durango, 13 August 1962, D. S. Verity [GHNC]. Female .—Differs from male as in ambiens. Variation .—The general color varies from cupreous-green to blue-green. Most of the specimens from Jalisco have the red-orange margins of the elytra narrower than those from Durango, with 2 [DSVC, GCWC] having the red-orange elytral margins reduced to a few small irregular spots. In the series from Jalisco [DSVC] there are 2 with red-orange pronotal markings at the anterior angles. These color variations have not been observed in the series from Durango. The males vary from 15.0 to 19.0 mm long and from 5.2 to 6.7 mm wide; the females from 16.5 to 21.0 mm long and from 5.5 to 7.2 mm wide. Type locality. —“Mexico, Kurango City” [sic, Durango], lectotype [BMNH]. The lectotype is one of 2 specimens in the BMNH. Since Water- house did not indicate how many specimens were before him at the time of its description, I designate as lectotype the specimen with the following labels: “Thrincopyge marginalis [sic] Waterh. (Type)’7“Kurango City Mex¬ ico Flohr.” It is 21 mm long. Geographical distribution. —MEXICO: Durango, Jalisco. Hosts .—No biological information has been recorded for this species. It has been taken in Durango: 17.7 km E Revolcaderos, elev. 2377 m, 11 August 1972, MacNeill & Veirs, on palm grass [CISC, GHNC]; 8 km W VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 309 Durango, 17 June 1964, H. F. Howden [&GHNC]; 11.3 km N Durango, 13 August 1962; 31 km S Durango, 12 August 1962, D. S. Verity, all on Das- ylirion sp. [&GHNC]; 29 km W Durango, 8 August 1973, D. S. Verity; 35 km W Durango, 8 July 1973, D. S. Verity, all on Nolina sp.; Jalisco, 6.5 km NW Tequila, 18 July 1966, D. S. Verity, G. C. Walters, on Dasylirion sp. [&GHNC]. (New adult host records) Comparisons .—This species is discussed under alacris and ambiens. Acknowledgments Thanks are extended to W. F. Barr, Univ. of Ida., Moscow; D. S. Verity, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles; R. L. Westcott, Ore. Dep. of Agr., Salem; and the publications committee of the Division of Plant Industry, Fla. Dep. of Agr. and Consumer Services, for their helpful suggestions concerning the manuscript; and the following for help in other aspects of this study and/or for the loan of specimens: W. F. Barr; W. W. Glosser, Audiovisual Dep., Kansas City College of Osteopathic Med.; C. M. F. von Hayek, BMNH; H. F. Howden, Carleton Univ., Ottawa, Ont.; W. A. Iselin, El Centro, Calif.; J. M. Kingsolver, USNM; E. G. Riley, Univ. of Mo., Columbia; T. W. Taylor, Ft. Davis, Tex.; Margaret Thayer, MCZ, Harvard Univ.; D. S. Verity; G. C. Walters, Los Angeles, Calif.; F. G. Werner, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson; and R. L. Westcott. Literature Cited Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1960. The beetles of the United States (a manual for identification). The Catholic Univ. Press, Washington, D.C., 1112 pp. Arnett, R. H., Jr., and G. A. Samuelson (eds.). 1969. Directory of Coleoptera collections of North America (Canada through Panama). Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana, 123 pp. Burke, H. E. 1917a. Flat-headed borers affecting forest trees in the United States. U.S. Dep. Agr., Bull., 437:1-8, plates I-VIII. Burke, H. E. 1917b. Notes on some western Buprestidae. J. Econ. Entomol., 10(3):325—332. Chamberlin, W. J. 1926. Catalogue of the Buprestidae of North America north of Mexico. Published by author, Corvallis, Oregon, 289 pp. + index. Good, H. G. 1925. Wing venation of the Buprestidae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 18:251— 276. Horn, G. H. 1885. Contributions to the coleopterology of the United States. (No. 4). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 12:128-162. Kerremans, C. 1900. Buprestides nouveaux et remarques synonymiques. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg., 44:282-351. Kerremans, C. 1902. In Wytsman, genera insectorum, Coleoptera, fam. Buprestidae, fasc. 12a. Verteneuil and Desmet, Bruxelles, pp. 1-48. Kerremans, C. 1907. Monographic des buprestides, Vol. II, livraison 19. Chez l’Auteur, Bruxelles, pp. 577-608. LeConte, J. L. 1854. Notice of some coleopterous insects, from the collections of the Mexican Boundary Commission. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Phila., 7:79-85. 310 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LeConte, J. L. 1858. Catalogue of Coleoptera of the regions adjacent to the boundary line between the United States and Mexico. J. Acad. Natur. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, 4:9-42. LeConte, J. L. 1860. Revision of the Buprestidae of the United States. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (1859), 11 (n.s.): 187-258. LeConte, J. L. 1861. Article III. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Part I. Smithsonian Misc. Collect., 3:i-xxv, 1-208. LeConte, J. L., and G. H. Horn. 1883. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian Misc. Collect. Vol. 26, No. 507, pp. i-xxxviii, 1-567. Waterhouse, C. O. 1882. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera, Buprestidae, 3(1): 1-32. Waterhouse, C. O. 1890. Descriptions of two new Central-American Buprestidae. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist., 5(6th ser.):218-219. Footnotes 1 Contribution No. 442, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Depart¬ ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32602. 