Ee | ’ 7. ies se ae | 4 = _ ie XXxil , December, 1922 Number 5 TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. NO. 16 BAe oes f | OE : ~~ NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY ~» SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY 'F. F. MOON, Dean _ Papers Porn the Department ) of Forest Entomology Published Quarterly by the. University Syracuse, New York —__Enored at the Posto ggaiaanaiemenanannselaniaini He) 2 « SS a od. Class s* - ay Volume XXII December, 1922 Number 5 TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 16 OF Ves YORK /STATE/ COLLEGE OF FORESTRY, -t AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY , F. F. MOON, Dean Papers from the Department of Forest Entomology Published Quarterly by the University Syracuse, New York Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-class mail matter ec a EN nate SNS at = LIBRARY OF CONGRESS RECEIVED SEP o-1927 POSUMENTS.D Vo ON 7 ag ncaa NN ee ee 6. Two New Bark-beetles from Colorado. M. W. Blackman TABLE OF CONTENTS op poke, 2 at ae Saami PAGE . An Ecological Study of the Hemiptera of the Cranberry Lake Region,’ New York. Herbert Osborn anc “Carl eraker en cc neo ae,” 5 2. Life History Notes on Cranberry Lake Homoptera. Herbert Osborn.. 87 3. Contribution Toward the Life History of Galeatus peckhami Ashmead. ie TORPEDO renee ye gna 2 NT Slee Sap vie Gan sha euckiy alts od siete ete Uv se Hes 105 - The Life History of the Birch Tingid, Corythuca pallipes Parshley. De DIPPED on pe ote Sa ete ee aeeks Bes kg wht cle BeeWiel «6 = eyspg ee | . New Species of Ipidae from Maine. M. W. Blackman................ BEY 7. Description of Hylocurus parkinsoniac n, sp.,. with Revisional Notes on Hylocurus Hichhoff and Micracis LeConte. M. W. Blackman... 142 . The Life History of two Species of Nabidae (Hemip. Heterop.) : Nabis roseipennis Reut. and N. rufusculus Reut. F.G. Mundinger. 149 [3] TRUSTEES OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY EX-OFFICIO Dr Charles W. lint, Chancellor )-2... 716. 2-0 Syracuse University Dr. Frank P. Graves, Commissioner of education..... Albany, N. Y. Hon. Alexander Macdonald, Conservation Commissioner Albany, N. Y. Hon. Jeremiah Wood, Lieutenant-Governor........... Hemstead, L. I. APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR Hon. Alexander 7. Browit.).| seco. oh 2 see ee Syracuse, N. Y. Hon, JohneR. Clancyeene sooner tee or a DUN soreretetanare Syracuse, N. Y. Hon? Harold) Ds Cornwall. s,s ie inc aie as ee Beaver Falls, N. Y. Hon) George: W. 7 Driscell ic. esa es es eee Syracuse, N. Y. Ron: «Ci 1G 6 Burnes Week. ice Sec entet ce cater ee eee ee Watertown, N. Y Hon. LouissManshall (ise. 78... ee, Se New York City Eton, - Walliams: Welley aia as eee eee Syracuse, N. Y. Hon.) Bidwamnd ei) Oxblara,. 2iiebe aie cas teehee aes Syracuse, N. Y. Hon, J. Henry Wralters.ceh 36 trcteu et oes ep ean New York City OFFICERS OF THE BOARD Hon, Thowis! Mia rsallliy. wer cheteit uh eee oie ee President Hon. Jolini RR, Claneys 2). ss ance ee aes ne 2 en ee Vice-President | } if i | t | ; 1 | ~/ DEES Me A A eg oe ll a Na eos, Mee CRANBERRY LAKE VICINITY | SCALE LEGEND ee ae = == Road +++ RAILROAD 9h MAIN COLLECTING STATIONS. LY SUB-COLLECTING STATIONS. 16. Lich Island. ===TOTE ROAD 7 Bog Ilan: tabean fond 8 Dear Mountain. i birgin Finder, Mature. 44. Cat Hountain, Buck Islend 18. Indian Mountain House. ANYSLE Sophomore Bimmer Camp 4 Cutover Timberland{isig) L6,Suckr Groak. 2 Soave Meadou's SHumcd Over Umberland (1000) Grasse Liver Barren. SB Forcdithis og e Hit ONY Stale fanger Fehool Tact 12.the Hains a Fig. 1— Map of the Cranberry Lake Region, New York, showing the location of Collection Station. 1o.Ganberry Lake tKhltage. @a. Indian Hountain. 2t fouls's Lumber Compe. Drawn by Stickel. ON. a AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE HEMIPTERA OF THE CRANBERRY LAKE REGION, NEW YORK By HERBERT OSBORN AND CARL J. DRAKE For the purpose of this study it is proposed to use an ecological grouping based on the primitive forest conditions or forest cover of the region with particular recognition of the modification caused by the lumbering or cutting of the large conifers and part of the hardwoods, and the subsequent burning of certain cut-over tracts. These factors have operated to produce a very different combina- tion of organisms, in part because of the different plant associa- tions which have formed a succession for the forest cover, but largely owing to the evident killing out of certain members of the original fauna. The latter is probably due to the disappearance of the food plants concerned or in some cases no doubt to the actual elimination of the species in certain areas occasioned by the destruction of the vegetation and duff through fire. While the boundaries of the groups are not in all cases well defined, and as each may carry a varied flora aside from the domi- nant plant species, there is usually a rather definite limit for each. In any case the hemipterous fauna for each association is fairly well defined. It is true that certain species which disregard all limitations of host plants may enter a number or even all of the communities, but this does not invalidate the general rule and in many cases the restrictions to certain host plants or r to a special environment is very marked. The Cranberry Lake Region (fig. 1) as here delimited includes the lake proper and adjacent tracts. The former, including bays and flows, has a maximum length of about nine miles. The total distance around the lake is approximately 160 miles. The altitude is about 1,485 feet above sea level.* The valleys, bogs, swamps, lakes, marshes, streams, hills and low mountains give considerable physiographical diversity within a small area. The original forest cover (birch, beech, maple, spruce, pine, hemlock, balsam, larch, etc.) has been modified in most tracts by lumbering and fire (burns). The ‘‘burns’’ and cut-over areas are in various stages of rehabilitation and offer the most varied and most favorable breeding places for Hemiptera. The ‘‘plains,’’ hogs, Swamps, marshes, etc., present the usual combination of plant association. An excellent and detailed discussion of these, includ- ing the biological conditions, has been published by Bray; in ‘The Development of the Vegetation of New York State.’’ The collecting regions mentioned in these pages are marked by the * The camp site is about 1,500 feet above sea level. + Bray, W. L. The Development of the Vegetation of New York State. Tech. Pub. No. 3, N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. [5] | 6 New York State College of Forestry absence of oak, sycamore, hickory, walnut, hackberry, elm and basswood. Headquarters were established at the State Forest Camp on Barber Point, Cranberry Lake, about seven miles from Cranberry Village and some eight miles from Wanakena. The collections covered a diversity of locations and the paper is based on records of three summers, collections being made at odd times by Drake in 1917 and 1919 and the past summer (1920) by Osborn and Drake together. For convenience the list of species follows the excellent cata- logue by Van Duzee,* but in many cases the authors do not con- sider the sequence of genera or species as representing the most probable lines of evolution of the groups or the natural affinities. No synonomy or specific bibliography has been included since these are so admirably covered by the above mentioned author. Only references to the more recent papers or to such as are especially desirable for the accommodation of readers of this paper are cited. LOCATION OF COLLECTING STATIONS 1. State Forest Camp (Fig. 2): The principal collecting sta- tion was the state forest camp and other of the more favorable areas in the immediate vicinity. In fact about 95 per cent of the species herein listed were recorded for the Barber tract. The different associations of this area are quite representative of the Cranberry Lake region and includes forests, swamps, marshes, bogs, hills, flows, tote-roads, trails, burns, and streams. Fig. 2.— State Forest Camp Site of the New York State College of Forestry, Barber Point, Cranberry Lake, N. Y. See deseripeey of Station Number 1. Photo by Osborn. *Van Duzee, E. P. Cat. Hemip. of Amer. North of Mexico. Univ of Calif. Pub., Vol. II, pp. I-XIV, 1-902, 1917. Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 7 Fig. 3— The Beaver Meadow on the Barber Tract. See descrip- tion of Station Number 2. Photo by Dr. Bray. In addition to the native plants several foreign species, inci- dentally carried in with the hay and grain destined for the lumber camps, have become established along the trails and tote-roads. One of the latter almost parallels Sucker Brook and leads through various ecological types, including bogs, beaver meadows, logged area, ete., to Proulx’s lumber camp and offered the most favorable and attractive collecting places. _ 2. Beaver Meadows (Fig.3): The beaver meadows are located about a mile from the State Forest Camp along the Sucker Brook tote-road. As the name suggests, these extensive areas have arisen through flooding occasioned by the beaver dams and have replaced a balsam swamp forest which preceded them. As a result of this inundation the balsam (Abies balsamea (Li) Mill.), spruce (Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr.), speckled alder (Alnus incana (Li) Moench.) and many of the other woody and non-woody plants have been smothered by the higher water level. The dominant plants of the present association, which persist around the borders and on the higher elevations, are grasses (principally Calamagrostis cana- densts (Michx.) Beauv.), sedges, rushes, iris, speckled alder, and Spiraea (largely Spiraea latifolia Borkh. and some Spiraea tomen- tosa L.). Sphagnum is also found in certain places. 3. Forsaith’s Bog (Fig. 4): This is a forest bog located about a mile from the State Forest Camp across the Sucker Brook Trail from the Beaver meadows, An abandoned tote-road, which 8 New York State College of Forestry Fig. 4.— Abandoned tote road in Forsaith’s Bog. See descrip- tion of Station Number 3. Photo by Fivaz. branches off the Sucker Brook road near camp, winds through this bog again to join with the Sucker Brook tote-road at the farther end of the burn. The plants indicate a secondary association fol- lowing a balsam swamp forest and will ultimately be dominated by the latter. The arborescent forms are represented by balsam, red and black spruce (Picea rubra and Picea mariana (Maill.) BSP), a few larch (Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch), hemlock (T'suga canadensis (Li.) Carr.), yellow birch (Betula lutea Michx. f.), and soft maple (Acer saccharinum Li). In addition there are willows (Salix. spp.) and some dense thickets of speckled alder. The bog type is represented by Cassandra, Kalmia, Ledum, Vac- cimum, Nemopanthus, and the less conspicuous forms such as cran- berry, aromatic winter green, snowberry, twin flower and the like. The terrene is generally covered with a deep matrix of sphagnum. Certain small areas in this bog are perhaps typically swamp-like or marsh-like. Collections were also made in other bogs, swamps and marshes which represent more advanced stages in the develop- ment of their plant associations. 4. Lumbered Areas: The recently lumbered areas in the vicinity of Proulx’s Camp and other older logged areas in various stages of recovery were studied. These cut-over tracts were for- merly a mixed coniferous and hardwood forest from which most of the soft wood had been removed. .. Burns (Fig. 5): The burns on the Barber tract and near Wanakena offered the most attractive breeding places for Hemip- tera. The former is a transitional association of fire cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica L. f.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 9 Michx. and Populus grandidentata Michx.). The temporary char- acter* of the cherry-aspen type is indicated by the presence of yellow birch, beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), hard and soft maple (Acer saccharinum L. and A. saccharum Marsh), and a small percentage of conifers (spruce, white pine (Pinus Strobus L), hemlock, and balsam) in the understory. The ground cover of seedlings, grasses and other herbaceous plants form a much greater variety than that of the logged, but unburned areas, and Fig. 5-— Tote road near Sucker Brook leading through a large “burn” (Barber Tract) in cut-over areas and to lum- ber camp. See description of Station Number 5. Photo by Fivaz. * The climax Adirondack forest consists of yellow birch, sugar maple and beech in a mixture with red spruce, white pine, balsam and hemlock. 10 New York State College of Forestry virgin forest. There is also a much greater number of the indi- vidual plants of the various species. 6. Crataegus Hill; This is a small hill-top on the Barber tract about three-fourths of a mile from camp. Crataegus sp., iron- wood (Ostrya virginiana (Mill) K. Koch), white ash (fraxinus americana L.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus, Li. var., aculeatis- simus (C. A, Mey.) Regel. & Tiling.), aster (Aster macrophyllus L.), boneset (Hupatorium sp.) and sedges and grasses are the principal plants. 7. Big Floating Island (Figs. 6 and 7): This station hes on the west side of Cranberry Lake near Joe Indian Island. Although stationary it 1s a typical floating island which has arisen through the massing of drift logs and other plant detritus resulting in a substratum which has enabled certain hardy plants to obtain a foot-hold. The vegetation represents a typical floating bog and consists of a heavy sphagnum matrix (8 to 10 inches deep of living sphagnum) surmounted by a dense thicket-like growth of Cas- sandra or leather leaf (Chamaedaphne caiyculata (li). Moench) and sweet gale (Myrica Gale L.) and a few clusters of speckled alder and an occasional larch. | 8. Grasse River Bog (Fig. 8): This is a large bog located near Silver Lake and traversed by the Grasse River Railroad con- necting Cranberry Village and Conifer. This region is intercepted by several brooks and is covered by a dense vegetation which, how- ever, is restricted to relatively few plants. Here and there one finds almost a pure association of Carex oligosperma Michx. while clumps of Cassandra, speckled alder, labrador tea (Ledum groen- landicum Oeder), pale laurel (Kalmia polifolia Wang.), Andro- meda polifolia L., low sweet blueberry (Vaccinium pennsylvamcum Lam., var. angustifolium (Ait.) Gray, with some withe-rod (Vibur- num cassinoides Li.) and chokeberry (Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.), Willd., dot the surface. 9. New York State Ranger School Tract: This tract, located near Wanakena, N. Y., is controlled by the New York State College of Forestry. It includes an extensive burn, tote-roads, forests, bogs, Swamps, and streams. Owing to the type of topography, over-run by high hills and depressions, it offers a wide range of habitats, plant associations and most excellent collecting. Con- ditions on this tract and other favorable areas in the vicinity of © Wanakena are somewhat comparable to Barber tract on Cran- berry Lake. 10. Bean Pond (Fig. 9): This is a small, open-water pond near the middle of an extreme type of Adirondack bog (Bray, l. e. pp. 125-128) with many of the bog-plants wholly removed and the more bog-tolerant species, chiefly dwarf black spruce, tamarack and leather leaf, growing in a deep and compact matrix of sphagnum. Small black spruce shrubs or apparent seedlings growing near the pond are practically as old as the larger ones or fairly large trees near the outer margins of the bog. Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region ‘11 11. Climax Forest Type* (Fig.10): This station was located on state land in a tract of ‘virgin forest near the Oswegatchie River opposite from the New York State Ranger School. The trees con- sist of hardwoods dominated by conifers, especially white pine. Several specimens of the latter, about 125 feet tall and a D. B. H. of 42 to 49 inches, represent some of the most magnificent trees in the Adirondacks. 12. The Plains (Fig. 11): These areas are a series of open- ings near the Upper Oswegatchie River and are very typical of the so-called treeless plains of the Adirondacks. Bray quite fully » Fig. 6— Big. Floating Island, taken from a distance by Fivaz. See description of Station Number 7. discusses these treeless areas in ‘‘The Development of Vegetation of New York State ’”’ (1. c., pp. 144-147) and states, ‘‘ Borings show from two to three feet of compact, fine sand evidently offer- ing poor areation. Below, the deposit is darker, coarser and full of coarser grit. The water table is normally several feet below the surface, but the area has much the aspect of a wet lowlands, and during rainy seasons is in effect like an area of soaked soils. But, as in other sand areas, it is subject to extreme drouth.’’ As Bray has pointed out the plants of the ‘‘plains,’’ as repre- sented by complex associations of swamp, bog and typical members of barren vegetation, reflect the peculiar bioclimatic conditions of the region. These open heath barrens, margined by tamaracks which are slowly encroaching the open terrene, are gradualiy being broken up. They are also occasionally dotted with black spruce. The shrubs consist largely of mountain fly honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea Li.) blueberries (Vaccinium canadense Kalm., and V. pennsylvanicum, var. angustifolum and V. vacillans Kalm.), * Typical Adirondack forest, see footnote, p. 9. 12 New York State College of Forestry choke cherry (Prunus virginiana L.), Pyrus arbutifolia and P. melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. Two wet-land grasses (Avena Tor- reyt Nash and Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx.), the abundance of creeping blackberry (Rubus hispidus lL.) and two species of Spiranthes (growing among the wet-land grasses) tend to empha- size the hydrophytic aspect of the plains. Extreme areas are covered with reindeer moss which reaches its optimum development during the autumn months. Here and there golden rods, asters and spiraea are found among the shrubs and have a conspicuous place in the flora of late summer. Fig. 7— Big Floating Island; photo taken near the island by Osborn. See description of Station Number 7. PALAEARCTIC HEMIPTERA OCCURRING IN THE CRAN- BERRY LAKE REGION Horvath* very carefully studied and collated the genera and species of Hemiptera, known to occur in both Europe and America, especially those of the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. He pre- sents evidences to show that many of the species common to both faunas are of Palaearctic origin and that migration took place largely in an eastward direction by the way of Alaska. Many of the species known to occur in beth regions have only been taken in eastern and northeastern localities of the United States and Eastern Canada. Although this is not in perfect accord with some of Horvath’s theories and evidences, more collecting in the western regions of the United States and Canada will undoubtedly extend the range westward for many of the Palaearctic Hemiptera that have become permanently established in North America. Parshleyt * Horvath, G. Les relations entre les faunes hémiptérologiques de 1’Europe et de V’ Amérique du Nord, Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., Budapest, 1908. { Parshley, H. M. Fauna of New England. List of Hem.-Het. Occasional Papers Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1917. Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 13 has discussed the Palaearctic Hemiptera known to be established in New England and added a number of species of Heteroptera, which have been recently taken in New England, to Horvath’s list, and Knight* has treated quite carefully the species of Miridae common to Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Several species are apparently of rather recent introduction by human agencies and hence must be considered in a different class from those having naturally holaretic range. : Homoptera Philaenus lewcophthalmus Euscelis striolus Evacanthus acuminatus Cicadula variata Acucephalus nervosus Cicadula 6-notata Acucephalus albifrons Balclutha punctata Deltocephalus abdominalis Empoa tenerrima Deltoceptalus pascuellus Empoa letherryr +Huscelis striatulus Empoa rosae Euscelts obsoleta Dikraneura fieberr Empoasca flavescens Alebra albostriella ~ Empoasca smaragdula Heteroptera Sciocoris microphthalmus Stenodema trispinosum Corizus hyalinus Teratocoris paludum Corizus crassicornis Trigomtylus ruficornis Aradus lugubris Stenotus binotatus Gerris rufoscutellatus ' Poeciloscytus untfasciatus Nystus ericae Capsus ater Galeatus peckhami Lygus pabulinus Reduvius personatus Lygus apicalis . Nabis limbatus Lygus pratensis Nabis ferus Monalocoris filicis Cimex lectularius Mecomma ambulans Miris dolobratus Saldula pallipes Plagiognathus chrysanthemi Callicoriza praeusta THE HEMIPTERA OF THE ADIRONDACKS The first records of the Hemiptera of the Adirondack Moun- tains, published by MacGillivray and Houghtont in 1903, were col- lected during June, 1901, in the vicinity of Axton at an elevation of about 1,600 feet. This paper includes 53 species, 34 Heterop- tera and 19 Homoptera respectively. A few years later Van * Knight, H. H. Nearctic Records for species of Miridae known heretofore only from the Palaearctic Region (Heterop.) Can. Ent., Vol. LIII, Part 12, 1921, pp. 280- 288. (Published in Jan. 1922). | Euscelis striatulus and E. obsoletus of Horvath’s list are separated by Van Duzee as instablis and relativus respectively. t MacGillivray, Alex. D. and Houghton, C. 0. A list of the Insects in the Adirondack Mountains, N. Y.— III. Ent. News, Vol. 14, pp. 262-265, 1903. 14 New York State College of Forestry Duzee* published a list of the species of Hemiptera known to occur in the Adirondacks. The latter, based on a few days’ ecol- lectirg at Lake Placid and Saranae Lake Junction in 1902 and the forms enumerated by MacGillivray and Houghton, contains 193 species of Hemiptera (92 Heteroptera and 101 Homoptera). The present list enumerates 397 species and varieties of Hemip- tera, 218 Heteroptera (one lygaeid not determined), and 179 Homoptera. All the species are from the vicinity of Cranberry Lake and 95 per cent or more of the forms occurring in this region have been taken on about 200 acres of the Barber tract. How- ever, this portion of the tract is represented by a marked variety of ecological and biological conditions. It includes camp site, hills, marshes, bogs, beaver meadows, lumbered areas, forests, tote- roads, trails, open areas, dense growth of young trees, burned- Over areas, coves of Cranberry Lake and the like. The following species, listed by Van Duzee, have not been taken in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake: Homoptera Heteroptera Lepyronia 4-angularis Say Physatocheila plexa Say | Stictocephala lutea Walk. Corythucha juglandis Fitch Macropsis 3-maculata Fh. (probably pallipes.Parsh.) . Deltocephalus debilis (probably Xylocoris (Piezostethus) galac- abdominalis tinus Fieb.. 3 Deltocephalus compactusO.&B. Phytocoris conspersipes (brevi- Aconura acuticauda Bak. usculus) Reut. Chlorotettix viridis Calocoris uhleri (tinctus) Vani) Balclutha osborm Van D. Dichrooscytus elegans Uhler Trioza 3-punctata Fh. Halticus apterus (Linn.). Strongylocoris (Stiphrosoma) croceipes (Uhl.) Pilophorus clavipes Uhler MS Ceratocapsus (Melinna) mod- estus Uhler. Orthotylus chlorionis Say. Orthotylus (Diommatus con- grex Uhler dorsalis Prov. -Orthotylus (marginatus Uhl) (Cyrtorrhinus) marginatus Uhl.) Plagiognathus obscurus Uhler The above list includes 23 species of Hemiptera (14 Heteroptera and 9 Homoptera) not collected in the Cranberry Lake region. This gives a total of 409 species of Hemiptera for the Adirondack Mountains. However, the three papers taken together do not Van Duzee, E. P. List of Hemiptera Taken in the Adirondack Mountains 20 Rept. N. Y. St. Ent. pp. 547-556. 