V

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

ff

in;

ANDS, FORMOSA AND

The discovery of the major portion of the species herein defined
is due to the untiring industry of Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto,
Japan, whose researches bid fair to surpass those of any previous
naturalist in the extent of his additions to our knowledge of the
Japanese molluscan fauna.

Illustrations of the following species will accompany a contin-
uation of this paper, now in preparation.

HELIOID^.
Eulota succincta var. amblytropis n.

Differs from succincta in having the peripheral keel obsolete on
the latter part of the last whorl, which is quite rounded. Pale
yellowish, with a dark reddish-chestnut peripheral band, and two
somewhat lighter reddish bands, one a,bove, the other wider, mid-
way between periphery and umbilicus. Surface rather smoother
than in succincta.

Alt. 17J, diam. 26 mm.

Alt. 16, diam. 23 mm.

Alt. 14, diam. 21 mm.

Formosa. Coll. A. N. S. P. (No. 78,187), and Univ. of
Michigan.
Eulota Sargentiana n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose-turbinate, rather thin,
slightly shining ; light yellowish brown with a narrow red-brown
band or line at the periphery, and reddish within the umbilicus.
Spire elevated, conic, the apex acute; whorls 6, somewhat convex,
slowly increasing, the last angular at the periphery in front, becom-
ing rounded on the latter half, rather swollen below, but distinctly
flattened around the umbilicus, especially just behind the basal
lip. Aperture quite oblique, irregularly lunate ; peristome thin,
13

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61 LL

1901.]

:NCES OF

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

NEW MOLLTJSCA FROM JAPAN, THE LOO CHOO ISLANDS, FORMOSA AND
THE PHILIPPINES.

BY HENRY A. FILSBRY.

The discovery of the major portion of the species herein defined
is due to the untiring industry of Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto,
Japan, whose researches bid fair to surpass those of any previous
naturalist in the extent of his additions to our knowledge of the
Japanese molluscan fauna.

Illustrations of the following species will accompany a contin-
uation of this paper, now in preparation.

Eulota succincta var. amblytropis n.

Differs from succincta in having the peripheral keel obsolete on
the latter part of the last whorl, which is quite rounded. Pale
yellowish, with a dark reddish-chestnut peripheral band, and two
somewhat lighter reddish bands, one a,bove, the other wider, mid-
way between periphery and umbilicus. Surface rather smoother
than in succincta.

Alt. 17J, diam. 26 mm.

Alt. 16, diam. 23 mm.

Alt. 14, diam. 21 mm.

Formosa. Coll. A. N. S. P. (No. 78,187), and Univ. of
Michigan.

Eulota Sargentiana n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose-turbinate, rather thin,
slightly shining; light yellowish brown with a narrow red-brown
band or line at the periphery, and reddish within the umbilicus.
Spire elevated, conic, the apex acute; whorls 6, somewhat convex,
slowly increasing, the last angular at the periphery in front, becom-
ing rounded on the latter half, rather swollen below, but distinctly
flattened around the umbilicus, especially just behind the basal
lip. Aperture quite oblique, irregularly lunate ; peristome thin,
13

194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March,

distinctly, though narrowly expanded, the basal lip straightened,
reflexed ; rather suddenly dilated at the columellar insertion, half
covering the umbilicus; parietal callus scarcely perceptible.

Alt. 22, diam. 28 mm.

Formosa. Coll. A. N. S. P. (No. 78,188), and Univ. of
Michigan.

This species belongs to the group of E. succincta, differing from
that form in the more globose and conic shell, rather acute spire,
and straightened basal lip. It is named in honor of Mr. H. E.
Sargent, the efficient curator of the museum of the University of
Michigan.

ZONITIDJE.
Lamprocystis spadix S and B., var. cinctus n. v.

Shell white, with a supraperipheral red-brown band. Formosa
(J. B. Steere). Numerous examples of the typical L. spadix were
also taken by Mr. Steere.

Vitrinoconus Moellendorffi n. sp.

Shell high-conic, thin, light brown ; rather strongly but irregu-
larly striate, the striae slightly arcuate, weaker beneath and dis-
appearing on the early whorls ; outlines of the spire almost straight,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 9, very slowly increasing, very slightly
convex, the sutures filled by a seam-like cord; last whorl acutely
keeled, the keel compressed, projecting; base slightly convex.
Umbilicus contained 3J times in the total diameter of the shell,
well-like, with flattened sides, bordered by a projecting and com-
pressed cord-like keel. Aperture oblique, small; acutely angular
at the position of the peripheral keel, and emarginate where the
umbilical keel terminates; the basal margin arcuate; peristome
perceptibly thickened, the outer lip simple, basal and columellar
margins a little expanded.

Alt. 7.7, diam. 10 mm.; umbilicus 3 mm.

Alt. 8. 2, diam. 10 mm. ; umbilicus 3 mm.

Panay, Philippines (J. B. Steere Exped. ).

This species belongs to the " group of V. cyathellus" in Dr.
von Mollendorff's excellent arrangement of the genus (Semper5 s
Eeisen, VIII, p. 42), and to the first division of that group in
von Mollendorff's key, which to accommodate this species may be
supplemented thus:

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 195

A. — Umbilicus bounded by an angle :

(i. — Umbilical angle simple; whorls 8-J, . V. goniomplw.lus.
a'. — Umbilical angle bearing a cord-like keel:

b. — Alt. two-thirds of the diam. Width of umbilicus
contained 4J times in diam. of base. Whorls 9£,

V. omphalotropis.

b'. — Alt. somewhat exceeding three-fourths the diam.
Umbilicus contained 3J times in diam. Whorls 9,

V. Moellendorffi.

Besides the differences between Moellendorffi and omphalotropis
given in the above table, the former has the base decidedly more
flattened.

SUCCINEIDJB.
Succinea ogasawarae n. sp.

Shell short and broad for the genus, squarish-oblong; very thin,
translucent and corneous with whitish streaks and clouds, rather
coarsely wrinkled in harmony with the lines of growth. Spire
excessively short, obtuse, flattened above, there being barely two
whorls separated by a comma-shaped suture; the last whorl quite
convex, its earlier portion very convex. Aperture very large,
eleven-twelfths the greatest length of the shell, very broadly ovate
in form. Greatest length of shell (measured obliquely to the
axis) 12.5, greatest width (measured at right angles to preceding)
8.5; convexity 4.8; longest axis of aperture 11.5, width 8J mm.

Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 617a).

A remarkable species, in which the spire is reduced to a mere
papilla, and the last whorl is large and convex. If the measure-
ments were taken in the conventional manner, the diameter would
about equal the altitude, but in a species so oblique in two planes
as this one, I have preferred to give measurements not involving
the direction of the coluraellar axis.
Succinea punctulispira n. sp.

Shell ovate, very thin and fragile, pale yellow, subtranslucent,
the spire sometimes slightly tinted with red; sculpture of moder-
ately coarse growth wrinkles, and upon the spire and earlier portion
of the last whorl minutely and densely punctate, the pits arranged
in spiral series. Spire rather short and conically projecting, com-
posed of 2 \ whorls, the first one very convex; last whorl convex,
distinctly dilated or bell-shaped at the mouth. Aperture regularly
ovate, the outer lip evenly curved, columellar lip simple and

196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March,

narrow. Length (measured in the ordinary manner) 13, diani.
9, longest axis of aperture 11, width 7.5 mm. Largest specimen
in type lot 14.5 mm. long.

Ogasawara, or Bonin, Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 6176.).

I am no enthusiast on the subject of specific differentiation in
the genus Succinea, but the two species described above differ from
those previously .known so strongly that they become of some
interest. It is questionable whether these species are of common
ancestry with 8. lauta or 8. horticola, the two Japanese Succineas.
I incline to the view that they have no direct relationship.

Some years ago, the Abbe A. Vathelet gave me specimens of
Succinea lauta under the name " 8. Vatheleti Mabille." I do not
know that this supposed new species has been published.

COLUMBBLLID^E.
Columbella polynyma n. n.

Columbella misera Sow., Dunker, Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 54. Not
0. miser Sowb., Thes. Conch., I, p. 129 bis, PI. 38, fig. 111.

Columbella japonica Martens, Conchol. Misc., in Archiv f. Naturg.,
LXIII, 1897, p. 170, PI. 16, fig. 6. Not C. japonica Eeeve, Conch.
Icon., 1858.

Shell short-fusiform, solid, yellow or orange- yellow, typically with
a subsutural white band irregularly marked with black-brown or red-
brown, the slender lower portion of the base also whitish with dark
or reddish dots or stripes; two white lines or girdles likewise dark-
dotted upon the intermediate part of the last whorl ; but sometimes
the dark markings are faint or in part wanting. Surface glossy,
sculptured with very short longitudinal folds above, scarcely
reaching the suture and not extending below the periphery ; the
folds on the spire becoming weak at both sutures. Base spirally
lirate. Whorls about 6J. Aperture rather narrow, the outer lip
thick and furnished with a series of short folds within; columella
smooth. Length 11, diam. 5.3, length of aperture 5.5 mm.

Kumihama, prov. Tango (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,556,
coll. A. N. S. P., from 1,097 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This pretty little Columbella has fared ill in the matter of names,
as the references above bear witness. It is closely related to the true
C. misera of Sowerby, but that species has stronger folds, especially
those upon the spire, and a white or nearly white ground-color
profusely marked with blackish-brown, the summit of each fold
having a vertical line or a spot of that shade. In C. polynyma
the folds are weaker, and the color-scheme quite different.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 197

C. misera was taken in some numbers by Mr. F. Stearns at
Kamakura, prov. Sagami. The specimens vary from completely
typical to a broader form. The habitat of the type was unknown,
but from the exact agreement of Japanese examples with the
original figure, it may not unlikely have been from Japan. 1
know of no other positive locality for the species.

Prof, von Martens has quoted the figures of C. miser Duclos
in Chenu, Illust. Conchy I., PL 21, figs. 13-16, as representing his
C. japonica ; but these figures show the characteristic spots on the
ribs of C. misera, and in my opinion do not represent any form of
the present species.

BUCCINIDJE.
Chrysodomus intersculptus var. frater n.

Shell differing from C. intersculptus Sowb.1 in having fewer and
comparatively stronger spiral ribs, the intervals densely and finely
striate spirally, the anterior canal longer, more slender, with no
appearance of a siphonal funicle. Length 84, diam. 45, length
of aperture 50 mm.

Kizennuma, prov. Rikuzen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Typical C. intersculptus comes from the west coast of the main
island. This form probably replaces it on the east or ocean coast.

FASCIOLARIID^J.
Peristernia ustulata var. luchuana n.

Similar in form and sculpture to P. ustulata (Rve) from the
Fiji Islands, but with fewer and larger longitudinal folds, 7 on the
last whorl; fleshy buff, usually with a brown spot in each interval
at the periphery, the aperture yellow and lirate within, the end of
the anterior canal blackish purple. Columella with two folds,
stronger than in P. ustulata. Length 28, diam. 12, length of
aperture 14 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This form resembles Peristernia infracincta (Kobelt)2 in colora-
tion, but differs in wanting the subcentral stronger spiral on the
upper whorls, and four larger spirals below the periphery of the
last whorl, which Kobelt found constant in ten specimens of his

1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), IV, p. 371, Nov. 1899. Mr. Hirase sends
this species from Kumihama, prov. Tango.

2 Conchylien Cabinet, "Turbinella," p. 92, 157.

198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March,

species. P. ustulata, in the wide limits given by Tryon,8 has a
somewhat extended range in the southwest Pacific, but it has
not before been reported from so far north as the Loo Choo group.

LITTORINIDJE.
Echinella Cumingi var. luchuana nov.

Shell similar to E. cumingi Phil, in having a circular, deep
umbilicus bounded by a white marginal rib; but narrower, with the
last whorl less depressed, the two peripheral series of tubercles
much less prominent, some coarse, subtuberculate cords revolving
between them, and also below the sutural series. Base more con-
vex, rfdth finer and not granose spira) striae below the subperi-
pheral series of granules. Flesh-colored, violet or bluish, the
tubercles whitish. Aperture orange-brown inside; dark brown
with the columella purple, in violet or bluish shells.

Alt. 16, diam. 14 mm.

Alt. 13, diam. 11 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Frederick Stearns, Y*. Hirase).

This is the form I reported from the Loo Choo Islands in Catal.
Mar. Moll. Jap., p. 175. I have seen a great many specimens,
but none approach the real Cumingi of Polynesia.

TURBONILLIDJE.
Turbonilla varicifera n. sp.

Shell long and slender, white, composed of at least 15 whorls
(the nuclear portion broken off). Sculpture of close, rather stout
rounded ribs only very slightly sinuous or oblique, about 19 in
number on the last whorl (which ends with a broad varix), as
wide as or slightly wider than the intervals, and stopping abruptly
just below the periphery, the somewhat convex base very faintly
striated spirally. Scattered among the ribs there are a few stout,
wide, rounded varices, at intervals of several whorls. Aperture
small, subtrapezoidal, the columella straight and vertical.

Length 11:8, diam. 2.6 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This rather large, many-whorled and varicose species differs
from T. varicosa in having the columella straight above, not
' ' superne valde sinuata, ' ' as Dunker describes his species.

3 Manual of Conchology, III, p. 84.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 199

TROCHID^J.
Cantharidus (Phasianotrochjis) Hirasei n. sp.

Shell ovate-pyramidal, solid, of a uniform olive or brownish -
olive color, or belted with numerous reddish spiral bands. Smooth
except for faint growth-lines above, the base scored by 5 or 6 nar-
row, spaced, concentric grooves, stronger near the axis. Spire
conic, whorls 6J, convex, the last subangular at the periphery,
convex beneath. Aperture oblique, brilliantly green inside, with
a dusky submarginal band, the edge pale; columella opaque white,
rounded ; the umbilical region irnpertorate or with a very minute
perforation.

Alt. 10, diam. 6.5 to 7 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This is a true Phasianotrochus, the first made known from
Japan, having the green nacre of the interior iridescent with the
characteristic splendor of the subgenus. The other species of this
division are from Australia and Tasmania.

In one banded specimen the earliest three whorls are variegated
with pink and white, like a Phasianella, and assimilating to some
Australian species of Phasianotrochus.
Cantharidus bisbalteatus n. sp.

Shell elevated conic, imperforate or minutely rimate, glossy.
Encircled by a crimson or scarlet belt at the periphery and another
bordering the suture below, continuous or interrupted by white
streaks or spots, and roseate around the umbilical tract, the inter-
vening spaces somewhat olivaceous, with a few narrow spirals of
alternate blue or white and red-brown dots; two or three of these
spiral lines ascending the ?pire. Sculpture of slight growth-lines
and fainter or wholly obsolete fine spiral striae above, and about
6 fine-spaced grooves around the umbilical region, stronger toward
the middle. Spire conic, the apex acute ; whorls about 6 J, quite
convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl subangu-
lar at the periphery, convex beneath. Aperture oblique, rounded -
rhombic, pearly and iridescent within, with green, or green and red
reflections; scarcely showing any appearance of sulcation. Co-
lumella white, concave above, somewhat straightened in the
middle ; columellar area excavated, white.

Alt. 12.5, diam. 8.5 to 9 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March,

Compared with the excessively variable C. japonicus (A. Ad.),
described as Zizyphinus japonieus, the present species differs in
being shorter and broader, with more convex whorls, less angular
periphery and smoother base, the concentric grooves being finer,
and not extending outward so far.

Clanculus gemmulifer n. sp.

Shell low-trochiform, solid, angular at the periphery, slightly
convex beneath. Ground-color red or dull red. Sculpture of
spiral cords cut into smooth rounded 'Jbeads, these cords a little
narrower than the intervals on the upper surface, smaller on the
base and about equal in width to their intervals. Above the peri-
phery on the last whorl there are five bead-rows, all of them
dotted, either having a black interval between two white beads,
or with a black and a white bead, the intervals consisting
of two or three red beads; base similarly" variegated, but the dots
are sometimes brown. Furrows between the bead-rows finely and
densely decussate by spiral and oblique raised striae or threads.
Spire straightly conic, the apex acute, roseate. Whorls about 6,
the last deflexed in front. Aperture oblique, contracted by a sim-
ple, rather compressed fold at the foot of the columella, and
another near the upper end of the outer lip, several small folds
between them. Columella contorted above, deeply entering the
false-umbilicus, the margin of which is toothed. Parietal callus
strongly plicate.

Alt. 7.5, diam. 9 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Closely related to C. margaritarius Phil., which occurs at the
same locality, but is larger and more elevated, with more whorls,
and further differs in the trifid columellar tooth, more rounded
periphery, and in having the first and third bead-rows unspotted
except close to the aperture. A well -grown specimen of (7. mar-
garitarius measures: alt. 15, diam. 16 mm. C. unedo is a more
elevated species, with heavier columellar fold and some unspotted
bead-rows.

Clanculus microdon var. ater n. v.

Shell black with a few inconspicuous whitish dots and bright
rose apex, the coloration resembling C. atropurpureus Old. Spiral
lirse about 17 on the last whorl, with threads or minor line in some

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 201

of the intervals. Whorls of Ihe spire angular by the prominence
of the middle beaded cord. Whorls 6.

Alt. 11, diam. 13 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Y. Hirase).

Seems to agree with C. microdon except in coloration, greater
number of spiral cords and other characters given above, but will
probably be considered a separate species eventually. From the
Polynesian C. atropurpureus, which von Martens reports from the
Mergui Archipelago, it is distinct in sculpture, etc.
Clanculus hizenensis n. sp.

Shell turbinate, moderately solid, alternately whitish and dark
brown in broad radial flames above, whitish profusely speckled
with olive-brown beneath. Sculpture of four coarse, spaced,
beaded, spiral cords above, separated by intervals of their own
width, sharply and densely striate by the growth-lines; the base
with 9 much smaller, closer, concentric cords, slightly cut by
obliquely radial grooves, the outer cord larger. Whorls nearly 6,
the last rounded at the periphery, slightly convex beneath. Aper-
ture oblique, rounded, the outer lip usually weakly plicate within
in fully mature shells; columella having a weak fold above, and
inserted on the right side of the umbilicus, terminating below in a
strongly projecting, simple, tooth-like fold. Marginal rib of the
umbilicus having a few weak nodules.

Alt. 7, diam. 7.5 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Closely resembles the more plain-colored specimens of C. Thomasi
Crosse, from New Caledonia, but the spirals above are less unequal,
more strongly beaded and more spaced, with sharply striate inter-
vals. It is a somewhat larger shell than C. Thomasi. Sometimes
one or two of the spaces between the cords of the upper surface
bear a minute thread.
Euchelus ruber A. Ad., var. brunneus n. v.

Shell similar to E. ruber, but dull brown or fleshy brown, with
scattered brown dots.

Alt. 6-J, diam. 6 mm.

Hirado, Hizen.

Similar to E. ruber in sculpture, but as all the Japanese speci-
mens I have seen are difterent in color, it is probably distinguish-
able as a dull-colored race.

202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March,

Chlorostoma argyrostomum var. basiliratum n.

Shell imperf orate, smaller than the typical form, with coarser
corrugation above, the base strongly lirate concentrically.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This form is intermediate between the finely corrugated Chinese
argyrostomum and the coarsely sculptured Japanese species of
Chlorostoma. I know of no authentic record of C. argyrostomum
from Japan.

Acmaea Heroldi var. signata nov.

About the size and form of A. Heroldi. Nearly smooth or with
very low, weak radial ribs; white, with eight gray rays variegated
with brown. Interior white or brownish within the muscle-scar,
the edge dotted and maculate with brown.

Length 13, breadth 10, alt, 4 mm.

Otoshima, prov. Bitchu (Mr. Y. Hirase).

A form from Kamakura, taken by Mr. F. Stearns, seems refer-
able to this variety. It is smaller and higher, length 9. 5, breadth
7.5, alt. 4 mm., without a marked internal margin or central area,
the rays showing through.

It may be well to say in this connection that the Patella pallida
of Gould, formerly referred by me to Helcioniscus, is a true
Acmcea in shell characters. Mr. Hirase has sent specimens from
Mashike, Teshio, in Hokkaido.

Patella grata Gould has " about the contour of Helcioniscus
eucosmius Pils. , is quite acutely conic, with strongly spinose ribs, ' '
according to a note I made on the type, No. 1,965, U. S. Na-
tional Museum.

PATELLID^.
Patella luchuana n. sp.

Shell small, solid, rounded- oval, conic, the altitude nearly half
the breadth; apex erect and acute, situated. a little in front of the
centre; anterior and posterior slopes somewhat convex. Surface
dull, sculptured with many narrow riblets, several inconspicuous
radial threads in each interval. Greenish gray, indistinctly
speckled with dark brown. Interior bluish or livid white, the
area within the muscle-impression large, calloused, the impression

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 203

distinct, impressed. Edge beveled, having a narrow gray or green-
ish border and profusely or sparingly dotted with black -brown.

Length 12, breadth 10, alt. 4.5 mm.

Length 13, breadth 10.5, alt. 4.5 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase).

A small species with inconspicuous sculpture, but so solid that I
take the specimens to be adult. The base is curved in some speci-
mens, as though they had lived on shells, while in others it is
nearly level. None of the species described from the region
resembles this one.

CHITONIDJE.
Onithochiton Hirasei n. sp.

Oblong, moderately elevated, not carinate, the dorsal ridge
being rounded, side slopes straight; smooth and glossy, yellow
marbled with whitish, having a chestnut triangle or some chestnut
dots at the ridge of each valve, several blue and olive clouds or
blotches in front of the diagonal lines, and with more or less
variegation of the same colors on the lateral areas.

Anterior valve having black eyes arranged in about 10 primary
radii, with many others irregularly scattered or in shorter rows.
Valve ii, as usual, longer than iii to viii; all intermediate valves
beaked, having the lateral areas indistinctly defined, the diagonal
ridge inconspicuous except near the beaks ; growth-lines fine, curv-
ing backward on the ridge; and adults have several spaced, deeper
concentric grooves near the sides and anterior margin of each
valve ; near the beaks the diagonal ridge becomes raised and beaded,
and there are irregular, forwardly -converging zigzag grooves upon the
pleural tracts. A narrow line of eyes radiates along the anterior
part of each lateral area; and there are pits as large as the eyes,
but not pigmented, scattered sparsely upon the pleural tracts.
Valve viii depressed, triangular, with the usual terminal apex,
and linear, rugose, posterior area; the breadth of the tegmentum
twice its length.

Interior white, stained with dull purple and punctulate in the
middle; valve-callus heavy; reflexed border rather wide; sinus
rather wide, finely denticulate; insertion plates moderately long,
finely pectinated outside ; slits 9 in valve i, 1-1 in valves ii to vii ;
a wide, flat ledge in place of the insertion-plate in valve viii.

204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March,

Girdle dark brown with irregular buff patches, smooth to the
eye, but seen to be microscopically granulose under a strong lens.

Length about 36, width 20 rnm.

Hirado, prov. Hizen. Types No. 80,571, coll. A. N. S. P.,
from No. 1,176 of Mr. Hirase's catalogue.

This is the first species of the genus described since the publica-
tion of my monograph in 1892, and the only one known from
north of the equator. The sculpture of the valves is unlike any
described Onithochiton. A very young specimen was reported as
" Tonicia sp." in the Nautilus, XII, p. 50.

It is named in honor of ray esteemed Japanese correspondent.

CRYPTOPLACIDuEJ.

Two species of Cryptoplax, the first known from north of the
equator, have been found by Mr. Hirase, at Hirado, Hizen. One
of them, which I call C. japonieus n. sp., has valve -sculpture like
(7. Gunnii (Rve. ) of South Australia, and the spacing of the
valves along the back is similar; but in the Japanese species the
last four valves are smaller, valve viii being scarcely longer than
valve ii, while in C. Gunnii and C. striatus it is a fourth longer.
The girdle is densely spiculose, much as in C. striatus. The articu-
1 amenta are green.

Length of dried animal about 26, breadth 5.5 mm.

In another species, C. rhodoplax n. sp., the valves are spaced
about as in C. japonieus, but are sculptured much as in C. larvce-
formis, with low, irregular ridges parallel to the lateral margins of
the valves, the articulamenta being bright rose colored. Valve vi
is the smallest. The posterior insertion-plate of valve viii is vertical ;
and the sutural laminse and insertion -plates of all the valves are
much shorter than in C. larvceformis.

Length of the dried animal 28 mm.

A full account of these species will be given later; and mean-
time I hope to procure alcoholic specimens for description and illus-
tration.

PETRICOLIDJE.
Petricola cyclus n. sp.

Shell solid, white, subcircular though with somewhat irregular
outline, swollen, the beaks full, projecting, turned forward, situ-
ated at about the anterior third of the length. Periphery convex

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 205

throughout, the posterior end sometimes a little produced. Sculp-
ture of slightly irregular radial riblets about equal to their inter-
vals, often stronger posteriorly, gradually weakening anteriorly
and \vholly obsolete on the anterior half or third of the valve;
rude, crowded, bluntly lamellar circular striae everywhere minutely
rougrhening the surface. Interior white, the pallial sinus large
and rounded, extending to about the middle of the shell's length.
Hinge rather strong, the right valve with two diverging, rather
compressed, and long, erect, cardinal teeth, the posterior one the
more slender; left valve with an erect, triangular, bilobed cardinal,
with a subobsolete, diverging tooth on either side. Ligament
short, almost entirely immersed.

Length 15, alt. 15, diam. 12 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,580, coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 1,199 of Mr, Hirase's collection.

A very short, subglobular species, somewhat related to P. liih-
ophaga Retz. of Europe, but rounder, with more deeply immersed
ligament, stouter hinge, different shaped and stronger teeth. The
sculpture in some specimens is not dissimilar. As usual in the
genus, the teeth are liable to fracture, and when broken often do
not show plainly that they are injured.

In a variety which may be called var. sculpturata the posterior
end is more prolonged, and the entire surface of the valves ribbed.
The teeth agree with P. cyclus. Types from Puttalam, Ceylon
(Coll. A. N. S. P.). One specimen from Hirado, Hizen, seems
to belong here.

Petricola cyclus belongs to the section Rupellaria,* as defined
by Prof. Dall in his exposition of the Petricolidce ; 5 the section
ClaudiconcJia being represented in Japan by P. monstrosa, and the
section Petricolaria by P. cequistriata Sowb.

VENERID^J.
Venus Hirasei n. sp.

Shell rounded-oval, ventricose, inequilateral, very solid and
strong; cream-white, clouded and maculate with dull brown. Sur-
face lustreless, sculptured with 24 to 28 strong, curved, radial

* Fleurieu-Bellevu, Journ. de Phys., LIV, 1802, p. 345; Bull Soc.
Philomath, de Paris, III, 1802, p. 106.

5 Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, III, Pt. 5 (December 1, 1900),
p. 1058.

206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March,

ribs, fully double the width of the interstices, closely and irregu-
larly crenulated by low concentric blunt, crowded laminae, which
on the later growth are obsolete in the grooves, but toward the beaks
are narrower and sharper, less crowded, and continuous across ribs
and intervals. Beaks full, projecting, curved forward. Lunule
heart-shaped, dark brown, ribbed and denned by a groove. Area
well sunken, ribless and. wide in the left valve, indistinct in the right.

Anterior end short, rounded ; posterior end more broadly rounded.
Interior pure white, the right valve with three diverging cardinal
teeth, the posterior two grooved; left valve with two cardinals,
the anterior one slender, posterior stouter, shorter and deeply
grooved.

Cavity of the beaks deep. Pallial sinus small, triangular, nar-
row and acute. Valve margins, except the hinge line, very
weaklv fluted and closely crenulate.

Length 43, alt. 37.5, diam. 29 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This species resembles V. jedoensis Lischke, but has hardly
more than half as many, and stronger, ribs. There is a specimen
before me from Susaki, Awaji Island, besides several from the
type locality.
Tapes platyptycha n. sp.

Shell oblong, compressed, the length somewhat exceeding
2| times the diameter; white, profusely marked with angular
red-brown reticulating lines grouped into triangular spots, or with
inverted V-shaped markings, and four radial series of brown
blotches alternating with white spots. Sculptured with concentric
ridges wider than their intervals, broad and flattened toward the
lower margin and especially posteriorly, fine and close toward the
beaks. Beaks low, yellow or purple, situated at about the ante-
rior fifth of the length, the dorsal margin behind them nearly
straight; posterior end obliquely truncate, bluntly regular at its
junction with the upper and basal margins. Anterior end short,
rather attenuated, much as in T. adspersa. Lunule narrow, indis-
tinctly defined by an impressed line, flattened, marked with some
oblique brown lines. Area depressed, transversely maculate with
groups of dark lines. Interior white, tinted with sulphur yellow
within the pallial line. Pallial sinus broad and rounded, not quite
reaching the middle of the length of the shell. Anterior cardinal

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 207

tooth in each valve compressed and simple, the middle one stouter,
bifid.

Length 54, alt. 37, diam. 21 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This species stands near T. quadriradiata Desh., differing in the
coarser sculpture, more distinctly truncate posterior end, and de-
cidedly shallower pallial sinus. The color of the interior is also
different. T. deshayesii Hanley has a narrower and deeper pallial
sinus.

Tapes phenax n. sp.

Shell oblong, rather swollen, the diameter contained 2J- times in
the length; pale yellow, densely reticulated with angular reddish-
brown and purplish lines, darker in four wide rays, which are more
or less blotched with brown ; pale flesh- tinted or whitish toward
the beaks. Sculpture of fine, crowded, concentric rib-striae.
Beaks moderately prominent, at about the anterior fifth of the
shell's length. Dorsal margin moderately curved; posterior
end rounded; basal margin well arched ; anterior end short,
rounded. Lunule rather broadly lanceolate, defined by slight
grooves, dark, with irregular darker lines. Area lanceolate,
sunken, smooth, variegated. Interior white at the margins, ochre
or reddish-yellow in the cavity. Pallial sinus broad and deep,
reaching the middle of the shell's length or slightly past it.

Length 46, alt. 31, diam. 20.5 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This handsome species is far more finely sculptured and more
inflated than T. quadriradiata Desh., but in my opinion it is the
form identified as quadriradiata by Roemer in his magnificent
monograph of Venus, Part 2, PI. 18, fig. 2. The crowded rib-
striae of the surface do not become wider on the lower and posterior
portions of the valves as they do in T. quadriradiata Desh., and
the posterior cardinal tooth of the right valve, while grooved at
the tip, is not broadly bifid as in Deshayes' species.

DONACID.33.
Donaz 'kiusiuensis n. sp.

Shell small, rather thin, white with one or two ill-defined ochra-
ceous rays, or yellow with some dusky concentric streaks, the beaks
brown-tipped; irregularly triangular, the length somewhat less

208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March,

than twice the altitude, and nearly three times the diameter;
anterior end longer, tapering, rounded; posterior end slightly con-
vex, bluntly angular below; the beaks situated at about the pos-
terior two-fifths of the length. Surface glossy, sculptured with
slight growth-lines and exceedingly fine, subobsolete radial striae,
angular posteriorly, the posterior area sculptured with strong,
smooth radial ribs narrower than their flat intervals and terminating
on the angle. Ligament very short and swollen. Interior white
with brown stains near the ends; posterior lateral tooth strong;
basal margin finely but distinctly crenulated.

Length 9, alt. 5.5, diam. 3.3 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hi rase).

A small species belonging to the section Chion, chiefly distin-
guished by the strong sculpture of the posterior end.

Anatina impura n- sp.

Shell oblong, fragile, rather ventricose, widely gaping posteriorly,
but slightly so in front ; sculptured with low, irregular wrinkles,
and where unworn, with the usual granulation. White and pearly
above, where worn through the very thin porcellanous coat, cov-
ered at the margins with a dirty yellowish cuticle, which is more
persistent and lamellose on the posterior rostrum. Beaks at the
middle of the shell's length, not turned forward, contiguous, one
of them worn through, both slit as usual. Anterior end broadly
rounded; dorsal margin almost straight; posterior end narrow, the
margins hardly expanded; basal margin parallel with the upper
margin except posteriorly where it rises suddenly. Interior whitish,
slightly wrinkled, the chondrophore and buttress as usual.

Length 38, alt. 20, diam. 15 mm.

Kamakura, province of Sagami (types No. 68,536 and 70,812,
coll. A. N. S. P.).

This species differs from A. japonica Lischke in the median posi-
tion of the beaks and different shape of the posterior end. Lischke
has figured two somewhat diverse forms under the head A.
japonica. That represented in his figs. 9, 10, has been taken by
Mr. Hirase at Hirado, Hizen. Having before me all of the
species of Anatina credited to Japan, as well as most of the Phil-
ippine forms, I find myself unable to place the specimens described
above in any of the accepted species. A. kamakurana, of which

PROC. ACAb. NAT. SCI. PHI LA. 1901.

PLATE V.

VANATTA. NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS.
PILSBRY. NEW MOLLUSKS.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 209

I have seen a good many specimens, differs constantly in its long
form and the different shape of the posterior end.

Lima Hirasei n. sp.

Shell inequilateral, thin, white, broadly gaping anteriorly,
slightly so posteriorly, compressed, the valves but little convex;
beaks a trifle in front of the middle of the short hinge-line. An-
terior auricle minute, triangular, acuminate, bent inward; posterior
auricle narrow. Cavity of the beaks rather deep. A strong rib
runs along the posterior margin slightly within the edge. Surface
closely and very finely striate radially, the striation obsolete ante-
riorly and on the posterior slope and auricle.

Length 18, alt. 21, diam. 7.5 mm.; length of hinge-line
6.5 mm.

Hirado, prov. Hizen, Kiusiu, Japan (Mr. Y. Hirase).

L. orientalis Adams and Keeve, and most of the other small
Oriental species, are much more coarsely sculptured than this
species. L. Dunkeri E. A. Smith is evenly striated throughout,
the stride slightly diverging from a median line, and it is nearly
equilateral. In L. Hirasei striation gradually becomes obsolete
on the anterior half of the valves, is abruptly discontinued at the
posterior slope, and there is no divarication from a median line.
The shell is conspicuously inequilateral.

The species is named for my esteemed Japanese correspondent.
L. Dunkeri also occurs at Hirado, Hizen, whence specimens have
been received from Mr. Hirase.

Area (Scapharca) nipponensis n. sp.

Shell of medium size, thin, inflated, the left Valve decidedly
larger, the beaks full, moderately elevated, incurved and 'turned
slightly forward, situated at the anterior two-fifths of the hinge-
line. Sculpture the same in both valves, consisting of 37 or 38
equal radial ribs, which are nearly flat-topped, at least near the
periphery, and separated by interspaces narrower than the ribs;
the whole marked by slight growth-lines in denuded shells. Cov-
ered with a thin chestnut cuticle, which is densely, minutely
striate, and bears spaced bristles in the intercostal spaces, on the
median and posterior portions of the valves, and on the anterior
14

210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March,

portion is lamellose and bears flat, triangular processes in the
interspaces. Toward the beaks the cuticle is worn off. Hinge-
line two-thirds the greatest length of the shell, straight, strongly
angular at both ends. Anterior margin evenly rounded; basal
margin well-arched, the posterior end noticeably arcuate, oblique,
meeting the basal margin in a blunt angle. Cardinal area very
narrow, sunken behind the beaks, with an elevated margin;
slightly wider and less sunken in front. Hinge teeth small and
vertical in the middle, well inclined and larger toward the two
ends; a distinct though narrow ledge below the posterior teeth.
Interior pure white, slightly grooved and delicately striate radially
in the cavity of the valves, becoming very deeply grooved toward
the margins, the summits of the intervening ridges concave.

Length 45, alt. 36, diam. 29 mm. ; sometimes larger, length
55, alt. 46 mm.

East coast of Hondo (Miss A. C. Hartshorn). Types No.
79,009, coll. A. N. S. P.

This species, of which we have six specimens from two sources
(Nos. 79,009, 78,7.49, 70,970), is distinguished by its well-
rounded contours, unusually narrow cardinal area, the marked
disparity in size of the valves, and the large number of ribs. Tt is
somewhat allied to A. disparilis Reeve,6 of which we have speci-
mens from Singapore, but that is less orbicular, with more of a
ridge or angle denning the posterior slope, and densely lamellose,
not bristly, in the intercostal spaces.

In some specimens of A. nipponensis the cuticle is greenish in
places.

*A. disparilis of Kobelt's monograph is clearly a species different from
that of Reeve.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,

NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS.
BY EDWARD G. VANATTA.

The species herein described were encountered in determining
material for the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
Haminea zanzibarica n. sp. PI. V, fig. 12.

Shell large, subglobose, thin, shining, translucent, pinkish
white, slightly orange-tinted at the vertex and the base. The sur-
face is covered with very close microscopic wavy spiral striae,
longitudinally irregularly coarsely wrinkled, sometimes with several
angular spiral ridges caused by spiral malleation. Vertex im-
pressed, imperforate, whitened by an internal thickening of the
shell. The aperture is narrow above, ample below. The right lip
rises from the left side of the apical depression. Parietal callus
very thin. The columellar lip is evenly concave, broadly reflexed,
and the edge is not adnate except at the upper end, forming a
crescent-shaped free plate over the axial region.

Alt. 20, diam. 14 mm.

Alt. 21, diam. 15.5 mm.

Locality. — Zanzibar.

The type is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, No. 57,552.

This species may easily be distinguished from H. zelandice Gray
by its less globular form, less convex parietal wall and the micro-
scopic waved spiral stride and free edge of the columellar callus.
This species is larger than H. natalensis Krauss, and the right lip
does not rise so high above the vertex. The spiral malleation is
similar to that of Limncea palustris.
Haminea sucoinea var. solidior n. PI. V, fig. 8.

Shell solid, imperforate, finely wave striate, color waxen white.

This variety may be easily distinguished from the typical H.
succinea Conr. by being heavier and smaller.

Alt. 7, diam. 3 mm.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 181

Of these nineteen species it will be observed that two, Asterias
polaris and Ophiopholis aculeata, are not strictly to be reckoned
with the others as they were collected in more southern stations —
the former off the coast of Labrador and off Disco, the latter in
Battle Harbor, Labrador. The other species are all from between
lat. 76° and 79° N., though some species were also found at the
more southern stations.

The Arctic Echinoderin fauna has been examined with care,
and it was hardly to be expected that any new species would be
added to the list of those already known. It is interesting, how-
ever, to note at least a new distribution, for Asterias gunneri has
before this, I believe, never been recorded from Greenland waters.

A comparison is naturally suggested between this list and that of
the collection made by Capt. Nares, of the " Alert" and " Dis-
covery," in 1875-6 from the same region, and published by Dun-
can and Sladen in the Annals of Natural History (IV), Vol. XX,
1877.

We have in addition to that list one Holothurid, M. rinJdi, and
two Asterids, Asterias gunneri and Cribrella oculata ; while in the
Princeton collection Asteracanthion (Pedicellaster) palceocrystallus,
JSolaster forcifer, Ophioglypha strumtzii and Astrophyton arcticum
(a deep-water form) of the Nares collection are not represented.

Of the nineteen species in the Princeton collection, all but Aste-
rias polaris are more or less widely distributed in both American
and European Arctic seas.

Increased knowledge of the distribution of Arctic Echinoderms
seems to increase the probability that they are nearly all circum-
polar and not confined to local areas.

190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,

radially striate; pallial sinus extending nearly to the middle of the
shell's length ; the margin finely crenate.

Length 15.5, all. 6, diam 4.5 mm.

Found by Mr. J. G. Malone in ballast from South Africa.

Types are No. 79,532, Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

This species is somewhat allied to D. Oweni Gray, but the beaks
are nearer the posterior end, the valves are not keeled ; the poste-
rior costulation extends further, and between and upon the riblets
fine radial striae are conspicuous ; finally, the basal margin is finely
and strongly crenulated inside and the shell is smaller.

It is named in honor of M. Victor Bertin, whose excellent
Revision des Donacidees (1881) and various other papers on
bivalves give evidence of a well -trained and acute mind, unfor-
tunately lost to science by death at the beginning of a useful
career.

The following species of Donax occurred with D. Bertini : D.
Madagascariensis Wood, D. bipartitus Sowb., D. spiculum Rve., D.
Erythrceensis Bertin.

Fossams capensis n. sp. PI. V, fig. 13.

Shell perforate, turbinate, white, the last whorl encircled by
three very strong, compressed, flange-like keels, the largest peri-
pheral in position, the smallest surrounding the columellar region,
another of intermediate dze between these two. Surface irregu-
larly striatulate, with some lamellar riblets toward the aperture;
densely spirally striate, especially between the keels. Spire acute;
whorls about 6, the last three showing the peripheral keel above
the sutures. Aperture semicircular, the peristome continuous,
notched at the terminations of the keels.

Alt. 6, diam. 4 mm.

In ballast from South Africa.

Type in Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., No. 79,820.

The spire is more elevated than in F. ambiguus (L.) or F.
pusillus (Gld.).

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 189

eastern Asia in which the operculum is peculiarly modified, as
described above. This subgeneric group I propose to call Idio-
poma, the above-described species being the type.

Ampullaria Winkleyi n. sp. PI. V, figs. 2, 3.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose ; yellowish -olive, uniform or
with few or numerous dusky olive spiral bands, the earlier whorls
eroded, blackish or ruddy. Surface smooth, somewhat shining,
under a strong lens seen to be very densely, microscopically striated
spirally, the strise minutely granulose; spire low-conic; sutures
impressed, the whorls flattened below them, elsewhere symmetrically
convex. Aperture vertical, semi-rotund, narrower above, reddish-
tawny and sometimes banded within, becoming white near the lip;
peristome a trifle expanded below, white or dirty yellowish, the
outer margin equably curved, columella concave, blunt and more
or less thickened but not reflexed. parietal callus rather thin,
white, thinner within.

Alt. 58, diam. 50, longest axis of aperture 43 mm.

Operculum (fig. 3) thick and solid, concave externally, and
partially covered with a thin, yellowish -brown cuticle. Inside
bluish, with a mica-like gleam, the scar of attachment sunken, the
columellar side concentrically striate, the enclosed eminence nar-
row, curved and smooth.

Henzada, Burma. Types No. 76,011. Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila.

It is somewhat allied to A. Begini Morlet.

Donax Bertini n. sp.

Shell long and narrow, the height contained about 2J times in the
length, thin, polished, the color varying from pure white through
various tints of pink to purple; beaks situated at the posterior
third of the length ; anterior end rounded, posterior end obliquely
truncate, rounded at the extremity ; the upper margin anterior to
the beaks straight, basal margin but slightly curved ; ridge defining
the posterior area rounded. Surface sculptured with slight growth
wrinkles, and faintly showing some fine radial striae, which, how-
ever, are almost completely obsolete, though plainly visible by
looking through the shell, except near the anterior end; the pos-
terior area is sculptured with deep oblique grooves, the summits of the
intervening ridges cut by finer radial stride. Interior smooth or

188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.

NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS FROM SOUTH AFRICA AND BURMA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The Academy has received from the Rev. H. W. Winkley good
series of an Ampullaria and a Vivipara from Henzada, Burma,
which though without striking features do not seem referable to
any of the numerous described species.1

Vivipara henzadensis n. sp. PI. V, fig. l.

Shell umbilicate, broadly ovate-conic; olive-green with some
narrow slightly darker streaks; surface glossy and smooth, under
a lens showing fine, delicate and spaced spiral striae, which become
crowded and somewhat granulose on the base. Spire short, obtuse,
the earlier whorls eroded, the eroded portion reddish, tipped with
black. Sutures deeply impressed, the whorls strongly swollen just
below them; last whorl angular at the periphery in front, the
angle disappearing on the last half whorl, which is rounded;
umbilicus narrow, excavated behind the columellar lip, sur-
rounded by an angle. Aperture oblique, rounded-ovate, bluish
white inside; peristome narrowly expanded at the edge, blunt,
black, with a blackish border inside and out; continuous across the
parietal margin.

Alt. 23, diam. 16|-17£ mm.

Operculum chestnut-brown and slightly wrinkled outside, with a
conspicuous raised or reflexed cuticular border; inside with a con-
spicuously raised and minutely roughened ovate area nearer the
columellar side, radiating strise on. the outside of this area, and a
raised border all around.

This species closely resembles the African V. helidformis Ffld.
in form and color. It belongs, however, to a group of south-

1 From Cochin China and neighboring countries Fischer enumerates no
less than fifteen species of Ampullaria and thirty-eight of Paludina, in his
useful Catalogue et Distribution Geographique des Moll. terr. , fluv. et
marins d'une partie de I'Indo-Chine (Autun, 1891). To this number a
few additions have been made since the publication of that catalogue.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 187

and less rostrate, also in having a predominance of concentric
sculpture in the median portion of the valve; the posterior end
radially closely ribbed, narrower lunule and much finer crenula-
tion of the ventral margin. The crenulation of the margins inside
is much like V. mariea.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. 1. — Vimpara henzadensis Pils., p. 188.

Fig. 2. — Ampullaria winkleyi Pils., p. 189.

Fig. 3. — Ampullaria winkleyi, operculum.

Figs. 4, 5. — Venus maloneiV&n.., p. 185.

Figs. 6, 7. — Tornatlna bermudensis Vaii., p. 183.

Fig. 8. — Haminea succinea var. nolidior Van., p. 182.

Fig. 9.— Atys sharpi Van., p. 183.

Figs. 10, 11. — Lucina (Divaricella) dalliana Van., p. 184.

Fig. 12. — Haminea zanzibarica Van., p. 162.

Fig. 13.— Fossarus capensis Pils., p. 190.

Figs. 14, 15. — Lucina (Dwaricella) huttoniana Van., p. 184.

186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,

radial ribs predominate at each end, while the concentric sculpture
is strongest in the middle of the valve. Anteriorly the first eight
radial ribs are prominent and densely granulose ; the median por-
tions of the valves are regularly concentrically costate and radially
ribbed, with finer closely packed costse prominent in the interstices;
the concentric costse are cut into even granules by the crossing
radial costse ; at the posterior angle of the valve there are about
five or six prominent heavy squamose radial ribs; from this point
the radial ribs predominate, and gradually become finer to the pos-
terior margin. Beaks prominent, directed forward, smooth,
except a few concentric growth lines. Lunule impressed, a little
convex, narrow, about one-fourth the length of Ihe shell, generally
of a darker color than the rest of the shell and provided with six
or eight longitudinal granulose ribs. The groove of the ligament
is linear, tapering at the extremities. The margin is dorsally quite
evenly arcuate; rounded anteriorly, a trifle convex at the lunule;
evenly arcuate ventrally; posterior obliquely truncate, with a very
blunt obtuse angle near the centre. The margin is very finely
crenulate ; beginning at the anterior side of the beak it is minutely
crenulate along the edge of the lunule, becoming coarser ven-
trally, then gradually becoming finer, and ends abruptly at the
posterior end of the ligament. The hinge is broad under the con-
vex lunule, narrower posteriorly, with three teeth in each valve.
The right valve has the anterior tooth small, lamellar and nearly
parallel with lunule; the middle tooth is triangular and directed
forward, its posterior end is nearly vertical, while the anterior end
is oblique and almost parallel to the anterior tooth; posterior tooth
large, about the size of the triangular central, slightly bifid or
grooved at the summit, directed backward. The left valve is three -
toothed, anterior tooth lamellar, higher than the rest, directed
forward; central nearly lamellar, vertical, with a bifid or grooved
summit; posterior small, lamellar, directed obliquely backward,
with a pointed summit. The adductor muscle scars of nearly
equal size, pallial line evenly arched, with a moderately deep pallial
sinus. Alt. 15, diam. 21, diam. 9 mm.

Locality. — In ballast from South Africa.

•"" Types in collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, No. 79,395, collected by Mr. J. G. Malone.

This species differs from V. squamosa Linn, by being smaller

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 185

only. The limule is very narrow, beginning as a, broad impres-
sion under the beak and tapers forward, ending in a shallow point
just above the anterior lateral tooth of the hinge. The anterior
area under the lunule is strongly defined by the termination of
the diverging lines, and is sculptured with irregular rough concentric
striae with more or less yellow epidermis in the interstices. The
groove of the ligament is bounded on the inner side by a ridge
which begins as an angle near the beak and gradually becomes
higher to a point about four millimeters from the end of the hinge
line, then suddenly descends almost to the end of the hinge line.
The inner margin of the shell is smooth, neither layer being crenu-
late. The hinge of the right valve has a large heavy cardinal tooth
in the centre, with a deep pit on each side and a smaller cardinal in
front directed forward. The anterior lateral is a large tubercle
with a deep chink where the adductor muscle truncates it; there is
scarcely any trace of a tubercle at the posterior end of the hinge.
The left valve has the pits for the corresponding cardinals of the
right valve and a rather large posterior cardinal, an anterior lateral
like the other valve and no posterior lateral. The anterior adduc-
tor muscle scar is very long and narrow, while the posterior scar is
short oval.

Alt. 29.5, diam. 32, thickness of right valve 8 mm.

Locality. — Auckland, New Zealand.

Types in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, No. 63,758.

This species differs from L. dentata Wood in lacking the dentate
margin, from L. quadrisulcata Orb. in lacking the crenulate
margin. Jt is distinguished from L. cumingii Ad. and Ang. by
having a long narrow lunule, more delicate texture and lower beaks ;
it is also much less globose.

Venus (Anomalocardia) malonei n. sp. PI. V, figs. 4, 5.

Shell triangular, posteriorly rostrate, moderately convex, longer
than high, solid. The color is variable: some specimens are
creamy white with irregular transverse zigzag brown spots or
stripes, some are almost entirely dark brown, and others are light
brown with a few very light radial bands and dark-brown
blotches. The interior is generally purple, shading into a white
margin with a brown band within the pallial line, but some lack
the white margin. Sculpture both concentric and radial. The

184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,

Lucina (Divaricella) dalliana n. sp. PI. V, figs. 10, 11.

Shell almost circular, somewhat truncate posteriorly, nearly
equilateral, moderately convex, shining white, porcellanous, sur-
face sculpture divaricate; in full-grown examples there is a smooth
band where the diverging lines would meet. The beaks aie
slightly raised above the hinge line, directed forward and located
hardly in advance of the centre; they are sculptured with micro-
scopic concentric strise only which are worn off in the largest speci-
men we have. The lunule is about one-eighth the length of the
shell The anterior area under the lunule is not distinctly marked.
The groove of the ligament is long and narrow. The margin
has the interior layer very finely cronulate, but the outer layer
smooth. The hinge of the right valve is provided with a heavy
cardinal tooth with a pit on each side, and a single tubercular
anterior and posterior lateral, the posterior one being about twice as
far from the beak as the anterior one. The muscle scars are of
moderate size, the anterior one being long and narrow, while the
posterior one is more elliptical.

Alt. 19, diarn. 20, thickness of right valve 4.5 mm.

Alt. 21, diam. 22.5, thickness of right valve 5.5 mm.

Locality. — In ballast from South Africa.

Types in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, No. 79,380, collected by Mr. J. G. Malone.

This species is distinguished from L. dentata Wood by not
having the outer layer of the margin heavily dentate; from L.
cumingii A. and A. in having the diverging sculpture extending
across the anterior area to the lunule, and the inner layer of the
margin is crenulate; from L. quadrisuleata Orb. in having a smooth
band where the diverging lines would meet in full-grown examples;
from L. Tiuttoniana n. sp. in having the inner layer of the margin
crenulate, and in the smooth band.
Lucina (Divaricella) huttoniana n. sp. PI. V, figs. 14, 15.

Shell almost circular, posterior extremity squarely truncate,
nearly equilateral, bluish white with white concentric streaks,
glossy, porceilanous, surface sculpture divaricate, the diverging
sculpture extending to the edge of the comparatively broad ante-
rior area below the lunule. The beaks are slightly raised above
the hinge line, directed forward, located slightly in advance of
the centre, sculptured with rather coarse close concentric costellae

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 183

Locality. — St. Martin and St. Bartholomew, West Indies, and
Progreso, Yucatan.

The type is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia, No. 57,900, collected by Dr. B. Sharp at
St. Martin.

Atys sharp! n. sp. PI. V, fig. 9.

Shell small, subcylindrical, solid, porcellanous, glossy, translu-
cent bluish white, very finely spirally striate, striae strongest above
and below. Apex with an extremely small perforation. Base
umbilicate. Aperture narrow above, broader below. The lip rises
from the right, side of the apical perforation and describes a more
or less even arc above without the twist so common in this genus;
the outer lip descends in a gentle curve and the basal lip is arcu-
ate. The columella is concave with a slight twist.

Alt. 7.84, diam. 3.8 mm.

Locality. — St. Martin, West Indies.

Types in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, No. 60,735, collected by JDr. B. Sharp.

This species is easily recognized by the lack of a twist on the
evenly curved upper part of the lip.

Tornatina bermudensis n. sp. PI. V, figs. 6, 7.

Shell small, cylindrical, porcellanous, shining bluish white,
smooth. The spire is composed of about three whorls, the first
being turned up forms a large tubercle, the other two are round-
shouldered. The suture is a very slightly impressed canal, body
whorl descending in front. The aperture is nearly four-fifths the
entire length of the shell, narrow above and broader below, upper
part of aperture with a deep wide sutural notch, parietal wall
and columella covered by a very heavy callus, no columellar fold.
The base is squarely truncate and receding.

Alt. 2.87, diam. 1.41 mm.

Locality. — Bermuda.

Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, No. 70,160, collected by Prof. Angelo Heilprin.

This species may be distinguished from T. canalieulata and T.
decurrens V. and B. by its heavy parietal callus and the lack of
a columellar fold.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 343

" New Mollusea from Japan and the Loo Choo Islands, " by
Henry A. Pilsbry.

" A Peculiar Condition of wCEdogonium," by Ida A. Keller.

" Crystalline and Crystalloidal Substances and their Relation
to Plant Structure," by Henry Kraemer.

JUNE 18.
Mr. ARTHUR ERWIN BROWN, Vice- President, in the Chair.

Ten persons present.

Papers under the following titles were presented for publication ;
" The Acrididse, Tettigonidse and Gryllidse Collected by Dr. A.
Donaldson Smith in Northeast Africa," by James A. G. Rehn.

JUNE 25.
Mr. ARTHUR ERWIN BROWN, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Nine persons present.

A paper entitled " The Nasal Passages of the Florida Alliga-
tor, " by A. M. Reese, was presented for publication.

Henry Kraemer was elected a member.
The following were ordered to be printed :

344 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June,

NEW LAND MOLLUSCA FBOM JAPAN AND THE LOO CHOO ISLANDS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The collectors sent out by Mr. Hirase in the early months of this
year have already transmitted much new and valuable material,
in the study of which it is my privilege to assist. As Mr. Hirase
desires to supply such species as have been collected in copious
quantity to his correspondents in America and Europe, the prompt
publication of full descriptions of the novelties is necessary to
avoid the inconvenience attending the publicity of manuscript
names. The full report, with figures of the new forms, may best
be deferred until the results of the season's collecting can be pre-
sented in connected form. Most of the following species are from
Kunchan, the northern and least settled province of the island
Okinawa, or Great Luchu (Loo Choo), and from Oshima, hitherto
unexplored for land mollusks.
Trochomorpha horiomphala (Pfr.).

Specimens have been sent by Mr. Hirase (No. 631) from Kun-
chan, the northern province of Okinawa. They are more depressed
than Pfeiffer's type, but there is considerable variation in the
species in this respect. Trochomorpha Fritzei Bttg. is a synonym.
No definite locality has been known hitherto for Pfeiffer's species,
which, moreover, has been lost, so to speak, in the group Plecto-
tropis. It was doubtless this error of classification which led
Boettger to redescribe the shell as T. Fritzei.
Trochomorpha Gouldiana n. sp.

Shell low-conic above, convex beneath, umbilicate, the umbilicus
one- fourth the diameter of the shell, broadly open to the apex ; of
a dark reddish brown color, glossy ; delicately striate, the striae cut
into minute granules by finer, very shallow spiral strise, both
above and below. Spire straightly conic, the apex slightly ob-
tuse. Whorls 6J, slowly widening, slightly convex below, and
slightly concave above each suture ; the last whorl acutely carinate,
concave above and below the keel; base convex in the middle,

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 345

the margin of the umbilicus abrupt but not keeled. Aperture small,
rhombic, the peristome simple, obtuse and whitish in fully adult
specimens. Alt. 5.3, diam. 12.7 mm

Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 650).

This species differs widely from T. cathcartce (Rve. ) and T. hori-
ompfiala (Pfr. ), the two species known from the Loo Choo group,
in its higher spire and less spreading form. It is closely related
to T. Shermani (Pfr.) of Formosa, but differs in being smaller,
with straightly conic spire, the whorls concave above keel and
suture, and the aperture narrower, less rounded below.

It is named in honor of Dr. A. A. Gould, who described the
Japanese shells collected by the Ringgold and Rogers Expedition.

I find two specimens in the collection of the Academy, labeled

II H. horiomphala Pfr. Oosima."

Macro chlamys perfragilis n. sp.

Shell perforate, depressed, excessively thin, transparent, pale
yellow, fragile. Surface brilliantly glossy, with faint growth-lines
and almost obsolete, scarcely perceptible spiral striae. Spire low-
conic. Whorls 4J, somewhat convex, rather slowly widening,
separated by a narrowly margined suture, the last whorl much
wider, rounded at the periphery, rather convex beneath, narrowly
impressed around the perforation. Aperture very broadly lunale,
somewhat oblique, the lip fragile, columellar margin with a short,
triangular reflection partially concealing the perforation.

Alt. 10, greater diam. 18, lesser 15 mm.

Alt. 8£, greater diam. 16, lesser 14^ mm.

Kunchan, Okinawa (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 637).

A capacious, very fragile species, somewhat like M. Stearnsi Pils.
of China, and quite different from anything yet described from
Japan or the Loo Choo group.

Macrochlamys Gudei n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, depressed-conoidal, thin, somewhat
translucent, corneous-brown. Surface glossy, sculptured with
weak growth-wrinkles, and on the base some coarse but shallow
and inconspicuous spiral sulci, obsolete in places. Spire conic;
whorls 6f , rather strongly convex, slowly widening, the last wider,
subangular at the periphery, the angle obvious in front, but dis-
appearing near the aperture. Base convex, sunken around the

346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June,

perforation. Aperture lunate, the lip simple and thin, columellar
margin hardly thickened, dilated above, a triangular reflection
partially covering the perforation.

Alt. 7, diam. 10 mm.

Kunchan, Okinawa (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 635).

This species has about the size, form and appearance of the
American Gastrodonta ligera (Say), though the whorls are more
convex and less striate above, and there is, of course, no callus
lining the basal part of the interior. The generic position assigned
is somewhat doubtful.

It is named in honor of my friend G. K. Gude, who has pro-
duced several meritorious papers upon Japanese land snails.

Kaliella borealis n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, pyramidal with slightly convex lateral
outlines and flattened base, thin, corneous-brown. Surface some-
what shining, sculptured above with regularly spaced, very delicate
whitish hair-like striae, the base showing fine spiral strise, and ex-
cept near the periphery, minutely but rather roughly pitted.
Whorls 7, nearly flat, the suture but slightly impressed, narrowly
margined; the last whorl acutely carinate. Aperture rhombic, the
peristome thin and fragile, columellar margin abruptly dilated and
reflexed partly over the perforation.

Alt. 3f, diam. 3J mm.

Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 641).

A rather straightly pyramidal species, distinct from any of the
numerous species known to me from Hondo.

Eulota (Euhadra) oshimae n. sp.

Shell globose-subdepressed, umbilicate, rather thin but solid, of
a rich reddish chestnut color, darker within the umbilicus and on
the back of the lip, and with a very dark chestnut, almost black
band just above the periphery, bordered above and below with
greenish-yellow bands ; the convexity of the base sometimes fading
to the same pale tint. Surface rather glossy, but in part dull,
sculptured with slight growth-striae only ; several inner whorls,
after the apical one, minutely wrinkled and marked with points in
oblique lines. Spire conic, more or less elevated. Whorls varying
from 6f in large to 5f in small specimens, quite convex, slowly
widening, the last rounded at the periphery, very slightly and

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 347

slowly descending in front, convex beneath. Aperture broadly
lunate, slightly oblique, bluish and showing the band inside ; peris-
tome expanded and rather narrowly reflexed, thickened within,
purple, with 'the extreme edge pale ; columellar margin broadly
dilated, very dark, half covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 35, diam. 43 mm.

Alt. 29, diam. 37 mm.

Alt. 26, diam. 33 mm.

Alt. 25, diam. 32 mm.

Alt. 20£, diam. 27 mm.

Alt. 19-J, diam. 26 mm.

Oshima^ (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 357).

This magnificent species is related to both E. caliginosa^ and E.
mercatoria^ but is more globose than either, with more convex
whorls. It differs conspicuously from E. caliginosa in having the
base of the shell and aperture rounded, not conspicuously flattened,
as they are in caliginosa. The basal lip, moreover, is not sinuous.
E. oshimce resembles E. mercatoria in the form of the aperture,
but differs in being more globose, with a larger umbilicus in shells
of the same size, and the whorls are more convex.

The variation in size, as shown by the above measurements, is
extraordinary, but there seems to be a complete series of interme-
diate specimens. The smaller shells are those most resembling E.
mercatoria. E. oshimce is thus related to species of Okinawa, and
not to the luchuana group of Japan proper.

Chlorites euoharistus n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, thin, concave above, of a rich, dark chestnut
color. Densely hairy, the hairs long, regularly arranged in
diagonal lines descending forwardly and backward, the surface
between them minutely papillose. Whorls 4J, the earlier ones
forming a rather deeply sunken spire, the last third of the last
whorl deeply descending to the periphery, the whorl preceding this
coiled in a plane. The first whorl is glossy and smooth; the last
whorl widens toward the aperture, and is obscurely gibbous and
then contracted behind the lip; the base convex, having a small
excavation behind the basal lip, producing a low prominence just
within the basal margin of the aperture. Aperture very oblique,

1 Catal. Marine Moll. Japan, PL 10, figs. 1-3, 6.

2 Ibid., fig. 5.

348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June,

very broadly lunate; peristome rather narrowly reflexed, purple,
the margins somewhat approaching, connected across the parietal
wall by a slender, raised cord.

Alt. 9, greater diam. 19, lesser 15J mm.

Alt. 9^-, greater diam. 18, lesser 15 mm.

Alt. 7J, greater diam. 15, lesser 12 mm. (small form).

Oshima, (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 354).

This fine species has the sunken spire of the typical forms of the
genus from the Moluccas, etc. It is a larger and much finer species
than the two hitherto described from Japan, C. oscitans (Martens)
and G. fragilis Gude, neither of which has the well-developed per-
istome of C. eucharistus. Three of the specimens sent are of
about the same size, but another is conspicuously smaller, with the
spire perceptibly more sunken, and the low "tooth" within the
basal margin of the peristome is subobsolete.

Suooinea Hirasei n. sp.

A species grouping with 8. pfeifferi of Europe and 8. retusa of
America. Elongate, fragile, reddish or corneous, amber- colored,
composed of 2^- very rapidly enlarging whorls, the last one very
large, roughened by rather coarse growth-wrinkles. Aperture long-
ovate, somewhat effuse below, the margins regularly arcuate.

Length 16, diam. 9, longest axis of aperture 13, width 6J mm.

Tsuchiura, Hitachi, in eastern Hondo (Mr. Y. Hirase, No.
642).

Both of the Succineas previously known from Japan, S. lauta
Old. and S. horticola Reinh. , belong to the group of species having
very convex whorls, like S. putris or S. obliqua. This new one
goes with the lengthened species, and is very like 8. retusa Lea
(ovalis Gld. ), but the Japanese form is rather less effuse than the
American.