2 Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, p. 310 SCIENTIFIC NOTE RECORDS OF CERAMBYCIDAE FROM COCOS ISLAND (COLEOPTERA) A recent collection of Cerambycidae from Cocos Island was made avail¬ able for study by R. Silberglied of Harvard University. Although the five species represented have all been previously recorded from the island by Linsley and Chemsak (1966, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4)33:237-247), we are making these records known. The material, all taken at Chatham Bay, 8-11 April, 1979, R. Silberglied, includes the following species: Parandra glabra Degeer, 7 9, at light; Tae- niotes hayi (Mutchler), 26 6, at light, 13, in flight (N. Smythe); Acanthod- eres circumflexus Jacquelin duVal, 13, malaise trap; Acanthoderes co- coensis Linsley and Chemsak, 13, malaise trap; Anisopodus longipes Linsley and Chemsak, 56 3, 109 9 , at light, A3 3, malaise trap. John A. Chemsak and E. G. Linsley, Division of Entomology and Par¬ asitology, University of California, Berkeley 94720. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 311-315 STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL VELIIDAE (HEMIPTERA). V. NEW SPECIES OF RHAGOVELIA John T. Polhemus * 1 3115 S. York, Englewood, Colorado 80110 This paper is the fifth of a series intended to revise the veliid fauna of the New World. Earlier papers by Polhemus (1974, 1976, 1977) dealt mainly with Microvelia and Paravelia. A more recent paper by Smith and Polhe¬ mus (1978) treated all Veliidae of North America, but this fauna is depau¬ perate compared to the Neotropical region and a similar work covering the latter would be a formidable undertaking. It is planned, therefore, that small segments of the fauna be treated as time permits. Reviews, keys and check lists will be published at appropriate times. I am indebted to R. T. Schuh for the opportunity to study material from the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Unless otherwise not¬ ed, 60 units = 1 mm for all measurements. Rhagovelia chiapensis, new species Apterous male .—Dorsum brown black; abdominal tergites 6-8 shining medially; anterior eighth of pronotum except narrow median black area, much of venter lightly frosted; two (1 + 1) small quadrate spots on prono¬ tum behind vertex of head brown. Venter blackish except sternite 8 medi¬ ally, part of propleura, proepisternum, all coxal cavities yellow brown to brown; connexiva narrowly yellowish. Legs, antennae blue black; basal fourth of first antennal segment, anterior and posterior coxae, part of middle coxae, trochanters, base of anterior and posterior femora, first genital seg¬ ment beneath yellowish to yellow brown. Pronotum of moderate length, covering mesonotum except for posterior angles; length: width, 66:86. Length of metanotum on midline, 8. Abdominal tergites 2-7 subequal in length (11-14), tergite 8 longer (26). Proepisternum with 1-5 minute black conical setae adjacent to ventral angle of eye. Each abdominal sternite laterally with two (2 + 2) ovate slight¬ ly depressed hair-free areas having numerous tiny round glabrous pits. Dor¬ sum thickly clothed with moderate length (8) fine brown semi-recumbent setae; dorsum of head, dorsum and sides of thorax set with much stouter longer (10-15) curved setae. Venter clothed with fine yellowish pubescence and scattered long yellowish hairs, not as shaggy as dorsum. Legs, antennae clothed with short to moderate length (2-6) yellowish to brown semi-recum- 312 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1. Rhagovelia chiapensis n. sp., left male paramere (setae not shown). Fig. 2. Rhagovelia aestiva n. sp., left male paramere (setae not shown). bent setae; femora, tibia, antennal segments 1-2 with numerous scattered longer (10-15) stout black setae. Posterior trochanters armed with 10-12 small brown pegs. Posterior femur armed at middle with a stout spine fol¬ lowed by ten smaller spines decreasing in length distally; basally with a row of 16 small black conical pegs extending from trochanter to median spine. Posterior tibia beneath with an evenly set row of short black distally directed conical pegs; short (2) apical spur present. Down-curving arolia of hind tarsi dorsoventrally flattened. Antennal formula I:II:III:IV; 68:36:37:35. Proportions of legs as follows: femur tibia tarsal 1 tarsal 2 tarsal 3 Anterior 76 81 2 20 — Middle 132 90 6 54 56 Posterior 108 110 3 13 24 Abdominal tergite 8 slightly excavate beneath, forming a shallow trans¬ verse sulcus; posterior margin with a row of short (2) evenly spaced pos¬ teriorly directed setae. Parameres symmetrical, shape as shown in Figure 1. Length 3.88 mm, width 1.48 mm (paratype). Apterous female .—Dorsum black to grey black; abdominal tergites not shining. Connexiva broadly yellow on basal two visible segments, narrowly yellow on remainder. Dorsum with moderate length brown setae only on postero-lateral pronotal dorsum and first connexival segment; ventrally with short recumbent yellow pubescence. Otherwise coloration and hairi¬ ness as in male. Proepisternum with about 10 minute black conical setae behind ventral VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 313 angle of eye. Middle femur flattened over most of its length. Posterior femur armed just beyond middle with a moderate length (12) spine, followed by a row of five smaller spines decreasing in length distally. Posterior tibia basally with a row of 7-8 tiny black pegs. Abdomen distally upturned at a 45° angle to remainder of body; connexiva abruptly incurved and reflexed at a 45° angle after first visible segment (3), narrowly separated over tergite 5; divergent caudad, vertical distally, ter¬ minating in an acute angle slightly beyond tergite 8. Dorsum of tergite 9 strongly bent downward distally; tergite 10 directed downward at a 90° angle to distal part of abdomen. Length 3.38 mm, width 1.83 mm (paratype; length measured with head, thorax and base of abdomen horizontal). Macropterous female .