1904. Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 15 represent a complete list of Hemiptera for the Adirondacks. In fact the last day’s collecting added four new species to the Cranberry Lake region. On the other hand, collecting in other parts of the Adirondacks where numerous trees and food plants occur, which are not found at all in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake, will undoubtedly add many new records. Van Duzee* catalogues 381 species of Hemiptera (197 Heterop- tera and 184 Homoptera) for Buffalo and vicinity. The Buffalo list covers several times as much area as the Cranberry Lake region covered by the authors. | Fig. 8— Grasse River Bog near Silver Lake. See description of Station Number 8. Photo by Osborn. LEAF HOPPERS OF NEW YORK STATE Osbornt catalogues 184 species of leaf hoppers, Jassidae or Cicadellidae, for New York. The following species for Cranberry Lake and vicinity, not represented in the above list, are new records for the State: Agallia oculata, Idiocerus amabilis, Idio- cerus submitems, Xestocephalus mgrifrons, Parabolocratus major, Deltocephalus ocellaris, D. misellus, D. nominatus, D. flavovirens, D. mgriventer, Euscelis deceptus, E. arctosaphyli, E. humidus, EH. angustatus, FE, elongatus, E. comma, Phlepsius maculellus, Thamnotettix cockereiwlli, T. morse, T. bellr, var. brunners, T. wal- dana and Cicadula pallida. This gives a total of 206 species of Cicadellidae (Jassidae) for the state, of which 130 are recorded herein for the Cranberry Lake region. * Van Duzee, E. P. A List of the Hemiptera of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol 5, No. 4, pp. 167-205, 1907. t Osborn, Herbert. Jassidae of New York State. 20 Rept. N. Y. St. Ent. for 1904, pp. 498-546. 16 New York State College of Forestry NATURAL ENEMIES Of the natural enemies of Hemiptera we can only offer incom- plete records as time did not permit detailed studies of this phase of the associations. The mammals of the region, save perhaps the beavers, probably have little influence on the hemipterous fauna. The latter by the construction of dams have altered the conditions of the drainage channels and inundated rather extensive areas. As a result of the higher water level many of the plants have been smothered and replaced largely by more or less hydrophytie forms. With this transition of the vegetation there has, of course, been a change of the hemipterous content of the flooded areas. ae Fig. 9— Bean Pond on the New York State Ranger School Tract near Wanakena, N. Y. See description of Station Number 10. Photo by Osborn. i Birds are numerous and no doubt some of the species prey extensively on this group of insects, especially during certain parts of the year but we have not observed any specific instances of especial or noteworthy attacks on particular species. Reptiles are not great in numbers and are of little importance as checks upon Hemiptera. The Batrachians, especially frogs, are quite numerous and feed largely upon insects. No attempt has been made to study the contents of the stomachs of toads and frogs of the Cranberry Lake region, but the works of Kirkland,* Surface,t Drake,t Munz§ and others readily show the economic aspect of * Kirkland, A. H. Habits, Food and Economic Value of the American Toads Bull. 46 of Hatch Exp. Station of the Mass. Agri. College, pp. 1-31, 1897; — Usefulnes. of the American Toad. Farmers’ Bull. No. 196, U. S. D. A.; pp. 1-16, 1904. + Surface, H. A. Economic Features of the Amphibians of Pennsylvania. Zool. Bull. Pa. Dept. Agr., 3, 67-152, 1913. ce re Carl J. The Food of Rana pipiens Shreber. Ohio Naturalist, 14:257— , 1914. § Munz, Philip A. A Study of the Food Habits of the Ithican Species of Anura During Transformation. Ponoma College Jl. of Ent. & Zool. 12: 33-57, 1920. Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 17 these amphibians. The fishes of course consume many aquatic insects and forms that happen to fall into the water, but they have very little relation to the forest Hemiptera. The predaceous Hemiptera play an.important role in the control of plant-feeding Hemiptera and other phytophagus insects. Such ravenous forms as Nabis limbatus, N. roseipennis, N. rufusculus, Podisus serieventris, P. modestus, P. placidus, P. maculwventris, Anthocoris borealis, Tetraphleps osborni, Triphleps sidiosus, Deraeocoris (Camptobrochys) borealis and the like are very con- spicuous in the region studied. The aquatics are mostly predatory, but they sustain themselves upon aquatic insects and other aquatic animals and also upon insects that happen to fall in the water, Hymenopterous egg parasites were bred from the eggs of several of the Heteroptera and numerous Jassids were parasitized by dryinids. Tachinid eggs were observed on the backs of some of the Pentatomidae. Predaceous insects in other orders also destroy many Hemiptera. Of the invertebrate groups associated with Hemiptera the spiders are of special interest and while the species are not numerous and individuals have not been observed as specially abundant they are probably the most important of «the natural enemies. Collections of these have been made incidentally while sweeping or beating for Hemiptera and specimens -have been submitted to Dr. W. M. Barrows of the Ohio State University for identification. The following list should not be considered as representing the spider fauna of the region, but simply as indicating the most common species associated with the Hemiptera and from the known food habits * as constituting a natural check for this group as well as other associated insects. ; Common Spiders of Cranberry Lake Region Epeira insularis Hentz. Barber Point, no special habitat noted. Epeira trifolium Hentz. Barber Point, collected in the Beaver Meadow, July 30, 1920. Epeira trivittata Keys. Barber Point: marsh, July 5 and 28; willow, Aug. 5; tote road along Sucker Brook, July 28; virgin forest, July 28; Aug. 11; Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Epeira thaddeus Hentz. Virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. Pellenes hoyi Peckham. Barber Point —no special habitat noted but accord- ing to Dr. Barrows this is a meadow species. Tibellus duttoni Hentz. Barber Point, taken in the marsh and Beaver meadow, July 5, 28; tote road, July 28; on willows, July 28, “burn,” July 28, 1920. Tibellus oblongus (Walck). Barber Point, taken near the tote road leading to Forsaith’s Bog, July 28, 1920. Dendryphantes militaris (Hentz). Marsh and meadow tote road, July 28; burn July 27; on willows Aug. 5, 1920. _ Dendryphantes capitatus (Hentz). Taken on willow, July 28, in dense virgin forest; Barber Point, July 29. * Bilsing, S. W. Quantitative Studies in the Food of Spiders. Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XX, 1920, p. 215-260. 18 New York State College of Forestry Dictyna frondea Em. On willow, Barber Point, July 28. Dictyna (bostonensis Em.?). Forsaith’s Bog, Barber Point, July 28, 1920; not recorded hitherto except for eastern Mass. Dictyna muriaria Em. Tote road near camp site, July 28, 1920. Dictyna volucripes Em. In rotten wood at Barber Point, August, 1920. Lophocarenum florens (‘Camb.) Tote road along Sucker Brook, July 28, 1920. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz. On willows near tote road, Barber Point and virgin forest, July 28, 1920. : Tetragnatha grallator Hentz. Sweeping on yellow birch in “burn” at Barber Point, Aug. 2, 1920. Linyphia marginata Koch. On willows near tote road leading to Forsaith’s bog, July 28, 1920. Theridvum frondeum Hentz. Taken along tote road on willow in company with the above species, July 28, 1920. Theridium murarium Em. On yellow birch at Barber Point, June 26, 1920. Theridula sphaerula Hentz. In virgin forest, July 28, 1920. Misumena vatia (Clerck). On Salix, July 28, at Barber Point. Misumena sp. Young, taken at the Plains, Aug. 3, 1920; virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. Helophora insignis (Blk.) Thor. ‘Collected in the virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. Mangora placida (Hentz). Sweeping grasses and weeds in tote road, July 28, 1920. Agalena naevia Walck. Virgin forest, July 29, 1920. Dense young forest at Barber Point, July 29, 1920. Xysticus limbatus Keys. Sweeping weeds near site, July 31, 1920. Clubiona sp.? In virgin forest, July 28, 1920, at Barber Point, July 31, 1920. Theridiosoma radiosa. (Em.) In dense young forest at Barber Point, July 29, 1920. | | Chiracanthium viride Em.(?) In lumbered area, Barber Point, Aug. 20, 1920. Pirata insularis Em. In Forsaith’s Bog under sphagnum, Aug. 10, 1920. Pardosa sp.? Virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. Phidippus multiformis Em. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Phidippus sp.? Barber Point, no special habitat recorded. Sittacus striatus Em.(?) Barber Point, 1920. Coriarchne versicolor Keys. Under bark near Proulx’s lumber camp, Aug. 2, 1920. Many of the spiders appear to have a very general distribution, especially such forms as Hpeira trivittata, Tibellus dutton, Dendryphantes militaris and Tetrangnatha laboriosa.. Pirata insularis seems to be confined to bogs, the only definite record being under sphagnum in a _ well-marked bog. Agaleana naevia was taken only in deep forest, but is known to occur in meadows. The distinctly forest species, as indicated by our records, are Theridula sphaerula, Helophora insignis, Tetragnatha grallator, Coriarachne versicolor and Eperira thaddeus. The plains had a variety of species and Phidippus multiformis seems to be the only species limited in our collecting to this region. Most of the meadow or grassland species occurred in the woods or at least along the tote roads and trails, but Hpeira trifolium, Dictyna bostonensis. Pellenes hoyi, and Xysticus limbatus are evidently more at home in meadow association. METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS The meteorological records of the United States Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau, taken by Mr. R. R. Streeter at the New York State Ranger School, Wanakena, New York, furnish the data for the table given below. The collecting, except a few forms secured during the last week in May and the first two weeks Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 19 in September, ‘was confined entirely to the summer months of June, July and.August. These months include (see table) the greatest period of insect activity and for many species practically the entire time‘for the development: of the nymphal stages. The daily range of temperature is also quite marked. The nights are generally cool and, consequently, the insects are not very active during the latter part of the afternoon, early morning and night. As a result of the late spring and the unusually heavy rainfall during July (7.35 inches) the development of the immature stages was somewhat retarded and adults of many species were not taken until the latter part of the summer. METEOROLOGICAL TABLE — 1920 Monthly Summary Temperature leab Renae cenbine Precipitation ae ee Treat- aa Z ept Maxi- Mini- Ae Maxi- | Mini- Mean baie Sree of snow mum mum aily mum mum . : : 2 on cetae inches | inches ae nel inches January...... 27 31 20 a 34° | —39° 57° | 17.7° |—9.1° 4.3° 1.99 35.5 33.5 February..... 2 28 1 45° | —33° gg aa fae TACT 44° 3.24 24.5 52.0 March....... 25 2 2 66° | —27° 63° | 41.7° | 16.1° | 28.9° 3.03 11.2 53.0 April.. il 19 19 : 69° 42° Ave || 217 92 |) Dr OP | 837631 3.82 5.8 5.0 WY YY, a ee A 29 25 DE 81° 46° 46° | 68.1° | 38.8° | 53.4° 1.81 0 0 Juniez.. 5.5. 882 1-2 26 82° BY Siew VoL lol oleoe. | 62.22% 1.46 0 0 bly esos <. 4234 « 30 30 30 82° 32° BO NAL OS | ail BS ll Glee 7.35 0 0 August....... 9 4 83° 33° Soellalonls soso, || 16442 2.11 0 0 September... . 26 20 21 : 81° 27° Sor) a OmlCe | HAT ACH hee 5.11 0 0 October...... 15-16 23 24 : 75° 24° 44° | 62.9° | 50.2° | 51.6° 1.85 0 0 November.... 2 2 51° 45° 45o SG -Oclmaleo>. | 29ito 4.73 112: SAC yn beeen: ee December....| 22 &25 9 9 , 47° 39° 39° | 36.1° | 14.7°z| 25.4° 4.45 315). 5 12.0 THE HEMIPTEROUS FAUNA Forest Associations Primitive Forest: The Hemiptera of the deep woods associa- tion are limited in number of species, but consist of rather dis- tinctive forms and some of them quite closely restricted to such 20 New York State College of Forestry environments. An excellent example of pristine conditions is found on state land across the Oswegatchie River from the Ranger School. This tract includes untouched virgin forest of great age and dominated by some of the largest and most magnificent pines of the ‘Adirondacks. Fig. 10— Virgin Forest on State Land near Wanakena, N. Y. See description of Station Number 11. Photo by Drake. The tree tops, of course, were far beyond our reach, but they may be expected to support many of the insects common to the Same trees on the lower stratum of vegetation. The lower stratum consisting of seedlings of the principal forest trees, white pine, spruce, balsam, hemlock, yellow birch, hard and soft maple, beech, wintergreen, ferns, ete., furnished a habitat of quite special features, the most important being a deep bed of forest leaf-debris, humid atmosphere, and almost complete lack of direct sunshine. In this habitat the most frequent Homoptera were Eupteryx flavo- scuta, E. nigra, E. vanduzer, Thamnotethix waldanus, Grapho- cephala coccinea and Gypona octo-lineata, with an occasional Oncopsis fitchi and O. variabilts, the latter two possibly stragglers drifted down from the more favorable conditions of the tree tops. An aphid, Hormaphis sp., was rather common on yellow birch. The Heteroptera were represented particularly by Miridae — Lygus pabulinus, Dicyphus agilis, D. vestitutus, Macrolopus, sepa- ratus, Diaphnidia capitata, D. pellucida, Phaytocoris lasiomerus, Molanocoris filicis, and Camptobrochys borealis — and a few other forms such as Corythucha pallipes, Nabis rufusculus, N. rosevpen- nis, Saldula wterstualts and Micranthia humilis. The Saldidae were taken along the bank of a small stream in the deep forest. Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 21 Bog Association: The Hemiptera of the bogs, as represented in Big Floating Island, Bean Pond, Forsaith’s Bog, included such forms as Euscelis humidus, E. instabilis, E. vaccinu, Phlepsius maculellus, Thamnotettix eburatus Aphelonema histrionica, Lac- cocera vitipennis, Nabis limbatus, Ischnorrhynchus geminatus, Phytocoris lastomerus, Psallus n. sp., ete. EHuropiella rubida, Plagiognathus fraternus, P. politus, and Camptobrochys laricolis were collected on larch. The aquatic forms, taken in Bean Pond and a small pond in Big Floating Island, are represented by Gerris rufoscutellatus, G. buenoi, G. marginatus, Notonecta wndulata, Buenoa margaritacea, Ranatra americana, Microvelia buenoi, Cal- licoriza praesuta and Artocorixa scabara. Swamp Association: The swamp meadow association included especially Draeculacephala noveboracensis, D. manitobiana, Tham- notettix decipiens, T. ciliatus, T. placidus, Nabis limbatus, Phyto- coris sp., Mecomma gilvipes, Stenodema trispinosum, S. vicinum, Trigonotylus ruficornis, Collaria meilleuru, Homaemus aenei- frons and several of the forms (aquatics and plant-feeders) listed in the bog association. Plain Association: The Hemiptera of the Plains included especially Philaroma bilineata, Philaenus lineatus, Pubilia con- cava, Deltocephalus misellus, Laccocera vittipennis, Melanorhopala clavata, Thyanta custator, Coenus delius, Perillus exaptus var. d. (fide Van Duzee), Ortholomus longiceps, Nysius ericea, Crophius disconatus, Ilnacora malina and Mecomma gilvipes. The latter was common along the trails in moist, shady places in larch thickets. The larch insects (see bog association) were very common in the pure stands of this tree. ‘Burn Associations: The older burned-over regions (see station number 5) included not only the Hemiptera common to the sur- Fig. 11— The Plains, located near the Upper Oswegatchie River. . See description of Station Number 12. Photo by Prof. E. F. McCarthy. 22 New York State College of Forestry rounding forests and cut-over areas but also many other species feeding upon the transitional, ericaceous and various other native and exotic plants peculiar to the burns, tote roads and small open areas along the trails and about the deserted lumber camps. These Open areas and the camp site afforded breeding places for such campestral and caespiticolous species as Deltocephalus wmmicus, D. affinis, D. apicatus, D. pascuellus, Agallia sanguinolenta, Acu- cephalus albifrons, Bruchomorpha oculta, Liburmia campesiris, Lygus pratensis obliteratus, Lygaeus kalmu angustomarginatus, Nabis rufusculus, N. rosecpenns and Triphleps wnsidiosus. Several examples of Euscelis comma were taken on the fine grasses in the trails. Sciocoris microphthalmus occurred on the red rasberry bushes and rank vegetation in the small open areas. The fire cherry trees were infested by Typhlocyba obliqua, Psyllia carpincola, and especially Psyllia 3-maculata; the poplars (Populus tremuloides Michx. and P. grandidentata) by Telamona reclivata, Idiocerus lachrymalis, Macropsis basalis, Empoasca smaragdula, E. viridis, EHuschistus tristigmus and Corythucha elegans. The alders and willows growing along the streams and in moist situations supported a large association of Hemiptera. The species listed below for these plants, also yellow birch and white pine, are common to a number of habitats. On willows (Salix spp.) : Idiocerus amabalis, I. pallidus, I. alternatus, Macropsis. viridis, M. basalis, Scaphoideus iwmmistus, Thamnotettixz cockerelli, Empoasca smaragdula, E, aureo-viridis, Trioga salicis, Pemphigus tesselata, Cymus discors, Corythucha elegans, C. mollicula, Lygus atritylus, L. hirticulus, Lygidea rubecula obscura, Platytylellus lasiomerus, Phytocoris salicis, Lopidea media, Diaphnidia pellu- cida, Ceratocapsus pumilus, Orthotylus dorsalis, Plilophorus amoenus, Deraeocoris borealis and Anthorcoris borealis. On yellow birch (Betula lutea Michx) : Clastoplera obtusa, Oncopsis sobrius, OC. cognatus, O. fitch, O. minor, Typhlocyba querct, Psyllva striata, P. carpinicola, Euschis- tus tristigmus, Banasa dimidiata, Meodorus lateralis, Ischnor- rhynchus geminatus, Corythucha wpallipes, Eremocoris ferus, Lygus horticulus, L. fagi, Deraeocoris borealis, Hyaloides vitri- pennis, Pilophorus amoenus, Diaphmdia provanchert, D. capi- tata, Orthortylus translucens, Plagiognathus fuscosus, Aradus robustus, A. quadrilineatus, Aneurus inconstans, Anthocoris borealis, Podisus sereiventris, P. modestus and P. maculiventris. On White Pine (Pinus Strobus L.): Aphrophora parallela, Empoasca coccinea, Elidiptera slossoni, Psyllia carpinicola, Phytocoris fulvous, Plagylytus luridus, Deraeo- corts pinicola, Pilophorus amoenus, Aradus mger and Tetraphleps osborni n. sp. In general the Hemiptera of the region may be considered as conspicuous members of every habitat studied. There are many aquatic species and some of the surface inhabiting species occur Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 23 in countless millions (Rheumatobates rileyi, Trepobates pictus and Metrobates hesperws) scattered over miles of the surface of Cran- berry Lake and the Oswegatchie River. The shore dwelling Species and the forms occurring in the swamps, bogs, marshes and meadows present a large array while the forest species occurring under bark, on the leaves and every possible part of the tree make up an aggregation that cannot possibly be overlooked by anyone giving the least attention to the complex association of the woodland. In general the greater number may be counted as plant feeders, but there are many predaceous forms that prey PEEP PLY id gee 19435 tS , eG GE ~ Yue= W221 afb trae >} = > . wm i 5 Nig ie ee. tEKAD » UG ee SPST. A wf? } ,BE: pony: DA HIP, 4782 TKI ey: . Io a sag? 77> Pale OTM, Aid”, Fig. 12.—a, Pine Frog-hopper, Aphrophora parellela Say; 6}, (adult) and c, (nymph), Clostoptera obtusa Say. upon other insects and many of course that sustain themselves on decaying vegetation in such manner as to have little influence on other organisms. However, no species can be considered as entirely independent of the other forms in the complex association of which they may be only a very minor part. From an economic standpoint the majority of the Hemiptera must be counted injurious as by far the greater number are destructive to useful vegetation and especially to important forest trees. This may be considered especially true of the Homoptera, all the species so far as known being dependent upon growing plants for their food; none are aquatic in the true sense but several 24 New York State College of Forestry species have become adapted to bog- or swamp-plants where they are Subject to very humid conditions or at times must be able to undergo temporary immersion. Acknowledgements: The authors wish to express here, briefly, their sincere appreciation to those who have kindly assisted in these studies. We are indebted to Dean F. F. Moon, New York State College of Forestry, for the opportunity of carrying on these investigations. The drawings have been made by Mr. J. R. Sim of Ashtabula, Ohio. Mr. A. E. Fivaz has taken many of the photo- graphs and assisted in the field work. Director W. H. Sanderson of the State Forest Camp has very kindly permitted us to use boats, canoes, tents and other equipment of the Summer Camp. The plants have been determined by Dr. W. L. Bray, Syracuse University, and Dr. H. P. Brown, New York State College of Forestry. The map of Cranberry Lake region has been drawn from a map of the Adirondacks by the Conservation Commission of New York State by Mr. Paul W. Stickel under the direction of Professor H. C. Belyea. Dr. M. W. Barrows of Ohio State University identified the spiders. For the determinations of in- sects thanks are due as follows: Dr. H. H. Knight of the Uni- versity of Minnesota, the Miridae; Dr. H. B. Hungerford of the University of Kansas, the Corixidae; Dr. H. M. Parshley of Smith College, the Aradidae Mr. H. G. Barber of Roselle Park, N. J., the Lygaeidae; and Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno of White Plains, INS Ye: at! of the Saldidae. HOMOPTERA IN THE VICINITY OF CRANBERRY LAKE 2 _- By Herpert Ossorn Family CICADIDAE This family is not represented in the Cranberry Lake region by any number of species, the only one which has been definitely recognized being Tibicen canicularis. The group is) interesting on account of the extended life history of the 17 year Cicada and the root-feeding habits of the immature forms. They are of economic importance because of the punctures caused by the females in depositing eggs which are laid in the twigs or smaller branches of various forest trees. It would seem almost certain that Tibicen rimosa should be found in this region but no specimens have been observed. Also the species described as 7’. novebora- censis by Fitch would seem likely to occur as it was discovered from the eastern part of the state. Tibicen canicularis (Harris). This, as stated above, is the only species definitely recognized. It was singing during August of the present year, but no speci- mens were captured. Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 25 Family CERCOPIDAE The spittle insects or frog hoppers are quite noticeable on account of the masses of froth that surround the young and which adheres to stems of plants or twigs of trees in such quantity as to attract attention. Some of the species must be of considerable economic importance since they occur in such numbers as to cause a Severe drain upon the plants affected. The most notable ones in this area are the meadow frog hopper and the forest frog hopper mentioned below. Aphrophora parallela (Say) (Fig. 12, a). Cranberry Lake (Barber Pt.), July 8, 1917; Aug. 1-8, 1917; Aug. 4, 1918." Wanakena, Aug. 127, 1917. ‘The species is apparently limited to coniferous trees as it has apparently never been recorded out- side of the coniferous area and is the most common species on the conifers; its nymphal stages and the associated froth masses: ap- pear during June and early July. The adults are not uncommon in July and egg- -deposition occurs during J uly or August. This species is capable of considerable injury to the coniferous forests being very generally distributed and abundant and. the punctures on the twigs resulting in weakening; wilting, or occa- sionally killing of terminal twigs; the evidence of injury, unless the froth masses are observed, are apparent only some time after the attack has been made. It may commonly be credited to. other sources of injury as the real culprits may have entirely disappeared when the injury becomes evident. Adults probably feed to quite an extent on the twigs or smaller branches but with less drain upon the plant than during the nymphal stage. It has been bred from spruce and pine and may occur on other conifers. Aphorophora 4-notata (Say). This occurs on quite a large variety of plants and in some loca- tions is very common. It is apparently most frequent in the low ground locations along streams or lake margins, although one cap- tured on the plains, which was in a border of a thicket, might indicate more open habitat. Cranberry Lake, July 11-14-20, 1917, July 28-30. Aug. 11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. This species also occurs on a variety of plants and has been taken in a number of different plants, especially in the vicinity of Barber Point. Philaronia bilineata (Say). This species is common on the western plains and during the present season was found only on the ‘‘plains’’ where it occurred in open meadows upon the plains grass. In such location it is quite abundant, but can hardly be counted an economic species in this region. Cranberry Lake, July 24, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plams, Aug. 3, 1920. 26 New York State College of Forestry Philaenus leucopthalmus (Linnaeus) (Fig. 13). The meadow frog-hopper is one of the most abundant of the spittle-insects and throughout the entire New England region occasions no little injury to plants, especially clover and other legumes, but does not attack the grasses. It has no restricted habitat except that it does not occur in the deeper woods and its froth masses are most commonly observed on the small shrubs or annuals. The froth masses of this species are not distinguishable from those of P. lineatus, but there seems to be a distinct choice of food plant; it occurs on a great variety of plants but, so far as observed, not on grasses. The occurrences of special interest Fig. 13.— Froth masses of Philaenus leucophthalmus Linn. Photo by Fivaz. here are on fire cherry, and raspberry, but they abound on many plants, especially those of the family compositae. The larvae of this species are to be separated from those of P. lineatus by the relatively shorter, blunter head. The froth masses including nymphs appear for this locality at the same time as those of P. lineatus, late June and early July, the adults beginning to appear by July 10 (1920) and becoming abundant a little later.. The species occurs in many different varieties both in Europe and America and most of these varieties have been observed in the Cranberry Lake region. Cranberry Lake, July 21, 1917, Aug. and July 2, 1920; Camp, early July, 1920; Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917; Grasse River, July 22, 1920; Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 27 Philaenus lineatus (Linnaeus). The grass frog-hopper is very similar to the preceding but seems to restrict itself to grasses and consequently it is only found in open land, possibly more frequently in the more moist habitats. Observations in Maine showed this species to be closely restricted to various species of grasses and while we have not bred out adults for this region the immature forms examined bear out the con- clusion that the species is essentially a grass-feeder here. The froth masses have been very plentiful on timothy (introduced) on the camp grounds and on native grasses of the vicinity. Its distribution is apparently determined by that of host plants, but wherever such plants are available along trails of ‘‘ tote roads ”’ _ they may be found penetrating well into the woodlands and on hill sides or ridges of all parts of the region. Wherever grasses are of value the species may be counted of distinct economic import- ance. Cranberry Lake, July 18, 1917; Aug. 1-7, 1917; July 3-5, 1920; Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917, and July 29, 1920; Grasse River, July 22, 1920; Plains, Aug. 8, 1920. Clastoptera obtusa Say (Fig. 12, 0 and c). This is a very common species on birch, alder and other trees and shrubs and may be considered of distinct economic importance in the forest as on some occasions a large number will be found on a Single branch and the sap drawn from the plant for the forma- tion of the froth masses must mean a very considerable loss to the plant. While apparently protected very well by the froth mass, in one instance a species of mirid, Deraeocoris (Campo- brochys) borealis, was found with its beak inserted in the nymph within the froth mass. This species has been particularly con- Spicuous during the season, its froth masses occurring in abun- dance on several trees and shrubs, but in especial abundance on the yellow birch, often several froth masses with at least one nymph in each mass hanging from a single twig. The froth masses On birch frequently show a large quantity of liquid with very few bubbles so that they appear watery or quite transparent and the nymph is very easily seen within the mass of fluid. Midges have been found adhering to the fluid mass, their legs entangled in the glairy substance much as a fly is entrapped in tanglefoot. Froth masses on birch, noted about July 10 and enclosed in twig cage, produced adult the 23d of July, 1920. Yellow birch is apparently the most infested of any of the trees of the vicinity. The general distribution is: emphasized by their occurrence on birch in dense forest and it is quite probable they may be occasionally abundant in the tree tops that are out of reach of observation and constitute a distinct drain on the growth of the trees. Cranberry Lake, July 30-31, 1917; July 2-31, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 28 New York State College of Forestry Clastoptera proteus Fitch. Also a very common species but apparently restricted more to the lower or very moist locations and occurring on heath plants, especially blue berries and cranberries. Cranberry Lake, July 28, 1917; Aug. 1, 1917; (Nymphs) July 8-6, 1920; (Adult) Aug. 10-11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Family MEMBRACIDAE Ceresa diceros (Say). This species, which is abundant in some locations, has not been observed commonly and probably is restricted to some food plant which is not abundant here. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1 and Sept. 15, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. ; Ceresa bubalus (Fabricius). The Buffalo tree-hopper, which is such a very abundant species throughout the country, occurs here only sparingly and is evi- dently not a forest species but adapted to open areas or particu- larly to annuals or shrubs. Where abundant, the eggs being de- posited in branches or twigs of trees have occasioned very consider- able injury, but owing to its scarcity it might be considered of no economic importance for this region and probably for the Adirondacks generally. Cranberry Lake and Barber Point, Aug. 9, 1920. Wanakena (Ranger School), Aug. 12, 1920. Ceresa basalis Walker (Fig. 14, a and b). This is the most common species of the genus for the Adirondack region and is found in low ground on the grasses and annual plants. It is sufficiently abundant to be counted distinctly in- jurius for the plants on which its occurs. The species is northern in its distribution and, except for high land, shades out into about the latitude of the Adirondacks. Cranberry Lake, July 28, Aug. 1, 19175, Sept. 15, 1907; July: 30, 19205 Awe. Gee aoe Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. _ Fig. 14.— Ceresa basalis Walk: a, adult; 6, nymph. Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 29 Carynota stupida (Walker) (Plate III). This is the most abundant species observed affecting the forest trees in the region and more detail is given in the section devoted to its life history. Cranberry Lake, July 28, 1918; nymphs abun- dant on birch, July 2-15, still present July 29, 1920; adults, July 13, Aug. 11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Fig. 15,—Scars from egg deposition of Yelamona on aspen. About natural size. Photo by Fivaz. Carynota marmorata (Say). ats Cranberry Lake, July 26, 1917. Telamona declivata Van Duzee (Figs. 15 and lye This species has been noted as quite common on willows and might be considered an economic species if the willows were of greater commercial value. Cranberry ate July 11; Aug. 4, 191%. Telamona barbata Van Duzee (Fig. 17, a, b and c). The specimens referred to here agree closely with description by Van Duzee, except that the marking are more profuse. Telamona reclivata Fitch. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. A single nymph which may very probably belong to this species was taken from poplar. 30 New York State College of Forestry Telamona coryli Fitch. Wanakena, July 15 and Aug. 12, 1920; beaten from Corylus. Fig. 16.—Telamona declivata Fitch: a, adult (side view) ; b. Outline of nymphal skin; c, Outline of head from above. Publilia concava (Say). A common, often abundant species of wide range but not taken here except at the Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Campylenchia latipes (Say). Cranberry Lake, Sept. 15, 1917, July and Aug., 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Very common, especially where leguminous plants furnish appropriate food. WC eras — forsee Be MUG] SSS Nem oT wey, 4 NOT A Ng ¥) a! Oy uy oft wh OF < a7 Fig. 17 Telamona barbata Van D.: a, adult (side view) ; b, Outline of nymph; c, side view; d, outline of head from above. Enchenopa binotata (Say). Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Microcentrus caryae (Fitch). Cranberry Lake, July 11, 1917. : Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 31 Family CICADELLIDAE Agallia novella (Say). Taken especially in undergrowth of trails and along tote roads and probably feeds on quite a varied lst of food plants. State Forest Camp, Barber Point, July 3, 1920. Adults, collected at the Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Agallia 4=-punctata Provancher. Much less common than the preceding species and probably somewhat limited as to food plants, occurring in woods near the trails. It has been recorded as common on cultivated crops but may be considered of practically no economic importance for this region. State Forest Camp, Barber Point (adults), July 3, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Agallia oculata Van Duzee. A single specimen taken here appears to be distinctly identical with the form described as oculata, the common range of the species being south and into the tropical parts of the continent. Agallia sanguinolenta (Provancher). A common species where clover or other legumes occur. In other localities this species is of very distinct economic importance as 1t attacks cultivated crops, but in the Cranberry Lake region it is only found in the trails or tote roads where introduced grasses or clover furnish it a good basis. Most of the individuals cap- tured were rather small in size compared with the forms taken in other localities. Cranberry Lake in July and Aug., 1920. Plains, Aug. 8, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. Idiocerus amabilis Ball (Plate I, Fig. c.) Quite common on willows, especially along Sucker Brook and in the East Flow on willows which overhang the water. Newly transformed adults are a brilliant yellow-green with golden luster. Head and pronotum brown with lighter marking; vertex solid green at sides, brown on central part except narrow whitish median stripe. The face for the upper part is like the vertex below the ocelli green. The antennae light green at base and the bristles dark; underneath, except for the mesothorax, brilliant green. The tarsi whitish with the spurs and claws black. Cran- berry Lake, July 18-24, 1920. Wanakena, Ranger School, Jaly 15 and Aug. 12, 1920. Idiocerus formosus Ball. Taken along stream and probably feeds on willows. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 3, 1920. Idiocerus pallidus Fitch. Common on various species of willow and one of the most abundant forms upon this plart. It is apparently not capable of 32 New York State College of Forestry living on other food plants so that its economic importance is re- stricted to the value of the willow. State Forest Camp, July 2. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. Idiocerus suturalis Fitch (Plate I, Figs. a and b). Forest Camp, July 2, 1920. Grasse River, ae 225 1920) Wanakena, July 29 and Aug. 12, 1920: Idiocerus alternatus Fitch. Common on poplars and willows and one of the more alanine ‘forms of the genus. This occurs over wide territory and in a num- ber of more or less distinct varieties.. State Forest Camp, July 5, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Idiocerus subnitens Sanders and Delong. Numerous specimens, taken at Barber Point on willow, 1917, 1919 and 1920. Sow | Fig. 27.— a, Nabis limbatus Dahl; 6, Nabis refusculus Reuter. Nabis ferus (Linnaeus). Common, but never taken in large numbers like the preceding or two following species. This insect prefers open grassy areas and feeds largely upon grass-destroying insects. Osborn states that it is an important enemy of the Meadow Plant-bug, Muiris dolobrata, in Maine. Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains, 1919 and 1920. Nabis roseipennis Reuter. Very common (long- and short-winged forms) at Barber Point, Plains, Conifer and Wanakena during June, July, August and September, 1917, 1919 and 1920. Roseipennis inhabits the deep woods, lumbered tracts, and “‘ burns ’’ but seems to prefer more 70 New York State College of Forestry or less open areas along trails and tote-roads. It feeds almost entirely upon grass- and herb-inhabiting insects. Nabis rufusculus Reuter (Fig. 27, b). Barber Point, Conifer, Plains and Wanakena, summers of 1917, 1919 and 1920. This species, like the preceding, is very common (both long- and short-winged forms) in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake and lives in a great variety of habitats, but seems to be more at home in the somewhat open areas along the trails and tote-roads. Numerous specimens were also collected on huckleberry bushes in bogs at Barber Point and Wanakena. In the latter habitat it was also taken with N. lumbatus. Eggs of rufusculus were observed in the stems of asters (Aster macrophyllus) on crest of Crataegus Hill, Barber Point, 1920, by the writer. These asters were badly infested by aphids, a tingid and a small mirid. Rufusculus and the other species of nabids listed above are preéminently wander- ing, grass- or herb- or very low shrub-inhabiting species and preys upon the insects found on these plants. They are rarely taken, and perhaps never breed, upon tall shrubs or trees. Family MIRIDAE Collaria meilleurii Provancher. Very common, especially in small open areas upon rank vegeta- tion. Barber Point, Wanakena, Plains and Conifer during the latter part of June, July, August and September. Collaria oculata (Reuter). Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena, taken in company with C. meilleurn, but not in such large numbers. Miris dolobrata (Linnaeus). Very abundant in open dry grassy areas, especially along the trails in the old burned over areas. Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains during June, July and August. The winter is spent in the egg stage and the young nymphs are often very numerous on grasses, especially timothy, in the forepart of June: The life his- tory and habits of this insect, commonly called the ‘‘ meadow plant- bug,’’ has been published by Osborn in Journ. Agr. Research, Vol, XV No.3; pp. 172-20 Stenodema trispinosum Reuter. Barber Point, Wanakena, Plains and Conifer, June, July and August. At Barber Point this insect was quite common on tall grasses and weeds along the trails and in the Beaver meadow. Stenodema vicinum (Provancher). Barber Point, Wanakena, Plains and Conifer, collected in com- pany with S. trispinosum and T. ruficornis. Trigonotylus ruficornis (Geoffroy). Several specimens, taken at Barber Point, Plains and ‘Waele Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region tel. Trigonotylus pulcher Reuter. Barber Point, July 20, 1917. Teratocoris paludum Sahlberg. This palaearctic species was collected by Osborn in the Grasse River Bog, near Conifer, July 22, 1920. Platytylellus insitivus (Say). Barber Point, July, 1920. Platytylellus rubrovittatus (Stal). Several specimens, taken during July and August in the Beaver Meadow and bog at Barber Point. Platytylellus sp. Barber Point, July 5 and 13, 1920. Platytylellus nigricollis Reuter. Barber Point and Conifer, July and August, 1920. Neurocolpus nubilus Say. Barber Point, July, 1920. Mimoceps gracilis Uhler. Sweeping weeds at Barber Point and the Plains in July. \\, () / 4 Fig. 28—a, Phytocoris lasiomerus. Reuter; 0, Macrotylus sex- guttatus Prov, 12 New York State College of Forestry Phytocoris lasiomerus Reuter CHigs 23a) Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena, July and August. Speei- mens were taken on Salix and also by sweeping weeds at Barber Point. . Phytocoris pallidicornis Reuter. Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena. Phytocoris cortitectus Knight. A male, taken at Barber Point, July 20, 1921. Phytocoris eximius Reuter. Wanakena, August 12, 1920. Phytocoris salicis Knight. On Salix, Barber Point, August 12, 1920, and Wanakena, July 24; on yellow birch, in the burned over tract at Barber Point, July 24, 1920. : Phytocoris erectus Van Duzce. Wanakena, August 12, 1920. Phytocoris fulvus Knight. . Common on white pine during July and August at Barber Point and Wanakena. Adelphocoris rapidus Say. Very common on numerous herbaceous plants, especially in open areas. The insect is found throughout the greater part of the United States and Southern Canada, often becoming a rather serious pest upon a number of cultivated plants. Barber Point, Wanakena, Conifer and Plains during the entire summer. . TOF SAD «7 FOOLY “= . a . rh Fo d a = on oe CO aso S2ar » Fig. 38.—Idiocerus lachrymalis Fh: a, adult female; b, nymph. Specimens of last instars were caged on July 2 and issued as adult during the night of July 4th or the morning of July oth. (See Fig. 38.) SCARLET LEAF-HOPPER OF PINE Empoasca coccinea (Fitch)* In the very brief description given by Fitch which reads ““Searlet Empoa, H. coccinea. Scarlet red, immaculate, pectus and venter orange, elytra brownish-pellucid. Length 0.10. Taken on pines No. 829, male.’’ there is no mention of economic importance nor hint as to the abundance of the species. Since Fitch’s time it would seem that the species has been very rarely taken so that it is a matter of some interest to find the species occurring in great numbers on white pines in the Cranberry Lake region. As both adults and nymphs have been secured from this host plant and nymphs from no other it is safe to conclude that it has close restriction to the white pine or at most may occur on closely re- lated species. Collections of the adults were made by Drake in 1917 and during the present season we have taken them in large numbers both by beating and sweeping, especially in late July, at which time the nymphs were noted in greatest numbers. The nymphs which were mainly in the last instar have the general appearance of the Empoasca nymphs are dark green in eolor closely resembling the pine leaves in tint and have a length of 2.75 mm. to 3 mm. The head is short, broad, subtruncate in front, the vertex depressed with two oblique furrows forming a *The species is included in Gillette’s monograph under the genus Typhlocyba and he copies Fitch’s description and states that he had not seen specimens and did not know of a determined specimen in existence. 96 New York State College of Forestry broad V. The wing pads extend to the third abdominal segment and are paler than the body, the scutellum is tinged with yellow and the abdominal segments 1—5 are bordered on the hind margins with brownish. The coxae and base of the abdomen beneath are tinged with blue. KENNICOTT’S LEAF-HOPPER Thamnotettix kennicotti Uhler The nymphs of this species (Fig. 39) were taken frequently during July and early August usually from sweeping hard maple undergrowth or seedlings, and the first adult observed for the season emerged from a nymph in eage August 8. Fig. 39.— Thamnotettia kennicotti Uhl: a, adult female; b, last last instar nymph. The nymphs were supposed at first tc be Mesamia vitellina, adults of this species occurring frequently in the same association. Moreover, these nymphs agree very closely with Ball’s brief de- scription of the nymph of M. vitellina. Nymphs in confinement survived well on leaves of maple, feed- ing perhaps most frequently from the petiole, one specimen being kept alive from July 19 to August 8 with occasional supply of fresh leaves. The nymph of the last instar is about 4 mm. long. The head is distinctly angular and nearly at right angles with front, somewhat flattened and without depressed areas —a little longer than the prothorax and the angle to the front obtuse. The wing pads reach Life History Notes of Cranberry Lake Homoptera oil to the second abdominal segment and are wider than the abdomen. The abdomen narrows from the second segment and in full fed individuals is quite long, tapering gradually to the rather acute tip. The color is white or yellowish white, minutely dotted with brown or blackish in a definite pattern for the abdomen but with rather scattered spots on the thorax. There are lateral patches on the pronotum, a median patch on the line opening on the meso- thorax and meta-thorax and converging stripes on the abdomen ‘starting from the sides at the base and meeting on the third seg- ment continuing as median stripes to the sixth, which is entirely dark. The seventh segment is paler than the sixth and the apex with bristles. The body beneath is all white, the cheeks are partially dotted with blackish, the legs are entirely white. The beak extends to the second pair of coxae. SLOSSON’S ELIDIPTERA Elidiptera slossoni Van Duzee This species (Fig. 40) presents some very interesting features and furnishes a hint as to the habits and life history of other mem- bers of the genus which should make it possible to add much of interest in their study. Hitherto the genus has been represented quite sparingly in col- lections and so far as known to the writer nothing has been pub- lished as to their life history or habitats. In 1917 a number of adults and nymphs were taken by — Professor Drake and sent to me for identification. Additional specimens have been secured the past season and the data now Fig. 40.— Elidiptera slossom Van D.: a,adult; 6, head, pronotum and scutellum dorsal view — much enlarged; ¢, male genitalia; d, nymph of last instar. 