Cyclophorus Hirasei n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, turbinate, with elevated spire, solid ;
greenish yellow, with a rather wide black belt just below the peri-
phery, which is marked with a pale belt, and several dark lines
and bands beneath, more or less interrupted at short intervals; the
upper surface marked with numerous dark bands, interrupted
obliquely or in zigzag fashion; the bands retaining their distinct-
ness or more or less confluent into zigzag stripes. Whorls 5J- to

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 349

nearly 6, very convex, the last flattened below the suture, else-
where well rounded. Aperture circular, somewhat oblique, bluish
and showing the bands inside; peristome rather narrowly reflexed,
its face rounded, faintly red-tinted or bright red, continued in a
callus across the very short parietal wall; the columellar margin
overhanging and partially concealing the small umbilicus.

Alt. 30, diam. 32 mm. ; antero- posterior diameter of aperture
21, width 191 mm.

Alt. 29, diam. 31 mm. ; antero -posterior .diameter of aperture
20^, width 19 mm.

Operculum circular, multispiral, concave externally; diam.
15^ mm.

Oshima, (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 644).

Related to C. jourdyi Mori., fulguratus Pfr., courbeti Anc., and
their allies, species of Tonquin and Burma. It is remarkable for
its elevated spire and brilliant peristome.
Pupinella oshimae n. sp.

Shell pupiform, dark purplish brown under a papery whitish outer
color, apparently the result of weathering, densely and finely striate
when unworn. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the first four forming
a conic spire, the penultimate and last whorls of about equal diam-
eter ; last whorl somewhat produced forward below. Aperture
vertical, the opening small and circular; peristome broadly reflexed,
white or nearly so, very heavily thickened on the face, produced
forward in a flange around the opening, interrupted by minute
channels at the base of the columella and posterior end of the lip,
these channels expanding funnel-like outwardly; parietal callus
very strong at its right end, emitting a branch which rises high
above the termination of the outer lip.

Length 10, diam. 4.8 mm.; diam. of aperture, inside of peris-
tome, 2.2 mm.

Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 645).

This species differs strongly from P. rufa Sowb. and its slightly
differentiated local forms fnihstorferi and tsushimana, in the rela-
tively enormous development of the peristome, reducing the open-
ing of the aperture; in the vertical, not oblique plane of the aper-
ture, and especially in having the tongue of the parietal callus
defining the posterior canal, very much longer, rising high above
the termination of the outer lip. The latter is abruptly truncated

350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June,

on a level with the suture, not produced upward, as in the otner
species mentioned. The upper foramen of the lip shows from in
front as a slit, not an orifice, as in P. rufa.

P. fruhstorferi and tsushimana, from Iki Island and Tsushima
respectively, are hardly distinguishable from rufa. With a series
of P. rufa before me from Kobe, Awaji, Hyuga province in
Kiushiu, and other localities, and specimens of fruhstorferi and
tsushimana Mlldff. received from Fruhstofer, 1 am unable to find
any differential characters for Dr. von Mollendorff s supposed spe-
cies and subspecies except their distribution. The deeply dissected
western coast of Kiushiu indicates subsidence of an area long ex-
posed to denudation, and points to the recent isolation of Tsushima
and neighboring islands. Their fauna has much in common with
Kiushiu, and, so far as we now know, but few special species
strongly differentiated from those of the greater island.

DIPLOMMATINIDJE.

The Japanese Diplommatinidce fall into three groups : D.
pusilla v. Mart, and its var. omiensis Pils. are sinistral forms,
pusilla being placed in the genus Palaina, subgenus Cylin-
dropataina by Kobelt and Mollendorff;3 but their genera Palaina
and Diplommatina seem to stand in need of some rearrangement,
judging by the lists of species.

All of the other Japanese species apparently belong to the sec-
tion Sinica of the genus Diplommatina, with the single exception
of D. turris, which differs strongly from all other known Japanese
species.

Diplommatina turris n. sp.

Shell minute, tapering-turreted, whitish; the last two whorls of
about equal diameter, those above slowly tapering. Whorls 7-J
to 8, extremely convex, the first two smooth, the apex obtuse; the
last whorl but slightly ascending in front. Surface regularly sculp-
tured with rather widely spaced thread-like rib-strise. Aperture
subcircular, the columellar tooth hardly visible from in front, but
seen in an oblique view in the aperture to be moderately strong;
peristome narrowly expanded, its inner edge built forward beyond

3 Catalog der gegenwartig lebend bekannten Pncumonopomen, p. 53.

1901. J NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 351

the expansion; continued in an adnate callus across the parietal
wall. Palatal fold short, to the left of the parietal callus.

Length 2.2, diam. 0.9 mm.

Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 648).

This species is not related to any other form known from Japan
or the Loo Choo group. The turreted shape, extremely convex
whorls, and regular spaced rib-strife are its prominent features.

Diplommatina saginata n. sp.

Shell dextral, imperforate, shortly oblong-conic, obese, amber-
colored or white, densely sculptured with delicate thread-like rib-
strise, about 25 in the space of a millimeter on the penultimate
whorl, slightly wider apart on the earlier whorls; no spiral stria-
tion. Penultimate whorl widest, those above forming a regularly
conic spire. Whorls 6^-, the first obtuse and smooth; last whorl
much smaller than the penultimate, strongly ascending in front.
Aperture subcircular; colurnellar tooth strong, as usual. Peris-
tome narrowly reflexed, thickened on the face, continuous in a
delicate cord across the parietal margin. Palatal fold above the
columella, rather long.

Length 2.3, diarn. 1.2 mm.

Nase, Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 6496) ; also Furuniga,
Oshima (No. 649a).

A smaller, shorter species than D. insularum of Kunchan,
Okinawa, or D. cassa of Hondo. In one specimen the outer lip
is duplicate, in the others merely thickened. The upper margin of
the peristome rises nearly to the preceding suture. A specimen
from Furuniya measures, length 2.24, diam. 1.28 mm.

Diplommatina oshimae n. sp.

Shell dextral, imperforate, bright red -amber colored, the penulti-
mate whorl widest, those above regularly tapering, forming a long,
attenuated spire. Whorls 7, convex, the first two or three dark
red, smooth, the next two having conspicuous thread-like, wide-
spaced riblets, the last two whorls densely sculptured with low, more
delicate rib-strise; the last whorl somewhat contracted, ascending
in front, gibbous on the base behind the columellar lip. Aperture
circular, the peristome reflexed, not doubled, its inner edge a little
thickened and built forward, scarcely continuous, the parietal callus

352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June,

being but slightly developed. Coluraellar tooth strong, as usual.
Palatal fold wanting.

Length 3, diam. 1.4 mm.

Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 651).

This species has a longer, more attenuated spire than D.
luchuana, and it differs from that and all other described Japanese
species in the widely spaced riblets of the spire. Moreover, no
palatal fold is seen through the front of the whorl, and upon open-
ing a specimen I found it wanting.

Diplommatina ludmana u. sp.

Shell small, dextral, oblong-conic, brown, finely striate, the striae
much less strong than in other described species of Japan or the
Loo Choo Islands. Whorls 6, convex, the penultimate and last
of about equal diameter, those above regularly tapering, forming
a long, conic spire. Last whorl ascending to the aperture, con-
stricted at its beginning in front. Aperture somewhat longer than
wide, the left margin straightened; peristome continuous, the outer
lip reflexed, duplicate by a narrow crest close behind it ; columellar
tooth strong; palatal fold very short. Length 2.3, diam.
1.15 mm.

Province of Kunchan, Okinawa (Loo Choo) Island (Mr. Y.
Hirase, No. 629).

Decidedly conic above, as in the larger D. Kobelti Ehrm. The
striation is weaker than in other Japanese species of the group,
none of which, except D. Kobelti, have so tapering a spire. The
palatal fold is shorter than in the other species of the region. The
surface seems to have no spiral stride between the longitudinal strise.
Diplommatina septentrionalis n. sp.

Shell dextral, corneous or pale brown, cylindric-oblong, finely
rib-striate, about 12 strise in the space of a millimeter on the penul-
timate whorl, the strise more widely spaced on the last whorl ;
under a high magnification showing excessively minute, close,
crenulated spiral striae between the rib-striae. Whorls nearly 6|,
convex, the first three forming a short terminal cone, the others
wide, last whorl ascending to the aperture. Aperture subcircular,
the lip continuous, reflexed, duplicate by a narrow crest close behind
it; columellar tooth moderately strong; palatal fold rather long.
Length 2.9, diam. 1.56 mm.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 353

Kayabe, prov. Ojima, Hokkaido Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, No.
639).

This is one of the northernmost known species of the genus. It
is somewhat larger than D. uzenensis, the rib-striae are more widely
spaced and under a high power there are fine, dense, spiral stride,
wanting in D. uzenensis. D. cassa is somewhat more cylindric.
with finer striation.

D. pusilla Mart, also occurs at Kayabe, Ojima, whence speci-
mens have been sent by Mr. Hirase. They measure 2.1 mm. long,
1 wide, and have about 11 or 12 riblets in the space of a millimeter,
measured on the last or penultimate whorls. The surface between
the riblets has excessively fine spiral striae, and I find that these
are present in var. omiensis, as well as in what I take to be typical
D. pusilla, although I overlooked them on the occasion of a former
examination.4 I cannot see that the specimens from Hokkaido
Island differ from those of middle Hondo.

* These Proceedings for 1900, p. 382.

23

354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PLANTS. No. XV.

BY THOMAS MEEHAN.
THE BENDING OF MATURE WOOD IN TREES.

At the meeting of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science held in Philadelphia in 1884, Prof. Charles E.
Bessey exhibited a drawing of the trunk of a Balsam Fir that had
blown over and had bent in such a manner that the curvature could
only have occurred after the trunk had become several years old.
The prevalent impression is that trees and branches grow into their
various forms; or, as the popular phrase expresses it, " as the twig
is bent the tree's inclined." No one was prepared to believe that
the tree, once inclined, could at any time thereafter change its
form. There was nothing in the text-books to indicate the possi-
bility of such phenomena. Prof. Bessey 's specimen was looked
upon as interesting and curious, but it has had no influence in
our text-book teachings. Up to the present time we are taught
to look to light, gravitation, tension, turgescence, or some one or
another of the surrounding conditions to account for the direc-
tion which stems or branches assume — the independent energy
developed from plant life itself receiving but slight recognition,
probably because its exact nature is so far incomprehensible.
Prof. Bessey' s experience seemed to throw more light on some
of my own observations. In the Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1866, p. 401, appears
my paper " On the Consumption of Force by Plants in Over
coming Gravitation, " in which is clearly shown that life-energy,
sustained by nutrition, was an enormous power in the life-
history of the plant. I was encouraged to make actual experi-
ments and wide observations, that have extended from that time
till now, only to find the surprising fact that the recurving and
incurving of mature growth is among the commonest of phenomena
in the vegetable world. Before proceeding to prepare this paper,
I inquired of Prof. Bessey if he had investigated the matter fur-
ther, and received the following interesting letter:

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 385

NEW JAPANESE MARINE, LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

•

The present paper continues the description of new species of
inollusks discovered by Mr. Y. Hirase. I have taken this oppor-
tunity to illustrate the Japanese marine shells described in a former
communication.1

PLEUROTOMID^E.
Daphnella fragilis var. articulata nov. PI. XXI, fig. 26.

General form of D. fragilis (Rve. ) or D. lymnceformis (Kien. ).
Apical two whorls smooth; several whorls following sculptured
with unequal spiral cords, as coarse as those on the last whorl,
densely crenulate or beaded by close fine longitudinal laminae,
much less prominent and closer than the spirals. Last whorl
densely and evenly latticed by alternately larger and smaller spiral
cords intersecting scarcely less prominent, but rather closer, longi-
tudinal rib-strise. Pale brown, every fourth cord marked with
brown in narrow lines along the cord, alternating with diffused
white spots; a row of alternately brown and white squarish spots
below the suture; the early whorls brown. Aperture smooth
within, the outer lip thin, regularly arcuate, rather strongly
retracted above. Length 19, diam. 7, largest axis of aperture
11 mm.

Hirado, Hizen, in western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 903),
types No. 80,634 Coll. A. K S. P.; Kamakura, just below Tokyo
Bay, on the eastern side of Hondo (Acad. Coll.).

Mr. Tryon has lumped several totally distinct species under D.
lymnceformis, but the form so called by Kiener is less plump than
articulata, with even, close spirals and inconspicuous longitudinal
sculpture on the last whorl, while the spire has comparatively
strong costse and rather coarse spirals. The color, well shown in
Kiener' s figure, is whitish, with tawny, waved and anastomosing
longitudinal stripes. D. fragilis has not yet, to my knowledge,

1 These Proceedings, p. 193.
25

386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

been adequately defined; but the form I have considered to be that
species has a small, elevated nucleus of 2J- whorls, followed by
about three costate whorls, the ribs crossed by two or three coarse
spiral cords; after which the sculpture becomes comparatively fine.
If I am correct in this identification, then articulata is a distinct
species; but as Hedley has lately hinted, many of the more critical
or difficult species of the " London School" of conchologists. of
which A. Adams and Reeve were shining lights, can be identified
with certainty only by visiting the British Museum.2 Under the
circumstances I subordinate my form from Japan to D. fragilis as
a variety, content to have a name for this well-marked shell, evi-
dently of wide distribution in Japanese waters.

D. supercostata of E. A. Smith seems, from a specimen before
me, to belong near fragilis, though clearly distinct in both form
and sculpture. D. ornata Hinds from New Guinea is evidently
allied, though with a different color-pattern.

MITBIDJE.
Mitra (Costellaria) hizenensis n. sp. PI. XXI, fig. 31.

Shell slender, solid, dusky olive, with a brown or orange-brown
and rather prominent subsutural line and an ill-defined white zone
at the shoulder, in which the summits of the ribs are transversely
marked with short scattered brown lines; the narrow portion of
the base is pale yellow, with brown spots and dots. Surface rather
glossy, sculptured with rounded longitudinal ribs, nearly or quite
as wide as their intervals, 13 or 14 in number on the penultimate
whorl, becoming gradually weaker below the periphery of the last
whorl, and in adults obsolete toward the aperture; the concave in-
tervals crossed by very low, flat spirals, rather wider than the shal-
' low, oblong pits between them, and about 6 in number on the
penultimate whorl. The last whorl is attenuated below, and has a
number of large spiral ribs and small cords and striae, the largest
rib continuous with the upper columellar plait. Whorls about 9 ;
apex dark. Aperture small, dark purple-brown within, the lip
thin, white-bordered, multilirate inside. Columella with four sim-
ple plaits. Length 14.5, diam. 5, longest axis of aperture 7.5
mm.; length 17, diam. 6.5 mm.

2 Or by imposing upon the present'custodian of the collection of Mollusoa,
whose g od nature is admitted to be well-nigh inexhaustible.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 387

Hirado, Hizen, western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No.
80,475 Coll. A. N. S. P., from 688a of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Near M. fuscoapicata E. A. Smith, but it has more and shallower
spiral sulci in the intervals between the ribs, which are fewer in
number; it is smaller, the upper two plaits of the columella are
not grooved, and the coloration is somewhat different. M. gotoensi*
and M. collinsoni have more numerous ribs. In adult specimens
of M. hizenensis the latter third of the last whorl is smooth, the
costse disappearing.

Mitra (Costellaria) vanattai n. sp. PI. XXI, fig. 28.

Shell rather slender, solid, brownish olive, with a wide dark-
brown band below the periphery, and a light brown line at the
shoulder, the base brown. Surface rather glossy, sculptured with
rounded longitudinal ribs, as wide as the smooth concave intervals,
14 in number on the penultimate whorl, obsolete on the latter half
of the last whorl ; the attenuated base sculptured with spiral cords,
the largest continuous with the upper plait of the columella, those
below it (about 4) progressively smaller; a few small spirals above
the large cord. Whorls remaining 8 (the apex being eroded),
somewhat convex. Aperture bluish and finely lirate deep within,
purple brown toward the white-bordered thin lip. Columella with
5 plaits, the upper strong, not grooved. Length 17, diam. 7,
longest axis of aperture 8 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,476, from 6886
of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This species was sent with the preceding, from which it is easily
separated by the want of spiral sculpture between the ribs. Some-
what allied to M. semisculpta, but it differs in the smooth intervals.
M. analogica Reeve has fewer plaits, according to the description.

MURICID^B.
Tritonidea submenkeana n. sp. PI. XXI, fig. 24.

Shell short-fusiform, very solid and strong. Sculptured with
longitudinal ribs, 12 to 15 in number on the last whorl, the last
rib very much larger, forming a large, swollen varix behind the
lip; crossed by spiral cords which are low in the intercostal spaces
but rise and widen into transverse, oblong, glossy tubercles where
they cross the ribs; the penultimate and earlier whorls having

388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

three such spiral cords, the last whorl with ten (counted just
behind the outer lip) ; the intervals between the spiral cords every-
where densely, finely striate. Surface lustreless, black, the inter-
vals between ribs and a peripheral belt largely white; the tubercles
of the subsutural cord are mostly brown, the others chiefly black.
Whorls about 8, but slightly convex, the spire being rather
straightly conic; last whorl impressed below the suture, concave
below the periphery, produced and spirally striated anteriorly.
Aperture less than half the length of the shell, blue-white inside,
the lip beveled, with a brown spot at the termination of each spiral
cord, thickened within and contracted by six rounded teeth, the
upper one more widely separated than the others, the second from
above largest. Columellar margin concave above with a pliciform
tooth near the posterior angle, straightened and rather wide below,
bearing five or six transverse tubercles. Length 15, diam. 7,
longest axis of aperture 7.5 mm.

Hirado, Hizen, western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No.
80,538 Coll. A. N. S., from 1,037 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This little black-and-white species groups with T. menkeana
Dkr., a shorter shell with similar coloration. The unusual promi-
nence of the tubercles on the columellar lip, and the sculpture of
ribs tuberculate at the intersections of spiral cords, give it much the
appearance of a Sistrum.

PURPTTRA.

The luteostoma group of Purpura was too much lumped in my
Catalogue of Japanese Marine Mollusks. From a renewed study
of them, with much more material, it seems that the following four
Japanese forms are recognizable: P. luteostoma (Chemn.) Dillwyn,
P. bronni Dkr., P. elavigera Kiister, P. tumulosa var. problematica
Baker (= tumulosa Lischke not Reeve). I formerly followed
Mr. E. A. Smith3 in referring the latter to P. alveolata Reeve;
but I am now convinced that alveolata is, as Reeve stated, a
Panamic species. We have specimens from Panama in our collec-
tion exactly like his figure.

Mr. Hirase sends the Californian species P. saxicola Val. from
Kisennuma, Rikuzen, on the east coast of Hondo.

3 P. Z. 8., 1879.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 389

Euthria hokkaidonis n. sp. PI. XIX, fig. 17.

Shell slender, fusiform, moderately solid, yellowish or purplish
ashen. Surface lustreless, sculptured with slightly oblique longi-
tudinal rounded folds as wide as their intervals, 13 or 14 in num-
ber on the penultimate whorl, wanting on the base of the last
whorl, where they disappear just below the periphery; crossed by
spiral cords alternating with threads or striae, of which there are
usually two in each interval ; the coarser cords about 5 in number
on the whorls of the spire, slightly widening as they cross the longi-
tudinal folds; the spirals alone developed on the base. Spire high;
whorls about 9, very convex, separated by deep sutures; the last
whorl concave below, produced in a slender, somewhat recurved
rostrum; siphonal ridge convex. Aperture small, ovate, acumi-
nate above, livid dull purple inside, with 8 to 10 acute folds within
the thin -edged outer lip; canal short and open.

Length 22, diarn. 8.5, length of aperture 10 mm.

Length 22, diam. 8, length of aperture 9 mm.

Nakauta, prov. Teshio, Hokkaido (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types
No. 80,394, from No. 102 of Mr. Hirase' s collection.

Apparently related to E. fuscolabiata E. A. Smith, from which
it differs conspicuously in the much more slender figure.

COLUMBELLID^J.
Columbella misera Sowerby. PI. XXI, figs. 37, 38.

C. miser Sowb., Thes. Conch., I, p. 129 bis, PI. 38, fig. 111.
This species is figured to illustrate its difference from the follow-
ing. It was taken in some numbers at Kamakura, province Sag-
ami (below the mouth of Tokyo Bay), by Mr. Frederick Stearns.
It is very strongly ribbed, especially on the spire, the ribs being
about half the width of the interstices, about 11 or 12 in number
on the penultimate whorl, or on the last, when they are not obsolete
on its latter part, which is frequently the case. On the front of
the last whorl these ribs extend well over the periphery, but they
become much shorter on its latter half, or wholly obsolete. The
base is sculptured with coarse spiral cords, which become increas-
ingly weaker and obsolete as they approach the periphery. Color
ivhite, ivith one or two dark brown spots on each rib and a checkered
striped basal zone; the back of the last whorl irregularly striped or
reticulate; a white zone, usually brown-dotted on each rib, re-

390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

volves below the suture. The form varies widely. Alt. 11, diam.
5.2 mm; alt. 12, diam. 6 mm.

Figured specimens are No. 70,765 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
Kamakura, Sagami.

Columbella misera var. polynyma Pils. PI. XXI, fig. 39.

This vol., p. 196 Types No. 80,556 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
No. 1,097 of Mr. Hirase's collection. Study of more specimens
causes me to doubt whether the characters of this form are con-
stantly different enough from misera to require specific rank. The
following variety connects them to some extent.

Columbella misera var. californica Reeve. PI. XXI, fig. 36.

Columbella californica Reeve, Conch. Icon., VI. fig. 165 (1859).
Kobelt, Couchyl. Cab., p. 59, PL 8, figs. 3, 4. Not C. californiana
Gaskoin, P. Z. S., 1851, p. 12.

Specimens agreeing exactly with Reeve's figure were taken by
Mr. Hirase at Hirado, Hizen. They are larger than C. misera,
but agree with that in sculpture, except that there are one or two
more ribs to a whorl. The coloration is much darker. There is a
white subsutural zone pied with black, and a white basal area
striped with black-brown; -the intermediate space being more or
less suffused with rich brown and copiously lineated with black -
brown. The ribs are black below the subsutural zone. Whorls
over seven. Alt. 13.5, diam. 6.5 mm.; alt. 14, diam. 6 mm.

Prof, von Martens has quoted this race as a synonym of his C.
japonica, but I think incorrectly. It is much nearer the true
misera, and in my opinion is a southern variety of that species. The
name given by Reeve is unfortunate, as it is not a Californian
species. The specimen figured is No. 80,597 Coll. A. N. S. P.,
from No. 1,230 of Mr. Hirase's collection

C. misera inhabits the ocean coast of Hondo; C. misera var.
polynyma the opposite shore of the same island, and both C. misera
var. polynyma and C- misera var. californica occur in southwestern
Kiusiu.

FASCIOLARIIDJE.

Peristernia ustulata var. luchuana Pils. Pi. XIX, fig. 18.

See p. 197. Type is No. 80,418 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
298 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

P. crocea Gray, scabrosa Reeve, xanthostoma Nutt. and va-

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 391

rious other forms of the Polynesian chlorostoma Sowb. are all
markedly shorter shells. The variety of scabrosa figured by Ko-
belt (Couchyl. Cab. Turbinella, PL 23, f. 4. p. 96) may possibly
be the same, but it is nameless.

BUCCINID^E.

Chrysodomus intersculptus var. frater Pils. PI. XX, fig. 21.

See p. 197. Type is No. 80,379 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
59 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Buccinum Hirasei n. sp. PI. XX, fig. 22.

Shell solid, turreted, partly covered with an olive-brown cuticle;
composed of about 8 whorls, which are convex at the periphery,
contracted below, and channeled above; the channel rather wide,
flat, bounded by a strongly elevated, slightly uneven carina.
Sculpture of faint growth- lines and a few low spiral cords, hardly
noticeable on the last whorl. Aperture slightly ovate, angular at
the termination of the carina, the basal notch not very deep.
Outer lip smooth, not thickened, somewhat expanded. Operculum
unknown.

Length 104, diam. 43, longest axis of aperture 37 mm.

Kizennuma, Rikuzen (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 556).

This magnificent species is known to me by the single specimen
figured, which was collected dead. The outer lip is broken above
the middle, so that its true outline in that part is not given in the
figure. The cuticle has nearly all been lost, and the shell is over-
grown with Polyzoa, Spirorbis, etc.

The conspicuous channel at the suture is formed almost exactly
like that of Chrysodomus pericochlion (Schrenk), a species occur-
ring with B. Hirasei at Kizennuma. The similarity is so great
that I have figured Schrenk' s species for comparison.

Chrysodomus perioochlion (Schrenk). PI. XX, fig. 23.

The specimen here figured is longer and less inflated than the
original % type of the species as figured by Schrenk. The dark
olive cuticle, wanting from the base of the shell, resembles that
of Buccinum Hirasei, and reminds one of the cuticle of such fresh-
water snails as Viviparus or Campeloma.

392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

CEBITHIIDJE.
CIAVA Martyn.

This genus has been used to cover certain species formerly re-
ferred to Potamides, by Jousseaume in 1884, 4 and by Dollfus and
Dautzenberg in 1899, 5 and for the group long known as Vertagus
by Dall in 1892.6 The latter usage I find to be correct. In the
first volume of the Universal Conchology Martyn introduces Clava
for the Cerithiidce known to him — a group which had previously
been referred to Murex by Linnaeus. He gives the following
species:

Clava rugata Martyn •(= Cerithium lineatum Lam.).

Clava herculea Martyn (= Cerithium ebeninum Brug. ).

Clava maculata Martyn (= Cerithium maculosum auct.).

Clava rubus Martyn (=: Cerithium echinatum Ij&m.^).

In following volumes of the same work, Martyn adds still other
forms of Clava. But it is obvious that a type for the genus must
be selected from species contained in his first volume. Now the
C. herculea of his list was made type of the genus Pyrazus by
Montfort in 1810,' under the name Pyrazus baudini Montf. C.
rubus falls into Cerithium as now restricted.8 This leaves C.
maculata9 and C. rugata to bear the name Clava. The two species
are not closely related, and the latter may be considered type of
Martyn' s genus. The name Vertagus, used for this group by many
authors, had no standing in binomial nomenclature until long after
the foundation of Clava.

4 Bull Soc. Zool de France, IX, 1884, p. 191.
bJourn. de Conchyl., 1899, p. 2.

6 Trans, Wagner Free Institute of Science, III, p. 290.

7 Conch. Syst., II, pp. 458, 459.

8 Cerithium was established by Bruguiere to contain species of Vertagus
and Potamides of authors, as well as the forms to which it is now restricted.

Clava rubus of Martyn is the well-known Cerithium echinatum of La-
marck, which name it must replace. It is not the Cerithium rubus of English
monographers or of Tryon. who followed their error. Kobelt, in his mono-
graph in the new edition of Chemnitz's Conchylien Cabinet, p. 213,
quotes "C. rubus Pilsbry, Manual, IX, p. 103, PI. 23, fig. 9," as a synonym
of C. serratum Wood. I was not responsible for volume IX of the Man-
ual, my work beginning in volume X. With a "? " he also quotes "Clavus
rubus Martyn." But Martyn's Clava rubus was a totally different shell,
the C. echinatum of authors, a common Polynesian species. The failure on
the part of monographers to recognize this fact was due to want of care ;
neither the Universal Conchology nor Chenu's reprint have been consulted
by them.

• C. maculata is the "C. maculosum" of English monographers and of
Tryon ; another curious error.

1901.] • NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 393

No species of the type proposed by Dr. Jousseaurae and Messrs.
Dollfus and Dautzenberg was contained in Martyn's original list.
Their use of the name Clava is therefore without proper founda-
tion, while DalJ's course is clearly supported by the evidence of
Martyn's original work.

The Vertagus pfefferi of Dunker is not a Vertagus or Clava, but
a true Cerithiwn, which I have received from Hirado, prov. Hizen,
Japan (collected by Mr. Hirase), and from Hong Kong (B.
Schmacker). It is very close to C. granosum Kiener (not of
Searles Wood, 1848), which was described from the Red Sea, and
has been reported by Lischke (Jap. Meeres- Conehyl. , I, p. 6£)
from Nagasaki. C. mitrceforme Sowb. seems to differ but little, if
at all, and C. eximium Sowb. and rubus of Sowerby and Tryon1*
may be the same thing. As there is great uncertainty about the
species of Kiener and Sowerby, I prefer to use the name given by
Dunker, based upon Japanese specimens, and with a good descrip-
tion and figures, for the Japanese form.

Cerithium chemnitzianum n. sp. PI. XIX, figs. 14, 15.

Shell oblong-conic, strong, pale yellow, sparsely maculate and
densely dotted with rich brown. Sculptured with many very low
spiral cords which are weakly granose, the grains irregularly alter-
nating brown and white; the upper two cords with stronger grains.
There are about 10 of these cords on the latter part of the last
whorl, 4 on the penultimate, and 3 on each of the earlier whorls.
The intervals between cords are densely striate spirally, the striae
usually very unequal, a median one generally larger, sometimes
nearly as large as the primary cords, and brown-dotted. Outlines
of the spire convex below, becoming straight above. Whorls
remaining 8 (the apex being eroded), the upper ones flattened,
the last three somewhat convex just below the sutures, the last
whorl having a very strong, tumid, oblique varix on the back, and
another less elevated one strengthening the outer lip. Aperture
slightly oblique, the base being a little advanced, white within;
outer lip strongly arched, almost forming a semicircle. Columellar

10 That the English monographers and Tryon should have identified this
small species as Martyn's Clava rubus is inexplicable. Murex serratus
of Wood, in the Index Testaceologicus, PI. 28, fig. 158, is a much reduced
and poor figure of the true C. rubus Martyn ; but C. serratum of the Eng-
lish and German monographs is quite another thing.

394 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF • [July,

lip calloused, bearing a strong entering callous ridge above. Canal
very short, deep and narrow.

Length 27, diam. 13.5, longest axis of aperture 11.5 mm.

Length 29, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 11.5 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,631 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 279 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

The sculpture is much more feeble than in (7. morus or its imme-
diate allies, though some forms referable to morus resemble this
species in form.

The figure of C. janellii var. in the zoology of the Astrolabe
ei Zelee, Atlas, PI. 24, fig. 22, resembles C. chemnitzianum some-
what, but differs in the plicate spire. In the monographs by Reeve,
Tryon and Kobelt I fail to find anything much like the present spe-
cies. This shell is named for the author of the most extensive shell
iconography of the eighteenth century, a work of utility up to this
day. Would that A. Adams, a hundred years later, had defined
his species half as well! is one's thought on working with Japanese
mollusks.

LITTOBINIDJB.
Echinella cumingi var. luchuana Pils. pi. XIX, fig. 16.

See p. 198. Types are No. 70,962 Coll. A. N. S. P.

This variety resembles Tectarius spinulosa Phil. (Abbild. Ill,
Littorina, PI. 6, f. 24), but that is imperforate, while this has an
open, cylindrical umbilicus.

PYRAMIDELLIDJE.
Syrnola bacillum n. sp PI. XXI, fig. 25.

Shell slender, rod-like, marbled reddish-brown and white, with
a narrow baud of alternate brown and white spots revolving mid-
way between sutures and on the middle of the upper surface of the
last whorl, which has a white peripheral belt; this coloring
sometimes very faint. Nuclear whorl standing obliquely on edge,
the very short spire inclined downward; subsequent whorls 12^ or
13, flat, separated by deeply cut sutures, sculptured with faint
growth -lines and an impressed line revolving below the suture;
some very faint spirals showing elsewhere in certain lights. Periph-
ery rounded, the base convex, subperforate. Aperture small,
narrowly ovate; columella bearing a single strong fold.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 395

Length 9. 7, diara. 2, longest axis of aperture 2 mm. ; diam. of
the upturned apical whorl .27 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,605 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 1,239 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

A very narrow species, with a particular style of coloration,
which at times, however, is very faint. The widely distributed
Symola brunnea also occurs at the same locality. S. aciculata A.
Ad., of which I have compared specimens from Fiji, is a larger
species with more convex whorls.

TUBBONILLIDJE.

Turbonilla varicifera Pils. PI. XXI, fig. 27.

See p. 198. Types are No. 80,603 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
No. 1,238 (part) of Mr. Hirase's collection.

EULIMIDJE.
Eulima dunkeriana n. sp. PI. XXI, fig. 30.

A glossy, white, straight species, remarkably thick above, being
thus somewhat cylindric. Whorls 9-J-, a trifle convex, the linear
suture being margined below (at least on Ihe upper half of the
shell) with a translucent band (sometimes enclosing a white band),
one-fourth to one-third the width of the whorl, the lower margin
of which, in some lights, looks like the suture itself, though there
is no impression at that place. At the last half -whorl there is an
impressed varix-line ; another in line with it is on the preceding
whorl, while the next earlier whorl shows a similar impression
somewhat in advance of these. On another specimen about 1 mm.
shorter, and evidently not full grown, there is on the last whorl a
single varix-line. The aperture is narrowly and acutely ovate;
lip simple, a little obtuse. Length 11.2, diain. 2.6, longest axis
of the aperture 3.2 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,637 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 1,222 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Close to E. philippiana (Dunker),1* which was taken at Kama-
kura by Mr. Frederick Stearns; but E. dunkeriana differs in the
much broader form. E. philippiana has not been well figured.
A specimen from Kamakura before me has an impressed varix-line
near the end of the penultimate whorl, and only falling a little

11 Erroneously referred to the genus Eulimella by Danker.

396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [July,

short of corresponding with the position of the peristome; another
on line with it is upon the preceding whorl; the next earlier whorl
has a varix-line near its beginning, almost a whorl being thus with-
out a varix. A young shell, 6 ram. long, has one varix-line on
the back of the penultimate whorl. E. philippiana measures, alt.
10.2, diam. 2.15, longest axis of aperture 2.67 mm. Dunker gives
alt. 11, diam. 2 mm. for the type.

Evidently these species have resting stages at irregular intervals,
and the varix-lines are inconstant in position and number.

Both of these species are remarkable for the thickness of the
upper part of the spire, though this feature is more exaggerated in
E. dunkeriana.

Eulima luchuana n. sp. PI. XXI, fig. 23.

Shell white and glossy,- conic, curved slightly to the right, that
margin being about straight while the left side is a little convex,
regularly tapering, 9J whorls remaining (the apex being decollate),
slightly convex, the penultimate whorl having an impressed varix-
line at its last sixth, the preceding whorl with one on line with
the peristome, the next earlier whorl with a varix-line correspond-
ing in position to that on the penultimate whorl; the varices thus
being all on the right or incurved side. Aperture ovate-acuminate,
the lip a little obtuse.

Alt. 12, diam. 3.85, longest axis of aperture 4.15 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,628 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 1,275 of Mr. Hirase' s collection.

The aperture is longer than in E. nitidula A. Ad., which,
though a smaller species, is described as having 11 whorls.

Assiminea angustata n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate, or nearly so, long ovate-conic, solid,
red-brown, glossy and smooth. Whorls about 5J, rather flattened,
the last one convex. Aperture small, rounded-ovate, oblique;
peristome simple, the columellar and parietal margins somewhat
thickened. Length 3, diam. 1.7, longest axis of aperture 1.2 mm.

Rishiri, Kitami (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 1,277 of marine mollusk
list).

Unusually lengthened for Assiminea, but with the color and
texture of that genus, though it may possibly be Rissoid.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 397

NERITIDJE.
Nerita martensiana n. sp.

Shell globose, small, solid, rather bright sulphur yellow, paler
and somewhat mottled with gray or blackish toward the aperture.
Surface dull, sculptured with low, rather coarse spiral cords, about
15 on the last whorl, the upper one appressed against the preceding
whorl. Spire short, whorls about 3, the last a little depressed below
the suture, which is bordered below by a somewhat more promi-
nent cord. Aperture semicircular, yellow or whitish; lip-rib
smooth, with a small tubercle above, and another well within near
the base of the columella. Columellar area white or yellowish, flat
and smooth, the outer border well defined; edge of columella
straight, with two or three low, subobsolete teeth, the upper one
strongest.

Alt. 10, diam. 9.5 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,489 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 729 of Mr. Hirase' s collection.

Small as this species is, the specimens are apparently adult. The
smooth columellar area, with well-defined outer margin, weak
denticulation and smooth rib within the outer lip are its more
prominent characters. I find no species agreeing with these speci-
mens in the monographs, the best of which is that by Prof, von
Martens in the new edition of Chemnitz.
Nerita helicinoides var. tristis nov.

Shell black with some white spots along the basal margin, and
sometimes a few angular pink and white spots elsewhere. Colu-
mella three-notched in the middle; area smooth, yellow-tinted in
the middle; lip-rib weakly crenulate, a small denticle near its
upper end.

Alt. 13J, diam. 11 % mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 218). Types No. 80,406
ColJ. A. N. S. P.

This variety is like the typical form in the denticulation of
columella and lip. In var. Icevilabris Pils. the lip-rib is smooth
throughout, and the columellar denticles very weak; these charac-
ters being constant in a large number of specimens.

N. helicinoides is apparently closely related to the small form of
.Y. striata Burrow described by Prof, von Martens in the new edi-
tion of Chemnitz, p. 39. PI. 7, figs. 19, 20.

398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

TBOCHID-ffi.

Cantharidus hirasei Pils. Page 199. PI. XXI, fig. 32.
Cantharidus bisbalteatus Pils. Page 199. PI. XXI, fig. 33.
Clanculus gemmulifer Pils. Page 200. PI. XXI, fig. 34.
Clanculus hizenensis Pils. Page 201. PI. XXI, fig. 35.

Some of A. Adams' blanket "descriptions" might cover these
species, but none of them indicate the specific characters of either
of them. The sane judgment of scientific malacologists now de-
mands that a description shall describe.

TURBINIDJE.
Leptothyra rubra var. Isevicostata nov.

Shell depressed-globose, coral-red, with pale and red dots alter-
nating on the ribs. Whorls 4J, the last deeply descending anteri-
orly. Sculpture of about 8 rather strong, almost smooth spiral
ribs above and upon the rounded peripheral region, with one or
several fine threads in some of the interspaces; 8 to 10 smaller,
closer smooth ribs upon the rather flattened base. Alt. hardly 4,
diam. 5 mm.

Northern shore of province Tango, western side of Hondo (M.
E. Gaines). Types No. 70,794 Coll. A. K S. P.

Specimens from Mr. Hirase, taken at Hirado, Hizen, vary
from coral -red to almost purple, and some of them are rather
larger with the spire elevated, the largest measuring alt, 5.2,
diam. 5.5 mm.

This form differs from L. rubra (Dkr. ) in the smoothness of the
spiral ribs, which are not rougher than in the Mediterranean L. san-
guinea (L. ), and in the smaller size, rubra measuring, alt. scarcely
6, diam. 6 to 6J mm. In L. sanguinea the ribs of the base are
not noticeably smaller, as they are in all of the Japanese Lepto-
thyras I have seen. Perhaps this variety is what Dunker and
others have reported from Japan as sanguinea L.

Acmaea heroldi var. signata Pils. Pi. XIX, figs. 10, 11.

See p. 202. Types No. 80,497 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
748 of Mr. Hirase' s collection.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 399

SOLENID^.
Solen roseomaculatus n. sp. ri. xix, tig. 13.

Shell small, thin, moderately curved, the upper aud lower mar-
gins parallel, both ends truncated, with rather rounded angles;
compressed, open at both ends, glossy and smoolh except for faint
growth -stride. White with very irregular, more or less confluent pur-
plish-roseate maculation throughout, the spots coarser toward the
distal end. Beaks roseate. Anterior end obliquely truncate, the
margins narrowly expanded or flaring, thickened within. A single
prominent, erect tooth in each valve, that in the right valve ante-
rior to the other and compressed, that in* the left triangular, being
buttressed posteriorly.

Length 31, alt. 6.3, diam. 3.8 mm.

Hirado, Hizen, western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No.
80,565 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No. 1,044 of Mr. Hirase's col-
lection.

This rose -variegated little Solen is curved like an En*is, and has
some similarity to S. pictus Philippi,12 S. vaginoides Phil.13 non
Lam. = S. philippianus Dkr.14 and S. aspersus Dkr.16 Solen pic-
tus is comparatively shorter and markedly inflaled or cylindric, while
the present Japanese species is strongly compressed. S. philippianus
measures 66 by a little over 10 mm. (" 2" 8'" lang, und wenig
u'ber 5'" hoch"), and is thus a narrower shell, and it is more
attenuated anteriorly, with smeared coloration, according to the
figure. S. aspersus is decidedly more slender, and anteriorly
below it is more square-cornered. The proportions of the three
species are as follows, the altitude and diameter being compared
with the length:

Length. Alt. Diam.

S. roseomaculatus, 1 £ £ of the length.

& philippianus, 1 — ,V

S aspersus, 1 y — rV ' '

S. pictus, 1 § i "

12 Philippi, Zeitschr.f. Malak., 1848, p. 174. Habitat unknown. It has
not been figured, to my knowledge.

13 Philippi, AbUU. v. Beschreib., etc., I, Solen, PL 1, fig. 3. From New
Holland.

V Bunker, Proe. Zool. Soc. Land ., 1861, p. 420, under S. aspersus.
15Dunker, I. c., Australia. The type has been figured in Conch. Icon.,
XIX, Solen, PI. 7, fig. 33a.

400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

PETRICOLIDJE.
Petricola cyclus Pils. PL XIX, figs. 3, 4.

Seep. 204. Types are No. 80,580 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
No. 1,199 of Mr. Hirase's collection. It has some merely super-
ficial resemblance to P. typica Jonas.

Petricola cyclus var. sculpturata Pils. PL XIX, fig. 7.

See p. 205. Types are No. 10,130 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
Puttalam, Ceylon.

VENERIDJE.
Venus Hirasei Pils. Pi. XIX, fig l ; PI. XX, fig. 20.

See p. 205. Types No. 80,447 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
492 of Mr. Hirase's collection. It is curiously like the Panamic
V. columbiensis Sowb., but differs in having fewer ribs separated
by much wider intervals, and a deeper, narrower pallial sinus.
The cardinal teeth are more deeply bifid than in V. columbiensis.
The largest specimen I have seen measures, length 52, alt. 44,
diam. 33J mm. It is from Oyama, Tsushima.

Tapes platyptycha Pils. PL XIX, fig. 6.

Page 206. Types are No. 81,218 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
1,196 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Tapes phenax Pils. PL XIX, fig. 5.

Page 207. Types are No. 80,436 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
432 of Mr. Hirase's collection

Donax kiusiuensis Pils. PL XX, fig. 19.

Page 207. Types are No. 80,505 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
$47 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

TELLINID^l.
Tellina (Merisca) pristiformis n. sp. PL XIX, fig. 8.

Shell equilateral, subtriangular, slightly inequivalve, the poste-
rior end being bent to the right ; moderately convex, solid, white.
Surface dull and lustreless, sculptured with densely crowded fine,
concentric lamellse, a little stronger and more spaced toward the
two ends; the intervals sculptured with fine, subobsolete, radial
strise, which are fainter in the middle, and often hardly percept! -

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA.

PLATE XIX.

14 15

17 18

P1LSBRY. NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSCA.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XX.

22

PILSBRY. NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSCA.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 19O1.

PLATE XXI.

PILSBRY DEL.

PILSBRY. NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSCA.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 401

ble anywhere, even with a lens. Beaks somewhat prominent,
small and in contact. Anterior end rounded, the slope above
straight; posterior slope straight or slightly convex, finely serrate;
the posterior end narrowly subrostrate and biangular, the right
valve having two prominent posterior keels, the space between them
concave, left valve with one posterior keel, a narrow furrow close
before it, with a slighter second depression, the basal margin well
rounded, ascending and sometimes slightly sinuous behind. Lunule
lanceolate, very deeply cut, bounded by acute ridges, that of the
right valve rising well above the left, and with a wider excavation.
Area also deeply excavated, bounded by keels, the ligament promi-
nent. Interior white, the hinge strong, with two cardinal teeth in
each valve, the left anterior tooth and the right posterior bifid.
Left valve without laterals, right valve with low, distant anterior
and posterior lateral teeth. Hinge-line straight behind the beak,
concave in front. Pallial sinus very large, reaching to within a
millimeter or two of the anterior adductor scar, confluent with the
pallial line below for about half its length. Scars of the cruciform
muscle distinct.

Length 38, alt. 29.5, diam. 11.5 mm.

Inland Sea of Japan. Types No. 71,029 Coll. A. N. S. P.

This species is closely related to T. pristis Lam. and T. concen-
trica Gld. It has a wider lunule than the former, its bounding
keels without the irregularity, "saw" or serration seen in T.
pristis. The posterior area is more deeply excavated, the posterior
keel of the right valve is stronger, and the end is much more bent
to the right. The hinge-plate is wider, and the anterior lateral
tooth is further removed from the cardinals. Finally, the dorsal
slopes are steeper, meeting at a smaller angle, and hence tke whole
outline is more triangular. In T. concentrica Gld. (Fiji Islands)
the form is more elongate, the lunule and posterior area far less
impressed, and the interior is more glossy, with shallower, less dis-
tinct muscular scars, and the shell is thinner. T. diaphana Desh.
differs by having the pallial sinus abut against the anterior adduc-
tor scar, according to Deshayes' description. T. siamerisis v.
Martens is a longer, less high species, by the description. It has
not been figured, so far as I can learn, and is doubtfully distinct
from T. diaphana Desb.

26

402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

ANATINIDJE.
Anatina impura Pils. Pi. XIX, fig. 9.

Page 208. Types are Nos. 68,536 and 70,812 Coll. A. N. 8. P.

LIMIDJE.

Lima hians var. hirasei Pils. PI. XIX, flg. 12.

Page 209. Types No. 80,525 Coll. A. N. S, P., from No.
901 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Closely allied to L. hians Gra. of Europe, but the sculpture is
finer, the gape of both ends less widely open, and the anterior rib
inside is not so strong.

ABCID^J.
Area nipponensis Pils. PI. XIX, fig. 2.

See p. 209. Types are Ko. 79,009 Coll. A. N. S. P.

Land and Fresh-water Species.

PUPIDJB.

Buliminus reinianus var. hokkaidonis noy.

Similar to reinianus except in being shorter and broader, with
very obtuse apex, the upper part of the spire broader. Whorls 8.
Length 23, diam. above aperture 8, longest axis of aperture 9 mm.

Kayabe and Shukunobe, prov. Ojima, Hokkaido.

Typical B. reinianus is not known from Hokkaido Island. I
now believe that it will be difficult, if indeed practicable or desirable,
to distinguish extorris or omiensis as races distinct from the variable
reinianus, though typically the forms are separable. There is also
a rather small ana more striate form of the species occurring at
Okinoshima and some other places in Shikoku Island, but I have
not seen enough specimens to be satisfied that it requires varietal
distinction.

HELICID-&3.

Mandarina mandarina var. ponderosa nov.

Shell large and very heavy, reddish-brown or purple-black with
a light umbilical patch; whorls 5£, the last one distinctly carinated
at the periphery. Surface coarsely decussate, the impressed spiral
lines being much stronger than in the typical form. Alt. 21,
diam. 28 mm.; alt. 19, diam. 26 mm.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 403

Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No.
80,812 Coll. A. N. S., from 4676 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

As yet we know nothing of the distribution of species on the
several islands of this little group, the investigation of which will
be of the greatest interest. We look to Mr. Hirase to throw light
upon it.

Trishoplita dacostae var. awajiensis nov.

Shell depressed -conoid, thin, hardly glossy, corneous with a
faint brown tint, often in streaks, paler or a little whitish below
the sutures. Spires somewhat elevated; whorls 5f, the last
obtusely subangular in front. Sculpture of slight, rather irregular
growth-stride, a strong lens showing some almost obsolete spiral striae
near the umbilicus. Aperture oblique, short-oval, almost round,
a little excised by the parietal wall. Peristome thin, narrowly
expanded and subreflexed. Alt. 6.2, diam. 9 mrn. ; width of
umbilicus about 1 mm.

Anaya, Awaji Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 645).

This form is duller, more conoidal, with the last whorl more
depressed than T. goodwini var. kyotoensis. It is smaller than
T. dacostce, with the aperture less rounded. It is the first Tris-
hoplita known from Awaji Island.
Trishoplita goodwini var. strigata nov.

Shell similar in general characters to T. goodwini, but rather
faintly streaked obliquely with brown on a whitish corneous
ground, usually whitish below the suture. Finely obliquely
striate, and densely decussate by close spirals. Whorls 5J to 6.
Alt. 9J, diam. 13, width of umbilicus 1J mm.

Hirado, Hizen, in western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase). Type,
No. 78,844 Coll. A. N. S. P., No. 344 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This form was recognized as somewhat different from the typical T.
goodivini of Hondo, when received from Mr. Hirase about a year
ago; but I did not then think it desirable to distinguish it by
name. Since such forms of goodwini as tosana and dacostce have
been so distinguished, it would seem advisable to recognize this
also. Upon the whole, it is well to have names for these sub-
species, which have become differentiated in various areas of the
empire. T. goodwini var. strigata differs from tosana and dacostce.
by its decussate surface.

404 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ZONITID-EJ.
Kaliella subcrenulata n. sp.

Shell narrowly perforate, depressed-trochiform, pale brown,
somewhat translucent. Sculpture of very fine, close, thread-like
striae and subobsolete spiral striae; the base smooth. Spire conic,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, nearly flat, the last acutely carinate
in the middle, the carina smooth-edged; base very convex. Aper-
ture narrow, somewhat rhombic; peristome simple. Alt. 1.5,
diam. 2.4 mm.

Kochi, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Similar to K. erenulata Gude, but much more depressed. It
occurred with specimens of K. erenulata (Gude), and an elevated
variety of K. multtfbolvis Pils.

K. ruida Pils. is a larger and more coarsely sculptured but
evidently allied species.
Kaliella lioderma n. sp.

Shell perforate, pyramidal with flattened base, obtuse apex and
straight lateral outlines; pale yellowish-corneous. Whorls 7,
rather convex, the last acutely carinate, somewhat convex below.
'Surface glossy, smooth except for slight growth-striae. Aperture
basal, rhombic, nearly twice as wide as high; peristome simple, the
margins remote, the columellar margin reflexed. Alt. 2.5, diam.
•2.2 mm.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).

More elevated than K. erenulata, and distinguished by its plain,
smooth surface.
Kaliella harimensis n. sp.

Shell perforate, obtusely conoidal, fragile, amber colored, trans-
lucent. Whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, the nucleus rather
large; last whorl obtusely subangular in front, elsewhere rounded
at the periphery, the base convex. Sculpture of extremely fine,
densely crowded, thread-like striae above, giving the surface a some-
what silken lustre; almost obsolete on the glossy 'base, which shows
weak spiral striae near the middle. Aperture truncate-crescentic,
the peristome thin, a little reflexed at the perforation. Alt. 2,
diam. 2^ mm.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 655). •

This species is much more depressed than the allied K. pagodu-
loides Gude. It has not the peripheral keel of K. fraterna Pils.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 405

BBALTID^J.
Omphalotropis japonicus n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, acutely ovate-conic, rather thin,
yellowish brown; surface glossy and smooth. Spire straightly
conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 6, convex, the last with a
strong basal keel around the umbilicus. Aperture slightly
oblique, ovate, the outer and basal margins of the peristome a
trifle expanded, columellar margin reflexed. Length 5.3, diam-
eter 3.5, length of aperture 2.5 mm.

Kashiwashima, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 588).

This is, I believe, the first Omphalotropis found in Japan.

AMNICOLIDJE.
Bithynia striatula var. japonica nov.

Shell pale amber tinted or corneous, glossy, similar to B. striatula
of China, but differing in sculpture, the spiral ridges beins: much
stronger; 3 or 4 large and irregularly spaced ones above the peri-
phery, those on the base smaller and closer. Alt. 10 (specimens
with the early whorls lost by erosion), diam. 6.5 mm.; longest
axis of aperture 5 mm.

Manabe, Hidachi (type locality), and Osaka (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Types No. 80,683 Coll. A. N. S.} from No. 152 of Mr. Hirase's
collection.

Specimens from Osaka have less strong sculpture than those from
the province Hidachi, though it is still stronger than in any Chinese
specimens of B. striatula in the series before me. The peristome
is rather less expanded, too, though well thickened in adults, and
either black (Manabe) or pale (Osaka). B. striatula has already
been reported from Japan by Prof, von Martens,16 who in i860
found it at Yokohama, on the muddy bank of the small river, at
the first bridge, in quite fresh water. I suppose it was this strongly
sculptured form which he found. The Vega Expedition collected
shells identified by Westerlund as B. striatula at Jokogava (near
Tokyo), and at Lake Biwa (Vega Exp., IV, p. 182). In China
the species is widely diffused, from the Yangtse to the Amur drain-
ages; and Pere Heude17 has split it into some four species. Of

16 Sitzungsber. naturf. Freumde zu Berlin, 1877, p. 114. B. striatula
was described from Chusan, as Paludina (BitJiinia) striatula Bens., Jour n,.
Asiat. Soc. Beng., XXIV, 1885, p. 131. Schmacker found it at Shanghai.

17 Memoires concernant I' Hist. Nat. de I' Empire Chinois, pp. 171, 172.

406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

these his B. chinensis seems to me to be typical B. striatula, while B.
spiralis is a more slender, B. scalaris a stouter form, perhaps not
more than varietally distinct. B. striatula Bens, of Heude is a
strongly keeled form, certainly not the typical striatula of Benson.
His identification of it was possibly due to a remark of von Mar-
tens in Jahrb. D. Mai. Ges.y II, 1875, p. 133.

I have no great faith in the distinctness of any of these sup-
posed species ; but if several Chinese forms are to be distinguished,
the Japanese shells evidently deserve at least varietal rank. They
are nearer B. striatula Heude non Benson than to any other of
the Chinese varieties.

SPHJBBIID^B.
Sphaerium inutilis n. sp.

Shell oval, much inflated, thin, equilateral, grayish-brown, with
a pale basal zone; glossy, minutely striate; anterior end curved
in a semicircle; posterior end a little more obtuse, though still
well curved. Beaks small, projecting, " calyculate," or tipped
witn a distinctly demarked protoconch. Interior bluish-white;
cardinal teeth subobsolete, extremely compressed, parallel, with the
hinge-line, divided in the right valve, single in the left; lateral
teeth moderately strong, double in the right, single in the left
valve. Length 10, alt. 8.6, diam. 6.2 mm.

Nishigo, Uzen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

r^ Three species of Sphcerium are now known from Japan : S.
japonicum Westerlund, 18 S. heterodon Pilsbry,19 and the present
species. All belong to the subgenus Calyeulina. S. japonicum is
an elongate " subtrapeziform " species. S. inutilis differs from
S. heterodon in having higher beaks, a more curved hinge-line,
rounded ends and it is more globose.

No Pisidium or Cyrena is yet known from Japan proper, although
the latter genus occurs in the middle group of the Loo Choo
Islands.

CYRENID^E.
Corbicula sadoensis n. sp.

Shell triangular-oval, moderately inflated, solid; glossy, nearly
black in adults, sculptured with very close, irregularly raised and

18 Calyeulina japonica West., NacWbl. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1883, p. 58
(April); Vega Exp., IV, p. 216, PL 6, fig. 31, from Jokogava, near Tokyo.

19 Gatal. Mar. Moll. Jap., p. 159, PL 3, figs. 15, 16, 17, from Hizen, in
Kiusiu.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 407

thread-like concentric strise. Beaks moderately raised and full,
deeply eroded in adults. Interior whitish, or light violet outside
of the pallial line. Hinge rather narrow, the cardinal teeth
slightly grooved at their summits ; anterior and posterior laterals of
equal length, single in the left, double in the right valve. Length
33, ah. 27, diarn. 18 mm.

Sado, Japan (Mr. Y. Hirase).

It fills me with sadness to add another Corbicula to the Japanese
fauna, but these specimens cannot without violence be referred to
any of those known. C. martensi Clessin is perhaps the nearest,
but sadoensis is more transverse, the lateral teeth diverge at a wider
angle, and the striae are far closer. The very close, comparatively
fine striation is the chief differential character of the species,
distinguishing it from all the other forms.

Corbicula awajiensis n. sp.

Shell oval, compressed, the diameter about half and the alt.
three-fourths the length, bright yellowish green, with buff spots
and patches toward the beaks; strongly and regularly ribbed con-
centrically. Beaks rather low, not projecting much, eroded and
deep violet. Nearly equilateral, the anterior end sometimes slightly
narrower, the two ends about equally rounded, upper and lower
margins equally and similarly curved. Interior dark violet, with
a darker, often light-bordered spot under the beaks. Hinge deli-
cate, the cardinal teeth small; anterior and posterior laterals of
about equal length, somewhat curved, very strongly crenulate,
double in the right, single in the left valve. Length 16, alt. 12,
diam. 8-| mm.

Noda, Awaji (Mr. Y. Hirase).

The valve-margins viewed from within are seen to form a sym-
metrical oval figure, the upper and lower borders having almost
exactly the same curvature, and the anterior aad posterior ends
being about equal. There is no suggestion of the subtriangular
shape of most Japanese species of Corbicula. The beaks are low
and the sculpture strong and regular. It is a small species, the
first known from Awaji Island, and seems quite distinct from any
other.

408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIX, XX, XXL

PLATE XIX (figures natural size), Fig. 1.— Venus hirasei. pp. 205, 400.
Fig. 2. — Area nipponensis, pp. 209, 402.
Figs. 3, 4. — Petrwola cyclus, pp. 204, 400.
Fig. 5. — Tapes phenax, p. 207.
Fig. 6. — Tapes platyptycha, p. 206.

Fig. 7. — Petricola cyclus var. sculpturata, p. 205 (Ceylon).
Fig. 8.— Tellina pristiformis, p. 400.
• Fig. 9. — Anatina impura, pp. 208, 402.
Figs. 10, 11. — Acmcea heroldivar. signata, p. 202.
Fig. 12. — Lima Mans var. hirasei, pp. 209, 402.
Fig. 13. — Solen roseomaculatus, p. 399.
Figs. 14, 15. — CeritMum chemnitzianum, p. 393.
Fig. 16. — EcMnella cumingi luchuana, pp. 198, 394.
Fig. 17. — Euthria Aokkaidonis, p. 389.
Fig. 18 — Peristernia ustulata var. luehuana, pp. 197, 390.

PLATE XX (fig. 19 much enlarged, the others natural size), Fig. 19. —
Donax kiusiuensis, p. 400.
Fig. 20.— Venus hirasei, p. 400.

Fig. 21. — Chrysodomus intersculptus v&r.frater, pp. 197, 391.
Fig. 22. — Buccinum hirasei, p. 391.
Fig. 23. — Chrysodomus pericochlion, p. 391.

PLATE XXI (figures much enlarged), Fig. 24. — Tritonidea submen-
keana, p. 387.

Fig. 25. — Syrnola baeillum, p. 394.
Fig. 26. — Daphnella fragilis var. articulata, p. 385.
Fig. 27. — Turbonilla varicifera, pp. 198, 395.
Fig. 28. — Mitra vanattai, p. 387.
Fig. 29. — Eulima luehuana, p. 396.
Fig. 30. — Eulima dunkeriana, p. 395.
Fig. 31. — Mitra hizenensis, p. 386.
Fig. 32. — Cantharidus hirasei, p. 199.
Fig. 33. — Cantharidus bisbalteatus, p. 199.
Fig. 34.— Clanculus gemmulifer, p. 200.
Fig. 35. — Clanculus hizenensis, pp. 201, 398.
Fig. 36. — Columbella misera var. californiea, p. 390.
Figs. 37, 38. — Columbella misera, p. 389.
Fig. 39. — Columbella misera var. polynyma, pp. 196, 390.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 385

NEW JAPANESE MARINE, LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The present paper continues the description of new species of
mollusks discovered by Mr. Y. Hi rase. I have taken this oppor-
tunity to illustrate the Japanese marine shells described in a former
communication.1

PLEUBOTOMIDJE.
Daphnella fragilis var. articulata nov. PI. XXI, fig. 26.

General form of D. fragilis (Rve. ) or D. lymnceformis (Kien. ).
Apical two whorls smooth; several whorls following sculptured
with unequal spiral cords, as coarse as those on the last whorl,
densely crenulate or beaded by close fine longitudinal laminae,
much less prominent and closer than the spirals. Last whorl
densely and evenly latticed by alternately larger and smaller spiral
cords intersecting scarcely less prominent, but rather closer, longi-
tudinal rib-strise. Pale brown, every fourth cord marked with
brown in narrow lines along the cord, alternating with diffused
white spots; a row of alternately brown and white squarish spots
below the suture; the early whorls brown. Aperture smooth
within, the outer lip thin, regularly arcuate, rather strongly
retracted above. Length 19, diam. 7, largest axis of aperture
11 mm.

Hirado, Hizen, in western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 903),
types No. 80,634 Coll. A. N. S. P.; Kamakura, just below Tokyo
Bay, on the eastern side of Hondo (Acad. Coll.).

Mr. Tryon has lumped several totally distinct species under D.
lymnceformis, but the form so called by Kiener is less plump than
articulata, with even, close spirals and inconspicuous longitudinal
sculpture on the last whorl, while the spire has comparatively
strong costse and rather coarse spirals. The color, well shown in
Kiener' s figure, is whitish, with tawny, waved and anastomosing
longitudinal stripes. D. fragilis has not yet, to my knowledge,

1 These Proceedings, p. 193.
25

386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Juljr

been adequately defined; but the form I have considered to be that
species has a small, elevated nucleus of 2J whorls, followed by
about three costate whorls, the ribs crossed by two or three coarse
spiral cords; after which the sculpture becomes comparatively fine.
If I am correct in this identification, then articulata is a distinct
species; but as Hedley has lately hinted, many of the more critical
or difficult species of the ' ' London School ' ' of conchologists. of
which A. Adams and Reeve were shining lights, can be identified
with certainty only by visiting the British Museum.2 Under the
circumstances I subordinate my form from Japan to D. fragilis as
a variety, content to have a name for this well-marked shell, evi-
dently of wide distribution in Japanese waters.

D. supercostata of E. A. Smith seems, from a specimen before
me, to belong near fragilis, though clearly distinct in both form
and sculpture. D. ornata Hinds from New Guinea is evidently
allied, though with a different color-pattern.

MITRIDJE.
Mitra (Costellaria) hizenensis n. sp. PL XXI, fig. 31.

Shell slender, solid, dusky olive, with a brown or orange-brown
and rather prominent subsutural line and an ill-defined white zone
at the shoulder, in which the summits of the ribs are transversely
marked with short scattered brown lines; the narrow portion of
the base is pale yellow, with brown spots and dots. Surface rather
glossy, sculptured with rounded longitudinal ribs, nearly or quite
as wide as their intervals, 13 or 14 in number on the penultimate
whorl, becoming gradually weaker below the periphery of the last
whorl, and in adults obsolete toward the aperture; the concave in-
tervals crossed by very low, flat spirals, rather wider than the shal-
low, oblong pits between them, and about 6 in number on the
penultimate whorl. The last whorl is attenuated below, and has a
number of large spiral ribs and small cords and strise, the largest
rib continuous with the upper coluinellar plait. Whorls about 9 ;
apex dark. Aperture small/ dark purple-brown within, the lip
thin, white-bordered, multilirate inside. Columella with four sim-
ple plaits. Length 14.5, diam. 5, longest axis of aperture 7.5
mm.; length 17, diam. 6.5 mm.

2 Or by imposing upon the present custodian of the collection of Mollusca,
•whose g-ocl nature is admitted to be well-nigh inexhaustible.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 387

Hirado, Hizen, western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No.
80,475 Coll. A. N. S. P., from 688a of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Near M. fuscoapicata E. A. Smith, but it has more and shallower
spiral sulci in the intervals between the ribs, which are fewer in
number; it is smaller, the upper two plaits of the columella are
not grooved, and the coloration is somewhat different. M. yotoensis
and J\L collinsoni have more numerous ribs. In adult specimens
of M. hizenensis the latter third of the last whorl is smooth, the
costse disappearing.

Mitra (Costellaria) vanattai n. sp. PI. XXI, fig. 28.