—Coloration and most other characteristics as in apterous females. Dorsal setae on pronotum much shorter. Pronotum pro¬ longed into long straight simple lobe-like process extending posteriorly bare¬ ly above wings; process increasingly shaggy distally, with moderate length (8) curved setae distally; humeri moderately produced. Abdomen straight, not upturned. Wings black basally, brown-black distally, extending well beyond apex of abdomen. Abdominal tergite 9 mostly horizontal, slightly downturned caudad; tergite 10 bent downward at about 75° angle to longi¬ tudinal axis of body. Connexiva broadly yellow, yellow stripe narrowest basally. Length 4.83 mm (to tip of wing), width 2.13 mm. Material. —Holotype, apterous male, allotype, apterous female, Mexico, 16 mi SE San Cristobal de las Casas, CL1330, 1-14-1970, J. T. Polhemus (in Polhemus collection). Paratypes as follows: 51 apterous 3 3 ,39 apterous 9 9, 29 nymphs, same data as holotype; 58 apterous 33, 50 apterous 9 9,1 macropterous 9 , 26 nymphs, Mexico, SE of San Cristobal de las Casas, CL1079, V-2-1964, J. T. and M. S. Polhemus. Paratypes in the Pol¬ hemus collection, AMNH, USNM and other museums. Comparative notes.—Rhagovelia chiapensis n. sp. belongs to the Rha- govelia obesa Uhler group established by Bacon (1956). It drops out at the second part of couplet 3; if forced beyond, it keys to R. obesa but clearly is not. While most closely related to the latter and Rhagovelia knighti Drake and Harris, the female differs from both in having the connexiva widespread terminally and diverging posteriorly, the abdomen upturned distally at a 45° angle, and the terminalia turned downward at a 90° angle to the distal part of the abdomen. The male of chiapensis differs from these two species in the hairy dorsum and dorsal median shining areas only on the posterior two or three abdominal tergites; both sexes of chiapensis are relatively much broader than other members of the obesa group. This species is so far known only from one small forest stream in the pine highlands of southern Chiapas. 314 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Rhagovelia aestiva, new species Apterous female .—Dorsum brown black; abdominal tergites 8-9 shining medially; anterior two-thirds of pronotum, pleura, much of venter lightly frosted; anterior third of pronotum with elongate orange brown spot behind vertex. Venter blackish except sternite 8 broadly fuscous; connexiva con- colorous with venter, margins of segments 4-8 shining. Legs, antennae fus¬ cous to blue black; basal fourth of first antennal segment, bucculae, base of rostrum, coxal cavities ventrally, anterior and posterior coxae and trochan¬ ters yellow to yellow brown. Pronotum short (25), clearly shorter than ex¬ posed mesonotum (38); width of pronotum 64. Abdominal tergite 2 short (10), tergites 3-6 subequal in length (13-15), tergites 7-8 longer (20, 27 respectively). Proepisternum, jugum of head without noticeable black setae. Abdominal sternites laterally with sparse pubescence, hair-free areas with tiny round glabrous pits barely noticeable. Dorsum of head, thorax, abdominal stergites 8-9, basal half of tergite 7, abdominal venter except laterally thickly clothed with brown recumbent pubescence, more yellowish on venter medially; longer pubescence on sides of abdomen, dorsum of head, posterior part of mesonotum. Abdominal tergites 2-6 hair-free. Legs, first two antennal seg¬ ments, head, thorax at sides with numerous scattered longer (8-15) stout black setae. Trochanters unarmed. Connexiva reflexed, almost meeting over tergite 6, slightly divergent posteriorly. Intermediate femur slightly flattened over most of its length. Posterior femur flattened beneath, armed at distal 5 /s with a short (4) spine followed by three smaller spines decreasing in length distally; unarmed basally. Pos¬ terior tibia unarmed, with a short straight spur distally. Downcurving arolia of hind tarsi dorsoventrally flattened, long, acuminate; upcurving arolia leaf¬ like, slender, flattened surface vertically oriented. Antennal formula I:II:III:IV;55:27:33:32. Proportions of legs as follows: femur tibia tarsal 1 tarsal 2 tarsal 3 Anterior 67 68 2 16 — Middle 114 86 5 46 47 Posterior 80 108 3 8 22 Length, 3.75 mm; width, 1.25 mm. Macropterous male .—Coloration and hairy vestiture similar to apterous female except as follows: connexival margins not shining; posterior margin of pronotum roundly produced, set with long recumbent setae. Abdominal tergites 6-7 shining medially; length of tergites 2-6 subequal (10-13), tergite 7 longer (22). Wings broken off near base. Posterior femur armed at middle with a medium length (8) curved spine, VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 315 followed by 7 smaller spines decreasing in length distally. Posterior tibia with an evenly set row of short black distally directed conical pegs; short straight apical spur present. Antennal segment 3 flattened, broad (11). Seventh abdominal sternite not depressed but shining medially. Genital segments brown, without ornamentation; parameres symmetrical, shape as in Figure 2. Length, 3.70 mm; width, 1.5 mm. Macropterous female. —Similar in most respects to preceding. Hemely- tra with long hairs on basal half; extending beyond apex of abdomen. Length (to end of hemelytra), 4.00 mm; width, 1.55 mm. Material. —Holotype, macropterous male, and allotype, apterous female, Haiti, NE Foothills, La Hotte, 2400 ft, Oct. 10-24, 1934, Darlington, in AMNH. Paratypes, same data, 1 8 macropterous; 5 9 9 apterous; 3 9 $ macropterous (wings broken off near base on all but one female), 1 nymph; in AMNH and J. T. Polhemus collection. Comparative notes.