4 98 New York State College of Forestry available warrants a record of parts of the observed ecyele and quite certain inferences as to other phases. The adults (Fig. 40) appear in July or early August (one taken July 19, 1920, by Mr. Fivaz) and evidently while recently emerged are found in crevices of rotten wood or under bark of spruce stumps. At time of mating they probably take wing and the females no doubt seek out new and favorable dead trees for egg deposition. Drake reports that a number of the nymphs and adults were found in a spruce stub, 18 or 20 feet high and about 10 inches in diameter, and which had been dead several years. The eggs must certainly be laid on or under the bark, doubtless on trees or stumps in process of decay and where the nymphs develop. The nymphs occur in the soft decaying tissue of dead trees between bark and wood or in erevices of rotten wood. Their food is presumably derived from the juices of the decaying wood tissue or fungi and this probably at a favorable stage of decomposition during the second, third or fourth year after the cutting of a tree or under natural conditions during the same period after death or injury of a tree from accident or'natural causes. Many large nymphs and adults have been taken in quite rotten pine and spruce, Barber Point, 1917. The nymph shown in the figure (Fig. 40), the only stage yet found, was taken in early August along with fresh adults and reared individuals show that nymphs mature and adults emerge about August 1. The nymphs show the head characters of the adult with the vertex proportionately a little wider, slightly wider than long; the pronotal carinae are prominent, the median one disappearing anteriorly ; the inner ones curved outward behind, and the lateral ones nearly paralleling the margin. On the mesonotum the five carinae diverge slightly from before backward and the median one is forked posteriorly. The metanotum has. three carinae within the bases of the wing pads, corresponding with primary venation. The abdomen is nearly as wide at base as the thorax, broadly ovate behind the segments rather short, oe segments being visible. The body is decidedly flattened, similar to many other insects living under bark. The color is gray-brown with a darker median stripe and border. Length, 5 mm.; width, 2.4 mm, %%-j): It may be noted that all recorded American species: ‘of the genus are from localities where conifers are found and association with this food supply seems possible. It seems reasonable to expect, therefore, that many other species will be found to have a similar habit, perhaps associated with particular species of Coniferae such as larch, fir, southern pine, cedar, ete., and special attention to collecting where such opportunity presents may result in some interesting material and a great enrichment of collections. Aside from the biologie or ecologic interest attached to the species. there Infe History Notes of Cranberry Lake Homoptera 99 is perhaps little of importance to the species as there is no evi- dence that it can cause injury to growing trees and the effect of its feeding upon the decaying tissue of fallen timber is entirely negligible. PINE CHERMES Chermes pinicorticis Fitch _ Many years ago Dr. Fitch recognized this species (Fig. 42) as injurious to pine and indicated its potential possibilities as a forest pest. Since the time of his publication the species has shown itself at many localities and frequent intervals to be capable of serious Fig. 41.— Pine blight (Chermes pinicorticis Fh.) showing aphids clustered on twig. Photo by Fivaz. injury to pine trees and it deserved attention in any discussion of insects connected with forest problems. The species was ob- served on a number of small trees in the vicinity of the summer camp and in some instances in sufficient numbers to be counted injurious. If in large numbers on older and larger trees they were too far from observation to be recognized. In nurseries at the Ranger School it is frequently a very serious pest. The infested trees are readily recognized by the appearance of numerous small flecks of white cottony material covering the bodies of the insects and adhering to the bark especially around the bases of the branches or in the axil of the twigs. They do not occur on the leaves but the twigs, branches and even the trunk 100 New York State College of Forestry may be thickly dotted with little thin white tufts. The white cottony secretion consists of wax filaments secreted from glands on the upper surface of the abdomen and may be readily separated from the insect by touching with a needle or brush or dissolved away by application of creosote. Since the description by Fitch the species has been studied in Iowa by Osborn (’80) in Illinois by Storment and in Maine by. Patch and referred to by other writers. The more essential points in the life cycle with reference to control may be stated briefly as follows: The winter is passed in egg stage and jin part by adult wingless- asexual females. The progeny of early spring broods develop- ing first from stem mother are wingless oviparious but about May there is a generation of winged individuals that by a general fight serve to scatter the species in all directions. The later sum- mer generations are wingless and wingless oviparous females pro- vide the eggs which are destined to survive the succeeding winter and produce the stem mothers for the succeeding season. The eottony covering protects them fairly well against sprays unless driven with such force as to dislodge them and this may be done for lawn trees where water pressure is available by drenching the trees with a stream of water as well as with a contact spray, Fig. 42.— Pine leaf Chermes (Chermes pinifoliae) showing posi- tion in egg deposition. Note egg masses in front of insect at several points. Photo by Fivaz. (See note, p. 104.) Life History: Notes. of Cranberry Lake Homoptera 101 although the latter if under equal pressure might have added advantage of killing the insects and preventing a return of pests by development of new generations from chance individuals sur- viving the spray. In extensive forest areas or in large parks where direct applica- tions are impracticable or impossible it may be advisable to cut the badly infested trees and burn the infested branches and twigs to prevent them from serving as centers for the multiplication of the insect and their distribution to healthy trees. This has the further advantage of directing the natural enemies which on the whole are the main factor in preventing wholesale damage by the pest to those trees that are less infested and thereby reducing the numbers of the pest. Care in freeing nursery stock by spraying or fumigating before planting should serve to prevent some of the damage in newly planted forest areas. Natural enemies that have been noted are chrysopas, syrphids and mites; and these play an Tenet a role in reducing the num- bers of the pest. , THREE-SPOTTED PSYLLIA Psyllia trimaculata Crawford Psyllia astigmata Crawford This species (Fig. 43) is a very conspicuous feature of the locality, both nymphs and adults appearing in such numbers and ‘listributions as to attract attention. ~The nymphs were first noted as abundant on the Fire cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica) where the white cottony or woolly masses covering the bodies of the insect and occurring on the under surface of the leaves formed a very conspicuous object. (See Fig. 44.) Nymphs observed July 3 were in final instar and adults were observed emerging July 7. All adults noted July 7 and 8 were males, and agreed closely with descriptions and figures of astigmata, Crawford, for which no larval history has been recorded. The woolly nymphs bear close resemblance to P. floccosa Patch described from alder, but adult characters appear to be sufficient to separate the two species. While a very few scattered nymphs have been well restricted to the fire cherry so this may be counted the preferred if not the only host plant. EHarly nymphs have not been observed but undoubtedly occur and develop during June, probably hatching from eggs which have wintered in buds or bark. Nymphs of the last instar are light green, the wing pads whitish, broadly ovate, the head short, wider than long, as wide as pro- thorax. Antennae with terminal segment and apex of preceding segments, 5-6-7, black, 3-4 tinged at tip, 1-2 pale. Ocelh close to eye, dark; eyes blackish; pronotum short, beak light yel- lowish, dark at tip; wing pads of meso- and meta-thorax expanded, wider than abdomen; abdomen as wide as long and sub-truncate Fig. 43— Psylliia trimaculata Crawford: a, adult female dorsal view; b, fore wing; c, female; d, male genitalia; e, nymph of last instar with floceculent mass removed. behind, bearing a large mass of floecculent waxy filaments, easily detached but when the insect is moving giving the appearance of animated bits of fluffy cotton. The appearance of these cottony masses is well shown in the photo plate (Fig. 43). There are long whitish bars on the margin of wing pads and abdomen; the legs with few hairs. Adult males were appearing fairly common July 7 and 8 and females on the 8th and 9th. Nymphs were still present on fire cherry July 20 but practically all have emerged as adult and very few of the cottony masses remain as compared with a week earlier. Many of the adults collected on fire cherry as well as from other vegetation have the orange red or red markings given as char- acteristic of 3-maculata, later appearing adults seeming to furnish a greater proportion of the red marked individuals. Extended search for nymphs has failed to show any on alder or other plants on which adults are common. On August 1 no nymphs were to be found but occasional tufts of the cottony secretions and molted skins were still hanging to the leaves. Adults taken July 28 from cherry — agreeing in every detail, except color, with earlier specimens — are nearly all deep blood red on the dorsal lobes of pro- and meso-thorax. As earlier col- lections and reared specimens for the early part of the month were less distinctly marked it appears probable that the different coloration is a seasonal feature due possibly to later maturity in nymphal stage, or to difference in temperature or other conditions Infe History Notes of Cranberry Lake Homoptera 103 at time of emergence. No evidence that there is change in color after individuals are once fully mature was found as uncolored specimens kept in confinement either if bred or collected from trees showed no decided change of color when kept several days with food supply. Adults both with and without the bright red marks have been taken in large numbers from a great variety of trees, including Fig. 44.— Psyllia trimaculata Crawford: leaves (taken from fire cherry in field) show nymphs covered with flocculent masses. Photo by Drake and Fivaz. 104 New York State College of Forestry birch, willow, aspen, maple, and on none of which have the floccu- lent nymphs been seen alive. Those taken on Prunus have the thorax of yellowish white or light greenish with three prominent orange or red spots on the three lobes; the abdomen is green; tip of upper genital valve, tarsal spurs, claws and antennae, except at base, are black; eyes black. The evidence given in brief above seems to warrant the conclusion that P. astigmata, as suspected by Crawford, is only an uncolored form of P. maculata and as P. maculata has priority, the former species becomes a synonym. It seems also fair to infer from the seasonal history and the habits of related species that eggs are deposited in fall, probably in or around the buds of fire cherry, where they remain till the following summer when they hatch, and develop as the ecottony covered nymphs of June and July. NOTE REFERRING TO FIGURE 42 Chermes pinifoliae Fitch. This species, illustrated in Fig. 42, page 100, is not discussed in detail, our observations being quite fragmentary, but it may be mentioned that females ovipositing on pine leaves were seen to extrude eggs and, after laying a mass of 35 to 40 eggs, to turn around and deposit another mass, proving very definitely that Fitch’s conclusion that eggs were not extruded but held. within abdominal w alls, the dead insect adhering to the leaf, is not the rule for the species. CONTRIBUTION TOWARD THE LIFE HISTORY OF GALEATUS PECKHAMI ASHMEAD By Cari J. DRAKE This curious and interesting American insect was described by Ashmead (1887, p. 156) as Sphaerocysta peckhami from two speci- mens collected near Milwaukee, Wisconsin, by Prof. Geo. W. Peck- ham. A number of years later Van Duzee (1889, p. 5) records the insect from an island in Muskoka Lake, Canada, and transfers it to the Genus Galeatus Stal, where the species correctly belongs. In regard to its habitat Van Duzee (J. c.) says: ‘‘Swept from low weeds — probably a dwarf vaccinium or a species of aralia, which were growing close together — among pines on a rocky island ”’ (collected between July 25 and August 3, 1889). Uhler* (1904, p. 362) greatly extends the range of G. peckhami and lists the insect from Las Vegas, Hot Springs, New Mexico (collected by Schwarz and Barber, August 3, at an altitude of about 6,770 feet). Bueno (1915, pp. 278 and 279) enumerates the species among the insects taken in beech drift of Lake Superior at Marquette, Michigan, in July by Mr. John D. Sherman, Jr. The latter lot contained thirty-two specimens, which seems to indi- eate that the insect must have been migrating in considerable numbers. The species has recently been reported from Maine (Parshley, 1917, p. 55), New Hampshire (Parshley, 1916, p. 105) and New York (Drake, 1918, p. 86). Dr. H. H. Knight has kindly sent me a few specimens from Duluth, Minnesota. In addition to most of these records Van Duzee (1917 b, p. 216) catalogues the insect from Manitoba and Uhler (1896, p. 265) also records the species from Japan. During the past summer (1920) Dr. Osborn and the writer found the insect breeding in great numbers upon aster, Aster macrophyllus Li., and boneset, Hupatorium sp. (fide Dr. H. P. Brown) on the summit of Crataegus Hill, Barber Point, during the last week of July. At this time all the nymphs had attained the mature state. A careful examination of the ventral surfaces of the leaves of the asters revealed the cast-off skins of four different instars still clinging to the leaves. The skins of the last three instars were in almost perfect condition and the figures and deseriptions of the nymphal instars have been made from these east-off skins. The eggs of Galeatus peckhami Ashm. are almost entirely inserted in the stem of the host plant, usually somewhat near the surface of the ground, upon which the insects are feeding. They are generally placed singly (Plate IV, Fig. e) and in no definite * Horvath has recently described this form from New Mexico as a new species of galeatus. [105 | 106 New York State College of Forestry order in the stems of the plants. Only a small portion of the egg or the neck-like structure and cap protrudes from the plant. However, occasionally two or rarely three eggs are inserted in the same slit or egg puncture. Sometimes five or six or even a dozen eggs may be laid in rather close proximity to each other. They are deposited during the latter part of July, August and Septem- ber. In proportion to the size of the abdomen the eggs are quite large and only a few fully formed ova can be contained within the body of the female at the same time. This probably accounts for the long period of egg-deposition. There is but a single genera- tion a vear in the Adirondacks and field observation indicates conclusively that eggs, which are laid during the latter part of the summer do not hatch until the following spring. Asters, in which eggs had been deposited in the stems in the field, were trans- ferred to small pots and placed in the laboratory at Syracuse. Adult males and females were also carried to Syracuse on the host plants, but all died during the latter part of September and Octo- ber. The plants were destroyed by mildew during November and December. The eggs, which had been deposited during July or later, failed to incubate in the laboratory, but seemed to have remained in a living state until they were destroyed by desiceation of the stems of the asters a few weeks after the plants had been killed by the mildew. The egg (Plate IV, Fig. ¢) is shghtly curved, from .7 to .8 mm. long and about one-third as wide. The cephalic end is distinctly neck-shaped and closed by a round cap or lid. The color varies from brown to dark brown or black, usually considerably darker on the cephalic half and with a much lighter cap. Number of Instars: Exuviae, representing four different instars, were found clinging to the ventral surface of the aster leaves during August. This material seems to indicate five instars, but the cast-off delicate skins of the younger nymphs were badly mutilated and in no condition for a drawing or detailed deserip- tion. The cast-off skins of the last three instars were very common and many were in almost perfect condition. Although I have assumed five instars, I am not positive whether there are four or five nymphal stages. Second Instar?: Antennae stout, clothed with a few long setae, the third segment about a third longer than the fourth. Head with five slender bristle-like spines. The spines along the margins of the thorax and abdomen, also median erect ones, slender and bristle-like. The spines on the head are located in this instar and also in the others as in the adult insect. The spines on the thorax and abdomen are placed as in the two following instars (the position and location described in next instar), but some are wanting in the last instar. Some of the bristle-like spines on | the abdomen are double (two arising from almost the same base). Nine abdominal segments visible above. General color testaceous, with very few or no brownish markings. Contribution Toward History of Galeatus Peckhaniw 107 Third Instar? (Plate 1V, Fig. &): Cephahe spines moderately long blunt, the median one usually a little longer than the others. Antennae stout, the third segment about one and three-fourths times the length of the fourth. Outer margins of pro-, meso-, and metathorax on each side armed with a long spine; the middle of both pro- and mesothorax with an erect spine on each side of the median line. Abdominal segments two, three, four, five, six, seven and eight armed on each side near the postero-outer margin with a long spine, the ninth segment with two long spines; segments two, five, six and eight each armed with an erect spine on the median line, usually two or three or all these spines with a double- pointed tip. The spines in this instar are rather stout and blunt. Length, 1.1 mm. General color testaceous, with a few small brownish spots. Fourth Instar? (Plate IV, Fig. 7): Spine on head thorax and abdomen arranged as in the preceding instar, but all much longer and pointed. Body and spines sparsely clothed with moderately short spine-like structures with a bulbous or knobed tip. Antennae with the third segment a little less than twice as long as the fourth. Mesothorax distinctly larger than in the preceding instar. Length, 1.65 mm. General color testaceous, with small brownish areas at the base of some of the spines. Spines more or less brownish. Last Instar (fifth?) (Plate IV, Fig. f): In this stage the spines on the head and thorax are longer than in the preceding instar. The spine-like structures with bulhous tips are also a little longer and more numerous. (Plate IV, Figs. h andi.) Pronotum large, the posterior process subtruneate. Mesothoracie wing pads large, somewhat leaf-like, projecting on the fifth abdominal seg- ment and completely covering the metathorax and metathoracic wing pads. Abdominal segments two and three with the marginal spines wanting, also spines along margin of metathorax. Spines along the median line of the pro- and mesothorax and median Spines of abdomen, especially prothoracie ones, with raised some- what bulbous areas at the base. Antennae slender, clothed with Several setae, the second segment twice the length of the fourth. Occasionally, one of the spines on the head or abdomen are double (two spines arising from almost the same base). A couple speci- mens in both the fourth and fifth instars have been found with an extra Spine on the head (six spines) and one or two extra on the abdomen. As a rule, however, the number of spines seem to be quite constant. Length, 2.8mm. General color testaceous, varie- vated with brown or fuscous. Spines more or less brownish. The adult of Galeatus peckhami is only known to occur in the macropterous form. Several Palaearctic species are found in both brachypterous and macropterous forms. The head normally bears five long spines and it is very rare that one finds an indi- vidual with six spines. The posterior extension of the pronotum is Somewhat inflated and the median carina is well developed. The hood is rather high, not broad and covers the base of the head. 108 New York State College of Forestry The lateral carniae are enormously developed, somewhat ovoid in outline and form sort of a discal hood-like structure. They extend considerably above the median carina, with the front margins in contact with each. other, the posterior ones distinctly separated, and each constricted near the middle above. ‘The areolae of the hood, carinae, paranota, posterior extension of pronotum and elytra are very large. The nervures are brownish or fuscous, the areolae are mostly hyaline, sometimes a few slightly clouded. The length varies from 4.2 mm. to 4.5 mm. Four predaceous insects, Podisus serieventris Uhl. Pode modestus Dall., Nabis rufusculus Reut. and Nabis roseipennis Reut. were collected on the same plants with G. peckhanu. In fact the eggs of Nabis rufusculus were found in stems of the asters near the eges of G. peckhami. Two associated forms, Macrotylus sex- guttatus Prov. and an undetermined aphid, were feeding and breeding in considerable numbers on the same asters. The insect lives in dry and somewhat open places; it was only taken on the erest of this small hill and seemed to be very locally distributed. It is not know whether the adults survive the winter or not. Data seems to indicate that the winter is spent in the ege stage. Contribution Toward History of Galeatus Peckhami 109 PLATE IV Galeatus peckhami Ashmead Fig. a, dorsal view of adult. Fig. b, lateral view of adult showing pronotum and. head. Fig. c, male genitalia showing claspers. Fig. d, ventral view of female genitalia. Fig. e, eggs in stem of aster. Part of the stem has been removed to show how deeply eggs are inserted in plant. Note how stem is slit for the inser- tion of an egg. Fig. f, dorsal view of last nymphal instar (5 instar?). Fig. g, large spine of last instar greatly enlarged. Fig. h, small bulbous-like or spine-like process with knobbed tips (from last instar). These structures are found on the body and large spines ( greatly enlarged) of larger nymphs. Fig. i, dorsal view of nymph of thirdi(?) instar. Fig. j. dorsal view of nymph in next to last instar (fourth instar?). ASHMEAD, WILLIAM H. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1873. Hemipterological Contributions. Entomological Americana, Vol. III, pp. 155 and 156. BUENO, J. R. DE TORRE. 1915. Heteroptera of Beech Drift. Entomological News, Vol. XXVI, pp. 274-279. DRAKE, CARL J. 1918. Notes on North American Tingidae (Hem.-Het.). Bulletin of ' Brooklyn Entomological Society, Vol. XII, pp. 86-89. HORVATH, C. 1909. Les Relations entre les faumes hemipterologiques de Europe et Amerique du nord. Am. Hist. Nat. Hung. Budapest, Vol. 6, pp. 1-14. OsBorRN, HERBERT and DRAKE, CARL J. 1919. The Tingitoidea of Ohio. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, Vol. II, no. 4., pp. 2117-252. . PARSHLEY, Howarp M. 1916. New and Noteworthy Hemiptera from New England. Entomologi- cal News, Vol. XX VII, pp. 103-106. 