Shell rather slender, solid, brownish- olive, with a wide dark-
brown baud below the periphery, and a light brown line at the
shoulder, the base brown. Surface rather glossy, sculptured with
rounded longitudinal ribs, as wide as the smooth concave intervals,
14 in number on the penultimate whorl, obsolete on the latter half
of the last whorl ; the attenuated base sculptured with spiral coids,
the largest continuous with the upper plait of the columella, those
below it (about 4) progressively smaller; a few small spirals above
the large cord. Whorls remaining 8 (the apex being eroded),
somewhat convex. Aperture bluish and finely lirate deep within,
purple brown toward the white-bordered thin lip. Columella with
5 plaits, the upper strong, not grooved. Length 17, diam. 7,
longest axis of aperture 8 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,470, from 6886
of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This species was sent with the preceding, from which it is easily
separated by the want of spiral sculpture between the ribs. Some-
what allied to M. semisculpta, but it differs in the smooth intervals.
M. analogica Reeve has fewer plaits, according to the description.

MURICIDJE.
Tritonidea submenkeana n. sp. PI. XXI, fig. 24.

Shell short-fusiform, very solid and strong. Sculptured with
longitudinal ribs, 12 to 15 in number on the last whorl, the last
rib very much larger, forming a large, swollen varix behind the
lip; crossed by spiral cords which are low in the intercostal spaces
but rise and widen into transverse, oblong, glossy tubercles where
they cross the ribs; the penultimate and earlier whorls having

388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

three such spiral cords, the last whorl with ten (counted just
behind the outer lip) ; the intervals between the spiral cords every-
where densely, finely striate. Surface lustreless, black, the inter-
vals between ribs and a peripheral belt largely white; the tubercles
of the subsutural cord are mostly brown, the others chiefly black.
Whorls about 8, but slightly convex, the spire being rather
straightly conic; last whorl impressed below the suture, concave
below the periphery, produced and spirally striated anteriorly.
Aperture less than half the length of the shell, blue-white inside,
the lip beveled, with a brown spot at the termination of each spiral
cord, thickened within and contracted by six rounded teeth, the
upper one more widely separated than the others, the second from
above largest. Columellar margin concave above with a pliciform
tooth near the posterior angle, straightened and rather wide below,
bearing five or six transverse tubercles. Length 15, diam. 7,
longest axis of aperture 7. 5 mm.

flirado, Hizen, western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No.
80,538 Coll. A. K S., from 1,037 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This little black-and-white species groups with T. menkeana
Dkr., a shorter shell with similar coloration. The unusual promi-
nence of the tubercles on the columellar lip, and the sculpture of
ribs tuberculate at the intersections of spiral cords, give it much the
appearance of a Sistrum.

PURPURA.

The luteostoma group of Purpura was too much lumped in my
Catalogue of Japanese Marine Mollusks. From a renewed study
of them, with much more material, it seems that the following four
Japanese forms are recognizable: P. luteostoma (Chemn.) Dillwyn,
P. bronni Dkr., P. clavigera Kuster, P. tumulosa var. problematica
Baker (= tumulosa Lischke not Reeve). I formerly followed
Mr. E. A. Smith3 in referring the latter to P. alveolata Reeve;
but I am now convinced that alveolata is, as Reeve stated, a
Panamic species. We have specimens from Panama in our collec-
tion exactly like his figure.

Mr. Hirase sends the Calif ornian species P. saxicola Val. from
Kisennuma, Rikuzen, on the east coast of Hondo.

3 P. Z. S., 1879.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 389

Euthria hokkaidonis n. sp. PI. XIX, fig. 17.

Shell slender, fusiform, moderately solid, yellowish or purplish
ashen. Surface lustreless, sculptured with slightly oblique longi-
tudinal rounded folds as wide as their intervals, 13 or 14 in num-
ber on the penultimate whorl, wanting on the base of the last
whorl, where they disappear just below the periphery; crossed by
spiral cords alternating with threads or striae, of which there are
usually two in each interval; the coarser cords about 5 in number
on the whorls of the spire, slightly widening as they cross the longi-
tudinal folds; the spirals alone developed on the base. Spire high;
whorls about 9, very convex, separated by deep sutures; the last
whorl concave below, produced in a slender, somewhat recurved
rostrum; siphonal ridge convex. Aperture small, ovate, acumi-
nate above, livid dull purple inside, with 8 to 10 acute folds within
the thin-edged outer lip; canal short and open.

Length 22, diara. 8.5, length of aperture 10 mm.

Length 22, diam. 8, length of aperture 9 mm.

Nakauta, prov. Teshio, Hokkaido (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types
No. 80,394, from No. 102 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Apparently related to E. fuscolabiata E. A. Smith, from which
it differs conspicuously in the much more slender figure.

COLUMBELLIDJE.
Columbella misera Sowerby. PI. XXI, figs. 37, 38.

C. miser Sowb., Thes. Conch., I, p. 129 bis, PL 38, fig. 111.
This species is figured to illustrate its difference from the follow-
ing. It was taken in some numbers at Kamakura, province Sag-
ami (below the mouth of Tokyo Bay), by Mr. Frederick Stearns.
It is very strongly ribbed, especially on the spire, the ribs being
about half the width of the interstices, about 11 or 12 in number
on the penultimate whorl, or on the last, when they are not obsolete
on its latter part, which is frequently the case. On the front of
the last whorl these ribs extend well over the periphery, but they
become much shorter on its latter half, or wholly obsolete. The
base is sculptured with coarse spiral cords, which become increas-
ingly weaker and obsolete as they approach the periphery. Color
white, with one or two dark brown spots on each rib and a checkered
striped basal zone; the back of the last whorl irregularly striped or
reticulate; a white zone, usually brown-dotted on each rib, re-

390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

volves below the suture. The form varies widely. Alt. 11, diam.
5.2 mm; alt. 12, diam. 6 mm.

Figured specimens are No. 70,765 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
Kamakura, Sagami.

Columbella misera var. polynyma Pils. Pi. XXI, fig. 39.

This vol., p. 196 Types No. 80,556 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
No. 1,097 of Mr. Hirase's collection. Study of more specimens
causes me to doubt whether the characters of this form are con-
stantly different enough from misera to require specific rank. The
following variety connects them to some extent.

Columbella misera var. californica Reeve. PI. XXI, fig. 36.

Columbella californica Eeeve, Conch. Icon., VI. fig. 165 (1859).
Kobelt, Couchyl. Cab., p. 59, PL 8, figs. 3, 4. Not C. californiana
Gaskoin, P. Z. S., 1851, p. 12.

Specimens agreeing exactly with Reeve's figure were taken by
Mr. Hirase at Hirado, Hizen. They are larger than C. misera,
but agree with that in sculpture, except that there are one or two
more ribs to a whorl. The coloration is much darker. There is a
white subsutural zone pied with black, and a white basal area
striped with black-brown; the intermediate space being more or
less suffused with rich brown and copiously lineated with black -
brown. The ribs are black below the subsutural zone. Whorls
over seven*. Alt. 13.5, diam. 6.5 mm.; alt. 14, diam. 6 mm.

Prof, von Martens has quoted this race as a synonym of his C.
japonica, but I think incorrectly. It is much nearer the true
misera, and in my opinion is a southern variety of that species. The
name given by Reeve is unfortunate, as it is not a Californian
species. The specimen figured is No. 80,597 Coll. A. N. S. P.,
from No. 1,230 of Mr. Hirase's collection

C. misera inhabits the ocean coast of Hondo; C. misera var.
polynyma the opposite shore of the same island, and both C. misera
var. polynyma and C~ misera var. californica occur in southwestern
Kiusiu.

FASOIOLABIIDJE.
Peristernia ustulata var. luchuana Pils. PI. XIX, fig. 18.

See p. 197. Type is No. 80,418 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
298 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

P. croeea Gray, scabrosa Reeve, xanthostoma Nutt. and va-

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 391

rious other forms of the Polynesian chlorostoma Sowb. are all
markedly shorter shells. The variety of scabrosa figured by Ko-
belt (Conchyl. Cab. Tarbinella, PL 23, f. 4, p. 96) may possibly
be the same, but it is nameless.

BUCOINID^E.

Chrysodomus inter sculp tus var. f rater Pils. PI. XX, fig. 21.

See p. 197. Type is No. 80,379 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
59 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Buccinum Hirasei n. sp. PL XX, fig. 22.

Shell solid, turreted, partly covered with an olive-brown cuticle;
composed of about 8 whorls, which are convex at the periphery,
contracted below, and channeled above; the channel rather wide,
flat, bounded by a strongly elevated, slightly uneven carina.
Sculpture of faint growth- lines and a few low spiral cords, hardly
noticeable on the last whorl. Aperture slightly ovate, angular at
the termination of the carina, the basal notch not very deep.
Outer lip smooth, not thickened, somewhat expanded. Operculum
unknown.

Length 104, diam. 43, longest axis of aperture 37 mm.

Kizennuma, Rikuzen (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 556).

This magnificent species is known to me by the single specimen
figured, which was collected dead. The outer lip is broken above
the middle, so that its true outline in that part is not given in the
figure. The cuticle has nearly all been lost, and the shell is over-
grown with Polyzoa, Spirorbis, etc.

The conspicuous channel at the suture is formed almost exactly
like that of Chrysodomus perieochlion (Schrenk), a species occur-
ring with B. Hirasei at Kizennuma. The similarity is so great
that I have figured Schrenk' s species for comparison.

Chrysodomus perieochlion (Schrenk). PI. XX, fig. 23.

The specimen here figured is longer and less inflated than the
original type of the species as figured by Schrenk. The dark
olive cuticle, wanting from the base of the shell, resembles that
of Buceinum Hirasei, and reminds one of the cuticle of such fresh-
water snails as Viviparus or Campeloma.

392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

CLAVA Martyn.

This genus has been used to cover certain species formerly re-
ferred to Potamides, by Jousseaume in 1884,* and by Dollfus and
Dautzenberg in 1899, 5 and for the group long known as Vertagus
by Dall in 1892.6 The latter usage I find to be correct. In the
first volume of the Universal Conchology Martyn introduces Clava
for the Cerithiidce known to him — a group which had previously
been referred to Murex by Linnseus. He gives the following
species:

Clava rugata Martyn (= Cerithium lineatum Lam.).

Clava herculea Martyn (= Cerithium ebeninum Brug. ).

Clava maculata Martyn (= Cerithium maculosum auct. ).

Clava rubus Martyn (= Cerithium eehinatum Lam.).

In following volumes of the same work, Martyn adds still other
forms of Clava. But it is obvious that a type for the genus must
be selected from species contained in his first volume. Now the
C. herculea of his list was made type of the genus Pyrazus by
Montfort in 18 10,7 under the name Pyrazus baudini Montf. (7.
rubus falls into Cerithium as now restricted.8 This leaves C.
maculata9 and C. rugata to bear the name Clava. The two species
are not closely related, and the latter may be considered type of
Martyn' s genus. The name Vertagus, used for this group by many
authors, had no standing in binomial nomenclature until long after
the foundation of Clava.

4 Bull Soc. Zool de France, IX, 1884, p. 191.

5 Journ. de Conchyl., 1899, p. 2.

6 Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, III, p. 290.

7 Conch. 8yst.t II, pp. 458, 459.

8 Cerithium was established by Bruguiere to contain species of Vertagus
and Potamides of authors, as well as the forms to which it is now restricted.

Clava rubus of Martyn is the well-known Cerithium eehinatum of La-
marck, which name it must replace. It is not the Cerithium rubus of English
monographers or of Tryon, who followed their error. Kobelt, in his mono-
graph in the new edition of Chemnitz's Conchy lien Cabinet, p. 213,
quotes "C. rubus Pilsbry, Manual, IX, p. 103, PL 23, fig. 9," as a synonym
of C. serratum Wood. I was not responsible for volume IX of the Man-
ual, my work beginning in volume X. With a " ? " he also quotes "Clavus
rubus Martyn." But Martyn's Clava rubus was a totally different shell,
the C. eehinatum of authors, a common Polynesian species. The failure on
the part of monographers to recognize this fact was due to want of care ;
neither the Universal Conchology nor Chenu's reprint have been consulted
by them.

' C. maculata is the "C. maculosum" of English monographers and of
Tryon ; another curious error.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 19O1.

PLATE XIX.

17 18

PILSBRY. NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSCA.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XX.

22

23

PILSBRY. NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSCA.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XXI.

PILSBRY DEL.

PILSBRY. NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSCA.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 393

No species of the type proposed by Dr. Jousseaume and Messrs.
Dollfus and Dautzenberg was contained in Martyn's original list.
Their use of the name Clava is therefore without proper founda-
tion, while Ball's course is clearly supported by the evidence of
Martyn's original work.

The Vertagus pfefferi of Dunker is not a Vertagus or Clava, but
a true Cerithium, which I have received from Hirado, prov. Hizen,
Japan (collected by Mr. Hirase), and from Hong Kong (B.
Schmacker). It is very close to C. granosum Kiener (not of
Searles Wood, 1848), which was described from the Red Sea, and
has been reported by Lischke (Jap. Meeres- Conchyl. , I, p. 68)
from Nagasaki. 0. mitrceforme Sowb. seems to differ but little, if
at all, and C. eximium Sowb. and rubus of Sowerby and Tryon1'
may be the same thing. As there is great uncertainty about the
species of Kiener and Sowerby, I prefer to use the name given by
Dunker, based upon Japanese specimens, and with a good descrip-
tion and figures, for the Japanese form/

Cerithium chemnitzianum n. sp. PI. XIX, figs. 14, 15.

Shell oblong-conic, strong, pale yellow, sparsely maculate and
densely dotted with rich brown. Sculptured with many very low
spiral cords which are weakly granose, the grains irregularly alter-
nating brown and white; the upper two cords with stronger grains.
There are about 10 of these cords on the latter part of the last
whorl, 4 on the penultimate, and 3 on each of the earlier whorls.
The intervals between cords are densely striate spirally, the strise
usually very unequal, a median one generally larger, sometimes
nearly as large as the primary cords, and brown-dotted. Outlines
of the spire convex below, becoming straight above. Whorls
remaining 8 (the apex being eroded), the upper ones flattened,
the last three somewhat convex just below the sutures, the last
whorl having a very strong, tumid, oblique varix on the back, and
another less elevated one strengthening the outer lip. Aperture
slightly oblique, the base being a little advanced, white within;
outer lip strongly arched, almost forming a semicircle. Columellar

10 That the English monographers and Tryon should have identified this
small species as Martyn's Clava rubus is inexplicable. Murex serratus
of Wood, in the Index Testaceologicus, PI. 28, fig. 158, is a much reduced
and poor figure of the true C. rubus Martyn ; but C. serratum of the Eng-
lish and German monographs is quite another thing.

394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

0

lip calloused, bearing a strong entering callous ridge above. Canal
very short, deep and narrow.

Length 27, diam. 13.5, longest axis of aperture 11.5 mm.

Length 29, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 11.5 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,631 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 279 of Mr. Hirase' s collection.

The sculpture is much more feeble than in C. moms or its imme-
diate allies, though some forms referable to morus resemble this
species in form.

The figure of C. janellii var. in the zoology of the Astrolabe
d Zelee, Atlas, PI. 24, fig. 22, resembles C. chemnitzianum some-
what, but differs in the plicate spire. In the monographs by Reeve,
Tryon and Kobelt I fail to find anything much like the present spe-
cies. This shell is named for the author of the most extensive shell
iconography of the eighteenth century, a work of utility up to this
day. Would that A. Adams, a hundred years later, had defined
his species half as well! is one's thought on working with Japanese
mollusks.

LITTORINIDJE.
Echinella cumingi var. luchuana Pils. PI. XIX, fig. 16.

See p. 198. Types are No. 70,962 Coll. A. N. S. P.

This variety resembles Tedarius spinulosa Phil. (Abbild. Ill,
Littorina, PL 6, f. 24), but that is imperf orate, while this has an
open, cylindrical umbilicus.

PYRAMIDELLIDJE.
Syrnola bacillum n. sp PI. XXI, fig. 25.

Shell slender, rod-like, marbled reddish-brown and white, with
a narrow baud of alternate brown and white spots revolving mid-
way between sutures and on the middle of the upper surface of the
last whorl, which has a white peripheral belt: this coloring
sometimes very faint. Nuclear whorl standing obliquely on edge,
the very short spire inclined downward; subsequent whorls 12^ or
13, flat, separated by deeply cut sutures, sculptured with faint
growth -lines and an impressed line revolving below the suture;
some very faint spirals showing eUewhere in certain lights. Periph-
ery rounded, the base convex, subperforate. Aperture small,
narrowly ovate; columella bearing a single strong fold.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 395

Length 9.7, diam. 2, longest axis of aperture 2 mm.; diam. of
the upturned apical whorl .27 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,605 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 1,239 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

A very narrow species, with a particular style of coloration,
which at times, however, is very faint. The widely distributed
Syrnola brunnea also occurs at the same locality. S. aciculata A.
Ad., of which I have compared specimens from Fiji, is a larger
species with more convex whorls.

Turbonilla varicifera Pils. PI. XXI, fig. 27.

See p. 198. Types are No. 80,603 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
No. 1,238 (part) of Mr. Hirase's collection.

EULIMIDJE.
Eulima dunkeriana n. sp. PI. XXI, fig. 30.

A glossy, white, straight species, remarkably thick above, being
thus somewhat cylindric. Whorls 9J-, a trifle convex, the linear
suture being margined below (at least on 1he upper half of the
shell) with a translucent band (sometimes enclosing a white band),
one-fourth to one-third the width of the whorl, the lower margin
of which, in some lights, looks like the suture itself, though there
is no impression at that place. At the last half-whorl there is an
impressed varix-line ; another in line with it is on the preceding
whorl, while the next, earlier whorl shows a similar impression
somewhat in advance of these. On another specimen about 1 mm.
shorter, and evidently not full grown, there is on the last whorl a
single varix-line. The aperture is narrowly and acutely ovate;
lip simple, a little obtuse. Length 11.2, diam. 2.6, longest axis
of the aperture 3.2 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,637 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 1,222 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Close to E. philippiana (Dunker),11 which was taken at Kama-
kura by Mr. Frederick Stearns; but E. dunkeriana differs in the
much broader form. E. philippiana has not been well figured.
A specimen from Kamakura before me has an impressed varix-line
near the end of the penultimate whorl, and only falling a little

11 Erroneously referred to the genus Eulimella by Dunker.

396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

short of corresponding with the position of the peristome; another
on line with it is upon the preceding whorl; the next earlier whorl
has a varix-line near its beginning, almost a whorl being thus with-
out a varix. A young shell, 6 ram. long, has one varix-line on
the back of the penultimate whorl. E. philippiana measures, alt.
10.2, diam. 2.15, longest axis of aperture 2.67 inm. Dunker gives
alt. 11, diam. 2 mm. for the type.

Evidently, these species have resting stages at irregular intervals,
and the varix-lines are inconstant in position and number.

Both of these species are remarkable for the thickness of the
upper part of the spire, though this feature is more exaggerated in
E. dunkeriana.

Eulima luchuana n. sp. PL XXI, fig. 23.

Shell white and glossy, conic, curved slightly to the right, that
margin being about straight while the left side is a little convex,
regularly tapering, 9^ whorls remaining (the apex being decollate),
slightly convex, the penultimate whorl having an impressed varix-
line at its last sixth, the preceding whorl with one on line with
the peristome, the next earlier whorl with a varix-line correspond-
ing in position to that on the penultimate whorl; the varices thus
being all on the right or incurved side. Aperture ovate-acuminate,
the lip a little obtuse.

Alt. 12, diam. 3.85, longest axis of aperture 4.15 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,628 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 1,275 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

The aperture is longer than in E. nitidula A. Ad., which,
though a smaller species, is described as having 11 whorls.

Assiminea angustata n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate, or nearly so, long ovate-conic, solid,
red-brown, glossy and smooth. Whorls about 5J, rather flattened,
the last one convex. Aperture small, rounded-ovate, oblique;
peristome simple, the columellar and parietal margins somewhat
thickened. Length 3, diam. 1.7, longest axis of aperture 1.2 mm.

Rishiri, Kitami (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 1,277 of marine mollusk
list).

Unusually lengthened for Assiminea, but with the color and
texture of that genus, though it may possibly be Rissoid.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 397

NERITIDJE.
Nerita martensiana n. sp.

Shell globose, small, solid, rather bright sulphur yellow, paler
and somewhat mottled with gray or blackish toward the aperture.
Surface dull, sculptured with low, rather coarse spiral cords, about
15 on the last whorl, the upper one appressed against the preceding
whorl. Spire short, whorls about 3, the last a little depressed below
the suture, which is bordered below by a somewhat more promi-
nent cord. Aperture semicircular, yellow or whitish; lip-rib
smooth, with a small tubercle above, and another well within near
the base of the columella. Columellar area white or yellowish, flat
and smooth, the outer border well defined; edge of columella
straight, with two or three low, subobsolete teeth, the upper one
strongest.

Alt. 10, diam. 9.5 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 80,489 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 729 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Small as this species is, the specimens are apparently adult. The
smooth columellar area, with well-defined outer margin, weak
denticulation and smooth rib within the outer lip are its more
prominent characters. I find no species agreeing with these speci-
mens in the monographs, the best of which is that by Prof, von
Martens in the new edition of Chemnitz.
Nerita helicinoides var. tristis nov.

Shell black with some white spots along the basal margin, and
sometimes a few angular pink and white spots elsewhere. Colu-
mella three-notched in the middle; area smooth, yellow-tinted in
the middle; lip-rib weakly crenulate, a small denticle near its
upper end.

Alt. 13J, diam. 11^ mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 218). Types No. 80,406
CoD. A. N. S. P.

This variety is like the typical form in the denticulation of
columella and lip. In var. Icevilabris Pils. the lip-rib is smooth
throughout, and the columellar denticles very weak; these charac-
ters being constant in a large number of specimens.

N. helicinoides is apparently closely related to the small form of
N. striata Burrow described by Prof, von Martens in the new edi-
tion of Chemnitz, p. 39, PL 7, figs. 19, 20.

398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

TROCHID^J.

Cantharidus hirasei Pils. Page 199. PI. XXI, fig. 32.
Cantharidus bisbalteatus Pils. Page 199. PI. XXI, fig. 33.
Clanculus gemmulifer Pils. Page 200. PI. XXI, fig. 34.
Clanculus hizenensis Pils. Page 201. PI. XXI, fig. 35,

Some of A. Adams' blanket "descriptions" might cover these
species, but none of them indicate the specific characters of either
of them. The sane judgment of scientific malacologists now de-
mands that a description shall describe.

TURBINIDJE.
Leptothyra rubra var. laevicostata nov.

Shell depressed -globose, coral-red, with pale and red dots alter-
nating on the ribs. Whorls 4-J-, the last deeply descending anteri-
orly. Sculpture of about 8 rather strong, almost smooth spiral
ribs above and upon the rounded peripheral region, with one or
several fine threads in some of the interspaces; 8 to 10 smaller,
closer smooth ribs upon the rather flattened base. Alt. hardly 4,
diam. 5 mm.

Northern shore of province Tango, western side of Hondo (M.
R. Gaines). Types No. 70,794 Coll. A. N. S. P.

Specimens from Mr. Hirase, taken at Hirado, Hizen, vary
from coral-red to almost purple, and some of them are rather
larger with the spire elevated, the largest measuring alt. 5.2,
diam. 5.5 mm.

This form difiers from L. rubra (Dkr. ) in the smoothness of the
spiral ribs, which are not rougher than in the Mediterranean L. san-
guinea (L. ), and in the smaller size, rubra measuring, alt. scarcely
6, diam. 6 to 6J- mm. In L. saw guinea the ribs of the base are
not noticeably smaller, as they are in all of the Japanese Lepto-
ihyras I have seen. Perhaps this variety is what Dunker and
others have reported from Japan as sanguinea L.

ACMJEIDJE.
Acmaea heroldi var. signata Pils. PI. XIX, figs. 10, 11.

See p. 202. Types No. 80,497 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
748 of Mr. Hirase' s collection.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 399

SOLENID^].
Solen roseomaculatus n. sp. PI. XIX, fig. 13.

Shell small, thin, moderately curved, the upper and lower mar-
gins parallel, both ends truncated, with rather rounded angles;
compressed, open at both ends, glossy and smooth except for faint
growth -striae. White with very irregular, more or less confluent pur-
plish-roseate maculation throughout, the spots coarser toward the
distal end. Beaks roseate. Anterior end obliquely truncate, the
margins narrowly expanded or flaring, thickened within. A single
prominent, erect tooth in each valve, that in the right valve ante-
rior to the other and compressed, that in the left triangular, being
buttressed posteriorly.

Length 31, alt. 6.3, diam. 3.8 mm.

Kirado, Hizen, western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No.
80,565 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No. 1,044 of Mr. Hirase's col-
lection.

This rose -variegated little Solen is curved like an Emis, and has
some similarity to S. pictus Philippi,12 S. vaginoides Phil.13 non
Lam. = S. philippianus Dkr.14 and S. aspersus Dkr.16 Solen pic-
tus is comparatively shorter and markedly inflated or cylindric, while
the present Japanese species is strongly compressed. S. philippianus
measures 66 by a little over 10 mm. (" 2" 8'" lang, und wenig
iiber 5"' hoch"), and is thus a narrower shell, and it is more
attenuated anteriorly, with smeared coloration, according to the
figure. S. aspersus is decidedly more slender, and anteriorly
below it is more square-cornered. The proportions of the three
species are as follows, the altitude and diameter being compared
with the length:

Length. Alt. Diam.

'S. roseomaculatus, 1 -J- £ of the length.

8. philippianus, 1 — j-

S aspersus, 1 j — TV "

S. pictus, 1 I i "

12 Philippi, Zeitschr.f. MalaTc., 1848, p. 174. Habitat unknown. It lias
not been figured, to my knowledge.

13 Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib., etc., I, Solen, PI. 1, fig. 3. From New
Holland.

14 Danker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond ., 1861, p. 420, under S. aspersus.

15 Bunker, I. c., Australia. The type lias betn figured in Conch. Ron.,
XIX, Solen, PL 7, fig. 33a.

400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

PETRICOLIDJE.
Petricola cyclus Pils. PL XIX, figs. 3, 4.

Seep. 204. Types are No. 80,580 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
No. 1,199 of Mr. Hirase's collection. It has some merely super-
ficial resemblance to P. typica Jonas.

Petricola cyclus var. sculpturata Pils. PL XIX, fig. 7.

See p. 205. Types are No. 10,130 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
Puttalam, Ceylon.

VENERIDJE.
Venus Hirasei Pils. Pi. XIX, fig l ; PI. XX, fig. 20.

See p. 205. Types No. 80,447 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
492 of Mr. Hirase's collection. It is curiously like the Panamic
V. columbiensis Sowb., but differs in having fewer ribs separated
by much wider intervals, and a deeper, narrower pallial sinus.
The cardinal teeth are more deeply bifid than in V. columbiensis.
The largest specimen I have seen measures, length 52, alt. 44,
diam. 33J mm. It is from Oyama, Tsushima.

Tapes platyptycha Pils. PL XIX, fig. 6.

Page 206. Types are No. 81,218 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
1,196 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Tapes phenax Pils. PL XIX, fig. 5. •

Page 207. Types are No. 80,436 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
432 of Mr. Hirase's collection

DONACIDJE.

Donax kiusiuensis Pils. PL XX, fig. 19.

Page 207. Types are No. 80,505 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
847 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

TELLINIDJE.
Tellina (Merisoa) pristiformis n. sp. PL XIX, fig. 8.

Shell equilateral, subtriangular, slightly inequivalve, the poste-
rior end being bent to the right; moderately convex, solid, white.
Surface dull and lustreless, sculptured with densely crowded fine,
concentric lamellae, a little stronger and more spaced toward the
two ends; the intervals sculptured with fine, subobsolete, radial
strise, which are fainter in the middle, and often hardly percepti-

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 401

ble anywhere, even with a lens. Beaks somewhat prominent,
small and in contact. Anterior end rounded, the slope above
straight; posterior slope straight or slightly convex, finely serrate;
the posterior end narrowly subrostrate and biangular, the right
valve having two prominent posterior keels, the space between them
concave, left valve with one posterior keel, a narrow furrow close
before it, with a slighter second depression, the basal margin well
rounded, ascending and sometimes slightly sinuous behind. Lunule
lanceolate, very deeply cut, bounded by acute ridges, that of the*
right valve rising well above the left, and with a wider excavation.
Area also deeply excavated, bounded by keels, the ligament promi-
nent. Interior white, the hinge strong, with two cardinal teeth in
each valve, the left anterior tooth and the right posterior bifid.
Left valve without laterals, right valve with low, distant anterior
and posterior lateral teeth. Hinge-line straight behind the beak,
concave in front. Pallial sinus very large, reaching to within a
millimeter or two of the anterior adductor scar, confluent with the
pallial line below for about half its length. Scars of the cruciform
muscle distinct.

Length 38, alt. 29.5, diam. 11.5 mm.

Inland Sea of Japan. Types No. 71,029 Coll. A. N. S. P.

This species is closely related to T. pristis Lam. and T. concen-
trica Old. It has a wider lunule than the former, its bounding
keels without the irregularity, ' ' saw ' ' or serration seen in T.
pristis. The posterior area is more deeply excavated, the posterior
keel of the right valve is stronger, and the end is much more bent
to the right. The hinge-plate is wider, and the anterior lateral
tooth is further removed from the cardinals. Finally, the dorsal
slopes are steeper, meeting at a smaller angle, and hence the whole
outline is more triangular. In T. concentrica Gld. (Fiji Islands)
the form is more elongate, the lunule and posterior area far less
impressed, and the interior is more glossy, with shallower, less dis-
tinct muscular scars, and the shell is thinner. T. diaphana Desh.
differs by having the pallial sinus abut against the anterior adduc-
tor scar, according to Deshayes' description. T. siamensis v.
Martens is a longer, less high species, by the description. It has
not been figured, so far as I can learn, and is doubtfully distinct
from T. diaphana Desh.

26

402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

ANATINIDJB.
Anatina impura Pils. Pi. XIX, fig. 9.

Page 208. Types are Nos. 68,536 and 70,812 Coll. A. N. S. P.

LJMIDJE.

Lima Mans var. hirasei His. PI. XIX, fig. 12.

Page 209. Types No. 80,525 Coll. A. N. S, P., from No.
901 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Closely allied to L. hians Gm. of Europe, but the sculpture is
finer, the gape of both ends less widely open, and the anterior rib
inside is not so strong.

ABCIDJB.

Area nipponensis Pils. Pi. XIX, fig. 2.

See p. 209. Types are Ko. 79,009 Coll. A. N. S. P.

Land and Fresh-water Species.

PUPID^J.

Buliminus reinianus var. hokkaidonis nov.

Similar to reinianus except in being shorter and broader, with
very obtuse apex, the upper part of the spire broader. Whorls 8.
Length 23, diam. above aperture 8, longest axis of aperture 9 mm.

Kayabe and Shukunobe, prov. Ojima, Hokkaido.

Typical B. reinianus is not known from Hokkaido Island. I
now believe that it will be difficult, if indeed practicable or desirable,
to distinguish extorris or omiensis as races distinct from the variable
reinianus, though typically the forms are separable. There is also
a rather small and more striate form of the species occurring at
Okinoshima and some other places in Shikoku Island, but I have
not seen enough specimens to be satisfied that it requires varietal
distinction.

HELICID^J.

Mandarina mandarina var. ponderosa nov.

Shell large and very heavy, reddish-brown or purple-black with
a light umbilical patch; whorls 5£, the last one distinctly carinated
at the periphery. Surface coarsely decussate, the impressed spiral
lines being much stronger than in the typical form. Alt. 21,
diam. 28 mm.; alt. 19, diam. 26 mm.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 403

Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No.
80,812 Coll. A. N. S., from 4676 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

As yet we know nothing of the distribution of species on the
several islands of this little group, the investigation of which will
be of the greatest interest. We look to Mr. Hirase to throw light
upon it.

Trishoplita dacostae var. awajiensis nov.

Shell depressed -conoid, thin, hardly glossy, corneous with a
faint brown tint, often in streaks, paler or a little whitish below
the sutures. Spires somewhat elevated; whorls 5f, the last
obtusely subangular in front. Sculpture of slight, rather irregular
growth-striae, a strong lens showing some almost obsolete spiral strise
near the umbilicus. Aperture oblique, short-oval, almost round,
a little excised by the parietal wall. Peristome thin, narrowly
expanded and subreflexed. Alt. 6.2, diam. 9 mm. ; width of
umbilicus about 1 mm.

Anaya, Awaji Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 645).

This form is duller, more conoidal, with the last whorl more
depressed than T. goodwini var. Jcyotoensis. It is smaller than
T. dacostce, with the aperture less rounded. It is the first Tris-
hoplita known from Awaji Island.
Trishoplita goodwini var. strigata nov.

Shell similar in general characters to T. goodwini, but rather
faintly streaked obliquely with brown on a whitish corneous
ground, usually whitish below the suture. Finely obliquely
striate, and densely decussate by close spirals. Whorls 5f to 6.
Alt. 9J, diam. 13, width of umbilicus 1^ mm.

Hirado, Hizen, in western Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase). Type,
No. 78,844 Coll. A. N. S. P., No. 344 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This form was recognized as somewhat different from the typical T.
goodwini of Hondo, when received from Mr. Hirase about a year
ago; but I did not then think it desirable to distinguish it by
name. Since such forms of goodwini as tosana and dacostce have
been so distinguished, it would seem advisable to recognize this
also. Upon the whole, it is well to have names for these sub-
species, which have become differentiated in various areas of the
empire. T. goodwini var. strigata differs from tosana and dacostce
by its decussate surface.

404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

ZONITID^l.
Kaliella subcrenulata n. sp.

Shell narrowly perforate, depressed-trochiform, pale brown,
somewhat translucent. Sculpture of very fine, close, thread-like
striae and subobsolete spiral striae; the base smooth. Spire conic,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, nearly flat, the last acutely carinate
in the middle, the carina smooth-edged; base very convex. Aper-
ture narrow, somewhat rhombic; peristome simple. Alt. 1.5,
diam. 2.4 mm.

Kochi, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).
Similar to K. erenulata Gude, but much more depressed. It
occurred with specimens of K. erenulata (Gude), and an elevated
variety of K. multiftolvis Pils.

K. ruida Pils. is a larger and more coarsely sculptured but
evidently allied species.
Kaliella lioderma n. sp.

Shell perforate, pyramidal with flattened base, obtuse apex and
straight lateral outlines; pale yellowish-corneous. Whorls 7,
rather convex, the last acutely carinate, somewhat convex below.
Surface glossy, smooth except for slight growth -striae. Aperture
basal, rhombic, nearly twice as wide as high; peristome simple, the
margins remote, the columellar margin reflexed. Alt. 2.5, diam.
•2.2 mm.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).

More elevated than K. crenulata, and distinguished by its plain,
smooth surface.
Kaliella harimensis n. sp.

Shell perforate, obtusely conoidal, frasrile, amber colored, trans-
lucent. Whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, the nucleus rather
large; last whorl obtusely subangular in front, elsewhere rounded
at the periphery, the base convex. Sculpture of extremely fine,
densely crowded, thread-like strise above, giving the surface a some-
what silken lustre; almost obsolete on the glossy base, which shows
weak spiral striae near the middle. Aperture truncate-crescentic,
the peristome thin, a little reflexed at the perforation. Alt. 2,
diam. 2J mm.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 655).
This species is much more depressed than the allied K. pagodu-
loides Gude. It has not the peripheral keel of K. fraterna Pils.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 405

REALIID^E.
Omphalotropis japonicus n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, acutely ovate-conic, rather thin,
yellowish brown; surface glossy and smooth. Spire straightly
conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 6, convex, the last with a
stroiig basal keel around the umbilicus. Aperture slightly
oblique, ovate, the outer and basal margins of the peristome a
trifle expanded, columellar margin reflexed. Length 5.3, diam-
eter 3.5, length of aperture 2.5 mm.

Kashiwashima, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 588).

This is, I believe, the first Omphalotropis found in Japan.

AMNICOLIDJB.
Bithynia striatula var. japonica nov.

Shell pale amber tinted or corneous, glossy, similar to B. striatula
of China, but differing in sculpture, the spiral ridges being much
stronger; 3 or 4 large and irregularly spaced ones above the peri-
phery, those on the base smaller and closer. Alt. 10 (specimens
with the early whorls lost by erosion), diam. 6.5 mm.; longest
axis of aperture 5 mm.

Manabe, Hidachi (type locality), and Osaka (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Types No. 80,683 Coll: A. N. 8., from No. 152 of Mr. Hirase's
collection.

Specimens from Osaka have less strong sculpture than those from
the province Hidachi, though it is still stronger than in any Chinese
specimens of B. striatula in the series before me. The peristome
is rather less expanded, too, though well thickened in adults, and
either black (Manabe) or pale (Osaka). B. striatula has already
been reported from Japan by Prof, von Martens,16 who in 1660
found it at Yokohama, on the muddy bank of the small river, at
the first bridge, in quite fresh water. I suppose it was this strongly
sculptured form which he found. The Vega Expedition collected
shells identified by Westerlund as B. striatula at Jokogava (near
Tokyo), and at Lake Biwa ( Vega Exp., IV, p. 182). In China
the species is widely diffused, from the Yangtse to the Amur drain-
ages; and Pere Heude17 has split it into some four species. Of

1 6 Sitzungtber. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1877, p. 114. B. striatula
was described from Chusan, as Paludina (Bithinia') striatula Bens.,Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Beng., XXIV, 1885, p. 131. Schmacker found it at Shanghai.

17 Memoires concernant I' Hist. Nat. de I' Empire Ckinois, pp. 171, 172.

406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

these his B. chinensis seems to me to be typical B. striatula, while B.
spiralis is a more slender, B. sealaris a stouter form, perhaps not
more than varietally distinct. B. striatula Bens, of Heude is a
strongly keeled form, certainly not the typical striatula of Benson.
His identification of it was possibly due to a remark of von Mar-
tens in Jahrb. D. Mai Ges., II, 1875, p. 133.

I have no great faith* in the distinctness of any of these sup-
posed species ; but if several Chinese forms are to be distinguished,
the Japanese shells evidently deserve at least varietal rank. They
are nearer B. striatula Heude non Benson than to any other of
the Chinese varieties.

Sphserium inn tills n. sp.

Shell oval, much inflated, thin, equilateral, grayish-brown, with
a pale basal zone; glossy, minutely striate; anterior end curved
in a semicircle; posterior end a little more obtuse, though still
well curved. Beaks small, projecting, " calyculate," or tipped
with a distinctly demarked protoconch. Interior bluish-white;
cardinal teeth subobsolete, extremely compressed, parallel with the
hinge-line, divided in the right valve, single in the left; lateral
teeth moderately strong, double in the right, single in the left
valve. Length 10, alt. 8.6, diam. 6.2 mm.

Nishigo, Uzen (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Three species of Sphcerium are now known from Japan: S.
jceponicum Westerlund, 18 S. heterodon Pilsbry,19 and the present
species. All belong to the subgenus Calyculina. S. japonicum is
an elongate ' ' subtrapezif orm " species. S. inutilis differs from
& heterodon in having higher beaks, a more curved hinge-line,
rounded ends and it is more globose.

No Pisidium or Cyrena is yet known from Japan proper, although
the latter genus occurs in the middle group of the Loo Choo
Islands.

Corbicula sadoensis n. sp.

Shell triangular-oval, moderately inflated, solid; glossy, nearly
black in adults, sculptured with very close, irregularly raised and

18 Calyculinajaponica West., NacJir^bl. d. D, Malak. Ges., 1883, p. 58

Jokogava, near Tokyo.
16, 17, from Hizen, in

\jvuv yviwbiiiu/ juipv ibwjv TV cab., .tiu/u/fc/ (/(/. u/. jj. M

(April); Vega Bxp., IV, p. 216, PI. 6, fig. 31, from Jokogava, near Tokyo.
19 Catal. Mar. Moll. Jap., p. 159, PI. 3, figs. 15,

Kiusiu.

1$01.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 407

thread-like concentric striae. Beaks moderately raised and full,
deeply eroded in adults. Interior whitish, or light violet outside
of the pallial line. Hinge rather narrow, the cardinal teeth
slightly grooved at their summits ; anterior and posterior laterals of
equal length, single in the left, double in the right valve. Length
33, ale. 27, diam. 18 mm.

Sado, Japan (Mr. Y. Hirase).

It fills me with sadness to add another Corbicula to the Japanese
fauna, but these specimens cannot without violence be referred to
any of those known. C. martensi Clessin is perhaps the nearest,
but sadoemis is more transverse, the lateral teeth diverge at a wider
angle, and the striae are far closer. The very close, comparatively
fine striation is the chief differential character of the species,
distinguishing it from all the other forms.

Corbicula awajiensis n. sp.

Shell oval, compressed, the diameter about half and the alt.
three-fourths the length, bright yellowish green, with buff spots
and patches toward the beaks; strongly and regularly ribbed con-
centrically. Beaks rather low, not projecting much, eroded and
deep violet. Nearlv equilateral, the anterior end sometimes slightly
narrower, the two ends about equally rounded, upper and lower
margins equally and similarly curved. Interior dark violet, with
a darker, often light-bordered spot under the beaks. Hinge deli-
cate, the cardinal teeth small; anterior and posterior laterals of
about equal length, somewhat curved, very strongly crenulate,
double in the right, single in the left valve. Length 16, alt. 12,
diam. 8J mm.

Noda, Awaji (Mr. Y. Hirase).

The valve -margins viewed from within are seen to form a sym-
metrical oval figure, the upper and lower borders having almost
exactly the same curvature, and the anterior and posterior ends
being about equal. There is no suggestion of the subtriangular
shape of most Japanese species of Corbicula. The beaks are low
and the sculpture strong and regular. It is a small species, the
first known from Awaji Island, and seems quite distinct from any
other.

408 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF [July,

\

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIX, XX, XXI.

PLATE XIX (figures natural size), Fig. 1. — Venus hirasei. pp. 205, 400.

Fig. 2. — Area nipponensis, pp. 209, 402.

Figs. 3, 4.—Petricola cyclus, pp. 204, 400.

Fig. 5. — Tapes phenax, p. 207.

Fig. 6. — Tapes platyptycha, p. 206.

Fig. 7. — Petricola cyclus var. sculpturata, p. 205 (Ceylon).

Fig. 8. — Tellina pristiformis, p. 400.

Fig. 9. — Anatina impura, pp. 208, 402.

Figs. 10, 11. — Acmcea heroldi var. signata, p. 202.

Fig. 12. — Lima Mans var. hirasei, pp. 209, 402.

Fig. 13. — Solen roseomaculatus, p. 399.

Figs. 14, 15. — Cerithium chemnitzianum, p. 393.

Fig. 16. — Echinella cumingi luchuana, pp. 198, 394.

Fig. 17. — Euthria hokkaidonis, p. 389.

Fig. 18 — Peristernia ustulata var. luchuana, pp. 197, 390.

PLATE XX (fig. 19 much enlarged, the others natural size), Fig. 19. —
Donax kiusiuensis, p. 400.
Fig. 20.— Venus hirasei, p. 400.

Fig. 21. — Chrysodomus intersculptus var. f rater, pp. 197, 391.
Fig. 22. — Buccinum hirasei, p. 391.
Fig. 23. — Chrysodomus pericochlion, p. 391.

PLATE XXI (figures much enlarged), Fig. 24. — Tritonidea submen-
keana, p. 387.

Fig. 25. — Syrnola bacillum, p. 394.
Fig. 26. — Daphnella fragilis var. articulata, p. 385.
Fig. 21.—Turbonilla varicifera, pp. 198, 395.
Fig. 28.—Mitra vanattai, p. 387.
Fig. 29. — Eulima luchuana, p. 396.
Fig. 30. — Eulima dunkeriana, p. 395.
Fig. 31. — Mitra hizenensis, p. 386.
Fig. 32. — Cantharidus hirasei, p. 199.
Fig. 33. — Cantharidus bisbalteatus, p. 199.
Fig. 34. — Clanculus gemmiilifer, p. 200.
Fig. 35.— Clanculus hizenensis, pp. 201, 398.
Fig. 36. — Columbella miser a var. californica, p. 390.
Figs. 37, 38. — Columbella miser a, p. 389.
Fig. 39. — Columbella misera var. polynyma, pp. 196, 390.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 409

THE LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE LOO CHOO ISLANDS: CLATJSILIIDJE.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Seven or eight years ago, at the time of my first studies upon
Japanese mollusks, only two species of Clanisilia were known from
the Loo Choo Islands: C. valida Pfeiffer,1 described from speci-
mens collected by Largilliert, and C. prceclara Gould, 2 collected by
William Stimpson, naturalist of the U. S. North Pacific Explor-
ing Expedition, under Commanders Ringgold and Rodgers.

Mr. Frederick Stearns brought a third species, taken on Oki-
nawa, which I described in 1894 as C. Stearnsii,* and a fourth was
sent in 1900 by Mr. Hirase, C. hyperoptyx,4 from the same
island.

Two other species, C. Bernardii Pfr. and C. ptychochila Bttg..
supposed to be from Siam and China respectively, seem from their
characters to be so near Loo Chooan species that I think their
formerly assigned habitats were probably erroneous, and that both
really came from the Loo Choo Islands. Acting upon this
hypothesis, I provisionally include them in the following account.

Through the researches conducted by my esteemed correspondent,
Mr. Y. Hirase, the number of species known from these beautiful
and interesting islands has now been increased to eleven,5 not
counting the two species of doubtful provenance alluded to above.

Up to this time we have received species from only three islands r
Yayeyama in the southwestern group, Okinawa or Great Luchu in

1 Zeitschr.f. Malak., 1849, p. 106 ; Mon. Eel. Viv., Ill, p. 591. Kiister,
Conchyl. Cab., Clausilia, PI. 23, figs. 1-3, figures of Pfeiffer's type.

2Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 425, February, 1859 ; Otia Conch., p.
103. The name prcedara being preoccupied in Clausilia, Pfeiffer changed
it to C. excellens, Jour, de Conchyl., p. 266 (1861), basing the new name
on Gould's description.

3 Nautilus, VIII, p. 47 (August, 1894); Catal Mar. Moll. Jap., Appen-
dix, p. 163, PL I, fig. 12.

4 These Proceedings, 1900, p. 446, PI. XIV, figs. 12-14.

5 This includes the species of Oshima, as this island belongs both geo-
graphically and faunally to the Loo Choo group. Being politically a part of
Kagoshima Ken or prefecture, it is not usually considered by the Japanese
to be one of the Loo Choo group, which in ordinary parlance includes merely
the Central and Further groups of islands, belonging to Okinawa Ken.

410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

the central group, and Oshima in the northeastern group. There
can be no doubt that when other islands are explored many more
species will be brought to light, and our zoogeographic knowledge
correspondingly expanded.

The known species fall into five subgenera or sections: Stereo-
phcedusa, Luchuphcedusa, Hemiphcedusa, Tyrannophcedusa (?) and
Zaptyx. Of these, the section Luchuphcedusa, comprising about
half the species now known, has been found nowhere but on these
islands. Zaptyx extends into the southernmost provinces of
Kiusiu, in the neighborhood of Kagoshima Bay; and probably
borne by the " Kuro Shi wo " has reached Hachijo, an islet a
hundred miles off Izu province; but a Loo Chooan origin of the
group seems probable. Stereophcedusa and Hemiphcedusa range
further, being common throughout Japan, and the latter group is
widespread on che Chinese mainland ; but the species of the Loo
Choo Islands belong to a special group of Hemiphcedusa which has
not been found elsewhere. The single species referred doubtfully
to Tyrannophcedusa has no close relatives, but seems nearer t»
Japanese than to any Chinese species known to me. The sections
JEuphcedusa and Megalophcedusa, so characteristic of Japan, are
wanting in the Loo Choos, so far as present information goes; and
Reinia has not been found. So much for the distribution of the
groups. Descending to species, we find not one common to the Loo
Choo Islands and any other land.

The general affinities of the Clausilia fauna, we may conclude,
are closest with Japan, though the endemic element is so strong
that no relationship at all intimate can be claimed. No character-
istic Formosan forms of Clausilia have been found in the Loo
Choo group.

Section STEREOPH^EDUSA Bttg.

Clausilia valida Pfr.

Originally described from the " Liew Kiew " Islands, this
species is known from Okinawa Island only. It has been collected
there by the Japanese collectors sent by Dr. Adolph Fritze in
1891, by Mr. Frederick Stearns about the same time, and has also
been taken by Mr. Hirase's collector. The typical form is uniform
brownish yellow.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 411

The chestnut- banded form with the coarse sculpture of the type
has been named var. fasciata by Mr. E. R. Sykes/'

Another handed variety may be called var. perfasciata. It is
similar to C. valida fasciata Sy^es, but larger, the broad purple-
browu band more strongly contrasted with the whitish or pale buff
bands above and below it; aperture longer, more piriform. The
sculpture is perceptibly finer than in valida. The types of this
form are from the province Kunchan, Okinawa Island (No. 633
of Mr. Hirase's collection).

A third form of the species, var. striatella, uov., has the color-
ing of var. fasciata, but darker on the last two whorls, with the
same rather wide aperture, dusky purplish within; but the surface
is far more finely striated, there being fully twice as many striae as
there are in valida. The size is about the same.

Length 28, diain. 6 mm., 7J whorls remaining.

Length 25 J, diam. 6^ mm., 6J whorls remaining.

The types ^are 79,116 Coll. A. N. S. P., from 462 of Mr.
Hirase's collection, labeled " Loo Choo."
Ciausilia Stearnsii Pilsbry.

The types were taken on Okinawa by the collector sent by Mr.
Frederick Stearns in 1891-2. They measure, length 26 to 31,
diam. 5 mm. Specimens sent this year from Yayeyama by Mr.
Hirase (No. 622) measure 26-28 by 5 mm. Others sent from
" Loo Choo" are more slender, length 25-25 J, diam. 4J mm.,
with 12 whorls and a less distinct lunella than the types.

C. Stearnsii is very distinct by its receding inferior lamella and
the development of a lunella, both being characters unlike most
other species of Stereoph&dusa.

Section LUCHUPH^DUSA nov.

Clausilium wide, truncate or notched distally, and with a thick-
ened lobe or finger-like process on the columellar side of the apex,
standing at nearly a right angle with the body of the plate.

Shell fusiform, the right margin of the peristome usually crenate,
outer margin excavated above to form a sinulus; superior lamella
marginal, projecting, continuous with the long spiral lamella;

6 The Conchologist, II, p. 118. Figure 52 of Sowerby's monograph in the
Conchologia Iconica, XX, evidently is intended to represent one of the
specimens mentioned by Mr. Sykes.

412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

inferior lamella strongly spiral within, calloused below; subcolu-
mellar lamella dilated adjacent to the very long and strong lower
palatal plica, which is united with the lunella, when that is pres-
ent; principal plica long; upper palatal plica developed, sometimes
coalescent with the lunella.

The shell in this section is similar to that of the group of C.
ptychochila in general characters, but differs in the dilation of the
subcolumellar lamella and in the much higher, simple spiral plate
of the inferior lamella within the last whorl. Like the group
mentioned, its peculiarities are an exaggeration of the platydera
group of Hemiphcedusa, which may be looked upon as a sort of
unspecialized branch of the common stock. The clausilium, how-
ever, is so peculiar and unlike any Phsedusoid group hitherto
known, that the erection of a new section is required. The
lamellae and plicae are all very strongly developed within, and the
former are unusually long, passing the ventral position.

Luchuphcedusa has much in common with the section Emargina-
ria Bttg. of the German upper Miocene, in which a similar emar-
ginate or notched clausilium and the same interlamellar plication is
developed ; but the Miocene forms retain a primitH e structure of
the palatal region, where several plicae are developed, while Jjuchu-
phcedusa is very highly specialized there. The resemblance is par-
tially due to convergent evolution.

Key to species of Luchuphcedusa, by external characters.

1. — Right margin of the peristome crenulate:

a. — Aperture narrow, the sinulus strongly developed; princi-
pal plica reaching to the lip; last whorl strongly com-
pressed (Oshima).

b. — Subcolumellar lamella wholly immersed (though the
lip is crenate at its position), ... 0. oshimce.
6'.— Subcolumellar lamella emerging to the lip-edge,

C. pseudoshimce.
a'. — Aperture moderately wide, of normal proportions, piri-

form-ovate ; principal plica immersed, as usual.

b. — Rather large, the broad right lip deeply plicate ;

length about 23 mm. (Okinawa), C. eallistochila.

b'. — Small, length about 12 mm. : the right lip narrow

and not very strongly crenate (Oshima), (7. mima.

2. — Right margin of the peristome smooth; aperture semicircular;

inferior and subcolumellar lamellae emerging to the lip-edge;

length 30-34 mm. (Oshima), .... (7. nesiothauma.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XXII.

18

BRY

psBRY. CLAUSILIID^E OF LOO CHOO ISLANDS.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 19O1.

PLATE XXIII.

38

,

39

PILSBRY DEL.

PILSBRY. CLAUSlLIIDyE OF LOO CHOO ISLANDS.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 413

All of the species of this section are new, and from the two
islands Okinawa and Oshiuia.
Clausilia callistochila n. sp. PI. XXII, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell thick and strong, pale brown, or green from adhering algse,
rimate, turreted, the upper third of the length attenuated, with
slightly concave outlines, the lower two-thirds rather swollen, the
penultimate whorl widest, the last half of the last whorl contracted,
compressed laterally. The apex is obtuse. Whorls 11£, the early
ones worn smooth, the rest closely rib-striate, the riblets on the last
whorl coarser and more widely spaced, somewhat undulating and ir-
regular. Aperture vertical, rhombic-piriform, with distinct sinulus,
the peristome expanded and reflexed, thick, white, the left margin
wide and thick as far up as the sinulus, where it is abruptly exca-
vated; right margin, from the superior lamella to the base, deeply cut
into rounded entering wrinkles, which deeply crenulate the lip-edge.
Superior lamella subvertical, rather thick, emerging to the margin,
continuous with the high, long and strongly developed spiral
lamella. Inferior lamella subhorizontal, strongly approaching the
superior lamella within, heavy, not reaching the lip-margin, very
strongly spiral inside. Subcolumellar lamella emerging to the lip-
edge, where it forms one of the series of lip-folds. Principal plica
strong and nearly a whorl long, reaching nearly to the lip ; extend-
ing inward far beyond the lunella. Upper palatal plica long, con-
verging inwardly toward the principal plica ; lunella short and very
obliquely running inward, arising below from a very strong and
high, angularly bent, long, lower palaial plica.

Clausilium (PI. XXII, fig. 4) broad, irregularly curved,
abruptly truncate below, slightly thickened along the palatal mar-
gin, the apical end of the columellar margin much thickened, bent
nearly at a right angle with the rest of the surface, producing a
blunt tooth or lobe.

Length 24, diarn. 5|, longest axis of aperture 5f- mm.

Length 22J, diam. 5|, longest axis of aperture 6 mm.

Province Kunchan, Okinawa (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 634).

An extraordinary species, not only by the interpalatal lamellae
which deeply crenulate the lip, but also by the long and high lower
palatal fold and very oblique lunella; the two united in such
fashion as to make the figure of an almost prostrate letter A,
reminding one of the lunella of some of the C. platydera group of

414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Hemiphcedusa, but unlike that group, an upper palatal plica is
developed. The clausilium is very peculiar.

Clausilia nesiothauma n. sp. PI. xxil, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Shell large, fusiform, rather obese below, moderately tapering
above, fleshy -whitish, the surface lustreless and (where not over-
grown with algse or worn smooth) sculptured with moderately
coarse, somewhat waved rib-strise, branching or with intercalated
strise on the upper half of the last whorl. Apex small, the first
whorl rapidly enlarging, sometimes self-amputated and plugged.
Whorls 10, the last tapering below, having a broadly rounded basal
crest running to the lower angle of the aperture. Aperture verti-
cal, semicircular in general contour, obtusely angular at the sinulus
and at the foot of the columella; the inner margin being straight-
ened, the outer rounded. Peristome white, the outer and basal
margins flaring, broadly reflexed, the inner margin sloping, emar-
ginate at the termination of the superior lamella, arcuate along
the interlamellar space, then straightened. Superior lamella
strong, slightly oblique, marginal, continuous with the spiral
lamella. Inferior lamella very strong, calloused and thick, forming
a squarish columellar fold, abruptly lower or sometimes bifid where
it extends upon the peristome. Subcolumellar lamella emerging,
very strong and prominent, extending to the lip-edge. Principal
plica about one-third of a whorl long, lateral in position. Lunella
arcuate, its upper end curving well inward (being completely united
with, and curving into, a short upper palatal plica); below, the
lunella becomes strong and high, and joins the middle of an ex-
tremely strong, long, arched lower palatal fold, the summit of which
curves downward and almost meets a broad, erect plate which at
this point rises from the subcolumellar lamella. The lower end of
the lower palatal plica is visible from the aperture, in a front or
slightly oblique view. The inferior lamella is continued inward as
a strongly spiral erect plate, rather distant from the spiral lamella
on the dorsal side, but approaching it and becoming rather abruptly
lower ventrally, both penetrating to beyond the middle of the ven-
tral side. The subcolumellar lamella inward from the expansion
toward the lower palatal plica, is slightly sigmoid, and not parallel
inside with the inferior lamella.

Clausilium (figs. 15, 16) rather broad in the middle, slightly
tapering toward each end, the lower end abruptly truncate, emar-

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 415

ginate or notched, a somewhat thickened, finger-like and more
curved process extending downward on the coluraellar side;
proximal end passing gradually into the rather broad filament.

Length 34, diam. 7.8, longest axis of aperture 9.4 mm.

Length 30.5, diam. 7.5, longest axis of aperture 9 mm.

Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 652).

Readily known by its large size and the peculiar shape of the
aperture.
Clausilia oshimae n. sp. PI. XXII, figs. 5, 6.

Shell fusiform, the upper third slender and somewhat attenuated,
the lower half rather swollen; penultimate whorl widest. Very
solid and strong. Pale brownish, more or less eroded. Closely
and rather strongly striate. Apex small, the first whorl rapidly
increasing, next three or four whorls very slowly widening; whorls
about 11J, the last whorl tapering, laterally compressed, flattened,
having a shallow pit behind the middle of the outer lip, rounded
at the base. Aperture ear-shaped, oblique, produced in a deep
retracted sinulus above. Peristome reflexed, thickened, a slight
ridge running behind the outer lip parallel with it; outer lip
obtusely toothed at the termination of the principal plica, thin
above, rather broad below the tooth. Inner lip projecting in the
middle, cut into six or eight rounded, unequal interlamellar folds,
and similarly or more weakly crenate to or below the subcolumellar
lamella. Superior lamella vertical, emerging beyond the general
level of the peristome, continuous with the spiral lamella. Infe-
rior lamella very prominently projecting into the aperture, subhori-
zontal and somewhat thickened below. Subcolumellar lamella
wholly immersed, but replaced on the lip by rugae occupying its
place. Principal plica very long, reaching to the lip and running
inward over a whorl; very strong. Upper palatal plica short,
weak and lateral; lower palatal plica very strong and long, its
lower end visible within the aperture, in an oblique view. Lunella
apparently wanting. Within, the inferior lamella is a very high,
strongly but somewhat irregularly spiral plate; the spiral lamella
is also very high, almost touching the principal plica; and both
lamellae penetrate far past the ventral side. The subcolumellar la-
mella is short as usual, but strong near its deeply immersed lower end.

Length 22.5, diam. 4.5, longest axis of aperture 5.6 mm.

Length 21, diam. 4.5, longest axis of aperture 5 mm.

416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

The clausiliuin (PL XXII, figs. 12, 13, 14) is strongly curved
below, and becomes very thick toward the apex. The distal end
has two apices separated by a notch, the outer one conic and
rather broad, the inner blunt and bent nearly at a right angle with
the body of the plate.

Nase, Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 653a).

This exceedingly peculiar species has the crenulate right lip of
most of its group, but it differs from all known species except the
next in the great development of the posterior bay or ' ' sinulus ' '
of the aperture. It is difficult to gain a correct conception of the
closing apparatus, so contracted is the cavity of the last whorl
by the enormously developed lamellse and plicae. The deeply
immersed subcoluinellar lamella is a prominent feature, differentiating
C. oshimce from C. pseudoshimce ; but as I have remarked above,
this is masked by the sulcation of the lip, by which rounded
lamellse are produced in the subcolurnellar position.

Clausilia pseudoshimae n. sp. PI. XXII, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.

Shell very similar externally to C. oshimce ; a little smaller;
aperture and lip the same, except that the subcolurnellar lamella
emerges to the lip-edge. Internal structure the same, except that
the spiral trend of the inferior lamella, as seen from the back in
an opened shell, is made irregular by two prominent angles; there is
a rather long, latero-dorsal, upper palatal plica opposite the great
lateral dilation of the inferior lamella. The very long lower
palatal plica gives off a very short and extremely oblique lunella
in a ventral position, where the clausilium lodges. The clausilium
(PL XXII, fig. 11) has two subequal blunt apical points, sepa-
rated by a rather wide notch.

Length 19.3, diam. 4, longest axis of aperture 5 mm.

Length 17, diam. 4, longest axis of aperture 4.7 mm.

Furuniya, Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 6536).

Strikingly like C. oshimce in general aspect, yet readily distin-
guishable by a number of important internal characters. On
cutting the shell it is found to be decidedly less strong than in the
other species. The clausilium lodges in a ventral position. The
form of the basal lip is poorly represented in fig. 8. The other
figures show it correctly.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 417

Clausilia mima n. sp. PI. XXIII, figs. 37, 38, 30.

Shell small, fusiform, rather obese, but rapidly tapering aud
conspicuously attenuated above; thin and not very strong, pale
brown, densely and finely rib-striate. Whorls 8£ to 9, convex,
the apex rather large, next three or four whorls widening but
little; last half of the last whorl much contracted, flattened.
Aperture somewhat oblique, small, piriform, with moderately well-
defined sinulus. Peristome reflexed, slightly thickened, the outer
margin excavated above, the upper and right margins more or less
crenulate, the crenulation varying from strong to subobsolete in
different specimens. Superior lamella vertical, emerging a little
beyond the general level of tjie peristome, slightly wider or bifid
at the margin; continuous with the spiral lamella. Inferior
lamella forming a rather strong subhorizontal fold within, not
emerging to the peristome. Subcolumellar lamella emerging,
marginal. Principal plica about a half whorl long, extending
from the dorsal to the middle of the ventral side. Upper palatal
plica lateral, arcuate, converging inward toward the principal
plica, the outer end contiguous to the lunella, the upper end of
which curves toward and is almost united with it. Lunella lateral
in position, oblique, weak above, strong below, where it unites
with the middle of a long, very strong and angularly bent lower
palatal plica. The subcolumellar lamella is abruptly and strongly
dilated in the region of the lower palatal plica, and is bent over
toward it; beyond this dilation it curves abruptly and ascends the
internal column in the usual manner, expands again and turns
toward the right, parallel to the other lamellae upon the roof of
the penultimate whorl. The inferior lamella within the last
whorl is stout, high, Very strongly spiral, and with the spiral
lamella continues inward past the ventral side, upon which the
three lamellae run parallel.

Length 13^, diam. 3^ mm.

Length 11^, diam. 3 mm.

Clausilium (PI. XXII, figs. 17, 18) broad, strongly curved,
broadly rounded along the outer margin, truncate at the apex, and
produced on the columellar side into a long finger-like process.

Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 654).

Much smaller than other species of the section, and strongly
attenuated above, like C. brevior v. Mart. The process of the
27

418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

clausilium is also longer, and the whole plate is strongly twisted
spirally.

Section HEMIPH^EDUSA Bttg.
Group of C. ptyehochila.