—Rhagovelia aestiva clearly belongs to the abrupta group as characterized by Bacon (1956) and Matsuda (1956), and is the third known Rhagovelia species wherein the males have the third antennal seg¬ ment flattened and dilate, Rhagovelia secluda Drake and Maldonado and Rhagovelia agra Drake being the others. In Bacon’s (1956) work, aestiva keys to the torquata-vivata complex but differs from these in the less heavi¬ ly armed posterior femora of both sexes, darker coloration, and inflated third antennal segment of the male. R. aestiva differs from secluda and agra in having the pronotum clearly shorter than the exposed portion of the metanotum (vs. longer in secluda and agra). Literature Cited Bacon, J. A. 1956. A taxonomic study of the genus Rhagovelia (Hemiptera, Veliidae) of the Western Hemisphere. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38(10):695—913. Matsuda, R. 1956. A supplementary taxonomic study of the genus Rhagovelia (Hemiptera, Veliidae) of the Western Hemisphere. A deductive method. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 38 (11):915—1017. Polhemus, J. T. 1974. The austrina group of the genus Microvelia (Hemiptera; Veliidae). Great Basin Naturalist, 34 (3):207-217. Polhemus, J. T. 1976. A reconsideration of the status of the genus Paravelia Breddin, with other notes and a check list of species (Veliidae: Heteroptera). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 49 (4):509—513. Polhemus, J. T. 1977. Type-designations and other notes concerning Veliidae (Insecta: He¬ miptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 79 (4):637-648. Smith, C. L., and J. T. Polhemus. 1978. The Veliidae (Heteroptera) of America north of Mexico—keys and a check list. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 80 (1):56—68. Footnote 1 Contribution from the University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, 80309 and the Martin Marietta Corporation, P.O. Box 179, Denver, Colorado 80201. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 316-318 FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF TETRAGNATHA EXTENSA EMERTON, IN A RIPARIAN HABITAT (ARANEAE: TETRAGNATHIDAE) Leonard S. Vincent Division of Entomology and Parasitiology, University of California, Berkeley 94720 The following field observations on the biology of Tetragnatha extensa Emerton were made at the Nature Conservancy’s McCloud River Preserve in Siskiyou County, California, from August 1-15, 1976 as part of a larger team study examining the effects of changing water levels on stream ar¬ thropods. This study site is described by Resh and Sorg (1978) and Tippets and Moyle (1978). Gerhardt (1923) observed in the laboratory a European T. extensa female mating with a second male a day after the first mating. In contrast, LeSar’s (1978) laboratory mating studies with T. laboriosa Hentz indicated that fe¬ males mate only once. The following describes male x female, male x male, and female x female interactions involving T. extensa. On August 5, 1976, between 21:45 and 22:00 hr, I observed a female T. extensa mate with two males consecutively. The second male was present on the web perimeter when the first male was observed in copula. At one point the second male approached the mating pair but was repelled by vig¬ orous leg movements from the mating pair. The leg movements began as the second male approached and they ceased as the male retreated to the web perimeter. Immediately after the first male completed copulation and left the web the second male approached the female and mating proceeded. During this second mating another adult female from a nearby rock entered the web and successfully removed and exited with a chironomid midge in her chelicerae. Copulation lasted about three minutes in the first mating and 10 minutes in the second. In another example, on August 11, at 2100 hr, a male, after mating for approximately seven minutes, was chased to the perimeter of the web by his mate. However, the pursuit by the female was not vigorous; the male managed to stop and remove two chironomids from the web before reaching the perimeter. The female ceased approaching her mate and returned to the center of her web just before he left the web. On August 9, at 22:22 hr, I saw two males on a web approach each other and make contact with their chelicerae and first pair of legs. During the seven seconds that they were in contact the first pairs of legs were held at right angles to the body axis while the chelicerae of both spiders were VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 317 Table 1. Orders and families of insects removed from Tetragnatha extensa webs. Ephemeroptera Baetidae Heptogeniidae Lepidoptera Geometridae Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae Hymenoptera Formicidae Coleoptera Staphylinidae Homoptera Aphidae Diptera Sciomyzidae Cecidomyidae Dixidae Tipulidae Psychodidae Simuliidae interlocked. This position strongly resembled the male x male encounter position of Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) described in detail by Rovner (1968). The spiders separated uninjured with one spider remaining on the web and the other retreating to a nearby rock. Other male x male encoun¬ ters were similar but were too brief for detailed observation. On August 9, at 1500 hr I observed three adult females, walking on a tree branch overhanging a creek, make simultaneous contact with each other. After sparring briefly with their first pair of legs all three spiders dispersed to separate branches approximately one half meter apart. Rovner (1968) observed female x female encounters in L. triangularis but they were on the webs of one of the combatants. Although it is well known that tetragnathids commonly prey on nemato- cerous flies (Kaston, 1948; Bristowe, 1941; Gertsch, 1979), I could find few potential or actual prey items of tetragnathids in natural habitats