1917. Fauna of New England. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Occasional Papers of Boston Society of Natural History, VII, 14, pp. 1-126. UHLeER, PHILIP R. 1896. Summary of the Hemiptera of Japan, presented to the United States National Museum by Professor Mitzukuri. \ Proceedings of United States National Museum, Vol. XIX, pp. 255-297. 1904. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico collected by Messrs. FE. A. Schwarz and Herbert 8. Barber. Proceedings of United States National Museum, Vol. XXVII, pp. 349-365. VAN DuZzEE, Epwarp P. 1889. Hemiptera of Muskoka Lake District. Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XX pp. ler2, 1917a. Check List of the Hemiptera North of Mexico. 1917b. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America North of Mexico. 110 New York State College of Forestry SS SSS \} WES we \S ie PRBS My WK) Plate IV oe THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BIRCH TINGITID, CORYTHUCHA PALLIPES PARSHLEY Bye CAR DRMEE The yellow birch tingitid made its appearance under three differ- ent names — viz., pallipes Parshley, cyrta Parshley and betulae Drake — in the same paper by Gibson (1918, pp. 69-105) on the study of the Genus Corythucha Stal. According to pagination pallipes has page-priority and is the valid name for the species. Parshley (1920, pp. 28 and 29) has recently pointed out the fact that cyrta and betulae are identical. Dr. Parshley has kindly loaned me the type series of pallipes and cyrta and we are fully convinced that cyrta and betulae are not only specifically the same, but also synonymous with pallipes. Although cyrta and betulae ean be connected up in the type series, Gibson (J. c., p. 86) failed to observe this identity. Lack of food- plant data and a series showing variability accounts for the original failure to note the kinship. of pallipes and cyrta. The yellow birch tingid is undoubtedly the most common species of Heteroptera living in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake. It seems to show a decided preference for yeilow birch, Betula lutea Michx. f., but it is also very common on white birch, Betula alba L., beech, Magus grandifolia Khrh. and ironwood or hop hornbean, Ostrya virgyuana Mill. K. Koch. Dr. Osborn noted a young mountain ash, Pyrus americana (Marsh) DC. badly infested by pallipes at Barber Point in July. The writer also found the insect breeding on mountain maple, Acer spiwatum Lam., soft maple, Acer saccharinum L., hard maple, Acer saccharum Marsh, and striped maple or moosewood, Acer pennsylvamcum L., but the Species seems to breed only occasionally and never in large num- © bers on maples. The type series of pallipes (1918, Parshley in Gibson, p. 86) were collected on an introduced willow, Salix siebol- diana, at Stanford, Connecticut, by Mr. W. E. Britton. I have Seen Several other specimens, bearing the same date, locality and food-plant, that must have been collected with the types by Mr. Britton. The number of specimens would seem to indicate that the insect must have been at least feeding and perhaps breeding on the introduced willow. The insect has not been observed to feed or breed on the willows (growing near badly infested birch trees) in the Cranberry Lake region. Parshley (in Gibson, 1918, p. 85) also states that this insect (under cyr ta) has been taken on sphagnum, but does not list this as a food plant. Two or three published records report Corythucha juglandis Fitch upon birch, but these probably refer to pallipes. In fact I have seen pallipes, bearing food-plant label ‘‘birch’’, in a few collections wrongly determined as C. juglandis Fitch. Corythucha pergandet Heide- mann and Corythucha heidemann Drake occasionally feed and [111] 112 New York State College of Forestry | breed on birch, but alder is by far the most common and the pre- ferred food-plant of these species. of be Distribution: C. pallipes is a transcontinental species and probably oceurs throughout the northern part of the United States and southern Canada. Specimens are at hand from New York, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Michigan, Wis- consin, Oregon, Washington and Canada (Ottawa and Manitoba). Variation: Like a number of its congeners, pallipes shows con- siderable variation in size, shape of the hood, and also in the relative proportion of the height of the crest of the hood with the height of the median carina. There is also a moderate degree of variation in size and general color of the entire insect. This variation accounts largely for the synonomy of the species. The. adult insect ranges from 3.5 mm. to 4.82 mm. long. In relation to the median carina, the height of the crest of the hood varies from about twice to approximately three times that of the median carina. The posterior portion of the hood also varies considerably in width. On the same food plant one can find the extremes of variations as well as gradual gradations leading to all intermediate forms. There seems to be no distinct varieties, but the most com- mon form generally has the hood a little larger than the type (pallipes). There is also a little variation in the height of the lateral carina. Injury (Fig. 45): This tingid oceurs on the yellow birch trees by the thousands and it is undoubtedly the most injurious leaf- feeding insect upon the yellow birch tree in the vicinity of Cran- berry Lake. Although large trees are frequently infested it seems to prefer the younger trees and seedlings. During the summers of 1917, 1918, 1919, and 1920 the insect has been especially abun- dant in the vicinity of Barber Point. Numerous young birches were So badly infested that the leaves were almost entirely dis- colored by its feeding punctures. In fact, the discolored leaves of badly infested trees by the last of July would attract one’s attention several yards away. Later, many of these leaves would be almost entirely destroyed. Ironwood probably ranks next to yellow birch as a preferred food-plant, but white birch and beech are often badly infested. Mountain ash and the various species of maples do not seem to attract the insect very frequently and never in great numbers; in fact they are very rarely infested at all. There are two generations a year in the Adirondacks, the second generation hibernating as adults over the winter among the fallen leaves on the ground. The adults and nymphs feed almost entirely on the under-side of the leaves (Fig. 45). The young nymphs, especially during the first and second instars, feed largely in colonies, but they gradually scatter during the older stages. The discoloration, caused by the feeding of the insects, is very conspicuous on both sides of the leaves (Fig. 45). In addition to these discolored and feeding areas there are small blackish spots on the under-side of the leaves where the faeces have been deposited. The Life History of the Birch Tingid 118 Natural Enemies: Two predaceous insects, a little anthocorid, Anthocoris borealis, and the larvae of a lace-winged-fly, Chrysopa sp., were observed feeding upon both nymphs and adults in the field. Adults are also occasionally parasitized by a smal! red mite, Trombidium sp., the latter usually being attached to the ventral side of the abdomen. Eggs: The eggs are deposited on the under-side of the leaves in the axil of the veins. They are placed on end (only the base of each egg being slightly inserted in the tissue of the leaf) and in no definite order, but usually in groups ranging from four to ten eggs each. Sometimes only one and at other times about a dozen or more eggs are laid ina single group. ‘The eggs are fairly well concealed on yellow birch leaves by the pubescence along the veins of the leaves. The egg (Plate V, Fig. e) is sub-elliptical, slightly curved, about .6 mm. long and not quite one-third as wide. The cephalic end is somewhat constricted and closed by a cap or lid. The color varies from brown to a very dark brown, but the cap is always much lighter and of a grayish color. They hatch about ten days after deposition. First Nymphal Stage (Plate V, Fig. d): Much more cylin- drical elongate, and thicker than in the cther instars. Antennae composed of three segments, the third long and with a few long setae. Head with five tubercles, the anterior pair with a single spine on each, the median and the posterior pair with two spines on each. Abdominal segments two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight and nine with a small tubercle, bearing a slender spine, on each side. Both pro- and mesothorax armed on each side with a spine. Abdominal segments two and eight bearing a pair of small dorsal tubercles with a spine on each; segments five and six with large and prominent dorsal tubercles, each tubercle bearing three Slender spines. Mesothorax also with a dorsal pair of tubercles, each bearing a slender spine. Length, .61 mm.; width, .15 mm. At time of hatching the nymph is almost colorless. Fully matured Specimens are of a rather dark brown color. This instar lasts from four to six days. Second Nymphal Stage (Plate V. Fig. ¢): Body broader in proportion to its length than in the preceding instar. ‘The tubercles on the head are a little larger. The spines along the margin of the abdomen are stronger and larger and the spicules are more numerous over the entire body. Length, .75 mm.; width, 43mm. Color, dark brown. The length of this instar varies from five to ten days. Third Nymphal Stage (Plate V, Fig. f): Antennae with four segments. The pro- and mesothorax larger and the entire insect more Oval in outline. A few small spines have appeared on the tnbercles. Length, 1.01 mm.; width, .64 mm. General color, dark brown. Length of instar, four to eight days. 114 New York State College of Forestry Fourth Nymphal Stage (Plate V, Fig. g): Tubercles moder- ately large, each bearing several spines. Prothorax considerably larger, the mesothoracic wing-pads quite prominent. Small spicules have appeared on the bases of large spines. Length, 1.68 mm.; width, .76 mm. General color, dark brown, the base of the abdomen with a lighter area. Jength of instar, five to twelve days. Fitth Nymphal[ Stage (Plate V, Fig. h): Tubereles on the head quite large and prominent, each bearing several spines. Tubereles and spines much larger. Spinules present as in the pre- ceeding instar. Prothorax very prominent, the median anterior portion considerably raised and inflated, mesothoracic wing-pads very large, completely covering metathoracic wing-pads and extending on the fourth abdominal segment. Spines on lateral margins of abdominal segments covered by wing-pads wanting. Length, 2.2 mm.; width, 1.3 mm. The general color is dark brown, the yellowish areas on the prothorax, wing-pads and base of the. abdomen have increased in size. Length of instar, eight to fifteen days. The Life History of the Birch Tingid agi PLATE V Corythucha pallipes Parshley Fig. a, adult. Fig. 6, lateral view of hood and median carina. Fig. c, egg. Fig. d, first nymphal stage. Fig. e, second nymphal stage. Fig. f, third nymphal stage. Fig. g, fourth nymphal stage. Fig. h, fifth nymphal stage. Fig. 45, Yellow Birch Leaves showing eggs, nymphs and adults. Note dis- colored areas caused by feeding punctures. LITERATURE CITED DRAKE, CAR J. 1919. On some Tingidae New to the Fauna of Canada. Canadian Ento- mologist, Vol. LI, pp. 159 and 160. Gipson, EpMUND H. 1918. The Genus Corythucha Stal. Transactions of the American Ento- mological Society, Vol. XLIV, pp. 69-105. PARSHLEY, Howarp M. 1919. New England Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Canadian Entomologist, Vol. LI, pp. 70-73. 1920. Hemipterological Notices I (Tingidae). Entomological News, Vol. XXXI, pp. 271-275. New York State College of Forestry 116 Plate V. NEW SPECIES OF IPIDAE FROM MAINE* By M: W. BuAcKMAN ‘Professor of Forest Entomology, New York State College of , Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y¥. The writer spent the four months from June 18 to October 18, 1919, investigating certain forest insects for the Maine Forestry Department in co-operation with the Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station. In this work the chief attention was paid to the Lpidae, commonly known as the bark-beetles, and large numbers of Specimens were collected, not only in the vicinity of Orono, but in several localities between Bangor and Kittery Point, in the Rangeley Lake region and in regions near Umbazookskus, Cham- berlain and Telos Lakes. In the course of the work several new species of bark beetles were found, including those described herewith. The writer wishes to express his appreciation of the courtesies extended by Professor J. M. Briscoe, of the Department of For- estry, and Doctor E. M. Patch, Entomologist of the Experiment Station, during the course of the work. Xylechinus americanus n. sp. Description of the adult: Dark brown, with antennae and legs lighter in color; 2.2 mm. long, 2.44 times as lone as wide, with the head visible from above. Front of the head plano-convex, finely punctate and granulate, with numerous, fine, rather short, greyish hairs directed mesially, the median carina sharply and distinctly elevated below but broken up into a row of coarser granules above, with a faint arcuate transverse depression originating at the level of the middle of the eye, the epistomal margin produced in the median third, with the prolongation emarginate at the median line; vertex and gvenae reticulate, finely punctured, with a few minute hairs; eyes elongate, moderately coarsely granulate, with the inner margin searcely sinuate; antennal club connate, very slightly flattened with three sutures visible all around and nearly straight; funicle of about the same length, with five segments, the distal ones shgehtly wider. Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long; widest behind with the sides subparallel on the posterior half, constricted before the middle, rounded in front and with the hind margin bisinuate; dise and sides closely punctured and finely granulate, clothed with cinere- *Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Entomology No. 108. Contribution No. 31 from the Department of Forest Entomology. New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. [117] 118 New York State College of Forestry ous Scale-like hairs which are directed mesially and meet in the median line over a faint median carina which would otherwise be inconspicuous. Elytra distinctly wider than the pronotum, 1.67 times as long as wide, widest behind the middle; the sides subparallel, shghtly sinuate, very narrowly rounded behind; basal margins separately rounded, strongly elevated from scutellum to humeral angle and bearing a row of rather slender flattened teeth with rounded points; striae moderately narrow, rather strongly impressed, with regularly placed, deep, coarse punctures; interspaces wider, con- vex, granulate-punctate, clothed with cinereous scale-lke hairs of two sorts—a median row down the center of each interspace, longer, wider, suberect and better developed posteriorly, and more numerous, smaller, appressed ones arranged at each side and between the coarser ones. Declivity regularly arched with the sutural interspace wider and more strongly elevated. First two and last ventral segments subequal and each as long as the third and fourth combined, the last one rounded behind; all clothed with fairly abundant, cinereus hairs, longer and more plentiful on the last segment. T'ype — Orono, Maine, Aug. 15, 1919, M. W. Blackman, col- lector; Lot No. M-144-b. Host Trees— White pine (Pinus strobus L.), white spruce (Picea canadensis Mill.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). This species which is apparently the first of the genus to be recorded from North America is closely allied to Xylechinus pilosus Ratz. but is plainly distinct. On comparison with the European species, a specimen of which has been given me by Doctor J. M. Swaine, the following points of difference are found: The elytral sculpture is considerably coarser in the American species, with the striae deeper, the strial punctures larger and the declivital granules coarser; the elytral vestiture differs in that the central row in each interspace is here longer and more erect than in pilosus and also in the absence of. the white band formed by the more plentiful vestiture in the sutural interspaces; the eround color of the elytra is darker as is also the vestiture; the vestiture of the front of the head is also longer and the median carina 1s more strongly developed. This species is apparently the first of the genus to be reported from America, north of Guatemala. Blandford assigns five species from Panama and Guatemala to this genus and a single species has been described by Hagadorn from Argentina. In Europe but the one modern species already men- tioned is known. X. americanus was taken by the writer in Maine on only two occasions. On August 15, 1919, two individuals were found in their newly started burrows in the bark of a small white pine tree dying from suppression. On October 13, however, a number of brood burrows were found in a small recently dead white spruce tree and these contained a number of young adults and a few New Species of Ipidae from Maine 119 larvae. This small tree occurred in a very dense stand of spruce, and it also had been so greatly weakened by overshading as to make it a suitable breeding place for the beetles. During the summer of 1921 the writer also obtained a number of specimens from red spruce at Cranberry Lake, N. Y. The dates of collection are June 24, July 17, Aug. 3 and Aug. 5, 1921. All were obtained from small, shaded-out red spruce trees and the beetles were present in only small numbers. The burrows consist of an entrance tunnel which leads directly into a rather large irregular shaped nuptial chamber. In the majority of cases but two egg-galleries lead off from the central chamber and usually extend in a nearly transverse direction. In several burrows, however, one or more additional galleries are to be found. These are in all cases short, are nearly at right angles to the first two and contain only a few egg-niches. The number of egg-niches in an egg gallery varies from 8 to 29 in those counted and the number of niches to the engraving varies from 21 to 54. As regards its economic importance the species seems not to be at all common and all of the trees in which it was found were such as had been either greatly weakened or actually killed by suppression. In white pine it was associated with Ips pini Say, Pityophthorus granulatus Sw. and P. nudus Sw. While in white spruce no other bark beetle occurred in the same region of the tree, but P. opaculus Lee. and Cryphalus mainensis n. sp. were breeding in the limbs and twigs. Pityophthorus balsameus un. sp. Description of adult female: Very dark reddish brown, almost black; 1.88 mm. long, 2.87 times as long as wide. Front flattened, with a reniform, spongy area of a light reddish- brown color; median carina indicated by a distinet tooth just above the epistomal margin; marginal hairs abundant near the broadly emarginate center, sparse laterally; remainder of frons rather coarsely and roughly punctured; apparently glabrous; eyes emarginate; antennal club nearly as broad as long, first and second sutures similarly, third suture more strongly arcuate; club at least one-fourth longer than funicle. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide. posterior half with sides subparallel, broadly rounded in front; front margin distinctly serrate; anterior area moderately asperate; summit prominent, with well-marked, wide, transverse impression behind the summit, divided by a shining, impunctate, slightly raised, median line; with a similar but less prominent longitudinal lateral elevation at each side; posterior half of dise with deep, moderate sized punce- tures, Sides rather more densely but less deeply punctured. Lilytra wider than thorax, 1.78 times as long as wide; sides very faintly arcuate, very broadly rounded behind but slightly pro- duced at the suture; striae not impressed except the first, strial punctures rather coarse, in rows, somewhat irregular near suture; 120 New York State College of Forestry interstrial punctures similar to strial, but sparse, more numerous at the sides; dise of declivity shining, sparsely pubescent with short inconspicuous hairs which are longer and more numerous at the sides and rear. Declivity with narrow moderately shallow suleus; suture moderately elevated, not granulate; lateral eleva- tions each with a sparse row of small short blunt tubercles on the third interspace. Male with the front coarsely, roughly punctured, with distinct, median, narrow, elevated carina below, ending above the epistomal margin in a distinet tooth-like structure, with some indication of a transverse carina at level of upper angle of eye; pronotum broader than in female, as wide as elytra; declivity very narrowly suleate; suleus nearly eliminated at its center by an inpushing from each lateral convexity ; lateral elevations devoid of granules, each, however, with a blunt tooth-like prominence, with its apex in line with the second stria but belonging to the third interspace. Type — A female, Orono, Maine, July 12, 1919, M. W. Black- man, collector; Lot No. M-86-b. . Host tree— Abies balsamea (Uinn.) Miller. Described from a series of seven females and two males collected by the author at Orono, Maine, July 8, 12, 17, 19 and at Chemo Lake, August 18, 1919. All of these specimens except one of the males were taken from their burrows in the twigs of balsam fir. The male collected at Chemo Lake was in a twig of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). All of the brood-burrows found were in twigs or small limbs less than one-third of an inch in diameter. These galleries are of the type common to the genus, consisting of a rather large nuptial-chamber from which originate several egg-galleries. These latter are rather short and groove the sapwood deeply. The bur- vows studied were invariably found to originate at the base of a smaller branch or twig where the bark is usually rougher and thicker. This species was found only in dying or recently dead twigs of balsam and was not taken in healthy material. It is probably of little economic importance. It was associated in balsam with Pityophthorus canadensis Sw. P. puberulus Lec., P. opaculus Lee. and Cryphalus balsameus Hopk. In red pine it was found in the same twigs as P. canadensis Sw. and P. puberulus Lee. Pityophthorus patchi un. sp. Description of adult female: Very dark reddish brown; 1.97 mm. long, 3.1 times as long as wide. | Frons plano-convex on a nearly circular area extending nearly from eye to eye; with an oval, densely pilose or spongy, slightly elevated portion at the center, the long diameter vertical and the transverse diameter about half that of the entire front; pilose area divided vertically by an indistinct carina ending in a small but distinet tooth just above the epistomal margin; lateral non- pilose area moderately punctured, more roughly above, with very New Species of Ipidae from Maine 121 ‘fine and short hairs; epistomal margin sinuate, with a border of stiff hairs longer at the center (abraded in old specimens) ; eyes broad oval, broadly, rather deeply emarginate; antenna of but little lighter color than the remainder of the body; club consider- ably longer than funicle, more than one-fourth longer than wide, with the first suture nearly straight, the second curved and the third strongly curved. Pronotum 1.26 times as long as wide; sides subparallel for nearly two-thirds of the posterior part, then very slightly constricted and broadly rounded in front; front margin feebly serrate; anterior area moderately asperate; summit prominent, with broad, deep, transverse depression posteriorly ; median impunctate area of