In this group the right lip or interlaraellar space is more or less
crenate; the superior and subcolumellar lamellae are marginal, the
inferior lamella somewhat receding, thickened below, strongly sig-
moid within, and in the middle of the dorsal aspect it is low, wide
and bifid, as if composed of two cords twisted round one another.
The lower palatal plica is very strong, elevated in the middle where
the lunella joins it, the latter being very strong below, weak above.
The clausilium (PI. XXIII, figs. 26-29) is wider in the middle
than in Hemiphcedusa, tapering above and below, strongly curved
toward the thickened, obtuse apex, and with the lateral margins
bent nearly at right angles with the rest of the plate, forming a
sort of spout-like distal extremity (PL XXIII, figs. 27, 28).

This group is probably entitled to separate sectional rank. It is
related to the Japanese group of C. platydera, but differs in the
form of the inferior lamella within the last whorl, and in the
clausilium.

Key to species.

1. — Inferior lamella thickened but simple below:

a. — Surface strongly ribbed; subcolumellar lamella somewhat
dilated in the part adjacent to the lower palatal plica,

C. Bernardii.
a'. — Surface more finely costulate :

b. — Lunella becoming very weak and curving inward

above, strong and high below; subcolumellar

lamella not dilated near the lower palatal plica;

upper palatal plica weak, . . C. crenilabium.

I'. — Lunella straight; shell more obese, C. ptychochila.

2. — Inferior lamella bifid below, C. excellens.

Clausilia Bernardii Pfr. PI. XXIII, figs. 30, 31, 32.

C. Bernardii Pfr., Journ. de Conchyl., IX, 1861, p. 267, PI. 15, figs. 1,
2 ; Monogr. Hel. Viv., VI, p. 426.

This species was described as from Siarn. It has not been found
by any later collectors in that region, and there are grave reasons
for considering the locality erroneous.

The original specimens from Bernardi's collection were dis-

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 419

tributed to Pfeiffer, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, arid perhaps to other collections; and I suppose the figured
type is preserved in the collection of the Journal de Conchy lio logic
in Paris.

Upon examining the species, I find that it is very closely related
to my C. crenilabium of Kunchan, Okinawa; in fact, so inti-
mately, that I have no doubt that C. Bernardii really came from
Okinawa or some other island of the Loo Choo chain. No species
of the same group has been found in China, Tonquin or elsewhere
on the mainland, and it is apparently a local group, specialized
on these islands.

The source whence Bernardi procured his specimens is not
stated, but it is significant that in the same volume of the Journal
several species from Japan and the Loo Choo Islands, collected
by a French naval officer, M. Thomas, are described. Probably
C. Bernardii was one of the species taken by him in Loo Choo.

C. Bernardii differs from C. erenilabium in having the surface-
sculpture very much coarser. The lunella is very strong below,
where it joins the middle of an elevated conic lower palatal fold,
the apex of which overhangs or curves downward in the middle.
Above, the lunella rapidly weakens, and curves backward into the
low upper palatal fold, which also has a low continuation on the
other side — apertureward — of the lunella. The projecting squar-
ish inferior lamella is much thickened below, and within the last
whorl it has the peculiar shape seen in C. crenilabium, the spiral
portion being superposed at the side of, rather than continuous
with, the externally visible part of the inferior lamella. It is
very strong, somewhat expanded in the region of the lunella.
The spiral and inferior lamellae are of equal length, and continue
inward past the ventral position, to a point in line with the supe-
rior lamella. In C. crenilabium both lamellae extend further
inward, and the spiral lamella is decidedly longer than the other.
The crenulation of the interlamellar space is coarser in Bernardii
than jn crenilabium. There are 11 whorls, the upper ones more
attenuated than in crenilabium, and the color is corneous-white, not
brownish.

The clausilium of C. Bernardii is shaped almost exactly as in
C. crenilabium, broad in the middle, tapering and strongly curved
to ward, the apex, which is obtuse, slightly thickened and spout-

420 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

like, from having the lateral edges of the tapering portion abruptly
bent toward the convex side of the clausilium. The palatal
margin is especially widely reflexed and flattened.

Clausilia ptychochila Boettger. PI. XXIII, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Clausilienstudien, p. 66 (1877); Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., V, p. 57, PL
3, fig. 8 (1878).

The habitat of this species is unknown. It was described from
a single specimen, supposed to be from China, but without record
of locality. From its characters I think it will be found on
Okinawa or some neighboring island.

The type measures, length 24J, diam. 6J, length of aperture 6^.,
width 4J mm. ,It is swollen-fusiform, densely costulate and
whitish-corneous, the spire concavely attenuated. Whorls 11.
The aperture is rhombic -piriform, peristome much thickened, sin-
uate and appressed above. There is a groove separating the
superior lamella from the numerous folds which corrugate the
interlamellar space. The inferior lamella is callous below. " The
small upper and the longer lower palatal plicae are united with
the short, straight lunella, which at its base gives off a distinct
branch backward." The clausilium has not been described.

Boettger' s description and figures show this to be a species closely
related to C. crenilabium and C. Bernardii. It differs from the
former in being more inflated, with the lunella apparently straight,
not curving inward above, and nothing is said to indicate that
the lower palatal plica has the great height at its junction with the
lunella and the strong development seen in C. crenilabium. It is
apparently more finely sculptured than C. Bernardii. Further
collections are needed to determine whether these three species are
constantly distinct or united by intermediate examples. Num-
bers of specimens of C. Bernardii and C. crenilabium show no
tendency toward intergradation, and with present knowledge I
would not feel justified in uniting the three species.

Dr. von Mollendorff has placed ptychochila in the synonomy of
excellens (Jahrb. D. Mai. Ges., X, p. 269). This union is inadmis-
sible.
Clausilia crenilabium n. sp. PI. XXIII, figs. 23, 24, 25, 33.

Shell thick and strong, brownish buff, rimate, turreted, attenu-
ated above, moderately swollen below, the last whorl contracted,
penultimate whorl widest. Whorls about 11J, slightly convex,

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 421

sculptured with close, regular and rather fine rib-strise, coarser on
the last whorl. Aperture vertical, rhombic-piriform, the peris-
tome white, reflexed, somewhat thickened, the outer lip excavated
above to form an indistinct sinulus; the upper margin to the right
of the superior lamella is cut into 3 to 5 entering folds, deeply crenu-
lating the lip-edge; the rest of the right margin is weakly and irregu-
larly subcrenulate. Superior lamella strong, slightly oblique, attain-
ing the margin, continuous with the long and high spiral lamella.
Inferior lamella strong, approaching the superior, not reaching
upon the lip, very heavy and callous below, strongly spiral and
with a superposed callus within. Subcolumellar lamella emerging.
Principal plica rather long and strong, visible within the aperture,
extending inward slightly beyond the latero- ventral lunella.
Upper palatal plica small and low, united with the lunella. Lower
palatal plica short and high3 angularly elevated and overhanging
downward in the middle, where the strong lunella joins it.

Clausilium (PI. XXIII, figs. 26-29) well curved, wide above,
the lower half tapering, narrow, terminating in a blunt apex,
which is channeled and spout-like outside. Columellar margin
thickened near and at the apex; palatal margin sinuous, bearing
a sharp, high, keel-like thickening on the outside along its lower
half; proximal end emarginate on the columellar side of the fila-
ment.

Length 32, diam. 7, longest axis of aperture 7.8 mm.

Length 30, diam. 7.3, longest axis of aperture 8.3 mm.

Length 26, diam. 6. 3, longest axis of aperture 7 mm.

Kunchan, Okinawa (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 632a).
1 ' This species differs from C. callistochila in the weak crenulation
of the right lip, shorter principal plica, shorter and differently
shaped lower palatal plica, the smaller upper palatal, which is
united with the lunella, and especially in the different form of the
•clausilium.

^ Specimens No. 632 b of Mr. Hirase' s collection, also from Kun-
chan, the northern province of Okinawa, are green from adhering
algse, evidently having lived in a moist place. The crenulation of
the lip is much less marked, there being but one or two inter-
lamellar folds close to the superior lamella; the lower palatal fold
and lunella are shortened, forming a sort of triangular buttressed
pyramid; the lunella is very low above, and curves into a sub-

422

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

' [July,

obsolete upper palatal fold. The clausilium is the same as in the
typical form. The tip of the spire is sometimes lost.

Length 28, diam. 6.3, longest axis of aperture 7.2 mm.

Length 28.7, diam. 6, longest axis of aperture 7.2 mm.

Clausilia excellens Pfeiffer. PL XXIII, fig. 43.

This species was originally described by Gould as G. prceclara,
but this name being preoccupied it was changed by Pfeiffer to (7.
excellens. The species was known to Pfeiffer by Gould's descrip-
tion only.7 Through the kindness of Prof. William H. Dall I am
able to give a figure of the type specimen, from
Loo Choo, in the National Museum.

It differs from C. crenilabium in the slightly
stronger striation and the better development of the
interlamellar crenulation; and from C. crenilabium,
ptychochila and Bernardii in the grooving of the
top of the inferior lamella, which is almost bifid.
In C. crenilabium and C. JSernardii the inferior la-
mella is only bifid far within, in a dorsal position,
as shown in PI. XXIII, fig. 25. In t7. excellens
this bifid structure has apparently moved downward
to the lower end of the lamella.

The clausilium of C. excellens is still unknown,
as the type specimen has not been opened ; and the
subgeneric position of the species cannot, therefore, be considered
certain. It may possibly be a Luchuphcedusa.

Group of C. munus.

A group of uncertain systematic position, probably referable to
Tyrannophcedusa rather than to Hemiphcedusa ; but more material
and further study is needed to determine to what extent Hemi-
phcedusa is heterogeneous, and how it may best be subdivided.
The heavy thickening of the distal end of the clausilium on the
columellar side, and its short form, remove the species described
below from Hemiphcedusa, but it differs from the typical forms
of Tyrannophceditsa in the comparatively few-whorled shell and
in details of the palatal armature.

7 See p. 409, footnote No. 2. There is a very poor figure of C. excellens in
the Conchologia Iconica, XX, PL X, fig. 89.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 423

Clausilia munus n. sp. H. XXIII, flgs. 34, 35, 36.

Shell rather small, fusiform, slender and much attenuated above,
rather obese below; brown and glossy when unworn, but often
lustreless and more or less eroded. Finely and closely striate, the
later half of the last whorl much more coarsely so. Whorls 9
to 9|, rather convex, the penultimate whorl widest, the last whorl
contracted, tapering. Aperture rhombic- ovate, the peristome
whitish, reflexed, moderately thick, slightly emarginate at the
position of the superior lamella. Superior lamella vertical, reach-
ing the margin, continuous with the spiral lamella. Inferior
lamella immersed, receding, not visible in a front view, but seen
by looking obliquely into the aperture; almost straightly ascend-
ing inside. Subcolumellar lamella emerging to the lip-edge, with
a groove on each side. Principal plica nearly a half whorl long,
its end visible within the throat from the aperture, extending
inward slightly beyond the closing apparatus. Upper palatal
plica short, converging a little inwardly toward the principal plica;
not connected with the arcuate, oblique, rather strong lunella, the
lower end of which curves inward somewhat.

Length 15, diam. 3.5 mm.

Length 13.5, diam. 3.6 mm.

Length 13, diam. 3 mm.

Clausilium rather broad and short, tapering to a mucronate apex,
heavily thickened on the columellar side at and near the apex,
nearly straight, curved only near the filament, where it is abruptly
narrowed, and deeply excavated or emarginaie on the columellar side.

Oshima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No 646).

In general form this species resembles C. brevior and C. awa-
jiensls. It differs from the latter in the wider peristome, in having
the lunella free from the upper palatal plica, and in the shape of
the clausilium, which in this species resembles that of Tyrannophce-
dusa, it being shorter and broader than in Hemiphcedwa, and
strongly thickened toward the apex, along the columellar side.

Section ZAPTYX Pilsbry.

Vide these Proceedings for 1900, pp. 446, 672.
Clansilia hyperoptyx Pilsbry.

This species was sent by Mr. Hirase as from " Loo Choo " —
that is, I suppose, Great Loo Choo (Luchu), Nawa, or Okinawa
Island. A further lot, No. 4576, has been sent from Yayeyama,

424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXII AND XXIII.

PLATE XXII, Figs. 1-3. — Glausilia callistocJiila.

Fig. 4. — Clausilia callistochila. Clausilium, showing form of the apex.

Figs. 5, 6. — G. oshimcB. I, inferior lamella; P, lower end of the lower
palatal plica ; 8, suboolumellar lamella ; Sp., spiral lamella ; Sup., superior
lamella.

Figs. 7-10. — C. pseudoshima.

Fig. 11. — C. pseudoshimm. Clausilium, turned to show form of the apex.

Fig. 12. — C. oshimce. Clausilium, interior face ; 13, profile from colum-
ellar side ; 14, inner face, turned to show form of the apex.

Fig. 15. — C. nesiothauma. Clausilium, interior face ; 16, the same,
turned to show form of the apex.

Fig. 17. — C. mima. Clausilium, turned to show form of the apex ; 18,
interior face of the same.

Figs. 19-21 — C. nesiothauma. Fig. 20 showing the spiral and inferior
lamellse, and on the left side part of the lunella and lower palatal plica,
with the dilated portion of the subcolumellar lamella.

PLATE XXIII, Figs. 23-25. — C. crenilabium. /, inferior lamella, L,
lunella ; P, lower palatal plica ; /S, subcolumellar lamella.

Fig. 26. — G. crenilabium. Clausilium, seen in profile from the columellar
side ; 27, apical view ; 28, interior face ; 29, the same turned to show shape
of the apex.

Figs. 30-32.— C. Bernardii.

Fig. 33. — G. crenilabium.

Figs. 34-36. — G. munus.

Figs. 37-39. — G. mima.

Figs. 40-42. — G. ptychochila (copied from Boettger).

Fig. 43. — G. excellent (type specimen of G. pradara Gld., drawn by Dr.
J. C. McConnell).

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 647

CATALOGUE OF THE CLAUSILIIDJE OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.'
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The general sequence of species in the following list is from
primitive to specialized forms; but this end is only imperfectly
attained, as there are several highly specialized groups terminating
wholly independent phyla, making a serial arrangement quite
arbitrary. The forms with narrow clausilium and several palatal
plicae in place of a luuella are the more primitive, retaining the
structure of early Tertiary groups. Megalophcedusa and the typi-
cal Hemiphceduscv are of this kind. Zaptyx, Luchuphcedusa and
Tyrannophcedusa seem to be three independent specializations from
an early Hemiphsedusan stock. Stereophcedusa stands a little more
remote; while Pseudonenia, Euphcedusa and Reinia probably
separated from the pro-Hemiphsedusan stock at a still earlier period.

The East Asiatic Clausiliidce are much more closely related to
early Tertiary than to modern European groups. The evidence
indicates that, like the Belogonous Helicidce, a common stock of
Clausiliidce spread over Asia and Europe, at least as early as the
Eocene. Subsequent evolution has been along independent lines
in the East and the West; and just as I have demonstrated in the
Helicidce, the European stock has forged ahead, while the Oriental
looks backward, many a group retaining old characters.

Ninety-three well-established species of Clausilia are now known
from Japan, more than half of them first described in this journal.
Of this number forty-four were brought to light by Mr. Hirase.
The localities of many others, previously uncertain, have been
ascertained from specimens collected by him. In addition to these
species, thirty-five subspecies or varieties have been described.
The list of species is encumbered with eleven additional specific
names, standing for forms so inadequately described that their rela-
tionships with other species are not ascertaiuable from published

1 Exclusive of P'ormosa.

648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

data, though part of them can be identified specifically when
specimens from the original localities come to competent hands.

Section MEGALOPH.EDUSA. Bttg.

C. MARTENSI ' Herklots ' v. Mart. (= C. yokohamensis Crosse

and C. Reiniana var., Kob., Jahrb. iii, PI. 5, f. 8).

Yokohama (Crosse); Hakone Mountains (Schmacker);

Mikuriya, Suruga; Gojo and Kambe, Yamato; Kobe,

Setsu; Kashima, Harima.

Form TINCTILABRIS Pils. Nachi and Tomisato, Kii (Hirase).
Var. REINIANA Kobelt. Ibuki, Omi (Hirase); Aichi (U. S.

Nat. Mus.).

C. MITSUKURII Pils. Tomisato, Kii.2
C. DDCALIS Kob. " Interior of Nippon" (Eein) ; Miya-mura,

Hida (Hirase).

Var. DORCAS Pils. Kiyomi-mura, Hida (Hirase).
C. VASTA Bttg. Nagasaki (Rein, Schmacker); Seluchi (Kein);

Fukuregi, Higo (Hirase).
C. FULTONX Sykes. Shikoku: Kinnayama, type locality; Ushi-

rogawa, Tosa; Nainetoko, lyo; Goto, Uzen (Hirase).
C. HIRASEANA Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa, Shikoku (Hirase).

Section HEMIPILEDUSA Bttg.
Group of C. validiuscula.

C. DECUSSATA v. Mart. Tsukuba-san, a mountain in Hitachi

Province, north of Tokyo (Hilgendorf). A species of

uncertain position in the system.
C. VALIDIUSCULA v. Mart. Seluchi, Kiushiu (Rein).

Var. BILAMELLATA Bttg. " Seluchi, between Hiuga and

Bugo" (Rein).

C. ihTERLAMELLARis v. Mart. Kiushiu.
C. ^ETHIOPS Mlldff. Near Nagasaki, Kiushiu.
C. VIRIDIFLAVA Bttg. "Interior of Japan," "Kiushiu"

(Rein).

2 Smaller than Martensi ; somewhat Buliminus-shaped. Whorls 9J, the
upper ones not amputated. Aperture about as in Martensi. Length 29,
diam. 8 mm.

1901.] NATURAL .SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 649

C. HICKONIS Bttg " Interior of Nippon " (Rein).

Var. BINODIFERA Bttg. "Interior of Nippon " (Rein).
C. NOLANI Pils. Fukura and Ikari, Awaji (Hirase).
C. GRACILISPIRA Mlldff. Near Kobe, Setsu.
C. CARYOSTOMA Mlldff. Kobe, Setsu.

Var. JAYI Pilsbry. Jo, Kii (Hirase).
C. TOSANA Pils. Ushirohawa, Tosa, and Nametoko, Iyo,3Shikoku

Island.
C. GRACIJE Pils. Nachi, Kii (Hirase, No. 794).

Group of C. sublunellata.

C. SUBLUNELLATA Mlldff. Nikko Mountains (Hungerford).
C. HETEROPTrx Pilsbry. Toraisato and Nachi, Kii (Hirase).
C. OPE AS Mlldff. Nikko Mountains (Hungerford).
C. MICROPEAS Mlldff. Nikko (Hungerford) ; Mikuriya, Suruga

(Hirase).

Var. PERPALLIDA Pils. Nishigo, Uzen.
Var. HOKKAIDOENSIS Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido.
C. SUBULIXA Mlldff. Nikko Mountains and Lake Chusenji,

Shimotsuke.
Var. LEUCOPEAS Pilsbry. Ikoma and Samotonakamura, Kii

(Hirase).
C. SERICIXA Mlldff. Lake Chusenji, Shimotsuke and Yumagaai-

shi (Hungerford).
Var. RHOPALIA Pilsbry. Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).

Group of C. hyperolia.

C. HYPEROLIA v. Mart. Uweno, near Yeddo (Hilgendorf, type

locality). Oshima, Izu ; Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).
Var. RECTALUNA Mlldff. Kamatokogiro.
Var. APTYCHIA Mlldff. Hakone and Chusenji.
Var. PLANULATA Mlldff. Kobe.

Group of C. aivajiensis.

C. AWAJIENSIS Pils. Fukura, Awaji.

C. HARIMENSIS Pils. Kashinia, Harima; Shirono, Buzen.

3 In the specimens of C. tosana from Nametoko, lyo, the intermediate
palatal plicae coalesce to form a somewhat I-shaped lunella. They are a
transition form to the group of C. aulacophora.

650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

C. PERIGNOBILIS Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa; Dogo, lyo.
C. KOCHIENSIS Pils. Kochi, Tosa; Minamata and Yatsushiro,
Higo ; Togo, Satsuma. ( C. higoensis Pils. is a synonym. )
C. SUBAURANTIACA Pils. Deyai and Toyonishihami, Nagato.
C. ISCHNA Pils. Kochi, Tosa, Shikoku Island.

Var. NEPTIS Pils. Kochi, Tosa.
C. IGNOBILIS Sykes. Kinnayama, Shikoku.
C. SHIKOKUENSIS Pils. Ushirohawa, Tosa, Tairiuji, Awa, and

Nametoko, lyo, Shikoku Island.
C. STRICTALUNA Bttg. Nagasaki (Lischke).

Var. MAJOR Bttg. Seluchi, between Hiuga and Bugo (Rein).

Var. NANA Mlldff. Nagasaki.

Group of C. aulacophora.

C. AULACOPHORA Pils. Fukura, Awaji (C. breviluna Mlldff.).
C. PIGRA Pils. Kashima, Harima (Hirase).

Group of C. platyauchen.

C. PLATYAUCHEN v. Mart. ( C. fusangensis Mlldff.). Tsukuba-
san, a mountain north of Tokyo (Hilgendorf, type local-
ity) ; Lake Chusenji (Schmacker) ; Nishigo, Uzen;
Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase) ; Prov. Suruga (F. Stearns);
Prov. Yamato (Rein).

C. ATTRITA Bttg. Japan (Rein); Ibuki, Omi, and Kiyomi-

mura, Hida (Hirase).

Var. INFAUSTA Pils. Nachi, Ikoma, and Jo, Prov. Kii
(Hirase)..4

C. HAKONENSIS Pils. Hakone Mountains (B. Schmacker);
Oshima, Izu (Hirase).

C. SCHMACKERI Sykes. Kinnayama (Sykes) ; Kochi, Tosa
(Hirase); Shikoku Island.

C. BUSCHII Kiister. Japan (Siebold). Position uncertain.

C. PLATYDERA v. Mart. Kobe (Schmacker); Prov. Yamato, at
Gose, Matsunotoge, Kambe and Nara, and Hieisan, west
of Lake Biwa (A. Gulick!).
Var. LAMBDA Bttg. Japan (Rein); Nohara, Yamato (Hirase).

4 Somewhat smaller than attrita ; the subcolumellar lamella immersed,
inferior lamella continued inward decidedly farther than the spiral lamella!
Other characters substantially as in attrita.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADKLIMI 1 A. 651

Var. KIIENSIS Pils. Kurozu, Nachi and Tomisato, Prov. Kii

(Hirase).5

Group of C. ptychochila.

C. BERNARDII Pfr. [Siam ? Riukiu Islands ?]

C. CRENILABIUM Pils. Prov. Kunchan, Okinawa (Hirase).

C. PTYCHOCHILA Bttg. [China ? Riukiu Islands ?]

C. EXCELLENS Pfr. ( C. prwclam Old. preoc.). Okinawa

(U. S. N. P. Exp.).

Group of C. Pinto.

C. PINTO Pils. Tane-ga-shima, Osumi (Hirase).
C. PTYCHOCYMA Pils. Tane-ga-shima, Osumi (Hirase).
Var. YAKUSHIM.E Pils. Yaku-shima, Osumi (Hirase).

Group of C. munus.
C. MUNus_Pils. Oshima, in the Riukiu Islands (Hirase).

Section ZAPTYX Pilsbry.

C. HIRASEI Pils. Kagoshima and Sakura Island, Satsuma

(Hirase).
Var. KIKAIENSIS PiJs. Kikaigashima, Osumi (Hirase, Nos. 557,

5576X

C. HYPEROPTYX Pils. Okinawa; Yaeyama (Hirase).
C. HACHIJOEXSIS Pils. Hachijo Island, Izu.

Section TYKANNOPH^EDUSA Pilsbry.
Group of C. mikado.

C. MIKADO Pils. (C. omiensis Mlldff. ). Ibuki, Omi, and Akas-

aku, Miuo (Hirase).
C. IOTAPTYX Pils. Ibuki and Ryozen,6 Omi (Hirase).

Var. CLAVA Pils. Senzan, Awaji; Ikoma, Kii (Hirase).
C. ORTHATRACTA Pils. Akasaka, Mino (Hirase).

5 Smaller than platydera ; more swollen below and more attenuate above-
Whorls 8J-10. Length 16-17, diam. 4£ mm.

6 Specimens of C. iotaptyxirow Ryozen, Omi, have 12 to 13 whorls, but
otherwise are like the types from Ibuki, Omi. The shells from Ikoma, Kii,
are somewhat intermediate between ioiaptyx and clava, but nearer the latter.

652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

C. AURANTIACA Bttg. "Interior of Nippon" (Rein); Kobe

(Schmacker) ; Nachi, Kii, Ikari, Awaji, and Suimura,

Awa (%Hi rase).
Var. HYPOPTYCHIA Pils. Kashima, an island near Tanabe,

Kii (Hirase).7
Var. ERBERI Bttg. (minor Mlldff.). Nara, Nohara and Gojo,

Yamato; Chikubushima, inLakeBiwa; Kashima, Harima;

Tomisato, Aiga, and Kurozu, Kii (Hirase).

Group of C. bilabrata.
C. PLICILABRIS A. Ad. Tanabe, Kii. (Subgeneric position

doubtful.)
C. BILABRATA Smith. Kobe, type locality; southern half of

Nippon ; Shikoku, Kiushiu and Iki Islands.
Var. PTYCHOL^MA Bttg. " Seluchi, between Hinga and

Bugo" (Rein).

C. OSCARIANA Pils. Fukuregi, Higo, Kiushiu (Hirase).
C. SURUGE^SIS Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).

Group of C. tanegashimce.

C. OXYCYMA Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma, in southern Kiushiu

(Hirase).

C. TANEGASHIM^ Pils. Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima, Osumi
(Hirase).

Section LUCHUPH^DUSA Pilsbry.

C. CALLISTOCHILA Pils. Prov. Kunchan, Okinawa (Hirase).

C. MIMA Pils. Oshima, Riukiu Islands (Hirase),

C. NESIOTHAUMA Pils. Oshima, Riukiu Islands (Hirase).

C. OSHIM^E Pils. Nase, Oshima (Hirase).

C. PSEUDOSHIMJE Pils. Furuniya, Oshima (Hirase).

Section STEREOPH^DUSA Bttg.

Group of C. valida.
C. VALIDA Pfr. Okinawa.

Var. FASCIATA Sykes. Okinawa.

Var. PERFASCIATA Pils Prov. Kunchau, Okinawa.

Var. STRIATELLA Pils. Okinawa.

7 Larger than aurantiaca, with narrower, less developed lip, more whorls,
and several plica in the subcolumellar region.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 653

Group of C. japonica.

C. JAPONICA Crosse. Middle and southern Nippon; Awaji and
Shikoku Islands. (Includes C. kobensis Smith, type loc.
Kobe; C. nipponensis Kobelt; and C. eurystoma v. Mart.,
type loc.. Tsukuba-san, a mountain north of Yeddo, in
Hitachi Province, Hilgendorf. )
Var. PALLENS Mlldff. " Koma-kasunga."
Var. PEROBSCURA Pils. Shirono, Buzen (Hirase).
Var. INTERPLICATA Pils. Nishigo, Uzen; Takeya, Idzumo;
Ryozen, Omi (Hirase).

C. HILGENDORFI v. Mart. Prov. Idzumo (Hilgendorf).

C. OOSTOMA Mlldff. Hakone (? C. japonica var surugce Pils. +
C. eurystoma subsp. brachyptychia Mlldff., both from
Mikuriya, Suruga; also occurs at Kashiwa, Awaji).

O. SUBJAPONICA Pils. (= C. fultoni subsp. clavula Mlldff.).
Ibuki, Omi; Tomisato, Kii (Hirase).

Group of C. brevior.

C. BREVIOR v. Mart. (C. tetraptyx Mlldff.). Misaki, Sagami
(Hilgendorf); Yokohama (Schmacker); Tokyo (Stearns);
Nikko, Shimotsuke (Loomis); Oshima, Izu, and Goto,
Uzen (Hirase).

C. NIKKOENSIS Mlldff. Near Nikko (Eastlake).
C. HONDANA Pils. Coast of Prov. Suruga (F. Stearns).
C. JACOBIANA Pils. Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima, Osumi

(Hirase).

C. ADDISONI Pils. Provinces Satsuma and Higo, Kiushiu.
C. S EARNSII Pils. Okinawa; Yayama (Hirase, Stearns).
C. STEREOMA Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, south of Kiushiu.

Var. COGNATA Pils. Tane-ga-shima, Osumi, south of Kiushiu.
Var. NUGAX Pils. Yaku shima.

Group of C. entospira.
C. EN:OSPIRA Pils. Tane-ga-shima (Hirase).

Section PSEUDONENIA Boettger.

C. SIEBOLDI Pfr. Kashiwashima, Tosa; Toyonishikami, Nagato;
Sasebo, Hizen; Yatsushiro, Higo (Hirase).

654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

Section EUPHvEDUSA. Boettger.

Group of C* jos.
C. SUB3IBBERA Bttg. Japan.

G. EXPANSILABRIS Bttg.

Var STROPH03TOMA Bttg. Interior of Nippon (Rein).
Var. NANA Bttg. Interior of Nippon (Rein).
C. ONCAUCHEN Mlldff. Tsu-shima (Fruhstorfer).

Group of C. shanghaiensis.

C. ACCJLUS Bans. Nagasaki (Rsin) ; also China.

C. DIGONOPTYX Bttg. " Interior of Nippon " (Rein); Manabe,

Hitachi; Takasaki, Kozuke; Yamaguchi, Tajima; Nishigo,

Uzen.
C. TAU Bttg. (C. proba Mlldff., 1885, not A. Ad.). Kyoto

(Rein, Hirase); Nohara and Gojo, Yamato;^ Takasaki,

Kozuke (Hirase) ; Tokyo ; Yokohama.
C. COMES Pils. Kashima, Harima (Hirase).
C. TRYONI Pils. Hachijo Island, Izu (Hirase).

Group of C. Hungerfordiana.

C. HUNGERFORDIANA Mlldff. Nara, Yamato.
C. MONELASMCS Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido.

Group of C. euholostoma.

C. EUHOLOSCOMA Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).
C. HOLOTREMA Pils. Nachi, Kii (Hirase).8

Section REINIA Kobelt,

C. VARIEGATA (A. Ad.). " Tago " (A. Ad.); Uweno, jiear
Tokyo; Tokyo; Takasaki, Prov. Kozuke; Hirado,^Hizen.
Var. NESioriCA Pils. Hachijo Island, Izu.

8 C. kolotrema resembles (7. euholostoma, but is larger, purplish-brown
with a yellow bslt below the sutures, the base yellowish. Principal j and
palatal plicse longer. Whorls 85. Alt. 12, diam. 3.2 mm.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 655

Species of unknown subgeneric position.

The following forms have been too imperfectly characterized to
permit their reference to subgeneric groups :
C. CINCTICOLLIS Ehrmann. Province Tosa, Shikoku.
C. CRASSILAMELLATA Ehrmann. Province Tosa, Shikoku.
C. GOULDII A.. Adams. Tago,
C. IJIMJE Ehrmann. Province Tosa, Shikoku.
C. LIRULATA A. Adams. Mososeki.

C. NODULIFERA v. Mart. Nippon, probably from near Yeddo
(Donitz). Based upon a single, perhaps abnormal,
specimen.

C. PINGUIS A. Adams. Kino-o-sima.
C. PROBA A. Adams. Kino-o-sima.
C. SPRETA A. Adams. Tago.
C. STENOSPIRA A. Adams. Kino-o-sima.
C. sriMPSONi A. Adams. Tsu-sima and Awa-sima.

APPENDIX.

The following species have been received since the preparation
of the foregoing list, bringing the number of recognized species to
99, with 37 subspecies or varieties ; exclusive of 11 species of inde-
terminate position, enumerated above.

Section HEMIPHJEDUSA Bttg.

C. SUBIGNOBILIS Pils.9 Hirado, Hizen (Y. Hirase).
C. TANTILLA Pils.JO Goto, Uzen (Y. Hirase).

9 G. subifjnobilis n.sp. Rather stoat, fusiform, light brown, lightly
striate, composed of 9^ whorls. Spire strongly attenuated above, the apex
small. Aperture subtrapezoidal, the lip reflexed and thickened. Superior
lamella rather small, inferior very deeply receding, subcolumellar emerging.
Principal plica rather short. Lunella lateral, arcuate or bow-shaped.
Length 15, diam. 3.3 mm. Like C. ignobilis Sykes, but with smaller
early whorls.

10 C. tantilla n.sp. Small, brownish, fusiform, striatulate, the last
whorl distinctly striate ; whorls 8, the second rather large. Aperture
small, squarish -ovate, the lip well reflexed, somewhat thickened. Superior
lamella small, inferior deeply receding, subcolumellar either immersed or
emerging. Lunella oblique, united above with the middle of a short upper
palatal plica. Length 9.5, diam. 2.5 mm.

656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

C. AULACOPOMA Pils.11 Hirado, Hizen (Y. Hirase).
C. BIGENERIS Pils.12 Goto, Uzen (Y. Hirase).

Section TYRANNOPH.EDUSA Pils.
C. DALLI Pils.13 Tairiuji, Awa, Shikoku Island (Y. Hirase).

Section STEREOPH^DUSA Bttg. O

C. UNA Pils. ,4 Goto, Uzen (Y. Hirase.)

11 C. aulacopoma n.sp. Fusiform, slowly tapering above to asubacute
apex, light reddish brown, weakly striatulate, the last whoil somewhat pro-
duced forward. Whorls 9j. Aperture piriform, the lip well reflexed, thick-
ened. Superior lamella low ; inferior deeply receding ; subcolumellar
emerging to the lip-edge. Principal plica long. Upper palatal plica short,
joined in the middle to the lunella, which is curved inward below (j-like),
with a nodule at its inner termination. Clausilium somewhat spout-like
distally, but wider there than in species of the ptychochila group.

12 (7. bigeneris n.sp. About the size and shape of C. ignobilis ; pale-
brownish, faintly striate. Snbcolumellar lamella immersed ; lip broadly re-
Hexed. Principal plica rather short, dorsal and lateral ; upper palatal
plica oblique, almost joined in the middle to a long, slender lunella, the
lower end of which curves far inward. Length 14.3, diam. 3.5 mm.

13 C. Dalli n.sp. With the general form of (J. mikado, the aperture is
much as in C. iotaptyx. Whorls 14 to 16. The subcolumellar lamella
emerges strongly, and sometimes the lip is puckered above it. Lunella as
in C. bilabrata. Length 18.5, diam. 4 mm. This exceedingly peculiar
many-whorl ed Clausilia belongs to the group of C. bilabrata by its palatal
armature, but in contour it resembles species of the group of C. mikado.

14 C. una n.sp. General contour of C. oostoma Mlldff. , pale yellowish-
corneous, striate. Whorls 11^. Entire interlamellar margin of the lip
closely and deeply plicate. Upper palatal plica short, oblique j lower long
and arcuate, a short, rudimentary lunella rising from it. An extraordinary
Stereophmdusa, with interlamellar p ication like Luchuphcedusa callisto-
chila.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 647

CATALOGUE OF THE CLAUSILIIDJE OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.1
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The general sequence of species in the following list is from
primitive to specialized forms; but this end is only imperfectly
attained, as there are several highly specialized groups terminating
wholly independent phyla, making a serial arrangement quite
arbitrary. The forms with narrow clausilium and several palatal
plicae in place of a lunella are the more primitive, retaining the
structure of early Tertiary groups. Megalophcedusa and the typi-
cal Hemiphcedusce are of this kind. Zaptyx, Luchuphcedusa and
Tyrannophcedusa seem to be three independent specializations from
an early Hemiphredusan stock. Stereophcedusa stands a little more
remote; while Pseudonenia, Euphcedusa and Reinia probably
separated from the pro-Hemiphsedusan stock at a still earlier period.

The East Asiatic Clausiliidce are much more closely related to
early Tertiary than to modern European groups. The evidence
indicates that, like the Belogonous Helicidce, a common stock of
Clausiliidce spread over Asia and Europe, at least as early as the
Eocene. Subsequent evolution has been along independent lines
in the East and the West; and just as I have demonstrated in the
Helicidce, the European stock has forged ahead, while the Oriental
looks backward, many a group retaining old characters.

Ninety-three well-established species of Clausilia are now known
from Japan, more than half of them first described in this journal.
Of this number forty- four were brought to light by Mr. Hirase.
The localities of many others, previously uncertain, have been
ascertained from specimens collected by him. In addition to these
species, thirty-five subspecies or varieties have been described.
The list of- species is encumbered with eleven additional specific
names, standing for forms so inadequately described that their rela-
tionships with other species are not ascertainable from published

1 Exclusive of Formosa.

648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

data, though part of them can be identified specifically when
specimens from the original localities come to competent hands.

Section MEGALOPILEDUSA Bttg.

C. MARTENSI ' Herklots ' v. Mart. (= C. yokohamensis Crosse

and C. Reiniana var., Kob., Jahrb. iii, PL 5, f. 8).

Yokohama (Crosse); Hakone Mountains (Schmacker);

Mikuriya, Suruga; Gojo and Kambe, Yamato; Kobe,

Setsu; Kashima, Harima.

Form TINCTILABRIS Pils. Nachi and Tomisato, Kii (Hirase).
Var. REINIANA Kobe It. Ibuki, Omi (Hirase); Aichi (U. S.

Nat. Mus.).

C. MITSUKURII Pils. Tomisato, Kii.2
C. DCCALIS Kob. " Interior of Nippon" (Rein); Miya-tnura,

Hida (Hirase).

Var. DORCAS Pils. Kiyomi-mura, Hida (Hirase).
C. VASTA Bttg. Nagasaki (Rein, Schmacker); Seluchi (Rein);

Fukuregi, Higo (Hirase).
C. FULTONI Sykes. Shikoku: Kinnayama, type locality; Ushi-

rogawa, Tosa; Narnetoko, lyo; Goto, Uzen (Hirase).
C. HIRASEANA Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa, Shikoku (Hirase).

Section HEMIPH^DUSA Bttg.
Group of C. validiuscula.

C. DECUSSATA v. Mart. Tsukuba-san, a mountain in Hitachi

Province, north of Tokyo (Hilgendorf). A species of

uncertain position in the system.
C. VALIDIUSCULA v. Mart. Seluchi, Kiushiu (Rein).

Var. BILAMELLATA Bttg. " Seluchi, between Hiuga and

Bugo" (Rein).

C. I>TERLAMELLARIS v. Mart. Kiushiu.
C. ^ETHIOPS Mlldff. Near Nagasaki, Kiushiu.
C. VIRIDIFLAVA Bttg. ' ' Interior of Japan, " " Kiushiu ' y

(Rein).

2 Smaller than Martensi ; somewhat Buliminus-sbaped. Whorls 9J, the
upper ones not amputated. Aperture about as in Martensi. Length 29,
diam. 8 mm.

1901.] NATTKAL S< IKNTKS (»F I'l I I I. A I » III. I'll I A . 649

C. HICKONIS Bttg " Interior of Nippon " (Rein).

Var. BIXODIFERA Bttg. "Interior of Nippon" (Rein).
C. NOLANI Pils. Fukura and Ikari, Awaji (Hirase).
C. GKA< ILISPIKA Mlldff. Near Kobe', Setsu.
C. CARYOSTOMA Mlldff. Kobi:, Setsu.

Var. JAYI Pilsbry. Jo, Kii (Hirase).
C. TOSANA Pils. Ushirohawa, Tosa, and Nametoko, Jyo,*Shikoku

Island.
C. ORACLE Pils. Nachi, Kii (Hirase, No. 794).

Group of C. sublunellata.

C. SUBLUNELLATA Mlldff. Nikko Mountains (Hungerford).
C. HETEROPTyx Pilsbry. Tomisato and Nachi, Kii (Hirase).
C. OPEAS Mlldff. Nikko Mountains (Hungerford).
C. MICROPEAS Mlldff. Nikko (Hungerford) ; Mikuriya, Suruga

(Hirase).

Var. PERPALLIDA Pils. Nishigo, Uzen.
Var. HOKKAIDOENSIS Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido.
C. HUBULINA Mlldff. Nikko Mountains and Lake Chusenji,

Shimotsuke.
Var. LEUCOPEAS Pilsbry. Ikoma and Samotonakamura, Kii

(Hirase).
C. SERICINA Mlldff. Lake Chusenji, Shimotsuke and Yumagaai-

shi (Hungerford).
Var. RHOPALIA Pilsbry. Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).

Group of C. hyper olia.

C. HYPEROLIA v. Mart. Uweno, near Yeddo (Hilgendorf, type

locality). Oshiraa, Izu ; Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).
Var. RECTALUNA MJldff. Kamatokogiro. '
Var. APTYCHIA Mlldff. Hakone and Chusenji.
Var. PLANULATA Mlldff. Kobe.

Group of C. awajiensis.

C. AWAJIENSIS Pils. Fukura, Awaji.

C. HARIMENSIS Pils. Kashiwa, Harima; Shirono, Buzen.

3 In the specimens of C. tosyna from Nametoko, lyo, the intermediate
palatal plicte coalesce to form a somewhat I-shaped lunella. They are a
transition form to the group of C. aulacophora.

650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

C. PERIGNOBILIS Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa; Dogo, lyo.
C. KOCHIENSIS Pils. Kochi, Tosa; Minamata and Yatsushiro,
Higo ; Togo, Satsuma. ( C. higoensis Pils. is a synonym. )
C. SUBAURANTIACA Pils. Deyai and Toyonishihami, Nagato.
C. ISCHNA Pils. Kochi, Tosa, Shikoku Island.

Var. NEPTIS Pils. Kochi, Tosa.
C. IGNOBILIS Sykes. Kinnayama, Shikoku.
C. SHIKOKUENSIS Pils. Ushirohawa, Tosa, Tairiuji, Awa, and

Nametoko, lyo, Shikoku Island.
C. STRICTALUNA Bttg. Nagasaki (Lischke).

Var. MAJOR Bttg. Seluchi, between Hiuga and Bugo (Rein).

Var. NANA Mlldff. Nagasaki.

Group of C. aulaeophora.

C. AULACOPHORA Pils. Fukura, Awaji (C. breviluna Mlldff.).
C. PIGRA Pils. Kashima, Harima (Hirase).

Group of C. platyauehen.

C. PLATYAUCHEN v. Mart. (C. fusangensis Mlldff.). Tsukuba-
san, a mountain north of Tokyo (Hilgendorf, type local-
ity) ; Lake Chusenji (Schmacker) ; Nishigo, Uzen;
Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase) ; Prov. Suruga (F. Stearns);
Prov. Yamato (Rein).

C. ATTRITA Bttg. Japan (Rein); Ibuki, Omi, and Kiyomi-

mura, Hida (Hirase).

Var. INFAUSTA Pils. Nachi, Ikoma, and Jo, Prov. Kii
(Hirase).4

C. HAKONENSIS Pils. Hakone Mountains (B. Schmacker);
Oshima, Izu (Hirase).

C. SCHMACKERI Sykes. Kinnayama (Sykes) ; Kochi, Tosa
(Hirase); Shikoku Island.

C. BUSCHII Kiister. Japan (Siebold). Position uncertain.

C. PLATYDERA v. Mart. Kobe (Schmacker); Prov. Yamato, at
Gose, Matsunotoge, Kambe and Nara, and Hieisan, west
of Lake Biwa (A. Gulickl).
Var. LAMBDA Bttg. Japan (Rein); Nohara, Yamato (Hirase).

* Somewhat smaller than attrita ; the sfrbcolumellar lamella immersed,
inferior lamella continued inward decidedly farther than the spiral lamellal
Other characters substantially as in attrita.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 651

Var. KIIENSIS Pils. Kurozu, Nachi and Tomisato, Prov. Kii

(Hirase).5

Group of C. ptychochila.

C. BERNARDII Pfr. [Siam ? Riukiu Islands ?]
C. CRENILABIUM Pils. Prov. Kunchan, Okinawa (Hirase).
C. PTYCHOCHILA Bttg. [China ? Riukiu Islands ?]
C. EXCELLENS Pfr. ( C. prceclara Gld. preoc. ). Okinawa
(U. S. N. P. Exp.).

Group of C. Pinto.

C. PINTO Pils. Tane-ga-shima, Osumi (Hirase).
C. PTYCHOCYMA Pils. Tane-ga-shima, Osumi (^ Hirase).
Var. YAKUSHIM^E Pils. Yaku-shima, Osumi (Hirase).

Group of C. munus.
C. MUNUS Pils. Oshima, in the Riukiu Islands (Hirase).

Section ZAPTYX Pilsbry.

C. HIRASEI Pi]?. Kagoshima and Sakura Island, Satsuma

(Hirase).
Var. KIKAIENSIS Pils. Kikaigashima, Osumi (Hirase, Nos. 557,

557&X

C. HYPEROPTYX Pils. Okinawa; Yaeyama (Hirase).
C. HACHIJOENSIS Pils. Hachijo Island, Izu.

Section TYKA^7OPH^EDUSA Pilsbry.
Group of C. mikado.

C. MIKACO Pils. (C. omiensis Mlldff. ). Ibuki, Omi, and Akas-

aku, Miuo (Hirase).
C. IOTAPTYX Pils. Ibuki and Ryozen,6 Omi (Hirase).

Var. CLAVA Pils. Senzan, Awaji; Ikoma, Kii (Hirase).
C. ORTHATRACTA Pils. Akasaka, Mino (Hirase).

5 Smaller than platydera ; more swollen below and more attenuate above-
Whorls 8J-10. Length 16-17, diam. 4£ mm.

6 Specimens of (7. iotaptyxfrow Ryozen, Omi, have 12 to 13 whorls, but
otherwise are like the types from Ibuki, Omi. The shells from Ikoma, Kii,
are somewhat intermediate between iotaptyxand. clava, but nearer the latter.

652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

C. AUKANTIACA Bttg. " Interior of Nippon" (Rein); Kobe

^Schmacker) ; Nachi, Kii, Ikari, Awaji, and Suimura,

Awa (Hirase).
Var. HYPOPTYCHIA Pils. Kashima, an island near Tanabe,

Kii (Hirase).7
Var. ERBERI Bttg. (minor Mlldff.). Nara, Nohara and Gojo,

Yamato; Chikubushima, inLakeBivva; Kashima, Harima;

Tomisato, Aiga, and Kurozu, Kii (Hirase).

Group of C. bilabrata.
C. PLICILABRIS A. Ad. Tanabe, Kii. (Subgeneric position

doubtful. )
C. BILABRATA Smith. Kobe, type locality; southern half of

Nippon ; Shikoku, Kiushiu and Iki Islands.
Var. PTYCHOL^EMA Bttg. *' Seluchi, between Hinga and

Bugo" (Rein).

C. OSCARIANA Pils. Fukuregi, Higo, Kiushiu (Hirase).
C. SURUGENSIS Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).

Group of C. tanegashimce.

C. OXYCYMA Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma, in southern Kiushiu

(Hirase).

C. TAKEGASHIM.E Pils. Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima, Osumi
(Hirase).

Section LUCHUPILEDUSA Pilsbry.

C. CALLISTOCHILA Pils. Prov. Kunchan, Okinawa (Hirase).

C. MIMA Pils. Oshima, Riukiu Islands (Hirase).

C. NESIOTHAUMA Pils. Oshima, Riukiu Islands (Hirase).

C. OSHIM^E Pils. Nase, Oshima (Hirase).

C. PSEUDOSHIMJE Pils. Furuniya, Oshima (Hirase).

Section STEREOPH^DUSA Bttg.

Group of C. valida.
C. VALIDA Pfr. Okinawa.

Var. FASCIATA Sykes. Okinawa.

Var. PERFASCIATA Pils Prov. Kunchau, Okinawa.

Var. STRIATELLA Pils. Okinawa.

'Larger than aurantiaca, with narrower, less developed lip, more whorls,
and several plica in the subcolumellar region.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 653

Group of C. japonica.

C. JAPONICA Crosse. Middle and southern Nippon; Awaji and
Shikoku Islands. (Includes C kobensis Smith, type loc.
Kobej C. nipponensis Kobelt; and C. eurystoma v. Mart.,
type loc.. Tsukuba-san, a mountain north of Yeddo, in
Hitachi Province, Hilgendorf. )
Var. FALLENS Mlldff. " Koma-kasunga. "
Var. PEROBSCURA Pils. Shirono, Buzen (Hirase).
Var. INTERPLICATA Pils. Nishigo, Uzen; Takeya, Idzumo;
Ryozen, Omi (Hirase).

C. HiLkENDORFi v. Mart. Prov. Idzumo (Hilgendorf).

C. OOSTOMA Mlldff. Hakone (? C. japonica var surugce Pils. +
C. eurystoma subsp. brachyptychia Mlldff., both from
Mikuriya, Suruga; also occurs at Kashiwa, Awaji).

C. SUBJAPONICA Pils. (— C. fultoni subsp. clavula Mlldff.).
Ibuki, Omi; Tomisato, Kii (Hirase).

Group of C. brevior.

C. BREVIOR v. Mart. (C. tetraptyx Mlldff.). Misaki, Sagami
(Hilgendorf); Yokohama (Schmacker); Tokyo (Stearns);
Nikko, Shimotsuke (Loomis); Oshima, Izu, and Goto,
Uzen (Hirase).

C. NIKKOENSIS Mlldff. Near Nikko (Eastlake).
C. HONDANA Pils. Coast of Prov. Suruga (F. Stearns).
C. JACOBIANA Pils. Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima, Osumi

(Hirase).

C. ADDISONI Pils. Provinces Satsuma and Higo, Kiushiu.
C. S EARNSII Pils. Okinawa; Yayama (Hirase, Stearns).
C. STEREOMA Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, south of Kiushiu.

Var. COQNATA Pils. Tane-ga-shima, Osumi, south of Kiushiu.
Var. NUOAX Pils. Yaku shima.

Group of C. entospira.
C. EN.OSPIRA Pils. Tane-ga-shima (Hirase).

Section PSEUDONENIA Boettger.

C. SIEBOLDI Pfr. Kashiwashima, Tosa; Toyonishikami, Nagato;
Sasebo, Hizen; Yatsushiro, Higo (Hirase).

654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

Section EUPH^EDUSA Boettger.

Group of C* jos.
C. SUB9IBBERA Bttg. Japan.

C. EXPANSILABRIS Bttg.

Var STROPH03TOMA Bttg. Interior of Nippon (Rein).
Var. NAN A Bttg. Interior of Nippon (Rein).
C. ONCAUCHEN Mlldff. Tsu-shima (Fruhstorfer).

Group of C. shanghaiensis.

C. ACCJLUS Bans. Nagasaki (Rsin) ; also China.

C. DIGONOPTYX Bttg. " Interior of Nippon '! (Rein); Manabe,

Hitachi; Takasaki, Kozuke; Yamaguchi, Tajima; Nishigo,

Uzen.
C. TAU Bttg. (C. proba Mlldff., 1885, not A. Ad.). Kyoto

(Rein, Hirase); Nohara and Gojo, Yamato ; Takasaki,

Kozuke (Hirase); Tokyo; Yokohama.
C. COMES Pils. Kashinia, Harima (Hirase).
C. TRYONI Pils. Hachijo Island, Izu (Hirase).

Group of C. Hungerfordiana.

C. HUNGERFORDIANA Mlldff. Nara, Yamato.
C. MONELASMDS Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido.

Group of C. euholostoma.

C. EUHOLOSTOMA Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).
C. HOLOTREMA Pils. Nachi, Kii (Hirase).8

Section REINIA Kobelt.

C. VARIEGATA (A. Ad.). "Tago" (A. Ad.); Uvveno, near
Tokyo; Tokyo; Takasaki, Prov. Kozuke; Hirado, Hizeu.
Var. NESioriCA Pils. Hachijo Island, Izu.

8 C. holotrema resembles C. euholostoma, but is larger, purplish-brown
with a yellow bslt below the sutures, the base yellowish. Principal and
palatal plicae longer. Whorls 85. Alt. 12, diam. 3.2 mm.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 655

Species of unknown subgeneric position.

The following forms have been too imperfectly characterized to
permit their reference to subgeneric groups :
C. ( INCTICOLLIS Ehrmann. Province Tosa, Shikoku.
C. CRASSILAMELLATA Ehrmann. Province Tosa, Shikoku.
C. GOULDII A.. Adams. Tago.
C. UIMJE Ehrmann. Province Tosa, Shikoku.
C. LIRULATA A. Adams. Mososeki.

C. NODULIFERA v. Mart. Nippon, probably from near Yeddo
(Donitz). Based upon a single, perhaps abnormal,
specimen.

C. PINGUIS A. Adams. Kino-o-sima.
C. PROBA A. Adams. Kino-o-sima.
C. SPRETA A. Adams. Tago.
C. STENOSPIRA A. Adams. Kino-o-sima.
C. STIMPSONI A. Adams. Tsu-sima and Awa-sima.

APPENDIX.

The following species have been received since the preparation
of the foregoing list, bringing the number of recognized species to
99, with 37 subspecies or varieties ;• exclusive of 11 species of inde-
terminate position, enumerated above.

Section HEMIPHJ2DUSA Bttg.

C. SUBIGNOBILIS Pils.9 Hirado, Hizen (Y. Hirase).
C. TANTILLA Pils.10 Goto, Uzen (Y. Hirase).

' C. subignobilis n.sp. Rather stout, fusiform, light brown, lightly
striate, composed of 9^ whorls. Spire strongly attenuated above, the apex
small. Aperture subtrapezoidal, the lip reflexed and thickened. Superior
lamella rather small, inferior very deeply receding, subcolumellar emerging.
Principal plica rather short. Lunella lateral, arcuate or bow-shaped.
Length 15, diam. 3.3 mm. Like C. ignobilis Sykes, but with smaller
early whorls.

10 C. tantilla n.sp. Small, brownish, fusiform, striatulate, the last
whorl distinctly striate ; whorls 8, the second rather large. Aperture
small, squarish -ovate, the lip well reflexed, somewhat thickened. Superior
lamella !-mall, ioferior deeply receding, subcolumellar either immersed or
emerging. Lunella oblique, united above with the middle of a short upper
palatal plica. Length 9.5, diam. ?.5 mm.

656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

C. AULACOPOMA Pils.11 Hirado, Hizen (Y. Hirase).
C. BIGENERIS Pils.12 Goto, Uzen (Y. Hirase).

Section TYRANNOPH^EDUSA Pils.
C. DALLI Pils.13 Tairiuji, Awa, Shikoku Island (Y. Hirase).

Section STEREOPH^EDUSA "Bttg.
C. UNA Pils. 14 Goto, Uzen (Y. Hirase.)

11 C. aulacopoma n.sp. Fusiform, slowly tapering above to a subacute
apex, light reddish brown, weakly striatulate, the last whorl somewhat pro-
duced forward. Whorls 9^. Aperture piriform, the lip well reflexed, thick-
ened. Superior lamella low ; inferior deeply receding ; subcolumellar
emerging to the lip-edge. Principal plica long. Upper palatal plica short,
joined in the middle to the lunella, which is curved inward balow (j-like),
with a nodule at its inner termination. Clausiliutn somewhat spout-like
distally, but wider there than in species of the ptychochila group.

12 C. bigeneris n.sp. About the size and shape of C. ignobilis ; pale-
brownish, faintly striate. Subcolumellar lamella immersed ; lip broadly re-
flexed. Principal plica rather short, dorsal and lateral ; upper palatal
plica oblique, almost joined in the middle to a long, slender lunella, the
lower end of which curves far inward. Length 14.3, diam. 3.5 mm.

13 G. Dalli n.sp. With the general form of C. mikado, the aperture is
much as in C. iotaptyx. Whorls 14 to 16. The subcolumellar lamella
emerges strongly, and sometimes the lip is puckered above it. Lunella as
in C. bilabrata. Length 18.5, diam. 4 mm. This exceedingly peculiar
many-whorled Clausilia belongs to the group of C. bilabrata by its palatal
armature, but in contour it resembles species of the group of G. mikado.

14 G. una n.sp. General contour of C. oostoma Mlldff. , pale yellowish-
corneous, striate. Whorls 11^. Entire interlamellar margin of the lip
closely and deeply plicate. Upper palatal plica short, oblique ; lower long
and arcuate, a short, rudimentary lunella rising from it. An extraordinary
Stereophcedusa, with interlamellar p ication like LucJiuphmdusa callisto-
chila.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 647

CATALOGUE OF THE CLAUSILIIDJE OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.1
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The general sequence of species in the following list is from
primitive to specialized forms; but this end is only imperfectly
attained, as there are several highly specialized groups terminating
wholly independent phyla, making a serial arrangement quite
arbitrary. The forms with narrow clausilium and several palatal
plicae in place of a lunella are the more primitive, retaining the
structure of early Tertiary groups. Meg alop heed usa and the typi-
cal Hemiphcedusce are of this kind. Zaptyx, Luchuphcedusa and
Ti/rannophcedusa seem to be three independent specializations from
an early Hemiphredusan stock. Stereophcedusa stands a little more
remote; while Pseudonenia, Euphcedusa and Reinia probably
separated from the pro-Hemiphsedusan stock at a still earlier period.

The East Asiatic Clausiliidw are much more closely related to
early Tertiary than to modern European groups. The evidence
indicates that, like the Belogonous Helicidce, a common stock of
Clausiliidce spread over Asia and Europe, at least as early as the
Eocene. Subsequent evolution has been along independent lines
in the East and the West; and just as I have demonstrated in the
Helicidce, the European stock has forged ahead, while the Oriental
looks backward, many a group retaining old characters.

• Ninety-three well-established species of Clausilia are now known
from Japan, more than half of them first described in this journal.
Of this number forty-four were brought to light by Mr. Hirase.
The localities of many others, previously uncertain, have been
ascertained from specimens collected by him. In addition to these
species, thirty-five subspecies or varieties have been described.
The list of species is encumbered with eleven additional specific
names, standing for forms so inadequately described that their rela-
tionships with other species are not ascertainable from published

1 Exclusive of Formosa.

648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

data, though part of them can be identified specifically when
specimens from the original localities come to competent hands.

Section MEGALOPH.EDUSA. Bttg.

C. MARTENSI ' Herklots ' v. Mart. (= C. yokohamensis Crosse

and C. Reiniana var., Kob., Jahrb. iii, PI. 5, f. 8).

Yokohama (Crosse); Hakone Mountains (Schmacker);

Mikuriya, Suruga; Gojo and Kambe, Yamato; Kobe,

Setsu; Kashima, Harima.

Form TINCTILABRIS Pils. Nachi and Tomisato, Kii (Hirase).
Var. REINIANA Kobelt. Ibuki, Omi (Hirase); Aichi (U. S.

Nat. Mus.).

C. MITSUKURII Pils. Tomisato, Kii.2
C. DDCALIS Kob. " Interior of Nippon" (Rein); Miya-mura,

Hida (Hirase).

Var. DORCAS Pils. Kiyomi-mura, Hida (Hirase).
C. VASTA Bttg. Nagasaki (Rein, Schmacker); Seluchi (Rein);

Fukuregi, Higo (Hirase).
C. FULTONI Sykes. Shikoku: Kinnayama, type locality; Ushi-

rogawa, Tosa; Narnetoko, lyo; Goto, Uzen (Hirase).
C. HIRASEANA Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa, Shikoku (Hirase).

Section HEMIPH^EDUSA Bttg.
Group of C. validiuscula.

C. DECUSSATA v. Mart. Tsukuba-san, a mountain in Hitachi

Province, north of Tokyo (Hilgendorf). A species of

uncertain position in the system.
C. VALIDIUSCULA v. Mart. Seluchi, Kiushiu (Rein).

Var. BILAMELLATA Bttg. '* Seluchi, between Hiuga and

Bugo" (Rein).

C. ]]ST£RLAMELLARIS v. Mart. Kiushiu.
C. ^THIOPS Mlldff. Near Nagasaki, Kiushiu.
C. VIRIDIFLAVA Bttg. "Interior of Japan," "Kiushiu"

(Rein).

2 Smaller than Martensi ; somewhat Buliminus-sbaped. Whorls 9|, the
upper ones not amputated. Aperture about as in Martensi. Length 29,
diam. 8 mm.

1901.] NATURAL SCIHNCKS OF PHILADELPHIA. 649

C. HICKONIS Bttg " Interior of Nippon " (Rein).

Var. BINODIFERA Bttg. "Interior of Nippon " (Rein).
C. NOLANI Pils. Fukuni and Ikari, Awaji (Hirase).
C. GRACILISPIRA Mlldff. Near Kobe, Setsu.
C. CARYOSTOMA MlldfF. Kobe, Setsu.

Var. JAYI Pilsbry. Jo, Kii (Hirase).
C. TOSANA Pils. Ushirohawa, Tosa, and Nametoko, Jyo,8Shikoku

Island.
C. GRACING Pils. Nachi, Kii (Hirase, No. 794).

Group of C. sublunellata.

C. SUBLUNELLATA Mlldff. Nikko Mountains (Hungerford).
C. HETEROPTrx Pilsbry. Toraisato and Nachi, Kii (Hirase).
C. OPEAS Mlldff. Nikko Mountains (Hungerford).
C. MICROPEAS Mlldff. Nikko (Hungerford) ; Mikuriya, Suruga

(Hirase).

Var. PERPALLIDA Pils. Nishigo, Uzen.
Var. HOKKAIDOENSIS Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido.
C. SUBULINA Mlldff. Nikko Mountains arid Lake Chusenji,

Shimotsuke.
Var. LEUCOPEAS Pilsbry. Ikoma and Samotonakamura, Kii

(Hirase).
C. SERICINA Mlldff. Lake Chusenji, Shimotsuke and Yumagaai-

shi (Hungerford).
Var. RHOPALIA Pilsbry. Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).

Group of C. hyper olia.

C. HYPEROLIA v. Mart. Uweno, near Yeddo (Hilgendorf, type

locality). Oshima, Izu ; Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).
Var. RECTALUNA Mlldff. Kamatokogiro.
Var. APTYCHIA Mlldff. Hakone and Chusenji.
Var. PLANULATA Mlldff. Kobe.

Group of C. awajiensis.

C. AWAJIENSIS Pils. Fukura, Awaji.

C. HARIMENSIS Pils. Kashiwa, Harima; Shirono, Buzen.

3 In the specimens of C. tosana from Nametoko, lyo, the intermediate
palatal plicae coalesce to form a somewhat I-shaped lunella. They are a
transition form to the group of C. aulacophora.

650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

C. PERIGNOBILIS Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa; Dogo, lyo.
C. KOCHIENSIS Pils. Kochi, Tosa; Minamata and Yatsushiro,
Higo ; Togo, Satsuma. ( C. higoensis Pils. is a synonym. )
C. SUBAURANTIACA Pils. Deyai and Toyonishihami, Nagato.
C. ISCHNA Pils. Kochi, Tosa, Shikoku Island.

Var. NEPTIS Pils. Kochi, Tosa.
C. IGNOBILIS Sykes. Kinnayama, Shikoku.
C. SHIKOKUENSIS Pils. Ushirohawa, Tosa, Tairiuji, Awa, and

Nametoko, lyo, Shikoku Island.
C. STRICTALTJNA Bttg. Nagasaki (Lischke).

Var. MAJOR Bttg. Seluchi, between Hiuga and Bugo (Rein).

Var. NANA Mlldff. Nagasaki.

Group of C. aulacophora.

C. AULACOPHORA Pils. Fukura, Awaji (C. breviluna Mlldff. ).
C. PIGRA Pils. Kashima, Harima (Hirase).

Group of C. platyauchen.

C. PLATYAUCHEN v. Mart. (C. fusangensis Mlldff.). Tsukuba-
san, a mountain north of Tokyo (Hilgendorf, type local-
ity) ; Lake Chusenji (Schmacker) ; Nishigo, Uzen;
Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase) ; Prov. Suruga (F. Stearns);
Prov. Yamato (Rein).

C. ATTRITA Bttg. Japan (Rsin) ; Ibuki, Omi, and Kiyomi-

mura, Hida (Hirase).