reported in the literature. LeSar (1978) lists prey items of T. laboriosa in soybean fields. Small insects, especially nematocerous flies, make up the bulk of potential prey items found in T. extensa webs (Table 1). I saw T. extensa feeding on mayflies and chironomids, and these items were carried from the web to an adjacent sheltered rock surface before feeding. Feeding in shel¬ tered areas may be an adaptation to the splashing water. In contrast, LeSar (1978) observed T. laboriosa feeding in the hub and elsewhere in the web. Prey was not always removed immediately by T. extensa. I counted forty- one chironomids in one web on August 11 at 21:15 hr. The adult female occupant of this web often entered the web, removed a chironomid, and retreated to a rock to feed. Males were seen to enter the webs of females and remove prey, while the females were in their retreats. At 21:30 hr I saw an adult female T. extensa eating part of her web and the minute prey items it contained, while selectively cutting out debris such as wind blown seeds. The prey were eaten as the web was being consumed, and thus added to 318 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST the web nutrients. As Breed et al. (1964) suggested, this behavior could be energetically efficient since the silk is redigestible. The small prey probably were not energetically worth individual predatory responses (see Peakall and Witt, 1976 for a discussion of energy budgets in an orb weaving spider). I detected no apparent vertical stratifications of T. extensa webs accord¬ ing to spider size. The webs of both adults and immatures were generally found within a range of 1.5 meters above the water. I did find vertically oriented webs arranged one behind the next under overhanging rocks, but not enough micro-habitats of this type were found to allow me to draw any conclusions on horizontal stratification based on spider size. To measure dispersal potential for adults, ten T. extensa were captured, marked with fluorescent dye, and released on one bush adjacent to the river. Four days later four marked spiders were recaptured in webs ranging from 3 to 33 meters downstream. The ability to reestablish webs and to run across water probably aids tetragnathids to survive in environments with fluctuat¬ ing water levels. Acknowledgments I thank I. A. Boussy, B. J. Kaston, W. J. Gertsch, C. E. Griswold, E. I. Schlinger and especially J. S. Rovner for their comments and suggestions on this manuscript. R. Dileo identified the insects. Literature Cited Breed, A. L., V. D. Levine, D. B. Peakall, and P. N. Witt. 1964. The fate of the intact orb web of the spider Araneus diadematus Cl. Behaviour, 23:43-60. Bristowe, W. D. 1941. The comity of spiders. Vol. 2. London: Ray Society. 560 pp. Gerhardt, U. 1923. Weitere sexualbiologische Untersuchung an spinnen. Arch. f. Naturg., Abt. A, 89:1-225. Gertsch, W. J. 1979. American Spiders. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 274 pp. Kaston, B. J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. Hartford: Conn. Geol. Natur. Hist. Surv. Bull. 70, 874 pp. LeSar, C. D., and J. D. Unzicker. 1978. Life history, habits, and prey preferences of Tetra- gnatha laboriosa (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Environ. Entomol., 7:879-884. Peakall, D. B., and P. N. Witt. 1976. The energy budget of an orb web-building spider. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 54:187-190. Rovner, J. S. 1968. Territoriality in the sheet-web spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) (Ar¬ aneae, Linyphiidae). Z. Tierpsychol., 25:232-242. Resh, V. H., and K. L. Sorg. 1978. Midsummer flight activity of caddisfly adults from a Northern California stream. Environ. Entomol., 7:396-398. Tippets, W. E., and P. B. Moyle. 1978. Epibenthic feeding by rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri) in the McCloud River, California. J. Anim. Ecol., 47:549-559. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 319-322 SCIENTIFIC NOTE EVIDENCE FOR A RETURN MIGRATION OF VANESSA CARDUI IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) Although the existence of a migration has never been proven by mark- recapture studies, it is generally accepted that the Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus), migrates northward in late winter and early spring on the Pacific coast of North America, proceeding in a series of steps correspond¬ ing to successive generations (Tilden, 1962, J. Res. Lepid., 1: 43-50). The existence of a southward return migration is less widely accepted, either here or in the Palaearctic region. There are at least two reasons for this: few observers are afield in September to November to see it, and it never seems to attain the great density characteristic of northward flights in fa¬ vorable years. The latter point is crucial, because “thin” migrations are often not recognized as migrations at all. This has led some observers to believe that even the northbound flights occur only in high-density years, and leads them to infer causation from this alleged correlation. Animals present in the north in low-density years are then interpreted as a “resident” population upon which the mass movements are intermittently superim¬ posed. The timing, directionality, and sexual condition of V. cardui through the season argue against this interpretation and instead suggest that long- range dispersal is a characteristic seasonal phenomenon in this species and is independent of density. The 1979 season provided especially interesting data bearing on this idea. At the latitude of Davis and Sacramento the first V. cardui of the season may occur as early as 7 February (as in 1976) to as late as 20 April (as in 1975). In 1979 several were