pos- terior half slightly elevated, disc and sides moderately but deeply punctured, with a few short fine hairs; posterior marginal line distinet, shghtly bisinuate. Elytra wider than pronotum, 1.86 times as long as wide; widest before the middle, sides subparallel, weakly arcuate, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except the first, strial punc- tures of moderate size, but deep and not arranged in regular rows, those of the interspaces numerous, and similar; dise shining, nearly glabrous; pubescence at sides not so sparse. Declivity narrowly, deeply suleate, suture elevated, narrowed midway in the declivity but wider toward the summit and apex; lateral prominenees high, each with a sparse row of minute tooth-like granules; hairs short and sparse. : Male slightly smaller but of the same general proportions; front similarly plano-convex, with a small, sub-cireular area at the center clothed with short hairs and divided by an indistinct carina ending in an epistomal tooth which is coarser than in the female; with the outer area of the front coarsely and roughly punctured; lateral elevations of the declivity not quite so high, with the granules smaller and more sparse. . Type — A female, Orono, Maine, Aug. 20, 1919, M. W. Black- man, collector; Lot No. M-155. Host Trees — Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (Linn.) Miller), white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce’ (Picea canadensis (Milky BS. & P). Described from a small series of eight specimens obtained by the writer July 12, August 5 and 20, 1919. The beetles were found in their burrows in dying and recently dead twigs, the entrance opening always occurring at the base of a small branch. The nuptial chamber is large and the burrow as a whole often approaches the cave type characteristic of such species as Crypha- lus balsameus but some of the burrows also show short egg-galleries. The eggs are placed in niches either in the walls of the egg- galleries or in those of the nuptial chamber. In balsam twigs P. patchi was associated with P. canadensis Sw., P. balsameus n. sp. and Cryphalus balsameus Hopk.; in white spruce with P. canadensis; while no associates were found in the same twigs from white pine. 122, New York State College of Forestry The species is named in honor of Dr. E. M. Patch, Entomologist for the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Pityophthorus biovalis n. sp. Description of adult female: Dark reddish brown; length, 1.9 mm.; three times as long as wide. Front with a coneave area of three-fourths of a circle, extending from eye to eye, bordered with moderately long, stiff, slightly in- curved hairs, divided longitudinally by an elevated ridge or carina which is suleate along its summit and sparcely pubescent with short, stiff hairs on the upper two-thirds, with a rather deep, oval, glabrous and shining concavity at each side; epistomal margin sinuate, with short, stiff hairs slightly longer at the center. Eyes distinctly emarginate. Antennae lighter in color, club more than one and a half times as long as funicle, oval, first two sutures subequally arcuate. Pronotum 1.26 times as long as broad; sides subparallel on the posterior part, slightly constricted in front of middle, and broadly rounded anteriorly ; front margin serrate; anterior half moderately asperate; summit prominent; transverse depression fairly pro- nounced; median and lateral impunctate areas slightly elevated ; posterior half of pronotum moderately, rather finely, but deeply punctate on the dise and sides; posterior marginal line distinct, slightly sinuate. | iilytra wider than thorax, sides slightly arcuate; very broadly rounded (sub-truncate) behind; first stria impressed, the others not; strial punctures of moderate size, deep, in not entirely regu- lar rows; punctures of the interspaces nearly equal in size, not numerous but more so in the second interspace and at the sides, dise shining and appearing glabrous from above, but with a few short hairs which are more numerous and longer at the sides. Dechwity abrupt, with rather deep, shining sulcus, suture elevated, rather narrow; lateral elevations high and abrupt, each with a row of small, irregular, blunt teeth along its summit. Male of the same general proportions, but slightly smaller (length 1.85 mm.) front plano-convex, suleate along the median line, with a light reddish-brown, oval area at each side, each appear- ing spongy at its center, shining and glabrous at its periphery ; declivity with suleus narrower than in the female, with the lateral elevations apparently not so high, but with a blunt tooth-lke prominence opposite the third interspace. Type — A female, Brunswick, Maine, June 29, 1919, M. W. Blackman, collector, N. Y. S. Col. For. Lot No. M-62-a. Host Trees — Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.). While but one specimen of each sex of this species was taken the characters, especially those relating to the female frons are so strikingly different from known forms that it is readily separated by them alone. The female was taken June 29 from the twigs of New Species of Ipidae from Maine 123 red spruce felled a few weeks previously, where it was associated with P. briscoei n. sp., Dryocoetes americanus Hopk. being common in the larger portions of the hmbs. The male was derived from white pine twigs from Mt. Desert Island, Maine, Aug. 19, 1919, and was there associated with P. pulicarius Zimm. Pityophthorus briscoei n. sp. Description of the adult female: Very dark brown, almost black; 2.0 mm. long, three times as long as wide. Front of head with a nearly circular concavity extending from eye to eye, with dense, yellowish brown plush-like pubescence, slightly longer at the lateral margins, divided by a median vertical suleus which is shining, apparently impunctate and glabrous; above the concavity roughly punctured. Eyes rather finely granu- late, with the inner line narrowly emarginate. Antennal club longer than the funicle, with the first two sutures curved, the third more strongly arcuate. Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; sides subparallel behind, broadly rounded in front; front margin weakly serrate; anterior area moderately asperate; summit fairly prominent, wide trans- verse impression behind summit; median, longitudinal, impunctate line hardly elevated; posterior half of pronotum deeply, rather finely punctured on the dise and sides, with very fine and short yellow hairs; ventral surface of the prothorax impunctate and glabrous behind, punctured anteriorly. Elytra slightly wider than thorax, 1.87 times as long as wide; with the sides faintly arcuate, widest at the middle; very broadly rounded behind and appearing suleate-truncate from above; elytral striae not impressed, deeply, not coarsely punctured; strial punctures somewhat irregular near suture and declivity and at the sides; interspaces smooth, shining, with punctures similar to those of striae, sparse on the disc, more numerous near the declivity and at the sides. Declivity steep, with moderately wide, deep, shining sulcus; suture slightly elevated, devoid of granules; lateral elevations moderate, each with a few small rather closely set tooth-like granules in a row on the third interspace. Disc with minute, short, inconspicuous hairs, longer and coarser at the sides, scarcely so behind. Male shorter and slightly wider; front flattened on a nearly circular area, rather coarsely and roughly punctured, with a dis- tinet median carina elevated into a sharp, laterally compressed tooth slightly above the epistomal margin, with a rough, transverse arcuate ridge at the level of the upper angle of the eyes; declivity more deeply suleate; lateral elevations each raised at its center into a blunt tooth-like prominence in the third interspace, with faint traces of granules along its anterior slope. Type —A female, Brunswick, Maine, June 29, 1919, M. W. Blackman, collector, N. Y. S. Col. For., Lot No. M-62-a. Host tree — Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). 124 New York State College of Forestry Only three specimens of this quite distinct species were taken by the writer. They were taken from a single burrow in the smaller imbs of red spruce near Brunswick, Maine, June 29, 1919. The brood burrow was in a limb about one-half inch in diameter at the base of a smaller twig. Two longitudinal egg galleries, each slightly less than an inch in diameter extend in opposite directions. In one 15 eggs had been deposited, each in a side niche while in the other 13 had been laid. Some of these had hatched. This species was found in the same sort of material as P, brovalis n. sp. The species is named in honor of Prof. J. M. Briscoe, Professor of Forestry in the University of Maine. Pityophthorus shepardi n. sp. Description of the female: Reddish brown, length 1.75 mm.; 2.7 times as long as wide. Front flattened on an area of more than a semi-circle, impressed on its periphery, densely and finely punctured throughout, densely pubseent with fine hairs of moderate length; remainder of the front shining, finely and sparsely punctured; epistomal margin entire, no conspicuous marginal hairs. Antennal club conspicu- ously hairy, longer than funicle, about one-fourth longer than wide, first suture nearly straight, second and third procurved. Kyes finely granulate, emargination about as wide as deep. Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide, widest posteriorly, sides sub-parallel for about half their length, then slightly constricted and rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin weakly serrate; anterior area moderately asperate; summit not promi- nent; posterior area with distinct impunetate median line; re- mainder of dise and sides rather finely, not densely punctured ; posterior marginal line fine but distinct. Elytra shghtly wider than pronotum, widest at about the middle, 1.7 times as long as wide; sides slightly arcuate to level of declivital origin, then evenly, narrowly rounded to the suture where they meet at an angle. Striae not impressed except sutural striae; strial punctures fine, fairly deep near base and at the sides but becoming progressively shallower and finer posteriorly, those of the first three striae obsolescent on the dise behind; inter- strial punctures very sparse; dise of elytra glistening, glabrous; sides sparsely pubescent with short, stiff hairs. Declwvity shal- lowly suleate with the suleus shining; suture moderately wide and elevated, very feebly granulate; lateral elevations inconspicuous, each with a sparse row of very small granules on the third inter- space, with one or two similar granules lateral to it, each bearing an inconspicuous, short, stiff hair. Male of about the same general proportions as the female; front rather coarsely, deeply, somewhate roughly punctured, with faint traces of a median carina; shining, glabrous or nearly so; epis- tomal margin entire with a secant border of short, stiff, yellow hairs; New Species of Ipidae from Maine 125 pronotum as wide as elytra or slightly wider; deciivital suleus deeper ; lateral elevations, more pronounced, with coarser granules and longer, more conspicuous tactile hairs. Type —A female, Township 7-R-12, Maine, M. W. Blackman, collector ; Lot M-115. Host Tree— White spruce (Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. amd: P.) The type series consists of fourteen specimens collected by the writer in Township 7-R-12 in the Chamberlain Lake region of Piseataquis County, Maine, July 24, 28, 1919. The beetles were removed from their brood burrows in the limbs of a white spruce, shghtly injured by a ground fire the preceding spring. The beetles breed in limbs from a half inch to an inch in diameter, the burrows being of the polygamous, radiate type, with the ege galleries which may reach a length of two inches, but are usually smaller, extending either longitudinally or obliquely from the nuptial chambers. There is considerable variation in size in the fourteen specimens studied, the type representing about the maximum of the series. The species is named in honor of Mr. H. B. Shepard, Forester for the Eastern Manufacturing Company of Bangor, Maine. Pityophthorus dentifrons n. sp. Description of the adult female: Very dark reddish brown, almost black; 2.18 mm. long, 2.57 times as long as wide. Front flattened on an area of a little more than a semicircle, stronely impressed at the periphery, bordered with moderately long. ineurved hairs (not so long as in puwlchellus) ; punctured finely but densely at the periphery which is bordered by a definite raised semicircular ridge, punctures becoming progressively sparser toward the center near the epistomal margin; area «livided by a very faint median carina. Hyes moderately granulate, rather deeply emarginate. Antennal club one-half longer than funicle, nearly as wide as long, with first suture procurved, second and third progressively more strongly procurved, the first two sinuate. Pronotum slightly wider than long, arcuate on the sides behind, shg¢htly constricted before the middle, rather narrowly rounded in front; front margin distinctly serrate; anterior half rather strongly asperate; summit rather prominent; transverse 1im- pression just posterior to summit moderately deep, divided by a median slightly raised impunetate line, and marked off laterally by two obliquely divergent, slightly raised, impunctate lines ex- tending only half way to the posterior margin of the pronotum, posterior margin distinct, feebly bisinuate. Elytra slightly wider than pronotum, 1.67 times as long as wide, sides sub-parallel to level of origin of declivity, broadly rounded posteriorly ; striae scarcely impressed, sutural stria more strongly, with the punctures moderately coarse and deep, in fairly reeular rows; interstrial punctures similar to those of the striae but very 126 New York State College of Forestry sparse, interspaces rugulose; dise of elytra shining, nearly glab- rous, pubescence more abundant at sides. Declivity shallowly but widely suleate, suleus shining; suture moderately wide and ele- vated, with a sparse series of rather coarse, blunt, tooth-like granules; lateral elevations each with a row of five or six similar granules on the third interspace, becoming larger posteriorly, each with a short stiff hair, with a few small granules lateral to it near the apex. Male with body of similar size and proportions; front flattened on a Semicircular area, with a distinct median carina produced to form a distinct, laterally compressed tooth one-third of the dis- tance above the epistomal margin; slightly excavated at each side, rather coarsely and roughly punctured, pubescence inconspicuous ; pronotum more broadly rounded in front; elytra more narrowly rounded behind; declivital armature not so coarse as in the female but similar. , Type —A female, Orono, Maine, Aug. 1, 1919, M. W. Blackman, collector ; Lot No. M-122-a. Host plant — Picea rubens Sarg. This species is in some respects rather close to P. pulchellus Hichh. (hirticeps Lee.) and is very similar in general appearance. It may, however, be readily distinguished by the more narrowly rounded anterior margin of the pronotum, the more broadly rounded apex of the elytra, the lesser elevation of the suture on the declivity, but especially by the presence of the carina on the front of the head in both sexes and by the strongly developed frontal tooth in the male. It has been compared with LeConte’s types of hirticeps and pusio both of which are believed to be synonyms of pulchellus and is distinetly different although closely allied. This species is described from a series of eighteen specimens taken from their burrows in the bark of a small spruce about six _feet high which had been cut the preceding spring. The burrows are Started near the base of a smaller branch and are of the radiate type with longitudinal and diagonal egg galleries. Only the one lot of specimens was found in Maine. Additional specimens were also taken from red spruce June 15 and 28, 1921, at Cranberry Lake, N. Y., by Blackman and Fivaz. Cryphalus mainensis n. sp. Description of the adult female: Black; 1.63 mm. long, 2.28 times as long as wide. Front of the head convex, shallowly, transversely impressed between the eyes; surface sub-opaque, closely and roughly but not coarsely punctured, with a few fine short hairs; epistomal margin with a few short hairs, slightly emarginate and feebly elevated in the median line. Fyes finely granulate, the anterior line weakly emarginate. Antenna lighter in color; club twice as long as funicle, apparently with four sutures, of which all but the distal one (which is the least distinct) are nearly straight. - New Species of Ipidae from Maine 127 Pronotum 1.35 times as wide as long; widest posteriorly, sides arcuately rounded to the front, which is rather narrow; front margin with from three to seven serrations varying in size and arrangement but never with the first pair on each side contiguous as in balsameus; those on each side of the median line usually separated by a considerable space which is occasionally occupied by a small median serration; asperities rather sparse, irregularly distributed, occasionally several are contiguous or coalescent at their bases, asperate area concolorous; sides and rear of pronotum finely and densely granulate-punctate; pubescence shorter than in balsameus. Elytra very slightly wider than prothorax 1.52 times as long as wide, nearly two and one-third times as long as thorax; sides sub- parallel, moderately rounded behind as viewed from above; dis- tinetly punctate-striate, the punctures being more evident and the striae much more impressed than in balsameus and evident throughout their length; interspaces very finely and densely punc- tured with numerous seale-like hairs and a median row of slender hairs in each interspace which are coarser and longer at the sides; hairs from the strial punctures very fine and short. The male is usually smaller than the female and can be dis- tinguished by the more narrowly rounded elytra. Type —A female, Orono, Maine, July 17, 1919, M. W. Black. man, collector; Lot No. M-98. Additional Localities Loon Lake, Chamberlin Lake, Me., Cran- berry Lake, N. Y. ) Host Trees — Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) white spruce ‘(Picea canadensis (Mill.) B.S. and P. . This species is very similar in general appearance to C. bal- sameus Hopk. and is found in the same localities where the latter is abundant. It is readily distinguished, however, not only by its . hosts but also by the character of the frons, the smaller and dif- ferently arranged pronotal serrations, the more strongly punc- tured and impressed elytral striae, the more evident hairs on the elytral dise and by other differences. It is distinguished from C. rubensis Hopk. by the slightly smaller size, darker color, the absence of the carinal line on the frons and the difference in the serrations of the pronotal margin. The type series consists of several hundred specimens taken by the writer in Maine during the summer of 1919, a short series from Cranberry Lake, N. Y., taken June 15, 1920, by Professor C. J. Drake and Mr. A. E. Fivaz from limbs of red spruce, and numerous specimens from the same locality taken by Blackman and Fivaz during the summer of 1921. The brood burrows are usually of the ‘‘cave’’ type similar to those of C. balsameus. However, several burrows containing several definite branch-galleries were found and in such eases the eggs were usually deposited in a small heap at the blind end of the gallery and covered with frass. In one case they had been 128 New York State College of Forestry placed in definite egg-niches in the sides of a gallery. The usual type of burrow consists of an irregular cavity in the imner bark and outer sapwood. The eggs are laid in an irregular mass at any place in this cavity and are covered with the sawdust-like frass which often fills nearly the entire chamber. After laying. their eggs the adults will often leave their burrow, usually by bur- rowing a second opening up through the bark. Several such deserted burrows were found where the eggs were still unhatched. The burrows are most commonly, but by no means invariably, started at the base of a smaller twig. | Other species of bark beetles associated with C. mainensis in the same limbs and twigs include Polygraphus rufipenms Kirby, Pityophthorus puberulus Lec., P. dentifrons n. sp., P. shepardi n. sp., P. opaculus Lee. and Xylechinus americanus n. sp. New Species of Ipidae from Maine PLATE Vi New Maine /pidae from original photographs by Hammond. All magnified about 14 diameters. Fig. 1, 2. Xylechinus americanus n. sp. Fig. 3. Pityophthorus balsameus n. sp., Q. Fig. 4. Pityophthorus balsameus n. sp., ~. Fig. 5. Cryphalus nainensis n. sp. ; Fig. 6. Pityophthorus biovalis n. sp. Vig. 7. Pityophthorus patchi n. sp. Fig. 8. Pityophthorus shepardi n. sp. Fig. 9. Pityophthorus dentifrons n. sp. 5) 129 130 New York State College of Forestry New Species of Ipidae from Maine 131 PATE Vil From original photographs by Hammond. Fig. 10, 11. Brood burrows of Xylechinus americanus n. sp. in the bark of white spruce. Fig. 12. Brood burrows of Cryphalus mainensis n. sp. in bark of spruce. Fig. 13. Brood burrows of Pityophthorus dentifrons n. sp. in the bark of white spruce. Fig. 14. Brood burrows of Pityophthorus shepardi n. sp. in the bark of spruce. New York State College of Forestry Plate VII. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 15. 16. in 18. 