Var. INFAUSTA Pils Nachi, Ikoma, and Jo, Prov. Kii
(Hirase).4

C. HAKONENSIS Pils. Hakone Mountains (B. Schmacker);
Oshima, Izu (Hirase).

C. SCHMACKERI Sykes. Kinnayama (Sykes) ; Kochi, Tosa
(Hirase); Shikoku Island.

C. BUSCHII Kiister. Japan (Siebold). Position uncertain.

C. PLATYDERA v. Mart. Kobe (Schmacker); Prov. Yamato, at
Gose, Matsunotoge, Kambe and Nara, and Hieisan, west
of Lake Biwa (A. Gulick!).
Var. LAMBDA Bttg. Japan (Rein); Nohara, Yamato (Hirase).

* Somewhat smaller than attrita ; the subcolumellar lamella immersed,
inferior lamella continued inward decidedly farther than the spiral ]amella.
Other characters substantially as in attrita.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 651

Var. KIIENSIS Pils. Kurozu, Nachi and Tomisato, Prov. Kii
(Hirase).5

Group of C. ptychochila.

C. BERXARDII Pfr. [Siam ? Riukiu Islands ?]
r. CRENILABIUM Pils. Prov. Kunchan, Okinawa (Hirase).
C. PIYCHOCHILA Bttg. [China ? Riukiu Islands ?]
C. EXCELLENS Pfr. ( C. prceclara Old. preoc.). Okinawa
(U. S. N. P. Exp.).

Group of C. Pinto.

C. PINTO Pils. Tane-ga-shima, Osumi (Hirase).
C. PTYCHOCYMA Pils. Tane-ga-shima, Osumi (Hirase).
Var. YAKUSHIMJE Pils. Yaku-shima, Osumi (Hirase).

Group of C. munus.
C. MUNUS Pils. Oshima, in the Riukiu Islands (Hirase).

Section ZAPTYX Pilsbry.

C. HIRASEI Pils. Kagoshima and Sakura Island, Satsuma

(Hirase).
Var. KIKAIENSIS Pils. Kikaigashima, Osumi (Hirase, Nos. 557,

5576X

C. HYPEROPTYX Pils. Okinawa; Yaeyama (Hirase).
C. HACHIJOENSIS Pils. Hachijo Island, Izu.

Section TYRANNOPH2EDUSA Pilsbry.
Group of C. mikado.

C. MIKADO Pils. (C. omiensis Mlldff. ). Ibuki, Omi, and Akas-

aku, Miuo (Hirase).
C. IOTAPTYX Pils. Ibuki and Ryozen,6 Omi (Hirase).

Var. CLAVA Pils. Senzan, Awaji; Ikoma, Kii (Hirase).
C. ORTHATRACTA Pils. Akasaka, Mino (Hirase).

5 Smaller than platydera ; more swollen below and more attenuate above-
Whorls 8£-10. Length 16-17, diam. 4} mm.

6 Specimens of C. iotaptyx f rom Ryozen, Omi, have 12 to 13 whorls, but
otherwise are like the types from Ibuki, Omi. The shells from Ikoma, Kii,
are somewhat intermediate between iotaptyx and clava, but nearer the latter.

652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

C. AURANTIACA Bttg. "Interior of Nippon" (Kein); Kobe

(Schmacker) ; Nachi, Kii, Ikari, Awaji, and Suimura,

Awa (Hirase).
Var. HYPOPTYCHIA Pils. Kashima, an island near Tanabe,

Kii (Hirase).7
Var. ERBERI Bttg. (minor Mlldff. ). Nara, Nohara and Gojo,

Yamato; Chikubushima, inLakeBiwa; Kashima, Harima;

Tomisato, Aiga, and Kurozu, Kii (Hirase).

Group of C. bilabrata.
C. PLICILABRIS A. Ad. Tanabe, Kii. (Subgeneric position

doubtful.)
C. BILABRATA Smith. Kobe, type locality; southern half of

Nippon; Shikoku, Kiushiu and Iki Islands.
Var. PTYCHOL^MA Bttg. " Seluchi, between Hinga and

Bugo" (Rein).

C. OSCARIANA Pils. Fukuregi, Higo, Kiushiu (Hirase).
C. SUR CJGE ssis Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).

Group of C. tanegashimce.

C. OXYCYMA Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma, in southern Kiushiu

(Hirase).
C. TANEGASHIM^E Pils. Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima, Osumi

(Hirase).

Section LUCHUPILEDUSA Pilsbry.

C. CALLISTOCHILA Pils. Prov. Kunchan, Okinawa (Hirase).

C. MIMA Pils. Oshima, Riukiu Islands (Hirase).

C. NESI XTHAUMA Pils. Oshima, Riukiu Islands (Hirase).

C. OSHIM.E Pils. Nase, Oshima (Hirase).

C. PSEUDOSHIM.E Pils. Furuniya, Oshima (Hirase).

Section STEREOPH^EDUSA Bttg.

Group of C. valida.
C. VALIDA Pfr. Okinawa.

Var. FASCIATA Sykes. Okinawa.

Var. PERFASCIATA Pils Prov. Kunchau, Okinawa.

Var. STRIATELLA Pils. Okinawa.

'Larger than aurantiaca, with narrower, less developed lip, more whorls,
and several plica in the subcolumellar region.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 653

Group of C. japonica.

C. JAPONICA Crosse. Middle and southern Nippon; Awaji and
Shikoku Islands. (Includes C. kobensis Smith, type loc.
Kobe; C. nipponensis Kobelt; and C. eurystoma v. Mart.,
type loc.. Tsukuba-san, a mountain north of Yeddo, in
Hitachi Province, HiJgendorf. )
Var. FALLENS Mlldff. " Koma-kasunga."
Var. PEROBSCURA Pils. Shirono, Buzen (Hirase).
Var. INTERPLICATA Pils. Nishigo, Uzen; Takeya, Idzumo;
Ryozen, Omi (Hirase).

C/HILGENDORFI v. Mart. Prov. Idzumo (Hilgendorf).

C. OOSTOMA Mlldff. Hakone (? C. japonica var surugce Pils. +
C. eurystoma subsp. brachyptychia Mlldff., both from
Mikuriya, Suruga; also occurs at Kashivva, Awaji).

C. SUBJAPONICA Pils. (= C. faltoni subsp. clavula Mlldff.).
Ibuki, Omi; Tomisato, Kii (Hirase).

Group of C. brevior.

C. BREVIOR v. Mart. (C. tetraptyx Mlldff.). Misaki, Sagami

(Hilgendorf); Yokohama (Schmacker); Tokyo (Stearns);

Nikko, Shimotsuke (Loomis); Oshima, Izu, and Goto,

Uzen (Hirase).

C. NIKKOENSIS Mlldff. Near Nikko (Eastlake).
C. HONDANA Pils. Coast of Prov. Suruga (F. Stearns).
C. JACOBIANA Pils. Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima, Osumi

(Hirase).

C. ADDISONI Pils. Provinces Satsuma and Higo, Kiushiu.
C. S EARNSII Pils. Okinawa; Yayama (Hirase, Stearns).
C. STEREOMA Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, south of Kiushiu.

Var. COGNATA Pils. Tane-ga-shima, Osumi, south of Kiushiu.
Var. NUGAX Pils. Yaku shima.

Group of C. entospira.
C. EN:OSPIRA Pils. Tane-ga-shima (Hirase).

Section PSEUDONENIA Boettger.

C. SIEBOLDI Pfr. Kashiwashima, Tosa; Toyonishikami, Nagato;
Sasebo, Hizen; Yatsushiro, Higo (Hirase).

654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

Section EUPHLEDUSA Boettger.

Group of C. jos.
C. SUBGIBBERA Bttg. Japan.

G. EXPANSILABRIS Bttg.

Var STROPHOSTOMA Bttg. Interior of Nippon (Rein).
Var. NAN A Bttg. Interior of Nippon (Rein).
C. ONCAUCHEN Mlldff. Tsu-shima (Fruhstorfer).

Group of C. shanghaiensis.

C. ACOLUS Bens. Nagasaki (Rein) ; also China.

C. DIGONOPTYX Bttg. " Interior of Nippon " (Rein); Manabe,

Hitachi; Takasaki, Kozuke; Yamaguchi, Tajima; Nishigo,

Uzen.
C. TAU Bttg. (C. proba Mlldff., 1885, not A. Ad.). Kyoto

(Rein, Hirase); Nohara and Gojo, Yamato; Takasaki,

Kozuke (Hirase) ; Tokyo ; Yokohama.
C. COMES Pils. Kashima, Harima (Hirase).
G. TRYONI Pils. Hachijo Island, Izu (Hirase).

Group of C. Hungerfordiana.

C. HUNGERFORDIANA Mlldff. Nara, Yamato.
C. MONELASMCS Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido.

Group of C. euholostoma.

C. EUHOLOSTOMA Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase).
C. HOLOTREMA Pils. Nachi, Kii (Hirase).8

Section REINIA Kobelt.

C. VARIEGATA (A. Ad.). " Tago " (A. Ad.); Uweno, near
Tokyo; Tokyo; Takasaki, Prov. Kozuke; Hirado, Hizen.
Var. NESIOTICA Pils. Hachijo Island, Izu.

8 C. holotrema resembles C. euholostoma, but is larger, purplish-brown
with a yellow belt below the sutures, the base yellowish. PrincipaPand
palatal plicse longer. Whorls 8|. Alt. 12, diam. 3.2 mm.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Species of unknown subgeneric position.

The following forms have been too imperfectly characterized to
permit their reference to subgeneric groups :
C. CINCTICOLLIS Ehrmann. Province Tosa, Shikoku.
C. CRASSILAMELLATA Ehrmann. Province Tosa, Shikoku.
C. GOULDII A.. Adams. Tago.
C. IJIM^E Ehrmann. Province Tosa, Shikoku.
C. LIRULATA A. Adams. Mososeki.

C. NODULIFERA v. Mart. Nippon, probably from near Yeddo
(Donitz). Based upon a single, perhaps abnormal,
specimen.

C. PINGUIS A. Adams. Kino-o-sima.
C. PROBA A. Adams. Kino-o-sima.
C. SPRETA A. Adams. Tago.
C STENOSPIRA A. Adams. Kino-o-sima.
C. STIMPSONI A. Adams. Tsu-sima and Awa-sima.

APPENDIX.

The following: species have been received since the preparation
of the foregoing list, bringing the number of recognized species to
99, with 37 subspecies or varieties ; exclusive of 11 species of inde-
terminate position, enumerated above.

Section HEMIPHJ3DUSA Bttg.

C. SUBIGNOBILIS Pils.9 Hirado, Hizen (Y. Hirase).
C. TANTILLA Pils.JO Goto, Uzen (Y. Hirase).

• C. subignobilis n.sp. Rather stout, fusiform, light brown, lightly
striate, composed of 9^ whorls. Spire strongly attenuated above, the apex
small. Aperture subtrapezoidal, the lip reflexed and thickened. Superior
lamella rather small, inferior very deeply receding, subcolumellar emerging.
Principal plica rather short. Lunella lateral, arcuate or bow-shaped.
Length 15, diam. 3.3 mm. Like C. ignobilis Syke?, but with smaller
tarly whorls.

10 C. tantilla n.sp. Small, brownish, fusiform, striatulate, the last
whorl distinctly striate ; whorls 8, the second rather large. Aperture
small, squarish -ovate, the lip well reflexed, somewhat thickened. Superior
lamella Muall, inferior deeply receding, subcolumellar either immersed or
emerging. Lunella oblique, united above with the middle of a short upper
palatnl plica. Length 9.5, diam. ?.5 mm.

656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

C. AULACOPOMA Pils.11 Hirado, Hizen (Y. Hirase).
C. BIGENERIS Pils.12 Goto, Uzen (Y. Hirase).

Section TYRANNOPH^EDUSA Pils.
C. DALLI Pils.13 Tairiuji, Awa, Shikoku Island (Y. Hirase).

Section STEREOPHJEDUSA Bttg.
C. UNA Pils. ,4 Goto, Uzen (Y. Hirase.)

11 C. aulacopoma n.sp. Fusiform, slowly tapering above to asubacute
apex, light reddish brown, weakly striatulate, the last whoil somewhat pro-
duced forward. Whorls 9£. Aperture piriform, the lip well reflexed, thick-
ened. Superior lamella low ; inferior deeply receding ; subcolumellar
emerging to the lip-edge. Principal plica long. Upper palatal plica short,
joined in the middle to the lunella, which is curved inward below (j-like),
with a nodule at its inner termination. Clausilium somewhat spout-like
distally, but wider there than in species of the ptychochila group.

12 C. bigeneris n.sp. About the size and shape of C. ignobilis ; pale-
brownish, faintly striate. Subcolumellar lamella immersed ; lip broadly re-
flexed. Principal plica rather short, dorsal and lateral ; upper palatal
plica oblique, almost joined in the middle to a long, slender lunella, the
lower end of which curves far inward. Length 14.3, diam. 3.5 mm.

13 C. Dalli n.sp. With the general form of C. mikado, the aperture is
much as in C. iotaptyx. Whorls 14 to 16. The subcolumellar lamella
emerges strongly, and sometimes the lip is puckered above it. Lunella as
in C. bilabrata. Length 18.5, diam. 4 mm. This exceedingly peculiar
many- whorl ed Clausilia belongs to the group of C. bilabrata by its palatal
armature, but in contour it resembles species of the group of G. mikado.

14 C. una n.sp. General contour of G. oostoma Mlldff. , pale yellowish-
corneous, t-triate. Whorls 11 £. Entire interlamellar margin of the lip
closely and deeply plicate. Upper palatal plica short, "oblique ; lower long
and arcuate, a short, rudimentary lunella rising from it. An extraordinary
Stereophcedusa, with interlamellar p ication like Luchuphcedusa callisto-
chila.

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 381

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS. J ,
BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Certain species of Japanese laud mollusks, described by the
author in these Proceed ings for 1899, pp. 525-530, have been rede-
scribed by Mr. G. K. Gude in Proceedings of the Malacological
Society of London, IV, March, 1890, pp. 8-23, Mr. Gude having
been unaware of their previous definition. . The necessary cor-
rections of nomenclature will be made by Mr. Gude in an article
now about to be published. The diagnostic characters of a num-
ber of new Japanese land snails may be stated as follows :

Key to Japanese Species of Alycceus.

a. — Operculum typical; thin, concave and nearly smooth outside.
b. — Last whorl moderately contracted behind the aperture.
c. — Broadly and perspectively umbilicated; last whorl
smooth near the aperture; whorls 3|. Alt. 2£,
diam. 4J mm. Operculum thin, tawny brown.
Yokohama, under the bark of pine trees.

A. japonicus Martens.

c'. — Umbilicus moderate and deep, its width contained 3f
times in that of shell; last whorl constricted into
a smooth neck, beyond which it is striate again;
no spiral striae on the early whorls; whorls 3£.
Alt. 2.6, diam. 3.75, umbil. 1 mm. Operc.
thin, tawny yellow, showing the edges of the
whorls slightly. Kashima, Harima.

A. harimensis n. sp.

b'. — Last whorl scarcely contracted, rib striate to the aperture,
c. — Umbilicus moderate, its width contained 3£ times in
that of the shell ; whorls 3£, densely and almost
evenly rib-striate to the aperture, not spirally
striated. Alt. 1.7, diam. 3.2, width of umbilicus
.9 mm. Operc. thin, yellowish. Kashima, Har-
ima A. reinhardti n. sp.

c'. — Umbilicus open; whorls 4, the post-nepionic one spi-
rally striate. Alt. 2, diam. 4 mm." Yedo.

A. nipponensis Reinh.

382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

a'. — Operculum thickened outside by conspicuous concentric or

oblique laminae, thin in the middle (Metalycceus n. sect.).

b. — Operculum with blackish concentric laminae. Shell

openly umbilicate, the umbilicus less than one-third

the diameter of shell; whorls 3J, the post-nepionic

spirally striate, the last half of the last swollen and

straightened, more finely rib-striate, then contracted,

nearly smooth beyond the contraction. Alt. 2.6,

diam. 4, umbilicus 1J mm. Hakone Mountains.

A. melanopoma n. sp.

b' '. — Operculum with raised oblique laminae around the edge
of the outer face, like a single coil of tarred rope ; a
pit in the middle. Shell with the general shape of
A. japonicus, the width of umbilicus one-third that of
the shell ; whorls 3 J, the post-nepionic one not striated
spirally, all but the nepionic finely rib-striate, the last
moderately swollen and then somewhat contracted,
smooth or nearly so beyond the constriction. Alt. 2.7,
diam. 4.7, umbilicus 1.5 mm. Kioto.

A. hirasei n. sp.

Full descriptions have been prepared to be published as soon as
the necessary figures illustrating them can be drawn.

Diplommatina pusilla var. omiensis n. var.

Smaller than D. pusilla, and more closely costulate, the inter-
vals between the riblets smooth. Alt. 1.9, diam. 1 mm.

Ibuki, prov. Omi, Japan (Y. Hirase).

In the form I have identified as D. pusilla, the riblets are more
spaced, about 12 to a millimeter, on the circumference of the last
two whorls, and the intervals are seen to be densely striated spirally
on the penultimate whorl, when viewed under a high magnification.

In var. omiensis there are about 18 riblets in the space of one
millimeter, and the interstices look smooth under the same lens.
The form is much alike in the two species, but D. pusilla is a
trifle larger, a specimen measuring alt. 2.2, diam. 1.1 mm. Both
are sinistral forms. D. pusilla was collected by Prof, von Mar-
tens at Uweno, in the immediate vicinity of Tokyo.

Macrochlamys micrograpta n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, the width of umbilicus contained
about eighteen times in the diameter of the shell, depressed, glossy,
pale corneous brown, adults a little whitish around the umbilicus,
subtransparent, the earlier whorls visible through the base. Sculp-

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 383

ture of slight growth strhv and excessively close, deeply engraved
and minute spirals. Spire very slightly raised, narrow ; whorls 4|,
slowly increasing, the last much wider, double the width of the
preceding, rounded at the periphery. Aperture but slightly ob-
lique, rather broadly lunate, the peristome simple and acute, a
little retracted toward the insertion above, the columellar insertion
produced forward and a little dilated.

Alt. 4.6, diam. 9.5 mm.

Similar in general form to Helix rejecta Pfr., as figured by Rein-
hardt,1 but miorograpta differs in the less oblique and less laterally
dilated aperture. No mention of spiral stria? is made in the de-
scription of H. rejecta. In H. donitzi Reinh. the last whorl is
conspicuously narrower, as seen from above.

Kaliella multivolvis n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate, trochiform with convex base and
carinatecl periphery ; thin and subtransparent, of a brownish yellow
tint. Surface smooth, glossy beneath, a little less bright above.
Spire regularly and straightly conic; the apex obtuse. Whorls
6-J-7, the first rather large, the rest very narrowly revolving,
decidedly convex, the last whorl depressed-globose, with a rather
acute peripheral keel and quite convex base, which is narrowly
but rather deeply impressed around the axis. Aperture mainly
basal, shaped like a narrow, weakly curved crescent, with blunt or
truncate ends. Upon the base may be seen, in most specimens,
one or two nearly straight white radial stripes, produced by low
radiating barriers within, the last one often visible within the
mouth, upon the basal wall.

Alt. 1.7, diam. 2.2 mm.

Kashima, prov. Harima (Y. Hirase).

Apparently allied only to K. stenogyra (A. Ad.), from Tsu-
Sima, described as a Conulus ; but the present species differs in the
strongly convex whorls of the spire. It is also smaller with fewer
whorls. The low radial ramparts within the last whorl are similar
to those of the American Conulus chersinus dentatus Sterki.
•Some species of the little group Taxeodonta Pils. have internal
armature of the same kind.

In K. multivolvis the barriers are placed at intervals of a third

lJahrb. d. d. Malak. Ge8., IV, 1877, p. 316, PL 10, f. 1.

384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

of a whorl, when more than one is present. Two specimens of six
sent by Mr. Hirase show no barriers.

Vitrea harimensis n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, small, depressed, thin, brownish-
yellow, translucent, the surface smooth and polished, growth-strise
being scarcely visible. Spire slightly convex. Whorls 3J, the
first one rather large, the rest very slowly widening to the last,
which is much wider, about double the width of the preceding.
Sutures appressed and margined, the margin concave. Periphery
equably rounded, the base somewhat convex. Aperture somewhat
oblique, deeply crescentic.

Alt. 1.8, diam. 3.5 mm. ; width of umbilicus 0.3 mm.

Kashima, Harima, Japan (Y. Hirase).

With much the form of V. radiatella Reinh., this species is dis-
tinguished by the smoothness of the brilliantly glossy surface.
Mr. G. K. Gude has recently placed radiatella under Zonitoides
nitidus as a synonym, but from the description and figure given by
Mr. Reinhardt I am quite unable to follow him.

Georissa japonica n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate, high-conic, flesh or salmon tinted,
rather thin, finely lirulate throughout, but the threads often almost
obsolete basally. Whorls 3f , the nucleus large, globular and
projecting, glossy and rather translucent; following whorls very
convex, separated by deep sutures. Aperture slightly oblique,
half-round, the outer lip simple and thin, unexpanded, parietal
and columellar margin a little concave; the umbilical region covered
by a heavy white callus, triangular in shape, as seen from in
front.

Alt. 2, diam. 1.7 mrn.

Operculum semicircular, whitish externally, bearing a long
curved process within.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).

I do not know that this genus has been reported from Japan
hitherto. The median field of the radula is nude, uncini ex-
tremely numerous, in very oblique rows.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 545

NEW LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Eulota (Plectotropis) shikokuensis n. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, rather thin, reddish-brown, low-conic
above, convex beneath, irregularly striate, and covered with short,
triangular cuticular scales, a series of longer ones along the per-
iphery. Whorls 5| to 6, slightly convex, the last carinated at the
periphery, more or less deflexed in front. Aperture very oblique,
subcircular, the peristome narrowly reflexed, dilated at the colu-
mella, the ends approaching.

Alt. 8, diam. 14 mm.

Alt. 7, diam. 12^ mm.

Yoshida, Prov. lyo. Type No. 81885, Coll. A. N. S. P.^from
No. 694 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Similar in contour to trochula, of Tsu-shima. The cuticular
scales are less densely crowded than in scepasma.

Eulota mercatoria var. daemonorum nov.

Shell solid, with .well-elevated spire and rounded periphery,
slightly plicatulate above, as in mercatoria, from which it differs in
the straighter, slightly bent forward, basal lip, with an impressed
line or two behind it, as in E. caliginosa.

Alt. 27, diam. 36 mm. ; whorls 6J.

Alt. 20J, diam. 29 mm. ; whorls 5f .

Kikai, Osumi (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 683 ). It occurs fossil with
a form of Eulota luhuana, a large form of E. sieboldiana,
Cyclop horus turgidus, and fragments of a Claunlia, in a calcareous
deposit consisting largely of foraminifera.

Eulota (Plectotropis) omiensis n. sp.

Shell small, openly umbilicate, low-conic above, convex beneath,
carinate at the periphery, brown. Surface of the last whorl
shaggy with triangular cuticular scales, large for so small a shell,
and longer at the periphery. Whorls 4J, convex, those of the
spire roughly striate, the last slightly and slowly descending in
35

546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Oct.,

frout. Aperture oblique, subcircular, the parietal wall excising
about one-fourth of the circle. Peristome thin, narrowly ex-
panded throughout, more dilated at the coluinellar insertion.

Alt. 3J, diam. 7\ ram.

Itanami, Omi (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 752).

Much like E. lepidophora var. tennis Gude, but with fewer
whorls and more shaggy, large-scaled cuticle.

Ganesella fausta n. sp.

Shell resembling G. pagodula Ehrm. in contour; umbilicate,
very glossy, light chestnut colored. Sculpture of faint growth-
lines and excessively fine, subobsolete spiral strise. Spire high,
convexly conic. Whorls 5^, convex, the last rounded at the
periphery, very slightly descending in front, a trifle constricted
behind the lip. Base convex, impressed in the middle. Aperture
less oblique than in G. pagodula, rounded, the parietal wall excis-
ing slightly less than a third of the circle; peristome narrowly
expanded, the outer lip hardly reflexed, columellar margin dilated
above, half covering the umbilicus. Columella subvertical above.

Alt. 13J, diam. 12J mm.

Mikuriya, Suruga (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 734).

This form differs from G. pagodula in its smaller size, fewer
whorls, dark color and glossy surface, the hollow axis and different
form of the columella. I do not think it directly related to G.
pagodula. The two species are apparently independent offshoots
from the G. japonica stock.

Ganesella Adelinae n. sp.

Shell pyramidal, narrowly umbilicate, thin, pale yellow or rose-
whitish, with three equidistant blackish chestnut bands ; the first
above the middle of the upper surface of the last whorl, the
second at the periphery, the space between these two varying from
light red-brown to almost as dark as the bands themselves, which
are then confluent; the third baud is wider, in the middle of the
basal surface; the interior of the umbilicus also dark. Surface
rather glossy but with a dull " bloom " as in some forms of G.
Largillierti, having slight wrinkles of growth and fine, subobso-
lete, spiral striae. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse, whorls
6 to 6J, slightly convex, the last angular at the periphery, mod-
erately convex beneath, but slightly descending in front. Aper-

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 547

ture wide, semicircular, banded within, somewhat oblique; peris-
tome thin, narrowly expanded throughout, white-edged, the
columellar margin dilated, purple-black, partially covering the
umbilicus.

Alt. 26£, diam. 25 mm.

Alt. 24, diam. 22£-23| mm.

Oshima (Amani-Oshima), Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 352.

This charming species is closely related to G. Largillierti of
Okinawa, and has also some superficial resemblance to Eulota
vallizona var. Dixoni. It differs from the former in the larger
umbilicus and the pyramidal rather than turbinate contour.

A specimen I dissected has the exceedingly long kidney and
characteristic genitalia of Ganesella. As its close relationship to
Largillierti is obvious, that species can no longer be placed in
Eulota, as some authors have done.
Trishoplita hilgendorfi var. tennis nov.

Closely resembling T. hilgendorfi (Kob. ), this form differs in
being thinner with perceptibly larger aperture, and the surface is
seen under a lens to be finely decussate, the fine growth-wrinkles
being cut into spiral series of long granules. Pale corneous-
brown, with inconspicuous darker streaks.

Alt. 9J, diam. 14-15 mm.

Ibuki, Omi (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 310c).
Trishoplita collinsoni var. okinosMmae nov.

Similar to var. casta, but not papillose, distinctly decussate,
especially beneath, with a reddish-chestnut band at the slightly
angular periphery. Whorls 5J to 6.

Alt. 10J, diam. 15 mm.

Alt. 9, diam. 13 J mm.

Okinoshima, Tosa. Type No. 81,884, Coll. A. N. S. P., from
No. 691 of Mr. Hirase' s collection.
Kaliella praealta n. sp.

Shell perforate, pyramidal, pale brown, the surface glossy and
smooth. Spire very high, straightly conic, the apex obtuse,
whorls 9, convex, the last angular at the periphery, convex
beneath. Aperture semicircular, the lip thin as usual, columella
vertical, triangularly dilated above.

Alt. 4, diam. 2J mm.

Ryozen, Omi (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 743).

548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Oct. r

This species is distinguished among the crowd of Japanese
Kaliellas by its high, pyramidal contour and numerous whorls.
In outline it resembles Buliminopsis turrita (Gude). It has not the
minute vertical striation of most species of the genus.

Kaliella kyotoensis n. sp.

Shell imperforate, obtusely pyramidal, the apex obtuse ; thin,
yellowish brown, smooth but rather dull, more glossy beneath.
Whorls 6, very convex, the last rounded at the periphery and
beneath, impressed around the axis. Aperture lunate, chiefly
basal; peristome thin and acute, abruptly reflexed over the umbili-
cal perforation.

Alt. 3, diam. 3 mm.

Kyoto (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Much larger than nanodes, pagoduloides or harimensis, and well
rounded at the periphery.

Kaliella modesta n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, similar to K. pagoduloides, but less
elevated and larger. Whorls 4f , very convex, the last rounded
at the periphery, impressed in the centre beneath. Sculpture of
excessively fine, close, subobsolete striae, the base most minutely
striate spirally. Aperture lunate.

Alt. 2.4, diam. 2.7 mm.

Oshima, Prov. Higo (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Kaliella nahaensis (Gude).

Naha (or Nafa), in southern Okinawa, on the west side. A
new variety of this species is represented by specimens sent by Mr.
Hirase from Kunchan, the northern province of Okinawa. It
differs from nahaensis in being slightly smaller, with decidedly
sharper striation ; and may be called var. kunchana.

Alycaeus satsumana n. sp.

Shell with the general form of A. melanopoma, red -brown
becoming pale-brown beneath. Whorls 3J, the first smooth and
projecting nipple-like, the next spirally striate, the last 1 J whorls
costulate, the riblets narrow, rather widely spaced and accompanied
by spiral strise on the first half of the last whorl, which then be-
comes more swollen and sculptured with crowded riblets. At the
end of the swollen portion the sutural process is given off. This is

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 549

rather long and lies backward in the suture; the whorl is then
rather strongly constricted and almost smooth, the riblets reappear-
ing behind the lip. Aperture oblique, circular, peristome narrowly
reflexed and doubled. Operculum thin, reddish-corneous, smooth
externally.

Alt. 2.3, diam. 3.7 mm.

Kagoshima, Satsuma, Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 704).

The " neck" is more constricted than in A. melanopoma, and
the operculum is thin. It differs in sculpture from the other
Japanese species of Alycwus, which are all a good deal alike in
form.

Cyclophorus turgidus var. angulatus nov.

Substance of the shell roseate ; thick and strong, distinctly angu-
lar or cariiiated at the periphery ; interior orange or orange-red.
Whorls 5.

Alt. 23J, diam. 29 mm.

Alt. 16, diam. 20 mm.

Loo Choo (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 713).

550 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF [Oct.:

A QUICK METHOD OF TESTING FOE GOLD.

BY E. GOLDSMITH.

The volcan^r rocks of the crater in which the towns of Cripple
Creek and Jrictor, Colo., are built, according to Mr. Moore, the
chief mining engineer of the district, all contain gold. The rock
mined, however, is thrown on the dump and many thousands of
tons, n,6t worked for the gold at present, are piled up outside the

The vein gold, in the form of sylyanite, telluride, and prob-
ably calaverite, is separated by hand from the gangue or rock and
sent to the smelters for reduction. A specimen was secured from
a depth of about 800 feet below the surface. Its general appear-
ance was^Trefr^ery promising, inasmuch as /me minerals were so
finely divided that a mechanical separation for a test seemed to
involve a waste of time. Separation, melting and cupellation are
practiced extensively and are well known. A quicker and simpler
method for at least a qualitative determination of the gold in the
rock can, 1 think, be devised. Sinjce these and other gold com-
pounds are very fusible, it seemed .probable that the small particles
of the gold salts may be fused together before the blowpipe in the
rock, and by shaking and drijftng with the pointed flame larger
globules may be formed. Tjiis proves to be the case. During
the process the tellurium and selenium, if present along with
other volatile bodies, are roasted, i. e., oxydized and expelled. The
flame is bluish green. After the volatile substances are thus
removed dark-colored glojbules project upward on the surface of
the rock -splinter, which was about one inch long and a quarter of
an inch thick. To clean these under the flame I covered the whole
surface with cyanide of potassium, a reducing fire finishing this
part of the work. V . ^^***\

The rock-splinter was disintegrated; it broke easily and the
globules of dark metal could be picked up with the pointed pin-
cette or separated with a knife. These were put into the agate
mortar and pressed and rubbed with the pistil to thin plates. A

582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.,

NEW LAND MOLLTJSKS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIEE.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

(S)

Alycaeus tanegashimae n. sp.

Shell similar in shape to A. harimensis. Pale brown, the early
whorls orange-red, or uniform whitish -corneous. Whorls 3J, the
last slowly descending, moderately constricted, then swollen again.
Sculpture of crowded rib- striae, finer at the constriction; no spiral
striae. Aperture very oblique, circular, the peristome double.
Operculum nearly smooth, the edges of the whorls slightly pro-
jecting.

Alt. 1.7. diam. 3 mm.

Tane-ga-shima, Osumi (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 723).

Closely related to A. harimensis, but that is a much larger
species.
Carychium pessimum n. sp.

Shell very minute, corneous-white, fusiform-conic, minutely
striate. Whorls 4f , convex. Aperture ovate, the peristome well
expanded, very much thickened within, with a strong tooth-like
prominence just above the middle of the outer lip, marked by a
groove behind the lip. Columella truncate below, the columellar
lamella small, receding.

Length 1.8 mm.

Tane-ga-shima, Osumi (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 729).

This species is smaller and less conically tapering than C. nodu-
liferum Reinh. The columellar lamella is smaller, much less
prominent than in either C. noduliferum or C. cymatoplax.
Macrochlamys dulcis n. sp.

Shell depressed, brownish-yellow, rather transparent, narrowly
perforate. Surface brilliantly glossy, weakly marked by growth -
lines, and under a strong lens seen to be engraved with excessively
fine, crowded spiral lines, which are obsolete on the upper and
peripheral portions of the last whorl. Spire a little convex, nar-
row. Whorls 4£, slowly widening, the last very wide, concave at

1901.]

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

561

Near Port-a>*<£*rmce a hillside was vis'ilid^ which supported an
almost. purXgrowth of lignum vitee', Guajfcum officinalc Linn. ; the
mezquij^f Prosopis juliflora D. C., andilie acacias, Acacia sphcero-
cephqJKt, Cham, and Schlecht., Acacfa farnesiana Willd., while on
y outcrops in op£h places infthese woods was found a growth
yuccas, probal^ Yucca aloimia Linn.

This brief sketch of the ecology of the flora of Santo Domingo
suffices to^show that an interesting and profitable field of investiga-
tion lies at the doors of £he American botanist. Tne West Indies,
r varied topographical configuration, are especially adapted
iry into the causes which have influenced
North American continent. The
to Haiti and Jamaica, that the solu-
ic problem will follow a careful biologi-

in

philosophical im
the distribution of
writer believes, sin<
tion of this phyto-j

ints on
his

iphi

cal survey of the fauna and flora of the Greater and Lesser Antilles.

36

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 563

the suture, rounded peripherally and less so beneath, narrowlv
impressed around the umbilical perforation. Aperture large, but
slightly oblique, very broadly lunate; peristome simple, a little
retracted at the upper insertion, basal margin straightened, the
columellar margin short, subvertical, dilated.

Ait. 6, greater diam. 11J?, lesser 10 mm.

Nachi, Prov. Kii (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 785).

Well marked by the narrow perforation, small spire, sculpture
and the shape of the aperture. M. perfragilis Pils. of Kunchan,
Okinawa, is a closely related species, differing in the much larger
size, smaller perforation, etc.

Eulota (Plectotropis) pannosa n. sp.

Shell similar to trochula A. Ad. in general shape; light brown,
somewhat translucent. Surface slightly shining, sculptured with
very minute spiral striae under sparsely scaly oblique cuticular
striae, with, at the periphery, a long, ragged fringe of flattened
filaments, triangular at their bases. Spire low-conic. Whorls
sligntly over 6, slowly and regularly increasing, a little convex,
acutely carinate peripherally, convex beneath, being elevated and
subangular around the deep, broadly open umbilicus; the last
whorl very slightly descending in front. Aperture oblique, the
peristome hardly expanded above, thickened within and expanded
and somewhat reflexed below.

Alt. 8J, diam. (exclusive of fringe) 17 mm.; width of umbili-
cus (from suture to suture) 4^- mm.

Atsumi, Prov. Uzen (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 773).
This species differs from E. trochula in being much more angular
around the umbilicus, trochula being rounded there. E. vulgivaga
is a more solid shell, with the umbilicus wider and the base more
convex.
Eulota (Plectotropis) deflexa n. sp.

Shell small, biconvex, widely and openly umbilicate, brown.
Surface dull, sculptured with subobsolete, fine spiral striae and slight
spaced growth-wrinkles, bearing a few cuticular threads and scales
above, more numerous short scales beneath, with a peripheral fringe
of flattened, ragged filaments. Spire low-conic. Whorls 5J, the
first 1 J convex, following whorls less so, the last whorl acutely
carinate, descending near the aperture for some distance and rather

564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.,

deeply below the keel; the base convex, subangular around the
umbilicus. Aperture oblique, rounded, the peristome arcuate,
unexpanded and thin above, narrowly expanded and subreflexed
below the periphery, the margins approaching, separated by the
nearly straight parietal margin, which forms less than one-fourth
the total circumference of the peristome.

Alt. 5.5, diam. 10.8mm.; width of umbilicus (from suture to
suture) 3 mm.

Tobishima, Prov. Ugo (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 774).

This species is related to Eulota (Plectotropis) cemula Gude, but
it is smaller with fewer whorls, the last descending in front and
with a developed, though usually incomplete, peripheral fringe.
E. deflexa is also less conic above, and the nepionic 1 \ whorls pro-
ject somewhat.

Eulota (JEgista) aperta var. cavata nov.

Larger and more elevated than aperta, with 6 J- to 6f whorls, the
umbilicus larger, more widely open. Aperture more oblique, ^the
basal margin more deeply arcuate.

Alt. 9, diam. 16, width of umbilicus 6 mm.

Alt. 8, diam. 17, width of umbilicus 6J mm.

Tomisato, Kii (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 761).

This form approaches E. (JEgista) kobensis somewhat, but that
is still more open beneath, with the aperture more elliptic. Some
specimens from Gojo, Yamato (Mr. Hirase's No. 567), are to some
extent intermediate between aperta and cavata in shape, as they
are in geographic position.

Trishoplita Hilgendorfi var. chikubasliimae nov.

Shell smaller and thinner than hilgendorfi from the top of Mt.
Ibuki, Omi; very densely and minutely but subobsoletely granu-
lose; angular at the periphery in front, the umbilicus smaller.
Spire conic; whorls 5 in small, 5J- in large specimens. Aperture
rounded-lunate, the peristome thin, expanded.

Alt. 7J, diam. 10J mm.

Alt. 7, diam. 9J mm.

Alt. 6, diam. 84 mm.

Chikubashima, an island in Lake Biwa (Mr. Y. Hirase, No.
746).

In describing T. Hilgendorfi var. tennis in these Proceedings, p.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 565

547, I neglected to state that while Hilgendorfi occurs at the top of
Mt. Ibuki, the var. tennis is found in a valley below.

Trishoplita tosana var. anozona nov.

Shell thin and glossy like tosana, and resembling that species in
shape and the size of the umbilicus, but differing from it in want-
ing a pale zone below the suture. It has a narrower umbilicus than
T. Hilgendorfi, var. tennis.

Alt. 8J, diam. 13 mm.

Alt. 7, diam. 11J mm.

Akasaka, Mino (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 7516).

Still another form of this terrible genus, which I will call T.
tosana var. rufa, occurs at Kashima, Harima. It resembles ano-
zona, but is dull, russet-colored, densely striate spirally beneath,
subangular at the periphery in front. Whorls 5| to 5|, the spire
conic.

Alt. 8, diam. 11| mm.

Chloritis Hirasei n. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, thin and fragile, flattened
above, the earlier whorls a trifle sunken; pale brown. Surface
lustreless, densely beset with delicate hairs arranged in oblique
sweeps. Whorls 4J-, the last wide, rounded at the periphery and
beneath, hardly descending in front. Aperture lunate, the peri-
stome thin, a little, expanded, somewhat dilated at the columellar
insertion.

Alt. 8J, greatest diam. 17-J-, width of umbilicus 2f mm.

Kurozu, Prov. Kii (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 786).

This species is larger and flatter than G. fragilis Gude, with
more densely placed hairs, and a much wider umbilicus. C. osci-
tans v. Mart. , a form of which Mr. Hirase sends from Mikuriya,
Prov. Suruga, is a smaller, almost imperf orate species, the most
northern of its genus. No exact locality has hitherto been reported
for von Marten's species. C. eucharistus Pils., of Oshima, also
brought to light by Mr. Hirase, is the finest Chloritis of the
Japanese Empire, these four species being all known from Japan
to this time.
Ganesella tanegashimae var. dulcis n. var.

Similar to the type except in color, the shell being of a very
dark and beautiful chestnut color, with a blackish peripheral

566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.,

band. The interior is purple with a bluish gleam, and the lip-
purple.

Alt. 18J, diam. 26 mm.

Tane-ga-shima.

Only two living specimens of this superb variety were taken.
Dead shells are reddish rather than chestnut.
Ganesella selasia n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, trochiform, brown or corneous-brown, very
glossy, striatulate, finely malleate in places. Spire conic; whorls
5f, convex, slowly increasing, the last depressed, subangular at
the periphery, somewhat convex below, slightly descending in
front, narrowly constricted behind the lip. Aperture oblique,
somewhat triangular, the peristome thin, arcuate and narrowly
expanded above and outwardly, the basal margin straight or sinu-
ous, reflexed, thickened (like a low, wide tooth) within; columel-
lar margin short, dilated.

Alt. 11J, diam. 16, width of umbilicus 1J mm.

Alt. 11J, diam. 15, width of umbilicus 1J mm.

Nachi, Prov. Kii (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 788).

The glossy surface, narrow whorls and open umbilicus separate
this from all forms of G. japonica.*
Ganesella cristata n. sp.

Shell imperforate, globose-trochiform, pale russet, with a faint
brown line at the periphery, a pale line below it. Surface very
obsoletely and indistinctly papillose, somewhat dull. Spire a little
convexly conic. Whorls 5f to 6J, convex, the last rounded per-
ipherally. Abruptly descending in front, expanding in a conspicuous
ridge or crest and then strongly contracted behind the lip. Aperture
oblique, somewhat triangular, the upper and outer margins ex-
panded, thickened within, basal margin straightened, reflexed,
indistinctly toothed or thickened within; columellar margin short,,
abruptly expanded over and covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 14, diam. 16 mm.

Alt. 11^, diam. 15 mm.

Nachi, Prov. Kii (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 7836).

The absence of spiral lines on the slightly dull, silken surface,
the closure of the umbilicus, and the crest behind the lip all mark
this as a species distinct from the G. japonica series. The smaller
specimens are obtusely subangular in front.

614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Deo. f

NEW LAND MOLLUSCA OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Eulota (JEgista) aperta var. trachyderma Pils. and Gude, nov.

Resembling E. aperta in general characters, but smaller, more
depressed, less distinctly angular at the periphery in front; whorls
5|to5f; base a little more widely umbilicate. Surface densely
clothed with short, crowded, thread-like cuticular processes,
visible only under a lens, and in large part rubbed off of most
specimens. Peristome thin, expanded, narrowly reflexed below.

Alt. 6J, diam. 12 mm.

Alt. 5, diam 10J mm.

Ikoma, Kii. Types No. 82,464, Coll. A. N. S. P, from No. 787
of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Eulota (Euhadra) luhuana var. pachya nov.

A fossil form characterized by the thickness of the large shell,
the somewhat swollen latter third of the base, which is also swollen
immediately around the umbilicus. The peristome is very thick
and heavy, especially along the columellar margin. Traces of a
reddish band above the periphery, and copious opaque-white streaks
and flecks are visible on some specimens. The type measures, alt.
23, diam. 46 mm.

Kikai-ga-shima, Oshima group, Osumi. Types No. 81,921,
Coll. A. N. S. P., from No. 682 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Eulota luhuana var. nesiotica nov.

In this race the shell is rather small, comparatively smooth and
glossy, with slightly flattened base, passing inlo the umbilicus in a
regular curve, not in the least angular. Umbilicus much smaller
than in any other known form of luhuana, rapidly contracting
within. Yellow, either uniform or with reddish- brown bands
according to the formula? 00300, 00340, 00345.

Alt. 22J, diam. 35, diam. of umbilicus 3 mm. ; whorls 6J.

Alt. 20^, diam. 30J, diam. of umbilicus 2f mm. ; whorls 6.

Tane-ga-shima, Osumi (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 736).

1901.] NATUKAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 613

The snake here described was received alive at the Zoological
Gardens, on October 22, and came from the same locality and
collector as the lately described Coluber subocularis. In propor-
tions and scale formula it comes nearest to 0. zonatus Blain.
(n= 0. pyrrhomelas Cope), but the head is narrower, the snout
more contracted and there are two more rows of scales, while the
peculiar disposition of the dorsal cross bands is quite unlike any
Ophibolus previously known. The species is perhaps intermediate
between 0. zonatus and 0. leonis Gunth., the type of which came
from Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. <H •>

The absence of any trace of angulatiou around the umbilicus,
and the small size of the latter, give this race an appearance of
distinctness.

Clausilia ducalis Kobe-It.

This magnificent species was described from a specimen of un-
known locality further than the indefinite " interior of Nippon"
which served as habitat for Rein's Japanese collection. The type
is described as yellowish horn-colored, and 36 mm. long, 8 wide,
the aperture 9 mm. long. Mr. Hirase has lately sent specimens
from Miya-nmra, in Hida Province, which agree with ducalis in
the brilliant gloss and large apex, but have the last two whorls
dark vinaceous-brown, with a yellow sutural border and sprinkled
with fine yellow dots; the two next earlier whorls are rather bright
yellow, still earlier ones are worn.

Length 32J to 34£, diam. 8 mm.

It is a magnificent species.

At Kiyomi-mura, Hida, an interesting variety occurs, the
shell being longer and narrower, less glossy, the surface more
striate, last whorl more cylindric. Color light olivaceous yellow.

Length 35, diam. 6-J- mm. ; whorls 11J.

This race I call var. dorcas. Some specimens are shorter, length
28£, diam. 6J- mm. ; whorls 10.

Truncatella kiusiuensis n. sp.

Shell nearly cylindric, slightly tapering, pale red, composed of
4^ whorls, the upper one truncate and plugged. Sculpture of
strong, regular, nearly straight ribs, about 20 on the last whorl.
There is a high, narrow rib behind the outer and basal lips, and
a rounded rib or prominence around the umbilical region. Aper-
ture oval; the inner lip covered with a heavy callus.

Alt. 7, diam. 2.6 mm.

Hirado, Hizen (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 844a). Also Tane-ga-
shima (Hirase, No, 81 Ic).

This is one of the few Old World species of Truncatella in
which there is a rib or crest behind the lip. It differs in this
respect from T. valida Pfr., which is found in Okinawa or Riukiu
Island. The latter is also larger and has more numerous, smaller
ribs.

Truncatella Pfeifferi Martens is the only species of the genus

616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

hitherto reported from Japan. It was described from a specimen
or specimens in the Leyden Museum, collected by Siebold, and
bearing the locality " Japan." It has not been figured, but from
the description it differs from T. kiusiuensis in being shorter and
wider, with the ribs disappearing on the last whorl. No crest or
rib behind the lip is mentioned.

496

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [August,

NOTICES OF NEW LAND SNAILS FROM THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
BY HENRY A. PLLSBRY.

Continuing his zoological researches in the islands south of
Kiusiu, Mr. Hirase has had the two principal islands of the
' ' Northeastern group ' ' of the Loo Choo chain explored for land
snails. These islands, Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-no-shima (Yaku-
shima), belong politically to the Province of Osumi, and hence in
Japan are not ordinarily included in the Loo Choo Islands. I
shall discuss their faunal relations more fully at another time, but
it may be said here that while there is one species of land snail,
Trochomorpha Gouldiana Pils., identical with a species of Oshima,
the rest of the fauna, though composed almost wholly of endemic
species, is more nearly related to that of Kiusiu than to the Loo
Choo fauna proper.

CYCLOPHORIDJE.
Spiropoma Nakadai n. sp.

Shell discoidal, with very wide, bowl-shaped umbilicus, and
nearly flat spire, except that the first whorl projects when not worn;
solid, yellowish-brown, rather dull, sculptured with slight growth-
lines only. Whorls 4-J, convex, the last one very deeply descend-
ing in front. Aperture quite oblique, nearly circular, the peris-
tome built forward, becoming free from the preceding whorl, and a
little contracted. Diam. 10, alt. 4.8 mm.; diam. 9, alt.
4.7 mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 658).

In the larger S. japonicum the last whorl descends much less in
front; the peristome is expanded and not so much, usually not at
all, built forward. It is named for Mr. Nakada, an earnest and
successful collector for Mr. Hirase.

Spiropoma is a new name recently substituted for Coelopoma,
which was found to be preoccupied.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 495

and lateral angles of the frontal plate. There is the same number
of dorsal spots as in the type.

The fourth example is 472 mm. long (tail 67); scales in 31
rows, of which 15 are keeled; ventrals about 240; subcaudal&
about 63. The color is very similar to the type, but less intense,
and there are but 20 dorsal spots on the body, with 8 on the tail.

In all the young individuals the light portion of the dorsal
stripes, continuing the lateral arms of the H-shaped spots, is less
distinct than in the adult, and the whole under surface is pearly
white, with indications of the cloudy markings under the tail ; the
carination of the dorsal scales is so indistinct that it is hard to
determine its exact extent.

The bright colors and the strong contrasts shown in life by the
adults, render this one of the most beautiful of North American
snakes. The pattern on the dorsal region is simply the extreme
development of the tendency toward longitudinal extension of the
corners of the spots, which is shown at times in some other species,
such as C. obsoletus confinis, which occasionally exhibits even the
neck -bands. It is also suggested on the forepart of the body in
0. lineaticollis Cope, but from these it differs widely in scutella-
tion, and its real relations are with the section of Coluber repre-
sented by the Mexican C. triaspis and C. mutabilis, which tend in
the direction of the nearly related genus Pityophis through P.
vertebralis, from which, however, it is abundantly distinguished by
the generic characters and by the curious fact that the color shading
is completely reversed, the spots in C. subocularis being black
anteriorly and fading toward the tail, while in all species of
Pityophis the exact opposite occurs.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 497

Pupinella rufa vur. tanegashimae nov.

Smaller than P. rufa from Hondo, Awaji or Kiusiu, or the
Tsushima or Iki forms; whorls 6; peristome very heavy. Alt.
9.5, diam. above aperture 4.3 mm.; alt. 8.3, diam. 4 mm.

Pupinella Funatoi n. sp.

This species differs from P. rufa in being much smaller, with only
oj whorls, the spire more abruptly tapering above; more solid;
darker colored. The aperture is vertical, the lower margin not in
the least carried forward as it is in P. rufa. The whole peristome
is exceedingly thick and strong, with an inner elevated rim about
the orifice. The posterior orifice is not channel -like; and the
columellar orifice is a small slit, which does not deeply penetrate
the lip, as it does in P. rufa. A glossy callus spreads much fur-
ther up on the ventral face of the whorl than in P. rufa. Length
7ir, diam. above aperture 3^ mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 665a).

It seems curious that there should be a slightly differentiated
race of the widespread P. rufa, and a well-characterized species
of the same genus, on so small an island as Tane-ga-shirna. This
species is named for Mr. Funato, one of the efficient assistants who
have enabled Mr. Hirase to make such notable additions to our
knowledge of Japanese mollusks.

Diplommatina tanegashimae n. sp.

Shell small, obese, pupiform, light red, composed of 5£ convex
whorls, the penultimate whorl widest, those above tapering regu-
larly; last whorl much contracted. Sculpture of widely spaced,
delicate riblets on the spire, the last two whorls with very much
finer, i!ar closer rib-strisB. Aperture circular, the peristome ex-
panded, thickened within, slightly duplicate. Columellar tooth
strong and acute; palatal plica short, distinct, situated above the
columella. Length 2.6, diam. 1.6 mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 668).

Somewhat allied to D. saginata, of Oshima.

HELICINID^E.
Helicina yaeyamensis n. sp.

Shell very small for the genus, thin, rather pale red, dull,
faintly marked with growth-lines, and a few spiral striae are
usually developed ; shaped like H. verecunda. Whorls 4J, con-
32

498 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF [August,

vex, the last rounded at the periphery, a little compressed above
and below. Aperture oblique, semicircular, the outer lip simple,
unexpanded, not thickened. Umbilical callus whitish, rather large
and densely pitted. Alt. 2.2, diam. 3.3 mm.

Yaeyama, in the southwestern group of the Loo Choo Islands
(Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 624). Types No. 80,967 Coll. A. N. S. P.

About half the dimensions of H. verecunda of Okinawa, but
with the same number of whorls, and a simple, unexpanded lip.
I at first supposed the specimens were young, but the receipt of a
second lot from Mr. Hirase, agreeing in size and other characters
with the first, indicates that they are full grown.

ZONITID-ffi.
Microcystina Hiraseana n. sp.

Shell trochiform, with minute, nearly covered perforation;
brown, glossy and smooth, slightly transparent. The periphery
has a narrow, acute, projecting keel, visible in the suture above.
Spire conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5J-, quite convex; base con-
vex, narrowly impressed in the centre. Aperture shaped like a
crescent with truncate ends, slightly oblique; peristome simple and
acute, the columellar margin reflexed at the perforation, thickened
within with a white callus, sometimes sinuous. Alt. 3, diam.
3.5 mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 667).

This species resembles M. ceratodes (Gude) in general features,
but is more elevated, with more exserted keel, a less varnish-like
gloss, and more closely coiled whorls.

Macrochlamys tanegashimse n. sp.

Shell small, depressed, minutely perforate, smooth and glossy,
rich brown, somewhat translucent. Spire low-conoidal, obtuse at
the apex. Whorls 4^, moderately convex, rather closely revolving,
appressed at the suture, which appears margined; the last whorl
nearly double the width of the preceding, rounded at the periphery,
moderately convex beneath. Aperture crescentic, slightly oblique,
the lip simple and thin, abruptly reflexed at the columellar inser-
tion. Alt. nearly 2, diam. 3.8 mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 666).

About the size and general appearance of the shell I called
Vitrea harimensis, but which I subsequently decided to be young

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 499

Macrochlamys Doenitzi (Reinh.); but the species from Tane-ga-
shima has a narrower umbilical perforation, and the spire is more
developed, with an additional whorl.

CL.AUSILIIDJE.
Clausilia oscariana n. sp.

Shell fusiform, rather slender, not subject to truncation, brown,
finely striate, the last whorl more coarsely so. Whorls 10 J to 11£,
the upper part of the spire decidedly attenuated. Aperture piri-
form, the peristome thickened and reflexed, with several more or
less distinct folds on its face, adjacent to the subcolumellar lamella.
Superior lamella rather small, oblique, not connected with the
spiral lamella. Inferior lamella deeply receding, straightened and
subvertically ascending within. Subcolumellar lamella emerging.
Principal plica long. Lunella curved inward above, straightened
and connected with a short palatal plica below, being thus shaped
like an inverted letter J. Length 12-14.5, diam. 2.8-3.3 mm.

Fukuregi, Province of Higo, Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 674).

This Hemiphcedusa belongs to the group of C. plicilabris A.
Ad. (bilabrata Smith), but this is a much smaller species and
differs in various structural characters. It is named in honor
of Dr. Oscar Boettger, the acute and lucid master in the study of
Clausiliidce.

Clausilia higoensis n. sp.

Shell fusiform, very much attenuated above, brown, finely
striate, the last whorl tapering. Whorls 10, the last more coarsely
striate dorsally, having a low, inconspicuous wave or prominence
behind the outer lip. Aperture piriform, the peristome slightly
reflexed, somewhat thickened. Superior lamella rather small,
oblique, marginal, continuous with the spiral lamella. Inferior
lamella deeply receding, rather straightly ascending inside. Sub-
columellar lamella immersed, or nearly emerging. Principal plica
extending beyond the lateral lunella. Lunella strongly curved
inward below, straightened above, where it joins the middle of a
short, oblique upper palatal plica. Length 14-15, diam. 3.7-
3.8 mm.

Midumate, Province of Higo, Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase, No.
677).

A species of the Hemiphsedusan group of C. awajiensis, perig-

500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [August,

nobilis, etc., more attenuated above than any of the known species
except C. awajiensis, which is a more obese form with narrow lip
and emerging subcolumellar lamella.

Clausilia ischna n. sp.

A slender and elongate member of the group of C. awajiensis,
the length five times the greatest diameter; rather thin, brown,
with about 11^- whorls; finely stri ate. Aperture small, the peri-
stome reflexed, rather narrow. Superior lamella compressed,
oblique, continuous with the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella very
deeply receding. Subcolumellar lamella deeply immersed. Lu-
nella curved inward below, straightened above, and connected with
a short, oblique upper palatal plica, being shaped like the letter
J. Length 16.5, diam. 3 to 3.3 mm.

Kochi, Tosa (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 657a).

More slender than any other known species of the group of C.
awajiensis.

Clausilia ischna var. neptis nov.

Paler, nearly corneons or whitish; less slender, the last whorl
more coarsely striate; peristome broader; sinulus more retracted.
Whorls 11. Length 15.5 to 16.5, diam. 3.5 mm.

Occurred with the preceding.

Clausilia tanegashimae n. sp.

Fusiform, rather slender, obsoletely marked with growth-lines,
the last whorl striate, pinched up in a rather acute strong wave
behind the peristome. Whorls 10J. Aperture ovate, the peri-
stome well expanded. Superior lamella small, oblique, marginal.
Inferior lamella receding, not visible from in front. Sub-
columellar lamella emerging. Lunella curved inward above,
straight below, its lower end joined to a lower palatal plica near
its inner end. Length 18J, diam. 4J mm. or smaller, length
16J- mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 662).

The HemiphceduscB of the northeastern Loo Choo Islands belong
to several groups special to those islands. The group of C. tone-
gashimcB has the internal structure of the plicilabris group, but
there is a strong wave or crest behind the outer lip parallel with it.
The shell is very solid and strong.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 501

Clausilia ptychocyma ". *i>.

Obesely fusiform, nearly smooth except the last whorl, which
has a wave-like ridge and several strong wrinkles behind the lip.
Whorls about 8J. Aperture squarish-ovate, the peristome thick,
narrowly reflexed. Superior lamella small and obtuse. Inferior
lamella very deeply receding. Subcolumellar lamella immersed.
Lunella very low, narrow, straight above, curved inward and
meeting the outer end of a short lower palatal plica below.
Length 11, cliam. 3 mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 664a).

Clausilia ptychocyma vnr. yakushimae nov.

Wrinkles on the latter part of the last whorl more numerous
and less prominent; superior lamella often subobsolete; subcolu-
mellar lamella less deeply immersed, or emerging. Lunella more
distinct.

Yakushima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 6645).

The following species belong to another group of Hemiphcedusa,
characterized by the very strongly spiral inferior lamella.

Clausilia entospira n. sp.

Fusiform, rather slender, yellowish, smooth, the latter half of
last whorl coarsely striate, whorls about 8^-, moderately convex.
Aperture small; peristome narrowly reflexed, very much thick-
ened, flattened. Superior lamella small, remote from the spiral
lamella. Inferior lamella forming a prominent, heavy fold rather
deep within the mouth, strongly spiral within the last whorl.
Subcolumellar lamella immersed. Lunella very strong, strongly
curved inward below, straight above. No palatal plicae except the
principal plica. Length 10, diam. 2^ mm.

Tane-ga-shima.
Clausilia pinto n. sp.

Shell small, fusiform, dull brownish -olive, nearly smooth.
Whorls 8, moderately convex. Aperture small, squarish -ovate;
peristome thick, expanded, subreflexed. Superior lamella small,
vertical, marginal, barely continuous with the spiral lamella. In-
ferior lamella very deeply receding, straightened within the last
whorl. Subcolumellar lamella emerging. Lunella connected
above with the middle of a short upper palatal plica, strongly

502 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [August,

curving inward at its lower end, being shaped like the letter J.
Length 9.3, diam. 2.4 mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 663;.

This species looks like a Zaptyx, but wants the accessory lamellae
and plicae of that group. I am disposed to consider it a degener-
ate member of that subgenus. Otherwise, the receding inferior
lamella would cause it to be ranked as a Hemiphcedusa.

Clausilia (Stereophaedusa) stereoma n. sp.

Excessively strong, glossy, olive-yellow, weakly striate ; very
obese below, the upper third very much attenuated, latter half of
the last whorl compressed. Whorls about 8J. Aperture piri-
form, ^the peristome thickened, narrowly reflexed. Superior
lamella rather small, continuous with the spiral lamella; inferior
lamella forming a strong, subhorizontal fold; subcolumellar
lamella emerging. Principal plica rather short, lateral; upper
and lower palatal plicae of moderate length, oblique, two minute
palatal plicae between them. Length 21^, diam. 6 mm.

Yaku-shima (No. 670 of Mr. Hirase's collection).

Specimens from Tane-ga-shima, which may be called var. cog-
nata, are referable to the same species. They are a little larger,
reddish-brown, perceptibly thinner than the types though still very
strong, and with 9J whorls (No. 661 of Mr. Hirase's collection).

There is also a well-marked variety found on Yaku-shima, much
smaller, length 14 \ to 17 mm., more slender, but the color of the
type. This may be called var. nugax.

These forms closely resemble C. brevior v. Mart, in the obese
contour, very much attenuated above; but they are excessively
strong, while brevior is thin. One species of the brevior group
occurs in southeastern Kiusiu, C. Addisoni Pils. This was orig-
inally described as a variety of C. brevior, but on opening addi-
tional specimens I find that there is a more or less distinct, straight
lunella between the second and lower palatal plicae, not present in
C. brevior. Moreover, C. brevior seems to be widely separated
geographically from Addisoni. I think therefore that the latter
will stand as a distinct species.

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 443

ADDITIONS TO THE JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FAUNA. II.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The discovery of the forms described herein is due to the well-
directed industry of Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto, Japan, to whom
the Academy is indebted for many Japanese land snails. There
can be little doubt that the land molluscan fauna of Japan will
prove to be very prolific in specific forms, like most insular faunas.

The Clausilias of Japan have been worked up by Dr. O. Boett-
ger, who in his masterly Clamilienstudien has laid a firm founda-
tion for future builders. Subsequent work has been done by
Kobelt, von Moellendorff, Smith, Sykes and the present writer.
Arthur Adams' contribution to the literature of Japanese Clausi-
lias is, like all of his Japoniana, quite worthless.
Clausilia hakonensis n. sp. PI. XIV, figs, l, 2, 3.

Shell rather slenderly fusiform, moderately attenuated above,
the earlier 3J whorls scarcely increasing in diameter, then gradu-
ally increasing to the penultimate whorl which is widest, the last
whorl being distinctly compressed and tapering. Whorls 12.
Reddish or olivaceous brown, paler below the sutures, glossy where
not eroded, distinctly, finely striated obliquely. Aperture subver-
tical or slightly oblique, ovate, the peristome continuous, white,
well expanded. Superior lamella strong, oblique, reaching the
margin, continuous with the spiral lamella, but becoming abruptly
lower at the junction. Inferior lamella converging to the superior,
strongly folded, rapidly tapering below, becoming very high, stout
and very strongly spiral within. Subcolumellar lamella very
deeply immersed, not visible from the aperture. Principal plica
rather short; upper palatal plica short, oblique, passing into a
strong, curved lunella, which is connected below with the middle
of the rather short lower palatal plica, somewhat like a Greek
letter r inverted.

Length 32, diam. of penultimate whorl 7 mm. ; length of aper-
ture 7.7, width 5 mm.

444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

Hakone Mts. (B. Schmacker), types No. 60,370, coll. A. N.
S. P.

A Hemiphcedusa, differing from all of the platydera group by
the strongly spiral and heavily developed inferior lamella and wholly
immersed subcolumellar lamella. The clausilium has the character-
istic parallel-sided contour of the section. C. hakonensis will
become the type of a new group or ' ' Formenkreis ' ' in Hemi-
phcedusa, characterized by the strongly spiral, Stereophwdusa-likQ
inferior lamella.

Clausilia awajiensis n. sp. PI. XIV, figs. 15, 16, 17.