seen (two taken) on 18 March at Davis; all of these were flying due north. No other adults were seen until 7 April. At least one gravid female must have arrived in late February, since one half- grown larva was found (on Lupinus succulentus, an unusual host) at Gates Canyon, Solano County, on 8 March. The 18 March animals were too fresh to have flown all the way from the desert. The two captured specimens were both males; therefore, it is not known if this group included gravid females. On 7 April large numbers of frayed cardui appeared on a broad front across Yolo County, moving northward. All females examined were gravid, and egg-laying was seen from the first. Numbers fluctuated through early May, with occasional surges but with some butterflies always present. Larvae were numerous through this period. The resulting butterflies must have de¬ parted almost immediately after hatching, since none of the local collectors noted abnormally high numbers of fresh cardui in June, although by early July there were thousands of abandoned larval nests on various weeds. 320 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Virtually no adults were present in July and August, and no larvae at all were seen in the Sacramento Valley after July 1. On 29 August a southward-moving front of cardui passed through Davis. Its arrival was as dramatic and well-defined as the northward one almost five months earlier. Ovipositing on mallows was observed the same day. Thereafter, cardui were continuously present into November. The numbers varied from day to day, with eight distinct surges. When not at flowers the butterflies moved in classic migratory fashion, flying due south to SSW, often against the wind, and going over, rather than around, obstacles. In¬ dividual cardui were observed in one place visiting flowers in gardens for two or three days and then not seen again. Thirty-two individuals were marked with a blue marking pen in the Experimental College gardens at Davis in October; only four were seen again, all within 3 days of marking. At Donner Pass (Nevada-Placer Counties, 2100 m), a few cardui were flying on 12 July but none seen on 30 July. In the mass-migratory year 1973 larvae were very numerous at Donner, but in 1979 no larvae were found, despite careful searching. However, on 10 September several dozen adults were found nectaring at Rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus ) flowers. By 30 Sep¬ tember the amount of blooming Rabbitbrush had declined greatly, but adult cardui were still common. Two ovipositing females were also seen in the western foothills between Auburn and Nevada City on the latter date. At 1400 m on the South Yuba River they were common at Aster blossoms on 3 October; a few were seen there on 15 October, but none at Donner on the latter date. On 20 September cardui was the commonest butterfly at Deadfall Lakes, Trinity-Siskiyou Counties, about 50 having been seen on a handful of Rab¬ bitbrush plants at 2100 m. The next day another 50 or so were seen visiting the same species of plant in Scott Valley, especially at French Creek and the banks of the Scott River at Callahan. Many potential hosts were searched in vain for old larval nests and damage. There was no evidence of large-scale breeding locally, nor were many larvae seen anywhere in the Trinity-Eddy area, despite four collecting trips to this region in the 1979 season. Yet cardui were generally distributed in late September up to the Klamath River at Humbug, Siskiyou County! How exceptional are the events of 1979? Tilden {loc. cit .) speaks of “large populations . . . late in the fall at high elevations,” and gives examples. These autumn concentrations on flowers, especially composites, are quite common and apparently bear no relation to the abundance of larvae in the same area earlier in the season. Both sexes are present; if the sex-ratio deviates markedly from 1:1, it is toward larger numbers of females. Early in the fall, and especially at high elevations, females contain a great deal of yellow fat and no well-developed ova. Later, and at lower elevations, the proportion of gravid females increases to near 100% at the end of the flight. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 321 Autumn cardui are very large and richly colored, with forewing lengths of 32-35+ mm. They are phenotypically very similar to the brood produced under “optimal” conditions in spring at Sacramento from eggs laid by March immigrant females. They are easily told from the northbound mi¬ grants which originate in winter in the desert and from the occasional early winter emergent in the Sacramento Valley, which resembles the northbound migrants. On 6 October 1979 about 3 dozen cardui were found, apparently feeding on honeydew on the south side of a California Walnut ( Juglans hindsii ), in disturbed riparian habitat at Rancho Cordova, Sacramento County. Butter¬ flies were observed from ground level to 15 m. The weather at 1300-1330 h was as follows: breaks in altostratus overcast, 27°C, R.H. ca 40%, wind calm. There were no cardui on nearby Baccharis pilularis ssp. sanguinea in bloom, and only a handful were scattered over nearby grass- and wood¬ land. All of the cardui were large. Four females were found to be barren and full of fat. On 26 October the tree was still covered with honeydew and cardui were again abundant, but uniformly distributed over the habitat, with only two seen at this tree. On 7 October large cardui were common on composites {Aster, Grindelia, Pluchea, Baccharis, Centaurea ) at the Suisun Marsh, Solano County. Four females were collected: two were very worn and had many ova; two were less worn and had only fat. In addition, a locally-reared, teneral cardui of the winter (desert) phenotype was found; its fore wing length was 25 mm, vs. 32+ mm for the others. On 10 October very worn females were common at Gates Canyon and at Vacaville, Solano County, flying in a uniformly southerly direction in early afternoon. Three ovipositions were seen on Malva and one on Althea. The last two surges of cardui in the Valley were on 17 and 27 October. On the latter date they were more abundant than at any time previously at both Davis and Suisun City, and on 28 October similarly were more common at Gates Canyon and Vacaville than previously. A sample of 24 females collected on these two days (17th and 27th) was uniformly gravid. Larvae were common on Malva throughout the area into early November. Every female brought into the lab in late October oviposited freely. The most parsimonious explanation of these observations is that there is a return southward migration of V. cardui in autumn, and that it is, in effect, a “mirror-image” of the northward one in spring. The biggest problem is where the butterflies are coming from. Although the most likely source is the Pacific Northwest, we cannot rule out the possibility that the autumn migrants were hatched at low elevations in spring and underwent altitudinal or latitudinal displacement, followed by aestivation. Aestivation has not 322 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST been reported in V. cardui, but is known in other nymphalids, viz. Nym- phalis antiopa L. in northern California, and in females of Speyeria zerene (Bdv.) and S. coronis (Behr) (S.R. Sims, pers. comm.), and in the satyrid Coenonympha California Westwood. The reproduction by cardui in autumn 1979 failed. By mid-January only two larvae could be found in fields where thousands of eggs had been laid. These were allowed to pupate on a sheltered outdoor balcony; one died and the other, which had pupated 21 January, eclosed on 17 February 1980 as a perfect specimen during a violent rainstorm. No cardui were seen at all through early March at Davis, though they were common at Santa Barbara on February 11-12. Winter 1979/80 was mild and very wet at Davis. By mid-June 1980 only one cardui had been seen in Davis, and no larvae had been encountered. California’s summer drought poses a problem for insects which can be solved only by diapause/aestivation on one hand, or migration on the other (Shapiro, 1975, J. Res. Lepid., 14:93-97); there is no way to breed contin¬ uously in the absence of hosts. In at least part of the state, overwinter survival may also be a major problem. The functional parallelism of diapause and migration (Dingle, 1978, Evolution of Insect Migration and Diapause, Springer-Verlag, New York), viewed in this context, frees migration from causal dependency on population density and allows us to consider the possibility that it is a normal seasonal aspect of the biology of the animal. Arthur M. Shapiro, Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis 95616. PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST October 1980, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 323-331 OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF SIMULIUM TESCORUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN CALIFORNIA AND ADJACENT AREAS 1 Lawrence A. Lacey 2 and Mir S. Mulla Department of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside 92521 The larval habitat of the family Simuliidae is generally typified as cold, fast running streams. Simulium tescorum Stone and Boreham, is an excep¬ tion, since its larvae are found in small warm streams in the lower desert regions of California and western Arizona. The water temperature in these streams sometimes exceeds 30°C and the stream velocity may be as low as 2 cm/sec. Simulium tescorum is also one of the most serious black fly pests in California. Although its pestiferous nature has minimal impact on man be¬ cause of its small and often isolated desert habitats (Mulla and Lacey, 1976a), it occasionally needs to be controlled (Pelsue et al., 1970). Very little is known about this unusual species, other than a few brief biological notes and a thorough description of the species (Stone and Bore- ham, 1965) and studies on its larval feeding rates (Mulla and Lacey, 1976b). This paper presents information on the number of larval instars, contains a description of the egg stage, extends the known distribution, and provides some biological notes for the species. Methods and Materials Eggs and larvae of S. tescorum were collected from Thousand Palms Canyon in the lower Colorado desert of southern California. This area con¬ sists of a series of natural oases along Mill Creek in the region of the San Andreas fault, north of Thousand Palms, Riverside County, California. Eggs were collected and transported to the laboratory at the University of Cali¬ fornia, Riverside, where each batch was divided into two nearly equal lots. One half of each lot was fixed in aqueous Bouin’s solution for 12 hours, removed and then stored in 70% ethanol. The other half of each lot was placed in a rearing unit using the rearing procedures as described by Lacey and Mulla (1977a) and maintained at 19°C. After hatching, the larvae were allowed to mature and these, with pupae, were then preserved in 80% al¬ cohol. Several eggs from each of five individually preserved batches were measured, and the number of eggs per batch was counted. 