19. New Species of Ipidae from Maine PLATE Vill Drawings by Paul W. Stickel. Xylechinus americanus n. sp. dorsal view. Front view of X. americanus n. sp. Dorsal view of Pityophthorus balsameus n. sp. Front view of male P. balsameus n. sp. Front view of female P. balsameus n. sp. 133 134 New York State College of Forestry | Plate VIII. New Species of Ipidae from Maine 135 PLATE IX Figures 20, 21 and 24 from drawings by A. F. Hough, figures 22 and 23 from drawings by Paul W. Stickel. Fig. 20. Dorsal view of Pityophthorus patchi n. sp. Fig. 21. Front view of P. patchi n. sp. Fig. 22. Dorsal view of Pityopthorus dentifrons n. sp. Fig. 23. Front. view of P. dentifrons n. sp. Fig. 24. Dorsal view of Pityophthorus shepardi n. sp. 136: New York State College of Forestry Plate IX, TWO NEW BARK-BEETLES FROM COLORADO * By M. W. Buackman, Professor of Forest Entomology, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. Ips guildi n. sp. Description of the adult female: Reddish brown to black in color; 2.7 mm. to 3.5 mm. long (type 3.37 mm.), 2.88 times as long as wide. Front of the head (Plate X, fig. 2) is flattened below, granu- late-punctate, with the epistoma widely and deeply emarginate, and bordered with yellow hairs, which are more numerous near the median line; convex above, densely, coarsely, rugosely punctured, with an impunctate elevated median carina, hairs rather short and sparse; the eyes are coarsely granulate, with the inner line broadly and shallowly emarginate; the antennae are much lighter in color, the club with the first suture straight at center, recurved, at the sides, second suture bisinuate. The pronotum (Plate X, fig. 1) is 1.17 times as long as wide, with the posterior angles broadly rounded, the sides subparallel to a point well in front of the summit, broadly rounded in front; the anterior area densely and coarsely asperate, transversely de- pressed and densely granulate just behind the summit except in the median line, which is slightly elevated, smooth, shining and impunctate; the rest of the dise, shining, sparsely punctured, the sides with coarser, more numerous punctures. Vestiture confined to the asperate area, sides and depressions behind the summit; wanting on most of the dise. The elytra (Plate X, fig. 1) are slightly wider than the thorax, 1.75 times as lone as wide, with the sides parallel as far as' the origin of the declivity, thence arcuately narrowed with the end truncate; striae impressed, strial punctures coarse, deep, closely placed; interspaces rather narrow, with fewer, finer punctures arranged uniserially and becoming larger near the declivity where ‘both strial and interstrial punctures become somewhat confused. The declivity (Plate X, figs. 1, 3) is abrupt, nearly perpendicu- lar, concave, with numerous coarse, deep punctures; the sutural in- terspace elevated ; lateral margins prominent, each armed with three prominent, slender, conical, sharp, slightly incurved teeth; the first arising from the second interspace and directed candad- mesad; the second longer, curved, from cpposite the third inter- Space and directed similarly; followed by a ridge which usually bears two large tubercles (or blunt, low, rudimentary teeth), the first in the fourth, the second in the fifth interspace; the third tooth is slightly larger than the second, cnly slightly curved and * Contribution No. 32 from the Department of Forest Entomology, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. [137] 138 New York State College of Forestry directed caudad, distinctly separate from the ridge above and from the strongly elevated acute posterior margin of the declivity, which is often slightly crenate and occasionally somewhat emargi- nate at the-center. Vestiture abundant and moderately long. The male is similar but the frontal carina is usually lacking, the sculpture coarser and the declivital teeth are longer, coarser and more curved. _ This species is allied to I. latidens Lec. and I. longidens Sw. being especially closely related to the latter. It is, however, readily distinguished by the presence of the carina and by the coarser sculpture on the frons; by the differently shaped pronotum with its coarser, more numerous asperities, and by the coarser, better developed declivital armature as well as by other characters given in the description. Type —A female, Grand Lake, Colorado, March 4, 1921, H. R. Guild, collector; N. Y. S. Coll. For., Lot No. 1227. The type series contains twenty-three specimens taken from their burrows in the bark of lodgepole pine (Pinus murrayana Elw.) near Grand Lake, Colorado, January 22 and March 4, 1921, by Mr. Eugene R. Guild, a former student, now a ranger in the National Park Service. The species is named in honor of Mr. Guild. Pityophthorus murrayanae vn. sp. Description of the adult female: Reddish brown in color; 2.2 mm. long, 3.14 times as long as wide. Front of the head (Plate X, fig. 5) flattened on a semicircular area which is very finely and very densely punctured and orna- mented with numerous very fine, very short hairs; epistomal margin thickened to form a lip which bears minute inconspicuous hairs; sides and upper part of frons more sparsely and coarsely punctured; eyes rather finely granulate, strongly emarginate ; antenna. pale yellow in eolor, the club oval, with the first two sutures straight and strongly chitinized, third suture arcuate and subparallel to the distal margin. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; with the posterior angles rounded, the sides subparallel behind, rather abruptly narrowed in front of the middle, broadly rounded in front; the anterior margin with broad, low serrations; the asperities of the anterior area rather broad and low; summit moderate; posterior area shallowly de- pressed just behind the summit, surface shining, moderately punc- tured, with a distinct slightly elevated impunctate median line. Lateral margin of pronotum rather sharp behind; ventral surface punctured except in the posterior lateral angle. Eilytra wider than the pronotum, nearly exactly twice as long as wide, with the sides subparallel, rounded behind the origin of | the declivity and with the apex subacuminate; the surface shining ; striae not impressed, the strial punctures of moderate size, rather closely arranged; the interspaces narrow, somewhat rugulose, with Two New Bark-beetles from Colorado 139 the punctures nearly as large as those of the striae but very sparse. Declhivity strongly suleate with the punctures of striae 1 and 2, especially the latter, obsolescent; the suture rather wide and strongly elevated with a row of very fine granules; the sulcus smooth, sub-opaque, moderately wide and deep; the lateral eleva- tions moderately high with a very few, very minute granules. The vestiture is scanty, the dise nearly glabrous, with short hairs at the sides and on the declivity. Male about the same size and proportions as female but differs in that the front of the head is transversely impressed below, with a small tooth just above the epistomal margin; the frons above strongly convex with a transverse carina between the eyes, which is angled at the center and there joined by a short median carnia extending from above; all of frons except carinae densely punc- tured, nearly devoid of hairs. The elytra are widest at the base with the sides weakly converging behind, the declivity more deeply suleate, with the suture and lateral elevations more strongly granulate. Type —A female, Grand Lake, Colorado, December 30, 1920, EK. R. Guild, collector ; INE S.C. 5 let No. 1214. Deseribed from a series of twenty- five specimens collected from the bark of the trunk of dying lodgepole pine trees near Grand Lake, Colorado, December 30, 1920, January 22 and February 18, 1921, by Mr. HE. R. Guild, of the National Park Service. 140 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. OP OD New York State College of Forestry PLATE 10 . Ips. guildi n. sp. x. 21 dia. . Ips guildi n. sp., Front view. . Ips guildi n. sp. Posterior-lateral view of declivity. . Pityophthorus murrayanae n. sp. x 18 dia. . Pityophthorus murrayanae n. sp. Front view of the female. Two New Bark-beetles from Colorado 141 Plate X. DESCRIPTION OF HYLOCURUS PARKINSONIAE N. SP. With Revisional Notes on Hylocurus Eichh. and Micrais Lec. By M. W. BLuAcKMAN Description of the adult male: Dark reddish-brown in color, 2.17 to 2.4 mm. long, about 2.5 times as long as wide. The front of the head is convex-above, opaque, densely and coarsely granulate-punctate with numerous (often abraded), cla- vate, cinereous bristles, directed anteriorly ; with an arcuate, trans- verse, granulate carina separating the lower portion, which latter is transversely impressed, smoother, subopaque, with slightly longer, more Slender hairs directed diagonally downward. The eyes are short oval, moderately coarsely granulate, with the inner margin entire. The antennal scape is short, clubshaped, curved or twisted, | with a few rather short hairs; the funicle 6-jointed, 13/5 times as long as the scape, the pedicel wide, comprising more than 1/3 of length of funicle, distal segments slightly wider; the club short oval, first segment about 1/3 length of club, first suture very faintly sinuate, second similar and nearly parallel. The pronotum is 1.03 times as long as wide, widest behind the middle, with the sides behind subparallel; moderately rounded in front; anterior margin with low blunt serrations; asperities of the anterior area low, broad, moderately coarse; posterior area reticulate, subopaque, granulate-punctate, with very short, fine hairs. The elytra are wider than the pronotum; 1.5 times as long as wide, with the sides subparallel (slightly widened posteriorly), abruptly narrowed at the declivity, with a prominent sutural apex; surface rather feebly shining, nearly glabrous; punctate striate, with the striae deeply impressed posteriorly, with the punc- tures moderately coarse anteriorly but progressively coarser toward the declivital summit; interspaces narrower, with only a few punctures, shining anteriorly, subopaque near declivity, feebly convex anteriorly, but becoming carinate posteriorly and each ending at the declivital margin in a short, blunt tooth-like pro- jection. Declwity abrupt, oblique, the face convex, striae punc- tured, the punctures coarse near the margin but rapidly becoming finer toward the apex; suture elevated, granulate, with short, stiff hairs, second and alternate interspaces flat, unarmed, with a few hairs only near declivital margin; third and alternate interspaces, more or less elevated, each with a few stiff hairs, third with from two to five small teeth or acute granules; fifth and seventh with one or more, ninth with the carina extending as far back as the base of the sutural apex, and, as seen from above, separated from this by a distinct notch. [142] Description of Hylocurus Parkinsonae 143 The fore tibia is slightly wider toward the distal end, with the two sides sinuate; anterior edge with a few weak serrations; ter- minal mucro long, curved at the end; distal end obliquely truncate, armed with three submarginal teeth. The females vary from 1.7 mm. to 2.3 mm.(allotype, 2.1 mm.) long, 2.6 times as long as wide. The front is slightly more flat- tened than in the male, very finely granulate-punctate, the trans- verse carina lacking, with the pubescence similar and lacking or nearly so in a transverse line corresponding in position to the male carina; the pronotum is similar to that of male but with the mar- ginal teeth smaller; the elytra are proportionately longer than in the male, slightly wider than pronotum, with the sides subparallel as far as declivity, then broadly rounded, and ending in the acute sutural apex; surface moderately shining, striae with punctures finer than in male, interstrial punctures and hairs more numerous, both more abundant and the hairs longer toward the declivity, the interspaces not becoming carinate posteriorly ; declivity with the margin rounded and the face convex, the suture elevated, granulate and setose, second interspace, flat, unarmed, narrowed posteriorly, third, fifth and seventh elevated, each with several acute granules, ninth subecarinate but not sufficiently so to be visible from above. Type —A male, ex dead Parkinsonia; Ray, Arizona, E. A. Schwarz, collector. Allotype, a female, same labels. Described from a long series of specimens collected by E. A. Schwarz at Ray, Arizona, and by Hubbard and Schwarz at Fort Yuma, Arizona, all of them being obtained from dead Parkin- soma sp. Type, allotype and numerous paratypes in the National Museum, paratypes in the author’s collection. Specimens of this new species were given to the writer for description by Dr. HE. A. Schwarz with the comment that they represented a new species of Hylocurus and that in his opinion LeConte’s genus Micracis should probably be submerged in Hich- hoff’s Hylocurus. The literature was examined with the following results: The genus Hylocurus was described by Hichhoff* in 1871 (pp. 133, 134) to include a single species from Mexico — Hylocurus elegans. The same author later (1879,+ pp. 298-301) deseribed the genus more fully and added descriptions of two new species —H. discifer from Venezuela and H. alienus from Cuba. The revised description (1. c. p. 298) reads as follows: ‘‘Head globular, retracted, mentum oblong, narrow toward: the _base, ligula small, mentum inserted near apex. * * * Antennal funicle 6-jointed, 1st joint globose, thick, 2nd much narrower, the following transverse, becoming progressively wider, club sub- globose, compact. Tibia sublinear. Tarsal joints 1, 2. 3 eaual.’’ * Bichhoff, W., 1871, Neue exotische Tomiciden —Arten. Berl. Ent. Leitschr, Vol. 15, pp. 131-187. + EBichhoff, W., 1879, Ratio Tomicinorum, Brussels. 144 New York State College of Forestry In 1895 Blandford* (pp. 220-225) redescribes the genus and adds seven new species from Mexico and Guatemala. His generic description is fuller and more definite and differs also in his recog- nition of the sexual differences. The essential portions of his deseription follows: ‘‘The antennae have a rather short, curved, clubbed scape, a six-jointed funiculus, the joints of which are moniliform, the third to the sixth transverse and increasing moder- ately in thickness; the club is short-oval, compact, and shining, crossed by two curved, fringed sutures. The tibiae are narrow, slightly wider apically, the anterior pair unarmed, except for two short spines at the upper apical angle. The elytra are more or less strongly punctate-striate, the punctures often much dilated and cribriform posteriorly; at the apex they are produced into a common mucro, as in Micracis. The sexual differences in their structure are important and were not recognized by Hichhoff. In the male the interstices become subearinate as they approach the declivity, round which they form a marginal series of short teeth, carinae, or, in one species, acute spines, and they may be elevated above the general surface so that the sides of the elytra appear to diverge behind; the declivity itself may be convex or retuse and nearly vertical, elevated near the suture alone, and it may be sculptured differently from the horizontal portion. In the female the elytra are regularly and strongly declivous behind the declivity being convex, with no marginal tubercles round its upper border.’’ In his characterization of the genus Hagedorn; (1910, pp. 118— 119) describes the eye as elliptical with the anterior margin emar- -ginate, and the antennal club as solid, without sutures. It is thus apparent that the characterizations of the genus Hylocurus Eichh. contained several ambiguities and discrepancies. This is especially true of the descriptions of the antennal club which Hichhoff describes as ‘‘Solida’’ which might be translated as ‘“‘solid’’ (presumably without sutures) or merely as ‘‘compact.”’ His figure, however, shows two distinct sutures and Hagedorn is manifestly wrong in describing it as ‘“‘solid, without sutures.’’ As has been shown recently by the writer,t the structure of the antennae and the foretibiae are of the greatest importance in de- termining the genera and species of this group. On the basis of such differences especially, the North American species included by LeConte in his genus, Micracis were divided into three groups of at least sub-generic grade: Muicracis represented by M. sutur- alis and its allies; Pseuwdomicracis represented by MM. opacicollis Lec. and M. nanula Lee.; and Micracisoides represented by * Blandford, W. F. H., 1895, Family Scolytidae, Biologia Cent. Amer., Col., Vol. IV pt. 6, pp. 81-298, + Hagedorn, M., 1910, Genera Insectorum, Coleopt.,, Family Ipidae, pp. 1-178, 14 pl. . + Blackman, M. W., 1921, North American Ipidae of the Subfamily Micra- cinae, Miss. Agr, Exp. Stat., Tech. Bull., No. 9 Description of Hylocurus Parkinsoniae 145 M. rudis Lee. and its allies. It is now believed that the latter group is more closely allied to the described species of Hylocurus than to the true Micracis of LeConte of which M. sutwralis Lec. is the genotype. Thus in the writer’s opinion the genus Micracis Lee., represented by M. hirtellus Lec., M. suturalis Lec., M. meridi- anus Blackm., M. populi Sw. and M. swainei Blackm. and by M. opacicollis Lee. and M. nanula Lee. of the subgenus Pseudomi- eracis, should stand. Hylocurus Hichh. then should include not only the species of that genus described by Eichhoff and by Blandford but also H. parkinsomae described herewith, and the following species hitherto included with Micracis—rudis Lec. biorbis Blackm., bicornus Blackm., harnedi Blackm., and jangstoni Blackm. These Species agree with Blandford’s redescription of the genus in all respects except in the extreme differences between the sexes. Even in this respect langstont shows similar secondary sexual characters but these are not developed to such an extraordinary degree. In harnedi the sexual differences consist especially in the arrangement and size of certain teeth upon the declivity and in the greater elevation of the ninth interspace in the male. In rudis, biorbis and bicornus the sexes can be best distinguished by frontal characters, but are also indicated by the slightly coarser sculpture and the greater elevation of the ninth interspace in the males. The arrangement then of this division of the subfamily should be as follows: A. Antennal club with distinct sutures on the outer face, scape clavate or flattened and subtriangular, funicle 6-jointed. B. Posterior end of elytra drawn out to form an acuminate sutural apex. C. Antennal scape club-shaped, with a few short or moderate hairs, antennal club with first suture broadly curved; eyes short oval, widely separated above and beneath; fore tibiae slightly wider distally, with both edges sinuate, outer edge weakly serrate, distal end with 2-4 marginal teeth. Genus Hylocurus Kichhoff CC. Antennal scape flattened, subtriangular, with numerous long hairs, club with first suture angu- late or narrowly curved, eyes large, elongate, more coarsely granulate, contiguous, narrowly or moderately separated beneath; fore tibiae with outer edge nearly straight. Genus Micracis Le Conte D. Eyes moderately separated beneath, inner margin entire; fore tibiae with sides subparallel, both nearly straight, outer edge entire, terminal mucro wide and large. 146 New York State College of Forestry Sub genus Micracis DD. Eyes contiguous or very narrowly separated be- neath, inner margin emarginate; fore tibiae with inner edge sinuate, outer edge nearly straight, terminal mucro more slender. Sub genus Pseudomicracis BB. Posterior end of elytra conjointly rounded without sutural apex. (The remainder of the subfamily arranged as in the Key on p. 7, Miss. Agri, Exper. Sta., Tech. Bull., No. 9.) Fig Fig Fig Fig Description of Hylocurus Parkinsoniae 147 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI . 1. Hylocuwrus parkinsomiae n. sp. male. . 2. Hylocwrus parkimsoniae n. sp. female. . 3. Front view of male of H. parkinsoniae n. sp. . 4. Posterior view of elytral declivity of the male of H. parkinsoniae nl. sp. Plate XI. THE LIFE HISTORY OF TWO SPECIES OF NABIDAE (HEMIP. HETEROP.) Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut. By F. G. MunpDINGER The Nabidae as a group are wandering herb-inhabiting species Spending most of their time on grass and low bushes. They are small in size, ranging from about six to ten millimeters in length. The general color is reddish-brown except for two species Pagasa fusca Stein and Nabis subcoleoptratus Kirby, which are black. The body is elongate-oval in shape and the legs are long and well adapted for walking. The proboscis is long and pointed and when not in use extends back between the prothoracic coxae. The eyes are coarsely granulated, bulging and located dorso-laterally on the sides of the head. The general attitude assumed by the members of this family, with the head slightly raised, the suggestively eager way of carrying the beak and the protruding apparently all-seeing eyes, gives them a most alert and war-like appearance. The species most commonly found with Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut. in the Cranberry Lake region are Nabis imbatus Dahlb and Nabis ferus Linn. The eggs of only two species of this family have been described, namely, Nabis ferus and Nabis rufusculus. Nabis roseipennis because it is better illustrated is considered first in this paper, and Nabis rufusculus being very similar in both appearance and habits is treated with reference to the former but follows in a Separate discussion. Economic IMPORTANCE The economic value of the members of this family is as yet a matter of only rough estimate since the bionomies of but one species is so far known. | Dr. Osborn (1918), in his article on ‘‘The Meadow Plant Bug, Muiris dolobratus Linn.,’’ found Nabis ferus a species closely allied to N. roseipenms and N. rufusculus, to be a formidable enemy to this destructive plant bug. In their work on the ‘‘Corn-ear worm ’’ Garman and Jewett (1907) found Nabis (Coriscus) ferus to prey also upon this larva infesting the corn plant. JN. rufus- culus has been shown by Brunner and Swenk (1907) to attack and kill the hessian fly which is a great pest in wheat fields. Woods (1915), in his paper on ‘‘Blueberry Insects in Maine,”’ describes N. rufusculus as feeding on the many small insects which the blueberry harbors. Aphids, plant bugs, leaf-hoppers, and many other small insects are found in quantities in grasses during the summer season. It has been found that some of them, probably most of them, are [149 ] 150 New York State College of Forestry injurious to stands of grass, oats, hay, ete. Hence, N. roserpennis and N. rufusculus feeding on such insects must be considered as economically important. The presence of nabids on plants is not entirely beneficial, for it is undoubtedly true that by their habits of oviposition they may, when present in great numbers, do some injury. However, it is more reasonable to believe that what slight harm is done in ovipositing in such material as grass-stalks is more than offset by their suppression of plant-feeding insects. METHODS The first specimens used in this experiment were collected on June 10th. They were all females and were captured by sweeping the grass with a strong net. At this early date no nymphs were found, so the mature nabids had in all probability hibernated over winter. Six wooden boxes were filled with dirt, and small plants placed in them. In one box was placed a raspberry slip, in another a goldenrod stalk and in the remaining boxes, grass-stalks. These plants were all carefully examined to avoid using any material already containing eggs or harboring insects of any kind. Ordi- nary glass lantern globes were then fitted with fine wire-mesh removable tops and placed over the growing plants in the boxes. The cages so prepared were placed in a long tray at one side of the insectary. This structure was screened but otherwise open on three sides, giving the plants practically the same conditions for growth which they had in their former habitat. The first specimens collected were placed on the plants on June 10th. Every morning each: plant was examined and the habits of the nabids.observed. This was especially for the purpose of noting when the first eggs were laid so that a careful record of oviposition could be kept. Every second day about half a dozen aphids or other small insects were placed in each cage. By the thirteenth of June six cages were in operation, each containing one female, and two containing male and female. On the sixteenth of June the females began to oviposit, and since the grass-stalks seemed most preferred, the other plants were dis- carded, grass-stalks replacing them. One raspberry slip also was found to contain many eggs and was set aside. Because of the peculiar habit of the female in laying her eggs, it was often difficult to distinguish the eggs oviposited at a certain time from others laid in among them perhaps the next day. The most accurate way of keeping this data was by numbering the sides of the boxes and designating the eggs by their position on the stalk in relation to the number on the side of the box. On the thirtieth of June the specimens were again changed to new plants, since the egg-laying period was drawing to a close and the grass-stalks were well filled with eggs. This allowed a closer study of the hatching eggs and also of the habits of the mature nabids, which still laid a few eggs. . The Infe History of Two Species of Nabidae 151 On hatching, the small, white nymphs, barely visible to the naked eye, were collected from the plants by means of a camels-hair-brush and placed in petri dishes, one or two in a dish. Each receptacle had been cleaned and a raspberry leaf placed within. Upon the leaf a drop or two of water was put, and also food in the form of aphids — one large one or two small ones per nymph. Hach dish was numbered according to the box from which the specimens were taken, and the date of hatching placed upon it. Besides this, each additional dish was marked by a separate letter, date of begin- ning and other data as above. There were