Shell shortly rimate, obesely fusiform, thin, a little transparent,
strongly but shortly attenuated above, the last whorl decidedly
tapering. Corneous -bro wn ; the last whorl reddish, glossy, dis-
tinctly, finely striate. Whorls 9J. Aperture small, pyriform, the
peristome white, moderately expanded, rather thin. Superior
lamella rather thin, oblique, continuous with the spiral lamella.
Inferior lamella very low and inconspicuous, stronger within and
almosl vertically ascending. Subcolumellar lamella not reaching
the lip-edge, even immersed. Principal plica long, reaching
almost to the lip, extending inward beyond the lateral lunella.
Upper palatal plica very short, its outer end connected with a
rather strong, oblique lunella, recurved toward its lower end ; no
lower palatal plica. Clausilium slender, tongue-shaped, emar-
ginate posteriorly, slowly tapering below.

Length 12J, diam. 3^ mm.

Fukura, Awaji Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).

A Hemiphcedusa near C. aurantiaca Bttg. , but with fewer
whorls, the lunella more lateral, not I -shaped, a lower palatal
plica being absent.

Clausilia subaurantiaca n. sp. PI. XIV, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell slenderly fusiform, attenuated above, the last whorl rather
narrower; brown, but slightly glossy, weakly striate, more strongly
so on the last whorl. Whorls nearly 11, the upper convex, the last
two nearly flat. Aperture small, somewhat oblique, retracted and
with a well-marked sinulus above, pyriform, produced; peristome
thick, well reflexed. Superior lamella strong, oblique, continuous
with the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella immersed, inconspicuous
in a front view, becoming strong and subvertical within. Subcol-

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHI LA

PLATE XIV.

PILSBRY. JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FAUNA.

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 445

umellar lamella very weak, not extending upon the expansion of
thejip, or immersed. Plica principalis very long (the whorl out-
side a little swollen above it), extending nearly to the lip. Upper
palatal plica extremely short, united with the lateral, nearly straight
lunella; no lower palatal plica. Clausilium long, tongue-shaped,
somewhat tapering toward the blunt apex.

Length 16, diam. 3 mm.

Deyai, Prov. Nagato (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This Hemiphcedusa differs from C. aurantiaca Bttg. by wanting
a lower palatal plica (which in C. aurantiaca makes an I-like
figure with the lunella and the upper palatal plica); by the
lateral, not ventral, position of the lunella, and the more slender
contour. C. awajiensis is much more obese.
Clausilia aulacophora n. sp. PL XIV, figs. 18, 19, 20.

Shell small, slender, moderately attenuated above, opaque, dull
reddish brown, paler above; finely striate, the last whorl more
coarsely so. Whorls 10, convex, the last short, compressed later-
ally, hardly narrower than the preceding, a little turgid below the
suture and at the base. Aperture small, pyriform, with well-
defined and slightly retracted sinulus. Peristome white, thick-
ened and well expanded, the outer margin excavated above.
Superior lamella strong, oblique, continuous with the spiral lamella,
and extending to the margin; a groove on the right side of it,
usually producing a notch or emargination in the upper margin of
the lip, and followed by a small rounded tubercle, to the right of
which there is sometimes a second shallow groove in adult shells.
Inferior lamella immersed, becoming strong and subvertical within.
Subcolumellar lamella completely immersed. Principal plica a
half whorl long, visible within the aperture. Upper palatal plica
short, continuous anteriorly with and curving into the lunella,
which is united with the middle of the lower palatal plica. There
is a punctiform plica below the latter. Clausilium long, tongue-
shaped, emarginate behind, the margins slowly converging toward
the apex, which is bluntly attenuated.
^ Length 10, diam. 2.1 mm.

Fukura, Awaji Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Belonging to the Hemiphsedusan group of C. platydera, as defined
by Dr. Boettger, this small species is well disl inguished by the
groove in the peristome on the right side of the superior lamella.

446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

Clausilia Hirasei n. sp. PL XIV, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11.

Shell small, solid, slenderly fusiform, regularly tapering above
to an obtuse apex; glossy, irregularly striate, chestnut brown.
Whorls 8-8 J, rather weakly convex, the last two long, last whorl
somewhat narrower, compressed. Aperture small, rather rhombic;
peristome narrowly expanded, a little thickened. Superior lamella
low, separated widely from the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella
immersed, becoming strong and vertical within. Subcolumellar
lamella weak but emerging. Principal plica less than a half -whorl
long, extending well inward beyond the lateral lunella. Upper
palatal plica oblique, not united with the lunella, which is nearly
straight above, curved below. Three short sutural plicae are
developed above the upper end of the lunella, the second one
shortest, upper one low ; within the upper end of the spiral lamella
there is sometimes an inserted lamella (lamella inserta), or perhaps
this is a recrudescence of the inferior lamella; and outside of it
there is a short fulcrum (lamella fulcrans, fig. 10, l.f. ) and a
longer parallel lamella (lamella parallela, fig. 10, l.p. ).

Length 9.3, diam. 2.2, length of aperture 2.2 mm.

Length 7.3, diam. 2.2 mm.

Kagashima, Satsuma (Y. ilirase).

This is, so far as I know, the smallest Japanese Clausilia known.
Internally it has the straightly vertical inferior lamella of Hemi-
phcedusa, but in several fresh specimens opened I found no clau-
silium. In the development of the sutural plicae it resembles 0.
hyperoptyx. The superior lamella is widely separated from the
spiral lamella, and there is a lamella inserta developed in some
examples. The internal complication is greater than in any other
Japanese species known to me. Fig. 10 of Plate XIV, is diagram-
matic.

• It is named in honor of Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto, who has
brought to our knowledge a .large number of interesting Japanese
land snails.
Clausilia hyperoptyx n. sp. PI. XIV, figs. 12, 13, 14.

Shell small, slender, moderately attenuated above, glossy, of
a dark, rich reddish-chestnut color, finely and rather irregularly,
not deeply, striate, the last whorl densely and more deeply so.
Whorls 8J-, convex, the last more flattened, a trifle narrower than
the preceding. Aperture ovate, the peristome thick, expanded,

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 447

whitish at the edge. Superior lamella rather low, vertical, attain-
ing the margin, widely disconnected from the spiral lamella. In-
ferior lamella immersed, scarcely visible in a front view, strong
and vertical within. Subcolumellar lamella emerging, continued
to the edge of peristome. Principal plica about a half-whorl
long, visible within the aperture. Upper palatal plica very short,
slightly united with the nearly straight, oblique lunella, which is
lateral in position. Two short sutural plicae developed a little
further inward than the upper end of the lunella. Spiral lamella
and inferior lamella of equal length within, a rather long lamella
fulcrans and a lamella parallela developed, each standing free.
Clausilium rather narrow, parallel-sided, bluntly tapering at
the apex.

Length 10, diam. 2.2, length of aperture 2.1 mm.

Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This slender, dark-colored Hemiphcedusa is a beautiful little
species, distinguished by the two sutural plicse and the development
of a fulcrum and parallel lamella, as in C. Hirasei. It differs
from that species in the dark color, attenuated and concave spire,
stronger superior lamella, and various other details of the closing
apparatus.

C. Hirasei and C. hyperoptyx form a new group of Hemi-
phcedusa characterized as follows:

Superior lamella widely separated from the spiral lamella ; a
fulcrum and parallel lamella present; sutural plicse developed;
upper palatal plica independent or united with the well-developed
lunella; no lower palatal plica.

Just what relation this group holds to Dr. von Moellendorft's
group of 0. sublunellata I do not know, but as he does not
describe the complicated closing apparatus I find in my species, I
presume it to be quite different.
Clansilia japonica var. surugae, n. v. PL XIV, fig. 4.

Similar to C. japonica but smaller, strongly attenuated above
for a longer distance, the aperture smaller with rather stronger
principal lamella; upper palatal fold shorter, the lower palatal
short or obsolete.

Mikuria, Prov. Suruga (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Having examined some hundreds of specimens of C. japonica
from several localities, collected by Mr. Stearns, Mr. Hirase,

448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

Prof. M. R. Gaines and others, I conclude that C. nipponensis is
hardly tenable as a variety. The gibbous penultimate and slender
last whorl occur sporadically among typical japonica. The size
varies a good deal in C. japonica, but the above -described variety
presents a peculiar and quite recognizable contour.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Figs. 1-3. Clausilia hakonensis n. sp. Fig. 2, natural size.

Fig. 4. Clausilia japonica var. surugce n. var., natural size.

Figs. 5-7. Clausilia subaurantiaca n. sp.

Figs. 8-11. Clausilia Hirasei n. sp. Fig. 10, diagrammatic.
/., lunella; Lf., fulcrum or lamella fulcrans ; l.i.,
inferior lamella; l.p., parallel lamella; l.s., superior
lamella; l.sp., spiral lamella; p.p., principal plica;
p.s., sutural plicae; u.p.p., upper palatal plica.

Figs. 12-14. Clausilia hyper optyx n. sp.

Figs. 15-17. Clausilia awajiensis n. sp.

Figs. 18-20. Clausilia aulacophora n. sp.

672 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

ADDITIONS TO THE JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FAUNA. III.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The Japanese fauna is proving very prolific in Clausilias, and
may yet rival the richer portions of Eastern Europe in degree of
specific differentiation. It is obvious that until much more merely
descriptive work is done, no sound generalization upon the Japanese
species is possible. I have therefore been satisfied to add to the
accumulation of facts which can tell their story only when collec-
tions from many more localities come to our hands. Many of
the species of Clausilia seem to be of restricted geographic distribu-
tion. Thus, the fauna of southern Hondo, Shikoku and Awaji
seems to have but few Clausilise in common with the Nikko region.

The fruitful researches of Mr. Y. Hirase now enable me to add
several species to the fauna of Shikoku Island, and a remarkable
Euphcedusa to the Hokkaido fauna, the first Clausilia known from
that island. Moreover, he has discovered a very remarkable modifi-
cation of the Euphsedusan type, C. mikado, in the region of Lake
Biwa.

In a former paper I described two species, C. Hirasei and C.
hyperoptyx, remarkable among Asiatic Clausilise for their compli-
cated internal armature. It is now proposed to erect a section for
the reception of these species.

Section ZAPTYX nov.

Clausilium tongue-shaped, about twice as long as wide, with
subparallel lateral margins, the apex much thickened on the
columellar side ; posteriorly emarginate or auriculate on both sides
of the filament or on the columellar side only; straight distally,
but abruptly and strongly curved near the filament.

Shell small, the superior lamella widely separated from the
spiral lamella; a fulcrum and parallel lamella developed; sutural

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 671

LACTUCA CANADENSIS L. Wildwood, *Holly Beach.

*LACTUCA FLORID AN A (L.) Gaertn. Anglesea.

fLACTUCA HIRSUTA Muhl. Atlantic City.

*LACINARIA SQUARROSA (L.) Hill (Liatris squarrosa Willd. ).
Anglesea.

LIATRIS SPICATA (L.) Willd. (L. spicata Willd. ). Bay Head.

LEPTILON CANADENSIS (L.) Britton (Erigeron canadensis L. ).
Wildwood.

PLUCHEA CAMPHORATA (L. ) D. C. Seaside Park, * Atlantic
City, *Ocean City, *Cape May.

SOLIDAGO FISTULOSA Mill. (S. pilosa Walt.). Wildwood.

SOLIDAGO ODORA Ait. Wildwood.

SOLIDAGO SEMPERVIRENS L. Seaside Park, Wildwood,
*Ocean City.

*SOLIDAGO STRICTA Ait. Anglesea.

WILLUGHB^A SCANDENS (L. ) Kuntze (Mikania scandens
Willd.). Ocean City, Wildwood.

XANTHIUM CANADENSE Mill. Seaside Park.

XANTHIUM CANADENSE var. ECHINATUM Gray. Wildwood.

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 673

plic?e present; upper palatal plica independent from or united
with the well -developed lunella; no lower palatal plica.

Type C. Hirasei Pils.

Distribution: Southern Kiusiu and the Loo Choo Islands.

The general shape of the clausilium is somewhat Hemiphsedu-
soid, but the abruptly bent and emarginate posterior end and
heavily thickened apex differ strikingly from those parts in the
clausilium of Hemiphsedusa.

In C. Hirasei the clausilium (PL XXV, figs. 33, 34) is biemar-
ginate behind. In C. hyperoptyx the columellar side only is dis-
tinctly emarginaLe.

Section EUPH^DUSA Bttg.
( Group of C. shanghaiensis. )
Clausilia comes n. sp. PI. XXIV, figs, l, 2, 3.

Shell small, rimate, slenderly fusiform, rather weakly striate,
the last whorl with delicate rib-striae ; olivaceous brownish. Apex
slightly obtuse. Whorls 9, strongly convex, separated by deep
sutures. Aperture not oblique, pyriform, with a distinct sinulus
above, the peristorae white, expanded and subreflexed, scarcely
thickened. Superior lamella rather small, though rather higher
than in C. digonoptyx, diconnected from or barely continuous with
the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella converging strongly toward
the superior, though somewhat less so than in C. digonoptyx,
strongly spiral within. Subcolumellar lamella immersed very
deeply. Principal plica short and small, wholly lateral. Lunella
shaped as in C. aculus, but so slight as to be all but imperceptible
except at the ends, which appear as small, short, irregular, upper
and lower palatal folds. Clausilium of the typical form for
Euphcedusa, short and wide, broadest distally, strongly curved,
moderately thickened at the apex, the columellar side emarginate
behind (PL XXV, figs. 35, 36).

Alt. 10, diam. 2.3 mm.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Belonging to the little group of C. aculus, digonoptyx and tau,
this form is smaller and deficient in palatal armature. C. aculus,
which probably does not occur in Japan north or east of Kiusiu,
has a less developed superior lamella. In C. digonoptyx the
lamella) converge more, the lunella is better developed, and the

674 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

striation is stronger. C. tau is a widely distributed species with
long upper palatal plica and stronger lunella, etc.
Clausilia monelasmus n. sp. PI. XXIV, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell rimate, slender, fusiform, strongly striate, brown. Apex
rather acute, but the nuclear whorl is somewhat swollen; spire
attenuated above. Whorls 8J to 9, quite convex, the sutures
well impressed, the last whorl narrower than the penultimate.
Aperture hardly oblique, pyriform, with rather indistinctly denned,
retracted sinulus. Peristome thickened, expanded, continuous,
white. Superior lamella wanting, represented by a slight thick-
ening of the peristome at its position; spiral lamella arising so far
within that it is not visible from the aperture, but becoming high
and continued to the ventral side, being longer within than the
other lamellse. Inferior lamella obsolete below, not emergiDg, but
high within, as in C. digonoptyx. Subcolumellar lamella deeply
immersed. Principal plica very short and small, lateral. Upper
palatal plica strong, its lower end bent downward; lunella want-
ing; lower palatal plica short, well developed. Clausilium (PI.
XXV, figs. 26, 27, 28, 29) short and broad, strongly curved,
not emarginate behind, and only slightly thickened apically.

Alt. 10.5, diam. 2.3 mm.

Kayabe, Ojima (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This is the first Clausilia to be made known from Hokkaido
(Yesso), to my knowledge. It occurred with a small Hemi-
phcedusa. It is remarkable for the obsolete condition of the supe-
rior lamella, the deeply immersed spiral lamella and the wide
interruption of the lunella, the remaining ends of which appear
merely as upper and lower palatal folds. A white line may be
seen on the parietal wall, on looking into the aperture, caused by
the subcolumellar lamella showing through.

( Group of C. jos. )
Clausilia iotaptyx n. sp. PI. XXV, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell rimate, turrited, the penultimate whorl widest, those above
nearly regularly tapering, then becoming almost cylindrical, the
apex obtuse; rather solid, finely striate, a little more coarsely so
on the back of the last whorl. Whorls nearly 11, but slightly
convex, the last compressed. Aperture hardly oblique, ovate-
pyriform, the peristome well expanded, slightly thickened, whitish,

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 675

a little emarginate above. Sinulus high. Superior lamella rather
small, oblique, contiguous to the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella
deeply placed, but continued and emerging upon the peristome,
straightened within and giving off a branch toward the spiral
lamella. Subcolumellar lamella emerging, and with the inferior
lamella, continued to the margin. Principal plica strong and
long, nearly reaching the lip, and extending inward well beyond
the lateral lunella. Palatal plicae two, short, the upper parallel
with the principal plica, the lower one oblique, a straight lunella
connecting them, inserted near the middle of each, and with the
plicse forming an I-like figure. Clausilium (PL XXV, fig. 40),
trapezoidal -oblong, not much curved, somewhat thickened at the
sides, and especially thick on the columellar side near the apex,
strongly emarginate posteriorly on the columellar side. It is
shaped very much like that of C. mikado.

Alt. 18, diam. 3.8, longest axis of aperture 3.6 mm.

Alt. 16.3, diam. 3.3 mm.

Ibuki, Omi (Mr. Y. Hirase).

A solid, opaque species, with peculiarly thick though attenuated
spire. The clausilium seems far too thick at the end for a Heini-
phcedusa, though it is more elongate than usual in Euphcedusa,
being a good deal like that of C. mikado : and as in that species
the superior and inferior lamelke are very widely separated, even
within. Viewed from the back, in a specimen broken open, the
inferior lamella is but very weakly spiral, much as in many
flemiphsedusas, and is thickened below. The spiral and sub-
columellar lamellae both enter very deeply and equally, while in
Euphcedusa the spiral lamella should extend inward beyond the
other, according to Dr. Boettger, confirmed by the species I have
examined. This point is not very reliable perhaps, for in two
specimens of C. mikado opened, one has the spiral lamella dis-
tinctly longer, the other has the inferior a little longer. I fear,
therefore, that the sectional position of this species must be left in
uncertainty. I place it in Boettger' s Formenkreis von C. jos, of
Euphcedusa, but probably it belongs elsewhere.

Compared with the Hemiphcedusa species, C. iotaptyx is nearest
to C. aurantiaca; but the closing apparatus is lateral, the superior
lamella is very low inside (while in C. aurantiaca it is high), and
the spire is thick and clumsy above. The lunella and associated

676 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

palatal plicae are much as in C. aurantiaca, but the clausilium
denies C. iotaptyx entrance in any group of Hemiphcedusa.

Section TYRANNOPH^EDUSA nov.

Many-whorled, with distinct sinulus, deeply placed inferior
lamella, very remote throughout from the superior lamella, the
clausilium narrower than in Euphcedusa, tapering and oblique at
the much-thickened apex. Other characters as in the 0. jos group
of Eaphcedusa. I propose this section for the following remark-
able species :
Clausilia mikado n. sp. Pi. XXIV, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell rimate, the lower half swollen, upper half exceedingly
attenuated ; livid gray, becoming dull red where worn, and over-
grown with alga in most specimens seen.

Sculptured with crowded, very fine strise, on the last two whores
becoming very much coarser, last whorl rather irregularly rib-
striate. Apex obtuse and globose; whorls 18, the earlier 8 or 10
not increasing in diameter, e*ven decreasing a little; the next few
whorls gradually, slowly increasing, the last 4 whorls forming the
rather swollen lower half of the shell's length; last whorl de-
cidedly higher than the preceding, tapering, compressed at the
sides. Sutures impressed. Aperture small, oblique, retracted
above and below, irregularly pyriform, the sinulus strongly devel-
oped, high and narrow; peristome white, expanded and thickened,
continuous, emarginate above, where it is built out far beyond the
whorl. Superior lamella marginal, vertical, well developed, con-
tinuous with the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella not visible in a
front view, deeply immersed, continuing very distant from the
superior lamella within, but giving off a low branch toward it.
Subcolumellar lamella emerging, sometimes continued to the margin
of the peristome, and more or less distinctly bounded by grooves.
Principal plica strong and long, extending nearly to the lip, and
inward to the ventral side of the whorl. Upper and lower palatal
plicae short, oblique and parallel, connected by a nearly straight,
narrow, rather weak lunella, which, however, is hardly connected
with the upper palatal, and is lateral in position. Clausilium
(PI. XXV, figs. 37, 38, 39) strongly thickened at the sides and
end, and especially along the columellar margin near the apex (fig.
38), abruptly emarginate on the columellar side posteriorly, the

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 677

apex oblique, angular at the outer-lower or palato-apical extrem-
ity, rounded at the inner-lower or columellar-apical part.

Alt. 23, diam. 3.0, longest axis of aperture 3.5 mm.

Ibuki, Omi (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Remarkable for its mauy-whorled, slender spire, solute aperture
and peculiar clausilium. This species is the first one of its kind
to be made known, and is one of the most remarkable of Mr.
Hirase' s discoveries.

Section STEREOPH^EDUSA Bttg.

Clausilia oostoma Molldff.

C. oostoma Molldff., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., LI. pt. 2, p. 4. PL 1,

fig. 2(1882).
C. jnponica var. surugcs Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1900, p.

447, PL 14, fig. 4.

In my former paper on Japanese Clausilias I did not recognize
this species in my C. ja})onica var. surugce. I am now satisfied
that my variety is identical with the form defined by von Moellen-
dorff.

Clausilia brevior var. addisoni nov.

Larger than C. brevior, alt. 16-1 8J, diam. 4J- mm., more
coarsely striated, especially on the last whorl; three palatal plicae
only. This form I at first considered to be the var. tetraptyx
Mlldff., having received but one specimen from Mr. Hirase. A
large series in the collection of Mr. Addison Gulick shows it to
be distinct. It is viviparous.

Kagashima, Satsuma, in southern Kiusiu (Gulick coll.).

Clausilia hondana n. sp. PI. XXIV, figs. 13-18.

Shell rimate, fusiform, dark brown, sculptured with fine but
sharp strioe, which are sometimes perceptibly coarser on the back
of the last whorl ; apex globose, the first three whorls of about
equal diameter, second whorl higher than the third. Whorls 10 \
to 11|-, the last compressed laterall y. Aperture but little oblique,
a trifle retracted above and below, pyriform or quadrangular-
pyriform, the sinulus high and well defined; peris tome rather
widely reflexed, somewhat thickened, continuous, the upper margin
shortly free and slightly or not emarginate. Superior lamella
sub vertical, compressed, continuous with the spiral lamella.
Inferior lamella transversely converging to the other, strongly
44

678 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

spiral within, not emerging upon the lip. Subcolumellar lamella
emerging, nearly or quite attaining the margin. Principal plicae
rather long; palatal plicae seven or fewer, the upper two curved,
diverging forward from the principal, longer than the others
except the lower one. Clausilium strongly curved, short, broader
and thickened distally, emarginate posteriorly on the columellar
margin (PI. XXV, figs. 42, 43, 44).

Alt. 21, diam. 4.5, longest axis of aperture 4.6 mm.

Alt. 18, diam. 4, longest axis of aperture 4 mm.

Boshiu; Suruga coast (F. Stearns).

This species stands between C. oostoma and C. brevior in size,
and has the slender apical whorls and therefore concave-sided spire
of the latter, which differs in being more obese with a different-
shaped aperture. It is probably nearest to C. nikkoensis Mlldff. ,
but that species, from the description, must be even more slender
and with the inferior lamella reaching the margin of the peristome,
which is not at all the case in C. hondana. Were it not for this
differential feature I would not distinguish my shells from Dr.
von Moellendorff's species. The clausilium is much like that of
C. brevior.

Of five specimens opened, no two quite agree in the palatal
folds, and some are so different that one could scarcely believe
them variations of one species were not all the other characters,
including the clausilium, quite identical in the series. The follow-
ing variations occurred:

(a) Palatal plicae seven, as above described (figs. 13-15).

(6) Palatal plicae three, two above, one below, the third, fourth,
fifth and sixth wanting (fig. 18).

(c) Palatal plicae four, the lower and two upper undiminished,
the third small, a foldless space below it (fig. 17).

(d) Palatal plicae three, a very low but distinct, straight lunella
running from the second to the lower plica (fig. 16).

These variations seem enough to make several species of, but I
feel confident that they belong to one species. Specimens a and
b are from Boshiu, c and d from Suruga.
Clausilia subjaponica n. sp.

General appearance of C. japonica Crosse. Whorls 12 to 13-J,
the apex very obtuse, not tapering as in japonica, and the attenu-
ated portion of the spire is thicker. Aperture with thickened, re-

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADEL1MI I A. 679

flexed peristome, the superior lamella separated by a hiatus from the
spiral lamella; subcolumellar lamella emerging, running to the mar-
gin. Principal plica short, extending but slightly or not at all in-
ward beyond the upper palatal plica. Palatal plica; four, the upper
quite long, the lower bow-shaped or arched, the two ends bent
downward; the two intermediate plicrc short. Clausilium narrower
than in C. japonica, the palatal margin obliquely sloping toward
the apex, which is thickened and obtusely rounded; columellar
margin slightly excised or subemarginate near the filament, or
merely tapering there.

Length 28, diam. 6 mm.

Length 28, diam. 5J mm.

Length 23, diam. 5J mm.

Ibuki, Omi (Mr. Y~ Hirase).

The shell does not differ strongly from C. japonica, certain
forms of which have the superior and spiral lamellae disconnected,
and sometimes there are four palatal plicae; but the shape of the
lower palatal plica or fold is different, it being short and oblique
in C. japonica, not arched as in this species. The shape of the
clausilium, however, is strikingly unlike in the two species, that of
C. japonica (+ nipponensis -f- kobensis) being constantly broader,
with pointed apical end, in specimens examined from some four-
teen localities. This will be suitably illustrated in a future com-
munication, as the space on my plates does not allow figuring at
this time.

Section HEMIPHJSDUSA Bttg.
(Group of C. validiuscula. )
Clausilia Nolani n. sp. PI. XXV, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Shel) rimate, fusiform, attenuated above, solid, of a dark-
brown color; distinctly but finelt striate. Whorls 10, moderately
convex, separated by impressed sutures, the outlines of the spire
somewhat concave above; last whorl a little compressed. Aper-
ture squarish-ovate, hardly oblique; sinulus short, retracted;
peristonie brownish, expanded, subreflexed and thickened, contin-
uous and free above, and slightly or not emarginate there. Supe-
rior lamella somewhat oblique, very widely separated from the spiral
lamella, attaining the margin. Inferior lamella scarcely emerg-
ing, but slightly visible from in front, bifurcate and straightened

680 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

within. Subcolumellar lamella not emerging. Principal plica
strong, visible within the aperture, where it even approaches the
lip, extending inward but slightly beyond the palatal plicae.
Palatal plicae two, parallel, rather long, diverging from the prin-
cipal plica anteriorly, and nearly ventral in position. No lunella.

Alt. 15.5, diam. 3.5, longest a,xis of aperture 4 mm.

Fukura, Awaji Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This species has much the form and color of the otherwise very
different C. aurantiaca. It differs from C. caryostoma Mlldff. in
having no punctiform plica between the two palatals, and in
having the superior lamella very widely separated from the spiral
lamella ; from C. inter lamellar is v. Mart, in the wholly immersed
Subcolumellar lamella, disconnected superior and spiral lamellae,
and in having two, not four, palatal plicae. C. gracilispira Mlldff. ,
described from Kobe, differs in being smaller, with three palatal
plicae, and continuous superior and spiral lamellae. C. validiuscula
var. bilamellata Bttg., of Kiusiu, has three palatal plicae and is a
larger shell. t.

The wide hiatus between the superior lamella and the spiral
lamella is characteristic of this species, which is named in honor
of the editor of the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.
Clausilia tosana n. sp. PI. XXV, figs. 22, 23, 24, 25, 41.

Shell small, slender, fusiform, solid, distinctly attenuated and
with concave outlines above; light brown; finely, rather irregu-
larly striate. Whorls 9 to 10J, the upper ones convex, last three
less so, the last whorl compressed, tapering, becoming free for a
short distance in front (like a " Cylindrella "). Aperture slightly
oblique, pyriform, the sinulus a little retracted; peristome con-
tinuous, expanded, somewhat refiexed, thickened and white.
Superior lamella small and rather low, oblique, attaining the mar-
gin, continuous with the spiral lamella, though there is a depres-
sion at their junction. Inferior lamella not emerging, hardly visi-
ble in a front view, but seen to be strong when viewed obliquely ;
inside it ascends almost vertically, and is stouter below. Sub-
columellar lamella very deeply immersed. Inside the spiral and
Subcolumellar lamellae terminate on the ventral side and are of
about equal length, while the inferior lamella is slightly shorter.
Principal plica strong, visible within the aperture, ascending to a

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rHILADELIMI I A. 681

lateral position. Palatal plicje lateral, the upper rather long and
curved down at its outer end, lower plica shorter but well devel-
oped, two small, short, contiguous plicai (or sometimes one plica)
midway between them. Clausilium rather long, with parallel
sides and thin rounded apex ; posterior end tapering (PL XXV,
fig. 41).

Length 12.2, diam. 2.5 mm.

Length 10.5, diam. 2.5 mm.

Ushirohawa, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase). This
little species differs notably from the allied C. caryostoma and
C. gradlispira in the produced last whorl, the aperture standing
out somewhat like that of a Diaphora or Urocoptis, though only
shortly. The spire is more attenuated than in those species. It
is very solid and strong for so small a Clausilia. The specimens
vary a good deal in size. Types are No. 79,320 coll. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, from No. 550 of Mr. Hirase' s register.

(Group of C. aurantiaca.*)
Clausilia shikokuensis n. sp. PI. XXV. figs. 30, 31, 32.

Shell rimate, fusiform, somewhat inflated, attenuated and with
concave outlines above; solid; of a rather bright orange-brown
color; finely, rather obsoletely striated, the last whorl more
strongly and sharply so. Whorls about 10J, moderately convex,
separated by impressed sutures, the last whorl compressed laterally,
shortly solute. Aperture ovate, somewhat oblique, the sinulus
rather high and retracted ; peristome orange-brown, reflexed and
thickened, continuous, slightly emarginate above. Superior
lamella somewhat oblique, rather strong, continuous with the spiral
lamella. Inferior lamella scarcely emerging, inconspicuous in
the front view, but becoming strong and thickened within; viewed
obliquely from below it is seen to be distinctly bifurcate. Sub-
columellar lamella not emerging, invisible from in front, but seen
in an oblique view. Principal plica visible within the mouth,
extending inward a little beyond the lunella. Lunella lateral,
well curved, especially above, where it is continued backward in
and quite united with the anterior end of a short upper palatal
fold, being thus somewhat irregularly bow-shaped. Clausilium
narrow, tongue-like.

Alt. 16, diam. 3.8, longest axis of aperture 3.5 mm.

682 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

Ushirohawa, prov. Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This species seems most nearly allied to C. ignobilis Sykes and
C. subaurantiaca Pils. The former species, also from Shikoku
Island, differs in the emerging inferior and subcolumellar lamellse;
is rather less attenuated above, judging by the figure, but is of
about the same size.1 C. subaurantiaca is a more slender, smoother
species, in which the straighter lunella is united with the middle
of the upper palatal plica. In C. aurantiaca Bttg. the lunella
is I-shaped, and ventral in position, quite unlike the bow-like and
lateral lunella of C. shikokuensis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

(Figs. 2, 5, 8, 10, 14, 20, 23, 24. 31 are natural size ; the others enlarged.)

PLATE XXIV.

Figs. 1, 2, 3. Clausilia (Euphcedusa) comes n. sp.

Figs. 4, 5, 6. Clausilia (Euphcsdusa) monelasmus n. sp.

Figs. 7, 8, 9. Clausilia (section ?) iotaptyx n. sp.

Figs. 10, 11, 12. Clausilia (Tyrannophcedusa) Mikado n. sp.

Figs. 13, 14, 15. Clausilia (Stereophcedusa) hondana n. sp., type.

Figs. 16, 17. Clausilia (Stereophcedusa) hondana varieties,

prov. Suruga.

Fig. 18. Clausilia (Stereophcedusa*) hondana variety, Bo-

shiu.

•

PLATE XXV.

Figs. 19, 20, 21. Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) Nolani n. sp.

Figs. 22, 23, 24, 25. Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) tosana n. sp.

Figs. 26, 28. Clausilia monelasmus. Inner view of clausilium.

Fig. 27. Clausilia monelasmus. Columellar view of clau-

silium.

Fig. 29. Clausilia monelasmus. Outer and basal view of

clausilium.

Figs. 30, 31, 32. Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) shikokuensis n. sp.

Figs. 33, 34. Clausilia (Zaptyx) Hirasei Pils. Clausilium
in profile from palatal side, and view of inside.

1 In the figure of C. ignobilis, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. , I, p. 262, fig. 5,
the lunella is represented as connected with the plica principalis. Such a
structure would be unique in Japanese Hemiphcedusce, but I think it is
probably an error of the artist, and no such connection really exists.

1900.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 683

Figs. 35. 36. Clausilia (Euphcedusa) comes. Inner views of

the clausilium.
Fig. 37. Chnmlia (Tyrannophcedusa) Mikado. Inner

view of the clausilium.

Fig. 38. Clausilia (Tyrannophcedusa) Mikado. Clau-

silium from columellar side.
Fig. 39. Clausilia (Tijrannophcedusa) Mikado. Chm-

silium from outside.
Fig. 40. Clausilia (section ?) iotaptyx. Clausilium from

inside.
Fig. 41. Clausilia (ffemiphoedusa) tosana. Clausilium

from inside.
Fig. 42. Clausilia (Stereophcedusa') hondana. Clausilium

from columellar side.
Figs. 43, 44. Clausilia (Stereophcedusa') hondana. Clausilium

from inside.

684 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1900.

NOVEMBER 6.

Mr. CHARLES MORRIS in the Chair.
Fifteen persons present.

NOVEMBER 13.

The President, SAMUEL G. DIXON, M.D., in the Chair."
Thirty -three persons present.

DR. HENRY SKINNER made a communication on protective
resemblances in insects. (No abstract. )

NOVEMBER 20.
The President, SAMUEL G. DIXON, M.D., in the Chair.

Thirty-seven persons present.

Papers under the following titles were presented for publication :

" A Review of the Genera and Species of American Snakes,
North of Mexico," by Arthur Erwin Brown.

" Osteology of the Psittaci," by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt.

A paper by Miss CAROLINE A. BURGIN on the edible and poi-
sonous mushrooms of the neighborhood was read by Dr. A. W.
Miller. (No abstract. )

NOVEMBER 27.

The President, SAMUEL G. DIXON, M. D. , in the Chair.
Sixty -nine persons present.

A paper entitled " Notes on a Geological Section from Iguala
to San Miguel de Totolapa, State of Guerrero, Mexico," by
Charles E. Hall, was presented for publication.

The death of Otto Staudinger, a correspondent, was announced.

PROF. OSCAR C. S. CARTER made a communication on the petri-
fied forest and cave-dwellings of Arizona. (No abstract. )

T. Percival Gerson, M. D. , was elected a member.

The following was ordered to be printed :

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 465

ADDITIONS TO THE JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FAUNA, IV,
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Iii the present communication the description of Japanese
Clausiliidie is continued, and that of the Pupidce begun. The
genesis of Balea-like forms in Japan is considered in some detail,
together with various other divergent branches from the Euphsedu-
soid phylum.

For most of the material described I am indebted to the liber-
ality of Mr. Y. Hirase, a corresponding member of this Academy.

Mr. E. R. Sykes also has entrusted to me certain specimens col-
lected in Japan by Dr. Hungerford, many years ago, representing
species described but not figured by Dr. O. von Mollendorff; and
I have included herein some account of such of these as are closely
related to my new forms. My thanks are due to both of these
co-workers for their kind assistance.

Section ZAPTYX Pils.
Proc. A. N. S. P., 3900, p. 672.

This strongly differentiated group has hitherto been known from
southern Kiushiu and the Loo Choo Islands only ; but a represen-
tative has now been found to the north and east in an island
belonging to the province of Izu. I have attempted below to
explain its presence there.

Typical Clausilia (Zaptyx') Hirasei occurs at Kagoshima, the
type locality, and on Sakura Island in Kagoshima Bay. A more
slender form, of a richer, darker brown color, but the same internal
structure, has been sent by Mr. Hirase (No. 557) from Kikai,1
Osumi, at the head of Kagoshima Bay. Many specimens are
very small, length 1\ mm., but others reach 10 J mm. in length.
As the shell is quite slender, this is one of the smallest Clausilias

1 In Creating of Eulota connivens, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., IV, p. 77,
Mr. Gude has confused this locality with the island Kikai-ga-shima, of the
Oshiraa group, south of Kiushiu. This island is in the Loo Choo group,
broadly speaking, but belongs for administrative purposes to Kagoshima
Ken or prefecture.

30

466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

known, as well as one of the most complicated in internal struc-
ture.

Clausilia hachijoensis n. sp. PI. XXVII, figs. 39, 40.

Shell fusiform, rimate, rather thin, of a dark, rich brown color;
rather weakly wrinkle-striate, the latter part of the last whorl
distinctly and sharply striate. Whorls 8 to 8J, slightly convex,
the apex obtuse, the last whorl somewhat flattened laterally, and
gibbous or sack-like below. Aperture trapezoidal-piriform, the
peristome continuous, brown, narrowly expanded and subre flexed.
Superior lamella rather small, compressed, vertical, distant from the
spiral lamella. Spiral lamella short, lateral, not reaching a ventral
position, a short lamella fulcrans lying parallel to it. Inferior
lamella receding, immersed, visible in an oblique view in the aper-
ture, moderately spiral within; subcolumellar lamella either emerg-
ing or immersed. Principal plica short and lateral, one or two
short sutural plicse lying above it; upper palatal plica exceedingly
short and joining the lunella. Lunella lateral, rather long and
straight.

Clausilium strongly curved throughout, the apex rounded,
straightened or slightly emarginate on the palatal side, near the
apex.

Length 10, diam. 2J to 2J mm.

Bachijo (or Hachijo) Island, prov. Izu (Mr. Y. Hirase, No.
688).

This species is aboul the size of the largest specimens of C.
Hirasei and C. hyperoptyx, but is a trifle wider. It differs from
both in wanting a parallel lamella, and the upper palatal plica i&
extremely short, a mere dilation of the upper end of the lunella.
In C. Hirasei it stands free of the lunella, and in C. hyperoptyx is
united with it and is much longer. The principal plica is shorter
than in the other two species. The clausilium is much more
curved than in either of these species, and its apical end has a
somewhat different shape.

The specimens were sent with C. Tryoni, an Euphcedusa much
resembling this species in size and color.

Bachijo or, as most charts spell it, Hachijo (or sometimes
Fatsizio) Island lies in the Pacific just above the 33d parallel N.
lat., and near 140° E. long. It is somewhat over 100 miles from
the nearest mainland, and is about twenty-one miles long by seven

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 467

and a half wide. A chain of islets reaches northward to the
Sagami Sea; but I am disposed to believe that its molluscan fauna
has been derived chiefly from the islands south of Kiushiu by means
of drift, as it lies directly in the Kuro Shi wo, or " Black Current,"
and Z<iptij.v, the group to which C. Hachijoensis belongs, is dis-
tinctly a southern group, unknown in Hondo Island. Small islets
at wide intervals are scattered down to the Bonin (Ogasawara)
group, but they rise from a submarine ridge in the sea bed between
1,000 and 2,000 fathoms depth.

The two species of Clausilia here described and Clausilia
(Reinid) variegata var. nesiotica Pils. are the first land shells
known from the island.

Section EUPH^EDUSA Bottger.
Clausilia Tryoni n. sp. PI. XXV, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell small, rimate, thin, fusiform, dark purplish brown, glossy,
finely striatulate, the last whorl more coarsely rib-striate. Whorls
8, rather convex, the apex obtuse, next three or four whorls
attenuated, the last whorl flattened on its last half. Aperture
piriform, the peristome rather thin, narrowly expanded and subre-
flexed, continuous, adnate or very shortly free above, deeply emar-
ginate at the position of the superior lamella. Superior lamella
thin but high, continuous with the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella
rather small, weak below, though emerging nearly to the lip-edge,
rather abruptly becoming stronger and converging toward the
superior lamella within, strongly spiral. Subcolumellar lamella
emerging. Principal plica short, its lower end visible from the
aperture, deep within the throat, the other end extending past the
palatal plicre to a lateral position. Upper and lower palatal plicae
small, oblique and parallel, lateral in position, the lower one
smaller. There is no trace of a lunella. The inferior and spiral
lamellae are of equal length within, and reach to the middle of the
ventral side.

The clausilium is broad, strongly curved, a little pointed or
tapering toward the apex, and very slightly thickened there.

Length 11^, diam. 3 mm.

Bachijo (Hachijo) Island, prov. Izu (Mr. Y. Hirase, No.
638).

This pretty little Eaphcedusa was sent with Clausilia (Zaptyx)

468 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF (.July,

hachijoensis, which it resembles in size and color. It will be
known by the unusually strong superior lamella, emerging sub-
columellar lamella and total absence of a lunella, the two palatal
folds being small, remote and parallel. The clausilium though
wide is a little tapering below, and less thickened at the apex than
in most of the related species.

There is some variation in sculpture, one specimen being densely
and rather sharply striate, while the others are smoother.

Group of C. Hungerfordiana.

Shell with the ordinary slender contour and piriform aperture of
Euphcedusa. Superior lamella wanting, or represented merely by
a slight thickening of the lip-edge. Inferior lamella rather
strongly developed. Lunella subobsolete or wanting; palatal plicae
2; the principal plica short. Shell usually variegated with white
streaks.

This new ' ' Formenkreis ' ' contains two species, both Japanese.

Clausilia Hungerfordiana Mlldff. PI. XXV, fig. 4.

Von Mollendorff, Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, LI, Pfc. 2, No. 1, p.
2, PI. 1, fig. 1 (July, 1882).

The specimen figured is from Hungerford's collection, and is
now in that of Mr. E. R. Sykes. It is slender, thin, conspicu-
ously streaked and maculate with buff-white on a brown ground. It
is finely, rather irregularly striatulate, the striae becoming coarser
and distinct on the back of the last whorl. The superior lamella
is represented by a slight thickening of the lip-margin. Inferior
lamella strong. Subcolumellar lamella very deeply immersed.
The lather short principal plica is lateral, the lunella subobsolete,
upper and lower palatal plicae being developed.

Length 12, diam. 2.5 mm.

Nara, Yamato.

Thus far known from the type locality only, a town lying east
from Osaka, in northern Yamato.

Clausilia monelasmus Pils. Pi. XXVII, fig. 5.

Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 674, PL 24, figs. 4-6 ; PI. 25,
figs. 26-29.

J* The specimen here figured has the inferior lamella more receding
than in the type, and the shell is variegated with white.

It is evident that this is a northern species very closely related

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 469

to C. Hwigeffordiana, from which it differs in being smaller and
more graceful, decidedly more attenuated above, with much
stronger striation. There is no trace of a lunella. It is from
Hokkaido Island, while C. Hungerfordiana is from southeastern
Hondo. Perhaps northern Hondo will supply specimens of inter-
mediate character.

The shell figured is 10 mm. long.

Group of C. euholostoma.

Shell shorter than in normal Euphcedusce, the whorls reduced to
7-7^; aperture broad, squarish-oval, scarcely narrower above than
below; peristome continuous, the broadly arched parietal margin
in part adnate, though distinct. No superior lamella. Inferior
lamella strong; spiral lamella and principal plica very short; no
lunella; upper and lower palatal plicae developed. Clausilium
Euphiedusoid.

The single species of this group approaches Reinia in contour,
but, like the preceding group, the superior lamella is obsolete and
the inferior lamella strong.

Clausilia euholostoma Pils. PI. XXV, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Pilsbry, Nautilus, XIV, p. 108 (January 1, 1901).

Shell rimate, slenderly pupiform, brown, finely striate. Apex
rather acute; spire rapidly tapering above; whorls 7-7 £, quite
convex, the last two forming much more than half the shell's
length, and of about equal diameter. Aperture of a broad,
squarish-oval form, scarcely narrower above than below; peristome
white, reflexed, continuous, the strong parietal margin arcuate and
in part adnate. Superior lamella wanting. Spiral lamella reduced
to a short plate deeply immersed, developed in a lateral position.
Inferior lamella appearing in a front view as a strong triangular
plate, strongly spiral within. Subcolumellar lamella very deeply
immersed. Principal plica reduced to a short fold, lateral in posi-
tion and about twice as long as the small upper and lower palatal
plicfe. No lunella. Clausilium very similar to that of C. comes,*
but the palatal margin is more straightened near the apex, and the
columellar margin is more strongly notched near the filament.

Length 8.6, diam. 2.4 mm.; length of aperture 2.3 mm.

Length 7.3, diam. 2.2 mm. ; length of aperture 2 mm.

2 See these Proceedings for 1900, PI. XXV, figs. 35, 36.

470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

Mikuriya, prov. Suruga (Y. Hirase). Types No. 79,724 Coll.
A. K S. P., No. 563 of Mr. Hirase' s collection.

This species i& one of the most extraordinary modifications of the
Euphsedusan stock yet known. The large aperture resembles in
form that of no other Clausilia known to me, and shows but one
lamella, the inferior; the superior lamella being wholly atrophied,
and the spiral lamella and principal plica reduced to short laminae
in the region where the clausilium lodges. There is no trace of a
lunella. The clausilium remains well developed, is slightly thick-
ened distally, and has all the characters of that of Euphcedusa.

In the strong development of the inferior lamella, C. euholostoma
resembles C. Hungerfordiana Mlldff. and C. monelasmus Pils.,
which are likewise deficient in the superior lamella. C. euholo-
stoma agrees with the typical forms of Reinia in having the aper-
ture wide above, not piriform as in the group of C. Hunger-
fordiana. It is intermediate between the two groups in number
of whorls and in general contour.

Section EEINIA Kobelt.

Reinia Kob., Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., Ill, 1876, p. 34, proposed as a
section of Balea ; type Balea variegata A. Ad.

The type of Reinia is a small tapering -pupoid species, with
discontinuous peristome, the aperture being Buliminoid, deficient in
lamellae and without plicae, lunella or clausilium. It was included
by Bottger next to Balea ; but that group as usually constituted
consists of no less than three series of species, each totally dis-
tinct and unrelated.

It was Dr. O. von Mollendorff who with keen insight first
pointed out the fundamental distinction between Balea and
Reinia.3 He recognized in the Chinese C. eastlalceana a less
modified form of Reinia, and after discussing the characters of the
group, declared it to be related to the eastern Asiatic group
Phcedusa. The relation of Reinia to Phcedusa, von Mollendorff
further held, is comparable to that of Alopia to the true Clausilia
of Europe: " Phylogenetisch diirfte Reinia als der lebende Eest
der Vorfahren der heutigen Phcedusa- Arcen aufzufassen sein, wie

3 Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., X, p. 262-265, 1833, under description of C.
eastlakeana, a species from Fu-dshow, on the island Nan-tai, province of
Fu-dshien, southern China.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 471

die Baleo-Clausilien die direkten nachkommen des Prototyps der
Europiiischen Clausilien sind."4

The conclusion that Eeinia stands in close relationship with
Phcedusa, and has nothing to do with Balea, was forced upon
me by the study of a series of Japanese species, before I knew
that von Mollendorff, nearly twenty years ago, had been led to
the same result by the structure of a Chinese form. Only in one
point of view the data before me seem to modify the ideas of the
Oerman savant: the Japanese series establishes such a connection
between Eeinia and Euphcedusa that the descent of the former
from the latter is strongly indicated. Eeinia is not a primitive
P/icedusa, but a degenerate one. I regard Eeinia variegata as the
secondarily simplified end of a series leading from typically
Euphsedusoid ancestors, just as Balea perversa is a secondarily sim-
plified, and not a primitive, Clausilia. The east Asiatic series
leads from forms with many whorls, well-developed clausilium,
lamelke and folds, and continuous peristome, to those with few
whorls, no clausilium, the lamellae and plicae reduced and in part
lost, and the peristome adnate above and finally interrupted.
Bottger has demonstrated that the older tertiary Clausiliidaz of
Europe had a narrow clausilium and the superior lamella was
continuous with the spiral lamella; the widening of the clausilium
and separation of the superior and spiral lamellae being modern
characters. Now Eeinia and its nearest allies have the spiral
and superior lamellae interrupted, and the clausilium when devel-
oped is of the very broad type. These considerations seem to
render the hypothesis that Eeinia is a primitive Phcedusa quite
inadmissible.

The chief characters of Eeinia and the Euphsedusoid forms
leading toward it, are stated in the following table :

4 L, c., p. 265.

472

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

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1901.]

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

473

The interrelations of the above species are further illustrated in
the following diagram, the median portion of which shows the
probable phylogeny of the forms under consideration :

variegata

[ No clansilinm or
palatal plicae.

r Peristome !

incomplete 1

Aperture

• -i

WICIG

above.

t Eastlakeana —

Peristome C

complete, •<

— euholostoma

no sup. lam. (

Clausilium and

f No superior f
lamella. \

monelasmus
— Hungerfordiana

palatal plicae de
veloped.

Aperture 1

piriform. 1 Superior la- f
mellade- \ j^0^1

_ i /i j JjjUptlCBQjUSOi

L veiopea. ^

It will be seen from the table and diagram that no sharp line
can be drawn between Reinia and Euphcedusa. The number of
whorls varies, by easy stages; the form of the aperture is not cor-
related with other characters; and upon the whole, it is obvious
that we have to deal with forms in various stages of change and of
degeneration of the closing- apparatus, from an Euphsedusoid ances-
tor. In fact, it is not quite certain that they had a single common
progenitor; they may be descendants from three species of Euphce-
dusa ; but however this may be, it is obvious that the original
stock, whether one or three, belonged to the aeulus group of
Euphcedusa; and some apparently trivial features of the whole
series, such as the peculiar coloration, give me reason to believe
that the phylogeny indicated above is not far wrong.

Clausilia (Reinia) variegata (A. Ad.). PI. XXV, figs. 11, 12.

Balea variegata A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4), I, p.
469 (1868); Kobelt, Fauna Jap., p. 63, PI. 9, fig. 20 (1879) ; Mar-
tens, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, 1877, p. 105.

The shell is sinistral, rimate, thin, tapering-pupiform, the last
whorl widest; streaked with opaque buff on an olivaceous or
brownish corneous ground, and more or less marked with spiral
lines of the darker color. The surface is irregular striatulate, the
last half of the last whorl being striate. Whorls 6, convex and
regularly increasing. The aperture is broadly ovate, with white.

474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

reflexed peristome; the right and left margins scarcely converging
above, widely separated, connected by a thin, adnate parietal
callus. The superior lamella is minute, short and removed from
the edge of the parietal callus. It is widely separated from the
rather short, spiral lamella. Inferior lamella receding, small,
becoming higher inside, extending to a dorsal position. Sub-
columellar lamella very deeply immersed, a long pit between it
&nd the inferior lamella. There are no plicae. Clausilium want-
ing. Length 8.3, diam. above aperture 2.6, length of aperture
2.8 mm.

Tago (A. Adams) (Tako, in western Shikoku, province of
lyo) ; Uweno, near Tokyo, and Ujeno (Hilgendorf ) ; Tokyo
(Donitz); Takasaki, prov. Kozuke (Y. Hirase, No. 525).

This species was found by Hilgendorf under the bark of trees,
by Donitz in hollow trees. It is viviparous, one specimen I
opened containing a young shell.

Clausilia Eastlakeana Mlldff., of which I have specimens from
the original locality, is undoubtedly nearer variegata than any
Japanese, species, having the same discontinuous peristome; but it
has longer, stronger lamellae, palatal plicae and an Euphaedusoid
clausilium.
Clausilia (Beinia) variegata var. nesiotioa nov. PI. XXV, figs. 9, 10.

Whorls 6^; striation stronger than in variegata, the last whorl
with fine incised spiral striae. Inferior and spiral lamellae de-
cidedly more strongly developed.

Length 8.3-9.5, diam. 2.7 mm.

Hachijo Island, off Izu (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 5256).

This insular race has slightly less degenerate lamellae than the
typical form from Hondo. Some specimens from the outlying
Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Mr. Hirase' s No. 469, apparently
belong" here, though as only young ones have been received, I am
not certain of them.

Section TYRANNOPH^DUSA Pilsbry.

This section is not allied to Euphcedusa, as I formerly supposed,
but to Hemiphcedusa, with which it agrees in the receding inferior
lamella, straightly ascending within, and remote from the superior
lamella. Whether it will stand as a separate section, or become a
subordinate group of Hemiphcedusa, depends upon the emphasis

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 475

placed upon the different form of the clausilium. Hemiphcedusa
now comprises various shell- forms, especially among Chinese
species, and will probably require to be more or less subdivided.

As the figure of C. mikado Pi Is. was on too small a scale to
show the form of the spire well, I give here an enlarged outline,
PI. XXVII, fig. 35.

•Clausilia iotaptyx Pilsbry. PI. XXVII, fig. 38.
These Proceedings for 1900, p. 674.

The reference to plate in my former paper should read PL
XXIV, not " PI. XXV." In the description, p. 675, eighth
line from top, the lunella was stated to be " lateral," whereas it
is, in fact, nearly ventral. The same correction should be made in
the third line from bottom of same page.

The systematic position of this species was left in doubt in my
former paper; but further study inclines me to place a good deal
of weight upon the characters of the clausilium in deciding on the
classification of any Phsedusoid species; and this would throw
C. iotaptyx into my section Tyrannophcedusa. The definition of
that group must then be extended to include species with fewer
whorls, but having the same type of closing apparatus. As in C.
mikado, the upper half of the shell is attenuated.

Clausilia iotaptyx, var. clava Pilsbry. PI. XXVII, figs. 36, 37.
Pilsbry, Nautilus, XIV, p. 108 (January, 1901).

Much smaller than C. iotaptyx, but similar in form; whorls
llJj-12, the first globose, following 7 or 8 attenuated, last 3 swol-
len and forming more than half the length of the shell, the last
whorl tapering below, impressed at the position of the principal
plica, more or less distinctly ridged 'behind a wide shallow constric-
tion behind the lip. Finely striate where not eroded; whitish or
dirty buff, and lustreless. Aperture as in C. iotaptyx, but the
subcolumellar lamella is sometimes wholly immersed. Closing
apparatus more lateral than in iotaptyx, the upper palatal plica
strong but short, lower plica shorter, connected with a rudimen-
tary, straight lunella, which does not reach the upper palatal fold.

Alt. 12, diam. 2.8 mm.

Alt. 11.5, diam. 2.5 mm.

Senzan, Awaji Island (Y. Hirase). Types No. 79,723 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 292 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

This insular subspecies has one-half to one whorl more than the
typical form from Omi province, although it is much smaller; the
spire is somewhat more slender, and the lunella is comparatively
degenerate.

Section HEMIPH^DUSA Bttg.

Group of C. validiuseula.
Clausilia gracilispira Mlldff. PI. XXVII, figs. 27-34.

Von Mollendorff, Journ. Asiatic Soc.' of Bengal, LI, Pt. 2, No. 1, p.
5, PI. 1, fig. 3 (July, 1882); LIV, Pt. 2, No. 1, p. 63 (1885).

Two specimens labeled as this species were transmitted to me
by Mr. E. K.. Sykes. They formed part of Brigade -Surgeon
Hungerford's collection, and were taken by him near Kobi,
Japan, about twenty years ago.

One of the specimens is slightly stouter and reddish, 'the other
more slender and pale yellowish green. I shall refer to them as
the reddish and the green examples.

The green specimen (PI. XXVII, figs. 27-29) is slender, much
attenuated above, and has 9J convex whorls. It is rather strongly,
regularly striate. The last whorl is somewhat cylindric, and on
its last half the space above the position of the principal plica is
distinctly swollen. The aperture is decidedly oblique and ovate; and
from its obliquity appears abnormally short in the figures, from
being foreshortened. The peristome is rather widely reflexed,
shortly free, a little emarginate above, and viewed from the base,
it is seen to be distinctly notched to the right of the superior lamella.
The superior lamella is marginal and slightly projecting, rather
short, and distinctly fiat-topped ; continuous with the spiral lamella.
The inferior lamella is very receding, hardly visible in a front
view. Within it ascends straightly, is rather stout, and terminates
below in a perceptible "knot" or callous thickening. The
subcolumellar lamella is very deeply immersed, not visible within
the mouth. Both spiral and inferior lamellae ascend to a ventral
position, the former being higher in the region where the clausilium
lodges. The principal plica is visible within the aperture, and
penetrates to a lateral position, being thus fully a half-whorl long.
Below it there are four plicae, the upper and lower well devel-
oped; two very short, indistinct, minute callous nodules or plicae
lying between them.

1901.] NATURAL, SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 477

The clausilium (PI. XXVII, figs. 30, 31) is parallel-sided,
acuminate below, abruptly and deeply emarginate above on the
columellar side of the filament.

Length 10, diam. 2 mm.

This specimen agrees with von MollendorfFs description of C.
gracilispira in color and form, but differs in having fewer whorls,
9^ instead of 10-11, and in having two minute intermediate
palatal plica? instead of only one. Moreover, the lip is rather
broadly reflexed, not merely " breviter expansum."

The reddish specimen (PL XXVII, figs. 32-34) is wider than
the green, with the space above the principal plica very convex
(fig. 34). Whorls 9^-. The aperture is less oblique than in the
green specimen, but otherwise similar; the oblique flattening of
the top of the superior lamella, and the notch in the peristome to
the right of it being well marked. Internally it is similar to the
green specimen except in the following respects: the spiral and
inferior lamella are longer, ascending almost past the ventral
position; and between the upper and lower palatal plicse there is
one very low, nodule-like callus or intermediate plica.

Length 10, diam. 2.2 mm.

This specimen agrees with von MollendorfFs description in
having an identical palatal armature. In color and general
appearance it is a good deal like C. aurantiaca var. Erberi Bttg.
I did not examine the clausilium. The rather peculiar form of
the superior lamella, in,a front view, is the same in the two speci-
mens; and when the intermediate palatal plicae are so reduced as
in these shells, I am disposed to believe that the differences above
recorded are not of specific value.

It is obvious, however, that more material is needed to satisfac-
torily elucidate the characters of the species.

Group of C. sublunellata.

This group was defined by von Mollendorff in 1885. It is
characterized by the palatal armature, the species examined by
him having " below the principal plait, first an upper palatal, after
this a very short second one, and then a short, straight lunella,
which in some forms is somewhat obsolete, but always discernible."

In my opinion the group should be enlarged to include species
which have below the principal plica or plait, one upper palatal

478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

plica, followed by a straight lunella, or a short, low callous nodule
representing the lunella. There is no lower palatal plica, nor
inward curve of the lower end of the lunella, representing such
plica.

Since the lunella is a secondary evolution-product, formed by
the coalescence of primitive palatal plicse, it is natural that species
representing certain intermediate stages should occur.

Clausilia micropeas Mlldff. PI. XXVIII, figs. 41, 42, 43.

Von Mollendorff, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng., LI, Pt. 2, No. 1, p. 12 ;
LIV, Pt. 2, No. 1, p. 64.

A specimen from Hungerford's collection, doubtless one of the
original lot, was kindly lent me by Mr. E. R. Sykes. On account
of its relationship with the following species, figures and descrip-
tive notes are here given. It has not before been figured.

The pale buff, slender shell is attenuated above, and consists of
nearly 9, moderately convex whorls. It is delicately costulate-
striate. The aperture is piriform- ovate, with moderately reflexed
lip, which is quite deeply eraarginate above. The superior lamella
is vertical, rather slender and high, marginal, and continuous with
the spiral lamella. The inferior lamella is deeply receding, not
visible from in front. Within it ascends straightly. The sub-
columellar lamella is wholly immersed. Within, the spiral and
inferior lamellae are of equal length, ascending to a point on the
ventral side just above the superior lamella. The principal plica
is rather short, not quite a half -whorl long, its lower end visible
deep within the throat, whence it extends almost past a strictly
lateral position. Below it there is a rather long upper palatal
plica, and then a very low, rather wide and straight lunella. No
lower palatal plica.

The long, narrow clausilium (PI. XXVIII, figs. 44-46) is
parallel-sided, slightly acuminate below, and not emarginate pos-
teriorly.

Length 10.5, diam. 2 mm.

In this specimen the lunella is apparently better developed than
in that opened by Dr. von Mollendorff, who in his first description
states that there is a short upper palatal plica and sometimes a
second punctiform one, the latter evidently being the vestige of a
lunella. In his second article he finds " that there is an indica-
tion of a lunella below the second (generally punctiform) palatal

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

plait." In the specimen before me, the structure is clearly as
described above and figured on my plate. When low, ill -developed
or " punctiform," these palatal structures are doubtless subject to a
somewhat wide range of variation, although the difference between
a " punctiform plica with the indication of a lunella," and a
" low, ill-defined lunella" occupying the same position, appears
greater in the statement than the structure itself.

Compared with C. perpallida, this species differs in having the
principal plica longer, and the superior lamella a little more
prominent. The striation is also a trifle coarser, and the form
more cylindric, less tapering. These differences do not seem ta
me to be of specific importance.

Clausilia micropeas var. perpallida Pilsbry. PI. XXVIII, figs. 50, 51, 52.
0. perpallida PHa., Nautilus, XIV, p. 108 (January, 1901).

Shell rimate, slenderly fusiform, finely and distinctly striate^
pale corneous. Apex obtuse, the first whorl globose; spire some-
what attenuated above. Whorls 9^, convex, the sutures impressed,
last whorl but slightly narrower than the penultimate, somewhat
compressed. Aperture piriform, slightly oblique, with rather
distinct, slightly retracted sinulus. Peristome somewhat thick-
ened, reflexed, continuous. Superior lamella vertical, continuous
with the spiral lamella, arising at the edge of the parietal lip.
Inferior lamella deeply receding, visible only in an oblique view,
within straightened and thickened below. Both the spiral and the
inferior lamellse penetrate inwardly to a fully ventral position,
and are of about equal length; the former becoming very high
for a short distance, just within the position of the palatal arma-
ture. Subcolumellar lamella is deeply immersed and either not
visible within the aperture, or showing the end only in an oblique
view. Principal plica less than a half -whorl long, the end visible
within the aperture, inner end extending a little beyond a short,
slightly curved, or forwardly diverging lateral upper palatal plica;
below this, and not connected with it there is a low callous pad
representing the lunella; no lower palatal fold. Clausilium long,
.slender and parallel-sided, somewhat acuminate toward the apex,
tapering to the filament, the sides and apex thin ; in profile seen
to be curved, bow-like.

Length 11.4, diam. 2.6 mm.

480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

Nishigo, province Uze.n (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 79,725
Coll. A. N. S. P., from No. 4606 of Mr. Hirase' s collection.

Distinguished by the pale color, subobsolete lunella, and absence
of any lower palatal plica. It is closely related to C. micropeas,
from which the shorter principal plica separates it.

Clausilia micropeas var. hokkaidoensis Pilsbry. PI. XXVIII, figs. 47, 48, 49.
C. hokkaidoensis Pils., Nautilus, XIV, p. 108 (January, 1901).
Shell similar to var. perpallida except in the following charac-
ters: it is of a light brown color; the spire is a little less attenuated
above; the peristome and superior lamella are thinner; the spiral
and inferior lamellae penetrate somewhat deeper; and the lunella
is more distinctly developed, narrow and straight, extending down-
ward to the position of the (wanting) lower palatal fold. Whorls

94.

Length 11.2, diam. 2.3 mm.

Length 10, diam. 2.2 mm.

Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido Island. Types No. 79,321 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 5466 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This is the Hemiphcedusa referred to in these Proceedings for
1900, p. 674, as occurring with C. monelasmus. I at first consid-
ered it specifically distinct, but am now disposed to look upon it as
merely a northern race of C. micropeas of Hondo Island. It
tapers more than C. micropeas which has a somewhat cylindric
contour.

Group of C. awajiensis.

Clausilia harimensis Pilsbry. PI. XXVI, figs. 16, 17, 18.
Pilsbry, Nautilus, XIV, p. 108.