324 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST Fig. 1. Frequency distributions of the lengths of the postgenae of larvae of Simulium tes- corum from two collections, April 15 and 22, 1977, at Thousand Palms Canyon, California (n = 453). Larvae collected in the field were preserved in 80% ethanol. For the purpose of determining the number of larval instars, the length of the post- gena and of the whole larva were measured with an ocular micrometer in a Zeiss® dissecting microscrope as described by Fredeen (1976). Lengths of the postgenae were then grouped following the procedures of Sokal and Rohlf (1969) and plotted against the number of larvae in each group. In all, 453 larvae were measured. Periodic observations on larval biology were made primarily in the Thou¬ sand Palms Canyon from December 1973 until January 1978. Stream veloc¬ ities were determined with a float and stopwatch; water temperatures were measured with a mercury thermometer and the pH was determined in the laboratory with a pH meter. Additional observations on the larvae of this black fly were made at Willis Palms, an oasis just south of Thousand Palms Canyon, and at Coyote Creek north of Borrego Springs, San Diego County, California. New distribution records for S. tescorum were established by collecting throughout southern California, southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona between December 1973 and November 1977. Other unpublished records were obtained from specimens in the Los Angeles County Museum and the entomological museum and medical entomology collections of the Univer¬ sity of California, Riverside. These records supplement those of Stone and Boreham (1965) and Hall (1972). VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 325 Results and Discussion Eggs The eggs of S. tescorum occur in small to medium batches with 96-275 eggs per batch (x = 171, n = 5). They are deposited at the water line usually on sedges and cattails trailing in the water current. The largest egg batch found might have been two contiguous batches. The bluntly triangular eggs measured 94.4 ± 2.91 g, by 55.6 ± 1.55 g, (n = 32) and were oriented on their large ends in a position similar to that of eggs of S. aureum Fries described by De Foliart (1951) as reported by Peterson (1959), or in a leaning position. They were readily separated from the eggs of S. argus Williston and S. vittatum Zetterstedt, which are oriented on their sides and often deposited in a meandering line and frequently in large masses (Lacey and Mulla, 1977b). Newly laid eggs were creamy white in color and gradually darkened to deep brown on maturing. Prior to hatching, the embryo could be seen clearly through the chorion. Larvae The frequency distributions of the lengths of the postgenae of the larvae (Fig. 1) indicate that there are seven larval instars. Although very few first instars were found, they could be readily separated from the second instars by their small size and the presence of the egg burster. Penultimate and ultimate instars were separated on the basis of size and the degree of de¬ velopment of the histoblast, and the complete lateral separation of the cer¬ vical sclerites. The peaks representing each of the other four instars were easily distinguished. The mean lengths ± s.d. for the postgenae of each instar are graphed in Fig. 2. The means of each instar fall on, or close to, the regression line drawn through the intercept (—0.857 g) and the average of each variable (instar IV, 245.29 g). Utilizing the least squares method, the natural log of the postgenal length plotted against the instar number generates the regres¬ sion line log e Y = .3036x + 4.1211. The ratio of head capsule growth in successive instars going from the first to the seventh, was 1.75, 1.66, 1.30, 1.24, 1.21, 1.17 respectively. These findings differ somewhat from those of Fredeen (1976) for S. arcticum Mal- loch for the first and second instars. This may be due in part to the low numbers of S. tescorum larvae that were measured for each of these two instars. The body lengths ± s.d. of the seven instars of S. tescorum are: 0.46 ± 0.05, 0.90 ± 0.11, 1.76 ± 0.22, 2.29 ± 0.26, 2.95 ± 0.34, 4.06 ± 0.56, and 5.15 ± 0.39 mm respectively. The larval growth ratios were 1.96, 1.96, 1.30, 326 PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST 400 A g 300 a> CP in O CL a> c a> _) 200 100 2 3 4 5 6 7 Instar Fig. 2. Mean lengths ± s.d. of the postgenae of the seven larval instars of S. tescorum . 1.29, 1.38, and 1.26 for the first through the seventh instars respectively. Here again the first two instars were considerably different from the other five. The ratio of growth for the third through seventh instars was fairly constant, indicating a geometric progression of growth (Dyar’s rule, from Wigglesworth, 1972). Ultimate instars of S. tescorum reared in the lab from field-collected eggs had an average postgenal length of 406 ±8.9 /x and a body length of 4.73 ± 0.19 mm (n = 21). These measurements are considerably lower than the larval and postgenal lengths of the seventh instars that were collected in the field. The 95% confidence limits (t-distribution) for the means of the post¬ genae of lab-reared and field-collected ultimate instars are 401.95-410.05 /x and 428.45-433.55 ^ respectively. It is thus possible that measurements of anatomical characters of larvae collected from various habitats that differ VOLUME 56, NUMBER 4 327 considerably from each other will show significant variation. The larvae of S. tescorum that were collected at Thousand Palms Canyon were found in a variety of stream types, some having wide temperature differences. Pos¬ sibly for this reason, a wider variation in the measurement of the postgenae of each instar was observed in our studies than that reported by Fredeen (1976) for S. arctic urn. Larval Habitats The larvae of S. tescorum were found attached to rocks, roots and trailing vegetation in diverse lotic habitats in the lower desert. A seep in Willis Palms with flowing water ca. 2 cm wide and less than 1 cm deep supported low numbers (