times when many nymphs had to be placed in one dish because of their great num- bers. Over fifty cages were in operation at one time. Every day observations of each dish were taken and the dishes thoroughly cleaned and supplied with a fresh leaf, water and food. Two nymphs from each instar were placed in alcohol for future study. One was taken as near the beginning of the instar as possible, and the other as close to the end of the instar as possible. Careful records were made of dates of moulting. By these methods about twelve specimens were carried successfully through to the adult stage. Ss 2) hy S}[NpV © “SBP ZZ-0Z ‘SUP TZ-L ONS SEP L-& wt NGS N 2 s , : ; ~— i ee aU as creo Se ied Pee ee = SUVLSNT IVHIWAN eee SINNGUdIASOW SIAV NT Bias da ee ccad 2e seeeee | gg |: syeq07, 81/2 ‘LT/2L 9 ng |e cT HOUT aN ok ales me : oe LI/L ‘91/2 zj 8% | ¢ OU Say Cl eae, FI/L G IZ e Ole 9 CC; GT/2 t bz CT/2 Fiz g alg Meth Pye g Tees e1/L I Oye || Rimes OL 02-2, €I/L S ulz, AGE Mera) 2 Ike |i rei fhe Be 9T Olea T/L i WZ oI/L T ug Gili / ne Ta z 1% PEI, YD, g UG Pr @) 02 ly) SUL s/s iG JZ SI/L I CF EZ Ve q ral @ oy G Jit “sp OT/2 fe Bz 6/L I BOns ee y Apne | LT QT ounr Soe @ “ON “ON Seed @ fl “ON 89} °C. Q ISRIOAV ——| ysiq 9-G SOUTOIY XA GduHoLve aiv'l I a SDD New York State College of Forestry 166 , oe eee 3 ap a eee ee pe ee A ena Reed : ic : eat | ot GF I 1eVS | IT/8 T Te/L il 92/2 T Tepe T ens er » Pe aa cE 0 cT/8 I 2/8 T 96/2 T 12/2 ‘61/2 i ug po : 0 L/8 T 82/1 ‘96/L (6 02/L ‘61/2 SG LI/L ‘91/2 @ UIT 6 Falk weir ; = 0 1/8 T LZ/ 2 T CC/L I 91/2 I als) | Gil THe a T 61/8 | T 1/8 T 92/2 g 02/2 ‘61/2 9 CT/L ‘F1/2 9 ag i 2e/8 | T Z/8 ‘1&/L jw 82/2 'L2/L ‘96/L| ¥ Ae, “Ove f 2 OW Hef, I L 0g ond. Gu eoe0 Spaeo o 0 nee eG ch Ona ce G050 0 8Z/L i 0z/2L T GT/L Zz ug ZE 6 5; eae 0 1/8 Z L6/L ‘96/L Zz 12/2 (06/2 j GT/L G AL T 81/8 | T 0g/L T GZ/L ‘PC/L ‘80/L\ ¥ ST/L ‘9T/L c CN /PeGui 9 ug pes pe anO 31/8 I 9/2 I 61/2 I T/L I oa Ge | Bet coe ales = lucene 1 11/8 | I 66/L if CG/L j cH, IU, IVE Ne FI/L ‘€1/L ‘31/2 | 9 UL aie ae ee) 2/8 it G/L I 00/2 ‘81/2 j PI/L ‘St/L ‘6 ah OL pw OT | & » are ee 90 66/2 i a7 i vI/L i! 11/2 ‘01/2 j pg T 92/8 | T ¢/8 I Fe/L I YP, yee fe ro D (6 ae |] aS | Bw ha kG pa ee sel (0) 66/2 I oo/2L 3S GT/L fe It/L 6 1g ide oR 0 60/2 iI e2/L iL 91/2 T oI/L Z ug il 61/8 | T +/8 il e/L I SI/z T rays it aT engages. Fao 0) ¢/8 I 6/1 ‘66/L j GT/L j i j Pr 0 aie. eae 0 €3/L i QT/L ‘SI/L j Bt/h ‘It/h j Bye | Th | Gt SIE 6T sunt nent GS te ies coe es Se ee Pei os ip las Pte ee ale sayeq | “ON o7eq "ON so1ed “ON soyvqd ‘ON so7eqd ‘ON ‘ON | soved | ON Seed @ | tee Mo ee ee a Ee Se ee Lie eee Sees fe =e “SBP OZ ‘Sep €T sep cL sep Q OsvIOAY S}]DPV eek anes eS ee eS ee PEL Se hs ere “SUP EZ-GT ‘Sep 91-9 “sep 6-G sep 9-P 1-G SoULoTyXoL aaqHoLvy aiv'T Bee aes eee eck wie a ees oe G i | fj I ee ate oe ee eee SUVISNT TVHAIWAN soon gaTaosnany Slav N The Life History of Two Species of Nabidae 167 | JULY | AUGUST Ca q Zz & a Maxi- | Mini- | Aver- | Maxi- | Mini- | Aver- | Maxi- | Mini- | Aver- DATE mum mum age mum mum age mum mum age tem- tem- tem- tem- tem- tem- tem- tem- tem- pera- pera- pera- pera- pera- pera- pera- pera- pera- ture ture ture ture ture ture ture ture ture LOS. ek ee ee 74 41 SY a 79 56 67.5 64 43 D3 .9 RT rin aeahe es alivenins, 1s 70 34 LTP PUAN cera ae tie Peete TL || Meare he 67 49 58 3c 0 al ee Pa a ee €9 57 63 91 62 76.5 69 41 5d Pe Pe mel ea ee 86 62 74 71 44 Diao Be be pat oo 6 GREE Nee ae! 88 66 77 75 42 58.5 (Rua'c by eee eee 69 63 66 88 te, 80 79 53 66 EER eS oreo als 69 39 54 92 67 79.5 80 61 TAD) 13 Shae On ol oe See 72 41 DOM ON Uateecnc ely cheba tesa [\ rit mete: 7 69 (72 & QO hte ds ae 77 42 9) Na) Meee lige Hegel MeN lll Serene ange 68 44 56 IM. o's Soa 5 eee 81 49 65 91 64 HH o® uel 49 63 UT! Behe Gage te ae 80 46 63 80 63 iL dD 78 45 6155 HEAERO Tere oes ican. oss 76 53 64.5 85 64 TA 76 48 62 IS os Se CS ee 74 47 65.5 79 61 70 74 65 69.5 (2 on VA 71 42 56.5 80 62 “il 65 55 60 TLD) = oon Gf Een ee 65 33 49 82 73 UD 64 40 52 WG ees dred 6 cece ne 67 62 64.5 81 64 VASE 80 41 60.5 LW oe et Sig eee 67 48 Mao 73 57 65 “al 44 57D 1s oo 4 Sole Coe 70 52 61 74 43 58.5 68 45 56.5 110). wae a ee 70 57 63.5 74 61 60 70 54. 62 Vere "b bo. 0 ighateneean ERC 75 38 56.5 74 61 TART Rew sceorar | RE er lisse eh Bibs she belo ob eee | 78 69 13.9 75 51 63 75 43 59 De ic ea, ids oe 85 50 67.5 a 47 62 65 39 a2 Det aia is od Sis ee 81 60 70.5 80 53 66.5 67 45 56 Dil oak ec Sa Se 74 47 60.5 84 53 68.5 73 49 61 PLES) 6 fo a) AS aha NN ae 79 46 62.5 82 57 69.5 75 54 64.5 OP eee’. 2s 80 49 64.5 81 62 aloo Tee 49 61.5 Dips os bs Bie bib Rete ae 78 51 64.5 84 68 76 76 54 65 DOSS is iby Mee ees ERC 76 60 68 81 58 69.5 70 60 65 PORE a eres onto g 79 63 7A a5) Sil 63 80 60 70 oot oe ee ee 76 §3 69.5 58 43 540). ©) 77 50 63.5 le ee ks Wee a ee 1 56 64.5 83 48 65.5 | This table shows the temperature changes thru-out the three months of June, July and August. aah ore ey NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY Bibliography BANKS, NATHAN. 1910. Catalogue of Neo-Arctic Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Amer. Ent. Soc., pp. 1-103 (Reduviolus roseipennis Reut., p. 22) ; (Reduviolus rufusculus Reut., p. 23); (Reduviolus assimilis Uhler, p. 23). BRUNNER, L. and SwENK, H. H. 1907. Some Insects injurious to Wheat during 1905-1906. Neb. Bul. 96 Vol. XIX, Article 3, pp. 1-36 (Nabis Ferus Reut., pp. lf—18)). DovueéLas and Scort. 1865. The British Hemiptera-Heteroptera, pp. I-XII+1-628 (Nabidae, pp. 547-556). DRAKE, C. J. 1922. Technical Bul. N. Y. State Col. For., No. 16. Heer, i, P. 1906. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. N. Y. Mus. Mem. 8, Vol. 2, pp. 333-877 (Nabis rufusculus Reut., p= 688, Hie, 207 )). GARMAN, H. and JEwETT, H. H. 1914. Life History and Habits of the Corn-ear Worm. Ky) sae. Sta. Bul. 187, pp. 513-591. | (Coriscus ferus Reut., pp. 585-586. ) Gittierm, ©. P: and BAkrr, C. F. 1895. A Preliminary List of the Hemiptera of Colorado. Ag. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 31, Tech. Series No. 1, pp. 1-137. (Coriscus punctipes Reut. and Coriscus rufusculus Reut., p 59.) JXKIRKALDY. 1901. Aumerkungen tiber Bemerkenswerte Nabinen. Wien. Ent. Zeit., XX, pp. 219-225. (Reduviolus chewkeanus, p. 224.) LETHIERRY, L. ET SEVERN, G. 1893. Catalogue des General Hemipteres, Tom 111, pp. 1-275. (Nabis roseipennis Reut., p. 211); (Nabis rufusculus Reut., penciled). OsBorN, H. 1918. The Meadow Plant Bug, Miris dolobratus. Jour. Ag. Research, Vol. XV, pp. 1-681. (Nabis ferus Linn., pp. 194-197.) OSBORN and DRAKE. Ng22. ‘Technical Bul: N.Y. State Col. For., No. 16. PARSHLEY, H. M. 1914. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine. Psyche, Vol. XXI, No. 5 (pp. 139-149) (Reduviolus rufusculus Reut., p. 143). PARSHLEY, H. M. 1917. Fauna of New England, 14. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Nat. Hist. VII., pp. I- 119. (Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut., p- 66.) PARSHLEY, H. M. 1919. On Some Hemiptera of Western Canada. Occasional Papers on Mus. of Zoo. No. 71, pp. 1-35. (Nabis rufusculus Reut. and Nabis roseipennis Reut., p. 28.) PARSHLEY, H. M. 1920. Hemiptera from Peaks Island, Me., pp. 1-8. (Nabis rufusculus Reut. and Nabis roseipennis Reut., p. 4.) Poprius, B. und BEerGRoTH, E. 1920-1921. Betitrage Zur Kenntnis Der Mymecoiden Heteropteren, pp. 1-88. (Nabididae, pp. 85-87.) REUTER, O. M. Sis Oi Vets Alsade Hors XONXGNiowiG piso: REUTER, O. M. 1872. Oefv. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX No. 6, p. 92. REUTER, O. M. 1890. Revue d’Ent., IX, p. 308. REUTER, O. M. 1908. Bemerken tiber Nabiden nebst Beschreibung neuer Arten. Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, pp. 87-130, p. 118. SHANNON, R. C. 1914. Habits of Some Tachinidae. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., D. C., XVI, No. 4, pp. 1-l1V-+pp. 1-85. (Reduviolus roseipennis Reut., p. 182.) SmirH, J. B. 1909. Insects of New Jersey. Ann. Rept. of N. J. State Mus., pp. 1-888. (Reduviolus roseipennis Reut. and Reduviolus rufusculus Reut., p. 150.) Snow, F. H. 1904. Lists of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera Kansas Uni. Sei. Bul., Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 328-349. (Nabis pun- citipes Reuter, p. 348.) STAD, (C! 1873. Enumeratio Hemiptorium, Vol. 1-5, Band. II. pp. 1-163. (Coriseus roseipennis Reut. and Coriscus rufusculus Reut., p. 113.) UEenR, PR: 1876. List of Hemiptera of the Region West of the Mississippi river, in- eluding those collected during the Hayden Explorations of 1873. Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of Terr’s, pp. 1-95. (Coriscus punctipes Reuter, p. 60.) UHLER, P. R. 1878. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIX. (Coriscus assimilis Uhl., p. 422.) Uri ae SR 1886. Check List of Hemiptera of North America, pp. 1-29, p. 23. VANE (DZ hes 1894. A List of Hemiptera of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., pp. 167-224. (Coriscus roseipennis Reuter and Coriscus rufusculus Reut., p. 183.) VAN Duzes, E. P. 1905. A List of Hemiptera taken in the Adirondack Mountains. 20th Rept. N. Y. State Ent. Bul. 97, pp. 359-597. (Coriseus rufusculus Reut., p. 550.) WAN Doze obese 1916. Check List of Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, pp. I-X+1-110. (Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut., p. 33.) VAN Duzen, Eee. 1917. Catalogue of Hemiptera of America North of Mexico. Pp. I-IVX+ 1-902. (Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut:, 2. 282.) Woops, W. C. 1915. Blueberry Insects in Maine. Me. Ag. Exp. Sta. Orno Bul. No. 244, pp. 250-288. (Nabis rufus- culus Reut., pp. 283-285.) Explanation of Plates 1. Portion of grass-stalk showing hatched eggs and egg-caps of NV. rufus- culus, much enlarged. 2. Portion of raspberry stalk dissected showing eges of NV. roseipennis, much enlarged. 3. Portion of grass-stalk with protruding white hoods of eggs of N. roseipenmis, much enlarged. 4. Portion of raspberry stalk showing protruding hoods of eggs of N. roseipennis. dD. Dissected stalk of grass showing eggs of N. rufusculus, greatly enlarged. 6. Grass-stalk showing hatched eggs and egg-caps of N. rufusculus, much enlarged. 7. Distal end of egg of N. rufusculus (hatched), showing egg-cap and attachment, much enlarged. 8. Egg of NV. rufusculus, much enlarged. 9. Dissected grass-stalk showing eges of N. roseipennis, greatly enlarged. 10. Grass-stalk showing hatched eggs and hoods of NV. roseipennis. 11. Distal end of hatched egg of NV. roseipennis showing hood and attach- ment, much enlarged. 12. Egg of N. roseipennis, much enlarged. 13. Nymph of WN. roseipennis, first instar, magnified 35 dia. Body of nymph appears shrunken away from body-wall in some places, probably due to the effect of the preservative. This phenamenon has occurred in a number of cases. 14. Lateral view of nymph of NV. roseipennis, 1st instar. Magnified 35 dia. 15. Nymph of WN. roseipennis, beginning 2nd instar. Magnified 15 dia. 16. Nymph, about 4th instar in process of moulting. Magnified about 13 dia. 17. Nymph of WN. roseipennis beginning 3rd instar. Magnified 15 dia. 18. Nymph of WV. roseipennis beginning 4th instar. Magnified 14 dia. 19. Nymph of WN. roseipennis end 4th instar. Magnified 14 dia. 20. Nymph of WN. roseipennis beginning sth instar. Magnified 12 dia. 21. Nymph of WN. roseipennis end of 5th instar. Magnified 12 dia. 22. Mature nabid, N. roseipennis. Magnified 11 dia. 23. Nymph of WN. rufusculus, lst instar. Body somewhat distorted by aleohol. Magnifted 26 dia. 24. Nymph of WV. rufusculus, end 2nd instar. Magnified 16 dia. 25. Nymph of WN. rufusculus, end 3rd instar. Magnified 16 dia. 26. Nymph of N. rufusculus, end 4th instar. Magnified 17 dia. 27. Nymph of WN. rufusculus, end 5th instar. Magnified 17 dia. 28. Mature nabid, N. rufusculws. Magnified 13 dia. 29. Ventral of last segment of female abdomen of WV. roseipennis showing Ovipositor in normal position, also parts dissected. The inner and middle pairs of structures are here shown in approximation. Magnified 13 dia. 30. Ventral view of last segment of female abdomen of N. rufusculus show- ing ovipositor in normal position, also all parts of structure dissected. Mag- nified 15 dia. 31. Lateral view of posterior of male abdomen of N. roseipennis, showing claspers. Magnified 11 dia. 32. Clasper of N. roseipennis, from right side. Magnified 56 dia. 33. Lateral view of posterior of male abdomen of N. rufusculus, showing claspers. Magnified 11 dia. 34. Clasper of N. rufusculus, from right side. Magnified 61 dia. Plate XII. Plate XIII. rN \ a Plate XIV. Plate XV. Plate XVI. Plate XVII. ~ : a CePA ease Pe erZo mc sea M, MONE. ay Plate XVIII. Plate XIX. INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES : A. PAGE eM LeMa Balke Ok Le Rie Ca 14 Pemerminins albiirons Linnaeus... .....0.....0..0 ce eee c eet eees 13, 22, 37 Sameer Mm CMA ee oe ee oe B47 SMMPEEMMIEEAOTOUS: SAY. 6. lL ole le cote bea abe sls doce ban 72 Pe URIS MMC A CK So Aa ocala wela De eds gacleuele beans 18 C2 LE ELS CISCO) ISP Aa aa a, A 31 Peeret eee ROVANCHED ek La eek Cele eet ee eek we. 3] oculata Van Duzee ...... ck tera? TA Md Wh Wen ee Be Ce PME a 15, 31 mmaretnnte(dsTOvaneher) so.) eb kee bee ds ota cel eee bs 22, ol cueemeremmamcwaielian (Mallen) ) . 2.0.06. d lo ale 8b ak So dh eee. ts eAG eemeomapersts. WMOntadOn. :.. 2... cee ee te cee tee be bees 59 ERNE SAM Mn SSIs v's ie a Cae ee wan eal eves Glo. Sawloowles 59 Poamauemmneonsbams: Uhler 2... oe eee ee ce be ee ee eden 22, 60 ELE DIAL -<), old IS A re mee eae ee Soe oi he 61 SE LIMMTE MBI SUSE ew. ot. jane bo eine bias ays wh ond pM Beate ets 67 Pumnmeamisvoorealis Dallas.........6..0. 000 e i eee eee lif 22, 62,705, 66; bls EN CE ce eas. 5 a0 5 ss els ies eiabaeae ewe & ents ole Ge hatte ete aes 62, 67 Poems pallidus (Whier) .......... 05.05.0000 2 ee et a a Dah 8 a a 63 PEM RE EIAICINOEAGOM NE ee es he hg Me ee ep de does Chee tw s 53 Pacmemenisurionica (Stal)... 0. 00.0 O06 be ei be bee eee 21, 50 memeemeremmmaralicla Say 22.0.5 ...0 0.2 e a ea ee. 22, 23, 25 EEE MSE TIVO Cs gets) es “he tN POS owen gem e es Et Tee 25 Sea EMCO TOTORN i ch bv ec eee aes ecseeee bas tele 60 Sa Dib EIU aS cS SA ea a PO ce i Red oy -60) PAradus lugubris var. nigricornis Reuter........... SiS re ie beer ee: 60 CLUEAT SLHGL cS ac Ri a A nO Son Pd RS 22, 60 Re MIM fee fe ee Ga ee) ee aa bee ee ee ee 60 SMB IPMESPIEIBN VIDIO on aicic nec eo Uhaya Cone a ate eee toes bie we he ote warps 60 og LL SSA IL NUS Sh A lS aa a ag a lar na Pa er 22,57, 59 roawcmmceuhler ... 2... Leet Ns Ae Msg 2S Sal A eet ey OA, a URE A, 22, 60 ECLETLOD SSE ps SSR ID Bee oo cra a vane a Ona ae 60 Mimimeombrnmybalus Bergroth’ 2.6... .t ee eee te degen es 60 Sib IMPOTENCE ICN oy aS So veoh sy ssc npr tchata et, nla oneta om bee aia e Meet Oke Pane 60 Puameniuereecompressa. Abbott... 2. ee ele ct ee ec ee eee 86 eee EM ADIN Osi cr) chy aie Scie a wa ks yd eee ale aan elatt As eames mee 21, 86 Asthenidea temnostethoides Reut.................. Neh tree Seta ae 62, 66 B. PE esuaanemmnprcna Van Duzee oe pee eee eee ee 46 osborni Van D...... I i ODO Bs SS RIA Dra EI REESE Cs Gi cht eM aR AER AP 14 peemmnae CTT (ITN OEN OD) ol sectt ep. ceilete elie ts ae ae expres) Wa ee were e's eos, Soe ale 13, 46 Rater MIME CAN SAW) to tsk of oeth ans Se ee oes eee alee cel ye eae ela) Re ROMIRAMRMIUMINGU IN, SAY wien. navies vf sities nee Sle cereus jee ce Soe nuns bes 84, 86 Rae MEI SENT SU (US UY) ice «ated «, «fee ck dycote aise sie e vere. ohe, eal Stas ese stl veal or saw wi 2 (oe 85 fauenomenpha oculata Newman 5... 600000060 fb ge ee tes 22, 50 eer Mere ETtAcea BUENO. 0 oe oe eee lee gence sect a as ole 21, 85 C. Momentmper a pracusta (Hieber)... 02.05.00. 52sec lei lel eee. Ae. Ces EMER eR IRC EIN ACCOLCMS ey scape ec nfg Sate als shai o cia waved va < as esis, ote’ 53 Sramiermtcamuient (bine). Va ID" oi So gece odie de cle oc eg ale wee eee 14 PeomenmnOenivs. “NOLES fot fo sids. Jlalis- w/a flees Cla Male Glew Gltow sidiamm inn ala) eh bags 20 “SAP LCE LIS SIN of thet GRRE OASIS a Ware Ts ORE A RS oon a RI ral | PEPIN HI, JEAGU PON SAY: 4 urs sh5 ysies Ss ars. eg eva cthaicas ei Wh he ae ds aR aee 30 MEE mA POT (MMITMACTIS i ec) coin) aie ea rats a arable cine aie eso Coie wh o/akd 13573 170 New York State College of Forestry PAGE Carynota marmorata, Say vaca... aie etc aus hi ess ae ane ee ane ae 29 Stipa, , VWValicer a aks: eo. lace aM AER Se oe a RR 29, 87, 88, 89 Ceratocapsus? (Melinna)) modestus s(Uinler)ie.ga.) Sa.e ee eee ene 14, 77 pumilis \) \(Uinler) es ie. eae ie Ne NG ek eae sel cet Rae ee Pease AT Ceresa: basalis Walker. 2.5 c1i\ecs 20a Renee pe eee ees es a ee 28 bubalus (Fabricius) ..... A alla Biya En dk are be bone MRL Ge nate Sane oe ei Neen a 28 GicerOs (Say) os cies wee wie ec e ete ee eee Seee epCTS n 28 Chermesspimicorbicis (Hitch. yi) sac ne wee ee ae eee ee 99 pamitoliae bel fess Area se eae arc ev eased ee le eee 100, 104 Chiracanthiums.viride *( Him) 3). canes eee oe ee oe 18 Chiamydatus pulicarimisy (Wallen) ose yeu eee nny er ee 80 Chlorochres whileri (Stale so hoe Ge. Seca ee es 56 Chlorotetiix lusorius, (Osborn: G, Ball) a. 2-5-0. oo eee 45 unicolor!’ CHIC) usps esas She aise See aed en eee a 45 VAT IOS) 0 ke sae alae sung ee eleioe okey SM cen ana Ct a 14 Chrysopa: Sp. ooo eis ee ae Vie aus ier ee eee Seas ce 65, 113 Cicadella gothica . (Signoret) isc oo yi Ne Belen eee eee 35 Cicadula pallida, (Osborn)... 758085 cc GE eas tiem ie cae ae 15, 46 6-notata’ (allem) yc Oe eS Te ake Onn 13, 46 slossoni Van ‘Duzee 23 0 acs oe Lo ee Oe 46 varlata, (Malem). aoe wecmce hale oe adeee sae Coe en ee er 13, 45 Cimex lectularius’, (Linnaeus) (2.8... 255. ne ee 13, 66 Cixius misellus "Van Duzee:. oc a. iee eels ee ee eee 49 pan, Bites 5 es ee eosin Mabie a SES laine toeyge eon ope oe oka ea 49,50 Clastoptera- obtusa’ Say... : soe soto es a oe teagan ay ae 22, 23, 27, 58 proteus «Hately ecco ne. hess ie eye) nie ala ayeeteins Oo chert ce eae a 28 CRU DTOM A, SP isis epee eile ere onlele anise eee lone Mes one yr eee er 18 Coccobaphes isansuinarius. Whler: . 0... 6 ei.u 5. oo eee ee 73 Coenus delius. ' (Say) 5.200205 oe ieje ate 5 eres pees es oe chee One 21, 56 Collaria meilleuri."Provancher ¢.)...52) 24.45.20 .osoeee oe ee 21, 70 octilata,: (Reuter) 5 che eo ein Whe Sec fee tere Coe COS IU ae 70 Coriarchne versicolor Keys.\.0 is. ceed ee ee ee Oe eee 18 Corizus )-erassicornis. °(luinnaeus) .. 24... ss .ae ee ae oe cnet ene 13, 59 Wyadinus, Soe ee he ek eek Fine b Sel aie so cde arta tae eget ne rrr 13 Tateralisi (Say) se Giaet ate co eau sl ce ie eee hg 6h abe bie ate io eae 59 Corythucha, betulae?. Drake. cick ene Sind stile) leis ie ee 66, 111 Ce toe lias eg ob eae ee ae ole ee oe ee ee 64 eyrta. Parshiley... 0200 jacs ks wit aie e ey ere et oie MoM ro ey ce 66, 111 elegans Drake) 2s 6 y-lac. Satadie se ce euchee sea ke ee eee Cae ere 22, 64, 65, 67 herdemanni “Drake sg sie keels « Sete Shee a ae ereuel one ee ae a 64,111 jugilandis Fitch, probably, pallapess) 2)..3- 0.12.) cheater a 11 y, marmorata. UWhiler: oo) 6 ke oc skal ace es hc eee sh ee eee ont on etn 64 mollicula., ‘Osborn: & Drake. . osc wee Oe eee 2264. 61 pallipessPatsh le yar pesniyaleuee eee eas 14, 20, 22, 65, 66, 67, 111, 112, 115 percandel. Heidemann: . 302. 7oe. is he cine oe ee 64, 111 Cosmopepla, bimaculata (Ghomas) i. 20.225 4.-2¢/2ee2 ee 3 ee ee 56 Crophius \disconotus: (‘Say i. .n boven se et eee 21, 63 Cryphal@s. balsameus) Hlopkiisey. fcicr yen eee Caetano 120, 121, 127, 129 MAINENSIS MSP eh Ie ees kap ota meee eee eae rae 119, 126, 128, 129, 131 © yrubensis. Hopkes 52. 052k ves ucieiete = ele eee ios. ecmene hs Pee ee 127 Cryptorhynchus: Wapathiv nie asine aoe ee eis eae eer 68 Cymus aneustatus.” Stal... oo Siiek soi. chile cite oie sito coe eee 61 discors: Horvath iid 2 S60 wk eee hece 0 eae esate ies ee ee 22, 62 lumidug= (Stal aie... eee he a i megs re ete ee 61 D. Deltocephalus ‘abdominalis. (Habricius) ....0.0....5. .a00e ee 2 oe eee 13, 40 acus. (Sanders &, DeLong). .20..-ice spe sincteee: oh cy seer olay ana eet eee 39 affinis (Gillette.and., Baker) (2. ).20. feuds eis ee eee ae 22 aipicatus .(OSDOIIL) je) se iae ie slip bk x oy svtaliaess oe they oct opts aioe ote 22, 40 compactus” (Osborn jand- Ball) (angie eee eee ee 14 Index to Genera and Species ayia! Deltocephalus abdominalis — Continued. PAGE OTE TRIAS os LUG?) 27) OAR 39 Me LGU ANC OUMMALIG) 6.06 ok ee ee Soe e ene bentes 14 ME CUGrN GS ACens oq MOCLONO ec ee le ve were he cee ase ae 39 Mmnmeovirens «(Griese sand Baker) oo. eee ec ce ees eae beste. 15, 41 C2 LELDETIE (USBI). ofote Wie 35 ie aI Sma rae ef a err 22, 40 “LUIS SUIS) © LERTIBL G8 Sp ae a S Poiagicl et Bit yoann 15, 21, 40 ESL AEATAR@TANT (1S EC 0.) al ESA SAN a ea eC I aA 40 Meamuenier (sanders and Delong) .ss...6. 65.08 e ccc eee veces 15, 41 Pormmanirse weanders and “Delong).. 1.2565... 60k sce cee ee cae 15, 41 eee (CT IWETO Baas ie ate RI OR cnn ce ne 15, 39. See MPM ENA NIGM bse lagers cfd ewok dak dae seco oe deb see eend- 13, 22, 40 FP SULLICITOIS. . MAVEETIIL S29) i eo a a a ea 39 ah, . FPRUGIL)))

3a 22, Ag TEL, APIECE EAR aee, c HACAE ey aoe ERR ieee or... ne (rer eS PEL : 22 ementeM onal WUMOL ALA (SAVE sc oie cheese ates oe gre ee) tydcicte chek they sijeye ovehe pes 30 Minera, Giaddeus Hentz... 5. See ae eee ee et ee oo oie 17 HASAN Ze ees alee MAN Te tear EES eer co a. Ue ahi a Sta iieyatiot oie arate shee VG pnpniey eM LOlMIMMp eM ENCMGZ: _! afl se sical ich d\s opens ee yahe eke pawl ae 2 io he pau 17 MOUVNU GALE ECC WSs, Cale) te cc tee aes Beit pss Nett ees ae tees Pm ei ae NB iffy dite) BAM EO GIS LETS MIS, ilk. ss he ler sich erat seine echo caine sto Societe eye wlaet ache 22, 62, 63 172 New York State College of Forestry PAGE Bupteryx) flavoseuta: Gillette .<.5.9 (2 cee Masini ee 20, 47 Havoseuta Gillette Vare migra Osborn (200). 92.4 e oe ee 20, 47 wanduzel (Gillette: 4 ae cecguat. cg cahe cela one ees ee Site te 20, 47 Huropiellacrubida s:(Whiler) ) 5) so ees eee ea 21 Hurygaster ‘alternatus: (Say) > a. van @ eee: 56 cae erations eee eee 54 Huscelissangustavus (Osbornm)s ioe ee eee jb RE Bec eee 15, 42 arctostaphyli- (Ball) css fe ase heist ee ae ee 15, 41 anthracinus (Van Duzee) ....... PT OAS Pee ae ee 4] commas «CV ain, Daze ye ee Ten ee le 15, 22, 42 curtis. <(Curtisit)) "(Mitel a 2. 2s ine ne eee en) 42 deceptus' Sandersec&) Delong ie yas ene oa ee ET Ae ys 15, 41 elongatus:. \(Osborm) (4.8 ol. Co. Riokae e ok Cees ee ee ea ae 15, 42 extrusus’, (Vim: DU Zee): uy eo (el erates Vay 0 te ae a 41 humidus. (Osborn) > 2c. oc ya ees ee eee ee 15, 21, 42 instdbilis.(Van Duzee). fh icn52 boas a es eee 21, 42 Obsolete eee sg Sag Gel eee ee aide te ole a eve les One cc ae 13 Striatulus ‘agic.. Wesasge ow de Ok SS Lee BR Ge Pay ae eg 13 striolus (Mallen): =). 05.405 ik ee ee ee eee uhleri. a(-Ball) \ lave <5 2 2.5 aes I ae eee ee 4] vaceinil: (Vian, Duzee). 32.6006 2. ee ere ee Ce ees ee 21, 42 Euschistus’ euschistoides . (Vollenhoven). 3.25.2... 5. .-ce ue eee 56 ELISEO MUS o (Salve) pee enone eae Siena 278) achat = Riedbaganrey Shes Speci hates oat 22, 56 variolarius’ (Polisot.de -Beatvois))..9.0.0 - 55. aoe bee 56 Evacanthus acuminatus (Wabricius) <2 2222s. ook eee T3236 F. Formica sanguinea Latr, sub sp. rubicunda HWmery...............:.. 87 Gao ee Galeatus peckhami ‘Ashmead 22.) 2...).ceea.. +20. 13, 66, 105, 107, 108, 109 Garganus’. fusiformis. )( Say): 2. ceoki . 2 oe ee cle ee i2 Geocoris wligvinosus: (Say) <2.) 43 LOTPLISEV ILS, © CASEI? 2) oS SIRS eae Ste ne on a ee Ce 43 “EE SVP ELLIS) WIS EO FT RS era ce Lis All 233 SOLD SRT ISS SC VMN RETR ee nee ee 43 Phylesyas;abbreviatus (Uhler).............. BSS BU ak oreho Cer a ene 63 Reale Sao AMI CHmepS CONC SAN Zoee aceite Acca Tove cise eos = + es ps enlac cue ee Fae eae ee 14 iBhivtacors couspersipes (breviusculus) Reut....:........0 2.08 ee etn 14 ROM SMO CE UT OLSEN OUI ae ote yc eho eye op ayes trie 6) cy ah lo socio Ee@ oss o-=,