Shell rimate, slender, gradually tapering to a rather acute apex,
light brown, finely and weakly striate, more strongly and regu-
larly so on the last two whorls, especially the last one. Spire
gradually tapering, the last two whorls of about equal size.
Whorls slightly over 9, moderately convex. Aperture trapezoidal-
piriform, sinulus well developed; peristome thin, whitish, narrowly
reflexed, continuous, emarginate at the position of the superior
lamella. Superior lamella marginal, rather high but slender,
oblique, disconnected from or subcontinuous with the spiral lamella.
Spiral lamella ascending to a merely ventral position, very high
inside. Inferior lamella deeply immersed, visible in an oblique

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 481

view only, straightened inside, thickened below. Subcolumellar
lamella immersed, the end visible in an oblique view, but usually a
weak continuation reaches to the edge of the peristome. Princi-
pal plica a half-whorl long, the lower end visible within the aper-
ture ; extending inward beyond the lunella. Upper palatal plica
short, joined in the middle to the narrow, well -developed lunella,
which descends obliquely, and curves backward below; the re-
curved lower end representing a lower palatal fold. Clausilium
(PI. XXVII, figs. 19, 20, 21) narrow, parallel -sided, abruptly
curved where it passes into the wide filament, straightened toward
the rounded, hardly angular apex; columellar side emarginate at
the origin of the filament.

Length 11,5, diam. 2.8 mm.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types No. 79,133 Coll.
A. N. S. P.

Allied to 0. awajiensis Pils., but that species is far more obese,
with tapering, compressed last whorl.
Clausilia perignobilis n. sp. PI. XXVI, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell rimate, fusiform, attenuated above, moderately swollen
below, pale brown, densely and finely striate. Whorls about 10,
moderately convex, the early ones corneous, forming a slender
apical portion, the last whorl somewhat compressed laterally. Aper-
ture trapezoidal-piriform, slightly oblique, the sinulus somewhat
retracted; peristome whitish, more or less emarginate above, very
narrowly reflexed. Superior lamella small, vertical, reaching the
margin, continuous with the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella very
deeply receding, hardly visible from the mouth except in an
oblique view. Subcolumellar lamella emerging, usually distinct to
the lip-edge. Principal plica fully a half-whorl long, visible in
the aperture, and extending inward beyond the upper palatal
plica. Lunella lateral, oblique, shaped like the letter J, the lower
end curving inward, the upper end joining the middle of a rather
short upper palatal plica, which converges inwardly toward the
principal plica.

Length 14.5, diam. 3 mm. ; longest axis of aperture 3.2 mm.

Length 12.3, diam. 2.7 mm.

Length 12.3, diam. 3 mm.

Okinoshima. Tosa, Shikoku Island (types No. 80.843 Coll.
A. N. S. P.; from No. 584 of Mr. Hirase's collection).
31

482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [July,

I at first identified this species with (7. ignobilis Sykes,5 described
from Kinnayama, Shikoku Island, but upon requesting a com-
parison with the type of that species, Mr. Sykes noted several
important differences. The first two or three whorls in C. ignobilis
are much larger, not so slender and pointed as in C. perignobilis ;
and the lunella is bow-shaped, as in C. shikokuensis, not J-shaped.

In* other words, the lunella in ignobilis and shikokuensis unites
with the lower, outer end of the upper palatal plica, curving
gradually and imperceptibly into it, the united plica and lunella
having the shape of a drawn bow, while in C. perignobilis the
lunella unites with the middle of the upper palatal plica, like the
letter J.

In C. perignobilis the spiral and inferior lamellae are both high
and lamellar within, of equal length, attaining barely a ventral
position. The inferior lamella ascends rather straightly, and is
not spiral, seen from the back in a broken specimen, but is rather
thick. It gives off a branch toward the superior lamella, on the
parietal wall.
Clausilia perignobilis var. kochiensis nov.

Similar to C. perignobilis Pils., from which it differs in the more
robust, broader contour, more widely reflexed peristome and
coarser striation of the latter part of the last whorl.

Length 15.5, diam. 4 mm.

Length 13.6, diam. 3.8 mm.

Kochi, province of Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, No.
657ft).

The t7-shaped lunella has the form of that of C. perignobilis.

Section STEREOPH^DUSA Bttg.
Clausilia japonica var. perobscura nov.

Similar to japonica, but of a very dark, almost blackish, brown
color, and sculptured with much coarser, more widely spaced rib-
strise. Suture with a whitish margin below. Lower palatal fold
very small.

Length 25, diam. hardly 6 mm. Whorls 11.

Shirono, Buzen (Mr. Y. Hirase;.

It occurred with, or at least was sent with, a rather obese form

6Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., I, p. 261, and these Proceedings for 1900, p.
682, footnote.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 483

of C. japonica, having the usual fine, sharp striation of that
species.

Section MEGA.LOPHJEDUSA Boettger.
Clausilia Hiraseana Pilsbry. PL XXVI, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Shell rimate, strong, the last two whorls of about equal diameter,
and forming half the shell's length, those above rapidly diminish-
ing, the lateral outlines becoming somewhat concave toward the
apex, the earlier three whorls being of about equal diameter; dark
reddish brown, with a pale band below the suture, the earliest
whorls white. Surface usually with a brilliant gloss, sculptured
ivith coarse, strong, slightly waved or uneven ribs, which occa-
sionally anastomose or branch, and become finer on the upper,
imperceptible on the earliest whorls. Whorls 11^ to 12, but
several are self -amputated in old individuals; they are convex and
parted by well-impressed sutures. The last whorl, viewed dorsally,
is narrower than the swollen preceding whorl, and is rather com-
pressed, hardly convex. Aperture rhombic-ovate, vertical; peris -
tome continuous, reflexed, flesh-tinted, whitish at the edge. Supe-
rior lamella small, marginal, oblique, continuous with the spiral
lamella. Inferior lamella low and receding, within rather
straightly ascending and strongly thickened below. Subcolumellar
lamella deeply immersed, not visible in a front view, but its end
may be seen by looking obliquely into the aperture. Principal
plica short, its lower end visible deep within the aperture, upper
end scarcely extending inward beyond the palatal armature.
Palatal plicae or folds lying a little dorsal of a lateral position,
four in number, equidistant, all strongly developed though short;
the upper fold a little longer, diverging from the principal plica,
the lower (fourth) fold slightly longer than the two median, and a
little arched upward in the middle. No lunella.

Clausilium evenly and rather strongly arcuate, long and rather
narrow, parallel-sided. The apex is slightly acuminate on the
columellar side, being rounded and strongly thickened; on the
palatal side straightened, a little concave (PI. XXVI, figs.
22, 23).

Length 27 to 29J, diam. 6 mm.

Okinoshima, province Tosa (Y. Hirase).

A fine, handsome species, easily known by its strong sculpture,

484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [July,

which finds no parallel among known Japanese Clausiliidce. It
is allied to C. Fultoni Sykes, described from Kinnayaraa, Shikoku
Island, a species with fine striation.

Family PUPIDJE.
Bifidaria armigerella var. luchuana nov. PI. XXVIII, fig. 54.

Shell similar to B. armigerella (Reinh.), but with an infra-
parietal lamella developed. Length 2.25, diam. 1.2 mm.

Kunchan, Okinawa (types No. 80,992 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
•No. 6196 of Mr. Hirase's collection), and Yayeyama (No. 619 of
Mr. Hirase's collection).

The type lot contains one sinistral specimen. B. armigerella
(Reinhardt) is described and figured as with but two teeth on the
parietal margin, evidently the angular and parietal lamellse. It is
from Misaki, in the province of Sagami.

Vertigo Hirasei Pilsbry. PI. XXVIII, fig. 53.

Pilsbry, Nautilus, XIV, p. 128 (March 1, 1901).

Shell very minute, openly rimate, ovate, brown, glossy, some-
what transparent, faintly striatulate. Whorls 4^, the last a little
contracted and straightened near the aperture. Aperture trun-
cate-ovate; peristome thin, hardly expanded, the outer margin
straightened but not inflexed to form a sinulus, although it pro-
jects forward in a slight point or angle, visible when viewed in
profile. Parietal wall bearing a rather strong lamella in the mid-
dle; columella with a somewhat smaller lamella; palatal plicae
two, near together, the lower larger, elongated, the upper tuber-
cular, sometimes obsolete.

Alt If, diam. 1 mm.

Yanagawa, province Chikugo, Kiushiu Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Types No. 79,738 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No. 570 coll. Hirase.

Belonging to the V. modesta group, this species is smaller
than its allies. As in some forms of V. modesta, the upper palatal
fold is sometimes obsolete. The only other Japanese Vertigo
described, to my knowledge, is V. hydrophila (Reinh.), from the
opposite end of the empire, Hakodate, Hokkaido Island. Rein-
hardt' s species belongs to the group of V. ovata, and has five or
six teeth. It is about the size of V. Hirasei, measuring If by
1 mm.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 19O1.

PLATE XXV.

^B

11

10

PILSBRY. JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XXVI.

PILSBRY. JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XXVII.

PILSBRY. JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

PROG. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XXVIII.

/ 42

51

46

52

I

54

PILSBRY. JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 485

REFERENCE TO PLATES XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII.

PLATE XXV, Figs. 1, 2, 3. — Clausilia (Euphcedusa) Tryoni. Hachijo
Island.

Fig. 4. — Clausilia (Euphcedusa) Hungerfordiana. Nara, Yamato.

Fig. 5. — C1mt8ilia\J£uphcedu(ia) monelasmus. Kayabe, Ojima.

Figs. 6, 7, 8. — Clausilia (Euphcedusa) euholostoma. Mikuriya, Suruga.

Figs. 9, 10. — Clausilia (Reinia) variegata var. nesiotica. Hachijo
Island.

Figs. 11, 12. — Clausilia (Reinia} variegata A. Ad. Takasaki, Kozuke.

PLATE XXVI, Figs. 13, 14, 15. — Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) perignolilis.
Okinoshima, Tosa.

Figs. 16, 17, 18. — Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) harimensis. Kashima,
Harima.

Figs. 19, 20, 21. — Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa} harimensis. Clausilium.
Fig. 19, profile view from columellar side ; fig. 20, view of interior face,
tilted to show shape of the apex ; fig. 21, the same, showing posterior
emargi nation, the apical end foreshortened.

Figs. 22, 23. — Clausilia (Megalophcedusa) Hiraseana. Clausilium.
Fig. 22, showing shape of apex ; fig. 23, shape of posterior end, the apical
end foreshortened.

Figs. 24, 25, 26. — Clausilia (Megalophcedusa) Hiraseana. Fig. 26, nat-
ural size.

PLATE XXVII, Figs. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31.— Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa)
gracilispira, green specimen. Fig. 30, showing form of the apex of the
clausilium ; fig. 31, the posterior emargination.

Figs. 32, 33, 34. — Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) gracilispira, reddish speci-
men.

Fig. 35. — Clausilia (Tyrannophcedusa) mikado.

Figs. 36, 37. — Clausilia (Tyrannophcedusa) iotaptyx var. clava.

Fig. 38. — Clausilia (Tyrannophcedusa) iotaptyx.

Figs. 39, 40. — Clausilia (Zaptyx) hachijoensis.

PLATE XXVIII. Figs. 41, 42, 43. — Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) micropeas.

Figs. 44, 45, 46. — Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) micropeas, Clausiliam.
Fig. 44 showing shape of apex ; fig. 45, profile from columellar side ; fig.
46, shape of posterior end, the distal end foreshortened.

Fig?. 47, 48, 49. — Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) micropeas var. hokkaidoensis.

Figs. 50, 51, 53. — Clausilia (Hemiphcedusa) micropeas var. perpallida.

Fig. 53. — Vertigo Hirasei.

Fig. 54. — Bifidaria armigerella var. lucJmana.

486 PROCEEDING^OF THE ACADEMY OF 4 [July,

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF EGBERT HENRY LAMBORN.

BY CARRIE B. 4.ARON.

At Hornblue Hill, Chester county, Pa., not far from the his-
toric Kennett, whose beauties have bfceu the theme of Bayard
Taylor's pen, Robert Henry Lamborn was born, October 29, 1835.

His boyhood was spent in the home of his fathers, and he was
thus surrounded by the ad vantages .-of inherited prosperity. His
father was a member of the Society: of Friends, and was an intel-
ligent man of refined tastes, a close observer, a bright conversa-
tionalist and a wide reader. The son inherited his prepossessing
appearance, courteous manner, dignified bearing and agreeable
disposition.

Young Lamborn's education was given a scientific turn by the
influence and patronage of his uncle, Jacob Pierce, who served as
Librarian of the Acadeiny of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from
December, 1817, to December, 1826, and who, in the early days
of the institution, hacl, at one time, all its collections stored in
one of his spare back rooms. No doubt the youth received his
first inspiration for l ' collecting ' ' while in such environment.

After receiving a common-school education and a special train-
ing at the Polytechnic College in Philadelphia, he determined to
continue his studies in civil engineering abroad. He secured means
to do so by the publication of original essays on the metallurgy of
copper, silver and lead,1 works which, although long superseded,
were considered ably written and used as text-books both here and
abroad. He became a student of the Royal Saxon Mining Acad-
emy of Freiberg, and the School of Mines in Paris, graduating
from the University of Giessen, from which he later received the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War^ Dr. Lamborn returned
from Europe and joined the army, serving with the Anderson

1 A Treatise on the Metallurgy of Copper, J. Weale, London, 1860, and
A Treatise on the Metallurgy of Silver and Lead, J. Weale, London, 1861.

622

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

ADDITIONS TO THE JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FATJNA.-V.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The description of Japanese Glausiliidce is resumed in the present
paper. Enough material is now at hand to permit some work
looking beyond merely descriptive treatment, while every sending
from Mr. Hirase adds to the data on one or another of the prob-
lems presented by these intricately constructed creatures. I have
below considered the evolution of the " lunella," as shown in some
newly discovered species of Stereophcedusa, in which young shells
show a series of distinct palatal folds, like the European tertiary
CliusiliidcK and the more primitive forms of Eastern Asia, while
old shells have a true lunella. A similar transformation has like-
wise been observed in a Megalophcedusa just received. The evi-
dence indicates that the lunella has been independently acquired,
in different phyla, by a process of parallel evolution.

Diagrams showing chief modifications of the palatal armature in Hemi-
phcedma : Fig. 1, G. aulacophora ; fig. 2, G. crenilabium; fig. 3, G. attrita ;
fig. 4, G. hakonensis ; fig. 5, G. hyperolia ; fig. 6, G. shikokuensis ; fig.
1, C. perignobilis ; fig. 8, C. munus ; fig. 9, C. micropeas ; fig. 11, C.
gracilispira.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 621

A. ray. The least depth of the caudal peduncle is equal to .the
anterior interorbital region.

The photophores are as follows: 3 mandibulars on each side of
the mandibles ; 2 operculars near the lower part of the margin of
the preoperculum ; 5 thoracic on each side; 4 ventrals on each
side; 8 anals, a gap, then 9 more, in all 17 on each side; 3 pec-
torals on each side; 1 antero-lateral on each side a little posterior,
though above, the bases of the V. , but nearer to the latter than to
the lateral line; 3 medio-laterals on each side, forming an oblique
series on each side, the lower a little anterior to the last ventral
photophores, and the uppermost immediately below the lateral line
^nd in advance of the first anal photophore; a single photophore,
the postero-lateral, almost on the lateral line and above and ante-
rior to the eighth anal photophore; 2 caudals upon each side inferi-
or!)', and a single supercaudal at the origin of the rudimentary
caudal rays. The caudal, though somewhat damaged, was forked,
the lobes most likely rounded, and the lower a trifle the larger. The
lateral line consists of a single well -developed pore on each scale of
its course, which is superior, and parallel with the dorsal profile of
the back. Scales 42 (?). Kadii of D. 12. Radii of A. 22.

My first impression was to regard this specimen as Myctophum
remiger Goode and Bean, but a careful examination has revealed
the facts mentioned above ; and if, as Goode and Bean contended,
" the arrangement of the luminous spot is of the greatest value
in the classification of these fishes," there can be no reasonable
•doubt that it is Liitken's Scopelus phengodes.

Although the localities where Liitken obtained his examples were
all in southern latitudes, and very remote from that where the
present example was taken, I identify it with the above species
without any hesitation, as it agrees perfectly with the essential
characters given. Specimens from widely remote localities in the
•case of deep-sea and oceanic fishes do not always necessarily form
a barrier to their identity as one and the same species.

.That M. phengodes and M. remiger are allied is also evident by
their long P., the large eye and shape of the head, as seen on com-
parison with an example of the latter species.

The example described above is in the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It po ssesses a median
infero-caudal photophore.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

I must again express my deep obligation for material to Mr. Y.
Hirase, of Kyoto, Japan. His tireless researches, critical eye for
detecting species, and exactness in recording localities are worthy
of high commendation. Without these qualities the new and
relatively exact literature of Japanese land mollusks would not
exist.

Section HEMIPH^EDUSA Boettger..

The system of groups set forth by Dr. Boettger in the Clau-
silienstudien, while sufficient at that time, is quite inadequate for
the classification of the great number of Chinese and Japanese
species now known. For Japanese species my studies lead me to
adopt the arrangement offered below. The clausilium in all the
groups is rounded or tapering at the end, and not thickened or
only slightly so.

a. — Inferior lamella spirally ascending within, visible in a front
view, receding less deeply than in other Hemiphcedusce ; shell
rather large ; superior lamella continuous with the spiral.
b. — Interlamellar space corrugated; lunella united to the mid-
dle of a lower palatal plica, contiguous to or united with
an upper palatal plica near the middle (fig. 2).
Clausilium tapering below, recurved and spoutlike at

the apex, Group of C. ptychnchila.

b\ — Interlamellar space smooth; lunella curving inward above,
united below to the middle of the lower palatal plica
(figs. 3, 4). Clausilium narrowly tongue-shaped,

Group of C. platyauchen.
a\ — Inferior lamella receding, inconspicuous or not visible in a

front view.
b. — Several palatal plicae; no lunella (fig. 11),

Group of C. validiuscula.

b1, — A short or rudimentary lunella below one or two palatal
plicae; no lower palatal plica (figs. 9, 10),

Group of C. sublunellata.
b2. — A lunella developed.

Cf —No palatal plica? ; plica principals subobsolete or
wanting; superior lamella separated from the
spiral lamella (fig. 5), . Group of C. hyperolia.
c\ —Superior continuous with the spiral lamella; principal
plica well developed ; an upper palatal plica present.
Clausilium curved, concave on the inner face .
d. — Lunella bow-shaped (fig. B) or J-shaped (fig. 7),
united to the upper palatal plica, curved in-
ward below; superior and spiral lamellae united,
Group of C. awajiemi*.

624 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

d?. — Lunella slightly curving inward below, not united
above with the upper palatal plica (fig. 8).
Clausilium rapidly tapering to the mucronate

apex, Group of C. munus.

dl. — Lunella straight, joined to the middle of the

upper and lower palatal plicae, like the letter

I (fig. 1), . . . Group of C. aulacophora.

c2. — Superior and spiral lamellae contiguous or separated;

lunella curving inward below, joining the short

palatal plica above. Clausilium unusually straight

and flat, rounded at the apex, Group of C. Pinto.

A somewhat different sequence of groups would result from using
the characters of the clausilium for the primary divisions, but
while probably more natural, such an arrangement would be more
difficult in practical use. The clausilium is variously specialized
in the groups of C. ptychochila, G. munus and C. Pinto, much
alike in the other groups. The only species, so far as I know, not
provided for in the above key is C. platydera, which belongs with-
out doubt to the platyauehen group, but has the receding and
straightened inferior lamella of the other division; but there are
also some forms partially intermediate between the groups of (7.
validiuscula, C. sublunellata and C. aulaeophora, and further
knowledge will doubtless reveal various other intermediate species.
The group of C. validiuscula is probably a composite one.

Group of C. sublunellata.
'Clausilia sericina var. rhopalia nov.

Shell rimate, fusiform, rather obese below, the upper half atten-
uated; pale yellow; very finely striate throughout, the sculpture not
coarser on the last whorl. Outlines concave above, the apex
obtuse. Whorls 10, moderately convex, the last compressed later-
ally. Aperture ovate, somewhat oblique; peristome continuous,
white, reflexed and thickened, the upper margin in contact with
preceding whorl. Superior lamella oblique, marginal, continuous
with the spiral lamella which ascends to the middle of the ventral
side. Inferior lamella thick and forming a rather conspicuous
fold deep in the aperture, straightly ascending within, and pene-
trating as far as the spiral lamella. SubcolumelJar lamella deeply
immersed, terminating about a half whorl within. Principal plica
•visible deep in the throat, ascending to a lateral position. Upper

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

palatal plica narrow, oblique, lateral, well separated from the
straight, oblique, low and narrow lunella. Lower palatal plica
subobsolete or wanting.

Length 18.3, diatn. 4.3 mm.

Length 17, diam. 4.3 mm.

Clausilium very narrow, parallel- sided, a little excised on the
palatal side of the apex.

Mikuriya, Suruga. Types No. 82,298 Coll. A. N. 8. P., from
No. 7366 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This somewhat club-shaped form is noticeable for its fine stria-
tion and pale color. The narrow lunella is longer than in other
species of the group which I have seen. C. serieina, which has
not been figured nor very fully described, seems to be its nearest
relative.

Group of C. awayiensis.

This group comprises Hemiphcedusce in which the lateral or
latero -dorsal luuella is J-shaped or bow -shaped, its upper end
being united to the middle, or sometimes to the lower end, of a
short upper palatal plica, the lower end curving inward. The
clausilium is typical of Hemiphcedusa, being parallel-sided, not
oblique or thickened at the distal end, and usually it is emarginate
on the columellar side of the filament.

The species are numerous on Shikoku Island, and will probably
prove difficult to limit when more localities are explored and fur-
ther slightly differentiated races come to light. Others are known
from Awaji, western Nippon and Kiushiu. None have come to
my hands from middle or northern Nippon, or from Yesso.

Species with J-shaped lunella: C. awajiensis Pils., C. perigno-
bilis and var. koc/iiensis Pils., C. iwhna and var. neptis Pils., C.
subaurantiaca Pils., C. harimensis Pils. and C. higoensis Pils.

Species with bow-shaped lunella: C. ignobilis Sykes, C. shiko-
kuensis Pils.

Clausilia higoensis Pilsbry. PI. XXXV, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Pilsbry, these Proceedings for 1901, p. 499 (October 2, 1901).
Distinct by its inflated shell, attenuated above, and with a more
or less developed wave or crest behind^the outer lip. In some speci-
mens this is strongly developed (PI. XXXV, fig. 3), much as in

626 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

C. oxycyma; in others (fig. 4) it is hardly noticeable; but there
are intermediate specimens.

The type locality is not Midumate, as at first announced, but
Minamata, Higo. The specimens figured are from that place.
Perfectly similar forms have been sent from Togo, Satsuma, No.
760 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Clausilia ischna Pilsbry. PI. XXXV, figs. 15, 16.

Pilsbry, these Proceedings for 1901, Vol. LIII, p. 500 (October 2r
1901).

Shell rimate, fusiform, very slender, the length about five times
the diameter, attenuated above, brown or pale brown, somewhat
glossy, finely striate, more coarsely so behind the lip. Whorls
11^, moderately convex, the last somewhat flattened above, having
a low swelling some distance behind the lip, a little produced for-
ward. Aperture piriform, small, slightly oblique. Superior
lamella rather strong, marginal, slightly oblique, continuous with
the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella receding, not visible in a
front view, but in oblique view seen to be quite strong; slraightly
ascending within the last whorl, and giving off a distinct branch
toward the spiral lamella; its spiral portion weak, shorter and
much lower than the spiral lamella, reaching inward to a ventra
position. Subcolumellar lamella deeply immersed, its lower end
barely visible or not visible within the aperture. Principal plica
visible in the throat, extending inward a little past a lateral posi-
tion. Lunella lateral, straight and joining the middle of a very
short upper palatal plica above, curving strongly inward below.
Peristome reflexed, continuous, emarginate at the termination of
the superior lamella.

Clausilium long and parallel-sided, deeply emarginate on the
columellar side of the filament.

Length 16.5, diam. 3.3, length of aperture 3 mm.

Length 15.7, diam. 3 mm.

Kochi, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 657a).
Types No. 81,580 Coll. A. N. S. P.

The somewhat stouter, paler, var. neptisis similar to C. ischna
internally.

This species is more slender than any other known member of
the group of C. awajiensis, and has more whorls. The closing
apparatus is similar to that of several other species of the group.
It differs from C. subanrantiaca from Deyai, Nagato, in the follow-

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

ing respects: The surface is more coarsely striate; the last whorl
does not have a convex belt above the position of the principal
plica, and has more of a swelling on its latter portion; the spire
has one more whorl. It remains to be seen whether intergrades
exist between this species from Shikoku and subaurantiaca from
the Province of Nagato in western Nippon. They are certainly
closely related.

Group of C. Pinto.

Small, solid Hemiphcedusce with the clausilium unusually straight
and flat, rounded or a little tapering at the apex, abruptly bent
near the filament and emarginale or excised on the columellar side
thereof. Superior lamella contiguous to or separated from the
spiral lamella, which is short, barely reaching the ventral side.
Inferior lamella deeply receding, straightened and strong inside.

This group has some affinity to Zaptyx in both shell and claus-
ilium, but it has not the accessory lamellae and plicae of that sec-
tion. It is not closely related to other Hemiphsedusan groups.

Two species, from the islands Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima,
are known : C. Pinto, in which the last whorl is normal, and C.
ptychocyma, which has a wave or crest and several strong wrinkles
behind the outer lip.
Clausilia Pinto Pilsbry. PI. XXXV, figs. 12, 13, 14.

Pilsbry, these Proceeding?, Vol. LIII, p. 501 (October 2, 1901).

Shell very small, fusiform, solid and strong, flesh-colored,
weakly marked with slight growth-wrinkles, eroded in irregular
spots. Spire regularly tapering to a rather small apex. Whorls
about 8, the last without crest or other conspicuous sculpture
behind the lip. Aperture small, squarish-ovate, the lip somewhat
reflexed, very thick, white, hardly free above. Superior lamella
marginal, contiguous to the spiral lamella, which penetrates barely
to the ventral side. Inferior lamella very deeply receding, high
and stout within the last whorl, subvertically ascending, a trifle
sinuous, extending inward as far as the spiral lamella. Subcolu-
mellar lamella emerging. Principal plica less than a half whorl
long, extending shortly beyond the lunella. Lunella lateral,
straight and joining a short upper palatal plica above, curving well
inward and ending in a slight nodule below.

Length 9.5, diam. 2.6 mm.

Length 8.5, diam. 2.3 mm.

628 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

Clausilium (PI. XXXV, fig. 13) remarkably straight, rounded
at the apex, abruptly bent near the filament, and very deeply ex-
cised on the columellar side of the latter.

Tane-ga-shima, Osumi, in the northeastern group of the Kiukiu
Islands. Types No. 82,553 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No. 663 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.

A smaller^species than C. ptychocyma, with the last whorl plain
and normal, not strongly sculptured, as C. ptychocyma is. The
solid, smoothish shell, short spiral and columellar lamellae, and
peculiarly flat clausilium are the same in both species.

At the time I wrote a preliminary account of the Tane-ga-shima
and Yaku-shima snails these points of relationship were not
appreciated, and I took a wrong view of the affinities of C. pinta.
Clausilia ptychocyma Pilsbry. PI. XXXV, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Pilsbry, these Proceedings for 1901, Vol. LIII, p. 501 (October 2).

Shell obesely fusiform, rather acutely tapering above, buff or in
part pale reddish, extremely solid and thick, weakly striate,
almost smooth. Whorls 9, the latter part of the last whorl having
a strong wave or crest, accompanied by several smaller but strong
wrinkles, behind and parallel to tne outer lip. Aperture small,
squarish-ovate, the peristome slightly expanded, thick, hardly
free above. Superior lamella low and small but stout, separated
from the spiral lamella, which runs inward barely to the ventral
side. Inferior lamella very deeply receding, strong and obliquely
ascending inside, penetrating as far as the spiral lamella. Sub-
columellar lamella immersed, its lower end visible in an oblique
view in the aperture, sometimes very weakly emerging. Principal
plica rather short, visible deep in the throat and extending shortly
past the lunella. Lunella lateral, weak, straight above, curving
inward below and joining or contiguous to a very short, nodule-
like lower palatal plica.

Length 11, diam. 3 mm.

Clausilium (PI. XXXV, fig. 10) parallel-sided, remarkably
straight in profile, tapering on both sides and slightly acuminate
below, excised on the columellar side of the filament.

Tane-ga-shima, Osumi. Types No. 81,932, Coll. A. N. S. P.,
from No. 664a of Mr Hirase's collection.

An exceedingly solid little Clausilia, quite unlike C. tanega-
shimce in its immersed or nearly immersed subcolumellar lamella,

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 629

and especially in the clausiliurn, which is unusually straight and
not in the least oblique at the apex.

Clausilia ptychocyma var. yakushimse Pilsbry. PI. XXXV, fig. 11.

Pilsbry, I. c.

Yaku-shima, Osumi. Types No. 81,934 Coll. A. K S. P.,
from No. 6646 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Section TYRANNOPH^DUSA Pilsbry.

Clausilium obliquely truncate distally, the columellar side of the
apex slanting, strongly thickened along the inner face. Shell
having the superior and spiral lamellae contiguous or separated,
the inferior lamella deeply receding, straight or obliquely ascend-
ing inside ; spiral and columellar lamella usually continued within
past the ventral side; lunella united to both upper and lower
palatal plicae or separated from the upper plica, usually latero- ventral
or ventral in position. Type C. mikado Pils.

The characters of this section were only imperfectly perceived
when it was originally proposed last year. Further investigation
shows it to be quite distinct from Semiphcedusa (which resembles
it in the receding inferior lamella), by the oblique and thickened
end of the clausilium. Moreover, the lamellae extend further
inward, the closing apparatus retreats more deeply: there is often
a crest on the neck parallel to the outer lip, and in some species
the lip is plicate in the subcolumellar region, and there may be
interlamellar folds.

The section includes three groups of species, distinguished as
follows :

a. — A strong crest behind the outer lip, Group of C. tanegashimce.
a1. — No distinct crest.

b. — Lunella curving inward above (con crescent with the outer
end of the upper palatal plica), Group of C. bilabrata.
bl. — Lunella straight ; together with the palatal plicae forming
an I -shaped barrier, or separated from the upper pala-
tal plica, Group of C. mikado.

Group of C. bilabrata.

Tyrannophaedusae of ordinary form, with the clausilium oblique
and thickened at the apex, excised on the columellar side of the fila-
ment. Superior and spiral lamellae separated or nearly so, the
spiral and inferior extending inward to or past the ventral side.

630 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

Inferior lamella obliquely or somewhat spirally ascending within.
Subcolumellar lamella emerging, usually in a group of lip-folds.

Lunella ventral or lateral, rather straight above, united below to
a lower palatal plica. No upper palatal plica.

The oblique end of the clausilium, disconnected superior and
spiral lamellae, and frequent development of a group of lip-fold8
are the chief characters of this group. It differs from the mikado
group by the absence of an Upper palatal plica and the discontinu-
ous superior and spiral lamellae. The plication of the lip in the
region of the inferior and subcolumellar lamellae varies from
strongly developed to obsolete in each of the species known
among individuals from most localities.

a. — Peristome notched on the left side of the superior lamella-
Shell obese below, the upper, attenuated portion thick, api-
cal whorl large; length about 15 mm., . C. surugensis>
a1. — Peristome not notched or emarginate near the superior lamella-
b. — Early whorls almost always self -amputated in adults.
Length 17-25 mm., dependent upon the number of
whorls retained, as well as upon the size of the indi-
vidual; diam. 4J-6 mm., .... 0. bilabrata.
bl. — Apex entire; shell slender, acutely tapering above, the
first whorl minute; length 12-15, diam. 3-3^ mm.,

C. Oscariana.

Clausilia bilabrata Smith. PL XXXVI, figs. 17-24.

Clamilia bilabrata E. A. Smith, Quarterly Joura. of Conchology, I,
p. 120. Boettger, Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1878, p. 103, with var.
ptycholcema, PL 4, fig. 6. Kobelt, t. c., p. 96, PI. 9, fig. 12. Mollen-
dorff,Nachr'bl. d. D. Malak. Ges., 1900, p. 109.

As no good illustration of this species has appeared, it is figured
here for comparison with the two new forms of the same group,
and to show the local variations.

The shell is strong, almost always truncate and plugged in
adults, 7 to 10 whorls usually remaining. It varies in color from
straw-yellow to rather dark brown. It is very finely striate,
attenuated above, the last whorl laterally compressed. Aperture
ovate, the peristome reflexed and well thickened, very shortly free
above, usually but not always corrugated by several or many folds
grouped around the subcolumellar lamella. The superior lamella
is marginal, rather small, and separated from or sometimes almost
continuous with the spiral lamella, which penetrates past the ven-
tral side. The inferior lamella recedes very deeply, is not visible

1901.J NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 631

from the mouth, except for a slender continuation across the lip
parallel with the subcolumellar lamella in most specimens, but
often wanting. It ascends rather straightly but obliquely inside,
and continues inward as far as the spiral lamella. The principal
plica is almost a whorl long, approaching the aperture, and con-
tinued within past the ventral side. The lunella is latero-ventral
or almost ventral, oblique, almost straight, but curved a trifle
inward above, and connected with a strong lower palatal plica very
near its inner end.

The clausilium (PI. XXXVI, figs. 20, 21) is parallel -sided,
very obliquely cut off and thickened on the columellar side of the
apex. It is deeply emarginate or excised on the columellar side
of the filament.

I have received specimens from the following localities: Nippon
—Kobe, Setsu; Takaya, Bitchu; Toyonishikami, Nagato. Sen-
zan, Awaji. Shikoku: Ushirogawa and Okinoshima, Tosa.
Kiushiu: Fukuregi and Yatsushiro, Higo.

The distribution of 0. bilabrata includes southwestern Nippon,
Awaji and Shikoku Islands, Kiushiu and the Iki Islands; the
latter locality on the authority of Dr. O. von Mollendorff, who
records specimens collected by Fruhstorfer.

While there is some variation from place to place, 1 do not see
grounds for the definition of any races or subspecies, except the
variety defined by Boettger, which I have not seen. The degree
of plication of the right margin of the peristome is subject to wide
individual variation in C. bilabrata, C. Oscariana and C. suru-
gensis.

Specimens from Kobe are pale colored, retain 7^-9 whorls, and
either have the right margin plain, except for the emerging inferior
and subcolumellar lamellae (fig. 17), or many-folded (fig. 19).
They measure between, alt. 22.5, diam. 5.5 mm., whorls 9, and
alt. 20, diam. 4.8 mm., whorls 8. At Takaya, Bitchu, the shells
are larger, and vary from a single emerging lamella, the subcol-
umellar. to three or four folds. Alt. 25, diam. 5.8 mm., whorls
8-J; alt. 21, diam. 6 mm., whorls 7-J-. They are corroded, and
more or less clothed with green algae on the back (figs. 23, 24).

Toyonishikami, Nagato. Dark reddish-brown, with the lunella
decidedly fofero-ventral, and the principal plica shorter; lip with
numerous folds. Alt. 23.5, diam. 5.6 mm., whorls 9J.

632 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

Senzan, Awaji. Like Kobe shells, but sometimes smaller. Alt.
20, diam. 5 mm., whorls 8; alt. 17, diam. 4.5 mm., whorls 7J.

Okinoshima, Tosa. Specimens like those from Kobe, but the
lip is sometimes appressed, not free above, and the superior lamella
scarcely marginal. Plication of the subcolumellar region variable.

Ushirogawa, Tosa. Slightly smaller than Kobe shells and, like
the preceding lot, more opaque, the lunella not visible from the
outside.

One specimen, sent at a different time from this locality (PL
XXXVI, fig. 22), retains the apex perfect, is reddish-brown,
slightly translucent, and has a much shorter principal plica, ex-
tending but a short distance beyond the lunella. There are 13
whorls, the earlier ones translucent-white. Length 25.5, diam.
5.9 mm.

Fukuregi, Higo, Kiushiu. Rather small, with few or many
subcolumellar plications. Alt. 19, diam. 5 mm., whorls 9.

Yatsushiro, Higo. Larger than the preceding; peristoine often
somewhat more solute than in Kobe shells, and the mouth a little
narrower. Alt. 2.4, diam. 5 mm., whorJs 10 J; alt. 21, diam.
5 mm., whorls 8J.
Clausilia plicilabris var. ptyoholaema Boettger.

" Shell larger, more distinctly striate, the last whorl more
strongly rib -striate. Aperture longer, the peristome less calloused
and reflexed. Length (decollate) 20J-27J, diam. 5|-6f mm."

" Seluchi, between Hiuga and Bugo " (Rein).

Clausilia Oscariana Pilsbry. PI. XXXVI, figs. 30, 31.

Pilsbry , in these Proceedings for 1901, Vol. LIII, p. 499 (October 2,
1901).

Shell rimate, fusiform, rather acutely attenuated above, the
early whorls retained in adults; dingy brown; finely striate.
Whorls 10J to 11^, slightly convex, the last perceptibly constricted
behind the lip. Aperture ovate-piriform, the sinulus a little
retracted; peristome very shortly free above, not emarginate at
the position of the superior lamella, reflexed and thickened, crossed
by several folds {sometimes subobsolete') in the vicinity of the sub-
columellar lamella. Superior lamella marginal, rather low,
slightly oblique, widely separated from the spiral lamella, the latter
reaching a ventral position within. Inferior lamella very deeply
receding, scarcely visible from the mouth, extending inward nearly

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

as far as the spiral lamella. Subcoluraellar lamella emerging to
the lip-edge, several folds usually grouped around it. Principal
plica strong, reaching from the dorsal to the ventral side.
Lunella lateral, strong, slightly curving inward above, united
below to the lower palatal fold near its inner end.

Length 14.7, diam. 3.5 mm.

Length 12, diam. 3 mm.

Fukuregi, Province Higo, Kiushiu. Types No. 81,930 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 674 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

Related to C. bilabrata Smith, but only about half as large,
with fewer whorls, not subject to truncation, and more attenuated
above. The lunella is more lateral. In C. surugensis the spire
is much less slender. Named in honor of Dr. Oscar Boettger.
Clausilia surugensis n. sp. PI. XXXVI, figs. 25, 26, 27.

Shell rimate, obese below, attenuated above, whitish under a pale
brownish-yellow cuticle, which is mainly eroded from the specimens
examined; finely striate. Whorls 10, the first rather large, next
three or four scarcely increasing in diameter, the last two or three
whorls quite swollen. Aperture piriform with rather distinct
sinulus, peristome narrowly reflexed and thickened, varying from
nearly smooth to densely plicate along the eolumellar margin;
notched to the left of the superior lamella. Superior lamella rather
small, a more or less distinct groove on each side of it, and a very
small fold or lamella close to it on the left; not continuous with the
spiral lamella, the latter continued inward past the ventral side.
Inferior lamella very deeply receding, strongly spiral \vithin, con-
tinuing inward as far as the spiral lamella. Subcolumellar lamella
emerging. Principal plica a half whorl long, extending from a
dorsal to a ventral position. The lunella is sub ventral, curves in-
ward above, and is weakly united with, or slightly separated from,
the middle of a rather long, oblique, lower palatal plica.

Length 15, diam. 3.7 mm.

Length 14.3, diam. 3.8 mm.

Clausilium (PI. XXXVI, figs. 28, 29) oblique and somewha
thickened at the apex, a little excised or emarginate on the eolu-
mellar side of the filament.

Mikuriya, Suruga. Types No. 81,902 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
Mr. Hirase's No. 688.

This species is much smaller than C. bilabrata, which is not

4334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

known from so far north or northeast. It is more attenuated
above, and the peristome is notched on the left side of the termi-
nation or the superior lamella.

Group of C. tanegashimce.

Solid and strong TyrannophceduscB with the clausilium oblique
and thickened distally, the superior lamella separated from the
spiral lamella, which penetrates past the ventral side, accompanied
by the inferior lamella; lunella sub ventral; subcolumellar lamella
strongly emerging. There is a strong ridge or crest behind the
outer lip, parallel with it.

Similar to the group of C. bilabrata in internal structure, but
differing in the crest behind the lip. Species are known from the
northeastern group of Kiukiu Islands, and from southern Kiushiu.
Species two: C. oxycyma, with a distinct upper palatal plica devel-
oped, length 14 mm., and C. tanegashimce, which has Ihe upper
palatal plica represented only by an inward bend of the upper end
of the lunella, length 16-1 8J- mrr.

Clausilia oxycyma n. sp. PI. XXXVII, figs. 35, 36, 37, 38.

Shell rimate, fusiform, rather slender, attenuated above, glossy,
rather dark red-brown when unworn ; finely striate, a little more
coarsely so on the last whorl. Whorls 9f to nearly 11, moderately
convex, the last three whorls of almost equal diameter, last whorl
compressed laterally, tapering, rising into a strong, rather acute
ridge or crest a short distance behind the lip and parallel with it.
Aperture piriform, slightly oblique, brown within; peristome nar-
rowly reflexed, continuous, white, scarcely emarginate at the posi-
tion of the superior lamella. Superior lamella small, marginal,
slightly oblique, not continuous ivith the spiral lamella. Spiral
lamella very high within, of equal length with the inferior lamella,
both continuing .past a ventral position. Inferior lamella very
deeply receding, twisted within. Subcolumellar lamella emerging
to the lip-edge, bounded by grooves. Principal plica strong,
Breaching from the dorsal to the ventral side. Luuella latero-ven-
tral, oblique, joining the middle of strong, rather' long, oblique,
upper and lower palatal plicse.

Length 14, diam. 3 to 3J mm.

Clausilium (PI. XXXVII, figs. 41, 42) moderately curved, the

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 635

distal end very oblique and thickened on the coluraellar side, the
proximal end emarginate on the columellar side of the filament.
The middle of the palatal margin projecls.

Kagoshima, Satsuma, in southern Kiushiu. Types No. 81,925
Coll. A. N. S. P., from Mr. Y. Hirase's No. 695.

Similar to C. tanegashimce and C. ptyckocyma in the strong crest
behind the outer lip, but different from both in palatal armature.
No other Japanese species has any similar structure of the last
whorl.
Clansilia tanegashimse Pilsbry. PI. XXXVII, figs. 32, 33, 34.

Pilsbry, these Proceedings for 1901, Vol. LIII, p. 500 (October 2).
Shell fusiform, rather acutely tapering above, very solid, some-
what glossy, brown, very weakly striate except the last whorl.
Whorls about 10J, moderately convex, the last having a strong,
acute ridge or crest a short distance behind the outer and basal
lips. Apertureovate-piriform, the sinulus a trifle retracted ; peris-
tome reflexed, somewhat thickened, very shortly free or almost
adnate above. Superior lamella small, vertical, marginal, widely
separated from the spiral lamella, the latter extending inward past
the ventral side. Inferior lamella emerging in a slender cord
parallel to the subcolumellar lamella, otherwise very deeply reced-
ing, within very strong and obliquely ascending, penetrating as far
as the spiral lamella. Subcolumellar lamella emerging to the lip-
edge, bounded by grooves. Principal plica about a half-whorl
long, extending from a dorsal position (visible within the throat)
to just past the lunella. Lunella well developed, subventral, some-
what curved inward above, connected below with the inner end of
a long oblique lower palatal plica.

Length 18.5, diam. 4.2 mm.

Length 16, diam. 4 mm.

Length 16.2, diam. 3.7 mm.

The clausilium (PI. XXXVII, figs. 39, 40) is similar to that of
C. bilabrata, being oblique and thickened at the apex, and excised
on the columellar side of the filament.

Tane-ga-shima, Osumi, Northeastern Group of the Riukiu Islands.

Types No. 81,933 CoTl. A. N. S. P., from No. 662 of Mr.
Hirase's collection. Also occurs on Yakushima, No. 6626 of Mr.
Hirase's collection.

This is a much larger species than C. ptychocyma, with emerging

636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

subcolumellar lamella and sharper, higher crest behind the outer
lip. C. oxycyma scarcely differs from tanegashimce externally
except in its smaller size, but it has a well developed upper palatal
plica, which is represented in tanegashimce by only a short inward
bend of the lunella. The palatal margin of the clausilium is
straight in C. tanegashimce.

Specimens from Yaku-shima agree with those of Tane-ga-shima
in solidity and size. The lunella is low above and its inward bend
above, though low, is rather pliciform. I did not receive these
specimens until recently, or I would have named the species
differently, since it proves to extend beyond Tane-ga-shima.

Group of C. mikado.

This group is well developed in the provinces about the upper
(eastern) end of the Inland Sea. Probably C. plicilabris A.
Ad. , described from Tanabe, Kii, will prove to belong here, near
C. aurantiaca and the following species. I formerly thought it
might be identical with C. lilabrata Smith.

Clausilia orthatracta n. sp. PL XXXVII, figs. 44, 45, 46.

Shell rimate, slenderly and straightly fusiform, rather solid, of
a pale brown tint. Surface lusterless, finely striate, the striae per-
ceptibly coarser, though still fine and close, on the latter part of
the last whorl. The upper whorls are almost smooth from wear in
the specimens seen. Spire nearly straight-sided, attenuated and
nearly cylindric above, the apex rather large. Whorls 12, the
earlier convex, the later ones flattened, last whorl compressed later-
ally, noticeably constricted behind the lip, especially near and at
the base; and there is generally a stronger riblet where the expan-
sion of the lip begins (fig. 45). Aperture oblique, retracted at
the base and sinulus, piriform and small. The peristome is con-
tinuous and stands forward free from the preceding whorl; is white,
thickened, expanded and reflexed, weakly emarginate at the posi-
tion of the superior lamella or not noticeably so. Superior lamella
marginal, oblique, continuous with the spiral lamella, which is low
at first, but rises high in the region of the closing apparatus, and
penetrates inward past the aperture to a lateral position on the
left side. The inferior lamella recedes deeply, though the lower
end continues to the lip-edge. It is straightened within, and pene-

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 637

(rates nearly or quite as deeply as the spiral lamella. The sub-
columellar lamella emerges to the lip-edge, is bounded by grooves,
and there is sometimes some weak crenation of the lip below it.
The principal plica approaches the lip, and is about one whorl
long. The narrow, straight lunella stands in a ventro-lateral
position, and is connected above and below with short but higher
upper and lower palatal plicae (fig. 46). .

Length 16, diam. nearly 3, length of aperture 3 mm.

Length 15, diam. 3, length of aperture 3.2 mm.

The clausilium (fig. 43) resembles that of C. oxycyma ; the
palatal edge being a little swollen in the middle. The distal end
is oblique and strongly thickened, as usual.

Akasaka, Province Mino, Japan. Types No. 82,273 Coll.
A. N. S. P., from No. 748 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This Tyrannopkcedusa stands between C. aurantiaca Bttg. and C.
iotaptyx Pils. It is more slender than either, and differs from
them in the shape of the spire and the relatively smaller aperture.

Compared wilh C. aurantiaca var. hypoptyehia Pils., the present
species is seen to differ in the straighter lateral outlines and larger
apex.

Section STEREOPH^EDUSA Bttg.

This section comprises four groups of species: The group of C.
valida, restricted to the middle Riukiu Islands;1 the group of 0.
japonica, known from Nippon and Shikoku; the group of C.
brevior, now known from Nippon, Kiushiu and the Riukiu Islands,
and the group of C. entospira, containing a single species from
Tane-ga-shima.

The group of C. japonica includes the following large species :
1. C. japonica Crosse. Synonyms of the typical form are 0.
kobensis Smith and C. nipponensis Kobelt. There cannot
be much doubt that C. eurystoma v. Mart, is a pathologic
individual of the same.

A var. pallens has been distinguished by von Mollendorff,
and I have defined var. interplicata. There remain several
other more or less well-marked races, which it seems to me
inadvisable to name until their distribution can be more fully
studied. In Idzumo Province a large, dark race occurs, which

1 Theee Proceedings for 1901, Vol. LIII, p. 410.

638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

agrees with C. Hilgendorfi v. Mart, in everything except
the sutural plica which is said to characterize that species.

2. C. Hilgendorfi v. Mart. Probably a subspecies of C. japonica.

3. C. oostoma v. Moll. I have considered my C. japonica var.

surugce to be this species. The latter has a synonym, C.
eurystoma subsp. brachyptychia Mlldff.

4. C. subjaponica Pils.

The group of C. brevior consists of smaller species, of which the
first two, from the middle part of Nippon, have no lunella, while
in C. Stearnsii, Addisoni, Jacobiana and hondana a lunella is
developed, at least in some individuals.

5. C. brevior v. Mart. Includes C. tetmptyx Mlldff.

6. C. nikkoensis Mlldff.

7. C. hondana Pils.

8. C. Stearnsii Pils.

9. C. Jacobiana Pils.

10. C. Addisoni Pils.

11. C. stereoma Pils. with varieties nugax and cognata.

I have elsewhere described and figured C hondana and (7.
Stearnsii. C. nikkoensis I have not yet seen. The other species of
the brevior group are described below.

In the typical Stereophcedusce there are either several palatal
plicae, or only the upper and lower. In C. hondana, Addisoni,
Stearnsii, Jacobiana and stereoma a low, straight lunella stands
between the upper and lower plicse. This lunella, in fully adult
individuals, is a smooth ridge, without higher points or irregulari-
ties; but in some individuals, viewed from the outside, a row of
short light markings is seen, as though a series of palatal plicae
stood in place of the lunella. When this is not obvious from the
outside, it appears when the shell-wall and lunella are viewed by
transmitted light. This indicates local differences in the substance
of the shell, affecting its refracting qualities; and it occurred to
me that a row of plicae is first formed, and subsequently the spaces
between them are filled in. Upon examining specimens of C.
Jacobiana not quite mature, in which the peristome was not fully
formed, I found that this was what actually takes place. Such
shells have no lunella whatever, but in its place a series of four or
five short plica) (PJ. XXXIX, fig. 68).

These facts indicate that the ancestral Stereophcedusce had a

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 630

palatal armature of short palatal plica?, precisely similar to the
structure still extant in certain other groups, Meg atop hcedusa for
instance. This became modified in two modes: (1) The interme-
diate plicai degenerated, resulting in such forms as typical C.
japonica, in which only the upper and lower plica? remain, or (2)
the intermediate plica? coalesced to form a lunella.

That the loss of an even series of plica? has been a very recent
one in Stereop hcedusa is indicated by several facts. In species
which normally have but two palatal plica? sometimes individuals
or races occur in which small intermediate plica? are developed ;2
and in species with a lunella, the earlier structure of a row of
plica? is perfectly developed in the stage of growth immediately
preceding the adult stage.

Incidentally I may observe that the perplexing structural varia-
tion I formerly recorded in describing C. hondana is at least par-
tially explained by what I find to occur in the Stereophcediisce of
Kiushiu and Tane-ga-shima. I was dealing with a small series of
shells, part of which were not absolutely mature.
Clausilia brevior v. Martens. PI. XXXVIII, figs. 47, 48, 49, 50, 51.

Von Martens. Sitzungsberichte der Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde in Ber-
lin, 1877, p. 109. Kobelt, Fauna Moll. Extramar. Jap., p. 78, PL 9,
fig. 4 (bad).

0. tetraptyx v. Mollendorff, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng., LI, p. 7, PI, 1, fig.
7 (1882); 1885, p. 61.

This species is not recognizably figured in Kobell's work. For
the purpose of more exact comparison with C. Addisoni, a fuller
account of the species than has been published is given below.

The shell is thin, obesely fusiform, much attenuated and con-
cave-sided near the apex, the last three whorls inflated, the last
half of the last whorl more or less compressed, often conspicuously
narrower than the preceding whorl, as in the " nipponensis" form
of C. japonica. Pale yellowish brown; sharply, . very obliquely
striate or rib-striate. Whorls about 9^, the apex minute, but the
following whorl disproportionately large; next few whorls very
slowly increasing. Aperture squarish-ovate, the peristome ex-
panded, somewhat reflexed, thickened and white, hardly free
above, the upper margin parallel to the sutures. Superior lamella
thin and high, marginal, continuous with the spiral lamella which

2 The evidence of this will be presented in a future paper dealing with the-
G. japonica group of Stereopficedusa.

640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

penetrates to or past the middle of the ventral side. Inferior
lamella approaching the superior, forming a strong, subhorizontal
fold; inside it ascends with a broad spiral trend, and penetrates
nearly or quite as far as the superior lamella. The subcolumellar
lamella emerges to the lip-edge. The principal plica is visible
deep in the throat and ascends to a latero-ventral position. Pala-
tal plicse three or four, the first and fourth long, oblique ; the
second shorter; third very small or wanting, leaving a space.

Length 14 to 17, diam. 4 mm. (Von Martens* type).

Length 17.2, diam. 4.3 mm.; length 14, diam. 4 mm.; length
13.4, diam. 3.5 mm. ; specimens from Tokyo.

Length 14.5, diam. 4.1 mm.; length 12, diam. 3.5 mm.;
specimens from Nikko.

Length 17, diam. 3.7 to 4 mm.; specimen from Numazu,
Suruga.

Clausilium (PI. XXXVIII, figs. 52, 53) short and wide, broadest
below, strongly arcuate, a little tapering and thickened at the
apex, somewhat excised on the columellar side of the filament.

Misaki, Sagami, at the mouth of the Bay of Tokyo (Hilgen-
dorf, type locality); Ashima, Izu (Hirase); Yokohama (B.
Schmacker); Tokyo (F. Stearns); Nikko, Shimotsuke (Loomis);
Fujisawa (Hungerford, type locality of C. tetraptyx~) ; Numazu,
Suruga (Hirase).

The small size for a Stereophcedusa, strongly attenuated early
whorls, and thin shell are the more prominent differences between
C. brevior and other species of the group. *

The area of distribution so far indicated is a rather restricted
district in middle Nippon. Mr. Hirase' s fruitful researches in the
southwestern half of Nippon and in Shikoku have not revealed the
species there; nor has it yet appeared from as far north as the
Province Uzen, whence a considerable number of small species
have been sent. It seems to be a very abundant shell in the region
about Tokyo Bay.

The variety tetraptyx Mlldff. is a little darker brown, the peri-
stome brown-tinted, at least in part, the palatal plicse slightly
longer than in typical brevior ; but in the lot of some hundreds of
specimens I have seen, these characters, except as to the tint of the
lip, vary by insensible degrees, so that I do not see that tetraptyx
has a valid claim to varietal distinction. One of the original

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 641

specimens of tetraptyx, collected by Himgerford, is before me,
kindly lent from the collection of Mr. E. R. Sykes.
Clausilia Addisoni Pilsbry. PI. XXXVIII, figs. 56, 57.

C. brevior var. Addisoni Pils., these Proceedings for 1900, p. 677
(January 28, 1901). C. Addisoni Pils., t. c., p. 502, under C. ster-
eoma.

Shell obesely fusiform, much attenuated and with concave out-
lines above, inflated below, the last whorl narrower and tapering.
Light brown or corneous. Rather strongly and coarsely striate,
more coarsely so on the last half whorl. Aperture squarish -ovate,
the lip reflexed, somewhat thickened, white. Lamellae about as
in C. brevior. The subcolumellar lamella barely emerges or is
continued to the lip-edge. The three palatal plicae are slightly
shorter than in C. brevior, and there is a very low, subobsolete,
straight lunella, or at least a low callous deposit between the second
and the lowest plicae, and connected with the latter.

Length 18, diam. 4.2 to 4.7 mm., whorls 9J.

Length 16, diam. 4.5 mm., whorls 9.

Ari-mura, a village on the southern side of Sakura Island, in
Kagoshima Bay (Addison Gulick) ; Kagoshima and Kajima,
Satsuma (Mr. Hirase); Isshochi, Higo (Hirase); all in southern
Kiushiu.

This form is very much like C. brevior, of which I at first con-
sidered it a variety. It is slightly stronger, larger than any but
the largest specimens of brevior, and differs in having a callous
pad or rudimentary lunella above the lower palatal fold, and in
the decidedly coarser striation. The clausilium is thicker at the
apex, and the palatal side is more convex (figs. 54, 55).

Geographically it is very widely separated from all parts of the
range of C. brevior; and as Mr. Hirase has not found either
species at any of the multitude of intermediate localities explored
by him or his collectors, it seems unlikely that there are any con-
necting forms in the intermediate territory — the southwestern half
of Nippon and northern Kiushiu.

It is named in compliment to Mr. Addison Gulick, formerly of
Osaka.

Clausilia Jacobiana n. sp. PL XXXIII, figs. 58-62 ; PL XXXIX, figs. 66-69.

Shell thin, brown, rimate, fusiform, the upper half rapidly
tapering, several earlier whorls attenuated, the penultimate whorl

41

642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec. ,

swollen, latter half of the last whorl compressed. Surface glossy,
sculptured with strong, threadlike oblique striae, 3 or 4 earlier
whorls smooth, usually Worn or eroded. Whorls 9 to 9^-, quite
convex, and separated by deeply impressed sutures. Aperture
slightly oblique, ovate-pirifonn, the peristome very shortly free
above, expanded and reflexed, whitish, slightly emarginate at the
position of the superior lamella, the sinulus a little retracted.
Superior lamella slender, vertical, continuous with the spiral
lamella, which extends inward to the middle of the ventral side.
Inferior lamella forming a rather small but subhorizontal fold, not
reaching out upon the lip, extending inward as far as the superior
lamella. Subcolumellar lamella varying from barely immersed to
rather weakly emerging. Principal plica a half-whorl long, ex-
tending from a dorsal position (visible deep in the throat) to a
latero-ventral position. Upper and lower palatal plicae rather
short, lateral. Below the upper palatal plica there is a delicate
second plica, from the outer end of which a low straight lunella
runs to the lower palatal plica.

Length 15.5, diam. 3.6 mm. ; length 13.6, diam. 3.5 mm.

The clausilium (PI. XXXIII, figs. 61, 62) has the general
shape and curvature of that of C. brevior and Addisoni, but differs
from both in having the apex more pointed, and it is more concave
on the palatal side of the apex. The end is also more thickened
than in C. brevior.

Tane-ga-shima, Osumi. Types No. 82,277 Coll. A. N. S. P.,
from No. 754 of Mr. Hirase's collection. Also Yaku-shima, No.
778 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

This species is related to C. Stearnsii Pils. of Okinawa and C:
Addisoni Pils. of southern Kiushiu. It is much more slender than
the latter, with more convex whorls and a more pointed clausilium.
C. Stearnsii is a longer species, in which the early whorls are not so
attenuated. These three species have a low and more or less well-
developed lunella when adult, a structure occurring also in some
specimens of C. hondana, but otherwise unknown in the Stereoplice-
dusce of Nippon. In immature shells a row of short palatal plicae
stands in place of the lunella (fig. 68).

This Clausilia has the thin shell of the other species of the
brevior group, while all other Clausilice known from Tane-ga-
shima are extremely thick and strong.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 643

It is named in honor of Dr. Arnold Jacohi, author of excellent
papers upon the soft anatomy of Japanese snails, the faunal rela-
tionships of Japan, etc.

The specimens from Yaku-shima are more solid than those from
Tane-ga-shima, and the palatal armature seems to be less devel-
oped, the lunella being less distinct or absent. There are three
palatal plicae below the principal plica, the first, second and lowest.
The sculpture and shape are not noticeably different, the largest
and smallest sent measuring :

Length 13,8, diain. 3.3 mm.

Length 11.3, diam. 3 mm.

Clausilia stereoma Pilsbry. PI. XXXIX, figs. 70, 71.

Pilsbry, these Proceedings for 1901, Vol. LIII, p. 502, with varieties
nugax and cognata (October 2, 1901).

Shell rimate, obesely fusiform, the spire tapering rapidly, its
upper fourth very slender ; thick and extremely strong ; olive yellow,
glossy; the spire distinctly striate, last two whorls smoother except
near the suture. Whorls about 8^, convex, the penultimate whorl
swollen, latter half of the last whorl compressed, tapering.
Aperture ovate, vertical, flesh-tinted within; peristome white,
reflexed and thickened within, continuous, though almost in con-
tact with the preceding whorl above. Superior lamella rather
slender, oblique, continuous with the spiral lamella. Inferior
]amella strong, subhorizontal, approaching the superior lamella,
strongly spiral within, both spiral and inferior lamellae penetrating
to the middle of the ventral side. Subcolumellar lamella emerg-
ing but not extending to the lip-edge. Principal plica very short,
lateral; palatal plicae four, the upper one long, converging in-
wardly toward the principal plica, the lower plica shorter, strong,
a little curved; two intermediate plicae minute, punctiform, hardly
perceptible.

Length 21J, diam. 6 mm.

Length 19-|, diam. 5J- mm.

Clausilium very short and broad, acuminate and thickened dis-
tally, very strongly arcuate (PI. XXXIX, figs. 63-65).

Yaku-shima, Osumi, in the Northeastern Group of the Riukiu
Islands. Types No. 81,737 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No. 670 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.

This fine species is the most solid and strong Stereophcedusa

644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

known. The obese lower whorls and strongly attenuated spire
show relationship to C. Addisoni Pils. of Kiushiu, and C. brevior
v. Mart, of middle Nippon — both comparatively thin shells. The
two intermediate palatal plicae are likely to prove inconstant.

Clausilia stereoma var. nugax Pilsbry. PI. XXXIX, figs. 78, 79.

Much smaller and more slender than the type, which it resem-
bles in color and sculpture. Very solid.

Length 13J to 14 J, diam. 4 mm.

Length 16J-, diam. 4J mm.

Also from Yaku-shima, probably from a different locality.
Types No. 81,576 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No. 671 of Mr.
Hi rase' s collection.

Clausilia stereoma var. cognata Pilsbry.

Rich reddish-brown, thinner than the types, though still very
strong, with about 9 whorls. Palatal plicae four or five, the inter-
mediate ones very small.

Length 23J, diam. 6^ mm.

Length 22, diam. 6| mm.

Length 2 If, diam. 6J- mm.

Tane-ga-shima. Types No. 81,578 Coll. A. N. S. P., from
No. 661 of Mr. Hirase's collection.

As in the type, the palatal plicae are often visible through the
shell, and from the outside appear longer and more prominent
than they are found to be on opening the shell.

Group of C. entospira.

Shell thick, small, the inferior lamella thick and squarish below
(not forming a spiral fold on the columella, as in other Stereo-
phcedusce'), very strongly spiral within; a stout, lunate lunella
developed, but no palatal plicae except the principal one. Clau-
silium very strongly arcuate, slowly and much tapering below to
the subacute, thickened apex, wide above, deeply emarginate on
the columellar side of the filament.

The single species known of this very distinct group has obvi-
ously arisen from the Stereophaadusan stock; but it is more special-
ized than any other known member of Stereophcedusa, both in
palatal armature and clausilium.

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 645

Clausilia entospira Pilsbry. PI. XXXIX, figs. 72-75.

Pilsbry, these Proceedings, Vol. LIII, p. 501 (October 2, 1901).

Shell rather obesely fusiform, attenuated, with somewhat concave
outlines above, extremely thick and strong, nearly smooth, glossy,
the latter half of the last whorl becoming coarsely striate; flesh-
colored with buff patches and streaks, eroded in spots. Whorls
about 8J-, convex, the last tapering below. Aperture long-ovate,
the peristoine slightly reflexed, very much thickened within, shortly
free above. Superior lamella small but rather stout, marginal,
very widely separated from the spiral lamella, which is quite small,
short and 1 ate ro- ventral. Inferior lamella receding, in oblique
view (fig. 72) appearing very prominent and squarish; very
strongly spiral within, heavily thickened at the lower end, ascend-
ing merely to a lateral position. Subcolumellar lamella immersed,
interrupted within. Principal plica slender, short and low, lateral.
Lunella latero- ventral, oblique, curved, running inward below,
tapering at the ends, excessively thick and strong in the middle. No
palatal plicae

Length scarcely 10, diam. 2.4 ram.

Clausilium (PI. XXXIX, figs. 76, 77) moderately long, but
being strongly curved near the middle, nearly at a right angle, it
appears short; distal half rapidly tapering, straight along the
palatal, convex at the columellar side, thickened at the apex.
Proximal half rather wide and parallel-sided; deeply excised on
the columellar side of the filament.

Tane-ga-shima, Osumi, one of the Northeastern Group of the
Riukiu Islands. Types No. 82,558 Coll. A. N. S. P., from No.
663a of Mr. Hirase's collection.

A few examples were with the specimens of C. Pinto. Mr.
Hirase remarks that it is very rare. It is an excessively peculiar
species, and I was formerly at a loss as to its affinities. The broadly
spiral trend of the inferior lamella, which is moreover very short
within, the weak, short spiral lamella and principal plica and the
peculiar lunella are a combination of features unlike any Oriental
species known to me. The squarish lower end of the inferior lamella
is sometimes visible in a front view (tig. 74), but in other speci-
mens it recedes, and is seen only in oblique view (figs. 72, 73).
The clausilium is quite unlike that of any other known Japanese
species. The lunella might almost as well be considered a greatly

646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

developed lower palatal plica, as it is no doubt in part homologous
with that.

The shell is excessively solid and thick, stronger in fact than any
other species of such diminutive stature known to me; but unusual
solidity is a characteristic of the Clausilise of Tane-ga-shima and
Yaku-shima, common to the Stereophcedusce, Hemiphcedusce and
Tyrannophcedusce alike, and clearly to be correllated with some
factor in the environment acting upon the entire series.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXV-XXXIX.

PLATE XXXV (HEMIPH^DTJSA). Figs. 1-6. — Clausilia Jiigoensis. Types.

Figs. 7-10. — Clausilia ptychocyma. Type.

Fig. 11. — Clausilia ptychocyma var. Takushimce. Type.

Figs. 12-14.— Clausilia Pinto. Type.

Figs. 15, 16. — Clausilia ischna. Type.

PLATE XXXVI (TYRANNOPH^DUSA). Figs. 17-21. — Clausilia bilabrata.
Specimens from Kobe, the type locality.

Fig. 22. — Clausilia bilabrata. Specimen retaining the apical whorls,
from Ushirosawa, Tosa, No. 81,926 Coll. A. N. S. P.

Figs. 23, 24.— Clausilia bilabrata. Specimens from Takaya, in which
the surface is corroded, covered with algse dorsally. No. 79,719 Coll.
A. N. S. P.

Figs. 25-29. — Clausilia surugensis. Types.

Figs. 80-31. — Clausilia Oscariana. Types.

PLATE XXXVII (TYRANNOPH^DUSA). Figs. 32-34.— Clausilia tanega-
shimcB. Type.

Figs. 3o-38. — Clausilia oxycyma. Types.
Figs. 39, 40. — Clausilia tanegashima. Clausilium.
Figs. 41, 42. — Clausilia oxycyma. Clausilium.
Fig. 43. — Clausilia orthatracta. Clausilium.
Figs. 44-46. — Clausilia orthatracta. Type.

PLATE XXXVIII (STEREOPH^EDUSA). Figs. 47, 48. — Clausilia brevior.
Specimen from Coll. E. R. Svkes

Figs. 49-53. — Clausilia bremor. Specimens from Tokyo. No. 18,801
Coll. A. N. S. P.

Figs. 54-57. — Clausilia Addisoni. Types.

Figs. 53-t>2. — Clausilia Jacobiana . Tanegashima, Osumi.

PLATE XXXIX (STEREOPH^DUSA). Figs. 63-65. — Clausilia stereoma.
Clausilium, Fig. 64, from the columellar edge.

Figs. 66-69. — Clausilia jacobiana. Fig. 68 represents the palatal arma-
ture of an immature shell.

Figs. 70, 71. — Clausilia stereoma. Type.

Figs. 72, 73. — Clausilia entospira. Fig. 72 is an oblique view in the
aperture, from below and the left side.

Figs. 74-77. — Clausilia entospira. Type. Figs. 76, 77 reconstructed
from a broken clausiliutn.

Figs. 78, 79. — Clausilia stereoma var. nugax. Type.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 19O1.

PLATE XXXV

JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FAUNA.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XXXVI.

PILSBRY. JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FAUNA.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. FHILA. 19O1.

PLATE XXXVII.

.

PILSBRY. JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FAUNA.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XXX VI II,

PILSBRY. JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FAUNA.

PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1901.

PLATE XXXIX.

ijt

v

72

,

04

70

PILSBRY. JAPANESE LAND SNAIL FAUNA.

x

From the ANNALS AND MAUA/.IXK OK NATURAL HISTORY,
Ser. 7, Vol. viii., July 1901.

Notes on the Recent Literature of Japanese Land-Snails.
By Dr. HENRY A. PILSBRY, Special Curator of the Depart-
ment of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia.

AFTER a period of twenty years, during which but little was
published upon the land-mollusks of Japan, their investigation
has been resumed by several students with the greatest vigour.
This revival has been due primarily to the work of collecting
undertaken by Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto, Japan. With
assistants trained in the best methods of collecting all parts
of the Island Empire are being searched for mollusks. The
direction of this work involves not only an intelligent appre-
ciation of the zoological problems awaiting solution and of the
value ot such work in advancing the intellectual development
of Japan, but large pecuniary outlay as well. And disin-
terested devotion to zoological exploration, though happily
no longer rare in England and America, is not yet common
enough to be passed without a word of appreciation.

It is my purpose in this article to discuss briefly certain

Dr. H. A. Pilsbry

on

questions of distribution and classification, to give a list of
the species described since the beginning of the year 1900,
and to record the somewhat extensive synonymy created
during that period.

The work has already reached a point where conclusions of
general interest are appearing. The Palaearctic element in
the Japanese mollusk-fauna is inconsiderable, but the Oriental
element has obviously reached the islands by two routes —
a northern, vid Sachalin Island, bringing in mainland forms
of the Amur valley and northward, ?nd a southern, vid the
Loochoo chain and Formosa, and probably from Corea also,
though until that peninsula is better known we cannot state
this with confidence. Thus, to give one instance, the
Japanese group of species commonly referred to the Helicid
subgenus Acusta is in reality of dual origin : the species of
Hondo and Kiushiu (E. Kieboldiana, Pfr., E. plicosa. Martens*)
are related through Eulota despecta of the Loochoo group to
E. assimiliSj H. Ad., of Formosa, and to species of Central
China. Eulota Iceta, Old., of Hokkaido (Yesso) Island, on
the other hand, is allied to species of Northern China and the
Amur valley, and really belongs to the subgenus Mastig-
eulota. A similarly dual origin can be traced in various
other genera.

The great number of localities explored by Mr. Hirase's
collectors permits us now to plot the ranges of many species
before known from one locality or from but few places. As
the work goes on this will enable us to formulate the lines of
migration and the faunal zones or areas of specific and sub-
specific differentiation. It is already clear that the islands
composing Japan are strikingly unlike most island groups in
this — that the several islands, as such, are younger than the
species of snails living upon them, whereas in most island
groups areas of specific and varietal differentiation coincide
\vith the geographic limits of the several islands. In other
words, the existing species of Japanese snails were in great
part differentiated and acquired their present distribution
before the islands were separated f. Present knowledge
indicates that continuous land extended from the middle
Loochoo group to Hokkaido. The Loochoos were first
isolated by subsidence ; then Hokkaido was cut off. Hondo,

* H. plicosa seems to be merely a synonym of despecta, Gray, which
occurs in the southern provinces of Kiushiu, as well as in the Loochoo
slands.

f The evidence, so far as supplied by Helices of the Euhadra and
Ganesella groups is concerned, has been elaborated in a still unpublished
paper by Mr. Addison Gulick and myself.

Japanese Land- Snails. \\

Shikoku, and Kiushiu remained connected until very recent
time, and have been separated within the life of those slightly
differentiated races which we term " subspecies." From
southern Kii, through Awaji and Shikoku Islands, across
Bungo Channel to Kiushiu, and westward across the lower
end of the Inland Sea to the west end of Hondo, must have
been a continuous land-area since Pliocene and down to
geologically recent time. Not only numerous species, but
mere races of more widely spread species, occupy this area,
and such a distribution is quite inexplicable except upon the
theory that the areas in question, though now separated, were
until recently a unit geographically, as they still are faunally.
There are doubtless species existing on Shikoku Island which
do not extend beyond its limits ; but the local differentiation
is not greater than upon an equal area of Hondo and does
not make against the view just set forth.

In respect to classification and generic nomenclature, the
Japanese Zonitidae are in great confusion. Rein hard t, many
years ago, referred the species known to him to European
groups of the family. Early last year I recognized the f ict
that the Japanese Zonitidse belong mainly to Oriental, not
European genera. This opinion found expression in articles
published in August (vi. p. 382) and November (xv. p. 81),
in which I referred various species to the Oriental genera
MacrochJamys and Kaliella, showed that the name Euconulus,
Keinh., must replace the names Conulus and Arnouldia, and
expressed my belief that the Japanese species referred to
these groups really belong to Kaliella. Dr. v. Mollendorff,
in an article just published (xxi. pp. 35, 37), has reached
conclusions in part anticipated by my papers, in part at
variance with them. He has referred numerous species to
the genus Microcystina of Morch, most of them, I think,
incorrectly. The establishment of Microcystina upon an
adequate basis we owe to Godwin- Austen, who showed that
it is characterized by a callous thickening or flexure of the
columella. Of the Japanese species known to me by speci-
mens, only Arnouldia ceratodes, Gude, has this feature. I
consider v. Mb'llendorff s reference of this species to Micro-
cystina justified. The species Doenitzi, sinapidium, and
Hirasei of his Microcystina list have the shell-characters of
Macrochlamys, and not of Microcystina. Most of the other
species he mentions are known to' me, as they are to him, by
the descriptions only, and their generic reference is little
better than guesswork.

Gastrodontella, Mollendorff, a new genus proposed for
G. japonica, Mlldff. (1901), a synonym of Kaliella multi-

4 Dr. H. A. Pilsbiy on

votvis, Pils. (1900), is thought by Dr. v. Mollendorff to have
affinities with Gastrodonta or tiesara. The internal teeth in
K. japonica are short transverse barriers at intervals of one
third of a whorl, precisely similar to those found in Euconulus
fuhus (Drap.), var. dentatus (Sterki), with which K. multi-
volvis has many features in common. A similar barrier exists
in KalieVa ruga, God win- Austen, and some other Indian
species. In K. multivolvis the barriers are very inconstant,
completely lacking in some examples, varying in others from
one to three in number. The same inconstancy attends the
development of internal teeth, barriers, or laminae in G astro-
dontay Sagda, &c., in which the same species may have them
strongly developed or totally absent, as is well recognized by
all American students who have investigated the matter. In
my opinion, therefore, Gastrodontella has no valid claim to
generic rank. It belongs to Kaliella.

It is not my purpose to discuss the classification of Japanese
Helicidse at any length in this place; but a single group calls
for jemark. In my ' Guide to the Study of Helices' I pro-
posed, under the name Mandarina, a new section of the genus
Eulota for the reception of Helix mandarina, Gray, of the
Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-sima). It is now my opinion that
this group has nothing to do with Eulota, but probably
belongs to the Camseninse. The nepionic shell is relatively
large and acutely carinate (as in Camcena), is sculptured with
fine radial wrinkles at first, with spiral stria? on the outer
whorl, and usually continuing upon the postnepionic whorls.
The adult shell is extremely heavy for a land-snail, and has
a blunt expanded lip. The group is probably of generic
rank, and will for the present include three species — Helix
mandarino, Gray, tL Pallasiana, Pfr. (hitherto referred to
Oxytes), and Nanina Ituschenbergeri, Pilsbry. The latter
two are depressed and openly umbilicate, and will form a
separate section of the genus Boninia. All of them are
probably confined to the Bonin Islands, although they have
been attributed to various localities. The Bonin Islands
have incontestably a fauna of " continental " type.

The new species described from Japan, the Loochoo and
Bonin Islands, in the twenty-two papers published since
Jan. 1, 1900, are as follows. I have appended to each, where
necessary, notes on the synonymy &c. The list is arranged
chronologically, and the papers are referred to by their
numbers in the bibliography following.

Diplomrnatina tenuiplica, Pilsbr}- (i. p. 525).
Ennea iwakawa, Pilsbry (i. p. 525, pi. xii. fig. 10).

Japanese Land-Snails. 5

Eulota (Acnsta) Gainesi, Pilsbry (i. p. 52G). — Belongs to the section
Mastigeulata.

- luna, Pilsbry (i. p. 526, pi. xxi tigs. 1-3).

(JZgiata) aperta, Pilsbry (i. p. 527, pi. xxi. figs. 7-9).

— (Ccelorus] cavicollis, Pilsbry (i. p. 527, pi. xxi. figs. 11-13).

- rudis, Pilsbry (i. p. 528, pi. xxi. figs. 20-22).— A synonym of
Trishoplita Hilgendorfi, Kob.

Ganesella satsuma, Pilsbry (i. p. 528, pi. xxi. figs. 20-22). — A sub-
species of G. japonica, Pfr.

- ferruginea, Pilsbry (i. p. 529, pi. xxi. figs. 14-16).

- heteroglypta, Pilsbry (i. p. 529, pi. xxi. figs. 17-19). — Probably
a subspecies of O. japonica, Pfr.

Eulota (Plectotropis) Hirasei, Gude (n. p. 10, pi. ii. figs. 4-7). — A
synonym of E. cavicollis, Pils.

— (^Egista} awajiensis, Gude (n. p. 11, pi. ii. figs. 8-10). — A
synonym of E. aperta, Pils.

- horrida, Pilsbry (in. p. 11).

— (Trishoplita 1} mesogonia, Pilsbry (in. p. 11). — Doubtless a

Trishoplita.

Ganasella Jacobii, Pilsbry (in. p. 12).
CydotusC!} micron, Pilsbry (in. p. 12).
Pomatiopsis Hirasei, Pilsbry (in. p. 12). — This is Blanfordia Ben-

soni, A. Ad. The genus belongs to the Pomatiopsinse.
Bulirtdnus Hirasei, Pilsbry (iv. p. 32).

— extorris, var. omiensis, Pilsbry (iv. p. 32). — An elongate variety
of B. reinianus, Kob.

callistoderma, Pilsbry (iv. p. 33).

Plectotropis polyplecta, Ehrmann (v. p. 379). — A synonym for
Eulota horrida, Pils.

- delectalilis, Ehrmann (v. p. 380).

pachysoma, Ehrmann (v. p. 380). — Seems to be identical with

Eulota scepasma, Pfr.
Trishoplita pollens, Ehrmann (v. p. 381).
Ganesella pagodida, Ehrmann (v. p. 381).
Clausilia (jrhcedusa) crassilamellata, Ehrmann (y. p. 382).

( ) ijimce, Ehrmann (v. p. 382).

( ) cincticollis, Ehrmann (v. p. 383).

Alyweus harimensis, Pilsbry (vi. p. 381).

- Eeinhardti, Pilsbry (vi. p. 381).

(Metalycceus) melanopoma, Pilsbry (vi. p. 382).

_ ( ) Hirasei, Pilsbry (vi. p. 382).

Diplommatina pusilla, var. omiensis, Pilsbry (vi. p. 382).
Macrochlamys micrograpta, Pilsbry (vi. p. 382). — The locality,

Kashima, prov. Harima, was inadvertently omitted.
Kaliella multivolvis, Pilsbry (vi. p. 383).
Vitrea harimensis, Pilsbry (vi. p. 384). — Seems to be the young of

Macrochlamys Dcenitzi, Reinh.
G eo rissa japonica, Pilsbry (vi. p. 384).
Chloritis (Trichochloritis} fragilis, Gude (vii. p. 70, pi. viii. figs. 18-

6 Dr. H. A. Pilsbiy on

20). — This species is related to 0. oscitans, v. Mart., which
has hitherto been referred to Acusta.

Eulota (Plectotropis) cemula, Gude (vn. p. 71, pi. viii. figs. 9-11). —
This is H. conella, A. Ad., 1868, as defined by von Martens,
Conch. Mittheil. pi. xviii. figs. 8-12. Not 11. conella, Pfr.,
1861.

(Euhadra) sericea, Gude (vn. p. 74, pi. viii. figs. 12-14). —

This is the true E. BlaJceana, Newc., of which I have ex-
amined the types.

Macrochlamys fulgens, Gude (vn. p. 75, pi. viii. figs. 24-26).

Arnouldia nahaensis, Gude (vn. p. 75, pi. viii. figs. 21-23). — Be-
longs to the genoa KaUella.

Crystallus sulcatus, Gude (xn. pT 399).

velatus, Gude (xn. p. 399).

Microcystis Hirasei, Gude (xn. p. 400). — A synonym of Macro-
chlamys micrograpta, Pils.
Trishoplita cretacea, Gude (xn. p. 400).
Plectotropis conica, Gude (xn. p. 400).

Blanfordia japonica, "A. Ad.," Mollendorff (xm. p. 153). — This is
B. Bensoni, var. minor, Pils., not the true B.japonica, A. Ad.,
which was described in this Journal.

KaUella elata, Gude (xiv. p. 453). — This seems to be a variety of
Sitala circumcincta, Keinh.

crenulata,^ Gude (xiv. p. 453).

pagoduloides, Gude (xiv. p. 453).

Pyramidula pretiosa, Gude (xiv. p. 454).

Trishoplita dacostce, Gude (xiv. p. 454).

tosana, Gude (xiv. p. 455).

Eulota (Euhadra) grata, Gude (xiv. p. 455). — With var. zonata,
Gude, t. c. p. 456.

(Plectotropis) Iciusiuensis, Pilsbry (xv. p. 79).

Trishoplita Goodwini, var. suprazonata, Pilsbry (xv. p. 80). — A
synonym of T. tosana, Gude, published three days earlier.

Ganesella turrita, Gude (vn. p. 75, pi. viii. figs. 1, 2). — Probably, as
Mr. Gude suggests, a species of Buliminopsis.

Eulota (Plectotropis) lepidophora, Gude (vn. p. 76, pi. viii. figs. 3-5).

( ) , var. tenuis, Gude (I. c.).

Satsuma brunnea, Mollendorff (vin. p. 107). — Probably identical
with Ganesella ferruginea, Pils.

Euhadra luhuana, subsp. tsushimana, Mollendorff (vin. p. 108).

Buliminus rugulosus, Mollendorff (viii. p. 108).

Clausilia (Euphcedusa) oncauchen, Mollendorff (vni. p. 109).

Pupinella Fruhstorferi, Mollendorff (vin. p. 110), with var. tsushi-
mana.— Scarcely distinct from P. rufa.

Clausilia hakonensis, Pilsbry (ix. p. 443, pi. xiv. figs. 1-3).

awajiensis, Pilsbry (ix. p. 444, pi. xiv. figs. 15-17).

subaurantiaca, Pilsbry (ix. p. 444, pi. xiv. figs. 5-7).

aulacophora, Pilsbry (ix. p. 445, pi. xiv. figs. 18-20).

Hirasei, Pilsbry (ix. p. 446, pi. xiv. figs. 8-11).

Japanese Land-Snails. 1

Clausilia liyperoptyx, Pilsbry (ix. p. 440, pi. xiv. figa. 12-14).
japonica, var. suruyw, Pilsbry (ix. p. 447, pi. xiv. fig. 4). —

Seems to me to = 01. oostoma, Mlldtf. Cf. 67. euryttoma, var.

brachyptycha, below.
Eulota Gudeana, Pilsbry (x. p. 60). — Probably a subspecies of

E. Gainesi, Pils.

— halcodatensis, Pilsbry (x. p. 60). — New name for Helix

Iceta, Gld., non Pfr.

callizona Dixoni, Pilsbry (x. p. 60).

Arnoiddia ceratodes, Gude (xn. p. 398). — Very closely related to

Microcystina labilis, Gld., but smaller and more polished. It

seems to be a Microcystina.
nanodes, Gude (xn. p. 399). — The generic position of this and

the two species following is doubtful. I have seen none of

"^ fViom Vj.

Kaliella symmetrica,rilabry (xv. p. 80). — A synonym of K. pagodu-
loides, Gude, which was published three days earlier.

fraterna, Pilsbry (xv. p. 81).

Euconulus Reinhardti, Pilsbry (xv. p. 81). — A Kaliella.

Punctum japonicum, Pilsbry (xv. p. 82).

Diplommatina uzenensis, Pilsbry (xvi. p. 88).

Eulota callizona, var. maritima, Gulick & Pilsbry (xvi. p. 88).

luliuana, var. idzumonis, Pilsbry & Gulick (xvi. p. 89,.

, var. aomoriensis, Gulick & Pilsbry (xvi. p. 89).

Trishoplita Goodwini, var. kyotoensis, Pilsbry (xvi. p. 90).
Eulota mercatoria, var. atrata, Pilsbry (xvi. p. 91).
Clausilia comes, Pilsbry (xvn. p. 673, pi. xxiv. figs. 1-3).
monelasmus, Pilsbry (xvn. p. 674, pi. xxiv. figs. 4-6).

— iotaptyx, Pilsbry (xvn. p. 674, pi. xxiv. figs. 7-9).

- mikado, Pilsbry (xvn. p. 676, pi. xxiv. figs. 10-12).
brevior, var. Addisoni, Pilsbry (xvn. p. 677).

hondana, Pilsbry (xvn. p. 677, pi. xxiv. figs. 13-18).

subjaponica, Pilsbry (xvii. p. 678).

Nolani, Pilsbry (xvn. p. 679, pi. xxv. figs. 19-21).

tosana, Pilsby (xvii. p. 680, pi. xxv. figs. 22-25, 41).

- shiTcoTcuensis, Pilsbry (xvii. p. 681, pi. xxv. figs. 30-32).
Eulota (^Egista) mimula, Pilsbry (xviii. p. 107).
Trishoplita cretacea, var. bipartita, Pilsbry (xviii. p. 107).

Eulota (Plectotropis) elegantissima, var. cara, Pilsbry (xvin. p. 107).

Clausilia euholostoma, Pilsbry (xvin. p. 108).

japonica, var. interplicata, Pilsbry (xviii. p. 108).

- perpallida, Pilsbry (xviii. p. 108).
harimensis, Pilsbry (xviii. p. 108).

— hoJckaidoensis, Pilsbry (xviii. p. 108). — This seems to be a
subspecies of C. perpallida of Hondo Island.

- iotaptyx, var. clava (xviii. p. 108).

- Hiraseana, Pilsbry (xix. p. 115).
Trishoplita Smithiana, Pilsbry (xix. p. 116).

Ganesella myomphala, var. omphalodes, Pilsbry (xix. p. 116).

8 Dr. H. A. Pilsbry on

Oanesella Wiegmanniana, Pilsbry (xix. p. 116).

Helicina osumiensis, Pilsbry (xx. p. 127).

Reinii, var. uzenensis, Pilsbry (xx. p. 128).

Vertigo Hirasei, Pilsbry (xx. p. 128).

Buliminus callistoderma, var. ogasawarce, Pilsbry (xx. p. 128).

eucharistus, Pilsbry (xx. p. 128).

lucliuanus, Pilsbry Cxx. p. 129).

Eulota (sEgista} Martensiana, Pilsbry (xx. p. 129).

(Plectotropis} inornata, Pilsbry (xx. p. 129).

Gastrodontella japonica, Mollendorff (xxi. p. 38). — A synonym of
Kaliella multivolvis, Pils.

Buliminus (Subzebrinus) nipponicus, Mollendorff (xxi, p. 40). — A
synonym of B. Hirasei, Pils.

Clausilia (Stereophcedusa) eurystoma, subsp. brachyptycJia, Mollen-
dorff (xxf.p. 41). — This is C. japonica, var. surugce, Pils.,
which I subsequently (xvii. p. 677) thought to be C. oostoma,
Mlldff.

(Megalophcedusa) Fultoni, subsp. clavula, Mollendorff (xxi.

p. 41). = (7. subjaponica, Pilsbry*.

— (Hemiphcedusa) breviluna, Mollendorff (xxi. p. 42). = C. aula-
copliora, Pilsbry.
( ) omiensis, Mollendorff (xxi. p. 42). = 0. milcado, Pils.

Diplommatina (Sinica) minutissima, Mollendorff (xxj, p. 44). = D.

pusilla, var. omiensis, Pilsbry.
Georissa japonica, Mollendorff (xxi. p. 45). — This seems to be

G. japonica, Pilsbry.

Succinea ogasawarce, Pilsbry (xxii.p. 195).
— punctulispira, Pilsbry (xxil. p. 195).

Total, 129 new species and varieties, of which 22 are known to
be absolute synonyms, while perhaps a half-dozen more are doubt-
fully distinct.

Bibliography.
\JXote. — For publications prior to 1900 see Gude's papers n. and vn.]

i. — " Additions to the Japanese Land- Snail Fauna," by H. A. Pilsbry.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1899, pp. 525-530, pi. xxi.

(Issued February 12, 1900.)
n< — « Notes on a Collection of Helicoid Land-Shells from Japan and

the Loo Choo Islands, with Descriptions of Two new Species of

Helicidse," by G. K. Gude. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv. pp. 8-23,

pi. ii. (Issued late in March 1900. My copy was received in

Philadelphia, April 12.)
in. — "Notices of some new Japanese Mollusks," by H. A. Pilsbry.

Nautilus, xiv. pp. 11, 12. (Issued May 1, 1900.)
iv.— Ditto. Nautilus, xiv. pp. 32, 33. (Issued July 1, 1900.)

* The clausilium of C. subjaponica is strongly curved distally and much
thickened at the apex. In C. Fultoni, as in C. vasta, it is not much
curved distally, and is not thickened at the apex. I therefore believe the
species to belong to the section Stereophcedusa, and not to Megalopli&dusa.

Japanese Land-Snails. y

v.— " Diagnosen einiger neuer japanisrh»>r Lan.Uclui.vk.Mi." von Paul

Ehrmann. Zool. Anzeiger, xxiii. no. till). i,n. :\7\} :}s:{. (l>su«-d

July 9, 1900.)
vi. — " Notices of new Japanese Laud-Snails," by II. A . Pilsbrv. Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1900, pp. 381-384. (Issued August !),

1900.;
vn. — " Further Notes on Helicoid Land-Shells from Japan, the Loo

Choo and Boniu Islands, with Descriptions of Seven new Species,"

by (I. K. ( Uide. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv. pp. 70-80, pi. viii.

(Issued August 1900.)
vin. — ft Landschnecken von den Inseln Tsushima und Iki, Westjapan,"

von Dr. O. v. Mollendorff. Nachrbl. d. deutschen malat. Ges.

xxxii. nos. 7, 8, pp. 107-111. (Issued August 1900.)
ix. — " Additions to the Japanese Land-Snail Fauna, II.," by Henry A.

Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1900, pp. 443-448,

pi. xiv. (Issued August 29, 1900.)
x. — " On some Japanese Land-Snails," by II. A. Pilsbry. Nautilus,

xiv. pp. 59, 60. (Issued Sept. 1, 1900.)
xi. — " Mollusques de TArchipel de Bonin," par M. C. F. Ancey.

Journal de Conchyliologie, xlviii. no. 3. pp. 423-428.
xii. — ' Dtfsciiptions of new Species of Japanese Land-Shells," by G. K.

Gude. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi. pp. 398-401. (Issued

Oct. 1, 1900.)
xiii.—" Blanfordia, A. Ad.," von Dr. 0. v. Mollendorff. Nachrbl. der

deutschen malak. Ges. xxxii. pp. 153, 154. (October 1900.)
xiv. — " Descriptions of new Species of Japanese Land-Shells," by G. K.

Gude. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi. pp. 453-456. (Issued

Nov. 1, 11 00.)
xv. — " New Species of Japanese Land-Mollusca," by II. A. Pilsbry.

Nautilus, xiv. pp. 79-82. (Issued Nov. 3, 1900.)
XY1. — "Descriptions of new Japanese Land-Snails," by II. A. Pilsbry

and Addison Gulick. Nautilus, xiv. pp. 88-91. '(Issued Dec. 1,

1900.)
xvn. — "Additions to the Japanese Land-Snail Fauna, III.,'' bv Henry

A. Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. for 1900, pp. 072-683,

pis. xxiv., xxv. (Pages 672-676 issued Dec. 29, 1900 ; pp. 677-

683 issued Jan. 28, 1901.)
xvin. — " Notices of some new Japanese Land-Snails," by II. A.

Pilsbry. Nautilus, xiv. pp. 107, 108. (Issued Jan. 1, 1901.)
xix. — " Notices of some new Japanese Laud-Snails," by H. A. Pilsbry.

Nautilus, xiv. pp. 115-117. (Issued Feb. 1, 1901.)
xx. — " Notices of new Japanese Land-Snails," by H. A. Pilsbry. Nau-
tilus, xiv. pp. 127-129. (Issued March 1, 1901.)
xxi. — " Neue und kritische Landschnecken von Japan und den

Liukiu-Inseln," von Dr. 0. von Mollendorff. Nachrbl. der

deutschen malak. Gesellschaft, nos. 3, 4, 1901. (Issued in April

1901.)
xxii.— " New Mollusca from Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, Formosa,

and the Philippines," by Henry A. Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philad. for 1901 ; terrestrial" species on pp. 193-195.

May 2, 1901.)

1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 617

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HELICOID LAND SHELLS FROM JAPAN.

BY G. K. GUDE.
Chloritis (Trichochlorites) pumila n. sp.

Shell imperf orate, depressed, dark corneous. Spire flat, apex
obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 4J, convex, increasing slowly
at first, the last widening rapidly; very densely covered with very
short bristles, arranged in oblique rows. Last whorl scarcely
descending in front, inflated below. Aperture a little oblique,
rounded lunate, peristome thin, straight; margins distant, united
by a thin callus on the parietal wall. Columellar margin dilated
above, completely covering the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 12, minor 10.5; alt. 9 mm.

Hab. — Mikuriya, Suruga (Hirase, No. 735). Type in my
collection.

This makes the third species of Chloritis recorded from Japan.
It differs from both C. oseitans and C. fragilis by its smaller
size, by the completely covered umbilicus and by the bristles being
shorter, stiffer and much more crowded. In the shape of aperture
it is nearest to C. oseitans.

Eulota (JEglsta) mimuloides n. sp.

Shell rather narrowly umbilicated, depressed conoid, ruddy
corneous, paler below. Spire depressed, apex obfcuse, suture linear.
Whorls 5, closely coiled, increasing very slowly, somewhat flat-
tened above, rounded below, with a thin deciduous cuticle, which
is densely covered with short silky processes, like adnate hairs.
The last whorl angukted at the periphery, scarcely descending in
front. Aperture oblique, subcircular, peristome not thickened, a
little expanded ; margins distant, columellar a little dilated above.
Umbilicus rather narrow.

Diam. 7.5, alt. 4.25 mm. '

Hab. — Itanami, Omi (Hirase, No. 753).

Allied to ^Egisia mimula, but it is smaller, the spire is more
depressed, the whorls are more closely coiled, the last is less ample,
the umbilicus narrower, and the cuticular processes are more
crowded and smaller.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Dec.,

ON THE COMMON BEOWN BATS OF PENINSULAR FLORIDA AND
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BY S. N. RHOADS.

Examination of a series of skins and skulls and alcoholic speci-
mens of the Florida Brown Bat, in the author's collection and in
the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
shows constant racial differences from typical Eptesicus fuseus of
Philadelphia county. These differences are similar and in the same
degree and direction as those separating the two forms of Red Bat
inhabiting the regions named. The Florida race may be distin-
guished as follows:
Eptesicus fuseus osoeola subsp. nova.

Type No. 875, ad. d\ in Coll. of S. N. Rhoads. Taken April
29, 1892, at Tarpon Springs, Fla., by W. S. Dickinson.

Description. — Similar in size and cranial characters to fuseus;
colors deeper and darker, being of slightly varying shades of dn-
namon brown as contrasted with the bistre and sepia of fuseus.
This character is uniform in a series of eight dry skins which have
never been immersed in a liquid preservative, and is peculiar to
them in a comparison with a similar series of fifteen topotypes of
fuseus.

Measurements of type, made by collector from fresh specimen :
Total length 101 mm. ; tail 38 mm. ; hind foot 9^ mm. Average
measurements of four topotypes, 113-44-10.6.

The skull of type indicates it to be an old adult, quite as large
as adult skulls of fuseus, but the measurements given by the
collector are less than a normal average. This average corresponds
closely with that of ten specimens of fuseus from Sing Sing, N. Y.,
as given in Miller's monograph of North American Vespertilionidce.

Whether this subspecies is found outside the limits of peninsular
Florida I am unable to state. As Miller classes the Eptesicus from
Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi examined by him under fuseus,
I conclude that V. earoliniensis of Geoffroy cannot apply to the
Florida race.

CATALOGUE

LAND SHELLS OF JAPAN

TO BE HAD OF

Y. HIRASE

SHIMOCHOJA-MACHT,

KARASUMABU, KYOTO, JAPAN.

1903.

HAVING collected Japanese land, fresh- water and marine
shells for man}7 years, the number of species in my possession
has now reached several thousand. Among these are many
new species, found hy myself and my assistants. In the land
shells especially, the new species outnumber those known before
my researches began.

With the aid of numerous assistants I have been able to ex-
plore many parts of Japan, including the Riukiu (Loo-choo)
Islands, and the Ogasawara (or Bonin) group, where a rich
fauna of new and strange land shells was found. I hope in
future to extend the work, and send collectors to China, Corea
and Formosa.

All the species are sent to Dr. Pilsbry, of Philadelphia,
U. S. A., who kindly determines them, so that 1 believe that
those receiving specimens from me may place confidence in the
names, and will find them an important and useful addition to
their collections.

Attention is called to the importance of securing authentic
specimens from the original localities of the many new species in
my collections.

Catalogues of marine and fresh-water shells are in preparation.

Specimens will be sent on approval to purchasers known to
me or giving satisfactory reference.

Y. HlRASE.

CATALOGUE

OF

LAND SHELLS,

TO BE HAD OF

Y. HIRASE,

SHIMOCHOJA-MACHI, KARASUMARU, KYOTO, JAPAN,

NOTE. — Species and varieties marked thus * are new forms, described from
specimens from my collection. Where no prices are given, specimens are not
always in stock.

ACMELLA.

*853 vagans, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, $0.08-. 12

*S56 minima, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .07-. 10

ALYCAEUS.

*831b biexcisus, Pils. Suimura, Awa. (Shikoku). .05-08

*298 harimensis, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .05-.08

*996 harimensis, var.

eadoensis, P. & H. Aikawa, Sado,

*476 hirasei, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .04-.07

*499 melanopoma, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .04-.07

*298b reinhardti, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .05-.08

*704 satsumanus, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma.

*723 tanegashimaB, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

*916 vinctus, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

AURICULA.

442 reiniana, Kob. Hirado, Hizen, .07-. 12

b HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BIFIDARIA.

619 armigerella, Reinh. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-. 08

*798 ogasawarana, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

*797 chichijimana, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

757 plicidens, Benson. Riozen, Omi.

BLANFORDIA.

412 bensoni, A. Ad. Shikunobe, Ojima, .03-. 05

*406 simplex, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, .03-.05

990 japonica, A. Ad. Sotokaifu, Sado.

BULIMINOPSIS.
621 meiacoshimensis,

A. Ad. & Rve. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .07-. 12

*455 turrita, Gude. Loochoo, .05-. 08

BULIMINOS.

311 andersonianus,

Mlldff. Shikunobe, Ojima, .06-. 10

*750a andersonianus, var.

echigoensis, P. & H. Myokozan, Echigo.

*468 callistoderma, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .05-. 08
*758 callistoderma, var.

hachijoensis, Pils. Hachijo, Izu.
*602 callistoderma, var.

Ogasawara?, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .08-. 15

*597 eucharistus, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo.

*478 hirasei, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, .08-. 12

919 hiraseanus, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

*598 luchuanus, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo.
*930 luchuanus, var.

oshimanus, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

509 reinianus, Kob. v. Shirakata, Sanuki.

582 reinianus, Kob. Arakura, Tosa, .08-. 12

587 reinianus, Kob.

(small var. ) Okinoshima, Tosa.
549 reinianus, var.

extorris, Branc. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .06-. 10

. HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 7

*411 reinianus, var.

hokkaidoensis,Pils. Shikunobe, Ojima, .12-.20

*484 reinianus, var.

omiensis, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .08-. 12

CARYCHIUM.

*618 cymatoplax, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-. 08

*946 hachijoensis, Pils. Hachijojhma, Iza.

555 noduliferum, Reinh. Nishigo, Uzen, .04-. 07

*729 pessimum, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-. 10

CASSIDULA.

445 labrella, Desh. Hirado, Hizen, .03-.05

CHLORITIS.

*958 albolabris,

Pils. & Hir. Yakushima, Osumi.

*354 eucharistus, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .25-. 40

*981 echizenensis,

Pils. & Hir. Omushi, Echizen.

*13 fragilis, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.

*786 hirasei, Pils. Kurozu, Kii.

*843b perpunctatus, Pils. Totsugawa, Yamato.

*735 pumila, Gude. Mikuriya, Suruga.

CLAUSILIA.

424 addisoni, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma, .05-. 08

*663c agna, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.

*1014 aenea, Pils. Tosa.

501 attrita, Bttg. Ibuki, Omi, .05-.08
*764b attrita, var. in-

fausta, Pils. Tomisato, Kii, .07-. 10

*1013 aratorum. Pils. Tosa.

*450b aulacophora, Pils. Fukura, Awaji, .05-. 08

*733b aulacopoma, Pils. Hirado. Hizen, .06-. 10

503 aurantiaca, Bttg. Nohara, Yamato, .05-. 08
738 aurantiaca, var.

erberi, Bttg. Gojo, Yamato, .05-. 08
782 aurantiaca, var.

plicidens, A. Ad. Kashima, Kii, .05-. 08

8

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*450a awajiensis, Pils.
*818 bigeneris, Pils.

254 bilabrata, Smith.
*1002 bilabrata, var.

tosaensis, Pils.

593 brevior, Mart.
*634 callistochila, Pils.
*894 caloptyx, Pils.
*770c caryostoma, var.
jayi, Pils.

434c caryostoma, Mlldff.
*306b comes, Pils.
*632a crenilabium, Pils.
*632b crenilabium, Pils.

(var.)

*S74 dsemonorum, Pils.
*819 dalli, Pils.

410a digonoptyx, Bttg.

739a ducalis, Kob.
*913a ducalis, var.

decapitata, Pils.

740 ducalis, var.

dorcas, Pils.
*765b ducalis, var.

mediocris, Pils.
*986 ecbigoensis, Pils.
*663a entospira, Pils.
*563 euholostoma, Pils.

687 fultoni, Sykes.
*794 gracise, Pils.

592 hakonensis, Pils.
*306a harimensis, Pils.
*764a heteroptyx, Pils.
*423 hirasei, Pils.
*586 hiraseana, Pils.
*546b hokkaidoensis, Pils.
*789 holotrema, Pils.

686 hyperolia, Mart.

Fukura, Awaji, ..05-. 08

Goto, Hizen.
Senzan, Awaji.

Shiujomura, Tosa.
Oshima, Izu, .05-.08

Kunchan, Loochoo.
Yakushima, Osumi.

Jomura, Kii.

Banzai, Awa.

Kashima, Harima, .06-. 10

Kunchan, Loochoo, .08-. 12

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Kikai, Osumi.

Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku), .07-. 10

Nishigo, Uzen, .05-.08

Miyamura, Hida, . 10-. 15

Kashima, Harima.

Miyamura, Hida, .10-. 15

Tomisato, Kii.

Myokozan, Echigo.

Tanegashima, Osumi.

Mikuriya, Suruga, , .07-. 10

Ushirogawa, Tosa.

Nachi, Kii, .07-. 10

Oshima, Izu.

Kashima, Harima, .06-. 10

Tomisato, Kii.

Kagoshima, Satsuma, .04-. 07

Okinoshima, Tosa, .06-. 10

Kayabe, Ojima,

Nachi, Kii.

Oshima, Izu, .06-. 10

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS

9

*457 hyperoptyx, Pils.
*733 subignobilis, Pils.
*486b iotaptyx, Pils.
*292 iotaptyx, var.
clava, Pils.
*657a ischna, Pils.
*754 jacobiana, Pils.
56a japonica, Crosse.
198 japonica, Crosse.

(large var. )
*403 japonica, var. inter-

plicata, Pils.
11 japonica, var.

nipponensis,Kob.
*56e japonica, var. per-

obscura, Pils.
*657b kochiensis, Pils.
*934 kurozuensis, Pils.
564 martensi, Herklots.
500 martensi, var.

reiniana, Kob.
*768 martensi, var.

tinctilabris, Pils.
737 micropeas, Mlldff.

(var.)

*486a mikado, Pils.
*654 mima, Pils.
*762 mitsukurii, Pils.
*546a monelasmus, Pils.
*646 munus, Pils.
*932 neniopsis, Pils.
*652 nesiothauma, Pils.
*434 nolani, Pils.

463 oostoma, Mlldff.
*926 oostoma, var.

goniopoma, Pils.
*696 oostoma, var.

dactylopoma, Pils.

Loochoo, . 05-. 07

Hirado, Hizen, .05-.07

Ibuki, Omi, .08-. 12

Senzan, Awaji, .05-. 08

Kioragi, Higo, .06-10

Tanegashima, Osumi, .05-. 08

Senzan, Awaji, .04-. 06

Takeya, Izumo, .04-. 06

Nishigo, Uzen, .05-. 07

Kyoto, Yamashiro, .03-. 05

Shirono, Buzen, .08-12

Kioragi, Higo, .08-. 12
Kurozu, Kii.

Mikuriya, Suruga, .07-. 10

Ibuki, Omi, .07-. 10

Nachi, Kii. .08-. 12

Mikuriya, Suruga, .05-. 08

Ibuki, Omi, .05-08

Oshima, Osumi.

Tomisato, Kii, .10-. 15

Kayabe, Ojima, .05-.08

Oshima, Osumi, .06-. 10

Oshima, Osumi.

Oshima, Osumi, .10-. 15

Fukura, Awaji, .07-. 12

Mikuriya, Suruga, .04-. 06

Wakayama, Kii.
Kashio, Awaji.

10 HIBASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*748 orthatracta, Pils. Akasaka, Mino.

*674 oscariana, Pils. Fukurcgi, Higo, .08-. 15

*653a oshimee, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

*695 oxycyma, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma.

*954 pachyspira, Pils. Miyai, Kii.

*584 perignobilis, Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa, .06-10

*410b perpallida, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, .08-. 12

*306c pigra, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .06-. 10

*663b pinto, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-10

*817 plagioptyx, Pils. Goto, Hizen.
473 platyauchen, Mart.

(var.) Nishigo, Uzen, .05-. 08

669 platyauchen, Mart.

. (small var. ) Mikuriya, Suruga, .04-. 07

502 platydera, var.

lambda, Bttg. Nohara, Yamato, .05-08

*763 platydera, var.

kiiensis, Pils. Tomisato, Kii, .06-. 10

*434d platyderula, Pils. Aki, Awa.

*653b pseudoshima?, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

*664a ptychocyma, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .08-. 12

*664b ptychocyma, var.

yakushimas, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .07-. 10

*993 sadoensis, Pils. Misakimura, Sado.

656 schmackeri, Sykes. Kochi, Tosa, .07-. 10

987 sericina, Mlldff. Omimura, Echigo.
*736b sericina, var.

rhopalia, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .08-. 15

*506 shikokuensis, Pils. Ushirogawa, Tosa, .07-. 10

*820 shikokuensis, Pils.

(small var.) Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku), .05-07
*506c shikokuensis, var.

inokuchiensis,Pils. Inokuchimura, Tosa.
*345 sieboldi, var.

diptyx, Pils. Hirado, Hizen, .04-. 06

622 stearnsii, Pijs. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .08-. 12

*594 stearnsii, Pils.

(small var. ) Loochoo.

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 11

*670 stereoma, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .08-. 12

*661 stereoma, var.

cognata, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-. 10

*670a stereoma, var.

hexaptyx, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.
*671 stereoma, var.

nugax. Yakushima, Osumi.

*505 subaurantiaca, Pils. Toyonishikami, Nagato, .06-. 10

*4S8 subjaponica, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .05-08

*766 subulina, var.

leucopeas, Pils. Tomisato, Kii.

*688 surugensis, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .06-. 10

*1007 sus, Pils. Muya, Awa.

*662 tanegashimaB, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .08-. 12

*813 tantilla, Pils. Goto, Hizen, .08-. 12

8 tau, Bttg. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .01-.02

*550 tosana, Pils. Ushirogawa, Tosa, .07-12

*638btryoni, Pils. Hachijo, Izu, .08-. 12

*S16 una, Pils. Goto, Hizen.
462 valida, var.

fasciata, Sykes. Miyako, Loochoo, .04-. 06

*633 valida, var.

perfasciata, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo, .05-08

732 (Reinia) variegata,

A. Ad. Hirado, Hizen, .04-. 07

*942 (Reinia) variegata,

var. nakadai, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.

675 vasta, Bttg. Fukuregi, Higo.

" CRYSTALLUS."

* ... velatus, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.

* ... sulcatus, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.

COCHLICOPA.

362 lubrica, Mull. Shikunobe, Ojima, .05-. 07

CYCLOPHORUS.

2 herklotsi, Mart. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .02-. 04

12

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*421 herklotsi, var.

expallescens, Ehrm. Kngoshima, Satsuma,

Osbima, Osumi.
Kikai, Osumi,
Kikai, Osumi, (fossil.)
Loochoo,

*644 hirasei, Pils.

*574 kikaiensis, Pils.

*K84b kikaiensis, Pils.

372 turgidus, Pfr.

684a turgidus, Pfr.

(fossil, large var. ) Kikai, Osumi,
*713 turgidus, var.

angulatus, Pils. Loochoo,

CYCLOTUS.

54 campanulatus, Mart. Senzan, Awaji,
*612 hirasei, -Pils. Loochoo,

*307 micron, Pils.

Kashima, Harima,

DIPLOMMATINA.

*604 cassa, Pils.

512 collarifera, S. & B.
*870 dormitor, Pils.
*620 insularum, Pils.
*S22 kiiensis, Pils.
*305b kobelti, Ehrm.
*812 kobelti, var.

ampla, Pils.
*629 luchuana, Pils.

805a nipponensis, Mlldff.
*647 oshimse, Pils.
*836a pudica, Pils.

521 pusilla, Mart.
*487 pusilla, var.

omiensis, Pils.
*649 saginata, Pils.
*639 septentrionalis, Pils.
*668 tanegashima?, Pils.
*296 tenuiplica, Pils.
*64S turris, Pils.
*510 uzenensis, Pils.
*679 yakushimse, Pils.

Kodakari, Hida,
Ibuki, Omi,
Kikaigashima, Osumi.
Yaeyama, Loochoo,
Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku),
Kashima, Harima,

Goto, Hizen,
Kunchan, Loochoo.
Kashima, Harima,
Oshima, Osumi.
Nachi, Kii,
Kashima, Harima,

Ibuki, Omi,
Oshima, Osumi,
Kaj-abe, Ojima,
Tanegashima, Osumi,
Kashima, Harima,
Oshima, Osumi,
Nishigo, Uzen,
Yakushima, Osumi,

.05-. 07

,06-. 10
.10-. 15
.03 -.05

.10-. 15
.12-. 20

.04-. 06
.06-. 10
.03-. 05

.04-. 07
.04-. 07

.05-. 08
.05-. 08
.04-. 06

.05-. 08
.04-. 06

.06-. 08
.04-. 07

.04^.07
.06-. 10
.05-. 08
.06-. 10
.04-.06
.06-. 10
.05-. 08
.06-. 10

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 13

ENNEA.

*295 iwakawa, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .04-. 06

*680 iwakawa, var.

yakushimas, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .05-. 08

EULOTA (AEGISTA).

*451 aperta, Pils. Fukura, Awaji, .07-. 12

*761 aperta, var.

cavata, Pils. Tomisato, Kii, .08-. 12

*787 aperta, var.

trachyderma, Pils. Ikoma, Kii.
*937 aperta, var.

mikuriyensis,Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga.

343 fried eliana, Mart. Hirado, Hizen, .04-. 07

*960 intonsa, Pils. & Hir. Snimura, Awa.

288 kobensis, S. & B. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .10-, 15

*969 kobensis, var.

gotoensis, P. & H. Goto, Hizen.

*353 martensiana, Pils. Sedake, Osumi, .15-. 25

*929 minima, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

*590 mimula, Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, .08-. 12

*753 mimuloides, Gude. Itanami, Omi.
475 oculus, Pfr. Loochoo, .Od-.12

998 subchinensis, Nev. Loochoo.
272 vermis, Rve. Loochoo, .20-. 30

EULOTA (COELORUS).

*9 cavicollis, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .06-. 10

*815 caviconus, Pils. Goto, Hizen.

EULOTA (EUHADRA).

359 blakeana, Newc.

var. blakei, Kob. Shikunobe, Ojima, .10-. 15

528 blakeana, var.

sericea, Gude. Nobusayama, Teshiwo.

271 caliginosa, Ad. & R. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .08-. 12

224 callizona, var.

amaliae, Kob. Tadachi, Shinano, .05-. 08

14 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

82 callizona, var.

congenita, Smith. Kobe. Settsu.
*87 callizona, var.

dixoni, Pils. Inga, Hoki, .12-. 20

399 callizona, var.

maritima, P. & G. Hagi, Nagato, .05-08

*239 callizona, var.

minor, Gude. Hagi, Nagato, .06-10

393 connivens, Pfr. Itoman, Loochoo, .04-. 06

472 connivens, var.

phaeogramma, Anc. Kikai, Osumi, .05-.08

*556 grata, Gude. Nishigo, Uzen, .30-.50

73 luhuana, Sowb. Hirado, Hizen, .04-.07

*547 luhuana, var.

aomoriensis, G., P. Chojamura, Mutsu, .08-. 15

*186b luhuana, var.

arimensis, G., P. Tadachi, Shinano.
248 luhuana, var.

eoa, Crosse. Mikuriya, Suruga, .10-. 15

199 luhuana, var.

idzumonis, P. & G. Takeya, Idzumo.
*73b luhuana, var.

nesiotica, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.
*682 luhuana, var.

pachya, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil) .15-. 20

19 luhuana, var.

tsushimana, Mlldff. Izuhara, Tsushima, .04-. 07

*116 luna, Pils. Iwamizawa, Ishikari.

371 mercatoria, Gray. Loochoo, .05-.08

496 mercatoria, var.

atrata, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo, .10-. 30

*683 mercatoria, var.

daBmonorum, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil.) .15-. 20
*357 oshima?, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .15-. 30

231 peliomphala, Pfr. Gomei, Kai, .05-.08

319 peliomphala, Pfr.

(large var.) Kyoto, Yamashiro, .08— .1.5

560 peliomphala, var.

brandtii, Kob. Manabe, Hitachi, .07-. 10

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 15-

90 peliomphala, var.

herklotsi, Mart. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .04-. 06

139 peliomphala, var.

nimbosa, Crosse. Toyado, Shimotsuke.
*358 peliomphala, var. sep-

tentrionalis, Ehrm. Shikunobe, Ojima, .06-. 10

402 quaesita, Desh. Nishigo, Uzen, .05-. 08

*994 sadoensis, Pils.&Hir. Sotokaifumura, Sado.

225 scaevola, Mart. Ibuki, Omi, .20-. 30

186a senckenbergiana, K. Kokubu, Hida, .15-.25
199 senckenbergiana,

Kob. (var.) Takeya, Tzumo, .08-. 15

*828 senckenbergiana, var.

awaensis, Pils. Suimura, Awa (Shikoku), .20-. 30

*660 submandarina, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .12— .20

*835a submandarina, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil.) .15-. 25
*777 submandarina, var.

compacta, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .25-. 35
*672 submandarina, var.

magna, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.

291 yaeyamensis, Pils. Loochoo, .40— .60

EULOTA (EULOTELLA).

4 siinilaris, Fer. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .02-. 04

545 commoda, A. Ad. Kayabe, Ojima, .06-. 10

EULOTA (PLECTOTROPIS).

*431 aemula, Gude. Takeya, Izumo, .06-. 10

*774 deflexa, Pils. Tobishima, Ugo, .12-. 20

396 elegantissima, Pfr. Naha, Loochoo, .05-. 08
*536 elegantissima, var.

cara, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo, .07-. 12

*943 hachijoensis, Pils. Hachijo-jima, Izu.

*407 horrida, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, .12-.20

*596 inornata, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .15-. 35

*479 kiusiuensis, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, .15-. 25
*914 kiusiuensis, var.

oshimana, P. & H. Oshima, Osumi.

16 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*464 lepidophora, Gude. Loochoo, .04-. 07

273 mackensii,

A. Ad. & Rve. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .10-. 15

*752 omiensis, Pils. Itanami, Omi, .15-.25

*752a omiensis, var.

echizenensis, Pils. Arato, Echizen.

*773 pannosa, Pils. Atsumi, Uzen, .12-.20

461 scepasma, Pfr. Loochoo, .06-. 10

*694 shikokuensis, Pils. Yoshida, lyo.

110 trochula, A. Ad. Izuhara, Tsushima, .05-.08

lOa vulgivaga, S. & B. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .05-08

lOb vulgivaga,S.&B.var. Ibuki, Omi, .05-.08

*825 vulgivaga, var.

lanx, Pils. Suimura, Awa (Shikoku), .10-. 15

EULOTA (ACUSTA).

894 despecta, Gray. Naha, Loochoo, .04-. 07

459 despecta, Gray.

(large var.) Loochoo.
685 despecta, Gray.

(large var., fossil. ) Kikai, Osuini.
*474a despecta, var.

kikaiensis, Pils. Kikai, Osumi.

*249 gainesi, Pils. Ushika, Teshiwo, .10-. 15

216 gainesi, var.

gudeana, Pils. Kiyokawa, Ojima, .06-. 10

409 sieboldiana, Pfr. Nishigo, Uzen, .03-. 05

*14 sieboldiana, var.

minor, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.

GANESELLA.

*352 adelinaB, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .25-. 40

*783b cristata, Pils. Nachi, Kii.
*975 cardiostoma, var.

kagaensis, P. & H. Hakusan, Kaga.

*734 fausta, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga.

*508 ferruginea, Pils. Ushirogawa, Tosa, .10-. 15

*309 jacobii, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .15-. 25

12 japonica, Pfr. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .07-. 12

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 17

*513a japonica, var. cari-

nata, Pils. & Gul. Ibuki, Omi, .10-. 15
*548a japonica, var.

granulosa, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .07-. 12
*252 japonica, var.

heteroglypta, Pils. Fukura, Awaji, .10-. 15
106 japonica, var.

satsuma, Pils. Kamo, Shima.
460 largillierti, var.

cincta, Pils. Loochoo, .08-. 12
535 largillierti, var.

cosmia, Pils. Shimaziri, Loochoo, .08-. 12

74 myomphala, Mart. Hirado, Hizen, .15-. 25
328 myomphala, var.

fusca, Gude. Kokubu, Hida, .15-. 25
96 myomphala, var.

minor, Gude. Toyonishikami, Nagato, .10-. 15
*260 myomphala, var.

omphalodes, Pils. Omikado, Inaba. .

*289c notoensis,Pils.&Hir. Kitanosho, Noto.

*824 optima, Pils. Suimura, Awa (Shikoku).

*61 pagodula, Ehrm. Nohara, Yamato, .12-.20

*78S selasia, Pils. Nachi, Kii.

*834 sororcula, Pils. Kikai, Osumi (fossil).

289 stearnsii, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .30-. 40

*689a tanegashimaB, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.
*689b tanegashimaB, var.

dtilcis, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

*577 wiegmanniana, Pils. Kochi, Tosa. .10-. 15

GEORISSA.

*471 japonica, Pils. ' Kashima, Harima, .04-.07

*623b luchuana, Pils. Yaeyama. Loochoo.

HIRASEA.

*897 acuta, Pils. Imotoshima, Ogasawara.

*848 acutissima, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

*849 biconcava, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara. .10-. 15

18

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*800 chichijimana, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

^863 diplomphalus, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

*847 eutheca, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

*864 goniobasis, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

*850 hypolia, Pils. Hahajima. Ogasawara,

*865 major, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
*854 (Fametesta)mirabilis,

Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

^801 nesiotica, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

*863c profundispira, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

*802 sinuosa, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

.08-. 15

.10-. 15
.10-.15

^867 clara, Pils.

HIRASIELLA.

Chichijima, Ogasawara.

*806 capsula, Pils.
595 hakodadiensis,

Hartm.
*852 hirasei, Pils.

759 japonica, A. Ad.
*575 japonica, var.

uzenensis, Pils.
^808 ogasawarana, Pils.
^809 ogasawarana, var.

discrepans, Pils.
*862 ogasawarana, var.

optima, Pils.
*558 osumiensis, Pils.
308 reinii, Kob.

HELICINA.

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Kayabe, Ojima,
Hahajima, Ogasawara,
Tobishima, Ugo (type loc. ),

Nishigo, Uzen,
Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Chichijima, Ogasawara.
Kikai, Osumi,
Ibuki, Omi,

,05-. 08
.10-. 15
.08-. 12

,06-. 10
.10-. 15

*55 reinii, var. expolita,

Pils. Senzan, Awaji,

*991 sadoensis, Pils.&Hir. Sotokaifa, Sado.

470 verecunda, Gld.
*624 yaeyamensis, Pils.
:*807b yoshiwarana, Pils.
*807a yoshiwarana, var.
arata, Pils.

Loochoo,

Yaeyama, Loochoo,
Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

,05-. 08
,04-. 06

.03-. 05

.04-. 07
.04-. 07

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*S57 yoshiwarana, var.

microtheca, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

KALIELLA.

448 acutangula, A. Ad.
*627 austeniana, Pils.
*641 borealis, Pils.
*482 ceratodes, Gude.
*518 circumcincta, Reinh.

var. elata, Gude.
*609 crenulata, Gude.
*519 fraterna, Pils.
*678 guclei, Pils. & Hir.
*655 harimensis, Pils.
*971 kagaensis,

Pils. & Hir.
*697 kyotoensis, Pils.
*678 gudei, Pils. & Hir.
* . . . lioderma, Pils.
*941 hachijoensis, Pils.
*892 hizenensis, Pils.
*720 modesta, Pils;
*300 multivolvis, Pils.
*466 nahaensis, Gude.
*625b nahaensis, var.

kunchana, Pils.
*490 nanodes, Gude.
*846 ogasawarana, Pils.
okiana, Pils.
pagoduloides, Gude.
*952 pallida, Pils.
*743 prsealta, Pils.
*302 reinhardti, Pils.
^607 ruida, Pils.
* . . . subcrenulata, Pils.
*625a yaeyamensis, Pils.
*606a yamatoensis, Pils.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,
Yaeyama, Loochoo.
Kayabe, Ojima.
Kashima, Harima.

i

Kashima, Harima.
Kochi, Tosa.
Kashima, Harima.
Kayabe, Ojima.
Kashima, Ojima,

Hakusan, Kaga.
Kyoto, Yamashiro,
Kayabe, Ojima,
Kashima, Harima.
Hachijo-jima, Izu.
Hirado, Hizen.
Oshima, Higo.
Kashima, Harima,
Loochoo,

Kunchan, Loochoo.
Kyoto, Yamashiro.
Hahajima, Ogasawara,
Hirado, Hizen.
Kashima, Harima.
Hachijo-jima, Izu.
Ryozen, Omi.
Kashima, Harima,
Gojo, Yamato.
Kochi, Tosa.
Yaeyama, Loochoo,
Gojo, Yamato,

19
.08-. 12

.05-. 08

.06-. 10

.05-08
.08-. 12

.05-. 08
.04-. 07

10-. 15

,05-. 07

.06-.10
.06-. 10

20 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

LEPTOPOMA.
275 vitreum, Less. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-. 08

MACROCHLAMYS.

*S38 cerasina, Pils. Tobishima, Ugo, .08-. 15

*S21 cerasina, var.

awaensis, Pils. Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku), .08-. 12

495 doenitzi, Reinh. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

*785 dulcis, Pils. Nachi, Kii.

*465 fulgens, Gude. Loochoo,

*635 giidei, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo.

*974 kagaensis, Pils. Hakusan, Kaga.

*2S2 micrograpta, Pils. Kashima, Harima.

*637 perfragilis, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo.
*1000 perfragilis, var.

shikokuensis, Pils. Kotsuzan, Awa.

935a semisericata, Pils. Kurozu, Kii.

*666 tanegashimse, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

MANDARINA.

*805 exoptata, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .25-. 40

*S45 exoptata, var.

obtusa. Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

*860 hirasei, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara,

467a mandarina, Gray. Hahajima, Ogasawara,
*858 mandarina, var.

hahajimana, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .20-. 41

*467b mandarina, var.

ponderosa, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

*896 mandarina, var.

conus, Pils. Imotoshima, Ogasawara.

906 ruschenbergeriana,

Pils Ghichijima, Ogasawara.

859 pallasiana, Pfr. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

MELAMPUS.

446 caffer, Krauss. Hirado, Hizen, .03-.05

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

21

MICROCYSTINA.

i9 circuindata, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.
*482 ceratodes, Glide. Kashima, Hariina.
*667 hiraseana, Pils.
*803 hahajimana, Pils.
*973 nuda, Pils.

, ( )sumi.

Hahajiina, Ogasa \\ara.
Hakusan, Kaga.

483 sinapidium. Reinh. Kashima, Hariina,

*900 yakuensis, Pils. Yakusliima, Osuini.
*1002 higashiyamana,

& Hir. , Higashiyama, Awa.

NESOPUPA.

dedeoora, Pils. Hahajinm, Ogasa \\ara,

OMPHALOTROPIS.

*588 japonica, Pils. Kashivvasbiina, Tosa.

*286a brevispira, Pils.

456a gracilis, Hutt.
*286b kashima?, Pils.
*3l3b kyotoensis, Pils.
*456b obesispira, Pils.

313a pyrgula, A. Ad.

673 japonica, Mlldff.

OPEAS.

Kashirna, Hariina,

Loochoo,

Kashima, Hariina.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Loochoo,

Kyoto, Yamasbiro,

OTESIA.
Kagoshima, Satsuma.

PUNCTUM.
*553 amblygonum, var.

pretiosum, Gude. Fukura, Awaji,
*517 japonicum, Pils. Kashima, Hariina.
*553b morseanum, Pils. Hirado, Hizen.

PUPINELLA.

*665a funatoi, Pils. Tanegashima, Osunri,

*645 oshima?, Pils. Oshima, Osumi,

51 rufa, Sowb. Senzan, Awaji,

*731b rufa, var. alba, Pils. Hirado, Hizen,

.06-. 12
.08-. 12

.06-. 10

.08-. 12
.05-. 08

.08-. 12
.05-. 07
.04-. 07
.04-. 07
.0.5-. 07
.04-. 07

,04-. 07

.06-. 10
.06-. 10
.03-. 05
.06-. 10

24 HTRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

TROCHOMORPHA.

*650 gouldiana, Pils. Oshima, Osnmi, .06-. 10

631 horiomphala, Pfr.

(fritzei, Bttg. ) Kunchan, Loochoo.

TRUNCATELLA.
*811c kiusiuensis, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .05-. 08

VERTIGO.

*570 hirasei, Pils. Yanagawa, Chikugo.

VALLONIA.

281 ten era, Reinh. Osaka, Setts u.

ZONITOIDES.

1005 arboreus, Say. Tokyo.

554 minusculus, Binn. Fukura, Awaji, .04-.07

*951 subarboreus, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1. Ganesella myomphala Martens. Hirado, Hizen.

Fig. 2. Clausilia martensi var. reiniana Kob. Ibuki, Omi.

Fig. 3. Eulota callizona var. dixoni Pils. Takeya, Idzumo.

Fig. 4. Eulota senckenbergiana var. awaensis Pils. Suimura,
Awa.

Figs. f», 6. Eulota elegantissima var. cara Pils. Riukiu.

Fig. 7. Mandarina mandarina var. trifasciata Pils. Nakano-
shima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 8. Fametesta mirabilis Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 9. Hirasea profundispira Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 10. Hirnsiella clara Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 11. Cyclophorus hirasei Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

Fig. 12. Pupinella oshimas Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

Fig. 13. Ganesella largillierti Phil. Riukiu.

Figures 8, 9, 10, 12 are enlarged, the others are natural size.

JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

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